diff --git a/0EMIK-6LUE4.txt b/0EMIK-6LUE4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d76bc2ac7655806ca2bfefa7638f371ec85d2ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0EMIK-6LUE4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've calculated the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've calculated the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've calculated the change of
+potential energy between some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy between some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy between some initial
+and final Heights for the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final Heights for the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final Heights for the gravitational
+problem mg of Y final minus y initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem mg of Y final minus y initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem mg of Y final minus y initial
+we've for this conservative force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've for this conservative force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've for this conservative force of
+gravity and we had our cordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and we had our cordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and we had our cordinate system
+like that we were able to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we were able to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we were able to calculate the
+change in potential energy and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in potential energy and remember
+our theorem is that non-conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theorem is that non-conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theorem is that non-conservative
+work equals Delta K plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals Delta K plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals Delta K plus Delta
+U now what we'd like to do is establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now what we'd like to do is establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now what we'd like to do is establish
+the concept of a reference point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a reference point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a reference point for
+potential energy and we'll do that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and we'll do that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and we'll do that as
+follows see the change of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows see the change of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows see the change of potential
+energy only depended on say our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy only depended on say our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy only depended on say our initial
+State and our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and our final
+State what we'd like to do is introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what we'd like to do is introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what we'd like to do is introduce
+the concept of a reference point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a reference point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a reference point so
+let's Identify some point YP to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Identify some point YP to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Identify some point YP to be our
+reference point and we'll Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and we'll Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and we'll Define a
+potential y p to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential y p to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential y p to be the
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+potential and if we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if we want to talk about
+the potential energy in a final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy in a final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy in a final State
+we'll always refer it to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll always refer it to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll always refer it to the the
+difference between that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between that and the
+reference point so this is Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point so this is Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point so this is Delta U
+between the final State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the final State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the final State and the
+reference point likewise for the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point likewise for the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point likewise for the initial
+State we'll always refer that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we'll always refer that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we'll always refer that with
+respect to our reference point so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to our reference point so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to our reference point so any
+state that we have we can always refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that we have we can always refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that we have we can always refer
+the potential energy difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy difference between
+some State and some reference point why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some State and some reference point why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some State and some reference point why
+do we do this because notice that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this because notice that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this because notice that if we
+look at U final minus U reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at U final minus U reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at U final minus U reference point
+and we subtract from that U initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we subtract from that U initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we subtract from that U initial
+minus U reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U reference
+point then the difference the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then the difference the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then the difference the reference
+points here we have a minus here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here we have a minus here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here we have a minus here we have
+a plus this is just equal to ufal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus this is just equal to ufal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus this is just equal to ufal minus
+U initial which is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U initial which is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U initial which is Delta
+U so the change in potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so the change in potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so the change in potential energy
+between any two states is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two states is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two states is independent of
+how we choose our reference potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we choose our reference potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we choose our reference potential
+but it can make calculations easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can make calculations easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can make calculations easier
+when we can identify what the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can identify what the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can identify what the potential
+energy is for a little State now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is for a little State now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is for a little State now let's
+look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our
+example so for our gravitational problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so for our gravitational problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so for our gravitational problem
+we will choose y reference point to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will choose y reference point to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will choose y reference point to be
+zero and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we'll
+choose the potential energy at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the potential energy at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the potential energy at this
+reference point also to be zero so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point also to be zero so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point also to be zero so our
+reference potential at the origin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference potential at the origin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference potential at the origin is
+zero and I'll denote it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'll denote it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'll denote it like
+that then the potential energy at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the potential energy at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the potential energy at at
+some initial State minus the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial State minus the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial State minus the reference
+point well we can use our formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we can use our formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well we can use our formula here
+because this is between any two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is between any two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is between any two states
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+mg y initial minus the reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg y initial minus the reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg y initial minus the reference point
+but our reference point was zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our reference point was zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our reference point was zero and so
+we see that U initial minus y reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that U initial minus y reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that U initial minus y reference
+point which was also zero is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which was also zero is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which was also zero is just equal
+to mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mg
+Yi and so we have the statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and so we have the statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi and so we have the statement that the
+potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy
+difference between our initial State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our initial State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our initial State and
+the reference point is just mg where Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference point is just mg where Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference point is just mg where Yi
+is the height that the initial state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the height that the initial state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the height that the initial state is
+above the reference point in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the reference point in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the reference point in a similar
+way we have ufal is mg y final and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have ufal is mg y final and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have ufal is mg y final and so we
+see we recover what we expect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we recover what we expect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we recover what we expect this is
+just mg y final minus y initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mg y final minus y initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mg y final minus y initial
+now this we can generalize just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this we can generalize just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this we can generalize just a little
+bit by saying that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit by saying that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit by saying that for
+any for let's write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any for let's write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any for let's write that
+for a our Mass which is for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a our Mass which is for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a our Mass which is for any
+height y our potential energy function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height y our potential energy function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height y our potential energy function
+for the gravitational force U of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gravitational force U of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the gravitational force U of Y is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+mgy that's a formula that many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgy that's a formula that many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgy that's a formula that many of you
+have seen before but it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before but it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before but it's very important
+to note that with this formula U of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note that with this formula U of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note that with this formula U of 0
+equals 0 because that's our reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 because that's our reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 because that's our reference
+point and that becomes our potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that becomes our potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that becomes our potential
+energy function for the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function for the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy function for the gravitational
+force now our next step will be to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now our next step will be to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now our next step will be to do
+the same thing for spring forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for spring forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for spring forces and
+inverse Square gravitational forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square gravitational forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square gravitational forces and
+we'll also look at graphical analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at graphical analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at graphical analysis of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0V-vgwcPjGQ.txt b/0V-vgwcPjGQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db98048c8e2aea32ae872e7a9ba29596a18c6fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0V-vgwcPjGQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one announcement uh even
+though you will have no academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you will have no academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you will have no academic
+exercises Thursday and Friday I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises Thursday and Friday I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises Thursday and Friday I know
+you'd feel um a sense of uh shock and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd feel um a sense of uh shock and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd feel um a sense of uh shock and uh
+disruption and dare I say dislocation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption and dare I say dislocation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption and dare I say dislocation in
+your life if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life if I
+didn't stick to schedule so there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stick to schedule so there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stick to schedule so there'll be
+a skill testing question on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill testing question on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill testing question on Tuesday
+based on the homework 12 and that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the homework 12 and that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the homework 12 and that'll be
+the last one because there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one because there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one because there the
+subsequent week is the last week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent week is the last week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent week is the last week of
+semester and since there's a final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and since there's a final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and since there's a final exam
+in this uh subject there can be no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh subject there can be no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh subject there can be no uh
+tests during the last week of class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests during the last week of class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests during the last week of class so
+we will not have any weekly test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not have any weekly test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not have any weekly test uh
+today I want to talk about biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want to talk about biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want to talk about biochemistry
+we're going to uh spend the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh spend the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh spend the next three
+lectures on biochemistry this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on biochemistry this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on biochemistry this is the
+chemistry of living organisms and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of living organisms and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of living organisms and I want
+to make several points uh by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make several points uh by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make several points uh by way of
+introduction uh the first one is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh the first one is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh the first one is that uh
+living organisms are chemical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms are chemical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living organisms are chemical systems
+and they're governed by the same laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're governed by the same laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're governed by the same laws
+that apply to inanimate matter we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to inanimate matter we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to inanimate matter we don't
+have a special chemistry and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special chemistry and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special chemistry and in fact I
+came across uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came across uh this
+uh comment that was made by uh the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comment that was made by uh the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comment that was made by uh the Nobel
+laurate Richard Fineman who said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurate Richard Fineman who said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurate Richard Fineman who said that if
+in some cataclysm all of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cataclysm all of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cataclysm all of scientific
+knowledge were to be destroyed and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge were to be destroyed and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge were to be destroyed and only
+one sentence passed on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence passed on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sentence passed on to the next
+Generations of creatures what statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations of creatures what statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations of creatures what statement
+would contain the most information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would contain the most information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would contain the most information in
+the fewest words I believe that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest words I believe that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest words I believe that it is
+the atomic hypothesis or the atomic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic hypothesis or the atomic fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic hypothesis or the atomic fact
+or whatever you wish to call it that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you wish to call it that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you wish to call it that all
+things are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are made of
+atoms little particles that move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms little particles that move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms little particles that move around
+Round In Perpetual Motion attracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Round In Perpetual Motion attracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Round In Perpetual Motion attracting
+each other when they were a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other when they were a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other when they were a little
+distance apart but repelling upon being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance apart but repelling upon being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance apart but repelling upon being
+squeezed into one another the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed into one another the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed into one another the atomic
+hypothesis right very important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis right very important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis right very important um
+second comment I want to make is the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second comment I want to make is the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second comment I want to make is the you
+none of us is uh unaware of the Boom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us is uh unaware of the Boom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of us is uh unaware of the Boom in
+biotechnology today what is the Boom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology today what is the Boom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology today what is the Boom in
+biotechnology why do we have the Boom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology why do we have the Boom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology why do we have the Boom in
+biotechnology it's really a boom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology it's really a boom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology it's really a boom in
+biochemical Tech technology what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical Tech technology what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical Tech technology what's the
+Modern Biology called it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Biology called it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Biology called it's called
+molecular biology and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology and what is the
+science what is molecular science this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what is molecular science this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what is molecular science this
+is chemistry and more importantly it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemistry and more importantly it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemistry and more importantly it is
+really not just chemical composition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not just chemical composition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not just chemical composition but
+spatial Arrangement so chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Arrangement so chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Arrangement so chemistry
+Material Science Solid State chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science Solid State chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science Solid State chemistry
+underly the Boom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly the Boom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly the Boom in
+biotech so that's why we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech so that's why we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech so that's why we're going to
+spend some time we're spending 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time we're spending 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time we're spending 10% of
+our lectures in 3091 on this topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lectures in 3091 on this topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lectures in 3091 on this topic and
+the last comment is why only now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last comment is why only now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last comment is why only now why
+didn't this happen 50 years ago what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't this happen 50 years ago what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't this happen 50 years ago what's
+enabling this boom today and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling this boom today and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling this boom today and I think
+about the the uh ages of uh I well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the uh ages of uh I well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the uh ages of uh I well the
+answer is complexity let's get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is complexity let's get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is complexity let's get the
+answer out there the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer out there the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer out there the answer is
+complexity of the chemistry and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the chemistry and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the chemistry and if you
+think about how uh materials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how uh materials have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how uh materials have
+evolved over time you know we date our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over time you know we date our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved over time you know we date our
+ages the ages of man are d in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages the ages of man are d in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages the ages of man are d in terms of
+materials we have the Stone Age Bronze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we have the Stone Age Bronze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we have the Stone Age Bronze
+Age Iron Age we might call the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age Iron Age we might call the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age Iron Age we might call the first
+half of the 20th century the Plastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the 20th century the Plastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the 20th century the Plastics
+age might call the last half of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age might call the last half of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age might call the last half of the 20th
+century the Silicon age and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the Silicon age and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the Silicon age and we see
+increasing complexity to work with stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing complexity to work with stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing complexity to work with stone
+stone is found in nature it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone is found in nature it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone is found in nature it requires
+only a change of shape but everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a change of shape but everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a change of shape but everything
+else the metals the bronze the iron not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the metals the bronze the iron not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the metals the bronze the iron not
+found in nature native so that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in nature native so that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in nature native so that requires
+Ires a change in shape after a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ires a change in shape after a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ires a change in shape after a change in
+chemical composition chemistry is Magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical composition chemistry is Magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical composition chemistry is Magic
+chemistry is Magic and chemists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is Magic and chemists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is Magic and chemists were
+revered as Sorcerers magicians they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revered as Sorcerers magicians they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revered as Sorcerers magicians they were
+highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly
+respected not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today there are compelling reasons to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are compelling reasons to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are compelling reasons to be
+alive today but not for the respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive today but not for the respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive today but not for the respect
+given to chemists but it's magic to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to chemists but it's magic to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to chemists but it's magic to take
+something and convert its chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and convert its chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and convert its chemical
+composition and that took time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and that took time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and that took time to get
+the fires hot enough to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fires hot enough to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fires hot enough to discover the
+chemistry that would allow us to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that would allow us to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that would allow us to take a
+pile of sand and turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of sand and turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of sand and turn it into a
+semiconducting device so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting device so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconducting device so that you could
+talk on a phone or type a letter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on a phone or type a letter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on a phone or type a letter on
+a solid state device known as a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid state device known as a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid state device known as a computer
+that took time so polymers come at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took time so polymers come at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took time so polymers come at the
+dawn of the 20th 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn of the 20th 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn of the 20th 20th century
+macromolecules it turns out that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules it turns out that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules it turns out that many of
+the molecules in living organisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in living organisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in living organisms are
+macro molecule so necessarily our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro molecule so necessarily our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro molecule so necessarily our
+understanding of this chemistry had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of this chemistry had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of this chemistry had to
+wait for the understanding of polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the understanding of polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the understanding of polymer
+chemistry and finally now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and finally now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and finally now we have
+information technology we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology we have our
+understanding of macro molecules and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of macro molecules and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of macro molecules and now
+we can go forward with biot technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go forward with biot technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go forward with biot technology
+so let's get down to business and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get down to business and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get down to business and start
+talking about the chemistry of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the chemistry of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the chemistry of specific
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+biomolecules and uh they fall broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules and uh they fall broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules and uh they fall broadly
+into four categories so let's document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four categories so let's document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four categories so let's document
+the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bio
+molecules so we have first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbohydrates nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids and lipids and in the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and lipids and in the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and lipids and in the three
+lectures that we have I'm going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that we have I'm going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that we have I'm going to focus
+primarily on proteins nucleic acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on proteins nucleic acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on proteins nucleic acids and
+lipids and uh I think this will get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids and uh I think this will get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipids and uh I think this will get you
+far enough along uh to enjoy subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough along uh to enjoy subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough along uh to enjoy subsequent
+chemistry so let's get down to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so let's get down to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so let's get down to business
+and start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start with
+proteins proteins comes from the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteins comes from the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteins comes from the Greek
+word proteos which means of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word proteos which means of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word proteos which means of first
+importance and these are macr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and these are macr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and these are macr
+molecules these are macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules these are macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules these are macro
+molecules Polymers of a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules Polymers of a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules Polymers of a sort
+and they're formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerization formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerization and the the myrr groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and the the myrr groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and the the myrr groups
+that go into this Macro Molecule are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into this Macro Molecule are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into this Macro Molecule are
+called amino acids formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amino acids formed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amino acids formed by
+polymerization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization of
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+acids so we better get a grip on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so we better get a grip on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so we better get a grip on what
+amino acids are as the name implies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are as the name implies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are as the name implies they
+must be compounds that have an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be compounds that have an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be compounds that have an acid
+group in other words C capability of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in other words C capability of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in other words C capability of uh
+donating protons and amino means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating protons and amino means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donating protons and amino means there
+must be some kind of an NH formation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some kind of an NH formation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some kind of an NH formation so
+let's draw the sceletal structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the sceletal structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw the sceletal structure of a
+prototypical amino acid we start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical amino acid we start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical amino acid we start at the
+center with a carbon that's sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center with a carbon that's sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center with a carbon that's sp3
+hybridized and one of the uh terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized and one of the uh terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized and one of the uh terminals
+contains an amino group which consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an amino group which consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an amino group which consists
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this formation bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation bearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation bearing
+nitrogen uh the acid is given Above This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen uh the acid is given Above This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen uh the acid is given Above This
+is a carboxilic acid carbon double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carboxilic acid carbon double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carboxilic acid carbon double bond
+to oxygen and then the O and this H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen and then the O and this H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oxygen and then the O and this H is
+capable of uh detaching so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of uh detaching so there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of uh detaching so there is the
+amino acid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third Bond goes to oxygen so three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Bond goes to oxygen so three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Bond goes to oxygen so three of
+the four bonds are uniquely specified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four bonds are uniquely specified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four bonds are uniquely specified in
+every amino acid three of the four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every amino acid three of the four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every amino acid three of the four and
+now the fourth one this is a tetrahedron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fourth one this is a tetrahedron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fourth one this is a tetrahedron
+so I'm trying to indicate that this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to indicate that this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to indicate that this bond
+is receding into the back is variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is receding into the back is variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is receding into the back is variable
+and I'm going to use the carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use the carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use the carrier
+variable R and this is the term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable R and this is the term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable R and this is the term for the
+substituent the substituent and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituent the substituent and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituent the substituent and this is
+Nature's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature's
+choice this is Nature's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this is Nature's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice this is Nature's
+choice so in principle anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so in principle anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so in principle anything that
+will coal Bond with a sigma Bond can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will coal Bond with a sigma Bond can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will coal Bond with a sigma Bond can be
+put here so this means that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here so this means that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here so this means that there are
+thousands and thousands of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of compounds
+that qualify as amino acids but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qualify as amino acids but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that qualify as amino acids but in
+proteins only 20 only 20 found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins only 20 only 20 found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins only 20 only 20 found in
+proteins so that's a short list it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so that's a short list it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so that's a short list it's a
+rather compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather compact
+library and let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and let's take a look at the
+types of substituents and for that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of substituents and for that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of substituents and for that you
+can look at the table here in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the table here in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the table here in your
+reading this is from the uh table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this is from the uh table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this is from the uh table so
+this a actually spills over two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a actually spills over two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a actually spills over two pages
+and what we see here I know that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here I know that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we see here I know that's very
+hard to read but it's more iconic just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read but it's more iconic just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to read but it's more iconic just
+to uh sort of symbolize that uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of symbolize that uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh sort of symbolize that uh maybe
+somebody has done the reading and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has done the reading and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has done the reading and they
+say I I recognize that I I recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I recognize that I I recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I recognize that I I recognize
+that table so there's 20 different uh R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table so there's 20 different uh R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that table so there's 20 different uh R
+groups 20 different substituents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups 20 different substituents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups 20 different substituents and
+they themselves fall into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves fall into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves fall into four
+categories so the r groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be broken down into four categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken down into four categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken down into four categories
+first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+non-polar the R Group is non-polar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar the R Group is non-polar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar the R Group is non-polar and
+clearly under that circumstance we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly under that circumstance we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly under that circumstance we'd
+have something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that is
+hydrophobic hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic hydrophobic
+non-polar groups would be less inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar groups would be less inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar groups would be less inclined
+to bond to water we have the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond to water we have the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bond to water we have the option of
+polar groups polar with hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar groups polar with hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar groups polar with hydrogen bonding
+capability with hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability with hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability with hydrogen bonding
+capability and such groups are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and such groups are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and such groups are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrophilic there's a third group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic there's a third group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic there's a third group that
+has a net charge so the R Group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a net charge so the R Group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a net charge so the R Group is
+actually net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually net
+positive net positive and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive net positive and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive net positive and so that means
+these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be
+strongly strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly strongly
+hydrophilic have a very high affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic have a very high affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic have a very high affinity
+for water water and uh it turns out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water water and uh it turns out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water water and uh it turns out they
+will function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will function
+as basic in aquous solution and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic in aquous solution and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basic in aquous solution and then the
+last group is a set of substituents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last group is a set of substituents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last group is a set of substituents that
+have a net negative charge and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a net negative charge and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a net negative charge and these two
+are strongly hydrophilic and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strongly hydrophilic and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strongly hydrophilic and will
+act acidic when dissolved in water now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act acidic when dissolved in water now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act acidic when dissolved in water now
+our bodies can synthesize only 10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies can synthesize only 10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies can synthesize only 10 of the
+20 amino acids so you you'll read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 amino acids so you you'll read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 amino acids so you you'll read in
+advertising that certain foods contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that certain foods contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising that certain foods contain
+some of the essential amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the essential amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the essential amino acids
+meaning they contain some of the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they contain some of the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they contain some of the 10
+amino acids that we're incapable of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that we're incapable of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that we're incapable of uh
+of processing and failure to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing and failure to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing and failure to consume
+this in the diet over a long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the diet over a long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the diet over a long period of
+time can have deleterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can have deleterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can have deleterious
+effects prompting uh in the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects prompting uh in the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects prompting uh in the extreme
+you're exiting the carbon cycle so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exiting the carbon cycle so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exiting the carbon cycle so you
+do want to watch your diet now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to watch your diet now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to watch your diet now there's
+one other structural feature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other structural feature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other structural feature that is
+important in the uh is important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the uh is important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the uh is important in the
+amino acids and that I want to show with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and that I want to show with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and that I want to show with
+reference to a specific amino acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a specific amino acids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a specific amino acids so
+let's choose this one's alanine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose this one's alanine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's choose this one's alanine in
+alanine the substituent group is methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine the substituent group is methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine the substituent group is methyl
+ch3 so I can draw alanine as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 so I can draw alanine as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch3 so I can draw alanine as follows
+using the uh skle structure to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh skle structure to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh skle structure to the left
+I can here's the amino group which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can here's the amino group which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can here's the amino group which I'm
+just going to truncate as h2n and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to truncate as h2n and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to truncate as h2n and maybe
+later I'm even going to get so bold as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm even going to get so bold as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm even going to get so bold as
+to put n H2 recognizing that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put n H2 recognizing that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put n H2 recognizing that it's not
+the H that's bridging to the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H that's bridging to the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H that's bridging to the nitrogen
+but let's do it this way the carboxilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do it this way the carboxilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's do it this way the carboxilic
+acid will go up here we'll go here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid will go up here we'll go here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid will go up here we'll go here and
+then we'll just put the methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just put the methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just put the methyl
+group now I could just as easily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now I could just as easily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now I could just as easily have
+written it the following way uh I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it the following way uh I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it the following way uh I could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done this I could have put the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this I could have put the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this I could have put the amino
+group to the right the hydrogen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left now if you look at these to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now if you look at these to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now if you look at these to at
+first glance you might say well I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glance you might say well I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glance you might say well I just
+got to turn it and he's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to turn it and he's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to turn it and he's basically
+written the same thing but upon closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the same thing but upon closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the same thing but upon closer
+inspection you'll discover that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you'll discover that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you'll discover that it's
+impossible to convert the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to convert the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to convert the one on the
+right to the one on the left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the one on the left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the one on the left in
+fact they're not super imposable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're not super imposable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're not super imposable what
+we're looking at here is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at here is essentially a
+pair of gloves this is a considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of gloves this is a considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of gloves this is a considered the
+left hand and this is the right hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand and this is the right hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand and this is the right hand and
+you can close the gloves you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can close the gloves you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can close the gloves you can make
+them fit one against the other they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fit one against the other they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fit one against the other they will
+mirror one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror one another
+across a mirror plane but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a mirror plane but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a mirror plane but they're not
+superimposable you know as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable you know as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable you know as opposed to
+something like say propane if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like say propane if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like say propane if I take
+propane which is also carbon sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane which is also carbon sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane which is also carbon sp3
+hybridized propane in contrast has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized propane in contrast has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized propane in contrast has
+methyl above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl above and
+below and that clearly is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that clearly is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that clearly is perfectly
+symmetric and doesn't have such a glov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and doesn't have such a glov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and doesn't have such a glov
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um feature such molecules that have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feature such molecules that have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feature such molecules that have have
+we say a handedness are called chyal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a handedness are called chyal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a handedness are called chyal
+chyal from the Greek word for hand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyal from the Greek word for hand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyal from the Greek word for hand so
+chirality is the property of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality is the property of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality is the property of having
+handedness nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handedness nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handedness nons
+superimposable we call these another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable we call these another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposable we call these another
+term for these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for these is
+stereoisomer we can consider chyal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereoisomer we can consider chyal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereoisomer we can consider chyal
+molecules stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isomer stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer stereo
+isomers and the different uh hands if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers and the different uh hands if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers and the different uh hands if
+you will the different hands are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will the different hands are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will the different hands are called
+enantiomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers
+enantiomers we don't refer to one stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers we don't refer to one stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomers we don't refer to one stereo
+isomer the other stereo isomer we refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer the other stereo isomer we refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer the other stereo isomer we refer
+to the enantiomer coming from the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enantiomer coming from the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enantiomer coming from the Greek
+word for mirror and antios is the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for mirror and antios is the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for mirror and antios is the Greek
+word for mirror so these are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for mirror so these are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for mirror so these are different
+mirror images the other thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images the other thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images the other thing about
+these is that they are optically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is that they are optically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is that they are optically active
+and what they will do is they will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they will do is they will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they will do is they will take
+polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light
+and uh rotate it through uh a uh degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh rotate it through uh a uh degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh rotate it through uh a uh degree
+of polarization here just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization here just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization here just to give you
+another example of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the difference
+between something that's chyal or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that's chyal or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that's chyal or not
+you see the boxes at the top with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the boxes at the top with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the boxes at the top with no
+distinguishing features they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing features they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing features they can be
+twisted and turned and made to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisted and turned and made to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisted and turned and made to uh
+superimpose over one another by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose over one another by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose over one another by putting
+these little features in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little features in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little features in the bottom
+corner we render these boxes chyro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner we render these boxes chyro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner we render these boxes chyro and
+no matter how you twist and turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you twist and turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you twist and turn this
+box you won't be able to superimpose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you won't be able to superimpose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you won't be able to superimpose it
+on top of the the uh other box now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the the uh other box now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the the uh other box now
+here's a more complicated molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more complicated molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more complicated molecule that
+can come chemically identical but has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come chemically identical but has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come chemically identical but has a
+right-handed version and a left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed version and a left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed version and a left-handed
+version so let's talk about Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so let's talk about Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so let's talk about Optical
+activity um the only reason I I refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um the only reason I I refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity um the only reason I I refer to
+this is that it gives the labels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that it gives the labels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that it gives the labels that
+are used in referring to one versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in referring to one versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in referring to one versus the
+other so if you have a light source that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if you have a light source that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so if you have a light source that
+just gives light that's randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives light that's randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives light that's randomly
+polarized that is to say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized that is to say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized that is to say it's not
+polarized and then you put it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and then you put it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and then you put it through a
+PO polarizing prism so that the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO polarizing prism so that the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO polarizing prism so that the light is
+polarized in a certain direction other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in a certain direction other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in a certain direction other
+words the electric Vector is only in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the electric Vector is only in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the electric Vector is only in One
+Direction now the now the polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now the now the polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now the now the polarized
+light here it's indicating that the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here it's indicating that the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here it's indicating that the it's
+polarized vertically this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized vertically this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized vertically this is the
+optically active substance which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically active substance which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically active substance which could
+include an aquous solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an aquous solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an aquous solution of
+alanine and if the aquous solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and if the aquous solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and if the aquous solution of
+alanine consists of only one an antier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine consists of only one an antier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine consists of only one an antier
+only one an antier then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one an antier then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one an antier then when the
+polarized light passes through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light passes through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light passes through that
+solution the the plane of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the the plane of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the the plane of polarization
+will be rotated a certain amount by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be rotated a certain amount by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be rotated a certain amount by
+interaction of the uh light with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the uh light with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the uh light with the
+electrons in the uh orbitals in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the uh orbitals in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the uh orbitals in this
+particular molecule and you what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular molecule and you what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular molecule and you what you see
+here is a angle of Ro rotation Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a angle of Ro rotation Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a angle of Ro rotation Alpha
+where Alpha is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is proportional to the
+concentration of the chyal species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the chyal species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the chyal species and
+also the path length through the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the path length through the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the path length through the through
+the solution so if we put in both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so if we put in both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so if we put in both an
+antimers we expect no change if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimers we expect no change if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimers we expect no change if we put
+in one an antier we will have uh One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one an antier we will have uh One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one an antier we will have uh One
+Direction and so it turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so it turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so it turns out that that
+uh the different enantiomers will cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the different enantiomers will cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the different enantiomers will cause
+different directions of rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of rotation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of rotation and
+this is how they're labeled so the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they're labeled so the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they're labeled so the one
+that I've shown here on the right will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown here on the right will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown here on the right will
+cause a clockwise rotation of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a clockwise rotation of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a clockwise rotation of the light
+and so it is termed d as in dextr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is termed d as in dextr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is termed d as in dextr
+rotatory from the Latin word for WR dext
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory from the Latin word for WR dext
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory from the Latin word for WR dext
+Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro
+rotatory so this is the dextr rotatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory so this is the dextr rotatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory so this is the dextr rotatory
+form and then the one here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then the one here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then the one here on the left
+will cause the light and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the light and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the light and I'm going to
+write H new here it's the it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write H new here it's the it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write H new here it's the it's the it's
+the plane of polarization of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of polarization of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of polarization of the light
+that's rotating all right so the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rotating all right so the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's rotating all right so the plane
+of polarization if it went through a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization if it went through a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polarization if it went through a uh
+a solution that consisted of only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution that consisted of only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution that consisted of only the
+enantiomer depicted on the left it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomer depicted on the left it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enantiomer depicted on the left it would
+move in the left Direction and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the left Direction and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the left Direction and even
+though the Latin word for left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Latin word for left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Latin word for left is
+Sinister they didn't call it sinistro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinister they didn't call it sinistro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinister they didn't call it sinistro
+rotatory they call it level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory they call it level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory they call it level
+rotatory I guess they had to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory I guess they had to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotatory I guess they had to go to the
+Slavic languages to get a a root word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slavic languages to get a a root word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slavic languages to get a a root word so
+level rotatory is this one dextral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level rotatory is this one dextral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level rotatory is this one dextral
+Rotator some will cause call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotator some will cause call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rotator some will cause call this the
+positive an antier and the left one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive an antier and the left one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive an antier and the left one the
+negative an antier but uh in most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative an antier but uh in most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative an antier but uh in most of the
+reading that you'll encounter it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that you'll encounter it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that you'll encounter it'll be
+the the D and the L it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the D and the L it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the D and the L it turns out that
+only the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the L
+form are only the L L form of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are only the L L form of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are only the L L form of amino
+acids are found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are found in
+proteins only l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antier of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antier of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antier of amino
+acids found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proteins but synthesis could give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but synthesis could give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but synthesis could give rise
+to both synthesis could give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both synthesis could give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both synthesis could give rise to
+both and certainly chemical synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and certainly chemical synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and certainly chemical synthesis
+will give rise to both um I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give rise to both um I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give rise to both um I'm not going
+to spend much time on carbohydrates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend much time on carbohydrates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend much time on carbohydrates but
+just for reference uh the carbohydrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for reference uh the carbohydrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for reference uh the carbohydrates
+are also chyal molecules and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also chyal molecules and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also chyal molecules and it turns
+out that um in sugars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that um in sugars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that um in sugars in
+sugars only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars only the
+deform only deform is uh metabolized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform only deform is uh metabolized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform only deform is uh metabolized by
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bodies so you may have heard of invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so you may have heard of invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies so you may have heard of invert
+sugar Baker sugar this is simply the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar Baker sugar this is simply the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar Baker sugar this is simply the L
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+the various uh sugars and this passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various uh sugars and this passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various uh sugars and this passes
+unrecognized through the body honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrecognized through the body honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrecognized through the body honey
+contains the the L form of the carb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the the L form of the carb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the the L form of the carb
+because it's processed by bees and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's processed by bees and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's processed by bees and the
+bees have a different biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees have a different biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees have a different biological
+apparatus so this gives rise to there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus so this gives rise to there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus so this gives rise to there's
+the there's science fiction where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's science fiction where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's science fiction where where
+somebody is after some uh uh Grand Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is after some uh uh Grand Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is after some uh uh Grand Event
+finds themselves in a strange place on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds themselves in a strange place on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds themselves in a strange place on a
+it's always got to be a desert island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always got to be a desert island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always got to be a desert island
+and they end up eating fruit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end up eating fruit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end up eating fruit that
+happens to to be uh chalk full of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to to be uh chalk full of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to to be uh chalk full of uh uh
+energy but it's the wrong enantiomer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's the wrong enantiomer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's the wrong enantiomer and
+the people although they're filled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people although they're filled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people although they're filled to
+satiety they die because they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety they die because they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety they die because they can't
+process the food so that's the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the food so that's the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the food so that's the basis
+that plot line has been used already I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plot line has been used already I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plot line has been used already I'm
+sorry to tell you so you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to tell you so you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to tell you so you can't you can't
+use it now okay and um the a mix of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now okay and um the a mix of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it now okay and um the a mix of both
+when both an antimers are both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both an antimers are both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both an antimers are both an
+antier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antier
+present this is called rmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this is called rmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this is called rmic
+Ric and this is very important I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ric and this is very important I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ric and this is very important I said
+it's a matter of life and death it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of life and death it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of life and death it's
+very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in
+Pharmaceuticals um there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmaceuticals um there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharmaceuticals um there's a couple of
+uh I'll tell you tell you one example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll tell you tell you one example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll tell you tell you one example uh
+back in the 1960s there was a drug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1960s there was a drug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1960s there was a drug that
+was produced by a German uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was produced by a German uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was produced by a German uh
+pharmaceutical company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical company called
+phalidomide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalidomide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalidomide
+theide was uh developed as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide was uh developed as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide was uh developed as an
+anti-convulsant and it and it was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-convulsant and it and it was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-convulsant and it and it was also
+as a u as a sedative for people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a u as a sedative for people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a u as a sedative for people that
+were severely depressed it had one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were severely depressed it had one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were severely depressed it had one of
+the properties of thalidomide was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of thalidomide was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of thalidomide was that
+you could not overdose on it if a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not overdose on it if a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not overdose on it if a person
+took a huge quantity of pomide uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a huge quantity of pomide uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a huge quantity of pomide uh it
+would make the person uh comos you'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make the person uh comos you'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make the person uh comos you'd go
+into a deep sleep you'd be an extra on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a deep sleep you'd be an extra on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a deep sleep you'd be an extra on
+the set of Rip vanwinkle but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of Rip vanwinkle but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of Rip vanwinkle but you could
+not kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not kill
+yourself an unintended uh benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself an unintended uh benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself an unintended uh benefit of
+theide was discovered by pregnant women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide was discovered by pregnant women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide was discovered by pregnant women
+in Europe who learned that consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe who learned that consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe who learned that consumption
+of theide had a tremendous Pate effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theide had a tremendous Pate effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theide had a tremendous Pate effect
+on morning sickness particularly early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on morning sickness particularly early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on morning sickness particularly early
+in the pregnancy so people started using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pregnancy so people started using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pregnancy so people started using
+it for uh paliative against morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for uh paliative against morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for uh paliative against morning
+sickness this was only in Europe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness this was only in Europe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness this was only in Europe the
+Food and Drug Administration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food and Drug Administration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food and Drug Administration in the
+United States said it hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States said it hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States said it hasn't been
+subjected to enough testing and refused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to enough testing and refused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to enough testing and refused
+to allow its importation into the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow its importation into the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow its importation into the United
+States and there was a lot of clamoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and there was a lot of clamoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and there was a lot of clamoring
+saying oh the FDA is is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh the FDA is is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh the FDA is is all
+old-fashioned they're in the pockets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned they're in the pockets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned they're in the pockets of
+the drug companies they're holding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug companies they're holding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug companies they're holding up
+the advance of of drugs and so on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advance of of drugs and so on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advance of of drugs and so on you
+hear these charges with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear these charges with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear these charges with respect to
+cancer drugs and uh drugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer drugs and uh drugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer drugs and uh drugs in the
+treatment of AIDS where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of AIDS where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of AIDS where people are
+impatient for Solutions the FDA held its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient for Solutions the FDA held its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatient for Solutions the FDA held its
+ground but much of the drug did find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but much of the drug did find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but much of the drug did find its
+way into the United States and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the United States and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the United States and then uh
+shortly after its widespread consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after its widespread consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after its widespread consumption
+it was found that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was found that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was found that this is a
+teratogen and it produces hideous birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teratogen and it produces hideous birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teratogen and it produces hideous birth
+defects and people said what went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and people said what went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and people said what went wrong
+why did they not discover this was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did they not discover this was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did they not discover this was it
+not tested was it not tested on animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tested was it not tested on animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tested was it not tested on animal
+models and the answer is is it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the answer is is it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the answer is is it was
+tested on animal models it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on animal models it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on animal models it turns out
+that all the animal models that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the animal models that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the animal models that it was
+tested on those animals lacked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on those animals lacked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on those animals lacked a
+particular enzyme that processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme that processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme that processes
+thalidomide the way it's processed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalidomide the way it's processed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalidomide the way it's processed in
+humans so this is something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so this is something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so this is something that uh
+caused quite a stir at the time what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused quite a stir at the time what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused quite a stir at the time what's
+the punch line the punchline is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line the punchline is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line the punchline is it's a
+chyal molecule only one an antier causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyal molecule only one an antier causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chyal molecule only one an antier causes
+the birth defects but nobody knew at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth defects but nobody knew at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth defects but nobody knew at the
+time so if they'd known and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if they'd known and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if they'd known and instead of
+selling a rimic form had sold a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling a rimic form had sold a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling a rimic form had sold a form
+that has only the one and antor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only the one and antor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only the one and antor they
+could have had the beneficial effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have had the beneficial effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have had the beneficial effects
+without the undesirable effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the undesirable effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the undesirable effects and
+neomitis back in the news some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neomitis back in the news some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neomitis back in the news some people
+have discovered that it may have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discovered that it may have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discovered that it may have some
+benefit as a a component of a cocktail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit as a a component of a cocktail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit as a a component of a cocktail
+that's being used in uh the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being used in uh the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being used in uh the treatment of
+AIDS but the memory lingers on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS but the memory lingers on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS but the memory lingers on and
+there's a tremendous uh thing by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous uh thing by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous uh thing by the way
+riddlin rlin which is used in um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddlin rlin which is used in um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riddlin rlin which is used in um the
+treatment of uh ad DHD it's also rimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of uh ad DHD it's also rimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of uh ad DHD it's also rimic
+and there's some uh it's it's chyal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some uh it's it's chyal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some uh it's it's chyal
+forgive me it's chyal and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me it's chyal and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me it's chyal and it's been
+produced without regard to its chirality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced without regard to its chirality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced without regard to its chirality
+and it's now uh emerging that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now uh emerging that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now uh emerging that the that
+the D that the D an antier the D form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D that the D an antier the D form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D that the D an antier the D form is
+effective in the treatment of ADHD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the treatment of ADHD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the treatment of ADHD and
+the L form is ineffective and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L form is ineffective and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L form is ineffective and some of
+the undesirable side effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undesirable side effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undesirable side effects of
+long-term use of riddle and May in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term use of riddle and May in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term use of riddle and May in fact
+be linked to the L and antier so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linked to the L and antier so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linked to the L and antier so what
+you're seeing in more and more in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing in more and more in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing in more and more in uh
+drug design is attention paid to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug design is attention paid to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug design is attention paid to the um
+the structure it's the structure in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure it's the structure in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure it's the structure in fact
+why don't I cut to the chase this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I cut to the chase this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I cut to the chase this is
+what drug design is all about this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drug design is all about this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drug design is all about this is in
+like two minutes all right let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two minutes all right let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two minutes all right let's say
+this is some receptor molecule some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some receptor molecule some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some receptor molecule some
+receptor molecule and it's got little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor molecule and it's got little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor molecule and it's got little
+little dipoles here this is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dipoles here this is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dipoles here this is a Delta
+minus and this is a Delta plus and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is a Delta plus and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and this is a Delta plus and maybe
+this is a Delta minus and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Delta minus and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Delta minus and this is a
+Delta plus just arbitrarily and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta plus just arbitrarily and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta plus just arbitrarily and this is
+some candidate drug that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some candidate drug that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some candidate drug that that is
+supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed
+to come up to this receptor and the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up to this receptor and the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up to this receptor and the drug
+is designed to react what's going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed to react what's going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed to react what's going on is
+really a lock and key mechanism all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lock and key mechanism all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lock and key mechanism all
+right and you know the dubby frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know the dubby frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know the dubby frequency
+the dubby frequency is about 10 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dubby frequency is about 10 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dubby frequency is about 10 trillion
+10 trillion Hertz 10 trillion times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion Hertz 10 trillion times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 trillion Hertz 10 trillion times a
+second nature puts the system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature puts the system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature puts the system to the
+test 10 trillion times a second so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test 10 trillion times a second so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test 10 trillion times a second so on
+one of those test suppose this this drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those test suppose this this drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those test suppose this this drug
+that's supposed to bind to this receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to bind to this receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to bind to this receptor
+where this is Delta minus this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is Delta minus this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is Delta minus this is Delta
+plus where this is Delta plus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus where this is Delta plus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus where this is Delta plus this is
+Delta minus and so on then the two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta minus and so on then the two will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta minus and so on then the two will
+stay together long enough to do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay together long enough to do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay together long enough to do the math
+and figure out that there's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out that there's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out that there's some more
+energy to be gained through a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be gained through a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be gained through a further
+chemical reaction if on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction if on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction if on the other hand
+this is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow
+misformed so that opposite this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misformed so that opposite this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misformed so that opposite this Delta
+minus is also a Delta minus during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus is also a Delta minus during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus is also a Delta minus during that
+Collision there won't be that staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision there won't be that staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision there won't be that staying
+power to keep things together long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to keep things together long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to keep things together long
+enough and so the activation will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so the activation will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so the activation will not be
+achieved and so the reaction won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and so the reaction won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and so the reaction won't go
+forth so really the message here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so really the message here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so really the message here is that
+Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic
+Arrangement Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arrangement is the key with a pun here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement is the key with a pun here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement is the key with a pun here
+it's the key you know this is a lock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the key you know this is a lock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the key you know this is a lock and
+key mechanism an atomic Arrangement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism an atomic Arrangement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism an atomic Arrangement is
+the key paying attention to chirality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key paying attention to chirality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key paying attention to chirality of
+course the other thing is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the other thing is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the other thing is let's
+understand the chemistry to such a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the chemistry to such a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the chemistry to such a high
+degree that we're not relying on field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that we're not relying on field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that we're not relying on field
+testing to sort of determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to sort of determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to sort of determine whether
+something's acceptable or not we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's acceptable or not we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's acceptable or not we need to
+get rid of determinism excuse me get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of determinism excuse me get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of determinism excuse me get rid
+of empiricism and ramp up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empiricism and ramp up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empiricism and ramp up the
+determinism all right let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism all right let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism all right let's talk about
+properties of amino acids what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of amino acids what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of amino acids what are the
+properties of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compounds well first of all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds well first of all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds well first of all they're
+solids they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids they're
+solids solids at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they can
+crystallize they can be Crystal remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize they can be Crystal remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize they can be Crystal remember
+these are the myrr groups they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the myrr groups they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the myrr groups they're not
+the polymers these are the myrr groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers these are the myrr groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers these are the myrr groups
+that have yet to be polymerized they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have yet to be polymerized they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have yet to be polymerized they can
+crystallize uh I think it's fair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize uh I think it's fair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize uh I think it's fair to say
+they're going to be colorless entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be colorless entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be colorless entirely
+covalent High highly uh bonded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent High highly uh bonded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent High highly uh bonded and
+they're moderately soluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moderately soluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moderately soluble in
+water moderately soluble in water which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water moderately soluble in water which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water moderately soluble in water which
+is a good thing for something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing for something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing for something that's
+going to function as a biomolecule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to function as a biomolecule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to function as a biomolecule I
+think solubility in water is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think solubility in water is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think solubility in water is is
+desirable and in fact I want to look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and in fact I want to look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and in fact I want to look a
+little more closely at the uh behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more closely at the uh behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more closely at the uh behavior
+in water and uh and to mention that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and uh and to mention that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and uh and to mention that uh
+uh first thing that happens this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first thing that happens this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first thing that happens this thing
+trans forms and in the chart in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans forms and in the chart in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans forms and in the chart in the
+chart that's in the book that that bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that's in the book that that bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that's in the book that that bio
+table one uh you don't see the uh amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one uh you don't see the uh amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one uh you don't see the uh amino
+acids drawn as I've drawn them with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids drawn as I've drawn them with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids drawn as I've drawn them with the
+amino and neutral and the carboxilic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino and neutral and the carboxilic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino and neutral and the carboxilic and
+neutral they draw them as follows they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral they draw them as follows they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral they draw them as follows they
+show what happens when the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what happens when the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what happens when the amino acid
+has already been dissolved in water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been dissolved in water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been dissolved in water so
+let's represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's represent that
+solu solvation reaction so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solu solvation reaction so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solu solvation reaction so I'm going to
+compact the notation so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact the notation so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact the notation so here's the
+central carbon there's the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central carbon there's the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central carbon there's the hydrogen
+there's the amino substituent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the amino substituent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the amino substituent on the
+bottom and on the top I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and on the top I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and on the top I'm going to put
+the carboxilic acid and let's ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxilic acid and let's ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxilic acid and let's ask what
+happens when this dissolves in water at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when this dissolves in water at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when this dissolves in water at
+um neutral pH this doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neutral pH this doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neutral pH this doesn't necessarily
+mean pH equals 7 it means neutral with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean pH equals 7 it means neutral with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean pH equals 7 it means neutral with
+respect to this reaction that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this reaction that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this reaction that we're
+going to show what happens when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show what happens when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show what happens when this
+species dissolves in water is the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species dissolves in water is the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species dissolves in water is the proton
+leaves the carboxilic acid and comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the carboxilic acid and comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the carboxilic acid and comes
+over and attaches to the Amino n i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and attaches to the Amino n i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and attaches to the Amino n i mean
+look at the amino n this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amino n this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the amino n this is really a
+bron stead base isn't it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bron stead base isn't it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bron stead base isn't it this is a
+bronzee base this is an arenus acid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronzee base this is an arenus acid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronzee base this is an arenus acid it's
+also a bron stead acid so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a bron stead acid so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a bron stead acid so now we have
+from what is a uh neutral molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what is a uh neutral molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what is a uh neutral molecule
+something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this protons attached here rendering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protons attached here rendering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protons attached here rendering
+this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end
+positive the R Group remains unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the R Group remains unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the R Group remains unchanged
+and the carboxilic acid is now minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carboxilic acid is now minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carboxilic acid is now minus the
+proton so so this molecule it's still n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so so this molecule it's still n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so so this molecule it's still n
+neutral because I've got charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral because I've got charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral because I've got charge
+neutrality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality to
+uh maintain all I've done is relocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maintain all I've done is relocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maintain all I've done is relocate
+something within the molecule but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something within the molecule but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something within the molecule but it's
+bipolar isn't it it's bipolar that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar isn't it it's bipolar that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar isn't it it's bipolar that that
+is to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say it's
+locally it's locally positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it's locally positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it's locally positive and
+locally negative but globally it is net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally negative but globally it is net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally negative but globally it is net
+neutral so it's kind of a strange ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so it's kind of a strange ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so it's kind of a strange ion
+isn't it is it an ion or is it not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is it an ion or is it not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is it an ion or is it not an
+ion well it's it's net neutral so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion well it's it's net neutral so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion well it's it's net neutral so we
+wouldn't call it an ion it's some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't call it an ion it's some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't call it an ion it's some kind
+of instead of an ion it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of an ion it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instead of an ion it's called a
+zitter ion a zitter ion which means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion a zitter ion which means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion a zitter ion which means a
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ion it's a zitter ion or a double ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion it's a zitter ion or a double ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion it's a zitter ion or a double ion
+some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a
+hybrid so that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid so that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid so that's really important
+chemistry because that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because that gives
+this molecule the ability to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule the ability to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule the ability to respond to
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+environment see somehow through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment see somehow through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment see somehow through the
+chemistry we have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we have to explain
+how matter becomes animate how matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how matter becomes animate how matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how matter becomes animate how matter
+becomes animate what's the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes animate what's the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes animate what's the chemistry
+here I mean how how do I do this how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean how how do I do this how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean how how do I do this how do
+I move my hand how do I do this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hand how do I do this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hand how do I do this this is
+all macro molecular so what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all macro molecular so what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all macro molecular so what am I doing
+when I move my hand I'm changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I move my hand I'm changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I move my hand I'm changing the
+confirmation of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of those
+polymers those polymers are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers those polymers are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers those polymers are changing
+shape remember the c17 h36 I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape remember the c17 h36 I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape remember the c17 h36 I showed you
+two long chains one was relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long chains one was relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long chains one was relatively
+straight and one was coiled and I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and one was coiled and I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and one was coiled and I can go
+from one confirmation to the other now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one confirmation to the other now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one confirmation to the other now
+how do I do that the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do that the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do that the electrical
+engineers are going to say it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are going to say it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are going to say it's all
+electrical I say no it's not electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical I say no it's not electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical I say no it's not electrical
+you can't do this electrically where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do this electrically where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do this electrically where's
+the wires is this chemical it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires is this chemical it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires is this chemical it's all
+chemical and I'm going to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and I'm going to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and I'm going to show you how
+and you say but you can't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say but you can't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say but you can't do it that
+fast fast is fast only in the mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fast is fast only in the mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fast is fast only in the mind of
+the beholder this simply has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beholder this simply has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beholder this simply has to happen
+at a rate that is keeping Pace with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate that is keeping Pace with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate that is keeping Pace with the
+convers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convers
+St on a geological time scale this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St on a geological time scale this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St on a geological time scale this is a
+Vanishing short period of time right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing short period of time right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing short period of time right but
+otherwise this is as long as our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this is as long as our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this is as long as our data
+rate of understanding can keep Pace with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of understanding can keep Pace with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of understanding can keep Pace with
+the ability for us to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for us to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for us to change the
+confirmation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation we
+live so let's look at how this responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live so let's look at how this responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live so let's look at how this responds
+suppose this is uh I don't know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is uh I don't know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is uh I don't know in the
+wall of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the
+stomach and you get a hankering for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and you get a hankering for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and you get a hankering for some
+Cola beverage and you drink the cola the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cola beverage and you drink the cola the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cola beverage and you drink the cola the
+cola is low PH right it's about ph3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cola is low PH right it's about ph3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cola is low PH right it's about ph3
+phosphoric acid benzoic acid so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid benzoic acid so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid benzoic acid so what's
+going to happen is this Vitter ion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is this Vitter ion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is this Vitter ion will
+respond in a defensive manner there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in a defensive manner there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in a defensive manner there's
+there's a principle that's in chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle that's in chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle that's in chemistry
+that is analogus to a Newton's third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is analogus to a Newton's third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is analogus to a Newton's third law
+you know Action Reaction it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Action Reaction it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Action Reaction it's called the
+latell principle the latell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latell principle the latell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latell principle the latell
+principle after the French scientist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle after the French scientist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle after the French scientist who
+enunciated it l tell a principle and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated it l tell a principle and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated it l tell a principle and it
+and it talks about the restorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it talks about the restorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it talks about the restorative
+Force the restorative force exerted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force the restorative force exerted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force the restorative force exerted by a
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+system restorative force exerted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system restorative force exerted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system restorative force exerted by a
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+system and what is this restorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what is this restorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what is this restorative
+Force designed to do it's designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force designed to do it's designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force designed to do it's designed to
+minimize the impact of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of any
+perturbation designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimize impact or the effect effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize impact or the effect effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize impact or the effect effect of
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+perturbation by perturbation I mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation by perturbation I mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation by perturbation I mean not
+a physical perturbation I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical perturbation I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical perturbation I mean a
+chemical shift any kind of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturbation so let's say we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so let's say we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so let's say we have the
+zit iion sitting happily in a a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zit iion sitting happily in a a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zit iion sitting happily in a a neutral
+solution and suddenly the pH uh drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and suddenly the pH uh drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and suddenly the pH uh drops
+suddenly the pH drops so how can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the pH drops so how can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the pH drops so how can the
+zitter ion respond what do I do to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion respond what do I do to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion respond what do I do to to
+bring the pH back to where it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the pH back to where it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the pH back to where it was before
+the disturbance what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disturbance what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disturbance what is the
+manifestation of pH it's proton so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of pH it's proton so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of pH it's proton so
+somehow the proton concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the proton concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the proton concentration
+suddenly went way up driving the pH way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly went way up driving the pH way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly went way up driving the pH way
+down and I'm Zion sitting here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I'm Zion sitting here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I'm Zion sitting here here's
+Zion right here what could Zion do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zion right here what could Zion do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zion right here what could Zion do to
+minimize the impact of this flood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of this flood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of this flood of
+proton well there got two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton well there got two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton well there got two possibilities
+how do you neutralize something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you neutralize something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you neutralize something you
+either flood this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either flood this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either flood this with
+hydroxy all right start flooding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy all right start flooding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy all right start flooding this
+with hydroxy in order to neutralize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydroxy in order to neutralize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydroxy in order to neutralize I
+look on zit and I see no hydroxy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on zit and I see no hydroxy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on zit and I see no hydroxy so
+that's no good but what could zit iion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good but what could zit iion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good but what could zit iion
+do there's at the carboxilic acid and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there's at the carboxilic acid and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there's at the carboxilic acid and an
+attachment site for proton so what Zion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment site for proton so what Zion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment site for proton so what Zion
+can do is to gobble up the excess proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to gobble up the excess proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to gobble up the excess proton
+in order to bring the pH back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to bring the pH back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to bring the pH back to where
+it was before so let's write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before so let's write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before so let's write that
+reaction it triggers this response which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it triggers this response which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it triggers this response which
+is there's the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end I'm going to put the uh put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I'm going to put the uh put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I'm going to put the uh put the
+carboxylic acid over to the right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid over to the right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid over to the right here
+so now this is from the solution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is from the solution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is from the solution this is
+from the solution it's trying to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution it's trying to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution it's trying to bring
+the pH back to where it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH back to where it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH back to where it was before
+consuming the uh proton and attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the uh proton and attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming the uh proton and attaching
+the proton to this carboxilic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so what's happened now it's Vitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what's happened now it's Vitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what's happened now it's Vitter
+iion this end the negative end has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iion this end the negative end has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iion this end the negative end has been
+capped so zitter ion now is net positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped so zitter ion now is net positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped so zitter ion now is net positive
+it's net positive now over here it's net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutral and it's got bobbling up protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and it's got bobbling up protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and it's got bobbling up protons
+from the solution and so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution and so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solution and so this is really
+an acidbase reaction for which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acidbase reaction for which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acidbase reaction for which I can
+write a k an acid dissociation constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a k an acid dissociation constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a k an acid dissociation constant
+and you know I'm getting tired writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I'm getting tired writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I'm getting tired writing
+all these characters so I'm going to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these characters so I'm going to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these characters so I'm going to re
+reformat this so I'm going to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat this so I'm going to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat this so I'm going to say this
+is the zitter ion is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zitter ion is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zitter ion is I'm going to
+represent as proton plus the rest this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent as proton plus the rest this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent as proton plus the rest this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+proton and what's this thing here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and what's this thing here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and what's this thing here this
+is now zitter ion to which proton has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now zitter ion to which proton has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now zitter ion to which proton has
+attached I've attached this proton to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached I've attached this proton to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached I've attached this proton to
+the net neutral species okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net neutral species okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net neutral species okay so I can
+rewrite this reaction in a more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this reaction in a more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this reaction in a more compact
+notation so a captures all of this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so a captures all of this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so a captures all of this other
+stuff minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff minus the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+proton so I can write the k for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so I can write the k for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so I can write the k for that
+reaction and K1 will equal concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and K1 will equal concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and K1 will equal concentration
+of proton times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proton times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proton times the concentration of
+neutrals Vitter ion over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals Vitter ion over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals Vitter ion over the
+concentration of this protonated zitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of this protonated zitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of this protonated zitter
+ion the zitter ion onto which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion the zitter ion onto which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion the zitter ion onto which we've
+glommed this uh proton from the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glommed this uh proton from the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glommed this uh proton from the solution
+and we're going to take a page out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take a page out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take a page out of
+Sorenson's book and we'll take the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorenson's book and we'll take the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorenson's book and we'll take the the
+log of both sides and then we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of both sides and then we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of both sides and then we can say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+pk1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 is equal to
+pH plus log and I'm writing 10 here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH plus log and I'm writing 10 here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH plus log and I'm writing 10 here but
+you know in engineering if you see log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in engineering if you see log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in engineering if you see log
+it's typically log base 10 I know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically log base 10 I know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically log base 10 I know in
+some some of the math classes they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of the math classes they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some of the math classes they they
+use the log to represent natural log but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the log to represent natural log but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the log to represent natural log but
+it's uncommon in engineering all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uncommon in engineering all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uncommon in engineering all right
+so here's the here's the senson version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the senson version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the senson version
+of the equation and what this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and what this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and what this tells us
+is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at
+50% 50% Association in other words when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% 50% Association in other words when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% 50% Association in other words when
+50% of the zitter ion has gobbled up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the zitter ion has gobbled up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the zitter ion has gobbled up the
+proton to to generate this protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to to generate this protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to to generate this protonated
+species this ratio is equal 50% zitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species this ratio is equal 50% zitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species this ratio is equal 50% zitter
+ion unprotonated 50% protonated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion unprotonated 50% protonated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion unprotonated 50% protonated so the
+log of one is zero and that's the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of one is zero and that's the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of one is zero and that's the pH
+that gives us the value of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the value of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the value of the of the
+acid dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid dissociation
+constant at 50% of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumption of zitter ion we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of zitter ion we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of zitter ion we have the
+concentration of zitter ion equaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of zitter ion equaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of zitter ion equaling the
+concentration of the the protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the the protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the the protonated
+Vitter ion and therefore the pH is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitter ion and therefore the pH is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitter ion and therefore the pH is
+exactly at the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at the value of
+pk1 now what happens on the Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 now what happens on the Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 now what happens on the Other
+Extreme what happens if all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme what happens if all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme what happens if all of a sudden
+there's a rise in PH if there's a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rise in PH if there's a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rise in PH if there's a sudden
+rise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in
+PH how does Vitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH how does Vitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH how does Vitter ion
+respond sudden rise in PH that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond sudden rise in PH that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond sudden rise in PH that means the
+concentration of proton suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of proton suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of proton suddenly
+fell so we use the latell principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell so we use the latell principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell so we use the latell principle
+again we use latell principle we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we use latell principle we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we use latell principle we go back
+over here and we look at zit iion and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we look at zit iion and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we look at zit iion and we
+say okay what we've got right now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what we've got right now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what we've got right now is a
+sudden dirth of a shortage of proton how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden dirth of a shortage of proton how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden dirth of a shortage of proton how
+can Vitter ion respond to that sudden uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Vitter ion respond to that sudden uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Vitter ion respond to that sudden uh
+shortage of proton well the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of proton well the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of proton well the neutral
+zitter ion has proton sitting right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion has proton sitting right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion has proton sitting right here
+so what zitter ion can do in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what zitter ion can do in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what zitter ion can do in response to
+that sudden drop in proton concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sudden drop in proton concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sudden drop in proton concentration
+is donate become a proton donor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is donate become a proton donor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is donate become a proton donor and
+start adding protons to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding protons to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding protons to the solution
+sacrificing its neutrality in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrificing its neutrality in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrificing its neutrality in order to
+minimize the impact of that sudden rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of that sudden rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the impact of that sudden rise
+in PH so let's let's document that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PH so let's let's document that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PH so let's let's document that
+reaction that's this one here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that's this one here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that's this one here that's
+where uh zitter ion does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh zitter ion does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh zitter ion does the
+following we'll start with the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we'll start with the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we'll start with the neutral
+again so that's over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's over here
+h3n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the neutrals Vitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the neutrals Vitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the neutrals Vitter ion
+experiences a sudden rise in PH and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences a sudden rise in PH and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences a sudden rise in PH and
+responds by dumping uh protons into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds by dumping uh protons into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds by dumping uh protons into the
+solution so now the the Left End is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so now the the Left End is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so now the the Left End is
+deprotonated leaving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutral and this proton is now donated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and this proton is now donated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and this proton is now donated
+to the solution and if this solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution and if this solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution and if this solution is
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+high in PH then this proton can go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in PH then this proton can go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in PH then this proton can go and
+attack the excess hydroxy and neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the excess hydroxy and neutralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the excess hydroxy and neutralize
+it so this is how uh zitter ion responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is how uh zitter ion responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is how uh zitter ion responds
+and what do we see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we see here this is
+neutral this is net neutral but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral this is net neutral but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral this is net neutral but now the
+positive n has become neutralized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive n has become neutralized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive n has become neutralized by the
+loss of the proton so this is now net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of the proton so this is now net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of the proton so this is now net
+negative this is now net negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is now net negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is now net negative and so
+we can call this reaction two it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call this reaction two it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call this reaction two it has a
+K2 and using the notation that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and using the notation that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and using the notation that I've
+developed up there the neutrals viton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed up there the neutrals viton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed up there the neutrals viton
+I'm uh denoting ha so this is the zitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh denoting ha so this is the zitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh denoting ha so this is the zitter
+ion minus this proton so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion minus this proton so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion minus this proton so this is just
+the a minus it's making sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a minus it's making sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a minus it's making sense this is
+net negative and if I take H away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative and if I take H away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net negative and if I take H away from
+ha I get minus and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H+ so that's the reaction we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ so that's the reaction we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H+ so that's the reaction we're looking
+at and we can write the the k for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and we can write the the k for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and we can write the the k for that
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as concentration of proton time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as concentration of proton time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as concentration of proton time
+concentration of deprotonated zitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of deprotonated zitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of deprotonated zitter ion
+divided by the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the concentration of the
+neutrals Vitter ion and take the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals Vitter ion and take the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals Vitter ion and take the log
+base 10 of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 of both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 10 of both sides
+pk2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 is
+pH plus log base 10 of I'm going to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH plus log base 10 of I'm going to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH plus log base 10 of I'm going to flip
+this over so I don't have to put a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over so I don't have to put a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over so I don't have to put a minus
+sign here so this would be ha divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this would be ha divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this would be ha divided by
+a minus and again when we have 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus and again when we have 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus and again when we have 50%
+neutralization then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization then that means that
+there'll be 50% of of this species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be 50% of of this species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be 50% of of this species
+consumed 50% of this left the log of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed 50% of this left the log of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed 50% of this left the log of one
+is zero and at that pH we have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and at that pH we have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and at that pH we have the uh
+the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+um uh acid dissociation constant and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh acid dissociation constant and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh acid dissociation constant and I
+think this uh this uh slide shows what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this uh this uh slide shows what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this uh this uh slide shows what's
+going on here let all it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here let all it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here let all it does is it
+plots uh these two equations if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh these two equations if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots uh these two equations if you take
+the first equation here the logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation here the logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first equation here the logarithmic
+the senson form of the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senson form of the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senson form of the first equation
+that's the lower part of this graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lower part of this graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lower part of this graph the
+lower part of this graph we're plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part of this graph we're plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part of this graph we're plotting
+pH versus the ion dissociation so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH versus the ion dissociation so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH versus the ion dissociation so if you
+turn this around pH versus the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this around pH versus the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this around pH versus the amount of
+this that has been consumed and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that has been consumed and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that has been consumed and what you
+see is that when you have 50% this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that when you have 50% this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that when you have 50% this is
+50% ion dissociated per molecule at 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% ion dissociated per molecule at 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% ion dissociated per molecule at 50%
+we have the pk1 where both are equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the pk1 where both are equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the pk1 where both are equal the
+other thing to note is that as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to note is that as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to note is that as this
+reaction is taking place look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is taking place look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is taking place look at the
+gentle change in PH the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle change in PH the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle change in PH the concentration
+here changes from oh roughly about 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here changes from oh roughly about 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here changes from oh roughly about 10%
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+90% so we have an 80% variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so we have an 80% variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so we have an 80% variation in
+concentration by that I mean an 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by that I mean an 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by that I mean an 80%
+interval over which we are changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over which we are changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval over which we are changing the
+amount of uh attachment here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh attachment here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh attachment here here
+there's no attachment here there's total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attachment here there's total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no attachment here there's total
+attachment and in the middle we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment and in the middle we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment and in the middle we have
+from about 10% to 90% attachment the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 10% to 90% attachment the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 10% to 90% attachment the pH
+only moves about two units so zitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moves about two units so zitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moves about two units so zitter ion
+is fighting really really hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fighting really really hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fighting really really hard to get
+this ph up to a certain level and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ph up to a certain level and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ph up to a certain level and hold
+it there so we say that the zitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so we say that the zitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so we say that the zitter ion
+under these circumstances is acting as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these circumstances is acting as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these circumstances is acting as a
+buffer so Vitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so Vitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer so Vitter
+ion Vitter ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Vitter ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Vitter ion
+acts as a buffer so what it will do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a buffer so what it will do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a buffer so what it will do it's
+got the C capacity to either donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the C capacity to either donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the C capacity to either donate
+protons or remove protons and um do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or remove protons and um do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or remove protons and um do so
+in a way that reduces the impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that reduces the impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that reduces the impact of the
+pH um and then here's the other part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH um and then here's the other part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH um and then here's the other part of
+the graph which is up the upper part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph which is up the upper part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph which is up the upper part the
+uh case where we have a sudden rise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case where we have a sudden rise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh case where we have a sudden rise in
+PH so the pH goes up and ziter ion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH so the pH goes up and ziter ion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH so the pH goes up and ziter ion is
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+holding the pH as best it can around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the pH as best it can around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the pH as best it can around a
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+pk2 and so then there's a special point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 and so then there's a special point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 and so then there's a special point
+on this graph and it's shown right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph and it's shown right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this graph and it's shown right here
+where we have maximum undissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have maximum undissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have maximum undissociated
+zitter ion in other words what is the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion in other words what is the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zitter ion in other words what is the pH
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pH at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH at
+which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have
+100% undissociated zitter ion okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% undissociated zitter ion okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% undissociated zitter ion okay just
+the zitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zitter
+ion and that's given by the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and that's given by the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and that's given by the balance
+between the K1 and the K2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the K1 and the K2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the K1 and the K2 and that's
+called the isoelectric point isoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the isoelectric point isoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the isoelectric point isoelectric
+point because then everything is net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because then everything is net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because then everything is net
+neutral isoelectric point and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral isoelectric point and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral isoelectric point and that's uh
+also given the notation Pi lowercase p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given the notation Pi lowercase p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also given the notation Pi lowercase p
+capital I for isoelectric and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I for isoelectric and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital I for isoelectric and in this
+case is simply the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is simply the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is simply the average of
+pk1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk1 and
+pk2 average of P pk1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 average of P pk1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 average of P pk1 and
+pk2 and this can be found for various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 and this can be found for various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk2 and this can be found for various uh
+for various amino acids I don't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various amino acids I don't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various amino acids I don't expect
+you to know the amino acid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know the amino acid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know the amino acid uh
+compositions by heart I would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions by heart I would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions by heart I would always
+give you the chemical formula of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the chemical formula of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the chemical formula of the
+amino acid and if you had to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid and if you had to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid and if you had to do anything
+with such calculations I'd tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such calculations I'd tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such calculations I'd tell you what
+the the K1 or the K2 is as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the K1 or the K2 is as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the K1 or the K2 is as the as the
+case may be there's one other Twist on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case may be there's one other Twist on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case may be there's one other Twist on
+this there are a few amino acids where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are a few amino acids where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are a few amino acids where
+the r groups where the r groups are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r groups where the r groups are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r groups where the r groups are also
+capable of attaching or donating protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of attaching or donating protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of attaching or donating protons
+we say that the r groups are tit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tradable our groups are tight tradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable our groups are tight tradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradable our groups are tight tradable
+that is to say they can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say they can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say they can also
+uh be proton active and can participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be proton active and can participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be proton active and can participate
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+lell principle in action and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lell principle in action and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lell principle in action and if you look
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+homework question 11 on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework question 11 on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework question 11 on the homework
+goes through a an analysis of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a an analysis of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a an analysis of how you
+deal with a situation where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a situation where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a situation where there's a
+change in PH and for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in PH and for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in PH and for example suppose
+you've got a a side group aspartic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a a side group aspartic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a a side group aspartic acid
+is a good example in aspartic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid aspartic acid the R Group is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid aspartic acid the R Group is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid aspartic acid the R Group is um is
+methylene and then there's a carboxilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene and then there's a carboxilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene and then there's a carboxilic
+acid sticking off this is the R Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sticking off this is the R Group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sticking off this is the R Group
+well clearly this is a site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly this is a site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly this is a site of
+attachment so if I get a sudden drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment so if I get a sudden drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment so if I get a sudden drop in
+PH there's a flood of hydrogen ions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH there's a flood of hydrogen ions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PH there's a flood of hydrogen ions the
+hydrogen ions can be attaching not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ions can be attaching not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen ions can be attaching not only
+the carboxilic acid and here but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxilic acid and here but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxilic acid and here but they
+can also be attaching on the r group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be attaching on the r group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be attaching on the r group so
+that brings a a new level of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings a a new level of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings a a new level of uh
+complexity and and we work that out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and and we work that out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and and we work that out in
+the uh in the uh particular uh homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the uh particular uh homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the uh particular uh homework
+example okay well let's uh let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay well let's uh let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay well let's uh let's take a
+break here now and uh I'll leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here now and uh I'll leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here now and uh I'll leave you
+with uh a uh five minutes on uh extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a uh five minutes on uh extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a uh five minutes on uh extreme
+kinetics um earlier in the semester I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics um earlier in the semester I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics um earlier in the semester I
+went up to Halifax to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up to Halifax to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up to Halifax to give a
+seminar and I was reminded of this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and I was reminded of this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and I was reminded of this which
+actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our
+audiovisual technician Dave brck had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual technician Dave brck had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual technician Dave brck had
+brought to my attention a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to my attention a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to my attention a number of
+years ago we talked about the Extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago we talked about the Extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago we talked about the Extremes
+in kinetics one of them being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kinetics one of them being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kinetics one of them being the
+explosion uh the reason I tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion uh the reason I tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion uh the reason I tell you about
+this it follows kinetics and also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it follows kinetics and also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it follows kinetics and also it's
+appropo of the season after Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropo of the season after Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropo of the season after Thanksgiving
+day when you go downtown you will see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when you go downtown you will see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when you go downtown you will see um
+a feature that I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature that I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature that I'm going to tell you
+about uh at the end of this story uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh at the end of this story uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh at the end of this story uh on
+uh December 6 1917 this was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh December 6 1917 this was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh December 6 1917 this was in the
+middle of World War I and Canada was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of World War I and Canada was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of World War I and Canada was uh
+uh part of the British Empire at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the British Empire at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the British Empire at the
+time and was drawn into the War uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and was drawn into the War uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and was drawn into the War uh
+Halifax was a port of uh exchange of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halifax was a port of uh exchange of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halifax was a port of uh exchange of a
+lot of Munitions so there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Munitions so there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Munitions so there was the
+Belgian relief ship the emo and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgian relief ship the emo and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgian relief ship the emo and the
+French Supply ship the M Blanc and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French Supply ship the M Blanc and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French Supply ship the M Blanc and this
+is the uh cargo of the monong Blanc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh cargo of the monong Blanc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh cargo of the monong Blanc and
+you can see it was a potent cargo to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it was a potent cargo to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it was a potent cargo to be
+sure at 8:45 a.m. there was a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure at 8:45 a.m. there was a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure at 8:45 a.m. there was a collision
+the emo hit the Mong Blanc it missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emo hit the Mong Blanc it missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emo hit the Mong Blanc it missed the
+TNT there's 20,000 tons of it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNT there's 20,000 tons of it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNT there's 20,000 tons of it but it
+struck the pierc acid which was stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck the pierc acid which was stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck the pierc acid which was stored
+directly beneath the drums of Benzel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly beneath the drums of Benzel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly beneath the drums of Benzel and
+there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some
+Sparks and so that's the way the Story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sparks and so that's the way the Story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sparks and so that's the way the Story
+begins and for this one in this light I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and for this one in this light I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and for this one in this light I
+think I'll uh put on some glasses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll uh put on some glasses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll uh put on some glasses so
+that I can read it to you in Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can read it to you in Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can read it to you in Modern
+English the crew of the mo Blanc aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the crew of the mo Blanc aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the crew of the mo Blanc aware
+of their cargo immediately took to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cargo immediately took to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their cargo immediately took to the
+Lifeboat screaming warnings that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifeboat screaming warnings that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifeboat screaming warnings that no one
+heed they rode for Dartmouth which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heed they rode for Dartmouth which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heed they rode for Dartmouth which is
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+harbor the moan Blanc drifted by Halifax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor the moan Blanc drifted by Halifax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harbor the moan Blanc drifted by Halifax
+Pier brushing it and setting it Ablaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pier brushing it and setting it Ablaze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pier brushing it and setting it Ablaze
+members of the Halifax fire department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the Halifax fire department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the Halifax fire department
+responded quickly and were positioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded quickly and were positioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded quickly and were positioning
+their engine up to the nearest hydrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their engine up to the nearest hydrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their engine up to the nearest hydrant
+when the mon Blanc disintegrated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the mon Blanc disintegrated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the mon Blanc disintegrated in a
+blinding white flash creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding white flash creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinding white flash creating the
+biggest man-made explosion before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest man-made explosion before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest man-made explosion before the
+nuclear age it was 9:05 a.m. over 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age it was 9:05 a.m. over 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age it was 9:05 a.m. over 1900
+people were killed immediately within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed immediately within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed immediately within a
+year the figure had climbed to well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the figure had climbed to well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the figure had climbed to well over
+2,000 9,000 more injured many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 9,000 more injured many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 9,000 more injured many
+permanently 325 Acres almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently 325 Acres almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently 325 Acres almost all of
+North End Halifax destroyed and much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End Halifax destroyed and much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End Halifax destroyed and much of
+what was not immediately leveled burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was not immediately leveled burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was not immediately leveled burned
+to the ground but aided by winter stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground but aided by winter stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground but aided by winter stock
+piles of coal in cellers as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of coal in cellers as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles of coal in cellers as for the
+monan Blanc all 3,000 tons of her were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monan Blanc all 3,000 tons of her were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monan Blanc all 3,000 tons of her were
+shattered into little pieces that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shattered into little pieces that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shattered into little pieces that were
+blasted far and wide the barrel of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasted far and wide the barrel of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasted far and wide the barrel of one
+of her cannons landed 300 three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her cannons landed 300 three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her cannons landed 300 three and a
+half miles away part of her anchor shank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half miles away part of her anchor shank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half miles away part of her anchor shank
+weighing over half a ton flew 2 miles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing over half a ton flew 2 miles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing over half a ton flew 2 miles in
+the opposite direction Windows shattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction Windows shattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction Windows shattered
+50 Mi away and the shock wave was felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 Mi away and the shock wave was felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 Mi away and the shock wave was felt
+even in Sydney Cape Breton 270 Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Sydney Cape Breton 270 Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Sydney Cape Breton 270 Mi
+Northeast there was about 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast there was about 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast there was about 20 minutes
+between the collision and the explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the collision and the explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the collision and the explosion
+it was enough time for spectators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was enough time for spectators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was enough time for spectators
+including many children to run to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many children to run to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many children to run to the
+Waterfront to watch the ship burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterfront to watch the ship burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterfront to watch the ship burning
+thus coming into close range it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus coming into close range it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus coming into close range it was
+enough time for others to gather at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for others to gather at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for others to gather at
+windows and thus an exceptionally large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and thus an exceptionally large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and thus an exceptionally large
+number of people were injured by flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people were injured by flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people were injured by flying
+glass many sustained permanent eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass many sustained permanent eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass many sustained permanent eye
+damage not surprisingly hospitals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage not surprisingly hospitals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage not surprisingly hospitals were
+unable to cope with so many wounded this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to cope with so many wounded this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to cope with so many wounded this
+was also uh the misery was compounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also uh the misery was compounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also uh the misery was compounded by
+a blizzard that struck the city the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blizzard that struck the city the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blizzard that struck the city the
+following day dumping 16 inches of snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following day dumping 16 inches of snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following day dumping 16 inches of snow
+over the ruins of their Sy oily covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the ruins of their Sy oily covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the ruins of their Sy oily covering
+with astounding speed relief efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with astounding speed relief efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with astounding speed relief efforts
+were set into motion money poured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set into motion money poured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set into motion money poured in
+from as far away as China and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as far away as China and New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from as far away as China and New
+Zealand the Canadian government gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand the Canadian government gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand the Canadian government gave
+blah blah blah so much money so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so much money so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so much money so much
+money but most haligonian that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but most haligonian that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but most haligonian that's what
+you call a resident of Halifax most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a resident of Halifax most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call a resident of Halifax most
+haligonian remember the generosity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haligonian remember the generosity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haligonian remember the generosity of
+the state of Massachusetts which donated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Massachusetts which donated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of Massachusetts which donated
+$750,000 in money and goods and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$750,000 in money and goods and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$750,000 in money and goods and gave
+unstintingly involuntary assistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstintingly involuntary assistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstintingly involuntary assistance to
+the Massachusetts Halifax Relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Massachusetts Halifax Relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Massachusetts Halifax Relief
+Committee people from the hospitals Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee people from the hospitals Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee people from the hospitals Mass
+ioner went up because so many people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioner went up because so many people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioner went up because so many people had
+sustained eye damage and they got on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained eye damage and they got on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained eye damage and they got on
+trains and they went up there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and they went up there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and they went up there to
+minister to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister to these
+people to this day Halifax sends a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to this day Halifax sends a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to this day Halifax sends a an
+annual Christmas tree to the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual Christmas tree to the city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual Christmas tree to the city of
+Boston in gratitude so when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston in gratitude so when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston in gratitude so when you go
+downtown I don't know where it is now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown I don't know where it is now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown I don't know where it is now it
+used to be in front of the PR but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be in front of the PR but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be in front of the PR but I
+heard recently they relocated it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard recently they relocated it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard recently they relocated it to the
+um Boston Common if you see a 45 foot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Boston Common if you see a 45 foot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Boston Common if you see a 45 foot um
+Christmas tree that looks like it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas tree that looks like it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas tree that looks like it came
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Canada that's the reason okay have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada that's the reason okay have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada that's the reason okay have a
+Happy Thanksgiving I'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/19Ql_Q3l0GA.txt b/19Ql_Q3l0GA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c5b5470f8e758b708aa971b0bc63115f945ec00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/19Ql_Q3l0GA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2326 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let us start.
+
+So as always, we're to have
+a quick review of what we
+
+discussed last time.
+
+And then today we're going
+to introduce just one new
+
+concept, the notion of
+independence of two events.
+
+And we will play with
+that concept.
+
+So what did we talk
+about last time?
+
+The idea is that we have an
+experiment, and the experiment
+
+has a sample space omega.
+
+And then somebody comes and
+tells us you know the outcome
+
+of the experiments happens to
+lie inside this particular
+
+event B. Given this information,
+it kind of
+
+changes what we know about
+the situation.
+
+It tells us that the outcome
+is going to be somewhere
+
+inside here.
+
+So this is essentially
+our new sample space.
+
+And now we need to we reassign
+probabilities to the various
+
+possible outcomes, because, for
+example, these outcomes,
+
+even if they had positive
+probability beforehand, now
+
+that we're told that B occurred,
+those outcomes out
+
+there are going to have
+zero probability.
+
+So we need to revise
+our probabilities.
+
+The new probabilities are
+called conditional
+
+probabilities, and they're
+defined this way.
+
+The conditional probability that
+A occurs given that we're
+
+told that B occurred is
+calculated by this formula,
+
+which tells us the following--
+
+out of the total probability
+that was initially assigned to
+
+the event B, what fraction of
+that probability is assigned
+
+to outcomes that also
+make A to happen?
+
+So out of the total probability
+assigned to B, we
+
+see what fraction of that total
+probability is assigned
+
+to those elements here that
+will also make A happen.
+
+Conditional probabilities are
+left undefined if the
+
+denominator here is zero.
+
+An easy consequence of the
+definition is if we bring that
+
+term to the other side, then we
+can find the probability of
+
+two things happening by taking
+the probability that the first
+
+thing happens, and then, given
+that the first thing happened,
+
+the conditional probability that
+the second one happens.
+
+Then we saw last time that we
+can divide and conquer in
+
+calculating probabilities of
+mildly complicated events by
+
+breaking it down into
+different scenarios.
+
+So event B can happen
+in two ways.
+
+It can happen either together
+with A, which is this
+
+probability, or it can happen
+together with A complement,
+
+which is this probability.
+
+So basically what we're saying
+that the total probability of
+
+B is the probability of this,
+which is A intersection B,
+
+plus the probability of that,
+which is A complement
+
+intersection B.
+
+So these two facts here,
+multiplication rule and the
+
+total probability theorem, are
+basic tools that one uses to
+
+break down probability
+calculations
+
+into a simpler parts.
+
+So we find probabilities of
+two things happening by
+
+looking at each one at a time.
+
+And this is what we do to break
+up a situation with two
+
+different possible scenarios.
+
+Then we also have
+the Bayes rule,
+
+which does the following.
+
+Given a model that has
+conditional probabilities of
+
+this kind, the Bayes rule
+allows us to calculate
+
+conditional probabilities in
+which the events appear in
+
+different order.
+
+You can think of these
+probabilities as describing a
+
+causal model of a certain
+situation, whereas these are
+
+the probabilities that you get
+after you do some inference
+
+based on the information that
+you have available.
+
+Now the Bayes rule, we derived
+it, and it's a trivial
+
+half-line calculation.
+
+But it underlies lots
+and lots of useful
+
+things in the real world.
+
+We had the radar example
+last time.
+
+You can think of more
+complicated situations in
+
+which there's a bunch or lots of
+different hypotheses about
+
+the environment.
+
+Given any particular setting in
+the environment, you have a
+
+measuring device that
+can produce
+
+many different outcomes.
+
+And you observe the final
+outcome out of your measuring
+
+device, and you're trying
+to guess which
+
+particular branch occurred.
+
+That is, you're trying to guess
+the state of the world
+
+based on a particular
+measurement.
+
+That's what inference
+is all about.
+
+So real world problems only
+differ from the simple example
+
+that we saw last time in that
+this kind of tree is a little
+
+more complicated.
+
+You might have infinitely
+many possible
+
+outcomes here and so on.
+
+So setting up the model may be
+more elaborate, but the basic
+
+calculation that's done based
+on the Bayes rule is
+
+essentially the same as
+the one that we saw.
+
+Now something that we discuss
+is that sometimes we use
+
+conditional probabilities to
+describe models, and let's do
+
+this by looking at a
+model where we toss
+
+a coin three times.
+
+And how do we use conditional
+probabilities to
+
+describe the situation?
+
+So we have one experiment.
+
+But that one experiment consists
+of three consecutive
+
+coin tosses.
+
+So the possible outcomes, our
+sample space, consists of
+
+strings of length 3 that tell
+us whether we had heads,
+
+tails, and in what sequence.
+
+So three heads in a row is
+one particular outcome.
+
+So what is the meaning
+of those labels in
+
+front of the branches?
+
+So this P here, of course,
+stands for the probability
+
+that the first toss
+resulted in heads.
+
+And let me use this notation
+to denote that
+
+the first was heads.
+
+I put an H in toss one.
+
+How about the meaning of
+this probability here?
+
+Well the meaning of this
+probability is
+
+a conditional one.
+
+It's the conditional probability
+that the second
+
+toss resulted in heads,
+given that the first
+
+one resulted in heads.
+
+And similarly this label here
+corresponds to the probability
+
+that the third toss resulted in
+heads, given that the first
+
+one and the second one
+resulted in heads.
+
+So in this particular model that
+I wrote down here, those
+
+probabilities, P, of obtaining
+heads remain the same no
+
+matter what happened in
+the previous toss.
+
+For example, even if the first
+toss was tails, we still have
+
+the same probability, P, that
+the second one is heads, given
+
+that the first one was tails.
+
+So we're assuming that no matter
+what happened in the
+
+first toss, the second toss will
+still have a conditional
+
+probability equal to P. So that
+conditional probability
+
+does not depend on what happened
+in the first toss.
+
+And we will see that this is a
+very special situation, and
+
+that's really the concept of
+independence that we are going
+
+to introduce shortly.
+
+But before we get to
+independence, let's practice
+
+once more the three skills that
+we covered last time in
+
+this example.
+
+So first skill was
+multiplication rule.
+
+How do you find the
+probability of
+
+several things happening?
+
+That is the probability that
+we have tails followed by
+
+heads followed by tails.
+
+So here we're talking about this
+particular outcome here,
+
+tails followed by heads
+followed by tails.
+
+And the way we calculate such
+a probability is by
+
+multiplying conditional
+probabilities along the path
+
+that takes us to this outcome.
+
+And so these conditional
+probabilities
+
+are recorded here.
+
+So it's going to be (1 minus P)
+times P times (1 minus P).
+
+So this is the multiplication
+rule.
+
+Second question is how do we
+find the probability of a
+
+mildly complicated event?
+
+So the event of interest here
+that I wrote down is the
+
+probability that in the
+three tosses, we had a
+
+total of one head.
+
+Exactly one head.
+
+This is an event that can
+happen in multiple ways.
+
+It happens here.
+
+It happens here.
+
+And it also happens here.
+
+So we want to find the total
+probability of the event
+
+consisting of these
+three outcomes.
+
+What do we do?
+
+We just add the probabilities
+of each individual outcome.
+
+How do we find the probability
+of an individual outcome?
+
+Well, that's what we just did.
+
+Now notice that this outcome
+has probability P times (1
+
+minus P) squared.
+
+That one should not be there.
+
+So where is it?
+
+Ah.
+
+It's this one.
+
+OK, so the probability of this
+outcome is (1 minus P times P)
+
+times (1 minus P), the
+same probability.
+
+And finally, this one is again
+(1 minus P) squared times P.
+
+So this event of one head can
+happen in three ways.
+
+And each one of those three ways
+has the same probability
+
+of occurring.
+
+And this is the answer.
+
+And finally, the last thing that
+we learned how to do is
+
+to use the Bayes rule to
+
+calculate and make an inference.
+
+So somebody tells you that there
+was exactly one head in
+
+your three tosses.
+
+What is the probability
+that the first
+
+toss resulted in heads?
+
+OK, I guess you can guess the
+answer here if I tell you that
+
+there were three tosses.
+
+One of them was heads.
+
+Where was that head
+in the first, the
+
+second, or the third?
+
+Well, by symmetry, they should
+all be equally likely.
+
+So there should be probably
+just 1/3 that that head
+
+occurred in the first toss.
+
+Let's check our intuition
+using the definitions.
+
+So the definition of conditional
+probability tells
+
+us the conditional probability
+is the probability of both
+
+things happening.
+
+First toss is heads, and we have
+exactly one head divided
+
+by the probability
+of one head.
+
+What is the probability that the
+first toss is heads, and
+
+we have exactly one head?
+
+This is the same as the event
+heads, tails, tails.
+
+If I tell you that the first is
+heads, and there's only one
+
+head, it means that the
+others are tails.
+
+So this is the probability of
+heads, tails, tails divided by
+
+the probability of one head.
+
+And we know all of these
+quantities probability of
+
+heads, tails, tails is P times
+(1 minus P) squared.
+
+Probability of one
+head is 3 times P
+
+times (1 minus P) squared.
+
+So the final answer is 1/3,
+which is what you should have
+
+a guessed on intuitive
+grounds.
+
+Very good.
+
+So we got our practice on
+the material that we
+
+did cover last time.
+
+Again, think.
+
+There's basically three basic
+skills that we are practicing
+
+and exercising here.
+
+In the problems, quizzes, and in
+the real life, you may have
+
+to apply those three skills in
+somewhat more complicated
+
+settings, but in the
+end that's what it
+
+boils down to usually.
+
+Now let's focus on this special
+feature of this
+
+particular model that I
+discussed a little earlier.
+
+Think of the event heads
+in the second toss.
+
+Initially, the probability of
+heads in the second toss, you
+
+know, that it's P, the
+probability of
+
+success of your coin.
+
+If I tell you that the first
+toss resulted in heads, what's
+
+the probability that the
+second toss is heads?
+
+It's again P. If I tell you that
+the first toss was tails,
+
+what's the probability that
+the second toss is heads?
+
+It's again P. So whether I tell
+you the result of the
+
+first toss, or I don't tell
+you, it doesn't make any
+
+difference to you.
+
+You would always say the
+probability of heads in the
+
+second toss is going to P, no
+matter what happened in the
+
+first toss.
+
+This is a special situation to
+which we're going to give a
+
+name, and we're going to call
+that property independence.
+
+Basically independence between
+two things stands for the fact
+
+that the first thing, whether
+it occurred or not, doesn't
+
+give you any information, does
+not cause you to change your
+
+beliefs about the
+second event.
+
+This is the intuition.
+
+Let's try to translate this
+into mathematics.
+
+We have two events, and we're
+going to say that they're
+
+independent if your initial
+beliefs about B are not going
+
+to change if I tell you
+that A occurred.
+
+So you believe something
+how likely B is.
+
+Then somebody comes and tells
+you, you know, A has happened.
+
+Are you going to change
+your beliefs?
+
+No, I'm not going
+to change them.
+
+Whenever you are in such a
+situation, then you say that
+
+the two events are
+independent.
+
+Intuitively, the fact that A
+occurred does not convey any
+
+information to you about the
+likelihood of event B. The
+
+information that A provides
+is not so
+
+useful, is not relevant.
+
+A has to do with
+something else.
+
+It's not useful for your
+guessing whether B is going to
+
+occur or not.
+
+So we can take this as a first
+attempt into a definition of
+
+independence.
+
+Now remember that we have this
+property, the probability of
+
+two things happening is the
+probability of the first times
+
+the conditional probability
+of the second.
+
+If we have independence, this
+conditional probability is the
+
+same as the unconditional
+probability.
+
+So if we have independence
+according to that definition,
+
+we get this property that you
+can find the probability of
+
+two things happening by just
+multiplying their individual
+
+probabilities.
+
+Probability of heads in
+the first toss is 1/2.
+
+Probability of heads in the
+second toss is 1/2.
+
+Probability of heads
+heads is 1/4.
+
+That's what happens if your two
+tosses are independent of
+
+each other.
+
+So this property here is
+a consequence of this
+
+definition, but it's actually
+nicer, better, simpler,
+
+cleaner, more beautiful to take
+this as our definition
+
+instead of that one.
+
+Are the two definitions
+equivalent?
+
+Well, they're are almost the
+same, except for one thing.
+
+Conditional probabilities are
+only defined if you condition
+
+on an event that has positive
+probability.
+
+So this definition would be
+limited to cases where event A
+
+has positive probability,
+whereas this definition is
+
+something that you can
+write down always.
+
+We will say that two events are
+independent if and only if
+
+their probability of happening
+simultaneously is equal to the
+
+product of their two individual
+probabilities.
+
+And in particular, we can have
+events of zero probability.
+
+There's nothing wrong
+with that.
+
+If A has 0 probability, then A
+intersection B will also have
+
+zero probability, because it's
+an even smaller event.
+
+And so we're going to get
+zero is equal to zero.
+
+A corollary of what I just said,
+if an event A has zero
+
+probability, it's actually
+independent of any other event
+
+in our model, because
+we're going to get
+
+zero is equal to zero.
+
+And the definition is going
+to be satisfied.
+
+This is a little bit harder to
+reconcile with the intuition
+
+we have about independence, but
+then again, it's part of
+
+the mathematical definition.
+
+So what I want you to retain
+is this notion that the
+
+independence is something that
+you can check formally using
+
+this definition, but also you
+can check intuitively by if,
+
+in some cases, you can reason
+that whatever happens and
+
+determines whether A is going
+to occur or not, has nothing
+
+absolutely to do with whatever
+happens and determines whether
+
+B is going to occur or not.
+
+So if I'm doing a science
+experiment in this room, and
+
+it gets hit by some noise that's
+causes randomness.
+
+And then five years later,
+somebody somewhere else does
+
+the same science experiment
+somewhere else, it gets hit by
+
+other noise, you would usually
+say that these experiments are
+
+independent.
+
+So what events happen in one
+experiment are not going to
+
+change your beliefs about what
+might be happening in the
+
+other, because the sources of
+noise in these two experiments
+
+are completely unrelated.
+
+They have nothing to
+do with each other.
+
+So if I flip a coin here today,
+and I flip a coin in my
+
+office tomorrow, one shouldn't
+affect the other.
+
+So the events that I get from
+these should be independent.
+
+So that's usually how
+independence arises.
+
+By having distinct physical
+
+phenomena that do not interact.
+
+Sometimes you also get
+independence even though there
+
+is a physical interaction, but
+you just happen to have a
+
+numerical accident.
+
+A and B might be physically
+related very tightly, but a
+
+numerical accident happens and
+you get equality here, that's
+
+another case where we
+do get independence.
+
+Now suppose that we have
+two events that are
+
+laid out like this.
+
+Are these two events
+independent or not?
+
+The picture kind of tells
+you that one is
+
+separate from the other.
+
+But separate has nothing
+to do with independent.
+
+In fact, these two events are as
+dependent as Siamese twins.
+
+Why is that?
+
+If I tell you that A occurred,
+then you are certain that B
+
+did not occur.
+
+So information about the
+occurrence of A definitely
+
+affects your beliefs about the
+possible occurrence or
+
+non-occurrence of B. When the
+picture is like that, knowing
+
+that A occurred will change
+drastically my beliefs about
+
+B, because now I suddenly
+become certain
+
+that B did not occur.
+
+So a picture like this is a
+case actually of extreme
+
+dependence.
+
+So don't confuse independence
+with disjointness.
+
+They're very different
+types of properties.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I understand
+the explanation, but the
+
+probability of A intersect B
+[INAUDIBLE] to zero, because
+
+they're disjoint.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But then the product
+of probability A and
+
+probability B, one of them
+is going to be 1.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No, suppose that
+the probabilities are 1/3,
+
+1/4, and the rest
+is out there.
+
+You check the definition
+of independence.
+
+Probability of A intersection
+B is zero.
+
+Probability of A times the
+probability of B is 1/12.
+
+The two are not equal.
+
+Therefore we do not
+have independence.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So what's wrong with the
+intuition of the probability
+
+of A being 1, and the
+other one being 0?
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+The probability of A given
+B is equal to 0.
+
+Probability of A is
+equal to 1/3.
+
+So again, these two
+are different.
+
+So we had some initial beliefs
+about A, but as soon as we are
+
+told that B occurred, our
+beliefs about A changed.
+
+And so since our beliefs
+changed, that means that B
+
+conveys information about A.
+
+AUDIENCE: So can you not draw
+independent [INAUDIBLE] on a
+
+Venn diagram?
+
+PROFESSOR: I can't hear you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you draw
+
+independence on a Venn diagram?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, the Venn diagram
+is never enough to
+
+decide independence.
+
+So the typical picture in which
+you're going to have
+
+independence would be one event
+this way, and another
+
+event this way.
+
+You need to take the probability
+of this times the
+
+probability of that, and check
+that, numerically, it's equal
+
+to the probability of
+this intersection.
+
+So it's more than
+a Venn diagram.
+
+Numbers need to come
+out right.
+
+Now we did say some time ago
+that conditional probabilities
+
+are just like ordinary
+probabilities, and whatever we
+
+do in probability theory
+can also be done
+
+in conditional universes.
+
+Talking about conditional
+probabilities.
+
+So since we have a notion of
+independence, then there
+
+should be also a notion of
+conditional independence.
+
+So independence was defined
+by the probability that A
+
+intersection B is equal to the
+probability of A times the
+
+probability of B.
+
+What would be a reasonable
+definition of conditional
+
+independence?
+
+Conditional independence would
+mean that this same property
+
+could be true, but in a
+conditional universe where we
+
+are told that the certain
+event happens.
+
+So if we're told that the event
+C has happened, then
+
+were transported in a
+conditional universe where the
+
+only thing that matters are
+conditional probabilities.
+
+And this is just the same plain,
+previous definition of
+
+independence, but applied in
+a conditional universe.
+
+So this is the definition of
+conditional independence.
+
+So it's independence, but with
+reference to the conditional
+
+probabilities.
+
+And intuitively it has, again,
+the same meaning, that in the
+
+conditional world, if I tell you
+that A occurred, then that
+
+doesn't change your
+beliefs about B.
+
+So suppose you had a
+picture like this.
+
+And somebody told you that
+events A and B are independent
+
+unconditionally.
+
+Then somebody comes and tells
+you that event C actually has
+
+occurred, so we now live
+in this new universe.
+
+In this new universe, is the
+independence of A and B going
+
+to be preserved or not?
+
+Are A and B independent
+in this new universe?
+
+The answer is no, because in the
+new universe, whatever is
+
+left of event A is this piece.
+
+Whatever is left of event
+B is this piece.
+
+And these two pieces
+are disjoint.
+
+So we are back in a situation
+of this kind.
+
+So in the conditional
+
+universe, A and B are disjoint.
+
+And therefore, generically,
+they're not going to be
+
+independent.
+
+What's the moral of
+this example?
+
+Having independence in the
+original model does not imply
+
+independence in a conditional
+model.
+
+The opposite is also possible.
+
+And let's illustrate
+by another example.
+
+So I have two coins, and both
+of them are badly biased.
+
+One coin is much biased
+in favor of heads.
+
+The other coin is much biased
+in favor of tails.
+
+So the probabilities
+being 90%.
+
+Let's consider independent flips
+of coin A. This is the
+
+relevant model.
+
+This is a model of two
+independent flips
+
+of the first coin.
+
+There's going to be two flips,
+and each one has probability
+
+0.9 of being heads.
+
+So that's a model that describes
+coin A. You can
+
+think of this as a conditional
+model which is a model of the
+
+coin flips conditioned on the
+fact that they have chosen
+
+coin A.
+
+Alternatively we could be
+dealing with coin B In a
+
+conditional world where we
+chose coin B and flip it
+
+twice, this is the
+relevant model.
+
+The probability of two heads,
+for example, is the
+
+probability of heads the first
+time, heads the second time,
+
+and each one is 0.1.
+
+Now I'm building this into a
+bigger experiment in which I
+
+first start by choosing one of
+the two coins at random.
+
+So I have these two coins.
+
+I blindly pick one of them.
+
+And then I start
+flipping them.
+
+So the question now is, are the
+coin flips, or the coin
+
+tosses, are they independent
+of each other?
+
+If we just stay inside this
+sub-model here, are the coin
+
+flips independent?
+
+They are independent, because
+the probability of heads in
+
+the second toss is the same,
+0.9, no matter what happened
+
+in the first toss.
+
+So the conditional probabilities
+of what happens
+
+in the second toss are not
+affected by the outcome of the
+
+first toss.
+
+So the second toss and the first
+toss are independent.
+
+So here we're just dealing
+with plain,
+
+independent coin flips.
+
+Similarity the coin flips within
+this sub-model are also
+
+independent.
+
+Now the question is, if we look
+at the big model as just
+
+one probability model, instead
+of looking at the conditional
+
+sub-models, are the coin flips
+independent of each other?
+
+Does the outcome of a few coin
+flips give you information
+
+about subsequent coin flips?
+
+Well if I observe ten
+heads in a row--
+
+So instead of two coin flips,
+now let's think of doing more
+
+of them so that the tree
+gets expanded.
+
+So let's start with this.
+
+I don't know which coin it is.
+
+What's the probability that
+the 11th coin toss
+
+is going to be heads?
+
+There's complete symmetry here,
+so the answer could not
+
+be anything other than 1/2.
+
+So let's justify it,
+why is it 1/2?
+
+Well, the probability that the
+11th toss is heads, how can
+
+that outcome happen?
+
+It can happen in two ways.
+
+You can choose coin A, which
+happens with probability 1/2.
+
+And having chosen coin A,
+there's probability 0.9 that
+
+it results in that you get
+heads in the 11th toss.
+
+Or you can choose coin B. And
+if it's coin B when you flip
+
+it, there's probably 0.1
+that you have heads.
+
+So the final answer is 1/2.
+
+So each one of the coins is
+biased, but they're biased in
+
+different ways.
+
+If I don't know which coin it
+is, their two biases kind of
+
+cancel out, and the probability
+of obtaining heads
+
+is just in the middle,
+then it's 1/2.
+
+Now if someone tells you that
+the first ten tosses were
+
+heads, is that going to
+change your beliefs
+
+about the 11th toss?
+
+Here's how a reasonable person
+would think about it.
+
+If it's coin B the probability
+of obtaining 10 heads in a row
+
+is negligible.
+
+It's going to be 0.1
+to the 10th.
+
+If it's coin A. The probability
+of 10 heads in a
+
+row is a more reasonable
+number.
+
+It's 0.9 to the 10th.
+
+So this event is a lot more
+likely to occur with coin A,
+
+rather than coin B.
+
+The plausible explanation of
+having seen ten heads in a row
+
+is that I actually chose coin A.
+When you see ten heads in a
+
+row, you are pretty certain that
+it's coin A that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+And once you're pretty certain
+that it's coin A that we're
+
+dealing with, what's the
+probability that the
+
+next toss is heads?
+
+It's going to be 0.9.
+
+So essentially here I'm doing
+an inference calculation.
+
+Given this information, I'm
+making an inference about
+
+which coin I'm dealing with.
+
+I become pretty certain that
+it's coin A, and given that
+
+it's coin A, this probability
+is going to be 0.9.
+
+And I'm putting an approximate
+sign here, because the
+
+inference that I did
+is approximate.
+
+I'm pretty certain it's coin A.
+I'm not 100% certain that
+
+it's coin A.
+
+But in any case what happens
+here is that the unconditional
+
+probability is different from
+the conditional probability.
+
+This information here makes
+me change my beliefs
+
+about the 11th toss.
+
+And this means that the 11th
+toss is dependent on the
+
+previous tosses.
+
+So the coin tosses have
+now become dependent.
+
+What is the physical link that
+causes this dependence?
+
+Well, the physical link is
+the choice of the coin.
+
+By choosing a particular coin,
+I'm introducing a pattern in
+
+the future coin tosses.
+
+And that pattern is what
+causes dependence.
+
+OK, so I've been playing a
+little bit too loose with the
+
+language here, because we
+defined the concept of
+
+independence of two events.
+
+But here I have been referring
+to independent coin tosses,
+
+where I'm thinking about
+many coin tosses,
+
+like 10 or 11 of them.
+
+So to be proper, I should have
+defined for you also the
+
+notion of independence of
+multiple events, not just two.
+
+We don't want to just say coin
+toss one is independent from
+
+coin toss two.
+
+We want to be able to say
+something like, these 10 then
+
+coin tosses are all independent
+of each other.
+
+Intuitively what that means
+should be the same thing--
+
+that information about some of
+the coin tosses doesn't change
+
+your beliefs about the remaining
+coin tosses.
+
+How do we translate that into
+a mathematical definition?
+
+Well, an ugly attempt
+would be to impose
+
+requirements such as this.
+
+Think of A1 being the event that
+the first flip was heads.
+
+A2 is the event of that the
+second flip was heads.
+
+A3, the third flip, was
+heads, and so on.
+
+Here is an event whose
+occurrence is not determined
+
+by the first three coin flips.
+
+And here's an event whose
+occurrence or not is
+
+determined by the fifth
+and sixth coin flip.
+
+If we think physically that
+all those coin flips have
+
+nothing to do with each other,
+information about the fifth
+
+and sixth coin flip are not
+going to change what we expect
+
+from the first three.
+
+So the probability of this
+event, the conditional
+
+probability, should be the
+same as the unconditional
+
+probability.
+
+And we would like a relation
+of this kind to be true, no
+
+matter what kind of formula you
+write down, as long as the
+
+events that show up here are
+different from the events that
+
+show up there.
+
+OK.
+
+That's sort of an
+ugly definition.
+
+The mathematical definition that
+actually does the job,
+
+and leads to all the
+formulas of this
+
+kind, is the following.
+
+We're going to say that the
+collection of events are
+
+independent if we can find the
+probability of their joint
+
+occurrence by just multiplying
+probabilities.
+
+And that will be true even if
+you look at sub-collections of
+
+these events.
+
+Let's make that more precise.
+
+If we have three events, the
+definition tells us that the
+
+three events are independent
+if the following are true.
+
+Probability A1 and A2 and A3,
+you can calculate this
+
+probability by multiplying
+individual probabilities.
+
+But the same is true even if
+you take fewer events.
+
+Just a few indices out
+of the indices
+
+that we have available.
+
+So we also require P(A1
+intersection A2) is P(A1)
+
+times P(A2).
+
+And similarly for the other
+possibilities of
+
+choosing the indices.
+
+OK, so independence,
+mathematical definition,
+
+requires that calculating
+probabilities of any
+
+intersection of the events we
+have in our hands, that
+
+calculation can be done by just
+multiplying individual
+
+probabilities.
+
+And this has to apply to the
+case where we consider all of
+
+the events in our hands or just
+
+sub-collections of those events.
+
+Now these relations just by
+themselves are called pairwise
+
+independence.
+
+So this relation, for example,
+tells us that A1 is
+
+independent from A2.
+
+This tells us that A2 is
+independent from A3.
+
+This will tell us that A1
+is independent from A3.
+
+But independence of all the
+events together actually
+
+requires a little more.
+
+One more equality that has to do
+with all three events being
+
+considered at the same time.
+
+And this extra equality
+is not redundant.
+
+It actually does make
+a difference.
+
+Independence and pairwise
+independence
+
+are different things.
+
+So let's illustrate the
+situation with an example.
+
+Suppose we have two
+coin flips.
+
+The coin tosses are independent,
+so the bias is
+
+1/2, so all possible outcomes
+have a probability of 1/2
+
+times 1/2, which is 1/4.
+
+And let's consider now a bunch
+of different events.
+
+One event is that the
+first toss is heads.
+
+This is this blue set here.
+
+Another event is the second
+toss is heads.
+
+And this is this black
+event here.
+
+OK.
+
+Are these two events
+independent?
+
+If you check it mathematically,
+yes.
+
+Probability of A is probability
+of B is 1/2.
+
+Probability of A times
+probability of B is 1/4, which
+
+is the same as the probability
+of A intersection B,
+
+which is this set.
+
+So we have just checked
+mathematically that A and B
+
+are independent.
+
+Now lets consider a third event
+which is that the first
+
+and second toss give
+the same result.
+
+I'll use a different color.
+
+First and second toss to
+give the same result.
+
+This is the event that
+we obtain heads,
+
+heads or tails, tails.
+
+So this is the probability
+of C. What's the
+
+probability of C?
+
+Well, C is made up of two
+outcomes, each one of which
+
+has probability 1/4, so the
+probability of C is 1/2.
+
+What is the probability
+of C intersection A?
+
+C intersection A is just this
+one outcome, and has
+
+probability 1/4.
+
+What's the probability of A
+intersection B intersection C?
+
+The three events intersect just
+this outcome, so this
+
+probability is also 1/4.
+
+OK.
+
+What's the probability
+of C given A and B?
+
+If A has occurred, and B has
+occurred, you are certain that
+
+this outcome here happened.
+
+If the first toss is H and the
+second toss is H, then you're
+
+certain of the first
+and second toss
+
+gave the same result.
+
+So the conditional probability
+of C given A and
+
+B is equal to 1.
+
+So do we have independence
+in this example?
+
+We don't.
+
+C, that we obtain the same
+result in the first and the
+
+second toss, has probability
+1/2.
+
+Half of the possible outcomes
+give us two coin flips with
+
+the same result-- heads,
+heads or tails, tails.
+
+So the probability
+of C is 1/2.
+
+But if I tell you that the
+events A and B both occurred,
+
+then you're certain
+that C occurred.
+
+If I tell you that we had heads
+and heads, then you're
+
+certain the outcomes
+were the same.
+
+So the conditional probability
+is different from the
+
+unconditional probability.
+
+So by combining these two
+relations together, we get
+
+that the three events
+are not independent.
+
+But are they pairwise
+independent?
+
+Is A independent from B?
+
+Yes, because probability of A
+times probability of B is 1/4,
+
+which is probability of
+A intersection B. Is C
+
+independent from A?
+
+Well, the probability
+of C and A is 1/4.
+
+The probability of C is 1/2.
+
+The probability of A is 1/2.
+
+So it checks.
+
+1/4 is equal to 1/2 and 1/2,
+so event C and event A are
+
+independent.
+
+Knowing that the first toss was
+heads does not change your
+
+beliefs about whether the two
+tosses are going to have the
+
+same outcome or not.
+
+Knowing that the first was
+heads, well, the second is
+
+equally likely to be
+heads or tails.
+
+So event C has just the
+same probability,
+
+again, 1/2, to occur.
+
+To put it the opposite way,
+if I tell you that the two
+
+results were the same--
+
+so it's either heads, heads
+or tails, tails--
+
+what does that tell you
+about the first toss?
+
+Is it heads, or is it tails?
+
+Well, it doesn't tell
+you anything.
+
+It could be either over the
+two, so the probability of
+
+heads in the first toss is equal
+to 1/2, and telling you
+
+C occurred does not
+change anything.
+
+So this is an example that
+illustrates the case where we
+
+have three events in which
+we check that pairwise
+
+independence holds for
+any combination of
+
+two of these events.
+
+We have the probability of their
+intersection is equal to
+
+the product of their
+probabilities.
+
+On the other hand, the three
+events taken all together are
+
+not independent.
+
+A doesn't tell me anything
+useful, whether C is going to
+
+occur or not.
+
+B doesn't tell me
+anything useful.
+
+But if I tell you that both A
+and B occurred, the two of
+
+them together tell me something
+useful about C.
+
+Namely, they tell me that C
+certainly has occurred.
+
+Very good.
+
+So independence is this somewhat
+subtle concept.
+
+Once you grasp the intuition of
+what it really means, then
+
+things perhaps fall in place.
+
+But it's a concept where
+it's easy to get some
+
+misunderstanding.
+
+So just take some
+time to digest.
+
+So to lighten things up, I'm
+going to spend the remaining
+
+four minutes talking about the
+very nice, simple problem that
+
+involves conditional
+probabilities and the like.
+
+So here's the problem,
+formulated exactly as it shows
+
+up in various textbooks.
+
+And the formulation says
+the following.
+
+Well, consider one of those
+anachronistic places where
+
+they still have kings or queens,
+and where actually
+
+boys take precedence
+over girls.
+
+So if there is a boy--
+
+if the royal family has a boy,
+then he will become the king
+
+even if he has an older sister
+who might be the queen.
+
+So we have one of those
+royal families.
+
+That royal family had two
+children, and we know that
+
+there is a king.
+
+There is a king, which means
+that at least one of the two
+
+children was a boy.
+
+Otherwise we wouldn't
+have a king.
+
+What is the probability that the
+king's sibling is female?
+
+OK.
+
+I guess we need to make some
+assumptions about genetics.
+
+Let's assume that every child
+is a boy or a girl with
+
+probability 1/2, and that
+different children, what they
+
+are is independent from what
+the other children were.
+
+So every childbirth is basically
+a coin flip.
+
+OK, so if you take that,
+you say, well,
+
+the king is a child.
+
+His sibling is another child.
+
+Children are independent
+of each other.
+
+So the probability that the
+sibling is a girl is 1/2.
+
+That's the naive answer.
+
+Now let's try to
+do it formally.
+
+Let's set up a model
+of the experiment.
+
+The royal family had two
+children, as we we're told, so
+
+there's four outcomes--
+
+boy boy, boy girl, girl
+boy, and girl girl.
+
+Now, we are told that there is
+a king, which means what?
+
+This outcome here
+did not happen.
+
+It is not possible.
+
+There are three outcomes
+that remain possible.
+
+So this is our conditional
+sample space given
+
+that there is king.
+
+What are the probabilities
+for the original model?
+
+Well with the model that we
+assume that every child is a
+
+boy or a girl independently with
+probability 1/2, then the
+
+four outcomes would be equally
+likely, and they're like this.
+
+These are the original
+probabilities.
+
+But once we are told that this
+outcome did not happen,
+
+because we have a king, then
+we are transported to the
+
+smaller sample space.
+
+In this sample space, what's
+the probability that the
+
+sibling is a girl?
+
+Well the sibling is a girl in
+two out of the three outcomes.
+
+So the probability that
+the sibling is a
+
+girl is actually 2/3.
+
+So that's supposed to
+be the right answer.
+
+Maybe a little
+counter-intuitive.
+
+So you can play smart and say,
+oh I understand such problems
+
+better than you, here is a trick
+problem and here's why
+
+the answer is 2/3.
+
+But actually I'm not fully
+justified in saying that the
+
+answer is 2/3.
+
+I made lots of hidden
+assumptions when I put this
+
+model down, which I
+didn't yet state.
+
+So to reverse engineer this
+answer, let's actually think
+
+what's the probability model for
+which this would have been
+
+the right answer.
+
+And here's the probability
+model.
+
+The royal family--
+
+the royal parents decided to
+have exactly two children.
+
+They went and had them.
+
+It turned out that at
+least one was a boy
+
+and became a king.
+
+Under this scenario--
+
+that they decide to have
+exactly two children--
+
+then this is the big
+sample space.
+
+It turned out that
+one was a boy.
+
+That eliminates this outcome.
+
+And then this picture
+is correct and this
+
+is the right answer.
+
+But there's hidden assumptions
+being there.
+
+How about if the royal
+family had followed
+
+the following strategy?
+
+We're going to have children
+until we get a boy, so that we
+
+get a king, and then
+we'll stop.
+
+OK, given they have two
+children, what's the
+
+probability that the
+sibling is a girl?
+
+It's 1.
+
+The reason that they had two
+children was because the first
+
+was a girl, so they had
+to have a second.
+
+So assumptions about
+reproductive practices
+
+actually need to come in,
+and they're going
+
+to affect the decisions.
+
+Or, if it's one of those ancient
+kingdoms where a king
+
+would always make sure too
+strangle any of his brothers,
+
+then the probability that the
+sibling is a girl is actually
+
+1 again, and so on.
+
+So it means that one needs to be
+careful when you start with
+
+loosely worded problems to
+make sure exactly what it
+
+means and what assumptions
+you're making.
+
+All right, see you next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Sjt9QDNDYU.txt b/1Sjt9QDNDYU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b0db4bb28a045b1d2fcae782be373f1b4a1365a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Sjt9QDNDYU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic converters is one of the most
+important Technologies for pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Technologies for pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Technologies for pollution
+that has been invented in in over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been invented in in over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been invented in in over the
+last 50 years it's changed the game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 50 years it's changed the game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 50 years it's changed the game in
+terms of what comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what comes out of that
+car why does it work it wouldn't work he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car why does it work it wouldn't work he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car why does it work it wouldn't work he
+would get rid of these things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get rid of these things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get rid of these things these
+toxic things you wouldn't get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic things you wouldn't get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic things you wouldn't get rid of
+them unless you ran it at like a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them unless you ran it at like a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them unless you ran it at like a th000
+deg and you're not doing that underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg and you're not doing that underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deg and you're not doing that underneath
+your car next to the gas tank but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car next to the gas tank but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car next to the gas tank but if you
+put the right Catalyst in all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the right Catalyst in all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the right Catalyst in all of those
+reactions to get rid of those toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to get rid of those toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to get rid of those toxic
+chemicals can happen much more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals can happen much more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals can happen much more quickly
+and efficiently right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1jLfD9ulntU.txt b/1jLfD9ulntU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae7b5e94303bd2ead3f2d70a181dbb752930f816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1jLfD9ulntU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2761 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today we're
+going to continue
+
+discussing firm behavior.
+
+But today we're going to deviate
+from our fantasy land
+
+of 14.01 to come to the real
+world a little bit which is to
+
+talk a bit about whether firms
+actually maximize profits.
+
+The whole presumption of
+producer theory is just as we
+
+think with consumer theory,
+consumers maximize utility.
+
+Except producers maximize
+profits.
+
+That turns out to be an
+incredibly useful shorthand
+
+for lots of things.
+
+And it will turn out to be,
+as with any simplifying
+
+assumption, largely right and
+largely will help us draw a
+
+lot of interesting conclusions
+about firms and markets.
+
+Nonetheless, it's clearly
+not right in
+
+reality for every firm.
+
+For example, we see lots of
+firms doing things which look
+
+pretty wasteful like big
+corporate jets or
+
+other things like that.
+
+More relevantly, huge pay for
+CEOs seems pretty wasteful.
+
+So, for example, on 2004 the net
+income of Eli Lilly, the
+
+drug manufacturer,
+fell by 29%.
+
+Yet the CEO got a 41% raise to
+to $12.5 million a year.
+
+Or even more so in the financial
+crisis, in 2009,
+
+Citigroup and Merrill each lost
+more than $27 billion.
+
+It's a pretty bad year
+for the financial
+
+sector, you might think.
+
+And yet their CEO's pay in each
+company rose by more than
+
+10% to about $15 million.
+
+So in the worst year for the
+financial system since 1929,
+
+the CEO pay increased in
+these two companies.
+
+So you might think that this
+sounds kind of off.
+
+How could we explain that?
+
+Well, there's two possible
+explanations.
+
+So one explanation is that
+things which look wasteful
+
+really aren't.
+
+That is that we pay CEOs a
+huge amount of money, but
+
+they're worth it.
+
+So, for example, even at his
+ultimate salary of $33 million
+
+per year, Michael Jordan
+was vastly underpaid.
+
+By any reasonable economic
+analysis of the value he added
+
+to the Chicago Bulls, it was
+well in excess of $50 million.
+
+So even though he was
+paid $33 million,
+
+Michael Jordan was underpaid.
+
+Similarly, just because someone
+gets paid a lot of
+
+money, doesn't mean that
+they're overpaid.
+
+These CEOs are very
+talented people.
+
+They may be underpaid.
+
+Now this is an argument you
+might have made with a
+
+somewhat straight face maybe
+10 or 15 years ago.
+
+It's hard to make that with
+a straight face now.
+
+It's hard to believe that these
+CEOs of these companies
+
+aren't overpaid given their
+company performance and even
+
+the kind of facts we
+just talked about.
+
+So a better explanation for
+things like excessive CEO pay
+
+is something which we call
+the agency problem.
+
+And that's what I want to
+emphasize in today's lecture.
+
+In reality, we think of a firm
+as something where there's a
+
+guy who's an owner.
+
+He hires some machines
+and some workers.
+
+They make stuff that he thought
+of, and you produce
+
+it, and some profit is made.
+
+So the model we have in mind
+when we talked about the firms
+
+so far in this course is the
+model of what we might call a
+
+sole proprietorship
+or a partnership.
+
+It's a model where one
+individual, where there's
+
+basically a commonality.
+
+The key thing that we've
+discussed so far is a
+
+commonality of interest between
+the owners who own the
+
+company and the control
+of production.
+
+So the people who earn the money
+from the company also
+
+control the production.
+
+So when you start your start-ups
+when you graduate,
+
+you will start them as a sole
+proprietorship or a
+
+partnership where you own the
+company, and you control
+
+what's done.
+
+You're there 18 hours a day
+making sure the guys are doing
+
+what they're supposed to do.
+
+And you're who gets the money
+if they succeed or lose the
+
+money if they fail.
+
+And that's the model we've had
+in mind as we've thought about
+
+corporations or firms
+so far in our class.
+
+But, in fact, most production
+in the US
+
+doesn't happen that way.
+
+Most production in the US
+happens through the guise of
+
+corporations.
+
+Corporations are marked
+by a separation of
+
+ownership and control.
+
+What defines a corporation
+is a separation of
+
+ownership and control.
+
+The owners of corporations are
+the stockholders or what we
+
+call the equity holders, people
+who have invested money
+
+in the corporation.
+
+So the owners of the corporation
+are its investors,
+
+its stockholders, its
+equity holders.
+
+All of you, most of you,
+probably somewhere--
+
+if you're Jewish, it's in some
+Bar Mitzvah gift you got, if
+
+you're not, it's in some other
+gift you got-- probably have
+
+some equity ownership in
+something somewhere.
+
+OK.
+
+You maybe have a little bond
+which says you own five shares
+
+of GM that someone gave you,
+because they thought it'd be
+
+cute or whatever.
+
+That's now worthless, but maybe
+some other company.
+
+We're equity holders.
+
+We invest in companies.
+
+But we don't make the
+production decision.
+
+The production decision is made
+by the firm's managers
+
+who are employees of the owners,
+the equity holders.
+
+Now these managers may
+have some ownership.
+
+And we'll talk about that
+in a little bit.
+
+But, by and large, the primary
+ownership of the firm is done
+
+by people who do not control
+the everyday decisions of
+
+production.
+
+And it sort of makes sense
+it has to be that way.
+
+When a company's as big
+as Microsoft, you
+
+couldn't have me.
+
+Somewhere, I'm sure if you add
+up my various stock funds I
+
+own, I own 0.000000000001%
+of Microsoft.
+
+It'd be crazy to have
+me involved with a
+
+0.000000000001% of the
+decision making.
+
+I don't know anything about
+anything that Microsoft does.
+
+It makes sense that there's a
+separation of ownership and
+
+control once companies
+get big enough.
+
+But the fact that there is a
+separation of ownership and
+
+control can lead to this agency
+problem and can lead to
+
+firms not maximizing profits.
+
+So, basically, the point is that
+managers care not just
+
+about the profits they
+make but also how
+
+happy their life is.
+
+And things which make their life
+happy may be things which
+
+aren't profit maximizing.
+
+The managers who are in charge
+of production may have their
+
+own agenda that deviates from
+profit maximization.
+
+And the problem is it may be
+hard to figure that out if
+
+you're the owner of the firm.
+
+So the agency problem is the
+first example of a problem
+
+we'll talk about later in the
+semester of imperfect
+
+information.
+
+This is the first time we'll
+see imperfect information.
+
+We've assumed in our class so
+far, and we'll assume in our
+
+class going forward that there's
+perfect information
+
+the world, that everyone knows
+what stuff costs, that
+
+everyone can shop costlessly
+across providers, et cetera.
+
+But, in fact, the world
+is marked by imperfect
+
+information.
+
+As an owner of Microsoft, as a
+trivial owner of Microsoft, I
+
+don't know for sure that every
+Microsoft employee is doing
+
+what's profit maximizing
+for the company.
+
+I can't.
+
+It's just impossible
+for me to own that.
+
+So that creates an
+agency problem.
+
+And the agency problem arises
+because it's in the employees'
+
+interest, perhaps, to do things
+which aren't profit
+
+maximizing.
+
+So so as a simple example,
+imagine that you're an
+
+investor in the company that's
+a medium-sized company.
+
+And the head of that company is
+jealous because all of his
+
+friends at bigger companies have
+their own jets, and he's
+
+got to fly commercial.
+
+He says, I want my own jet,
+because I'm not cool enough.
+
+There's this great episode of
+the Simpsons where Burns goes
+
+to the billionaires club.
+
+And he's in the billionaires
+club.
+
+And then eventually his wealth
+drops so low he gets thrown
+
+into the millionaires club, and
+it's these yokels in the
+
+millionaires club.
+
+He's like, I want to be back
+in the billionaires club.
+
+The point is managers of
+companies care about how they
+
+look and who they
+hang out with.
+
+And you've got this manager of
+a medium-sized company who
+
+wants his own private jet.
+
+But he knows that that's
+not profit maximizing.
+
+Because he knows that if he
+figures out his travel, and
+
+prices it out at competitive
+prices, it'll be cheaper to
+
+just travel commercial.
+
+So what does he do?
+
+He puts together a glossy
+PowerPoint which he presents
+
+to you, the owner of the
+company, showing that
+
+financially it would be more
+prudent to own a jet than to
+
+fly commercial.
+
+What he doesn't point out and
+put into that PowerPoint is
+
+that in putting together the
+commercial prices he used, he
+
+chose the highest rates from
+flying from point A to point
+
+B, not the lowest rates.
+
+Now, unless you're an expert
+on the cost of flying from
+
+point A to point B, you
+won't know that.
+
+You'll say, well, that's
+a pretty impressive
+
+presentation.
+
+Yes, you can show you've saved
+20% by having your own plane.
+
+Go get it.
+
+But it turned out he
+didn't save 20%.
+
+He just cooked the numbers in
+a way to make his life nicer
+
+even if it wasn't profit
+maximizing.
+
+And that's an example of the
+kind of problem that arises
+
+with imperfect information.
+
+And I could go through examples
+all the time.
+
+But I think you guys probably
+all understand what I'm
+
+talking about, which is there's
+lots of ways employees
+
+of companies might make their
+lives nicer that aren't profit
+
+maximizing.
+
+Now, corporations have
+recognized this from time
+
+immemorial.
+
+And they've recognized that
+their owners are too diffuse
+
+to monitor this.
+
+So what corporations do
+is they have set up an
+
+intermediary between the owners
+and the producers
+
+called the board of directors.
+
+The board of directors is a set
+of individuals appointed
+
+by the owners that are supposed
+to actually pay
+
+attention to what's going
+on in production.
+
+The owners say, look, we can't
+afford to pay attention.
+
+But we're going to appoint you,
+the board of directors,
+
+and we're going to pay you
+quite a lot of money.
+
+A typical director on the
+Fortune 500 company will make
+
+$100,000 plus a year.
+
+It's a part-time job.
+
+We appointed you to keep
+an eye on the tools of
+
+production.
+
+The problem is the board
+of directors aren't
+
+that good at it either.
+
+Because it turns out to be
+really hard to figure out
+
+exactly what's going on.
+
+And this is made worse, because
+the members of the
+
+board of directors are often
+chosen by management of the
+
+company, by the people
+running the
+
+production, not by the owners.
+
+So they'll make selections of
+who's going to be on the board
+
+of directors.
+
+And they'll pack it with
+their friends who
+
+will be nice to them.
+
+So, for example, Richard Grasso
+was the CEO of the New
+
+York Stock Exchange.
+
+He started out in the mail
+room, worked his way up.
+
+He became CEO of the New York
+Stock Exchange and retired
+
+with $187 million severance
+package which was outrageous
+
+and totally unearned.
+
+But the board of directors were
+a bunch of his buddies
+
+who'd known him since
+he was a kid.
+
+And they said, he seems
+like a nice guy.
+
+Let's give him a
+bunch of money.
+
+And a lot of the board of
+directors, when actually
+
+grilled on it, didn't actually
+know he'd gotten that much.
+
+They were like, wow.
+
+We didn't realize
+his retirement
+
+package was that big.
+
+So it turns out having the board
+of directors does not
+
+solve the agency problem.
+
+Because there's still too much
+of an information imperfection
+
+between the managers and the
+board of directors, not to
+
+mention the managers
+and the owners.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+What do we do with this
+agency problem?
+
+Well, this was known
+for a lot of years.
+
+And about 25 years ago, the
+thinking was, look, the way to
+
+solve this problem is we need to
+align the incentives of the
+
+managers and the owners.
+
+If we're going to solve this
+problem, we need to get the
+
+managers, the producers, to
+actually care about maximizing
+
+profits enough that they'll do
+that even if it makes their
+
+life a little uncomfortable.
+
+And how do we do that?
+
+We turn the managers
+into owners.
+
+We give the managers, the
+producers, an ownership stake
+
+in the company.
+
+We say look, your income is
+going to be directly derived
+
+from the profitability
+of this company.
+
+So now you'll have a direct
+incentive to do what's profit
+
+maximizing even if it makes
+your life a little
+
+uncomfortable.
+
+Even if it means flying
+commercial, you recognize if I
+
+have my own jet, then
+I'm going to suffer.
+
+So you align the incentives.
+
+So we want to give
+them an ownership
+
+stake in the company.
+
+Well, how do you do that?
+
+How do you give managers
+an ownership stake?
+
+Well, there's two ways
+you can do it.
+
+One way is you can directly
+give them stock.
+
+So you can directly say, look,
+instead of paying you in cash,
+
+we are going to pay you
+in company stock.
+
+So your fortunes will directly
+be tied to the performance of
+
+this company if you
+pay them in stock.
+
+Or, alternatively, you can do
+something which turns out to
+
+be cheaper.
+
+You can give them
+stock options.
+
+It turns out to be cheaper,
+at least, in principle.
+
+We can give them
+stock options.
+
+So let's talk about what
+a stock option is.
+
+And some of you may deal with
+these along the way.
+
+A stock is a piece of paper
+which says you only 0.00001%
+
+of the company.
+
+A stock option is simply a piece
+of paper which says we
+
+are granting you the right to
+buy the stock at some price.
+
+Typically, it's today's price.
+
+We're not giving you a
+share of the company.
+
+You have a piece of paper which
+says if the value of
+
+stock today is $100, you have a
+piece of paper which says no
+
+matter where the stock
+ends up, you can
+
+always buy it for $100.
+
+Why is that valuable?
+
+Well, that's valuable because
+let's say you give a CEO of a
+
+company a million options at
+$100 each when the price of
+
+the stock is $100.
+
+Well, if the price of the stock
+rises to $150, that CEO
+
+can then take his million
+options, say, I want to buy
+
+the shares for 100, which I'm
+allowed to by these pieces of
+
+paper, and I'll turn around
+and sell them for $150.
+
+I've just made $50 million.
+
+So a stock option is valuable
+if the stock goes up.
+
+But it's worthless if
+the stock goes down.
+
+So it's kind of the ultimate
+incentive, if
+
+you think about it.
+
+Because what it says to the CEO
+is, look, we're going to
+
+incent you to do better.
+
+And you make a lot of money
+by doing better.
+
+But if you do worse, you're
+not going to get anything.
+
+And as myself as the owner
+it seems great,
+
+because it's cheaper.
+
+Because if the stock goes up,
+I share some with the guy.
+
+But I don't care.
+
+I'm happy.
+
+The stock goes up.
+
+If it goes down, I don't have
+to give him anything.
+
+And, in fact, giving someone
+a stock option costs,
+
+effectively, about half as much
+as giving them stock.
+
+So if I say today's stock price,
+if I instead of giving
+
+you a share of stock, I give you
+an option to buy a share
+
+of stock at today's price, the
+value to that, what it costs
+
+me in the market is about half
+of what it costs when I
+
+actually give you the
+share of stock.
+
+So it seems like
+the best deal.
+
+You get all the incentives for
+them to raise the price, but
+
+it costs you half as much.
+
+And, in fact, there's been
+tremendous growth in use of
+
+stock and stock options.
+
+So if you look at Figure 12-1,
+now, this sort of changes.
+
+Before 1992, there's only
+two categories.
+
+And after '92, there's three.
+
+So before '92, we just have to
+divide into salary and bonus
+
+versus options.
+
+So you see there was essentially
+no options in '84.
+
+This is the mean CEO pay.
+
+So the typical CEO in 1984 made
+$500,000, and it was all
+
+cash, all salary and bonus.
+
+By 1992, they made about $1
+million, and a decent share of
+
+it started to be
+stock options.
+
+Now, starting after '92, we
+actually break into three
+
+categories which is salary,
+bonus, and options.
+
+But that doesn't
+really matter.
+
+The main thing is to pay
+attention to the option share,
+
+which you see grew
+astronomically.
+
+And so by its peak, in about
+2002, first of all, the
+
+typical CEO was making
+$3.5 million.
+
+Second of all, the majority of
+that was in stock options.
+
+In fact, if you look at salary
+and bonus, it didn't grow that
+
+much over time.
+
+If you look at 1992 versus 2002,
+over that decade, salary
+
+and bonus barely grew, but
+options went through the roof.
+
+So there's a huge increase
+in use of these.
+
+And the motivation is pretty
+basic economic intuition.
+
+What we're going to do is this
+is a cheap way to align the
+
+incentives of owners
+and managers.
+
+And that was why
+they took off.
+
+And everyone thought
+it was great.
+
+And people like Michael Jensen
+at Harvard Business School
+
+made fortunes off having
+suggested this, et cetera.
+
+It was like we solved
+the problem.
+
+And, remember, we did pretty
+damn well in the 1990s.
+
+And a lot of it, people
+attributed it to exactly
+
+what's in this graph.
+
+That by finally figuring out how
+to align the incentives of
+
+producers and owners, we'd
+figured out a way to change
+
+the economy.
+
+And people thought we sort of
+entered this new economic era
+
+of massive productivity.
+
+Well people, as we know
+now, were wrong.
+
+Things slowed down in the
+2000s and then now have
+
+completely crashed.
+
+And why were they wrong?
+
+Well, they're wrong because what
+makes economics fun is
+
+unintended consequences.
+
+And these stock options had
+two kinds of unintended
+
+consequences.
+
+The first unintended consequence
+is that they lead
+
+to excessive gambling.
+
+And what I mean by that is that
+once your stock option is
+
+out of the money, once, if
+you've got it for 100,
+
+you're below 100.
+
+You don't care how
+low it goes.
+
+If you're at 99 or 20,
+you don't care.
+
+All we care about is being
+100 verses above.
+
+What that means is as an owner,
+as a manager, you'll
+
+take excessive risks to go into
+the positive territory.
+
+Even if there's a huge
+risk you'll get
+
+nailed on the downside.
+
+Contrast to guys working
+for a company that's
+
+currently worth $100.
+
+One is given stock, and one is
+given stock options at $100.
+
+Imagine they're both going to
+leave the company in one year.
+
+Because there's dynamics with
+the long run issues.
+
+Let's put that aside.
+
+They're both going to
+leave in one year.
+
+One today is given a share of
+stock, and one today is given
+
+an option to buy at $100.
+
+And then they're given the
+choice of a risky investment.
+
+Someone comes to them
+and says, have I
+
+got a deal for you.
+
+I've got an investment that
+has a 10% chance it will
+
+double the value of your company
+and a 90% chance the
+
+value of your company
+will fall by 20%.
+
+So there's a 10% chance of a
+100% return and a 90% chance
+
+of a 20% decline in your
+company's value.
+
+Now, what is the profit
+maximizing thing
+
+to do in this situation?
+
+Well, to do that, we have to
+consider the concept of what
+
+delivers the company the
+highest expected value.
+
+Expected value is a concept
+we'll use-- and we'll come
+
+back to this later when we
+talk about uncertainty--
+
+it's a concept we use to measure
+how you value things
+
+when there's uncertainty.
+
+So the expected value of a
+gamble is the probability that
+
+you win times the value if you
+win plus the probability that
+
+you lose times the value
+if you lose.
+
+That's the expected
+value of a gamble.
+
+And the profit maximizing thing
+to do would be to take
+
+gambles of expected values
+of greater than zero.
+
+The expected value is
+the summation of the
+
+value of that gamble.
+
+This gamble has an expected
+value of 0.1 times 100--
+
+100% return and a 10% chance--
+
+plus 0.9 times negative 20--
+
+a 90% of losing 20-- or an
+expected value of minus 8%.
+
+That is if you take this gamble,
+and you took it an
+
+infinite number of times,
+you would end up
+
+losing 8% on average.
+
+Any one time might work out.
+
+But by the law of large numbers,
+if we took this
+
+enough times, you'd lose
+8% on average.
+
+So you will lower the value
+of your company.
+
+You will reduce profits
+by taking this gamble.
+
+Your company is worse off
+if you take this gamble.
+
+Well, what would the person who
+got the $100 in stocks do?
+
+They won't take the gamble.
+
+Because their $100 in stock will
+be worth, on average, 8%
+
+less if they take this gamble.
+
+So I'm not taking the gamble.
+
+This is stupid.
+
+But now let's look at the
+guy who got the option.
+
+His gamble is a little
+bit different.
+
+Because he doesn't care whether
+the value of the
+
+company is 99 or 80.
+
+He just cares about how much
+it goes above 100.
+
+So what is his calculation?
+
+Well, his calculation is he
+has a 10% chance of making
+
+100% and a 90% chance of what?
+
+Zero, ending up with zero.
+
+He can't lose.
+
+He has a 90% chance of zero.
+
+So what is his calculation?
+
+Well, he uses the positive
+10% gamble.
+
+He makes money on this gamble,
+because head he wins, tails he
+
+walks away.
+
+The guy who owns the stock loses
+if it's tails with this
+
+weighted coin that only hits
+heads 10% of the time.
+
+This guy only wins.
+
+So he says, sure.
+
+Any gamble which has a huge
+upside, I'm going to take.
+
+Because I get all the upside,
+and I don't bear the downside.
+
+So what this does is it leads
+to excessive gambling,
+
+excessive risk taking.
+
+And that's exactly what we saw
+in economy, was companies
+
+gambling on things which sounded
+very good, managers
+
+gambling on things which sounded
+very good, some of
+
+which worked out very well
+and some of which didn't.
+
+And that's the first problem
+we have with the
+
+use of stock options.
+
+And questions about that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about using a
+package of options like a
+
+number of stock options
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+package of stock options
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Certainly there are
+more sophisticated ways you
+
+can do that.
+
+I mean, there's certainly
+more sophisticated
+
+ways you can do that.
+
+But that's a great segue to the
+second problem with these.
+
+The second problem is who
+decided the structure of the
+
+stock options?
+
+The managers.
+
+So the managers had executive
+compensation committees that
+
+designed the stock options
+the managers got.
+
+So the second problem
+was there was
+
+just outright cheating.
+
+So what you just described would
+be a great structure
+
+which would incentivize them
+maximally, but it would not
+
+make them the most money.
+
+So the second problem we had
+was outright cheating.
+
+So there's a wonderful
+investigation by the Wall
+
+Street Journal that investigated
+a whole list of
+
+stock option arrangements.
+
+And what they found was
+companies would frequently do
+
+what's called backdating
+stock options.
+
+What they'd say is, look, the
+value of the company just went
+
+up from $100 to $15 last week.
+
+We're going to give you
+an option at $100.
+
+And let's pretend it was issued
+before the company
+
+value went up.
+
+We've just given you money.
+
+You haven't done anything
+to earn that.
+
+We've just given you money.
+
+And the Wall Street Journal
+found incredible evidence of
+
+backdating stock options.
+
+So they had one CEO.
+
+They Yeah, I'm sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the company
+paying the money?
+
+I thought it was like the
+market who gives it.
+
+PROFESSOR: The owners are paying
+the money, the owners.
+
+AUDIENCE: People who are
+buying the stock are
+
+exercising the option to.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+But here's the thing.
+
+When I gave it to you, then,
+basically, I gave you
+
+something of value.
+
+I have to pay for that
+thing of value.
+
+Now, ultimately,
+the transaction
+
+happens in the market.
+
+But, basically, in other words,
+I give you this option
+
+to buy the stock at $100.
+
+This is an important point that
+I wasn't clear enough on.
+
+I give you an option to
+buy a stock at $100.
+
+The stock is now worth $150.
+
+That means that stock I could
+have had at $150 as an owner.
+
+And it's worth $150.
+
+But by letting you take it at
+$100, I let you keep the extra
+
+$50 instead of me getting it.
+
+I have a share of stock
+which [INAUDIBLE]
+
+$150.
+
+I've given that to you.
+
+I've, essentially, transferred
+to you $150.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when companies
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: They'll keep
+some amount of shares.
+
+The owners, they
+will sell stock
+
+and they'll do offerings.
+
+But the owners own the majority
+of the stock.
+
+That's what makes
+them the owners.
+
+Maybe that's the right
+way to put it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Well, in principle, the board
+of directors approves stock.
+
+They don't decide.
+
+An executive management
+committee decides.
+
+The executive management
+committee consists of all the
+
+golf buddies of the CEO.
+
+They decide.
+
+The board of directors is
+supposed to make sure nothing
+
+untoward happens.
+
+The board of directors, they're
+just a bunch of
+
+retired former executives
+who are also golf
+
+buddies of the manager.
+
+So they don't really
+get it right.
+
+So there's outright cheating.
+
+So, for instance, one CEO,
+he got six stock options.
+
+Each one happened to be issued,
+happened to be issued
+
+the day before-- at least on
+paper-- was issued the day
+
+before a huge increase
+in the stock price.
+
+Now, the CEO said he
+was just lucky.
+
+But the Wall Street Journal
+did a simulation and
+
+calculated that there's a 1 in
+1 billion chance he could've
+
+been that lucky.
+
+That, in fact, what clearly
+happened was he got the stock
+
+options later, and they were
+backdated to make it seem like
+
+he got them before the
+price went up.
+
+But that's not the
+best example.
+
+The best example
+is Cablevision.
+
+They granted and backdated
+options to their vice chairman
+
+from 1997 to 2002.
+
+So from 1997 to 2002, they gave
+them options and they
+
+kept backdating them to
+make them look good.
+
+The only problem was that
+he died in 1999.
+
+So, basically, they were just
+giving money away to this
+
+guy's heirs.
+
+Clearly they weren't
+incentivizing his performance.
+
+As the quote said, trying to
+incentivize a corpse suggests
+
+they were not complying with
+the spirit of shareholder
+
+approved stock option plans.
+
+They were just giving money to
+his heirs, because they felt
+
+bad for him, because they
+weren't keeping their yacht up
+
+or whatever.
+
+So, basically, this is an
+example of a kind of cheating.
+
+Of course, then you can
+go further, and
+
+there's outright fraud.
+
+The backdating is sort
+of cheating.
+
+You can go even further.
+
+I don't know what determines
+fraud versus cheating.
+
+You can just do what
+Enron did.
+
+What Enron did is the executives
+there just lied
+
+about how much money
+they were making.
+
+They just went public with
+figures that were wrong.
+
+The stock price went up.
+
+They cashed in their
+options and quit.
+
+And as long as you don't get
+caught, that's a great deal.
+
+And if you do get caught, well,
+they fine you for 1/3 of
+
+what you made.
+
+So who cares?
+
+So basically it was
+outright fraud.
+
+And this was a lot
+of what happened.
+
+A lot of the wealth that we
+thought was created in the
+
+1990s in the stock market was
+really just false wealth
+
+created by people saying their
+company's were worth more than
+
+they actually were.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Who decides the salary
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I mean, once again, it varies
+by company to company.
+
+But, basically, the dividend
+payout would be something that
+
+a different set of managers
+would decide, once again,
+
+subject to approval
+of the owners.
+
+But, once again, the point is
+that the owners of a company,
+
+of a big company, are just a
+diffuse set of people who
+
+don't know what they're doing.
+
+The managers know exactly
+what they're doing.
+
+The board of directors is in
+between and is half clueless,
+
+half knows what it's doing.
+
+And that's what leads to
+the agency problem.
+
+What's so interesting about
+this example is it sort of
+
+points out, like in many things
+in economics, why we're
+
+called the dismal science.
+
+There is no right answer here.
+
+On the one hand, if you don't
+incentivize your owners, then
+
+they might not do what's
+profit maximizing.
+
+On the other hand, if they
+incentivize your owners, they
+
+might do cheating to maximize
+their profits as opposed to
+
+the company's profits.
+
+And that's why you need
+complicated structures, the
+
+type that was suggested
+in the back.
+
+And that's why, for example,
+they find that companies with
+
+much more concentrated
+ownership, the ones that
+
+Warren Buffett owns 20% of, they
+do a much better job in
+
+their CEO compensation than
+the ones where it's just a
+
+bunch of people owning
+a tiny, tiny percent.
+
+So that's exactly the kind of
+difficulty you face in setting
+
+up executive compensation.
+
+Now, this was a real departure
+from the kind of things we
+
+talked about, just
+one example.
+
+Partly what we want to do in
+this course, I want to teach
+
+you about basic economics.
+
+I partly want to excite you
+about what else you can go on
+
+and do in economics.
+
+What I've just done in the last
+half hour is a microcosm
+
+of the field of corporate
+finance.
+
+There's an entire field
+in economics
+
+called corporate finance.
+
+We teach it in course 15.
+
+And it's a terrific course.
+
+15.401 and 15.402 are the
+introductory courses.
+
+And if you find this stuff
+exciting, as I'm sensing some
+
+of you are, that's a great
+place to take what we're
+
+learning in this course and go
+on and actually dive in.
+
+Realize that half the stuff
+I've told you, I'm
+
+talking out of my ass.
+
+I don't really know for sure.
+
+But those guys do
+in course 15.
+
+And you can really get into
+these agency relationships and
+
+understand our corporations work
+and how you set up these
+
+kinds of compensation
+arrangements.
+
+So this is kind of just
+a very exciting area.
+
+Now, we're going to go back
+after this and assume
+
+corporations maximize
+profits again.
+
+And, once again, as with any
+assumption we make, by and
+
+large, it's right.
+
+And by and large it will deliver
+the kind of important
+
+knowledge that we need to know
+about how firms function.
+
+But it's important to remember
+that these kinds of
+
+things are behind it.
+
+What we do in this course
+is teach you the basics.
+
+Then you go on in these other
+electives and actually learn
+
+about this kind of more
+interesting tweaks
+
+and what we do here.
+
+And other questions about
+this before I move on?
+
+OK.
+
+Now we're going to stop with
+that topic, and we're going to
+
+move to sort of an
+in between topic.
+
+That is, we've been talking
+about firms and firm profit
+
+maximization.
+
+And we talked about how that
+depends on the structure of
+
+the market and perfect
+competition.
+
+Starting in two lectures, we're
+going to start talking
+
+about alternative market
+structures like
+
+monopoly and oligopoly.
+
+But in order to talk about them,
+we need to introduce a
+
+new concept we haven't
+used before.
+
+And that's what we'll
+do the rest of this
+
+lecture and next lecture.
+
+We need to move from positive
+economics to normative
+
+economics, from positive
+economics to normative.
+
+Positive analysis is the study
+of the way things are.
+
+So positive analysis is
+explaining why do firms
+
+produce this many widgets?
+
+Why do they hire this
+many workers?
+
+Why did I buy this many CDs?
+
+That's a positive analysis,
+trying to explain the way
+
+things are.
+
+That's what we've done,
+by and large, so far.
+
+Normative analysis is the
+analysis of the way
+
+things should be.
+
+Is it good that I bought
+that many CDs?
+
+Is it good that the company
+made that much profits?
+
+Would be better if we have a
+minimum wage or don't have a
+
+minimum wage?
+
+Normative analysis is the
+analysis of the way things
+
+should be as opposed to
+the way they are.
+
+So, for example, we showed in
+the last lecture that in the
+
+long run, with free entry and
+exit, all firms are driven to
+
+zero profit, and the supply
+curve is horizontal.
+
+Well, is that a good thing?
+
+We don't know.
+
+We just said it happened.
+
+I described why it happened.
+
+But I didn't tell you
+if it was a good
+
+thing or a bad thing.
+
+Zero profits, I make a lot of
+money off the profits that the
+
+companies I own make.
+
+I don't know if I want to
+work with zero profits.
+
+I've got a lot of
+stock and stuff.
+
+And I'm making money because
+these companies make profits.
+
+I don't think I'd
+be that happy to
+
+work with zero profits.
+
+How do we think about whether
+that's a good
+
+world or a bad world?
+
+How do we think about whether
+we like these outcomes or
+
+don't like them?
+
+These are the tools of normative
+economics or what we
+
+will refer to as welfare
+economics.
+
+Now, let me be clear here.
+
+The term welfare, as you might
+have heard it, often refers to
+
+money you give to low
+income populations.
+
+And we'll talk about that
+kind of welfare
+
+later in the semester.
+
+Here, when I say welfare,
+I mean well-being.
+
+Welfare is the term economists
+use as the measure of
+
+well-being.
+
+We need to start talking about
+welfare economics, measuring
+
+the impact of economic outcomes
+on well-being, not
+
+just studying what happens when
+firms maximize profits or
+
+consumers maximize utility,
+but measuring how we feel
+
+about it, measuring whether
+it's good or bad, and
+
+measuring whether some
+outcomes might be
+
+preferred to others.
+
+Because if we don't do that, we
+can't ever talk about the
+
+role of the government
+in the economy.
+
+Until you start talking about
+welfare, you can't talk about
+
+whether we should
+have government
+
+interventions or not.
+
+You can only talk about
+what happens, not
+
+whether it should happen.
+
+Now, the problem of welfare
+economics is that it's a lot
+
+harder because of something
+I mentioned when we
+
+talked about utility.
+
+Utility is an ordinal concept,
+not a cardinal concept.
+
+Utility is an ordinal concept,
+not a cardinal concept.
+
+That is, utils are
+meaningless.
+
+We use utility functions to
+decide whether you prefer
+
+package A or package B. But the
+actual amount of utils you
+
+get, unlike profits, is sort
+of a meaningless concept.
+
+It's just sort of an index.
+
+So what we do to do welfare
+economics is we turn from
+
+utils to dollars.
+
+We measure welfare in dollars
+which is easy on
+
+the corporate side.
+
+That's profits.
+
+How do we do it on the
+consumer side?
+
+We do it through the concept
+that we call compensating
+
+variation, which is one of these
+things where economists
+
+use fancy terms for something
+which isn't that hard to
+
+understand.
+
+But you need to know the fancy
+terms, because that's kind of
+
+how we teach, compensating
+variation.
+
+That is instead of asking, how
+sad are you about outcome x,
+
+we ask, how many dollars
+would it take?
+
+Instead of asking, how sad would
+you be to not have a CD,
+
+we ask, how much would
+you pay to avoid
+
+being in that situation?
+
+So instead of asking, how sad
+are you that you end up with
+
+this car instead of that car,
+we don't want to measure the
+
+utils of driving a Hyundai
+versus a Lexus.
+
+We can't measure those.
+
+What we can ask, is how much
+more will you pay to get the
+
+Lexus than the Hyundai?
+
+And that's $1 measure
+of your utils.
+
+That's a compensating
+variation.
+
+How much do you have
+to be compensated?
+
+So, in other words, instead of
+asking you how sad are you
+
+that you couldn't get tickets
+to a Lady Gaga concert--
+
+maybe that's not a good example
+because no one's sad
+
+about that.
+
+But let's say you were.
+
+Let's say I am because my
+daughter wants to see her.
+
+How sad are you?
+
+I ask, instead, how much would
+you pay to get the tickets to
+
+the Lady Gaga concert?
+
+That's a measure of how
+sad you were you
+
+couldn't get them.
+
+Because you'll pay an amount to
+compensate yourself for the
+
+sadness of not getting them.
+
+So it's a way of turning
+utils into dollars.
+
+And that leads to the concept
+that we'll refer to throughout
+
+the semester.
+
+That leads to the concept
+of consumer surplus.
+
+Consumer surplus measures the
+benefit that a consumer gets
+
+from consuming a good above
+and beyond what they
+
+paid for the good.
+
+So it's the benefit of
+consumption beyond the price.
+
+So your consumer surplus--
+
+surplus means extra--
+
+is how much you enjoy consuming
+something above and
+
+beyond what you had
+to pay for it.
+
+In other words, the idea is if
+you have to pay exactly as
+
+much as you'd enjoy the good,
+there's no consumer surplus.
+
+So let's do an example.
+
+So consider my demand to
+buy a Lady Gaga CD.
+
+I've got to update
+my examples.
+
+You guys don't buy
+CDs anymore.
+
+How many of you have bought
+a CD in the last year?
+
+Wow.
+
+OK, let me ask another
+question,
+
+just one for the record.
+
+Just because I have to decide
+how hard a time to give my
+
+16-year-old son.
+
+How many of you typically
+pay when you buy a song?
+
+Wow.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me ask another one.
+
+How many of you typically don't
+pay when you buy a song.
+
+Well, when you get a song, when
+you download a song, you
+
+know what I mean, when
+you download a song.
+
+So the majority of you don't pay
+when you download a song.
+
+Interesting.
+
+OK.
+
+I'll update this next year.
+
+But, for now, we're still
+10 years ago.
+
+Consider my demand for
+Lady Gaga CDs.
+
+I'm trying to decide whether
+to buy the marginal CD.
+
+And let's say that it's
+worth $15 to me.
+
+I'd be willing to pay $15
+for the Lady Gaga CD.
+
+And let's say the
+price is $15.
+
+In that case, there's
+no surplus to me.
+
+There's nothing extra.
+
+I've paid what I was
+willing to pay.
+
+So that's a case of a zero
+consumer surplus.
+
+The consumer surplus is how
+much extra I got from
+
+consuming it.
+
+I've got no extra.
+
+It was worth $15.
+
+I paid $15, no surplus.
+
+Now let's say that the
+price was $10.
+
+Then I've got a surplus.
+
+I've got $5 in surplus.
+
+I was willing to pay $15.
+
+It makes me $15 happier to
+have this Lady Gaga CD.
+
+But I only had to
+pay $10 for it.
+
+So I've derived some surplus.
+
+Well, how do we know what
+people's willingness to pay
+
+for a good is?
+
+The demand curve.
+
+That's the definition
+of the demand curve.
+
+The demand curve measures
+your willingness to pay.
+
+So let's go to the
+second figure.
+
+Think about the demand
+curve for CDs.
+
+There's some demand
+curve for CDs.
+
+What this measures is the
+utility maximizing choice.
+
+Every point in this demand curve
+represents my utility
+
+maximizing choice
+at that price.
+
+This is backwards.
+
+That should be a $15 on the
+y-axis and a $5 on the x-axis,
+
+Sorry, guys.
+
+It should be $15 on
+the y-axis and a--
+
+no.
+
+Wait, hold on one second.
+
+Time out.
+
+At $5, I get no consumer
+surplus.
+
+Yeah, this graph is
+kind of messed up.
+
+Let me draw a new one here.
+
+So you've got my demand
+curve for CDs.
+
+You've got the quantity
+and the price.
+
+And I've got some utility
+function that delivers this
+
+demand curve.
+
+And let's say the way this
+works, this demand curve for
+
+CDs, let's say the way this
+works is that I am
+
+willing to buy 1 CD.
+
+I'm willing to buy if the
+price is $20, I'm
+
+willing to buy 1 CD.
+
+So at a price of $20, I'm
+willing to buy 1 CD.
+
+So if I get that 1 CD at $20,
+then basically that's my
+
+willingness to pay.
+
+It equals a price, so there's
+no consumer surplus.
+
+Really imagine it's right
+next to that y-axis.
+
+Now let's the price
+falls to $15.
+
+Sorry.
+
+That's a 1.
+
+That's the 1.
+
+That's a 20.
+
+At a price of $20, I'm
+willing to buy 1.
+
+At a price of $15, I'm
+willing to buy 5.
+
+I'm willing to buy 5 CDs.
+
+Now, what is my consumer
+surplus?
+
+Well, let's ask.
+
+For the first CD, I got
+no consumer surplus.
+
+But for the second, I
+was willing to pay.
+
+When the price was $20, I
+got no consumer surplus.
+
+Now let's say the
+price is $15.
+
+So what was I willing to
+pay for the first CD?
+
+$20.
+
+So what's my consumer surplus
+on the first CD?
+
+5.
+
+So on that first CD, I got
+a consumer surplus of 5.
+
+The second CD, I was willing to
+pay less because I've got
+
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+But I was still willing
+to pay more than $15.
+
+So I've got some
+surplus there.
+
+Third CD here, et cetera.
+
+But on the fifth CD, I derive
+no surplus, because I was
+
+willing to pay $15 for that
+fifth CD, and I paid $15 for
+
+that fifth CD.
+
+What that means is that all of
+this is my consumer surplus.
+
+Because on every unit, because
+I paid a fixed price of $15,
+
+and for my fifth CD, that
+delivered no surplus, that was
+
+indifferent.
+
+But in my first through fourth
+CDs, that made me very happy.
+
+Because I was willing to pay
+more than $15 for those.
+
+So my consumer surplus is the
+amount by which I derive
+
+utility above what
+I was willing to
+
+pay, above the price--
+
+I'm sorry-- the amount
+that I was willing to
+
+pay about the price.
+
+The amount I'm willing to pay is
+every point on this curve.
+
+So anything I buy that I was
+willing to pay more for the
+
+price for, I derived
+surplus on.
+
+So this becomes my
+consumer surplus.
+
+So, basically, consumer surplus
+is the area under the
+
+demand curve above the price.
+
+So, graphically, consumer
+surplus is going to be the
+
+area under the demand curve
+above the price.
+
+Intuitively, why is that?
+
+Intuitively, what's going on is
+that every unit above the
+
+price under the demand curve
+are units which I valued
+
+higher than the price.
+
+So I get surplus on them.
+
+OK.
+
+Question?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] this, would
+
+you start at zero?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Really, in some sense, you'd
+want to start at zero.
+
+It's really the integral
+of this whole area.
+
+The problem is it's discrete.
+
+I should have a stepwise
+curve here.
+
+I made it discrete.
+
+But, really, it's the integral
+of this area.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+upward sloping demand curve?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: With an upward
+sloping demand curve.
+
+PROFESSOR: With an upward
+sloping demand curve, well, as
+
+I said, we don't believe
+in Giffen goods.
+
+We think they are a fantasy.
+
+So with an upward sloping
+demand curve,
+
+how would that work?
+
+So an upward sloping demand
+curve, then that would say
+
+that if the price is here, then
+you'd have an infinite
+
+consumer surplus.
+
+It wouldn't be well-defined.
+
+It wouldn't be well-defined.
+
+So I don't know how
+you'd do that.
+
+That's why we don't like upward
+sloping demand curves.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Question?
+
+No?
+
+OK.
+
+So, basically, what you end up
+with is this consumer surplus
+
+concept which, basically, as
+pointed out mathematically, is
+
+the integral of this area.
+
+But we're not going to
+make you integrate.
+
+It's basically this triangle
+which is basically all the
+
+units above the price, all the
+units for which you're willing
+
+to pay more than the price.
+
+And you get consumer surplus
+on every unit you buy up to
+
+the point where your
+willingness to
+
+pay equals the price.
+
+And that's our normative
+measure of welfare.
+
+That's our normative measure
+of how happy you are.
+
+And the key that drives this is
+
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+That's why we don't like upward
+sloping demand curves.
+
+What drives this is diminishing
+marginal utility.
+
+It's that with each additional
+unit I'm willing to pay less
+
+and less for.
+
+So I'm going to get less and
+less surplus off each
+
+additional unit I buy.
+
+And that's going to
+be the key thing.
+
+The key intuition that you guys
+have to remember is that
+
+the last unit that I'm willing
+to buy at that price, by
+
+definition, I get no surplus
+on, or I get a $0.001 of
+
+surplus on.
+
+Because if I've got a lot of
+surplus, I'd buy 1 more.
+
+So, by definition, the marginal
+unit is the one where
+
+surplus is driven to 0.
+
+And units before that are the
+ones with positive surplus.
+
+And that's why an important
+intuition to have is the
+
+amount of surplus you're going
+to get from a purchase is
+
+going to be about how far away
+from the price point you are.
+
+Those first units are going
+to give you more surplus.
+
+And that's going to dwindle as
+you get to the actual last
+
+unit you buy at that price.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Let me stop there.
+
+We will come back next time, and
+we're going to spend the
+
+whole lecture talking about
+welfare economics, we'll
+
+introduce producer surplus,
+and talk about how we then
+
+think about whether changes
+are good or bad.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2DDjHvH8d2k.txt b/2DDjHvH8d2k.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/2DDjHvH8d2k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh welcome back uh we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh welcome back uh we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh welcome back uh we're now
+going to get into the demo portion of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the demo portion of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the demo portion of uh
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+03 and uh so these demos are in u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 and uh so these demos are in u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 and uh so these demos are in u the
+d4m API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m API
+directory uh in the examples we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory uh in the examples we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory uh in the examples we're going
+to now moved on from kind of the intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now moved on from kind of the intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now moved on from kind of the intro
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+applications and we're going to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and we're going to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and we're going to deal
+this one where we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where we're dealing with
+entities extracted from this data set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities extracted from this data set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities extracted from this data set so
+we go into the entity analysis directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into the entity analysis directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into the entity analysis directory
+start my shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start my shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start my shell
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start our mat lab session here um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start our mat lab session here um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start our mat lab session here um I
+always run mat lab from the shell if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always run mat lab from the shell if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always run mat lab from the shell if you
+prefer to run it from the IDE that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to run it from the IDE that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to run it from the IDE that's
+fine and again d4m code runs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and again d4m code runs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and again d4m code runs in a
+variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of
+environments not just m laab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so that's started up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's started up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so that's started up
+here so let's uh let's before we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's uh let's before we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's uh let's before we do that
+let's look at our data set here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our data set here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our data set here so this
+is a nice little data set it's about 2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice little data set it's about 2.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice little data set it's about 2.4
+megabytes of data so um and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of data so um and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of data so um and this is uh
+the reuter do some of the reuter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reuter do some of the reuter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reuter do some of the reuter's
+documents processed through our entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents processed through our entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents processed through our entity
+extractor and here in Lincoln laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extractor and here in Lincoln laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extractor and here in Lincoln laboratory
+and so if I look at this say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I look at this say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I look at this say with
+Microsoft Excel try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so you can see that
+pretty clearly right so we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly right so we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly right so we basically
+just have row key here here to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have row key here here to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have row key here here to read this
+in we have a document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have a document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have a document
+column which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column which is the
+actual widen that that's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual widen that that's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual widen that that's the actual
+document that it appears in we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that it appears in we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that it appears in we have the
+entity just happened to be alphabetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity just happened to be alphabetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity just happened to be alphabetical
+here the way that comes out we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the way that comes out we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the way that comes out we have the
+word position in the document so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word position in the document so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word position in the document so this
+tells you that this entity appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this entity appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this entity appeared in
+this POS these positions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this POS these positions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this POS these positions in this
+document and then various types location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and then various types location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document and then various types location
+person organization those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person organization those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person organization those types of
+things so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's what we
+extracted from these documents there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from these documents there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from these documents there's
+no verbs here it would just tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbs here it would just tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbs here it would just tell you you
+know a person a place an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a person a place an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a person a place an organization
+appeared in this document wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in this document wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in this document wouldn't say
+anything about what they're doing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about what they're doing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about what they're doing or
+anything like that so but this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so but this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so but this just
+shows examples of the kind of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows examples of the kind of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows examples of the kind of data that
+we have here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save
+Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel
+right back to so the first thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to so the first thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to so the first thing we're
+going to do is the first script is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is the first script is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is the first script is
+entity analysis one we're going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity analysis one we're going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity analysis one we're going to read
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+in and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's all right there we go so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's all right there we go so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's all right there we go so um and
+this is this first line just reads this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this first line just reads this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this first line just reads this
+in we have it's a fair amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have it's a fair amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have it's a fair amount of data
+we're turning it all into an associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning it all into an associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning it all into an associative
+array we have actually some faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we have actually some faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we have actually some faster
+parsers that we'll read it in um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsers that we'll read it in um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsers that we'll read it in um you
+know but the just the read CSV is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the just the read CSV is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but the just the read CSV is kind
+of the most general purpose one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most general purpose one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most general purpose one that's
+that's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly
+nice so this is going to go and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so this is going to go and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so this is going to go and we'll go
+back it's running a whole bunch of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's running a whole bunch of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it's running a whole bunch of stuff
+here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um tries to pull together it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Graphics all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics all
+right there we go so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we go so let's take a look
+at what we did here so we uh we read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we did here so we uh we read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what we did here so we uh we read in
+the data into an essentially an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into an essentially an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into an essentially an edge
+list associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list associative
+array just to just displayed the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array just to just displayed the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array just to just displayed the first
+few rows here so you can see so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rows here so you can see so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rows here so you can see so it's
+alphabetized elector graphically sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetized elector graphically sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetized elector graphically sorted
+the First Column is always something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column is always something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column is always something to
+be aware of that you know one and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of that you know one and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of that you know one and is
+Then followed by 10 is Then followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then followed by 10 is Then followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then followed by 10 is Then followed by
+100 then thousand and this this sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 then thousand and this this sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 then thousand and this this sorting
+here's the documents here's the entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the documents here's the entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the documents here's the entity
+there's the position so it just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the position so it just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the position so it just looks
+like the normal table that we read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the normal table that we read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the normal table that we read in
+but it is associative R I'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is associative R I'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is associative R I'm now going to
+want to sort of pull this into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of pull this into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of pull this into our
+exploded schema and this table didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema and this table didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema and this table didn't
+necessarily come to us in the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily come to us in the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily come to us in the easiest
+format to do that in so there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format to do that in so there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format to do that in so there's a few
+tricks that we have to do so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks that we have to do so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks that we have to do so we're going
+to go and get each document basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and get each document basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and get each document basically so
+uh we have a row a column and the dock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a row a column and the dock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a row a column and the dock
+so that's the value so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the value so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the value so this is a
+whenever you do a query in associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do a query in associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do a query in associative
+array one of the powerful things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array one of the powerful things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array one of the powerful things about
+mat lab is you can change you're can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab is you can change you're can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab is you can change you're can to
+have variable numbers of of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have variable numbers of of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have variable numbers of of output
+arguments and you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and you can change the
+behavior so if I just wanted this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so if I just wanted this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so if I just wanted this to
+return if I just set this to you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if I just set this to you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if I just set this to you know a
+equals e this I would have just gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e this I would have just gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e this I would have just gotten
+an associative array Vector but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array Vector but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array Vector but if I
+give it three output arguments we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it three output arguments we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it three output arguments we'll say
+oh I'll give you the triples that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll give you the triples that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'll give you the triples that went
+into constructing that because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into constructing that because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into constructing that because sometimes
+that's what you want to do also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do also it's
+faster because to do this every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster because to do this every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster because to do this every time I
+do a sub associative array I effec L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sub associative array I effec L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sub associative array I effec L
+have to pull out the triples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull out the triples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull out the triples and then
+reconstitute the associative array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstitute the associative array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstitute the associative array and
+that can take some time and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take some time and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take some time and it just
+saves you a step it goes directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you a step it goes directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you a step it goes directly to the
+triples which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples which is which is
+nice so I basically say give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so I basically say give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so I basically say give me the
+document column give me the entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document column give me the entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document column give me the entity
+column give me the position column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column give me the position column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column give me the position column and
+now I have all of these and since I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have all of these and since I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have all of these and since I know
+they're dense I know that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dense I know that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dense I know that you know these
+are all lined up the first dock string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all lined up the first dock string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all lined up the first dock string
+and Ed string and position string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ed string and position string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ed string and position string and
+type string are all are all are all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type string are all are all are all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type string are all are all are all so
+that's me exploiting a little bit I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me exploiting a little bit I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's me exploiting a little bit I know
+this is a dense table and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dense table and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dense table and I'm not going
+to have any missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any missing
+there now I'm going to inter leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I'm going to inter leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I'm going to inter leave the
+the type and entity strings so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type and entity strings so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type and entity strings so I have
+this we this function called cat string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we this function called cat string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we this function called cat string
+so basically cat string takes uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically cat string takes uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically cat string takes uh one
+string list and another string list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string list and another string list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string list and another string list and
+then it leaves them with a separator A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it leaves them with a separator A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it leaves them with a separator A
+Single Character separator and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Single Character separator and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Single Character separator and now I can
+con construct a new sparse Matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con construct a new sparse Matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con construct a new sparse Matrix which
+is has docs for the row key this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has docs for the row key this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has docs for the row key this new
+thing called type entity to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called type entity to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called type entity to be the
+columns and then I'll just throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then I'll just throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then I'll just throw the
+position in as the value and so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in as the value and so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in as the value and so that is
+our exploded schema that we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our exploded schema that we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our exploded schema that we just talked
+about um done for us in a couple lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um done for us in a couple lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um done for us in a couple lines
+there's other functions that can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other functions that can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other functions that can do that
+for us as well and since I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as well and since I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as well and since I don't want to
+repeat this because it took a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this because it took a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this because it took a little
+while uh to read it in I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh to read it in I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh to read it in I'm just going to
+save it as a as a mat lab binary which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it as a as a mat lab binary which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it as a as a mat lab binary which
+will then read in very quickly from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then read in very quickly from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then read in very quickly from now
+on which is nice so I can save it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is nice so I can save it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is nice so I can save it there
+we go uh just to show you if I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go uh just to show you if I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go uh just to show you if I show you
+the first entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry
+here so um in the in in the row and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um in the in in the row and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um in the in in the row and then
+this just shows you um you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you um you know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you um you know the uh
+the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the
+um the different types of columns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different types of columns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the different types of columns that
+were in that in that data set so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in that in that data set so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in that in that data set so this is
+their row key here and the various colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their row key here and the various colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their row key here and the various colum
+these are the different columns and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different columns and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different columns and then
+it shows you how many you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how many you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how many you know the
+locations of the word in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of the word in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of the word in there
+if I display it I see that I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I display it I see that I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I display it I see that I ended up
+creating an associative array that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an associative array that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an associative array that
+consisted of almost 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of almost 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of almost 10,000
+unique documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique documents and
+36,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36,500
+3657 unique entities in that in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3657 unique entities in that in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3657 unique entities in that in that uh
+in that data set and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that data set and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that data set and then we're going to
+take a look at that we can do spy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that we can do spy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that we can do spy and
+transpose and if we look at here zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and if we look at here zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and if we look at here zoom in
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+and you can see you know zoom in we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see you know zoom in we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see you know zoom in we can
+see different types of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see different types of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see different types of structures
+here click on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here click on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here click on one of
+them and that tells us that the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that tells us that the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that tells us that the location
+Singapore appeared in this document in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore appeared in this document in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore appeared in this document in
+these two word positions so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two word positions so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two word positions so that's
+typically about how many lines it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about how many lines it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about how many lines it takes
+to take essentially a basic CSV file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take essentially a basic CSV file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take essentially a basic CSV file and
+cast it into the associate array to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it into the associate array to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it into the associate array to
+start doing start doing real work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing start doing real work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing start doing real work that's
+typically what what we see um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what what we see um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what what we see um if you
+find it's getting a lot longer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's getting a lot longer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's getting a lot longer than that
+then that probably means there's a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that probably means there's a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that probably means there's a trick
+that you're not that you're not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not that you're not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not that you're not quite
+getting you know um and again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know um and again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know um and again we're
+always happy to help people uh do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happy to help people uh do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always happy to help people uh do this
+very important step this first taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important step this first taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important step this first taking
+your data and getting into this format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and getting into this format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data and getting into this format
+so that you can do subsequent analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can do subsequent analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can do subsequent analysis
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it all right close that so let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right close that so let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right close that so let's go on
+to the next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next example
+here two so I'm going to do some Basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two so I'm going to do some Basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two so I'm going to do some Basics
+compute some basic statistics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this righty a lot see that took a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this righty a lot see that took a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this righty a lot see that took a lot
+less time loading it in from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time loading it in from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time loading it in from a
+binary much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary much much
+faster much much faster very fast I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster much much faster very fast I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster much much faster very fast I mean
+faster than if you had put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than if you had put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than if you had put it in a
+database and read it out of database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and read it out of database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and read it out of database
+much faster to R it out of a file so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster to R it out of a file so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster to R it out of a file so we
+always encourage people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encourage people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always encourage people to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um this just gets displays the size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this just gets displays the size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this just gets displays the size so
+we have you know that's what we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know that's what we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know that's what we had in
+the original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data
+nnz shows the number of entries so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nnz shows the number of entries so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nnz shows the number of entries so if we
+do nnz that that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nnz that that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nnz that that's the number of
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+right um I now want to undo what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um I now want to undo what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um I now want to undo what I did
+before I want to convert it back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I want to convert it back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I want to convert it back into a
+dense table I want to take all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense table I want to take all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense table I want to take all those
+values and convert I want to take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and convert I want to take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and convert I want to take all
+those things that I pended to the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that I pended to the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that I pended to the column
+because I just want to count how many I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just want to count how many I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just want to count how many I
+want to know how many locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many locations
+organization people I have so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization people I have so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization people I have so we have
+this function here called call two type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here called call two type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here called call two type
+and another function that I forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another function that I forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another function that I forget the
+precise name that does the reverse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise name that does the reverse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise name that does the reverse which
+basically give me an associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give me an associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give me an associative array
+give me a delimiter for the columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a delimiter for the columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a delimiter for the columns and
+I'm going to now rip that back apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to now rip that back apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to now rip that back apart
+stick that back into the value position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that back into the value position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that back into the value position
+and then you're going to now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to now sort of
+essentially make it dense again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make it dense again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially make it dense again and so
+we do that we then throw away the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we then throw away the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we then throw away the actual
+values and so we do this double Loy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so we do this double Loy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so we do this double Loy
+which converts it all to ones and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converts it all to ones and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converts it all to ones and then
+we can sum the rows so we collapse along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sum the rows so we collapse along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sum the rows so we collapse along
+the rows now we have a count it tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows now we have a count it tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows now we have a count it tells me
+that in this data set I had 9600 9600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this data set I had 9600 9600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this data set I had 9600 9600
+locations organizations people time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations organizations people time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations organizations people time
+those are the distinct ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right um let's see here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right um let's see here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right um let's see here we can
+count each entity so we have our thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count each entity so we have our thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count each entity so we have our thing
+here we just do the count we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just do the count we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just do the count we can find
+the triples of so basically I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triples of so basically I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triples of so basically I've just
+done a sum so this is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a sum so this is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a sum so this is the original
+exploded schema I basically summed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema I basically summed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema I basically summed all
+the rows together so I'm now getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows together so I'm now getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows together so I'm now getting a
+count for each unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for each unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for each unique
+entity and I can find the instead if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and I can find the instead if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and I can find the instead if one
+another way to get the triples is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to get the triples is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to get the triples is just
+to pass use the fine command works the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass use the fine command works the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass use the fine command works the
+same way as the does in mat laab will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as the does in mat laab will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as the does in mat laab will
+now give you a set of of triples attemp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give you a set of of triples attemp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give you a set of of triples attemp
+which we don't really care about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't really care about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't really care about because
+we've collapsed that dimensional be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've collapsed that dimensional be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've collapsed that dimensional be all
+ones the actual entity in the count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the actual entity in the count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the actual entity in the count and
+I'm going to create a new associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a new associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a new associative
+Matrix out of that so we now have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix out of that so we now have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix out of that so we now have the
+count and the entity and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and the entity and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and the entity and I'm going to
+plot a histogram of that so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a histogram of that so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a histogram of that so I'm going to
+go with my count things I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with my count things I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with my count things I'm just going
+to get the locations out of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the locations out of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the locations out of that so
+using the starts withth command I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the starts withth command I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the starts withth command I say
+get me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me all
+locations I'm now going to just real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations I'm now going to just real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations I'm now going to just real
+math and I say give me the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and I say give me the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and I say give me the adjacency
+Matrix which just returns a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which just returns a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which just returns a regular
+sparse Matrix and I can do sum full log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix and I can do sum full log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix and I can do sum full log
+log done now this is the classic degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log done now this is the classic degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log done now this is the classic degree
+distribution of all the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of all the location
+in this data and it shows us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data and it shows us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data and it shows us that
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+locations uh are very common a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations uh are very common a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations uh are very common a few of
+them are very common and if you locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very common and if you locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are very common and if you locate
+you they appear in most of the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they appear in most of the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they appear in most of the documents
+and a lot of locations only appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of locations only appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of locations only appear in
+one document so this is the classic what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one document so this is the classic what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one document so this is the classic what
+we call power law degree distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call power law degree distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call power law degree distribution
+again always a good thing to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again always a good thing to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again always a good thing to check
+sometimes you can't do this on the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do this on the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do this on the full
+data set it's so large but just even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set it's so large but just even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set it's so large but just even a
+sample just to sort of you kind of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample just to sort of you kind of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample just to sort of you kind of want
+to know this from the beginning am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this from the beginning am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know this from the beginning am I
+dealing with with something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with something that looks
+like a power loss so like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a power loss so like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a power loss so like everything
+else or oh what do you know I see a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or oh what do you know I see a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or oh what do you know I see a big
+spike here well what's that about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here well what's that about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike here well what's that about you
+know or it looks like a bell curve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or it looks like a bell curve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or it looks like a bell curve or
+something like that and so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so this is just
+really you know Computing means good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know Computing means good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know Computing means good
+Computing basic histograms very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing basic histograms very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing basic histograms very good
+without this basic information it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this basic information it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this basic information it's
+really hard to advance in detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to advance in detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to advance in detection
+Theory and so and this is probably where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so and this is probably where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so and this is probably where
+we take a slightly different philosophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a slightly different philosophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a slightly different philosophic
+IAL approach than a lot of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL approach than a lot of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL approach than a lot of the data
+mining Community which tends to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining Community which tends to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining Community which tends to focus on
+just finding stuff that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finding stuff that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finding stuff that's interesting
+where we tend to focus on understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tend to focus on understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tend to focus on understanding
+the data modeling the data coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data modeling the data coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data modeling the data coming up
+with models for what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with models for what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with models for what we're trying to
+find and then doing that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and then doing that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and then doing that rather than
+just sort of showing me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of showing me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of showing me something
+interesting the data show me a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the data show me a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the data show me a low
+probability covariance or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability covariance or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability covariance or something like
+that which tends to be more the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which tends to be more the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which tends to be more the the the
+basis of sort of the data mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of sort of the data mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of sort of the data mining
+Community um although no doubt I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um although no doubt I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um although no doubt I
+probably offended them horribly by car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably offended them horribly by car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably offended them horribly by car
+by simplifying it that way which case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simplifying it that way which case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simplifying it that way which case I
+apologize to people in the DAT mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize to people in the DAT mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize to people in the DAT mining
+Community um but uh here you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um but uh here you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um but uh here you know we
+more traditional detection Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more traditional detection Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more traditional detection Theory and
+the first thing you want to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do is get
+the distribution so you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution so you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution so you can like
+typically one thing you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one thing you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one thing you'll do
+immediately is like you know what we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is like you know what we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is like you know what we put
+essentially what we call a low pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we call a low pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we call a low pass and
+high pass filter on it things that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter on it things that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter on it things that only
+appear once are so unique that they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear once are so unique that they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear once are so unique that they give
+us no information and things that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us no information and things that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us no information and things that appear
+everywhere again give us no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere again give us no information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere again give us no information
+about the data so you might just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data so you might just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the data so you might just you
+know have a high pass a low pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a high pass a low pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a high pass a low pass and
+high pass filter here that just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter here that just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter here that just sort of
+eliminates these high-end and low-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates these high-end and low-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates these high-end and low-end
+types of things very standard signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things very standard signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things very standard signal
+processing technique that's just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing technique that's just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing technique that's just as
+relevant here as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here as as
+elsewhere all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+righty so statistics histograms all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righty so statistics histograms all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righty so statistics histograms all good
+things easy to do in d4m on our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things easy to do in d4m on our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things easy to do in d4m on our data
+don't be afraid to take your data bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid to take your data bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be afraid to take your data bump
+it back into regular matb arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into regular matb arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into regular matb arrays and
+just do the regular things that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the regular things that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the regular things that you uh
+that you would do with mat lab data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would do with mat lab data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would do with mat lab data with
+M lab matrices we highly encourage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M lab matrices we highly encourage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M lab matrices we highly encourage that
+now we're going to do the facet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do the facet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do the facet
+algorithm that I talked about in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I talked about in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I talked about in the in
+the lecture so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right here
+so once again we've loaded our data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again we've loaded our data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again we've loaded our data in
+very quickly we've decided to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly we've decided to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly we've decided to convert it
+directly to numeric which is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to numeric which is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to numeric which is we're
+getting rid of all those word positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of all those word positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of all those word positions
+because we don't really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't really care about
+them I'm going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to pick
+so one thing I like about this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I like about this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I like about this data set
+and for those of us who are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of us who are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of us who are a little
+older you know we remember the news of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older you know we remember the news of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older you know we remember the news of
+the 1990s you know this is all Chi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s you know this is all Chi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s you know this is all Chi to
+memory night for those of you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory night for those of you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory night for those of you a little
+younger who were in elementary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger who were in elementary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger who were in elementary school
+this will not mean anything to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not mean anything to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not mean anything to you but
+it's like oh yes a lot of stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh yes a lot of stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh yes a lot of stuff about
+the clintons in this data set so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clintons in this data set so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clintons in this data set so that's
+always f um so um uh the first fcet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always f um so um uh the first fcet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always f um so um uh the first fcet
+we're going to do is we want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we want to look at
+the location New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location New
+York and the person Michael Chang does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and the person Michael Chang does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and the person Michael Chang does
+anybody remember who Michael Chang was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember who Michael Chang was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember who Michael Chang was
+tennis player yes he was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis player yes he was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis player yes he was kind of like
+this hip tennis player used to battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hip tennis player used to battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hip tennis player used to battle
+Andre Agassi so uh I don't know how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre Agassi so uh I don't know how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre Agassi so uh I don't know how long
+his career really lasted but he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career really lasted but he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career really lasted but he was a
+very this is kind of right at his Peak I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is kind of right at his Peak I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this is kind of right at his Peak I
+believe so now there was to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so now there was to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe so now there was to show you
+that equation that I showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation that I showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation that I showed you in the
+slides wasn't to lie so we take our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides wasn't to lie so we take our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides wasn't to lie so we take our our
+our Edge or incidence Matrix we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Edge or incidence Matrix we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Edge or incidence Matrix we put in
+the Lo pick the column New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lo pick the column New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lo pick the column New
+York then we then pick the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York then we then pick the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York then we then pick the column
+Michael Chang we need to do this no call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang we need to do this no call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang we need to do this no call
+thing because we now have a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we now have a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we now have a column
+Vector with a column Michael Chang and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with a column Michael Chang and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with a column Michael Chang and a
+column New York and if we Ed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column New York and if we Ed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column New York and if we Ed them
+together well they should have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well they should have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well they should have no
+intersection so if we do the no call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so if we do the no call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so if we do the no call it
+just sort of Pops those two column names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of Pops those two column names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of Pops those two column names
+away so now they're effectively both one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so now they're effectively both one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so now they're effectively both one
+and we can and them together to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can and them together to find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can and them together to find all
+the documents that contain both New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents that contain both New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents that contain both New York
+and Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Michael
+Chang so we do that so we've Ed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang so we do that so we've Ed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang so we do that so we've Ed them
+together this is now a new column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is now a new column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is now a new column Vector
+okay and we we transpose it to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we we transpose it to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we we transpose it to make it a
+row vector and then when we Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector and then when we Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector and then when we Matrix
+multiply it back against the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it back against the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it back against the original
+data set we've just computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we've just computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set we've just computed the
+histogram of all the other entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of all the other entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of all the other entities that
+are in the documents that contain both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the documents that contain both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the documents that contain both
+Michael Chang and New York and as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang and New York and as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Chang and New York and as we can
+see Michael Chang appears three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Michael Chang appears three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Michael Chang appears three times
+that tells us there's three documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us there's three documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us there's three documents
+and New York appears three times but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York appears three times but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York appears three times but we
+also see Czech Republic and Austria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see Czech Republic and Austria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see Czech Republic and Austria and
+Spain and the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and the United States
+any want to guess why Czech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any want to guess why Czech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any want to guess why Czech
+Republic was Ivon lendel still playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic was Ivon lendel still playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic was Ivon lendel still playing
+then I'm just wondering if he had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just wondering if he had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just wondering if he had a lot
+of matches against him and then or would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matches against him and then or would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matches against him and then or would
+he already kind of be into fade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he already kind of be into fade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he already kind of be into fade or
+something like that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I don't know
+probably some he probably had some Czech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some he probably had some Czech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some he probably had some Czech
+arch rival or something that or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch rival or something that or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch rival or something that or maybe
+there was just a tournament and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just a tournament and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just a tournament and these
+are the type of thing uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the type of thing uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the type of thing uh with the
+Reuters data sets you do have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters data sets you do have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reuters data sets you do have the
+problem is that the the person who types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the the person who types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the the person who types
+the article always puts the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article always puts the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article always puts the location of
+where they filed it so so New York could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they filed it so so New York could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they filed it so so New York could
+always be in these just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be in these just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be in these just because the
+person happens to be based in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person happens to be based in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person happens to be based in New York
+and they typed it from New York or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they typed it from New York or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they typed it from New York or
+something like that so so that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so so that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so so that's always
+fun um we can normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um we can normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um we can normalize
+this so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I'm going to do is
+take the uh the the facets that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh the the facets that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh the the facets that we
+computed here and normalize it by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here and normalize it by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here and normalize it by their
+sums okay so this just the fast just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums okay so this just the fast just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums okay so this just the fast just
+showing me how many times something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing me how many times something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing me how many times something
+showed up but it doesn't tell me if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up but it doesn't tell me if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up but it doesn't tell me if it's
+like well is that something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well is that something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well is that something that is
+really common or really rare so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common or really rare so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common or really rare so now we
+want to look at places at things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at places at things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at places at things that
+were we want to see of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we want to see of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we want to see of the other
+entities that appeared in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities that appeared in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities that appeared in these
+documents how many of them um um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents how many of them um um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents how many of them um um are
+really really popular and how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really popular and how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really popular and how many of
+them so really just only appear in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so really just only appear in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so really just only appear in these
+documents with Michael Chang in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents with Michael Chang in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents with Michael Chang in New York
+so as you can see here so we have bellus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see here so we have bellus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see here so we have bellus
+Czech Republic Virginia for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czech Republic Virginia for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Czech Republic Virginia for some reason
+and this just shows you look these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you look these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you look these are
+in a lot of the these have a very low uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the these have a very low uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the these have a very low uh
+you they're being divided by a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're being divided by a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're being divided by a fairly
+large number which means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number which means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number which means that they
+appear in a lot of places so they happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in a lot of places so they happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in a lot of places so they happen
+to appear in these same set of documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear in these same set of documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear in these same set of documents
+but they happen to appear in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they happen to appear in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they happen to appear in a lot of
+documents as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents as opposed to
+um um Michael Joyce or Virginia Wade uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Michael Joyce or Virginia Wade uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Michael Joyce or Virginia Wade uh
+that's a tennis tournament right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tennis tournament right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tennis tournament right the
+Virginia Wade tennis tournament or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Wade tennis tournament or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia Wade tennis tournament or
+something like that these appear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that these appear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that these appear more
+common and more likely to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and more likely to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and more likely to be something
+that is like oh that's a real sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like oh that's a real sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like oh that's a real sort of
+relation that exists between these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that exists between these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that exists between these these
+entities so so it just shows you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities so so it just shows you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities so so it just shows you how you
+do that again very powerful very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again very powerful very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again very powerful very
+powerful technique basic covariance type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful technique basic covariance type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful technique basic covariance type
+of math so facet search very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math so facet search very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math so facet search very powerful
+all right so I think we're now that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think we're now that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I think we're now that was
+three so we're moving on to four so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we're moving on to four so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we're moving on to four so now
+we're going to do some stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs all kinds of graphs here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs all kinds of graphs here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs all kinds of graphs here all
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+graphs all right so once once again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs all right so once once again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs all right so once once again we
+loaded in our data very quickly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in our data very quickly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded in our data very quickly we're
+just going to make a copy of it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to make a copy of it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to make a copy of it and then
+I'm going to basically now convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to basically now convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to basically now convert the
+original thing to numbers so get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original thing to numbers so get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original thing to numbers so get rid of
+those those positions and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those positions and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those positions and now we're
+going to do well so before we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do well so before we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do well so before we did
+essentially the facets or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the facets or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the facets or the
+correlation between two things but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between two things but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between two things but the
+real power of d4m is that for about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real power of d4m is that for about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real power of d4m is that for about the
+same amount of work we can correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work we can correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work we can correlate
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+simultaneously so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so we're going to do
+Square in which basically is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in which basically is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in which basically is the same as
+e transpose time e a little bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e transpose time e a little bit faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e transpose time e a little bit faster
+when we're doing self correlations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing self correlations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing self correlations but
+not not too much you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not too much you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not too much you could you could
+have typed e transpose time e um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typed e transpose time e um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typed e transpose time e um and
+then we we're going to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we're going to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we're going to show the
+structure of that so remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of that so remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of that so remember we had
+3657 unique entities so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3657 unique entities so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3657 unique entities so now we've
+constructed a square Matrix that's 3600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a square Matrix that's 3600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed a square Matrix that's 3600
+by 3600 unique entities and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3600 unique entities and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3600 unique entities and we're going
+to plot that so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot that so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot that so let's see
+here go to figure one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go to figure one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go to figure one here
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+is hopefully this won't crash our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hopefully this won't crash our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hopefully this won't crash our
+computer so this is the location by loc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so this is the location by loc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so this is the location by loc
+this is the full enti enity correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full enti enity correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full enti enity correlation
+Matrix here you can see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix here you can see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix here you can see all the
+structure these are the location so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure these are the location so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure these are the location so this
+this block here is location by location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block here is location by location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block here is location by location
+correlation this block here is person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation this block here is person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation this block here is person uh
+person correlation this obviously has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person correlation this obviously has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person correlation this obviously has a
+a dense diagonal it's symmetric and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense diagonal it's symmetric and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dense diagonal it's symmetric and then
+down here are the time time correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here are the time time correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here are the time time correlations
+and so these in fact the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these in fact the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these in fact the first thing
+you'll probably notice is these dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably notice is these dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably notice is these dense
+blocks of time have to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of time have to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of time have to deal with the
+fact that this is a finite set of reuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is a finite set of reuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this is a finite set of reuter
+documents there's only 35 unique days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents there's only 35 unique days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents there's only 35 unique days or
+times associated with the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times associated with the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times associated with the documents
+themselves so those are showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so those are showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so those are showing you the
+the the the times that are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the times that are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the times that are associated
+with the docum reference so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the docum reference so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the docum reference so that would
+be a very this type of structure shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very this type of structure shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very this type of structure shows
+oh well if I want to just get the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well if I want to just get the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well if I want to just get the times
+that were you know associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were you know associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were you know associated with the
+reporting I can get that or if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting I can get that or if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting I can get that or if I want to
+do they're referring to some date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they're referring to some date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they're referring to some date and
+you can see there's there's times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's there's times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there's there's times that
+are in the past and in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the past and in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the past and in the future and
+various types of things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of things like that and
+that shows you the structure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you the structure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you the structure so this is
+a very nice uh structure here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice uh structure here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice uh structure here we can
+zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and and then you see and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and then you see and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and then you see and more
+struct sub substructures emerge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct sub substructures emerge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct sub substructures emerge here
+what's that one what's that one take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that one what's that one take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that one what's that one take a
+look here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here what's
+this United States very popular dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this United States very popular dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this United States very popular dense
+you see that very dense thing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that very dense thing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that very dense thing like the
+United States here who's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States here who's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States here who's this this
+probably America or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably America or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably America or something like that
+uh United Nations security Council very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh United Nations security Council very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh United Nations security Council very
+popular oh the we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular oh the we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular oh the we're in the
+organizations here yeah we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations here yeah we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations here yeah we don't have
+those so many of them but it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so many of them but it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so many of them but it's the most
+popular so you can just get sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular so you can just get sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular so you can just get sort of get
+this feel of the data very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feel of the data very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feel of the data very powerful
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+often for the most part when you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for the most part when you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for the most part when you work
+with your customer and you do this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your customer and you do this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your customer and you do this you
+can be just about 100% sure you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be just about 100% sure you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be just about 100% sure you're the
+first person to actually get a view a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to actually get a view a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person to actually get a view a
+high level view of the overall structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level view of the overall structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level view of the overall structure
+of the data again a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data again a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data again a very powerful
+perspective because they simply just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective because they simply just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective because they simply just
+don't have a way to do this and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a way to do this and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a way to do this and using
+the sparse Matrix as a way to surv viw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sparse Matrix as a way to surv viw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sparse Matrix as a way to surv viw
+the data is very very popful all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is very very popful all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is very very popful all right
+so let's get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get rid of
+that so we did The Entity entity graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we did The Entity entity graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we did The Entity entity graph
+again what we do is just whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we do is just whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we do is just whenever we
+take an an incidence Matrix and we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an an incidence Matrix and we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an an incidence Matrix and we sort
+of square it or correlate it then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square it or correlate it then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square it or correlate it then the
+result is an adjacency Matrix or a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is an adjacency Matrix or a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is an adjacency Matrix or a graph
+between those two so again adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two so again adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two so again adjacency
+matrices are a projection from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are a projection from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are a projection from the
+incidence mat we've lost some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence mat we've lost some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence mat we've lost some
+information we've always thrown away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've always thrown away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we've always thrown away
+some information in doing that but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information in doing that but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information in doing that but often
+that's exactly what we want to do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we want to do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we want to do we
+want to project it down into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to project it down into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to project it down into a a
+Subspace that we find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that we find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that we find more
+interesting uh something else that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh something else that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh something else that we
+can do is let's just look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is let's just look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is let's just look at the the
+people beginning with J all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people beginning with J all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people beginning with J all right so I'm
+going to just get uh create a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just get uh create a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just get uh create a little
+starts with entity range here with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with entity range here with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with entity range here with our
+starts with command I can pass that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with command I can pass that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with command I can pass that into
+to here to grit grit the just the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to grit grit the just the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here to grit grit the just the uh
+just the uh just the records that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh just the records that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the uh just the records that have
+the ntip and I'm I'm going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntip and I'm I'm going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ntip and I'm I'm going to do the
+correlation of them using this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of them using this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of them using this uh
+pedigree preserving Matrix multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree preserving Matrix multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree preserving Matrix multiply that
+we have this very special one so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this very special one so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this very special one so we'll
+go take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go take a look at
+that and that will explain what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that will explain what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that will explain what that
+what I mean by pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by pedigree
+preserving so we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving so we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving so we go
+here so again this shows you the um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so again this shows you the um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so again this shows you the um all
+the people that appeared together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that appeared together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that appeared together
+beginning with the name j and it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the name j and it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with the name j and it's of
+course again a symmetric Matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course again a symmetric Matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course again a symmetric Matrix this
+dense diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense diagonal
+you click on it it tells you so Jennifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on it it tells you so Jennifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on it it tells you so Jennifer
+Hurley and James Harvey appeared in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurley and James Harvey appeared in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hurley and James Harvey appeared in this
+document together so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document together so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document together so when we do that
+special Matrix multiply it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiply it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiply it doesn't
+preserve the values in the normal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the values in the normal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the values in the normal Matrix
+multiply sense instead it pervert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply sense instead it pervert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply sense instead it pervert
+preserves the label of the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the label of the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the label of the common
+Dimension that's eliminated so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that's eliminated so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that's eliminated so when you
+do Matrix multiply you're eliminating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Matrix multiply you're eliminating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Matrix multiply you're eliminating a
+dimension we now take that common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension we now take that common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension we now take that common
+intersection and throw that in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and throw that in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and throw that in the value
+so you can now say Jennifer Hurley James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now say Jennifer Hurley James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now say Jennifer Hurley James
+were connected by this document and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were connected by this document and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were connected by this document and so
+very powerful tool for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool for doing
+that you notice I restricted it to J why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice I restricted it to J why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you notice I restricted it to J why
+did I why didn't just I do the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I why didn't just I do the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I why didn't just I do the whole
+thing well you see this dense diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well you see this dense diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well you see this dense diagonal
+here let's click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here if you had a very popular person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you had a very popular person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you had a very popular person
+look at all the hits we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the hits we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the hits we're going to get
+when we correlate it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we correlate it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we correlate it with
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+okay this becomes a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this becomes a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this becomes a performance
+bottleneck when we start creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck when we start creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck when we start creating
+enormously long values and so we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously long values and so we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously long values and so we always
+have to be careful when we do these ped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful when we do these ped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful when we do these ped
+pedigree preserving correlations if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree preserving correlations if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree preserving correlations if it's
+if it's correlating one set with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's correlating one set with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's correlating one set with another
+we're not going to have a dense diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have a dense diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have a dense diagonal
+it's going to be fine but if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be fine but if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be fine but if we're
+correlating something with itself we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating something with itself we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating something with itself we
+always have to be on the lookout that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be on the lookout that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be on the lookout that we
+might be creating these dense diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be creating these dense diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be creating these dense diagonals
+in which case we could have an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we could have an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we could have an issue
+that we might create a very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might create a very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might create a very very large
+value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and
+the fact of the matter is the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of the matter is the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of the matter is the way we
+sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the
+strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings
+is we convert the list to a dense car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we convert the list to a dense car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we convert the list to a dense car
+Matrix and then call the mat laab sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then call the mat laab sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and then call the mat laab sort
+routine it's the only way we can sort it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine it's the only way we can sort it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine it's the only way we can sort it
+and so the width of that Matrix is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the width of that Matrix is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the width of that Matrix is the
+length of the longest string in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the longest string in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the longest string in the list
+so they're all about the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all about the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all about the same length
+it's fine but if you have mostly things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine but if you have mostly things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine but if you have mostly things
+that are 20 characters and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are 20 characters and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are 20 characters and then you have
+something that's 2,000 characters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's 2,000 characters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's 2,000 characters long
+and you create a 100,000 by 2,000 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you create a 100,000 by 2,000 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you create a 100,000 by 2,000 Matrix
+you have just consumed an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just consumed an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just consumed an awful lot of
+memory and sorting that and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and sorting that and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and sorting that and all that
+justly so whenever people say it's slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justly so whenever people say it's slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justly so whenever people say it's slow
+or they run on memory it's almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they run on memory it's almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they run on memory it's almost always
+because they're creating they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're creating they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're creating they have a
+they have a string list and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a string list and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a string list and and and and
+we're trying to manipulate by sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to manipulate by sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to manipulate by sorting
+and one of the values in that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the values in that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the values in that string
+list is just extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is just extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is just extremely
+long um so that's just a little cave out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um so that's just a little cave out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um so that's just a little cave out
+there very powerful technique you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very powerful technique you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very powerful technique you have
+to watch out for this diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch out for this diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch out for this diagonal and
+there's ways to work around it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways to work around it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways to work around it that
+usually are data specific but again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually are data specific but again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually are data specific but again a
+very powerful this pedigree preserving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful this pedigree preserving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful this pedigree preserving a
+correlation uh something that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh something that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh something that usually
+people want and especially since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and especially since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and especially since we
+almost usually store just a like a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost usually store just a like a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost usually store just a like a one
+in the value we're not really throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value we're not really throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value we're not really throwing
+away any information sometimes we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away any information sometimes we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away any information sometimes we want
+it because we want to count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we want to count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we want to count how many
+times that those happen if we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that those happen if we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that those happen if we didn't do
+the pedigree preserving the cat key mle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedigree preserving the cat key mle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedigree preserving the cat key mle
+then we would have gotten a value of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have gotten a value of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have gotten a value of of
+three here and so we could have counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and so we could have counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here and so we could have counted
+that would have told us sometimes we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have told us sometimes we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have told us sometimes we do
+them both one that gives us the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both one that gives us the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both one that gives us the count
+ones that gives us the pedigree and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that gives us the pedigree and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that gives us the pedigree and just
+store them both and there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them both and there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them both and there's different
+things that we want that we do with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want that we do with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we want that we do with one
+versus the other so again having fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other so again having fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other so again having fun
+with the different types of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the different types of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the different types of Matrix
+multiplies that we can do in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies that we can do in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies that we can do in this in the
+in the in the space of associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the space of associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the space of associative
+arrays all right we're running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays all right we're running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays all right we're running out of
+time here but I think we're almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here but I think we're almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here but I think we're almost done
+oh so let me just see here uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so let me just see here uh then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so let me just see here uh then we
+did the document document correlation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the document document correlation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the document document correlation so
+this is the square out which is e * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the square out which is e * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the square out which is e * e
+transpose and um we'll just take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and um we'll just take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and um we'll just take a quick
+look at that so again here we are figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so again here we are figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so again here we are figure
+four this just shows us uh Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this just shows us uh Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four this just shows us uh Which
+documents are closely related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents are closely related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents are closely related to each
+other Which documents have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Which documents have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Which documents have a lot of
+common entities so this just says here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common entities so this just says here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common entities so this just says here
+that these two documents share uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two documents share uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two documents share uh you
+know had one common entity with them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had one common entity with them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had one common entity with them uh
+you know other ones you know I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other ones you know I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other ones you know I'm just
+clicking around here not having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking around here not having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking around here not having a lot of
+luck finding one that's got a lot in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck finding one that's got a lot in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck finding one that's got a lot in it
+so maybe maybe around here no no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe around here no no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe around here no no right
+well certainly if I click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well certainly if I click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well certainly if I click on the
+diagonal oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow these basically pretty sparse sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow these basically pretty sparse sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow these basically pretty sparse sparse
+correlations between these documents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between these documents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between these documents so
+um all right and I think we'll go now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and I think we'll go now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right and I think we'll go now to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+last example is there last example yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example is there last example yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last example is there last example yes
+one for one last last one so yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all all right righty so now we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all right righty so now we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all right righty so now we'll do
+those the stuff I showed you so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the stuff I showed you so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the stuff I showed you so far is
+pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy
+stuff pretty sophisticated by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff pretty sophisticated by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff pretty sophisticated by a lot of
+the standards that are out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards that are out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standards that are out there in
+terms of being able to do sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being able to do sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being able to do sums and
+histograms and basic correlations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms and basic correlations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms and basic correlations that's
+often significantly beyond what is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often significantly beyond what is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often significantly beyond what is just
+sort of the run-of-the-mill what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the run-of-the-mill what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the run-of-the-mill what what
+you'll just run into if you just go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just run into if you just go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just run into if you just go into
+a place that does doing basic analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that does doing basic analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that does doing basic analysis
+so again we load it we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we load it we convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we load it we convert
+everything to numeric we've now squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to numeric we've now squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to numeric we've now squared
+it so we created the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we created the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we created the graph
+um I'm now I wanted to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm now I wanted to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm now I wanted to get rid of that
+annoying diagonal so I got the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying diagonal so I got the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying diagonal so I got the diagonal
+out so just so you know so all I did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so just so you know so all I did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so just so you know so all I did is
+I take I know it's a square so I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take I know it's a square so I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take I know it's a square so I can do
+certain things without worrying so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things without worrying so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things without worrying so I can
+basically take the adjacency Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the adjacency Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the adjacency Matrix that
+just giv me a regular mat lab spars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giv me a regular mat lab spars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giv me a regular mat lab spars
+Matrix I can now do take the diag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I can now do take the diag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I can now do take the diag of
+that and since it's a square I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and since it's a square I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and since it's a square I can just
+take those two subtract them to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two subtract them to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two subtract them to from
+each other and just insert it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and just insert it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and just insert it back in
+without any harm done knowing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any harm done knowing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any harm done knowing it's like
+look I took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I took a
+Square adjacency Matrix out did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square adjacency Matrix out did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square adjacency Matrix out did some
+manipulation stuff it back in I've the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation stuff it back in I've the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation stuff it back in I've the
+dimensions are the same you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are the same you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are the same you know it
+should be it should be okay I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be okay I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it should be okay I might have
+an issue that I may have introduced a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that I may have introduced a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that I may have introduced a an
+empty row or an empty column you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty row or an empty column you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty row or an empty column you know um
+which could cause me a little problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could cause me a little problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could cause me a little problems
+I'm not going to get the triples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to get the triples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to get the triples of that
+because I want to normalize the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to normalize the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to normalize the values
+here so I'm going to get the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to get the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to get the uh the
+diagonals showed me how many counts were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals showed me how many counts were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals showed me how many counts were
+in each document so I want to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each document so I want to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each document so I want to normalize
+any uh entities in that document by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh entities in that document by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh entities in that document by
+because sometimes you'll get a document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you'll get a document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you'll get a document
+it's like and here's the list of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like and here's the list of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like and here's the list of every
+single country that participated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single country that participated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single country that participated in this
+un meeting and I'll have you know aund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un meeting and I'll have you know aund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un meeting and I'll have you know aund
+and some countries so a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some countries so a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some countries so a country
+appearing in that document is not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in that document is not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in that document is not such a
+big deal because all the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal because all the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal because all the countries
+appear in that document so this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in that document so this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in that document so this allows
+us to do that we can if we want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that we can if we want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that we can if we want to do a
+correlation uh we take the actual value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh we take the actual value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh we take the actual value
+and then divide it by the minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide it by the minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then divide it by the minimum the
+least document that' be the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least document that' be the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least document that' be the maximum
+number of hits you could get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hits you could get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hits you could get in the
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+we can do uh multi faet queries so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh multi faet queries so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do uh multi faet queries so we
+want to do location against all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do location against all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do location against all people
+and so here's a more complicated query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a more complicated query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's a more complicated query
+which says find me all people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says find me all people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says find me all people that
+appeared more than four uh uh uh times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared more than four uh uh uh times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared more than four uh uh uh times
+and with a probability greater than3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a probability greater than3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a probability greater than3 and
+with respect to New York so here's New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to New York so here's New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to New York so here's New
+York and all these different people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and all these different people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and all these different people uh
+who are basically these are people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are basically these are people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are basically these are people that
+appeared with New York and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared with New York and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared with New York and almost
+exclusively appeared with New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively appeared with New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively appeared with New York
+so so uh John Kennedy so this is his son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh John Kennedy so this is his son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh John Kennedy so this is his son
+that you know was still alive at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know was still alive at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know was still alive at that
+time um you know was very popular in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um you know was very popular in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um you know was very popular in the
+news um and uh and uh so we let's focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news um and uh and uh so we let's focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news um and uh and uh so we let's focus
+on him so let's uh let's get John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on him so let's uh let's get John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on him so let's uh let's get John
+Kennedy let's get his neighborhood so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy let's get his neighborhood so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy let's get his neighborhood so we
+can go into his uh get all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into his uh get all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go into his uh get all the people
+other people who appeared in documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who appeared in documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who appeared in documents
+with John Kennedy and we can plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Kennedy and we can plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Kennedy and we can plot that
+neighborhood and if we go here here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and if we go here here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and if we go here here this
+is his neighborhood so there's John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his neighborhood so there's John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his neighborhood so there's John
+Kennedy his rows and columns and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy his rows and columns and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy his rows and columns and then
+these are all the other people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the other people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the other people that
+appeared with him you see this dense row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared with him you see this dense row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared with him you see this dense row
+and column and then these are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column and then these are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column and then these are what are
+called the triangles so these are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the triangles so these are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the triangles so these are other
+people who appeared in documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who appeared in documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who appeared in documents
+together you know so George Bush and Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know so George Bush and Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know so George Bush and Jim
+Wright appeared in a document together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright appeared in a document together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wright appeared in a document together
+but not necessarily with John Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily with John Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily with John Kennedy
+and we can actually find those people by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually find those people by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can actually find those people by
+just doing this basic arithmetic year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this basic arithmetic year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing this basic arithmetic year
+and this shows us all the triangles all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows us all the triangles all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows us all the triangles all
+the other people also appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people also appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people also appeared in
+documents together who appeared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents together who appeared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents together who appeared with
+John Kennedy and so that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Kennedy and so that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Kennedy and so that's that's what
+you have so with that we will we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so with that we will we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so with that we will we're
+running a little bit late here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit late here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little bit late here so we
+will wrap it up and uh you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wrap it up and uh you know again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wrap it up and uh you know again
+encourage you to go into your code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go into your code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go into your code and
+run these examples and try them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these examples and try them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these examples and try them out and
+this should give you the first sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should give you the first sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should give you the first sense of
+really kind of working with some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of working with some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of working with some real
+data and playing with stuff so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and playing with stuff so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and playing with stuff so thank you
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2TL8rY9Rc_A.txt b/2TL8rY9Rc_A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26355f198a84f6624acfa0197adb763774997e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2TL8rY9Rc_A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+In this clip we're going
+to demonstrate the gene
+
+regulation of the E.
+coli lac operon.
+
+As you remember from the lecture
+clips, the lac operon
+
+is a collection of genes that
+produces the lactose
+
+metabolism machinery
+when expressed.
+
+Now, when these are expressed,
+E. coli is able
+
+to metabolize lactose.
+
+However, it prefers to
+metabolize glucose, to use
+
+that as its sugar.
+
+Thus, when there's glucose
+available to the cell, it's
+
+pointless for it to create this
+machinery, because it's
+
+not going to actually use it.
+
+It's going to metabolize
+the glucose instead.
+
+But when we remove glucose and
+add lactose, the E. coli
+
+absolutely needs to be able to
+metabolize this lactose,
+
+otherwise it's not going to
+be able to grow with the
+
+available energy source.
+
+Thus, we have a couple of
+different situations.
+
+When we have glucose present
+but not lactose, we do not
+
+want to express the
+lac operon.
+
+However, when we remove glucose
+and we add lactose, we
+
+do want to express
+the lac operon.
+
+Now we've covered when the E.
+coli would like to express
+
+this operon.
+
+However, how can it express this
+operon only when it wants
+
+to and not when it doesn't?
+
+That's where the promoter
+comes into play.
+
+The promoter is where RNA
+polymerase binds.
+
+And RNA polymerase needs to bind
+to this promoter in order
+
+to transcribe and express
+these genes.
+
+In this particular promoter,
+we have a site where a
+
+repressor can bind and a site
+where an activator can bind.
+
+So I have a repressor and
+I have an activator.
+
+So when the repressor is bound,
+polymerase cannot bind
+
+to the promoter.
+
+Polymerase also needs the
+activator to be bound to the
+
+promoter in order to bind.
+
+So how can the E. coli regulate
+when the repressor
+
+and activator are bound
+to the promoter?
+
+Well, when we have lactose in
+the system, I have lactose
+
+right here, the repressor
+is able to bind lactose.
+
+The repressor only binds
+to the promoter
+
+when there is no lactose.
+
+And when binding to lactose,
+the repressor comes undone
+
+from the promoter.
+
+How does the cell tell whether
+there's glucose
+
+in the cell or not?
+
+When glucose is low in the
+cell, the cell makes a
+
+molecule called cyclic
+AMP, or CAMP.
+
+I have a molecule of
+CAMP right here.
+
+And so CAMP is the cell's way
+of indicating that there is
+
+low glucose in the cell.
+
+The activator needs
+CAMP to bind to be
+
+activator binding site.
+
+When CAMP is removed, or
+glucose is added, the
+
+activator cannot bind to
+the promoter anymore.
+
+Ok, so let's give it a try.
+
+In this first situation
+we have glucose,
+
+we don't have lactose.
+
+So I have neither my lactose
+nor my CAMP in the system.
+
+Repressor, can you bind?
+
+The Repressor is bound.
+
+Activator, can you bind?
+
+No, the activator
+is not bound.
+
+The repressor is bound, and so
+when RNA polymerase comes to
+
+the promoter, RNA polymerase
+is not able to
+
+bind at this promoter.
+
+And thus, it's not able to
+express these genes.
+
+And so, as we can see here,
+there is no expression.
+
+In this second situation,
+we have no glucose
+
+and we do have lactose.
+
+Since I'm removing glucose,
+I am adding back CAMP.
+
+Activator, can you bind?
+
+Activator is now bound.
+
+And I'm also adding lactose
+to the system.
+
+Repressor can't bind anymore.
+
+So what do I have at
+my promoter now?
+
+RNA polymerase comes along
+and finds only an
+
+activator at the promoter.
+
+The polymerase can thus bind
+to the promoter and move
+
+downstream to transcribe and
+express the lactose metabolism
+
+machinery that we have here.
+
+So we have now covered how the
+E. coli organism is able to
+
+regulate the transcription
+of the
+
+lactose metabolism machinery.
+
+This is only one example of many
+genes and many organisms
+
+that are regulated by mechanisms
+such as this.
+
+Gene regulation is a very
+widespread mechanism, in order
+
+to keep a cell from producing
+proteins that
+
+are a waste to produce.
+
+Thank you for watching.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/363JQxFwLXg.txt b/363JQxFwLXg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..159a1fcf54739cb6c265d06b4716968045d48cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/363JQxFwLXg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen two versions of the Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen two versions of the Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen two versions of the Bayes
+rule one involving two discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule one involving two discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule one involving two discrete random
+variables and another that involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and another that involves two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and another that involves two
+continuous random variables but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables but there
+are many situations in real life when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many situations in real life when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many situations in real life when
+one has to deal simultaneously with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to deal simultaneously with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to deal simultaneously with
+discrete and continuous random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and continuous random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and continuous random variables
+for example you may want to recover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you may want to recover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you may want to recover a
+discrete digital signal that was sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete digital signal that was sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete digital signal that was sent to
+you but the signal has been corrupted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but the signal has been corrupted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but the signal has been corrupted by
+continuous noise so that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous noise so that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous noise so that your
+observation is a continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is a continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is a continuous random
+variable so suppose that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so suppose that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so suppose that we have a
+discrete random variable K and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable K and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable K and another
+continuous random variable Y in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable Y in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable Y in order to
+get a variant of the Bayes rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a variant of the Bayes rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a variant of the Bayes rule that
+applies to this situation we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to this situation we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to this situation we will
+proceed as in the more standard cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed as in the more standard cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed as in the more standard cases we
+will use the multiplication rule twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the multiplication rule twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the multiplication rule twice
+to get two alternative expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two alternative expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two alternative expressions for
+the probability of two events happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of two events happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of two events happening
+we will equate those expressions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will equate those expressions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will equate those expressions and
+from these derive a version of the Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these derive a version of the Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these derive a version of the Bayes
+rule so we will look at the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we will look at the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we will look at the probability
+that the discrete random variable takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete random variable takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the discrete random variable takes
+on a certain numerical value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain numerical value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain numerical value and
+simultaneously the continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously the continuous random
+variable takes a value inside a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes a value inside a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes a value inside a certain
+small interval so here Delta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval so here Delta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval so here Delta is a
+positive number which we will take to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number which we will take to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number which we will take to be
+very small and in fact we will we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and in fact we will we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and in fact we will we will
+be interested in the limiting case as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the limiting case as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the limiting case as
+Delta goes to zero so now we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta goes to zero so now we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta goes to zero so now we use the
+multiplication rule the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule the probability of
+two events is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events is equal to the probability
+of the first event times the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first event times the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first event times the conditional
+probability of the second event given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the second event given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the second event given
+that the first event has occurred but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first event has occurred but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first event has occurred but we
+know that we can use the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can use the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can use the multiplication
+rule in any order so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in any order so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in any order so the probability of
+two events happening can also be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events happening can also be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events happening can also be written
+as the probability that the second event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probability that the second event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probability that the second event
+occurs times the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs times the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs times the conditional probability
+that the first event occurs given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first event occurs given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first event occurs given that
+the second event has occurred so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second event has occurred so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second event has occurred so these
+two expressions that we obtain for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two expressions that we obtain for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two expressions that we obtain for the
+multiplication rule have to be equal let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule have to be equal let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication rule have to be equal let
+us rewrite those expressions using PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us rewrite those expressions using PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us rewrite those expressions using PMF
+notation and PDF notation what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and PDF notation what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and PDF notation what we have
+here the probability that the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability that the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability that the discrete
+random variable takes on a certain value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes on a certain value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes on a certain value
+that's just the PMF of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the PMF of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the PMF of this random
+variable evaluated at particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable evaluated at particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable evaluated at particular point
+and what we have here the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here the probability
+that the random variable Y a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable Y a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable Y a continuous
+random variable takes values inside an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values inside an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values inside an
+interval is always equal to the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is always equal to the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is always equal to the PDF of
+that random variable times the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable times the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable times the length of
+this interval and this is an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and this is an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval and this is an approximate
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+however because here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because here we're talking about
+the probability of being in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of being in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of being in a small
+interval conditioned on a certain event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval conditioned on a certain event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval conditioned on a certain event
+we should be using a conditional PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be using a conditional PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be using a conditional PDF
+it's the conditional PDF conditioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional PDF conditioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional PDF conditioned on
+the random variable capital K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable capital K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable capital K and
+conditioned on the specific event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on the specific event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on the specific event that
+this discrete random variable takes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete random variable takes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete random variable takes on a
+certain value little K let us do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value little K let us do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value little K let us do a
+similar notation change for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar notation change for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar notation change for the second
+expression here we have the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here we have the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here we have the probability
+the unconditional probability that Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional probability that Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional probability that Y
+takes a value inside the small interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value inside the small interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value inside the small interval
+and when Delta is small this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Delta is small this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Delta is small this is
+approximately equal to the PDF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the PDF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the PDF of the
+random variable Y times the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y times the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y times the length of
+the interval and what do we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval and what do we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval and what do we have here
+the probability that a discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a discrete random
+variable takes on a certain value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes on a certain value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes on a certain value that
+just corresponds to the PMF of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to the PMF of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to the PMF of that
+random variable however we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable however we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable however we're talking
+about a conditional probability given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a conditional probability given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a conditional probability given
+that a random variable Y takes the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable Y takes the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable Y takes the value
+that's approximately equal to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's approximately equal to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's approximately equal to a certain
+little Y so this is a notation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y so this is a notation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y so this is a notation that we
+have not used before but its meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not used before but its meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not used before but its meaning
+should be unambiguous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be unambiguous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be unambiguous at
+point but just by arguing by analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but just by arguing by analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but just by arguing by analogy to
+what we have been doing all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing all along
+it's a PMF of the random very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a PMF of the random very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a PMF of the random very often
+discourage random variable but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage random variable but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage random variable but it is a
+conditional pmf it describes us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf it describes us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional pmf it describes us the
+probability distribution of the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the discrete
+random variable K when the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable K when the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable K when the random
+variable Y which happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y which happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y which happens to be a
+continuous one takes on a specific value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous one takes on a specific value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous one takes on a specific value
+so we can cancel the deltas from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can cancel the deltas from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can cancel the deltas from both
+sides and we have that this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and we have that this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and we have that this expression
+is approximately equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately equal to that
+expression and this approximate equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this approximate equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this approximate equality
+is more and more exact as we send Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more and more exact as we send Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more and more exact as we send Delta
+to zero but Delta has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but Delta has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but Delta has already
+disappeared from here so we can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from here so we can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from here so we can set
+these two expressions equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions equal to each
+other at this point now we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this point now we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at this point now we can take this
+term and move it to the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and move it to the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and move it to the other side of
+the equality so it will go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality so it will go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality so it will go to the
+denominator and we obtain this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and we obtain this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and we obtain this version
+of the Bayes rule it gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bayes rule it gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bayes rule it gives us the
+conditional probability of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a random
+variable J given that a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable J given that a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable J given that a certain
+continuous random variable Y has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable Y has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable Y has taken
+on a specific value so this version is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific value so this version is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific value so this version is
+useful if we have a continuous noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if we have a continuous noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if we have a continuous noisy
+observation Y on the basis of which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation Y on the basis of which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation Y on the basis of which were
+trying to say something to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say something to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say something to make
+inferences about the discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the discrete random
+variable K and in order to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and in order to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and in order to apply the
+Bayes rule we need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule we need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule we need to know the
+unconditional distribution of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional distribution of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional distribution of the random
+variable K and we also need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and we also need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable K and we also need to have a
+model of the noisy observation a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the noisy observation a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the noisy observation a model
+of that observation under each possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that observation under each possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that observation under each possible
+conditional universe so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe so for any
+possibility for the random variable K we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for the random variable K we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for the random variable K we
+need to know the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the distribution of the
+random variable Y or alternatively we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y or alternatively we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y or alternatively we
+can take this term and send it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this term and send it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this term and send it to the
+denominator of the other side and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the other side and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator of the other side and we get
+a different version of the Bayes rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different version of the Bayes rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different version of the Bayes rule
+this version of the Bayes rule applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of the Bayes rule applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of the Bayes rule applies
+if we're trying to make an inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to make an inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to make an inference
+about a continuous random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a continuous random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a continuous random variable Y
+given that we know the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we know the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we know the value of a
+certain related observation K of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain related observation K of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain related observation K of a
+random variable capital K in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital K in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable capital K in both
+versions of the Bayes rule there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the Bayes rule there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the Bayes rule there's also
+a denominator term which needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denominator term which needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denominator term which needs to be
+evaluated this term gets evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated this term gets evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated this term gets evaluated
+similar to the cases that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the cases that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the cases that we have
+considered earlier and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered earlier and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered earlier and they are
+determined by using a suitable version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by using a suitable version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by using a suitable version
+of the total probability theorem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total probability theorem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total probability theorem this is
+a version of the total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of the total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of the total probability
+theorem that we have already seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we have already seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we have already seen we
+have a conditional density of Y under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conditional density of Y under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conditional density of Y under
+different scenarios for the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios for the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios for the random
+variable capital k and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital k and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital k and we get the
+density of Y by considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Y by considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of Y by considering the
+conditional densities and weighing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional densities and weighing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional densities and weighing them
+according to the probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the probabilities of the
+different discrete scenarios this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discrete scenarios this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discrete scenarios this
+version of the total probability theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the total probability theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the total probability theorem
+is something that we have not proved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we have not proved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we have not proved so
+far and we have not seen it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and we have not seen it on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and we have not seen it on the other
+hand it's not hard to derive if we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's not hard to derive if we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's not hard to derive if we fix
+the value of K this is a density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of K this is a density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of K this is a density and
+therefore it must integrate to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must integrate to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must integrate to one so
+the integral of this ratio with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this ratio with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this ratio with respect
+to Y has to be equal to 1 now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y has to be equal to 1 now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y has to be equal to 1 now there's no
+y in the denominator so the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in the denominator so the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in the denominator so the integral of
+the numerator divided by the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator divided by the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator divided by the denominator
+has to be equal to 1 which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to 1 which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to 1 which means that
+the denominator must be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator must be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator must be equal to the
+integral of the numerator when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the numerator when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the numerator when we
+integrate over all Y's and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over all Y's and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over all Y's and this is just
+what this expression is saying so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this expression is saying so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this expression is saying so what
+we will do next will be to consider one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next will be to consider one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do next will be to consider one
+example for each one of these two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for each one of these two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for each one of these two cases
+of the Bayes rule that we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bayes rule that we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bayes rule that we have just
+derived
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3hHesQcAYXI.txt b/3hHesQcAYXI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b4a2613be69e67db8e9dc643bd285b8f8c43ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3hHesQcAYXI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5560 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the other piece of teaching is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other piece of teaching is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other piece of teaching is giving
+talks I'm not so sure I refer to them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks I'm not so sure I refer to them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks I'm not so sure I refer to them as
+lectures but really talks about work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but really talks about work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but really talks about work um
+bring in my own work that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in my own work that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in my own work that I've
+done um in the form of slides often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um in the form of slides often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um in the form of slides often to
+explain particular ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain particular ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain particular ideas about
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+um although there is no great knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although there is no great knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um although there is no great knowledge
+that can be passed on there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be passed on there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be passed on there are some
+ideas that you learn over the years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you learn over the years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you learn over the years that
+you can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pass
+on and the talks are a way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the talks are a way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the talks are a way of doing
+that uh today's talk about the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh today's talk about the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh today's talk about the space
+between buildings is a topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between buildings is a topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between buildings is a topic that
+interests me and is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me and is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me and is very important for
+this particular project so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular project so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular project so what you're
+about to see is a typical slide talk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to see is a typical slide talk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to see is a typical slide talk of
+which there are also usually about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are also usually about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are also usually about 10
+during the semester on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the semester on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the semester on different
+subjects the at MIT I teach Studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects the at MIT I teach Studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects the at MIT I teach Studios
+which obviously this is one but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obviously this is one but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obviously this is one but we also
+have a very unique thing which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very unique thing which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very unique thing which are
+workshops of which I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops of which I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops of which I'm trying to
+actually make more available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make more available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make more available for
+undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+um and in the workshop we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the workshop we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the workshop we
+explore topics that we couldn't normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore topics that we couldn't normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore topics that we couldn't normally
+do in the studio as a collective kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the studio as a collective kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the studio as a collective kind of
+group and I just came back from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I just came back from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I just came back from my
+meeting with my workshop on what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with my workshop on what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with my workshop on what is
+known as the space within which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the space within which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the space within which is an
+interesting Workshop there are two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Workshop there are two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Workshop there are two kinds
+of workshops that I teach and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workshops that I teach and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workshops that I teach and I will
+show you samples of both one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you samples of both one is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you samples of both one is um
+International workshops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International workshops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International workshops
+where with engineers and planners we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where with engineers and planners we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where with engineers and planners we go
+to some place like turkey or Honduras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some place like turkey or Honduras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some place like turkey or Honduras
+Bhutan India and do an actual project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bhutan India and do an actual project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bhutan India and do an actual project
+working with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with different
+disciplines and the turkey is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and the turkey is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and the turkey is you know
+I'm supposed to go to Turkey is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to go to Turkey is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to go to Turkey is related
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+workshop and I there's probably 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop and I there's probably 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop and I there's probably 10
+countries that we've worked in so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that we've worked in so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that we've worked in so that's
+one form which is a exposing students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form which is a exposing students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form which is a exposing students to
+other cultures but also exposing you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cultures but also exposing you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cultures but also exposing you to
+other cultures such as planners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cultures such as planners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cultures such as planners and
+engineers and other people at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and other people at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and other people at the
+Institute and the notion being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute and the notion being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute and the notion being that
+architecture gets richer when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture gets richer when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture gets richer when you have
+that the second kind of Workshop is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second kind of Workshop is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second kind of Workshop is this
+which is the exploring ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the exploring ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the exploring ideas that
+normally you can't do in a studio but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't do in a studio but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't do in a studio but of
+basically uh or eventually May influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh or eventually May influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh or eventually May influence
+the studio teaching so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio teaching so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio teaching so this is the uh
+space between workshops which I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between workshops which I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between workshops which I have
+done several of and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done several of and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done several of and there's a
+publication I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication I'm going to give
+you um and it suggests a way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and it suggests a way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and it suggests a way of thinking
+now by the way I think that the uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the way I think that the uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the way I think that the uh idea
+of a teacher for me is one who practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a teacher for me is one who practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a teacher for me is one who practice
+practices architecture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices architecture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices architecture that I
+do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and
+does I would not call it research but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I would not call it research but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I would not call it research but
+searching for ideas that influence both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for ideas that influence both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for ideas that influence both
+the practice and the teaching so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice and the teaching so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice and the teaching so all
+three of them are related I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them are related I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them are related I couldn't
+teach without practicing I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach without practicing I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach without practicing I couldn't
+practice without teaching I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice without teaching I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice without teaching I couldn't
+searching search without teaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching search without teaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching search without teaching the
+trick is to do all three at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to do all three at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to do all three at the same
+time which is not always easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not always easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is not always easy but
+somehow it happens or most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it happens or most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it happens or most of the time
+it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for some time I have been interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some time I have been interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some time I have been interested
+in the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the issue of
+space we all talk about it often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we all talk about it often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we all talk about it often
+referred to as negative space leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as negative space leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as negative space leftover
+space I would like to uh think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I would like to uh think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I would like to uh think about it
+as positive space and in this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as positive space and in this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as positive space and in this project
+particularly sensitize you to the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitize you to the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitize you to the notion
+of making space as opposed to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making space as opposed to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making space as opposed to making
+objects we have historically always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we have historically always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we have historically always
+been making objects without much regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making objects without much regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been making objects without much regard
+to the space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the space between the
+objects that is to say uh you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that is to say uh you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that is to say uh you make your
+object I make my object I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I make my object I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I make my object I don't care if
+it fits or not this sight that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits or not this sight that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits or not this sight that you have
+in this project is such that space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project is such that space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project is such that space and
+object is almost has to be related and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is almost has to be related and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is almost has to be related and
+we talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this a little bit
+yesterday so I show some images I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so I show some images I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so I show some images I love
+and I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I spend
+hours sketching I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours sketching I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours sketching I try to
+draw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um
+this is on block alen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on block alen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on block alen these
+objects but the more I do it the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but the more I do it the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but the more I do it the more
+I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in the
+tension that they create and the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension that they create and the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension that they create and the space
+that they make so this for me is a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make so this for me is a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make so this for me is a piece
+of architecture that is the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture that is the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architecture that is the space
+between the objects so my interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the objects so my interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the objects so my interest is
+shifted from the object to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from the object to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted from the object to the space
+that they create now I know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they create now I know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they create now I know this is a
+reciprocal relationship and I'm turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal relationship and I'm turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal relationship and I'm turning
+you on your head but what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your head but what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your head but what I'm trying to
+do is see if we can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is see if we can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is see if we can think about the
+nature of this and Define that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this and Define that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this and Define that as an
+architectural building tool we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural building tool we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural building tool we've done
+very well with the object or better let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with the object or better let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with the object or better let
+us say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us say
+next so for me the Forbidden City in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so for me the Forbidden City in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so for me the Forbidden City in
+Beijing China which is made up of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beijing China which is made up of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beijing China which is made up of of a
+huge place and made up of paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge place and made up of paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge place and made up of paths and
+places which is the basis of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is the basis of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is the basis of this this
+street is not two buildings but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street is not two buildings but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street is not two buildings but it's a
+space moving through as an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space moving through as an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space moving through as an example and
+by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the
+Chinese in historical sense understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese in historical sense understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese in historical sense understood
+the notion of space better than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of space better than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of space better than any
+other civilization and they designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other civilization and they designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other civilization and they designed
+with space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space
+next um or in the case of Sienna the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um or in the case of Sienna the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um or in the case of Sienna the
+space of the streets which are path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the streets which are path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the streets which are path in
+this case leads to a place which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case leads to a place which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case leads to a place which is the
+greatest I hope I have a slide of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest I hope I have a slide of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest I hope I have a slide of which
+is the greatest space in the world the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the greatest space in the world the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the greatest space in the world the
+compo and the tower which accents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo and the tower which accents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo and the tower which accents the
+compo and the two work together and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo and the two work together and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo and the two work together and by
+the way a tower in the space is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a tower in the space is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a tower in the space is an
+object but I say is a controller of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but I say is a controller of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but I say is a controller of
+space that is you understand the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that is you understand the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that is you understand the space
+because of it take it away of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it take it away of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it take it away of your mind
+and there's no space there that draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no space there that draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no space there that draws
+your attention to it so Church Steeples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to it so Church Steeples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to it so Church Steeples
+Towers Etc are ways in my way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers Etc are ways in my way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers Etc are ways in my way of
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+of activating space the pyramid is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activating space the pyramid is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activating space the pyramid is not
+an object in my mind but it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object in my mind but it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object in my mind but it's actually a
+recognition of space around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of space around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of space around
+it just a slight twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just a slight twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just a slight twist
+next how does so then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how does so then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how does so then the question is
+how can we think about this and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we think about this and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we think about this and I've
+tried to study that I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to study that I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to study that I don't know if you
+can focus that any better no try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus that any better no try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can focus that any better no try it
+manually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually you can
+um if we think about the woods a Woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we think about the woods a Woods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we think about the woods a Woods
+oh maybe it's out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe it's out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe it's out of focus
+yeah uh it's not a bad picture it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it's not a bad picture it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it's not a bad picture it's a
+very good picture I took it but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good picture I took it but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good picture I took it but I don't
+know what's wrong with the I know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's wrong with the I know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's wrong with the I know what's
+wrong with the c never mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the c never mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the c never mind it's
+digitized and then it went back um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized and then it went back um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized and then it went back um if
+you think about a Woods you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about a Woods you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about a Woods you have
+trees which is meaningless unless that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which is meaningless unless that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees which is meaningless unless that
+you can experience it this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can experience it this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can experience it this is like a
+building in my opinion so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in my opinion so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in my opinion so we have to
+find a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way of
+experiencing the woods so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing the woods so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing the woods so that's the
+beginning of understanding space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of understanding space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of understanding space
+next so the first definition for me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so the first definition for me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so the first definition for me of
+space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a
+path that moves through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that moves through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that moves through the
+woods that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods that is to
+say that as we move we create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path and a door for me that door is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and a door for me that door is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and a door for me that door is not
+a door but it's an echo of a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door but it's an echo of a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door but it's an echo of a person
+moving through space and that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through space and that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through space and that's why it's
+68 by 210 because that's the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 by 210 because that's the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 by 210 because that's the size of the
+body it's always related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's always related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it's always related to the
+body so therefore the first parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so therefore the first parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so therefore the first parameter
+for me of understanding the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me of understanding the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me of understanding the space
+between is understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is understanding
+paths so in the woods we wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths so in the woods we wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths so in the woods we wouldn't know
+this was here unless we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was here unless we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was here unless we had the
+path now and in our environment of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now and in our environment of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now and in our environment of MIT
+we don't have any paths we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any paths we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any paths we have
+highways the infinite Corridor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways the infinite Corridor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways the infinite Corridor is the
+I95 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I95 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I95 of
+paths and except for which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and except for which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and except for which is very
+exciting at the end of it now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting at the end of it now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting at the end of it now where
+they've opened it up and you can look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've opened it up and you can look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've opened it up and you can look in
+you have no idea what's going on you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what's going on you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what's going on you're
+just feeding along if anybody stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feeding along if anybody stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feeding along if anybody stops
+there's a major traffic jam the EV I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a major traffic jam the EV I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a major traffic jam the EV I was
+trying to pass somebody and I felt as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pass somebody and I felt as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pass somebody and I felt as
+though I needed to have a blinker light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I needed to have a blinker light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I needed to have a blinker light
+to be able to do it in there and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do it in there and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do it in there and make
+sure no one was coming forward so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure no one was coming forward so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure no one was coming forward so we
+don't do we don't understand that no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do we don't understand that no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do we don't understand that no but
+paths are the most beautiful beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are the most beautiful beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are the most beautiful beginning
+of understanding space and I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding space and I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding space and I don't care
+if this is a design of a city or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a design of a city or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a design of a city or your
+building or a house it's the same notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or a house it's the same notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or a house it's the same notion
+that is it can be made up of paths which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it can be made up of paths which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it can be made up of paths which
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+circulation as we think of it but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation as we think of it but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation as we think of it but are
+places where the people are the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the people are the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the people are the good
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+next so this is the very basic path on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so this is the very basic path on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so this is the very basic path on
+Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black
+Island it's been uh worn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's been uh worn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island it's been uh worn
+slightly if you look care you'll find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly if you look care you'll find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly if you look care you'll find um
+what I call the decoration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the decoration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the decoration of
+architecture certain flowers and plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture certain flowers and plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture certain flowers and plants
+will start to bloom along it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to bloom along it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to bloom along it because the
+light hits it and so it's and and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hits it and so it's and and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light hits it and so it's and and it's a
+way of experiencing the trees or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of experiencing the trees or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of experiencing the trees or the
+building it's the same thing next it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's the same thing next it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's the same thing next it's a
+good stuff here's a very beautiful one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here's a very beautiful one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here's a very beautiful one
+in Japan which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan which is very
+subtle but a path that's moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but a path that's moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but a path that's moving through
+the woods in such a way that it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods in such a way that it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woods in such a way that it is if
+you wish making me aware of trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish making me aware of trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish making me aware of trees and
+the space it's through that path that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space it's through that path that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space it's through that path that I
+understand the place as it moves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the place as it moves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the place as it moves through
+and by the way it looks natural it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way it looks natural it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way it looks natural it's not
+it's all built it's the same old issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all built it's the same old issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all built it's the same old issue
+of what's nature and what isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's nature and what isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's nature and what isn't
+next um or just the space between it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um or just the space between it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um or just the space between it may
+have been in a North End it is a North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in a North End it is a North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in a North End it is a North
+End um between two buildings acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End um between two buildings acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End um between two buildings acts as a
+space that can focus something in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that can focus something in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that can focus something in this
+case some buildings and we have those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some buildings and we have those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some buildings and we have those on
+our site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site
+next sometimes and in your and my hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next sometimes and in your and my hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next sometimes and in your and my hope
+is that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in your
+building the path becomes a major part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the path becomes a major part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the path becomes a major part
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+building and this was what I called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and this was what I called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and this was what I called the
+public framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public framework of
+paths this is in Berkeley and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths this is in Berkeley and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths this is in Berkeley and this is
+the Old School of Architecture called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old School of Architecture called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old School of Architecture called
+The Ark building the exciting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ark building the exciting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ark building the exciting thing is
+that the architectural school went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the architectural school went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the architectural school went up
+the side of the Hill on the south side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the Hill on the south side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the Hill on the south side
+of a of a courtyard several Courtyards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a courtyard several Courtyards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a courtyard several Courtyards
+these steps and the studios were off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps and the studios were off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps and the studios were off of
+these at various levels and so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at various levels and so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these at various levels and so this was
+the place where everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where everybody
+met and you would bump into people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and you would bump into people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and you would bump into people
+between the courtyard and the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the courtyard and the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the courtyard and the studio
+quite different than what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than what we have here
+so the good stuff was not the studio but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good stuff was not the studio but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good stuff was not the studio but
+it was the it was the path it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the it was the path it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the it was the path it was the
+actual movement through see you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual movement through see you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual movement through see you might
+think of your building this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your building this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your building this way
+next well it's obvious then if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well it's obvious then if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well it's obvious then if we have
+paths which are movement then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths which are movement then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths which are movement then we have
+places which are non-movement we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which are non-movement we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which are non-movement we have a
+place here kind of a executive place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here kind of a executive place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here kind of a executive place
+here this six tables set around you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this six tables set around you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this six tables set around you know
+the board members Etc but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board members Etc but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board members Etc but nevertheless
+we're making a place and the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a place and the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a place and the space is
+here and all of you are controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all of you are controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all of you are controlling the
+space she's a little bit out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space she's a little bit out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space she's a little bit out of the
+doesn't quite make it but still we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite make it but still we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite make it but still we have
+a something of a place so the place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something of a place so the place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something of a place so the place is
+the second way of defining the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way of defining the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way of defining the space
+between therefore in our building's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between therefore in our building's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between therefore in our building's
+places in the building that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the building that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the building that we can
+Define are the good things that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define are the good things that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define are the good things that's where
+people come together in the woods it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come together in the woods it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people come together in the woods it's
+where the sun is and so you are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sun is and so you are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sun is and so you are drawn
+towards that like a moth towards a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that like a moth towards a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that like a moth towards a a
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+next well the Chinese Water Gardens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well the Chinese Water Gardens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well the Chinese Water Gardens are
+wonderful at making these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful at making these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful at making these places
+uh which actually also involved every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which actually also involved every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which actually also involved every
+element of architecture the W the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of architecture the W the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of architecture the W the ground
+the in between the sky uh the trees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between the sky uh the trees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between the sky uh the trees the
+water the people it's all one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the people it's all one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the people it's all one thing you
+can't focus on on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't focus on on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't focus on on a piece of
+architecture there it's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture there it's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture there it's a total
+experience next which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience next which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience next which is a
+place next which has a path in it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place next which has a path in it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place next which has a path in it in
+this case ah the compo anybody been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case ah the compo anybody been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case ah the compo anybody been to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compo it is in my op a compos in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo it is in my op a compos in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compo it is in my op a compos in um in
+Sienna I'll tell you just quickly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna I'll tell you just quickly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna I'll tell you just quickly the
+story there were three villages around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there were three villages around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there were three villages around
+Sienna or in Sienna I should say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna or in Sienna I should say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna or in Sienna I should say they
+were having little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having little
+fights and during the Renaissance they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and during the Renaissance they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights and during the Renaissance they
+said that's build one place that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's build one place that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's build one place that will
+celebrate the three which was in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate the three which was in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate the three which was in between
+the three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three in the
+valley and it became this great living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley and it became this great living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley and it became this great living
+room if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room if you
+wish um of not only Sienna but of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish um of not only Sienna but of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish um of not only Sienna but of the
+world or certainly of Italy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or certainly of Italy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or certainly of Italy which is
+activated by all kinds of activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by all kinds of activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by all kinds of activities
+commercial uh major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial uh major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial uh major
+events but you can go there any time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but you can go there any time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but you can go there any time of
+the day or night and something will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or night and something will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day or night and something will
+happen something is taking place it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen something is taking place it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen something is taking place it's a
+living room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room for
+people we've talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we've talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we've talked a little bit about
+that in terms of some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of some of the things
+you're doing making living rooms outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing making living rooms outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing making living rooms outside
+living rooms of community spaces this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living rooms of community spaces this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living rooms of community spaces this is
+one and frankly I don't know of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and frankly I don't know of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and frankly I don't know of one
+that's any better in the world than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's any better in the world than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's any better in the world than this
+in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+proportion uh related to it it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion uh related to it it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion uh related to it it's almost
+a half circle it slopes slightly there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half circle it slopes slightly there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half circle it slopes slightly there's
+a fountain here that water runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fountain here that water runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fountain here that water runs through
+campers will camp out on it people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers will camp out on it people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers will camp out on it people will
+sing on it there are coffee shops Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing on it there are coffee shops Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing on it there are coffee shops Etc
+next and at one of one day a year is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and at one of one day a year is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and at one of one day a year is the
+paleo the great horse race that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo the great horse race that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo the great horse race that I
+attended several times of which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended several times of which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended several times of which only
+takes I think 90 seconds and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes I think 90 seconds and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes I think 90 seconds and at that
+point the living room is transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the living room is transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the living room is transformed
+into a place for people these are seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a place for people these are seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a place for people these are seats
+and all these are seats as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these are seats as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these are seats as you can see
+people all over and 40 or 50,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over and 40 or 50,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all over and 40 or 50,000 people
+will be in the middle and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the middle and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the middle and you can see
+that there's a crack that runs around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a crack that runs around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a crack that runs around
+this for a horse race that I think takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a horse race that I think takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a horse race that I think takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and the intention is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and the intention is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and the intention is that each
+neighborhood has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood has a
+horse um and they're betting on it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse um and they're betting on it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse um and they're betting on it to
+win for 90 seconds the horse race takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win for 90 seconds the horse race takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win for 90 seconds the horse race takes
+place there's a winner and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place there's a winner and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place there's a winner and then there's
+all kinds of fights because the horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of fights because the horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of fights because the horse
+race has been fixed purposely because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race has been fixed purposely because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race has been fixed purposely because uh
+at that point in Italian History they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point in Italian History they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point in Italian History they
+recognize that there will always be War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there will always be War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there will always be War
+so that's have one day of it and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's have one day of it and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's have one day of it and as
+opposed to what's going on now brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to what's going on now brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to what's going on now brilliant
+inway get your dresss out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inway get your dresss out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inway get your dresss out
+um um and when I lived there one year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and when I lived there one year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and when I lived there one year I
+was living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was living in the
+snail um community and I had a snail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail um community and I had a snail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snail um community and I had a snail
+batch and I got mixed up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch and I got mixed up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch and I got mixed up into the
+elephant community and all of a sudden I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant community and all of a sudden I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant community and all of a sudden I
+found myself in a fight and I had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found myself in a fight and I had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found myself in a fight and I had no
+idea why I was being hit but I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea why I was being hit but I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea why I was being hit but I was
+because I was the wrong person which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was the wrong person which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was the wrong person which was
+fine I shouldn't have been there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I shouldn't have been there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I shouldn't have been there but
+it's an incredible event to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incredible event to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an incredible event to come
+together yes I went toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yes I went toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yes I went toy
+weour gu he a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weour gu he a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weour gu he a
+caterpillar ah okay caterpillar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caterpillar ah okay caterpillar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caterpillar ah okay caterpillar it's
+another neighborhood and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neighborhood and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neighborhood and they're all
+animals or so he continues to email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals or so he continues to email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals or so he continues to email me
+uh the updates on every race oh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the updates on every race oh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the updates on every race oh really
+the play byplay of the race it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play byplay of the race it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play byplay of the race it's really
+fun you didn't see the race no I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you didn't see the race no I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you didn't see the race no I didn't
+see I wasn't there time it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I wasn't there time it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I wasn't there time it's one of the
+most incredible events to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most incredible events to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most incredible events to see these
+horses going around this uh for 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses going around this uh for 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses going around this uh for 90
+seconds but to me it's the highest form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but to me it's the highest form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but to me it's the highest form
+of civilization and the highest form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of civilization and the highest form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of civilization and the highest form of
+a community center that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community center that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community center that we have the
+Sienna uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sienna uh
+comple um it's it's a it's a space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comple um it's it's a it's a space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comple um it's it's a it's a space it's
+not a bunch of objects and it's a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bunch of objects and it's a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bunch of objects and it's a place
+where people will come and by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people will come and by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people will come and by the way if
+some of you are hinting towards this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are hinting towards this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are hinting towards this in
+what what you're doing in our project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're doing in our project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you're doing in our project in
+a smaller scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller scale
+next okay so now my study has been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay so now my study has been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay so now my study has been to
+try to understand how we might classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how we might classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how we might classify
+space one of the problems with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one of the problems with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one of the problems with our
+profession is that we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is that we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is that we don't have a
+knowledge base I can't pass out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base I can't pass out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base I can't pass out
+knowledge as I could if I were a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as I could if I were a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as I could if I were a doctor
+or a lawyer we really haven't buildt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lawyer we really haven't buildt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lawyer we really haven't buildt a
+knowledge base which we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base which we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base which we need to
+do well if you were a doctor as is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if you were a doctor as is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if you were a doctor as is a
+medical school you would get case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school you would get case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school you would get case
+studies of the past which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the past which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the past which
+has uh led us to what where where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh led us to what where where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh led us to what where where we are
+now because you're standing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because you're standing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because you're standing on the
+shoulders of some other doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders of some other doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders of some other doctor
+previously in architecture we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in architecture we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in architecture we don't do
+that as much because we have an emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as much because we have an emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as much because we have an emphasis
+on creativity I think which is fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creativity I think which is fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creativity I think which is fine but
+I think we could have more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could have more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could have more of a
+knowledge base that we could pass on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base that we could pass on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base that we could pass on and
+what I'm attempting to do in space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm attempting to do in space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm attempting to do in space to
+see is we can we build a knowledge base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is we can we build a knowledge base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is we can we build a knowledge base
+that we could pass on so how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could pass on so how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could pass on so how to do that
+so I started some time ago with trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I started some time ago with trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I started some time ago with trying
+to understand a space this is Louisberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand a space this is Louisberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand a space this is Louisberg
+Square everybody know it in Beacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square everybody know it in Beacon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square everybody know it in Beacon
+Hill's Louisberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill's Louisberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill's Louisberg
+Square no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square no
+no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+know uh well go to Beacon Hill and walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh well go to Beacon Hill and walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh well go to Beacon Hill and walk
+around it says it's it's as interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it says it's it's as interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it says it's it's as interesting
+as north end this is a square in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as north end this is a square in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as north end this is a square in it a
+little precious now it's got a fence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little precious now it's got a fence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little precious now it's got a fence you
+can't go in unless you got a key but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go in unless you got a key but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go in unless you got a key but
+nevertheless it's a space this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's a space this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it's a space this is a
+typical way of looking at it from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way of looking at it from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way of looking at it from an
+architectural point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural point of view
+objects and then the space is vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then the space is vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then the space is vacant
+leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+next so the first exercise that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so the first exercise that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so the first exercise that I did
+this is the very first one was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the very first one was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the very first one was trying to
+understand if I could C categorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if I could C categorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if I could C categorize the
+space in terms of paths and places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in terms of paths and places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in terms of paths and places and
+in this case the clear pror glass was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the clear pror glass was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the clear pror glass was
+showing the paths in different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the paths in different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the paths in different ways and
+the grayer was showing the place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grayer was showing the place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grayer was showing the place but
+even in the place there paths and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the place there paths and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the place there paths and then
+finally the blue was the inside Paths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the blue was the inside Paths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the blue was the inside Paths of
+a house which to my opinion is public in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house which to my opinion is public in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house which to my opinion is public in
+a house everything is either public or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house everything is either public or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house everything is either public or
+private depending on its proportion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private depending on its proportion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private depending on its proportion so
+in a house as an example the stairs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a house as an example the stairs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a house as an example the stairs are
+public to everybody in the house living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public to everybody in the house living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public to everybody in the house living
+room as a place as public um so the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room as a place as public um so the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room as a place as public um so the blue
+was showing what goes on inside and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing what goes on inside and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing what goes on inside and what
+you don't and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't and this is the
+backyards which are space so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyards which are space so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyards which are space so in this
+case I've just turned the world upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I've just turned the world upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I've just turned the world upside
+down what you don't see is the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what you don't see is the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what you don't see is the objects
+and what you do see is the space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do see is the space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do see is the space and
+from the study of this I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the study of this I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the study of this I could
+understand that space is made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that space is made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that space is made up of
+several things one is always the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things one is always the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several things one is always the body
+the size of the body and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the body and the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the body and the second is
+the size of the house which is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the house which is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the house which is related
+also to the size of the body so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the size of the body so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the size of the body so there's
+some proportions there that that relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proportions there that that relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proportions there that that relate
+next we then did studies of one semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we then did studies of one semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we then did studies of one semester
+on paths so these are paths that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paths so these are paths that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paths so these are paths that we
+analyzed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed around
+Boston the space of the path a street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston the space of the path a street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston the space of the path a street
+perhaps uh again what you don't see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh again what you don't see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh again what you don't see are
+buildings but what you do see are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings but what you do see are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings but what you do see are the
+colors representing different varieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors representing different varieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors representing different varieties
+of space outside not all space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space outside not all space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space outside not all space is
+neutral nor is all space the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral nor is all space the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral nor is all space the same in
+fact now we're working at on space space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact now we're working at on space space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact now we're working at on space space
+within which is a space within concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which is a space within concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which is a space within concert
+hall and we've classified 12 kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall and we've classified 12 kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall and we've classified 12 kinds of
+space everything from what we call Hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space everything from what we call Hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space everything from what we call Hot
+Space which is the seat right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space which is the seat right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space which is the seat right next to
+the orchestra the intimate space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orchestra the intimate space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orchestra the intimate space which
+is a space way in the back where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space way in the back where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space way in the back where you can
+hide soaring space which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide soaring space which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide soaring space which is in the
+center Etc so we tried to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Etc so we tried to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Etc so we tried to understand the
+different kinds of layers of space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of layers of space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of layers of space that
+is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created
+next there's some more um streets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next there's some more um streets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next there's some more um streets the
+clear being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear being the
+street each student uh would represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street each student uh would represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street each student uh would represent
+it slightly different in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly different in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slightly different in the way that
+they were talking about the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about the space
+next and so another one not obviously as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and so another one not obviously as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and so another one not obviously as
+contained as the first one as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained as the first one as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained as the first one as you can
+see this is Mass Avenue actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is Mass Avenue actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is Mass Avenue actually
+next um and this is Charlestown on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um and this is Charlestown on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um and this is Charlestown on a
+hill and the the street and how spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill and the the street and how spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill and the the street and how spaces
+are acting off of that you don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting off of that you don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting off of that you don't see any
+buildings here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next if we are talking about space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if we are talking about space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if we are talking about space we
+have to talk about new ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about new ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about new ways of
+representing it this was handdrawn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it this was handdrawn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing it this was handdrawn and
+now we're working on digital but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're working on digital but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're working on digital but the
+white is space and what you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is space and what you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white is space and what you don't see
+back in here is the object so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here is the object so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here is the object so these are
+different kinds of outdoor private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of outdoor private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of outdoor private
+spaces connected to the white space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces connected to the white space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces connected to the white space
+which is public so you have transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is public so you have transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is public so you have transitional
+space and very private space outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and very private space outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and very private space outside
+think about that again again in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that again again in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that again again in in
+relationship to this notion that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to this notion that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to this notion that I've
+that I've introduced of transitions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've introduced of transitions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've introduced of transitions from
+the inside to the outside there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside to the outside there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside to the outside there are
+different kinds of space from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of space from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of space from one to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+next the same is true in drawing of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the same is true in drawing of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the same is true in drawing of a
+section this is a section of space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this is a section of space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section this is a section of space the
+kinds of space that you find at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of space that you find at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of space that you find at the
+bottom is different than the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is different than the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is different than the kinds of
+space at the top it's just a sky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the top it's just a sky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the top it's just a sky and
+then there's a building around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a building around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a building around
+that um it's just turning it upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's just turning it upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's just turning it upside down
+just making you think differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next these are then analysis of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next these are then analysis of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next these are then analysis of places
+this is Harvard Square trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Harvard Square trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Harvard Square trying to show
+the forces of Harvard Square producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces of Harvard Square producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces of Harvard Square producing
+different kinds of places and spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of places and spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of places and spaces
+plexiglass by the way was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass by the way was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass by the way was a good
+material because it's I called it frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because it's I called it frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because it's I called it frozen
+space because you could see it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because you could see it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because you could see it through
+it and still acted as an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and still acted as an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and still acted as an object
+next uh another one intersection of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh another one intersection of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh another one intersection of two
+streets making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets making a
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next um this is in fact Harvard Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um this is in fact Harvard Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um this is in fact Harvard Square
+Brattle um Brattle theater complex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brattle um Brattle theater complex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brattle um Brattle theater complex which
+is an interesting you know Brattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting you know Brattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting you know Brattle
+theater area the paths and places it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater area the paths and places it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater area the paths and places it's
+one of our more interesting places I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our more interesting places I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our more interesting places I
+think to be which is made up of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to be which is made up of paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to be which is made up of paths
+and places but space as you move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places but space as you move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places but space as you move through
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next uh and still another one ah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and still another one ah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and still another one ah sorry
+they then let's see what the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then let's see what the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then let's see what the next one
+is okay let's go back this is still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's go back this is still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's go back this is still an
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+it thank you uh this is Harvard's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you uh this is Harvard's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thank you uh this is Harvard's um
+Holy Oak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Oak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Oak
+Center place and part of the path trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center place and part of the path trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center place and part of the path trying
+to show the intensity Holio you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the intensity Holio you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the intensity Holio you know
+that place one of the most active places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place one of the most active places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place one of the most active places
+in Harvard Square most of the time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Harvard Square most of the time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Harvard Square most of the time um so
+Place space and activity of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place space and activity of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place space and activity of people are
+also inter connected as was pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also inter connected as was pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also inter connected as was pointed out
+the other day in uh by Sarah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day in uh by Sarah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day in uh by Sarah in
+relationship to William White's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to William White's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to William White's work
+next which is by the way influenc this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next which is by the way influenc this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next which is by the way influenc this
+work we also tried to see ways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we also tried to see ways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we also tried to see ways that we
+could photograph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could photograph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could photograph or
+document or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document or
+understand uh space so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh space so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh space so you don't have
+the normal kind of photographs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal kind of photographs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal kind of photographs these
+composite photographs started to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite photographs started to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite photographs started to show
+space a little bit more next all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a little bit more next all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a little bit more next all these
+were experimental there's holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experimental there's holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experimental there's holy
+where you get trying to get the feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get trying to get the feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get trying to get the feeling
+of the space which is not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space which is not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space which is not easy to
+capture we talk about space as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture we talk about space as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture we talk about space as
+Architects but we don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects but we don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects but we don't know exactly
+what it is how to represent it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is how to represent it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is how to represent it certainly
+not in the form of section and plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the form of section and plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the form of section and plans
+that are the usual things that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the usual things that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the usual things that we do
+next um so then that led to a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um so then that led to a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um so then that led to a design
+problem that you see here where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you see here where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you see here where people
+were uh designing pieces of a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh designing pieces of a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh designing pieces of a larger
+Community only space next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community only space next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community only space next
+and that ended up with this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ended up with this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that ended up with this basic
+Community again of Designing the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community again of Designing the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community again of Designing the space
+first and then we fill in the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we fill in the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we fill in the objects
+there was a program of course but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a program of course but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a program of course but we
+purposely did not work on objects this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely did not work on objects this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely did not work on objects this
+is exactly what I'm doing this term with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what I'm doing this term with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what I'm doing this term with
+the space within we're designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space within we're designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space within we're designing a
+concert hall but we're designing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert hall but we're designing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert hall but we're designing only
+the space of the hall not the exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of the hall not the exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of the hall not the exterior
+form although obviously it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form although obviously it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form although obviously it's going to
+influence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence it
+next more detail of that next that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next more detail of that next that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next more detail of that next that
+led to a set of conclusions that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a set of conclusions that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a set of conclusions that you see
+here in sections about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in sections about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in sections about the different
+kinds of space that you might have in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of space that you might have in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of space that you might have in an
+area light space private space Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area light space private space Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area light space private space Etc
+transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional
+space um that makes up then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um that makes up then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um that makes up then a
+neighborhood next all spaces not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood next all spaces not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood next all spaces not equal
+and then finally came out to this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally came out to this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally came out to this notion
+of plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plan
+zones of transitional space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones of transitional space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones of transitional space between the
+inside and the outside this is in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the outside this is in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and the outside this is in uh
+Puerto Rico actually where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico actually where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rico actually where there's a
+Courtyard space inside so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyard space inside so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyard space inside so you could
+start to define a body of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to define a body of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to define a body of knowledge
+about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kinds of
+spaces that make up a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that make up a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that make up a piece of
+architecture or an area of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or an area of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture or an area of space
+next and in section the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and in section the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and in section the
+same um the space that moves through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um the space that moves through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um the space that moves through a
+house this is very private this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house this is very private this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house this is very private this is the
+public stairs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public stairs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public stairs of the
+house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house
+next and then again and design spaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then again and design spaces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then again and design spaces in
+this case vocabulary of Puerto Rico by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case vocabulary of Puerto Rico by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case vocabulary of Puerto Rico by
+using photo montages and growing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using photo montages and growing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using photo montages and growing at the
+same time to try to represent what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to try to represent what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to try to represent what it is
+that we're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're designing
+next and then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then the final
+design which came about you see objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which came about you see objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which came about you see objects
+here but they really came about from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they really came about from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but they really came about from the
+space so the white is the most public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the white is the most public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the white is the most public
+and the yellow is the most private but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow is the most private but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow is the most private but
+the black then is the space I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black then is the space I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black then is the space I'm sorry
+the black is the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black is the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black is the objects
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and then the project that you saw in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the project that you saw in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the project that you saw in my
+office which was the redesign of Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office which was the redesign of Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office which was the redesign of Mission
+Hill and there's two ways of repres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill and there's two ways of repres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill and there's two ways of repres
+representing space which I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing space which I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing space which I'm still
+experimenting with this one is intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with this one is intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with this one is intensity
+of activity which has to do not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity which has to do not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity which has to do not only
+with physical form but people using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with physical form but people using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with physical form but people using it
+as in William white and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in William white and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in William white and therefore this
+area I predicted or hope would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I predicted or hope would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I predicted or hope would be the
+most intense as opposed to this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intense as opposed to this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intense as opposed to this which
+would be less intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be less intense
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and this was a backyard space which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a backyard space which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a backyard space which was
+very small chunks of space very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small chunks of space very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small chunks of space very
+informal not nearly as intense as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal not nearly as intense as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal not nearly as intense as the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+next uh and then projects that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and then projects that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and then projects that people
+did on the left is a space between model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the left is a space between model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the left is a space between model
+of a area in the North End a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a area in the North End a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a area in the North End a different
+site by the way and on the right then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site by the way and on the right then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site by the way and on the right then is
+a result of that you do the space first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of that you do the space first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of that you do the space first
+and then then the object second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the object second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then the object second
+next another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next another one
+next uh and people have done over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and people have done over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh and people have done over the
+years different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years different
+ways oh no it's not different site but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh no it's not different site but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways oh no it's not different site but
+you'll find um in this case solid blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find um in this case solid blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find um in this case solid blocks
+are of space not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of space not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of space not of
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+next another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next another
+one next always space always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next always space always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next always space always
+space so these are balconies off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so these are balconies off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so these are balconies off of
+something which are in between an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which are in between an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which are in between an object
+and what you don't see here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you don't see here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you don't see here which is the
+sorry in between the space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in between the space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in between the space and the
+object that you don't see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you don't see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you don't see here
+next and this then was an exercise where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and this then was an exercise where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and this then was an exercise where
+I think I'll hope the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll hope the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll hope the next
+slide a set of buildings were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a set of buildings were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a set of buildings were
+programmed but if we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed but if we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed but if we started with
+designing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing with
+plexiglass by the way what's not shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass by the way what's not shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass by the way what's not shown
+here is a set of proportion of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a set of proportion of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a set of proportion of space
+blocks based on the human being of sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks based on the human being of sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks based on the human being of sizes
+that you could work with so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could work with so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could work with so this is like
+a set of Foo blocks but instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of Foo blocks but instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of Foo blocks but instead of being
+positive they're negative so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive they're negative so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive they're negative so you could
+build with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with them
+next and out of that go back if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and out of that go back if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and out of that go back if you can
+so you do this first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this first and then
+next you do the object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you do the object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you do the object which is
+resultant of studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant of studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant of studying the
+space you get that it's just twisting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you get that it's just twisting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you get that it's just twisting it
+go back and forth first shot at it space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth first shot at it space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth first shot at it space
+the kind of thing that the person wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing that the person wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing that the person wanted
+in the space and then next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and then next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and then next the
+translation of that into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of that into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of that into an
+object just turns the world upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just turns the world upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just turns the world upside down
+because what Architects usually do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what Architects usually do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what Architects usually do is
+when they're done with the space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're done with the space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're done with the space they
+throw as I say trees at it and benches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw as I say trees at it and benches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw as I say trees at it and benches
+and cars and people and they say oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cars and people and they say oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cars and people and they say oh it's
+going to be active but it isn't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be active but it isn't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be active but it isn't it's
+usually horrible so I'm attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually horrible so I'm attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually horrible so I'm attempting to
+make the space the more important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the space the more important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the space the more important thing
+and the building second now in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the building second now in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the building second now in reality
+of course it's it's both is needed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's it's both is needed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's it's both is needed but
+it takes one one trip up roof Route One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes one one trip up roof Route One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes one one trip up roof Route One
+North to understand what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North to understand what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North to understand what I'm talking
+about when you find duckin donuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you find duckin donuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you find duckin donuts and
+that funny BR uh boat and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funny BR uh boat and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funny BR uh boat and all these
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+individual uh actions with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh actions with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh actions with no
+relationship to each other which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to each other which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to each other which has
+cluttered up our landscape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered up our landscape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered up our landscape or
+Shanghai uh where everybody's competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai uh where everybody's competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai uh where everybody's competing
+with everyone to make objects of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everyone to make objects of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everyone to make objects of great
+interest but no relationship to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but no relationship to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but no relationship to each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+sorry oh God Vegas is is that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh God Vegas is is that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh God Vegas is is that's what
+makes Vegas what it is right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes Vegas what it is right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes Vegas what it is right and that's
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+never uh Vegas is nothing but a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh Vegas is nothing but a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh Vegas is nothing but a big
+billboard of course so they're purposely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billboard of course so they're purposely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billboard of course so they're purposely
+doing that there is no space in Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there is no space in Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there is no space in Vegas
+which is kind of interesting it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting it's all
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+next and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and that's
+it um so I would like just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so I would like just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so I would like just wanted to
+introduce that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that to
+you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this
+project because of that site and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because of that site and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because of that site and we
+talked about that yesterday a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that yesterday a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that yesterday a little bit
+you can't design this without thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't design this without thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't design this without thinking
+about space the two have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space the two have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space the two have to come
+together and we talked yesterday about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we talked yesterday about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we talked yesterday about
+the spaces that came to an angle who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces that came to an angle who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaces that came to an angle who was
+It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It
+Felix which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh was you okay uh well and the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh was you okay uh well and the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh was you okay uh well and the dead
+cat space right the leftover space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat space right the leftover space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat space right the leftover space the
+nobody wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to be
+in that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that was
+you um that's what I want you not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that's what I want you not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that's what I want you not to do
+I want you to think about the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about the space
+simultaneously with the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/43kl6wi1H6k.txt b/43kl6wi1H6k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7619d7ce37194a2ffa533fec5c6baeb8c1d752d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/43kl6wi1H6k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+since I think it's been over a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I think it's been over a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I think it's been over a week
+let me just kind of remind you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just kind of remind you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just kind of remind you that the
+sort of toy problem that I put up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of toy problem that I put up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of toy problem that I put up about
+a week ago when the problem was where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago when the problem was where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago when the problem was where I
+was going to input X and Y maybe you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to input X and Y maybe you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to input X and Y maybe you all
+remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+and I had a kind of a program if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a kind of a program if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a kind of a program if you
+will I just kind of think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I just kind of think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I just kind of think of this as
+sort of steps and some software if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of steps and some software if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of steps and some software if you
+like where I take a with sine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where I take a with sine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where I take a with sine X
+and B is was nothing special here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is was nothing special here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is was nothing special here just
+illustrating a number of things C is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating a number of things C is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating a number of things C is B
+plus X and I was going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and I was going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and I was going to return
+Z as the answer okay and maybe you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as the answer okay and maybe you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as the answer okay and maybe you all
+remember that there was this graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there was this graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there was this graph that
+I drew that kind of illustrates a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew that kind of illustrates a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew that kind of illustrates a little
+bit of what's going on I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of what's going on I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of what's going on I put the
+inputs in fact I put all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in fact I put all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in fact I put all the variables
+in circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circles
+right and so there's a there was B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's a there was B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's a there was B and
+I'm going to end up with z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to end up with z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to end up with z
+right and uh I just I just put the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I just I just put the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I just I just put the the
+local derivatives and Stephen I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local derivatives and Stephen I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local derivatives and Stephen I want to
+ask you if you would like or hate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if you would like or hate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if you would like or hate this
+notation a notation that I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a notation that I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a notation that I think I've
+seen some people use but again nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some people use but again nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some people use but again nobody's
+consistent in this field right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in this field right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent in this field right now I
+kind of like the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the idea that
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+that here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here let's
+and I don't want to I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to I don't want to get
+into placeholder notation but if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into placeholder notation but if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into placeholder notation but if I were
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+if I were to talk about I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to talk about I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to talk about I want to make a
+distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between
+dzdx and partial Z and partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdx and partial Z and partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdx and partial Z and partial X
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+to be clear this one I want to equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear this one I want to equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear this one I want to equal one
+and I want to think of it as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to think of it as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to think of it as like a
+one-step derivative it's I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-step derivative it's I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-step derivative it's I look at this
+formula alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula alone
+and I don't want to think of b as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to think of b as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to think of b as being
+dependent on X which in fact it is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on X which in fact it is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on X which in fact it is right
+but I'm pretending B is not dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm pretending B is not dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm pretending B is not dependent on
+X and I'm just looking at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I'm just looking at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I'm just looking at sort of the
+what I would call the this the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call the this the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call the this the step
+three derivative or the one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivative or the one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivative or the one step
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+the the actual derivative the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual derivative the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual derivative the one that
+puts it all together and we wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it all together and we wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it all together and we wrote it
+down less time what did I say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down less time what did I say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down less time what did I say it was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know that
+Z if you put it all together was sine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z if you put it all together was sine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z if you put it all together was sine X
+over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y
+plus X right and so D this thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X right and so D this thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X right and so D this thing the
+thing that we actually want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we actually want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we actually want to calculate
+is cosine X over y plus y so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine X over y plus y so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine X over y plus y so my question
+for Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Stephen
+was what do you think of this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what do you think of this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what do you think of this notation
+you like it okay anybody want to object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it okay anybody want to object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like it okay anybody want to object
+to the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notation
+so I like the idea of partial being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like the idea of partial being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like the idea of partial being a
+partial like it's not the whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial like it's not the whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial like it's not the whole set of
+steps it's just like one step it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's just like one step it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's just like one step it's part
+it's the partial truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the partial truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the partial truth
+and then the derivative being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative being sort of
+the whole truth okay and so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole truth okay and so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole truth okay and so what I'm
+putting what I'm going to put here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting what I'm going to put here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting what I'm going to put here are
+all the partials right so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the partials right so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the partials right so I'm going to
+put down the the cosine X which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the the cosine X which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the the cosine X which is the
+derivative a with respect to X and the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a with respect to X and the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a with respect to X and the 1
+over y goes here right and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y goes here right and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y goes here right and there's a
+there's a one that goes here but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one that goes here but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one that goes here but there's
+also a one coming from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a one coming from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a one coming from here and
+uh let's see what else did we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what else did we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what else did we have
+and we had a minus a over y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a minus a over y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a minus a over y squared
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+okay and maybe it's also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and maybe it's also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and maybe it's also useful
+sometimes to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to write down
+what these things are equal to I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these things are equal to I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these things are equal to I'll just
+sort of stick this below the circle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stick this below the circle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stick this below the circle I
+don't know if the printing is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if the printing is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if the printing is too small
+but I'll just do it anyway cosine Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just do it anyway cosine Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll just do it anyway cosine Y and
+uh B plus X is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B plus X is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B plus X is here
+all right so this is where we were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is where we were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is where we were I
+think when I left off last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when I left off last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when I left off last time
+that just to show an example how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to show an example how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to show an example how a
+program is a sequence of transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is a sequence of transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is a sequence of transformations
+of variables and for a program to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and for a program to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables and for a program to work
+for a program to work the if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a program to work the if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a program to work the if you're at
+any time you're at a node all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time you're at a node all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time you're at a node all of the
+inputs have to be available unknown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs have to be available unknown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs have to be available unknown to
+you right so you may you may never stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so you may you may never stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so you may you may never stop
+to think about this property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this property of a
+computer program but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program but it's sort of
+obvious right that I can't execute B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right that I can't execute B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right that I can't execute B
+unless I know a and Y right I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I know a and Y right I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I know a and Y right I can't
+execute Z unless I know B and X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute Z unless I know B and X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute Z unless I know B and X right
+and so uh you know the very nature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you know the very nature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh you know the very nature of a
+computer program is that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program is that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program is that this thing is
+going to be a a dag that's the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a dag that's the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a a dag that's the word
+maybe most of you know that work it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe most of you know that work it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe most of you know that work it's a
+directly directed acyclic graph which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly directed acyclic graph which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly directed acyclic graph which in
+simple English means that wherever I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple English means that wherever I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple English means that wherever I am
+all the inputs are moving sort of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs are moving sort of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the inputs are moving sort of left
+to right they're moving from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right they're moving from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right they're moving from the
+beginning to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to the end
+that could actually be relaxed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually be relaxed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could actually be relaxed and you
+could have an implicit method or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an implicit method or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have an implicit method or
+something and most of what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and most of what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and most of what I'm talking
+about will still work under such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will still work under such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will still work under such
+situations but uh I think for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations but uh I think for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations but uh I think for Simplicity
+let's stick to dags and things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to dags and things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stick to dags and things going
+left to right okay yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+uh did I oh because it doesn't thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want the honest reason as to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the honest reason as to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the honest reason as to why
+a depends on y's I left my glasses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depends on y's I left my glasses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depends on y's I left my glasses on
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+good good catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good catch
+alrighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrighty
+that's that's why it depends on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why it depends on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why it depends on why
+all righty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all righty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all righty good
+so that's where we were and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we were and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we were and let's see
+how far did we get in all this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far did we get in all this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far did we get in all this so
+I think we got as far as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we got as far as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we got as far as saying
+sort of the bit of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bit of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the bit of the general
+situation for the forward derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the forward derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the forward derivatives
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+yeah how far did we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+so the goal as you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal as you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal as you remember
+is for every input so the inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every input so the inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for every input so the inputs are
+over here and for every output so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and for every output so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and for every output so we
+have two in this example of what two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two in this example of what two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two in this example of what two
+inputs and one output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow calculating the derivative can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow calculating the derivative can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow calculating the derivative can
+be thought of as basically multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as basically multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as basically multiplying
+the pathways if these were matrices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways if these were matrices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways if these were matrices you
+have to do in the right order if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the right order if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the right order if it's
+scalars you kind of get to ignore that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars you kind of get to ignore that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars you kind of get to ignore that a
+little bit but we want to multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we want to multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we want to multiply the
+pathways and add up add it up over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and add up add it up over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and add up add it up over all
+the paths right so whether it's forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths right so whether it's forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths right so whether it's forward
+or backwards or any other way our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or backwards or any other way our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or backwards or any other way our goal
+is to look at all the paths between x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at all the paths between x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at all the paths between x
+and z and then multiply the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and then multiply the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and then multiply the weights
+you know here this is one weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here this is one weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here this is one weight and
+then add it up over all the paths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add it up over all the paths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add it up over all the paths okay
+and so it's it's it's it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's it's it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's it's it's really the
+sum over paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over paths
+from input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I to Output J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product
+over the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the path
+of the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weights
+so I'll just kind of say it like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just kind of say it like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just kind of say it like that I
+hope it's clear what it's meant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope it's clear what it's meant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope it's clear what it's meant that's
+really what's going on right and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what's going on right and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what's going on right and some
+people would tell you it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would tell you it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would tell you it's just the
+chain Rule and they'd be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and they'd be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain Rule and they'd be right
+I'm not a big fan of just the train rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a big fan of just the train rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a big fan of just the train rule
+because not that the not that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not that the not that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not that the not that there's
+anything wrong about it but I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything wrong about it but I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything wrong about it but I feel like
+you don't really see what's going on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see what's going on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really see what's going on if
+you just say just the train rule but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say just the train rule but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say just the train rule but if
+you look at it on the graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it on the graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it on the graph the
+computational graph I think it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph I think it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational graph I think it's much
+easier to see what's going on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see what's going on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see what's going on okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so and it really doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so and it really doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so and it really doesn't matter if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if you know if you if you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if you if you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know if you if you really have
+the graph in front of you I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in front of you I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in front of you I mean that's
+sort of the human thing to do it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the human thing to do it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the human thing to do it really
+doesn't matter if you if you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you if you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you if you multiply
+this times this times this or if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this times this or if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this times this or if you did
+it in the other order right it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the other order right it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the other order right it just
+doesn't matter you just need to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you just need to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter you just need to the
+product of the weights can happen in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the weights can happen in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the weights can happen in any
+order and you can use associativity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and you can use associativity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and you can use associativity to
+your benefit any way you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your benefit any way you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your benefit any way you like
+okay and just so it's completely clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just so it's completely clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just so it's completely clear
+I drew this symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew this symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew this symbolically
+but on any computer when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on any computer when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on any computer when you're doing
+automatic differentiation everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation everything
+here is going to be you know most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be you know most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be you know most of the
+time a number I would say 99.9 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a number I would say 99.9 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a number I would say 99.9 of the
+time all of the variable everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all of the variable everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all of the variable everything that
+you would see would be a numerical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see would be a numerical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see would be a numerical value
+okay so I just don't want any confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just don't want any confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just don't want any confusion
+that that I did it symbolically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I did it symbolically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I did it symbolically because
+if I put a whole lot of numbers here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a whole lot of numbers here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a whole lot of numbers here I
+don't think I'd make the point as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I'd make the point as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I'd make the point as well
+right but on a computer when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but on a computer when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but on a computer when you do
+automatic differentiation everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation everything
+it's all numerical it's not finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all numerical it's not finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all numerical it's not finite
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+uh the way you get to the edge weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you get to the edge weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you get to the edge weights
+are never finite differences but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never finite differences but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never finite differences but it is
+all numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all numbers
+okay usually like floating Point numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay usually like floating Point numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay usually like floating Point numbers
+of you know double Precision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know double Precision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know double Precision or
+something or maybe maybe not but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or maybe maybe not but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or maybe maybe not but but you
+know floating Point numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know floating Point numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know floating Point numbers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we talked about how
+This Thing Really Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Thing Really Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Thing Really Works
+and which which of these which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which which of these which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which which of these which of these
+do I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to tell you
+so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah I did forward that last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I did forward that last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I did forward that last time and
+maybe I could sum up for it I didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could sum up for it I didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could sum up for it I didn't say
+it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but maybe it's it's worth saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's it's worth saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's it's worth saying that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+when you do forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you
+you might have a node coming at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a node coming at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a node coming at your
+next step so you're in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step so you're in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step so you're in the middle of
+you're in the middle of doing uh forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of doing uh forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the middle of doing uh forward
+mode right and I'll draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode right and I'll draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode right and I'll draw a little
+picture like this here I only had a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this here I only had a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this here I only had a case
+where like a point depended on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like a point depended on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like a point depended on two
+inputs but I'll just draw a picture kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but I'll just draw a picture kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs but I'll just draw a picture kind
+of more generally like I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more generally like I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more generally like I'll write it
+like five inputs but you know this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five inputs but you know this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five inputs but you know this could
+also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be
+dot dot dot of some sort right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot of some sort right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot of some sort right and uh
+I mean I don't know what these variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know what these variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't know what these variable
+names are maybe I'll just call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are maybe I'll just call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are maybe I'll just call them
+something I don't want to call them X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't want to call them X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't want to call them X's
+or y's or Z's maybe I'll call them a see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y's or Z's maybe I'll call them a see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y's or Z's maybe I'll call them a see
+let's do that so I've got I'm at a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that so I've got I'm at a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that so I've got I'm at a step
+and I've got a bunch of A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a bunch of A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a bunch of A's
+right and I've got a B over here where B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I've got a B over here where B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I've got a B over here where B
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+a and I'm really just using the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I'm really just using the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I'm really just using the fact
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that you know here I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know here I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know here I'm going to put
+I'm going to put all these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put all these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put all these derivatives
+over here right I'm going to put d b d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right I'm going to put d b d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right I'm going to put d b d a
+one this is what I'm going to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is what I'm going to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is what I'm going to put on the
+labels DB d a two this is just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels DB d a two this is just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels DB d a two this is just the one
+step derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step derivatives
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dbd uh four and this is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbd uh four and this is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbd uh four and this is five
+right and so forth right I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so forth right I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so forth right I'm just going
+to put these and I've got the fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put these and I've got the fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put these and I've got the fact let's
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say I'm starting at a particular X let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm starting at a particular X let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm starting at a particular X let's
+just call it X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it X1
+and I've worked my way over and so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've worked my way over and so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've worked my way over and so at
+this point in time I know A1 and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time I know A1 and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time I know A1 and I know
+da1dx with a not the partial right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da1dx with a not the partial right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da1dx with a not the partial right but I
+know all of these values here you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of these values here you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of these values here you see I
+know da1 up to da5 DX right so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know da1 up to da5 DX right so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know da1 up to da5 DX right so what I
+know is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is is
+is the paths that take me from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the paths that take me from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the paths that take me from this
+input to here right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to here right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to here right that's the
+information I have right now and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I have right now and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I have right now and what
+I'd like to do is is figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is is figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is is figure out how to
+kind of move forward on the graph and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move forward on the graph and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move forward on the graph and so
+I'm just going to say this symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say this symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say this symbolically
+now I want to be able to calculate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to be able to calculate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to be able to calculate you
+know B is B my computer program will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B is B my computer program will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B is B my computer program will
+give me B but the question is how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me B but the question is how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me B but the question is how do I
+get DB DX from the information I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DB DX from the information I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get DB DX from the information I have
+right now and exactly what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and exactly what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and exactly what's happening
+is I'm going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to sum
+right I'm going to sell I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to sell I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to sell I'm going to be
+subbing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbing uh
+let's see what is it DB d-a-i times d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is it DB d-a-i times d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is it DB d-a-i times d a
+i d x right from I equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i d x right from I equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i d x right from I equals one to
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+like what right and that's that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what right and that's that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what right and that's that is the
+multivariate chain rule right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate chain rule right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate chain rule right it's the
+this is this is this is really what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is really what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is really what's
+happening that this is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that this is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that this is equal to this
+okay and that's kind of why it all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's kind of why it all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's kind of why it all works
+right that you can proceed forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can proceed forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can proceed forward and
+keep working your way forward to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep working your way forward to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep working your way forward to get the
+derivative all the way to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all the way to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative all the way to the end
+okay when you do reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you do reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you do reverse mode
+we're going to have arrows going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have arrows going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have arrows going the
+other way we're going to uh and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we're going to uh and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we're going to uh and so that
+it's we'll see how it all happens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we'll see how it all happens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we'll see how it all happens but
+the arrows are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows are gonna
+you know it's going to be here it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to be here it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to be here it's what
+do we depend on but what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we depend on but what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we depend on but what it's going to
+turn out to be the other way is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the other way is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be the other way is what
+what are we influenced by right or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we influenced by right or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we influenced by right or what
+do we influence later is but we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we influence later is but we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we influence later is but we'll see
+reverse mode but this is all forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode but this is all forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode but this is all forward so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+an interesting fact about forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting fact about forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting fact about forward mode
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a sort of detail about forward mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of detail about forward mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of detail about forward mode is
+you don't need to create the graph as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to create the graph as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to create the graph as a
+data structure yes there's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well that's so okay maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well that's so okay maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well that's so okay maybe we should
+talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+yeah let's talk about Computing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's talk about Computing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's talk about Computing these
+partials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials so
+the first answer I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first answer I'm going to give you
+is the most simple basic answer but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most simple basic answer but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most simple basic answer but uh
+but this sort of no cheating answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this sort of no cheating answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this sort of no cheating answer and
+then in the real world I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the real world I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the real world I'll tell you
+what the cheating answer is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cheating answer is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cheating answer is okay so
+so you can write every computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write every computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write every computer program
+in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+so here let's put this over here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let's put this over here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let's put this over here I'm
+going to need this for reverse mode as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need this for reverse mode as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need this for reverse mode as
+well so every computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so every computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so every computer program
+in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically can come down to plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can come down to plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can come down to plus minus
+times and divide I could probably even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and divide I could probably even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and divide I could probably even
+remove some of these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove some of these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove some of these but
+every computer program in the world can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every computer program in the world can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every computer program in the world can
+be brought down to plus minus times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brought down to plus minus times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brought down to plus minus times and
+divide right when you do a sine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide right when you do a sine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide right when you do a sine function
+or exponential function there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exponential function there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exponential function there's some
+sort of power series or maybe a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of power series or maybe a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of power series or maybe a ratio of
+power series and it's not the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series and it's not the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series and it's not the one you
+learned in calculus right so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in calculus right so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in calculus right so it's not
+Taylor series I don't care what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series I don't care what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series I don't care what your
+Calculus teacher told you it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus teacher told you it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus teacher told you it's never
+done by that way right so uh but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that way right so uh but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that way right so uh but but
+nonetheless there's some sort of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless there's some sort of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless there's some sort of power
+series or ratio of power series usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or ratio of power series usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or ratio of power series usually
+somewhere in there and uh and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there and uh and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there and uh and in the end
+everything you ever do on a computer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you ever do on a computer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you ever do on a computer can
+come down to this I mean there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to this I mean there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to this I mean there's also
+conditionals and and other things but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and and other things but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and and other things but as
+far as all the arithmetic operations can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as all the arithmetic operations can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as all the arithmetic operations can
+be reduced to plus minus times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to plus minus times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to plus minus times and
+divide so in fact all you need are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so in fact all you need are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so in fact all you need are the
+partials for these so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials for these so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials for these so for example
+all you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you really need
+theoretically is the ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically is the ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically is the ability to do
+right so if B is A1 Plus A2 the only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if B is A1 Plus A2 the only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if B is A1 Plus A2 the only two
+partials you need are this right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials you need are this right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials you need are this right in fact
+let's put a plus or minus and I'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a plus or minus and I'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a plus or minus and I'll cover
+two of these cases right there right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these cases right there right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these cases right there right and
+uh what else is there there's times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else is there there's times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else is there there's times
+so if B is equal to A1 A2 then all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if B is equal to A1 A2 then all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if B is equal to A1 A2 then all I
+need is this right so I just need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is this right so I just need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is this right so I just need to to
+know that right and this is by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that right and this is by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that right and this is by the way
+what I did in that in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in that in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did in that in that little
+notebook where I kind of did the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook where I kind of did the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook where I kind of did the magic
+of forward mode differentiation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward mode differentiation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward mode differentiation right
+and then finally this the division one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally this the division one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally this the division one
+and the partials are I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partials are I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the partials are I mean this is
+maybe a slightly different point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a slightly different point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a slightly different point of view
+of of of of of like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of of like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of of like you know the
+quotient Rule and the product rule but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient Rule and the product rule but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient Rule and the product rule but
+it's it's if you actually step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's if you actually step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's if you actually step back and
+look at it this is exactly the the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this is exactly the the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this is exactly the the sum
+and difference rule the product rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and difference rule the product rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and difference rule the product rule and
+I'm about to write the quotient rule uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to write the quotient rule uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to write the quotient rule uh
+down let's see so the the partial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's see so the the partial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's see so the the partial with
+respect to A1 is 1 over A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A1 is 1 over A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A1 is 1 over A2
+right in the partial with respect to A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the partial with respect to A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the partial with respect to A2
+is minus A1 over A2 squared and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus A1 over A2 squared and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus A1 over A2 squared and I hope
+you can see that the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the information that
+you see here is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is exactly the same
+information as the product rule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as the product rule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as the product rule right
+it's it's A2 da1 plus A1 da2 right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's A2 da1 plus A1 da2 right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's A2 da1 plus A1 da2 right it's
+1 over a two right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over a two right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over a two right this is
+uh the denominator times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the denominator times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the denominator times the derivative
+of the numerator or whatever I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerator or whatever I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerator or whatever I guess
+you might want to write this as A2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to write this as A2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to write this as A2 over
+A2 squared just to see that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 squared just to see that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 squared just to see that it's the
+same thing but right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but right it's the
+denominator to have to do the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator to have to do the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator to have to do the numerator
+my numerator you see so it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerator you see so it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numerator you see so it's all the
+information you've known in old days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you've known in old days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you've known in old days of
+calculus I'm just writing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus I'm just writing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus I'm just writing it in a
+slightly different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way
+if you have these rules and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these rules and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these rules and your
+computer program only has those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program only has those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program only has those things
+that's all you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you need
+right if that's what your program breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that's what your program breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that's what your program breaks
+up to atomically you can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to atomically you can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to atomically you can actually do
+forward mode differentiation completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode differentiation completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode differentiation completely
+now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+that's not how it really works in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how it really works in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how it really works in the
+real world but I want everybody to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world but I want everybody to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world but I want everybody to see
+that in theory this is all you need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in theory this is all you need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in theory this is all you need so
+in practice we we know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice we we know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice we we know lots of
+derivatives we know the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we know the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we know the derivative of
+sine is cosine we know the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine is cosine we know the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine is cosine we know the derivative of
+log X is one over X so we throw them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log X is one over X so we throw them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log X is one over X so we throw them in
+so you don't have to waste your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to waste your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to waste your time
+right and so uh in in Julia I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh in in Julia I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh in in Julia I think
+Stephen mentioned in the Piazza or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen mentioned in the Piazza or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen mentioned in the Piazza or
+somewhere about chain rules.jl so lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about chain rules.jl so lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about chain rules.jl so lots
+and lots of derivatives that are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of derivatives that are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of derivatives that are known
+get stuck in so that you can do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in so that you can do this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in so that you can do this at
+a higher level right so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level right so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level right so instead of
+instead of letting the computer derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of letting the computer derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of letting the computer derive
+the derivative of sine X with all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of sine X with all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of sine X with all those
+pluses and minuses it could just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses it could just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses it could just know
+the derivative of sine is cosine I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something was missing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call out to a fortune library that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call out to a fortune library that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call out to a fortune library that
+only works for double Precision floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works for double Precision floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works for double Precision floating
+point now there's then it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now there's then it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now there's then it can't
+differentiate that so then someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that so then someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that so then someone has
+to write a Special Rule and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a Special Rule and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a Special Rule and if they
+didn't then it it fails and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't then it it fails and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't then it it fails and probably
+complained at you if you try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained at you if you try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained at you if you try to use
+forward if on The Matrix exponential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if on The Matrix exponential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if on The Matrix exponential for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so that's that's a problem with calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a problem with calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a problem with calling
+you know if if only we can get everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if only we can get everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if only we can get everybody
+to consistently write all their code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consistently write all their code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consistently write all their code in
+Julia you wouldn't never have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia you wouldn't never have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia you wouldn't never have that
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+W1 solution is if you're Google and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 solution is if you're Google and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 solution is if you're Google and just
+hired a small army of Engineers to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired a small army of Engineers to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired a small army of Engineers to just
+re-implement all matlabs you ever need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-implement all matlabs you ever need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-implement all matlabs you ever need
+in jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then as long as you stay in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as long as you stay in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as long as you stay in that
+close Universe of things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Universe of things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close Universe of things that people
+have derivative rules for your point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derivative rules for your point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derivative rules for your point so
+so I'll tell a little story when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll tell a little story when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll tell a little story when I first
+I mean before I really grew to unders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean before I really grew to unders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean before I really grew to unders
+welcome back to differentiation has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to differentiation has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to differentiation has only
+gotten exciting in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten exciting in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten exciting in the last couple of
+years and as I was just starting to poke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and as I was just starting to poke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and as I was just starting to poke
+my head into it but I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head into it but I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head into it but I I I I
+differentiated the eigenvalue problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated the eigenvalue problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated the eigenvalue problem uh
+besides the Fortran libraries the LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the Fortran libraries the LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the Fortran libraries the LA
+pack that or it's probably see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack that or it's probably see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack that or it's probably see now
+anyway but besides the lapac library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but besides the lapac library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but besides the lapac library
+there isn't there there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't there there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't there there's another
+implementation of the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the symmetric
+eigenvalue problem in generic linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem in generic linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem in generic linear
+algebra.jl right it's written in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra.jl right it's written in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra.jl right it's written in all
+Julia right and it actually works Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia right and it actually works Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia right and it actually works Beyond
+you know works for quaternions and weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know works for quaternions and weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know works for quaternions and weird
+number systems and you know finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number systems and you know finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number systems and you know finite
+fields and not just just plain old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and not just just plain old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and not just just plain old
+floating Point numbers so uh and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point numbers so uh and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point numbers so uh and and so
+you can you can differentiate through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can differentiate through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can differentiate through it
+because it's all Julia and it got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all Julia and it got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all Julia and it got the
+right answer and I was uh talking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer and I was uh talking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer and I was uh talking to a
+friend of mine uh what was he what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine uh what was he what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine uh what was he what was
+the package he was excited about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package he was excited about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package he was excited about whether
+it's automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's automatic differentiation
+oh um it's a statistics thing what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh um it's a statistics thing what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh um it's a statistics thing what was
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+oh I'm just blanking on the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm just blanking on the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm just blanking on the name
+but it's a very well-known one anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very well-known one anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very well-known one anyway it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+I was talking to a friend of mine and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to a friend of mine and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to a friend of mine and I
+said can you differentiate the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said can you differentiate the symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said can you differentiate the symmetric
+eigenvalue problem and he said to me oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem and he said to me oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue problem and he said to me oh
+well we can but we have to teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can but we have to teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can but we have to teach the
+system and I thought that was crazy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I thought that was crazy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I thought that was crazy like
+having to teach the system like we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to teach the system like we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to teach the system like we we
+really can't right now but if we threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't right now but if we threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't right now but if we threw
+in a new rule then we can but I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new rule then we can but I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new rule then we can but I now
+realize that everybody does that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that everybody does that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that everybody does that right
+it's actually uh it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually uh it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually uh it's actually
+reasonable from a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable from a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable from a a a
+kind of a complexity point of view so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a complexity point of view so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a complexity point of view so
+you don't have to actually drill down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to actually drill down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to actually drill down
+from every operation but I was impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every operation but I was impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every operation but I was impressed
+that Julia was able to just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Julia was able to just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Julia was able to just get the
+answer of the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of the derivative of the
+symmetric eigenvalue problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric eigenvalue problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric eigenvalue problem with
+without being taught how to do it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being taught how to do it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being taught how to do it it
+actually just did it using just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just did it using just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just did it using just these
+rules and I thought that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and I thought that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and I thought that was kind of
+cool when I first saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool when I first saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool when I first saw that
+okay so so this is really all that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is really all that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is really all that you
+need but as I say in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but as I say in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but as I say in practice
+you know in practice we've added lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in practice we've added lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in practice we've added lots of
+things uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example if if B is equal to the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if if B is equal to the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if if B is equal to the sine
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+then this edge with cosine a is is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this edge with cosine a is is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this edge with cosine a is is just
+sort of giving you know it comes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of giving you know it comes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of giving you know it comes on the
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you doing there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah that's probably true okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's probably true okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's probably true okay uh
+maybe the last thing I'll say before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the last thing I'll say before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the last thing I'll say before I
+take a break and the break may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break and the break may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break and the break may be
+slightly longer because I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly longer because I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly longer because I'm going to put
+a sweater on this little guy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweater on this little guy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweater on this little guy I mean
+that'll take me a couple of more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take me a couple of more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll take me a couple of more minutes
+but he's really cute in that sweater so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's really cute in that sweater so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's really cute in that sweater so
+yeah you'll all like that uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll all like that uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you'll all like that uh so the
+other thing I wanted to say is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to say is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to say is when you
+do forward mode you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do forward mode you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do forward mode you might ask yourself
+where is this graph on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this graph on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this graph on the computer
+right I mean you know of course on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean you know of course on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean you know of course on the
+Blackboard you can visually look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard you can visually look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard you can visually look at this
+graph and you can see the paths so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you can see the paths so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you can see the paths so where
+is this graph on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph on the computer
+well in some sense when you do forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in some sense when you do forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in some sense when you do forward
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+one way to say it is you don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to say it is you don't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to say it is you don't need the
+graph at all maybe a better way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph at all maybe a better way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph at all maybe a better way to say
+it is the graph is kind of being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the graph is kind of being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the graph is kind of being built
+up as software executes in effect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as software executes in effect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as software executes in effect right
+you're as you execute as you execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're as you execute as you execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're as you execute as you execute
+sine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X
+right there's nothing stopping you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing stopping you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing stopping you from
+creating that cosine X and and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that cosine X and and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that cosine X and and and then
+getting that second part of the Dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that second part of the Dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that second part of the Dual
+number right as you go right and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right as you go right and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right as you go right and so we
+you see as you execute we can start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see as you execute we can start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see as you execute we can start out
+with X1 right you get to over here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X1 right you get to over here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X1 right you get to over here we've
+got a which is sine X and then cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a which is sine X and then cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a which is sine X and then cosine X
+right and you just can keep moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you just can keep moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you just can keep moving along
+so in some sense this this requires I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense this this requires I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense this this requires I
+think this is is worth thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is is worth thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is is worth thinking about
+because I don't know if it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know if it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know if it's completely
+obvious or not but as the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious or not but as the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious or not but as the computer
+executes as it actually calculates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes as it actually calculates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes as it actually calculates this
+from this it can also it could keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it can also it could keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it can also it could keep that
+path uh the the product of the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh the the product of the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh the the product of the weights
+going forward just by multiplying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward just by multiplying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward just by multiplying at
+this moment in time you can get this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment in time you can get this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment in time you can get this and
+just as you need it you can multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you need it you can multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you need it you can multiply it
+by what you have here right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you have here right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you have here right and so
+that's why overloading works when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why overloading works when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why overloading works when you do
+forward mode you you take the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode you you take the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode you you take the original
+computer program you let those dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program you let those dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program you let those dual
+numbers propagate forward and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers propagate forward and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers propagate forward and you are
+literally as you get there you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally as you get there you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally as you get there you're
+getting the right value for uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right value for uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right value for uh so you
+got this you you have all the values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this you you have all the values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this you you have all the values for
+the sum over the past of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over the past of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over the past of the of the
+product of the past to this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the past to this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the past to this point right
+and so you don't need to go crazy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't need to go crazy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't need to go crazy to
+actually build this at some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build this at some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build this at some sort of
+weird data structure you just go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird data structure you just go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird data structure you just go forward
+and it's there however no such luck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there however no such luck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there however no such luck with
+reverse mode so after the break after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode so after the break after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode so after the break after I
+put on his little sweater and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on his little sweater and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on his little sweater and come back
+what I'm going to do is discuss reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is discuss reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is discuss reverse
+mode and More in some real detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and More in some real detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and More in some real detail and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I I find it very interesting to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I find it very interesting to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I find it very interesting to see in
+what sense reverse mode is is is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sense reverse mode is is is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sense reverse mode is is is like
+the symmetric version of forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric version of forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetric version of forward mode
+like it's just looking at in the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's just looking at in the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's just looking at in the mirror
+and what is it about computer software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it about computer software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is it about computer software
+which kind of makes it asymmetric right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes it asymmetric right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes it asymmetric right
+like from a pure math point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from a pure math point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from a pure math point of view
+reverse mode and forward mode are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode and forward mode are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode and forward mode are just
+mirror images of each other but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images of each other but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images of each other but because
+of the realities of how computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realities of how computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realities of how computers
+execute then they are no longer exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute then they are no longer exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute then they are no longer exactly
+mirror images and reverse mode seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images and reverse mode seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror images and reverse mode seems a
+little bit harder to actually Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder to actually Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder to actually Implement
+it's not it's not that hard but it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not that hard but it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not that hard but it's it
+feels a little bit it just feels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a little bit it just feels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a little bit it just feels a
+little bit less intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less intuitive
+um because because it's ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because it's ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because it's ultimately
+because computer programs execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer programs execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer programs execute
+forward what else are they going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward what else are they going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward what else are they going to do
+right if you can only run computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you can only run computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you can only run computer
+programs backwards then you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs backwards then you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs backwards then you wouldn't
+have to then do you know it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then do you know it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then do you know it doesn't mean
+anything but but I just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but but I just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but but I just want to make
+that point all right so we take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point all right so we take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point all right so we take a break
+it might be slightly more than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be slightly more than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be slightly more than five
+minutes but I'm going to take this young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but I'm going to take this young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but I'm going to take this young
+man outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I think the next thing to emphasize as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the next thing to emphasize as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the next thing to emphasize as I
+go from forward to reverse is to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from forward to reverse is to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from forward to reverse is to take a
+is to really focus on perhaps this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really focus on perhaps this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to really focus on perhaps this sort
+of basic picture where we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic picture where we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basic picture where we talk about
+this this variable I'm calling B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this variable I'm calling B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this variable I'm calling B and
+it's all of the things that I depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all of the things that I depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all of the things that I depend on
+right and maybe I should actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe I should actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe I should actually think
+of a little bit this is I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit this is I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit this is I'm going to get
+confused in a second did I actually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused in a second did I actually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused in a second did I actually put
+this in the order I wanted or not so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the order I wanted or not so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the order I wanted or not so uh
+let's see if these were matrices I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if these were matrices I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if these were matrices I want
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+I would want them to be multiplied oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would want them to be multiplied oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would want them to be multiplied oh
+God I'm going to get completely confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God I'm going to get completely confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God I'm going to get completely confused
+you know what we're not doing matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we're not doing matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we're not doing matrices
+I'll think about it offline and let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about it offline and let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about it offline and let you
+unless you know the answer off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know the answer off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you know the answer off the top
+whether I want it this way or this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I want it this way or this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I want it this way or this way
+but we're doing scalars today so I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're doing scalars today so I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're doing scalars today so I won't
+have to think all right but the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think all right but the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think all right but the key
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+oh I got lucky okay all right so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I got lucky okay all right so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I got lucky okay all right so so here
+here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+um it's it's every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's every node
+that b depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b depends on
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you're going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're going backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're going backwards
+right that what what you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that what what you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that what what you need is
+everybody that you influence so to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that you influence so to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that you influence so to draw
+that as a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a picture
+I have a node a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a node a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a node a
+and it's going to influence a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to influence a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to influence a whole
+bunch of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nodes
+let's call these B1 B2 I'll just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call these B1 B2 I'll just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call these B1 B2 I'll just stick
+with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+I'll stick with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stick with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stick with my
+running you know five but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you know five but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running you know five but you know
+there's nothing special about five here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing special about five here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing special about five here
+right so you're you're in your graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the graph is still going left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is still going left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is still going left to right
+right but you have a node and somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have a node and somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have a node and somewhere
+along the line you can say all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line you can say all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line you can say all of the
+nodes that a influences for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that a influences for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that a influences for example
+influences in one step right so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences in one step right so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences in one step right so X is
+influencing a in one step here and X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing a in one step here and X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing a in one step here and X is
+influencing Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing Z
+in one step right and so if if that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step right and so if if that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step right and so if if that node
+Over There Was X I would have two output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over There Was X I would have two output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over There Was X I would have two output
+arrows right this is instead of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows right this is instead of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows right this is instead of this is
+every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node
+right so every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll say influenced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right every node or maybe more simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every node or maybe more simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every node or maybe more simply
+every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node
+that depends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's what one has to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what one has to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what one has to look at
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+have a final output variable Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a final output variable Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a final output variable Z
+where everything is going to start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is going to start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is going to start and
+it wouldn't surprise you all that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't surprise you all that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't surprise you all that we're
+going to start we're still going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start we're still going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start we're still going to have
+something that looks like an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like an ordered
+pair of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of numbers
+right and so we're still but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we're still but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we're still but we're going
+to work our way this way right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work our way this way right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work our way this way right so we can
+do all the multiplications from right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the multiplications from right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the multiplications from right to
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+okay and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at the end
+over here we're going to have let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're going to have let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're going to have let's say
+I had one X over here when we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one X over here when we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one X over here when we finally
+finished we're going to to compute X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished we're going to to compute X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished we're going to to compute X and
+um and DZ DX all right so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and DZ DX all right so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and DZ DX all right so that's our
+goal is to start at this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to start at this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to start at this end
+and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute
+the the derivative of these in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of these in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of these in other
+words compute the exact same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words compute the exact same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words compute the exact same thing but
+just to remind you that the what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you that the what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you that the what we did
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+was we started with X comma 1 this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we started with X comma 1 this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we started with X comma 1 this way
+and at the very end we ended up with z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the very end we ended up with z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the very end we ended up with z
+and DZ DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DZ DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DZ DX
+over here okay so that's your first kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so that's your first kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so that's your first kind
+of Peak at how reverse mode will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Peak at how reverse mode will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Peak at how reverse mode will
+actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+the way it's going to work is here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to work is here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to work is here we're
+gonna we're gonna presume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna presume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna presume that we have
+that we're going to have the the bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have the the bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have the the bees
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+the we're going to have the the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're going to have the the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're going to have the the full
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+so DZ db2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DZ db2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DZ db2
+right so this is we're in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is we're in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is we're in the middle of
+the algorithm we're assuming that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm we're assuming that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm we're assuming that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry these are these are the these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these are these are the these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these are these are the these are
+not the partials we have the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the partials we have the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the partials we have the derivatives
+all the way from Z to where we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from Z to where we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from Z to where we are now
+okay and our goal is to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and our goal is to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and our goal is to figure out what
+to put here right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put here right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put here right and so
+I hope you could see that if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you could see that if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you could see that if you can
+always sort of go if if if you just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of go if if if you just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of go if if if you just know
+what to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to put here
+then you can actually go from right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually go from right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually go from right to
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+okay and so our goal is to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so our goal is to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so our goal is to figure out
+DZ d a right so if we can only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ d a right so if we can only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ d a right so if we can only have a
+good formula for dzda in terms of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good formula for dzda in terms of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good formula for dzda in terms of all of
+these pieces we would have no trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces we would have no trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces we would have no trouble
+being able to uh to do this and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to uh to do this and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to uh to do this and of
+course the the way this is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the the way this is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the the way this is going to work
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to do is
+we're going to sum up now let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sum up now let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sum up now let's see what
+how's this going to go is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's this going to go is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's this going to go is it going to be
+DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ
+d b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d b i
+d b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d b i
+the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a
+right so from I equals one to five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from I equals one to five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from I equals one to five or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+no I'm not scalers but yes I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not scalers but yes I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not scalers but yes I mean
+ultimately there'll be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there'll be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there'll be some sort of
+transpose or or I have to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose or or I have to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose or or I have to write it in
+the right direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so but I'm gonna I'm not I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but I'm gonna I'm not I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but I'm gonna I'm not I'm going
+to skip that for now just as a just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip that for now just as a just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip that for now just as a just to
+not complicate it but but but Steven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complicate it but but but Steven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complicate it but but but Steven is
+just right okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right okay and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and you see that I mean this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you see that I mean this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you see that I mean this this is
+this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also
+a chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain rule
+right and but but also I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but but also I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and but but also I want you to
+really see that that that from a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see that that that from a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see that that that from a graph
+point of view all that's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view all that's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view all that's happening is
+we're making sure that what we put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making sure that what we put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making sure that what we put here
+is the path all the way to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path all the way to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the path all the way to the right
+multiplied by what's on this Edge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by what's on this Edge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by what's on this Edge right
+and then just add them all up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just add them all up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just add them all up so you
+could see it you can see it the calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it you can see it the calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it you can see it the calculus
+way as you know the most these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as you know the most these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as you know the most these are two
+versions of the multivariate chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the multivariate chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the multivariate chain rule
+I don't prefer that view by the way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't prefer that view by the way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't prefer that view by the way but
+some people do and it's not wrong or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do and it's not wrong or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people do and it's not wrong or you
+could see it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it as
+we're just multiplying the sums of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just multiplying the sums of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just multiplying the sums of all
+these weights and you notice ha by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights and you notice ha by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights and you notice ha by the
+time I get here I'm actually calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get here I'm actually calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get here I'm actually calculating
+the same thing I'm just getting the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I'm just getting the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I'm just getting the sum
+over all the paths of all the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the paths of all the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the paths of all the weights
+right and again you get to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again you get to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again you get to look at it
+both ways whatever you like but both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways whatever you like but both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways whatever you like but both are
+absolutely correct right and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely correct right and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely correct right and so you have
+no problem you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem you just keep
+right so so you just keep moving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you just keep moving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you just keep moving your
+way through the graph and you form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the graph and you form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the graph and you form these
+sums so any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+is a bit of a detail as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a detail as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a detail as to
+when these when when do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these when when do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these when when do you how do you
+actually in practice compute these sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in practice compute these sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in practice compute these sums
+right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's
+you see a sum like this and perhaps your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a sum like this and perhaps your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a sum like this and perhaps your
+temptation is to to form this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation is to to form this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation is to to form this entire
+Summit once but you don't have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summit once but you don't have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summit once but you don't have to you
+can Traverse these arrows one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Traverse these arrows one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Traverse these arrows one at a time
+so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in
+you start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start out with
+you so in practice let me put this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in practice let me put this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in practice let me put this over
+here in practice at some point you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in practice at some point you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in practice at some point you'll
+initialize everything with a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize everything with a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize everything with a0
+right and you know you Traverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know you Traverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know you Traverse this
+arrow and maybe you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and maybe you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and maybe you'll get
+a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma
+oh I don't know db3 d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know db3 d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know db3 d a
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+DZ db3 right you'll get one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ db3 right you'll get one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ db3 right you'll get one of your
+summons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summons
+and uh you know there's four more to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know there's four more to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know there's four more to go
+right and then at some later time maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then at some later time maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then at some later time maybe
+what you'll do is fold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll do is fold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll do is fold in
+there's no rule that says you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule that says you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule that says you have to
+form this entire sum at once right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this entire sum at once right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this entire sum at once right so
+maybe you'll add the fifth or the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll add the fifth or the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll add the fifth or the first
+one later right so DB1 d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one later right so DB1 d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one later right so DB1 d a
+d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d z
+DB1 right and this is close to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB1 right and this is close to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB1 right and this is close to what's
+happening in practice that that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in practice that that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in practice that that you you
+Traverse an arrow and then you just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse an arrow and then you just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse an arrow and then you just add
+the answer to whatever is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to whatever is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to whatever is here
+okay once you're finally done you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you're finally done you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you're finally done you'll
+compute this entire sum but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this entire sum but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this entire sum but you don't
+have to do it at once right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it at once right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it at once right and so
+I think the secret to every good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the secret to every good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the secret to every good
+algorithm I've ever seen is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I've ever seen is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I've ever seen is to recognize
+that you don't have to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to implement
+something the way the formula looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the way the formula looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the way the formula looks
+right you see a sum you could do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see a sum you could do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see a sum you could do it in
+any order you could do it at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order you could do it at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order you could do it at any time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what actually happens in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens in practice
+is one way or another if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way or another if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way or another if you're going to
+do reverse mode you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reverse mode you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reverse mode you have to have the
+first step is you have to go forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is you have to go forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is you have to go forward to
+you you're going to go forward to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're going to go forward to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're going to go forward to to
+actually compute all the nodes right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute all the nodes right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute all the nodes right the
+your even if you did this one backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your even if you did this one backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your even if you did this one backwards
+you're going to have to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to have this
+forward step where you compute a b and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward step where you compute a b and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward step where you compute a b and z
+and during those forward steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during those forward steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during those forward steps you
+actually build up this graph there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build up this graph there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build up this graph there's no
+way around it right you build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around it right you build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around it right you build up the
+graph and you put these you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you put these you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you put these you put the
+values on the edges and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on the edges and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on the edges and so
+unlike forward mode which is so here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike forward mode which is so here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike forward mode which is so here let
+me let me say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say this
+in a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a better way
+so in terms of implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you you don't build the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of implicit
+in Reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Reverse mode
+there's an explicit graph that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit graph that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit graph that has to be
+built up so in Reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up so in Reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up so in Reverse mode
+you need to calculate one way or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to calculate one way or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to calculate one way or another
+you actually have to build the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to build the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have to build the graph
+so you need some sort of data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need some sort of data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need some sort of data structure
+to be able to build up this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to build up this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to build up this graph
+okay oh I just remembered I have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I just remembered I have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I just remembered I have a nice
+demo of all this I wonder if I'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of all this I wonder if I'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo of all this I wonder if I'll find
+it fast enough if we're going to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fast enough if we're going to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fast enough if we're going to add a
+good demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good demo
+you've never seen it because I it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen it because I it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never seen it because I it was
+since last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since last year
+I'll try to find it but uh okay but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to find it but uh okay but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to find it but uh okay but we
+haven't an explicit graph and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't an explicit graph and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't an explicit graph and so what
+happens is you'll have a forward pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you compute the very we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you compute the very we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you compute the very we actually
+compute the primals or the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the primals or the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the primals or the variables
+and you build the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then once you have the graph you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have the graph you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have the graph you can
+do a reverse pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you start evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start evaluating the
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+where you evaluate the path through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you evaluate the path through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you evaluate the path through you
+know the path products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this could
+of just this too could also just be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just this too could also just be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just this too could also just be done
+with plus minus times and divide or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plus minus times and divide or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plus minus times and divide or you
+could actually add pieces to it so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually add pieces to it so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually add pieces to it so in a
+way this is like a transpose but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is like a transpose but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is like a transpose but I'll
+kind of show you how it would work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show you how it would work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show you how it would work so
+with plus minus times and divide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plus minus times and divide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plus minus times and divide where
+can I put that maybe I have enough room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put that maybe I have enough room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put that maybe I have enough room
+here right and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so uh
+let's see I just want to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I just want to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I just want to get this
+straight let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight let's see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how should I do this so if I had at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should I do this so if I had at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should I do this so if I had at this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+let's say I had B comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I had B comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I had B comma
+what's a good notation maybe it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good notation maybe it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good notation maybe it doesn't
+matter I'm going to call this p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+you know the the gradient of Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the gradient of Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the gradient of Plus
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is is just one one right the gradient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just one one right the gradient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just one one right the gradient or
+plus minus is plus or minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus is plus or minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus is plus or minus one the
+gradient of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of product
+is like uh A2 A1 right and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh A2 A1 right and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh A2 A1 right and the the the
+the Divide is what's over here so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divide is what's over here so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Divide is what's over here so in a
+way what's going on is I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's going on is I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's going on is I need the
+transpose this is kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this is kind of what
+I need the this becomes 1 plus minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the this becomes 1 plus minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the this becomes 1 plus minus one
+this becomes a two a one if I trans if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a two a one if I trans if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a two a one if I trans if I
+take the gradient transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the gradient transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the gradient transpose
+and so basically what happens is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically what happens is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically what happens is if I
+have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus
+this just becomes AP well the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just becomes AP well the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just becomes AP well the way to
+write it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is I'm getting caught up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is I'm getting caught up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is I'm getting caught up in a
+little bit of notation let me say it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of notation let me say it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of notation let me say it in
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+suppose you're moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're moving along
+and a plus operation happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus operation happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus operation happens
+right so maybe I already have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe I already have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe I already have some
+partial results so here I have PB at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial results so here I have PB at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial results so here I have PB at the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+and I have a and I have a p a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a and I have a p a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a and I have a p a one
+and an A2 and a pa2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an A2 and a pa2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an A2 and a pa2
+okay and here I am on the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here I am on the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here I am on the graph
+this A1 has comes from other things not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A1 has comes from other things not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A1 has comes from other things not
+this Edge I want to process this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge I want to process this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge I want to process this Edge
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+right these two edges have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these two edges have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these two edges have not been
+processed and I'm going to process it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed and I'm going to process it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed and I'm going to process it so
+what's the operation the operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the operation the operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the operation the operation is
+going to be pa1 plus equals uh uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pa1 plus equals uh uh plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pa1 plus equals uh uh plus
+equals PB right and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PB right and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PB right and then the other
+operation will be P A2 plus equals PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation will be P A2 plus equals PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation will be P A2 plus equals PB
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+that's how you do an ad backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do an ad backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do an ad backwards
+okay you just you just move this along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just you just move this along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just you just move this along
+if you were doing a multiply which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were doing a multiply which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were doing a multiply which might
+be a little bit more informative let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more informative let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more informative let's
+do the the multiply so here we have a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the multiply so here we have a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the multiply so here we have a p
+a A1 pa1 A2 pa2 we're going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A1 pa1 A2 pa2 we're going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A1 pa1 A2 pa2 we're going to multiply
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+right and let's call this B and PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's call this B and PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's call this B and PB
+right so what do you put on these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do you put on these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do you put on these edges
+the edges are just the same derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are just the same derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are just the same derivatives
+nothing changes there right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes there right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes there right we're
+multiplying A1 and A2 so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying A1 and A2 so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying A1 and A2 so this is going
+to be A2 and A1 and now what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be A2 and A1 and now what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be A2 and A1 and now what what's the
+implementation the implementation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the implementation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the implementation is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh pa1 plus equals A2 times PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pa1 plus equals A2 times PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pa1 plus equals A2 times PB
+and pa2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pa2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pa2
+plus equals A1 times PB okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equals A1 times PB okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equals A1 times PB okay so that's
+basically how you would do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how you would do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how you would do it and
+division would be the same you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division would be the same you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division would be the same you want to
+see division it's not much different you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see division it's not much different you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see division it's not much different you
+would just go you just use these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go you just use these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go you just use these things
+right and so I would multiply I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I would multiply I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I would multiply I would
+add the product with a 2 over a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the product with a 2 over a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the product with a 2 over a what
+well I'll just close one over a 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just close one over a 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just close one over a 1 over a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but
+do I have time to find the demo or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have time to find the demo or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have time to find the demo or not I
+should have thought of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have thought of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have thought of this
+I've got a really cool demo but it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a really cool demo but it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a really cool demo but it might
+take me a minute to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a minute to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a minute to find it
+it's really good though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good though
+let me see if I can find it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can find it quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can find it quickly
+if I could find it quickly other while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could find it quickly other while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could find it quickly other while
+I'm looking does anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking does anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking does anybody have any
+questions about reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is
+let me see if I know where this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I know where this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I know where this thing is
+so the one thing to remind you of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing to remind you of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one thing to remind you of is the
+reason for this right so the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this right so the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this right so the forward
+mode basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode basically
+suppose you have some functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some functions so
+there's some cost of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some cost of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some cost of that function
+forward mode the cost of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode the cost of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode the cost of that is
+proportional to the cost of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the cost of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the cost of the function
+times the number of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of inputs
+reverse mode is proportional to the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode is proportional to the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode is proportional to the cost
+of the function times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function times the number of
+outputs so if you have lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so if you have lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so if you have lots and lots of
+inputs and a few outputs you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and a few outputs you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and a few outputs you want to use
+reverse mode if you have lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode if you have lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode if you have lots and lots
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+outputs and a few inputs you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and a few inputs you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and a few inputs you want to use
+forward mode right if you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode right if you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward mode right if you have lots of
+both then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both then
+it sucks to be right it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sucks to be right it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sucks to be right it's going to be
+it's going to be expensive either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be expensive either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be expensive either way
+right so and and basically what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and and basically what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and and basically what what's
+what happens is if if you have like lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if if you have like lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if if you have like lots
+of inputs and a few outputs then forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs and a few outputs then forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs and a few outputs then forward
+modes ends up sort of recomputing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes ends up sort of recomputing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes ends up sort of recomputing a lot
+of terms is that as it explores all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms is that as it explores all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms is that as it explores all the
+past whereas the reverse modes you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past whereas the reverse modes you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past whereas the reverse modes you kind
+of share computations as long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of share computations as long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of share computations as long as you can
+until things you know fan out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until things you know fan out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until things you know fan out that's
+sort of the the intuitive thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the intuitive thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the intuitive thing I mean
+the other perspective the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other perspective the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other perspective the explicit
+perspectives if you write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives if you write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives if you write it as a
+product of Jacobian matrices right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Jacobian matrices right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Jacobian matrices right then
+basically it's you want to arrange it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's you want to arrange it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's you want to arrange it so
+if you only have one output then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have one output then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have one output then you
+have a row Vector on the left and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row Vector on the left and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a row Vector on the left and you
+just want to do vector vector row Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do vector vector row Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do vector vector row Vector
+Matrix products are cheap Matrix Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix products are cheap Matrix Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix products are cheap Matrix Matrix
+products are expensive so we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are expensive so we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are expensive so we did that
+that perspective before but that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective before but that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective before but that that
+perspective is a little harder to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is a little harder to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is a little harder to write
+down once you start getting General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down once you start getting General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down once you start getting General
+graphs but it's the same the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but it's the same the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but it's the same the same basic
+idea that you want to arrange it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you want to arrange it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you want to arrange it so that
+you multiply matrices times Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply matrices times Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply matrices times Vector
+jacobians times vectors and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobians times vectors and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobians times vectors and not
+jacobians times you know Matrix other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobians times you know Matrix other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobians times you know Matrix other
+Matrix jacobians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix jacobians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix jacobians
+I found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's also something else I can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something else I can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also something else I can show
+you related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+so regarding the jacobians I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so regarding the jacobians I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so regarding the jacobians I think it's
+I think it's instructive and maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's instructive and maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's instructive and maybe not
+obvious how do you turn this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how do you turn this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how do you turn this picture
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+sort of that Jacobian point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that Jacobian point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that Jacobian point of view
+right or even if even if even if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or even if even if even if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or even if even if even if these
+are all Vector valued or Matrix valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all Vector valued or Matrix valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all Vector valued or Matrix valued
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+it gets a little bit confusing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a little bit confusing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a little bit confusing because
+what you have to do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is actually
+you have to put all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put all the variables
+together to be able to write down so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to be able to write down so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to be able to write down so you
+get a a very sparse Jacobian it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a very sparse Jacobian it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a very sparse Jacobian it I mean
+maybe this could have been a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this could have been a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this could have been a homework
+exercise maybe we should remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise maybe we should remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise maybe we should remember this
+for next year but uh turn this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next year but uh turn this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next year but uh turn this or
+something like this into a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this into a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this into a matrix
+multiply of jacobians right and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply of jacobians right and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply of jacobians right and see what
+that looks like I think it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like I think it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like I think it's not so
+obvious the first time you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the first time you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious the first time you see that that
+that in fact I remember being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact I remember being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact I remember being a little
+bit confused because I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confused because I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confused because I was trying to
+compare this Viewpoint with the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this Viewpoint with the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this Viewpoint with the Jacobian
+Viewpoint and it was not in the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint and it was not in the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint and it was not in the end the
+mathematics is the same but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is the same but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is the same but it's not
+really obvious at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious at first
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but but regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but regarding
+regarding the the number of outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the the number of outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the the number of outputs
+versus the number of inputs I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the number of inputs I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the number of inputs I think it
+is sort of interesting let me just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of interesting let me just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of interesting let me just draw
+one quick example that I think is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick example that I think is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick example that I think is very
+illustrative with the graph point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative with the graph point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative with the graph point of
+view so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so suppose I
+I could do this just by by Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do this just by by Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do this just by by Pathways
+maybe this is enough right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is enough right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is enough right here
+maybe this is this is enough so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is this is enough so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is this is enough so let me
+just put the I don't even need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the I don't even need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the I don't even need to put
+the nodes down let me just put I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes down let me just put I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes down let me just put I'm just
+going to call these things a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call these things a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call these things a b c
+and D okay and your goal in life your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D okay and your goal in life your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D okay and your goal in life your
+only goal in life this is this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goal in life this is this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goal in life this is this could be
+done all no no calculus need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all no no calculus need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all no no calculus need to be
+mentioned a pure like graph Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a pure like graph Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a pure like graph Theory
+question your goal is to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question your goal is to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question your goal is to calculate
+these are your sources so I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your sources so I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your sources so I won't even
+say inputs anymore I'll just say sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say inputs anymore I'll just say sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say inputs anymore I'll just say sources
+this is a source and this is a sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a source and this is a sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a source and this is a sink
+and I just want all of the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want all of the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want all of the products of
+the graph rates from source to sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph rates from source to sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph rates from source to sync
+right and so in other words the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in other words the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so in other words the answer I
+want you to give me is ACD and BCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to give me is ACD and BCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to give me is ACD and BCD
+okay that's your only goal in life is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's your only goal in life is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's your only goal in life is to
+give me that so the the obvious first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that so the the obvious first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that so the the obvious first
+way the naive way is all right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the naive way is all right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the naive way is all right I'll
+start at this source and I'll compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this source and I'll compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this source and I'll compute a
+and then I'll multiply by C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll multiply by C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll multiply by C and then
+I'll multiply by D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply by D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply by D
+okay well I could start over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I could start over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I could start over here right
+and I'll start with b and I'll multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start with b and I'll multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start with b and I'll multiply
+by C and I'll multiply by D and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by C and I'll multiply by D and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by C and I'll multiply by D and if you
+count I did four multiplies right but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count I did four multiplies right but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count I did four multiplies right but if
+you want to do it the reverse way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it the reverse way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it the reverse way
+if you want to do it the reverse way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do it the reverse way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do it the reverse way I
+could do D and I could multiply by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do D and I could multiply by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do D and I could multiply by C
+okay and I could take this result and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I could take this result and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I could take this result and I
+can go in two ways on it now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in two ways on it now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in two ways on it now I can
+multiply this by a so a times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by a so a times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by a so a times this
+right a times this result or I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a times this result or I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a times this result or I could go
+B I can reuse and now all of a sudden I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I can reuse and now all of a sudden I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I can reuse and now all of a sudden I
+have uh what do I have one two I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what do I have one two I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what do I have one two I have
+three products instead of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three products instead of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three products instead of four
+right so this is this is not a bad way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is not a bad way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is not a bad way
+to see why uh reverse mode could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see why uh reverse mode could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see why uh reverse mode could
+possibly be better than forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be better than forward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be better than forward mode
+without thinking about matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about matrices and
+whatnot right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot right it's just
+do you I mean this is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you I mean this is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you I mean this is a little bit like
+for those of you know about dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you know about dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you know about dynamic
+programming where people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming where people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming where people talk about
+reuse of pre-computed quantities this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse of pre-computed quantities this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse of pre-computed quantities this is
+what's going on here when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here when you start
+moving from right to left if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from right to left if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from right to left if you have a
+lot of sources and maybe only one sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sources and maybe only one sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sources and maybe only one sync
+which is typical of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typical of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typical of machine learning
+there's a lot of quantities that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of quantities that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of quantities that you can
+reuse so it's kind of nuts to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse so it's kind of nuts to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse so it's kind of nuts to sort of
+you see to go a times c times D and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see to go a times c times D and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see to go a times c times D and B
+times c times D when you can just store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c times D when you can just store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c times D when you can just store
+the result of c times D and then just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of c times D and then just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of c times D and then just do
+the two separate multiplies and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two separate multiplies and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two separate multiplies and maybe
+that I think this this gives you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this this gives you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this this gives you sort of
+the to me this gives the best view as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to me this gives the best view as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to me this gives the best view as to
+why uh you know why reverse mode could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh you know why reverse mode could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh you know why reverse mode could
+be very very valuable compared you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very valuable compared you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very valuable compared you know
+without derivatives without matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without derivatives without matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without derivatives without matrices
+just this simple example I think kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this simple example I think kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this simple example I think kind of
+does the trick very nicely so but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the trick very nicely so but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the trick very nicely so but it's
+saying the same thing that Stephen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same thing that Stephen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same thing that Stephen was
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+all right I found this thing now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I found this thing now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I found this thing now let's
+just see if it works yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if it works yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if it works yeah if you
+wouldn't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I haven't looked at this in a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't looked at this in a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't looked at this in a while but
+it was kind of cool when it worked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of cool when it worked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of cool when it worked so
+sorry I haven't checked I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I haven't checked I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I haven't checked I should have
+checked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but here let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we have the two did this thing come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have the two did this thing come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have the two did this thing come
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this this is this is really cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this is this is really cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this is this is really cute
+so let's see I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I think
+the computation that's being seen here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation that's being seen here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation that's being seen here I
+think is this up right here 2x yeah 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this up right here 2x yeah 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this up right here 2x yeah 2x
+is going to get well 2 and X are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get well 2 and X are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get well 2 and X are going
+to get multiplied the black numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get multiplied the black numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get multiplied the black numbers and
+then times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then times y
+and then we're gonna have a plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna have a plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna have a plus and
+here we have X the minus of X and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have X the minus of X and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have X the minus of X and one
+squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so
+um so so the actual computation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the actual computation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the actual computation that you
+see here is exactly what's in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is exactly what's in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is exactly what's in these
+parentheses okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses okay and uh
+now let's see what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what are we going to do
+are we doing forward mode or backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing forward mode or backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing forward mode or backwards
+mode let's let's take a quick look so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just see how this works sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see how this works sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just see how this works sorry I
+should have looked at this but I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have looked at this but I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have looked at this but I forgot
+I had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had it
+oh so I think in red we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so I think in red we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so I think in red we're just going to
+we're just going to assume the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to assume the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to assume the variables
+are x equals 3. so first we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x equals 3. so first we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x equals 3. so first we're just
+going to do the expression without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the expression without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the expression without any
+derivatives right so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives right so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives right so we're going to take
+X to be 3 for whatever reason and Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to be 3 for whatever reason and Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to be 3 for whatever reason and Y to
+be 5. and then we have these constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 5. and then we have these constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 5. and then we have these constants
+so 2 is 2 and 1 is 1. yeah so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 is 2 and 1 is 1. yeah so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 is 2 and 1 is 1. yeah so we're just
+going to take X to be 3 and Y to be 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take X to be 3 and Y to be 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take X to be 3 and Y to be 5.
+oh if x equals 3 and Y equals 5 then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if x equals 3 and Y equals 5 then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if x equals 3 and Y equals 5 then um
+okay the derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the derivatives are
+the derivatives are 14 and 6. so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives are 14 and 6. so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives are 14 and 6. so that's
+where we want to go all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go all right so let's
+take the forward pass so 2 times 3 is 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the forward pass so 2 times 3 is 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the forward pass so 2 times 3 is 6.
+6 times 5 is 30. Let's see we can do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 times 5 is 30. Let's see we can do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 times 5 is 30. Let's see we can do I
+think we're going to do this minus next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to do this minus next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going to do this minus next
+I would imagine so 3 minus 1 is 2. there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would imagine so 3 minus 1 is 2. there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would imagine so 3 minus 1 is 2. there
+it is 2 squared is 4 and let's add 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 2 squared is 4 and let's add 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 2 squared is 4 and let's add 30
+plus 4 is 4. okay so now what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 is 4. okay so now what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 is 4. okay so now what's going to
+happen next hopefully we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next hopefully we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next hopefully we're going to
+start okay we're going to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay we're going to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay we're going to start the
+reverse pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse pass
+okay so the answer to this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer to this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer to this computation
+is 34. that's the Z that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 34. that's the Z that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 34. that's the Z that I've been
+talking about all right and now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all right and now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all right and now I want
+you to just sort of see the the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just sort of see the the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just sort of see the the reverse
+pass and so we always start out as one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and so we always start out as one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass and so we always start out as one I
+think that's behind the that's behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's behind the that's behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's behind the that's behind
+that's what's behind over here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's behind over here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's behind over here right so
+we start the the funny thing is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the the funny thing is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the the funny thing is you can
+get good at doing this by hand I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good at doing this by hand I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good at doing this by hand I mean
+it's kind of actually not a bad I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of actually not a bad I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of actually not a bad I'm not
+sure I'm completely there yet but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm completely there yet but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm completely there yet but I have
+done this in classes where I would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in classes where I would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in classes where I would take
+a little computation and do reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little computation and do reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little computation and do reverse mode
+but it's also easy to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also easy to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also easy to get a little
+confused so it's very dangerous okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so it's very dangerous okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so it's very dangerous okay so
+let's see so we have a plus okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so we have a plus okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so we have a plus okay so so
+when you have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a plus
+right then the these derivatives are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the these derivatives are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the these derivatives are all
+starting out at zero right so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out at zero right so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out at zero right so what's
+going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+what's going to happen for this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen for this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen for this plus
+what what are we going to add what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are we going to add what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are we going to add what
+what's going to be the second number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the second number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the second number
+here and here as soon as I haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here as soon as I haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here as soon as I haven't done
+it yet but if you're following how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet but if you're following how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet but if you're following how
+reverse mode works what will be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode works what will be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode works what will be the the
+derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what what should be what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what should be what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what should be what should be
+the numbers in green as soon as I press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in green as soon as I press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in green as soon as I press
+the button and here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button and here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button and here and here
+do you see what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah both of them are one and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah both of them are one and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah both of them are one and one way to
+say it if you don't if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it if you don't if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it if you don't if you don't
+remember what's going on here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's going on here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's going on here you can
+remember that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that that
+the the partial derivative of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial derivative of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the partial derivative of the sum
+with respect to this number is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this number is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this number is always
+one here right there's like a little one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here right there's like a little one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here right there's like a little one
+just to kind of copy the way it was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of copy the way it was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of copy the way it was on
+the Blackboard there's a one sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard there's a one sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard there's a one sitting on
+this Edge and there's a one sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and there's a one sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and there's a one sitting on
+the edge right it's the it's the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge right it's the it's the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge right it's the it's the partial
+derivative of the sum with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sum with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the sum with respect to
+each of the two inputs so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the two inputs so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the two inputs so this should
+just be one each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be one each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be one each and
+there it is okay now let's go fence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is okay now let's go fence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is okay now let's go fence a
+little fancier let's do this product if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fancier let's do this product if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fancier let's do this product if
+you remember how the product works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how the product works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember how the product works
+what should I imagine is sitting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I imagine is sitting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I imagine is sitting on this
+Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+what number here is on this Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number here is on this Edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number here is on this Edge and
+what's on this Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on this Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on this Edge
+so the product rule for calculus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product rule for calculus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product rule for calculus it's
+the same old product rule you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same old product rule you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same old product rule you just have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+get used to it in this in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it in this in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it in this in this new
+circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+so what goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the five and here is the six right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five and here is the six right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five and here is the six right so
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+go five times the one add it to the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go five times the one add it to the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go five times the one add it to the zero
+and we're going to get the five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get the five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get the five right
+now here we're going to go six times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we're going to go six times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we're going to go six times the
+one and add to the zero and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and add to the zero and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and add to the zero and we're going
+to get a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a six
+okay and we have another multiply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have another multiply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have another multiply so
+there's the three and the two so if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the three and the two so if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the three and the two so if I've
+got this right we should get the 15 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this right we should get the 15 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this right we should get the 15 and
+the 10. uh the fifth yeah the 15 and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10. uh the fifth yeah the 15 and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10. uh the fifth yeah the 15 and 10
+should show up and it does and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up and it does and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should show up and it does and notice
+the 10 by the way showed up here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 by the way showed up here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 by the way showed up here because
+it's the same variable right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same variable right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same variable right and so
+there's really in storage there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really in storage there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really in storage there's just
+one X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X
+okay so now what do we we need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do we we need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what do we we need to do the
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+so the square we've got the one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the square we've got the one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the square we've got the one here
+right and the derivative of square is 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the derivative of square is 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the derivative of square is 2X
+right and so we would actually have a 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we would actually have a 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we would actually have a 4
+over here and so we have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so we have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so we have to we have to
+take one times the 4 and get a four if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one times the 4 and get a four if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one times the 4 and get a four if I
+did this right yep and uh now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right yep and uh now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right yep and uh now we have a
+minus so we have a 1 and a minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we have a 1 and a minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we have a 1 and a minus one the
+four times the one adds to the 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the one adds to the 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the one adds to the 10 and
+gives a 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a 14
+yep I like that ten plus four and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I like that ten plus four and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep I like that ten plus four and then
+this is zero minus four and there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero minus four and there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero minus four and there we go
+and then we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we actually have
+the derivative of the with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the with respect to X
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of this quantity Z apparently is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this quantity Z apparently is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this quantity Z apparently is 14
+and 6. so we've got the 14 over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6. so we've got the 14 over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6. so we've got the 14 over here
+right because we just did it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we just did it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we just did it with
+respect to the to the X though otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the to the X though otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the to the X though otherwise
+they're two the six yeah the Y is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two the six yeah the Y is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two the six yeah the Y is there
+too okay so this is I mean if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so this is I mean if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so this is I mean if if you
+guys want this I could give you we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want this I could give you we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want this I could give you we can
+we can link this but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can link this but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can link this but um
+I sort of go through here I've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of go through here I've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of go through here I've kind of
+like we're out of time now but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're out of time now but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're out of time now but we
+actually talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about
+you could see the whole code from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see the whole code from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see the whole code from
+beginning to end so it doesn't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end so it doesn't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end so it doesn't I don't
+know reverse mode seems more mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reverse mode seems more mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reverse mode seems more mysterious
+I think than forward mode but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think than forward mode but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think than forward mode but we
+actually have the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the whole thing
+self-contained in one notebook here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained in one notebook here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained in one notebook here
+where you could actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could actually see the
+building up of the tree and actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up of the tree and actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up of the tree and actually how
+it works and so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and so we will
+in fact you could actually see this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you could actually see this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you could actually see this tree
+coming up in a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in a data structure
+um yeah so I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I'll I'll
+link to this so you can see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to this so you can see how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to this so you can see how it works
+but I think we're going to wrap it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we're going to wrap it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we're going to wrap it up
+now Steven's going to make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Steven's going to make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Steven's going to make a list of
+things we haven't shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to
+do you want to start talking and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to start talking and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to start talking and I could
+do that Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that Stephen
+I'll get the lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so
+be great if we had another couple weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great if we had another couple weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great if we had another couple weeks
+in this course if it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course if it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course if it's actually
+amazing how much there is to say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how much there is to say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how much there is to say just
+about taking derivatives even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking derivatives even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking derivatives even though you
+you know you you come in thinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you come in thinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you come in thinking you
+know how to take derivatives and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to take derivatives and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to take derivatives and there's
+there's so much left right the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much left right the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much left right the problem
+is this linear algebra was evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear algebra was evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear algebra was evolved
+lately in math departments people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately in math departments people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately in math departments people
+thought it was all easy yeah and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was all easy yeah and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was all easy yeah and so they
+naturally never pursued it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally never pursued it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally never pursued it and they
+missed the boat I really believe that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the boat I really believe that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the boat I really believe that so
+so for example uh you know one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh you know one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh you know one very
+practical thing that I was hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing that I was hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing that I was hoping to
+cover would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is how to do these custom ad rules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to do these custom ad rules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to do these custom ad rules right
+so suppose you have a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you have a box
+this is your program or or is this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your program or or is this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your program or or is this maybe
+just a subroutine in their programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a subroutine in their programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a subroutine in their programming
+let me just say function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say function
+that takes in an X1 and they say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in an X1 and they say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes in an X1 and they say this is
+a vector and an X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and an X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and an X2
+or let's say I say x let's say X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say I say x let's say X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say I say x let's say X and Y
+X and Y and outputs say an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and outputs say an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y and outputs say an F
+and and the g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the g
+and then suppose that 80 fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right as it did in the first version as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as it did in the first version as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as it did in the first version as
+it did in first of all right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did in first of all right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did in first of all right you know
+you cut you called out to some four term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut you called out to some four term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut you called out to some four term
+between or something that doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between or something that doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between or something that doesn't know
+how to differentiate and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate and there are
+unfortunately lots of things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately lots of things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately lots of things that that
+these systems don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems don't know how to
+differentiate or or maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate or or maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate or or maybe it
+differentiates but a difference is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates but a difference is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates but a difference is a
+very very badly so that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very badly so that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very badly so that happens
+and very inefficient that can happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very inefficient that can happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very inefficient that can happen if
+this function is Computing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is Computing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is Computing something
+approximately and it spends a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and it spends a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and it spends a lot of
+effort trying to exactly differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort trying to exactly differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort trying to exactly differentiate
+the error in the approximations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error in the approximations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error in the approximations right
+instead of realizing oh we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of realizing oh we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of realizing oh we're really
+doing an integral and so I I don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an integral and so I I don't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an integral and so I I don't and
+we're doing it accurate to 13 decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it accurate to 13 decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it accurate to 13 decimal
+places I don't need to to uh to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I don't need to to uh to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I don't need to to uh to to get
+the derivative of the last you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the last you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the last you know
+three digits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits right
+so what what you do is if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you do is if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you do is if you're doing
+forward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you have to do is supply a a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is supply a a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is supply a a a a a
+a a thing that computes uh basically a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a thing that computes uh basically a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a thing that computes uh basically a a
+Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a product a jvp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product a jvp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product a jvp
+right it's also called if an F rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's also called if an F rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's also called if an F rule
+in in chain rules it's also called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chain rules it's also called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chain rules it's also called like
+what a push forward I think this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a push forward I think this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a push forward I think this yeah
+departial geometry yeah so some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departial geometry yeah so some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departial geometry yeah so some some
+things use that this terminology from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things use that this terminology from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things use that this terminology from it
+comes from different differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from different differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from different differential
+geometry and it's called a push forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and it's called a push forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and it's called a push forward
+push forward and so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push forward and so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push forward and so basically you're
+supplying a you just write a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying a you just write a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying a you just write a program
+that computes F partial F partial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes F partial F partial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computes F partial F partial x
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+DX and it computes uh partial F partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and it computes uh partial F partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and it computes uh partial F partial
+y d y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d y given
+DX d y right so you you implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX d y right so you you implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX d y right so you you implement this
+Yourself by you know what your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself by you know what your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself by you know what your function
+is Computing and you work out manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Computing and you work out manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Computing and you work out manually
+what the derivative is and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the derivative is and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the derivative is and if you're
+doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse mode
+which is more common if you're doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more common if you're doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more common if you're doing any
+kind of optimization machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of optimization machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of optimization machine learning
+you have to go in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go in the other direction
+you have to provide a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to provide a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to provide a vector
+and I should say a row Vector Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say a row Vector Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say a row Vector Jacobian
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a which is also called a a vjp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is also called a a vjp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is also called a a vjp
+or an R rule in Reverse rule or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an R rule in Reverse rule or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an R rule in Reverse rule or a
+pullback in that funny differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pullback in that funny differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pullback in that funny differential
+geometry notation and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry notation and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry notation and so basically
+equivalently you're you're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently you're you're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently you're you're effectively
+providing a function that computes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a function that computes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a function that computes a
+partial F partial X at Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X at Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X at Jacobian
+you know transposed times a vector a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know transposed times a vector a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know transposed times a vector a u
+and partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial uh
+sure that should have been partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that should have been partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that should have been partial
+yeah same well same thing for for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same well same thing for for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same well same thing for for and
+partial F partial y transpose times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial y transpose times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial y transpose times
+times times U for an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times U for an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times U for an arbitrary
+you and similarly for G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and similarly for G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and similarly for G
+and maybe just to say that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe just to say that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe just to say that what
+Stephen's writing right now are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen's writing right now are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen's writing right now are exactly
+the rules in those boxes except he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules in those boxes except he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules in those boxes except he's
+being careful about the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful about the fact that this
+is the multivariate version yeah when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the multivariate version yeah when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the multivariate version yeah when I
+was sort of like oh I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of like oh I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of like oh I'm just going
+through the scalars and so this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the scalars and so this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the scalars and so this in
+principle this is straightforward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this is straightforward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this is straightforward in
+practice like you you need to think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice like you you need to think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice like you you need to think a
+little bit about the rules for what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the rules for what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the rules for what what
+this even means so for example I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even means so for example I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even means so for example I mean if
+things these these systems are designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these these systems are designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these these systems are designed
+written in such ways to be quite General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in such ways to be quite General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in such ways to be quite General
+uh and and so because of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so because of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and so because of that the
+interface is for supplying these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is for supplying these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is for supplying these can
+sometimes be a little bit confusing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be a little bit confusing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be a little bit confusing uh
+when you're not used to it another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not used to it another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not used to it another thing
+that I would have liked to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would have liked to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would have liked to have
+time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is talk about complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so for example suppose you have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example suppose you have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example suppose you have F
+of Z where Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z where Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z where Z is
+X Plus i y is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus i y is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus i y is a complex number
+okay suppose you have that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the magnitude squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude squared
+so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you take complex analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take complex analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take complex analysis
+they'll say okay this function you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say okay this function you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say okay this function you can't
+differentiate the end right it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the end right it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the end right it doesn't
+have a derivative with respect to Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative with respect to Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative with respect to Z in
+the usual since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual since
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know of course if you change Z by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course if you change Z by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course if you change Z by a
+little bit the output does change by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the output does change by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the output does change by a
+little bit right and if you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit right and if you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit right and if you look for
+example in terms of X and Y the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in terms of X and Y the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in terms of X and Y the real
+imaginary Parts this is a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Parts this is a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary Parts this is a perfectly
+differentiable function of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function of X and Y
+all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+so so suppose your your you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose your your you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose your your you know there
+are lots and lots of problems that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of problems that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of problems that are
+very natural expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural expressed in terms of
+complex numbers so especially in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so especially in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so especially in physics
+for example but your physical quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but your physical quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but your physical quantities
+that want to be complex and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want to be complex and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want to be complex and you want to
+optimize some function of them by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some function of them by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some function of them by some
+some some real valued function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some real valued function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some real valued function
+uh and so of course if you split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so of course if you split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so of course if you split
+everything into its real imaginary Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into its real imaginary Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into its real imaginary Parts
+it becomes differentiable in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes differentiable in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes differentiable in the usual
+way and then you can take derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then you can take derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then you can take derivatives
+but that that's a very this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's a very this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's a very this is a very
+awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know a way a way of right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a way a way of right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a way a way of right you
+know if things are natural in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if things are natural in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if things are natural in terms of
+companies it doesn't seem awkward right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies it doesn't seem awkward right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies it doesn't seem awkward right
+but it's only you only realize later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only you only realize later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's only you only realize later
+that it's awkward yeah I mean it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's awkward yeah I mean it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's awkward yeah I mean it's kind
+of natural it first off first but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural it first off first but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural it first off first but then
+it just turns into because then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just turns into because then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just turns into because then you're
+basically your code does not look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your code does not look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your code does not look like
+your your math right anymore it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your math right anymore it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your math right anymore it doesn't
+look like your your physical equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like your your physical equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like your your physical equations I
+mean right like complex code like Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right like complex code like Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right like complex code like Z
+cubes is much like other than all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes is much like other than all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes is much like other than all those
+things like you know if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know if you read
+Maxwell's original paper on Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's original paper on Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's original paper on Maxwell's
+equations in 1865 if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in 1865 if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in 1865 if you didn't have
+Vector notation he just used a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector notation he just used a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector notation he just used a different
+letter of the alphabet for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter of the alphabet for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter of the alphabet for every
+component of every field right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of every field right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of every field right and you
+have like 20 variable equations and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 20 variable equations and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 20 variable equations and 20
+variables right so this is this is the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right so this is this is the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right so this is this is the a
+version of that right so now you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that right so now you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that right so now you really
+only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one
+there's one quantity that's complex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one quantity that's complex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one quantity that's complex but
+now you have to have two variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to have two variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to have two variables right
+um so if you just ask what is DF what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you just ask what is DF what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you just ask what is DF what is
+f of Z Plus DZ minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of Z Plus DZ minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of Z Plus DZ minus f
+of Z right in terms of Z this this turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z right in terms of Z this this turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z right in terms of Z this this turns
+out to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have a
+perfectly it's basically it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly it's basically it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly it's basically it's it's uh
+it's DZ times z bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's DZ times z bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's DZ times z bar
+plus Z times DZ bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z times DZ bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z times DZ bar
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in general
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out what you can do is you can
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+um you can write DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write DF
+as d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as d f
+d z times DZ plus d f d z bar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d z times DZ plus d f d z bar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d z times DZ plus d f d z bar times
+DZ bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ bar
+right and you treat these the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you treat these the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you treat these the notation
+is a little confusing because it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little confusing because it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little confusing because it looks
+like you're treating Z and z bar as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're treating Z and z bar as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're treating Z and z bar as
+independent variables when of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables when of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables when of course
+they're not you should really think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not you should really think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not you should really think of
+this as a function of like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of like this is
+really a function of two are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a function of two are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a function of two are two
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+this is like f of a b equals a times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like f of a b equals a times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like f of a b equals a times B
+where you just uh you know let a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just uh you know let a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you just uh you know let a equals
+z and b equals z bar right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and b equals z bar right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and b equals z bar right so you can
+think of it as a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a function of two
+variables then you just at the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then you just at the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then you just at the end you
+plug in the complex conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the complex conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the complex conjugates
+and it's nice to work so everything ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's nice to work so everything ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's nice to work so everything ends
+up being perfectly sensible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being perfectly sensible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being perfectly sensible it's
+equivalent in some sense to differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in some sense to differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in some sense to differential
+respect to the real imaginary prices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the real imaginary prices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the real imaginary prices the
+way I look at it I don't know if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I look at it I don't know if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I look at it I don't know if this
+helps or hurts but you know like in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps or hurts but you know like in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps or hurts but you know like in in
+the complex plane like DX is Eastward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane like DX is Eastward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane like DX is Eastward
+and and d y is northward and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and d y is northward and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and d y is northward and um you know
+here you have DZ and DZ bar these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have DZ and DZ bar these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have DZ and DZ bar these two
+symmetric directions but it's still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric directions but it's still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric directions but it's still you
+need two Dimensions to describe what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two Dimensions to describe what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two Dimensions to describe what's
+going on so that's one way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so that's one way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so that's one way to look at it
+so then you know you can go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know you can go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you know you can go through and
+work out what does this mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what does this mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what does this mean for
+for gradients what does this mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gradients what does this mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gradients what does this mean for
+Newton methods all of those those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton methods all of those those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton methods all of those those kinds
+of things and this so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and this so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and this so this is this is
+the name for this does anyone in machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for this does anyone in machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for this does anyone in machine
+learning ever use complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning ever use complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning ever use complex numbers
+I don't know how uh if it's very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how uh if it's very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how uh if it's very common
+in machine learning how this maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning how this maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine learning how this maybe if
+you're doing ffts or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing ffts or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing ffts or something like that
+oh maybe then it would be natural right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe then it would be natural right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe then it would be natural right
+this is also called a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also called a a
+the diverting your Calculus vert thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diverting your Calculus vert thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diverting your Calculus vert thing
+do you actually know what the C and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually know what the C and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually know what the C and the
+r stand for instance not a clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if you ever need to like optimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever need to like optimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever need to like optimize a
+function of complex variables it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of complex variables it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of complex variables it turns
+out there's a there's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's a there's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's a there's a perfectly
+presentable way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentable way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentable way to do it
+uh that that still works when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that still works when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that still works when you have
+complex conjugates and real Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates and real Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates and real Parts
+imagine parts so you can't differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine parts so you can't differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine parts so you can't differentiate
+normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally
+um so just look this up that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just look this up that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just look this up that's what I'm
+doing you do not have to drop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you do not have to drop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you do not have to drop into
+separate and real imaginary Parts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and real imaginary Parts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and real imaginary Parts which
+is always an option but it can be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always an option but it can be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always an option but it can be a very
+awkward and unnatural option if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward and unnatural option if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward and unnatural option if that's
+not the if that's not the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the if that's not the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the if that's not the language that
+your problem uh is is naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem uh is is naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem uh is is naturally
+expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in
+so you know there's there's more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's there's more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's there's more things
+I I know when the first time we taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know when the first time we taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know when the first time we taught
+this course last last January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course last last January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course last last January
+um Allen had Ambitions of getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Allen had Ambitions of getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Allen had Ambitions of getting into
+like exterior calculus and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exterior calculus and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exterior calculus and some
+differential geometries it's not so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential geometries it's not so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential geometries it's not so bad
+it's not so bad I could have done it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad I could have done it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so bad I could have done it in
+in in one half of one lecture but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one half of one lecture but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one half of one lecture but I
+didn't yeah it's one of those things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't yeah it's one of those things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't yeah it's one of those things you
+know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's
+we first started playing this I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first started playing this I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first started playing this I was like
+do we really have enough material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really have enough material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really have enough material to
+fill 16 hours of lectures and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill 16 hours of lectures and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill 16 hours of lectures and then you
+realize oh that you know every little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh that you know every little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh that you know every little
+thing is is it's more it's there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is it's more it's there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is it's more it's there's all
+these topics and sensitive analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics and sensitive analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics and sensitive analysis and
+that they're all more complicated so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all more complicated so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all more complicated so I
+don't think it's any of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's any of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's any of these things
+calculus of real values calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of real values calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of real values calculus
+Readiness which is an education term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness which is an education term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Readiness which is an education term for
+students who are ready for calculus cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are ready for calculus cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are ready for calculus cost
+reduced I've even seen it written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I've even seen it written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I've even seen it written as
+like Blackboard bolt like so I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Blackboard bolt like so I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Blackboard bolt like so I think it
+so I think this is the clue it's CR I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is the clue it's CR I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is the clue it's CR I've
+seen it written this way so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it written this way so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it written this way so it's like
+the complex numbers and the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex numbers and the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex numbers and the real numbers
+I I think I it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I it might be
+just a reference to those two sets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reference to those two sets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reference to those two sets but
+somehow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but
+um like you want to map complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you want to map complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you want to map complex
+derivatives into real derivatives of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives into real derivatives of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives into real derivatives of or
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah anyway so this is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah anyway so this is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah anyway so this is there's a
+whole set of rules you can derive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of rules you can derive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of rules you can derive you
+know beyond this that that for CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond this that that for CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond this that that for CR
+calculus like well if the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like well if the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like well if the function is
+real for example if the output is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real for example if the output is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real for example if the output is real
+then these two terms have to be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two terms have to be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two terms have to be complex
+conjugates and so this is like twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates and so this is like twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates and so this is like twice the
+real part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of that
+um if it's analytic then this this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's analytic then this this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's analytic then this this time
+it's zero right so if it has if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero right so if it has if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero right so if it has if it has
+an ordinary uh um derivative in the 1804
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary uh um derivative in the 1804
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary uh um derivative in the 1804
+sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sense
+then one of the terms drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of the terms drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of the terms drops out
+uh you don't think it's chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't think it's chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't think it's chain rule
+calculus no maybe not somebody threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus no maybe not somebody threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus no maybe not somebody threw
+that out there but I don't think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there but I don't think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out there but I don't think that's
+right so but anyway if you Google it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but anyway if you Google it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but anyway if you Google it
+it's on these things Alan is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on these things Alan is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on these things Alan is there any
+anything else you wanted to come on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you wanted to come on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you wanted to come on what
+else there's bazillions of things but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there's bazillions of things but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there's bazillions of things but I
+I think that's a pretty good list right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a pretty good list right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a pretty good list right
+there that we can we can call it a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we can we can call it a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that we can we can call it a day
+with that I think yeah yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I think yeah yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that I think yeah yeah there's
+there's so many more things I mean Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more things I mean Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more things I mean Alan
+did did uh you know a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did uh you know a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did uh you know a little bit on
+dividends eigenvalues and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends eigenvalues and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends eigenvalues and so forth but
+there's whole papers on on how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's whole papers on on how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's whole papers on on how do you
+differentiate different Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate different Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate different Matrix
+factorizations and like I wrote chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizations and like I wrote chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizations and like I wrote chapters
+about this 20 years ago but I never did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 20 years ago but I never did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this 20 years ago but I never did
+anything with those chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with those chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with those chapters
+you know open research problems and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open research problems and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know open research problems and and
+how to efficiently do take care of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to efficiently do take care of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to efficiently do take care of some
+of these things especially if some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things especially if some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things especially if some of
+the terms are sparse and how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms are sparse and how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms are sparse and how do you how
+do you kind of track that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of track that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of track that information
+through the process to take full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process to take full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process to take full
+advantage of of the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of of the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of of the structure of the
+Matrix but hopefully you now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but hopefully you now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but hopefully you now will
+realize that calculus is way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that calculus is way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that calculus is way more
+interesting than your you know freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than your you know freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than your you know freshman
+teacher just just taking derivatives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher just just taking derivatives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher just just taking derivatives you
+think oh they tell you that this oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh they tell you that this oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh they tell you that this oh
+taking derivatives is Trivial you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives is Trivial you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives is Trivial you learn
+these five rules and then you can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five rules and then you can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five rules and then you can do you
+can handle everything and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle everything and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle everything and I think it's
+safe to say say that most members of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say say that most members of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say say that most members of our
+department they're they're not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department they're they're not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department they're they're not they
+don't think about these things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about these things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about these things they
+probably have they probably have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have they probably have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have they probably have never
+come across these things by and large I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across these things by and large I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across these things by and large I
+think it's in other words it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's in other words it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's in other words it's not
+something that's it's coming up more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's it's coming up more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's it's coming up more in
+Computer Science and Mathematics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Science and Mathematics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Science and Mathematics I
+believe I think I think that's the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I think I think that's the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I think I think that's the truth
+so uh so if you mentioned Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if you mentioned Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so if you mentioned Matrix
+calculus to many people in math they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to many people in math they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to many people in math they may
+not mean too much I suppose I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean too much I suppose I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mean too much I suppose I'm not sure
+yeah I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean it
+your science computational science it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your science computational science it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your science computational science it's
+coming up a lot more that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a lot more that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up a lot more that's where you
+end up differentiating you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up differentiating you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up differentiating you know I mean
+you say I know the rules for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I know the rules for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I know the rules for the
+derivatives and now let me differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and now let me differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and now let me differentiate
+the drag on an airplane wing that I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drag on an airplane wing that I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drag on an airplane wing that I saw
+by navius toxic crash or give me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by navius toxic crash or give me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by navius toxic crash or give me that
+machine learning ingredient to to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning ingredient to to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning ingredient to to move
+along and then you realize it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and then you realize it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and then you realize it's not so
+easy to take derivatives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to take derivatives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to take derivatives right
+all right I think that's it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think that's it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think that's it okay
+so thanks everybody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5DdKoTFO6Bs.txt b/5DdKoTFO6Bs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0657f1f0c4799b2df185070fc5ce54c8a0c7b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5DdKoTFO6Bs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can start today's material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on Monday's class we talked a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on Monday's class we talked a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on Monday's class we talked a bit
+about some of the kinds of work that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the kinds of work that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the kinds of work that was
+going on uh largely within Germany or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on uh largely within Germany or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on uh largely within Germany or at
+least other parts of of Europe but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least other parts of of Europe but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least other parts of of Europe but a lot
+of it right within Germany itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right within Germany itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right within Germany itself uh
+around topics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around topics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around topics like
+um the discovery of nuclear fission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the discovery of nuclear fission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the discovery of nuclear fission and
+early efforts to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early efforts to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early efforts to to
+put nuclear fission to to more practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nuclear fission to to more practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nuclear fission to to more practical
+use including both for um early ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use including both for um early ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use including both for um early ideas
+about about nuclear weapons as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about nuclear weapons as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about nuclear weapons as well as
+for power generation nuclear reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power generation nuclear reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power generation nuclear reactors
+and we saw that that was deeply deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that that was deeply deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that that was deeply deeply
+bound up or kind of caught up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound up or kind of caught up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound up or kind of caught up in this
+head-spinning swirl of of the onrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-spinning swirl of of the onrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-spinning swirl of of the onrush
+toward the second world war the rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the second world war the rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the second world war the rise of
+the Nazis soon overt fighting across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis soon overt fighting across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nazis soon overt fighting across
+Europe and of course much much beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and of course much much beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and of course much much beyond
+that before long so that so so Monday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before long so that so so Monday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before long so that so so Monday's
+class was largely about developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was largely about developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was largely about developments
+within Europe and today we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Europe and today we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Europe and today we'll talk about
+a range of developments mostly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of developments mostly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of developments mostly in the
+United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States
+and so we have as usual three main parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have as usual three main parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have as usual three main parts
+for the class here at the bottom is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class here at the bottom is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class here at the bottom is is
+my note reminding us again as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my note reminding us again as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my note reminding us again as I just
+mentioned about the film The Day After
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the film The Day After
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the film The Day After
+Trinity and I wanted to add that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity and I wanted to add that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity and I wanted to add that note
+because the the course material today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the course material today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the course material today
+the lecture for today is mostly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture for today is mostly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture for today is mostly going to
+be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at
+kind of conceptual ideas physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conceptual ideas physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conceptual ideas physics and
+Engineering ideas as well as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering ideas as well as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering ideas as well as new
+institutions or institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or institutional
+Arrangements in which many physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements in which many physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements in which many physicists
+began to find themselves and we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to find themselves and we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to find themselves and we won't be
+talking in today's class session about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in today's class session about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in today's class session about
+broader uh uh questions ethical moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader uh uh questions ethical moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader uh uh questions ethical moral
+contextual about the actual use of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual about the actual use of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextual about the actual use of these
+new weapons and that's partly I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weapons and that's partly I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weapons and that's partly I want to
+make sure that we do have time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we do have time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we do have time to talk
+about that uh at least at least to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh at least at least to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh at least at least to start
+those discussions with our optional um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those discussions with our optional um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those discussions with our optional um
+discussion section on Monday so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion section on Monday so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion section on Monday so today
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+not exactly a technical history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a technical history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a technical history of the
+wartime project so we'll get into a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime project so we'll get into a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wartime project so we'll get into a bit
+more of what did physicists mostly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of what did physicists mostly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of what did physicists mostly in
+the United States kind of find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States kind of find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States kind of find
+themselves being being drawn into or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves being being drawn into or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves being being drawn into or
+being wrapped up with uh during the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wrapped up with uh during the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wrapped up with uh during the late
+30s and throughout the much of the 1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and throughout the much of the 1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and throughout the much of the 1940s
+so we'll we'll start actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll start actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll start actually about
+talking a bit about radar which often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a bit about radar which often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a bit about radar which often
+gets kind of overlooked these days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of overlooked these days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of overlooked these days the
+drama of the nuclear weapons uh tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama of the nuclear weapons uh tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama of the nuclear weapons uh tends to
+obscure many many other kind of Full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure many many other kind of Full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure many many other kind of Full
+Tilt defense projects or weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilt defense projects or weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilt defense projects or weapons
+projects that physicists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that physicists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that physicists and Engineers
+uh were really immersed in during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were really immersed in during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were really immersed in during the
+war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+and so we'll talk about radar um for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk about radar um for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk about radar um for a
+good chunk of of today and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of of today and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of of today and then we'll
+shift and talk about some aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and talk about some aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and talk about some aspects of the
+Manhattan Project and and the film will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project and and the film will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project and and the film will
+cover uh other kinds of aspects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh other kinds of aspects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh other kinds of aspects in
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+so let's talk first about radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk first about radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk first about radar
+so radar was was around since before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radar was was around since before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radar was was around since before the
+second world war the the first working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war the the first working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war the the first working
+units have been developed actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units have been developed actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units have been developed actually in
+many countries kind of independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries kind of independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries kind of independently
+simultaneous Discovery is a phrase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous Discovery is a phrase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous Discovery is a phrase that
+historians will often use there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians will often use there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians will often use there were
+groups working independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups working independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups working independent of each other
+uh in different countries in Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in different countries in Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in different countries in Europe and
+the UK uh some in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK uh some in the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK uh some in the United States in
+Japan in the Soviet Union and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan in the Soviet Union and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan in the Soviet Union and other
+places it's been found that all came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's been found that all came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places it's been found that all came
+across similar ideas Came Upon similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across similar ideas Came Upon similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across similar ideas Came Upon similar
+ideas in the mid-1930s the idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in the mid-1930s the idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in the mid-1930s the idea for
+radar is to emit electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is to emit electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is to emit electromagnetic waves
+Maxwell waves classical radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell waves classical radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell waves classical radiation
+let those waves reflect off of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let those waves reflect off of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let those waves reflect off of some
+Target some object and then collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target some object and then collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target some object and then collect the
+echo collect the rebound uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo collect the rebound uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo collect the rebound uh the the
+reflected waves that come back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected waves that come back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected waves that come back to your
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+and then you can do things like use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can do things like use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can do things like use the
+fact that these are Maxwell waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these are Maxwell waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these are Maxwell waves
+they're electromagnetic waves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're electromagnetic waves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're electromagnetic waves they
+should be traveling at a constant speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be traveling at a constant speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be traveling at a constant speed
+of light and so you can if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and so you can if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and so you can if you have a
+very good Electronics a good timing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good Electronics a good timing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good Electronics a good timing then
+you should be able to tell the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell the different
+measure the difference between when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the difference between when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the difference between when you
+sent out your own pulse when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out your own pulse when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out your own pulse when you
+generated your waves and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated your waves and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated your waves and when you
+received the echo so that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the echo so that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the echo so that gives you the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and if you know the constant speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know the constant speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know the constant speed at
+which those waves are traveling you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those waves are traveling you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which those waves are traveling you can
+then determine the distance toward that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then determine the distance toward that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then determine the distance toward that
+object or your target that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or your target that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or your target that was the
+original idea there were working units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea there were working units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea there were working units
+as I say in many parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say in many parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say in many parts of the world
+already by the early and mid 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by the early and mid 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by the early and mid 1930s
+more sophisticated units that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated units that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated units that were
+developed actually during the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed actually during the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed actually during the second
+world war so by the early 1940s built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war so by the early 1940s built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war so by the early 1940s built in
+a very clever Edition which was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very clever Edition which was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very clever Edition which was to
+measure not just the time of arrival of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure not just the time of arrival of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure not just the time of arrival of
+that Echo but also measure the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Echo but also measure the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Echo but also measure the frequency
+shift they had very quick Doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift they had very quick Doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift they had very quick Doppler
+analyzers to measure the shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzers to measure the shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzers to measure the shift in the
+frequency of the risk of the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the risk of the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the risk of the return
+signal compared to the signal that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal compared to the signal that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal compared to the signal that the
+unit had sent out so then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit had sent out so then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit had sent out so then you could
+actually measure um the speed at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure um the speed at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure um the speed at least
+speed along the line of sight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the line of sight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the line of sight of the
+target object as well so now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target object as well so now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target object as well so now these
+devices could measure both distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices could measure both distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices could measure both distance and
+speed of the targets uh already before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the targets uh already before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the targets uh already before
+largely much of that before the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely much of that before the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely much of that before the start of
+the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+so both British and us-based researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both British and us-based researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both British and us-based researchers
+had developed these long wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed these long wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed these long wavelength
+radar systems and by long that meant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar systems and by long that meant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar systems and by long that meant the
+wavelength was measured in in meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength was measured in in meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength was measured in in meters
+sometimes tens or even hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tens or even hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tens or even hundreds of
+meters more like kind of radio waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters more like kind of radio waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters more like kind of radio waves
+um and those were what what had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those were what what had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those were what what had been
+operational uh before the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational uh before the start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational uh before the start of the
+war and then once the war actually broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and then once the war actually broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and then once the war actually broke
+out once UK declared war against Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out once UK declared war against Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out once UK declared war against Germany
+and U.S began to mobilize even before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U.S began to mobilize even before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U.S began to mobilize even before it
+declared war officially that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared war officially that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared war officially that was really
+one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most
+one of the earliest uh experiences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest uh experiences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest uh experiences that
+many many physicists in these parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many physicists in these parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many physicists in these parts of
+the world had with a direct involvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world had with a direct involvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world had with a direct involvement
+with with military matters so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with military matters so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with military matters so it was a
+radar project that was for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar project that was for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar project that was for many many
+physicists and other Engineers physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and other Engineers physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and other Engineers physical
+science-based Engineers this was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science-based Engineers this was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science-based Engineers this was for
+many of their first experience working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of their first experience working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of their first experience working
+closely on on Direct military projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely on on Direct military projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely on on Direct military projects
+so one of the first challenges a real a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the first challenges a real a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the first challenges a real a
+genuine hard research challenge was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine hard research challenge was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine hard research challenge was to
+design new kinds of Radars that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design new kinds of Radars that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design new kinds of Radars that used
+much shorter wavelength waves so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter wavelength waves so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much shorter wavelength waves so make
+the outgoing signal not meters or tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing signal not meters or tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing signal not meters or tens
+of meters but more like centimeters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meters but more like centimeters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meters but more like centimeters or
+at most say tens of centimeters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most say tens of centimeters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most say tens of centimeters they
+want to shrink down the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shrink down the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shrink down the wavelength of
+the of the outgoing signal and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the outgoing signal and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the outgoing signal and that was
+because the the nature of the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the nature of the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the nature of the challenge
+had shifted quite dramatically remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shifted quite dramatically remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shifted quite dramatically remember
+with shorter wavelengths you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shorter wavelengths you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with shorter wavelengths you can you can
+resolve you can make sharper images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve you can make sharper images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve you can make sharper images of
+smaller scaled things if you only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scaled things if you only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scaled things if you only have a
+very long wavelength wave you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long wavelength wave you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long wavelength wave you'll never
+be able to make out short scale short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make out short scale short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make out short scale short
+distance phenomena why would they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance phenomena why would they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance phenomena why would they need
+suddenly to worry about centimeter scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly to worry about centimeter scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly to worry about centimeter scale
+phenomena instead of meters after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena instead of meters after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena instead of meters after all
+airplanes you know are many meters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes you know are many meters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes you know are many meters long
+or large boats on on the water the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or large boats on on the water the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or large boats on on the water the
+problem was beginning with right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was beginning with right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was beginning with right around
+the outbreak of the war itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outbreak of the war itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outbreak of the war itself the
+famous or inFAMOUS German submarines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous or inFAMOUS German submarines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous or inFAMOUS German submarines the
+U-boats had become an enormous threat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U-boats had become an enormous threat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U-boats had become an enormous threat a
+very deadly threat to both U.S and UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deadly threat to both U.S and UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deadly threat to both U.S and UK
+shipping interests both for commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping interests both for commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping interests both for commercial
+shipping but also for for Naval uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping but also for for Naval uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping but also for for Naval uh you
+know ships as well now the boats were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ships as well now the boats were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ships as well now the boats were
+ordinarily underwater they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily underwater they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily underwater they were
+basically impervious to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically impervious to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically impervious to this kind of
+radar but they but if a part of the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar but they but if a part of the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar but they but if a part of the boat
+would would reach the surface often as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would reach the surface often as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would reach the surface often as
+little as just a periscope just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as just a periscope just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as just a periscope just a little
+you know kind of siding device to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of siding device to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of siding device to allow
+the the members on the on the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the members on the on the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the members on the on the German
+Subs just to sort of see their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs just to sort of see their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs just to sort of see their their
+targets if that breached the water that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets if that breached the water that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets if that breached the water that
+would be a couple centimeter scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a couple centimeter scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a couple centimeter scale
+Target for these Radars so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target for these Radars so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target for these Radars so in order to
+to try to have any hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to have any hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to have any hope
+against this now very deadly force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this now very deadly force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this now very deadly force of
+the German U-boats the radar challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German U-boats the radar challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German U-boats the radar challenge
+became to find centimeter scale radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became to find centimeter scale radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became to find centimeter scale radar
+systems not just meters or tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not just meters or tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not just meters or tens of
+meters okay so by 1940 uh just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters okay so by 1940 uh just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters okay so by 1940 uh just a few
+months into the real heart of the U-Boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months into the real heart of the U-Boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months into the real heart of the U-Boat
+campaign uh physicists and Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign uh physicists and Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign uh physicists and Engineers
+within the UK had had really made a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the UK had had really made a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the UK had had really made a huge
+Advance they had developed what became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance they had developed what became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance they had developed what became
+called the cavity magnetron and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cavity magnetron and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cavity magnetron and here's
+one shown uh in the image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shown uh in the image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shown uh in the image here
+you don't get a clear sense of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a clear sense of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get a clear sense of scale
+this is just a couple centimeters across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a couple centimeters across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a couple centimeters across
+you could hold it in your hand this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hold it in your hand this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hold it in your hand this is a
+handheld scale device that could emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld scale device that could emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld scale device that could emit
+very high power high intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power high intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power high intensity
+electromagnetic electromagnetic waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic electromagnetic waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic electromagnetic waves of
+this shorter wavelength of roughly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shorter wavelength of roughly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shorter wavelength of roughly one
+or early ones are about three centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or early ones are about three centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or early ones are about three centimeter
+wavelength instead of meters so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength instead of meters so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength instead of meters so you
+could create very powerful outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create very powerful outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could create very powerful outgoing
+beams of short wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams of short wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams of short wavelength
+electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves
+by that time however uh the UK was under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time however uh the UK was under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time however uh the UK was under
+both bombardment from the air the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bombardment from the air the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bombardment from the air the German
+uh luftwaffe and the German air force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh luftwaffe and the German air force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh luftwaffe and the German air force
+was now doing a very very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now doing a very very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was now doing a very very successful
+bombing runs uh penetrating London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing runs uh penetrating London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing runs uh penetrating London
+airspace routinely and and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace routinely and and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace routinely and and with
+devastating effects so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating effects so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating effects so the the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the Blitz the bombing in London and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blitz the bombing in London and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blitz the bombing in London and
+other parts of Britain was was nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of Britain was was nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of Britain was was nearly
+constant uh and so it seemed impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh and so it seemed impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh and so it seemed impossible
+to kind of scale up this kind of bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of scale up this kind of bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of scale up this kind of bench
+top level Research into really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level Research into really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level Research into really
+full-scale research development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-scale research development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-scale research development and
+production so they knew how to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so they knew how to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so they knew how to make one
+or two of these devices they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of these devices they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two of these devices they didn't know
+how to make factories worth humming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make factories worth humming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make factories worth humming
+around the clock to make hundreds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the clock to make hundreds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the clock to make hundreds and
+thousands of these devices because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these devices because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these devices because that
+kind of industrial capacity was under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of industrial capacity was under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of industrial capacity was under
+constant threat from bombardment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant threat from bombardment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant threat from bombardment
+so in the Autumn of 1940 uh and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Autumn of 1940 uh and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the Autumn of 1940 uh and remember
+that's more than one whole year before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than one whole year before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than one whole year before
+the US even officially entered the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US even officially entered the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US even officially entered the war
+so long before the surprise attack on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long before the surprise attack on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long before the surprise attack on uh
+Pearl Harbor which finally uh was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl Harbor which finally uh was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl Harbor which finally uh was sort
+of the reason why the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why the United States
+officially entered the Second World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially entered the Second World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially entered the Second World War
+long before that a British delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before that a British delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before that a British delegation
+came over quite a dangerous journey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came over quite a dangerous journey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came over quite a dangerous journey and
+they came over by by boat despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came over by by boat despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came over by by boat despite the
+German submarines it was a delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German submarines it was a delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German submarines it was a delegation
+led by Sir Henry tuzzard it became known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Sir Henry tuzzard it became known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led by Sir Henry tuzzard it became known
+as the tazard delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tazard delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tazard delegation
+they came to the United States and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to the United States and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to the United States and they
+set up a meeting in Washington DC to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a meeting in Washington DC to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a meeting in Washington DC to try
+to get U.S based colleagues to partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get U.S based colleagues to partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get U.S based colleagues to partner
+and ultimately kind of take over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately kind of take over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately kind of take over the
+lead on these next steps for radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on these next steps for radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead on these next steps for radar
+development they wanted to cooperate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they wanted to cooperate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they wanted to cooperate but
+especially have a kind of safer home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially have a kind of safer home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially have a kind of safer home
+base uh or headquarters at which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh or headquarters at which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh or headquarters at which this
+within which this work could then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which this work could then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which this work could then be
+expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded
+they came up with lots of blueprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with lots of blueprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with lots of blueprints
+lots of paperwork and also literally one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paperwork and also literally one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paperwork and also literally one
+one cavity magnetron they were so rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cavity magnetron they were so rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cavity magnetron they were so rare
+and they were in such high demand back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were in such high demand back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were in such high demand back
+in Britain they could spare only one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Britain they could spare only one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Britain they could spare only one to
+hand over to their U.S colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand over to their U.S colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand over to their U.S colleagues and
+the idea was between the paperwork the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was between the paperwork the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was between the paperwork the
+specs and the blueprints and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs and the blueprints and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs and the blueprints and the
+technical reports and literally the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical reports and literally the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical reports and literally the one
+working device The Hope was that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working device The Hope was that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working device The Hope was that these
+groups in the US could kind of reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in the US could kind of reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in the US could kind of reverse
+engineer this thing make many more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this thing make many more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer this thing make many more of
+them and improve the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+point to work full-time in science
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+policy and Science advising in
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC but until that time he'd
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+uh likewise attending this meeting was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh likewise attending this meeting was
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC Hotel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+uh and at one point Compton actually
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+and radar the biggest stumbling block
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+
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+
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+
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+lot in the middle of campus and uh you
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+basically take over that parking lot uh
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+was not meant to Outlast the duration of
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+was not meant to Outlast the duration of
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+it was literally a temporary large scale
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+U.S although it was still not officially
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+or getting ready it looked like War
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+
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+any time so Bush's idea was to make a
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+any time so Bush's idea was to make a
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+any time so Bush's idea was to make a
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+
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+universities some at industrial
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+universities some at industrial
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+universities some at industrial
+Laboratories in the private sector
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+Laboratories in the private sector
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+Laboratories in the private sector
+connect them with them with U.S military
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+could come to to Bush's organization the
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+could come to to Bush's organization the
+ndrc say we really need a better this or
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+ndrc say we really need a better this or
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+ndrc say we really need a better this or
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+a better that could you please get
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+a better that could you please get
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+arrange these contacts
+so a little while later roughly one year
+
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+so a little while later roughly one year
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+Roosevelt to actually that that wasn't
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+enough that just being able to arrange
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+enough that just being able to arrange
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+for um for uh research contracts was was
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+actually insufficient and that in fact
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+actually insufficient and that in fact
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+there should be an even an expanded
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+there should be an even an expanded
+institutional base that became known as
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+institutional base that became known as
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+institutional base that became known as
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+and that bush would lead that so not
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+contracts like the older model but who
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+contracts like the older model but who
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+actually have a much more active and
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+
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+actually have a much more active and
+ongoing role in production it wouldn't
+
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+ongoing role in production it wouldn't
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+
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+ongoing role in production it wouldn't
+just say here's your contract tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+just say here's your contract tell us
+when you're done it would have a a kind
+
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+when you're done it would have a a kind
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+
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+of steady oversight role to make sure
+
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+
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+
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+these things are getting done on time
+and on budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on budget
+this next part is really just for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part is really just for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part is really just for uh
+Professor gensler's benefit but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor gensler's benefit but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor gensler's benefit but I find
+it fascinating one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fascinating one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fascinating one of the things that
+stands out from veneiver Bush's strategy
+
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+stands out from veneiver Bush's strategy
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+
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+stands out from veneiver Bush's strategy
+was to use contracts rather than grants
+
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+was to use contracts rather than grants
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+
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+was to use contracts rather than grants
+let alone gifts to make it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone gifts to make it look like
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+
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+let alone gifts to make it look like
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+these were kind of equal Partners
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+
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+these were kind of equal Partners
+entering into a business arrangement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into a business arrangement I
+ 
+
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+entering into a business arrangement I
+find this actually very fascinating so
+
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+find this actually very fascinating so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this actually very fascinating so
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+the last thing veniver Bush wanted would
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+it looked like two equal partners coming
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+completely desperate for funds
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+
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+completely desperate for funds
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+
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+this was now nearly a decade into the
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+
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+this was now nearly a decade into the
+Great Depression all of these
+
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+Great Depression all of these
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+
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+Great Depression all of these
+universities were facing enormously
+
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+universities were facing enormously
+ 
+
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+universities were facing enormously
+difficult financial times but Bush
+
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+difficult financial times but Bush
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+
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+difficult financial times but Bush
+wanted to maintain the kind of
+
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+appearance of equal Partners arranging
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of equal Partners arranging
+contracts as opposed to anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts as opposed to anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts as opposed to anything else
+that's I find that really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I find that really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I find that really interesting
+okay so what's going on then at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's going on then at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's going on then at MIT
+here's a photograph from the top there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a photograph from the top there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a photograph from the top there
+was a rooftop facility temporarily built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rooftop facility temporarily built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rooftop facility temporarily built
+uh not just in building 20 but even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not just in building 20 but even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not just in building 20 but even in
+part of the infinite Corridor this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the infinite Corridor this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the infinite Corridor this was
+now on this on the roof of building four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this on the roof of building four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this on the roof of building four
+part of the you know the infinite card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the you know the infinite card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the you know the infinite card
+in there so in many many uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so in many many uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so in many many uh kind of
+sites on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on campus
+so the rad lab grew very very quickly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad lab grew very very quickly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad lab grew very very quickly it
+began once the green light was given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began once the green light was given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began once the green light was given and
+they could throw that plywood Palace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could throw that plywood Palace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could throw that plywood Palace
+together building 20 they began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together building 20 they began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together building 20 they began
+attracting staff to it at first they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting staff to it at first they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting staff to it at first they
+hired 30 physicists most of whom were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired 30 physicists most of whom were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired 30 physicists most of whom were
+not previously at MIT they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not previously at MIT they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not previously at MIT they came from
+other universities across the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities across the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities across the country
+they had three security guards which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had three security guards which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had three security guards which is
+a top secret effort right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a top secret effort right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a top secret effort right in the middle
+of Campus two stockroom clerks and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Campus two stockroom clerks and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Campus two stockroom clerks and one
+kind of administrative secretary not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of administrative secretary not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of administrative secretary not so
+big it was led by a nuclear physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it was led by a nuclear physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it was led by a nuclear physicist
+not an engineer or even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an engineer or even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an engineer or even an
+electromagnetic expert the physicist Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic expert the physicist Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic expert the physicist Lee
+dubridge who at the time was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubridge who at the time was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubridge who at the time was at
+Rochester University in Upstate New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rochester University in Upstate New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rochester University in Upstate New York
+he was recruited to lead to temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was recruited to lead to temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was recruited to lead to temporarily
+leave his job and move to MIT to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave his job and move to MIT to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave his job and move to MIT to be the
+kind of scientific director for this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scientific director for this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scientific director for this but
+it quickly uh grew well beyond physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quickly uh grew well beyond physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quickly uh grew well beyond physics
+or even electrical engineering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even electrical engineering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even electrical engineering it
+included meteorology experts in geology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included meteorology experts in geology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included meteorology experts in geology
+what we now call Material Science even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call Material Science even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now call Material Science even
+Linguistics how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linguistics how do you how do you
+identify uh signal from noise and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh signal from noise and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh signal from noise and so on
+it grew very rapidly in fact after less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grew very rapidly in fact after less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grew very rapidly in fact after less
+than two years of operation the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two years of operation the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two years of operation the staff
+numbered two thousands not just 30 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered two thousands not just 30 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered two thousands not just 30 and
+it doubled again before the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doubled again before the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doubled again before the end of the
+war so by the end of the war it had 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so by the end of the war it had 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war so by the end of the war it had 500
+academic physicists a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic physicists a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic physicists a very large
+fraction of all the pad PhD physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of all the pad PhD physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of all the pad PhD physicists
+in American universities all together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American universities all together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American universities all together a
+huge fraction were recruited to the rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fraction were recruited to the rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge fraction were recruited to the rad
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+uh it was by by this point spending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was by by this point spending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was by by this point spending a
+million dollars per month if you adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars per month if you adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars per month if you adjust
+for inflation to our contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inflation to our contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inflation to our contemporary
+currency that's about a 15 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that's about a 15 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that's about a 15 million
+dollar per month budget they're burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar per month budget they're burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar per month budget they're burning
+through cash very rapidly and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cash very rapidly and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cash very rapidly and this
+became the largest part of actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the largest part of actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the largest part of actually very
+large suite of uh defense projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large suite of uh defense projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large suite of uh defense projects
+that were being done at MIT throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being done at MIT throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being done at MIT throughout
+the war totaling again in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war totaling again in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war totaling again in today's
+dollars about one and a half billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars about one and a half billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars about one and a half billion
+dollars MIT became by a very very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars MIT became by a very very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars MIT became by a very very wide
+margin the single largest university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the single largest university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin the single largest university
+contractor for wartime projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor for wartime projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractor for wartime projects in the
+United States and in fact it was even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and in fact it was even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and in fact it was even a
+bigger contractor for these research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger contractor for these research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger contractor for these research and
+development projects than some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development projects than some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development projects than some of the
+largest industrial companies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industrial companies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industrial companies in the
+country ATT General Electric RCA Dupont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country ATT General Electric RCA Dupont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country ATT General Electric RCA Dupont
+Westinghouse the the research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westinghouse the the research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westinghouse the the research and
+development contracts from the osrd that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contracts from the osrd that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contracts from the osrd that
+came to MIT were three times more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT were three times more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT were three times more than
+even those huge industrial behemoths now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those huge industrial behemoths now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those huge industrial behemoths now
+those those companies got huge contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those companies got huge contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those companies got huge contracts
+for production like building airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for production like building airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for production like building airplanes
+and engines and all the rest but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engines and all the rest but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engines and all the rest but the
+actual r d MIT became an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual r d MIT became an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual r d MIT became an enormous
+enormous node of this osrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous node of this osrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous node of this osrd
+so the rad lab staff now that you had 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad lab staff now that you had 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad lab staff now that you had 4
+000 people by late stages in the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people by late stages in the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people by late stages in the war
+they were very busy they designed dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very busy they designed dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were very busy they designed dozens
+of different radar systems not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different radar systems not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different radar systems not just one
+type of system from that one cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of system from that one cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of system from that one cavity
+magnetron but really dozens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetron but really dozens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetron but really dozens of
+variations so you wanted to have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so you wanted to have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so you wanted to have say
+ground to air to get early warning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to air to get early warning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to air to get early warning about
+aircraft uh air to Sea um ground to Sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft uh air to Sea um ground to Sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft uh air to Sea um ground to Sea
+and so on now these were all in the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now these were all in the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on now these were all in the kind
+of centimeter range a couple centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centimeter range a couple centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centimeter range a couple centimeters
+they were all were of that new type but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all were of that new type but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all were of that new type but
+now adapted to different kinds of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now adapted to different kinds of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now adapted to different kinds of um
+tactical needs they would conduct tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical needs they would conduct tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical needs they would conduct tests
+literally from MIT rooftops to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally from MIT rooftops to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally from MIT rooftops to see if
+they're if they're kind of beta Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're kind of beta Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're kind of beta Vision
+beta versions could detect actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta versions could detect actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta versions could detect actual
+aircraft from nearby airports but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft from nearby airports but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft from nearby airports but are
+now uh the Hanscom Air Force Base uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the Hanscom Air Force Base uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the Hanscom Air Force Base uh in
+the western suburbs in what's now called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western suburbs in what's now called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western suburbs in what's now called
+Logan Airport both Air Force and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan Airport both Air Force and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan Airport both Air Force and uh
+commercial aircraft and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial aircraft and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial aircraft and they also
+trained nearly 10 000 active duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained nearly 10 000 active duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained nearly 10 000 active duty
+service members from across the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service members from across the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service members from across the United
+States they would come to campus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they would come to campus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they would come to campus for
+very brief very intense training in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief very intense training in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief very intense training in how
+to use these new systems and then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these new systems and then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these new systems and then be
+shipped out and use them operationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped out and use them operationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped out and use them operationally
+now at first many of the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at first many of the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at first many of the theoretical
+physicists who were recruited to the rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who were recruited to the rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists who were recruited to the rad
+lab they were even by their own lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab they were even by their own lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab they were even by their own lights
+pretty arrogant that's not just me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arrogant that's not just me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arrogant that's not just me
+saying so many of them came to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so many of them came to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so many of them came to that
+conclusion themselves after all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion themselves after all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion themselves after all they
+came in saying oh radar that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in saying oh radar that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in saying oh radar that's that's
+just classical physics that's merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just classical physics that's merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just classical physics that's merely
+Maxwell's equations how hard could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations how hard could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations how hard could that
+be they had many of them had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they had many of them had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they had many of them had been
+immersed in these kind of very fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in these kind of very fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in these kind of very fancy
+esoteric ideas about Quantum Theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric ideas about Quantum Theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric ideas about Quantum Theory or
+Nuclear Physics of the sort we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear Physics of the sort we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear Physics of the sort we've talked
+about in recent sessions here they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in recent sessions here they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in recent sessions here they were
+quickly schooled they learned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly schooled they learned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly schooled they learned very
+quickly that calculating the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that calculating the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that calculating the actual
+electromagnetic field configurations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field configurations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field configurations for
+real devices not just the kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real devices not just the kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real devices not just the kind of they
+assigned to their students on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to their students on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to their students on problem
+sets was as we physicists say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets was as we physicists say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets was as we physicists say
+non-trivial means it was really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial means it was really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial means it was really really
+hard this was not at all an easy task so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this was not at all an easy task so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this was not at all an easy task so
+as you all know and are still learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you all know and are still learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you all know and are still learning
+as we still use in our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we still use in our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we still use in our own
+more mature research oftentimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mature research oftentimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mature research oftentimes it's
+very very important and very helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important and very helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important and very helpful to
+exploit symmetries to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit symmetries to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit symmetries to simplify
+calculations imagine a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations imagine a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations imagine a spherical
+symmetry or if you really must a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry or if you really must a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry or if you really must a
+cylindrical symmetry so two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical symmetry so two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical symmetry so two dimensions
+of space can be treated the same way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space can be treated the same way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space can be treated the same way and
+one-third one's different that was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third one's different that was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third one's different that was going
+to get you absolutely nowhere when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you absolutely nowhere when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you absolutely nowhere when it
+came to these real world devices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to these real world devices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to these real world devices like
+radar here's an example of just some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar here's an example of just some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar here's an example of just some of
+the so-called components these waveguide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called components these waveguide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called components these waveguide
+components they were already in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they were already in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components they were already in standard
+use by this time by the mid-1940s few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by this time by the mid-1940s few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by this time by the mid-1940s few of
+these could be uh could be treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be uh could be treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be uh could be treated as a
+cylinder none of them could be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder none of them could be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder none of them could be treated
+as a sphere and these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sphere and these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sphere and these are just
+components the actual parts of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the actual parts of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the actual parts of these
+radar devices like here's one schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar devices like here's one schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar devices like here's one schematic
+would be you know putting all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know putting all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know putting all these
+together in these complicated forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in these complicated forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in these complicated forms
+there is no symmetry argument that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no symmetry argument that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no symmetry argument that's
+going to help you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you there
+so what the physicists began to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the physicists began to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the physicists began to learn
+and again many of them were called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again many of them were called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again many of them were called this
+years afterwards was really a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years afterwards was really a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years afterwards was really a whole new
+way to think about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about their own
+calculations and here they credited many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and here they credited many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and here they credited many
+of them credited the engineers with whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them credited the engineers with whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them credited the engineers with whom
+they were suddenly and often for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were suddenly and often for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were suddenly and often for the
+first time working very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time working very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time working very closely
+credit of the engineers for helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit of the engineers for helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit of the engineers for helping them
+to learn a whole new way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a whole new way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a whole new way to think about
+their own calculations to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own calculations to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own calculations to think about
+effective circuits don't start from kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuits don't start from kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuits don't start from kind
+of individual uh basic parts and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual uh basic parts and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual uh basic parts and even
+more more basically focus on kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more basically focus on kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more basically focus on kind of
+input output relationships so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output relationships so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output relationships so you might
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a particular circuit for part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular circuit for part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular circuit for part of that
+radar system that would have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar system that would have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar system that would have a bunch of
+resistors some in parallel some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors some in parallel some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors some in parallel some in
+series you have capacities you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you have capacities you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you have capacities you have all
+these kind of messy electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of messy electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of messy electronic
+components and although it is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and although it is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and although it is the case
+that one can simplify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can simplify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can simplify these
+mathematically the engine and find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the engine and find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the engine and find an
+effective circuit uh using things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuit uh using things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuit uh using things like
+Ohm's law the engineers would say don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law the engineers would say don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law the engineers would say don't
+even waste your chalkboard time on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even waste your chalkboard time on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even waste your chalkboard time on that
+stick a lead on over here stick a lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a lead on over here stick a lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a lead on over here stick a lead
+on over here what's the current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on over here what's the current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on over here what's the current flowing
+in what's the current flowing out infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's the current flowing out infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what's the current flowing out infer
+an effective overall resistance have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective overall resistance have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective overall resistance have an
+effective circuit based on the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuit based on the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective circuit based on the input and
+the output and stop it you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and stop it you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and stop it you don't have
+time to do this kind of thing plus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do this kind of thing plus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do this kind of thing plus when
+you're faced with those crazy crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're faced with those crazy crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're faced with those crazy crazy
+shape wave guides even these simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape wave guides even these simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape wave guides even these simplifying
+mathematics would be no help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would be no help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would be no help
+so several physicists including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so several physicists including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so several physicists including this
+gentleman here uh Julian schwinger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman here uh Julian schwinger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman here uh Julian schwinger who
+spent the war working at the rad lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the war working at the rad lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the war working at the rad lab
+they later recall that this new approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they later recall that this new approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they later recall that this new approach
+this kind of engineering input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of engineering input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of engineering input output
+approach to problem solving really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to problem solving really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to problem solving really
+shaped how they thought about research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped how they thought about research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped how they thought about research
+questions even after the war was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions even after the war was over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions even after the war was over
+and that's a little bit of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit of a a
+foreshadowing we'll look at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing we'll look at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing we'll look at some of the
+lessons that schwinger took from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that schwinger took from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that schwinger took from his
+radar experience when he returned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar experience when he returned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar experience when he returned to
+challenges in quantum theory we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in quantum theory we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in quantum theory we'll look
+at that in a few class sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in a few class sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that in a few class sessions
+okay so by 1943 so in roughly two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by 1943 so in roughly two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by 1943 so in roughly two and a
+half three years into kind of full-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half three years into kind of full-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half three years into kind of full-scale
+operations for the rad lab these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for the rad lab these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for the rad lab these kinds
+of units were actually developed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units were actually developed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units were actually developed and
+deployed all over the the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed all over the the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed all over the the so-called
+theaters of battle they were not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters of battle they were not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters of battle they were not only
+used in ground-based scanning stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in ground-based scanning stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in ground-based scanning stations
+they were also put on board aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also put on board aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also put on board aircraft
+onboard Naval vessels they began finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard Naval vessels they began finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard Naval vessels they began finally
+to turn the tide against the devastating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the tide against the devastating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the tide against the devastating
+German submarines the U-Boat campaigns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German submarines the U-Boat campaigns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German submarines the U-Boat campaigns
+as well as the luftwaffe uh bombing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the luftwaffe uh bombing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the luftwaffe uh bombing
+rates over uh over Britain uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates over uh over Britain uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates over uh over Britain uh it turns
+out these systems were not only in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these systems were not only in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these systems were not only in some
+sense defensive it wasn't really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense defensive it wasn't really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense defensive it wasn't really trying
+to get early warning of an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get early warning of an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get early warning of an incoming
+attack though they turned out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack though they turned out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack though they turned out to be very
+effective at that these also became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at that these also became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at that these also became very
+important for for for offensive weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for for for offensive weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for for for offensive weapons
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for uh for weapons that would that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for weapons that would that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for weapons that would that would
+go and attack the enemy and so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and attack the enemy and so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and attack the enemy and so one of
+the most substantial was actually at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most substantial was actually at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most substantial was actually at a
+related osrd project uh the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related osrd project uh the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related osrd project uh the so-called
+Applied Physics laboratory associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Physics laboratory associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Physics laboratory associated
+with Johns Hopkins University uh near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Johns Hopkins University uh near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Johns Hopkins University uh near
+Baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore
+which was set up in a similar fashion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was set up in a similar fashion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was set up in a similar fashion to
+mit's rad lab and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's rad lab and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's rad lab and one of the most
+important things there was developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things there was developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things there was developing
+the proximity fuse so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity fuse so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proximity fuse so this would
+actually embed is really quite amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embed is really quite amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embed is really quite amazing
+embed miniature radar units in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed miniature radar units in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed miniature radar units in the
+WarHeads in the tips of these artillery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WarHeads in the tips of these artillery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WarHeads in the tips of these artillery
+shells so now the the each uh each kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so now the the each uh each kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells so now the the each uh each kind
+of artillery shell that would be fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artillery shell that would be fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artillery shell that would be fired
+from these very large cannons would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these very large cannons would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these very large cannons would
+carry its own kind of ranging device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry its own kind of ranging device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry its own kind of ranging device
+so it could tell in real time how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could tell in real time how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could tell in real time how close
+it was getting to it to a given Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was getting to it to a given Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was getting to it to a given Target
+so you could then wire these things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could then wire these things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could then wire these things up
+to explode to actually uh detonate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explode to actually uh detonate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explode to actually uh detonate not
+any old time but only when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old time but only when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old time but only when they were
+within some preset distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some preset distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within some preset distance from the
+Target and that had an enormous impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and that had an enormous impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and that had an enormous impact
+on the offense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the offense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the offense
+previously these anti-aircraft efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously these anti-aircraft efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously these anti-aircraft efforts
+like shooting these big guns from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shooting these big guns from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shooting these big guns from a
+naval vessel against incoming aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval vessel against incoming aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval vessel against incoming aircraft
+they typically had to fire hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically had to fire hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically had to fire hundreds of
+rounds these very expensive rounds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds these very expensive rounds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds these very expensive rounds to
+hit a single fast-moving airplane they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a single fast-moving airplane they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a single fast-moving airplane they
+were had a very bad uh return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were had a very bad uh return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were had a very bad uh return on
+investment so to speak they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so to speak they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so to speak they were not
+very effective once these same shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective once these same shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective once these same shells
+now were were equipped with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were were equipped with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now were were equipped with these
+proximity fuses they need it on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity fuses they need it on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity fuses they need it on average
+two not hundreds to to successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not hundreds to to successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not hundreds to to successfully
+strike an incoming aircraft so after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike an incoming aircraft so after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike an incoming aircraft so after the
+war it became common especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it became common especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it became common especially for
+veterans of the rad lab of the Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans of the rad lab of the Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans of the rad lab of the Applied
+Physics lab to say that nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics lab to say that nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics lab to say that nuclear weapons
+are the sort that we'll talk about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort that we'll talk about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort that we'll talk about for
+the rest of today and on the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of today and on the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of today and on the film that
+these weapons might have ended the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weapons might have ended the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weapons might have ended the war
+but it was radar they said that it won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was radar they said that it won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was radar they said that it won
+the war so let me pause there and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war so let me pause there and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war so let me pause there and take
+some questions I see the chat is filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions I see the chat is filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions I see the chat is filling
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so fish is right so building 20 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fish is right so building 20 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fish is right so building 20 is
+indeed uh on the campus location where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh on the campus location where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh on the campus location where
+where the uh state is centered now is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh state is centered now is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh state is centered now is uh
+and whether that's an ugly building or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that's an ugly building or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether that's an ugly building or a
+beautiful building we can all decide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful building we can all decide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful building we can all decide but
+indeed that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that was
+um it's sort of a it's you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of a it's you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of a it's you know a
+building of real legend it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of real legend it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of real legend it was really
+supposed to last like five years and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to last like five years and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to last like five years and it
+was in constant use for 55 years much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in constant use for 55 years much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in constant use for 55 years much
+beloved there's a time capsule within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beloved there's a time capsule within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beloved there's a time capsule within
+status so on the same physical locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so on the same physical locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so on the same physical locations
+when we could all get back on campus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we could all get back on campus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we could all get back on campus I
+encourage you to go take a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go take a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go take a look at it
+for those of you who might us like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who might us like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who might us like me
+still be remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be remote
+there's a time capsule in stata of rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time capsule in stata of rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time capsule in stata of rad
+lab materials and memorabilia they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab materials and memorabilia they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab materials and memorabilia they
+wanted to have it on the same physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have it on the same physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have it on the same physical
+site and it will be sealed until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and it will be sealed until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and it will be sealed until
+sometime later in the 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later in the 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later in the 21st century
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so anyway so that's uh a a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anyway so that's uh a a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anyway so that's uh a a large
+part of mit's role uh and kind of Legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of mit's role uh and kind of Legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of mit's role uh and kind of Legacy
+during the second world war so Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second world war so Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the second world war so Jesus
+asks how is the original radar built if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks how is the original radar built if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks how is the original radar built if
+it was so non-trivial yeah good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so non-trivial yeah good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so non-trivial yeah good so the
+the non-trivial part was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-trivial part was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-trivial part was mostly
+shrinking it down to short wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking it down to short wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking it down to short wavelengths
+and having a means of generating high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a means of generating high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a means of generating high
+power high intensity waves of that short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power high intensity waves of that short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power high intensity waves of that short
+wavelength and also getting very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and also getting very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and also getting very careful
+Electronics to detect the echo getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics to detect the echo getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics to detect the echo getting
+even fancier Electronics to detect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fancier Electronics to detect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even fancier Electronics to detect any
+kind of frequency shift the Doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frequency shift the Doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frequency shift the Doppler
+shift the original idea of getting a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the original idea of getting a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the original idea of getting a big
+basically big radio tower send out large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically big radio tower send out large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically big radio tower send out large
+multimeter wavelength waves people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter wavelength waves people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter wavelength waves people have
+been sort of generating radio frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sort of generating radio frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sort of generating radio frequency
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+um since around 1900s the 1890s think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since around 1900s the 1890s think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since around 1900s the 1890s think
+about Marconi and other other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Marconi and other other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Marconi and other other people so
+just generating long wavelength radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generating long wavelength radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generating long wavelength radio
+waves and detecting them that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and detecting them that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and detecting them that's kind of
+like what radio does you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what radio does you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what radio does you have to have a
+little more sensitivity to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sensitivity to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sensitivity to get the right
+radar Echo and get the timing right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar Echo and get the timing right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar Echo and get the timing right but
+that part was indeed closer a kind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part was indeed closer a kind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part was indeed closer a kind to
+trial and error or let's say building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error or let's say building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error or let's say building on
+established engineering principles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established engineering principles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established engineering principles but
+getting it really um to work with short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it really um to work with short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it really um to work with short
+wavelengths much finer resolution both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths much finer resolution both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths much finer resolution both
+for time and frequency that was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time and frequency that was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time and frequency that was much
+more tricky uh Gary tells us that uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky uh Gary tells us that uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky uh Gary tells us that uh his
+his own father was uh experienced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own father was uh experienced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own father was uh experienced in the
+war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+he was I say mere Corporal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so he found himself because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he found himself because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he found himself because you're
+getting ahead of ourselves here so Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ahead of ourselves here so Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ahead of ourselves here so Gary
+we'll see photographs of the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see photographs of the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see photographs of the sorts of
+experiences your father indeed might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences your father indeed might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences your father indeed might
+have had and also more in the film as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had and also more in the film as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had and also more in the film as
+well by the way much like Gary's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the way much like Gary's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the way much like Gary's
+reminding us of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us of um
+there was a a large number of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a large number of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a a large number of people who
+were stationed at places like Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stationed at places like Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were stationed at places like Los Alamos
+and other other Manhattan Project sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other other Manhattan Project sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other other Manhattan Project sites
+who were part of what was called the SED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were part of what was called the SED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were part of what was called the SED
+the special engineering Detachment these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special engineering Detachment these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special engineering Detachment these
+were people who were who were drafted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who were who were drafted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people who were who were drafted
+they were not recruited especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not recruited especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not recruited especially for
+the side of your project many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of your project many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of your project many of them
+had a high school level education had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a high school level education had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a high school level education had
+some aptitude for physics and math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aptitude for physics and math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aptitude for physics and math but
+we're not kind of full-time science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not kind of full-time science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not kind of full-time science
+students or engineering students but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or engineering students but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or engineering students but if
+they had any aptitude with like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had any aptitude with like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had any aptitude with like using
+their hands you know like radio kits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands you know like radio kits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands you know like radio kits and
+so on anything were sent to this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on anything were sent to this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on anything were sent to this special
+engineering Detachment to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Detachment to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Detachment to these
+high-powered labs and that's where many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered labs and that's where many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-powered labs and that's where many
+of them got their first kind of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them got their first kind of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them got their first kind of real
+exposure to to higher level kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to to higher level kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to to higher level kind of uh
+laboratory work and several of them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory work and several of them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory work and several of them then
+decided to change their their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to change their their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to change their their life
+path and many of them then decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and many of them then decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and many of them then decided to go
+and study uh these topics more formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study uh these topics more formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and study uh these topics more formally
+in graduate school to get a PhD to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school to get a PhD to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school to get a PhD to
+become professors when before that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become professors when before that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become professors when before that they
+had never dreamed of such things so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never dreamed of such things so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never dreamed of such things so that
+SED Detachment played a large kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SED Detachment played a large kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SED Detachment played a large kind of
+unsung role at a lot of these wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung role at a lot of these wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsung role at a lot of these wartime
+Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories
+uh so Alex is right so not only by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Alex is right so not only by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Alex is right so not only by the
+way whether were the proximity fuse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whether were the proximity fuse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way whether were the proximity fuse is
+so secret he's absolutely right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so secret he's absolutely right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so secret he's absolutely right they
+could only be fired over the open water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only be fired over the open water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could only be fired over the open water
+in the beginning that they relax that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning that they relax that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning that they relax that by
+the end of War but the fear was if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of War but the fear was if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of War but the fear was if if
+one of these uh failed to detonate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh failed to detonate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh failed to detonate and
+it landed on the ground could the enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it landed on the ground could the enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it landed on the ground could the enemy
+troops capture it and then reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops capture it and then reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops capture it and then reverse
+engineering so exactly is Alex very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so exactly is Alex very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so exactly is Alex very
+rightly reminds us these proximity fuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly reminds us these proximity fuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly reminds us these proximity fuses
+especially in the early rounds literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early rounds literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early rounds literally
+rounds were were limited only to Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds were were limited only to Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds were were limited only to Naval
+um to Naval operations so if it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to Naval operations so if it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to Naval operations so if it didn't
+explode the enemy couldn't capture it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode the enemy couldn't capture it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode the enemy couldn't capture it I
+think it's just extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just extraordinary
+Fisher asked what was the status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher asked what was the status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher asked what was the status of
+radar in Germany uh they had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar in Germany uh they had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar in Germany uh they had some
+prototypes yeah that's right so again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes yeah that's right so again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes yeah that's right so again uh
+that's one of the places where there had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the places where there had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the places where there had
+been early working units even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been early working units even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been early working units even before the
+start of the second world war in the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the second world war in the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the second world war in the 30s
+um there were again efforts to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were again efforts to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were again efforts to improve
+them but much like we saw it in Monday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but much like we saw it in Monday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but much like we saw it in Monday's
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+everyone especially the Germans thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone especially the Germans thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone especially the Germans thought
+that Germany would win the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Germany would win the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Germany would win the war
+immediately the Blitzkrieg was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the Blitzkrieg was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the Blitzkrieg was just
+blindingly successful uh in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindingly successful uh in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindingly successful uh in the early
+early months and years so I figured why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early months and years so I figured why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early months and years so I figured why
+bother sinking a lot of research you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother sinking a lot of research you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother sinking a lot of research you
+know the one exception to that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one exception to that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the one exception to that by the
+way was paintamunda the effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way was paintamunda the effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way was paintamunda the effort to
+develop uh rockets that really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh rockets that really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh rockets that really was
+invested in very heavily and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in very heavily and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in very heavily and of course
+it did have a real impact even during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did have a real impact even during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did have a real impact even during
+the war itself but for a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war itself but for a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war itself but for a lot of these
+other kind of high technology wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of high technology wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of high technology wartime
+projects the Germans tended not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects the Germans tended not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects the Germans tended not to
+invest so heavily because they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest so heavily because they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest so heavily because they thought
+they'd win and then when the tide turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd win and then when the tide turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd win and then when the tide turned
+they said oh we're not winning but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh we're not winning but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh we're not winning but now
+we have to divert resources to to proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to divert resources to to proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to divert resources to to proven
+Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+um and then yes and we also have Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then yes and we also have Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then yes and we also have Alex
+algebraz we can also thank microwaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraz we can also thank microwaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraz we can also thank microwaves
+for burnt popcorn and so much more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for burnt popcorn and so much more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for burnt popcorn and so much more like
+most of our lunch is probably during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our lunch is probably during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our lunch is probably during the
+pandemic any other questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic any other questions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic any other questions about about
+radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar
+or bird Legends okay let's switch gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bird Legends okay let's switch gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bird Legends okay let's switch gears
+now let me go back to sharing screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me go back to sharing screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me go back to sharing screen
+these are great questions let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are great questions let's go back
+now and and we will shift now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and we will shift now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and we will shift now to the
+other sort of most famous project of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of most famous project of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of most famous project of the
+osrd the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I do want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do want to emphasize
+over the course of the war this office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the war this office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the war this office
+of scientific research and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific research and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific research and development
+with venever bush at its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with venever bush at its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with venever bush at its head
+oversaw literally thousands of Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversaw literally thousands of Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversaw literally thousands of Defense
+projects for the military it wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects for the military it wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects for the military it wasn't like
+there were only two or three it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only two or three it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only two or three it wasn't
+just radar proximity fuse and Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just radar proximity fuse and Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just radar proximity fuse and Manhattan
+Project there were literally thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project there were literally thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project there were literally thousands
+of funded projects the the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funded projects the the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funded projects the the biggest
+though the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the most
+um the largest in terms of personnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the largest in terms of personnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the largest in terms of personnel and
+budget and arguably in terms of impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget and arguably in terms of impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget and arguably in terms of impact
+on the course of the war were indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course of the war were indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course of the war were indeed
+radar uh and then and then the one we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar uh and then and then the one we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar uh and then and then the one we'll
+turn to now with the project for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to now with the project for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to now with the project for nuclear
+weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons
+so this other main project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this other main project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this other main project was
+officially called The Manhattan engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially called The Manhattan engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially called The Manhattan engineer
+District or the med uh of course it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District or the med uh of course it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District or the med uh of course it was
+rapidly shortened to just the nickname
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly shortened to just the nickname
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly shortened to just the nickname
+The Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Manhattan Project
+why was it called the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it called the Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it called the Manhattan Project
+it actually started the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually started the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually started the first kind of
+headquarters for the first very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters for the first very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters for the first very small
+planning office was in Manhattan it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning office was in Manhattan it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning office was in Manhattan it was
+it was a joint project between this osrd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a joint project between this osrd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a joint project between this osrd
+and uh the war department in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the war department in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the war department in particular
+the U.S Army Corps of Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S Army Corps of Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S Army Corps of Engineers
+long-standing organization within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing organization within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing organization within the
+army and the core then as now has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army and the core then as now has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army and the core then as now has these
+kind of Regional Offices there's a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Regional Offices there's a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Regional Offices there's a core
+uh you know to oversee things around say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know to oversee things around say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know to oversee things around say
+the Mississippi River there's a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mississippi River there's a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mississippi River there's a core
+office for the Northeast and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for the Northeast and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for the Northeast and so on
+there's a regional structure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a regional structure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a regional structure for the
+court for the Army Corps of Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court for the Army Corps of Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court for the Army Corps of Engineers
+then as now and it was the Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as now and it was the Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as now and it was the Manhattan
+office that was made in charge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was made in charge of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office that was made in charge of this
+early on quite modest scale effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on quite modest scale effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on quite modest scale effort to
+begin investigating uh fission for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin investigating uh fission for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin investigating uh fission for
+weapons purposes so they were literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons purposes so they were literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons purposes so they were literally
+headquartered in New York City and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquartered in New York City and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquartered in New York City and that
+was an entirely random some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an entirely random some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an entirely random some of the
+earliest scientists Consultants on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest scientists Consultants on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest scientists Consultants on this
+project were at Columbia University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project were at Columbia University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project were at Columbia University in
+New York City including Enrico Fermi who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City including Enrico Fermi who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City including Enrico Fermi who
+had just as we saw last time had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just as we saw last time had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just as we saw last time had just
+left Italy upon receiving his Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Italy upon receiving his Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Italy upon receiving his Nobel
+Prize in December of 1938 by January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in December of 1938 by January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in December of 1938 by January
+1939 he was then basically set up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 he was then basically set up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 he was then basically set up at
+Columbia and many of his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia and many of his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia and many of his colleagues
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so that's why it was originally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it was originally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it was originally called
+named for Manhattan very very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named for Manhattan very very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named for Manhattan very very quickly
+this project grew well beyond that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project grew well beyond that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project grew well beyond that small
+little planning office in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little planning office in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little planning office in fact it
+included more than 30 sites across both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included more than 30 sites across both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included more than 30 sites across both
+the US and Canada over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and Canada over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and Canada over the course of the
+war it wound up applying employing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it wound up applying employing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war it wound up applying employing more
+than 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 125
+000 people it was a massive massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people it was a massive massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people it was a massive massive
+project far far larger than radar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project far far larger than radar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project far far larger than radar in
+terms of personnel and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of personnel and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of personnel and of course the
+overwhelming majority of those people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming majority of those people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming majority of those people of
+those 125 000 people who were paid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 125 000 people who were paid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 125 000 people who were paid by
+the Manhattan Project during the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project during the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project during the war
+most of them had almost no idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them had almost no idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them had almost no idea of what
+the project was actually about there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project was actually about there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project was actually about there was
+a very very tight control of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very tight control of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very tight control of information
+flow and you'll hear more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you'll hear more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you'll hear more about that
+even in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the film
+day after Trinity so although these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after Trinity so although these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after Trinity so although these
+people were officially working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were officially working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were officially working on the
+Manhattan Project uh very few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project uh very few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project uh very few of them
+had any idea about what the project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any idea about what the project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any idea about what the project was
+even aiming to do let alone the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aiming to do let alone the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aiming to do let alone the relevant
+details so among these 30 sites there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so among these 30 sites there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so among these 30 sites there
+are four that really were most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four that really were most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four that really were most uh
+critical to the project and that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to the project and that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to the project and that get
+talked about most often and again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about most often and again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about most often and again you'll
+hear more about these um in the film now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about these um in the film now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about these um in the film now
+those four are highlighted here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four are highlighted here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four are highlighted here on the
+map uh Chicago Illinois Oak Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh Chicago Illinois Oak Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh Chicago Illinois Oak Ridge
+Tennessee Hanford Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Hanford Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee Hanford Washington
+uh and Los Alamos New Mexico the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Los Alamos New Mexico the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Los Alamos New Mexico the film is
+largely about developments at Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely about developments at Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely about developments at Los Alamos
+but it does give us insights into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give us insights into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give us insights into these
+other four Mains the other three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four Mains the other three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other four Mains the other three main
+sites as well we're going to take a tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites as well we're going to take a tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites as well we're going to take a tour
+today at some of the a brief tour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at some of the a brief tour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today at some of the a brief tour of
+some of the kinds of work that was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of work that was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kinds of work that was being
+done at each of those four uh main sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at each of those four uh main sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at each of those four uh main sites
+during the war we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war we're going to start with
+Chicago that that installation that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago that that installation that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago that that installation that part
+of this very large sprawling project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very large sprawling project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very large sprawling project was
+called the metallurgical laboratory they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the metallurgical laboratory they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the metallurgical laboratory they
+weren't doing Metallurgy these names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't doing Metallurgy these names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't doing Metallurgy these names are
+always meant to kind of throw off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always meant to kind of throw off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always meant to kind of throw off
+suspicion it wasn't actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion it wasn't actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicion it wasn't actually you know
+basically Material Science or chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Material Science or chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Material Science or chemistry
+but they gave it a name to sound kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they gave it a name to sound kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they gave it a name to sound kind of
+innocuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocuous
+by this point Fermi had moved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point Fermi had moved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point Fermi had moved from
+Colombia to the University of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia to the University of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia to the University of Chicago
+they moved pretty rapidly upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved pretty rapidly upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved pretty rapidly upon
+emigrating to the U.S and he was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emigrating to the U.S and he was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emigrating to the U.S and he was one of
+the main leaders then of the Chicago met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main leaders then of the Chicago met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main leaders then of the Chicago met
+lab as it was known uh for sure the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab as it was known uh for sure the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab as it was known uh for sure the the
+metallurgical laboratory took the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical laboratory took the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical laboratory took the lead
+on trying to further understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to further understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to further understand these
+still quite new fission reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite new fission reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite new fission reactions
+and that was what Fermi had been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was what Fermi had been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was what Fermi had been working
+on even before he even sort of knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on even before he even sort of knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on even before he even sort of knew it
+went back from his Rome days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back from his Rome days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back from his Rome days and
+certainly one of his main interests once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of his main interests once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of his main interests once
+he arrived at Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he arrived at Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he arrived at Columbia
+so the Matlab was focusing on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matlab was focusing on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matlab was focusing on sort of
+the physics and chemistry of fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and chemistry of fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and chemistry of fission
+one of the first things I did was build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things I did was build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things I did was build
+this monster here it was known by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monster here it was known by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monster here it was known by the
+code name Chicago pile one because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code name Chicago pile one because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code name Chicago pile one because he's
+literally a pile this was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a pile this was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a pile this was the first
+working nuclear reactor in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nuclear reactor in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nuclear reactor in the world
+it was built as some of you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was built as some of you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was built as some of you may know
+under the the stadium seating of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the the stadium seating of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the the stadium seating of uh the
+of the big stag Field Stadium on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big stag Field Stadium on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big stag Field Stadium on
+campuses they were underground uh squash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses they were underground uh squash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campuses they were underground uh squash
+cords like racquetball courts and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords like racquetball courts and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords like racquetball courts and they
+over during the war in secret took over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over during the war in secret took over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over during the war in secret took over
+some of those underground facilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those underground facilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those underground facilities to
+start developing and building the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start developing and building the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start developing and building the first
+working nuclear reactor no one above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nuclear reactor no one above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working nuclear reactor no one above
+ground was told that they have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground was told that they have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground was told that they have a bunch
+of uranium underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium underneath
+so what was their goal each time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was their goal each time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was their goal each time a
+uranium nucleus underwent fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium nucleus underwent fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium nucleus underwent fission
+additional neutrons were released this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional neutrons were released this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional neutrons were released this
+was not so obvious at first with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so obvious at first with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so obvious at first with the
+experiments from Han and Strassman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments from Han and Strassman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments from Han and Strassman in
+Berlin but this is exactly the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin but this is exactly the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin but this is exactly the sort of
+thing that a lot of U.S based labs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a lot of U.S based labs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a lot of U.S based labs and
+elsewhere began to uh to identify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere began to uh to identify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere began to uh to identify and
+then to confirm as soon as Niels Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to confirm as soon as Niels Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to confirm as soon as Niels Bohr
+arrived in New York and let his U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in New York and let his U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in New York and let his U.S
+based colleagues hear about fission once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based colleagues hear about fission once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based colleagues hear about fission once
+people began replicating the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began replicating the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began replicating the basic
+fission reaction in their labs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission reaction in their labs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission reaction in their labs they
+could then hone in on the other reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then hone in on the other reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then hone in on the other reaction
+products and so it was clear by fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so it was clear by fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so it was clear by fermi's
+time at the Met lab that more neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the Met lab that more neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the Met lab that more neutrons
+came out each time a single nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out each time a single nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out each time a single nucleus
+underwent fission and that meant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent fission and that meant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent fission and that meant there
+was a prospect for getting a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prospect for getting a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prospect for getting a chain
+reaction the first if you inject one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the first if you inject one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the first if you inject one
+Neutron into the system if this nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron into the system if this nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron into the system if this nucleus
+splits and gives out more than one new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and gives out more than one new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and gives out more than one new
+Neutron each of those could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron each of those could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron each of those could split
+neighboring nuclei then they would split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring nuclei then they would split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring nuclei then they would split
+more and more and more I mean it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more I mean it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more I mean it could
+become an exponential runaway process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an exponential runaway process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an exponential runaway process
+known as a chain reaction so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a chain reaction so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a chain reaction so what was
+this pile how did this reactor work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pile how did this reactor work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pile how did this reactor work
+it consisted of 57 layers you can count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consisted of 57 layers you can count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consisted of 57 layers you can count
+them up I'm not sure all 57 were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up I'm not sure all 57 were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up I'm not sure all 57 were there
+yet but it was literally stack upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it was literally stack upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but it was literally stack upon
+stock on stack a very closely packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock on stack a very closely packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock on stack a very closely packed
+ingredients so most of this most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients so most of this most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients so most of this most of the
+weight actually came from graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight actually came from graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight actually came from graphite
+bricks carbon you know dense carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks carbon you know dense carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks carbon you know dense carbon
+bricks those were not going to undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks those were not going to undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks those were not going to undergo
+fission themselves they're not a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission themselves they're not a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission themselves they're not a nuclear
+Source they were actually to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source they were actually to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source they were actually to slow down
+the neutrons so each time a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons so each time a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons so each time a neutron
+flies out of one of these recently split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies out of one of these recently split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies out of one of these recently split
+nuclei you wanted to interact with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei you wanted to interact with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei you wanted to interact with some
+moderating material and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating material and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating material and it turns out
+carbon was quite effective the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon was quite effective the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon was quite effective the carbon
+inside these graphite not to absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside these graphite not to absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside these graphite not to absorb the
+neutron but to slow it down remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron but to slow it down remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron but to slow it down remember we
+saw Lisa meitner and Robert Frisch had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Lisa meitner and Robert Frisch had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Lisa meitner and Robert Frisch had
+had recognized that react fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had recognized that react fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had recognized that react fission
+reaction rates in general should rise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates in general should rise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates in general should rise if
+the neutron is slowed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron is slowed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutron is slowed down
+because then its Quantum properties will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then its Quantum properties will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then its Quantum properties will
+be stretched out more to be comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stretched out more to be comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stretched out more to be comparable
+in size to the entire Target nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size to the entire Target nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size to the entire Target nucleus so
+the idea was to use some moderating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to use some moderating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to use some moderating
+materials a material that would slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials a material that would slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials a material that would slow
+down those neutrons by a few kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down those neutrons by a few kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down those neutrons by a few kind of um
+collisions not to absorb them so that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions not to absorb them so that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions not to absorb them so that by
+the time the neutron then found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the neutron then found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the neutron then found a
+neighboring uranium nucleus it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring uranium nucleus it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring uranium nucleus it would be
+more likely to induce fission so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to induce fission so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to induce fission so most of
+this of these piles are the graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of these piles are the graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of these piles are the graphite
+moderators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderators
+in between were little chunks of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between were little chunks of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between were little chunks of uranium
+metal some of which would hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal some of which would hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal some of which would hopefully
+undergo these these reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo these these reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo these these reactions and
+they're lasted quite critical uh part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lasted quite critical uh part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lasted quite critical uh part of
+this were huge control rods 14 foot long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were huge control rods 14 foot long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were huge control rods 14 foot long
+rods of purified cadmium metal y cadmium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods of purified cadmium metal y cadmium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods of purified cadmium metal y cadmium
+the idea here was not to slow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here was not to slow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here was not to slow down the
+neutrons but to absorb them so cadmium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons but to absorb them so cadmium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons but to absorb them so cadmium
+will very readily absorb neutrons so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will very readily absorb neutrons so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will very readily absorb neutrons so if
+you want to Halt a chain reaction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Halt a chain reaction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Halt a chain reaction from
+say blowing up the um entire University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say blowing up the um entire University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say blowing up the um entire University
+of Chicago let alone the lovely Sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chicago let alone the lovely Sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chicago let alone the lovely Sports
+Arena here if you want to slow down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena here if you want to slow down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arena here if you want to slow down or
+halt a fission reaction you start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt a fission reaction you start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt a fission reaction you start taking
+neutrons out of the equation you absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons out of the equation you absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons out of the equation you absorb
+these neutrons before they can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrons before they can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrons before they can find a
+Target nucleus so the graphite bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target nucleus so the graphite bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target nucleus so the graphite bricks
+moderate the energy of the neutrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate the energy of the neutrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate the energy of the neutrons the
+cadmium control rods take them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium control rods take them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium control rods take them out of
+the of the system altogether and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the system altogether and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the system altogether and then
+these were movable they could literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were movable they could literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were movable they could literally
+be manually the earliest days manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be manually the earliest days manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be manually the earliest days manually
+pushed in or pulled out to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed in or pulled out to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed in or pulled out to control the
+the average number of neutrons sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of neutrons sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of neutrons sort of
+in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play
+and so with this Arrangement the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this Arrangement the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this Arrangement the very
+first self-sustaining chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first self-sustaining chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first self-sustaining chain reaction
+that got this reaction to undergo uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this reaction to undergo uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this reaction to undergo uh not
+a runaway Chain Reaction a controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a runaway Chain Reaction a controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a runaway Chain Reaction a controlled
+chain of reaction thanks to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of reaction thanks to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of reaction thanks to those
+cadmium rods that went critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium rods that went critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium rods that went critical
+literally underneath the stands here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally underneath the stands here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally underneath the stands here on
+December 2nd 1942 under fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 2nd 1942 under fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 2nd 1942 under fermi's
+direction that was not quite a full year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was not quite a full year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was not quite a full year
+after the surprise attack on Pearl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the surprise attack on Pearl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the surprise attack on Pearl
+Harbor so you can see the pace begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor so you can see the pace begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harbor so you can see the pace begins to
+pick up very rapidly once the U.S did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up very rapidly once the U.S did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up very rapidly once the U.S did
+actually enter the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enter the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enter the war
+the bombing of Pearl Harbor was December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombing of Pearl Harbor was December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombing of Pearl Harbor was December
+7th 1941 the so-called day that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th 1941 the so-called day that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th 1941 the so-called day that will
+live in infamy and almost exactly a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in infamy and almost exactly a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in infamy and almost exactly a year
+later families group in Chicago had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later families group in Chicago had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later families group in Chicago had
+produced the first self-sustaining Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced the first self-sustaining Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced the first self-sustaining Chain
+Reaction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction okay
+now independent of that kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now independent of that kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now independent of that kind of in
+parallel there were developments going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel there were developments going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel there were developments going
+on at other uh sites which would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at other uh sites which would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at other uh sites which would also
+eventually become absorbed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually become absorbed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually become absorbed into
+Manhattan Project so another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project so another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project so another very
+important one was at Berkeley California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one was at Berkeley California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one was at Berkeley California
+where a very young nuclear chemist he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a very young nuclear chemist he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a very young nuclear chemist he
+was an assistant professor just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assistant professor just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assistant professor just a few
+years past his own PhD and then Glenn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years past his own PhD and then Glenn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years past his own PhD and then Glenn
+seaborg worked with a small team he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaborg worked with a small team he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaborg worked with a small team he was
+a nuclear chemist and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nuclear chemist and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nuclear chemist and they actually
+finally finally succeeded in doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally finally succeeded in doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally finally succeeded in doing what
+Fermi had first thought he'd done back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi had first thought he'd done back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi had first thought he'd done back
+in the mid 1930s so Fermi remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid 1930s so Fermi remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid 1930s so Fermi remember we
+saw one the Nobel Prize for essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw one the Nobel Prize for essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw one the Nobel Prize for essentially
+a mistake everyone including the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake everyone including the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake everyone including the Nobel
+committee thought the Fermi had produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee thought the Fermi had produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee thought the Fermi had produced
+nuclei heavier than uranium by Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei heavier than uranium by Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei heavier than uranium by Neutron
+capture although it turns out families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture although it turns out families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture although it turns out families
+group was inadvertently inducing fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group was inadvertently inducing fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group was inadvertently inducing fission
+well seaborg and his team actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seaborg and his team actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well seaborg and his team actually
+finally so to speak was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally so to speak was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally so to speak was able to
+successfully produce transunionic nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully produce transunionic nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully produce transunionic nuclei
+with the same mechanism that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same mechanism that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same mechanism that everyone
+thought had been already been going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought had been already been going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought had been already been going on
+they could control it better and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could control it better and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could control it better and measure
+their products better and so uh early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products better and so uh early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their products better and so uh early on
+he and his team produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his team produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his team produced
+um neptunium by Neutron capture followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neptunium by Neutron capture followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neptunium by Neutron capture followed
+by Beta Decay and then a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Beta Decay and then a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Beta Decay and then a few months
+later by very early 1941 seaborg's team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later by very early 1941 seaborg's team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later by very early 1941 seaborg's team
+had produced the next uh largest element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had produced the next uh largest element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had produced the next uh largest element
+on this new extended periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this new extended periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this new extended periodic table
+plutonium this was actually a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium this was actually a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium this was actually a single
+Neutron capture followed by double beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron capture followed by double beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron capture followed by double beta
+Decay so the heavy uranium nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay so the heavy uranium nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay so the heavy uranium nucleus
+one Neutron undergoes beta Decay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Neutron undergoes beta Decay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Neutron undergoes beta Decay so the
+proton count has increased by one then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton count has increased by one then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton count has increased by one then a
+second Neutron within that same nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Neutron within that same nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Neutron within that same nucleus
+will undergo beta Decay and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo beta Decay and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo beta Decay and now you
+increase the proton number by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the proton number by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the proton number by another
+step so now you've made element 94.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now you've made element 94.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so now you've made element 94.
+the next month after first making a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next month after first making a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next month after first making a very
+small Trace Amounts of this new element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Trace Amounts of this new element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Trace Amounts of this new element
+seaborg and his colleague Emilio sugray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaborg and his colleague Emilio sugray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seaborg and his colleague Emilio sugray
+to gray had himself left Italy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gray had himself left Italy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gray had himself left Italy uh
+because of Mussolini he'd been a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Mussolini he'd been a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Mussolini he'd been a member
+of fermi's group in Rome he relocated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fermi's group in Rome he relocated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fermi's group in Rome he relocated to
+Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+so the nuclear chemist seaborg and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nuclear chemist seaborg and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nuclear chemist seaborg and the
+nuclear physicist in the Legos agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physicist in the Legos agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physicist in the Legos agree
+then began studying the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then began studying the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then began studying the properties of
+this brand new chemical element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new chemical element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new chemical element
+plutonium in particular we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium in particular we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium in particular we found that
+plutonium really is subject to nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium really is subject to nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium really is subject to nuclear
+fission much like certain isotopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission much like certain isotopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission much like certain isotopes of
+uranium within months after that seaborg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium within months after that seaborg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium within months after that seaborg
+then went to what was by now this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to what was by now this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went to what was by now this kind
+of flourishing Manhattan Project site uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flourishing Manhattan Project site uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flourishing Manhattan Project site uh
+the Met lab in Chicago to work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Met lab in Chicago to work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Met lab in Chicago to work more
+directly with Fermi and to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with Fermi and to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with Fermi and to continue
+measuring kind of the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring kind of the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring kind of the properties of
+plutonium and its uh fission rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium and its uh fission rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium and its uh fission rings
+so that's that's what largely what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what largely what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what largely what's
+going on in Chicago during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Chicago during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Chicago during this time
+need more overseeing this entire project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more overseeing this entire project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more overseeing this entire project
+the entire Manhattan Project was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Manhattan Project was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Manhattan Project was a
+member of the Army Corps of Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Army Corps of Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the Army Corps of Engineers
+the U.S uh Brigadier General Leslie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S uh Brigadier General Leslie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S uh Brigadier General Leslie
+Groves until that time groves's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groves until that time groves's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groves until that time groves's largest
+project had been overseeing construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project had been overseeing construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project had been overseeing construction
+of the Pentagon building literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pentagon building literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Pentagon building literally the
+building itself was quite new by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building itself was quite new by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building itself was quite new by the
+late 30s early 1940s and Groves who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 30s early 1940s and Groves who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 30s early 1940s and Groves who was
+an engineer a rising member of the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer a rising member of the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer a rising member of the U.S
+Army Corps of Engineers had been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army Corps of Engineers had been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army Corps of Engineers had been like
+the head contractor he'd overseeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head contractor he'd overseeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head contractor he'd overseeing the
+construction of this enormous enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of this enormous enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of this enormous enormous
+strategically important uh headquarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically important uh headquarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically important uh headquarters
+for uh for the war depart so he was seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the war depart so he was seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the war depart so he was seen
+as someone who could get things done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as someone who could get things done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as someone who could get things done on
+budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget
+he was then tapped to take over his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was then tapped to take over his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was then tapped to take over his
+newest new project of the Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest new project of the Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest new project of the Manhattan
+Project and in fact as you again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project and in fact as you again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project and in fact as you again you'll
+hear more about this in the film Groves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about this in the film Groves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about this in the film Groves
+was very reluctant to do it uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very reluctant to do it uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very reluctant to do it uh he
+actually was very eager to to see combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was very eager to to see combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was very eager to to see combat
+once the U.S actually actively entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the U.S actually actively entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the U.S actually actively entered
+the second world war he wanted to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war he wanted to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war he wanted to be you
+know leading troops in battle and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know leading troops in battle and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know leading troops in battle and he
+thought this very abstract sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this very abstract sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this very abstract sounding
+weapons project something about nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons project something about nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons project something about nuclear
+fission if it were to work at all would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission if it were to work at all would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission if it were to work at all would
+have some long-term benefit or impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some long-term benefit or impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some long-term benefit or impact
+much down the road Groves was eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much down the road Groves was eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much down the road Groves was eager to
+to see you know the the scenes of battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you know the the scenes of battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you know the the scenes of battle
+directly nonetheless he was more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly nonetheless he was more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly nonetheless he was more or less
+ordered to take us over and he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered to take us over and he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered to take us over and he was in
+the Army he followed his orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Army he followed his orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Army he followed his orders
+so he was he was then put in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was he was then put in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was he was then put in charge of
+this entire project one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire project one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire project one of the first
+Maneuvers he did which really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers he did which really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers he did which really just
+stunned stunned people around him was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunned stunned people around him was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunned stunned people around him was he
+asked uh the very young theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh the very young theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh the very young theoretical
+physicist at Berkeley Robert Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at Berkeley Robert Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at Berkeley Robert Oppenheimer
+to join Groves as the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join Groves as the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join Groves as the scientific
+director for this new Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director for this new Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director for this new Los Alamos
+laboratory and you'll hear a lot a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and you'll hear a lot a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and you'll hear a lot a lot
+about Oppenheimer in the film it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Oppenheimer in the film it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Oppenheimer in the film it
+actually functions as almost a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions as almost a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions as almost a kind of
+biography of young Robert Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography of young Robert Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biography of young Robert Oppenheimer
+combined with the story of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the story of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the story of these
+projects during the war so I won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects during the war so I won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects during the war so I won't say
+too much now about Oppenheimer but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now about Oppenheimer but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much now about Oppenheimer but just
+to say this was a stunning move uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this was a stunning move uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this was a stunning move uh on
+groves's part standing at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groves's part standing at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groves's part standing at the time
+so Los Alamos began operations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Los Alamos began operations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Los Alamos began operations and in
+the spring of 1943. if you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring of 1943. if you may remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring of 1943. if you may remember
+the project was established in June of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project was established in June of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project was established in June of
+42 so just getting things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 so just getting things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 so just getting things like the
+Chicago lab up and running uh was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago lab up and running uh was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago lab up and running uh was really
+the the earliest priority and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earliest priority and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earliest priority and by the
+spring then by Spring of 1943 not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring then by Spring of 1943 not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring then by Spring of 1943 not quite
+a year into this new project uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year into this new project uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year into this new project uh this
+additional site what would eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional site what would eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional site what would eventually
+become a kind of central coordinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a kind of central coordinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a kind of central coordinating
+site at Los Alamos New Mexico was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site at Los Alamos New Mexico was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site at Los Alamos New Mexico was set up
+as you'll see in the film taking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see in the film taking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see in the film taking over
+would have been a very tiny kind of boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a very tiny kind of boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a very tiny kind of boys
+school Beyond like K-12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Beyond like K-12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Beyond like K-12
+uh Academy in rural New Mexico with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Academy in rural New Mexico with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Academy in rural New Mexico with like
+mud caked small little facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud caked small little facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud caked small little facility
+Oppenheimer used to enjoy vacationing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer used to enjoy vacationing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer used to enjoy vacationing in
+that region going on Long camping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region going on Long camping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region going on Long camping and
+horseback riding trips it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseback riding trips it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseback riding trips it was actually
+Oppenheimer who who recommended the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer who who recommended the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer who who recommended the site
+to Grove saying maybe we can requisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Grove saying maybe we can requisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Grove saying maybe we can requisition
+this out of the way place that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of the way place that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of the way place that could be
+well hidden and kept secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hidden and kept secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hidden and kept secret
+so again just a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just a little bit about
+oppenheim and here's the poster for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheim and here's the poster for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheim and here's the poster for the
+film that you can learn much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that you can learn much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that you can learn much much more
+there uh is a there are many many very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is a there are many many very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is a there are many many very
+very good books about Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good books about Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good books about Oppenheimer
+including uh this one that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh this one that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh this one that actually
+received the Pulitzer Prize it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Pulitzer Prize it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Pulitzer Prize it's a it's
+a a spellbinding book as well as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a spellbinding book as well as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a spellbinding book as well as one
+based on enormously impressive research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on enormously impressive research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on enormously impressive research
+lots more to say about whatever I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more to say about whatever I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more to say about whatever I'll
+just be brief he was a near contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be brief he was a near contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be brief he was a near contemporary
+of people like Vander Heisenberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like Vander Heisenberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people like Vander Heisenberg and
+Wolfgang Powell he was roughly two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfgang Powell he was roughly two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfgang Powell he was roughly two years
+younger than Heisenberg so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than Heisenberg so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than Heisenberg so pretty
+similar generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar generation
+Oppenheimer was a bit of a prodigy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer was a bit of a prodigy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer was a bit of a prodigy he
+actually went to Harvard very young for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to Harvard very young for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went to Harvard very young for
+his undergraduate studies he had skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his undergraduate studies he had skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his undergraduate studies he had skipped
+grades you know as a younger student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades you know as a younger student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades you know as a younger student and
+then he studied for his PhD in a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he studied for his PhD in a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he studied for his PhD in a quick
+postdoctoral jaunt in Europe both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral jaunt in Europe both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoctoral jaunt in Europe both in
+Cambridge England and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge England and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge England and especially in
+gerting it he actually did his PhD under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerting it he actually did his PhD under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerting it he actually did his PhD under
+the direction of Max Bourne so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of Max Bourne so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of Max Bourne so he was
+there just as the kind of brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just as the kind of brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just as the kind of brand new
+quantum theory quantum mechanics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory quantum mechanics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory quantum mechanics was
+emerging he got to meet many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging he got to meet many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging he got to meet many many of
+those folks when he was a grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks when he was a grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks when he was a grad student
+there he came back he was hired to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he came back he was hired to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he came back he was hired to teach
+both at Berkeley and at Caltech he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at Berkeley and at Caltech he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at Berkeley and at Caltech he was
+hired to be a full-time professor at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to be a full-time professor at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to be a full-time professor at two
+universities hundreds of miles apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities hundreds of miles apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities hundreds of miles apart and
+both schools were so desperate to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both schools were so desperate to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both schools were so desperate to get
+him they agreed to let him spend one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him they agreed to let him spend one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him they agreed to let him spend one
+semester at Berkeley and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at Berkeley and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at Berkeley and the next
+semester at Caltech is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at Caltech is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at Caltech is just
+extraordinary and part of the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and part of the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and part of the part of
+his role was a hoped uh he could do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his role was a hoped uh he could do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his role was a hoped uh he could do was
+build up a kind of us-based strength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a kind of us-based strength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a kind of us-based strength in
+theoretical physics which was seen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics which was seen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics which was seen I
+think quite appropriately quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think quite appropriately quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think quite appropriately quite
+accurately as really lagging behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as really lagging behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as really lagging behind the
+European schools by that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European schools by that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European schools by that point
+before the war he had basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the war he had basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the war he had basically no
+experience with either experiments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with either experiments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with either experiments or
+with any sort of large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any sort of large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any sort of large-scale
+organization which is part of what made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is part of what made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization which is part of what made
+it so shocking when General Groves asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so shocking when General Groves asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so shocking when General Groves asked
+him to play this very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to play this very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to play this very large
+administrative role for the wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative role for the wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative role for the wartime
+projects okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects okay
+so as soon as this new facility at Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as soon as this new facility at Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as soon as this new facility at Los
+Alamos began uh to get built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos began uh to get built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos began uh to get built up
+oppenheimer's own former student is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer's own former student is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppenheimer's own former student is
+postdoc Robert server gave a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc Robert server gave a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc Robert server gave a series of
+initiation lectures for the new recruits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation lectures for the new recruits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation lectures for the new recruits
+who had been asked to come to this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been asked to come to this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been asked to come to this place
+but not told why it was so top secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not told why it was so top secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not told why it was so top secret
+people were basically not told why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were basically not told why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were basically not told why they
+should drop everything and move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should drop everything and move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should drop everything and move to
+nowheresville rural New Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so cerber gave what was actually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cerber gave what was actually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cerber gave what was actually called
+a quote indoctrination course as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote indoctrination course as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote indoctrination course as if they
+were joining like a cult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joining like a cult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joining like a cult
+it was another physicist Edward Condon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was another physicist Edward Condon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was another physicist Edward Condon
+who took notes and typed them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took notes and typed them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took notes and typed them up and
+this 24-page document became literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 24-page document became literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 24-page document became literally
+the first technical report of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first technical report of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first technical report of the
+laboratory it was classified immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory it was classified immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory it was classified immediate
+it was it was a top secret report this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was a top secret report this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was a top secret report this
+was Los Alamos report one of which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Los Alamos report one of which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Los Alamos report one of which there
+would be thousands in fact probably tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be thousands in fact probably tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be thousands in fact probably tens
+of thousands then to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands then to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands then to follow
+informally it became known as the Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally it became known as the Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally it became known as the Los
+Alamos primer decades later it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos primer decades later it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos primer decades later it was
+Declassified and published and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declassified and published and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declassified and published and in fact
+you can uh actually just download the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh actually just download the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh actually just download the
+PDF of the original type typescript on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the original type typescript on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the original type typescript on
+the web it's not hard to find so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web it's not hard to find so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web it's not hard to find so this is
+from the actual Doc in the actual primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the actual Doc in the actual primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the actual Doc in the actual primer
+on page one the first thing he tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one the first thing he tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one the first thing he tells
+these people when they uh meet together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people when they uh meet together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people when they uh meet together
+in Los Alamos is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los Alamos is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los Alamos is the following
+the object of the project is to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of the project is to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object of the project is to produce
+a practical military weapon in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical military weapon in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical military weapon in the form
+of a bomb in which the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bomb in which the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bomb in which the energy is
+released by a fast Neutron chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released by a fast Neutron chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released by a fast Neutron chain
+reaction in one or more of the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in one or more of the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in one or more of the materials
+known to show nuclear fission lest there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to show nuclear fission lest there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to show nuclear fission lest there
+be any doubt basically we are here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any doubt basically we are here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any doubt basically we are here to
+build bombs that's literally the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build bombs that's literally the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build bombs that's literally the first
+thing he says in these notes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he says in these notes the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he says in these notes the next
+thing he does is very very quickly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he does is very very quickly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he does is very very quickly go
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+the kind of back of the envelope order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of back of the envelope order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of back of the envelope order
+of magnitude estimates for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude estimates for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude estimates for the energy
+released every time a single nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released every time a single nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released every time a single nucleus
+undergoes fission exactly the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission exactly the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission exactly the sort that
+we saw last time that Lisa Meiner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that Lisa Meiner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that Lisa Meiner and
+Robert Frisch have been doing not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Frisch have been doing not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Frisch have been doing not so
+long before and that I work out in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before and that I work out in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before and that I work out in more
+detail in those lecture notes for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in those lecture notes for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in those lecture notes for from
+Monday's class there's one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's class there's one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's class there's one really
+interesting shift though I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting shift though I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting shift though I find this
+pretty fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fascinating
+server gets the same answer but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server gets the same answer but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server gets the same answer but he
+chooses to write the the energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to write the the energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to write the the energy uh
+associated with these nuclear reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these nuclear reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these nuclear reactions
+not in units associated with chemical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in units associated with chemical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in units associated with chemical or
+nuclear reactions like electron volts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions like electron volts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactions like electron volts or
+maybe millions of electron volts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe millions of electron volts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe millions of electron volts he
+writes down the energy in ergs remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes down the energy in ergs remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes down the energy in ergs remember
+that's the unit of energy in the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit of energy in the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit of energy in the kind of
+human scaled units centimeters grams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human scaled units centimeters grams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human scaled units centimeters grams and
+seconds he's now not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds he's now not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds he's now not thinking about
+individual you know reactions among one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you know reactions among one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual you know reactions among one
+or two nuclei he's already thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two nuclei he's already thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two nuclei he's already thinking
+about a human scale because the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a human scale because the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a human scale because the next
+maneuver he does in these notes is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver he does in these notes is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver he does in these notes is say
+this is not very much on a human scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not very much on a human scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not very much on a human scale
+right a fly buzzing around your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a fly buzzing around your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a fly buzzing around your head
+expands more energy than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands more energy than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands more energy than this
+however that's for one nucleus uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's for one nucleus uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's for one nucleus uh that's
+undergone fission there are 10 to the 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone fission there are 10 to the 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone fission there are 10 to the 25
+nuclei in a single kilogram of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in a single kilogram of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in a single kilogram of this
+stuff so suddenly if you could get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so suddenly if you could get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so suddenly if you could get this
+runaway chain reaction that refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway chain reaction that refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway chain reaction that refers to
+here if you can get lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you can get lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you can get lots and lots of
+these nuclei each to undergo fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei each to undergo fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei each to undergo fission
+they'll each release that amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll each release that amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll each release that amount of
+energy now you're talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now you're talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now you're talking about some
+enormous uh kind of reaction not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous uh kind of reaction not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous uh kind of reaction not just a
+one isolated nucleus that happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one isolated nucleus that happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one isolated nucleus that happened to
+fission again right on page one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission again right on page one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission again right on page one of these
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+the next thing it does is compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing it does is compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing it does is compare that
+kind of energy release with the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of energy release with the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of energy release with the energy
+associated with conventional chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with conventional chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with conventional chemical
+explosives like TNT or Dynamite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosives like TNT or Dynamite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosives like TNT or Dynamite
+basically those were well known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically those were well known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically those were well known to
+release something like 10 to the 16 ergs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release something like 10 to the 16 ergs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release something like 10 to the 16 ergs
+per ton not per kilogram of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ton not per kilogram of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per ton not per kilogram of uh of
+chemical explosive but per ton so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical explosive but per ton so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical explosive but per ton so then
+again right on page one he then takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right on page one he then takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right on page one he then takes
+this ratio to say this is why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio to say this is why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio to say this is why we're
+people have gathered here in Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have gathered here in Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have gathered here in Los Alamos
+one kilogram of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kilogram of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kilogram of this stuff
+sorry of a fissionable isotope would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of a fissionable isotope would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of a fissionable isotope would
+give off the energy equivalent of 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give off the energy equivalent of 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give off the energy equivalent of 20 000
+tons of conventional explosives let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of conventional explosives let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of conventional explosives let me
+just pause here to say he's used a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause here to say he's used a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pause here to say he's used a code
+here they were so worried about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were so worried about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were so worried about about
+secrecy even though they were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy even though they were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy even though they were you know
+in the middle of nowhere that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of nowhere that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of nowhere that in the
+notes he never refers to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes he never refers to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes he never refers to um
+uranium-235 here for he refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 here for he refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium-235 here for he refers to
+substance 25 and the code was take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance 25 and the code was take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance 25 and the code was take the
+sorry take the last digit of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take the last digit of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry take the last digit of the atomic
+number so it's 92 the last digit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so it's 92 the last digit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so it's 92 the last digit of the
+atomic mass 5 that's your code so u235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass 5 that's your code so u235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass 5 that's your code so u235
+is 25 u-238 is 28 plutonium is 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 25 u-238 is 28 plutonium is 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 25 u-238 is 28 plutonium is 49
+because it's element 94 with atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's element 94 with atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's element 94 with atomic mass
+and so on so that's what server writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that's what server writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that's what server writes
+on page one as the reason to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one as the reason to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one as the reason to have
+brought all these people in secret to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought all these people in secret to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought all these people in secret to
+the Mesa now which material to use by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mesa now which material to use by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mesa now which material to use by
+this point there were several known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point there were several known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point there were several known
+fissionable materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable materials
+u-238 is actually mostly stable as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-238 is actually mostly stable as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-238 is actually mostly stable as it
+had been clarified by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been clarified by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been clarified by this point
+u-235 is the isotope of uranium that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-235 is the isotope of uranium that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-235 is the isotope of uranium that is
+most readily fissionable however it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most readily fissionable however it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most readily fissionable however it only
+exists in Trace Amounts in nature so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in Trace Amounts in nature so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in Trace Amounts in nature so if
+you dig up uranium ore out of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig up uranium ore out of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig up uranium ore out of the ground
+whether in the African mines or in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the African mines or in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the African mines or in uh
+mines out in western United States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines out in western United States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mines out in western United States or
+elsewhere most of the Iranian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere most of the Iranian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere most of the Iranian that
+you'll dig up is the overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll dig up is the overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll dig up is the overwhelming
+majority will be this very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority will be this very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority will be this very stable
+isotope u-238 less than one percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope u-238 less than one percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope u-238 less than one percent of
+naturally occurring uranium is of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring uranium is of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring uranium is of this
+fissionable kind and in the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable kind and in the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable kind and in the meantime
+this newest element that seaborg and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this newest element that seaborg and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this newest element that seaborg and his
+colleagues had made actually synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues had made actually synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues had made actually synthesized
+in the laboratory plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory plutonium
+that is can be even more fissionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be even more fissionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is can be even more fissionable
+under certain conditions and yet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions and yet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions and yet it
+existed only in micrograms not kilograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed only in micrograms not kilograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed only in micrograms not kilograms
+so these are the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the these are the
+challenges that that server begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that that server begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that that server begins
+telling the recruits this is again his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the recruits this is again his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the recruits this is again his
+hand actually it's Edward condon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand actually it's Edward condon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand actually it's Edward condon's
+hands-drawn chart uh the chart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-drawn chart uh the chart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-drawn chart uh the chart that
+cerber showed this is the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerber showed this is the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerber showed this is the level of
+detail and accuracy in the Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and accuracy in the Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and accuracy in the Los Alamos
+primer it's literally taken from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer it's literally taken from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer it's literally taken from the
+primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+this is showing the reaction rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing the reaction rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing the reaction rates for
+fission uh in in convenient units for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission uh in in convenient units for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission uh in in convenient units for
+these different types of materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of materials and
+again you can see here is uranium-235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can see here is uranium-235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can see here is uranium-235
+here's the common kind u-238 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the common kind u-238 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the common kind u-238 here's
+plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium
+the four and the nine so for for slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four and the nine so for for slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four and the nine so for for slow
+neutrons are the sort that might earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are the sort that might earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are the sort that might earn
+fresh we're thinking about ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh we're thinking about ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh we're thinking about ones that
+have been slowed by some moderator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slowed by some moderator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slowed by some moderator like
+in the Chicago pile the highest reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Chicago pile the highest reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Chicago pile the highest reaction
+rate that had been measured at least was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that had been measured at least was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that had been measured at least was
+of uranium-235 the highest likelihood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium-235 the highest likelihood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uranium-235 the highest likelihood to
+undergo fusion was way up here for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fusion was way up here for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fusion was way up here for two
+for 235. the problem was when the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 235. the problem was when the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 235. the problem was when the next
+uh nucleus fissions the neutrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus fissions the neutrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus fissions the neutrons that
+come out of that are actually very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of that are actually very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of that are actually very fast
+they're at these kind of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at these kind of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at these kind of nuclear
+energies or at least fractions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies or at least fractions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies or at least fractions of the
+nuclear energy they're more up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy they're more up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy they're more up in this
+scale in a million times say electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in a million times say electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in a million times say electron
+volts or 10 million not a tiny fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts or 10 million not a tiny fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts or 10 million not a tiny fraction
+for very fast neutrons it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very fast neutrons it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very fast neutrons it turns out
+plutonium is even more susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium is even more susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium is even more susceptible to
+fission than u235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission than u235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission than u235
+the challenge is how do you isolate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is how do you isolate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is how do you isolate this
+Trace stuff from this because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace stuff from this because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace stuff from this because you want
+to get a lot of this stuff in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of this stuff in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of this stuff in one place
+kilograms Worth or how do you scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms Worth or how do you scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms Worth or how do you scale up
+this stuff by a factor of a billion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff by a factor of a billion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff by a factor of a billion from
+micrograms to kilograms neither of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms to kilograms neither of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms to kilograms neither of these
+seemed pretty seemed at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed pretty seemed at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed pretty seemed at all
+straightforward that's where some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that's where some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward that's where some of
+these other facilities then come in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other facilities then come in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other facilities then come in so
+we'll now look at the Oak Ridge facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now look at the Oak Ridge facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll now look at the Oak Ridge facility
+very briefly Oak Ridge in Tennessee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly Oak Ridge in Tennessee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly Oak Ridge in Tennessee
+here's an example of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of this kind of
+enormous industrial scale operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous industrial scale operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous industrial scale operation
+under the auspices of the Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the auspices of the Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the auspices of the Manhattan
+Project scaled up by the U.S Army Corps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project scaled up by the U.S Army Corps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project scaled up by the U.S Army Corps
+of Engineers and now with more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engineers and now with more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Engineers and now with more and more
+industrial Partners as well this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial Partners as well this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial Partners as well this was
+literally a Classified City it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a Classified City it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a Classified City it wouldn't
+even show up on maps until many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even show up on maps until many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even show up on maps until many years
+after the end of the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the end of the war
+and yet behind the fence in under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet behind the fence in under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet behind the fence in under
+classified conditions they built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified conditions they built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified conditions they built the
+single largest Factory on the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single largest Factory on the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single largest Factory on the at the
+time on the planet the largest Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the planet the largest Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the planet the largest Factory
+at least we Under One Roof ever uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we Under One Roof ever uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least we Under One Roof ever uh with
+about a mile uh if you walk from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a mile uh if you walk from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a mile uh if you walk from here to
+here the single building was was um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single building was was um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single building was was um like
+more than a mile in distance this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a mile in distance this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a mile in distance this was uh
+to try to separate uh the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to separate uh the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to separate uh the the kind of
+uranium isotope that was now really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium isotope that was now really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium isotope that was now really
+needed the fissionable one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the fissionable one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the fissionable one from the
+common one now these are both atoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one now these are both atoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common one now these are both atoms of
+uranium so in terms of any chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium so in terms of any chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium so in terms of any chemical
+analysis they'll be indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they'll be indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis they'll be indistinguishable
+the chemical properties are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical properties are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical properties are the same
+they're isotopes of a single chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're isotopes of a single chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're isotopes of a single chemical
+element so people realize right away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so people realize right away in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so people realize right away in
+server lecture and this of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server lecture and this of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server lecture and this of course as
+well to separate them you have to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to separate them you have to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to separate them you have to turn
+to physical methods not chemical ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical methods not chemical ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical methods not chemical ones
+you have to exploit the very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to exploit the very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to exploit the very tiny
+percent level Mass difference between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent level Mass difference between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent level Mass difference between uh
+this slightly lighter version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly lighter version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly lighter version of that
+more common isotope so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common isotope so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common isotope so here's an example
+go through very quickly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through very quickly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through very quickly there's a
+marvelous treatment of this uh by my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous treatment of this uh by my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous treatment of this uh by my my
+friend and colleague Alex wellerstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and colleague Alex wellerstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and colleague Alex wellerstein
+was a real real expert on on the wartime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real real expert on on the wartime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real real expert on on the wartime
+nuclear projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear projects
+you can check out his very brief uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out his very brief uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check out his very brief uh
+essay sorry essay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay sorry essay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay sorry essay there
+so here's what they wound up doing uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what they wound up doing uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what they wound up doing uh in
+this plant here's what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant here's what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant here's what's going on in
+this huge enormous Factory plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge enormous Factory plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge enormous Factory plant
+something called gaseous diffusion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called gaseous diffusion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called gaseous diffusion so
+you mix the uranium with um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix the uranium with um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix the uranium with um with
+fluorine to make a gas called uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine to make a gas called uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine to make a gas called uranium
+hexafluoride u46 this is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexafluoride u46 this is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexafluoride u46 this is incredibly
+poisonous incredibly noxious it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous incredibly noxious it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous incredibly noxious it will
+burn through many kinds of gaskets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn through many kinds of gaskets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn through many kinds of gaskets and
+rubbers and metals it was really nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers and metals it was really nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers and metals it was really nasty
+stuff to work with not just to humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to work with not just to humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to work with not just to humans
+but even to the kinds of uh engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even to the kinds of uh engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even to the kinds of uh engineering
+parts that one would build a factory out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that one would build a factory out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that one would build a factory out
+of this was hard to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was hard to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was hard to work with
+nonetheless it had the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it had the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it had the property that
+they could heat it up in equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could heat it up in equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could heat it up in equilibrium the
+molecules of uranium hexafluoride that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of uranium hexafluoride that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of uranium hexafluoride that
+happens to include the rare lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to include the rare lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to include the rare lighter
+isotope of uranium those molecules would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of uranium those molecules would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope of uranium those molecules would
+be would enter equilibrium with the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would enter equilibrium with the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would enter equilibrium with the more
+common molecules that have to include uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common molecules that have to include uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common molecules that have to include uh
+the standard isotope u238 if they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard isotope u238 if they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard isotope u238 if they're in
+equilibrium their energies should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium their energies should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium their energies should be
+about balance the kinetic energy should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balance the kinetic energy should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balance the kinetic energy should
+be about equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about equal
+but that means that the smaller Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that the smaller Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that the smaller Mass
+here of the lighter isotope must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the lighter isotope must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the lighter isotope must be
+multiplying a slightly larger velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a slightly larger velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a slightly larger velocity
+that the the molecules with the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the molecules with the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the molecules with the stuff
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+will on average have slightly larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on average have slightly larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on average have slightly larger
+speeds in equilibrium than the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds in equilibrium than the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds in equilibrium than the more
+common stuff so put the whole gas Under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common stuff so put the whole gas Under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common stuff so put the whole gas Under
+Pressure force it through these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pressure force it through these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pressure force it through these these
+these uh these Chambers with a permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these Chambers with a permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these Chambers with a permeable
+membrane and then because you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and then because you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and then because you have a
+larger average velocity for the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger average velocity for the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger average velocity for the ones you
+want for the lighter ones they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the lighter ones they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want for the lighter ones they will
+diffuse through this chamber uh slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse through this chamber uh slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse through this chamber uh slightly
+more quickly so after a short amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly so after a short amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly so after a short amount of
+time the ones you want these small black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the ones you want these small black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the ones you want these small black
+dots the ones with the fissionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots the ones with the fissionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots the ones with the fissionable
+isotope will diffuse throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope will diffuse throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope will diffuse throughout the
+chamber a little bit faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber a little bit faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber a little bit faster than the
+ones that are stable that you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are stable that you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are stable that you don't want
+to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+not by a lot the enrichment of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by a lot the enrichment of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by a lot the enrichment of doing
+this one cycle is less than 0.4 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one cycle is less than 0.4 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one cycle is less than 0.4 percent
+enrichment and so the idea was let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment and so the idea was let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment and so the idea was let's
+just do that a thousand times literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that a thousand times literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that a thousand times literally
+scale it up like never before with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it up like never before with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it up like never before with the
+help of these uh experienced industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of these uh experienced industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of these uh experienced industrial
+partners and so what this building has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and so what this building has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and so what this building has
+is literally thousands of these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally thousands of these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally thousands of these kind of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cubic meter scale uh gaseous diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter scale uh gaseous diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic meter scale uh gaseous diffusion
+units strong one for the other you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units strong one for the other you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units strong one for the other you take
+the slightly enriched output from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly enriched output from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly enriched output from here
+and put in another chamber and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in another chamber and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in another chamber and I'll put
+an output output so you do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output output so you do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output output so you do this a
+thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times
+meanwhile the other main installation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the other main installation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the other main installation uh
+for the Manhattan Project was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Manhattan Project was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Manhattan Project was in
+Washington state at the Hanford site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington state at the Hanford site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington state at the Hanford site and
+by the way one of our a member of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one of our a member of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one of our a member of our
+group here Tiffany Nichols is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here Tiffany Nichols is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here Tiffany Nichols is a real
+expert on Hanford so we should get her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on Hanford so we should get her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on Hanford so we should get her
+to talk about Hanford sometime as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about Hanford sometime as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about Hanford sometime as well
+so Hanford during the war was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hanford during the war was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Hanford during the war was also a
+secret facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret facility
+enormous sprawling industrial site now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sprawling industrial site now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sprawling industrial site now
+here the main partner was Dupont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the main partner was Dupont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the main partner was Dupont
+although many other industrial Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although many other industrial Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although many other industrial Partners
+there as well and the job at Hanford was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well and the job at Hanford was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well and the job at Hanford was
+not first and foremost to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not first and foremost to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not first and foremost to separate the
+Isotopes of uranium but actually to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isotopes of uranium but actually to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isotopes of uranium but actually to make
+more plutonium so their job was to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plutonium so their job was to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plutonium so their job was to take
+kind of fermi's Chicago pile take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fermi's Chicago pile take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fermi's Chicago pile take the
+insights that people like nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that people like nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that people like nuclear
+chemists like Glenn seaborg had learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists like Glenn seaborg had learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists like Glenn seaborg had learned
+in the interim and do that at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interim and do that at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interim and do that at an
+industrial scale it build enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial scale it build enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial scale it build enormous
+reactors that could induce Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that could induce Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that could induce Neutron
+capture within otherwise relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture within otherwise relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture within otherwise relatively
+stable uranium and then induce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uranium and then induce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uranium and then induce the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+of plutonium and so again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plutonium and so again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plutonium and so again you can see
+that this the scale here uh just to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the scale here uh just to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the scale here uh just to put
+it in complex there are multiple reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in complex there are multiple reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in complex there are multiple reactor
+complexes there was the b b reactor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes there was the b b reactor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes there was the b b reactor the
+F complex and many others all told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F complex and many others all told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F complex and many others all told
+during the war panford required one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war panford required one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war panford required one
+billion cubic meters of concrete I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion cubic meters of concrete I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion cubic meters of concrete I just
+think about the the scale of that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the scale of that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the scale of that going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay let me pause there so that's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me pause there so that's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me pause there so that's a kind
+of lightning tour of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning tour of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning tour of some of the
+technical things happening at the VAR at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical things happening at the VAR at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical things happening at the VAR at
+the main uh uh Manhattan Project sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh uh Manhattan Project sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh uh Manhattan Project sites
+we'll talk more about what comes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about what comes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about what comes next
+uh let's see so uh Fisher asks by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so uh Fisher asks by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so uh Fisher asks by the
+time the trans transits were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the trans transits were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the trans transits were actually
+discovered do people really know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered do people really know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered do people really know about
+antimatter or neutrinos oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimatter or neutrinos oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antimatter or neutrinos oh good
+yes good so people had ideas nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good so people had ideas nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good so people had ideas nothing
+like a real evidence yet uh I'm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real evidence yet uh I'm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real evidence yet uh I'm in a
+bracket I won't spend too much time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket I won't spend too much time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket I won't spend too much time on
+that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+family had actually done a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had actually done a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had actually done a lot of work
+creating a theory that included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a theory that included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a theory that included
+neutrinos and of the week week Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos and of the week week Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos and of the week week Decay
+more generally but it was still entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally but it was still entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally but it was still entirely
+hypothetical and family himself believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and family himself believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and family himself believed
+these particles would never be detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles would never be detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particles would never be detected
+it was very skeptical at the time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very skeptical at the time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very skeptical at the time we'll
+come to actually it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to actually it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to actually it turns out that the
+first evidence that neutrinos exist came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evidence that neutrinos exist came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evidence that neutrinos exist came
+from these kind of huge nuclear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these kind of huge nuclear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these kind of huge nuclear uh
+projects not during the war but soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects not during the war but soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects not during the war but soon
+afterwards so people had to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so people had to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so people had to build
+enormous industrial scale reactors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous industrial scale reactors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous industrial scale reactors or
+weapons to create lots and lots of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to create lots and lots of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to create lots and lots of these
+things flying out uh before there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flying out uh before there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things flying out uh before there was
+any hope to try to detect it and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hope to try to detect it and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hope to try to detect it and so we
+could talk more about that but the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk more about that but the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk more about that but the short
+answer is people had ideas about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is people had ideas about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is people had ideas about the
+what we would Now call neutrinos and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would Now call neutrinos and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would Now call neutrinos and and
+the kind of beta reactions but but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of beta reactions but but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of beta reactions but but it
+was still quite fledgling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still quite fledgling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still quite fledgling
+Johann asks was there widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johann asks was there widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johann asks was there widespread
+protests against these drivers very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests against these drivers very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests against these drivers very good
+because part of what we should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of what we should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of what we should talk
+about uh especially on Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh especially on Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh especially on Monday and
+thereafter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter
+uh the short answer is no if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the short answer is no if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the short answer is no if you say
+widespread protest an unequivocal no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread protest an unequivocal no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread protest an unequivocal no no
+way no how partly because these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no how partly because these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no how partly because these projects
+were all deeply deeply classified many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all deeply deeply classified many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all deeply deeply classified many
+of these sites literally weren't even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sites literally weren't even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sites literally weren't even on
+a map you could not drive to the town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you could not drive to the town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map you could not drive to the town of
+Oak Ridge you wouldn't know it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak Ridge you wouldn't know it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oak Ridge you wouldn't know it was there
+during the war and same with Hanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and same with Hanford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and same with Hanford and
+many other so-called Atomic cities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other so-called Atomic cities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other so-called Atomic cities they
+were nicknamed afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nicknamed afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nicknamed afterwards
+so that's part one part two uh what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's part one part two uh what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's part one part two uh what was
+going to happen with these things wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with these things wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen with these things wasn't
+so clear we'll talk more about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear we'll talk more about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear we'll talk more about that uh
+soon uh part three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh part three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh part three
+uh let me leave part three to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me leave part three to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me leave part three to our
+discussion it's a great Johan that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it's a great Johan that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it's a great Johan that's a
+fantastic question and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic question and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic question and that's exactly
+what I want to be able to talk about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to be able to talk about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to be able to talk about at
+least at least brooch uh both with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least brooch uh both with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at least brooch uh both with the
+film and with our discussion on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and with our discussion on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and with our discussion on on
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good
+Muriel shared a screenshot uh excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muriel shared a screenshot uh excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muriel shared a screenshot uh excellent
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes Alex is right so part of why Oak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Alex is right so part of why Oak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Alex is right so part of why Oak
+Ridge was cited where it was is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge was cited where it was is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge was cited where it was is because
+it had already access to enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had already access to enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had already access to enormous
+enormous sources of electricity uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sources of electricity uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sources of electricity uh it
+was really just I mean you saw the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really just I mean you saw the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really just I mean you saw the the
+photos there was a huge industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos there was a huge industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos there was a huge industrial
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+um Sarah says we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sarah says we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sarah says we will talk about
+radioactive contamination oh we will yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive contamination oh we will yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive contamination oh we will yes
+very good uh so they did did they Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh so they did did they Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh so they did did they Sarah
+asked did they did people worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked did they did people worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked did they did people worry about
+radiation from these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from these materials
+again sorry it's a great great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sorry it's a great great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sorry it's a great great question
+did they they were aware of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they they were aware of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they they were aware of it it
+becomes controversial I have to say who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes controversial I have to say who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes controversial I have to say who
+knew what when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what when
+so even with with hindsight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with with hindsight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with with hindsight and
+declassification and lots of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassification and lots of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassification and lots of more
+documentary evidence it's unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary evidence it's unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary evidence it's unambiguously
+the case that many many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that many many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that many many of these
+scientists and Engineers knew there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers knew there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers knew there was
+something to think about radiation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about radiation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about radiation at
+the time it's also unambiguously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's also unambiguously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's also unambiguously the
+case that they were quite Cavalier not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they were quite Cavalier not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they were quite Cavalier not
+just with themselves but also and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with themselves but also and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with themselves but also and I
+think even more uh shamefully with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even more uh shamefully with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even more uh shamefully with all
+these workers at these huge industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers at these huge industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers at these huge industrial
+sites who were handling extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites who were handling extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites who were handling extremely
+dangerous materials with minimal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous materials with minimal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous materials with minimal uh
+safety precautions or even basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety precautions or even basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety precautions or even basic
+information it was actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it was actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it was actually very
+there's a dissertation on that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dissertation on that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dissertation on that very
+topic by grad student in in our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic by grad student in in our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic by grad student in in our own
+Department uh in in uh in the SDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department uh in in uh in the SDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department uh in in uh in the SDS
+program some decades ago again based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program some decades ago again based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program some decades ago again based
+largely on Declassified documents and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely on Declassified documents and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely on Declassified documents and so
+on so so there was knowledge that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so so there was knowledge that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so so there was knowledge that this
+radiation existed that it was harmful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation existed that it was harmful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation existed that it was harmful to
+humans it wasn't clear exactly harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it wasn't clear exactly harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it wasn't clear exactly harmful
+at which doses but it was unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which doses but it was unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which doses but it was unambiguously
+harmful in general there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful in general there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful in general there were some
+precautions taken but nothing like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions taken but nothing like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precautions taken but nothing like what
+would come later so so that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come later so so that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come later so so that's a huge
+huge question that much more of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge question that much more of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge question that much more of which is
+learned actually after the weapons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned actually after the weapons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned actually after the weapons are
+used there's a long-term longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used there's a long-term longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used there's a long-term longitudinal
+study of victims of the bombings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of victims of the bombings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of victims of the bombings in
+Japan for example that goes on for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan for example that goes on for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan for example that goes on for years
+there are then other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are then other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are then other kinds of
+experiments uh and and more controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and and more controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and and more controlled
+studies after after second world war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies after after second world war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies after after second world war and
+we will so we will talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will so we will talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will so we will talk about that
+there's a second film we'll watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second film we'll watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second film we'll watch
+together a second documentary we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a second documentary we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a second documentary we'll see
+in a few class sessions it looks much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few class sessions it looks much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few class sessions it looks much
+more directly at the broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly at the broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly at the broader
+environmental impacts including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts including
+radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity
+uh associated with these very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated with these very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associated with these very very
+massive projects and by the way just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive projects and by the way just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive projects and by the way just one
+more plug I showed the book cover uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plug I showed the book cover uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plug I showed the book cover uh my
+my friend and colleague Kate Brown who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and colleague Kate Brown who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and colleague Kate Brown who's
+now also professor at MIT wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also professor at MIT wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also professor at MIT wrote this
+really very compelling very moving book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very compelling very moving book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very compelling very moving book
+called plutopia on some of the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plutopia on some of the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plutopia on some of the longer
+term impacts um not just during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term impacts um not just during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term impacts um not just during the
+1940s but even afterwards uh about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s but even afterwards uh about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s but even afterwards uh about these
+things so that's a very important very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's a very important very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's a very important very
+good question Sarah we'll have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question Sarah we'll have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question Sarah we'll have a chance
+to talk a bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more about that
+um were these commitments binding ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were these commitments binding ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were these commitments binding ah
+good no so Johan asks uh were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no so Johan asks uh were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no so Johan asks uh were people
+kind of threatened if they chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of threatened if they chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of threatened if they chose to
+leave no and and yet there is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave no and and yet there is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave no and and yet there is literally
+one person one person who left Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person one person who left Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person one person who left Los
+Alamos Joseph rutblatt his name uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos Joseph rutblatt his name uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos Joseph rutblatt his name uh
+before the project was completed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the project was completed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the project was completed because
+of what he cited as kind of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he cited as kind of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what he cited as kind of moral
+concerns goes back to to Johan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns goes back to to Johan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns goes back to to Johan's
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+so it wasn't that it was impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't that it was impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wasn't that it was impossible to
+imagine the consequence of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the consequence of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the consequence of these things
+some people did some people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people did some people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people did some people thought
+about it and kept working the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and kept working the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and kept working the project
+some people said that's not my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said that's not my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said that's not my problem
+some people said someone else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said someone else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people said someone else would
+worry about it and one person at Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it and one person at Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it and one person at Los
+Alamos said this is my problem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos said this is my problem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamos said this is my problem and I
+don't like it and I'm leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it and I'm leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it and I'm leaving
+he went on to found the Pug watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went on to found the Pug watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he went on to found the Pug watch
+movement among other things so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement among other things so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement among other things so again
+great question we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question we'll talk more about
+those things uh uh we'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things uh uh we'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things uh uh we'll have an
+opportunity to talk more about that soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk more about that soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk more about that soon
+let me personally I want to talk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me personally I want to talk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me personally I want to talk the
+last part of class is a bit more brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of class is a bit more brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of class is a bit more brief
+but I I don't want to run too long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I don't want to run too long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I don't want to run too long so
+let me jump into the next part these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me jump into the next part these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me jump into the next part these are
+great great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great great questions
+so the last part is is now how do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last part is is now how do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last part is is now how do people
+actually construct a device that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct a device that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct a device that would
+explode how do you make an actual weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode how do you make an actual weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode how do you make an actual weapon
+out of these esoteric sounding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this last part is actually making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this last part is actually making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this last part is actually making
+bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs
+very briefly so each time we saw each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly so each time we saw each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly so each time we saw each
+time a single nucleus undergoes fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a single nucleus undergoes fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a single nucleus undergoes fission
+a couple extra neutrons were released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple extra neutrons were released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple extra neutrons were released
+the problem that also is right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that also is right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that also is right in
+cerber's uh initial primer they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerber's uh initial primer they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerber's uh initial primer they knew
+this right from the spring of 1943
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right from the spring of 1943
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right from the spring of 1943
+was that if you have two small uh a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you have two small uh a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if you have two small uh a mass
+of this fissional material then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fissional material then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fissional material then on
+average more too many neutrons will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average more too many neutrons will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average more too many neutrons will be
+close to the edge and so they will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the edge and so they will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the edge and so they will they
+were they're more likely to fuse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they're more likely to fuse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they're more likely to fuse right
+outside of the active region than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the active region than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the active region than just
+stick around and cause more fission so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around and cause more fission so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick around and cause more fission so
+you have something like a critical size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like a critical size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like a critical size
+you if you have a larger volume the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have a larger volume the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have a larger volume the same
+density same properties as more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density same properties as more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density same properties as more of it
+then on average most of the time a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on average most of the time a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on average most of the time a new
+Neutron is released it'll be more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron is released it'll be more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron is released it'll be more likely
+to encounter another Target another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encounter another Target another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encounter another Target another
+nucleus rather than be close to the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus rather than be close to the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus rather than be close to the edge
+and kind of fly out and fizzle so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of fly out and fizzle so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of fly out and fizzle so this
+introduces the notion of a critical size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the notion of a critical size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the notion of a critical size
+from there you can then calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you can then calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there you can then calculate a
+critical mass this is there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass this is there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass this is there's a huge
+story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story here
+uh you can learn some more about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can learn some more about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can learn some more about in
+Peter gallison's really fascinating book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter gallison's really fascinating book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter gallison's really fascinating book
+called image and logic also this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called image and logic also this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called image and logic also this really
+amazing resource uh written by a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing resource uh written by a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing resource uh written by a team of
+historians and scientists several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and scientists several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and scientists several of
+whom actually applied for and received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom actually applied for and received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom actually applied for and received
+um top secret clearance so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top secret clearance so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top secret clearance so they could
+actually invest read classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invest read classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually invest read classified
+materials even though their own what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials even though their own what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials even though their own what
+they wrote about it would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote about it would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote about it would then be
+subject to to uh you know it could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to to uh you know it could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to to uh you know it could only
+be safe to release so you have some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe to release so you have some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safe to release so you have some real
+Insider experts who worked on this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insider experts who worked on this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insider experts who worked on this other
+book called critical assembly and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called critical assembly and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called critical assembly and a
+portion of that team is Lillian hoddison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of that team is Lillian hoddison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of that team is Lillian hoddison
+who wrote the main piece we read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote the main piece we read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote the main piece we read for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so what was happening at Los Alamos was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was happening at Los Alamos was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was happening at Los Alamos was
+a series of kind of hybrid computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of kind of hybrid computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of kind of hybrid computation
+human almost entirely women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human almost entirely women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human almost entirely women
+volunteer computers they were usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer computers they were usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer computers they were usually
+the kind of wives of staff so the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of wives of staff so the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of wives of staff so the people
+who were first hired were almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were first hired were almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were first hired were almost
+exclusively men to work at Los Alamos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively men to work at Los Alamos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively men to work at Los Alamos
+we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about
+the kind of gender Dynamics in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of gender Dynamics in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of gender Dynamics in the field
+around this time that we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time that we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this time that we'll see that
+more squarely in a lecture or two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more squarely in a lecture or two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more squarely in a lecture or two so
+most of the people who were trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people who were trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people who were trained in
+science or Engineering in the US in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or Engineering in the US in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or Engineering in the US in this
+time were men many of them were invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were men many of them were invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time were men many of them were invited
+to relocate to Los Alamos with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relocate to Los Alamos with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relocate to Los Alamos with their
+families so there were uh many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families so there were uh many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families so there were uh many uh
+spouses mostly women spouses who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses mostly women spouses who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses mostly women spouses who came
+along and many of them were then able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and many of them were then able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and many of them were then able to
+pick up work at the lab as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up work at the lab as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up work at the lab as well as
+computers as I say the people were named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as I say the people were named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as I say the people were named
+computers they were usually using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they were usually using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they were usually using these
+handheld mechanical calculators not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld mechanical calculators not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld mechanical calculators not
+programmable electronic machines those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable electronic machines those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable electronic machines those
+were just at the moment under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just at the moment under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just at the moment under
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+so you have these kind of hybrid human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these kind of hybrid human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these kind of hybrid human
+machine Computing teams they would break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Computing teams they would break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Computing teams they would break
+down complicated iterative calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down complicated iterative calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down complicated iterative calculations
+to try to do things like calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do things like calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do things like calculate the
+likelihood for a neutron to um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood for a neutron to um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood for a neutron to um to to
+leave a region of active material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a region of active material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a region of active material or
+induce fission will it will it drift uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce fission will it will it drift uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce fission will it will it drift uh
+and diffuse outward or not so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffuse outward or not so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffuse outward or not so with this
+kind of series of uh early what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of series of uh early what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of series of uh early what we could
+call a numerical simulation I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a numerical simulation I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a numerical simulation I'm just
+painstakingly slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstakingly slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstakingly slow
+the scientists were able to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientists were able to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientists were able to estimate the
+critical size above which you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical size above which you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical size above which you're more
+likely to be in this regime than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be in this regime than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be in this regime than that
+and that was about a radius of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was about a radius of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was about a radius of nine
+centimeters if you had purified an all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters if you had purified an all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters if you had purified an all
+fissionable u-235 and you had a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable u-235 and you had a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable u-235 and you had a sphere
+of radius nine centimeters you'd be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius nine centimeters you'd be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius nine centimeters you'd be more
+likely to have that thing undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have that thing undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have that thing undergo
+runaway Chain Reaction rather than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway Chain Reaction rather than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway Chain Reaction rather than this
+loss of neutrons from diffusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of neutrons from diffusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of neutrons from diffusion that
+then the size translates to a mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size translates to a mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size translates to a mass right
+because you have a constant density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a constant density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a constant density of
+of the metal there so the the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal there so the the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal there so the the critical
+size was related to a critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size was related to a critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size was related to a critical mass
+about 50 kilograms over a hundred pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 kilograms over a hundred pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 kilograms over a hundred pounds
+of pure u-235 at a time when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure u-235 at a time when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure u-235 at a time when this
+existed in tiny Trace Amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in tiny Trace Amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in tiny Trace Amounts
+uh so what what uh what had already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what what uh what had already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what what uh what had already been
+figured out and uh server lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and uh server lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and uh server lectures on
+this in the primer is you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the primer is you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the primer is you can actually
+get by with a much smaller size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by with a much smaller size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by with a much smaller size you
+could get by a size closer to this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get by a size closer to this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get by a size closer to this if
+you surround the active material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surround the active material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you surround the active material the
+fissional material with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissional material with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissional material with something called
+a tamper a very heavy metal that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tamper a very heavy metal that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tamper a very heavy metal that is that
+is very uh inert to nuclear reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very uh inert to nuclear reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very uh inert to nuclear reactions so
+it will neither absorb neutrons nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will neither absorb neutrons nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will neither absorb neutrons nor
+undergo fission it'll basically just act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission it'll basically just act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission it'll basically just act
+like a mirror and bounce those neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mirror and bounce those neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mirror and bounce those neutrons
+back in a very heavy very inert stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a very heavy very inert stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a very heavy very inert stable
+nucleus of which they had ideas of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of which they had ideas of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of which they had ideas of what
+there might be that was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be that was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be that was called the
+tamper and just put that heavy metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamper and just put that heavy metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamper and just put that heavy metal
+around the the active region then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the active region then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the active region then you're
+going to reflect these neutrons back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect these neutrons back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect these neutrons back in
+you can shrink down by a factor of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can shrink down by a factor of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can shrink down by a factor of about
+three this critical size and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this critical size and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this critical size and then the
+critical mass becomes about kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass becomes about kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass becomes about kilogram
+scale not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale not not
+um tens or hundreds of kilograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tens or hundreds of kilograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tens or hundreds of kilograms
+so now the question is how do you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is how do you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is how do you how do
+you get this thing to actually undergo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this thing to actually undergo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this thing to actually undergo a
+runaway Chain Reaction so now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway Chain Reaction so now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway Chain Reaction so now you know
+roughly how much stuff you need for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how much stuff you need for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how much stuff you need for that
+critical mass how do you get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass how do you get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass how do you get it to
+undergo this very rapid uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this very rapid uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this very rapid uh energy
+releasing response shows how to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing response shows how to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing response shows how to get it
+to blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow up
+so here again all the who's identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again all the who's identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again all the who's identified
+already from the primer they knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already from the primer they knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already from the primer they knew about
+this very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very early
+the idea was to get two sub-critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to get two sub-critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to get two sub-critical
+pieces so you're not in danger of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you're not in danger of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you're not in danger of either
+of these pieces those shaded regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces those shaded regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces those shaded regions
+here undergoing a runaway Chain Reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here undergoing a runaway Chain Reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here undergoing a runaway Chain Reaction
+they're each too small neutrons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each too small neutrons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each too small neutrons on
+average will diffuse out before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average will diffuse out before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average will diffuse out before they
+cause too many fissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause too many fissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause too many fissions
+so again two sub-critical pieces of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again two sub-critical pieces of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again two sub-critical pieces of this
+enriched fissionable material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched fissionable material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched fissionable material and
+literally shoot them together like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shoot them together like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shoot them together like from
+uh from a musket from a gun so they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a musket from a gun so they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a musket from a gun so they knew
+their their existing army guns actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their existing army guns actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their existing army guns actually
+in use that could get muzzle speeds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use that could get muzzle speeds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use that could get muzzle speeds of
+projectiles that would correspond to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectiles that would correspond to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectiles that would correspond to uh
+say a tiny fraction of the second this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a tiny fraction of the second this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a tiny fraction of the second this
+the velocities were uh were thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities were uh were thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities were uh were thousands of
+kind of meters per second uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of meters per second uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of meters per second uh or
+centimeters per second I guess so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per second I guess so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per second I guess so I
+could get these two sub-critical pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get these two sub-critical pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get these two sub-critical pieces
+to be jammed together to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be jammed together to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be jammed together to make one
+critical mass in a time within a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass in a time within a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass in a time within a tiny
+fraction of a second you'd also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a second you'd also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a second you'd also need to
+actually induce then one thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually induce then one thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually induce then one thing together
+you have to inject at least one Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to inject at least one Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to inject at least one Neutron
+that can start this runaway Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can start this runaway Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can start this runaway Chain
+Reaction they were already thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction they were already thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction they were already thinking
+about what are called initiators at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are called initiators at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are called initiators at the
+time of the primer the idea was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the primer the idea was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the primer the idea was to
+actually have a natural Alpha emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a natural Alpha emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a natural Alpha emitter
+something that is naturally radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is naturally radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is naturally radioactive
+like radium or polonium glue that onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radium or polonium glue that onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radium or polonium glue that onto
+one of these pieces attach it to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces attach it to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these pieces attach it to one of
+the projectiles and have beryllium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectiles and have beryllium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectiles and have beryllium or
+some other Target on the other piece it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Target on the other piece it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Target on the other piece it
+redoing Chadwick's experiment from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing Chadwick's experiment from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing Chadwick's experiment from which
+he he identified neutrons if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he identified neutrons if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he identified neutrons if you if you
+have alpha particles smacking into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha particles smacking into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha particles smacking into some
+materials like beryllium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like beryllium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like beryllium
+they will produce neutrons so just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will produce neutrons so just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will produce neutrons so just do
+that really fast by gluing the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really fast by gluing the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really fast by gluing the two
+ingredients of Chadwick's experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of Chadwick's experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of Chadwick's experiment
+into these pieces in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these pieces in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these pieces in the middle of a
+bomb I've done that fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb I've done that fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb I've done that fascinating
+they were so confident about this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so confident about this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so confident about this method
+I just find this mind-boggling they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just find this mind-boggling they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just find this mind-boggling they were
+so confident they literally never even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so confident they literally never even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so confident they literally never even
+tested it the first time any device ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it the first time any device ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it the first time any device ever
+went underwent a runaway chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went underwent a runaway chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went underwent a runaway chain reaction
+from this u-235 gun method uh assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this u-235 gun method uh assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this u-235 gun method uh assembly
+was that it was used against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that it was used against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that it was used against a
+population in the Japanese city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the Japanese city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the Japanese city of
+Hiroshima and you'll see of course much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima and you'll see of course much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima and you'll see of course much
+more about the actual use of the weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the actual use of the weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the actual use of the weapon
+and consequences in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequences in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequences in the film
+so the very first time a device like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the very first time a device like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the very first time a device like
+this was even exploded at all was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was even exploded at all was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was even exploded at all was
+actually uh in a military usage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in a military usage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in a military usage on
+October 6 1945 many of you might know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 6 1945 many of you might know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 6 1945 many of you might know we
+just passed the 75th anniversary of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passed the 75th anniversary of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passed the 75th anniversary of of
+these bombings uh this past summer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bombings uh this past summer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bombings uh this past summer so
+here's what what is now called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what what is now called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what what is now called the
+atomic dome for some reason it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic dome for some reason it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic dome for some reason it's still
+not so clear this one building near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so clear this one building near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so clear this one building near
+Ground Zero was mostly destroyed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground Zero was mostly destroyed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground Zero was mostly destroyed to get
+this kind of Dome structure uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Dome structure uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Dome structure uh the
+skeletal girders of the Kiln uh survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal girders of the Kiln uh survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal girders of the Kiln uh survive
+that's now called the atomic Dome it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now called the atomic Dome it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now called the atomic Dome it was
+actually kind of industrial management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of industrial management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of industrial management
+Hall in the middle of hiroshan at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall in the middle of hiroshan at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall in the middle of hiroshan at the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+they're not even testing it the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even testing it the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even testing it the other uh
+method was actually much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was actually much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was actually much much more
+complicated and again you'll hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and again you'll hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and again you'll hear more
+about this in the film and we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the film and we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the film and we can talk
+more about it soon too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it soon too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it soon too
+this became a major Challenge and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became a major Challenge and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this became a major Challenge and this
+is the subject of Lillian hoddison's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the subject of Lillian hoddison's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the subject of Lillian hoddison's
+piece that we read for today the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we read for today the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we read for today the other
+kind of fissionable material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fissionable material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fissionable material the
+material that was even more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was even more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was even more likely to
+fission and uranium was this plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and uranium was this plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission and uranium was this plutonium
+but it had a spontaneous fission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had a spontaneous fission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had a spontaneous fission rate
+this was an unnaturally unstable element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an unnaturally unstable element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an unnaturally unstable element
+that's why it doesn't exist on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it doesn't exist on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it doesn't exist on its own
+on Earth so the it is more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth so the it is more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth so the it is more likely to
+kind of blow itself apart in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of blow itself apart in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of blow itself apart in something
+other than a runaway chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than a runaway chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than a runaway chain reaction
+faster than you could get two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you could get two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you could get two of those
+subcritical pieces to join no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcritical pieces to join no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcritical pieces to join no matter
+what the muzzle velocity was they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the muzzle velocity was they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the muzzle velocity was they were
+they came to recognize only by uh summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to recognize only by uh summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to recognize only by uh summer
+of 1944 well past the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1944 well past the start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1944 well past the start of the
+laboratory that any of these assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that any of these assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that any of these assembly
+methods for this highly unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for this highly unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for this highly unstable
+plutonium would be too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium would be too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium would be too slow
+so again it's Hardison uh tells us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's Hardison uh tells us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's Hardison uh tells us in
+the reading what they wound up doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading what they wound up doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading what they wound up doing was
+pursuing something called implosion this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing something called implosion this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing something called implosion this
+became a really very very significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a really very very significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a really very very significant
+technical challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical challenge
+it leads to all kinds of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to all kinds of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to all kinds of moral
+challenges as well I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well I don't want to
+downplay those I just want to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downplay those I just want to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downplay those I just want to say what
+what occupied many of these folks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what occupied many of these folks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what occupied many of these folks uh
+during these very hectic days of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these very hectic days of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during these very hectic days of the of
+the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war
+the idea was to then get a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to then get a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to then get a tiny little
+plutonium core actually have separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium core actually have separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium core actually have separated
+into tiny little subcritical pieces but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tiny little subcritical pieces but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tiny little subcritical pieces but
+near each other surround it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other surround it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other surround it with a
+tamper again to reflect the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamper again to reflect the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamper again to reflect the neutrons
+back in but then surround that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in but then surround that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in but then surround that with
+multiple kinds of conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple kinds of conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple kinds of conventional
+explosives that were shaped into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosives that were shaped into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosives that were shaped into what
+became known as shaped charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known as shaped charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known as shaped charges
+so so you want to set up here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to set up here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to set up here's the
+plutonium fissionable stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium fissionable stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium fissionable stuff here
+surrounded with different blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded with different blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded with different blocks that
+are shaped very intentionally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shaped very intentionally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shaped very intentionally with
+different burn rates so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different burn rates so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different burn rates so this kind of
+basically TNT one kind of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically TNT one kind of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically TNT one kind of chemical
+explosion would have a certain burn rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion would have a certain burn rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion would have a certain burn rate
+you have a different burn right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different burn right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different burn right here and
+different different burn right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different burn right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different burn right here so
+you could actually shape the in-going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually shape the in-going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually shape the in-going
+wave into a spherically symmetric shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave into a spherically symmetric shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave into a spherically symmetric shock
+wave that goes in instead of going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that goes in instead of going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that goes in instead of going out
+so you want it with with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want it with with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want it with with very high
+Precision induce an in-going wave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision induce an in-going wave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision induce an in-going wave that
+will then crush the plutonium core so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then crush the plutonium core so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then crush the plutonium core so
+that all these subcritical pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these subcritical pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these subcritical pieces are
+condensed into a single critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed into a single critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed into a single critical mass
+even more quickly much much more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more quickly much much more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more quickly much much more quickly
+than any of those kind of muzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of those kind of muzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of those kind of muzzle
+velocity methods of gun assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity methods of gun assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity methods of gun assembly
+can we talk more about that but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we talk more about that but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we talk more about that but that was
+what was was the idea now that created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was was the idea now that created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was was the idea now that created
+huge challenges both theoretical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge challenges both theoretical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge challenges both theoretical and
+experimental how do you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental how do you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental how do you calculate the
+appropriate shapes how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate shapes how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate shapes how do you actually
+mix these materials to appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix these materials to appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix these materials to appropriate
+Purity I mean lots and lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity I mean lots and lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity I mean lots and lots and lots of
+challenges there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges there
+so this uh really the leaders were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh really the leaders were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh really the leaders were not
+so confident this would work on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so confident this would work on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so confident this would work on its own
+this they did a test of this became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they did a test of this became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they did a test of this became
+known as the Trinity test the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Trinity test the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Trinity test the film that
+you'll watch before Monday was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll watch before Monday was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll watch before Monday was called
+the day after Trinity it's referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after Trinity it's referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after Trinity it's referring to
+this uh now famous test called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh now famous test called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh now famous test called the
+Trinity test which happened on July 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity test which happened on July 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity test which happened on July 16th
+1945. you can see here's the tests uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945. you can see here's the tests uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945. you can see here's the tests uh uh
+Bob about to be exploded after Norris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob about to be exploded after Norris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob about to be exploded after Norris
+Bradbury leaves the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradbury leaves the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradbury leaves the assembly
+so this was arranged uh not too far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was arranged uh not too far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was arranged uh not too far from
+Los Alamos plutonium was so rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Alamos plutonium was so rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Alamos plutonium was so rare
+remember there was just barely eeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was just barely eeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was just barely eeking
+out kilograms worth after that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out kilograms worth after that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out kilograms worth after that entire
+industrial effort at Hanford that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial effort at Hanford that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial effort at Hanford that at
+first the idea was to surround this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the idea was to surround this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the idea was to surround this test
+bomb in an enormous uh steel very thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb in an enormous uh steel very thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb in an enormous uh steel very thick
+steel container called literally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel container called literally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel container called literally called
+jumbo they had to build a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo they had to build a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo they had to build a special
+railroad carrier just because this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad carrier just because this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad carrier just because this thing
+wouldn't fit on standard tracks and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't fit on standard tracks and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't fit on standard tracks and get
+it from where it was made I think forged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from where it was made I think forged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from where it was made I think forged
+in like Pennsylvania to get it to uh New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Pennsylvania to get it to uh New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like Pennsylvania to get it to uh New
+Mexico ahead of time so that if the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico ahead of time so that if the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico ahead of time so that if the bomb
+didn't work as expected they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work as expected they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work as expected they could
+scrape off this very rare plutonium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape off this very rare plutonium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape off this very rare plutonium and
+try again in the end they wound up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again in the end they wound up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again in the end they wound up not
+using it would that just gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it would that just gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it would that just gives you an
+idea of how experimental this was here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how experimental this was here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how experimental this was here's
+uh one of the rare color photographs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the rare color photographs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the rare color photographs of
+the Trinity test it was so powerful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trinity test it was so powerful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trinity test it was so powerful it
+fused the desert sand into glass there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused the desert sand into glass there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused the desert sand into glass there's
+a special material that was dubbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special material that was dubbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special material that was dubbed
+trinitite glass from the Trinity test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinitite glass from the Trinity test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinitite glass from the Trinity test
+that covered the desert floor from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covered the desert floor from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covered the desert floor from these
+uh from the unleashing of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the unleashing of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the unleashing of these
+extraordinary forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary forces
+so three weeks after that test and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three weeks after that test and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three weeks after that test and just
+three days after the surprise bombing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days after the surprise bombing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days after the surprise bombing of
+Hiroshima a bomb of that kind nicknamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima a bomb of that kind nicknamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima a bomb of that kind nicknamed
+fat man a plutonium implosion bomb was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat man a plutonium implosion bomb was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat man a plutonium implosion bomb was
+then dropped on the Japanese city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dropped on the Japanese city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dropped on the Japanese city of
+Nagasaki again we just passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagasaki again we just passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagasaki again we just passed the
+anniversary and then you can see uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary and then you can see uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary and then you can see uh just
+just as a quick version here as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a quick version here as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a quick version here as much
+more we could talk about the kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we could talk about the kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we could talk about the kind of of
+impacts of of this nuclear weapon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of of this nuclear weapon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of of this nuclear weapon on the
+city there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city there
+so many many more questions think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many more questions think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many many more questions think about
+of the sort we already uh were beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort we already uh were beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort we already uh were beginning
+in the chat now and I want to uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chat now and I want to uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chat now and I want to uh these
+are important and very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and very difficult
+questions we're going to take our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're going to take our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we're going to take our time
+with him on Monday just some things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him on Monday just some things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him on Monday just some things to
+think about when you do watch the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you do watch the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you do watch the film
+what did what got people to work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did what got people to work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did what got people to work on this
+did their own motivations change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did their own motivations change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did their own motivations change over
+time why were these things used how was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why were these things used how was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why were these things used how was
+the decision made to use these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision made to use these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision made to use these new
+weapons what really was the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons what really was the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons what really was the impact
+militarily strategically on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarily strategically on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarily strategically on the course
+of the War uh as imagine van or now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the War uh as imagine van or now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the War uh as imagine van or now how
+do people react Beyond these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people react Beyond these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people react Beyond these projects
+once the secret was revealed and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the secret was revealed and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the secret was revealed and so on
+many many hard questions to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hard questions to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hard questions to ask about
+there so I'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'll stop there
+uh a good Alex shares some good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good Alex shares some good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good Alex shares some good uh
+resources here Scott Manley series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources here Scott Manley series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources here Scott Manley series is
+indeed excellent and also I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed excellent and also I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed excellent and also I encourage
+you to go check out Alex wellerstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go check out Alex wellerstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go check out Alex wellerstein's
+blog as well tons of stuff so I'll pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog as well tons of stuff so I'll pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog as well tons of stuff so I'll pause
+there any final questions uh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any final questions uh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any final questions uh before we
+turn to our discussion together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to our discussion together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to our discussion together on
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'll pause there please remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll pause there please remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll pause there please remember
+paper two due this Friday good luck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper two due this Friday good luck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper two due this Friday good luck with
+the paper uh enjoy the film it's a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper uh enjoy the film it's a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper uh enjoy the film it's a hard
+film but I hope you'll appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but I hope you'll appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but I hope you'll appreciate the
+film I should say watch that on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I should say watch that on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I should say watch that on your own
+and and then uh for those who who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then uh for those who who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then uh for those who who are
+interested and able to spare the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and able to spare the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and able to spare the time
+we'll meet together at our usual Zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet together at our usual Zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet together at our usual Zoom
+link uh Monday at 1 pm Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link uh Monday at 1 pm Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link uh Monday at 1 pm Eastern
+take care everyone see you soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6GAq2w_HBUQ.txt b/6GAq2w_HBUQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..889d27def076d9851d540056d095920b7b045c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6GAq2w_HBUQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4218 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Welcome back to 6849.
+
+You may recall or have heard
+that this film crew from Japan
+
+is here.
+
+They're from a program
+called [? Gachan, ?]
+
+which is about showing
+all the cool things
+
+that happen in universities
+around the world
+
+to students in Japan.
+
+So don't mind them,
+but you're going
+
+to have to sign a
+release form at the end.
+
+I apparently don't need
+you to sign a release form.
+
+It just works.
+
+We're talking about
+origami today.
+
+We began a series of lectures
+on computational origami.
+
+We're going to do some
+design, some actual folding,
+
+and some foldability
+algorithm stuff.
+
+Does everyone have one of these
+strips and a square of paper?
+
+You don't.
+
+Who has the master?
+
+Why don't you grab a few?
+
+Some of these.
+
+Here's the package.
+
+Lots of stuff.
+
+The paper comes from
+the [? Gachan ?] team,
+
+so thanks to them.
+
+This is stuff you use in
+your adding machine, I guess.
+
+That's where it comes from.
+
+Yes.
+
+You need one of each.
+
+Go for it.
+
+Open it.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+Where is my chalk?
+
+So just to warm you up,
+I want to do some folding
+
+and give you some terminology.
+
+I know some of you have
+done origami before,
+
+but a lot of you
+haven't, so bear with me.
+
+I will try to do this quickly.
+
+And even for those
+who have done origami,
+
+you may not have done
+origami math before.
+
+That's why you're here.
+
+So things like a
+piece of paper, which
+
+you might take for
+granted, I'm going
+
+to define here to
+be a 2D polygon.
+
+There's actually many
+interesting definitions
+
+of a piece of paper,
+but for today at least,
+
+most of the time, we'll
+think about polygon.
+
+Usually, you think of a
+square piece of paper,
+
+but "polygon" would be the
+geometer's generalization
+
+of that.
+
+Also, the polygon has
+distinguished sides.
+
+So distinguished
+top and bottom side.
+
+In practice, with standard
+kami paper from Japan,
+
+you have the colored
+side and the white side,
+
+so that's one clear distinction.
+
+Maybe we call the
+colored side the top.
+
+Doesn't really matter, just
+so we can tell things apart,
+
+and in particular tell
+mountains from valleys.
+
+That's our motivation.
+
+So a crease in a piece
+of paper, this I'm
+
+going to think abstractly as
+just a line segment or some one
+
+dimensional curve drawn
+on the piece of paper.
+
+And then we have crease pattern.
+
+This is just a bunch of creases,
+so a bunch of line segments
+
+drawn on the piece of paper.
+
+If you are graph
+theoretically inclined,
+
+I would think of
+this as a planar
+
+graph drawn on the paper.
+
+If you're not graph
+theoretically inclined,
+
+just ignore that definition.
+
+They're the same thing.
+
+That's a crease pattern.
+
+So for example, the thing
+we're going to be folding
+
+is this very simple
+pinwheel, and this
+
+is an example of a
+crease pattern that
+
+folds into that pinwheel.
+
+So here, the lines
+are distinguished.
+
+There's two different kinds, the
+red lines and the blue lines,
+
+but ignore that for now.
+
+That's a bunch of
+creases which you
+
+could put in and
+make that thing.
+
+Before we get there, I want
+the notion of a folded state.
+
+So this is all pretty normal
+if you're an origamist.
+
+This is really something
+only the mathematicians use,
+
+this term, folded state.
+
+Formally, this is what we refer
+to as the finished product.
+
+This pinwheel is a folded
+state of this piece of paper.
+
+Clear?
+
+Defining that is a real pain,
+and you can look at chapter 11,
+
+I think, in the textbook.
+
+Maybe I'll talk about
+it at some point,
+
+but I don't want
+to get distracted
+
+by how you define what
+a folded state is.
+
+But you're not
+allowed to stretch,
+
+you're not allowed to tear.
+
+It should be a
+nice, valid folding.
+
+You can't cross yourself.
+
+So that's this notion
+of folded state.
+
+And if you take a folded
+state and then unfold it--
+
+this is something you can
+do with a folded state--
+
+you get a crease pattern.
+
+So I can take this
+pinwheel, unfold it,
+
+and I can see which
+lines are creased
+
+to make that pinwheel happen.
+
+So that's the crease
+pattern of a folded state.
+
+Today especially, and
+a lot of the field
+
+is concerned with the idea
+of flat foldings, which
+
+are a particular kind of folded
+state that lives in the plane,
+
+lying in the plane.
+
+Of course, it doesn't
+literally lie on the plane.
+
+There's lots of layers
+stacked on top of each other,
+
+but geometrically,
+everything has
+
+been collapsed onto one
+slightly thickened plane here.
+
+So this is a flat origami.
+
+This is also a flat
+origami, the trivial kind.
+
+That's a flat folding.
+
+And when this is possible,
+we call that crease pattern
+
+flat foldable.
+
+And finally, we get to the
+idea of mountains and valleys.
+
+So a mountain crease is
+when the bottom sides
+
+touch, and a valley crease
+is when the top sides touch.
+
+So remember my
+distinguished sides.
+
+I'll call the
+colored side the top,
+
+so then this is a
+mountain crease over here
+
+because I'm bringing the
+two white sides together,
+
+and where's a valley?
+
+I guess this is a valley, where
+I'm bringing the two colored
+
+sides, the two top
+sides, together.
+
+Together, that
+makes this pattern,
+
+and hopefully, that
+matches up with here.
+
+I mean, it's symmetric.
+
+You could flip everything over.
+
+You'd just get the
+inverted color pattern.
+
+It doesn't really matter which
+side you defined to be which,
+
+but the point is to
+distinguish which
+
+are mountains versus
+which are valleys.
+
+You get different
+parity, it looks
+
+like, I have matched up there.
+
+So let's fold this, just
+for some experience,
+
+if you've never made one before.
+
+Take your square piece of
+paper, and to get started,
+
+let's say with
+the white side up,
+
+just fold along
+the two diagonals,
+
+the valley folds, bringing
+the two white sides together.
+
+So you fold along one
+diagonal, then you unfold, then
+
+you fold along the
+other diagonal.
+
+How are we doing?
+
+Couple diagonals.
+
+I have the big sheet.
+
+I should be going slower.
+
+So now, I want to fold
+that inner square,
+
+and we've conveniently
+marked the center point.
+
+So I'm going to fold each of
+the four edges of the square
+
+to the center, and
+make sure to line up
+
+the left and right edges,
+and that guarantees that I
+
+fold parallel to
+that bottom edge.
+
+In this case, I
+just want to crease
+
+the middle half of that line.
+
+So I'm not creasing all the way.
+
+I'm just creasing
+in the middle half
+
+here to make that one
+edge of the square,
+
+and then I turn and I
+repeat that four times.
+
+Switch sides for
+different visibility.
+
+This is not the usual
+way to teach this model,
+
+but I think it's the
+mathematically appropriate way.
+
+I'm trying to make that crease
+pattern as quickly as I can.
+
+I did it with the white
+side up because I'm
+
+folding everything
+valley, which is easier.
+
+In reality, I want
+these to be mountains.
+
+When I turn them over, they're
+all mountains, and I'm happy.
+
+We made some extra creases
+here, which we didn't need to.
+
+How are we doing?
+
+How many people are
+done with those?
+
+How many people are not?
+
+Couple people.
+
+Sarah, hurry up.
+
+Now comes the fun
+part, and this is
+
+to give you an idea of what
+general origami folds can
+
+be like.
+
+I want to simultaneously
+fold all those creases
+
+that I put in except
+for the center, where
+
+it's supposed to be uncreased.
+
+So I'm going to bring those
+four edges of the square in,
+
+and if you do it
+right, you'll end up
+
+with these four flaps
+sticking out of the top.
+
+It's not going to lie flat.
+
+We don't have enough
+creases in yet.
+
+But we have these four
+flaps of the pinwheel,
+
+and then you just
+get to choose, do I
+
+flip them over one
+way or the other?
+
+If you flip them over as much
+as they go in that direction--
+
+I'll try to match the figure.
+
+I'll put this guy
+over at the left,
+
+crease him in, put this guy
+down at that end, and this guy
+
+over to the right,
+and this guy up.
+
+I get my pinwheel.
+
+If that doesn't work out
+for you, you can try again.
+
+It's not so hard, but
+it gives you some idea
+
+that putting all these
+creases in at once
+
+is kind of necessary
+for this to happen.
+
+In particular, if you
+look at the crease pattern
+
+of this model, there
+is no fold that
+
+goes all the way
+through the square,
+
+so you can't make a
+first fold and then
+
+make a second fold and so on.
+
+You really have to
+do this all at once.
+
+There's many ways to do it, some
+of which are more intuitive,
+
+but I thought this simultaneous
+collapse is the coolest.
+
+It's nice and fourfold
+symmetric as you do it, I guess,
+
+if you do it right.
+
+I think this even folds rigidly.
+
+That's to give you
+some intuition,
+
+some real, practical
+origami experience.
+
+And you get an idea of
+what a crease pattern is,
+
+when a mountain valley is.
+
+I have two more
+terms and then we
+
+can go to math, some real stuff.
+
+There's two notions that
+involve mountains and valleys.
+
+One is a mountain-valley
+assignment,
+
+and this is something
+that goes together
+
+with the crease pattern.
+
+And this specifies which
+creases are mountains
+
+and which are valleys.
+
+Did you all get it?
+
+Good.
+
+The pinwheel, I mean.
+
+So you could think of this
+as a coloring of the edges,
+
+whatever.
+
+In this case, I'm
+simultaneously using color red
+
+to denote mountains and
+blue to denote valleys,
+
+and also, the standard
+in origami world,
+
+although it's a bit
+annoying, is dot dash
+
+means mountain and
+dash means valley.
+
+That's pretty common.
+
+You'll see that throughout.
+
+That was invented in the
+1950s, I guess, by Yoshizawa,
+
+maybe earlier.
+
+Somewhere around there.
+
+And then if I take a
+crease pattern together
+
+with a mountain-valley
+assignment,
+
+I'm going to call this a
+mountain-valley pattern.
+
+That's the picture that
+I'm really drawing here.
+
+Sometimes it's useful to think
+of these as coming together,
+
+sometimes as separate.
+
+You're going to see this
+terminology all over the place,
+
+so I figure I should define it.
+
+And sometimes, m is
+mountain, v is valley.
+
+Now we can do some fun stuff.
+
+I showed you this
+pinwheel to give you
+
+an idea of more
+complicated folds,
+
+the general origami folds.
+
+But today, I want to focus
+on relatively simple kind
+
+of folds, which is
+called simple folds.
+
+Unlike this thing where I have
+to simultaneously collapse
+
+many creases, a simple fold
+just involves one crease.
+
+It is a fold along
+a single line,
+
+and we fold it by plus
+or minus 180 degrees.
+
+So depending which
+way you're counting,
+
+plus 180 is maybe valley,
+minus 180 is mountain.
+
+If I start with a flat folding,
+after I make a simple fold,
+
+I will again have
+a flat folding.
+
+What we're interested
+in is, what
+
+can you make by a
+sequence of simple folds?
+
+I start from a
+square paper, say,
+
+and I make a sequence
+of simple folds.
+
+At all times, I will
+be flat folding.
+
+It's easy to get there.
+
+The pinwheel is something you
+could not make in this model.
+
+It's a restricted
+model, but it's still
+
+surprisingly powerful.
+
+You still get a
+universality result.
+
+Even with simple folds, you
+can make any flat thing.
+
+And if you relax this
+constraint and don't
+
+say it's plus or
+minus 180, then you
+
+can actually make any
+3D thing you want.
+
+So that's the first thing
+we will prove today,
+
+and that's in the
+origami design world.
+
+And then we'll go to
+origami foldability.
+
+I'll give you a crease pattern.
+
+I want to know, can it be folded
+by a sequence of simple folds?
+
+That's a much harder problem,
+but some cases are easy.
+
+So this the universality result
+I mentioned in lecture one.
+
+This is going to be the
+inefficient version,
+
+but we're going to
+prove that everything
+
+can be folded from
+a square paper.
+
+I'm going to be more
+precise about what
+
+I mean by everything.
+
+So I'm going to imagine there
+are a bunch of polygons in 3D
+
+and they're somehow
+joined together
+
+into one connected mass.
+
+This could be a
+polyhedron like a cube,
+
+it could be a
+polyhedron like a bunny,
+
+it could be some
+crazy, thorny mess,
+
+but each piece
+locally is a polygon,
+
+and you just stick a
+whole bunch of them
+
+together to some
+connected thing.
+
+Plus you get to specify what
+color, what side of the paper
+
+you want to be visible on
+each of those polygons.
+
+You can even do that on
+each side of the polygon
+
+if you want.
+
+And you can fold that thing from
+a big enough piece of paper,
+
+such as a big enough square, a
+big enough rectangle, whatever
+
+you feel like.
+
+Bicolor paper here
+refers to the idea
+
+that your paper is
+different colors
+
+on one side and the other,
+so white on one side,
+
+colored on the other
+side, white on one side,
+
+black on the other
+side, whatever.
+
+We usually try to draw that
+with the folded over corner.
+
+There we go, bicolor paper.
+
+So for example,
+for fun, here's how
+
+you could imagine this
+design by John Montroll.
+
+This is folded from a square
+of paper, white on one side,
+
+black on the other.
+
+It's a zebra.
+
+And you could imagine
+the input to that
+
+problem was a bunch of polygons.
+
+There's some white polygons,
+some black polygons.
+
+Together, they form
+a connected union,
+
+and that could be the input.
+
+This could be an output to
+how you fold your square
+
+to make that color pattern.
+
+Of course, if you gave this
+input to that algorithm,
+
+you'll get a much uglier
+folding than the one designed
+
+by a human, but that's the idea.
+
+You could also
+imagine you're just
+
+given a polygon
+you want to make.
+
+You say, I want to make
+a horse, a flat horse.
+
+Then you could give
+that to this algorithm
+
+and it will tell you
+how to fold a horse.
+
+That's the general idea.
+
+So how do we prove that?
+
+Want to make everything.
+
+So this is an early result in
+computational origami design,
+
+I think from 1998, probably.
+
+Trial version here is in 2000.
+
+Any ideas how to prove this?
+
+How can we make anything?
+
+Got to get you
+thinking a little bit.
+
+We have a subtle hint.
+
+So the idea is to take
+a really long strip,
+
+much longer than this
+one, and fold it, and just
+
+wrap around your polyhedron
+over and over and over,
+
+and eventually make
+whatever you want.
+
+So it's going to
+be a little flimsy,
+
+but mathematically,
+it'll work perfectly.
+
+So first thing to do is
+fold your paper, whatever
+
+shape it is, down to a
+long, narrow strip, so
+
+a long, narrow rectangle.
+
+Conveniently, you have your
+strips of paper already,
+
+but if you started
+with a square,
+
+the first thing you'd
+do is accordion pleat it
+
+down to just one
+edge of the square.
+
+Crazy already.
+
+If you started with a
+square, this is a bad idea.
+
+If you started with a strip,
+it's actually pretty good.
+
+It's probably close to optimal.
+
+But now, how do I actually, say,
+wrap everything with the strip?
+
+Let's be more formal about that.
+
+The first thing I'm
+going to do, which
+
+is a common trick in
+computational geometry,
+
+it's like, well,
+polygons are confusing.
+
+I like triangles better.
+
+They're much simpler.
+
+So just triangulate
+all the polygons.
+
+If I have some crazy
+polygon, imagine
+
+that's some piece
+of the zebra, I'll
+
+just subdivide it
+into triangles.
+
+There's standard
+algorithms to do this.
+
+I don't want to go into that.
+
+You can just add a bunch of
+these diagonals to the polygon,
+
+just keep adding them as long
+as they don't cross each other.
+
+When you're done, it
+will be triangulated.
+
+You can do that efficiently,
+linear time, even.
+
+That's a little bit
+easier to think about.
+
+Now I just have to figure
+out how to wrap one triangle
+
+and then how to combine those
+wrappings together somehow.
+
+Then I could go through
+triangle by triangle,
+
+visit everything, cover
+everything I need to cover.
+
+So that's what
+we're going to do.
+
+Cover each of these
+triangles in some order.
+
+We're going to cover
+each one at least once,
+
+possibly more if
+we're not careful.
+
+For starters, we'll
+be not careful.
+
+And we're going to do this
+by using a zigzag path
+
+parallel to the
+next edge starting
+
+from the opposite corner.
+
+So some technical details.
+
+Much easier to see in a picture,
+so let me draw you a picture.
+
+Let's say we want to
+visit this triangle first,
+
+and after we visit
+this triangle,
+
+let's say we've
+planned out that we're
+
+going to visit
+this triangle next.
+
+After that one, we're going
+to go to this triangle.
+
+So this is what I'd call
+the next edge, because it's
+
+the edge connecting
+to the next triangle.
+
+So I'd like to zigzag
+parallel to this edge,
+
+so I want to go back
+and forth like that.
+
+And then it says I want to start
+at the opposite corner, which
+
+is this one.
+
+So I'm going to
+start here, and I'll
+
+draw this a little
+more precisely.
+
+I'm going to take
+my strip and just
+
+go this way for a little while,
+and turn around and come back
+
+this way, and then
+turn around, and we're
+
+going to see how to do
+turning around in a moment, so
+
+something like that.
+
+Now I've got to start planning
+a little bit, because I want
+
+to do this triangle in the same
+way, meaning I want to go back
+
+and forth parallel
+to the next edge
+
+starting at the opposite corner.
+
+So that means next thing I want
+to do is start at this corner,
+
+so I need to set this up
+so that I don't end here.
+
+I'd like to end here.
+
+You can do that just by
+doing one more iteration.
+
+If I end up with the
+wrong parity-- here
+
+it looks like I won't too much.
+
+Here it's a little ugly.
+
+Got a little bit of uncovered
+portion of the triangle,
+
+so you need a slightly
+different turn here.
+
+Then I'll just come and
+sort of overlap myself.
+
+That's OK.
+
+I just have to cover
+it at least once.
+
+And then I do some
+kind of turn here,
+
+and then I'm going to do this.
+
+So there's obviously
+some questions here.
+
+How do I make these
+180 degree turns?
+
+How do I make an arbitrary turn?
+
+How do I turn even when I'm
+allowed to overlap myself?
+
+I'm not going to worry
+about that too much,
+
+basically the same.
+
+Basically, how do I turn?
+
+How do I turn?
+
+Well, let's take our
+strips and do some turning,
+
+and I have a slide
+to follow along.
+
+I have a big strip,
+a little bit too big.
+
+So the idea is you
+have your strip,
+
+you're gone merrily along,
+and at some point you decide,
+
+oh, I really need to
+make a 132 degree turn.
+
+I mean, it could be
+anything because here, we've
+
+got to make some crazy turn.
+
+We don't know what
+the amount is.
+
+So the turn gadget
+is always the same.
+
+You start out by making a
+mountain fold perpendicular
+
+to the strip.
+
+So just fold in
+half, so to speak.
+
+Of course, half of
+this is connected
+
+to everything you built already.
+
+The other half, you don't know.
+
+And then you take the back layer
+and fold it to whatever angle
+
+you want.
+
+You have this degree of freedom
+wherever you want to put it.
+
+So for example, if we wanted
+to make an obtuse angle.
+
+I'm always going to fold
+incident to that bottom corner.
+
+It's a little hard to
+handle, but you get the idea.
+
+That's a nice, perfect
+turn right there.
+
+Looks even cooler on my side.
+
+You just see the angular
+bisector or something.
+
+So that's a decent obtuse angle.
+
+Things are little bit uglier
+when you make an acute angle,
+
+something like this.
+
+You could make whatever
+angle you want.
+
+You should have
+enough strip to make
+
+several turns if
+you feel like it.
+
+If I make an acute angle like
+this, I get some overhang.
+
+So I have what I want, which
+is the strip coming here
+
+and the strip coming
+here at the extremes,
+
+but over in this corner I
+have some extra material,
+
+and it could be a lot.
+
+But whatever it is,
+I'll just rid of it
+
+by folding it
+underneath repeatedly.
+
+In this case, one
+fold, it's gone.
+
+In general, when
+I make that fold,
+
+it might come out over here and
+I have to wrap around that cone
+
+several times.
+
+There's probably an
+example of that here.
+
+This figure in the
+middle version,
+
+you start just the same by
+folding a super acute angle.
+
+I fold that corner over and
+it overhangs a little bit
+
+on the bottom,
+but it got tinier.
+
+And if you just wrap
+it around the corner,
+
+eventually it will disappear and
+you have exactly what you want,
+
+which is a strip coming
+horizontally and then a strip
+
+coming off diagonally at
+whatever angle you wanted.
+
+So that's really easy.
+
+That's what we
+call a turn gadget.
+
+So we do this
+using turn gadgets.
+
+Now, you can't actually turn
+with 180 degree angle here,
+
+which is why in
+this picture, what I
+
+drew was a 90 degree turn and
+then another 90 degree turn.
+
+You can do that
+however you want.
+
+That's one way.
+
+In fact, the way I've shown
+it, it would be orthogonal,
+
+but doesn't really matter.
+
+These turns are not much harder.
+
+You just do one or two of
+those turns to get aligned.
+
+And you can decide here, do
+I turn around to the left
+
+or do I turn around to the
+right, and then I zigzag?
+
+Depending on which way I
+go, I will end up either
+
+at this corner or this corner,
+and if my next triangle's
+
+up here, then I want to
+end up at this corner.
+
+If my next triangle's
+over here, then I
+
+want to end up at this corner.
+
+You plan out ahead of
+time what order you're
+
+going to visit the
+triangles, just decide.
+
+Technically, it's like the
+traveling salesman problem,
+
+but you don't have to be
+efficient at the moment.
+
+We're not worrying
+about efficiency.
+
+Just visit triangle after
+triangle, keep going to one
+
+you haven't visited before.
+
+It could be far away from you.
+
+Maybe you have to go over
+many triangles you visited
+
+before, but eventually
+you'll get to one
+
+you haven't visited until
+you're done, and then boom,
+
+you've made anything.
+
+Amazing.
+
+We haven't quite
+proved the theorem.
+
+At this point, we can make any
+connected union of polygons.
+
+This is one polygon,
+but if you're
+
+in 3D, when you cross over
+from one polygon to the next,
+
+you might have to bend it at
+some angle that's not flat,
+
+but then you can make
+any 3D thing, too.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you wrap around
+the triangle whose edge type
+
+is the bottom, how
+do you do that when
+
+the top left triangle is there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+When I wrap around here?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, the triangle
+whose edge is the bottom edge.
+
+PROFESSOR: This one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+How do you do that,
+given that there's
+
+the triangle in the top left?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I see.
+
+The question is,
+what do I do here
+
+because I'm going to overlap
+into this triangle again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So you have to be a
+little bit careful here,
+
+and there's one other gadget
+I need to mention here,
+
+which is the hide gadget,
+I think it's called.
+
+Because I didn't fold
+exactly this triangle,
+
+I folded too much.
+
+At this point when I have the
+strip here, and maybe a little
+
+bit out of the way,
+I'd like to get rid
+
+of all this messy stuff,
+just tuck it underneath.
+
+So I'm going to fold along this
+line, fold all this stuff back
+
+behind, and that might still be
+a mess because it could stick
+
+out over here or somewhere else.
+
+So let me tell you about the
+hide gadget a little bit,
+
+maybe over here.
+
+You have to be a little careful
+when you do that exactly,
+
+but it's not that hard.
+
+So in general,
+the hide gadget is
+
+you have some convex polygon.
+
+Here, it's always going to
+be a triangle, actually,
+
+but this would work
+for any convex polygon.
+
+You have some folding which
+contains that polygon,
+
+but it might go outside
+all over the place.
+
+That's our situation.
+
+We want this triangle.
+
+We have a folding that
+includes the triangle
+
+but it has all this
+junk on the outside.
+
+All you need to do is
+repeatedly fold along
+
+the extension of
+each of these edges,
+
+and you can prove-- I'm
+not going to do it here
+
+because it's a
+little bit messy--
+
+but as you fold that
+thing, obviously
+
+the area that you go
+outside gets smaller,
+
+and you do make steady
+progress and eventually,
+
+after finitely many folds,
+you will have reduced
+
+this thing down to
+the convex polygon.
+
+Just keep folding mountain
+fold along each of those edges.
+
+And I think there's even
+a pseudo polynomial bound
+
+on the number of folds
+you need to make,
+
+although I won't
+go into that here.
+
+So that's what you do
+with this triangle.
+
+Then you fold the next one, and
+then you apply the hide gadget
+
+to that triangle.
+
+When you do that, there is
+this triangle in the way.
+
+Technically, I guess,
+that wouldn't quite
+
+be simple folds because you're
+folding along this line.
+
+You need to tuck it
+in between the layers.
+
+You have to avoid collision
+with this triangle
+
+and go underneath this one.
+
+Hm.
+
+I hadn't thought about that.
+
+I'd like to say this
+works with simple folds.
+
+It sort of does in that
+each fold you make,
+
+you're just folding
+along one line at a time,
+
+but you do actually
+collide in the middle.
+
+It's not so ideal.
+
+Origami folds, this
+definitely works.
+
+I wonder if there's a way to
+do it with simple folds now.
+
+Interesting.
+
+Hm.
+
+I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+undo the corner gadget
+
+to separate the
+triangles, hide the folds,
+
+and then put them back?
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is,
+can I pull them apart, do them
+
+separately, and push
+them back together?
+
+Pulling them apart and pushing
+them back together would not
+
+be simple folds, I think.
+
+Maybe you could do it.
+
+AUDIENCE: You just
+type a [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+Interesting.
+
+We should think about that.
+
+I'm surprised this is not
+known, but I'm pretty sure
+
+now that it's not known.
+
+Maybe first open
+problem session,
+
+we can solve that
+in a few minutes.
+
+Should be doable.
+
+There's one more
+gadget we need if we
+
+want to get the
+two color pattern.
+
+This polygon maybe
+is all one color.
+
+Maybe it's all the
+colored side of the paper.
+
+But then at some point,
+we might transition over
+
+to another polygon, and
+maybe that's the other color.
+
+So all we're going to do
+is we're, again, visiting
+
+these triangles in some order.
+
+Whenever we go between a black
+triangle and a white triangle,
+
+we are going to apply
+a color reversal
+
+gadget, which is very simple.
+
+I forgot to color one
+side of the strip,
+
+so bear with me for a second,
+and feel free to color
+
+in your own strip.
+
+Probably killing this
+microphone right here.
+
+Purple on one side,
+white on the other,
+
+although it's so transparent,
+it looks almost the same.
+
+The idea is very simple.
+
+Where are we starting from?
+
+We're starting from
+the not purple side.
+
+Then we make a mountain fold.
+
+It's just like a turn gadget.
+
+In fact, it's just like
+you're turning 90 degrees.
+
+We fold up like this, and
+then we just immediately make
+
+another 90 degree turn
+without the first fold,
+
+and we get a sharp transition
+straight along the strip
+
+from light purple to dark
+purple, it looks like,
+
+but from the white side
+to the purple side.
+
+Right when you transition
+between any pair of triangles
+
+of the opposite color, you
+just apply this gadget.
+
+You make three more
+folds, and boom,
+
+you've got your color reversal.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you do that again?
+
+PROFESSOR: Do it again?
+
+All right.
+
+So first I make a mountain fold.
+
+Now both sides are white.
+
+Then I fold this guy up, so
+now I have a regular 90 degree
+
+turn, and then I
+fold this guy back.
+
+That's the tricky part because
+you can't see what's happening.
+
+Let me flip it over for you.
+
+So I'm just folding
+the top two layers here
+
+along that 45 degree angle,
+and then I get that transition.
+
+On this side, it's
+still purple and white
+
+but it's a little uglier.
+
+It's on the slide.
+
+You can try again.
+
+It doesn't say here, but
+fold just the back layers.
+
+All right?
+
+Questions?
+
+So that's how you can
+visit all these polygons,
+
+do color transitions, you can do
+it in 3D, make any polyhedron.
+
+A little crazy, but
+the point is you
+
+do need to do some algorithmic
+construction to really see
+
+this method work.
+
+You need those three gadgets.
+
+You need to be sure
+that you can actually
+
+combine them in the right way.
+
+And I'm hand waving a little
+bit some of these details.
+
+You should be more
+careful, but it works.
+
+It's obviously
+horribly inefficient,
+
+but we can make it at least
+a little bit more efficient.
+
+Let me tell you about that.
+
+So we can achieve something I
+call pseudo efficiency, which
+
+is if you are allowed to
+start with any rectangle
+
+you want, so in
+particular, if we
+
+start with a long strip of
+paper like you did here,
+
+then you can make
+this super efficient.
+
+The area of the piece of
+paper that we start with
+
+can be equal to the
+surface area of the thing
+
+that we want to fold.
+
+If we could achieve this,
+we would be really happy.
+
+That means we have zero wastage.
+
+I can't get zero
+wastage, but I can
+
+get just a little
+tiny bit of wastage.
+
+So we write epsilon for a very
+tiny result, very tiny error.
+
+So epsilon does
+have to be positive,
+
+we have to have
+some wastage, but it
+
+can be arbitrarily small.
+
+Basically, the narrower and
+longer you make your strip,
+
+the closer the area
+of your piece of paper
+
+gets to the surface area of your
+target shape, which is the best
+
+you can hope for.
+
+So with this crazy proviso,
+which is completely impractical
+
+we get a super
+practical outcome.
+
+And the summation is
+not very practical,
+
+but it's kind of nifty,
+and I particularly
+
+like the proof technique.
+
+It uses a very powerful tool in
+computational geometry, so let
+
+me show it to you.
+
+So the central issue is that
+while visiting a triangle,
+
+we actually do
+pretty efficiently.
+
+Except for the very
+last strip, where
+
+we might overlap ourselves,
+except for these little corner
+
+turn gadgets, and also
+the material that's
+
+used up in the
+gadgets themselves,
+
+We're actually really efficient.
+
+We're covering this
+triangle almost one for one.
+
+There's a little bit
+of garbage at the edge
+
+and a little bit of
+garbage at this edge,
+
+but you could imagine as
+the strip gets smaller,
+
+this wastage gets smaller,
+because it's essentially
+
+this length times the
+width of the strip up
+
+to constant factors.
+
+So as the strip gets narrower,
+it gets closer and closer
+
+to this thing times
+0, so this wastage
+
+gets closer and closer to 0.
+
+Same thing over here,
+same thing over here.
+
+The real problem
+at this point is
+
+that we visit some triangles
+possibly many times.
+
+I was totally free about
+how I visited triangles.
+
+Maybe I go here and then over
+here and then back over here.
+
+I may be very wasteful.
+
+So I just want to
+avoid that wastage.
+
+Just visit each triangle
+once, exactly once.
+
+How could you do
+it exactly once?
+
+With a great idea called
+Hamiltonian refinement.
+
+I've used this idea many times.
+
+This was the first
+time I used it.
+
+It's very cool.
+
+I think it goes back
+to '97 or something.
+
+So you have some triangulation.
+
+I'm going to keep it
+relatively simple.
+
+And I'd really like to visit
+each triangle exactly once.
+
+So you think, OK,
+maybe I'll start
+
+here, then I'll go over here,
+and over here, and uh oh.
+
+Then I'm stuck.
+
+I can't get to the
+other triangles
+
+without revisiting
+an existing triangle.
+
+It's impossible to find what
+we call a Hamiltonian path.
+
+Hamiltonian path will visit
+each triangle exactly once.
+
+But who cares about
+these triangles?
+
+I just made these
+triangles to make it easier
+
+to think about a polygon.
+
+I could actually
+cut these triangles
+
+into smaller triangles and
+ideally make it Hamiltonian.
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+There's this idea called the
+dual graph, which is also
+
+pretty central in
+computational geometry,
+
+where I'm going to make a
+little dot for every triangle
+
+inside each triangle,
+and then I'm
+
+going to connect
+those dots whenever
+
+there is two triangles
+that share an edge.
+
+This is called the dual graph.
+
+These parts are called the dual
+graph of the triangulation.
+
+And in this picture,
+I've got a nice, kind
+
+of tree-shaped graph.
+
+In general, you might
+get cycles, but then
+
+just throw away edges
+until you get a tree.
+
+I really like to
+think of it as a tree,
+
+and if I throw in enough
+edges, it will be a tree.
+
+Then my idea is I'd really
+like to just visit everything
+
+in this order, walking
+around the tree.
+
+I can go around in
+a cycle and visit
+
+each of these little
+polygons exactly once.
+
+Now, these polygons
+aren't triangles,
+
+which is kind of annoying,
+so I just triangulate.
+
+So you could just triangulate
+like this, I guess.
+
+If you want to be
+excessive and simpler,
+
+from every one of
+these dots, you
+
+can cut to the midpoint
+of the three edges
+
+and also cut to the vertices.
+
+For every triangle, I just
+cut to the three vertices
+
+and cut to the midpoints.
+
+You do that, and
+you are guaranteed.
+
+This gets a little messy,
+but this is theoretical.
+
+You will increase the number of
+triangles by a factor of six.
+
+Each triangle gets replaced by
+six little smaller triangles.
+
+It covers the same region,
+and yet now it's Hamiltonian.
+
+Now I can visit these triangles
+and visit each triangle exactly
+
+once, and that's how you
+get pseudo efficiency.
+
+Pretty easy once
+you know this trick.
+
+Questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is it
+called pseudo efficiency?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I made that up.
+
+Why is it called
+pseudo efficiency?
+
+Because it's not
+really efficient.
+
+It is efficient,
+I agree, but only
+
+with this crazy
+assumption that you're
+
+allowed to start with an
+arbitrarily narrow strip,
+
+and that's not really practical.
+
+The practical origami problem
+is I start with a square.
+
+How big of a square do I
+need to fold this shape?
+
+And that's something we'll
+talk about probably next week.
+
+That's been studied
+but it's a lot harder,
+
+so I'm starting
+with the easy stuff.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does this necessarily
+keep the mountains and valleys
+
+that you defined
+at the beginning?
+
+PROFESSOR: Will this keep the
+mountains and valleys the same?
+
+The input didn't specify where
+the mountains valleys should
+
+be.
+
+It just said you have
+to make these polygons.
+
+Every fold you make in this
+construction will stay,
+
+but you may make more folds that
+go on top of existing folds.
+
+I think all the mountains and
+valleys that you define here
+
+will remain mountains or valleys
+as we specified, but keep
+
+adding creases until you finish.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you
+just doing a 2D case
+
+of what we call the
+3D pyramid there?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question
+is, what about 3D?
+
+This dual graph idea
+does work in 3D.
+
+I drew a 2D picture because
+it's a lot easier to draw,
+
+but you could imagine, for
+example, you have a cube.
+
+I'm not going to be
+able to draw everything,
+
+but you can still
+form a dual graph.
+
+I should have
+triangulated the cube,
+
+but in fact, you can do
+this for any kind of graph.
+
+I'm making a dot for
+every face of the thing
+
+that I want to make.
+
+Each of these
+polygons, I make a dot.
+
+So in fact, if I
+finished this picture,
+
+I would get the dual
+graph is the octahedron.
+
+It would look something
+like this topologically.
+
+It doesn't have to
+be a geometric thing.
+
+It works just as well in 3D.
+
+It actually still
+works even if you just
+
+say, for every
+triangle, just cut
+
+to the midpoints of the three
+edges and to the vertices.
+
+Then that thing
+will be Hamiltonian
+
+and you can walk around
+it by doing this dual
+
+and spanning tree construction.
+
+I won't go into it
+exactly, but that
+
+could be done in linear time.
+
+I'm still only making a
+two dimensional surface.
+
+I'm not trying to
+make a 3D solid here,
+
+so that's why locally,
+it's two dimensional.
+
+Locally, this just works.
+
+Another question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems that if
+you could also just stick with
+
+the original construction,
+and when you cannot find
+
+the Hamiltonian path around
+the triangles, [INAUDIBLE],
+
+you don't cover them again, you
+just get a narrow strip that
+
+runs through them and
+just rigidly [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a neat idea.
+
+So instead of doing this
+Hamiltonian refinement,
+
+you could visit the
+triangles in any order,
+
+but then to get
+from one triangle
+
+to some distant
+triangle, instead
+
+of covering all the triangles in
+the middle which you've already
+
+covered, which is
+excessive, just go
+
+as straight there as possible.
+
+Locally, you'd think of that
+as being a one dimensional
+
+wastage instead of a
+two dimensional wastage.
+
+So probably you can get the
+same result by that technique.
+
+I hadn't thought of that before.
+
+We should check it, but
+I think that should work.
+
+This is kind of cooler, just
+because it uses a fancy tool,
+
+but I imagine with a
+little more analysis,
+
+you could prove that
+that works because you
+
+know there aren't
+too many triangles.
+
+Good.
+
+I think I'm going to
+skip seem placement
+
+and move on to foldability.
+
+This was a little intro
+to origami design.
+
+Obviously not practical
+yet, but it's something.
+
+It's nice and universal.
+
+You can make everything.
+
+So let me tell you a little
+bit about the other side
+
+of the world, which is,
+instead of a target shape,
+
+what if I gave you
+a crease pattern?
+
+We just want to know, does
+this crease pattern fold?
+
+I give you the crease
+pattern of that pinwheel.
+
+I say, does this
+fold into anything?
+
+Does it fold into
+a flat origami?
+
+Does it fold into
+something else?
+
+Can you fold it
+with simple folds?
+
+Can you fold it
+with origami folds?
+
+Those are all
+interesting questions.
+
+We're going to start with a
+very simple form of it, which
+
+is when the piece of paper
+is one dimensional, which
+
+is almost what you
+were thinking of here.
+
+It's like strip folding, but
+I'm going to furthermore require
+
+that all the folds I make are
+perpendicular to the strip
+
+direction.
+
+So I'm always going to fold
+like this and then like this.
+
+So it's going to remain a strip.
+
+It'll just be a smaller strip.
+
+I know it seems kind
+of boring, but it's
+
+something we
+understand really well,
+
+so that's why I'm going
+to tell you about it.
+
+And then it relates
+to locally what
+
+happens at one vertex
+of the crease pattern,
+
+but we'll get to
+that next class.
+
+So one dimensional flat folding.
+
+I don't have them
+anymore here, but I'm
+
+going to redefine "piece of
+paper" and all these things
+
+because I want to
+be even simpler.
+
+So piece of paper now is going
+to be a one dimensional line
+
+segment.
+
+A crease is going to be
+a point on that segment.
+
+In general, a crease is
+one dimension smaller
+
+than the piece of paper
+you're working with.
+
+You could actually
+define "piece of paper"
+
+to be a five dimensional
+solid if you wanted.
+
+Then creases would be
+four dimensional flats,
+
+they're called.
+
+It's not a hyperplane.
+
+Four dimensional flat.
+
+That's what they're called.
+
+Or if you wanted to do curved
+creases in five dimensions,
+
+then it's a four dimensional
+surface somewhere in there.
+
+We won't do 5D
+origami in this class.
+
+Flat folding now means that
+your folding lies on a line.
+
+Of course, it will
+always lie in the plane
+
+if you're folding a line
+segment in the plane.
+
+So generally, we take a
+piece of paper one dimension,
+
+we fold it in a space
+that's one higher dimension,
+
+so we're going to be
+folding this thing in 2D.
+
+We use increases that
+are one lower dimension.
+
+Here, zero dimensional points.
+
+If we want it to be flat,
+it should in the end
+
+lie in the same dimension
+the piece of paper did.
+
+It's great because
+I can just draw.
+
+There's my piece of paper.
+
+Here are some creases.
+
+They're spread out however.
+
+Maybe they're marked
+mountain and valley,
+
+and I'm not going to use
+dashes and dot dashes here
+
+because they're
+points, so I'll write
+
+m's and v's,
+something like that.
+
+And I didn't check,
+but this either
+
+will be flat foldable or not.
+
+I think it is.
+
+How do I know that it is?
+
+Because we have a great
+characterization that tells you
+
+when a mountain valley
+pattern is flat foldable.
+
+Now, the first
+question you might ask
+
+is, what about
+crease patterns if I
+
+don't specify
+mountains and valleys?
+
+Then you can always
+fold anything.
+
+If I just gave you a
+segment and I put creases
+
+in some crazy pattern, all
+I do is alternate mountain,
+
+valley, mountain, valley,
+mountain, valley, mountain,
+
+valley, and I'm going to regret
+making such a big example.
+
+And I just go mountain, valley,
+mountain-- it alternates.
+
+You get some zigzag.
+
+And this thing is not going
+to collide with itself.
+
+It just works.
+
+In fact, you could even fold
+it one step at a time left
+
+to right by simple
+folds, and you'll
+
+get a nice flat
+folding of that thing.
+
+So every crease
+pattern can be folded
+
+with some mountain-valley
+assignment, namely
+
+the alternating accordion
+pleat, but what if I give you
+
+the mountain-valley assignment?
+
+Sometimes I can do
+it, sometimes I can't.
+
+So here's an example where
+you can't, two valleys
+
+with some really big
+segments on either side.
+
+So when you try to fold that,
+it looks something like that,
+
+and if one of these was
+really short, one of them
+
+could tuck inside the other,
+but because they're both long,
+
+they have to collide.
+
+That's the sort of thing
+we're worried about
+
+and we'd like to detect that
+efficiently with an algorithm.
+
+So let me tell you how.
+
+We're going to use two
+different operations,
+
+and both of these
+operations will, in fact,
+
+be performable
+using simple folds.
+
+What we're going
+to end up proving
+
+is that a one dimensional
+mountain valley
+
+pattern is flat foldable
+if and only if it's flat
+
+foldable via a sequence
+of simple folds.
+
+So these simple folds that
+we've been arguing about
+
+are universally
+powerful for 1D paper.
+
+They are not universally
+powerful for 2D paper
+
+because you cannot fold this
+pinwheel with simple folds.
+
+There's no first fold to make.
+
+But in one dimension,
+turns out there is.
+
+It's not obvious, but it's true.
+
+And here, we're going to
+make two very simple kinds
+
+of simple folds.
+
+The first one is called
+an end fold, which
+
+is you take the last, or
+the very first crease,
+
+and you just fold it over.
+
+That's an n fold.
+
+Now, for this to be valid
+in the simple folding world,
+
+to not get stuck,
+I'm going to require
+
+that this portion has
+no creases inside it.
+
+So it could have a crease
+right at the boundary,
+
+but there are no
+creases in that region.
+
+So when I fold this thing over,
+I don't cover anything up.
+
+No creases get covered up.
+
+This in some sense is
+clearly a good thing to do.
+
+This may not exist.
+
+If you find such a crease
+and you make this fold,
+
+now you can think of
+this piece of paper
+
+as sort of glued up there.
+
+You can think of just you cut
+off one part of the paper.
+
+You made a problem even easier.
+
+So this is clearly
+a safe thing to do.
+
+It should make your
+folding easier,
+
+but usually it doesn't exist.
+
+In that case, we
+make what's called
+
+a crimp, which is
+we have our segment.
+
+We take two creases with
+different mountain-valley
+
+assignments.
+
+Maybe the first one's
+mountain, second one's valley,
+
+but they're different, and
+then we fold those two creases.
+
+Something like that.
+
+So the paper get smaller
+again, but here it's
+
+a little less clear what's
+happening because there were
+
+creases over here,
+creases over here.
+
+They got closer to each other.
+
+Maybe that's a problem.
+
+Maybe it messes you up.
+
+Turns out it doesn't.
+
+The other thing, again, we
+require, if this is distance x,
+
+we require that this region
+of length x and this region
+
+of length x is empty of creases.
+
+There's nothing there.
+
+You could have things
+on the boundary
+
+but nothing interior to here,
+nothing interior to here,
+
+and nothing interior to here.
+
+Just two increases with sort
+of a nice, safe neighborhood
+
+around them so that
+when I make these two
+
+folds, this whole region,
+I didn't cover anything up
+
+in there.
+
+There's nothing in
+this Zorro mark.
+
+That's the definition of
+an n fold and a crimp.
+
+Now, maybe these
+things don't exist.
+
+I claim if they don't exist,
+you are not flat foldable
+
+no matter what you do.
+
+These are enough
+to make everything
+
+that is flat foldable.
+
+We're going to prove that.
+
+We're going to characterize
+flat foldability by saying,
+
+if I gave you some
+mountain-valley pattern,
+
+and I want to know,
+is it flat foldable?
+
+Remember, a
+mountain-valley pattern
+
+is a crease pattern together
+with m's and v's written
+
+on each crease.
+
+I claim it is flat
+foldable if and only
+
+if there is a sequence
+of crimps and end folds.
+
+So this is saying that crimps
+and end folds are all you need.
+
+In fact, we're going to show
+that you can make any crimp
+
+and any end fold,
+anything that looks valid,
+
+anything that has these
+empty regions here,
+
+just greedily keep doing
+one after the other
+
+without regard to what's
+going to happen in the future.
+
+If you get stuck, then your
+thing in the first place
+
+was not flat foldable.
+
+If you finish, obviously,
+it was flat foldable.
+
+You've folded it.
+
+So it doesn't matter even what
+order you do these operations.
+
+I won't write that here,
+but we will prove that.
+
+And there's another
+characterization
+
+which we use to prove this one.
+
+This is the one we care about.
+
+This one's a little bit
+easier to think about.
+
+I call it the mingling property.
+
+It says mountains and valleys
+hang out with each other,
+
+basically.
+
+That's why I call it mingling.
+
+So what does it mean?
+
+If I take a whole
+bunch of v's in a row,
+
+or I take a whole bunch m's
+in a row, as many as I can,
+
+that means they're surrounded
+by creases of the other type
+
+or possibly the
+edge of the paper.
+
+But if I take a whole bunch
+of v's, then the next crease
+
+and the previous crease
+are m's, let's say,
+
+then the adjacent crease
+of the other type,
+
+or possibly the
+end of the paper,
+
+and I want this to be
+true on at least one side.
+
+This is, again, one
+of those things that's
+
+much easier in a picture, but
+I will write down the words
+
+first.
+
+Is nearer than the adjacent
+m or v. Sorry, backwards.
+
+I'm trying to use
+parallel construction here
+
+but I got it inverted
+for my notes.
+
+Let me draw the picture.
+
+You have a segment.
+
+Suppose I take some maximal
+sequence of m's all in a row.
+
+So maybe on one side,
+maybe the next thing
+
+here is just the
+edge of the paper
+
+so there's no crease there.
+
+If this was it, then I
+would say this thing is not
+
+mingling because this
+distance is bigger
+
+than this one and this distance
+is bigger than this one.
+
+So these m's are really
+clustered together.
+
+They're not mingling with
+the edges, so that's bad.
+
+And in fact, this
+thing is not flat
+
+foldable for the same
+reason that one is not.
+
+But if, for example, I put
+a valley crease right here,
+
+then this is closer than that.
+
+I mean this distance is
+smaller than that one.
+
+So I call that mingling because
+at least on the right side,
+
+the m's are mingling
+with the v's.
+
+On the left side,
+they're not mingling,
+
+but right side's
+better than nothing.
+
+I need this to hold
+on at least one side.
+
+Could hold on both.
+
+I claim this thing
+is flat foldable.
+
+Is that true?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Maybe.
+
+It doesn't look so true.
+
+I think I probably need some
+condition on the v also.
+
+Well, we'll see what
+happens in the proof.
+
+That's more exciting.
+
+Usually the proof is
+easier than the example.
+
+Oh, I see why.
+
+There's a problem here.
+
+I think I need to say "forever."
+
+I'll say what I
+mean by that later.
+
+The proof will still
+work, but it's not
+
+such a pretty property.
+
+The proof is in three
+parts, basically.
+
+First part is if
+you're flat foldable,
+
+then you are mingling.
+
+Certainly, if I want these
+all to be equivalent,
+
+it should be true that the
+first one implies the third one.
+
+This is actually
+really easy to prove.
+
+Suppose it were not mingling.
+
+Suppose I had some
+crease pattern that
+
+violates that constraint.
+
+What that means is I
+have a bunch of m's here,
+
+I don't know how
+they're spread out.
+
+Then I know that
+there's a big gap
+
+until the next crease,
+something like that.
+
+Well, let's think about--
+there aren't really
+
+that many ways to fold
+a whole bunch of m's
+
+in a row or a whole bunch
+of v's that's symmetric.
+
+You pretty much have
+to spiral around.
+
+You're always turning
+the same direction.
+
+If it's flat foldable, which
+is what we're assuming here,
+
+it's got to look
+kind of like that.
+
+In fact, it has two ends,
+so it could actually
+
+make two spirals.
+
+But if you think about
+what happens there,
+
+this last part at the end of the
+spirals, that's this segment.
+
+That's when you possibly turn
+around the other direction.
+
+Maybe this is the valley.
+
+But take a look at
+what's going on here.
+
+This segment is tucked
+inside the spiral.
+
+If it's super long
+like it is here,
+
+if it's longer than the previous
+portion-- let me label this.
+
+This is x, this is x,
+this is y, this is y.
+
+That looks really bad.
+
+x has to be smaller than y.
+
+Otherwise, it's going
+to penetrate right
+
+through that corner.
+
+In this case with the double
+spiral, double spiral all
+
+the way, what does it mean?
+
+I guess no one knows
+double rainbow.
+
+Bad stuff.
+
+In the double spiral
+case, in fact, this end
+
+must be shorter than
+this one and this one
+
+must be shorter than this one.
+
+So in this case, you must
+be mingling on both sides,
+
+but it doesn't have
+to be that way.
+
+If it's just a single
+spiral, this last segment
+
+can be really long.
+
+That's OK.
+
+It's much longer than this
+one, but the inner part
+
+of the spiral must
+always be smaller
+
+than the next segment
+of the spiral,
+
+and that's exactly
+what mingling says.
+
+Could be on the left, could be
+on the right, you don't know.
+
+But on at least one of the
+sides, you must be mingling.
+
+And therefore, if you're going
+to have a flat folding at all,
+
+you must be mingling.
+
+Clear?
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you say a maximal
+sequence, what do you mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Maximal
+means that you
+
+can't make it any
+bigger locally.
+
+I can't add any more
+creases and still
+
+have a contiguous
+bunch of mountains.
+
+It's a good question.
+
+In mathematics, there's
+maximal and maximum.
+
+Maximal means locally biggest,
+maximum means globally biggest.
+
+So I don't mean take
+the biggest sequence
+
+of contiguous m's you can find.
+
+I just mean take some contiguous
+sequence of m's that you
+
+can't make any bigger
+on either side.
+
+I just mean that it's
+surrounded by valleys.
+
+I want this to hold for every
+contiguous sequence of m's.
+
+That's one of those funny
+math technical terms.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So that's the first thing.
+
+Somehow I want to connect all
+these properties together.
+
+The next part is that
+if you're mingling,
+
+either there's an end
+fold or there's a crimp.
+
+At least one of those two
+things must be possible.
+
+So this would be good
+news because if I'm
+
+flat foldable,
+then I'm mingling.
+
+If I'm mingling, then
+there's a fold I can make.
+
+That seems like progress.
+
+Then I have to show that
+I don't mess anything up
+
+when I make that fold.
+
+But if I could keep going
+in a circle like this,
+
+then I would keep being
+able to make folds,
+
+and then eventually I
+would fold the whole thing
+
+because there's only
+end folds at the end.
+
+I'll have made them all.
+
+It's not that much
+trickier, I guess.
+
+It involves parentheses.
+
+That's one way to write it.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So right
+now, the main property
+
+is finding a way that
+[INAUDIBLE] two or more?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: And there is an
+example that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Just ignore this.
+
+It'll be easier to
+think of it that way.
+
+I'm going to use mingling
+to prove this property,
+
+but this is not equivalent
+to those properties.
+
+You need to add
+"forever," but that's
+
+too confusing at the moment.
+
+This is a definition
+of mingling.
+
+We're going to use it
+as a separate thing,
+
+and I'm going to prove these
+two things are equivalent.
+
+Then I'll be correct.
+
+Correct is always a good thing.
+
+So what I want to do is for each
+of these mingling sequences,
+
+for each maximal
+sequence of m's or v's, I
+
+want to write down two symbols.
+
+I'm going to write a curved
+left parenthesis if it
+
+is left mingling, meaning I have
+all these mountains, let's say.
+
+Draw it in a reasonable way.
+
+Then I'm happy on the left side.
+
+I'm mingling with a v with
+an m fold on the left side.
+
+I know it's either left
+mingling or it's right mingling.
+
+I'm assuming mingling here.
+
+I will write a square
+bracket if it's not.
+
+Then I will write a
+curved right bracket
+
+if you're right
+mingling, which is just
+
+the same picture but
+on the other side.
+
+And I'm going to write a closed
+square bracket if it's not.
+
+Then I claim that
+parentheses sequence
+
+has some nice properties.
+
+So for example, this
+is a string that I get.
+
+It might look like
+this, maybe that.
+
+Who knows?
+
+It looks like something.
+
+I know that every pair, at least
+one of the two sides is curved.
+
+I can't have them both be
+square because then you're
+
+not mingling at all.
+
+I know I'm always mingling
+left or mingling right,
+
+so it's something.
+
+Now, one thing
+that's really good
+
+is I have no double
+square bracket.
+
+That's impossible.
+
+I also know that
+if I had something
+
+like this, what does that mean?
+
+It means I have a bunch
+of mountains over here,
+
+then I have a very
+nearby valley, and then
+
+a bunch of valleys
+over here, and I
+
+know that the mountains
+are right mingling, which
+
+means I know that
+x is bigger than y.
+
+That's what this symbol means.
+
+It means to the right of the
+m's, I've got a small gap,
+
+and it means to the left of the
+v's, I also have a small gap.
+
+That means y is also bigger
+than this z distance.
+
+AUDIENCE: Smaller.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+Smaller.
+
+I'm too tempted to
+combine them together,
+
+but it's a funny looking thing.
+y is smaller than both x and z.
+
+So then what do I do?
+
+Crimp.
+
+That was sort of the
+definition of a crimp,
+
+that at least if I took
+this region x and copied it
+
+over here, those were
+empty of creases.
+
+And now we're saying that
+there's a big gap here.
+
+I guess technically
+it's bigger than
+
+or equal to if you said
+all these things right.
+
+I said "nearer," but I
+meant non-strictly nearer.
+
+It's enough to do a crimp.
+
+So if I find this, I'm happy.
+
+The other thing that
+I'm really happy with
+
+is if I have an open
+paren at the beginning,
+
+a curved parenthesis,
+open parenthesis,
+
+at the beginning of the
+string, or a right parenthesis
+
+at the end of the
+string, because that
+
+means I can do an end fold.
+
+That means that you have
+a very short segment
+
+at the very beginning so
+you can just fold it over.
+
+This means you have a
+short segment at the end.
+
+Just fold it over.
+
+So as long as I can find
+one of these three things,
+
+I am golden.
+
+I have what I want, which
+was an end fold or a crimp.
+
+How do I prove that I
+have one of those things?
+
+The easy way is
+by contradiction.
+
+Just imagine if you didn't
+have any one of these things,
+
+it's pretty forced what you
+have to have in your string
+
+because you know you must start
+with an open square bracket.
+
+You also know that you cannot
+then immediately have a closed
+
+square bracket, so you
+must have a closed paren.
+
+Now I know that I cannot have
+an open paren because then
+
+I'd have this, and that
+would be good for me.
+
+So if I want to be bad, I have
+to have an open square bracket,
+
+but then I'd have to
+have a closed paren,
+
+and then I'd have to have an
+open square bracket, and so on.
+
+In the end, you will have
+a closed paren at the end,
+
+and that means you
+can make an end fold.
+
+So either something
+failed in here.
+
+Maybe I had two parens
+together-- then I
+
+would have gotten
+a crimp-- or I can
+
+keep going all the
+way through here
+
+and get a closed
+paren at the end.
+
+In any case, I get at least
+one of these three things
+
+happening, and so I get
+either an end fold or a crimp
+
+assuming I am mingling.
+
+And instead of
+assuming I am mingling,
+
+I can just assume that
+I'm flat foldable,
+
+and then I get from this
+chain of implications
+
+that there is an
+end fold or a crimp.
+
+OK so far?
+
+So that means I can
+make at least one fold.
+
+If I am flat foldable, I can
+make at least one crimp or end
+
+fold.
+
+Now the question is,
+can I keep going?
+
+For that, we need
+one more property.
+
+If I make a crimp
+or an end fold,
+
+I want to prove that that
+preserves flat foldability.
+
+What that means is if I
+start with something that's
+
+flat foldable and then I
+make a crimp or an end fold,
+
+I will still be flat foldable.
+
+This is the property
+I need because it
+
+will let me close the chain.
+
+I'm flat foldable,
+therefore I'm mingling,
+
+therefore I have an end fold
+or a crimp, so I make it.
+
+This property says that I
+will still be flat foldable,
+
+therefore number
+one applies again.
+
+I'm still mingling, I
+can still find a fold,
+
+and I'm still flat foldable,
+so I'm still mingling.
+
+I can still find a fold.
+
+I can keep going.
+
+I will never get
+stuck because I'm
+
+guaranteed if I
+started flat foldable,
+
+I will be flat foldable forever.
+
+I will also be mingling forever.
+
+I realize now but
+apparently have not
+
+realized before, it's not
+enough to be mingling just
+
+at the beginning.
+
+You have to be mingling
+through every step there.
+
+In fact, what we're
+showing is that you're
+
+fat foldable at every step,
+which implies mingling,
+
+but mingling is
+not quite enough.
+
+You'd have to check it
+all the way through.
+
+That's why I stated
+the theorem wrong.
+
+How do we prove this
+theorem, this claim?
+
+I'm going to do it
+proof by picture.
+
+It's not always OK,
+but it will be OK.
+
+Trust me.
+
+We are assuming that
+we're flat foldable
+
+and we're assuming there's
+a crimp or an end fold.
+
+Actually, we know
+that that exists.
+
+I'm going to think
+about the crimp case
+
+because end fold
+is even simpler.
+
+See, here's the thing.
+
+I would really like to fold
+some crimp like this, let's say.
+
+This is an m, this
+is a v. What I'm
+
+claiming is I'm allowed
+to make that crimp first
+
+and then do everything else,
+but conceivably, there's
+
+some flat folding that
+doesn't make this crimp first.
+
+I mean, it must
+fold this mountain
+
+and it must fold this
+valley, but at some point.
+
+We don't really know when.
+
+Somehow it all
+simultaneously collapses
+
+into some flat folding.
+
+Now, this thing should be flat.
+
+It should line in a line.
+
+I'm stretching it out
+so you can see it.
+
+It's a segment
+that we're folding,
+
+so maybe it does this,
+some crazy thing.
+
+Maybe this part does
+something crazy here,
+
+goes there, whatever.
+
+We know it's not crossing
+and it's sort of horizontal,
+
+but it could be an ugly mess.
+
+And in particular,
+in this picture,
+
+it does not look like this crimp
+was done first-- maybe embolden
+
+the crimp here-- because there's
+this stuff in the middle.
+
+Now, we know that there's
+no creases in here.
+
+We know the earliest we can turn
+is at the ends of the crimp.
+
+But there could be stuff that
+comes in the middle here.
+
+What do I do?
+
+I just move the
+stuff out of the way.
+
+Let me do this the right way.
+
+Got to do this a
+little bit carefully,
+
+and unfortunately, my
+picture is so messy,
+
+hopefully you can see it.
+
+So I'm going to take this part,
+which is inside the crimp,
+
+I'm going to move
+it down here, just
+
+lower those layers down to here.
+
+Now I know locally,
+there's a fold right here.
+
+And so if I take all
+the stuff that's in here
+
+and move it down here, it
+will still be non-crossing.
+
+And then I take this stuff
+and I move it up here.
+
+Equivalently, you can
+think of me crushing this
+
+down and crushing this
+up, but it's actually
+
+important the direction
+these things go.
+
+I could not put this stuff up
+here because I don't really
+
+know how long this goes.
+
+It's not valid for me
+to try to put it up.
+
+I could collide with something.
+
+But I know that there's
+a crease right here,
+
+so I can put it right over here.
+
+I can take this stuff and
+put it right over here.
+
+This is a weird kind of
+manipulation of folded states
+
+which we don't normally do,
+but here we need to do it.
+
+After I've done that--
+is there any hope
+
+of me redrawing the picture?
+
+Maybe.
+
+After we've done that,
+we'll have the crimp.
+
+It will be nice and tight.
+
+And then we'll have
+this finger here,
+
+and then it goes up
+here, up this anvil.
+
+Then this part, instead
+of going inside,
+
+actually goes in here, up
+there, something like that,
+
+and that's the end.
+
+Then this is the other side.
+
+Other side wasn't too
+complicated, I think.
+
+But you can check.
+
+I guess now it's down here.
+
+But you can really just
+do the shifting locally
+
+and it doesn't mess anything up.
+
+I'm going to wave my
+hands because it's
+
+a bit messy to
+really prove that.
+
+But if you do that, boom.
+
+Now this crimp looks like
+it was actually done first.
+
+You can see that this
+folded state could
+
+have been made by first doing
+that crimp and then folding
+
+the rest.
+
+You can treat this as if the
+paper was fused together here,
+
+and that will be a folded state
+of that smaller piece of paper.
+
+So even though we were shifting
+creases closer to each other
+
+and it looked a little
+scary what's happening,
+
+we know from this
+construction if you
+
+could fold the original thing,
+you can fold the thing even
+
+when the crimp got
+fused together.
+
+Therefore, crimps
+are always safe,
+
+and by an even easier argument,
+end folds are always safe.
+
+I already gave that
+argument, basically.
+
+So a little crazy,
+but that proves
+
+that you preserve
+flat foldability
+
+by going in this chain
+n or n over 2 times,
+
+you will fold everything if you
+were originally flat foldable.
+
+If you're not, you will get
+stuck because otherwise, you
+
+would find a folding, and so on.
+
+Clear?
+
+I'll just mention
+you can generalize
+
+this to folding two dimensional
+maps with simple folds.
+
+I should say, of course, an
+end fold is a simple fold.
+
+A crimp is two simple folds.
+
+You can first fold
+along the mountain,
+
+you won't get any collision, and
+then fold back on the valley.
+
+That's a simple fold.
+
+So this is saying,
+in fact, something
+
+is flat foldable
+in one dimension if
+
+and only if it is flat foldable
+by a sequence of simple folds.
+
+As long as you stick to
+crimps and end folds,
+
+it doesn't matter what
+order you do them in.
+
+That's not true as soon as
+you go to two dimensions.
+
+So for example, just
+for fun, do I really
+
+want to draw the whole thing?
+
+I guess I've committed.
+
+There's a couple
+examples in the notes
+
+that you can take a look at,
+and I encourage you to make one.
+
+This can be folded flat
+but not by simple folds,
+
+and you can see that it can't
+be followed by simple folds
+
+because there's no fold that
+goes all the way through.
+
+This line is valley,
+mountain, mountain.
+
+There's no line that's all
+mountains or all valleys.
+
+But you can use this structure
+to understand at least which
+
+rectangular maps with
+horizontal and vertical creases
+
+can be folded flat
+by simple folds,
+
+and the answer would be no here.
+
+All you do is you say, well,
+I know if there's any fold,
+
+I must have a mountain
+or a valley that
+
+goes all the way through.
+
+So Imagine here's
+your rectangle.
+
+There's got to be something
+that's valley all the way.
+
+Now, if you think about a crease
+that goes the other direction,
+
+these are two valleys.
+
+You can show, just by playing
+around with a little pattern
+
+like this, you cannot have
+these two both be valleys
+
+because that would be
+all four valleys is bad.
+
+If you try that, doesn't work.
+
+Or it also can't
+be both mountains.
+
+You can't valley, mountain,
+valley, mountain in order.
+
+That doesn't fold.
+
+So in fact, these
+have to be different.
+
+One's mountain, one's valley.
+
+I don't care which is which, but
+I know that this line actually
+
+cannot be folded
+by a simple fold.
+
+It's got a valley
+and a mountain.
+
+So in fact, the picture has
+to be I have a line like this.
+
+Maybe I have a few lines that
+are mountains all the way
+
+or valleys all the way.
+
+And any horizontal
+line I can't fold.
+
+I've got to finish
+folding these guys first.
+
+That means I have a one
+dimensional problem.
+
+So I apply this algorithm
+to see whether that one
+
+dimensional thing folds.
+
+Once I've folded all
+those vertical things,
+
+solved that one
+dimensional problem,
+
+I will then have a
+horizontal problem,
+
+and then I'll have
+a vertical problem.
+
+You just keep
+doing this, and you
+
+can show in the
+same way you always
+
+preserve flat foldability.
+
+You just keep doing
+crimps and end folds,
+
+and this will fold
+your map if it's
+
+at all possible by simple
+folds, which most ones that
+
+are in production are
+foldable by simple folds.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+If we go back to the
+example where [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+mountain, it would be reversed
+
+and then it would be
+foldable [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is good.
+
+This is the case
+that could work.
+
+This is foldable
+if you try it out.
+
+You first told here,
+and then the valley
+
+falls onto the mountain but it
+turns upside down as it folds,
+
+and so they actually nest
+nicely inside each other.
+
+It's confusing because
+it's inverting.
+
+This is the one valley
+case, but my point
+
+is you have to fold this
+before you fold that.
+
+There's a little more
+details in the notes here.
+
+You can make this into a really
+fast linear time algorithm
+
+if you use fancy
+data structures,
+
+but that's beyond
+this scope, and that
+
+is the end of lecture two.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6LYuK8qI0_s.txt b/6LYuK8qI0_s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe9587e68f131eed078ff587dc9f74dca3ac3bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6LYuK8qI0_s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2316 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the first thing
+that we did is look at a
+
+simple polymer model not too
+different from polymer models
+
+that we've seen before.
+
+That is, models for molecular
+configurations.
+
+The difference in the case that
+we treated last time,
+
+though, was that instead of
+having just a handful of
+
+possible configurations with
+their just, designated
+
+energies, we had essentially an
+
+infinite sequence of levels.
+
+All of evenly spaced energy.
+
+And we went through that and
+saw what the thermodynamics
+
+worked out to be.
+
+And also with the high and low
+temperature limits of the
+
+thermodynamics turned
+out to be.
+
+And the interesting consequence
+of that is that
+
+that particular choice of
+configurations and energies
+
+associated with them maps
+exactly onto the vibrational
+
+levels of an ordinary
+molecule.
+
+So, of course, when we do the
+statistical mechanics in the
+
+end, everything depends on
+the partition function.
+
+Right?
+
+So we're always writing some
+molecular partition function.
+
+And we've got a sum over our
+energies for all the states.
+
+And so the only input
+information we need to know
+
+is, what are the levels and
+what are their energies.
+
+So, although we started
+yesterday with a model of
+
+polymer confirmations, once we
+decided what the energies
+
+were, which was this sequence
+of energies starting at zero
+
+and going with E, and 2E, and
+3E, I think we labeled them
+
+E0, and so on, that's all that
+mattered as far as the
+
+statistical mechanics
+was concerned.
+
+And so, since we started, We
+formulated this by imagining
+
+different confirmations for a
+polymer, but in fact these are
+
+the vibrational energies
+of any molecule too.
+
+Of any vibrational mode.
+
+So the results are very
+generally applicable.
+
+And so we saw what the
+thermodynamics
+
+worked out to be.
+
+And what the limiting
+cases were.
+
+And a couple of them, that I'll
+just review, are, one
+
+that's very important in lots
+of settings, is that the low
+
+temperature limit when you're
+down it basically zero degrees
+
+Kelvin, that's where you've
+got kT way down here.
+
+So there's not nearly enough
+thermal energy for anything to
+
+get out of even the
+lowest level.
+
+And so in that case,
+everything is
+
+in the ground state.
+
+And then the heat capacity,
+which is this often a very
+
+simple thing to measure, you
+change the temperature.
+
+And you see that there's
+no change in the total
+
+vibrational energy.
+
+In other words, the limiting
+low temperature
+
+heat capacity is zero.
+
+So we saw that for Cv
+for vibrations.
+
+And the limit that T goes
+to zero was zero.
+
+And that's because we were in
+this limit, where everything
+
+is in the ground state.
+
+Which is to say that u
+vibrational energy in that
+
+limit is zero.
+
+Unlike the case we treated
+earlier, where we had a
+
+limited number of levels.
+
+Because we treated a simple
+four-unit polymer with only
+
+four possible confirmations,
+in this case we have
+
+essentially an infinite
+number.
+
+So even in the high temperature
+limit, we don't
+
+have them, there's not a
+maximum total energy.
+
+If the temperature keeps
+going up, you'll get
+
+more and more energy.
+
+Because you can keep populating
+
+higher and higher levels.
+
+But the way that happens
+stops changing.
+
+Because the levels are
+all evenly spaced.
+
+So if the temperature, instead
+of being down here, is
+
+somewhere up here, now for
+sure if we change the
+
+temperature, the energy will
+continue to change.
+
+But what we've found is that in
+the high temperature limit,
+
+we had the equipartition
+of energy result.
+
+And that is, u vibrational in
+the high temperature limit,
+
+was just, for N molecules,
+it was NkT.
+
+1/2 kT for each kinetic energy
+degree of freedom.
+
+1/2 kT for each potential energy
+degree of freedom.
+
+And since vibrations have each
+of those, potential and
+
+kinetic energy, it's kT for each
+molecule, for each degree
+
+of freedom.
+
+That's an incredibly simple,
+useful thing.
+
+That means, if I've got a
+molecule in the gas phase and
+
+it's in the high temperature
+limit for translation, I know
+
+each translational degree of
+freedom will contribute for
+
+each molecule 1/2 kT.
+
+Or 3/2 kT, in all three
+dimensions.
+
+So I know the translational
+energy of a mole of molecules
+
+in the gas phase at room
+temperature without doing
+
+anything all.
+
+It's 3/2 NkT.
+
+Rotations, if it's a diatomic
+molecule, will be two
+
+different degrees of freedom.
+
+For rotation.
+
+In two orthogonal planes.
+
+And I'll have 1/2 kT for each.
+
+1/2 NkT for N molecules.
+
+For vibrations, if I'm in a high
+temperature limit, then
+
+it'll be kT for each
+vibrational mode.
+
+For molecules, the vibrational
+frequencies are usually high,
+
+so that you're not in the
+high temperature limit.
+
+But for materials where you
+have vibrations, acoustic
+
+vibrations, those are
+low frequency.
+
+You can be in the high
+temperature limit.
+
+And easily are.
+
+So the result for energy for
+vibrational energy in the high
+
+temperature limit, was NkT.
+
+And so that means that the heat
+capacity in that same
+
+limit at high temperature was
+just Nk, derivative with
+
+respect to temperature.
+
+Very simple thing to
+measure, again.
+
+So that's what we saw last time
+in the case of both the
+
+conformational model that we
+treated and the vibrational
+
+energies of molecules onto which
+that same model maps.
+
+Now what I want to do, is
+look a little further.
+
+And let me actually write the
+partition functions too.
+
+Also an important result was
+that the partition function
+
+itself, q vibrational, in the
+high temperature limit, was
+
+just kT over E0.
+
+Also very simple result.
+
+E0 is h nu 0 for vibrational
+mode with frequency nu 0.
+
+And of course, given the
+partition function you can
+
+calculate everything.
+
+So in the high temperature
+limit we can
+
+easily calculate things.
+
+In the low temperature limit,
+it's just one, right?
+
+There's only one allowed
+possible state in the low
+
+temperature limit.
+
+Everything is in the ground
+state when it's cold enough.
+
+So the sum of our states just
+gives us exactly one term
+
+that's of any reasonable
+value.
+
+That is, the term with this
+being the lowest energy.
+
+Everything else, the energy
+is much bigger than kT.
+
+This is a vanishingly
+small number then.
+
+So just write q, vibrational, in
+the low temperature limit,
+
+is just one.
+
+OK, that was the case
+for vibration.
+
+And remember, these low
+temperature limiting cases,
+
+that's a common case for nearly
+any degree of freedom.
+
+As long as it's quantized.
+
+At some point, you'll
+get this situation.
+
+Where the temperature is low
+compared to even the lowest
+
+excited level.
+
+Of course, what'll happen in
+the high temperature limit
+
+might vary, depending
+on the structure
+
+of the energy levels.
+
+In the case of vibrations, it's
+like this, it'll turn out
+
+rotations do the same thing.
+
+But it's not always
+as simple as this.
+
+OK, now what I want to do is
+just go through the next step
+
+of what we can treat, given
+the statistical
+
+mechanics that we know.
+
+Which is chemical equilibrium.
+
+Why can't we just calculate
+equilibrium constants based on
+
+what we've seen so far.
+
+If we can calculate the
+partition functions for
+
+molecules, and they undergo
+reactions and they're in
+
+equilibrium, we should
+be able to calculate
+
+the equilibrium constants.
+
+From first principles, just
+based on the statistical math
+
+we've seen so far.
+
+So let's try to do that.
+
+So it just means that, again,
+just as always, if we know all
+
+the energy levels and what all
+the possible states are,
+
+there's no reason we shouldn't
+be able to set our sights on a
+
+calculation of that sort.
+
+So let's just sketch out what
+the levels are going to look
+
+like for simple chemical
+events.
+
+So I just want to draw an energy
+diagram, here's energy.
+
+And, like we often do with
+chemical equilibria, I'm going
+
+to set the zero of energy at the
+separated atoms, and I'm
+
+imagining I've got reactants
+and products.
+
+So let's make this
+our products.
+
+Then over here we'll have our
+reactants and make the
+
+energies different.
+
+Alright.
+
+So there's some amount of
+binding energy, right?
+
+There's a bond dissociation
+energy going from the lowest
+
+available level in each molecule
+to the dissociation
+
+limit where we pulled
+the atoms apart.
+
+So now I'm going to draw
+vibrational energy levels
+
+inside the molecule.
+
+Let's imagine, it wouldn't need
+to be this, but let's
+
+imagine it's just diatomic
+molecules.
+
+So there's one vibrational
+mode in each.
+
+Just the stretching mode.
+
+And we've already seen the
+levels are evenly spaced.
+
+So there's going to be a bunch
+of evenly spaced levels.
+
+Actually, it stopped being quite
+evenly spaced once this
+
+stops being a simple harmonic
+oscillator, but for all the
+
+low lying levels it's pretty
+close to that.
+
+So those are the available
+levels.
+
+And there's a dissociation
+energy.
+
+So minus E, and I'll call this
+for the products, Ep.
+
+And it's just minus D0
+for the products.
+
+Right, in language, terminology
+
+that we've seen before.
+
+And it's the same thing
+for the reactants.
+
+And really, if this were more
+than a diatomic molecule,
+
+maybe there would be a bunch
+of vibrational modes.
+
+But it wouldn't matter.
+
+This would just represent all
+the vibrational energies.
+
+There's some lowest
+state available.
+
+So now we've got the
+dissociation
+
+energy for the reactants.
+
+So those are the energies
+it takes to
+
+separate the molecule.
+
+But those aren't the only states
+available to molecules.
+
+Of course, they could have
+extra vibrational energy.
+
+They're not always in
+their ground states.
+
+And we're going to calculate
+partition functions.
+
+In general we would sum over
+all the available states.
+
+And then just calculate
+the probability of
+
+being in the state.
+
+One way to look at this, since
+if there's chemical
+
+equilibrium between the
+species, it means the
+
+molecules can interconvert.
+
+What that really means is that
+any of the molecule has access
+
+to any of these states.
+
+Of course, we like to group all
+these states over here.
+
+Because they correspond to a
+particular chemical structure.
+
+And we like to group these
+states over here, because they
+
+correspond to this different
+chemical structure.
+
+From a statistical mechanics
+point of view, it's just
+
+states and levels.
+
+And we could just calculate
+the probability of any
+
+molecule being in any
+one of the states.
+
+But it's useful to keep them
+separated like this.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+And let's look at the
+difference here, the
+
+difference in dissociation
+energy.
+
+Delta D0.
+
+Let's not put a double arrow.
+
+Let's define the sign of it.
+
+This way, going from products
+to reactants.
+
+OK, now let's just look at how
+equilibrium should work.
+
+So now, let's just take
+a generic reaction.
+
+Little a, our number, our
+stoichiometric number, A plus
+
+b, and B goes to c C, d D. And
+we know that delta G0 is minus
+
+RT log of Kp.
+
+And that delta G0 is just the
+free energy of the products
+
+minus the free energy
+of the reactants.
+
+So it's c times G C0 plus
+d G D0 minus a G A0
+
+minus b G equals B0.
+
+So we need to know the
+free energy of
+
+each one of the species.
+
+And now we know how to calculate
+that from first
+
+principles, through statistical
+mechanics.
+
+So we know that G
+is A plus pV.
+
+A is minus kT log of capital
+Q. And I'm going to assume
+
+that we're in the gas phase.
+
+And it's an ideal gas, so I'm
+going to replace pV by NkT.
+
+And what's Q?
+
+Well, we know what Q is.
+
+It's q, little q,
+to the N power
+
+translational over N factorial.
+
+For atoms, this is
+all it would be.
+
+But we have molecules.
+
+So we have individual other
+degrees of freedom besides
+
+translation.
+
+So let me just label those
+internal, q internal.
+
+And that's also to
+the N power.
+
+And q internal, if you say,
+what are those degrees of
+
+freedom, well it's the
+electronic energy. it's the
+
+vibrational energy.
+
+It's the rotational energy.
+
+And we'll deal with those
+shortly, but let's just
+
+separate it this way for now.
+
+Just we can keep track of where
+the N factorial belongs.
+
+And now we're going to use
+Stirling's approximation for
+
+the N factorial.
+
+So our log of Q, which we need
+up here, is just N log of q
+
+trans q internal minus
+log of N factorial.
+
+And that's just equal to N log
+q trans q internal, minus N
+
+log N. Plus N. And of course,
+this I'm going to put down
+
+here momentarily.
+
+And now our expression
+for G is up there.
+
+So it's minus kT log
+of Q plus NkT.
+
+So these factors of N
+are going to cancel.
+
+So when I take minus kT log of
+Q, that's going to be minus
+
+NkT over here.
+
+That's going to cancel
+the plus NkT here.
+
+So all I'm going to have left
+is this term and this term.
+
+Which I can combine.
+
+So it's just minus NkT log of
+q translational q internal
+
+over N. Now these, really, are
+just the same as q, it's just
+
+minus NkT log of little q over
+N. I didn't need to separate
+
+that into this product.
+
+I only wanted to do it to be
+clear where we were getting
+
+this factor of N
+factorial from.
+
+So now we have an expression
+for G. And if we know G for
+
+all the species involved in a
+chemical reaction, we should
+
+be able to calculate the
+chemical equilibrium.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+So now to do it, let's look a
+little more closely at what
+
+these internal degrees
+of freedom are.
+
+Because that's where these
+important details are
+
+going to come in.
+
+Obviously the equilibrium is
+going to depend on the
+
+energetics.
+
+How much different are the
+bonding energies or the
+
+dissociation energies and
+the molecules involved.
+
+And also, how much different
+or the other
+
+molecular energy levels.
+
+The vibrations, rotations,
+and so forth.
+
+So, q internal is the product
+of rotational, vibrational,
+
+and electronic partition
+functions.
+
+Remember how we saw that if you
+can write the energy as a
+
+sum of energies, then the
+partition functions are
+
+multiplied.
+
+Because, of course, if this is
+the sum of a rotational plus
+
+vibrational plus electronic
+energy, then of course I can
+
+just separate out
+these things.
+
+These are in the exponent.
+
+I can write it as a product.
+
+Same with translations.
+
+I already have separated that.
+
+So now let's look at how
+these things behave.
+
+Well, for the electronic case,
+there's really only one
+
+electronic state of interest
+in general.
+
+And that's the lowest state.
+
+In cases you're extremely
+familiar with, if it were the
+
+hydrogen atom, it would be
+down in the 1s orbital.
+
+And it would take a huge amount
+of energy to get up
+
+into the 2s or 2p orbital.
+
+At ordinary temperatures
+you never have that.
+
+All the atoms would be
+in the ground state.
+
+Now, for most molecules, it
+don't take as much energy as
+
+for the hydrogen atom.
+
+If you have benzene, for
+example, the ground electronic
+
+state, the lowest electronic
+state, is quite far below the
+
+first excited state.
+
+Not as much as the hydrogen atom
+going from 1s to 2s to
+
+2p, but still by much more than
+ordinary thermal energies
+
+at room temperature.
+
+And what that means is, again,
+only the ground state term is
+
+going to matter.
+
+Now, sometimes we would
+define that is this
+
+as the zero of energy.
+
+But since we're doing chemical
+equilibria, the zero of energy
+
+is up here.
+
+So that epsilon, that energy
+term, is this amount.
+
+The dissociation energy.
+
+This is minus dissociation
+energy.
+
+So we're going to have a
+positive number there.
+
+So q electronic is just
+e to the D0 over kT.
+
+So that's easy enough.
+
+We also know what
+the vibrational
+
+partition function is.
+
+We saw it last time.
+
+It's this thing we could
+write as a simple form.
+
+One over one minus e to the
+minus E, I'll call it
+
+E vibe, over kT.
+
+It's h nu 0, where nu is the
+vibrational frequency.
+
+Again, in the case of many
+molecules, the vibrational
+
+energy is pretty high
+compared to kT.
+
+So even this often simplifies
+to be just one.
+
+In other words, all the
+molecules, in many cases, are
+
+basically all of them are in the
+ground vibrational state
+
+at room temperature.
+
+Certainly if you look at
+molecules of high frequencies,
+
+if you look at the hydrogen
+molecule, H2, the vibrational
+
+frequency is about 4,000
+wave numbers.
+
+Remember I mentioned last time,
+kT at room temperature,
+
+T is 300 Kelvin.
+
+Then kT corresponds to
+200 wave numbers.
+
+It's a factor of 2/3.
+
+Much less than 4,000
+wave numbers.
+
+In other words, the vibrational
+energy is much
+
+lower than kT.
+
+So, again, everything would
+be in the lowest level.
+
+And this just simplifies
+to one.
+
+In many cases, it's reasonably
+close to one.
+
+For high vibrational
+frequencies, nu 0.
+
+Now, we haven't talked
+about rotation.
+
+But you probably have just an
+intuitive feeling that at
+
+ordinary temperatures, if I do
+this, if I wave my hand in the
+
+air, molecules that I happen
+to intersect are going to
+
+start spinning faster.
+
+In other words, ordinary thermal
+energies do populate
+
+some number of rotational
+levels of molecules.
+
+Molecules probably aren't
+going to start getting
+
+squished together and vibrate
+harder when I do
+
+something like this.
+
+So molecules might generally
+still be in the ground
+
+vibrational levels, thermal
+energy isn't enough to raise
+
+them in many cases.
+
+But rotation, for sure.
+
+They're not all in
+the lowest level.
+
+Turns out that, in fact, the
+energy separation between
+
+rotational levels is very small
+compared to kT at room
+
+temperature.
+
+So just like we saw for the
+high temperature limit for
+
+vibrations, it turns out that
+for q rotation in the high
+
+temperature limit, we have the
+same situation where we have
+
+kT over, now it's a
+rotational energy.
+
+And it's typically on the order
+of about one to ten wave
+
+numbers for small to medium
+sized molecules.
+
+Remember, too, last time when
+we talked about in the
+
+vibrational levels and said,
+well, if you're at kT and it's
+
+this big, it's basically telling
+you roughly how many
+
+levels do you have thermal
+access to.
+
+Because we saw the same results
+for vibrations.
+
+It's not so different
+for rotation.
+
+And it turns out that at
+ordinary temperatures, you
+
+might have access to a few
+tens to a few hundreds of
+
+rotational levels, depending on
+whether they're closer to
+
+one or ten wave numbers
+or a little higher.
+
+Again, room temperature
+is 200 wave numbers.
+
+So, that means that, remember
+q is a unitless number.
+
+You're counting the states,
+weighted by the energy.
+
+Weighted by the Boltzmann
+factor.
+
+And for rotations, it's a number
+that might be on the
+
+order of 100 or so.
+
+Order of magnitude estimate,
+that's all.
+
+And of course we've seen the
+translational partition
+
+function is on the order of
+10 to the 30th, right?
+
+Enormous number.
+
+In other words, in the simple
+lattice model that we've use
+
+to describe translation, just
+breaking up the available
+
+volume into little pieces.
+
+Counting.
+
+Well, OK, you have something on
+the order of 10 to the 30th
+
+possible locations.
+
+And if you treat this
+properly, quantum
+
+mechanically, for the
+translations, there's actually
+
+a magnitude of the number
+is similar.
+
+Now I just want to go through
+a very simple example.
+
+Just treating a particular
+generic reaction.
+
+And look at what the equilibrium
+constant is.
+
+Working it through, given
+what we've seen so far.
+
+So I just want to simplify
+it by having all the
+
+stoichiometric coefficients
+equal to one.
+
+It's not a great complication,
+if we don't do that.
+
+But it's a little bit simpler.
+
+So let's take a molecule that's
+A-B plus C-D. And now
+
+let's break bonds
+and reform them.
+
+So we get A-C plus B-D, right?
+
+So we're going to do
+something simple.
+
+And since I've got all the
+stoichiometric coefficients
+
+equal to one, we've got the same
+number of molecules as
+
+reactants and products, that'll
+make things a little
+
+bit easier.
+
+Just in the sense that if we
+look at the contribution of
+
+the translational energies at
+room temperature, they're
+
+going to be the same.
+
+For the reactants and
+the products.
+
+Any of the molecules is going
+to have a translational
+
+partition function on the order
+of 10 to the 30th, at
+
+room temperature and
+an ordinary volume.
+
+And nothing's going to change
+from reactants to products.
+
+And for vibrations, let's
+assume, as is often the case,
+
+that the vibrational frequencies
+are fairly high.
+
+So all the partition functions
+for the vibrations
+
+are equal to one.
+
+Like we've got written
+up there.
+
+For all four of the molecules.
+
+So then nothing is going to
+change in the vibrations.
+
+Going from reactants
+to products.
+
+Finally, the rotations.
+
+So, for the rotations our
+partition function is
+
+something on the order of, I
+think I meant to write 100,
+
+not ten here.
+
+As our order of magnitude.
+
+That's what it's going to be.
+
+It's a number on that order.
+
+And if we assume that the masses
+of the atoms involved
+
+are comparable, then we can
+cheat a little bit and say
+
+that's also, those numbers are
+also, going to be comparable
+
+for the reactants and
+the products.
+
+We don't have to do that.
+
+We could put it in, and rather
+easily calculate it.
+
+But I'm going to make life
+simple in this way and just
+
+work through how to carry
+through the calculation.
+
+And I think it'll be clear how
+to put in different partition
+
+functions for those quantities
+if they are different from
+
+each other.
+
+OK, so let's try it.
+
+Then, our delta G0, let's
+go back over here.
+
+Here's delta G, let me just
+put the relationship up.
+
+So we've got an expression for
+G. Which is, let's start from
+
+back there.
+
+It's minus.
+
+And now for each one of the
+substances, it's Ni
+
+kT log qi over Ni.
+
+I'm just going to put
+this in molar terms.
+
+So it's minus little ni RT.
+
+Log of qi over capital Ni.
+
+And I only want to do that
+because I want to express this
+
+in free energy.
+
+This is for substance i.
+
+Free energy per mole.
+
+So it's just minus RT
+log of qi over Ni.
+
+That's G per mole.
+
+That's Gi naught per mole.
+
+Plus RT log pi over p0.
+
+Where p0 is an atmosphere,
+basically.
+
+One bar.
+
+So that means Gi0
+bar is minus RT.
+
+And I'm going to take this minus
+this and combine them.
+
+So it's log of qi over
+Ni, that's this part.
+
+And now I've got log of pi over
+p, and I'm just going to
+
+use the ideal gas law.
+
+So I'm going to use pV is nRT.
+
+So then I've got Ni kT
+over my factor of
+
+p0, times the volume.
+
+So that's Gi0 for each one
+of the substances.
+
+The Ni's cancel.
+
+And I've got minus RT log of qi
+kT over p0 times V. Now, qi
+
+is just the total molecular
+partition function.
+
+It's this product of q trans
+times q rotational times q
+
+vibrational times
+q electronic.
+
+And now I need delta G. So delta
+G0, is just minus RT.
+
+And now it's just, I'm going to
+take this for each one of
+
+the substances, for the
+products, minus the reactants.
+
+And I'm going to combine
+the log terms.
+
+This is the same, and
+I'm going to have
+
+this in every term.
+
+So what's going to happen?
+
+Well, all this stuff
+is going to cancel.
+
+Now, that doesn't necessarily
+happen.
+
+That happens because of
+the stoichiometric
+
+numbers being the same.
+
+Otherwise I'd have to take them
+to that the power of the
+
+stoichiometric number.
+
+But in this case they're just
+going to simply cancel.
+
+So I'm going to have left is
+the ratio of my partition
+
+function for molecule AC.
+
+Partition function
+for molecule BD.
+
+Partition function for
+molecule AB, and
+
+for molecule CD.
+
+Products, reactants.
+
+Pretty simple, because
+I know how to
+
+calculate all this stuff.
+
+And again I'd suggested some
+simplifying assumptions for
+
+what those partition
+functions are.
+
+But it wouldn't be hard to
+calculate each one of them if
+
+I just had all the relevant
+energy levels.
+
+To make this simple, we're
+going to assume that the
+
+rotational energies are the same
+for all the molecules.
+
+It wouldn't need to be, it
+wouldn't be hard, to plug in
+
+different values.
+
+We're going to assume we're in
+the low temperature limit for
+
+vibrations.
+
+So q vibrational for
+each one of these
+
+things is equal to one.
+
+The translational contributions,
+are equal for
+
+all of them.
+
+So the only thing that's
+different is the electronic
+
+contribution.
+
+And that's different.
+
+Because, of course, you have
+different electronic energies.
+
+The binding energies for the
+products and the reactants
+
+aren't in general going
+to be equal.
+
+And in most cases, it is the
+energetics that dominate the
+
+equilibrium constants.
+
+Of course, that is, it's the
+electronic energies that
+
+usually dominate.
+
+Of course, the other
+things do matter.
+
+But it's not unusual for the
+
+electronic energies to dominate.
+
+So here's delta G0.
+
+Of course, this is minus
+RT log of Kp.
+
+So there's our expression for
+our equilibrium constants.
+
+So it's just this product.
+
+So let's just put in the
+partition functions for the
+
+electronic part.
+
+It's e to the D0 over
+kT for molecule AC.
+
+Times e to the D0 for
+molecule BD over kT.
+
+Divided by e to the D0 for AB
+over kT, times e to the D0 for
+
+molecule CD over kT.
+
+So the whole thing is just e to
+the D0 AC, plus D0 BD minus
+
+D0 AB minus D0 CD over kT.
+
+Or in other words, it's e
+to the delta D0 over kT.
+
+That's the whole story.
+
+So it's a super-simple
+calculation to execute.
+
+And for lots of molecules,
+we know the
+
+dissociation energies.
+
+These are measured,
+determined, either
+
+thermochemically or
+spectroscopically for a great
+
+many molecules.
+
+So in fact, we have the
+information we need to do that
+
+calculation.
+
+And if we want to worry about
+the vibrational and rotational
+
+levels, typically we have
+that information, too,
+
+spectroscopically.
+
+So we know what the relevant
+energy levels are to do the
+
+whole calculation.
+
+So what it means is, we can
+calculate equilibrium
+
+constants for ordinary chemical
+reactions just from
+
+first principles.
+
+Knowing the energy levels
+of the available
+
+states of the molecules.
+
+Any questions?
+
+In your notes I've included
+another example.
+
+It's a little bit of
+an extra example.
+
+You can go through
+it if you'd like.
+
+It turns out to have a kind of
+
+attractive closed form solution.
+
+Which is the case of a chemical
+reaction like an
+
+isomerization inside a
+crystalline solid.
+
+So you can imagine you've got
+a crystal of some molecule,
+
+many crystals, thermally over
+time, they might decompose.
+
+They might have reaction
+processes that can take place.
+
+So I've imagined you've
+got uni-molecular
+
+reactions that can occur.
+
+And in that case you
+start with a pure
+
+crystal of one species.
+
+And you end up with a mixture of
+some number of the original
+
+species, and some number
+of new species.
+
+And there's an equilibrium
+constant that'll say where
+
+that should be.
+
+So again, it'll depend
+on the energies.
+
+On the dissociation energies
+of the different species.
+
+And there's also a kind of
+mixing term, because
+
+effectively now you've got the
+different species located at
+
+different places
+in the crystal.
+
+Those are distinguishable
+states, in the solid.
+
+And you need to count those.
+
+But the one other example I
+want to work through is a
+
+little bit different from
+chemical equilibria.
+
+It's phase equilibria.
+
+Why shouldn't we be able to
+calculate phase diagrams?
+
+So in the earlier part of the
+course, you went through and
+
+saw the macroscopic
+thermodynamic treatment.
+
+The equilibrium constants
+and chemical equilibria.
+
+So of course you saw the whole
+delta G0 as minus RT log Kp
+
+and so forth.
+
+And you've seen now we can
+actually calculate all that
+
+from first principles.
+
+What about phase equilibria?
+
+What you saw before, we just
+drew phase diagrams.
+
+And they had boiling points
+or lines of boiling.
+
+Or in other words, liquid-solid
+and liquid-gas
+
+and solid-gas equilibria.
+
+And what we did is, given where
+those lines fell, you
+
+can calculate things.
+
+But where do the lines fall?
+
+What's the boiling point or the
+sublimation temperature of
+
+some material at a particular
+pressure?
+
+Well, we didn't offer
+any prescription
+
+for calculating that.
+
+You had to take that from
+measurement and then given
+
+that, you could use the
+Clausius-Clapeyron equation
+
+and so forth and look at the
+way things behaved if you
+
+moved along a line in
+a phase diagram.
+
+But there was no prescription
+offered to calculate where
+
+exactly would that line be
+on the phase diagram.
+
+But again, if you know all the
+energies of the possible
+
+states, in the solid, in
+the liquid and the gas,
+
+statistical mechanics shows us
+that we can calculate the
+
+equilibrium between those.
+
+Which is to say we know
+we can calculate
+
+where those lines belong.
+
+So I want to just go through
+maybe one of a couple of
+
+relatively simple cases.
+
+I want to go through the case of
+a solid-solid equilibrium.
+
+Let's imagine we have two
+solid phases and an
+
+equilibrium between them.
+
+And this problem was
+on the problem set.
+
+How many of you did it?
+
+Everybody did it.
+
+Did you all get to
+the end of it?
+
+Who got to the end of it?
+
+Some of you got to
+the end of it.
+
+If you did, congratulations,
+it's not so trivial to work on
+
+for the first time.
+
+So I'll just briefly go
+through that problem.
+
+And show how it works.
+
+So, it's similar, of
+course, to the case
+
+that we're doing now.
+
+To the case we just did,
+of chemical equilibria.
+
+The difference, though, is
+that it's cooperative.
+
+The solid, at least in the way I
+formulated that problem, you
+
+either have the crystal in phase
+one or phase alpha, or
+
+in phase beta.
+
+And there's nothing
+in between.
+
+There are lots of systems
+like that.
+
+Not just crystals,
+you could go from
+
+different forms of DNA.
+
+Act like that.
+
+Where you have super coiled
+DNA and regular DNA.
+
+And you actually can have
+some of the DNA in each.
+
+But it's actually very
+cooperative.
+
+So there's a huge tendency to
+either be all in one, or be
+
+all in the other.
+
+Or at least very very, large
+pieces of it like that.
+
+Lots of other systems
+act like that.
+
+In other words, unlike the
+case where we're thinking
+
+about chemical equilibrium among
+molecules in the gas
+
+phase, these two molecules
+over here crash into each
+
+other and they react.
+
+Nothing else cares.
+
+The other whole mole of
+molecules does whatever they
+
+were doing.
+
+And a little later some other
+pair of molecules happen to
+
+crash into each other and maybe
+react or maybe don't.
+
+In other words, there's no
+cooperativity at all.
+
+What happens to some pair of
+reactants and products,
+
+everything else is completely
+independent of it.
+
+That's not the case when you
+have, in many cases, a phase
+
+transition.
+
+You can see it by eye, often.
+
+If you do something like
+super cool water.
+
+This is a kind of
+fun experiment.
+
+If you take dry ice,
+and you've got a
+
+little bit of water.
+
+Right or a little
+pot of water.
+
+And you put some dry
+ice into it.
+
+So you can actually get the
+water to be below the freezing
+
+temperature and it
+won't freeze yet.
+
+Then you drop a crystal
+in there and
+
+boom, it all freezes.
+
+Very cooperatively.
+
+Lots of phase transitions
+behave like that.
+
+So let's just see
+how it works.
+
+In this case, it's really
+similar to what we just did.
+
+We can treat it, here's
+phase alpha.
+
+Here's phase beta.
+
+And the crystal, the
+interactions between molecules
+
+or the atoms in the crystal are
+
+different in the two phases.
+
+So effectively, the binding
+energy is different.
+
+In other words, if you say, now
+let's think of the energy
+
+it would take to evaporate all
+the atoms or molecules and let
+
+them loose in the gas phase.
+
+That's the analog of
+dissociation for the molecule.
+
+You're pulling everything apart
+from the crystal and
+
+separating them all.
+
+So that's what we'll call
+these energies.
+
+This'll be minus E alpha.
+
+And this will be minus E beta.
+
+And then there are vibrational
+energies.
+
+So the lattice has a bunch
+of vibrational energies.
+
+We can assume they're
+evenly spaced.
+
+And they're going
+to be different.
+
+They're not the same in the two
+
+different crystalline forms.
+
+That's typically the case.
+
+You have a phase transition from
+one crystal to another.
+
+The lattice vibrational
+frequencies aren't
+
+the same any more.
+
+Speed of sound is different.
+
+Things are different.
+
+And that's all.
+
+That's the only thing
+that's different.
+
+So these are binding
+energies per atom.
+
+So now, let's just try to
+calculate Q. And what we are
+
+supposed to get out of this
+is, what's the phase
+
+transition temperature?
+
+That's the thing that we didn't
+have any prescription
+
+for calculating before.
+
+We just said, here it is.
+
+Here's the boiling point.
+
+Here's the melting point,
+or whatever the
+
+phase transition was.
+
+Or if we drew a phase diagram,
+here's the line.
+
+But now we're going to try to
+calculate where that is.
+
+Or what those temperatures
+are.
+
+So, Q for either phase it's
+just e to the E over kT.
+
+Just like we saw before for the
+
+dissociation energies of molecules.
+
+To the Nth power.
+
+No N factorial any more.
+
+There's no translation.
+
+Times the vibrational part.
+
+This is the electronic
+partition function.
+
+And then there's the
+vibrational part.
+
+And that's one over one minus
+e to the minus h nu, what's
+
+called E over kT, for the
+lattice I'm assuming it's just
+
+one frequency.
+
+So this energy is h nu E. And of
+course, it's different for
+
+the alpha and beta phases.
+
+And I'm going to assume we're in
+the high temperature limit.
+
+Which is often the case for
+lattice vibrations.
+
+So it's e to the, little
+E over kT.
+
+For our electronic part,
+to the Nth power.
+
+And we've seen what the high
+temperature limit is.
+
+It's kT over h nu E.
+And that's also,
+
+that to the 3N power.
+
+I should have written
+this here.
+
+In other words if you say, how
+many vibrations are there in
+
+the lattice, well if there are
+N atoms, each atom in the gas
+
+phase would have three
+degrees of freedom.
+
+Translational degrees
+of freedom.
+
+In the crystal, it can't
+freely translate.
+
+But those degrees of freedom
+are still there.
+
+The atoms can all move.
+
+So now, those are the
+lattice vibrations.
+
+When the atoms try to
+move, they vibrate
+
+against each other.
+
+So how many different
+modes are there?
+
+They may be degenerate.
+
+They may all have
+the same energy.
+
+But those modes are
+all still there.
+
+Actually, they're the acoustic
+modes of the crystal.
+
+And there are 3N of them.
+
+One for each translational
+degree or freedom
+
+that each atom had.
+
+OK, so that's it.
+
+A, minus kT log of Q,
+so it's just minus
+
+NE, and the kT cancels.
+
+Minus 3NkT log of kT over
+h nu E. Second part.
+
+And then we can calculate
+the chemical potential.
+
+It's just the dA/dN,
+d constant T and V.
+
+So this goes away.
+
+It's just minus little E. This
+goes away, it's minus 3kT log
+
+of kT over h nu E. Well,
+basically we just finished.
+
+At the phase transition
+temperature for the two
+
+phases, those things
+have to be equal.
+
+And that's all there is to it.
+
+So, at, we'll call it Tc, the
+phase transition temperature,
+
+I guess I called it T1 here, mu
+alpha is equal to mu beta.
+
+So this stuff for alpha is
+equal to this for beta.
+
+That's it.
+
+So what does it say?
+
+It says E beta minus E alpha,
+these terms, equals 3kT1 log
+
+of nu E beta over nu E alpha.
+
+Solve for T1.
+
+That's it.
+
+It's E beta minus E alpha
+over 3k log nu E
+
+beta over nu E alpha.
+
+There is our phase transition
+temperature.
+
+That's the whole story.
+
+So if we know the electronic
+energy that binds the crystal
+
+together, usually something that
+can be measured easily,
+
+so it's known for
+many materials.
+
+And if we know the lattice
+vibrational frequency.
+
+Also something that's
+pretty routinely
+
+measured, we're done.
+
+So again, from a very simple
+first principles approach, we
+
+can calculate that phase
+transition temperature.
+
+We could do it for a solid-gas
+equilibria too, if we said OK,
+
+let's think of sublimation
+of the solid.
+
+And now we know how to calculate
+the chemical
+
+potential in the gas phase.
+
+We can have those be equal.
+
+That's actually worked through
+in your notes.
+
+Again, it's an extra problem.
+
+If you would like to take
+a look at it, it's a
+
+straightforward calculation.
+
+The point is, we can calculate
+those phase equilibria.
+
+Liquids, I will say,
+are harder.
+
+Just because it's harder to
+define and know all the
+
+energies available.
+
+Doable, approximately.
+
+But the point is, we can
+actually now locate all those
+
+lines that we sort of
+arbitrarily drew
+
+on the phase diagrams.
+
+And make sense of what the
+temperatures and what the
+
+pressures are, for that matter,
+where they occur.
+
+Any questions?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6QRlpk8ZmPI.txt b/6QRlpk8ZmPI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95f0035f3f9d7636aa2cc064a9c72ce186a82f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6QRlpk8ZmPI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was thinking about today's topic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about today's topic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about today's topic uh
+earlier and I I thought of a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and I I thought of a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and I I thought of a metaphor
+um uh I haven't tried this metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I haven't tried this metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I haven't tried this metaphor
+before this is the first time I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is the first time I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is the first time I have
+tried this metaphor and people in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this metaphor and people in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this metaphor and people in class
+uh it's always dangerous thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always dangerous thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always dangerous thinking of
+metaphors for all kinds of reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors for all kinds of reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors for all kinds of reasons one
+of them is that it's entirely possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is that it's entirely possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is that it's entirely possible
+that I'm about to beat this metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm about to beat this metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm about to beat this metaphor
+into the ground I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground I'm going to talk about
+it for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while
+um but uh so I apologize in advance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh so I apologize in advance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh so I apologize in advance if
+that happens it's also possible that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens it's also possible that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens it's also possible that I
+will tell you the metaphor and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the metaphor and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the metaphor and you will
+wonder what the heck is he talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what the heck is he talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what the heck is he talking about
+it will be too metaphorical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be too metaphorical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be too metaphorical but
+hopefully as the class goes along it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as the class goes along it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as the class goes along it'll
+become clear what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clear what I'm talking about
+or maybe it'll be clear immediately who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it'll be clear immediately who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it'll be clear immediately who
+knows okay here's the metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows okay here's the metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows okay here's the metaphor
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you have to try to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to imagine
+for this metaphor that the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this metaphor that the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this metaphor that the United States
+is the kind of country bless you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of country bless you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of country bless you in
+which uh board games are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh board games are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh board games are extremely
+popular everyone plays board games all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular everyone plays board games all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular everyone plays board games all
+the time it's like the standard way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's like the standard way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it's like the standard way for
+people to interact with each other uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to interact with each other uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to interact with each other uh so
+you know if you are on a long plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you are on a long plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you are on a long plane
+flight you'll probably play a board game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you'll probably play a board game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you'll probably play a board game
+with the person sitting next to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the person sitting next to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the person sitting next to you you
+know you you you go you move into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you you go you move into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you you go you move into your
+new dorm and you start playing board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dorm and you start playing board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dorm and you start playing board
+games with your new roommate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with your new roommate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with your new roommate and the
+other people on your Hall that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on your Hall that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on your Hall that's just
+the normal way for people to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal way for people to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal way for people to interact
+with each other all board games all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other all board games all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other all board games all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and try to imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to imagine that
+there are various board games that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various board games that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various board games that are
+popular but in the US for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular but in the US for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular but in the US for some reason
+the two big ones are chess and checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two big ones are chess and checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two big ones are chess and checkers
+so those are the two board games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two board games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two board games that
+are the most popular the other games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most popular the other games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most popular the other games
+people play but those are the two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play but those are the two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play but those are the two big
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+and the following kind of weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following kind of weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following kind of weird thing
+has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened
+um there are families in which Everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are families in which Everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are families in which Everybody
+Plays chess let's say family is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plays chess let's say family is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plays chess let's say family is going to
+specialize so if you're born in a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize so if you're born in a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize so if you're born in a chess
+family then you know Mom and Dad play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family then you know Mom and Dad play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family then you know Mom and Dad play
+chess and your older brothers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and your older brothers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and your older brothers and
+sisters play chess and your uncle uncles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters play chess and your uncle uncles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sisters play chess and your uncle uncles
+and your aunts and your ankles your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your aunts and your ankles your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your aunts and your ankles your
+ankles do not play chess your uncles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankles do not play chess your uncles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankles do not play chess your uncles and
+your aunts and your grandparents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your aunts and your grandparents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your aunts and your grandparents and
+they all play chess and maybe nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all play chess and maybe nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all play chess and maybe nobody
+ever actually sits you down and explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually sits you down and explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever actually sits you down and explains
+the rules of Chess to you but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of Chess to you but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of Chess to you but you see
+everybody playing chess and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody playing chess and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody playing chess and you
+eventually get to where you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to where you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to where you're pretty
+good at it in fact by the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it in fact by the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it in fact by the time you're
+old enough to go to school you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old enough to go to school you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old enough to go to school you're very
+good at playing chess if you grow up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at playing chess if you grow up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at playing chess if you grow up in
+a chess family and then there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chess family and then there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chess family and then there are the
+checkers families which are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers families which are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers families which are the same
+except Checkers right so everybody plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except Checkers right so everybody plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except Checkers right so everybody plays
+Checkers if you grew up in a Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers if you grew up in a Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers if you grew up in a Checkers
+family mom and dad play checkers older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family mom and dad play checkers older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family mom and dad play checkers older
+brothers and sisters play checkers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters play checkers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters play checkers you
+watch them play checkers you become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them play checkers you become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them play checkers you become a
+Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers
+expert by the time you're old enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert by the time you're old enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert by the time you're old enough to
+go to school okay so there are chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school okay so there are chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to school okay so there are chess
+kids and they're Checkers kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and they're Checkers kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and they're Checkers kids
+and then when you go to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you go to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you go to school
+the following kind of weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind of weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following kind of weird thing
+happens the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the teachers
+act as though there is no such game as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as though there is no such game as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as though there is no such game as
+chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess
+so when they see kids playing checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they see kids playing checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they see kids playing checkers
+they're like oh yeah and you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah and you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah and you know they
+watch the kids playing checkers maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the kids playing checkers maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the kids playing checkers maybe
+they make tactical suggestions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make tactical suggestions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make tactical suggestions or
+whatever maybe the teachers play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe the teachers play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe the teachers play
+checkers with each other maybe they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers with each other maybe they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers with each other maybe they play
+checkers with the kids sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers with the kids sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers with the kids sometimes
+but when they see kids playing chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they see kids playing chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they see kids playing chess
+they say things like you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say things like you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say things like you know what are
+you doing that's not the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing that's not the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing that's not the right way to
+play Checkers you know uh you just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Checkers you know uh you just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Checkers you know uh you just took
+that that one piece and you moved it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one piece and you moved it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one piece and you moved it a
+zillion diagonal spaces you you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion diagonal spaces you you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion diagonal spaces you you can't do
+that you're just you're just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just you're just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just you're just sort of
+violating all the rules of checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating all the rules of checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating all the rules of checkers
+that's not how Checkers works and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how Checkers works and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how Checkers works and what
+is the deal with these weird Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deal with these weird Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deal with these weird Checkers
+pieces this one that looks like a horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces this one that looks like a horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces this one that looks like a horse
+and this one that looks like a castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one that looks like a castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one that looks like a castle
+put all that stuff away get yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all that stuff away get yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all that stuff away get yourself a
+real checkers board and um you know play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real checkers board and um you know play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real checkers board and um you know play
+checkers like a normal person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers like a normal person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers like a normal person
+um there are uh tests the kids get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are uh tests the kids get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are uh tests the kids get in
+School uh where they are asked questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh where they are asked questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh where they are asked questions
+like is it okay to take a piece and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it okay to take a piece and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is it okay to take a piece and move
+it two steps forward and one step to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two steps forward and one step to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two steps forward and one step to the
+right and the kids are supposed to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the kids are supposed to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the kids are supposed to say
+no it's not okay to do that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not okay to do that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not okay to do that because this
+is a Checkers test and in checkers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Checkers test and in checkers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Checkers test and in checkers you
+can't do that so if you're from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that so if you're from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that so if you're from a
+Checkers family this is an easy test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers family this is an easy test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers family this is an easy test for
+you because in fact you can't make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because in fact you can't make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because in fact you can't make that
+move in Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in Checkers
+if you're from a chess family then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're from a chess family then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're from a chess family then it's
+a little harder because of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little harder because of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little harder because of course that's
+how you move your knight that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you move your knight that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you move your knight that's one way
+you can move your knight and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move your knight and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move your knight and so you know
+maybe you made that move just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you made that move just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you made that move just this
+morning playing with your mom or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning playing with your mom or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning playing with your mom or your
+dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad
+um and uh so kids from chess families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so kids from chess families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so kids from chess families
+have a tendency to do badly on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tendency to do badly on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tendency to do badly on this
+these tests which means that when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests which means that when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests which means that when it
+comes time to put the kids in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to put the kids in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to put the kids in the
+checkers classes you know their Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers classes you know their Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers classes you know their Checkers
+classes in schools uh there are no chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in schools uh there are no chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in schools uh there are no chess
+classes only Checkers classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes only Checkers classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes only Checkers classes
+um you know the the kids from Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the kids from Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the kids from Checkers
+families tend to be the ones who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families tend to be the ones who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families tend to be the ones who get
+into advanced Checkers you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advanced Checkers you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advanced Checkers you know and
+later they go on to AP Checkers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they go on to AP Checkers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they go on to AP Checkers where
+they get where they get you know college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get where they get you know college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get where they get you know college
+credit for their their college Checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for their their college Checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for their their college Checkers
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+um the kids from chess families uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kids from chess families uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kids from chess families uh you
+know it varies some of them learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it varies some of them learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it varies some of them learn
+quickly how to play checkers and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how to play checkers and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how to play checkers and sort of
+suppress their knowledge of Chess but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress their knowledge of Chess but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress their knowledge of Chess but
+some of them have a hard time and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have a hard time and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have a hard time and it's
+hard for them to to switch that quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to to switch that quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to to switch that quickly
+every so often you will get a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every so often you will get a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every so often you will get a teacher
+who's maybe a little more enlightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's maybe a little more enlightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's maybe a little more enlightened
+and admits that there is such a game as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and admits that there is such a game as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and admits that there is such a game as
+chess and who will say to the kids kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and who will say to the kids kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and who will say to the kids kids
+you know it's okay the kids who are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's okay the kids who are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's okay the kids who are from
+chess families they'll say to them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess families they'll say to them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess families they'll say to them it's
+okay for you to play chess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for you to play chess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for you to play chess in the
+privacy of your own home with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy of your own home with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy of your own home with your
+family but it's important for you not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but it's important for you not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but it's important for you not to
+play it in public because people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it in public because people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it in public because people will
+get the wrong idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wrong idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wrong idea
+um really important for you to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really important for you to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really important for you to be good
+at Checkers Checkers is the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Checkers Checkers is the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Checkers Checkers is the really
+important game that's what the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important game that's what the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important game that's what the teachers
+will say and the teachers have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say and the teachers have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say and the teachers have a point
+because this is a version of America in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a version of America in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a version of America in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+um Checkers is what people expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Checkers is what people expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Checkers is what people expect you to
+be good at if you go for a job interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at if you go for a job interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at if you go for a job interview
+or in political campaigns your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in political campaigns your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in political campaigns your
+presidential campaigns always involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential campaigns always involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential campaigns always involve a
+huge Checkers tournament you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Checkers tournament you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Checkers tournament you know
+between the candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the candidates
+um political uh political you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um political uh political you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um political uh political you know
+correspondence watching the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence watching the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence watching the game and
+commenting on the moves if somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on the moves if somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on the moves if somebody is
+somebody tries to make a chess move in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tries to make a chess move in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tries to make a chess move in a
+checkers game well then you know no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers game well then you know no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers game well then you know no one
+will vote for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vote for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vote for them
+that's the metaphor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the metaphor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the metaphor okay
+there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now
+um if it's not yet clear what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's not yet clear what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's not yet clear what I'm
+talking about hopefully it will be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hopefully it will be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hopefully it will be in a
+second are there any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second are there any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second are there any questions about the
+metaphor other than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you have to imagine that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have to imagine that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you have to imagine that uh
+Checkers is the is the superior game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers is the is the superior game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers is the is the superior game in
+this version of this story could have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of this story could have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of this story could have I
+could have told the story the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told the story the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told the story the other way
+around but I told him perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but I told him perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but I told him perspective
+yeah yeah there are questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there are questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there are questions okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+seemingly unrelated topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly unrelated topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly unrelated topic
+remembering negative polarity items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering negative polarity items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering negative polarity items
+negative polarity items were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative polarity items were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative polarity items were these
+Expressions that you used together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that you used together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that you used together with
+negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+to say things like I didn't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say things like I didn't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say things like I didn't see anything
+and what we said about them so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said about them so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said about them so anything
+is a negative polarity item and to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative polarity item and to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative polarity item and to call
+it a negative polarity item is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a negative polarity item is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a negative polarity item is to say
+it's a it's an expression with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an expression with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an expression with some
+restrictions on where it can be used we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on where it can be used we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on where it can be used we
+talked a little bit about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the different
+kinds of quantifiers that make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of quantifiers that make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of quantifiers that make it
+possible to use a negative polarity item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use a negative polarity item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to use a negative polarity item
+one of them is you know well negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is you know well negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is you know well negation
+makes it possible to use a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible to use a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible to use a negative
+polarity item that's how they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity item that's how they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity item that's how they get their
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+but in a sentence like I saw anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sentence like I saw anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sentence like I saw anything uh
+there's nothing wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that
+yeah what about I will eat anything ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about I will eat anything ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about I will eat anything ah
+so uh negative polarity items often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh negative polarity items often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh negative polarity items often have
+another use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another use
+um let me find a piece of chalk for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me find a piece of chalk for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me find a piece of chalk for some
+reason this always happens there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this always happens there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this always happens there are
+many erasers but no chalk there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many erasers but no chalk there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many erasers but no chalk there's
+actually literally no chalk where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually literally no chalk where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually literally no chalk where the
+what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck
+um I will eat anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is sometimes called free choice any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's very interesting notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very interesting notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very interesting notice that
+it's also restricted so I saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also restricted so I saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also restricted so I saw anything
+is actually no good right you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually no good right you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually no good right you can't use
+either free choice any or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either free choice any or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either free choice any or negative
+polarity any but you're right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity any but you're right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity any but you're right there's
+another possible use of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible use of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possible use of these kinds of
+things having admitted that you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things having admitted that you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things having admitted that you're right
+let me just suppress that point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just suppress that point yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just suppress that point yeah
+you're absolutely right there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right there there's
+there are complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are complications
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+okay uh so plenty of languages have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so plenty of languages have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so plenty of languages have
+negative polarity items and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative polarity items and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative polarity items and maybe
+unsurprisingly uh if you are using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly uh if you are using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly uh if you are using uh
+if you're going to answer a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to answer a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to answer a question
+like what did you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did you see
+um in the language that I'm now speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the language that I'm now speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the language that I'm now speaking
+uh anything is not a possible answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything is not a possible answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything is not a possible answer
+we can be unsurprised by that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be unsurprised by that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be unsurprised by that in a
+couple of ways one would be to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways one would be to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways one would be to say well
+yeah it's gets us back to the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's gets us back to the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's gets us back to the kinds of
+things we were talking about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were talking about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were talking about when we
+were talking about ellipses right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about ellipses right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about ellipses right so uh
+if we want to think of this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to think of this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to think of this as an
+utterance that just consists of a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance that just consists of a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance that just consists of a noun
+phrase anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase anything
+then it's unsurprising that it's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's unsurprising that it's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's unsurprising that it's bad
+um it's bad well because anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's bad well because anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's bad well because anything
+doesn't have any negation anywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any negation anywhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any negation anywhere to
+make it happy yeah yeah that's what npis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happy yeah yeah that's what npis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happy yeah yeah that's what npis
+need negative polarity items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need negative polarity items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need negative polarity items
+um uh getting back to your point if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh getting back to your point if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh getting back to your point if the
+question was what will you eat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what will you eat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was what will you eat a
+possible answer is anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answer is anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answer is anything is
+you can also do the free choice version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the free choice version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the free choice version
+of any yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if we want to think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to think about this as
+Ellipsis that is if we want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis that is if we want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis that is if we want to think of
+it as I ask you what did you see and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as I ask you what did you see and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as I ask you what did you see and you
+are in some sense saying I saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense saying I saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense saying I saw anything
+well that's bad because I saw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's bad because I saw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's bad because I saw anything
+is bad there's no negation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad there's no negation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad there's no negation in the
+sentence yeah and I guess what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence yeah and I guess what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence yeah and I guess what we're
+learning maybe you remember when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning maybe you remember when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning maybe you remember when we were
+talking about Ellipsis we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Ellipsis we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Ellipsis we talked about
+the fact that when you do ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that when you do ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that when you do ellipsis
+when you say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say things like
+John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Bill does too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill does too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bill does too
+there's some kind of requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of requirement
+that the missing phrase the missing verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the missing phrase the missing verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the missing phrase the missing verb
+phrase in this case be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase in this case be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase in this case be the same as
+another verb phrase and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another verb phrase and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another verb phrase and we talked about
+the fact that you sometimes have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you sometimes have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you sometimes have to do
+some work to figure out what counts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to figure out what counts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to figure out what counts as
+the same so we decided that this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we decided that this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we decided that this was an
+ambiguous sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous sentence
+John likes his father and Bill does too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John likes his father and Bill does too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John likes his father and Bill does too
+can mean at least two things possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean at least two things possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean at least two things possibly
+some others as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others as well
+it's unclear whose father we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear whose father we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear whose father we're talking
+about it in this second clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in this second clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in this second clause
+this could mean that John and Bill both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could mean that John and Bill both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could mean that John and Bill both
+like John's father or that John likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John's father or that John likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like John's father or that John likes
+John's father and Bill likes Bill's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's father and Bill likes Bill's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John's father and Bill likes Bill's
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+I guess it could also mean that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it could also mean that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it could also mean that they
+both like Seymour's father and some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like Seymour's father and some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like Seymour's father and some some
+other person yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person yeah
+I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that
+yeah so uh when we do Ellipsis we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh when we do Ellipsis we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh when we do Ellipsis we we
+have something that's missing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's missing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's missing that is
+understood as being the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as being the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as being the same as
+something that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's there
+um and I guess what we're learning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I guess what we're learning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I guess what we're learning here
+is that if I ask you what did you see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I ask you what did you see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I ask you what did you see if
+we want to think of that as involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think of that as involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think of that as involving
+Ellipsis we want to think of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis we want to think of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis we want to think of us
+ourselves as being required to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as being required to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as being required to fill in
+uh I saw anything we don't for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I saw anything we don't for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I saw anything we don't for example
+have the option of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of
+putting in didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in didn't see
+and that's got something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got something to do with the
+fact that the question doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the question doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the question doesn't have
+negation in it it's a positive question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation in it it's a positive question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation in it it's a positive question
+so a couple of ways of not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of ways of not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of ways of not being
+surprised by this fact does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by this fact does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by this fact does everybody
+sufficiently unsurprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently unsurprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently unsurprised
+how do you answer a question like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you answer a question like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you answer a question like this
+what did you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you see
+one way you can do it is by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can do it is by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can do it is by saying
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+so we have another kind of expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have another kind of expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have another kind of expression
+that you use that's negative all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use that's negative all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use that's negative all by
+itself it's not an NPI it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's not an NPI it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's not an NPI it doesn't need
+to combine with negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine with negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine with negation
+okay so far I'm just describing facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far I'm just describing facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far I'm just describing facts
+about the language that I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the language that I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the language that I'm speaking
+not just the language that I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the language that I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the language that I'm speaking
+there are plenty of languages like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages like this
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+are some Greek data that are the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some Greek data that are the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some Greek data that are the same so
+uh in Greek there's an expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Greek there's an expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Greek there's an expression which
+is like anything anybody here speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like anything anybody here speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like anything anybody here speak
+Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek
+cool then I will mispronounce Greek at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then I will mispronounce Greek at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then I will mispronounce Greek at
+you I'm afraid I don't speak Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm afraid I don't speak Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm afraid I don't speak Greek
+that means uh anything and it combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh anything and it combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh anything and it combines
+with the Greek word for not which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Greek word for not which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Greek word for not which is
+then uh and so you can say in Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and so you can say in Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and so you can say in Greek
+literally he or she didn't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally he or she didn't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally he or she didn't see anything
+with not then and then but tipata can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not then and then but tipata can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not then and then but tipata can't
+be in a positive sentence you can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a positive sentence you can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a positive sentence you can't say
+he or she saw anything and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she saw anything and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she saw anything and before
+anybody asks I don't know how to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody asks I don't know how to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody asks I don't know how to say
+things like I will eat anything in Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will eat anything in Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like I will eat anything in Greek
+I don't know whether they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether they can do that
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yeah so it was just to show you we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it was just to show you we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it was just to show you we've
+when we were talking about npis we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about npis we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about npis we were
+talking about English but it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about English but it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about English but it's not just
+an English thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an English thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an English thing it's
+cross-linguistically very common to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically very common to have
+npis for them to behave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npis for them to behave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npis for them to behave this
+Okay npi's negative polarity items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there is another kind of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is another kind of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is another kind of language
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+Ukrainian sentence in Ukrainian if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian sentence in Ukrainian if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian sentence in Ukrainian if I ask
+you who did you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who did you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who did you tell
+a possible response is this word which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible response is this word which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible response is this word which I
+won't try to pronounce because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try to pronounce because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try to pronounce because I don't
+speak Ukrainian we might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Ukrainian we might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Ukrainian we might as well
+translate it as nobody because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it as nobody because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it as nobody because it's a
+possible response that means I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible response that means I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible response that means I didn't
+tell anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody want to pronounce this word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to pronounce this word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to pronounce this word for
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but Ukrainian is different from English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Ukrainian is different from English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Ukrainian is different from English
+in that the same word nikomu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the same word nikomu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the same word nikomu
+can combine with their negation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine with their negation so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine with their negation so it's
+not an NPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an NPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an NPI
+it can combine with their negation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can combine with their negation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can combine with their negation and
+the result is a single negation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is a single negation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is a single negation so if
+you want to say I didn't tell anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say I didn't tell anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say I didn't tell anybody in
+Ukrainian you say nikomu that same word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian you say nikomu that same word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian you say nikomu that same word
+that you would use to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use to answer the
+question who did you tell we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who did you tell we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who did you tell we could think
+of that word as meaning nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that word as meaning nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that word as meaning nobody
+but uh if you want to say I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you want to say I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you want to say I didn't tell
+anybody in Ukrainian you used that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in Ukrainian you used that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in Ukrainian you used that word
+and you also use the word for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also use the word for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also use the word for not
+so you say literally I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say literally I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say literally I didn't tell
+nobody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody yeah
+yeah but they don't have so the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but they don't have so the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but they don't have so the word
+that doesn't mean so that means I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean so that means I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean so that means I didn't
+tell anybody that's what that means okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ukrainian is not the only language like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian is not the only language like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian is not the only language like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh Italian is like that so in Italian if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Italian is like that so in Italian if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Italian is like that so in Italian if
+I ask you what did you say see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you what did you say see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you what did you say see you can
+say in Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in Italian
+so we can translate as nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can translate as nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can translate as nothing
+but if you want to say I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to say I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to say I didn't see
+anything in Italian you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in Italian you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in Italian you say
+literally I have not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally I have not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally I have not seen
+nothing I have not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I have not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I have not seen
+so this is a different system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a different system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a different system right
+um in English we have these the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in English we have these the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in English we have these the language
+I'm speaking in Greek as well uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm speaking in Greek as well uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm speaking in Greek as well uh we we
+have these Expressions these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these Expressions these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these Expressions these negative
+polarity Expressions which aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity Expressions which aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity Expressions which aren't
+possible answers to positive questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers to positive questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answers to positive questions
+like what did you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did you see
+if I ask you what did you see you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you what did you see you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you what did you see you cannot
+say anything you have to say nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything you have to say nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything you have to say nothing
+if we use that as a test for whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use that as a test for whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use that as a test for whether
+we're looking at an NPI or not as a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at an NPI or not as a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at an NPI or not as a test
+for figuring out whether we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out whether we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out whether we're looking
+at anything or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything or nothing
+then Ukrainian and Italian and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Ukrainian and Italian and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Ukrainian and Italian and many
+other languages have a different system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages have a different system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages have a different system
+one in which instead of having npis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which instead of having npis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which instead of having npis you
+have these Expressions which express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these Expressions which express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these Expressions which express
+negation all by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation all by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation all by themselves
+which means things like nobody or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means things like nobody or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means things like nobody or
+nothing they can be answers to questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing they can be answers to questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing they can be answers to questions
+like who did you tell or what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who did you tell or what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who did you tell or what did you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+but in question statements that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in question statements that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in question statements that uh are
+longer than that that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than that that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than that that don't have
+Ellipsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellipsis
+um if you want to say things like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to say things like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to say things like I
+didn't see anything or I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see anything or I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see anything or I didn't tell
+anybody you use these same Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you use these same Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you use these same Expressions
+there isn't a specialized class of npis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a specialized class of npis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a specialized class of npis
+at least not for not for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not for not for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not for not for this kind of
+sentence is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence is that clear
+makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense okay
+the second kind of language is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind of language is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind of language is sometimes
+called a negative Concord language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a negative Concord language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a negative Concord language and
+let me give you some background for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some background for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some background for that
+Concord is a phenomenon which I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord is a phenomenon which I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord is a phenomenon which I think we
+haven't talked about in this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about in this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about in this class uh
+there are plenty of languages out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages out there
+in which when you have a noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which when you have a noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which when you have a noun phrase
+that has multiple things in it say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has multiple things in it say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has multiple things in it say it
+has their adjectives or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their adjectives or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their adjectives or there are
+demonstratives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the uh there will be morphology on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh there will be morphology on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh there will be morphology on
+the noun of a kind that we have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun of a kind that we have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun of a kind that we have talked
+about a little bit morphology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit morphology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit morphology that
+indicates things like this is masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates things like this is masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates things like this is masculine
+or this is feminine it tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is feminine it tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is feminine it tells you what
+noun class the noun is in or it'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun class the noun is in or it'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun class the noun is in or it'll tell
+you whether the noun is singular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether the noun is singular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether the noun is singular or
+plural or sometimes they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural or sometimes they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural or sometimes they'll be
+morphology telling you the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology telling you the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology telling you the case of the
+noun whether it's a subject or an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun whether it's a subject or an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun whether it's a subject or an object
+or something else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else yeah
+um so Italian is a language for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Italian is a language for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Italian is a language for example
+in which there's Concord the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there's Concord the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there's Concord the word for
+butterfly in Italian is and the ah at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly in Italian is and the ah at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly in Italian is and the ah at
+the end marks the butterfly as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end marks the butterfly as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end marks the butterfly as being
+singular and also feminine it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and also feminine it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and also feminine it's in the
+feminine noun class of the feminine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine noun class of the feminine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine noun class of the feminine
+gender yeah and to say that it's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender yeah and to say that it's of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender yeah and to say that it's of the
+feminine gender is to say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine gender is to say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine gender is to say that if you
+want to modify this butterfly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to modify this butterfly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to modify this butterfly with
+adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives
+um a beautiful butterfly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a beautiful butterfly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a beautiful butterfly is
+so you you use the feminine marker on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you use the feminine marker on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you use the feminine marker on
+the adjective as well as on the noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective as well as on the noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective as well as on the noun and
+if you want to say this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say this beautiful
+butterfly well you use that ah again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly well you use that ah again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly well you use that ah again so
+this beautiful butterfly you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful butterfly you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful butterfly you can see
+there are three odds yeah all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three odds yeah all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three odds yeah all of them
+saying over and over again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying over and over again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying over and over again this
+butterfly is feminine and singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly is feminine and singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly is feminine and singular
+uh you don't just realize that fact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't just realize that fact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't just realize that fact on
+the butterfly itself you kind of realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the butterfly itself you kind of realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the butterfly itself you kind of realize
+it all over the noun phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all over the noun phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all over the noun phrase
+and if any of you have studied this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any of you have studied this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if any of you have studied this is
+cross-linguistically a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically a very popular
+phenomenon it's all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's all over the
+Indo-European languages English doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages English doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indo-European languages English doesn't
+have it because we're not big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it because we're not big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it because we're not big on
+morphology in general but especially not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology in general but especially not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology in general but especially not
+on our nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our nouns
+um and uh but it's you know widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh but it's you know widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh but it's you know widespread
+if you study Italian or Spanish or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study Italian or Spanish or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study Italian or Spanish or
+French or German you'll have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or German you'll have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or German you'll have to learn
+about things like this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like this yeah
+uh and it's found outside Indo-European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's found outside Indo-European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's found outside Indo-European
+as well so there's a laredale example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there's a laredale example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there's a laredale example
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this big rock this is an accusative big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big rock this is an accusative big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big rock this is an accusative big
+rock it's the kind of phrase you'd use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock it's the kind of phrase you'd use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock it's the kind of phrase you'd use
+to say you know I picked up this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know I picked up this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you know I picked up this big
+rock say it's an object you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock say it's an object you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock say it's an object you're going to
+Mark the rock with accusative but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark the rock with accusative but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark the rock with accusative but also
+the word for this and the word for big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for this and the word for big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for this and the word for big
+so this is called Concord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Concord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Concord
+um and there's a an Icelandic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a an Icelandic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a an Icelandic example
+there which I took from a paper four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which I took from a paper four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which I took from a paper four
+little snails which are nominative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little snails which are nominative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little snails which are nominative uh
+four and little and snails all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and little and snails all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and little and snails all have
+suffixes on them telling you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes on them telling you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes on them telling you that the
+snails are nominative and masculine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snails are nominative and masculine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snails are nominative and masculine and
+plural yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural yeah
+um so uh Italian has Concord for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh Italian has Concord for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh Italian has Concord for uh
+number and gender so feminine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and gender so feminine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and gender so feminine and
+singular lardel has Concord just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular lardel has Concord just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular lardel has Concord just for
+case Icelandic has conquered for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Icelandic has conquered for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Icelandic has conquered for all
+three uh case number and gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh case number and gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh case number and gender
+Concords phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concords phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concords phenomenon
+it's a phenomenon with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a phenomenon with the following
+shape sometimes a fact in this case say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape sometimes a fact in this case say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape sometimes a fact in this case say
+the fact that a noun is feminine or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a noun is feminine or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a noun is feminine or that
+it's singular or that it's accusative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular or that it's accusative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular or that it's accusative is
+marked not just on the noun but on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked not just on the noun but on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked not just on the noun but on a
+bunch of things near the noun so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things near the noun so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things near the noun so the
+noun but also adjectives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun but also adjectives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun but also adjectives and
+demonstratives and other kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstratives and other kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstratives and other kinds of things
+okay it's called Concord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called Concord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's called Concord
+and to say that these languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that these languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that these languages are
+negative Concord languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord languages
+is to say yeah in a language like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say yeah in a language like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say yeah in a language like
+Italian if you want to say I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian if you want to say I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian if you want to say I didn't see
+anything you're going to Mark negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're going to Mark negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you're going to Mark negation
+not just in what's called sentential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in what's called sentential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in what's called sentential
+negation the the Italian word for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation the the Italian word for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation the the Italian word for not
+which is known uh yes you'll use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known uh yes you'll use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known uh yes you'll use that
+word but you'll also mark it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but you'll also mark it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but you'll also mark it on the
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+it'll say if in effect I not saw nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll say if in effect I not saw nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll say if in effect I not saw nothing
+that's how you do this in Italian or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do this in Italian or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do this in Italian or a
+Ukrainian or Russian or resilient other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian or Russian or resilient other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukrainian or Russian or resilient other
+languages yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages yeah
+um lots of languages that do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of languages that do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of languages that do this
+negative Concord languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord languages
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have talked about English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have talked about English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have talked about English
+as though English has negative polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though English has negative polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though English has negative polarity
+items and that is true of the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and that is true of the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and that is true of the version of
+English that I am speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that I am speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that I am speaking
+but there are other versions of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other versions of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other versions of English
+in which there is instead negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is instead negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is instead negative
+Concord so there are versions of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord so there are versions of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord so there are versions of English
+in which the right way to say I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the right way to say I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the right way to say I didn't
+see anything is I didn't see nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything is I didn't see nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything is I didn't see nothing
+um uh in which that's the the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in which that's the the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in which that's the the way you
+you say this has anybody encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this has anybody encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this has anybody encountered
+this version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of English
+did anybody grow up speaking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody grow up speaking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody grow up speaking this
+version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English
+yes yeah sort of so I grew up in Alabama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah sort of so I grew up in Alabama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah sort of so I grew up in Alabama
+I was surrounded by people who who spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was surrounded by people who who spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was surrounded by people who who spoke
+this version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of English
+um uh I grew up in Alabama in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I grew up in Alabama in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I grew up in Alabama in a
+University Town my parents are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Town my parents are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Town my parents are from
+further north so I have always had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further north so I have always had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further north so I have always had the
+accent that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent that I have
+um made was the the beginning of a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made was the the beginning of a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made was the the beginning of a long
+life of being peculiar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of being peculiar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of being peculiar uh
+surrounded by people who talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who talk
+differently than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than me
+um and uh one of the things that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh one of the things that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh one of the things that I did
+was that I I spoke you know negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I I spoke you know negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I I spoke you know negative
+polarity item English not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity item English not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity item English not negative
+Concord English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord English
+um but we were given tests when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we were given tests when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we were given tests when I was a
+kid I noticed recently my son who's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid I noticed recently my son who's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid I noticed recently my son who's in
+fifth grade he's also given you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade he's also given you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth grade he's also given you know
+tests and homework assignments in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and homework assignments in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and homework assignments in which
+he is asked uh to fix problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is asked uh to fix problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is asked uh to fix problems with
+sentences so sometimes the sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences so sometimes the sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences so sometimes the sentence is
+you know the capitalization is wrong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the capitalization is wrong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the capitalization is wrong or
+there's a word that's misspelled or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word that's misspelled or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a word that's misspelled or you
+know the punctuation is wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the punctuation is wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the punctuation is wrong but
+sometimes the sentences have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the sentences have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the sentences have negative
+Concord in them and his job is to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord in them and his job is to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord in them and his job is to say no
+that's not the right way to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way to speak
+English you should speak uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you should speak uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you should speak uh you should
+have npis you shouldn't have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have npis you shouldn't have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have npis you shouldn't have negative
+Concord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord
+um I remember taking tests like that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I remember taking tests like that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I remember taking tests like that too
+those of you who grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who grew up in
+English-speaking places do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English-speaking places do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English-speaking places do you remember
+being given tests like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given tests like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given tests like this
+so these are tests in which people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are tests in which people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are tests in which people are
+checking which dialect of English do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking which dialect of English do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking which dialect of English do you
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+are you from a Checkers family or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you from a Checkers family or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you from a Checkers family or a
+chess family right and if you're from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess family right and if you're from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess family right and if you're from a
+Checkers family these tests are easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers family these tests are easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Checkers family these tests are easy for
+you yeah because well Checkers is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah because well Checkers is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah because well Checkers is what
+you play at home yeah it's easy uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play at home yeah it's easy uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play at home yeah it's easy uh but
+if you're from a jazz family uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're from a jazz family uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're from a jazz family uh then you
+have to remember oh yeah I'm surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember oh yeah I'm surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember oh yeah I'm surrounded
+by people who don't believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who don't believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who don't believe in the
+existence of Chess right they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of Chess right they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of Chess right they only
+believe in checkers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in checkers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in checkers yeah
+so it's your job to to try to pretend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's your job to to try to pretend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's your job to to try to pretend to
+be a speaker of this other dialect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a speaker of this other dialect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a speaker of this other dialect of
+English to put it another way if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English to put it another way if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English to put it another way if you're
+growing up in the states and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in the states and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in the states and I think
+this is not just true of the states this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just true of the states this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just true of the states this
+is you know pretty common in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know pretty common in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know pretty common in a lot of
+places there are a variety of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there are a variety of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places there are a variety of ways to
+speak the majority language and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the majority language and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the majority language and there's
+a certain set of them that are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of them that are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of them that are um
+approved that schools approve of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved that schools approve of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved that schools approve of and
+there are others that schools feel it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that schools feel it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that schools feel it's
+their job to try to steer you away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job to try to steer you away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job to try to steer you away from
+even if it's in fact your native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's in fact your native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's in fact your native
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+this is a tricky position for schools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tricky position for schools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tricky position for schools to
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+does this ring true with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this ring true with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this ring true with your
+experiences in school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in school
+do you remember doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember doing this
+there's this weird disconnect between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this weird disconnect between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this weird disconnect between
+different kinds of things that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things that happen
+negative Concord is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord is the kind of thing
+that I was explicitly taught not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was explicitly taught not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was explicitly taught not to do
+um and when I was growing up in Alabama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when I was growing up in Alabama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when I was growing up in Alabama
+I could see why they were teaching us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could see why they were teaching us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could see why they were teaching us
+not to do this because well uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this because well uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do this because well uh I was
+surrounded by people who were doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who were doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by people who were doing it
+and so you know you could see why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you could see why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you could see why the
+teachers felt as though they had to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers felt as though they had to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers felt as though they had to they
+had to stamp it out like I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to stamp it out like I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to stamp it out like I said it
+wasn't my dialect of English so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't my dialect of English so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't my dialect of English so it was
+uh these these tests were easier for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these tests were easier for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these tests were easier for me
+there are other kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh are not have not been targeted by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not have not been targeted by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not have not been targeted by um
+uh by education and so they have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by education and so they have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by education and so they have kind of
+a different status this is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different status this is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different status this is another one
+um the percentage sign at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the percentage sign at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the percentage sign at the beginning
+of this sentence is a mark linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence is a mark linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence is a mark linguist
+sometimes used to indicate that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes used to indicate that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes used to indicate that some
+speakers accept this and others don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers accept this and others don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers accept this and others don't
+that's what the percentage sign is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the percentage sign is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the percentage sign is for
+so you guys have seen stars on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys have seen stars on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys have seen stars on things
+that say they're in grammatical uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say they're in grammatical uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say they're in grammatical uh other
+kinds of marks percentage sign says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of marks percentage sign says a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of marks percentage sign says a
+certain percentage of English speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of English speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain percentage of English speakers
+can say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say this
+um so I grew up with this it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I grew up with this it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I grew up with this it's called
+positive anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive anymore
+um this is a version of English in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a version of English in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a version of English in which
+you can say things like I used to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say things like I used to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say things like I used to walk
+to work but anymore I take the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there anybody here who can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody here who can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody here who can do this
+yes cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's interesting yeah okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's interesting yeah okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's interesting yeah okay cool
+is there anybody else who can do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody else who can do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody else who can do this is
+there anybody who is looking at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody who is looking at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody who is looking at this and
+wondering if I suffered some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if I suffered some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if I suffered some kind of
+injury on the way to class today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury on the way to class today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury on the way to class today and
+like this can't possibly yeah okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can't possibly yeah okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this can't possibly yeah okay so I
+often when I I get to this slide in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I I get to this slide in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when I I get to this slide in this
+lecture I get these kinds of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I get these kinds of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I get these kinds of looks
+they're like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like what
+um so I don't come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't come from a
+Spanish-speaking background I come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish-speaking background I come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish-speaking background I come from
+a West Virginia background so my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a West Virginia background so my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a West Virginia background so my mother
+is from West Virginia and uh positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from West Virginia and uh positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from West Virginia and uh positive
+anymore is a feature of the area around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is a feature of the area around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is a feature of the area around
+West Virginia and Pennsylvania uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Virginia and Pennsylvania uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Virginia and Pennsylvania uh
+there's this this place where if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this place where if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this place where if you go
+there you will hear people saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you will hear people saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you will hear people saying things
+like this uh it means something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh it means something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh it means something like
+these days anymore so anymore I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days anymore so anymore I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days anymore so anymore I take the
+tea means you know as of now I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea means you know as of now I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea means you know as of now I take the
+tea for me at least I was doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea for me at least I was doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea for me at least I was doing some
+Googling about it it's most common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling about it it's most common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling about it it's most common in
+places like this where you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like this where you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like this where you're sort of
+contrasting the modern day with the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting the modern day with the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting the modern day with the past
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so here's another place where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's another place where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's another place where my
+English is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is odd
+uh and I'm very much in the minority so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm very much in the minority so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm very much in the minority so
+there's me and there's Faith sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's me and there's Faith sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's me and there's Faith sort of in
+Faith's brother yeah and the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith's brother yeah and the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith's brother yeah and the rest of you
+have me out voted yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have me out voted yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have me out voted yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this particular feature of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this particular feature of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this particular feature of you know
+a certain Regional version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain Regional version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain Regional version of English
+is somehow not on the radar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow not on the radar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow not on the radar of the
+people who write textbooks so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who write textbooks so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who write textbooks so I don't
+remember any teacher ever telling me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any teacher ever telling me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any teacher ever telling me not
+to do this I think people don't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I think people don't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this I think people don't didn't
+notice that I was doing this I got away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I was doing this I got away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I was doing this I got away
+with it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it yeah
+um uh but yes this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but yes this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but yes this is a this is a
+feature of some versions of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of some versions of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of some versions of English
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+similarly we've talked about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've talked about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we've talked about other
+things in this class so you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this class so you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this class so you know people
+vary to their to the ex about the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary to their to the ex about the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary to their to the ex about the extent
+their phonological differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phonological differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phonological differences between
+different versions of English uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of English uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of English uh people
+vary with respect to whether the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with respect to whether the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with respect to whether the name
+Mary and the adjective Mary and the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and the adjective Mary and the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and the adjective Mary and the verb
+Mary sound the same to me they do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary sound the same to me they do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary sound the same to me they do all
+sound the same but there are people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the same but there are people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the same but there are people for
+whom the verb in particular is marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the verb in particular is marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the verb in particular is marry
+different vowel and I believe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vowel and I believe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vowel and I believe there are
+even people for whom all three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people for whom all three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even people for whom all three of them
+have different pronunciations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different pronunciations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different pronunciations
+feature of the area around New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the area around New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the area around New York and
+New Jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Jersey
+whether you speak like this or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I grew up in Alabama where 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I grew up in Alabama where 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I grew up in Alabama where 10 and
+10 sound pretty similar they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 sound pretty similar they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 sound pretty similar they're both
+like Pian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pian
+I grew up in Alabama where the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in Alabama where the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in Alabama where the default
+word for a soft drink is a Coke so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a soft drink is a Coke so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a soft drink is a Coke so a
+fizzy drink with lots of sugar in it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizzy drink with lots of sugar in it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fizzy drink with lots of sugar in it I
+think I'm now let's see I live in a soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm now let's see I live in a soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm now let's see I live in a soda
+place now right don't aren't we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place now right don't aren't we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place now right don't aren't we aren't
+we this is a soda part of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is a soda part of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is a soda part of the world and
+there's a pop part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pop part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pop part of the world
+um who here grew up saying soda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who here grew up saying soda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who here grew up saying soda for
+those kinds of drinks did anybody grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of drinks did anybody grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of drinks did anybody grow
+up saying pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up saying pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up saying pop
+oh your mom did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh your mom did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh your mom did
+and did she she survived to adulthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did she she survived to adulthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did she she survived to adulthood
+and she's okay yes okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's okay yes okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's okay yes okay cool
+um and uh did anybody grow up saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh did anybody grow up saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh did anybody grow up saying
+Coke for these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke for these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke for these kinds of things
+well well yeah Peter did because Peter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well yeah Peter did because Peter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well yeah Peter did because Peter's
+like me he's from the south where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me he's from the south where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me he's from the south where are
+you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from
+yeah okay so so Southerners represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so Southerners represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so Southerners represent
+um uh so in my version of English the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so in my version of English the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so in my version of English the
+version of English I grew up with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English I grew up with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English I grew up with uh
+Coke was the default uh name for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke was the default uh name for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke was the default uh name for all of
+these things it's kind of like Xerox for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's kind of like Xerox for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's kind of like Xerox for
+uh for copying machine or whatever so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for copying machine or whatever so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for copying machine or whatever so uh
+people would ask questions like would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would ask questions like would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would ask questions like would
+you like a Coke and if the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a Coke and if the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like a Coke and if the answer was
+yes the next question was okay so would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the next question was okay so would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the next question was okay so would
+you like Sprite or Mountain Dew you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like Sprite or Mountain Dew you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like Sprite or Mountain Dew you know
+because that's that's what we've got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's what we've got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's what we've got um
+uh so coke is just sort of the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so coke is just sort of the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so coke is just sort of the default
+the default word for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default word for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default word for these kinds of
+beverages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+and this is a a place another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a a place another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a a place another place
+where languages or dialect of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where languages or dialect of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where languages or dialect of English
+vary a lot from each other with from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a lot from each other with from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary a lot from each other with from
+each other English used to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other English used to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other English used to have a
+distinction between singular U which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between singular U which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between singular U which was
+pronounced vowel and plural U which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced vowel and plural U which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced vowel and plural U which was
+pronounced U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced U
+and the plural U was also used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plural U was also used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plural U was also used for
+formal and then it kind of took over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal and then it kind of took over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal and then it kind of took over so
+it got used both for singular and plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got used both for singular and plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got used both for singular and plural
+and modern sort of Standard English the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern sort of Standard English the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modern sort of Standard English the
+version of English that I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English that I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English that I'm sort of
+currently speaking doesn't distinguish U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently speaking doesn't distinguish U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently speaking doesn't distinguish U
+singular and U plural but it's handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and U plural but it's handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and U plural but it's handy
+being able to distinguish you singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to distinguish you singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to distinguish you singular
+and you plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you plural
+um and so various dialects of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so various dialects of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so various dialects of English
+have come up with solutions for this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with solutions for this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with solutions for this I
+come from the y'all part of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the y'all part of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the y'all part of the country
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um I used y'all until I came up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I used y'all until I came up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I used y'all until I came up here and
+then I was mocked into coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was mocked into coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was mocked into coming up with
+other Expressions I seem to have fallen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Expressions I seem to have fallen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Expressions I seem to have fallen
+into you guys as the ex the plural of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you guys as the ex the plural of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you guys as the ex the plural of
+you which I wish I didn't have because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which I wish I didn't have because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which I wish I didn't have because
+you guys I think of as being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I think of as being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I think of as being sort of
+markedly masculine so I need to like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markedly masculine so I need to like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markedly masculine so I need to like I
+don't know embark on a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know embark on a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know embark on a series of
+self-hypnosis sessions or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-hypnosis sessions or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-hypnosis sessions or something like
+that and get myself back to using y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get myself back to using y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get myself back to using y'all
+um and then there is a um again an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there is a um again an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there is a um again an area
+I think around Pittsburgh where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think around Pittsburgh where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think around Pittsburgh where people
+say Youngs as the organs as the plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Youngs as the organs as the plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Youngs as the organs as the plural
+view did anybody here grow up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view did anybody here grow up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view did anybody here grow up with an
+interesting plural for you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting plural for you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting plural for you yeah
+so basically I believe Minnesota I grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically I believe Minnesota I grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically I believe Minnesota I grew
+up in like a very small town with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in like a very small town with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in like a very small town with a very
+very high Dutch population where a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Dutch population where a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Dutch population where a lot
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+use oh yeah I left use out of here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oh yeah I left use out of here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use oh yeah I left use out of here yeah
+you're absolutely right so uh use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right so uh use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right so uh use is
+absolutely another option anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely another option anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely another option anybody else
+have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another
+option y'all I think y'all is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option y'all I think y'all is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option y'all I think y'all is still
+markedly Southern right if I were to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markedly Southern right if I were to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markedly Southern right if I were to say
+y'all people would think of think of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all people would think of think of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all people would think of think of me
+as being from Alabama which I am yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being from Alabama which I am yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being from Alabama which I am yeah
+Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+they have heard people say kids is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have heard people say kids is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have heard people say kids is like
+wow but they might have just been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow but they might have just been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow but they might have just been like
+in this family family oh okay yes that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this family family oh okay yes that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this family family oh okay yes that I
+could kind of get a handle on I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of get a handle on I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could kind of get a handle on I thought
+of the plural as being yins but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plural as being yins but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plural as being yins but maybe
+maybe there's also yinzas this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's also yinzas this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's also yinzas this is a
+thing that happens actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens actually that
+something that was already plural gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was already plural gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was already plural gets
+marked plural again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked plural again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked plural again
+um this is the story of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the story of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the story of children
+um which you know plural child used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know plural child used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know plural child used to
+be children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be children
+um and then ER became a very uncommon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then ER became a very uncommon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then ER became a very uncommon in
+fact children was the only noun that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact children was the only noun that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact children was the only noun that had
+Ur for its plural and so people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ur for its plural and so people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ur for its plural and so people just
+added another plural at the end that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added another plural at the end that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added another plural at the end that you
+get in Oxen uh and so now it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in Oxen uh and so now it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in Oxen uh and so now it's like
+child's uh children that's that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's uh children that's that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's uh children that's that's our
+modern word for child so the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern word for child so the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern word for child so the German
+plural for childish kinda still has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural for childish kinda still has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural for childish kinda still has that
+stuff about ER suffix same deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about ER suffix same deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about ER suffix same deal
+um so you know big surprise there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know big surprise there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know big surprise there are
+different dialects of English there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of English there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of English there are
+different dialects of lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of lots of different
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+I'm bringing this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bringing this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm bringing this up
+um uh for a variety of reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for a variety of reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for a variety of reasons one is
+that there's a model that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a model that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a model that you get
+exposed to at least in school and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to at least in school and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to at least in school and at
+least I was see whether all of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I was see whether all of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I was see whether all of you were
+uh in which well okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which well okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which well okay there are
+different dialects of English but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of English but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialects of English but
+there's a correct version of English and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a correct version of English and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a correct version of English and
+then there are failures to speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are failures to speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are failures to speak the
+correct version of English like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct version of English like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct version of English like that's
+the that's the picture you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the picture you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the picture you're you're
+given in like English classes so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in like English classes so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in like English classes so you're
+given assignments like the one I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given assignments like the one I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given assignments like the one I was
+just talking about from my son where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about from my son where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about from my son where
+it's like fix the problems in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like fix the problems in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like fix the problems in these
+sentences and some of the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and some of the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and some of the problems are
+things like oh this person apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh this person apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh this person apparently
+speaks a different dialect of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks a different dialect of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks a different dialect of English
+can't have that right that's wrong gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that right that's wrong gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that right that's wrong gotta
+fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that
+is that the picture of English that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the picture of English that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the picture of English that you
+guys grew up with as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys grew up with as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys grew up with as well
+and so just to be clear I mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to be clear I mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to be clear I mean if we
+were going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to figure out
+what counts as English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as English
+um uh you know these these descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know these these descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know these these descriptions
+are things that people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that people talk about
+maybe so from give from your reactions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so from give from your reactions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so from give from your reactions I
+think maybe nobody had exposed most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe nobody had exposed most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe nobody had exposed most of
+you to positive anymore so don't say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to positive anymore so don't say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to positive anymore so don't say you
+didn't learn anything in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't learn anything in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't learn anything in this class
+positive anymore it exists it's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive anymore it exists it's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive anymore it exists it's a thing
+um but uh you know these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh you know these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh you know these kinds of things
+are things that people talk about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that people talk about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that people talk about about
+they're being you know variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being you know variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being you know variations in
+English and people's reactions to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and people's reactions to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and people's reactions to these
+variations vary so I think probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations vary so I think probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations vary so I think probably I
+never got an assignment uh in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got an assignment uh in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got an assignment uh in English
+class growing up in Alabama in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class growing up in Alabama in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class growing up in Alabama in which
+somebody said uh fix the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said uh fix the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said uh fix the problem with
+this sentence and the problem was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence and the problem was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sentence and the problem was uh
+would you like a Coke yes I'd like a I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like a Coke yes I'd like a I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like a Coke yes I'd like a I'd
+like a Sprite nobody said oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Sprite nobody said oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Sprite nobody said oh this is
+wrong you should change Coke to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you should change Coke to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you should change Coke to you know
+soda or pop uh when I was growing up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda or pop uh when I was growing up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda or pop uh when I was growing up in
+Alabama you know when we wanted to mock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alabama you know when we wanted to mock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alabama you know when we wanted to mock
+people from the north and it was a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the north and it was a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the north and it was a thing
+we did sometimes we would you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did sometimes we would you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did sometimes we would you know we
+would use words like pop and soda like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use words like pop and soda like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use words like pop and soda like
+we thought that was funny that y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that was funny that y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that was funny that y'all
+y'all talked this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all talked this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all talked this way
+um excuse me so there are some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me so there are some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me so there are some of these
+kinds of things that are not the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that are not the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that are not the subject
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um uh deliberate repression by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh deliberate repression by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh deliberate repression by the
+educational system but there are others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system but there are others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational system but there are others
+that are like negative Concord so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like negative Concord so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like negative Concord so
+they're dialect of English that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dialect of English that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dialect of English that have
+negative Concord dialects of English in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord dialects of English in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord dialects of English in
+which you say I didn't see nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you say I didn't see nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you say I didn't see nothing I
+haven't done nothing and those dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done nothing and those dialects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done nothing and those dialects
+are the subject of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the subject of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the subject of you know
+um deliberate repression by teachers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deliberate repression by teachers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deliberate repression by teachers so
+teachers attempt to stop you from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers attempt to stop you from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers attempt to stop you from doing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and if you've ever heard uh speakers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've ever heard uh speakers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you've ever heard uh speakers of
+um I've some websites coming up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've some websites coming up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've some websites coming up on the
+next slide I'll put these links up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide I'll put these links up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide I'll put these links up on
+the on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the website
+um there are people who self-describe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are people who self-describe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are people who self-describe as
+speakers of English who I at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English who I at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English who I at least have
+a very difficult time understanding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult time understanding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult time understanding so
+one of the websites I'll show you is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the websites I'll show you is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the websites I'll show you is to
+the the Scots dialect Atlas there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Scots dialect Atlas there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Scots dialect Atlas there's this
+uh wonderful group of linguists who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wonderful group of linguists who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wonderful group of linguists who are
+going around various parts of Scotland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around various parts of Scotland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around various parts of Scotland
+uh chronicling uh different aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chronicling uh different aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chronicling uh different aspects of
+regional speech in various places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional speech in various places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional speech in various places and
+these people are not speaking a Celtic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are not speaking a Celtic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are not speaking a Celtic
+language they're not speaking Gaelic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they're not speaking Gaelic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they're not speaking Gaelic
+they would describe themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would describe themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would describe themselves as
+speaking English but uh boy you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking English but uh boy you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking English but uh boy you can't
+tell I'm listening to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell I'm listening to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell I'm listening to some of these
+recordings uh it's it's very it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings uh it's it's very it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings uh it's it's very it's very
+opaque I um when we uh I had a uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque I um when we uh I had a uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque I um when we uh I had a uh when I
+was in grad school there was a guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in grad school there was a guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in grad school there was a guy in
+the class above my linguist really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class above my linguist really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class above my linguist really
+excellent linguist named Andrew Carney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent linguist named Andrew Carney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent linguist named Andrew Carney
+who's teaching at University of Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's teaching at University of Arizona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's teaching at University of Arizona
+and his he grew up in Canada but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his he grew up in Canada but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his he grew up in Canada but his
+parents were Scottish and they came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were Scottish and they came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents were Scottish and they came down
+when he graduated and I was sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he graduated and I was sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he graduated and I was sitting
+around with them attempting to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them attempting to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with them attempting to make
+small talk and I could just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small talk and I could just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small talk and I could just barely
+understand his mother but his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand his mother but his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand his mother but his father
+could have been speaking Hebrew I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been speaking Hebrew I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been speaking Hebrew I mean I
+just I had no idea and I can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I had no idea and I can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I had no idea and I can remember
+like sort of doing a lot of nodding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of doing a lot of nodding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of doing a lot of nodding and
+smiling like it was just opaque I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling like it was just opaque I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling like it was just opaque I
+couldn't understand this at all so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand this at all so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand this at all so but
+this is a guy who would have said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a guy who would have said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a guy who would have said that
+he was speaking English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was speaking English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was speaking English
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yeah and so here are some websites uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so here are some websites uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so here are some websites uh
+one uh to a group at Yale that's doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh to a group at Yale that's doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh to a group at Yale that's doing a
+study of dialect variation within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of dialect variation within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of dialect variation within
+English and and this other is the Scots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and and this other is the Scots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and and this other is the Scots
+uh syntax Atlas I'll put links to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh syntax Atlas I'll put links to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh syntax Atlas I'll put links to both
+of these up in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these up in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these up in the chat
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I've been talking about English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about English
+because you know here we are in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know here we are in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know here we are in America
+and I had this metaphor and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had this metaphor and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had this metaphor and everything
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um but this is a you know pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is a you know pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is a you know pretty common
+phenomenon there are lots of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon there are lots of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon there are lots of languages
+where there's Regional variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's Regional variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's Regional variation in the
+way the language is spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the language is spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the language is spoken
+and what we do in America about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do in America about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do in America about this uh
+where you fixate on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you fixate on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you fixate on particular
+properties of particular dialects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of particular dialects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of particular dialects and
+attempt to wipe them out things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to wipe them out things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to wipe them out things like
+negative Concord uh attempt I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord uh attempt I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord uh attempt I should say
+completely unsuccessfully so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unsuccessfully so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unsuccessfully so you know
+negative Concord has been around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord has been around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord has been around in
+English for centuries it's still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English for centuries it's still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English for centuries it's still around
+it's not clear that English teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that English teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that English teachers
+have ever had any effect on it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever had any effect on it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever had any effect on it but they
+have succeeded in probably not just them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded in probably not just them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded in probably not just them
+it's Society kind of generally have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Society kind of generally have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Society kind of generally have
+succeeded in making negative Concord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in making negative Concord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in making negative Concord
+stigmatized so we're all taught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatized so we're all taught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatized so we're all taught that
+negative Concord is uh illogical but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord is uh illogical but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Concord is uh illogical but you
+know to to negations make a positive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to negations make a positive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to negations make a positive is
+that something you were all you were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something you were all you were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something you were all you were all
+taught at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught at some point
+um so you know uh the next time someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh the next time someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know uh the next time someone
+tells you that negative if you ever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that negative if you ever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that negative if you ever in
+casual conversation have somebody tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual conversation have somebody tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual conversation have somebody tell
+you that negative Concord is illogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that negative Concord is illogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that negative Concord is illogical
+and that people who say I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that people who say I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that people who say I didn't see
+nothing uh they they just can't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh they they just can't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh they they just can't think
+straight you know they're not logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight you know they're not logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight you know they're not logical
+you should Point them to Ukrainian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should Point them to Ukrainian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should Point them to Ukrainian and
+Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+know there are plenty of languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are plenty of languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are plenty of languages out
+there where this is what you do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where this is what you do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there where this is what you do you know
+you know it's just that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just that there's a
+dialect of English that's like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English that's like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English that's like them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so but this is a question that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is a question that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is a question that comes up
+uh when people are doing things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people are doing things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when people are doing things like uh
+trying to count languages for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to count languages for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to count languages for example so
+if you're trying to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to figure out how many
+languages are spoken in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are spoken in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are spoken in the world
+um or if you're trying to make uh policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if you're trying to make uh policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if you're trying to make uh policy
+decisions about how many languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how many languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how many languages are
+spoken in the country or how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in the country or how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in the country or how many
+languages a government document ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages a government document ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages a government document ought to
+be translated into for example you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into for example you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into for example you have
+to make decisions about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions about how many
+languages there are where to draw lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are where to draw lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there are where to draw lines
+what counts as English what counts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as English what counts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as English what counts as
+Japanese or German how do you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or German how do you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or German how do you know if
+two people speak the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think what's the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think what's the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think what's the answer to
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are people clear on what the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people clear on what the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people clear on what the question is
+what's how do you decide if two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's how do you decide if two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's how do you decide if two people
+are speaking the same language or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are speaking the same language or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are speaking the same language or not
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a that's a popular answer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a popular answer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a popular answer yeah
+as a counter argument I had a friend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a counter argument I had a friend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a counter argument I had a friend in
+middle school which both German too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school which both German too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school which both German too and
+he spoke Italian back to me and I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he spoke Italian back to me and I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he spoke Italian back to me and I give
+you a little bit of Spanish and he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of Spanish and he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of Spanish and he knew
+like a little bit of like polish or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of like polish or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of like polish or
+something so we could kind of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we could kind of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we could kind of understand
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+that is an awesome story yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so this is uh I was going to use Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh I was going to use Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh I was going to use Spanish
+and Portuguese in just a second what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Portuguese in just a second what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Portuguese in just a second what I
+had heard about Spanish and Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had heard about Spanish and Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had heard about Spanish and Portuguese
+uh was and I heard this from Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was and I heard this from Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was and I heard this from Portuguese
+speakers so I don't know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers so I don't know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers so I don't know whether it's
+true Portuguese speakers believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Portuguese speakers believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Portuguese speakers believe that
+Portuguese speakers are better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese speakers are better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese speakers are better at
+understanding Spanish than Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Spanish than Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Spanish than Spanish
+speakers are at Understanding Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers are at Understanding Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers are at Understanding Portuguese
+I I don't know if this is true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if this is true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know if this is true or not
+Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's a that's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a that's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a that's a kind of
+thing Portuguese speakers say there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Portuguese speakers say there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Portuguese speakers say there are
+all kinds of reasons that it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of reasons that it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of reasons that it could be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um Portuguese has undergone various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Portuguese has undergone various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Portuguese has undergone various
+sound changes that uh have eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes that uh have eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound changes that uh have eliminated
+sounds that are present in Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are present in Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are present in Spanish
+um so I can get I don't know very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I can get I don't know very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I can get I don't know very much
+about either of these languages but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either of these languages but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either of these languages but for
+example the Spanish word for hot uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Spanish word for hot uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Spanish word for hot uh is
+Caliente
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caliente
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caliente
+and the Portuguese word for that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Portuguese word for that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Portuguese word for that I'll
+spell it in an IPA it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it in an IPA it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it in an IPA it's something like
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+so that's uh Brazilian Portuguese for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh Brazilian Portuguese for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh Brazilian Portuguese for
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+um and what's happened is first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what's happened is first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what's happened is first of all
+the the a has palatalized the T so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a has palatalized the T so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a has palatalized the T so it's
+become and you've also lost the final e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and you've also lost the final e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and you've also lost the final e
+right so T has become Chu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so T has become Chu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so T has become Chu
+and the final e is gone right uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final e is gone right uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final e is gone right uh and the
+intervocalic L is gone that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervocalic L is gone that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervocalic L is gone that's another
+thing that happened in the course of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened in the course of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened in the course of uh
+the evolution of Portuguese so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of Portuguese so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of Portuguese so and then
+some other fancy things happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fancy things happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other fancy things happen to the
+vowels so we ended up from Caliente to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels so we ended up from Caliente to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels so we ended up from Caliente to
+cane actually Portuguese isn't descended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane actually Portuguese isn't descended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane actually Portuguese isn't descended
+from Spanish these are both from Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm glad it became both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm glad it became both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm glad it became both of these
+forms uh Spanish was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh Spanish was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh Spanish was much more
+conservative and Portuguese has done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and Portuguese has done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and Portuguese has done a
+lot of things including getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things including getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things including getting rid of
+sounds that are still present in Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are still present in Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are still present in Spanish
+um and uh it's probably easier to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it's probably easier to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh it's probably easier to ignore
+sounds that are there which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are there which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are there which is what
+Portuguese speakers have to do if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese speakers have to do if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese speakers have to do if they
+want to understand uh Spanish than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand uh Spanish than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand uh Spanish than it is
+to figure out what sounds would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what sounds would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what sounds would have
+been there if they were not gone which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there if they were not gone which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there if they were not gone which
+is what Spanish speakers have to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Spanish speakers have to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Spanish speakers have to do when
+they're trying to understand Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to understand Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to understand Portuguese
+that's one Theory anyway about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one Theory anyway about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one Theory anyway about what's
+going on another is just that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on another is just that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on another is just that there are
+more situations in which Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more situations in which Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more situations in which Portuguese
+speakers need to understand Spanish than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers need to understand Spanish than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers need to understand Spanish than
+there are situations in which Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations in which Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations in which Spanish
+speakers need to understand Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers need to understand Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers need to understand Portuguese
+yeah so that's the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the kind of thing that
+may I I don't want to take on Katarina's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I I don't want to take on Katarina's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may I I don't want to take on Katarina's
+proposal which is a popular proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal which is a popular proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal which is a popular proposal
+it's about you know Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know Mutual
+intelligibility but there are places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligibility but there are places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligibility but there are places
+where the intelligibility is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the intelligibility is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the intelligibility is kind of
+one way or where in fact people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or where in fact people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or where in fact people who
+don't understand or don't have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand or don't have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand or don't have a common
+language can can speak to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language can can speak to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language can can speak to each other
+through the magic of interpretive dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the magic of interpretive dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the magic of interpretive dance
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens
+there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other
+examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here
+there's a a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a popular
+linguists response to that question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists response to that question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists response to that question how
+do you know when you're looking at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know when you're looking at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know when you're looking at two
+languages as opposed to it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as opposed to it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as opposed to it's often
+phrased as what two things count as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased as what two things count as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased as what two things count as two
+languages as opposed to two dialects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as opposed to two dialects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages as opposed to two dialects of
+a single language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single language
+um and there's a popular linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a popular linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a popular linguistic
+response to that which says uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that which says uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that which says uh you
+should really try to stop asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really try to stop asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really try to stop asking that
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so here are two classic statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here are two classic statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here are two classic statements
+from linguists about that one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linguists about that one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linguists about that one of them is
+by the the uh great uh Yiddish scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the uh great uh Yiddish scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the uh great uh Yiddish scholar
+Max weinrich who who said he said it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max weinrich who who said he said it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max weinrich who who said he said it is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+language is a dialect with an army and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a dialect with an army and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a dialect with an army and a
+Navy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navy
+um so what he meant was uh we don't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what he meant was uh we don't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what he meant was uh we don't draw
+distinctions like is this a language or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions like is this a language or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions like is this a language or
+a dialect on the basis of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialect on the basis of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialect on the basis of anything
+linguistic it's not about how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic it's not about how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic it's not about how different
+they are linguistically it's about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are linguistically it's about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are linguistically it's about uh
+political power uh about whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political power uh about whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political power uh about whether they're
+spoken in different countries or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in different countries or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in different countries or not
+so lots of kinds of cases including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of kinds of cases including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of kinds of cases including the
+Portuguese Spanish example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese Spanish example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portuguese Spanish example that we
+talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before
+Danish Norwegian and Swedish anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish Norwegian and Swedish anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish Norwegian and Swedish anybody
+speak any of those languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak any of those languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak any of those languages
+okay so I'm not making this up I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not making this up I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not making this up I promise
+um I was once on uh I was in Norway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was once on uh I was in Norway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was once on uh I was in Norway
+flying to a conference I was flying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to a conference I was flying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to a conference I was flying from
+Southern Norway up to Northern Norway up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern Norway up to Northern Norway up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southern Norway up to Northern Norway up
+to drumso I was sitting next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drumso I was sitting next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drumso I was sitting next to a
+Norwegian linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian linguist
+and you know we were flying Norwegian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we were flying Norwegian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we were flying Norwegian
+air and various people were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and various people were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and various people were making
+announcements over the so the captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements over the so the captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements over the so the captain
+came on and made an announcement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came on and made an announcement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came on and made an announcement in
+Norwegian a Plane full of Norwegians you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian a Plane full of Norwegians you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian a Plane full of Norwegians you
+know all of them are understanding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of them are understanding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of them are understanding uh
+the co-pilot came on and made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-pilot came on and made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-pilot came on and made an
+announcement in Norwegians and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in Norwegians and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in Norwegians and then
+somebody else came on I forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else came on I forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else came on I forget the
+Purser or something came on made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purser or something came on made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purser or something came on made an
+announcement in the Norwegian linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in the Norwegian linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement in the Norwegian linguist
+who was sitting next to me said he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was sitting next to me said he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was sitting next to me said he's
+speaking Danish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Danish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Danish
+um because there's no reason not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there's no reason not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because there's no reason not to
+apparently you know if you're speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently you know if you're speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently you know if you're speaking
+Danish to a bunch of Norwegians on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish to a bunch of Norwegians on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish to a bunch of Norwegians on
+Norwegian air ah they'll figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian air ah they'll figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian air ah they'll figure it out
+um so uh we call them Norwegian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh we call them Norwegian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh we call them Norwegian and
+danish because they're spoken in Norway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danish because they're spoken in Norway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danish because they're spoken in Norway
+in Denmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Denmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Denmark
+um and uh they are different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they are different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh they are different from each
+other actually Danish is more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actually Danish is more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actually Danish is more different
+from Norwegian and Swedish than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Norwegian and Swedish than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Norwegian and Swedish than
+Norwegian and Swedish are from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian and Swedish are from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norwegian and Swedish are from each
+other Norwegian and Swedish are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Norwegian and Swedish are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Norwegian and Swedish are quite
+similar in lots of ways Danish is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in lots of ways Danish is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in lots of ways Danish is a
+little bit different but as I say close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different but as I say close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different but as I say close
+enough that uh Norwegian air you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that uh Norwegian air you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that uh Norwegian air you can
+announce things in Danish probably helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce things in Danish probably helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce things in Danish probably helps
+that you know if you're announcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you're announcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if you're announcing
+something on a plane probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on a plane probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on a plane probably the
+passengers know what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers know what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers know what you're saying
+usually you know unless there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you know unless there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you know unless there's
+something unusual happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unusual happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unusual happening
+there are examples of the other kind too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of the other kind too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of the other kind too
+I've got Mandarin and Cantonese up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got Mandarin and Cantonese up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got Mandarin and Cantonese up here
+um uh I I encounter this a lot I work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I I encounter this a lot I work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I I encounter this a lot I work on
+Tagalog sometimes which is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog sometimes which is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog sometimes which is the language
+spoken in the Philippines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in the Philippines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in the Philippines the
+Philippines is a country with many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines is a country with many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines is a country with many many
+languages uh lots and lots of related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh lots and lots of related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh lots and lots of related
+languages but they are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but they are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but they are very different
+from each other in lots of ways so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other in lots of ways so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other in lots of ways so I
+speak Tagalog which is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Tagalog which is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Tagalog which is the language
+spoken around Manila if I'm listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken around Manila if I'm listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken around Manila if I'm listening to
+somebody speaking uh cebuano or ilocano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody speaking uh cebuano or ilocano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody speaking uh cebuano or ilocano
+or hiliganon or any of a zillion other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hiliganon or any of a zillion other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hiliganon or any of a zillion other
+languages that are spoken in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are spoken in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are spoken in the
+Philippines I cannot understand them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines I cannot understand them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines I cannot understand them I
+mean there is at least as different as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there is at least as different as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there is at least as different as
+uh Spanish and Italian you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spanish and Italian you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spanish and Italian you know you can
+tell they're related but uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell they're related but uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell they're related but uh quite
+different from each other but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other but uh
+Filipinos are used to calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Filipinos are used to calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Filipinos are used to calling them
+dialects uh so uh and I've had arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects uh so uh and I've had arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects uh so uh and I've had arguments
+with Filipinos in which uh I will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Filipinos in which uh I will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Filipinos in which uh I will ask
+one who's from some area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who's from some area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who's from some area of the
+Philippines far away from Manila I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines far away from Manila I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines far away from Manila I'll
+say what language do you speak and he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what language do you speak and he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what language do you speak and he'll
+say say oh I speak a dialect in Filipino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say oh I speak a dialect in Filipino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say oh I speak a dialect in Filipino
+I'll be like which dialect and he'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be like which dialect and he'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be like which dialect and he'll say
+cebuano yeah which is okay related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cebuano yeah which is okay related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cebuano yeah which is okay related to
+Tagalog but uh not mutually intelligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog but uh not mutually intelligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog but uh not mutually intelligible
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+something similar going on with mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar going on with mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar going on with mandarin
+and Cantonese we tend to call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cantonese we tend to call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cantonese we tend to call those
+dialects of Chinese because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of Chinese because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of Chinese because they're both
+spoken in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in China
+um but and they do use it's a beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and they do use it's a beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but and they do use it's a beauty of
+the Chinese writing system that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese writing system that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese writing system that if you
+write them down they look very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down they look very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down they look very similar
+but if you are speaking Cantonese to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are speaking Cantonese to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are speaking Cantonese to
+someone who only understands Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who only understands Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who only understands Mandarin
+then you will have a hard time getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will have a hard time getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will have a hard time getting
+anything across as my understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything across as my understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything across as my understanding
+they're they're different enough that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're different enough that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're different enough that uh
+you know they have different tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have different tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have different tone
+systems they have different phenologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have different phenologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have different phenologies
+the uh the um the Mandarin word for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the um the Mandarin word for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the um the Mandarin word for I
+the first person singular pronoun is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person singular pronoun is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person singular pronoun is one
+and Mandarin it's something like nah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mandarin it's something like nah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mandarin it's something like nah you
+know they're just different they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just different they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just different they're
+different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+oh sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Mandarin I think it's wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mandarin I think it's wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mandarin I think it's wall
+yeah and in Cantonese I believe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in Cantonese I believe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in Cantonese I believe it's not
+different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it's do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's do you
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+like the vowels pretty similar oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vowels pretty similar oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vowels pretty similar oh okay
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+the consonant is different okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consonant is different okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consonant is different okay cool
+thanks yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hundred percent like without even trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent like without even trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent like without even trying
+out like how do you know that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like how do you know that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like how do you know that it's just
+like oh yeah cool yeah so uh your mom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah cool yeah so uh your mom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah cool yeah so uh your mom is
+clearly linguistically gifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly linguistically gifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly linguistically gifted
+um I think if someone had you gave it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think if someone had you gave it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think if someone had you gave it to
+her written down no I just read it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her written down no I just read it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her written down no I just read it out
+oh you read it out loud wow so wait do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you read it out loud wow so wait do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you read it out loud wow so wait do
+you speak Italian no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak Italian no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak Italian no
+no you're pronouncing it out loud cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're pronouncing it out loud cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're pronouncing it out loud cool
+no that's awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's awesome
+um uh neat I I have had sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh neat I I have had sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh neat I I have had sort of the
+opposite experience I don't speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite experience I don't speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite experience I don't speak
+Spanish at all I speak a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish at all I speak a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish at all I speak a little bit of
+Italian and so I have attempted to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and so I have attempted to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian and so I have attempted to speak
+in Italian to Spanish speakers to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italian to Spanish speakers to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italian to Spanish speakers to which
+the response is always I don't speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is always I don't speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response is always I don't speak
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+okay sorry my Italian is not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry my Italian is not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry my Italian is not all that
+good maybe that was the problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good maybe that was the problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good maybe that was the problem yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh can I say that having almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh can I say that having almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh can I say that having almost the
+same next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so I wonder I mean so English if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I wonder I mean so English if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I wonder I mean so English if I
+if I understood what you said correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I understood what you said correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I understood what you said correctly
+there are a couple different I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple different I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple different I don't
+know if this is what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is what you're talking
+about there are a couple variations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are a couple variations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are a couple variations on
+the Chinese writing system I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese writing system I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese writing system I've heard
+them called the traditional and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them called the traditional and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them called the traditional and the
+simplified characters is is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified characters is is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified characters is is that what
+you're talking about where you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about where you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about where you you have
+slightly different ways of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different ways of writing
+particular characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular characters
+um is that what you mean when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that what you mean when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that what you mean when you say
+Mandarin and Cantonese are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin and Cantonese are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin and Cantonese are using
+different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's interesting okay yeah so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's interesting okay yeah so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's interesting okay yeah so I I
+don't know why that would be so look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why that would be so look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why that would be so look the
+the the different whatever we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different whatever we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different whatever we're going
+to call them within China because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them within China because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them within China because it's
+not just Mandarin and Cantonese you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just Mandarin and Cantonese you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just Mandarin and Cantonese you're
+absolutely right there are many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there are many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there are many of them
+um they're all related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're all related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're all related to each other
+they're they're members of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're members of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're members of a of a
+language family the Sino Tibetan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family the Sino Tibetan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family the Sino Tibetan
+language family it's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family it's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language family it's sometimes called
+um and my understanding is that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my understanding is that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and my understanding is that most of
+them have a lot in common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have a lot in common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have a lot in common uh
+syntactically like the basic word order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically like the basic word order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactically like the basic word order
+is the same uh and they have uh wh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same uh and they have uh wh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same uh and they have uh wh in
+situ and they have they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ and they have they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ and they have they have a lot of
+properties in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in common
+um there's a lot of careful work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of careful work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of careful work on the
+syntax of for example Mandarin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of for example Mandarin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of for example Mandarin and
+Cantonese showing that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cantonese showing that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cantonese showing that they're not
+exactly the same there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same there are lots of
+interesting distinctions between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distinctions between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distinctions between them so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+um Mandarin will allow you Mandarin has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mandarin will allow you Mandarin has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mandarin will allow you Mandarin has
+what are called numeral classifiers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called numeral classifiers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called numeral classifiers so
+if you want to count things there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to count things there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to count things there's a
+morpheme that goes between the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme that goes between the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme that goes between the number
+and the thing that you're counting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that you're counting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that you're counting which
+tells you something about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about the nature of
+what you're counting so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're counting so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're counting so if you want to
+say three books there's a morpheme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three books there's a morpheme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say three books there's a morpheme that
+goes between three and books that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between three and books that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes between three and books that sort
+of clarifies that it is a book you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clarifies that it is a book you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clarifies that it is a book you are
+talking about and you'll use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and you'll use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and you'll use that for
+anything book like if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything book like if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything book like if you're talking
+about three pens there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three pens there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three pens there's another
+classifier which is used for things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier which is used for things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier which is used for things that
+are you know long and thin things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know long and thin things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know long and thin things like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um Mandarin and Cantonese both have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mandarin and Cantonese both have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mandarin and Cantonese both have
+those Cantonese is unlike Mandarin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cantonese is unlike Mandarin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cantonese is unlike Mandarin and
+that it can use numeral classifiers even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can use numeral classifiers even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can use numeral classifiers even
+when there is no number so it can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no number so it can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no number so it can just
+uh start a noun phrase with a numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start a noun phrase with a numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start a noun phrase with a numeral
+classifier so there are those sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier so there are those sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier so there are those sort of
+smallish differences between these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallish differences between these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallish differences between these uh
+these approaches sorry you're raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches sorry you're raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches sorry you're raising
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay
+um uh there are those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there are those kinds of
+differences between uh between Mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh between Mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh between Mandarin
+and Cantonese but they they have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cantonese but they they have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cantonese but they they have many
+properties in common and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in common and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in common and I think this is
+probably true of a lot of the again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true of a lot of the again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably true of a lot of the again
+dialects or languages whatever we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects or languages whatever we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects or languages whatever we're
+going to call them within China that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them within China that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call them within China that uh
+you know uh hakka or Wu or whatever all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh hakka or Wu or whatever all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh hakka or Wu or whatever all
+of these different versions they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different versions they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different versions they they
+have lots of things in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of things in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of things in common
+um it's a property of the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a property of the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a property of the Chinese
+writing system uh that if you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing system uh that if you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing system uh that if you write a
+character down it sort of doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character down it sort of doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character down it sort of doesn't matter
+what language you're speaking right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what language you're speaking right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what language you're speaking right so
+for that matter if I were to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter if I were to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter if I were to write
+English using Chinese characters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English using Chinese characters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English using Chinese characters uh
+someone who didn't speak English but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who didn't speak English but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who didn't speak English but
+could read Chinese characters would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read Chinese characters would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read Chinese characters would
+probably be able to figure out what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be able to figure out what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be able to figure out what I
+had written down right so you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down right so you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down right so you know if I
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+this symbol this is the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symbol this is the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symbol this is the Chinese
+character for a person I apologize my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for a person I apologize my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for a person I apologize my my
+handwriting is bad in every language but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting is bad in every language but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting is bad in every language but
+it's something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like this
+um you know that's got a pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's got a pronunciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's got a pronunciation
+in Mandarin and something like Rin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mandarin and something like Rin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mandarin and something like Rin
+um it's if I decided to write English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's if I decided to write English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's if I decided to write English
+using Chinese characters I would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Chinese characters I would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Chinese characters I would use
+this character for the word person right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character for the word person right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character for the word person right
+uh and you know it would be your job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know it would be your job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you know it would be your job to
+read it as person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it as person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it as person
+um and you if you again if you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you if you again if you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you if you again if you knew
+Chinese characters but couldn't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese characters but couldn't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese characters but couldn't didn't
+speak any English you'd be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak any English you'd be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak any English you'd be able to read
+that not because you knew English but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not because you knew English but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not because you knew English but
+because you knew these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you knew these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you knew these characters
+and the you know when Mandarin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know when Mandarin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the you know when Mandarin and
+Cantonese speakers if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cantonese speakers if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cantonese speakers if you have a
+monolingual Mandarin speaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingual Mandarin speaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingual Mandarin speaker and
+monolingual news speaker and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingual news speaker and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingual news speaker and they're
+both writing things down if they do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both writing things down if they do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both writing things down if they do use
+the same characters they'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same characters they'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same characters they'll be able to
+read uh uh each will be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh uh each will be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh uh each will be able to read
+what the other has written but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other has written but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other has written but it's not
+that that doesn't have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't have anything to do
+with whether they speak the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whether they speak the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with whether they speak the same
+language or not it's a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or not it's a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or not it's a property of the
+Chinese writing system you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese writing system you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese writing system you're you're
+writing down uh not sounds but words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down uh not sounds but words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down uh not sounds but words in
+a sense does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense does that make sense
+very long involved response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long involved response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long involved response
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so various examples server creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so various examples server creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so various examples server creation
+is another example down here you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example down here you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another example down here you have to
+be careful who there used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful who there used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful who there used to be a
+language that was called servocreation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that was called servocreation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that was called servocreation
+uh before the breakup of the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before the breakup of the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before the breakup of the former
+Yugoslavia uh there are now uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia uh there are now uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia uh there are now uh people
+who are very Fierce about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are very Fierce about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are very Fierce about the fact that
+there are distinct languages Serbian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are distinct languages Serbian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are distinct languages Serbian and
+Croatian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croatian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Croatian
+um they are again uh written with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are again uh written with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are again uh written with
+different writing systems actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different writing systems actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different writing systems actually
+different alphabets and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alphabets and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alphabets and there are
+differences in their grammars um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in their grammars um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in their grammars um and uh
+but the fact that people are Fierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that people are Fierce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that people are Fierce
+about them being different languages has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them being different languages has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them being different languages has
+to do with where National Border Lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with where National Border Lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with where National Border Lines
+have been drawn other things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drawn other things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drawn other things about
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+popular linguist response to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular linguist response to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular linguist response to this
+question how do you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you know when you're
+looking at two languages or two dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at two languages or two dialects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at two languages or two dialects
+of a single language is uh to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single language is uh to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single language is uh to say I
+think I did this in class yeah uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did this in class yeah uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I did this in class yeah uh don't
+ask that question all right you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question all right you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question all right you the
+question contains some kind of uh false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question contains some kind of uh false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question contains some kind of uh false
+presupposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposition
+um Chomsky uh in 96 in a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chomsky uh in 96 in a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chomsky uh in 96 in a book called
+knowledge of language laid out a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of language laid out a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of language laid out a way of
+thinking about this that I have always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this that I have always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this that I have always
+thought made a lot of sense he said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought made a lot of sense he said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought made a lot of sense he said look
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there there are his claim was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are his claim was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are his claim was there
+aren't actually such things as languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't actually such things as languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't actually such things as languages
+or dialects what there are are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dialects what there are are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dialects what there are are people
+so there are people we can kind of agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are people we can kind of agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are people we can kind of agree
+that there are people and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are people and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are people and people have
+mental grammars all the stuff we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental grammars all the stuff we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental grammars all the stuff we've been
+talking about all semester all the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all semester all the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all semester all the you
+know if we knew everything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we knew everything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we knew everything about what
+was going on in your brain as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in your brain as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in your brain as it
+interacted with language if we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with language if we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with language if we knew
+everything about the your Lexicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the your Lexicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the your Lexicon and
+the phonological and syntactic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonological and syntactic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonological and syntactic and
+semantic status of every representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic status of every representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic status of every representation
+that you were messing with we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were messing with we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were messing with we had a
+perfect description of everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect description of everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect description of everything that
+was going on in your head imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in your head imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in your head imagine that
+we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that
+we can call that your I language call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call that your I language call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can call that your I language call it
+your individual language right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your individual language right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your individual language right so that's
+your mental state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental state
+and now Chomsky said it is a fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Chomsky said it is a fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now Chomsky said it is a fact about
+the way that people tend to uh interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people tend to uh interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people tend to uh interact
+with each other and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and uh
+um the way that people grow up and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that people grow up and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way that people grow up and learn
+to speak and the way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak and the way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak and the way that people
+interact with each other as adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other as adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other as adults
+that we tend to end up growing up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tend to end up growing up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tend to end up growing up in in
+domains where there are lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains where there are lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains where there are lots of people
+with pretty similar eye languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pretty similar eye languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pretty similar eye languages
+and that's what gives us the illusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what gives us the illusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what gives us the illusion of
+this other kind of thing he called it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other kind of thing he called it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other kind of thing he called it an
+e language an external language things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e language an external language things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e language an external language things
+like English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like English
+right or Mandarin or Japanese or French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Mandarin or Japanese or French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Mandarin or Japanese or French
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh these sort of uh objects that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sort of uh objects that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sort of uh objects that they're
+that that are sort of abstractions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are sort of abstractions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are sort of abstractions over
+many people's eye languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's eye languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's eye languages
+and it's okay to talk this way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay to talk this way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's okay to talk this way as a
+loose way of talking this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose way of talking this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose way of talking this is the way
+we're used to talking about languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to talking about languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used to talking about languages
+but we should bear in mind he was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should bear in mind he was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should bear in mind he was saying
+uh but in the final analysis these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in the final analysis these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in the final analysis these
+things don't exist they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't exist they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't exist they're just
+generalizations over lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations over lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations over lots of different
+eye languages so if we knew everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye languages so if we knew everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye languages so if we knew everything
+about the I languages of let's stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I languages of let's stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I languages of let's stick to
+every native speaker of English in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every native speaker of English in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every native speaker of English in this
+room we looked at each of us in turn we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we looked at each of us in turn we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we looked at each of us in turn we
+discovered that we have lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that we have lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that we have lots and lots of
+things in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in common
+but that there are small differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that there are small differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that there are small differences
+between them I'm apparently the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them I'm apparently the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them I'm apparently the only one
+with positive anymore or maybe Faith to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with positive anymore or maybe Faith to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with positive anymore or maybe Faith to
+uh I'm I and uh a couple other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm I and uh a couple other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm I and uh a couple other people
+have you all as a as a second person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all as a as a second person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you all as a as a second person
+plural pronoun right so these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural pronoun right so these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural pronoun right so these little
+differences between Pairs of us and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between Pairs of us and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between Pairs of us and some
+of us are soda people some of us are pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us are soda people some of us are pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us are soda people some of us are pop
+people some of us are Coke people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some of us are Coke people yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some of us are Coke people yeah
+uh little differences between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little differences between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little differences between between
+Pairs of us and that's all we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs of us and that's all we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs of us and that's all we really
+need to say right uh so what we have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say right uh so what we have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say right uh so what we have are
+a bunch of people who have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people who have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people who have pretty
+similar eye languages and if we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar eye languages and if we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar eye languages and if we sort of
+work too hard to try to figure out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too hard to try to figure out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work too hard to try to figure out well
+which of those eye languages is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those eye languages is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those eye languages is really
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+and which of them are deviations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of them are deviations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of them are deviations from
+English then we're sort of Chomsky was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English then we're sort of Chomsky was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English then we're sort of Chomsky was
+saying asking ourselves the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying asking ourselves the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying asking ourselves the wrong
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+trying to decide whether two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide whether two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide whether two people
+speak the same language or not it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the same language or not it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the same language or not it's like
+trying to decide on the fall day whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide on the fall day whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide on the fall day whether
+two leaves are the same color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves are the same color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves are the same color
+so uh you could look at two leaves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you could look at two leaves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you could look at two leaves and
+say yeah those are both red but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah those are both red but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah those are both red but if you
+looked hard enough at them you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked hard enough at them you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked hard enough at them you'd
+convince yourself that you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that you know they're
+not exactly the same one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same one of them is a
+little deeper one of them's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper one of them's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper one of them's a little
+Browner you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browner you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browner you know so
+um what's the right answer well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the right answer well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the right answer well there
+isn't the right answer just question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the right answer just question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the right answer just question of
+how how fine-grained you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how fine-grained you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how fine-grained you want your
+analysis to be that's uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to be that's uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to be that's uh that was
+chomsky's way of talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky's way of talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chomsky's way of talking about this
+uh I bring this up because it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I bring this up because it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I bring this up because it sort of
+short circuits a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuits a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuits a lot of
+um ways people have had of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways people have had of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ways people have had of talking about
+dialects so I started off with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects so I started off with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects so I started off with this
+metaphor about chess and checkers uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor about chess and checkers uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor about chess and checkers uh and
+the teachers who pretended that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers who pretended that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers who pretended that there
+was no such game as chess and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no such game as chess and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no such game as chess and I've
+already sort of talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of talked a little bit
+about ways in which this metaphor has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ways in which this metaphor has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ways in which this metaphor has uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+correspondences in real life so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences in real life so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences in real life so there
+are dialects negative Concord dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dialects negative Concord dialects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dialects negative Concord dialects
+that are the the subject of deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the the subject of deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the the subject of deliberate
+suppression by the education system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression by the education system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression by the education system and
+this has consequences for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has consequences for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has consequences for people who
+grow up speaking these dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up speaking these dialects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up speaking these dialects
+um there are dialects that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are dialects that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are dialects that have been
+particularly attacked which go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly attacked which go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly attacked which go by
+various names uh uh sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various names uh uh sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various names uh uh sometimes called
+African-American English it's also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English it's also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English it's also been
+called African-American vernacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called African-American vernacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called African-American vernacular
+English uh decades ago it was once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh decades ago it was once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh decades ago it was once
+called ebonics does anyone still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ebonics does anyone still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ebonics does anyone still use
+this term has anyone heard the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has anyone heard the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term has anyone heard the term
+ebonics used for African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebonics used for African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebonics used for African-American
+English it was an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it was an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it was an attempt to
+make African-American English sound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make African-American English sound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make African-American English sound uh
+different from African-American English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from African-American English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from African-American English
+make it sound like something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sound like something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sound like something you might
+want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study
+um when people first so people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people first so people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people first so people have been
+talking about this version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this version of English
+for a long time and uh a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and uh a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and uh a lot of the
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+um has been like the teachers that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has been like the teachers that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has been like the teachers that I was
+asking you to think about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think about in the
+metaphor the ones who said what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor the ones who said what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor the ones who said what are you
+doing that's not how you play checkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's not how you play checkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that's not how you play checkers
+right you're just moving the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're just moving the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're just moving the pieces
+around randomly uh stop it and learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around randomly uh stop it and learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around randomly uh stop it and learn to
+play a game with some rules so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game with some rules so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game with some rules so the
+people who talk about African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who talk about African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who talk about African-American
+English often make a point of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English often make a point of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English often make a point of saying
+that it's a version of English that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a version of English that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a version of English that's
+William raspberry who's African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William raspberry who's African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William raspberry who's African-American
+I believe uh saying it's a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe uh saying it's a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe uh saying it's a version of
+English that has no rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that has no rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that has no rules
+um there's a lot of really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of really interesting
+reasons and not so Recent research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and not so Recent research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and not so Recent research
+on African-American English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on African-American English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on African-American English
+um uh some of it by uh African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some of it by uh African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some of it by uh African-American
+linguists there's a really excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists there's a really excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists there's a really excellent
+series of works by a linguist Lisa green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of works by a linguist Lisa green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of works by a linguist Lisa green
+who I recommend that you look up if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I recommend that you look up if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I recommend that you look up if you
+get interested in these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get interested in these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get interested in these topics
+um it has a number of properties because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a number of properties because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a number of properties because
+we're running out of time we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out of time we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out of time we probably
+won't get a chance to talk about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a chance to talk about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a chance to talk about all of
+them but I'll I'll run through a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'll I'll run through a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'll I'll run through a couple
+of them first of all to talk about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them first of all to talk about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them first of all to talk about it as
+a monolithic entity is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monolithic entity is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monolithic entity is is an
+oversimplification there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification there are a lot of
+varieties of African-American English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of African-American English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of African-American English
+just as there are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there are of
+non-african-american English but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-african-american English but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-african-american English but it's
+characterized by negative Concord which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by negative Concord which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by negative Concord which
+is one of the reasons that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons that negative
+Concord is picked out for abuse it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord is picked out for abuse it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concord is picked out for abuse it has a
+richer tense and aspect system than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer tense and aspect system than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer tense and aspect system than the
+version of English that I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English that I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of English that I'm speaking
+so a version of English that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a version of English that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a version of English that I'm
+speaking would use the same kind of verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking would use the same kind of verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking would use the same kind of verb
+to express these things so I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express these things so I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express these things so I would say
+for both of these they are usually tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these they are usually tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these they are usually tired
+when they come home and they are tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come home and they are tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they come home and they are tired
+right now African-American English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now African-American English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now African-American English
+distinguishes these so you use B for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes these so you use B for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes these so you use B for the
+habitual one the first one and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitual one the first one and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitual one the first one and uh
+nothing so they tired right now for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so they tired right now for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so they tired right now for uh
+for the second one again does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one again does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second one again does anybody
+pretty familiar with this dialect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty familiar with this dialect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty familiar with this dialect of
+English is this something any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is this something any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is this something any of you
+have grown up around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown up around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have grown up around
+you heard this you've heard people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard this you've heard people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard this you've heard people
+saying things like they tired right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like they tired right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like they tired right now
+yeah so I certainly have growing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I certainly have growing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I certainly have growing up and
+at the time I believed and was taught to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I believed and was taught to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time I believed and was taught to
+believe that this was because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this was because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this was because these
+speakers were you know they were lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers were you know they were lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers were you know they were lazy
+they were leaving out words that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were leaving out words that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were leaving out words that they
+should have said what they were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said what they were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said what they were actually
+doing was expressing uh an affectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was expressing uh an affectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was expressing uh an affectual
+distinction that my version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that my version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that my version of English
+doesn't Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Express
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a distinction that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distinction that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distinction that's also
+expressed in Spanish it's a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in Spanish it's a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in Spanish it's a distinction
+between what's sometimes called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what's sometimes called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what's sometimes called um
+uh stage level and individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stage level and individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stage level and individual level
+properties so individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so individual level
+Properties or properties that hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or properties that hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or properties that hold of
+someone over a long period of time uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone over a long period of time uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone over a long period of time uh so
+you said in Spanish uh for uh to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said in Spanish uh for uh to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said in Spanish uh for uh to express
+individual level properties like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level properties like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level properties like I'm
+North American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American
+estar is used for temporary properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estar is used for temporary properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estar is used for temporary properties
+like being tired that's a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being tired that's a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being tired that's a distinction
+that my version of English doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my version of English doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my version of English doesn't make
+but African-American English does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but African-American English does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but African-American English does
+um it's also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also got
+famously a rural version rule governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously a rural version rule governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famously a rural version rule governed
+version of copula drop so I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of copula drop so I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of copula drop so I do want to
+talk about this in a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this in a little bit of
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+um so in the context in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the context in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the context in which you can
+leave out the copula when the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the copula when the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the copula when the when the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh when the aspectual distinctions allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the aspectual distinctions allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the aspectual distinctions allow
+you to use the null copula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use the null copula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use the null copula in
+African-American English There are rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English There are rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English There are rules
+about where you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you can do it
+so for example you can do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you can do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you can do it in a
+sentence like he rich but you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence like he rich but you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence like he rich but you can't do
+it at the end of a sentence so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of a sentence so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of a sentence so you can't
+ask you can't say things like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you can't say things like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you can't say things like I don't
+know how rich he uh in this version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how rich he uh in this version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how rich he uh in this version of
+uh of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of English
+um you also can't do it in infinitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also can't do it in infinitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also can't do it in infinitives
+you can't do it in the past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in the past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in the past tense
+the past tense as he was rich it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tense as he was rich it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past tense as he was rich it's not
+he rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rich
+and you you don't do it when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't do it when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you don't do it when there's
+negation so there's this there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation so there's this there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation so there's this there is this
+phenomenon of copula drop if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of copula drop if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon of copula drop if you're
+describing a temporary property but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a temporary property but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a temporary property but it's
+copula drop that's subject to these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copula drop that's subject to these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copula drop that's subject to these uh
+to these rules which I've just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these rules which I've just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these rules which I've just gone
+through real fast it's uh it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through real fast it's uh it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through real fast it's uh it's not just
+say whatever you want there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever you want there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever you want there are these
+restrictions which linguists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions which linguists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions which linguists have
+studied and figured out these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and figured out these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and figured out these particular
+distinctions are of interest because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions are of interest because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions are of interest because
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+um occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um occur
+correspondent in the version of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent in the version of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent in the version of English
+that I am speaking what's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am speaking what's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am speaking what's sometimes
+called Standard English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Standard English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Standard English
+so Standard English has a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Standard English has a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Standard English has a phenomenon
+where we can contract various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can contract various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can contract various kinds of
+things including the copula so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including the copula so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including the copula so you can
+say he is Rich but you can also say he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he is Rich but you can also say he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he is Rich but you can also say he's
+rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+and this is also subject to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also subject to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also subject to to
+restrictions so you can't for example do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so you can't for example do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so you can't for example do
+it at the end of a sentence you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of a sentence you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of a sentence you can't
+say you can say I don't know how rich he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say I don't know how rich he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say I don't know how rich he
+is you can't say I don't know how rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can't say I don't know how rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can't say I don't know how rich
+he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's
+and I'm allowed to go through all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm allowed to go through all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm allowed to go through all of the
+uh the the contacts that we did on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the contacts that we did on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the contacts that we did on the
+last slide but what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide but what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide but what we're going to see
+is that what African-American English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what African-American English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what African-American English is
+doing is dropping copulas under just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is dropping copulas under just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is dropping copulas under just the
+circumstances where my version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances where my version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances where my version of
+English version of English that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English version of English that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English version of English that I'm
+speaking can contract copulas and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking can contract copulas and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking can contract copulas and that's
+it all right so they're they're uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so they're they're uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so they're they're uh uh
+they're not being lazy or stupid they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being lazy or stupid they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being lazy or stupid they're
+not failing to say a word that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not failing to say a word that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not failing to say a word that they
+ought to say they just have a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to say they just have a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to say they just have a version of
+contraction that's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction that's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction that's a little more
+um emphatic than the version that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emphatic than the version that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emphatic than the version that I use
+they don't just get rid of the vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't just get rid of the vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't just get rid of the vowel
+they get rid of the whole thing yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get rid of the whole thing yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get rid of the whole thing yeah but
+the restrictions on where you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictions on where you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictions on where you can do
+this are the same restrictions so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are the same restrictions so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are the same restrictions so just
+like in my version of English you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my version of English you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my version of English you can't
+say he's not rich doing uh contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he's not rich doing uh contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he's not rich doing uh contraction
+both of uh both of the copula and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of uh both of the copula and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of uh both of the copula and of
+negation uh similarly you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation uh similarly you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation uh similarly you can't do
+popular drop there in African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular drop there in African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular drop there in African-American
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+did anybody get a chance to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody get a chance to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody get a chance to look at the
+optional reading for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional reading for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional reading for today
+put up an optional reading and as I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up an optional reading and as I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up an optional reading and as I put
+up the optional reading I thought here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the optional reading I thought here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the optional reading I thought here I
+am putting up an optional reading for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am putting up an optional reading for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am putting up an optional reading for a
+one day topic on the day when a paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day topic on the day when a paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day topic on the day when a paper is
+due what are the odds that anyone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due what are the odds that anyone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due what are the odds that anyone will
+have a chance to even consider thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to even consider thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance to even consider thinking
+about actually even reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually even reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about actually even reading the
+announcement that there is an optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that there is an optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement that there is an optional
+reading these people you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these people you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these people you know it's the
+end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester
+the Optimal Reading is still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Optimal Reading is still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Optimal Reading is still on the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+um it's it's worth having a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's worth having a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's worth having a look at
+sometime when you have time I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime when you have time I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime when you have time I can just
+describe for you what it is it's uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe for you what it is it's uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe for you what it is it's uh an
+African-American author who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American author who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American author who is
+addressing arguments about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing arguments about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing arguments about how
+African-American English ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English ought to be
+treated in schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in schools
+um and uh he has a very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh he has a very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh he has a very sophisticated
+set of arguments he's replying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of arguments he's replying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of arguments he's replying to
+various uh people who have argued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh people who have argued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh people who have argued the
+conservative position which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative position which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative position which is that
+it's fine for people to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine for people to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine for people to speak
+African-American English in the privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English in the privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English in the privacy
+of their own homes but it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own homes but it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own homes but it is important
+that we teach them Standard English in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach them Standard English in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach them Standard English in
+schools you know in order for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools you know in order for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools you know in order for them to
+get ahead in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ahead in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ahead in life
+he's uh taking issue with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh taking issue with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh taking issue with these
+arguments the cool thing about the essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the cool thing about the essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the cool thing about the essay
+is not just that he takes issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just that he takes issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just that he takes issue with
+these arguments but it's written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments but it's written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments but it's written in
+African-American English so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American English so the the
+essay is written in the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay is written in the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay is written in the version of
+English that he is describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that he is describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that he is describing
+um and it's uh it's a cool and difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's uh it's a cool and difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's uh it's a cool and difficult
+experience attempting to read it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience attempting to read it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience attempting to read it so if
+you're not if it's not your native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if it's not your native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if it's not your native
+dialect of English it's not trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English it's not trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English it's not trivial
+figuring out how to read the how to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to read the how to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to read the how to read
+the article so it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article so it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article so it's an interesting
+experience I I recommend it to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I I recommend it to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I I recommend it to everybody
+questions about any of this other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of this other things
+people want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to talk about
+yeah so the goal we are now in the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the goal we are now in the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the goal we are now in the part
+of the semester where I attempt as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester where I attempt as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester where I attempt as a
+public service to combat various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service to combat various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service to combat various things
+people believe about language or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe about language or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe about language or maybe
+have heard about language uh so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about language uh so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about language uh so the the
+goal of today was to get you to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of today was to get you to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of today was to get you to at least
+hear the idea that when people speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the idea that when people speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the idea that when people speak
+English or whatever your native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or whatever your native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English or whatever your native language
+is in a way that's different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a way that's different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a way that's different from the
+way that you speak it it's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you speak it it's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you speak it it's not because
+they're stupid yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stupid yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stupid yeah
+um uh it's because languages do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's because languages do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's because languages do that
+there are varieties of languages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are varieties of languages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are varieties of languages uh
+maybe it's because there aren't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's because there aren't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's because there aren't actually
+such things as languages they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as languages they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as languages they're just
+people and people are different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and people are different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and people are different from
+each other yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+all right go forth and Frolic thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right go forth and Frolic thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right go forth and Frolic thank you
+for listening to me talk about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening to me talk about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening to me talk about this and
+uh I will see you again on uh Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/6Udqou3vmng.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4263 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today, we're going
+to briefly review
+
+classical sequencing and
+next-gen or second-gen
+
+sequencing, which sort of
+provides a lot of the data
+
+that the analytical methods
+we'll be talking about work on.
+
+And we'll then introduce
+local alignment
+
+a la BLAST and some of
+the statistics associated
+
+with that.
+
+So just a few brief
+items on topic one.
+
+All right.
+
+So today, we're going to
+talk about sequencing first.
+
+Conventional-- or Sanger
+sequencing-- then next-gen
+
+or second-gen
+sequencing briefly.
+
+And then talk about
+local alignments.
+
+So background for the sequencing
+part, the Metzger review
+
+covers everything you'll need.
+
+And for the alignment-- we'll
+talk about local alignment
+
+today, global
+alignment on Tuesday--
+
+then chapters four and five of
+the text cover it pretty well.
+
+So here's the text.
+
+If you haven't decided
+whether to get it or not,
+
+I'll have it up here.
+
+You can come flip
+through it after class.
+
+Sequencing is mostly
+done at the level of DNA.
+
+Whether the original
+material was RNA or not,
+
+usually convert to DNA and
+sequence at the DNA level.
+
+So we'll often think about
+DNA as sort of a string.
+
+But it's important to
+remember that it actually
+
+has a three dimensional
+structure as shown here.
+
+And often, it's helpful to
+think of it in sort of a two
+
+dimensional
+representation where you
+
+think about the bases and
+their hydrogen bonding
+
+and so forth as
+shown in the middle.
+
+My mouse is not working
+today for some reason,
+
+but hopefully, we won't need it.
+
+So the chemistry of sequencing
+is very closely related
+
+to the chemistry of
+the individual bases.
+
+And there are really
+three main types
+
+that are going to
+be relevant here.
+
+Ribonucleotides,
+deoxyribonucleotides,
+
+then for Sanger sequencing,
+dideoxyribonucleotides.
+
+So who can tell me which
+of these structures
+
+corresponds to which
+of those names?
+
+And also, please let
+me know your name
+
+and I'll attempt
+to remember some
+
+of your names toward the end
+of the semester probably.
+
+So, which are which?
+
+Yes, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Simona.
+
+So the ribonucleotide
+is the top right.
+
+The deoxy is the one below it.
+
+And the dideoxy is
+the one to the left.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+that is correct.
+
+So one way to keep
+these things in mind
+
+is the numbering of the bases.
+
+So the carbons in the ribo
+sugar are numbered one,
+
+so carbon 1 is the one
+where the base is attached.
+
+Two is here, which has an OH
+in RNA and just an H in DNA.
+
+And then three is
+very important.
+
+Four, and then five.
+
+So five connects
+to the phosphates,
+
+which then will connect the
+base to the sugar phosphate
+
+backbone.
+
+And three is where you extend.
+
+That's where you're going to
+add the next base in a growing
+
+chain.
+
+And so what will happen if you
+give DNA polymerase a template
+
+and some dideoxy nucleotides?
+
+It won't be able to extend
+because there's no 3-prime OH.
+
+And all the chemistry
+requires the OH.
+
+And so that's the basis
+of classical or Sanger
+
+sequencing, which Fred
+Sanger got the Nobel
+
+Prize for in the 1980s-- I think
+it was developed in the '70s--
+
+and it's really
+the basis of most
+
+of the sequencing, or
+pretty much all the DNA
+
+sequencing up until
+the early 2000s
+
+before some newer
+technologies came about.
+
+And it takes advantage
+of this special property
+
+of dideoxy nucleotides that they
+terminate the growing chain.
+
+So imagine we have
+a template DNA.
+
+So this is the
+molecule whose sequence
+
+we want to determine
+shown there in black.
+
+We then have a primer.
+
+And notice the primer's
+written in 5-prime to 3-prime
+
+direction.
+
+The ends would be
+primer sequences
+
+and then primer complimentary
+sequences in the template.
+
+So you typically will have
+your template cloned--
+
+this is in conventional
+sequencing-- cloned
+
+into some vector
+like a phage vector
+
+for sequencing so you know
+the flanking sequences.
+
+And then you do four
+sequencing reactions
+
+in conventional
+Sanger sequencing.
+
+And I know some of you have
+probably had this before.
+
+So let's take the first
+chemical reaction.
+
+The one here with a DDGTP.
+
+So what would you
+put in that reaction?
+
+What are all the
+components of that reaction
+
+if you wanted to do
+conventional sequencing
+
+on, say, an acrylonitrile?
+
+Anyone?
+
+What do you need and
+what does it accomplish?
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Tim.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tim?
+
+Oh yeah, I know you, Tim.
+
+OK, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you need
+the four nucleotides--
+
+the deoxynucleotides.
+
+You will need the
+dideoxy P nucleotides.
+
+In addition, you need all
+the other [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You need polymerase.
+
+Generally, you need a buffer
+of some sort, [INAUDIBLE],
+
+to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+primary template.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Great.
+
+That's good.
+
+It sounds like Tim could
+actually do this experiment.
+
+And what ratio would you put in?
+
+So you said you're
+going to put in all
+
+four conventional
+deoxynucleotides and then one
+
+dideoxynucleotide.
+
+So let's say dideoxy G
+just for simplicity here.
+
+So in what ratio would you
+put the dideoxynucleotide
+
+compared to the
+conventional nucleotides?
+
+AUDIENCE: To lower
+the concentration.
+
+PROFESSOR: Lower?
+
+Like how much lower?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, a lot lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: Like maybe 1%?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Something like that.
+
+You want to put it a lot lower.
+
+And why is that so important?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you want the
+thing to be able to progress.
+
+Because you need enough of the
+ribonucleotide concentration so
+
+that [INAUDIBLE]
+every [INAUDIBLE]
+
+equivalent or excess and you're
+going to terminate [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if you put equamolar
+deoxy G and dideoxy G,
+
+then it's going to be a
+50% chance of terminating
+
+every time you hit
+a C in the template.
+
+So you're going to
+have half as much
+
+of the material at the second
+G, and a quarter as much as
+
+the third, and you're going to
+have vanishingly small amounts.
+
+So you're only going
+to be able to sequence
+
+the first few C's
+in the template.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So that's a very good point.
+
+So now let's imagine you do
+these four separate reactions.
+
+You typically would
+have radiolabeled primer
+
+so you can see your DNA.
+
+And then you would run
+it on some sort of gel.
+
+This is obviously not a real
+gel, but an idealized version.
+
+And then in the lane
+where you put dideoxy G,
+
+you would see the
+smallest products.
+
+So you read these guys
+from the bottom up.
+
+And in this lane there
+is a very small product
+
+that's just one base longer
+than the primer here.
+
+And that's because there was a
+C there and it terminated there.
+
+And then the next C appears
+several bases later.
+
+So you have sort of a gap here.
+
+And so you can see that the
+first base in the template
+
+would be a complement
+of T, or C.
+
+And the second base
+would be, you can see,
+
+the next smallest product
+in this dideoxy T lane,
+
+therefore it would
+be A. And you just
+
+sort of snake your
+way up through the gel
+
+and read out the sequence.
+
+And this works well.
+
+So what does it actually
+look like in practice?
+
+Here are some actual
+sequencing gels.
+
+So you run four lanes.
+
+And on big polyacrylamide
+gels like this.
+
+Torbin, you ever
+run one of these?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+They're a big pain to cast.
+
+Run for several hours, I think.
+
+And you get these
+banding patterns.
+
+And what limits the
+sequence read length?
+
+So we normally call
+the sequence generated
+
+from one run of a
+sequencer as a read.
+
+So that one attempt to sequence
+the template is called a read.
+
+And you can see
+it's relatively easy
+
+to read the sequence
+toward the bottom,
+
+and then it gets
+harder as you go up.
+
+And so that's really what
+fundamentally limits the read
+
+length, is that the bands get
+closer and closer together.
+
+So they'll run inversely
+proportional to size
+
+with the small ones
+running faster.
+
+But then the difference between
+a 20 base product and a 21
+
+might be significant.
+
+But the difference between a
+500 base product and a 501 base
+
+product is going
+to be very small.
+
+And so you basically can't
+order the lanes anymore.
+
+And therefore, that's sort of
+what fundamentally limits it.
+
+All right.
+
+So here we had to run
+four lanes of a gel.
+
+Can anyone think of
+a more efficient way
+
+of doing Sanger sequencing?
+
+Is there any way to
+do it in one lane?
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Adrian.
+
+You can use four different
+types of the entities.
+
+Maybe like four
+different colors.
+
+AUDIENCE: Four different colors.
+
+OK, so instead of using radio
+labeling on the primary,
+
+you use fluorophore on your
+dideoxy entities, for example.
+
+And then you can run them.
+
+Depending where that
+strand terminated,
+
+it'll be a different color.
+
+And you can run them
+all in one lane.
+
+OK, so that looks like that.
+
+And so this was an
+important development
+
+called terminator
+sequencing in the '90s.
+
+That was the basis of the ABI
+3700 machine, which was really
+
+the workhorse of
+genome sequencing
+
+in the late '90s
+and early 2000s.
+
+Really what enabled the
+human genome to be sequenced.
+
+And so one of the other
+innovations in this technology
+
+was that instead of having a
+big gel, they shrunk the gel.
+
+And then they just had
+a reader at the bottom.
+
+So the gel was shrunk to as thin
+as these little capillaries.
+
+I don't know if you
+can see these guys.
+
+But basically it's like
+a little thread here.
+
+And so each one of these
+is effectively-- oops!
+
+Oh no.
+
+No worries, this
+is not valuable.
+
+Ancient technology that I
+got for free from somebody.
+
+So the DNA would be
+loaded at the top.
+
+There would be a
+little gel in each
+
+of these-- it's called
+capillary sequencing.
+
+And then it would
+run out the bottom
+
+and there would be
+a detector which
+
+would detect the
+four different flours
+
+and read out the sequence.
+
+So this basically condensed the
+volume needed for sequencing.
+
+Any questions about
+conventional sequencing?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where
+are the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+where you'd put the
+fluorescent flags?
+
+Like the topic from
+the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's a good question.
+
+I don't actually remember.
+
+I think there are different
+options available.
+
+And sometimes with some
+of these reactions,
+
+you need to use modified
+polymerases that
+
+can tolerate these
+modified nucleotides.
+
+Yeah, so I don't remember that.
+
+It's a good question.
+
+I can look that up.
+
+So how long can a
+conventional sequencer go?
+
+What's the read length?
+
+Anyone know?
+
+It's about, say, 600 or so.
+
+And so that's reasonably long.
+
+How long is a typical
+mammalian mRNA?
+
+Maybe two, three kb?
+
+So you have in a typical
+exon, maybe 150 bases or so.
+
+So you have a chunk.
+
+You don't generally
+get full length cDNA.
+
+But you get a chunk
+of a cDNA that's say,
+
+three, four exons in length.
+
+And that is actually
+generally sufficient
+
+to uniquely identify the gene
+locus that that read came from.
+
+And so that was the
+basis of EST sequencing--
+
+so-called Expressed
+Sequence Tag sequencing.
+
+And millions of these 600 base
+chunks of cDNA were generated
+
+and they have been quite
+useful over the years.
+
+All right.
+
+So what is next-gen sequencing?
+
+So in next-gen sequencing, you
+only read one base at a time.
+
+So it's often a
+little bit slower.
+
+But it's really
+massively parallel.
+
+And that's the big advantage.
+
+And it's orders of
+magnitude cheaper
+
+per base than
+conventional sequencing.
+
+Like when it first
+came out it, it
+
+was maybe two orders
+of magnitude cheaper.
+
+And now it's probably another
+four orders of magnitude.
+
+So it really blows away
+conventional sequencing
+
+if the output that
+you care about
+
+is mostly proportional to
+number of bases sequence.
+
+If the output is proportional
+to the quality of the assembly
+
+or something, then
+there are applications
+
+where conventional
+sequencing still
+
+is very useful Because the
+next-gen sequencing tends
+
+to be shorter.
+
+But in terms of just volume, it
+generates much, much more bases
+
+in one reaction.
+
+And so the basic ideas are
+that you have your template DNA
+
+molecules.
+
+Now typically, tens of thousands
+for technologies like PacBio
+
+or hundreds of millions for
+technologies like Illumina that
+
+are immobilized on
+some sort of surface--
+
+typically a flow
+cell-- and there
+
+are either single
+molecule methods
+
+where you have a single
+molecule of your template
+
+or there are methods that
+locally amplify your template
+
+and produce, say, hundreds
+of identical copies
+
+in little clusters.
+
+And then you use
+modified nucleotides,
+
+often with
+fluorophores attached,
+
+to interrogate the next base at
+each of your template molecules
+
+for hundreds and hundreds
+of millions of them.
+
+And so there are several
+different technologies.
+
+We won't talk about all of them.
+
+We'll just talk
+about two or three
+
+that are interesting
+and widely used.
+
+And they differ depending
+on the DNA template, what
+
+types of modified
+nucleotides are used,
+
+and to some extent, in the
+imaging and the image analysis,
+
+which differs for single
+molecule methods, for example,
+
+compared to the ones
+that sequence a cluster.
+
+So there's a table in
+the Metzger review.
+
+And so I've just told you
+that next-gen sequencing
+
+is so cheap.
+
+But then you see how
+much these machines cost
+
+and you could buy lots of
+other interesting things
+
+with that kind of money.
+
+And I also want to emphasize
+that that's not even
+
+the full cost.
+
+So if you were to buy an
+Illumina GA2-- this would
+
+be like a couple years
+ago when the GA2 was
+
+the state of the art-- for
+half a million dollars,
+
+the reagents to run
+that thing, if you're
+
+going to run it continuously
+throughout the year,
+
+the reagents to run it
+would be over a million.
+
+So this actually
+underestimates the cost.
+
+However, the cost per
+base is super, super low.
+
+Because they generate
+so much data at once.
+
+All right, So we'll talk
+about a couple of these.
+
+The first next-gen
+sequencing technology
+
+to be published and
+still used today
+
+was from 454--
+now Roche-- and it
+
+was based on what's
+called emulsion PCR.
+
+So they have these little
+beads, the little beads
+
+have adapter DNA molecules
+covalently attached.
+
+You incubate the beads
+with DNA, and you actually
+
+make an emulsion.
+
+So it's an oil water emulsion.
+
+So each bead, which
+is hydrophilic,
+
+is in the little bubble
+of water inside oil.
+
+And the reason for that
+is so that you do it
+
+at a template
+concentration that's
+
+low enough that only a
+single molecule of template
+
+is associated with each bead.
+
+So the oil then
+provides a barrier
+
+so that the DNA can't get
+transferred from one bead
+
+to another.
+
+So each bead will have a
+unique template molecule.
+
+You do sort of a local
+PCR-like reaction
+
+to amplify that DNA
+molecule on the bead,
+
+and then you do sequencing
+one base at a time using
+
+a luciferase based
+method that I'll
+
+show you on the next slide.
+
+So Illumina technology differs
+in that instead of an emulsion,
+
+you're doing it on the
+surface of a flow cell.
+
+Again, you start with a
+single molecule of template.
+
+Your flow cell has
+these two types
+
+of adapters covalently attached.
+
+The template anneals to
+one of these adapters.
+
+You extend the adapter molecule
+with dNTPs and polymerase.
+
+Now you have the complement of
+your template, your denature.
+
+Now you have the
+inverse complement
+
+of your template
+molecule covalently
+
+attached to the cell surface.
+
+And then at the other end
+there's the other adapter.
+
+And so what you
+could do is what's
+
+called bridge amplification
+where that now complement
+
+of the template molecule
+will bridge over
+
+hybridized to the other
+adapter, and then you
+
+can extend that adapter.
+
+And now you've regenerated
+your original template.
+
+And so now you have the
+complementary strand,
+
+and the original
+strand, your denature.
+
+And then each of those molecules
+can undergo subsequent rounds
+
+of bridge amplification to
+make clusters of typically
+
+several hundred
+thousand molecules.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+Question.
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stephanie.
+
+How do they get the adapters
+onto the template molecules?
+
+PROFESSOR: How do
+you get the adapters
+
+onto the template molecules?
+
+So that's typically
+by DNA ligation.
+
+So we may cover
+that in later steps.
+
+It depends.
+
+There's a few
+different protocol.
+
+So for example, if you're
+sequencing microRNAs,
+
+you typically would
+isolate the small RNAs
+
+and use RNA litigation
+to get the adapters on.
+
+And then you would do
+an RT step to get DNA.
+
+With most other applications
+like RNA-seq or genome
+
+sequencing-- so with RNA-seq,
+you're starting from mRNA,
+
+you typically will isolate
+total RNA, do poly(A) selection,
+
+you fragment your RNA
+to reduce the effects
+
+of secondary structure,
+you random prime with,
+
+like, random hexamers RT enzyme.
+
+So that'll make little bits
+of cDNA 200 bases long.
+
+You use second strand synthesis.
+
+Now you have double
+stranded cDNA fragments.
+
+And then you do, like, blunt end
+ligation to add the adapters.
+
+And then you denature so
+you have single strand.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess my
+question is how do you
+
+make sure that the two
+ends sandwiching the DNA
+
+are different as opposed to--
+
+PROFESSOR: That the
+two ends are different.
+
+Yeah, that's a good question.
+
+I'll post some stuff about--
+It's a good question.
+
+I don't want to sweep
+it under the rug.
+
+But I kind of want to move on.
+
+And I'll post a
+little bit about that.
+
+All right so we
+did 454 Illumina.
+
+Helicos is sort of like
+Illumina sequencing
+
+except single molecule.
+
+So you have your
+template covalently
+
+attached to your substrate.
+
+You just anneal primer and
+just start sequencing it
+
+And there's major pros and cons
+of single molecule sequencing,
+
+which we can talk about.
+
+And then the PacBio
+technology is fundamentally
+
+different in that the
+template is not actually
+
+covalently attached
+to the surface.
+
+The DNA polymerase is covalently
+attached to the surface
+
+and the template is sort of
+threaded into the polymerase.
+
+And this is a phage polymerase
+that's highly processive
+
+and strand displacing.
+
+And the template is often
+a circular molecule.
+
+And so you can
+actually read around
+
+the template multiple
+times, which turns out
+
+to be really useful in PacBio
+because the error rate is
+
+quite high for the sequencing.
+
+So in the top, in
+the 454, you're
+
+measuring luciferase
+activity-- light.
+
+In Illumina, you're
+measuring fluorescence.
+
+Four different
+fluorescent tags, sort of
+
+like the four different tags
+we saw in Sanger sequencing.
+
+Helicose, it's single
+tag one base at a time.
+
+And in PacBio, you actually
+have a fluorescently
+
+labeled dNTP that has
+the label on-- it's
+
+actually
+hexaphosphate-- it's got
+
+the label on the
+sixth phosphate.
+
+So the dNTP is labeled.
+
+It enters the active site
+of the DNA polymerase.
+
+And the residence
+time is much longer
+
+if the base is actually
+going to get incorporated
+
+into that growing chain.
+
+And so you measure how much time
+you have a fluorescent signal.
+
+And if it's long, that
+means that that base
+
+must have incorporated
+into the DNA.
+
+But then, the extension
+reaction itself
+
+will cleave off the
+last five phosphates
+
+and the fluorophore tag.
+
+And so you'll
+regenerate native DNA.
+
+So that's another difference.
+
+Whereas in Illumina
+sequencing, as we'll see,
+
+there's this reversible
+terminator chemistry.
+
+So the DNA is not native
+that you're synthesizing.
+
+So this is just a
+little bit more on 454.
+
+Just some pretty pictures.
+
+I think I described that before.
+
+The key chemistry here is that
+you add one dNTP at a time.
+
+So only a subset of the wells--
+perhaps a quarter of them--
+
+that have that next base,
+the complementary base
+
+free-- as the next
+one after the primer--
+
+will undergo synthesis.
+
+And when they undergo synthesis,
+you release pyrophosphate.
+
+And they have these
+enzymes attached
+
+to these little micro beads--
+the orange beads-- sulfurylase
+
+and luciferase, that use
+pyrophosphate to basically
+
+generate light.
+
+And so then you have one of
+these beads in each well.
+
+You look at which wells
+lit up when we added dCTP.
+
+And they must have had G as
+the next base and so forth.
+
+And there's no termination here.
+
+The only termination
+is because you're only
+
+adding one base at a time.
+
+So if you have a single
+gene in the template,
+
+you'll add one base.
+
+But if you have two Gs in the
+template, you'll add two Cs.
+
+And in principle, you'll
+get twice as much light.
+
+But then you have to sort of
+do some analysis after the fact
+
+to say, OK how much
+light do we have?
+
+And was that one G,
+two G, and so forth.
+
+And the amount of
+light is supposed
+
+to be linear up to
+about five or six Gs.
+
+But that's still a
+more error-prone step.
+
+And the most common
+type of error in 454
+
+is actually insertions
+and deletions.
+
+Whereas in Illumina
+sequencing, it's substitutions.
+
+David actually encouraged
+me to talk more
+
+about sequencing errors
+and quality scores.
+
+And I need to do a little
+bit more background.
+
+But I may add that a little
+bit later in the semester.
+
+OK, so in Illumina
+sequencing, you
+
+add all four dNTPs
+at the same time.
+
+But they're non-native.
+
+They have two major
+modifications.
+
+So one is that they're
+three prime blocked.
+
+That means that
+the OH is not free,
+
+I'll show the chemical
+structure in a moment.
+
+So you can't extend
+more than one base.
+
+You incorporate that one
+base, and the polymerase
+
+can't do anything more.
+
+And they're also tagged
+with four different fluors.
+
+So you add all
+four dNTPs at once.
+
+You let the polymerase
+incorporate them.
+
+And then you image
+the whole flow cell
+
+using two lasers
+and two filters.
+
+So basically, to
+image the four fluors.
+
+So you have to sort of take
+four different pictures
+
+of each portion of the flow
+cell and then the camera moves
+
+and you scan the whole cell.
+
+And so then, those clusters that
+incorporated a C, let's say,
+
+they will show up in the
+green channel as spots.
+
+And those incorporated
+in A, and so forth.
+
+So you basically have these
+clusters, each of them
+
+represents a distinct
+template, and you
+
+read one base at a time.
+
+So, first you read the
+first base after the primer.
+
+So it's sequencing
+downwards into the template.
+
+And you read the
+first base so you
+
+know what the first base
+of all your clusters is.
+
+And then you reverse
+the termination.
+
+You cleave off
+that chemical group
+
+that was blocking the 3-prime
+OH so now it can extend again.
+
+And then you add the
+four dNTPs again,
+
+do another round of extension,
+and then image again,
+
+and so forth.
+
+And so it takes a little while.
+
+Each round of imaging
+takes about an hour.
+
+So if you want to do 100 base
+single and Illumina sequencing,
+
+it'll be running on the machine
+for about four days or so.
+
+Plus the time you have to
+build the clusters, which
+
+might be several hours
+on the day before.
+
+So what is this?
+
+So actually the whole idea
+of blocking termination--
+
+basically Sanger's idea--
+is carried over here
+
+in Illumina sequencing
+with a little twist.
+
+And that's that you can
+reverse the termination.
+
+So if you look down
+here at the bottom,
+
+these are two different
+3-prime terminators.
+
+Remember your base counting.
+
+Base one, two, three.
+
+So this was the
+3-prime OH, now it's
+
+got this methyl [INAUDIBLE],
+or whatever that is.
+
+I'm not much of a chemist,
+so you can look that one up.
+
+And then here's another version.
+
+And this is sort
+of chemistry that
+
+can cleave this off
+when you're done.
+
+And then this whole thing
+here, hanging off the base,
+
+is the fluor.
+
+And you cleave that off as well.
+
+So you add this big complicated
+thing, you image it,
+
+and then you cleave
+off the fluor
+
+and cleave off
+the 3-prime block.
+
+These are some actual
+sequencing images
+
+you would image in
+the four channels.
+
+They're actually
+black and white.
+
+These are pseudocode.
+
+And then you can merge
+those and you can see then
+
+all the clusters
+on the flow cell.
+
+So this is from a GA2 with
+the recommended cluster
+
+density back in the day,
+like a few years ago.
+
+And nowadays, the image
+now since the software
+
+has gotten a lot better,
+so you can actually
+
+load the clusters more
+densely and therefore
+
+get more sequence
+out of the same area.
+
+But imagine just
+millions and millions
+
+of these little
+clusters like this.
+
+Notice the clusters are
+not all the same size.
+
+Basically, you're
+doing PCR in situ,
+
+and so some molecules are easier
+to amplify by PCR than others.
+
+And that probably accounts
+for these variations in size.
+
+So what is the
+current throughput?
+
+These data are accurate as
+of about, maybe, last year.
+
+So the HiSeq 2000 instrument
+is the most high performance,
+
+widely used instrument.
+
+Now there's a 2500, but I
+think it's roughly similar.
+
+You have one flow cell.
+
+So a flow cell looks sort
+of like a glass slide,
+
+except that it has
+these tunnels carved
+
+in it like eight little
+tubes inside the glass slide.
+
+And on the surfaces
+of those tubes
+
+is where the adapters
+are covalently attached.
+
+And so you have
+eight lanes and so
+
+you can sequence eight different
+things in those eight lanes.
+
+You could do yeast genome
+in one and fly RNA-seq
+
+in another, and so forth.
+
+And these days, a single
+lane will produce something
+
+like 200 million reads.
+
+And this is typically routine
+to get 200 million reads
+
+from a lane.
+
+Sometimes you can get more.
+
+You can do up to 100 bases.
+
+You can do 150 these
+days on a MiSeq,
+
+which is a miniature version.
+
+You can do maybe 300 or more.
+
+And so that's a whole
+lot of sequence.
+
+So that's 160 billion bases of
+sequence from a single lane.
+
+And that will cost you-- that
+single lane-- maybe $2,000
+
+to $3,000, depending
+where you're doing it.
+
+And the cost doesn't
+include the capital cost,
+
+that's just the reagent
+cost for running that.
+
+So 160 billion-- the
+human genome is 3 billion,
+
+so you've now sequenced the
+human genome over many times
+
+there.
+
+You can do more.
+
+So you can do
+paired-end sequencing,
+
+where you sequence both
+ends of your template.
+
+And that'll basically double
+the amount of sequence you get.
+
+And you can also,
+on this machine,
+
+do two flow cells at once.
+
+So you can actually
+double it beyond that.
+
+And so for many applications,
+160 billion bases is overkill.
+
+It's more than you need.
+
+Imagine you're doing
+bacterial genome sequencing.
+
+Bacterial genome might
+be five megabases or so.
+
+This is complete overkill.
+
+So you can do bar coding
+where you add little six
+
+base tags to
+different libraries,
+
+and then mix them together,
+introduce them to the machine,
+
+sequence the tags
+first or second,
+
+and then sequence the templates.
+
+And then you effectively
+sort them out later.
+
+And then do many
+samples in one lane.
+
+And that's what people
+most commonly do.
+
+So, questions about
+next-gen sequencing?
+
+There's a lot more to learn.
+
+I'm happy to talk about it more.
+
+It's very relevant
+to this class.
+
+But I'm sure it'll come up
+later in David's sections,
+
+so I don't want to take
+too much time on it.
+
+So, now once you generate
+reads from an Illumina
+
+instrument or some
+other instrument,
+
+you'll want to align
+them to the genome
+
+to determine, for
+example, if you're
+
+doing RNA-seq mapping
+reads that come from mRNA,
+
+you'll want to know what
+genes they came from.
+
+So you need to map those
+reads back to the genome.
+
+What are some other reasons you
+might want to align sequences?
+
+Just in general, why
+is aligning sequences--
+
+meaning, matching them up
+and finding individual bases
+
+or amino acid residues that
+match-- why is that useful?
+
+Diego?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can
+assemble them if you want.
+
+PROFESSOR: You
+can assemble them?
+
+Yes.
+
+So if you're doing
+genome sequencing,
+
+if you align them to
+each other and you
+
+find a whole stack that
+sort of align this way,
+
+you can then assemble
+and infer the existence
+
+of a longer sequence.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+Yes, your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Julianne.
+
+Looking at homologs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Looking at homologs.
+
+Right.
+
+So if you, for example, are
+doing disease gene mapping,
+
+you've identified a human
+gene of unknown function
+
+that's associated
+with a disease.
+
+Then you might want to search
+it against, say, the mouse
+
+database and find
+a homolog in mouse
+
+and then that might be what you
+would want to study further.
+
+You might want to then
+knock it out in mouse
+
+or mutate it or something.
+
+So those are some good reasons.
+
+There's others.
+
+So we're going to first talk
+about local alignment, which
+
+is a type of alignment
+where you want
+
+to find shorter stretches
+of high similarity.
+
+You don't require alignment
+of the entire sequence.
+
+So there are certain
+situations where
+
+you might want to do that.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+You are studying a recently
+discovered human non-coding
+
+RNA.
+
+As you can see, it's 45 bases.
+
+You want to see if
+there's a mouse homolog.
+
+You run it through NCBI
+BLAST, which as we said
+
+is sort of the Google search
+engine of mathematics--
+
+and you're going get a chance
+to do it on pump set one,
+
+and you get a hit
+that looks like this.
+
+So notice, this is
+sort of BLAST notation.
+
+It says Q at the top.
+
+Q is for "query," that's
+the sequence you put in.
+
+S is "subject,"
+that's the database
+
+you were searching against.
+
+You have coordinates,
+so 1 to 45.
+
+And then, in the subject, it
+happened to be base 403 to 447
+
+in some mouse
+chromosome or something.
+
+And you can see that
+it's got some matching.
+
+But it also has some mismatches.
+
+So in all, there are 40
+matches and five mismatches
+
+in the alignment.
+
+So is that significant?
+
+Remember, the mouse genome
+is 2.7 billion bases long.
+
+It's big.
+
+So would you get a match
+this good by chance?
+
+So the question is really,
+should you trust this?
+
+Is this something you
+can confidently say,
+
+yes mouse is a
+homolog, and that's it?
+
+Or should you just
+be like, well,
+
+that's not better
+than I get by chance
+
+so I have no
+evidence of anything?
+
+Or is it sort of
+somewhere in between?
+
+And how would you tell?
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Chris.
+
+You would want to
+figure out a scoring
+
+function for the alignment.
+
+And then, with that
+scoring function,
+
+you would find whether or not
+you have a significant match.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So Chris says you want to
+define a scoring system
+
+and then use the
+scoring system to define
+
+statistical significance.
+
+Do want to suggest
+a scoring system?
+
+What's the simplest
+one you can think of?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just if there's a
+match, you add a certain score.
+
+If it's a mismatch, you
+subtract a certain score.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's do
+that scoring system.
+
+So the notation that's
+often used is Sii.
+
+So that would be a match
+between nucleotide i
+
+and then another
+copy of nucleotide i.
+
+We'll call that 1,
+plus 1 for a match.
+
+And sij, where i
+and j are different,
+
+we'll give that
+a negative score.
+
+Minus 1.
+
+So this is i not equal to j.
+
+So that's a scoring matrix.
+
+It's a four by four matrix
+with 1 on the diagonal
+
+and minus 1 everywhere else.
+
+And this is commonly
+used for DNA.
+
+And then there's a
+few other variations
+
+on this that are also used.
+
+So good, a scoring system.
+
+So then, how are we going
+to do the statistics?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+How do we know
+what's significant?
+
+AUDIENCE: The higher
+score would probably
+
+be a little more significant
+than a lower score.
+
+But the scale, I'm not sure--
+
+PROFESSOR: The scale
+is not so obvious.
+
+Yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: My name is Andrea.
+
+So if you shuffled the RNA,
+like permute the sequence,
+
+then we'll get the
+[INAUDIBLE] genome
+
+you get with that
+shuffled sequence.
+
+And the score is about
+the same as you'd
+
+get with the non-shuffled
+sequence [INAUDIBLE]
+
+about very significant scores.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so
+that's a good idea.
+
+BLAST, as it turns
+out-- is pretty fast.
+
+So you could shuffle
+your RNA molecule,
+
+randomly permute the
+nucleotides many times,
+
+maybe even like
+1,000 times, search
+
+each one against
+the mouse genome,
+
+and get a distribution
+of what's the best
+
+score-- the top score-- that
+you get against a genome,
+
+look at that
+distribution and say
+
+whether the score
+of the actual one
+
+is significantly higher
+than that distribution
+
+or just falls in the
+middle of that somewhere.
+
+And that's reasonable.
+
+You can certainly do that, and
+it's not a bad thing to do.
+
+But it turns out there is
+an analytical theory here
+
+that you can use.
+
+And so that you can determine
+significance more quickly
+
+without doing so
+much computation.
+
+And that's what
+we'll talk about.
+
+But another issue, before
+we get to the statistics,
+
+is how do you actually
+find that alignment?
+
+How do you find the top scoring
+match in a mouse genome?
+
+So let's suppose
+this guy is your RNA.
+
+OK, of course, we're
+using T's, but that's
+
+just because you usually
+sequences it at the DNA level.
+
+But imagine this is your RNA.
+
+It's very short.
+
+This is like 10 or so, I think.
+
+And this is your database.
+
+But it goes on a
+few billion more.
+
+Several more blackboards.
+
+And I want to come up
+with an algorithm that
+
+will find the highest scoring
+segment of this query sequence
+
+against this database.
+
+Any ideas?
+
+So this would be like
+our first algorithm.
+
+And it's not terribly
+hard, so that's
+
+why it's a good
+one to start with.
+
+Not totally obvious either.
+
+Who can think of an algorithm
+or something, some operation
+
+that we can do on
+this sequence compared
+
+to this sequence--
+in some way-- that
+
+will help us find the
+highest scoring match?
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have to consider
+insertion and deletion.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+So we're going to
+keep it simple.
+
+That's true, in general.
+
+But we're going
+to keep it simple
+
+and just say no
+insertions and deletions.
+
+So we're going to look for
+an ungapped local alignment.
+
+So that's the
+algorithm that I want.
+
+First, no gaps.
+
+And then we'll do
+gaps on Tuesday.
+
+Tim?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could just
+compare your [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to [INAUDIBLE] all
+across the database
+
+and turn off all the
+[INAUDIBLE] on that [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and then figure out [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+Pretty much.
+
+I mean, that's
+pretty much right.
+
+Although it's not quite as
+much of a description as
+
+you would need if you want
+to actually code that.
+
+Like, how would you
+actually do that?
+
+So, I want a
+description that is sort
+
+of more at the
+level of pseudocode.
+
+Like, here's how you would
+actually organize your code.
+
+So, let's say you
+entertain the hypothesis
+
+that the alignment can be
+in different registers.
+
+The alignment can correspond to
+base one of the query and base
+
+one of the subject.
+
+Or it could be shifted.
+
+It could be an alignment
+where base 1 of the query
+
+matches these two, and so forth.
+
+So there's sort of
+different registers.
+
+So let's just consider
+one register first.
+
+The one where base 1 matches.
+
+So let's just look
+at the matches
+
+between corresponding bases.
+
+I'm just going to make these
+little angle bracket guys here.
+
+Hopefully I won't
+make any mistakes.
+
+I'm going to take this.
+
+This is sort of implementing
+Tim's idea here.
+
+And then I'm going to
+look for each of these--
+
+so consider it going down here.
+
+Now we're sort of looking
+at an alignment here.
+
+Is this a match or a mismatch?
+
+That's a mismatch.
+
+That's a match.
+
+That's a mismatch.
+
+That's a mismatch.
+
+That's a match.
+
+Match Match.
+
+Mismatch.
+
+Mismatch.
+
+Mismatch.
+
+So where is the
+top scoring match
+
+between the query
+and the subject?
+
+Tim?
+
+Anyone?
+
+AUDIENCE: 6, 7, 8.
+
+PROFESSOR: 6, 7, 8.
+
+Good.
+
+Oh--
+
+AUDIENCE: 5, 6, 7.
+
+PROFESSOR: 5, 6, 7.
+
+Right.
+
+Right here.
+
+You can see there's
+three in a row.
+
+Well, what about this?
+
+Why can't we add
+this to the match?
+
+What's the reason why
+it's not 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+score for that is lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because the
+score for that is lower.
+
+Right.
+
+We defined top scoring segment.
+
+You sum up the scores
+across the map.
+
+So you can have
+mismatches in there,
+
+but this will have a score of 3.
+
+And if you wanted to
+add these three bases,
+
+you would be adding
+negative 2 and plus 1,
+
+so it would reduce your score.
+
+So that would be worse.
+
+Any ideas on how to do this in
+an automatic, algorithmic way?
+
+Yeah?
+
+What's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Simon.
+
+So if you keep shifting the
+entire database, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so you
+keep shifting it over,
+
+and you generate
+one of these lines.
+
+But imagine my query was
+like 1,000 or something.
+
+And my database
+is like a billion.
+
+How do I look along here?
+
+And here it was obvious what
+the top scoring match is.
+
+But if I had two
+matches here, then we
+
+would've actually had
+a longer match here.
+
+So in general, how do I
+find that that top match?
+
+For each of those
+registers, if you will,
+
+you'll have a thousand
+long diagonal here
+
+with 1's and minus 1's on it.
+
+How do I process those scores
+to find the top scoring segment?
+
+What's an algorithm to do that?
+
+It's kind of
+intuitively obvious,
+
+but I want to do something
+with, you define a variable
+
+and you update it, and you
+add to it, and subtract.
+
+Something like that.
+
+But, like a computer
+could actually handle.
+
+Yeah?
+
+What was your name?
+
+Julianne?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you keep track
+of what the highest total
+
+score is, and then you keep
+going down the diagonal,
+
+And then you update it?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You keep track of what the
+highest total score was?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+The highest test score.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+highest segment score?
+
+OK.
+
+I'm going to put this up here.
+
+And we'll define max s.
+
+That's the highest segment
+score we've achieved to date.
+
+And we'll initialize
+that to zero, let's say.
+
+Because if you had
+all mismatches,
+
+zero would be the
+correct answer.
+
+If your query was A's
+and your subject was T's.
+
+And then what do you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: As you go down the
+diagonal, you keep track of--
+
+PROFESSOR: Keep track of what?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you
+look at 1 in 1 first.
+
+And then you go 1 in 2, and
+you find a score of zero.
+
+But that's higher
+than negative 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: But the score of the
+maximum segment at that point,
+
+after base 2, is not zero.
+
+It's actually 1.
+
+Because you could have a
+segment of one base alignment.
+
+The cumulative score is zero.
+
+I think you're onto something
+here that may be also
+
+something useful
+to keep track of.
+
+Let's do the cumulative score
+and then you tell me more.
+
+We'll define cumulative
+score variable.
+
+We'll initialize that to zero.
+
+And then we'll have some for
+loops that, as some of you
+
+have said, you want to
+loop through the subject.
+
+All the possible
+registers of the subject.
+
+So that would be
+maybe j equals 1
+
+to subject length
+minus query length.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Don't worry too much about this.
+
+Again, this is not
+real code, obviously.
+
+It's pseudocode.
+
+So then this will be,
+say, 1 to query language.
+
+And so this will be
+going along our diagonal.
+
+And we're going to plot
+the cumulative score.
+
+So here you would you have an
+update where cumulative score
+
+plus equals the score
+of query position
+
+i matched against
+subject position j.
+
+And update that.
+
+So that's just cumulative score.
+
+So what will it look like?
+
+So in this case, I'll
+just use this down here.
+
+So you have zero, 1,
+2, minus 1, minus 2.
+
+So you'll start at position
+zero in the sequence.
+
+At position 1 you're
+down here at minus 1
+
+because it was a mismatch.
+
+Then at position 2, as you
+said, we're back up to zero.
+
+And then what happens?
+
+Go down to minus
+1, down to minus 2.
+
+Then we go up three times in a
+row until we're up here to 1.
+
+And then we go down after that.
+
+So where is your highest scoring
+match in this cumulative score
+
+plot?
+
+People said it was from 5 to 7.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So would it be
+from like a local minimum
+
+to a local maximum?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So, what do you want
+to keep track of?
+
+AUDIENCE: You want to keep track
+of the minimum and the maximum.
+
+And look for the range which
+you maximize to different--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so
+this is now sort of more
+
+what I was looking
+for in terms of--
+
+so this was the local minimum,
+and that's the local maximum.
+
+This is the score.
+
+That's your mass s there.
+
+And you also want to keep
+track of where that happened
+
+in both the query
+and the subject.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So you would keep track of
+this running cumulative score
+
+variable.
+
+You keep track of
+the last minimum.
+
+The minimum that
+you've achieved so far.
+
+And so that would then
+be down here to minus 2.
+
+And then when your cumulative
+score got up to plus 1,
+
+you always take that
+cumulative score,
+
+minus the last minimum
+cumulative score.
+
+That gives you a
+potential candidate
+
+for a high scoring segment.
+
+And if that is bigger than
+your current max high scoring
+
+segment, then you update it
+and you would update this.
+
+And then you would
+also have variables
+
+that would store where you are.
+
+And also, where did
+that last minimum occur.
+
+So I'm not spelling it all out.
+
+I'm not going to give
+you all the variables.
+
+But this is an algorithm that
+would find the maximum score.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're
+keeping track
+
+of the global maximum,
+local minimum,
+
+so that you can accept the most
+recent local minimum following
+
+the global maximum?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not
+sure I got all that.
+
+But you're keeping track
+of the cumulative score.
+
+The minimum that that
+cumulative score ever got to.
+
+And the maximum
+difference, the maximum
+
+that you ever in the
+past have gone up.
+
+Where you've had a
+net increment upwards.
+
+Like here.
+
+So this variable
+here, this max s,
+
+it would be initialized to zero.
+
+When you got to here, your last
+minimum score would be minus 1.
+
+Your cumulative
+score would be zero.
+
+You would take the difference
+of those, and you'd be like,
+
+oh I've got a high scoring
+segment of score one.
+
+So I'm going to update that.
+
+So now, that variable
+is now 1 at this point.
+
+Then you're going down, so
+you're not getting anything.
+
+You're just lowering this
+minimum cumulative score
+
+down to minus 2 here.
+
+And then when you
+get to here, now you
+
+check the cumulative score
+minus the last minimum.
+
+It's 1.
+
+That's a tie.
+
+We won't keep track of ties.
+
+Now at here, that
+difference is 2.
+
+So now we've got a new record.
+
+So now we update this maximum
+score to 2 in the locations.
+
+And then we get here, now
+it's 3, and we update that.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Imagine the first
+dip-- instead of going down
+
+to negative 1, it went
+down to negative 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Negative 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: That first dip.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right here?
+
+So we started back a little bit.
+
+So back here, like this?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: Down to negative 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: But how do
+we get to negative 3?
+
+Because our scoring is this way.
+
+You want this dip to minus 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: No
+
+PROFESSOR: This one minus 3?
+
+Imagine we are at minus 3 here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Imagine it dipped to minus 3.
+
+And then the next one dipped to
+higher than that, to minus 2.
+
+And then it went up to 1.
+
+And so, would the difference
+you look at be negative 2 to 1,
+
+or negative 3 to 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Like that, right?
+
+So, minus 3, let's
+say, minus 2, 1.
+
+Something like that.
+
+What do people think?
+
+Anyone want to--?
+
+AUDIENCE: Minus 3 to 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Minus 3 to 1.
+
+It's the minimum
+that you ever got to.
+
+This might be a stronger match,
+but this is a higher scoring
+
+match.
+
+And we said we want
+higher scoring.
+
+So you would count that.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you keep track
+of both the global minimum
+
+and the global
+maximum, and you take
+
+the difference between them.
+
+PROFESSOR: You keep track
+of the global minimum
+
+and the current
+cumulative score,
+
+and you take the difference.
+
+AUDIENCE: The global maximum--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not
+necessarily global maximum
+
+because we could be
+well below zero here.
+
+We could do like this.
+
+From here to here.
+
+So this is not the
+global maximum.
+
+This just happens
+to be, we went up
+
+a lot since our last minimum.
+
+So that's your high
+scoring segment.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+I haven't completely
+spelled it out.
+
+But I think you guys have given
+enough ideas here that there;s
+
+sort of the core
+of an algorithm.
+
+And I encourage you to think
+this through afterwards
+
+and let me know if
+there are questions.
+
+And we could add an
+optional homework
+
+where I ask you to do
+this, that we've sometimes
+
+had in the past.
+
+It is a useful thing to look at.
+
+This is not exactly how
+the BLAST algorithm works.
+
+It uses some tricks
+for faster speed.
+
+But this is sort of
+morally equivalent to BLAST
+
+in the sense that it has the
+same order of magnitude running
+
+time.
+
+So this algorithm-- what is the
+running time in Big-O notation?
+
+So just for those who
+are non-CS people, when
+
+you use this Big-O notation,
+then you're asking,
+
+how does the running
+time increase
+
+in the size of the input?
+
+And so what is the input?
+
+So we have two inputs.
+
+We have a query of length.
+
+And let's say
+subject of length n.
+
+So clearly, if those are bigger,
+it'll take longer to run.
+
+But when you compare
+different algorithms,
+
+you want to know how the run
+time depends on those lengths.
+
+Yes.
+
+What's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sally.
+
+m times n.
+
+PROFESSOR: So with
+this, this is what
+
+you would call an
+order mn algorithm.
+
+And why is that?
+
+How can you see that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have two for
+loops And for each length,
+
+essentially, you're
+going through everything
+
+in the query.
+
+And then, for everything that
+you go through in the query,
+
+you would [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+In this second for loop here,
+you're going through the query.
+
+And you're doing that
+nested inside of a for loop
+
+that's basically the
+length of the subject.
+
+And eventually
+you're going to have
+
+to compare every
+base in the query
+
+to every base in the subject.
+
+There's no way around that.
+
+And that takes
+some unit of time.
+
+And so the actual time will
+be proportional to that.
+
+So the bigger n gets
+and m gets, it's
+
+just proportional
+to the product.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Or another way to
+think about it is,
+
+you're clearly going to have to
+do something on this diagonal.
+
+And then you're going
+to have to do something
+
+on this diagonal, and
+this one, and this one.
+
+And actually, you have to
+also check these ones here.
+
+And in the end, the total
+number of computations
+
+there is going to
+be this times that.
+
+You're basically doing
+a rectangle's worth
+
+of computations.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So that's not bad, right?
+
+It could be worse.
+
+It could be, like, mn squared
+or something like that.
+
+So that's basically
+why BLAST is fast.
+
+So what do these things
+look like, in general?
+
+And what is the condition on
+our score for this algorithm
+
+to work?
+
+What if I gave a score
+of plus 1 for a match,
+
+and zero for a mismatch?
+
+Could we do this?
+
+Joe, you're shaking your head.
+
+AUDIENCE: It would
+just be going up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The problem is, it might
+be flat for a while,
+
+but eventually it would go up.
+
+And it would just
+go up and up and up.
+
+And so your highest
+scoring segment
+
+would, most of the
+time, be something
+
+that started very
+near the beginning
+
+and ended very near the end.
+
+So that doesn't work.
+
+So you have to have
+a net negative drift.
+
+And the way that's formalized
+is the expected score
+
+has to be negative.
+
+So why is the expected score
+negative in this scoring system
+
+that has plus 1 for a match,
+and minus 1 for a mismatch?
+
+Why does that work?
+
+AUDIENCE: It should be wrong
+three quarters of the time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You'll have a mismatch
+three quarters of the time.
+
+So on average, you
+tend to drift down.
+
+And then you have these
+little excursions upwards,
+
+and those are your
+high scoring segments.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+Is there something
+better than m times n?
+
+PROFESSOR: We've got some
+computer scientists here.
+
+David?
+
+Better than m times n?
+
+I don't think so,
+because you have
+
+to do all those comparisons.
+
+And so there's no way around
+that, so I don't think so.
+
+All right.
+
+But the constant--
+you can do better
+
+on the constant than
+this algorithm thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: With
+multiple queries--
+
+PROFESSOR: With
+multiple queries, yeah.
+
+Then you can maybe
+do some hashing
+
+or find some-- to speed it up.
+
+OK, so what about the
+statistics of this?
+
+So it turns out that Karlin and
+Altschul developed some theory
+
+for just exactly this problem.
+
+For searching a query sequence.
+
+It can be nucleotide or protein
+as long as you have integer
+
+scores and the average-- or the
+expected-- score is negative,
+
+then this theory
+tells you how often
+
+the highest score of all--
+across the entire query
+
+database comparison--
+exceeds a cut
+
+off x using a local alignment
+algorithm such as BLAST.
+
+And it turns out
+that these scores
+
+follow what's called an extreme
+value or Gumbel distribution.
+
+And it has this kind of
+double exponential form here.
+
+So x is some cut off.
+
+So usually x would be the
+score that you actually
+
+observed when you searched your
+query against the database.
+
+That's the one you care about.
+
+And then you want
+to know, what's
+
+the probability we would've
+seen something higher than that?
+
+Or you might do x is one less
+than the score you observed.
+
+So what's the chance we
+observed something the same,
+
+as good as this, or better?
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+And so this is going to
+be your P value then.
+
+So the probability
+of S. The score
+
+of the highest segment
+under a model where
+
+you have a random query
+against a random database
+
+of the same length is 1
+minus e to the minus KMN
+
+e to the minus lambda x.
+
+Where M and N are the lengths
+of the query and the database.
+
+x is the score.
+
+And then K and lambda are
+two positive parameters
+
+that depend actually on the
+details of your score matrix
+
+and the composition
+of your sequences.
+
+And it turns out that lambda
+is really the one that matters.
+
+And you can see
+that because lambda
+
+is up there in that
+exponent multiplying x.
+
+So if you double
+lambda, that'll have
+
+a big effect on the answer.
+
+And K, it turns
+out, you can mostly
+
+ignore it for most purposes.
+
+So as a formula, what
+does this thing look like?
+
+It looks like that.
+
+Kind of a funny shape.
+
+It sort of looks like
+an umlauf a little bit,
+
+but then has a different shape
+on the right than the left.
+
+And how do you
+calculate this lambda?
+
+So I said that lambda is
+sort of the key to all this
+
+because of its uniquely
+important place
+
+in that formula,
+multiplying the score.
+
+So it turns out that lambda is
+the unique positive solution
+
+to this equation here.
+
+So now it actually depends
+on the scoring matrix.
+
+So you see there's sij there.
+
+It depends on the
+composition of your query.
+
+That's the pi's.
+
+The composition of your
+subject, that's the rj's.
+
+You sum over the i
+and j equal to each
+
+of the four nucleotides.
+
+And that sum has to be 1.
+
+So there's a unique positive
+solution to this equation.
+
+So how would we solve
+an equation like this?
+
+First of all, what
+kind of equation
+
+is this, given that we're
+going to set the sij,
+
+and we're going to just
+measure the pi and the rj?
+
+So those are all
+known constants,
+
+and lambda is what we're
+trying to solve for here.
+
+So what kind of an
+equation is this in lambda?
+
+Linear?
+
+Quadratic?
+
+Hyperbolic?
+
+Anybody know what this is?
+
+So this is called a
+transcendental equation
+
+because you have
+different powers.
+
+That sounds kind of unpleasant.
+
+You don't take a class in
+transcendental equations
+
+probably.
+
+So in general, they're not
+possible to solve analytically
+
+when they get complicated.
+
+But in simple cases, you
+can solve them analytically.
+
+And in fact, let's just do one.
+
+So let's take the
+simplest case, which
+
+would be that all the
+pi's are a quarter.
+
+All the ri's are a quarter.
+
+And we'll use the scoring system
+that we came up with before,
+
+where sii is 1,
+and sij is minus 1.
+
+If i does not equal j.
+
+And so when we plug those in to
+that sum there, what do we get?
+
+We'll get four terms that are
+one quarter, times one quarter,
+
+times e to the lambda.
+
+There's four possible
+types of matches, right?
+
+They have probability one
+quarter times a quarter.
+
+That's pi and rj.
+
+And the e to the lambda
+sii is just e to the lambda
+
+because sii is 1.
+
+And then there's 12 terms that
+are one quarter, one quarter,
+
+e to the minus lambda.
+
+Because there's
+the minus 1 score.
+
+And that has to equal 1.
+
+So cancel this, we'll
+multiply through by 4, maybe.
+
+So now we get e to
+the lambda plus 3.
+
+e to the minus lambda equals 1.
+
+It's still a
+transcendental equation,
+
+but it's looking
+a little simpler.
+
+Any ideas how to
+solve this for lambda?
+
+Sally?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't the 1 be 4?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+4.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I think
+[INAUDIBLE] quadratic equation.
+
+If you multiply both sides by
+[INAUDIBLE] then [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+the claim is this
+
+is basically a
+quadratic equation.
+
+So you multiply both
+sides by e to the lambda.
+
+So then you get e to
+the 2 lambda plus 3.
+
+And then it's going to
+move this over and do
+
+minus 4 e to the
+lambda equals zero.
+
+Is that good?
+
+So how is it quadratic?
+
+What do you actually
+do to solve this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Change the variable,
+x equals e to the lambda.
+
+Then it's quadratic in x.
+
+Solve for x.
+
+We all know how to solve
+quadratic equations.
+
+And then substitute
+that for lambda.
+
+OK, everyone got that?
+
+If you use 16 different
+scores to represent
+
+all the different types
+of matches and mismatches,
+
+this will be very unpleasant.
+
+It's not unsolvable,
+it's just that you
+
+have to use computational
+numerical methods to solve it.
+
+But in simple cases
+where you just
+
+have a couple different
+types of scores,
+
+it will often be a
+quadratic equation.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's suppose that we have
+a particular scoring system--
+
+particular pi's, rj's-- and
+we have a value of lambda that
+
+satisfies those.
+
+So we've solved this
+quadratic equation for lambda.
+
+I think we get lambda
+equals natural log
+
+3, something like that.
+
+Remember, it's a unique
+positive solution.
+
+Quadratic equations
+are two solutions,
+
+but there's going to be
+just one positive one.
+
+And then we have that value.
+
+It satisfies this equation.
+
+So then, what if we
+double the scores?
+
+Instead of plus 1 minus
+1, we use plus 2 minus 2?
+
+What would then happen?
+
+You can see that the
+original version of lambda
+
+wouldn't necessarily still
+satisfy this equation.
+
+But if you think
+about it a little bit,
+
+you can figure out what
+new value of lambda
+
+would satisfy this equation.
+
+We've solved for the lambda
+that solves with these scores.
+
+Now we're going to
+have new scores.
+
+sii prime equals 2.
+
+sij prime equals minus 2.
+
+What is lambda prime?
+
+The lambda that goes
+with these scores?
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Half of the original?
+
+PROFESSOR: Half of the original?
+
+Right.
+
+So you're saying that lambda
+prime equals lambda over 2.
+
+And why is that?
+
+Can you explain?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+of the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, if you think
+about these terms in the sum,
+
+the s part is all doubling.
+
+So if you cut the lambda apart,
+and the product will equal what
+
+it did before.
+
+And we haven't changed the pi's
+and rj's, so all those terms
+
+will be the same.
+
+So therefore, it will still
+satisfy that equation.
+
+So that's another way
+of thinking about it.
+
+Yes, you're correct.
+
+So if you double
+the scores, lambda
+
+will be reduced
+by a factor of 2.
+
+So what does that
+tell us about lambda?
+
+What is it?
+
+What is its meaning?
+
+Yeah, go ahead, Jeff.
+
+AUDIENCE: Scale of
+the distribution
+
+to the expectant score?
+
+Or the range score?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It basically scales the scores.
+
+So we can have the
+same equation here used
+
+with arbitrary scoring.
+
+It just scales it.
+
+You can see the way it appears
+as a multiplicative factor
+
+in front of the score.
+
+So if you double all
+the scores, will that
+
+change what the highest
+scoring segment is?
+
+No, it won't change
+it because you'll
+
+have this cumulative thing.
+
+It just changes how
+you label the y-axis.
+
+It'll make it bigger, but it
+won't change what that is.
+
+And if you look
+at this equation,
+
+it won't change the
+statistical significance.
+
+The x will double in value,
+because all the matches are now
+
+worth twice as much as
+what they were before.
+
+But lambda will be half
+as big, and so the product
+
+will be the same and therefore,
+the final probability
+
+will be the same.
+
+So it's just a scaling factor
+for using different scoring
+
+systems.
+
+Everyone got that?
+
+All right.
+
+So what scoring matrix
+should we use for DNA?
+
+How about this one?
+
+So this is now a
+slight generalization.
+
+So we're going to keep
+1 for the matches.
+
+You don't lose any generality
+by choosing 1 here for matches,
+
+because if you use 2,
+then lambda is just
+
+going to be reduced
+to compensate.
+
+So 1 for matches.
+
+And then we're going to
+use m for mismatches.
+
+And m must be negative in
+order to satisfy this condition
+
+for this theory to work,
+that the average score
+
+has to be negative.
+
+Clearly, you have to have
+some negative scores.
+
+And the question then
+is, should we use minus 1
+
+like we used before?
+
+Or should we use like minus 2
+or minus 5, or something else?
+
+Any thoughts on this?
+
+Or does it matter?
+
+Maybe it doesn't matter.
+
+Yeah, what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Would it make sense to
+not use [INAUDIBLE],
+
+because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+So you want to use a more
+complicated scoring system.
+
+What particular
+mismatches would you
+
+want to penalize more and less?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+I think [INAUDIBLE]
+
+needs to be [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you are
+correct in your intuition.
+
+Maybe one of the
+biologists wants
+
+to offer a suggestion here.
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's a mismatch
+between purine and pyrimidine
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so now we've
+got purines and pyrimidines.
+
+So everyone
+remember, the purines
+
+are A and G. The
+pyrimidines are C and T.
+
+And the idea is that
+this should be penalized,
+
+or this should be penalized
+less than changing
+
+a purine to a pyrimidine.
+
+And why does that makes sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well,
+structurally they're--
+
+PROFESSOR: Structurally, purines
+are more similar to each other
+
+than they are to pyrimidines.
+
+And?
+
+More importantly, I think.
+
+In evolution?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry,
+can you speak up?
+
+AUDIENCE: C to C mutations
+happen spontaneously
+
+in [INAUDIBLE] chemistry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So C to C mutations
+happen spontaneously.
+
+So basically, it's
+easier because they
+
+look more similar structurally.
+
+The DNA polymerase is more
+likely to make a mistake
+
+and substitute another purine.
+
+The rate of purine,
+purine or pyrimidine,
+
+pyrimidine to
+transversions which
+
+switch the type is
+about three to one,
+
+or two to one in
+different systems.
+
+So yeah, that's a good idea.
+
+But for simplicity, just
+to keep the math simple,
+
+we're just going to go
+with one mismatch penalty.
+
+But that is a good point.
+
+In practice, you
+might want to do that.
+
+So now, I'm saying
+I'm going to limit you
+
+to one mismatch penalty.
+
+But I'm going to let you
+choose any value you want.
+
+So what value should you choose?
+
+Or does it matter?
+
+Or maybe different applications?
+
+Tim, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I've just
+got a question.
+
+Does it depend on pi and ri?
+
+For example, we could
+use all these numbers.
+
+But if the overall
+wants to be negative,
+
+then you couldn't
+use negative .1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+that's a good point.
+
+You can't make it too weak.
+
+It may depend on what your
+expected fraction of matches
+
+is, which actually
+depends on pi and ri.
+
+So if you have very biased
+sequences, like very AT rich,
+
+your expected fraction of
+matches is actually higher.
+
+When you're researching
+an AT rich sequence
+
+against another
+AT rich sequence,
+
+it's actually higher
+than a quarter.
+
+So even minus one might
+not be sufficient there.
+
+You might need to go
+down more negative.
+
+So you may need to use a
+higher negative value just
+
+to make sure that the
+expected value is negative.
+
+That's true.
+
+And yeah, you may want to adjust
+it based on the composition.
+
+So let's just do a bit more.
+
+So it turns out that the
+Karlin and Altschul theory,
+
+in addition to telling you what
+the p value is of your match--
+
+the statistical significance--
+it also tells you
+
+what the matches will
+look like in terms
+
+of what fraction of
+identity they will have.
+
+And this is the so-called
+target frequency equation.
+
+The theory says that if
+I search a query with one
+
+particular composition, p,
+subject meta-composition r--
+
+here, I've just assumed
+they're the same, both p just
+
+for simplicity-- with a
+scoring matrix sij, which
+
+has a corresponding of lambda.
+
+Then, when I take those
+very high scoring matches--
+
+the ones that are
+statistically significant--
+
+and I look at those
+alignments of those matches,
+
+I will get values qij,
+given by this formula.
+
+So look at the formula.
+
+So it's qij.
+
+So pipj e to the lambda sij.
+
+So it's basically
+the expected chance
+
+that you would have base
+i matching based j just
+
+by chance.
+
+That's pipj.
+
+But then weighted by
+e to the lambda sij.
+
+So we notice for a match,
+s will be positive,
+
+so e to the lambda
+will be positive.
+
+So that will be bigger than 1.
+
+And you'll have more
+matches and you'll
+
+have correspondingly
+less mismatches
+
+because the mismatch
+has a negative.
+
+So get the target value score.
+
+And that also tells you that
+the so-called natural scores
+
+are actually determined
+by the fraction of matches
+
+that you want in your
+high scoring segments.
+
+If we want 90% matches,
+we just set qii
+
+to be 0.9, and use
+this equation here.
+
+Solve for sij.
+
+For example, if you want to
+find regions with R% identities.
+
+Little r is just the
+r as a proportion.
+
+qii is going to be r over 4.
+
+This assumes unbiased
+base composition.
+
+A quarter of the
+matches are acgt.
+
+Qij, then, is 1 minus r over 12.
+
+1 minus r is a fraction
+of non-matching positions.
+
+They're 12 different types.
+
+Set sii equal to 1, that's
+what we said we normally do.
+
+And then you do a little
+bit of algebra here.
+
+m is sij.
+
+And you sort of plug in
+this equation twice here.
+
+And you get this equation.
+
+So it says that m equals
+log of 4 1 minus r over 3
+
+over log 4 r.
+
+And for this to be
+true, this assumes
+
+that both the query
+and the database
+
+have uniform composition
+of a quarter,
+
+and that r is between
+a quarter and 1.
+
+The proportion of matches in
+your high scoring segment--
+
+you want it to be
+bigger than a quarter.
+
+A quarter is what you
+would see by chance.
+
+There's something wrong with
+your scoring system if you're
+
+considering those
+to be significant.
+
+So it's something above 25%.
+
+And so it's just
+simple algebra--
+
+you can check my work at
+home-- to solve for m here.
+
+And then this equation
+then tells you
+
+that if I want to find
+75% identical matches
+
+in a nucleotide
+search, I should use
+
+a mismatch penalty of minus 1.
+
+And if I want 99%
+identical matches,
+
+I should use a
+penalty of minus 3.
+
+Not minus 5, but minus 3.
+
+And I want you to think
+about, does that make sense?
+
+Does that not make sense?
+
+Because I'm going to ask you
+at the beginning of class
+
+on Tuesday to
+explain and comment
+
+on this particular phenomenon
+of how when you want higher
+
+percent identities, you want a
+more negative mismatch score.
+
+Any last questions?
+
+Comments?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6rjmzV-Wrvg.txt b/6rjmzV-Wrvg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c549fb876f99933c1156b377fe0c3c5d6ebe04e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6rjmzV-Wrvg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+resources for free to make a donation or
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+view additional materials from hundreds
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a remarkable man um with a long history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable man um with a long history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkable man um with a long history
+long I mean he was uh one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I mean he was uh one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long I mean he was uh one of the key
+people in the reform of British Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the reform of British Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the reform of British Science
+from you know sort of uh a intense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know sort of uh a intense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know sort of uh a intense but
+nevertheless uh fairly gentlemanly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless uh fairly gentlemanly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless uh fairly gentlemanly uh
+pursuit to moving it into institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit to moving it into institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit to moving it into institutions
+in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England
+and uh hxy was identified with the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh hxy was identified with the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh hxy was identified with the Royal
+School of Mines uh that's where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Mines uh that's where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Mines uh that's where he was
+uh appointed after after he came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appointed after after he came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appointed after after he came back
+from his rattlesnake Voyage uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his rattlesnake Voyage uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his rattlesnake Voyage uh and then
+he was instrumental in the establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was instrumental in the establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was instrumental in the establishment
+of uh the Imperial College of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the Imperial College of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the Imperial College of science
+and technology so he became uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology so he became uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology so he became uh one of
+the key people in moving it from down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key people in moving it from down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key people in moving it from down in
+the area of uh padil up to nightsbridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of uh padil up to nightsbridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of uh padil up to nightsbridge
+and building it up into one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building it up into one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building it up into one of the great
+institutions he was one of the inaugural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions he was one of the inaugural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions he was one of the inaugural
+speakers the inaugural speaker at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers the inaugural speaker at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers the inaugural speaker at The
+Establishment at John's Hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment at John's Hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Establishment at John's Hopkins
+University came over to America traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University came over to America traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University came over to America traveled
+in America and uh said uh I mean he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America and uh said uh I mean he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America and uh said uh I mean he was
+incredibly articulate he he just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly articulate he he just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly articulate he he just had a
+way with uh language that uh he he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with uh language that uh he he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with uh language that uh he he could
+both he could write fairly detailed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both he could write fairly detailed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both he could write fairly detailed uh
+complicated scientific papers but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated scientific papers but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated scientific papers but he
+could turn around and write essay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn around and write essay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn around and write essay that
+could be published in a journal and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be published in a journal and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be published in a journal and be
+read by thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by thousands and thousands of
+people so he he had this versatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so he he had this versatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so he he had this versatility
+with language and he was uh he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and he was uh he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and he was uh he was a
+pretty aggressive promoter of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty aggressive promoter of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty aggressive promoter of science
+you know he he uh became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he he uh became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he he uh became known as
+Darwin's Bulldog because uh he had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's Bulldog because uh he had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's Bulldog because uh he had this
+kind of uh he liked he liked debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh he liked he liked debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh he liked he liked debate
+vigorous debate and uh when uh Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous debate and uh when uh Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous debate and uh when uh Evolution
+was debated in polite circles uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was debated in polite circles uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was debated in polite circles uh in
+University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University
+locations uh by people who were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations uh by people who were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations uh by people who were trying
+to presented in a unfavorable light hxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to presented in a unfavorable light hxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to presented in a unfavorable light hxy
+was quite happy to step up to the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite happy to step up to the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite happy to step up to the stage
+and debate uh Evolution itself even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debate uh Evolution itself even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debate uh Evolution itself even
+though Evolution at the time was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Evolution at the time was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Evolution at the time was some
+was was often unpopular so uh haxley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was often unpopular so uh haxley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was often unpopular so uh haxley
+haxley really became an advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haxley really became an advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haxley really became an advocate for
+approaching knowledge with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching knowledge with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching knowledge with a
+objective clear sense of uh not bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective clear sense of uh not bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective clear sense of uh not bringing
+bias and so forth into the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and so forth into the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and so forth into the picture
+trying to just see what the facts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just see what the facts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just see what the facts uh
+he's he's one of his quotes was uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's one of his quotes was uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's one of his quotes was uh uh
+sit down before uh fact as a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down before uh fact as a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down before uh fact as a little
+child and just learn from the facts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and just learn from the facts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and just learn from the facts and
+see what you can make of them and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can make of them and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can make of them and try to
+uh eliminate biases so uh he really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eliminate biases so uh he really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eliminate biases so uh he really was
+uh a key figure in the 19 Century an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a key figure in the 19 Century an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a key figure in the 19 Century an
+advocate for just open approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for just open approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for just open approach to
+knowledge and to pursuing knowledge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and to pursuing knowledge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and to pursuing knowledge for
+knowledge sake uh just for the the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge sake uh just for the the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge sake uh just for the the love
+of learning uh and definitely he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning uh and definitely he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning uh and definitely he was
+more than happy to face off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than happy to face off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than happy to face off with the
+consequences of whatever he learned um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of whatever he learned um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of whatever he learned um
+he was um uh as Devon said he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was um uh as Devon said he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was um uh as Devon said he was a
+comparative an anatomist uh morphologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative an anatomist uh morphologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative an anatomist uh morphologist
+he studied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied uh
+uh he studied in in the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he studied in in the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he studied in in the framework of
+uh uh Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Evolution
+paleontology uh he definitely and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleontology uh he definitely and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleontology uh he definitely and he
+also was uh uh someone who did uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was uh uh someone who did uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was uh uh someone who did uh a lot
+in Science Education he wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Science Education he wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Science Education he wrote the
+classic papers of Science Education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers of Science Education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic papers of Science Education in
+the 19th century so and the reform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century so and the reform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century so and the reform of
+Education the education that Butler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education the education that Butler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education the education that Butler
+talks about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about in
+aroan uh the uh uh colleges of unreason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aroan uh the uh uh colleges of unreason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aroan uh the uh uh colleges of unreason
+where you learn the hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you learn the hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you learn the hypothetical
+language and so forth Butler was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and so forth Butler was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and so forth Butler was making
+a he was sterzing the curriculum of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a he was sterzing the curriculum of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a he was sterzing the curriculum of uh
+English University of those days that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English University of those days that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English University of those days that he
+had encountered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had encountered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had encountered at
+Cambridge uh where the emphasis was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh where the emphasis was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh where the emphasis was on
+learning Latin and uh getting grounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Latin and uh getting grounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Latin and uh getting grounding
+in Theology and and uh uh classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Theology and and uh uh classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Theology and and uh uh classical
+thought but uh without any kind of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but uh without any kind of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but uh without any kind of uh uh
+any kind of uh access to practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of uh access to practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of uh access to practical
+knowledge so uh hxy was the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so uh hxy was the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so uh hxy was the answer to
+that in many ways he he brought in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways he he brought in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways he he brought in the
+arguments that uh Science Education was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that uh Science Education was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that uh Science Education was
+uh not only important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only important in the
+intellectual sense but it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual sense but it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual sense but it was an
+important part of becoming a mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of becoming a mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of becoming a mature
+Society to become knowledgeable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society to become knowledgeable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society to become knowledgeable about
+science uh contemporary Society could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh contemporary Society could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh contemporary Society could
+learn a lot from hoxley because uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot from hoxley because uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot from hoxley because uh we we
+don't necessarily Embrace those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily Embrace those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily Embrace those
+principles even now and that is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles even now and that is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles even now and that is uh we
+sometimes uh uh we sometimes limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh uh we sometimes limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh uh we sometimes limit the
+uh the time and significance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the time and significance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the time and significance we
+attribute to Scientific uh knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to Scientific uh knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute to Scientific uh knowledge and
+spend our time on other other matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our time on other other matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our time on other other matters
+that are less uh less urgent um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less uh less urgent um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are less uh less urgent um which is
+not to say that hxy was all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say that hxy was all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say that hxy was all about
+urgency but uh he was a big robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgency but uh he was a big robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgency but uh he was a big robust
+personality and uh he definitely thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and uh he definitely thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality and uh he definitely thought
+a lot about his contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about his contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about his contemporary
+Society uh so science was important he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh so science was important he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh so science was important he
+loved science he loved the pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved science he loved the pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved science he loved the pursuit of
+science but he also saw the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but he also saw the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but he also saw the larger
+society and tried to place his knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and tried to place his knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and tried to place his knowledge
+in in into the context of larg larg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in into the context of larg larg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in into the context of larg larg
+society and that's really the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and that's really the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and that's really the source of
+our essay today um which is his uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our essay today um which is his uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our essay today um which is his uh his
+introduction to evolution in ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to evolution in ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to evolution in ethics
+called pram and U um this this work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pram and U um this this work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pram and U um this this work is
+touches on many and many of the themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches on many and many of the themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches on many and many of the themes
+that we've been talking about many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about many many
+of the books he references lots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books he references lots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the books he references lots of the
+works that we've come across and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that we've come across and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that we've come across and there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+even there are even Illusions to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there are even Illusions to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even there are even Illusions to things
+that Butler and others have said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Butler and others have said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Butler and others have said but
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+malus is a presence in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malus is a presence in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malus is a presence in this in this
+piece of work um okay so uh here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of work um okay so uh here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of work um okay so uh here you
+have um uh so in in evolution and ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh so in in evolution and ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh so in in evolution and ethics
+Huxley he's uh he develops this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley he's uh he develops this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley he's uh he develops this whole
+dialogue this whole discourse on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue this whole discourse on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue this whole discourse on the two
+states the fact that uh there's a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the fact that uh there's a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the fact that uh there's a state
+of nature and then there's a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature and then there's a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature and then there's a state of
+Art and I mean it's a it's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art and I mean it's a it's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art and I mean it's a it's something we
+can debate because you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can debate because you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can debate because you know it's not
+necessarily uh a pat distinction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh a pat distinction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh a pat distinction and
+we'll get into that a little bit as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into that a little bit as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into that a little bit as I
+said he did become known as Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he did become known as Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he did become known as Darwin's
+Bulldog because he came out he became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulldog because he came out he became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulldog because he came out he became a
+very vigorous advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vigorous advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vigorous advocate for
+ution and this was not always popular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ution and this was not always popular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ution and this was not always popular so
+he sometimes uh found himself on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sometimes uh found himself on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sometimes uh found himself on the
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+stage uh and there's a uh there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh and there's a uh there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh and there's a uh there's sort
+of a celebrated encounter between him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a celebrated encounter between him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a celebrated encounter between him
+and Bishop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bishop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bishop
+wilburforce many people have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilburforce many people have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilburforce many people have written
+various things and you know it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and you know it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things and you know it's been
+kind of uh expanded into sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh expanded into sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh expanded into sort of a
+cultural myth because it was the clash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural myth because it was the clash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural myth because it was the clash
+between the man of science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the man of science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the man of science the
+rationalist and and the Theologian who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalist and and the Theologian who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalist and and the Theologian who
+was based in you know the traditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based in you know the traditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was based in you know the traditions of
+uh the religious texts and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the religious texts and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the religious texts and uh you know
+they sort of clashed on stage in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of clashed on stage in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of clashed on stage in front
+of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of
+undergraduates at Oxford who were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates at Oxford who were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates at Oxford who were you
+know hooping and Howling and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hooping and Howling and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hooping and Howling and you know
+all sort of uh watching this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of uh watching this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of uh watching this kind of uh
+face off between these two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face off between these two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face off between these two uh
+distinguished uh uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished uh uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished uh uh sort of
+authorities and uh anyways he he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities and uh anyways he he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities and uh anyways he he got
+quite a bit of notoriety from that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of notoriety from that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of notoriety from that he
+also published you recall I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published you recall I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published you recall I mentioned
+one of his books earlier man's place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his books earlier man's place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his books earlier man's place in
+nature uh which was a work that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh which was a work that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature uh which was a work that was
+published uh uh uh right around the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh uh uh right around the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh uh uh right around the time
+of the Origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Origin of
+Species and u a little bit before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species and u a little bit before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Species and u a little bit before and
+U uh in that in that work he argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh in that in that work he argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh in that in that work he argued that
+humans were simply to be seen within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans were simply to be seen within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans were simply to be seen within the
+framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of
+primates he did not make a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates he did not make a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates he did not make a an
+explicit argument that they were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit argument that they were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit argument that they were that
+they had derived from a common ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had derived from a common ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had derived from a common ancestor
+that that wasn't his purpose his purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wasn't his purpose his purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wasn't his purpose his purpose
+in his his book man's place in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his his book man's place in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his his book man's place in nature
+was simply to frame the human body its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply to frame the human body its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply to frame the human body its
+structure uh its its status as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh its its status as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh its its status as an
+organism within the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism within the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism within the context of the
+natural world and to say humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and to say humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural world and to say humans are
+natural entities or they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural entities or they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural entities or they have to be
+thought of as primates and uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as primates and uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as primates and uh this was a
+very bold thing to do at this time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bold thing to do at this time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bold thing to do at this time and
+he was he was cautioned by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he was cautioned by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he was cautioned by a number of
+people including Charles LEL that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including Charles LEL that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people including Charles LEL that this
+was pushing pushing the envelope a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pushing pushing the envelope a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pushing pushing the envelope a
+little far but he loved sort of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little far but he loved sort of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little far but he loved sort of doing
+that so that was part of his personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was part of his personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was part of his personality
+um so yes uh he he he on the religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes uh he he he on the religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes uh he he he on the religious
+thing he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he just
+said you know he he had he didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know he he had he didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know he he had he didn't have
+the uh authority to disprove religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authority to disprove religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authority to disprove religion
+and he did not have the uh evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did not have the uh evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did not have the uh evidence
+to uh to accept it so he called himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to accept it so he called himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to accept it so he called himself
+an agnostic it's just for him the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agnostic it's just for him the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agnostic it's just for him the word
+agnostic just meant it's not within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic just meant it's not within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic just meant it's not within the
+realm of his his uh ability to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of his his uh ability to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of his his uh ability to either
+prove or disprove and uh and so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or disprove and uh and so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove or disprove and uh and so this has
+become a quite a a controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a quite a a controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a quite a a controversial
+term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but
+uh okay so he uh and and then the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so he uh and and then the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so he uh and and then the quote
+and then we'll uh his quote was sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll uh his quote was sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll uh his quote was sit down
+before fact as a little child be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before fact as a little child be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before fact as a little child be
+prepared to give up every preconceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to give up every preconceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to give up every preconceived
+notion follow humbly wherever or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion follow humbly wherever or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion follow humbly wherever or where
+or whatever abysses nature leads or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever abysses nature leads or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever abysses nature leads or you
+will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn
+nothing and you recall Norbert weiner he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and you recall Norbert weiner he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and you recall Norbert weiner he
+said this he said the same thing in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this he said the same thing in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this he said the same thing in his
+his essay uh which was published years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his essay uh which was published years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his essay uh which was published years
+and years later of course that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years later of course that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years later of course that um you
+know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh
+the the Searcher for knowledge must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Searcher for knowledge must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Searcher for knowledge must be
+prepared to entertain heretical Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to entertain heretical Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to entertain heretical Notions
+in the pursuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pursuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pursuit of
+knowledge all right so uh Evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge all right so uh Evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge all right so uh Evolution and
+ethics um this was uh this was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics um this was uh this was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics um this was uh this was one of
+huxley's uh final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huxley's uh final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huxley's uh final
+works and um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and um it was
+uh a set of essays that he uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of essays that he uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of essays that he uh uh
+produced in 1893 19 1893 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in 1893 19 1893 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in 1893 19 1893 and
+1894 uh which were part of a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 uh which were part of a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 uh which were part of a lecture
+series a Romanus lecture Series so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a Romanus lecture Series so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a Romanus lecture Series so he
+was invited to give a lecture by one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to give a lecture by one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invited to give a lecture by one of
+his friends uh George romanis and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friends uh George romanis and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his friends uh George romanis and he
+delivered uh he delivered the essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered uh he delivered the essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered uh he delivered the essay
+Evolution ethics first and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution ethics first and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution ethics first and then he
+delivered an introduction to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered an introduction to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered an introduction to it because
+the essay itself was really just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essay itself was really just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essay itself was really just the
+length of a public talk and he felt he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a public talk and he felt he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a public talk and he felt he
+really had to add more context to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had to add more context to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had to add more context to it so
+that's the part that I ask you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part that I ask you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part that I ask you to read
+uh it's called a pram that's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called a pram that's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's called a pram that's just an
+introduction to Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Evolution
+ethics so what is his uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics so what is his uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics so what is his uh what is
+his what what's what's hxy concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his what what's what's hxy concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his what what's what's hxy concerned
+about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa
+and what are some of the what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some of the what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some of the what are some
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+topics how does he set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics how does he set this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics how does he set this up
+yeah Chris uh it puts forth a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris uh it puts forth a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris uh it puts forth a state of
+nature and a state of art state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and a state of art state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and a state of art state of
+nature being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature being
+the the the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the state
+of a land or a place before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a land or a place before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a land or a place before the
+intervention of human before human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention of human before human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention of human before human
+intervention and the state of art being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and the state of art being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and the state of art being
+it's the environment after humans have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the environment after humans have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the environment after humans have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+introduced he acknowledges that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced he acknowledges that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced he acknowledges that the
+world of Darwin and the world of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of Darwin and the world of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of Darwin and the world of of
+nature itself is he notes that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature itself is he notes that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature itself is he notes that you know
+this is a prevailing State this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a prevailing State this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a prevailing State this is a
+sort of cosmic state if you will uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cosmic state if you will uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cosmic state if you will uh you
+know the Earth has emerged at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Earth has emerged at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Earth has emerged at a certain
+point in its its history of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in its its history of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in its its history of time
+into the natural landscapes that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the natural landscapes that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the natural landscapes that we're
+familiar with when we go out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when we go out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when we go out into the
+Wilderness or into undeveloped areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilderness or into undeveloped areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilderness or into undeveloped areas and
+in huxley's day of course there was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in huxley's day of course there was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in huxley's day of course there was much
+more of this I mean sometimes the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this I mean sometimes the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of this I mean sometimes the modern
+a person a Modern urban liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person a Modern urban liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person a Modern urban liver
+uh inhabitant has a very hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inhabitant has a very hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inhabitant has a very hard time
+finding these locations we go to parks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding these locations we go to parks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding these locations we go to parks
+and place like that and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place like that and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place like that and see if we can
+find nature um because human is but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nature um because human is but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nature um because human is but you
+know this whole concept of a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this whole concept of a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this whole concept of a state of
+nature that this is the normal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that this is the normal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that this is the normal way
+things are and that uh you know uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are and that uh you know uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are and that uh you know uh it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+basically uh part of uh the extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh part of uh the extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh part of uh the extension
+of the cosmos basically uh he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosmos basically uh he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosmos basically uh he says
+measured by liberal scale of timekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by liberal scale of timekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by liberal scale of timekeeping
+of the universe this present state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe this present state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe this present state of
+nature however it may seem to have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature however it may seem to have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature however it may seem to have gone
+and to go on forever is but a fleeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to go on forever is but a fleeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to go on forever is but a fleeting
+phase of her infinite variety turn back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of her infinite variety turn back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of her infinite variety turn back
+a square foot of the thin Turf in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square foot of the thin Turf in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square foot of the thin Turf in the
+solid foundation of the land exposed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid foundation of the land exposed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid foundation of the land exposed in
+Cliffs of chalk 500 feet high on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliffs of chalk 500 feet high on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliffs of chalk 500 feet high on the
+adjacent Shore yields full Assurance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent Shore yields full Assurance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent Shore yields full Assurance of
+a time when the sea uh covered the sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the sea uh covered the sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the sea uh covered the sight
+of the Everlasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Everlasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Everlasting
+Hills this is a point and his there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills this is a point and his there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills this is a point and his there's a
+lot of irony I mean hux is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of irony I mean hux is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of irony I mean hux is very good
+with you know making these little twists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know making these little twists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know making these little twists
+but the fact that we think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that we think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that we think of these as
+the South Towns and England as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Towns and England as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Towns and England as you know
+Everlasting Hills and so forth well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everlasting Hills and so forth well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everlasting Hills and so forth well as a
+matter of fact they've been under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact they've been under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact they've been under the
+ocean more than once so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean more than once so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean more than once so you know this
+notion so what emerges from this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion so what emerges from this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion so what emerges from this this
+concept of nature he says there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of nature he says there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of nature he says there's
+there's there's one principle in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one principle in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one principle in all
+this that we can say runs through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we can say runs through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that we can say runs through the
+whole thing what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing what is
+it quote all entities in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quote all entities in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quote all entities in the universe
+Huxley argues actually that's my quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley argues actually that's my quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley argues actually that's my quote
+never mind all enti all entities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind all enti all entities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind all enti all entities in the
+universe not those just of biological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe not those just of biological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe not those just of biological or
+origin are undergoing Evolution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin are undergoing Evolution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin are undergoing Evolution and the
+big so that's that's the big theme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so that's that's the big theme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so that's that's the big theme is
+that it's not just living things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not just living things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not just living things but
+it's the rocks and the the any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rocks and the the any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rocks and the the any kind of
+organized system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized system you
+know yeah and the one permanent thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah and the one permanent thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah and the one permanent thing is
+not some form but the permanent thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some form but the permanent thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some form but the permanent thing is
+change there's there there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change there's there there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change there's there there's nothing
+that's going to stay the same everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stay the same everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to stay the same everything
+is changing constantly life forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing constantly life forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing constantly life forms are
+changing land forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing land forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing land forms are
+changing uh the world is part of uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing uh the world is part of uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing uh the world is part of uh an
+incredible array of uh uh uh Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible array of uh uh uh Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible array of uh uh uh Cosmic
+substance that is constantly undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is constantly undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is constantly undergoing
+shifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and
+change and humans sort of sit within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and humans sort of sit within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and humans sort of sit within one
+little time one little speck of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time one little speck of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time one little speck of time
+within this vast system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this vast system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this vast system of
+change and what's in their interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what's in their interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what's in their interests
+what do they do about change why what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do about change why what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do about change why what
+are what's the point of trying to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's the point of trying to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's the point of trying to create
+a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+art stop change yeah it's basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art stop change yeah it's basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art stop change yeah it's basically to
+stop the change from happening or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the change from happening or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the change from happening or at
+least to control it I mean that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to control it I mean that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to control it I mean that's what
+civilization is is trying to do at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization is is trying to do at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization is is trying to do at some
+level is is to counter this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is is to counter this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is is to counter this constant
+change of the Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the Natural
+Forces so that we can create a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forces so that we can create a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forces so that we can create a level of
+stability within we can within which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability within we can within which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability within we can within which we
+can live and that's the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live and that's the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live and that's the concept of the
+colony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony
+call I was to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I was to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I was to say
+yeah Claire oh no well just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Claire oh no well just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Claire oh no well just like I
+wouldn't have automatically thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have automatically thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have automatically thought that
+me as a species were trying to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a species were trying to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as a species were trying to stop
+change like it seems like we make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like it seems like we make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like it seems like we make all
+this technology and do all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and do all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology and do all the things
+that we do in order to improve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in order to improve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in order to improve in
+improving or changing but then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving or changing but then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving or changing but then there is
+like good need for stability too which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good need for stability too which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good need for stability too which
+makes sense yeah okay yeah no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense yeah okay yeah no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense yeah okay yeah no that's
+good Charles I'm all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Charles I'm all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Charles I'm all of a sudden
+reminded of words words poem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of words words poem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of words words poem that
+we Abby yes and like just the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Abby yes and like just the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Abby yes and like just the just the
+struggle not the struggle but like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle not the struggle but like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle not the struggle but like kind
+of just the Dynamics between man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just the Dynamics between man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just the Dynamics between man and
+nature like neglect like just active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature like neglect like just active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature like neglect like just active
+forces on one side will try to take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on one side will try to take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on one side will try to take over
+the other yeah and like that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other yeah and like that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other yeah and like that kind of
+conflict I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict I guess
+ised here as well well that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ised here as well well that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ised here as well well that's a that's
+an excellent point because Wordsworth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excellent point because Wordsworth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excellent point because Wordsworth is
+you know what what is his position with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what is his position with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what is his position with
+regard to Nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change I mean doesn't he want to he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I mean doesn't he want to he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I mean doesn't he want to he he
+wants to live within it he wants to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to live within it he wants to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to live within it he wants to you
+know somehow accept it and not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow accept it and not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow accept it and not to
+completely I mean I mean you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely I mean I mean you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely I mean I mean you know if you
+want to see an expression of the desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see an expression of the desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see an expression of the desire
+to stop change uh just go look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop change uh just go look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop change uh just go look at you
+know John Hancock building or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know John Hancock building or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know John Hancock building or something
+know there's a there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a there's a there's a
+stable environment within inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable environment within inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable environment within inside the
+tower uh and in that Tower we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower uh and in that Tower we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower uh and in that Tower we
+control uh and we set up a very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh and we set up a very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh and we set up a very stable
+system in which we can walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which we can walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which we can walk around
+without FL you know without coats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without FL you know without coats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without FL you know without coats and
+things of that sort and go about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort and go about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort and go about our
+business but you know we can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you know we can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you know we can't have
+rainstorms coming in into the I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainstorms coming in into the I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainstorms coming in into the I mean we
+are constantly trying to create a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constantly trying to create a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constantly trying to create a sort
+of uh a framework around ourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a framework around ourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a framework around ourselves and
+to keep the forces of uh the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the forces of uh the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the forces of uh the the sort of
+uh uncontrolled forces of nature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uncontrolled forces of nature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uncontrolled forces of nature on the
+outside and control our inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and control our inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and control our inside
+environment at least this is hoy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at least this is hoy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment at least this is hoy's
+position um so he uh as he says uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position um so he uh as he says uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position um so he uh as he says uh in
+the bottom here he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here he's talking about
+Evolution now you know he's he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution now you know he's he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution now you know he's he's he's
+really just saying that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just saying that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just saying that you know
+evolution is really talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is really talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is really talking about this
+this this idea of change that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea of change that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea of change that things
+constantly change that over Millennia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly change that over Millennia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly change that over Millennia
+they will one form will uh descend into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will one form will uh descend into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will one form will uh descend into
+other forms and uh nothing stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms and uh nothing stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms and uh nothing stays the
+same so he says the word Evolution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so he says the word Evolution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so he says the word Evolution now
+generally applied to the cosmic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally applied to the cosmic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally applied to the cosmic process
+it's had a singular history and is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had a singular history and is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had a singular history and is used
+in various senses taken in its popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various senses taken in its popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various senses taken in its popular
+signification it means Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signification it means Progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signification it means Progressive
+development that is gradual change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that is gradual change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that is gradual change from
+a condition of relative uniformity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition of relative uniformity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition of relative uniformity to
+one of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of relative
+complexity but his connotation has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but his connotation has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but his connotation has been
+widened to include the phenomena of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened to include the phenomena of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened to include the phenomena of
+retrogressive metamorphosis that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrogressive metamorphosis that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrogressive metamorphosis that is a
+progress from a condition of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress from a condition of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress from a condition of relative
+complexity to one of relative uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to one of relative uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to one of relative uniformity
+so Evolution can go in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Evolution can go in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Evolution can go in all directions
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+necessarily uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh uh
+consistent with our concept of progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with our concept of progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with our concept of progress
+where you know things always get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know things always get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know things always get better
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+stable okay so he has this state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so he has this state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so he has this state of
+nature um to which he to which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um to which he to which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um to which he to which he
+matches this uh what he calls a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches this uh what he calls a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches this uh what he calls a state of
+art um and I have to say this was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um and I have to say this was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um and I have to say this was this
+was not simply accepted a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not simply accepted a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not simply accepted a lot of people
+a lot of people rejected this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people rejected this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people rejected this this
+argument of huxley's and even scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of huxley's and even scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of huxley's and even scientific
+colleagues of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues of his
+uh were upset that he he tried to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were upset that he he tried to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were upset that he he tried to argue
+that the state of art was different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of art was different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of art was different from
+the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of
+nature because why would this what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature because why would this what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature because why would this what would
+be the problem what what are the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem what what are the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem what what are the problem
+of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that
+humans uh are somehow opposed to Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh are somehow opposed to Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh are somehow opposed to Nature
+by creating the state of Art and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating the state of Art and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating the state of Art and the
+state of Art and the state of nature are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Art and the state of nature are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Art and the state of nature are
+are are opposed what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are opposed what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are opposed what are some of the
+problems in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in that
+argument well maybe the first somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well maybe the first somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well maybe the first somebody's
+recording next door s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it have a little background here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a little background here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a little background here
+uh okay so what is the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so what is the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so what is the state of
+art let's just see what what he's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art let's just see what what he's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art let's just see what what he's uh
+what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples that's okay it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's okay it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's okay it's a little
+background isn't going to isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background isn't going to isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background isn't going to isn't going to
+hurt anything um what what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt anything um what what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt anything um what what what is a
+state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah isn't
+isn't like things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like things that
+man uh uses SL creates for man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man uh uses SL creates for man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man uh uses SL creates for man's
+benefit yeah it's it's the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit yeah it's it's the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit yeah it's it's the the sort of
+built environment that we're so familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built environment that we're so familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built environment that we're so familiar
+with uh we build an environment uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we build an environment uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we build an environment uh for
+ourselves to live in um I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to live in um I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to live in um I mean you could
+say there are certain organisms that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there are certain organisms that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there are certain organisms that do
+uh you know similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know similar things
+uh there are termites that build towers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are termites that build towers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are termites that build towers
+that they live in there are beavers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they live in there are beavers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they live in there are beavers that
+build Beaver d uh dams and huts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build Beaver d uh dams and huts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build Beaver d uh dams and huts and
+everything they love so you know birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they love so you know birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they love so you know birds
+build nests so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nests so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nests so there are a lot of
+organisms that create built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that create built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that create built
+environments so what's different about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so what's different about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so what's different about
+humans you can't really take creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you can't really take creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you can't really take creativity
+away from like the beaver or the ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from like the beaver or the ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from like the beaver or the ant
+because it's amazing that they figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's amazing that they figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's amazing that they figure
+out and that they build these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that they build these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and that they build these things
+that are so functional and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so functional and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so functional and what they
+need them to do but there is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them to do but there is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them to do but there is like the
+art form that you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art form that you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art form that you're talking about
+behind human building like we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind human building like we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind human building like we don't just
+take wood and make something to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take wood and make something to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take wood and make something to cover
+ourselves with when it rains you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves with when it rains you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves with when it rains you know we
+paint the walls and we like try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the walls and we like try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the walls and we like try to make
+it look pretty and there are places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look pretty and there are places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look pretty and there are places like
+have you ever seen the Pomo Center in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever seen the Pomo Center in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever seen the Pomo Center in um
+in France they have all of the plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France they have all of the plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France they have all of the plumbing
+and everything on the outside it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything on the outside it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything on the outside it's just
+like a show of everything that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a show of everything that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a show of everything that humans
+and there is like the escalator on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is like the escalator on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is like the escalator on the
+outside and you know we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and you know we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and you know we don't need
+escalators we could just be on one floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalators we could just be on one floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalators we could just be on one floor
+but we choose to okay express ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we choose to okay express ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we choose to okay express ourselves
+like that further bit than other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that further bit than other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that further bit than other species
+so there's Ingenuity that uh I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Ingenuity that uh I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Ingenuity that uh I mean this
+comes back to our concepts of design uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to our concepts of design uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to our concepts of design uh
+I mean there is design in a beaver dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is design in a beaver dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is design in a beaver dam
+is there not there is design in a beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there not there is design in a beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there not there is design in a beaver
+hut there is design in a functional I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hut there is design in a functional I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hut there is design in a functional I
+think yeah uh whereas hum a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah uh whereas hum a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah uh whereas hum a lot of
+things are purely aesthetic okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are purely aesthetic okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are purely aesthetic okay so I
+think that's what you were getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what you were getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what you were getting at
+right that we not only create function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we not only create function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we not only create function
+but we create Beauty uh we create so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we create Beauty uh we create so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we create Beauty uh we create so and
+it comes back to this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to this word
+creativity what is the basis what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity what is the basis what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity what is the basis what is
+driving this building in In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this building in In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving this building in In
+Darwin's remember chapter 7 Instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's remember chapter 7 Instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's remember chapter 7 Instinct
+what what's driving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building it's fundamentally instinctual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's fundamentally instinctual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it's fundamentally instinctual
+based is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based is it
+not do you think it's do you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you think it's do you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you think it's do you think it's
+any different for humans do we build out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different for humans do we build out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different for humans do we build out
+of instinct I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instinct I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instinct I
+thought well no I I was saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well no I I was saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well no I I was saying you know
+uh when we're talking about uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we're talking about uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we're talking about uh when we
+talk about animals uh with except humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about animals uh with except humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about animals uh with except humans
+we see a lot of building in those uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lot of building in those uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lot of building in those uh in
+the worlds of uh organisms build all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds of uh organisms build all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds of uh organisms build all
+kinds of structures yeah think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of structures yeah think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of structures yeah think it's kind
+of weird I think we kind of originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird I think we kind of originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird I think we kind of originally
+build stuff to get away from nature like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build stuff to get away from nature like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build stuff to get away from nature like
+like to get out of so we can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get out of so we can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get out of so we can control
+climate and don't be in the rain all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate and don't be in the rain all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate and don't be in the rain all the
+time but then once we add art back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then once we add art back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but then once we add art back to it
+it's almost like we're trying to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like we're trying to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like we're trying to return
+to Nature by making a pretty picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nature by making a pretty picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nature by making a pretty picture
+like that so something we would see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so something we would see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so something we would see in
+nature and so we're it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and so we're it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and so we're it's almost like
+we're getting out of it just to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting out of it just to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting out of it just to get back
+into it by adding this to it but to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it by adding this to it but to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it by adding this to it but to get
+back in more comfortably exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in more comfortably exactly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in more comfortably exactly yeah
+yeah we we we definitely want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we we definitely want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we we definitely want to uh
+create a a a situation for ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a a situation for ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a a situation for ourselves
+that we can live more comfortably in who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can live more comfortably in who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can live more comfortably in who
+wants to get rained on you know I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get rained on you know I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get rained on you know I mean I
+mean maybe some people do but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe some people do but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe some people do but most
+people want to be able to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to be able to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to be able to do other
+things and just sit there in the rain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just sit there in the rain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just sit there in the rain so
+you know humans humans share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know humans humans share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know humans humans share a
+desire uh with other organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire uh with other organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire uh with other organisms that
+create these environments what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these environments what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these environments what's what's
+the point of a bees uh a beehive I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a bees uh a beehive I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of a bees uh a beehive I mean
+the whole point is to create some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point is to create some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point is to create some kind
+of a stable environment so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stable environment so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stable environment so that you know
+they can reproduce they can live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can reproduce they can live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can reproduce they can live and
+Thrive and so on and so forth so in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrive and so on and so forth so in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrive and so on and so forth so in many
+ways don't we share this same impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways don't we share this same impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways don't we share this same impulse
+except that we have you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we have you know we have
+intellectual fun uh capabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual fun uh capabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual fun uh capabilities that
+can take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take these
+principles and rationalize them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and rationalize them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and rationalize them and
+understand I mean and and and expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I mean and and and expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I mean and and and expand
+them into more and more complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into more and more complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into more and more complex and
+Powerful ways of achieving these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful ways of achieving these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful ways of achieving these same
+ends I mean isn't that sort of what MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends I mean isn't that sort of what MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends I mean isn't that sort of what MIT
+is doing a lot of MIT is doing is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing a lot of MIT is doing is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing a lot of MIT is doing is trying
+to create better environments and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create better environments and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create better environments and better
+structures better materials better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures better materials better I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures better materials better I
+mean what's the point of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the point of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the point of the research
+that's going on in all our Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on in all our Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on in all our Laboratories
+here if if it isn't to somehow create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if if it isn't to somehow create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if if it isn't to somehow create a
+better environment for ourselves that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better environment for ourselves that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better environment for ourselves that's
+where that's where the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's where the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's where the end
+products of these understandings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of these understandings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of these understandings and
+these technological uh applications go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technological uh applications go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technological uh applications go
+into our environment someplace doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our environment someplace doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our environment someplace doing
+something with our environment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with our environment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with our environment are
+conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of
+existence so I just uh so the question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence so I just uh so the question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence so I just uh so the question I
+have is is the state of art itself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is is the state of art itself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is is the state of art itself that
+Huxley says is different and opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley says is different and opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huxley says is different and opposed to
+Nature I mean is there is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature I mean is there is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature I mean is there is there a
+problem in that you know saying well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that you know saying well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that you know saying well you
+know humans produce this state of Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans produce this state of Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans produce this state of Art
+and it's opposed to Nature and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's opposed to Nature and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's opposed to Nature and uh you
+know they're in some kind of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're in some kind of conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're in some kind of conflict
+with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+I don't have an answer I you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have an answer I you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have an answer I you know if I
+if you think I'm expecting you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think I'm expecting you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think I'm expecting you know the
+right answer I don't have one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer I don't have one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer I don't have one but the
+question is is how different are we from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is how different are we from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is how different are we from
+the rest of nature in the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of nature in the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of nature in the way in which
+we try to build environments Devon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to build environments Devon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to build environments Devon you
+add your hand um whether we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your hand um whether we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your hand um whether we're talking
+about Darwin about Huxley or pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Darwin about Huxley or pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Darwin about Huxley or pretty much
+any theme in this course one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any theme in this course one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any theme in this course one of the
+thing that always comes up is that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that always comes up is that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that always comes up is that same
+them term struggle for existence and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them term struggle for existence and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them term struggle for existence and in
+in the quote from last night's reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quote from last night's reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quote from last night's reading
+it says what is often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says what is often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says what is often called the
+struggle of existence in society in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle of existence in society in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle of existence in society in
+parenthesis I plead guilty to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis I plead guilty to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis I plead guilty to having
+used this term to Lely myself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this term to Lely myself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this term to Lely myself is a
+contest not for a means of existence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest not for a means of existence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest not for a means of existence but
+for a means of enjoyment and what I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a means of enjoyment and what I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a means of enjoyment and what I take
+from that is you know when you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that is you know when you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that is you know when you've got
+the when you've got the bees and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you've got the bees and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when you've got the bees and the
+Beavers they're incredibly industrious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beavers they're incredibly industrious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beavers they're incredibly industrious
+but their their designs are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their their designs are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their their designs are based on
+necessity whereas if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity whereas if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity whereas if you look at
+something like the Parthenon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the Parthenon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the Parthenon it's
+beautiful exceptionally wasteful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful exceptionally wasteful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful exceptionally wasteful but
+just a token of our aesthetic and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a token of our aesthetic and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a token of our aesthetic and our
+our roles as a culture and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our roles as a culture and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our roles as a culture and you know and
+this this this sentence doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this sentence doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this sentence doesn't just
+apply to things like architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to things like architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to things like architecture and
+art which we take as the aesthetic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art which we take as the aesthetic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art which we take as the aesthetic form
+of enjoyment but also to class struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enjoyment but also to class struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enjoyment but also to class struggle
+it also describes why you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also describes why you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also describes why you know people
+continue to work harder so in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to work harder so in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to work harder so in theory
+they can gain more wealth the wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can gain more wealth the wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can gain more wealth the wealth
+does not secure them any more any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not secure them any more any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not secure them any more any kind
+of subsistence living but allows them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subsistence living but allows them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subsistence living but allows them to
+partake in more uh more enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partake in more uh more enjoyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partake in more uh more enjoyment
+whether that be you know needlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that be you know needlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that be you know needlessly
+expensive wines prostitutes or cars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive wines prostitutes or cars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive wines prostitutes or cars you
+know it doesn't it's all doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't it's all doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't it's all doesn't matter
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay I think I got that uh yeah it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I got that uh yeah it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I got that uh yeah it's it
+is it is true that there's a uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is true that there's a uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is true that there's a uh there's
+a re a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a re a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a re a
+residual element in human building that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual element in human building that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual element in human building that
+goes over into from utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over into from utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over into from utility
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+self-expression I mean all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-expression I mean all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-expression I mean all the way back
+to those caves where some of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those caves where some of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those caves where some of the first
+brilliant uh uh paintings of hor forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant uh uh paintings of hor forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant uh uh paintings of hor forces
+and various you know the the the cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various you know the the the cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various you know the the the cave
+paintings of Southern France and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings of Southern France and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings of Southern France and various
+other places in the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places in the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places in the world that
+show I mean the cave itself was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I mean the cave itself was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I mean the cave itself was an
+environment of so of of of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of so of of of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of so of of of some sort
+where humans could get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where humans could get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where humans could get out of the
+elements and uh create a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh create a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh create a better
+surrounding for themselves but in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding for themselves but in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding for themselves but in those
+same locations is this kind of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same locations is this kind of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same locations is this kind of excess
+expression this this this ridum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this this this ridum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this this this ridum this
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+uh you know this this going Beyond just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this this going Beyond just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this this going Beyond just
+the utilitarian and that gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarian and that gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarian and that gets into the
+the parnon why the parnon why not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parnon why the parnon why not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parnon why the parnon why not just
+the this one of the most beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one of the most beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this one of the most beautiful
+structures ever possibly created what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures ever possibly created what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures ever possibly created what's
+the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the
+pyramids uh the Great Pyramids yes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids uh the Great Pyramids yes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids uh the Great Pyramids yes they
+there are mams of s they places of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mams of s they places of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mams of s they places of
+burial and so on but why what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial and so on but why what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial and so on but why what's this
+other this this excess that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this this excess that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this this excess that goes into
+the creation of this towering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of this towering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of this towering
+structure that's human that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's human that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's human that's that's
+very very human and we don't know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very human and we don't know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very human and we don't know of
+cases like that in other organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like that in other organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases like that in other organisms that
+I know of there may be some Crow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know of there may be some Crow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know of there may be some Crow or
+something that does something for itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does something for itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does something for itself
+and didn't need to uh that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't need to uh that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't need to uh that's that's
+aesthetically motivated but uh not to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge but many people of course did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but many people of course did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but many people of course did
+see nature In Darwin's time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nature In Darwin's time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nature In Darwin's time and the
+beauties of nature in the flowers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of nature in the flowers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of nature in the flowers the
+Flora and the expressions of beauty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora and the expressions of beauty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora and the expressions of beauty and
+uh things like the bird of paradise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like the bird of paradise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like the bird of paradise as
+the same impulse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same impulse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same impulse to
+create something artistic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something artistic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something artistic that's
+beautiful for nothing other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful for nothing other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful for nothing other than
+Beauty and what does dar's theory do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty and what does dar's theory do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beauty and what does dar's theory do to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there's no there's no capacity within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no capacity within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no capacity within
+Darwin's evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's evolutionary
+system uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in the
+origin uh or I'm not sure of capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh or I'm not sure of capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh or I'm not sure of capacity
+but there's there's it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's there's it's not a
+phenomenon that is recognized by Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is recognized by Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is recognized by Darwin
+the beauty of all these things has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of all these things has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of all these things has
+always comes back to some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes back to some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes back to some kind of
+function the Brilliance of the flower is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Brilliance of the flower is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the Brilliance of the flower is
+to attract the bee uh whether it's uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract the bee uh whether it's uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attract the bee uh whether it's uh or
+the Brilliance of the bird of par Ice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brilliance of the bird of par Ice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brilliance of the bird of par Ice is
+to track the mate but there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track the mate but there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track the mate but there's always
+some kind of function that it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of function that it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of function that it comes back
+to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay
+so yeah there there is in these human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there there is in these human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there there is in these human
+environments something something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments something something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments something something quite
+different but also something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but also something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but also something quite
+consistent with natural building um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with natural building um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with natural building um all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+Hawley uh you know he talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawley uh you know he talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawley uh you know he talks about the
+fact that uh the cosmic process process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh the cosmic process process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh the cosmic process process
+of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature
+will constantly wear down what humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will constantly wear down what humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will constantly wear down what humans
+build and you know he all he has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and you know he all he has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and you know he all he has to do
+is just site the ruins of the world I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just site the ruins of the world I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just site the ruins of the world I
+mean Troy had been discovered uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Troy had been discovered uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Troy had been discovered uh many
+many structures uh you know tin turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many structures uh you know tin turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many structures uh you know tin turn
+Abbey wordsworth's beautiful site of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abbey wordsworth's beautiful site of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abbey wordsworth's beautiful site of his
+his glorious poem is itself an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his glorious poem is itself an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his glorious poem is itself an example
+of you know the destruction of nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the destruction of nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the destruction of nature of
+natural forces the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural forces the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural forces the fact that
+you know if you leave the Empire still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you leave the Empire still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you leave the Empire still
+building eventually if nobody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building eventually if nobody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building eventually if nobody does
+anything to that building it'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to that building it'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to that building it'll it'll
+fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+over it won't it won't exist forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it won't it won't exist forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it won't it won't exist forever
+these bridges that we build you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bridges that we build you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bridges that we build you know
+they're they're they're marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're marvelous
+structures and they last for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and they last for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and they last for some of
+them a couple of hundred years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a couple of hundred years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a couple of hundred years
+or maybe less some of them maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe less some of them maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe less some of them maybe more
+but eventually they'll all fall down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually they'll all fall down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually they'll all fall down
+because under the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the force of
+nature they wear where takes place what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they wear where takes place what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they wear where takes place what
+is where I mean where is what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I mean where is what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I mean where is what that's
+what mechan gets mechanical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mechan gets mechanical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mechan gets mechanical engineers
+really excited where you know w a AR you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited where you know w a AR you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited where you know w a AR you
+know how does it take place how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how does it take place how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how does it take place how what
+what are the structures what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the structures what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the structures what are the
+ways in which things actually fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which things actually fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which things actually fracture
+and you know they study this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they study this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they study this in a
+million different ways to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different ways to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different ways to try to
+understand it better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it better and
+why to build a better something that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why to build a better something that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why to build a better something that'll
+last longer under natural forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last longer under natural forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last longer under natural forces and
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+stresses that's we study this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that's we study this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that's we study this stuff
+constantly that's what we develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly that's what we develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly that's what we develop
+calculus and all the other methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and all the other methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and all the other methods that
+we use to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to kind of
+describe uh natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe uh natural
+phenomena so in in in some ways you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so in in in some ways you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so in in in some ways you're
+you're fighting where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fighting where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fighting where you're
+fighting aging you're fighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting aging you're fighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting aging you're fighting the
+process of of nature so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of nature so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of nature so this is this is
+kind of the the the Crux of this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the Crux of this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the Crux of this uh this
+key first part of this essay fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key first part of this essay fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key first part of this essay fact that
+you know our city ities as the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our city ities as the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our city ities as the bottom
+illustration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration here
+shows you eventually we'll all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you eventually we'll all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you eventually we'll all come
+falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling
+down and what's the ultimate implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what's the ultimate implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and what's the ultimate implication
+of this in hux's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in hux's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in hux's
+essay what ultimately will happen human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+civilization well die out is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization well die out is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization well die out is probably
+not quite the right term but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the right term but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the right term but eventually
+as the cosmic process takes place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the cosmic process takes place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the cosmic process takes place you
+know Millions ions or billions of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Millions ions or billions of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Millions ions or billions of years
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+now Earth will go the way of the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Earth will go the way of the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Earth will go the way of the rest of
+the cosmos you know it's it's we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos you know it's it's we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmos you know it's it's we're not
+we're not here forever I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not here forever I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not here forever I mean it's it's
+a theoretical end because it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical end because it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical end because it's not going
+to happen we assume within you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen we assume within you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen we assume within you
+know the immediate future but his point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the immediate future but his point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the immediate future but his point
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+eventually this built environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this built environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this built environment and
+all the things that humans have brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that humans have brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that humans have brought
+that they think of as the norm of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think of as the norm of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they think of as the norm of time
+in some sense will be gone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense will be gone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense will be gone it
+it'll be just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be just you know
+prairies or grasslands or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prairies or grasslands or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prairies or grasslands or whatever
+happens uh unless we do something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh unless we do something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens uh unless we do something really
+bad to the environment it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to the environment it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad to the environment it becomes
+something much worse but uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much worse but uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much worse but uh you know
+eventually the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the impact of
+humans uh far enough in time will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh far enough in time will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans uh far enough in time will be
+gone says that even most dis metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone says that even most dis metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone says that even most dis metaphor
+even most industrious gardeners will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most industrious gardeners will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even most industrious gardeners will
+eventually lose their apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lose their apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lose their apples and
+gooseberries and you know yeah after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gooseberries and you know yeah after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gooseberries and you know yeah after
+that yeah it's it's it's we we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's it's it's we we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's it's it's we we can't
+ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+resist the cosmos and its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the cosmos and its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the cosmos and its its
+forces so it's a it's a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so it's a it's a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so it's a it's a kind of a
+there's a kind of biblical quality if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of biblical quality if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of biblical quality if
+you will to this essay because it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will to this essay because it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will to this essay because it sort
+of brings people back to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brings people back to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brings people back to the fact that
+you know the dust to dust saying uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dust to dust saying uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the dust to dust saying uh has
+a kind of scientific basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of scientific basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of scientific basis that
+yes eventually things will be back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes eventually things will be back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes eventually things will be back to
+what they were long before for or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were long before for or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were long before for or other
+forms but you know this this this sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but you know this this this sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but you know this this this sense
+of humans as here forever enduring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans as here forever enduring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans as here forever enduring
+forever and so on as you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so on as you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so on as you know it's it's
+it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not
+accurate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay
+um all right then he gets into uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right then he gets into uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right then he gets into uh so you
+know he talks about the colony uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he talks about the colony uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he talks about the colony uh I
+don't know uh humans develop colonies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh humans develop colonies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh humans develop colonies we
+have a kind of a romance with colonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of a romance with colonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of a romance with colonies
+we think of colonies as you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of colonies as you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of colonies as you know these
+incredible new environments but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible new environments but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible new environments but in fact
+you know colonies are pretty violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know colonies are pretty violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know colonies are pretty violent
+places of the intersections of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of the intersections of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of the intersections of different
+cultures and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and you
+know uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh one
+culture commonly dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture commonly dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture commonly dominates
+another so Huxley said that man within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so Huxley said that man within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so Huxley said that man within
+the morals Tau by society live along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morals Tau by society live along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morals Tau by society live along
+inside in Nate personality so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in Nate personality so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in Nate personality so you you
+create a colony which which comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a colony which which comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a colony which which comes from
+culture and culture has the Axiom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and culture has the Axiom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and culture has the Axiom that
+you don't kill each other that you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't kill each other that you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't kill each other that you kind
+of allow your fellow man to exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow your fellow man to exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allow your fellow man to exist and
+that the immediate consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the immediate consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the immediate consequence of this
+is malthusian population because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is malthusian population because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is malthusian population because if
+you're not killing your fellow man you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not killing your fellow man you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not killing your fellow man you
+just have unlimited expansion so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have unlimited expansion so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have unlimited expansion so in this
+particular instance while the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance while the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance while the technology
+Point true this malthusian expansion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point true this malthusian expansion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point true this malthusian expansion is
+about morals and it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about morals and it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about morals and it's about the
+consequence of not allowing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of not allowing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of not allowing that and
+then he the last point I'll make is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he the last point I'll make is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he the last point I'll make is he
+mentions too that that you know famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions too that that you know famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions too that that you know famous
+adage of do unto others as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adage of do unto others as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adage of do unto others as you would
+have him do unto you doesn't really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him do unto you doesn't really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him do unto you doesn't really work
+and it's unrealistic if you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unrealistic if you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's unrealistic if you want to keep
+a civil society because if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a civil society because if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a civil society because if you if you
+commit a crime you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit a crime you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit a crime you don't want to be
+hanged you don't want to be put to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanged you don't want to be put to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanged you don't want to be put to death
+that just doesn't work so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't work so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't work so if you want to
+maintain Civil Society a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain Civil Society a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain Civil Society a lot of the
+adages that we're taught in our cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adages that we're taught in our cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adages that we're taught in our cultural
+framework aren't going to hold up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework aren't going to hold up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework aren't going to hold up in the
+long so the uh the Golden Rule has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so the uh the Golden Rule has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so the uh the Golden Rule has uh
+limits okay well that's what the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay well that's what the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay well that's what the the the
+middle paragraph here is and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle paragraph here is and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle paragraph here is and the other
+hand within the colony the enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand within the colony the enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand within the colony the enforcement
+of Peace which deprives every man of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Peace which deprives every man of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Peace which deprives every man of the
+power to take away the means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to take away the means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to take away the means of
+existence from another simply because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence from another simply because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence from another simply because he
+is the stronger would have uh put an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stronger would have uh put an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stronger would have uh put an end
+to the struggle for existence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the struggle for existence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the struggle for existence between
+the colonis and the competition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonis and the competition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonis and the competition for the
+Commodities of existence which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities of existence which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities of existence which would
+alone remain is no check upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone remain is no check upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone remain is no check upon
+population so this is where the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so this is where the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so this is where the ethical
+uh so why is ethic why is ethics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why is ethic why is ethics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why is ethic why is ethics so
+important an issue in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important an issue in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important an issue in these
+colonies why does ethics what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies why does ethics what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies why does ethics what what do
+humans have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have that
+requires them to develop codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires them to develop codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires them to develop codes of
+ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior suit there would be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior suit there would be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior suit there would be a lot of
+chaos okay and where would that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos okay and where would that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos okay and where would that what
+would that chaos come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that chaos come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that chaos come
+from just like a fundamental lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just like a fundamental lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just like a fundamental lack of
+rules or structure okay and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or structure okay and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or structure okay and what does
+that allow it was kind of like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow it was kind of like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow it was kind of like what we
+were talking about with Hyde if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about with Hyde if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about with Hyde if there
+were no morals no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no morals no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no morals no
+structure a lot of us would or could I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a lot of us would or could I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a lot of us would or could I I
+don't know very well turn into little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know very well turn into little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know very well turn into little
+hides running around town just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides running around town just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides running around town just like
+stomping on each other so well yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomping on each other so well yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomping on each other so well yeah so
+there's something within within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something within within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something within within the
+human psyche that you know is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human psyche that you know is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human psyche that you know is is uh
+aggressive I mean that's what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive I mean that's what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive I mean that's what he's
+talking about is it not and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is it not and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is it not and that's where
+Devon's point about the morals come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devon's point about the morals come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devon's point about the morals come in
+is you know humans uh humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have Tendencies to you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Tendencies to you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Tendencies to you know uh
+instinctual drives and so forth to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual drives and so forth to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual drives and so forth to do
+what they want to do and among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to do and among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to do and among those
+things uh under unregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh under unregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh under unregulated
+circumstances might makes right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances might makes right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances might makes right if you
+want to take if if if you are struggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take if if if you are struggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take if if if you are struggling
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+resources and the person who gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and the person who gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and the person who gets the
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+wins isn't that the way it works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins isn't that the way it works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins isn't that the way it works in
+nature I mean the natural environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I mean the natural environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I mean the natural environment of
+Darwin's world is is a world in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's world is is a world in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's world is is a world in which
+you know surv R of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know surv R of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know surv R of the
+fittest by any means possible doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fittest by any means possible doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fittest by any means possible doesn't
+mean that everything's fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that everything's fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that everything's fighting
+constantly but you know if it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly but you know if it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly but you know if it comes to
+that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+so in human society what would that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in human society what would that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in human society what would that do
+to Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Human
+Society well I think you said it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society well I think you said it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society well I think you said it in in
+the reference to hide we hide is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference to hide we hide is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference to hide we hide is a kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a exaggeration but but but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a exaggeration but but but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a exaggeration but but but you know it
+it it captures something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it captures something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it captures something
+what's that it's an exaggeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that it's an exaggeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that it's an exaggeration
+like it probably is but you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it probably is but you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it probably is but you never know
+if you removed all restraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you removed all restraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you removed all restraints on
+everybody what could happen you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what could happen you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what could happen you don't
+have much faith in people do you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much faith in people do you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much faith in people do you I'm
+just saying well they're made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying well they're made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying well they're made up of
+complex uh they're they're complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh they're they're complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh they're they're complex
+they're yeah okay so this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yeah okay so this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're yeah okay so this is a problem
+um this is a problem that hxy hits upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a problem that hxy hits upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a problem that hxy hits upon
+here is the garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the garden
+population expansion and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population expansion and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population expansion and when
+populations expand too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations expand too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations expand too
+far the the normal tendency to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the the normal tendency to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the the normal tendency to live
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in harmony if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in harmony if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in harmony if you
+will begins to collapse at least this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begins to collapse at least this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begins to collapse at least this is
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+theory and that you know under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and that you know under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and that you know under
+circumstances where societies are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances where societies are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances where societies are really
+highly over populated beyond their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly over populated beyond their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly over populated beyond their
+capacity to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to uh
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+hawley's argument is that U the tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawley's argument is that U the tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawley's argument is that U the tendency
+will be to you know for the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to you know for the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to you know for the moral
+structure to collapse now that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to collapse now that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to collapse now that's that's
+debatable it's highly debatable uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debatable it's highly debatable uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debatable it's highly debatable uh but
+uh because you know we we've had great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you know we we've had great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you know we we've had great
+depressions we've had things uh periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressions we've had things uh periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressions we've had things uh periods
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+where uh societies were under incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh societies were under incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh societies were under incredible
+stress and they didn't break down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and they didn't break down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and they didn't break down into
+just kind of uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of uh you know uh
+physical uh uh violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh uh violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh uh violent
+behavior however we do know that crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior however we do know that crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior however we do know that crime
+rates go up don't they when when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates go up don't they when when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates go up don't they when when uh
+resources become scarce lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources become scarce lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources become scarce lots of things
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+happen and uh his argument here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh his argument here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh his argument here is that
+at least part of it is that uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least part of it is that uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least part of it is that uh these
+these states that we create for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states that we create for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states that we create for
+ourselves these these built environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves these these built environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves these these built environments
+as they become overpopulated U they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they become overpopulated U they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they become overpopulated U they
+require you know humans require they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you know humans require they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you know humans require they
+have to regulate themselves and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to regulate themselves and that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to regulate themselves and that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what their laws and all their
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what their laws and all their
+civic laws and things like that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic laws and things like that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civic laws and things like that I mean
+we have an incredible law code don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an incredible law code don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an incredible law code don't we
+immediately when you remove laws like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when you remove laws like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when you remove laws like
+like you said crime rat you shoot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you said crime rat you shoot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you said crime rat you shoot right
+up like if you look at somewhere after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like if you look at somewhere after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like if you look at somewhere after a
+hurricane or some kind of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane or some kind of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane or some kind of natural
+disaster where the people who enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster where the people who enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster where the people who enforce
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that's a good example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that's a good example when
+when they're occupied with other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're occupied with other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're occupied with other things
+immediately like robbery is no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like robbery is no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like robbery is no big deal
+and you can just go into somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just go into somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just go into somebody else's
+house and yeah yeah no it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and yeah yeah no it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and yeah yeah no it's it's
+absolutely true uh so this is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true uh so this is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true uh so this is uh you
+know this is part of this this Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is part of this this Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is part of this this Society
+we have an incredible law code volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an incredible law code volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an incredible law code volumes
+where's that coming from we didn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that coming from we didn't just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that coming from we didn't just
+do that just because somebody thought oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that just because somebody thought oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that just because somebody thought oh
+it'd be nice to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to do
+this it's all been developed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all been developed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all been developed out of
+cases and cases and cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and cases and cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and cases and cases
+and uh the de the need to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the de the need to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the de the need to develop
+promate a a code of a code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promate a a code of a code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promate a a code of a code of
+behavior and it's it's rather extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and it's it's rather extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and it's it's rather extensive
+it's huge so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge so we do
+self-regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so hxy brings up the question of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so hxy brings up the question of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so hxy brings up the question of uh
+humans selecting other humans what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans selecting other humans what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans selecting other humans what is
+how does this fit into this this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this fit into this this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this fit into this this picture
+that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's
+drawing the Eugenics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the Eugenics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the Eugenics
+movement um FR uh uh a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement um FR uh uh a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement um FR uh uh a number of people
+uh who were I think it's Francis gton uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who were I think it's Francis gton uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who were I think it's Francis gton uh
+who were very eager and interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were very eager and interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were very eager and interested in
+developing uh um sort of approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing uh um sort of approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing uh um sort of approaches to
+select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select
+or not not in a sense of Exterminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not not in a sense of Exterminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not not in a sense of Exterminating
+anything but but sort of in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but but sort of in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but but sort of in the in the
+butlerian sense of uh well not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butlerian sense of uh well not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butlerian sense of uh well not in the
+butan sense because there they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butan sense because there they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butan sense because there they took
+people to court if they were if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to court if they were if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to court if they were if they had
+bad genetic makeup or or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad genetic makeup or or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad genetic makeup or or you know
+expression of they were weak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of they were weak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of they were weak in
+something in one way or another um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in one way or another um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in one way or another um but
+this idea in the garden of why does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea in the garden of why does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea in the garden of why does this
+connect to this Garden imagery of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to this Garden imagery of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to this Garden imagery of humans
+selecting other humans to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting other humans to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting other humans to get this
+perfect little Society to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little Society to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little Society to get this
+perfect big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect big
+Society what would the last step be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what would the last step be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what would the last step be uh
+what could the last step conceivably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could the last step conceivably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could the last step conceivably
+be yeah yeah to apply these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah yeah to apply these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah yeah to apply these same
+principles to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to the
+inhabitants which would be uh Eugenics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants which would be uh Eugenics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitants which would be uh Eugenics
+and the selection for strengthening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the selection for strengthening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the selection for strengthening the
+strengthening the uh U the stock if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening the uh U the stock if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening the uh U the stock if you
+will and there were plent plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and there were plent plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and there were plent plenty of
+plans plenty of groups in huxley's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans plenty of groups in huxley's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans plenty of groups in huxley's day
+interested in exactly these kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exactly these kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exactly these kinds of uh
+ideas there was uh this whole group U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there was uh this whole group U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there was uh this whole group U
+the U uh eugenic Society of London in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh eugenic Society of London in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh eugenic Society of London in
+the 1890s it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s it was quite
+active and there were Eugenics movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and there were Eugenics movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and there were Eugenics movements
+in the US and these were all movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and these were all movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and these were all movements
+that were intended to look across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were intended to look across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were intended to look across the
+population find ways of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population find ways of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population find ways of you know
+improving the the the the the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the the the the the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the the the the the common
+stock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of
+humans so you would get a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you would get a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans so you would get a kind of a
+aronian society of Arians beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aronian society of Arians beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aronian society of Arians beautiful
+people who all were healthy and did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who all were healthy and did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who all were healthy and did the
+right thing and uh fit into uh the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing and uh fit into uh the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing and uh fit into uh the right
+spaces at the right time and we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces at the right time and we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces at the right time and we've had
+endless science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless science
+fiction works that have explored these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction works that have explored these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction works that have explored these
+sorts of things but uh it's it's it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things but uh it's it's it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things but uh it's it's it's an
+idea that really came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that really came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that really came out of the
+darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian
+age so what does Huxley say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so he says here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he says here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he says here in
+section 15 he says to return once more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 15 he says to return once more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 15 he says to return once more
+to the parallel of horiculture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parallel of horiculture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parallel of horiculture in the
+modern world the gardening of men by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world the gardening of men by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world the gardening of men by
+themselves is practically restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is practically restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is practically restricted to
+the performance not of selection but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance not of selection but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance not of selection but of
+of that other function of the gardener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that other function of the gardener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that other function of the gardener
+the creation of conditions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of conditions more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of conditions more
+favorable than those of the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable than those of the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable than those of the state of
+nature um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he says
+here I have further uh shown cause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have further uh shown cause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have further uh shown cause for
+the belief this is in uh section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief this is in uh section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief this is in uh section
+12 that direct selection after a fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 that direct selection after a fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 that direct selection after a fashion
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+horticulturist horticulturist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horticulturist horticulturist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horticulturist horticulturist and the
+breeder neither has played nor can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeder neither has played nor can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeder neither has played nor can play
+any part in the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any part in the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any part in the evolution of
+society apart from other reasons because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society apart from other reasons because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society apart from other reasons because
+I do not see how such selection could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not see how such selection could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not see how such selection could be
+practiced without a serious weakening it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced without a serious weakening it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced without a serious weakening it
+may it may be the destruction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it may be the destruction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it may be the destruction of the
+bonds which hold Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds which hold Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds which hold Society
+together it strikes me that men who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it strikes me that men who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it strikes me that men who are
+accustomed to contemplate the active or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to contemplate the active or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to contemplate the active or
+passive of extrap of the weak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive of extrap of the weak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive of extrap of the weak the
+unfortunate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate and the
+Superfluous who justify that conduct on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous who justify that conduct on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous who justify that conduct on
+the ground that it has the sanction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground that it has the sanction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground that it has the sanction of
+the cosmic process I.E is following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic process I.E is following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic process I.E is following
+evolutionary principles and is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary principles and is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary principles and is the only
+way of ensuring the progress of the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of ensuring the progress of the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of ensuring the progress of the race
+who if they are consistent must rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if they are consistent must rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who if they are consistent must rank
+medicine among the Black Arts and count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine among the Black Arts and count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine among the Black Arts and count
+the physician a m mischievous preserver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physician a m mischievous preserver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physician a m mischievous preserver
+of the unfit he's thinking of Aran here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unfit he's thinking of Aran here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unfit he's thinking of Aran here
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+can uh on Whose uh matrim IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh on Whose uh matrim IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh on Whose uh matrim IAL
+undertakings the principles of the stud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertakings the principles of the stud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertakings the principles of the stud
+have the chief influence whose whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chief influence whose whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chief influence whose whole
+lives therefore are an education in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives therefore are an education in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives therefore are an education in the
+noble art of suppressing natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble art of suppressing natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble art of suppressing natural
+affection and sympathy are not likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection and sympathy are not likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection and sympathy are not likely to
+have any large stock of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any large stock of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any large stock of those
+Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodities
+left uh but without them there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh but without them there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh but without them there is no
+conscience nor any restraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience nor any restraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscience nor any restraint on the
+conduct of men except the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct of men except the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct of men except the calculation of
+self-interest the balancing of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest the balancing of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest the balancing of certain
+present gratifications against doubtful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present gratifications against doubtful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present gratifications against doubtful
+future pains uh and experience tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future pains uh and experience tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future pains uh and experience tells us
+how much that is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that is worth
+every day we okay so what's he what's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day we okay so what's he what's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day we okay so what's he what's he
+getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just the fact that we're far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just the fact that we're far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just the fact that we're far from
+getting to a place where we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a place where we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a place where we are going to
+perfect the inhabitants of our garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect the inhabitants of our garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect the inhabitants of our garden
+because I don't think anyone can foresee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think anyone can foresee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think anyone can foresee
+any of us at a point in the near future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of us at a point in the near future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of us at a point in the near future
+calling a doctor a mischievous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a doctor a mischievous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a doctor a mischievous
+preserver of the unfit doctors were yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserver of the unfit doctors were yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserver of the unfit doctors were yeah
+doctors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors were
+unpopular yeah but today though I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular yeah but today though I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpopular yeah but today though I don't
+think that's anything that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's anything that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's anything that's going to
+happen anytime soon so well I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anytime soon so well I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anytime soon so well I mean it it
+goes back to the the the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the the the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the the the question that
+many people thinking about Darwin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people thinking about Darwin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people thinking about Darwin and
+the principles of Darwin uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of Darwin uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of Darwin uh and the
+whole concept of domestication so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of domestication so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of domestication so forth
+and applying those principles to humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying those principles to humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying those principles to humans
+think that somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that somehow the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+human Human Society can somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Human Society can somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Human Society can somehow
+exercise some collective authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise some collective authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise some collective authority
+over who uh over uh the results of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over who uh over uh the results of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over who uh over uh the results of human
+uh uh reproduction really I mean it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reproduction really I mean it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh reproduction really I mean it sort
+of comes down to those terms because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes down to those terms because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes down to those terms because uh
+you know if if if if you're thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if if you're thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if if if you're thinking in
+an evolutionary sense this is what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary sense this is what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an evolutionary sense this is what uh
+you might come upon as a way of managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come upon as a way of managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come upon as a way of managing
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+society and hux's point here is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and hux's point here is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and hux's point here is that it
+would probably create the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably create the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably create the opposite
+effect of what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of what you're trying to
+achieve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve because
+by exercising these kinds of powers over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exercising these kinds of powers over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exercising these kinds of powers over
+other people you would destroy the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people you would destroy the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people you would destroy the bonds
+of society and you destroy the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of society and you destroy the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of society and you destroy the ethical
+basis of society that's where the ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of society that's where the ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of society that's where the ethics
+comes back in here Evolution and ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in here Evolution and ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in here Evolution and ethics
+evolution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is not
+ethical Evolution does not deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical Evolution does not deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical Evolution does not deliver
+ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+Society ethics is something that belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society ethics is something that belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society ethics is something that belongs
+to the built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the built
+environment in some sense it it it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some sense it it it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in some sense it it it is an
+extension of the state of art the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the state of art the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the state of art the state
+of Ethics is part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ethics is part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ethics is part of that
+state the the the ethical the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the the the ethical the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the the the ethical the ethical
+codes and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and they
+forbid the application of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid the application of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid the application of natural
+principles to all these elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to all these elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to all these elements of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+life so that's uh when we come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so that's uh when we come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so that's uh when we come back down
+to the core question of evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the core question of evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the core question of evolution and
+ethics it's that you know can can ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics it's that you know can can ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics it's that you know can can ethics
+be seen as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as uh a
+way of uh behaving according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh behaving according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh behaving according to
+Nature and hux's argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and hux's argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and hux's argument is
+emphatically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/742FwwA0qKI.txt b/742FwwA0qKI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b308c8050ae976651ce17add894599000279255d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/742FwwA0qKI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7616 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu talking about molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu talking about molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu talking about molecular
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+Theory and um remember what the key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and um remember what the key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and um remember what the key idea
+was there the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there the key
+idea was to take the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to take the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to take the wave
+functions the atom IC wave functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the atom IC wave functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the atom IC wave functions the
+wave functions on the atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions on the atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions on the atoms that are
+going to form this chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form this chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form this chemical
+bond take those wave functions and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond take those wave functions and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond take those wave functions and let
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+overlap let them constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap let them constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap let them constructively and
+destructively interfere hey after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere hey after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere hey after all
+their waves their wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their waves their wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their waves their wave
+functions they can constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they can constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they can constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+interfere and we saw last time that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and we saw last time that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and we saw last time that when
+these Atomic wave functions constru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Atomic wave functions constru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Atomic wave functions constru
+tively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tively
+interfered the result was a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfered the result was a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfered the result was a molecular
+wave function that was a bonding fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that was a bonding fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that was a bonding fun
+wave function consequently had a bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function consequently had a bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function consequently had a bonding
+state so for example in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so for example in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so for example in the case of
+oxygen we have the two SWA functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we have the two SWA functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we have the two SWA functions on
+each of the O isolated oxygen atoms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the O isolated oxygen atoms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the O isolated oxygen atoms when
+they overlap they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap they can
+constructively interfere to form a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere to form a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere to form a sigma
+2s bonding wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s bonding wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s bonding wave function and
+consequently a sigma 2s bonding State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently a sigma 2s bonding State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently a sigma 2s bonding State
+and there are two electrons in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two electrons in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two electrons in that and
+you'll remember that we labeled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that we labeled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember that we labeled the
+molecular states with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular states with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular states with respect to the
+symmetry of the wave function around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the wave function around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the wave function around the
+molecular axis that wave function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular axis that wave function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular axis that wave function was
+Sigma if that symmetry was cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma if that symmetry was cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma if that symmetry was cylindrical
+around the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the molecular
+axis it was Pi here in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it was Pi here in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it was Pi here in this case for
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+oxygen when the wave function was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen when the wave function was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen when the wave function was not
+cylindrically symmetric around the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric around the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric around the bond
+axis and we also saw what happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we also saw what happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we also saw what happened when
+these two wave functions come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two wave functions come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two wave functions come together
+they overlap and they destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap and they destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap and they destructively
+interfere when they destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when they destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when they destructively
+interfere we form what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere we form what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere we form what we call the
+antibonding wave function we gave it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding wave function we gave it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding wave function we gave it a
+designation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation
+star in the case here of the 2s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in the case here of the 2s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in the case here of the 2s uh
+electrons or wave functions in oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or wave functions in oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or wave functions in oxygen
+this form the sigma 2s star wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form the sigma 2s star wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form the sigma 2s star wave
+function the anti bonding wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the anti bonding wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the anti bonding wave function
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+energy is higher than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is higher than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is higher than that of
+the atomic States for the two separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic States for the two separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic States for the two separated
+oxygen atoms the bonding state is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms the bonding state is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms the bonding state is lower
+in energy the antibonding state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy the antibonding state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy the antibonding state is
+higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+energy and um so this was for the two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and um so this was for the two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and um so this was for the two s
+electrons below this right lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons below this right lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons below this right lower energy
+because they're more strongly bound are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're more strongly bound are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're more strongly bound are
+the 1s Atomic States and the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s Atomic States and the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s Atomic States and the molecular
+states formed by the uh constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states formed by the uh constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states formed by the uh constructive and
+destructive interference of the 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference of the 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference of the 1s wave
+functions I didn't draw that 2s then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I didn't draw that 2s then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I didn't draw that 2s then is
+higher in energy and finally here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy and finally here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy and finally here here
+are the two P states that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two P states that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two P states that are coming
+together in molecular oxygen forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in molecular oxygen forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in molecular oxygen forming a
+sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2
+pz and then two uh molecular States a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz and then two uh molecular States a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz and then two uh molecular States a pi
+2 py and a pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 py and a pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 py and a pi 2
+PX and then in molecular oxygen we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and then in molecular oxygen we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX and then in molecular oxygen we also
+saw that there was one electron each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that there was one electron each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that there was one electron each
+here in the uh Pi star 2px and Pi star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the uh Pi star 2px and Pi star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the uh Pi star 2px and Pi star
+2py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py
+okay okay now I just wanted to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I just wanted to say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I just wanted to say a few
+words here about the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words here about the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words here about the physical
+significance of these energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of these energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of these energies
+here so this is the molecular orbital in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the molecular orbital in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the molecular orbital in
+the case of molecular oxygen here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of molecular oxygen here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of molecular oxygen here this
+is the molecular state that is highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecular state that is highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecular state that is highest
+occupied right what we mean by highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied right what we mean by highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied right what we mean by highest
+occupied is that it is the state that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied is that it is the state that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied is that it is the state that is
+the highest lying in energy that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest lying in energy that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest lying in energy that has an
+electron in it that's the highest lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in it that's the highest lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in it that's the highest lying
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+energy what this binding energy means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what this binding energy means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what this binding energy means is
+or what this energy means is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what this energy means is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what this energy means is that if I
+put in energy to pull this electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in energy to pull this electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in energy to pull this electron the
+one that's highest lying in energy off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's highest lying in energy off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's highest lying in energy off
+right the energy from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the energy from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the energy from here to
+O2 O2 plus plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 O2 plus plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 O2 plus plus an
+electron right this physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right this physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right this physically
+is the ionization energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ionization energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ionization energy of
+o2 right because the first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 right because the first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2 right because the first ionization
+energy is always the energy required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is always the energy required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is always the energy required to
+take off the most weakly bound electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the most weakly bound electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off the most weakly bound electron
+or the electron in the most highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electron in the most highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electron in the most highest
+lying energy state so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying energy state so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying energy state so that's the
+ionization energy of o2 that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of o2 that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of o2 that turns out
+to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about
+1201 electron volts that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1201 electron volts that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1201 electron volts that's what that
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+means in contrast here if I were to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in contrast here if I were to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in contrast here if I were to pull
+an electron off of an oxygen atom these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron off of an oxygen atom these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron off of an oxygen atom these
+are the oxygen atom States right pull an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the oxygen atom States right pull an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the oxygen atom States right pull an
+electron off of the oxygen atom so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron off of the oxygen atom so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron off of the oxygen atom so I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+O+ plus an electron well this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O+ plus an electron well this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O+ plus an electron well this is the
+ionization energy of oxygen this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of oxygen this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of oxygen this is a
+little bit larger than it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger than it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit larger than it is for
+molecular O2 this is 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular O2 this is 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular O2 this is 13
+.58 EV okay and you can see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.58 EV okay and you can see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.58 EV okay and you can see that here
+these two P states are lower Ling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two P states are lower Ling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two P states are lower Ling in
+energy than the pi states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the pi states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than the pi states in the
+molecular oxygen this isn't in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen this isn't in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen this isn't in your
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+okay and likewise if I were to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and likewise if I were to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and likewise if I were to look at
+the uh if I were to look at the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh if I were to look at the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh if I were to look at the electron
+affinity of oxygen right and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of oxygen right and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity of oxygen right and now I'm
+just going to draw here the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw here the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw here the pi
+star 2 PX Pi star 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star 2 PX Pi star 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star 2 PX Pi star 2
+py and uh here's my Atomic States here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py and uh here's my Atomic States here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py and uh here's my Atomic States here
+are the other two pies here's the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other two pies here's the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other two pies here's the sigma
+here's oxygen okay if I were to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oxygen okay if I were to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's oxygen okay if I were to look at
+the electron affinity of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron affinity of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron affinity of oxygen
+molecular oxygen so way up here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen so way up here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen so way up here I have
+an O2 molecule right Plus plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an O2 molecule right Plus plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an O2 molecule right Plus plus an
+electron putting an electron in I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron putting an electron in I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron putting an electron in I would
+have to put it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it in that
+state and so the energy difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so the energy difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so the energy difference here
+from here to here is minus the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here is minus the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here is minus the electron
+affinity which is in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity which is in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity which is in the case of
+molecular oxygen minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV
+okay so I just wanted to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just wanted to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just wanted to give you a
+feeling for what these energies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what these energies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for what these energies actually
+mean we are not plotting them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we are not plotting them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we are not plotting them as a
+function of energy here but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy here but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy here but they
+physically mean something right in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mean something right in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mean something right in terms
+of for example the ionization energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example the ionization energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for example the ionization energy of
+molecular oxygen or the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen or the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular oxygen or the ionization
+energy of uh Atomic oxygen all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of uh Atomic oxygen all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of uh Atomic oxygen all right you
+can see the Le the relative orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the Le the relative orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the Le the relative orders of
+the energies of all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of all of these different
+states all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states all
+right okay this kind of diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay this kind of diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay this kind of diagram that
+we've been drawing here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been drawing here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been drawing here is called
+sometimes it's called a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's called a molecular
+orbital energy diagram sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy diagram sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energy diagram sometimes it's
+called a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a correlation
+diagram it's called a correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's called a correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's called a correlation
+diagram because it shows you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because it shows you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because it shows you by the
+means of these kind of dotted lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of these kind of dotted lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of these kind of dotted lines here
+it shows you how the atomic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how the atomic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you how the atomic States
+correlate to the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate to the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate to the molecular
+States that's why it's it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's why it's it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's why it's it's called a
+correlation diagram again it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram again it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram again it shows you
+how those atomic States correlate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those atomic States correlate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those atomic States correlate to the
+molecular States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular States okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular States okay
+questions okay if not then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay if not then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay if not then I want to
+proceed there was one page on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed there was one page on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed there was one page on the
+lecture last time that I hadn't finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time that I hadn't finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time that I hadn't finished
+so I want to uh talk about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to uh talk about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to uh talk about that right
+now and um that was drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and um that was drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and um that was drawing the
+molecular orbital diagram or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram or the
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+diagram for um a heteronuclear datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for um a heteronuclear datomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for um a heteronuclear datomic
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Co all right in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co all right in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co all right in the case of the
+heteronuclear diatomic molecule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear diatomic molecule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear diatomic molecule we
+proceed in the same way as we do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the same way as we do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in the same way as we do for a
+homonuclear diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homonuclear diatomic
+molecule that is we have the Estates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is we have the Estates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that is we have the Estates of
+the individual atoms out here and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms out here and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual atoms out here and now
+I'm just showing you the two P States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you the two P States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you the two P States
+two s are down here One S is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two s are down here One S is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two s are down here One S is down here
+lower in energy but I haven't drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy but I haven't drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy but I haven't drawn it
+all and what you also see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and what you also see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and what you also see is that the
+two P states on the oxygen atom here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P states on the oxygen atom here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P states on the oxygen atom here are
+lower in energy than the two P states on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy than the two P states on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy than the two P states on
+the carbon hey and that's right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon hey and that's right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon hey and that's right remember
+we talked about the fact that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the fact that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the fact that as the
+nuclear charge gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear charge gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear charge gets
+larger those atomic states are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger those atomic states are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger those atomic states are more
+strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+bound because the kolum interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because the kolum interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because the kolum interaction is
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+so the atomic states of oxygen are lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the atomic states of oxygen are lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the atomic states of oxygen are lower
+in energy than those of carbon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy than those of carbon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy than those of carbon if you
+were to ask to draw this on a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to ask to draw this on a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to ask to draw this on a homework
+problem or on an exam you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or on an exam you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or on an exam you would have to
+show that the oxygen Atomic states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the oxygen Atomic states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the oxygen Atomic states are
+lower in energy than those for carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy than those for carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in energy than those for carbon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay but we proceed much in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we proceed much in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we proceed much in the same way
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is the two pz states here overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two pz states here overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two pz states here overlap
+remember those are the states that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those are the states that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those are the states that by
+definition we th are putting parallel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we th are putting parallel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we th are putting parallel or
+along the bond axis right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bond axis right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bond axis right so they
+overlap to form the sigma 2pz wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap to form the sigma 2pz wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap to form the sigma 2pz wave
+function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the
+molecule and then the 2 pix and 2 piy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and then the 2 pix and 2 piy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and then the 2 pix and 2 piy
+are overlapping to form those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are overlapping to form those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are overlapping to form those are the
+ones coming in like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones coming in like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones coming in like this
+right parallel to each other those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right parallel to each other those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right parallel to each other those are
+the they form the pi 2 PX and pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they form the pi 2 PX and pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they form the pi 2 PX and pi
+2py and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py and
+likewise um you have the antibonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise um you have the antibonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise um you have the antibonding
+states these wave functions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states these wave functions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states these wave functions can
+destructively interfere resulting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere resulting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere resulting in the
+antibonding pi star 2 pix Pi star 2 pi Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding pi star 2 pix Pi star 2 pi Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding pi star 2 pix Pi star 2 pi Y
+and sigma star 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma star 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma star 2 pi
+Z all right so now we got all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z all right so now we got all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z all right so now we got all the states
+there and now we proceed using the albow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now we proceed using the albow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now we proceed using the albow
+principle we start populating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we start populating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we start populating them
+lowest energy first until we use up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy first until we use up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy first until we use up all
+the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons
+so we got six electrons so we put two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got six electrons so we put two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got six electrons so we put two of
+them in that lowest energy State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in that lowest energy State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in that lowest energy State and
+then the other four here in this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other four here in this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other four here in this these
+Pi uh States and that then is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi uh States and that then is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi uh States and that then is the uh
+correlation diagram or just the top part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram or just the top part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation diagram or just the top part
+of it for this molecule Co and if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for this molecule Co and if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for this molecule Co and if I had
+to write the electron configuration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the electron configuration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the electron configuration here
+it is here's the sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is here's the sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is here's the sigma 1 S2 Sigma 1 s
+star 2 and sigma 2 s star or Sigma 2 S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star 2 and sigma 2 s star or Sigma 2 S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star 2 and sigma 2 s star or Sigma 2 S2
+Sigma star 2 S2 Sigma 2 pz2 pi 2p X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma star 2 S2 Sigma 2 pz2 pi 2p X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma star 2 S2 Sigma 2 pz2 pi 2p X2 and
+Pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 2
+py2 now what's the bond order remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py2 now what's the bond order remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py2 now what's the bond order remember
+that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a
+um that was a measure here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a measure here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was a measure here of the
+strength of the bond right the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the bond right the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the bond right the bond
+order is the number is 1/2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is the number is 1/2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is the number is 1/2 times the
+number of bonding electrons minus an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons minus an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons minus an an
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+electrons well in this case it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well in this case it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well in this case it's three
+right because we have 2 4 6 8 10 bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we have 2 4 6 8 10 bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we have 2 4 6 8 10 bonding
+electrons we have two four anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have two four anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have two four anti-bonding
+electrons 10 - 4 is 6 / 2 is three this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 10 - 4 is 6 / 2 is three this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 10 - 4 is 6 / 2 is three this
+is a triple bond and the bonding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a triple bond and the bonding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a triple bond and the bonding energy
+here The Binding energy is 1,62 K hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here The Binding energy is 1,62 K hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here The Binding energy is 1,62 K hey
+this is the strongest bond known the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the strongest bond known the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the strongest bond known the
+bond this triple bond here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this triple bond here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this triple bond here between
+carbon and the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes most negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes most negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes most negative
+right no the lowest energy is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no the lowest energy is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no the lowest energy is always the
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+negative okay yeah great there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay yeah great there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay yeah great there's one
+other thing I want to point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I want to point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I want to point out here
+remember I talked about the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I talked about the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I talked about the relative
+ordering of Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of Sigma and
+Pi how in the the case when Z equal 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi how in the the case when Z equal 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi how in the the case when Z equal 8
+the sigma level drops below the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma level drops below the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma level drops below the pi
+level well that's true but here we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well that's true but here we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level well that's true but here we got
+Co where one of the atoms has Z equal 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co where one of the atoms has Z equal 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co where one of the atoms has Z equal 8
+and one of them is less than Z equal 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is less than Z equal 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is less than Z equal 8
+what do we do in that case in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in that case in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in that case in that case
+we're going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the
+sigma lower than the pi we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma lower than the pi we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma lower than the pi we're going to
+follow the Z equal 8 or greater rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the Z equal 8 or greater rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the Z equal 8 or greater rule
+okay when you have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so that's the heteronuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's the heteronuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's the heteronuclear
+diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic
+molecule all right now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right now what we're going
+to do is we're going to leave molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to leave molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to leave molecular
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're going to start talking
+about larger molecules than diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger molecules than diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger molecules than diatomic
+molecules and um we've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and um we've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and um we've got another
+approach for um these larger molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for um these larger molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for um these larger molecules
+and that's what's called the veence bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's called the veence bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's called the veence bond
+method um along with a hybridization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um along with a hybridization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um along with a hybridization and
+I'll explain that to you you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that to you you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that to you you can use the
+molecular orbital approach for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital approach for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital approach for larger
+molecules right we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right we're not going to do
+that it doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't always
+work okay for larger molecules let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay for larger molecules let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay for larger molecules let me
+show you just an example here when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just an example here when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just an example here when it
+doesn't work and that's in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and that's in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and that's in the case of
+methane so here I've just drawn a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane so here I've just drawn a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane so here I've just drawn a carbon
+atom and um I show you the 2px and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and um I show you the 2px and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and um I show you the 2px and the
+2pz uh wave functions for a carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz uh wave functions for a carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz uh wave functions for a carbon and
+in the molecular orbital approach what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the molecular orbital approach what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the molecular orbital approach what
+did we do well what we did is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do well what we did is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do well what we did is that we
+let one atom the wave function from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let one atom the wave function from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let one atom the wave function from one
+atom overlap with the wave function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom overlap with the wave function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom overlap with the wave function from
+the other to form a new molecular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to form a new molecular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to form a new molecular uh
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function and so that's what we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so that's what we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so that's what we would do
+if we started with a molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we started with a molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we started with a molecular orbital
+approach for methane we'd let the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for methane we'd let the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for methane we'd let the one
+SWA function overlap with the 2pz on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SWA function overlap with the 2pz on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SWA function overlap with the 2pz on the
+carbon and over here the 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and over here the 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and over here the 1s wave
+function overlap with the 2p X wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function overlap with the 2p X wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function overlap with the 2p X wave
+function on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the
+carbon but if we did that we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon but if we did that we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon but if we did that we're now
+stuck right we're stuck because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck right we're stuck because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck right we're stuck because we don't
+have another electron up here to overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another electron up here to overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another electron up here to overlap
+we don't have another wave function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have another wave function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have another wave function to
+overlap with the hydrogen right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with the hydrogen right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with the hydrogen right the
+electron configuration of carbon is 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration of carbon is 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration of carbon is 2s
+two electrons in it and then one in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in it and then one in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons in it and then one in one
+of the 2p wave orbitals the other one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 2p wave orbitals the other one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 2p wave orbitals the other one in
+the other 2p uh state right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 2p uh state right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 2p uh state right so if you
+use this molecular orbital approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this molecular orbital approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this molecular orbital approach
+strictly on methane well what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly on methane well what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly on methane well what it would
+predict is that we could only make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict is that we could only make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict is that we could only make two
+bonds to carbon and it would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds to carbon and it would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds to carbon and it would say well
+methane is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is really
+ch2 and the bond angle here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 and the bond angle here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ch2 and the bond angle here is
+90° so molecular orbital Theory at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so molecular orbital Theory at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so molecular orbital Theory at least
+on methane doesn't work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on methane doesn't work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on methane doesn't work all
+right although it does work for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right although it does work for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right although it does work for some
+other polyatomic molecules so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other polyatomic molecules so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other polyatomic molecules so that was
+just an example here here of how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example here here of how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example here here of how it
+doesn't work and so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and so now we're going to
+take an approach that will work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an approach that will work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an approach that will work to
+describe the chemical bonding in methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the chemical bonding in methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the chemical bonding in methane
+all right and that's this hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's this hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's this hybridization
+coupled with uh what we call the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with uh what we call the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with uh what we call the veence
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+approach okay so here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay so here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach okay so here here's the
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+part here is the uh Atomic States for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is the uh Atomic States for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here is the uh Atomic States for
+carbon notice two 2s electrons and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon notice two 2s electrons and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon notice two 2s electrons and then
+one in each of the two P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each of the two P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each of the two P
+States the first thing that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the first thing that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the first thing that we're going
+to do is we're going to do an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to do an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to do an electron
+promotion we're going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion we're going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion we're going to take this
+electron and put it up there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and put it up there all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and put it up there all right
+that's electron promotion hey that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's electron promotion hey that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's electron promotion hey that cost
+energy where did the energy come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where did the energy come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy where did the energy come from
+I'm going to tell you soon where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you soon where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you soon where the
+energy comes from we're just going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes from we're just going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes from we're just going to do
+it now and then we'll go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now and then we'll go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now and then we'll go back and look
+at where the energy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where the energy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at where the energy comes
+from all right what we're then going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right what we're then going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right what we're then going to
+do is H draw out here each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is H draw out here each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is H draw out here each one of these
+uh Atomic wave functions so I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Atomic wave functions so I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Atomic wave functions so I'm drawing
+this Atomic wave function this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Atomic wave function this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Atomic wave function this one this
+one and this one on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one on the next slide
+that's what this is here's the 2s hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is here's the 2s hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is here's the 2s hey
+that's spherical here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spherical here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spherical here's the
+2pz we looked at before here's the 2ps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz we looked at before here's the 2ps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2pz we looked at before here's the 2ps
+here's the 2py those are the four Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the 2py those are the four Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the 2py those are the four Atomic
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+functions now what I'm going to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now what I'm going to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now what I'm going to do and
+this is all on carbon haven't formed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all on carbon haven't formed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all on carbon haven't formed any
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+yet but now what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but now what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but now what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to take these four wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take these four wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take these four wave
+functions and they're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're all on the same
+carbon right but I'm going to let those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon right but I'm going to let those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon right but I'm going to let those
+four wave functions constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four wave functions constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four wave functions constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+interfere all right so now I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere all right so now I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere all right so now I'm taking
+the wave functions on the same atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions on the same atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions on the same atom and
+letting them constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting them constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting them constructively and
+destructively interfere in molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere in molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere in molecular
+orbital Theory we took the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital Theory we took the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital Theory we took the wave
+functions on different atoms and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on different atoms and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on different atoms and let
+them constructively and destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them constructively and destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them constructively and destructively
+interfere this is going to be taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere this is going to be taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere this is going to be taking the
+wave functions on the same atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions on the same atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions on the same atom and
+letting them constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting them constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting them constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+interfere when I do this what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when I do this what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when I do this what you're
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+is something that looks like this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that looks like this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that looks like this you're
+going to get four different wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get four different wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get four different wave
+functions that we're going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're going to call the
+sp3 wave functions or the sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 wave functions or the sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 wave functions or the sp3
+orbitals more precisely they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals more precisely they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals more precisely they are the
+four sp3 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sp3 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sp3 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+orbitals because they are this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals because they are this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals because they are this linear
+combination this constructive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this constructive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this constructive the
+overlap of these four different wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap of these four different wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap of these four different wave
+functions all right on the same carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right on the same carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right on the same carbon
+atom to make four equivalent wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to make four equivalent wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to make four equivalent wave
+functions hybrid wave functions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hybrid wave functions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hybrid wave functions that we
+call sp3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sp3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sp3 wave
+functions they all look the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they all look the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they all look the same they're
+just oriented in space a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oriented in space a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just oriented in space a little
+differently to understand that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to understand that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to understand that and it's
+not clear I know from looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear I know from looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear I know from looking at this
+how that gets like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that gets like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that gets like this
+but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's
+one simple way to look at one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple way to look at one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple way to look at one of these
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right take this 2s wve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take this 2s wve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take this 2s wve
+function and let it constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let it constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let it constructively and
+destructively interfere with the 2pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with the 2pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with the 2pz
+wave function so this sphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so this sphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so this sphere is
+essentially on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on top of
+here what you notice on the 2pz wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you notice on the 2pz wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you notice on the 2pz wave
+function is that this part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is that this part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is that this part of the wave
+function has got a positive amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has got a positive amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has got a positive amp
+amplitude remember we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude remember we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude remember we talked about the
+positive sign on one of these loes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign on one of these loes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive sign on one of these loes
+meaning it had a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it had a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it had a positive
+amplitude and this part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and this part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and this part of the wave
+function hey that's got a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hey that's got a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hey that's got a negative sign
+it has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a negative
+amplitude but the 2s wave function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but the 2s wave function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but the 2s wave function here
+has a positive amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive amplitude
+everywhere all right so if we put the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere all right so if we put the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere all right so if we put the 2s
+on top of here well you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of here well you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of here well you can see that
+right here we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we're going to have two
+positives and amplitudes of two waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives and amplitudes of two waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives and amplitudes of two waves
+that are positive they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are positive they're going to
+constructively interfere and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively interfere and the result
+is above here right here if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above here right here if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above here right here if you just
+take these two and look at this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two and look at this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two and look at this you're
+going to have a lot of wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot of wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lot of wave function
+right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up
+there however below this plane where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there however below this plane where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there however below this plane where we
+have a positive wave function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive wave function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive wave function at the
+same part where we have a negative wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part where we have a negative wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part where we have a negative wave
+function well you know what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well you know what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well you know what this is
+destructive interference and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference and the result
+is that the wave function here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave function here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave function here is going
+to be pretty small it's still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty small it's still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty small it's still going to
+be a little negative but it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little negative but it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little negative but it's going to
+be pretty small all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty small all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty small all right so that's
+probably the simp just example to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the simp just example to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the simp just example to look
+at so that you understand how I get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so that you understand how I get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so that you understand how I get from
+here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay okay so we're going to form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we're going to form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we're going to form these
+four sp3 wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sp3 wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sp3 wave functions
+now here's a picture of uh that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a picture of uh that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a picture of uh that when I
+take these four four wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these four four wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these four four wave functions
+which are all I've just separated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all I've just separated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all I've just separated them
+out in space but now I'm really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in space but now I'm really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in space but now I'm really just
+going to put them on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them on top of each other
+because they really all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really all have the same
+origin here when I do that my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin here when I do that my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin here when I do that my wave
+function kind of looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function kind of looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function kind of looks like
+this where these loes here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where these loes here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where these loes here are the
+positive Parts they're my sp3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Parts they're my sp3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Parts they're my sp3 wave
+function and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in this
+picture I left out the little negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I left out the little negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I left out the little negative
+Lo that would be sticking out here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo that would be sticking out here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo that would be sticking out here I
+left those out because it's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left those out because it's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left those out because it's just too
+hard to draw this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I want you to uh what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want you to uh what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want you to uh what I want
+you to notice here is that this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice here is that this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to notice here is that this angle
+from here to here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here is
+109.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degre this is a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degre this is a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degre this is a little bit better
+picture that I didn't draw right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I didn't draw right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that I didn't draw right of
+those s P3 wave functions in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those s P3 wave functions in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those s P3 wave functions in this case
+you can see the little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the little bit of the
+negative wave function from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative wave function from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative wave function from this
+positive Lo over here right and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Lo over here right and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Lo over here right and you can
+kind of see the little negative here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see the little negative here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see the little negative here and
+the little negative there right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little negative there right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little negative there right that's a
+better picture than the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture than the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture than the one I
+drew Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew Okay
+so we've got this uh this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got this uh this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got this uh this kind of
+configuration here with an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here with an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here with an angle of
+109.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5
+from this lobe to that lobe or this lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lobe to that lobe or this lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lobe to that lobe or this lobe
+to that lobe or this lobe to that lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that lobe or this lobe to that lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that lobe or this lobe to that lobe
+and you can understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can understand that
+109.5 degrees if I do the following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 degrees if I do the following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 degrees if I do the following that
+is if I now draw lines from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I now draw lines from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I now draw lines from the
+outermost point of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost point of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost point of each
+lobe what you see is that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe what you see is that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe what you see is that I have a
+tetrahedron now with carbon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron now with carbon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron now with carbon in the
+center right and each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right and each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right and each one of these
+vertices here of this tetrahedron is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here of this tetrahedron is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here of this tetrahedron is at
+the outermost point of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost point of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outermost point of these wave
+functions the angle in a tetrahedron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the angle in a tetrahedron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the angle in a tetrahedron in
+a in a perfect tetrahedron the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+109.5° okay that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° okay that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° okay that's where that
+109.5 degrees comes from it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 degrees comes from it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 degrees comes from it's a
+tetrahedral configuration around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon okay so what did we do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay so what did we do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay so what did we do here
+we took an electron we promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took an electron we promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took an electron we promoted
+it we then took these four wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we then took these four wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we then took these four wave
+functions and let them constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and let them constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and let them constructively
+and destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructively
+interfere the result now is four New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere the result now is four New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere the result now is four New
+Wave functions corresponding to four new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions corresponding to four new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions corresponding to four new
+States we're calling these states sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we're calling these states sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we're calling these states sp3
+states there's one electron in each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there's one electron in each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there's one electron in each one
+of those sp3 States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sp3 States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sp3 States
+where do these energies lie well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these energies lie well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these energies lie well they
+lie in between the 2s and the 2p so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in between the 2s and the 2p so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in between the 2s and the 2p so
+they're not as high in energy as the 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as high in energy as the 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as high in energy as the 2p
+but they certainly are higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they certainly are higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they certainly are higher than the
+2s and overall you can see we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and overall you can see we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and overall you can see we're still
+going to have to need some energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to need some energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to need some energy input
+into the system to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system to make this
+happen okay and I haven't told you yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay and I haven't told you yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay and I haven't told you yet
+where that energy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that energy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that energy comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+okay so here we have this carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have this carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have this carbon and
+we've just constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+let or we uh we've just let those wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let or we uh we've just let those wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let or we uh we've just let those wave
+functions on the carbon itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the carbon itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the carbon itself
+destructively and constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively and constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively and constructively
+interfere now we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere now we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere now we're going to make
+bonds now we're going to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds now we're going to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds now we're going to take these
+hybrid wave functions and let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid wave functions and let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid wave functions and let them
+overlap with a wave function an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with a wave function an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap with a wave function an atomic
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+function from another atom okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from another atom okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from another atom okay now
+we're going to start to make the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start to make the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start to make the bonds
+so here goes we're bringing in a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here goes we're bringing in a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here goes we're bringing in a carbon
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen making a bond
+bringing in a hydrogen bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in a hydrogen bringing in
+another hydrogen hey now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen hey now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen hey now we've got
+methane and what did we do to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane and what did we do to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane and what did we do to do this
+what we did is we took that sp3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we took that sp3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we took that sp3 wave
+function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+carbon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States okay now the question is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay now the question is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay now the question is where
+did this energy come from for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this energy come from for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this energy come from for that
+hybridization remember it we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization remember it we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization remember it we had to
+promote an electron to do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote an electron to do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote an electron to do this this
+trick here so where did this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here so where did this come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here so where did this come from
+well where it comes from is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where it comes from is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where it comes from is from the
+bond formation when you form a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation when you form a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation when you form a carbon
+hydrogen bond you're going to release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond you're going to release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond you're going to release
+some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy
+it's lower energy you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower energy you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lower energy you're going to
+release some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release some
+energy and that energy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy for the
+hybridization comes from that Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization comes from that Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization comes from that Bond
+formation okay so in other words when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation okay so in other words when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation okay so in other words when
+you make the c bond that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the c bond that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the c bond that's going to be
+an exothermic process you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic process you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exothermic process you're going to
+release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release
+energy but because you have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but because you have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but because you have to do this
+electron promotion the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron promotion the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron promotion the amount of energy
+you're going to release when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to release when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to release when you make
+that CH bond isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CH bond isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CH bond isn't
+all that you could have released if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that you could have released if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that you could have released if you
+didn't have to do this hybridization if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do this hybridization if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do this hybridization if
+you didn't have to do this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to do this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to do this electron
+promotion all right so that energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion all right so that energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion all right so that energy to
+promote the electron comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the electron comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the electron comes from the
+actual CH Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+okay now um here's my methane here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um here's my methane here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um here's my methane here's my
+carbon with just the sp3 wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon with just the sp3 wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon with just the sp3 wave functions
+right I have haven't gotten it bonded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have haven't gotten it bonded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have haven't gotten it bonded to
+anything in this picture what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this picture what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this picture what I'm going
+to do is I'm going to rotate this around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to rotate this around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to rotate this around
+all right and it'll be for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it'll be for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it'll be for a
+reason all right so I just rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason all right so I just rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason all right so I just rotate it
+around and one electron in each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and one electron in each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and one electron in each one of
+the sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sp3
+states and now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and now what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring in
+another carbon sp3 hybridized carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon sp3 hybridized carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another carbon sp3 hybridized carbon
+along this axis here that's why I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this axis here that's why I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this axis here that's why I turn
+this around so here comes the other sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so here comes the other sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so here comes the other sp3
+hybridized carbon and I'm going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized carbon and I'm going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized carbon and I'm going to let
+these two sp3 hybrid wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sp3 hybrid wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sp3 hybrid wave functions
+overlap so that now one of my sp3 States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so that now one of my sp3 States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so that now one of my sp3 States
+has two electrons in it so here what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two electrons in it so here what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two electrons in it so here what am
+I doing right here I'm letting those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing right here I'm letting those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing right here I'm letting those two
+sp3 wave functions overlap constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 wave functions overlap constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 wave functions overlap constructive
+interference hey I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference hey I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference hey I'm going to make
+another Bond a sigma B Bond because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Bond a sigma B Bond because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Bond a sigma B Bond because this
+wave function is cylindrically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is cylindrically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is cylindrically symmetric
+around that axis that's a sigma Bond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that axis that's a sigma Bond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that axis that's a sigma Bond it
+is a sigma Bond composed of the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sigma Bond composed of the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sigma Bond composed of the carbon
+2sp3 hybrid wave function and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2sp3 hybrid wave function and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2sp3 hybrid wave function and another
+carbon 2sp3 hybrid wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 2sp3 hybrid wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 2sp3 hybrid wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay I just formed a carbon carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I just formed a carbon carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I just formed a carbon carbon
+Bond hey I just brought in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond hey I just brought in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond hey I just brought in some
+hydrogens all right in each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens all right in each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens all right in each one
+in each case I now have overlap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case I now have overlap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case I now have overlap between
+the 1 s wave function and the S3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s wave function and the S3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s wave function and the S3 wave
+function of the carbon and the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the carbon and the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the carbon and the molecule
+that I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have is
+ethane let's look at and this angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane let's look at and this angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane let's look at and this angle here
+is 109 degrees right it's 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 109 degrees right it's 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 109 degrees right it's 109
+degrees because you have that Tetra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees because you have that Tetra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees because you have that Tetra
+tetrahedral configuration around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral configuration around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral configuration around the
+carbon because that's how the S the 2 S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon because that's how the S the 2 S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon because that's how the S the 2 S
+Wave functions and the three2 P wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions and the three2 P wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave functions and the three2 P wave
+functions around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around the
+carbon constructively and destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon constructively and destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon constructively and destructively
+interfered to give you that tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfered to give you that tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfered to give you that tetrahedral
+shape for the sp3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for the sp3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for the sp3 wave
+functions let's take a oh okay I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions let's take a oh okay I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions let's take a oh okay I thought
+we were going to do this more closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do this more closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do this more closely
+sorry all right so we made these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right so we made these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right so we made these these
+CH bonds here they're all Sigma bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH bonds here they're all Sigma bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH bonds here they're all Sigma bonds
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+okay so that's carbon this sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's carbon this sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's carbon this sp3
+hybridization for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization for
+carbon but other atoms can also undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon but other atoms can also undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon but other atoms can also undergo
+this sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sp3
+hybridization and one of those atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and one of those atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and one of those atoms
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+nitrogen here's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen here's the electron
+configuration for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for uh
+nitrogen in this case we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in this case we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in this case we've
+got a uh two electrons in the two 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a uh two electrons in the two 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a uh two electrons in the two 2s
+State and then one in each one of the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then one in each one of the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then one in each one of the 2
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+States what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what we're going to do
+here is we're going to allow now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to allow now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to allow now these
+three wave function four wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three wave function four wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three wave function four wave functions
+to constructively and destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constructively and destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constructively and destructively
+interfere to what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere to what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere to what we call
+hybridize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize
+right and the result will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the result will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the result will
+be again four sp3 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be again four sp3 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be again four sp3 wave
+functions except the difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions except the difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions except the difference is that
+because we have one more electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have one more electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have one more electron in
+nitrogen one of these sp3 states has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen one of these sp3 states has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen one of these sp3 states has
+already got two electrons in it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got two electrons in it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got two electrons in it all
+right so it's not going to be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not going to be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not going to be available
+for bonding in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bonding in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bonding in a
+moment okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay so in
+nitrogen the electron Arrangement or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen the electron Arrangement or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen the electron Arrangement or the
+wave function Arrangement is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function Arrangement is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function Arrangement is also
+tetrahedral right sp3 to this corner sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral right sp3 to this corner sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral right sp3 to this corner sp3
+sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3
+sp3 except that one of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 except that one of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 except that one of these wave
+functions these sp3 wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these sp3 wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these sp3 wave functions
+really is kind of two sp3 wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is kind of two sp3 wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is kind of two sp3 wave functions
+there's two electrons here in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two electrons here in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two electrons here in this state
+this is the lone pair on the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lone pair on the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lone pair on the nitrogen
+and then sp3 hybridized nitrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sp3 hybridized nitrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sp3 hybridized nitrogen atom
+this is the lone pair pointed at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lone pair pointed at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lone pair pointed at one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+vertices but then each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but then each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but then each one of these
+lobes has just just just represents one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes has just just just represents one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes has just just just represents one
+electron so they're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so they're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so they're going to be able
+available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+bonding okay so what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding okay so what are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding okay so what are we going to do
+here we're going to bring in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to bring in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to bring in some
+hydrogens here's hydrogen here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens here's hydrogen here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens here's hydrogen here's a
+hydrogen coming in here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen coming in here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen coming in here's a
+hydrogen we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we've got
+ammonia what did we do to form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia what did we do to form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia what did we do to form these
+nitrogen hydrogen bonds well we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen hydrogen bonds well we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen hydrogen bonds well we took
+that sp3 wave function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sp3 wave function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sp3 wave function on
+nitrogen and brought in the hydrogen let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and brought in the hydrogen let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and brought in the hydrogen let
+that on S wave function constructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on S wave function constructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on S wave function constructively
+destructively interfere with that sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with that sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively interfere with that sp3
+wave function the result is a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the result is a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the result is a sigma
+Bond it's Sigma it's composed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond it's Sigma it's composed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond it's Sigma it's composed of the
+nitrogen 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen 2
+sp3 and the hydrogen 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 and the hydrogen 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 and the hydrogen 1s wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay now the angle right in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the angle right in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the angle right in here right
+the angle the hydrogen nitrogen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle the hydrogen nitrogen hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle the hydrogen nitrogen hydrogen
+angle here I want you to see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here I want you to see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here I want you to see that it's
+actually a little smaller than the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little smaller than the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little smaller than the ideal
+tetrahedral angle it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral angle it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral angle it's no longer
+109.5° it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° it's
+107° and the reason for that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107° and the reason for that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107° and the reason for that is because
+of this long pair out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this long pair out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this long pair out
+here this long pair right has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this long pair right has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this long pair right has a very
+repulsive interaction with the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive interaction with the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive interaction with the electrons
+in these nitrogen hydrogen bonds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these nitrogen hydrogen bonds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these nitrogen hydrogen bonds here
+bringing that angle in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing that angle in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing that angle in a little bit more
+close this is they're being repelled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this is they're being repelled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this is they're being repelled all
+right and so that will generally be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that will generally be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that will generally be the
+case if you've got a long pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you've got a long pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you've got a long pair of
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+somewhere that will tend to repel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that will tend to repel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that will tend to repel
+everything will be repelled from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be repelled from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be repelled from it and
+consequence is that this angle this Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is that this angle this Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is that this angle this Bond
+angle here is going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here is going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here is going to be a little
+smaller than a tetrahedral angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a tetrahedral angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a tetrahedral angle of
+109.5° all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5° all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay but now here's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here's a really important
+Point you're often asked for what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point you're often asked for what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point you're often asked for what is the
+geometry around some atom in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry around some atom in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry around some atom in this case
+you're asked for you might be asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked for you might be asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked for you might be asked for
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the
+geometry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry around
+nitrogen when you're asked such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen when you're asked such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen when you're asked such a
+question what that means is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what that means is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what that means is they're
+asking you what is the geometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you what is the geometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you what is the geometry of the
+atoms around the nitrogen not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around the nitrogen not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around the nitrogen not the
+electrons right the distinction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right the distinction is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right the distinction is that
+the geometry of the electrons around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of the electrons around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of the electrons around
+this atom is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom is about
+tetrahedral but usually one isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but usually one isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but usually one isn't
+interested in that usually one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that usually one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that usually one's
+interested in what is the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is the geometry of
+the other atoms around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atoms around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other atoms around the
+nitrogen and so in this case here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and so in this case here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and so in this case here the
+geometry of the other atoms is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the other atoms is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the other atoms is a
+trigonal paramal geometry right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal paramal geometry right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal paramal geometry right it's not
+tetrahedral so if you're asked for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral so if you're asked for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral so if you're asked for the
+shape of the nitrogen molecule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the nitrogen molecule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the nitrogen molecule the
+answer is a trigonal pyramid not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a trigonal pyramid not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a trigonal pyramid not a
+tetrahedron that's really important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron that's really important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron that's really important that
+trips up a lot of people okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips up a lot of people okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips up a lot of people okay so the
+lone pair is pointing out here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair is pointing out here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair is pointing out here the
+electron geometry is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron geometry is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron geometry is approximately
+tetrahedral but that's not what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but that's not what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but that's not what we're
+usually interested in we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually interested in we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually interested in we're interested
+in where the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where the atoms are
+so the geometry is a trigonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyramid okay so that's the sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid okay so that's the sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid okay so that's the sp3
+hybridization on uh on ammonia or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization on uh on ammonia or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization on uh on ammonia or on
+nitrogen oxygen hey oxygen can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen hey oxygen can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen hey oxygen can also
+undergo this sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this sp3
+hybridization here's the uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization here's the uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization here's the uh electron
+configuration for an oxygen atom two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for an oxygen atom two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for an oxygen atom two
+electrons in the 2s two and four in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s two and four in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 2s two and four in the
+2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p
+States what we're going to do here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what we're going to do here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what we're going to do here again
+is we're going to let these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to let these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to let these wave
+functions constructively destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions constructively destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions constructively destructively
+interfere when we do that again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when we do that again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere when we do that again we're
+going to get four New Wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get four New Wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get four New Wave
+functions the sp3 hybrid wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the sp3 hybrid wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the sp3 hybrid wave functions
+but in the case of oxygen because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case of oxygen because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the case of oxygen because we
+have one more electron than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more electron than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more electron than that of
+nitrogen we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen we're going to have two
+electrons in that sp3 state and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in that sp3 state and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in that sp3 state and two
+electrons in the other sp3 state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the other sp3 state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the other sp3 state and
+then one electron each in the sp3 states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one electron each in the sp3 states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one electron each in the sp3 states
+okay so what is the uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the uh electron
+Arrangement around oxygen going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement around oxygen going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement around oxygen going to look
+like well it's going to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well it's going to look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well it's going to look like this
+right where again each one of these sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where again each one of these sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where again each one of these sp3
+wave functions is pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is pointed
+to is there a question over here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is there a question over here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is there a question over here that I
+can help somebody with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help somebody with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help somebody with
+with okay each one of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay each one of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay each one of these wave
+functions is pointed to a corner of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is pointed to a corner of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is pointed to a corner of this
+tetrahedron but again one of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron but again one of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron but again one of these wave
+functions represents two electrons this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions represents two electrons this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions represents two electrons this
+lone pair another one represents two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair another one represents two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair another one represents two
+electrons that lone pair and then only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that lone pair and then only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that lone pair and then only
+these two sp3 wave functions are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sp3 wave functions are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sp3 wave functions are going
+to be available for overlap with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be available for overlap with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be available for overlap with another
+atom all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom all right
+so let's bring another atom in hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's bring another atom in hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's bring another atom in hydrogen
+is our atom of choice today so we're M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our atom of choice today so we're M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our atom of choice today so we're M
+we've just made the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just made the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just made the water
+molecule what did we do we took that sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what did we do we took that sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what did we do we took that sp3
+wave function on oxygen and brought in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function on oxygen and brought in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function on oxygen and brought in a
+hydrogen overlap them we formed a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen overlap them we formed a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen overlap them we formed a sigma
+Bond a sigma bond between oxygen 2 sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond a sigma bond between oxygen 2 sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond a sigma bond between oxygen 2 sp3
+and hydrogen 1X it's a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen 1X it's a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen 1X it's a sigma
+Bond now notice this angle here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond now notice this angle here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond now notice this angle here it's
+104.5 de it's even smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 de it's even smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+104.5 de it's even smaller than
+107° and 107 was smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107° and 107 was smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107° and 107 was smaller than the
+tetrahedral angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral angle of
+109.5 why well because we got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 why well because we got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 why well because we got these two
+lone pairs here of electrons hey they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs here of electrons hey they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs here of electrons hey they're
+sticking out there they really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out there they really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out there they really are
+repulsive to all the atoms around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive to all the atoms around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive to all the atoms around them
+and so all the other atoms these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the other atoms these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the other atoms these two
+hydrogens here really try to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens here really try to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens here really try to get away
+from these two lone Pairs and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two lone Pairs and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two lone Pairs and so this
+angle here the hydrogen oxygen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here the hydrogen oxygen hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here the hydrogen oxygen hydrogen
+angle is even smaller than that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is even smaller than that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is even smaller than that in
+ammonia and much smaller than that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and much smaller than that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and much smaller than that in a
+ideal tetrahedron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal tetrahedron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal tetrahedron it's
+104.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+de okay Okay now what's the geom if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de okay Okay now what's the geom if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de okay Okay now what's the geom if you
+were asked for the geometry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked for the geometry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were asked for the geometry of this
+molecule what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what would you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+sorry bent all right it's bent it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry bent all right it's bent it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry bent all right it's bent it's also
+planer right if you got three atoms hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer right if you got three atoms hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer right if you got three atoms hey
+this is a no-brainer if you got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a no-brainer if you got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a no-brainer if you got three
+atoms the moleculees planer right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the moleculees planer right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the moleculees planer right the
+three points toine a plane and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points toine a plane and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points toine a plane and then the
+question is whether or not those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether or not those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether or not those three
+atoms are linear in a line or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are linear in a line or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are linear in a line or whether
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+bent and so in this case for the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so in this case for the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent and so in this case for the water
+molecule this is a bent planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is a bent planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this is a bent planer
+Arrangement that's the atom Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement that's the atom Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement that's the atom Arrangement
+that's not the electron Arrangement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the electron Arrangement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the electron Arrangement the
+electron Arrangement is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Arrangement is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Arrangement is approximately
+tetrahedral but again usually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but again usually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral but again usually you're
+going to be asked for the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asked for the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asked for the atomic
+Arrangement the geometry around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement the geometry around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement the geometry around the
+oxygen hey well this is a planer bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hey well this is a planer bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hey well this is a planer bent
+molecule with the two lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with the two lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with the two lone pairs
+sticking out here and hey you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out here and hey you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out here and hey you know what
+I want you to remember these two lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember these two lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember these two lone
+pairs on water very important because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on water very important because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on water very important because I
+think Wednesday we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Wednesday we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Wednesday we're going to talk
+about something called hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something called hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something called hydrogen
+bonding and hydrogen bonding these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and hydrogen bonding these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and hydrogen bonding these two
+lone pairs play a very critical role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs play a very critical role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pairs play a very critical role in
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+okay okay so we've just covered this sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hybridization there are other ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there are other ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there are other ways in
+which the S Wave functions and the P wve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the S Wave functions and the P wve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the S Wave functions and the P wve
+functions can constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+interfere and to illustrate that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and to illustrate that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and to illustrate that I'm
+going to start with this atom Boron all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with this atom Boron all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with this atom Boron all
+right so one less electron than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon all right so a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon all right so a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon all right so a different kind of
+hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+now in the case of boron we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of boron we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the case of boron we're also
+going to have to do this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do this electron
+promotion so we just move that 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion so we just move that 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion so we just move that 2s
+electron up to a 2p state so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron up to a 2p state so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron up to a 2p state so now we've
+got three wave functions 2s 2p 2px 2 py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three wave functions 2s 2p 2px 2 py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three wave functions 2s 2p 2px 2 py
+2px or or three um we've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2px or or three um we've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2px or or three um we've got three
+populated states okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated states okay and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated states okay and we're going to
+let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hybridize and when we let them hybridize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize and when we let them hybridize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize and when we let them hybridize
+what we're going to get are three what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get are three what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get are three what
+we call SP2 wave functions each with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call SP2 wave functions each with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call SP2 wave functions each with one
+electron right let me try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right let me try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right let me try to explain
+that so these are the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are the wave functions
+that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+got after this electron promotion one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got after this electron promotion one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got after this electron promotion one
+wave function for that one electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for that one electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for that one electron in
+the 2s State on boron it's spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2s State on boron it's spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2s State on boron it's spherically
+symmetric one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric one
+2px one electron represented by the 2p y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2px one electron represented by the 2p y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2px one electron represented by the 2p y
+wave function here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here it
+is what we're going to do now is to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do now is to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do now is to let
+these three wave functions not four like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions not four like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions not four like
+in sp3 hybridization but these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sp3 hybridization but these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sp3 hybridization but these three
+wave functions constructively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions constructively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions constructively and
+destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively
+interfere and when we do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and when we do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere and when we do that we're
+going to get what we call SP P2 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get what we call SP P2 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get what we call SP P2 wave
+functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or
+SP2 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 hybrid wave functions or hybrid
+orbitals okay they all look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals okay they all look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals okay they all look the
+same right they're just oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right they're just oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right they're just oriented
+differently these three wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently these three wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently these three wave functions
+all lie in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lie in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lie in one
+plane right the SP2 all lies in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right the SP2 all lies in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right the SP2 all lies in one
+plane unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane unlike
+sp3 hybrid wave functions and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybrid wave functions and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybrid wave functions and so what
+I'm going to do is I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to take
+these three wave functions now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions now since
+they all have the same origin I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have the same origin I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have the same origin I'm going
+to plot them on the same graph right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot them on the same graph right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot them on the same graph right and
+they're going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look like
+this again I'm going to leave out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again I'm going to leave out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again I'm going to leave out this
+little negative lobe here right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little negative lobe here right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little negative lobe here right the
+little negative part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little negative part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little negative part of the wave
+function just for clarity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just for clarity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just for clarity in this
+drawing I just show you the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing I just show you the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing I just show you the positive
+part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave
+function and these the positive Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these the positive Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these the positive Parts
+the maximum the positive parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum the positive parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum the positive parts of the
+those wave functions lie in one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wave functions lie in one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wave functions lie in one plane
+and the angle between these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle between these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle between these wave
+functions is 120 degrees each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is 120 degrees each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is 120 degrees each one of
+them all right so this is the SP2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so this is the SP2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so this is the SP2
+hybridization on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization on
+Boron one electron in each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron one electron in each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron one electron in each one of the
+SP2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2
+States I'm going to bring in a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I'm going to bring in a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I'm going to bring in a hydrogen
+now bring in another hydrogen bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now bring in another hydrogen bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now bring in another hydrogen bring in
+another hydrogen hen hey I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen hen hey I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen hen hey I've got
+bh3 so what did what did we do well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bh3 so what did what did we do well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bh3 so what did what did we do well with
+each one of these hydrogens we made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these hydrogens we made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these hydrogens we made a
+sigma Bond it's Sigma because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma Bond it's Sigma because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma Bond it's Sigma because it's
+cylindrically symmetric around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrically symmetric around that
+axis it is a sigma Bond composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it is a sigma Bond composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it is a sigma Bond composed of
+boron 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron 2
+SP2 overlapping with a hydrogen 1 s Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 overlapping with a hydrogen 1 s Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 overlapping with a hydrogen 1 s Bond
+okay this molecule here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this molecule here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this molecule here is
+planer because the these hybrid wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer because the these hybrid wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer because the these hybrid wave
+functions all lie in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all lie in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all lie in the same
+plane right we call this trigonal planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right we call this trigonal planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right we call this trigonal planer
+because there's a angle of 120 de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a angle of 120 de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a angle of 120 de
+between each uh hydrogen and Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each uh hydrogen and Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each uh hydrogen and Boron
+hydrogen or these hydrogen Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or these hydrogen Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or these hydrogen Boron
+hydrogen angles are all 120 de so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen angles are all 120 de so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen angles are all 120 de so it's
+trigonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonal
+planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer
+okay okay well carbon it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well carbon it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well carbon it can also
+undergo this SP2 hybridization it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this SP2 hybridization it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo this SP2 hybridization it can
+undergo sp3 but it can also undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo sp3 but it can also undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo sp3 but it can also undergo
+SP2 we have to do an electron promotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 we have to do an electron promotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP2 we have to do an electron promotion
+again we did that we're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we did that we're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we did that we're going to let
+them hybridize to SP2 the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hybridize to SP2 the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hybridize to SP2 the result is
+three SP2 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three SP2 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three SP2 wave
+functions and one of the 2p wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and one of the 2p wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and one of the 2p wave
+functions is left alone we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is left alone we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is left alone we're going to
+label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it
+2py okay that one's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py okay that one's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2py okay that one's not going to
+participate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this
+hybridization so a picture is here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization so a picture is here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization so a picture is here are
+the individual Atomic wave functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual Atomic wave functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual Atomic wave functions on
+carbon and I'm going to let just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and I'm going to let just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and I'm going to let just these
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+hybridize to make three SP2 hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to make three SP2 hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to make three SP2 hybrid
+orbitals or three SP2 hybrid wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or three SP2 hybrid wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or three SP2 hybrid wave
+functions and they have identically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they have identically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they have identically the
+same shapes as they did for Boron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shapes as they did for Boron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shapes as they did for Boron okay
+and then this guy hasn't been touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy hasn't been touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy hasn't been touched
+it's still the atomic wave function 2py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the atomic wave function 2py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the atomic wave function 2py
+yes why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because you've got different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you've got different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you've got different kinds
+of environments some environments allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments some environments allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments some environments allow
+these three wave functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three wave functions to
+constructively and destructively fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively and destructively fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively and destructively fear
+others will allow all the four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others will allow all the four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others will allow all the four to
+constructively destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively destructively
+interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere
+thermodynamics okay whether you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics okay whether you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics okay whether you're going
+to form here ethane or ethylene okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form here ethane or ethylene okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form here ethane or ethylene okay is
+a is a function of a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters no no until we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters no no until we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters no no until we get to
+thermodynamics and then you are okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then you are okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then you are okay and
+we'll get to that okay okay yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that okay okay yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that okay okay yeah no
+you're quite welcome that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite welcome that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite welcome that's all right
+because I know that this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that this is a little bit
+abstract but it actually the case which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but it actually the case which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but it actually the case which
+one you're going to form ethane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to form ethane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to form ethane or
+ethylene right depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene right depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene right depends
+on what other constituents you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what other constituents you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what other constituents you've got
+around it's going to depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's going to depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's going to depend on the
+relative pressures of you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pressures of you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative pressures of you know your
+carbon and your hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and your hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and your hydrogen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right so in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in this case
+here I'm now going to because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm now going to because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm now going to because we have
+the same origin put these three wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same origin put these three wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same origin put these three wave
+functions on top of each other plot them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on top of each other plot them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on top of each other plot them
+in the same graph they're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same graph they're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same graph they're going to look
+like they did in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they did in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they did in the case of
+waron I think we'll pick it up there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waron I think we'll pick it up there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waron I think we'll pick it up there on
+Wednesday see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7WDiK3flILc.txt b/7WDiK3flILc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3a6db041b823f95393fa50df60bd278de380760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7WDiK3flILc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider the following problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the following problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the following problem
+suppose we have an inclined plane and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an inclined plane and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have an inclined plane and on
+this inclined plane we have a block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inclined plane we have a block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inclined plane we have a block and
+down here at the bottom of the inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom of the inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom of the inclined
+plane there's a little bumper it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there's a little bumper it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there's a little bumper it can be
+a spring of some type and what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring of some type and what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring of some type and what we have
+is the block is sliding down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the block is sliding down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the block is sliding down the
+inclined plane bouncing off the bumper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane bouncing off the bumper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane bouncing off the bumper
+and sliding up the inclined plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sliding up the inclined plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sliding up the inclined plane and
+what we'd like to do is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is find the
+acceleration of the block for both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the block for both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the block for both cases
+so when it's sliding down let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's sliding down let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's sliding down let's do an
+analysis on that motion well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on that motion well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on that motion well the first
+thing we have to do is again identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to do is again identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to do is again identify
+our system in this case just the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system in this case just the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system in this case just the block
+will be our system so we'll put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our system so we'll put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our system so we'll put in the
+block as our system and now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block as our system and now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block as our system and now we have to
+analyze the forces on the block as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the forces on the block as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the forces on the block as its
+sliding down there is a friction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down there is a friction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down there is a friction with
+the coefficient UK and so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient UK and so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient UK and so we have the
+gravitational force mg we have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force mg we have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force mg we have a normal
+force of the surface on the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the surface on the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the surface on the block
+pointing up and because the block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up and because the block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up and because the block is
+sliding down remember that our friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down remember that our friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down remember that our friction
+force is opposing that motion now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is opposing that motion now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is opposing that motion now when
+you have a free boundary force diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a free boundary force diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a free boundary force diagram
+we have to decide which way should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decide which way should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decide which way should we
+how should we choose our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we choose our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we choose our coordinate
+systems what we want to encourage you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what we want to encourage you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems what we want to encourage you is
+not to choose a coordinate system unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to choose a coordinate system unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to choose a coordinate system unit
+vectors horizontal and vertical just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors horizontal and vertical just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors horizontal and vertical just
+because that's the way one always does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the way one always does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the way one always does
+it but to use the constraint of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but to use the constraint of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but to use the constraint of the
+system to help you choose the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to help you choose the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to help you choose the coordinate
+system now a technique for doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now a technique for doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now a technique for doing that is
+to draw the what you think will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the what you think will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the what you think will be the
+acceleration on your sketch so I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on your sketch so I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on your sketch so I expect
+that a is going to go down the inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is going to go down the inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is going to go down the inclined
+plane that's taking to account that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's taking to account that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's taking to account that
+there's no motion perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no motion perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no motion perpendicular to the
+inclined plane this drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane this drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane this drawing the
+acceleration remember acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration remember acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration remember acceleration is
+not a force but this gives me a clue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a force but this gives me a clue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a force but this gives me a clue for
+how I should choose my unit vectors I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I should choose my unit vectors I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I should choose my unit vectors I'll
+choose them so that I hat points down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them so that I hat points down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them so that I hat points down
+and so I essentially have a 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I essentially have a 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I essentially have a 1/2
+mental motion and I'll choose J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental motion and I'll choose J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental motion and I'll choose J hat
+pointing out now I'll introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out now I'll introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out now I'll introduce an
+angle-theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle-theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle-theta
+that's the same angle theta here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same angle theta here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same angle theta here and one
+has to be a little bit careful in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a little bit careful in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a little bit careful in doing
+these types of sketches but this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sketches but this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of sketches but this is also
+the angle theta and now I've chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle theta and now I've chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle theta and now I've chosen a
+coordinate system unit vectors I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system unit vectors I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system unit vectors I've
+indicated relevant angles and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated relevant angles and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated relevant angles and the rest
+of the problem is just vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is just vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem is just vector
+decomposition in applying Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in applying Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in applying Newton's
+second law so we'll write down F equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law so we'll write down F equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law so we'll write down F equals
+MA and I'm going to indicate a d4 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA and I'm going to indicate a d4 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA and I'm going to indicate a d4 we're
+talking about the acceleration downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the acceleration downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the acceleration downwards
+and we have two directions to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two directions to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two directions to analyze
+the eye hat and the J hat directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye hat and the J hat directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye hat and the J hat directions so
+in the direction tangent to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction tangent to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction tangent to the surface
+we have a gravitational force downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a gravitational force downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a gravitational force downward
+mg sine theta we have the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sine theta we have the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sine theta we have the kinetic
+friction force opposing that motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force opposing that motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force opposing that motion and
+that's equal to M a D where ad is the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M a D where ad is the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to M a D where ad is the X
+component of the acceleration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the acceleration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the acceleration in the
+vertical direction we have the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction we have the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction we have the normal
+force minus mg cosine theta and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force minus mg cosine theta and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force minus mg cosine theta and here's
+where our choice of coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our choice of coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our choice of coordinate system
+helps us the constraint of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us the constraint of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us the constraint of the system is
+that a Y is zero when we choose Y to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Y is zero when we choose Y to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Y is zero when we choose Y to be
+the perpendicular direction so this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction so this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction so this side
+is zero now I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero now I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero now I look at this
+and I see a F and N and that's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see a F and N and that's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see a F and N and that's only two
+equations and three unknowns but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and three unknowns but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and three unknowns but now I
+have a force law for my friction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force law for my friction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force law for my friction which
+is that the kinetic friction is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the kinetic friction is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the kinetic friction is equal to
+a coefficient UK n and I can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient UK n and I can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient UK n and I can see from
+this equation that's mu K mg cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that's mu K mg cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation that's mu K mg cosine
+theta and now I'm in position in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and now I'm in position in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and now I'm in position in which
+to substitute my friction into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to substitute my friction into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to substitute my friction into this
+equation and solve for the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for the acceleration
+notice the mass will cancel and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the mass will cancel and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the mass will cancel and what I
+get is that the acceleration going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that the acceleration going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that the acceleration going down
+is just equal to G times sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to G times sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to G times sine theta
+minus mu K cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu K cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu K cosine of
+and so that's how we can analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how we can analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how we can analyze the
+acceleration when the block is sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration when the block is sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration when the block is sliding
+down next we want to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next we want to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next we want to analyze the
+acceleration when the block is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration when the block is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration when the block is going up
+now when you have a case like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you have a case like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you have a case like that it's
+sometimes easier again just to draw will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes easier again just to draw will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes easier again just to draw will
+still choose and now the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still choose and now the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still choose and now the interesting
+thing is which ways acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is which ways acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is which ways acceleration
+pointing just because the block is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing just because the block is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing just because the block is going
+up the acceleration is still pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the acceleration is still pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the acceleration is still pointing
+down how do you know that well we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how do you know that well we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how do you know that well we'll see
+that when we analyze the forces so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we analyze the forces so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we analyze the forces so we
+still have n we have mg but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have n we have mg but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have n we have mg but now the
+crucial point is this is going up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial point is this is going up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial point is this is going up the
+crucial point here is that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial point here is that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial point here is that the kinetic
+friction is always opposing the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is always opposing the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is always opposing the motion
+so when the block is sliding up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the block is sliding up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the block is sliding up the
+kinetic friction is down and all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction is down and all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic friction is down and all that we
+have is a sign change here this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a sign change here this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is a sign change here this is now
+plus if I choose my I hat and J hat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus if I choose my I hat and J hat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus if I choose my I hat and J hat in
+the same direction notice both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction notice both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction notice both of these
+forces have a positive component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces have a positive component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces have a positive component in the
+I hat direction so the acceleration will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat direction so the acceleration will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat direction so the acceleration will
+be down and rather than do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down and rather than do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down and rather than do all the
+algebra all I'm doing is changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra all I'm doing is changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra all I'm doing is changing the
+sign and I get that a up is equal to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I get that a up is equal to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and I get that a up is equal to G
+sine theta plus mu K cosine theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta plus mu K cosine theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta plus mu K cosine theta and
+although it may seem slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may seem slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may seem slightly
+counterintuitive that the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that the acceleration
+as the block is going up in magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the block is going up in magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the block is going up in magnitude is
+bigger than the acceleration as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the acceleration as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the acceleration as the
+block is going down and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is going down and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block is going down and that's because
+of the direction of the kinetic friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direction of the kinetic friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the direction of the kinetic friction
+force
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7dhuZ6V9tcY.txt b/7dhuZ6V9tcY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6baeac8e5702b4a01d093ea6eabd4ae5d19961bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7dhuZ6V9tcY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+So far in constructing our timesharing system,
+we've worked hard to build an execution environment
+
+that gives each process the illusion of running
+on its own independent virtual machine.
+
+The processes appear to run concurrently although
+we're really quickly switching between running
+
+processes on a single hardware system.
+This often leads to better overall utilization
+
+since if a particular process is waiting for
+an I/O event, we can devote the unneeded cycles
+
+to running other processes.
+The downside of timesharing is that it can
+
+be hard to predict exactly how long a process
+will take to complete since the CPU time it
+
+will receive depends on how much time the
+other processes are using.
+
+So we'd need to know how many other processes
+there are, whether they're waiting for I/O
+
+events, etc.
+In a timesharing system we can't make any
+
+guarantees on completion times.
+And we chose to have the OS play the intermediary
+
+between interrupt events triggered by the
+outside world and the user-mode programs where
+
+the event processing occurs.
+In other words, we've separated event handling
+
+(where the data is stored by the OS)
+and event processing (where the data is passed
+
+to user-mode programs via SVCs).
+This means that using a conventional timesharing
+
+system, it's hard to ensure that event processing
+will be complete by a specified event deadline,
+
+i.e., before the end of a specified time period
+after the event was triggered.
+
+Since modern CPU chips provide inexpensive,
+high-performance, general-purpose computing,
+
+they are often used as the "brains" of control
+systems where deadlines are a fact of life.
+
+For example, consider the electronic stability
+control (ESC) system on modern cars.
+
+This system helps drivers maintain control
+of their vehicle during steering and braking
+
+maneuvers by keeping the car headed in the
+driver's intended direction.
+
+The computer at the heart of the system measures
+the forces on the car, the direction of steering,
+
+and the rotation of the wheels
+to determine if there's been a loss of control
+
+due to a loss of traction, i.e., is the car
+"spinning out"?
+
+If so, the ESC uses rapid automatic braking
+of individual wheels to prevent the car's
+
+heading from veering from the driver's intended
+heading.
+
+With ESC you can slam on your brakes or swerve
+to avoid an obstacle and not worry that the
+
+car will suddenly fishtail out of control.
+You can feel the system working as a chatter
+
+in the brakes.
+To be effective, the ESC system has to guarantee
+
+the correct braking action at each wheel within
+a certain time of receiving dangerous sensor
+
+settings.
+This means that it has to be able to guarantee
+
+that certain subroutines will run to completion
+within some predetermined time of a sensor
+
+event.
+To be able to make these guarantees we'll
+
+have to come up with a better way to schedule
+process execution -
+
+round-robin scheduling won't get the job done!
+Systems that can make such guarantees are
+
+called "real-time systems".
+One measure of performance in a real-time
+
+system is the interrupt latency L, the amount
+of time that elapses between a request to
+
+run some code and when that code actually
+starts executing.
+
+If there's a deadline D associated with servicing
+the request, we can compute the maximum allowable
+
+latency that still permits the service routine
+to complete by the deadline.
+
+In other words, what's the largest L such
+that L_max+S = D?
+
+Bad things can happen if we miss certain deadlines.
+Maybe that's why we call them "dead"-lines
+
+:)
+In those cases we want our real time system
+
+to guarantee that the actual latency is always
+less than the maximum allowable latency.
+
+These critical deadlines give rise to what
+we call "hard real-time constraints".
+
+What factors contribute to interrupt latency?
+Well, while handling an interrupt it takes
+
+times to save the process state, switch to
+the kernel context, and dispatch to the correct
+
+interrupt handler.
+When writing our OS, we can work to minimize
+
+the amount of code involved in the setup phase
+of an interrupt handler.
+
+We also have to avoid long periods of time
+when the processor cannot be interrupted.
+
+Some ISAs have complex multi-cycle instructions,
+e.g., block move instructions where a single
+
+instruction makes many memory accesses as
+it moves a block of data from one location
+
+to another.
+In designing the ISA, we need to avoid such
+
+instructions or design them so that they can
+be interrupted and restarted.
+
+The biggest problem comes when we're executing
+another interrupt handler in kernel mode.
+
+In kernel mode, interrupts are disabled, so
+the actual latency will be determined by the
+
+time it takes to complete the current interrupt
+handler in addition to the other costs mentioned
+
+above.
+This latency is not under the control of the
+
+CPU designer and will depend on the particular
+application.
+
+Writing programs with hard real-time constraints
+can get complicated!
+
+Our goal is to bound and minimize interrupt
+latency.
+
+We'll do this by optimizing the cost of taking
+an interrupt and dispatching to the correct
+
+handler code.
+We'll avoid instructions whose execution time
+
+is data dependent.
+And we'll work to minimize the time spent
+
+in kernel mode.
+But even with all these measures, we'll see
+
+that in some cases we'll have to modify our
+system to allow interrupts even in kernel
+
+mode.
+Next we'll look at some concrete examples
+
+and see what mechanisms are required to make
+guarantees about hard real-time constraints.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7gLcuMtM_HY.txt b/7gLcuMtM_HY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9cd29c5958d7e2bfbf00af49d46faf8ea5343bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7gLcuMtM_HY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get going here so this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get going here so this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get going here so this week
+I'll be talking about bacteria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about bacteria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about bacteria and
+viruses and these are really significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses and these are really significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses and these are really significant
+topics because I think it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics because I think it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics because I think it's something
+that we often don't think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often don't think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we often don't think about the
+magnitude of the problems and how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the problems and how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the problems and how what
+kind of crises were approaching with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crises were approaching with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crises were approaching with
+respect to the therapeutic treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the therapeutic treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the therapeutic treatment of
+infectious disease so what I want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease so what I want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease so what I want to try
+and get home to you this week is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get home to you this week is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get home to you this week is the
+variety of different microorganisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different microorganisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different microorganisms that
+threaten our health and just talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten our health and just talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten our health and just talk to you
+about the sorts of issues that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sorts of issues that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sorts of issues that are
+really prominent in the news concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prominent in the news concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really prominent in the news concerning
+resistance to therapeutic agents but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to therapeutic agents but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to therapeutic agents but in
+order to do that we've got a meats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we've got a meats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we've got a meats and
+bacteria meet some viruses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria meet some viruses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria meet some viruses and
+understand that some of their lifestyles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that some of their lifestyles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that some of their lifestyles
+their mechanisms so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mechanisms so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mechanisms so that we can
+understand what kinds of agents are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kinds of agents are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kinds of agents are used
+and developed to try to mitigate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developed to try to mitigate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developed to try to mitigate these
+diseases because it's only through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because it's only through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because it's only through a
+molecular mechanistic understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular mechanistic understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular mechanistic understanding of
+the life cycles of viruses and bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycles of viruses and bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycles of viruses and bacteria
+that we can understand how many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand how many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand how many of these
+therapeutic agents work and what may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents work and what may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents work and what may be
+happening in resistance development now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in resistance development now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in resistance development now
+I find this this particular slide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this this particular slide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find this this particular slide a
+little sort of daunting but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of daunting but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of daunting but I want to
+point out to you that it it concerns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to you that it it concerns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to you that it it concerns the
+world's deadliest animals so we worry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's deadliest animals so we worry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's deadliest animals so we worry a
+lot about tigers and sharks and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about tigers and sharks and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about tigers and sharks and things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+nasty poisonous snakes bites from dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty poisonous snakes bites from dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty poisonous snakes bites from dogs
+with rabies and so on I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rabies and so on I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rabies and so on I'm going to leave
+this black bar here sort of unmentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black bar here sort of unmentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black bar here sort of unmentioned
+I don't know what year this is but talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what year this is but talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what year this is but talk
+about daunting that's pretty serious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about daunting that's pretty serious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about daunting that's pretty serious and
+then the the biggest killer on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the biggest killer on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the biggest killer on this
+screen is the mosquito but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is the mosquito but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is the mosquito but it isn't
+actually the mosquito it's the protozoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mosquito it's the protozoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mosquito it's the protozoa
+microorganisms that the mosquito carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms that the mosquito carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms that the mosquito carries
+from one person to another that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to another that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to another that really
+makes that such a deadly such a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that such a deadly such a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that such a deadly such a serious
+consideration but what's not here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration but what's not here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration but what's not here are
+all the bacteria and viruses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bacteria and viruses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bacteria and viruses that
+actually are far more serious and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are far more serious and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are far more serious and the
+numbers on the next stage will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the next stage will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the next stage will show you
+just quite how shocking these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quite how shocking these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quite how shocking these numbers
+are if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you're interested
+infectious disease as a field because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease as a field because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease as a field because I
+think it's really anyone going towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really anyone going towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really anyone going towards
+MD MD ph.d infectious diseases really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD MD ph.d infectious diseases really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD MD ph.d infectious diseases really a
+critical area that we have to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area that we have to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical area that we have to get to
+grips with then not enough vaccines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips with then not enough vaccines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips with then not enough vaccines in
+the world there is not enough treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world there is not enough treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world there is not enough treatment
+with a very microbe specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very microbe specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very microbe specific
+anti-infective agents so so I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-infective agents so so I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-infective agents so so I encourage
+you to look at the CDC there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at the CDC there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at the CDC there's a few
+other places where there's loads of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places where there's loads of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places where there's loads of
+information collated such as the ni a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information collated such as the ni a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information collated such as the ni a a
+ID which is the NIH Center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID which is the NIH Center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID which is the NIH Center for
+infectious disease and the World Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and the World Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and the World Health
+Organization so there's lots of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization so there's lots of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization so there's lots of places
+where you can find stuff out so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can find stuff out so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can find stuff out so what
+we're gonna be talking about in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking about in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking about in the next
+three classes are our smallest enemies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes are our smallest enemies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes are our smallest enemies
+things like bacteria fungal infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like bacteria fungal infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like bacteria fungal infections
+from things like yeast or Aspergillus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things like yeast or Aspergillus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things like yeast or Aspergillus
+which would cause candida and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would cause candida and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would cause candida and
+aspergillosis protozoal disease we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspergillosis protozoal disease we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspergillosis protozoal disease we won't
+mention but those are the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but those are the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention but those are the types of
+diseases that are carried by things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are carried by things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are carried by things like
+ticks mosquitoes tsetse flies a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks mosquitoes tsetse flies a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks mosquitoes tsetse flies a lot of
+we think of those as the infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of those as the infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of those as the infectious
+agent but it's really what those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent but it's really what those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent but it's really what those those
+organisms carry and and cause the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms carry and and cause the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms carry and and cause the spread
+of disease that's important there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease that's important there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease that's important there and we
+won't either talk about prion diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't either talk about prion diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't either talk about prion diseases
+which are the diseases that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the diseases that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the diseases that don't
+involve an infectious microorganisms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve an infectious microorganisms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve an infectious microorganisms but
+are believed to be spread from protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are believed to be spread from protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are believed to be spread from protein
+to protein through the nucleation of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein through the nucleation of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein through the nucleation of new
+prions from existing prions what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prions from existing prions what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prions from existing prions what we'll
+focus on in the first class is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in the first class is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in the first class is on
+bacteria and in the other two on viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and in the other two on viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and in the other two on viruses
+with an eye to looking at antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye to looking at antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eye to looking at antibiotics
+and antiviral agents how they work where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antiviral agents how they work where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antiviral agents how they work where
+they go wrong and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go wrong and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go wrong and this is where the
+numbers get fairly shocking so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get fairly shocking so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get fairly shocking so for
+example bacterial infections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example bacterial infections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example bacterial infections of the
+lower respiratory tract so that's deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower respiratory tract so that's deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower respiratory tract so that's deep
+in the lungs caused four million deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lungs caused four million deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lungs caused four million deaths
+a year think back to the numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year think back to the numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year think back to the numbers you
+just saw on that first slide these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw on that first slide these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw on that first slide these are
+things like strep pneumonia pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like strep pneumonia pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like strep pneumonia pneumonia
+clips Yellin pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clips Yellin pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clips Yellin pneumonia
+they're called pneumonias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called pneumonias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called pneumonias
+they're infectious diseases of the lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're infectious diseases of the lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're infectious diseases of the lung
+but the organisms that cause them are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the organisms that cause them are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the organisms that cause them are of
+the streptomyces in Klebsiella and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streptomyces in Klebsiella and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streptomyces in Klebsiella and
+Staphylococcus aureus specifically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staphylococcus aureus specifically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staphylococcus aureus specifically but
+there are others that cause lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that cause lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others that cause lung
+infections and lower respiratory disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and lower respiratory disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and lower respiratory disease
+these are particularly troublesome in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are particularly troublesome in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are particularly troublesome in
+areas where the atmosphere is bad in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where the atmosphere is bad in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where the atmosphere is bad in big
+cities where there's a lot of insult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities where there's a lot of insult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities where there's a lot of insult
+from emissions and such that make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from emissions and such that make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from emissions and such that make the
+lungs weaker then these these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs weaker then these these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs weaker then these these sorts of
+organisms can really take a hold more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can really take a hold more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can really take a hold more
+readily so they are more serious there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily so they are more serious there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily so they are more serious there
+are many many microorganisms that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many microorganisms that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many microorganisms that cause
+pneumonia eyes and sometimes it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia eyes and sometimes it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia eyes and sometimes it's a real
+problem to track down the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to track down the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to track down the precise
+microorganism which makes the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism which makes the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism which makes the issue of
+treatment really difficult really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment really difficult really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment really difficult really
+challenging so I'm going to talk in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging so I'm going to talk in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging so I'm going to talk in a
+minute about absolute identification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about absolute identification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about absolute identification of
+infectious agents so we can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents so we can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents so we can do better
+jobs of specifically targeting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs of specifically targeting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs of specifically targeting the
+causes of the causative agents diarrheal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the causative agents diarrheal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the causative agents diarrheal
+disease 2 million deaths these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease 2 million deaths these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease 2 million deaths these are
+organisms like Campylobacter jejuni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like Campylobacter jejuni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms like Campylobacter jejuni and
+Salmonella enterica we tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salmonella enterica we tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salmonella enterica we tend to have
+these sort of crises because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of crises because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of crises because you know
+romaine lettuce is God is contaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine lettuce is God is contaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine lettuce is God is contaminated
+with infection there are very few deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infection there are very few deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infection there are very few deaths
+in the developed world we get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed world we get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed world we get down to
+that very quickly say stop eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very quickly say stop eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very quickly say stop eating
+romaine lettuce till we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine lettuce till we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine lettuce till we figure out
+what's going on here very very few but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here very very few but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here very very few but
+once again in the developing world these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again in the developing world these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again in the developing world these
+can run rampant and they could grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run rampant and they could grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run rampant and they could grab
+small children and older people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small children and older people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small children and older people who are
+already compromised already a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already compromised already a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already compromised already a little bit
+not quite with strong immune systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite with strong immune systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite with strong immune systems and
+people generally die of dehydration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally die of dehydration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people generally die of dehydration
+because these diseases really hit the GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these diseases really hit the GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these diseases really hit the GI
+tract cause leakiness in the GI tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract cause leakiness in the GI tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract cause leakiness in the GI tract
+and really really serious diarrheal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really really serious diarrheal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really really serious diarrheal
+disease so those are the bad boys there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so those are the bad boys there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so those are the bad boys there
+but once again there are many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again there are many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again there are many others
+tuberculosis is yet another really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuberculosis is yet another really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuberculosis is yet another really
+serious infectious disease caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious infectious disease caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious infectious disease caused by
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+the main one of the the mycobacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one of the the mycobacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main one of the the mycobacteria
+that is a threat it used to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a threat it used to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a threat it used to be called
+consumption in the old days because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the old days because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption in the old days because
+people almost looked consumed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people almost looked consumed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people almost looked consumed by the
+disease they would just get thinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease they would just get thinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease they would just get thinner and
+thinner and literally it was a wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and literally it was a wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and literally it was a wasting
+disease people would be sent up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease people would be sent up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease people would be sent up into the
+mountains of Switzerland to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains of Switzerland to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains of Switzerland to try to
+recover from consumption to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from consumption to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from consumption to where the
+air is clearer and cleaner and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is clearer and cleaner and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is clearer and cleaner and maybe
+hope that they can recuperate but TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that they can recuperate but TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that they can recuperate but TB
+look at these numbers in 2015 there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers in 2015 there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers in 2015 there were
+almost 10 million new cases there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 10 million new cases there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 10 million new cases there's
+about 1.2 million deaths from TB and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.2 million deaths from TB and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.2 million deaths from TB and the
+serious situation with TB is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious situation with TB is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious situation with TB is that it's
+often found Co infecting with the HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often found Co infecting with the HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often found Co infecting with the HIV
+virus where you just can't fight the TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus where you just can't fight the TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus where you just can't fight the TB
+so eventually if you're infected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eventually if you're infected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eventually if you're infected with
+the HIV virus it's the TB that gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV virus it's the TB that gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HIV virus it's the TB that gets you
+due to the the weakening caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the the weakening caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the the weakening caused by the
+infection with TB so these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection with TB so these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection with TB so these numbers are
+shocking in light of the numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking in light of the numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking in light of the numbers I
+showed you on the previous slide right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you on the previous slide right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you on the previous slide right
+look at these numbers you know for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers you know for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these numbers you know for if
+you go sort of to snakes and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go sort of to snakes and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go sort of to snakes and things like
+that they're meaningless numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're meaningless numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're meaningless numbers
+compared to infectious diseases ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to infectious diseases ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to infectious diseases ok so
+there's now and I'm gonna talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now and I'm gonna talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now and I'm gonna talk to you
+about the oranges of the through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the oranges of the through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the oranges of the through your
+interest the origins of this many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the origins of this many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the origins of this many many
+infectious agents that we thought we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents that we thought we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents that we thought we had
+conquered we thought we could take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered we thought we could take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquered we thought we could take care
+of it you just take this course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you just take this course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you just take this course of
+antibiotics and you're off your set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and you're off your set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics and you're off your set but
+now because of the rapid mutation rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of the rapid mutation rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of the rapid mutation rates
+in bacteria and viruses certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bacteria and viruses certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bacteria and viruses certain
+pathogens have completely worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens have completely worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens have completely worked out
+mechanisms to escape therapeutic agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to escape therapeutic agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to escape therapeutic agents
+but I'm going to talk to you about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk to you about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk to you about those
+mechanisms towards the end of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms towards the end of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms towards the end of this class
+so basically you can dose a person one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can dose a person one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can dose a person one
+day with a normal dose of an antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with a normal dose of an antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day with a normal dose of an antibiotic
+agent and then ten months later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and then ten months later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and then ten months later that
+normal dose or ten times or a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dose or ten times or a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal dose or ten times or a hundred
+times that dose stops working why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that dose stops working why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that dose stops working why is
+that is due to resistance acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is due to resistance acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is due to resistance acquisition
+due to rapid cell division and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to rapid cell division and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to rapid cell division and
+mistakes made on repla on replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes made on repla on replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes made on repla on replication
+and transcription that then may one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transcription that then may one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transcription that then may one in a
+million times confer an advantage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times confer an advantage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times confer an advantage on
+microorganism all of a sudden the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism all of a sudden the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganism all of a sudden the drugs
+don't work anymore and there's a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work anymore and there's a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work anymore and there's a series
+the w-h-o and various of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w-h-o and various of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w-h-o and various of the sort of
+community and noticeboards call this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and noticeboards call this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and noticeboards call this set
+of infectious agents the escaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious agents the escaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infectious agents the escaped
+pathogens it helps us remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens it helps us remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens it helps us remember which
+ones these are because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these are because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these are because these are
+pathogens that escaped treatment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens that escaped treatment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogens that escaped treatment because
+they've developed resistance to multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've developed resistance to multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've developed resistance to multiple
+drug cocktails so commonly when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug cocktails so commonly when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug cocktails so commonly when someone
+has a particular disease they don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a particular disease they don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a particular disease they don't take
+one drug they take two or three to kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drug they take two or three to kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drug they take two or three to kinda
+hit lots of pathways at once in the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit lots of pathways at once in the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit lots of pathways at once in the hope
+the resistance won't develop fast but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance won't develop fast but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance won't develop fast but
+the escaped pathogens have collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escaped pathogens have collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escaped pathogens have collectively
+acquired resistance to several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired resistance to several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired resistance to several
+antibiotics meaning there's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics meaning there's no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics meaning there's no good
+treatment and here so the letters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and here so the letters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and here so the letters of
+escape stand for Enterococcus faecium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape stand for Enterococcus faecium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape stand for Enterococcus faecium
+staph aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staph aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staph aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae
+Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas
+aeruginosa and some of the enterobacter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeruginosa and some of the enterobacter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeruginosa and some of the enterobacter
+species some of these infectious agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species some of these infectious agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species some of these infectious agents
+are what are called result from I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called result from I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called result from I always
+get this spelled said wrong nosocomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this spelled said wrong nosocomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this spelled said wrong nosocomial
+infections does anyone know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections does anyone know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections does anyone know what those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+these are infections that people get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are infections that people get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are infections that people get in
+hospitals so you go like Tom Brady had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals so you go like Tom Brady had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals so you go like Tom Brady had a
+knee operation he got an infection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee operation he got an infection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee operation he got an infection in
+his knee that came from the surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his knee that came from the surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his knee that came from the surgery
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+these are hospital acquired infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hospital acquired infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hospital acquired infections
+because you know you can't sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you can't sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you can't sometimes
+clear an area enough and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear an area enough and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear an area enough and there's
+infectious agents around so I seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents around so I seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious agents around so I seen
+Acinetobacter baumannii was dubbed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii was dubbed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii was dubbed the
+Iraqi bug for many many years because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraqi bug for many many years because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraqi bug for many many years because
+the vets coming back from Iraq were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vets coming back from Iraq were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vets coming back from Iraq were
+going to military hospitals and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to military hospitals and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to military hospitals and these
+were abundant with court cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were abundant with court cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were abundant with court cases of
+Acinetobacter baumannii so that moved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii so that moved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acinetobacter baumannii so that moved on
+to the escaped pathogen list so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the escaped pathogen list so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the escaped pathogen list so these
+are things to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things to watch out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things to watch out for
+it's the reason nosocomial infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the reason nosocomial infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the reason nosocomial infections
+I hope I'm saying it right otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I'm saying it right otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I'm saying it right otherwise
+you're gonna go off and google it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go off and google it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna go off and google it and
+realize I said it wrong it's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I said it wrong it's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize I said it wrong it's the reason
+why old-school physicians wore bow ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why old-school physicians wore bow ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why old-school physicians wore bow ties
+and not ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not ties
+can you understand can you imagine why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you understand can you imagine why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you understand can you imagine why
+so if you're wearing a tie which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're wearing a tie which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're wearing a tie which I
+seldom wear to be honest and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom wear to be honest and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom wear to be honest and you're
+overworking over a patient the tie can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworking over a patient the tie can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworking over a patient the tie can
+be the thing that carries the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the thing that carries the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the thing that carries the infection
+because it gets closer to infected areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets closer to infected areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets closer to infected areas
+this is old-school stuff and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is old-school stuff and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is old-school stuff and so
+originally the physicians were bow ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the physicians were bow ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the physicians were bow ties
+in order to distinguish themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to distinguish themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to distinguish themselves as
+the important people but not to wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important people but not to wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important people but not to wear
+ties that might carry infectious agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties that might carry infectious agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties that might carry infectious agents
+and that's sort of a scary thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of a scary thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of a scary thing okay so
+with all this said let me just lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all this said let me just lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all this said let me just lead you
+in to talk about bacteria antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to talk about bacteria antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to talk about bacteria antibiotics
+and resistance development so we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resistance development so we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resistance development so we often
+name bacteria somewhat by their shape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name bacteria somewhat by their shape so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name bacteria somewhat by their shape so
+the long rod shaped ones are cocci sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long rod shaped ones are cocci sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long rod shaped ones are cocci sorry
+the round ones are cocci the rod ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round ones are cocci the rod ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round ones are cocci the rod ones
+whatever they are come on one of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are come on one of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are come on one of you and
+then what does the rod shape once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does the rod shape once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does the rod shape once
+bacilli sorry I had a blank moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacilli sorry I had a blank moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacilli sorry I had a blank moment so
+the rod shape one's a bacilli and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod shape one's a bacilli and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod shape one's a bacilli and then
+there's some others that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some others that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some others that have a
+different most morphology like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different most morphology like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different most morphology like
+Campylobacter jejuni that have kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campylobacter jejuni that have kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campylobacter jejuni that have kind of a
+corkscrew shape and that's thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corkscrew shape and that's thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corkscrew shape and that's thought to be
+important in their motility digging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in their motility digging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in their motility digging
+through the mucus layers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mucus layers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mucus layers in the
+epithelial layers so here I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial layers so here I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelial layers so here I show you
+several shapes of bacteria and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several shapes of bacteria and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several shapes of bacteria and I'm just
+going to once again reinforce which what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to once again reinforce which what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to once again reinforce which what
+diseases some are associated with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases some are associated with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases some are associated with and
+some other diseases that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other diseases that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other diseases that you might be
+surprised by so yes we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by so yes we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by so yes we know about
+Salmonella and e-coli and food poisoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salmonella and e-coli and food poisoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salmonella and e-coli and food poisoning
+but HeLa kaback tapo Laurie which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but HeLa kaback tapo Laurie which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but HeLa kaback tapo Laurie which is one
+of these flagellated bacteria can infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these flagellated bacteria can infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these flagellated bacteria can infect
+the stomach it's often the cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach it's often the cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach it's often the cause of
+ulcers so it's a causative agent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulcers so it's a causative agent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulcers so it's a causative agent of
+stomach ulcers but that has in turn led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach ulcers but that has in turn led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach ulcers but that has in turn led
+to a considerable risk factor in stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a considerable risk factor in stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a considerable risk factor in stomach
+cancer so what we thought was just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so what we thought was just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so what we thought was just an
+infection has causes a constellation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection has causes a constellation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection has causes a constellation of
+other problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems in
+luding cancers and more and more back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luding cancers and more and more back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luding cancers and more and more back to
+microbial agents are now associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial agents are now associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial agents are now associated with
+cancers in particular many of the also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers in particular many of the also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers in particular many of the also
+the viruses in a Syria these are come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses in a Syria these are come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viruses in a Syria these are come
+along with the sexually transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the sexually transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the sexually transmitted
+diseases such as gonorrhea Nash Syria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases such as gonorrhea Nash Syria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases such as gonorrhea Nash Syria
+Menon Judy DS is the one that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menon Judy DS is the one that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menon Judy DS is the one that causes
+meningitis very very often fatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meningitis very very often fatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meningitis very very often fatal
+infections of the maninjau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections of the maninjau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections of the maninjau
+staph aureus lot of infections around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staph aureus lot of infections around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staph aureus lot of infections around
+the body just gruesome things cellulitis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body just gruesome things cellulitis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body just gruesome things cellulitis
+wound infections toxic shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound infections toxic shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound infections toxic shock
+streptococcal bacteria i've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococcal bacteria i've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streptococcal bacteria i've already
+mentioned the pneumonias and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the pneumonias and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the pneumonias and then
+Campylobacter and now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campylobacter and now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campylobacter and now another
+complicated factor of infections I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated factor of infections I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated factor of infections I
+talked to you about stomach ulcers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about stomach ulcers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about stomach ulcers and
+stomach cancer another thing that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach cancer another thing that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach cancer another thing that seems
+to be coming along with infections is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coming along with infections is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coming along with infections is
+autoimmunity so in the last section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity so in the last section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity so in the last section of
+the class you heard about immunity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class you heard about immunity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class you heard about immunity and
+you also heard about tolerance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also heard about tolerance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also heard about tolerance right
+that we don't react to things that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't react to things that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't react to things that our
+ourselves right otherwise we'd be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right otherwise we'd be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right otherwise we'd be in
+deep trouble autoimmunity can suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep trouble autoimmunity can suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep trouble autoimmunity can suddenly
+pop up from certain bacterial infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up from certain bacterial infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up from certain bacterial infections
+because bacteria tend to cloak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bacteria tend to cloak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bacteria tend to cloak
+themselves with unusual sugar polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with unusual sugar polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves with unusual sugar polymers
+and other kinds of structures that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of structures that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of structures that the
+body doesn't really know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body doesn't really know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body doesn't really know what to do with
+and in some cases they kind of mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases they kind of mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases they kind of mimic
+things that are in the human body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are in the human body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are in the human body so
+they're they're mimic their memetics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're mimic their memetics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're mimic their memetics of
+normal structures in the human body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal structures in the human body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal structures in the human body and
+the body just doesn't notice them at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body just doesn't notice them at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body just doesn't notice them at all
+and then there are incidences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are incidences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are incidences where
+certain bacterial infections later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bacterial infections later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bacterial infections later on
+cause autoimmune disease so a bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause autoimmune disease so a bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause autoimmune disease so a bacteria
+may come along it may have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may come along it may have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may come along it may have something
+that looks kind of like something human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of like something human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks kind of like something human
+but not quite the human body responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite the human body responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not quite the human body responds
+develops antibodies and then they cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops antibodies and then they cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops antibodies and then they cross
+talk back to aspects of our physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk back to aspects of our physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk back to aspects of our physiology
+so Campylobacter jejuni is often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Campylobacter jejuni is often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Campylobacter jejuni is often a
+contaminant in poultry it's a severe GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminant in poultry it's a severe GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminant in poultry it's a severe GI
+infection but later on people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection but later on people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection but later on people get
+diseases such as geonbae which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases such as geonbae which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases such as geonbae which is not
+neuropathy where the ends of your limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropathy where the ends of your limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropathy where the ends of your limbs
+become now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become now
+and a non-functional so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a non-functional so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a non-functional so there was a
+famous football player the one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous football player the one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous football player the one they
+called the refrigerator who had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the refrigerator who had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the refrigerator who had a
+serious case of guillain-barre a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious case of guillain-barre a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious case of guillain-barre a
+resulting from very much an infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting from very much an infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting from very much an infectious
+disease which converted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which converted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which converted into
+autoimmunity all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmunity all right
+so let's now look at antibiotic targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now look at antibiotic targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now look at antibiotic targets
+and to look at antibiotic targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to look at antibiotic targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to look at antibiotic targets
+I think the first clear place to look is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first clear place to look is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first clear place to look is
+that the bacterial cell wall now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bacterial cell wall now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bacterial cell wall now when we
+first started talking about prokaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about prokaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started talking about prokaryotes
+things that include bacteria we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that include bacteria we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that include bacteria we talked
+about the fact that these single-celled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that these single-celled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that these single-celled
+organisms have to have a robust cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have to have a robust cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have to have a robust cell
+wall to prevent osmotic shock right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to prevent osmotic shock right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to prevent osmotic shock right they
+have to have some kind of thing to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some kind of thing to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some kind of thing to keep
+them from taking up too much water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from taking up too much water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from taking up too much water and
+basically exploding because of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically exploding because of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically exploding because of us
+osmosis water floods in to balance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osmosis water floods in to balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osmosis water floods in to balance the
+salt concentrations so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt concentrations so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt concentrations so they have a
+complex cell wall which is made of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell wall which is made of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell wall which is made of a
+macro molecule called kept you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro molecule called kept you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro molecule called kept you know like
+an and it's usually one word but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and it's usually one word but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and it's usually one word but I want
+to just underline peptidoglycan because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just underline peptidoglycan because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just underline peptidoglycan because
+it's a fascinating polymer that's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating polymer that's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating polymer that's made
+out of polypeptides and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of polypeptides and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of polypeptides and linear
+carbohydrate polymers so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate polymers so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate polymers so if you look at
+this typical bacterium this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typical bacterium this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typical bacterium this is just a
+cartoon of the peptidoglycan so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the peptidoglycan so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the peptidoglycan so it's a
+cross-linked polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're in one direction it has repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in one direction it has repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in one direction it has repeating
+carbohydrate units I'm not drawing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate units I'm not drawing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate units I'm not drawing those
+complex hexose structures there I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hexose structures there I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hexose structures there I'm just
+drawing it in cartoon form and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing it in cartoon form and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing it in cartoon form and those are
+carbohydrates known as nag and mam nag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates known as nag and mam nag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates known as nag and mam nag
+is an asset eel an acetyl glucosamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an asset eel an acetyl glucosamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an asset eel an acetyl glucosamine
+it's a hexose sugar nam is an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hexose sugar nam is an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hexose sugar nam is an asset
+Elmyra minik acid it's another modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmyra minik acid it's another modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmyra minik acid it's another modified
+sugar and off of one of those sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and off of one of those sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and off of one of those sugars
+there's a reactive site that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reactive site that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reactive site that allows you
+to basically cross link these polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically cross link these polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically cross link these polymers
+into a meshwork so it's a feat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a meshwork so it's a feat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a meshwork so it's a feat of
+engineering to build this amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to build this amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to build this amazing
+polymer it starts being built on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it starts being built on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it starts being built on the
+inside on the cytoplasm and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside on the cytoplasm and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside on the cytoplasm and then the
+components get flipped on to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components get flipped on to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components get flipped on to the other
+side of the cytoplasm of bacteria then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the cytoplasm of bacteria then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the cytoplasm of bacteria then
+they get polymerized in place to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get polymerized in place to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get polymerized in place to make
+this complex mesh work of a polymer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex mesh work of a polymer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex mesh work of a polymer that
+creates the rigidity of the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the rigidity of the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the rigidity of the bacterial
+cell wall and it's generically known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall and it's generically known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall and it's generically known as
+a as a peptidoglycan different bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a peptidoglycan different bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a peptidoglycan different bacteria
+have different peptidoglycan they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different peptidoglycan they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different peptidoglycan they're
+subtle modifications that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle modifications that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle modifications that might be
+specific to particular bacteria of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to particular bacteria of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to particular bacteria of
+bacterial sarah but this is the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sarah but this is the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sarah but this is the generic
+structure where you have a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where you have a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where you have a polymer
+that's built of sugars you can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built of sugars you can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's built of sugars you can recognize
+the sugar structure they're going in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar structure they're going in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar structure they're going in one
+direction and a peptide component the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a peptide component the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a peptide component the
+cross links across in order to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross links across in order to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross links across in order to make this
+mesh and bacteria will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and bacteria will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and bacteria will have different
+amounts of this but it'll build up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of this but it'll build up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of this but it'll build up to a
+really strong rigid meshwork that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong rigid meshwork that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong rigid meshwork that's only
+a builder things small molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a builder things small molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a builder things small molecules and
+water there's holes and so on but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there's holes and so on but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there's holes and so on but it
+creates mechanical rigidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates mechanical rigidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates mechanical rigidity
+so that osmotic shock doesn't occur on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that osmotic shock doesn't occur on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that osmotic shock doesn't occur on
+the bacteria alright any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria alright any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria alright any questions about
+that does that make sense so that's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so that's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that make sense so that's in a
+sense it's their exoskeleton if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's their exoskeleton if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's their exoskeleton if you want
+to think about it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it like that
+so the properties are rigid without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the properties are rigid without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the properties are rigid without it
+the bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+and it's plenty permeable to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's plenty permeable to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's plenty permeable to allow
+- milk - nanometer type pause in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- milk - nanometer type pause in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- milk - nanometer type pause in order
+for nutrients and water to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nutrients and water to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nutrients and water to go into the
+structure people like growing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure people like growing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure people like growing here and
+it's living you can see it start to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's living you can see it start to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's living you can see it start to grow
+there we go penicillin where you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go penicillin where you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go penicillin where you can see
+these bacteria it's a bacterial broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria it's a bacterial broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria it's a bacterial broad
+shaking a bacteria there wasn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking a bacteria there wasn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking a bacteria there wasn't any
+microphone on this pokin holes or cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on this pokin holes or cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on this pokin holes or cell
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+boom bacteria is dead look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom bacteria is dead look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom bacteria is dead look at some of
+the bacteria disappearing alright I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria disappearing alright I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacteria disappearing alright I
+guess that's right why okay okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's right why okay okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's right why okay okay then
+we're gonna go back to next slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go back to next slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go back to next slide so
+we're gonna leave it let's go back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna leave it let's go back one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna leave it let's go back one
+okay now what was that okay so I've told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what was that okay so I've told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what was that okay so I've told
+you bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bacteria would suffer osmotic shock
+without peptidoglycan right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without peptidoglycan right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without peptidoglycan right
+those are bacteria that you see popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are bacteria that you see popping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are bacteria that you see popping
+as as the person who was talking said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the person who was talking said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the person who was talking said
+because the peptidoglycan cannot be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the peptidoglycan cannot be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the peptidoglycan cannot be made
+there is an antibiotic that's added it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an antibiotic that's added it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an antibiotic that's added it
+is penicillin that's added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is penicillin that's added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is penicillin that's added to the
+bacteria and it stops as bacteria grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and it stops as bacteria grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and it stops as bacteria grow
+they have to make a bunch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to make a bunch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to make a bunch more
+peptidoglycan because if you're doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan because if you're doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan because if you're doubling
+you've got to make twice as much pep to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make twice as much pep to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to make twice as much pep to
+know you've got to double the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to double the amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to double the amounts of
+peptidoglycan if you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan if you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan if you have something that
+inhibits the peptidoglycan being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the peptidoglycan being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibits the peptidoglycan being made
+you have a bathroom that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bathroom that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bathroom that's you know
+trying to stretch out what it has it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stretch out what it has it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stretch out what it has it's
+not resistant to osmotic shock and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resistant to osmotic shock and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not resistant to osmotic shock and what
+you saw was the bacteria basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw was the bacteria basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw was the bacteria basically
+undergoing cell death the osmotic shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing cell death the osmotic shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing cell death the osmotic shock
+pretty graphic pretty visual so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty graphic pretty visual so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty graphic pretty visual so
+penicillin was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin was one of the first
+antibiotic that was described for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that was described for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that was described for the
+treatment of batter of bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of batter of bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of batter of bacterial
+infections and we'll go to the timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and we'll go to the timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and we'll go to the timeline
+of that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in a moment
+so when we talk about bacteria the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about bacteria the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about bacteria the
+original definition of bacteria is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition of bacteria is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition of bacteria is in
+three different subtypes gram-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stram positive and microbacterial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stram positive and microbacterial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stram positive and microbacterial this
+is actually the first way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the first way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the first way that people
+would take a look at your cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a look at your cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a look at your cell the
+bacterial cells and diagnose roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells and diagnose roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells and diagnose roughly
+what kind of bacteria they were did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of bacteria they were did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of bacteria they were did they
+fall which of these broad families did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall which of these broad families did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall which of these broad families did
+they fall into because it would help in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into because it would help in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into because it would help in
+defining how you would treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining how you would treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining how you would treat the
+infectious disease so I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease so I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease so I want to show you
+the difference between the cell wall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the cell wall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the cell wall of
+these various types of bacteria and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various types of bacteria and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various types of bacteria and the
+truth is if you have an infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is if you have an infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is if you have an infectious
+disease your your wishes if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease your your wishes if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease your your wishes if you had to
+pick one of the three that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of the three that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of the three that you have a
+gram positive disease and I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive disease and I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive disease and I'll explain
+why that is in a moment because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is in a moment because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is in a moment because it's all
+to do with how drugs can get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how drugs can get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with how drugs can get into the
+bacteria to inhibit vital functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to inhibit vital functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria to inhibit vital functions in
+order that they die and they don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they die and they don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they die and they don't take
+over your system so let's look first at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your system so let's look first at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your system so let's look first at
+gram positive bacteria they're shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive bacteria they're shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive bacteria they're shown
+here this is a section of a bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a section of a bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a section of a bacterium
+gram positive have a single cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they also have a thick layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have a thick layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have a thick layer of
+peptidoglycan so they gain rigidity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan so they gain rigidity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan so they gain rigidity by
+basically having an extracellular thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically having an extracellular thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically having an extracellular thick
+layer of peptidoglycan coating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of peptidoglycan coating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of peptidoglycan coating them
+there's a schematic of it here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a schematic of it here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a schematic of it here so here
+would be the inner cell wall and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the inner cell wall and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the inner cell wall and here
+would be the peptidoglycan shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the peptidoglycan shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the peptidoglycan shown in
+orange and pale buff colored circles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and pale buff colored circles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and pale buff colored circles so
+that would be where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be where they're
+peptidoglycan is and then there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is and then there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is and then there are some
+other glyco conjugates that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other glyco conjugates that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other glyco conjugates that actually
+stick out beyond that but there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick out beyond that but there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick out beyond that but there's only
+one cytoplasmic membrane that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cytoplasmic membrane that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cytoplasmic membrane that's the
+standard double by layer by layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard double by layer by layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard double by layer by layer and
+the peptidoglycan is quite thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptidoglycan is quite thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptidoglycan is quite thick
+relatively 20 to 80 nanometers across so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively 20 to 80 nanometers across so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively 20 to 80 nanometers across so
+that's how wide it is and you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how wide it is and you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how wide it is and you can if
+you've got a if you stained a bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a if you stained a bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a if you stained a bacterium
+under a microscope you would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a microscope you would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a microscope you would see that
+the thickness of that wall but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of that wall but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of that wall but the
+absence of a double wall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a double wall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a double wall the
+gram-negative bacteria have a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative bacteria have a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative bacteria have a double
+wall the inner membrane it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the inner membrane it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the inner membrane it's pretty
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+it's just typical phospholipids it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just typical phospholipids it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just typical phospholipids it looks
+like the inner cytoplasmic member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the inner cytoplasmic member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the inner cytoplasmic member
+membrane of the gram negative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the gram negative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane of the gram negative of the
+gram positive bacteria and then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive bacteria and then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positive bacteria and then it has
+an outer wall so the inner membrane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outer wall so the inner membrane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outer wall so the inner membrane is
+typical and then the outer wall has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and then the outer wall has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and then the outer wall has one
+leaflet that looks kind of normal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaflet that looks kind of normal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaflet that looks kind of normal and
+then it has a second leaflet that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a second leaflet that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a second leaflet that sort
+of decorated honestly like a Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decorated honestly like a Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decorated honestly like a Christmas
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+there's all kinds of things sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of things sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of things sticking out
+there that interact with hosts that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that interact with hosts that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that interact with hosts that they
+infect and so on and the space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect and so on and the space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect and so on and the space between
+the two walls is called the periplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two walls is called the periplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two walls is called the periplasmic
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's between it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's between it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's between it's not the
+cytoplasm it's what's called under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm it's what's called under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm it's what's called under
+periplasm now what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periplasm now what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periplasm now what's interesting about
+these the gram-negative bacteria is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the gram-negative bacteria is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the gram-negative bacteria is they
+have quite a bit less peptidoglycan only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a bit less peptidoglycan only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a bit less peptidoglycan only
+about seven to eight nanometers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's pretty interesting but they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty interesting but they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty interesting but they sort
+of gain robustness from that second wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain robustness from that second wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain robustness from that second wall
+structure that's coating on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's coating on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's coating on the outside
+now their challenge with gram-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their challenge with gram-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now their challenge with gram-negative
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+relative to gram positive bacteria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to gram positive bacteria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to gram positive bacteria is
+any drugs you develop have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any drugs you develop have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any drugs you develop have to make a
+pretty incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty incredible
+targeted at intracellular sites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted at intracellular sites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted at intracellular sites that
+have to get through two walls not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get through two walls not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get through two walls not just
+one wall so they are harder to treat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wall so they are harder to treat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wall so they are harder to treat and
+they also have a lot of characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a lot of characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a lot of characteristics
+that make them more prone to resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make them more prone to resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make them more prone to resistance
+development so I want to point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so I want to point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so I want to point out to
+you on this electron micrograph you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this electron micrograph you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this electron micrograph you can
+actually see the double wall the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the double wall the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the double wall the dark
+band a space and then another dark band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band a space and then another dark band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band a space and then another dark band
+whereas here you see a thin single wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here you see a thin single wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here you see a thin single wall
+but you see a lot of junk on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see a lot of junk on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see a lot of junk on the outside
+is everyone seeing the differences just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone seeing the differences just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everyone seeing the differences just
+to look at them okay so what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at them okay so what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at them okay so what's this
+grand thing about what does what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand thing about what does what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand thing about what does what does
+this stand for it simply stands for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stand for it simply stands for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stand for it simply stands for a
+chemical dye that stains capsid oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical dye that stains capsid oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical dye that stains capsid oh I
+can't and it was invented or discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and it was invented or discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't and it was invented or discovered
+by Professor Graham that was his name so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Graham that was his name so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Graham that was his name so
+when someone says you got a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone says you got a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone says you got a grand
+positive infection gram-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infection gram-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infection gram-negative
+infection it's how those cells look when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection it's how those cells look when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection it's how those cells look when
+they've been treated with this stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been treated with this stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been treated with this stain
+gram positives show up very positive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positives show up very positive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram positives show up very positive to
+the stain because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stain because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stain because there's
+or the peptidoglycan on the outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the peptidoglycan on the outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the peptidoglycan on the outside that
+absorbs the dye and shows a strong color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs the dye and shows a strong color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs the dye and shows a strong color
+the gram negatives don't show very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gram negatives don't show very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gram negatives don't show very well
+with a gram stain because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gram stain because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gram stain because the
+peptidoglycan is tucked in the periplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is tucked in the periplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is tucked in the periplasm
+not on the outside of the cell so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the outside of the cell so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the outside of the cell so if
+someone does a quick check on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone does a quick check on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone does a quick check on a
+bacterial streak or an infection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial streak or an infection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial streak or an infection that
+you have they might treat it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have they might treat it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have they might treat it with the
+Gram stain and say grande positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gram stain and say grande positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gram stain and say grande positive or
+gram-negative just based on that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative just based on that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative just based on that simple
+color analysis and so so in one case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color analysis and so so in one case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color analysis and so so in one case the
+peptidoglycan is abundant and accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is abundant and accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan is abundant and accessible
+in the other case it's very very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case it's very very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case it's very very much
+thinner and less accessible to the dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and less accessible to the dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and less accessible to the dyes
+now this probably looks like stone-age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this probably looks like stone-age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this probably looks like stone-age
+stuff to you because how much can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to you because how much can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to you because how much can you
+learn by these simple colorimetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by these simple colorimetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by these simple colorimetric
+stains we're certainly moving in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains we're certainly moving in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains we're certainly moving in very
+very different directions but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different directions but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different directions but let me
+just finish off with the third type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish off with the third type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish off with the third type of
+bacteria the micro bacteria which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria the micro bacteria which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria the micro bacteria which
+include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
+they have a different kind of wall again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different kind of wall again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different kind of wall again
+and they're pretty unusual and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty unusual and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty unusual and they are
+really really hard to treat because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to treat because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard to treat because it's
+almost impossible to get therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to get therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to get therapeutic
+agents into micro bacteria I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents into micro bacteria I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents into micro bacteria I used to
+work on a team with Novartis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a team with Novartis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on a team with Novartis in
+Singapore and they said doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and they said doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and they said doing anything
+with micro bacteria was trying to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with micro bacteria was trying to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with micro bacteria was trying to like
+trying to do biochemistry on a wax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do biochemistry on a wax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do biochemistry on a wax
+candle literally you just can't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle literally you just can't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle literally you just can't work
+with it because they have a thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because they have a thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because they have a thick
+additional wall that's kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional wall that's kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional wall that's kind of different
+again did you have a question so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again did you have a question so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again did you have a question so what
+they have is a typical cell wall then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have is a typical cell wall then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have is a typical cell wall then
+some peptidoglycan but then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peptidoglycan but then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some peptidoglycan but then they have
+this thick micro bacterial label with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick micro bacterial label with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick micro bacterial label with a
+layer layer which is comprises what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer layer which is comprises what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer layer which is comprises what are
+known as mycolic acids which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as mycolic acids which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as mycolic acids which basically
+add this thick layer of greasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this thick layer of greasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this thick layer of greasy
+hydrophobic material on the outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic material on the outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic material on the outside of
+the back of the micro bacteria that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the micro bacteria that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the micro bacteria that's
+pretty impenetrable so that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impenetrable so that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impenetrable so that's the the
+cell wall is quite different it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall is quite different it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall is quite different it doesn't
+have an outer coat it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an outer coat it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an outer coat it's like
+grande positives in that respect but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grande positives in that respect but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grande positives in that respect but it
+doesn't stain very strongly so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stain very strongly so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stain very strongly so it has a
+weak what's known as Gram stain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak what's known as Gram stain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak what's known as Gram stain so
+sometimes if you've got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you've got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you've got something that
+gives a sort of soso response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a sort of soso response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a sort of soso response to the
+Gram stain you might say oh it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gram stain you might say oh it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gram stain you might say oh it looks
+like a micro bacterium because of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a micro bacterium because of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a micro bacterium because of what's
+happening now mycobacteria TB is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now mycobacteria TB is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now mycobacteria TB is a huge
+threat because it needs treatment its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat because it needs treatment its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat because it needs treatment its
+current treatment and it's same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current treatment and it's same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current treatment and it's same
+treatment that there's been a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that there's been a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment that there's been a rate
+that's been around for like thirty years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been around for like thirty years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been around for like thirty years
+or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something
+he's a treatment with four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a treatment with four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a treatment with four different
+antibacterial agents that hit a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibacterial agents that hit a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibacterial agents that hit a bunch of
+different sites in the lifecycle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites in the lifecycle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites in the lifecycle of the
+bacteria it includes these compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it includes these compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it includes these compounds
+shown here which are isoniazid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here which are isoniazid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here which are isoniazid
+rifampicin ethambutol and pierre-pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifampicin ethambutol and pierre-pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifampicin ethambutol and pierre-pierre
+in Peru as in amide and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Peru as in amide and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Peru as in amide and it's a
+six-months treatment with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-months treatment with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-months treatment with those
+medications so handful for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications so handful for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications so handful for different
+medications for six months so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications for six months so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications for six months so what they
+were realizing in the developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were realizing in the developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were realizing in the developing world
+is that there was terrible compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there was terrible compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there was terrible compliance
+the drugs are cheap but there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs are cheap but there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs are cheap but there was no
+compliance people just were not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance people just were not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance people just were not taking
+the pills because they're like I'm tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pills because they're like I'm tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pills because they're like I'm tired
+of taking these pills every day for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking these pills every day for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking these pills every day for six
+months so what was developed was what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so what was developed was what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so what was developed was what's
+known as the dots program has anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the dots program has anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the dots program has anyone
+never heard of this is anyone interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of this is anyone interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of this is anyone interested
+in infectious disease it was a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infectious disease it was a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infectious disease it was a situation
+where it was a social system set up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was a social system set up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was a social system set up in
+order to make sure people took these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure people took these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure people took these
+drugs every day for six months in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs every day for six months in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs every day for six months in order
+to comply so social workers would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comply so social workers would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comply so social workers would go to
+the villages in remote areas and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villages in remote areas and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the villages in remote areas and watch
+people take the medications so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take the medications so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take the medications so it's
+directly observed treatment to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly observed treatment to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly observed treatment to make sure
+they followed through because if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they followed through because if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they followed through because if they
+had regular TB not very resistant TV you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had regular TB not very resistant TV you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had regular TB not very resistant TV you
+could overcome it provided that you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could overcome it provided that you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could overcome it provided that you took
+these medications but still it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medications but still it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medications but still it's a
+hugely debilitating thing to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely debilitating thing to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely debilitating thing to have to
+deal with these treatments now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these treatments now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these treatments now there are
+two strains of TB one's called MDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strains of TB one's called MDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strains of TB one's called MDR
+tbh and the other ones called X mdr-tb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbh and the other ones called X mdr-tb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbh and the other ones called X mdr-tb
+you'll occasionally hear of these on TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll occasionally hear of these on TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll occasionally hear of these on TV
+Proulx programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proulx programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proulx programs
+EMDR is resistant to three of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMDR is resistant to three of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMDR is resistant to three of the four
+medications and XM dr which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and XM dr which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications and XM dr which stands for
+extremely multidrug-resistant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely multidrug-resistant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely multidrug-resistant is
+resistant every single one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant every single one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant every single one of those
+medications new medications different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications new medications different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications new medications different
+mechanisms of action are sorely needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of action are sorely needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of action are sorely needed
+okay all right this is just what things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right this is just what things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right this is just what things
+look like with the gram stain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like with the gram stain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like with the gram stain's
+so here you see gram positive bacillus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see gram positive bacillus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see gram positive bacillus
+anthracis that's the deep purple rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthracis that's the deep purple rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthracis that's the deep purple rods
+you know that's a gram positive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a gram positive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a gram positive because
+it's a deep purple stain the other cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a deep purple stain the other cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a deep purple stain the other cells
+in this picture are white cells so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture are white cells so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture are white cells so you
+can really pick out the gram positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really pick out the gram positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really pick out the gram positive
+this is the structure of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of the chemical
+dye that stains peptidoglycan through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye that stains peptidoglycan through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye that stains peptidoglycan through
+absorbing into the peptidoglycan it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing into the peptidoglycan it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing into the peptidoglycan it's a
+very sort of physical interaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of physical interaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of physical interaction of the
+dye with the polymer and over on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye with the polymer and over on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye with the polymer and over on this
+slide it's a mixture of grand positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it's a mixture of grand positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it's a mixture of grand positive
+and gram negative and you can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gram negative and you can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gram negative and you can pick up
+the buzzer the gram positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buzzer the gram positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buzzer the gram positive and
+differentiate them from the gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them from the gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them from the gram
+negative which just stains sort of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative which just stains sort of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative which just stains sort of kind
+of weakly pink and then mycobacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weakly pink and then mycobacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weakly pink and then mycobacteria
+which a formerly gram positive don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a formerly gram positive don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a formerly gram positive don't
+stain very well because of that thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain very well because of that thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain very well because of that thick
+mycolic acid hydrophobic wall so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mycolic acid hydrophobic wall so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mycolic acid hydrophobic wall so what
+would you do nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do nowadays
+would you pull out a stain and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pull out a stain and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pull out a stain and so you
+drop it on bacteria and get some vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it on bacteria and get some vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop it on bacteria and get some vague
+response what's open to you now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's open to you now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's open to you now in the
+21st century you have a tiny sample of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century you have a tiny sample of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century you have a tiny sample of a
+bacterium grow it up what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium grow it up what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium grow it up what would you do
+you could tell exactly what it is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell exactly what it is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell exactly what it is yeah
+you'd PCR up the genomic DNA and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd PCR up the genomic DNA and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd PCR up the genomic DNA and then go
+match it because the thing that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it because the thing that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it because the thing that we had
+in addition to the human genome there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the human genome there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the human genome there
+are thousands of pathogen pathogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands of pathogen pathogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands of pathogen pathogenic
+bacterial sequences that are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sequences that are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial sequences that are completely
+annotate known the brode has a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate known the brode has a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate known the brode has a massive
+compilation of these sequences you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation of these sequences you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation of these sequences you just
+go and you find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you find out what
+what the bacterium is based on sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bacterium is based on sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bacterium is based on sequence
+so now sequence getting rapid sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now sequence getting rapid sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now sequence getting rapid sequencing
+efforts maybe they're just you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts maybe they're just you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts maybe they're just you know a
+few a number of key places in a genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few a number of key places in a genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few a number of key places in a genome
+that you would go towards and just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would go towards and just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would go towards and just do a
+really fast array and figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast array and figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast array and figure out what's
+there in within what bacterium it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in within what bacterium it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in within what bacterium it is
+which gives you a much better clue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a much better clue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a much better clue as to
+how to treat it than the vague ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to treat it than the vague ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to treat it than the vague ambiguous
+stains so even though stains keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains so even though stains keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains so even though stains keep going
+there's now other ways unfortunately not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now other ways unfortunately not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now other ways unfortunately not
+everyone has the instrumentation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has the instrumentation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has the instrumentation to do
+rapid sequencing so nowadays there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid sequencing so nowadays there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid sequencing so nowadays there's a
+lot lot of interest in faster dipstick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lot of interest in faster dipstick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lot of interest in faster dipstick
+sorts of tests that can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of tests that can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of tests that can distinguish
+between different bacterial strains by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different bacterial strains by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different bacterial strains by
+for example interrogating that coat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example interrogating that coat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example interrogating that coat of
+glyco conjugates that's on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyco conjugates that's on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyco conjugates that's on the outside
+of the bacterial dipstick paper tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bacterial dipstick paper tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bacterial dipstick paper tests
+that can give you an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can give you an idea of what
+organism on what serotypes so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism on what serotypes so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism on what serotypes so you can
+move forward and do a much more rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and do a much more rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and do a much more rational
+treatment of those organisms okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of those organisms okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of those organisms okay yes
+all right so where did the antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where did the antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where did the antibiotics
+first come from any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first come from any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first come from any questions so far
+okay so where did the first antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where did the first antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where did the first antibiotics
+came from from a couple of accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from a couple of accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from from a couple of accidental
+discoveries who's heard of the Fleming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries who's heard of the Fleming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries who's heard of the Fleming
+the the Fleming experiment who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fleming experiment who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Fleming experiment who knows
+about that discovery of penicillin yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that discovery of penicillin yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that discovery of penicillin yeah
+so there was an original observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was an original observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was an original observation
+that predated that which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predated that which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predated that which sort of
+suggests that Pasteur was a pretty smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that Pasteur was a pretty smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that Pasteur was a pretty smart
+guy because he contributed in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because he contributed in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy because he contributed in a lot of
+different areas he discovered that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas he discovered that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas he discovered that some
+bacteria tend to release substances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria tend to release substances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria tend to release substances that
+kill other bacteria that was in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill other bacteria that was in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill other bacteria that was in the you
+know in the 1870s then later on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the 1870s then later on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the 1870s then later on there
+was another sort of thread of antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another sort of thread of antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another sort of thread of antibiotic
+agents and it came with the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and it came with the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and it came with the discovery
+that weird things like arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird things like arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird things like arsenic
+derivatives actually showed some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives actually showed some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives actually showed some some
+value in treating the organism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in treating the organism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in treating the organism that
+causes syphilis so talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes syphilis so talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes syphilis so talk about the
+treatmen being were the cure being worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatmen being were the cure being worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatmen being were the cure being worse
+than the infection people were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the infection people were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the infection people were being
+treated seriously with these arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated seriously with these arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated seriously with these arsenic
+derivatives in the hope of wiping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the hope of wiping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the hope of wiping out
+the infectious agent that caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infectious agent that caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infectious agent that caused
+syphilis but you know sometimes it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syphilis but you know sometimes it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syphilis but you know sometimes it was a
+mixed bag but where things started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed bag but where things started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed bag but where things started to
+get a little a lot more interesting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little a lot more interesting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little a lot more interesting was
+that in 1928 there was this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 1928 there was this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 1928 there was this sort of
+famous historic story of Fleming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous historic story of Fleming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous historic story of Fleming
+discovering but some bacteria seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering but some bacteria seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering but some bacteria seemed to
+be inhibiting inhibited by a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inhibiting inhibited by a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inhibiting inhibited by a particular
+particular agent that came from a fungus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular agent that came from a fungus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular agent that came from a fungus
+and this was the origin of penicillin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was the origin of penicillin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was the origin of penicillin so
+he would have a petri dish where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have a petri dish where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would have a petri dish where we use
+growing bacteria and he noticed that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing bacteria and he noticed that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing bacteria and he noticed that in
+some of his samples there was inhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his samples there was inhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his samples there was inhibition
+of bacterial growth due to an exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacterial growth due to an exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacterial growth due to an exogenous
+agent that it's somehow contaminated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that it's somehow contaminated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that it's somehow contaminated the
+plates okay so in that story that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates okay so in that story that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates okay so in that story that was
+the substance that was named as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance that was named as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance that was named as
+penicillin and it in hid the molds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin and it in hid the molds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin and it in hid the molds from
+mold is a fungus actually inhibited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold is a fungus actually inhibited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold is a fungus actually inhibited the
+growth of staphylococcal bacteria and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of staphylococcal bacteria and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of staphylococcal bacteria and it
+was called penicillin and then a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called penicillin and then a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called penicillin and then a lot
+more time went by but in the 1940s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time went by but in the 1940s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time went by but in the 1940s the
+the active ingredient was discovered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active ingredient was discovered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active ingredient was discovered so
+nineteen forties is sort of slap-bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen forties is sort of slap-bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen forties is sort of slap-bang
+about I would say in a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I would say in a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I would say in a couple of years
+into the Second World War and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Second World War and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Second World War and they were
+able to mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize
+the production of this agent towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of this agent towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of this agent towards the
+later end of the war people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later end of the war people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later end of the war people had
+penicillin available to them and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin available to them and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin available to them and it's
+basically pretty well believed that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pretty well believed that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pretty well believed that if
+it wasn't for the antibiotic agents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't for the antibiotic agents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't for the antibiotic agents that
+emerged you know the war ended in 1945
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged you know the war ended in 1945
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged you know the war ended in 1945
+it wasn't for those agents that emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't for those agents that emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't for those agents that emerged
+though there would have been way way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there would have been way way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there would have been way way way
+more deaths from what it was they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deaths from what it was they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deaths from what it was they were
+where they were way too many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were way too many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were way too many so
+penicillin was the first antibiotic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin was the first antibiotic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin was the first antibiotic that
+was discovered with a discrete mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered with a discrete mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered with a discrete mechanism
+of action and it was discovered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action and it was discovered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of action and it was discovered in a
+very very important time so that was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important time so that was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important time so that was all
+great news penicillin was produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great news penicillin was produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great news penicillin was produced
+widely some of you may be allergic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely some of you may be allergic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely some of you may be allergic to
+penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin
+other options nowadays but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options nowadays but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options nowadays but it's the
+cheapest and most viable of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest and most viable of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest and most viable of the
+first-line antibiotics and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-line antibiotics and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-line antibiotics and they will
+here we go and this thing this point has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go and this thing this point has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go and this thing this point has
+a mind of its own it's sort of changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mind of its own it's sort of changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mind of its own it's sort of changed
+his mind but the problem was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind but the problem was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind but the problem was the
+bacterial species started to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial species started to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial species started to survive
+treatment due to development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment due to development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment due to development of
+resistance and all of a sudden something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and all of a sudden something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and all of a sudden something
+that worked really well wasn't working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked really well wasn't working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worked really well wasn't working
+anymore so let's try and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let's try and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so let's try and think about
+peptidoglycan what penicillin looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan what penicillin looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan what penicillin looks like
+and what it does and how penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does and how penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does and how penicillin
+resistance emerges okay those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance emerges okay those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance emerges okay those are the
+three things I'm gonna cover here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things I'm gonna cover here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things I'm gonna cover here okay
+so what does penicillin do penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does penicillin do penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does penicillin do penicillin
+stops the formation of this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the formation of this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the formation of this big
+macromolecular peptidoglycan polymer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular peptidoglycan polymer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular peptidoglycan polymer by
+stopping the last cross-linked stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping the last cross-linked stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping the last cross-linked stopping
+the chemistry that happens to join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that happens to join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that happens to join the
+peptide chains to make a cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide chains to make a cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide chains to make a cross-linked
+polymer and anyone who's in a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and anyone who's in a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and anyone who's in a mechanical
+engineering area will know that polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering area will know that polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering area will know that polymers
+that are just strands are much weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just strands are much weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just strands are much weaker
+than polymers that are cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than polymers that are cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than polymers that are cross-linked
+structures which have tensile strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which have tensile strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which have tensile strength
+in both directions so the uncross linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions so the uncross linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions so the uncross linked
+peptidoglycan was weak and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan was weak and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan was weak and what
+penicillin specifically did was inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin specifically did was inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin specifically did was inhibit
+forming that cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that cross-linked
+what does penicillin look like here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does penicillin look like here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does penicillin look like here it
+is it's a cool structure omits and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cool structure omits and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cool structure omits and not
+what's known as a natural product fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a natural product fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as a natural product fiber
+ring foreing an interesting structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring foreing an interesting structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring foreing an interesting structure
+and what it would do is it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it would do is it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it would do is it would
+interact with the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the enzyme that
+cross-linked the peptidoglycan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked the peptidoglycan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked the peptidoglycan and
+basically stop it dead in its tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stop it dead in its tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stop it dead in its tracks
+what did the bacteria do the key part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the bacteria do the key part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the bacteria do the key part of
+this structure is this four membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is this four membered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is this four membered
+ring with an amide bond in it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring with an amide bond in it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring with an amide bond in it the
+bacteria evolved an enzyme to chop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria evolved an enzyme to chop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria evolved an enzyme to chop it
+open basically making it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open basically making it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open basically making it completely
+inactive so beta-lactamase was evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive so beta-lactamase was evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive so beta-lactamase was evolved
+in the bacterial populations it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacterial populations it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bacterial populations it was
+probably derived from some other enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably derived from some other enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably derived from some other enzyme
+that did you know some useful function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did you know some useful function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did you know some useful function
+but not targeted to the pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not targeted to the pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not targeted to the pen
+sillens but the bacteria started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sillens but the bacteria started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sillens but the bacteria started to
+survive because they made a ton of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive because they made a ton of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive because they made a ton of an
+enzyme called beta lactamase and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called beta lactamase and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called beta lactamase and then it
+completely stopped working so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stopped working so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stopped working so the
+chemists came up with other options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists came up with other options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists came up with other options
+because they said well you know if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said well you know if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said well you know if we if
+that doesn't work we've got other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work we've got other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work we've got other
+antibiotics in our arsenal and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics in our arsenal and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics in our arsenal and there was
+there's a compound that was used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a compound that was used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a compound that was used for
+years as a last line of resorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as a last line of resorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as a last line of resorts
+antibiotic known as vancomycin it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic known as vancomycin it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic known as vancomycin it was
+very very important some very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important some very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important some very serious
+infections and really preserved for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and really preserved for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and really preserved for that
+use and they thought vancomycin might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and they thought vancomycin might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and they thought vancomycin might be
+a comic might be a drug that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic might be a drug that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic might be a drug that just
+couldn't be defeated this big molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be defeated this big molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be defeated this big molecule
+here is vancomycin this little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is vancomycin this little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is vancomycin this little piece of
+peptide is actually the peptide that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide is actually the peptide that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide is actually the peptide that's
+in that cross-linked and back to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cross-linked and back to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cross-linked and back to not
+vancomycin basically like the gloves sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin basically like the gloves sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin basically like the gloves sat
+on that piece of peptide and stopped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that piece of peptide and stopped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that piece of peptide and stopped it
+being cross-linked and what did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cross-linked and what did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cross-linked and what did the
+bacteria do they evolved a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria do they evolved a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria do they evolved a set of
+enzymes to completely change that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to completely change that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to completely change that little
+piece of peptide into something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of peptide into something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of peptide into something the
+bound more poorly giving you resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound more poorly giving you resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound more poorly giving you resistance
+to vancomycin as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vancomycin as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vancomycin as well
+so when there's one drug involved it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when there's one drug involved it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when there's one drug involved it's
+pretty easy to get resistance quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to get resistance quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to get resistance quite
+quickly you just mutate one enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you just mutate one enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you just mutate one enzyme and
+you you get a resistance strain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get a resistance strain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get a resistance strain and the
+enzyme that can beat the antibiotic will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that can beat the antibiotic will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that can beat the antibiotic will
+win okay if you've got a drug that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay if you've got a drug that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay if you've got a drug that if
+you've got a compound that takes five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a compound that takes five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a compound that takes five
+different enzymes or an antibiotic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes or an antibiotic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes or an antibiotic that
+has a very complex mechanism of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very complex mechanism of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very complex mechanism of action
+you might say well I will this is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well I will this is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say well I will this is never
+going to be defeated it took five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defeated it took five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be defeated it took five
+additional enzymes to evolve to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional enzymes to evolve to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional enzymes to evolve to make the
+peptidoglycan a different structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan a different structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptidoglycan a different structure and
+it's not that within every bacterium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that within every bacterium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that within every bacterium you
+mutate five different enzymes and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate five different enzymes and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate five different enzymes and get
+them all working as a team what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all working as a team what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all working as a team what was
+happening in these hospitals infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in these hospitals infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in these hospitals infections
+is that a plasmid with the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a plasmid with the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a plasmid with the set of
+enzymes was being passed around amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes was being passed around amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes was being passed around amongst
+bacteria so a new bacterium could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so a new bacterium could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so a new bacterium could
+acquire resistance to this compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire resistance to this compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire resistance to this compound
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+evolving a whole bunch of new enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving a whole bunch of new enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving a whole bunch of new enzymes
+but rather bilateral transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather bilateral transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather bilateral transfer of
+plasmids encoding the genes that it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids encoding the genes that it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmids encoding the genes that it took
+to make the vancomycin inactive okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the vancomycin inactive okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the vancomycin inactive okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so let me just tell you a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you a few of the
+targets and then there's one movie I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets and then there's one movie I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets and then there's one movie I
+want to show you that's kind of cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you that's kind of cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you that's kind of cool so
+currently when we inhibit bacteria with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently when we inhibit bacteria with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently when we inhibit bacteria with
+antibiotics there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics there are a number of
+essential processes that are targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential processes that are targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential processes that are targeted
+with common antibiotics so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with common antibiotics so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with common antibiotics so this would be
+a typical bacterium one target of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical bacterium one target of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical bacterium one target of action
+is DNA synthesis and in DNA polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DNA synthesis and in DNA polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DNA synthesis and in DNA polymer
+polymerase and the enzyme that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and the enzyme that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and the enzyme that is
+targeted is one we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted is one we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted is one we've talked about
+topoisomerase and that is inhibited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topoisomerase and that is inhibited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topoisomerase and that is inhibited by
+the fluoroquinolone x' such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoroquinolone x' such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoroquinolone x' such as
+ciprofloxacin that actually targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciprofloxacin that actually targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciprofloxacin that actually targets
+specifically the bacterial polymerase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the bacterial polymerase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the bacterial polymerase so
+that's one way inhibit DNA replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way inhibit DNA replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way inhibit DNA replication
+bacteria can't divide another set of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria can't divide another set of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria can't divide another set of in
+antibiotics are those that inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics are those that inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics are those that inhibits
+protein synthesis so in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis so in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis so in particular you
+know that tunnel that comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that tunnel that comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that tunnel that comes out of the
+ribosome where the growing polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome where the growing polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome where the growing polypeptide
+chain emerges after reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emerges after reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain emerges after reading the
+messenger RNA and translating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and translating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA and translating the
+messenger into protein there antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger into protein there antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger into protein there antibiotics
+are basically stick in that tunnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically stick in that tunnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically stick in that tunnel and
+stop protein synthesis and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop protein synthesis and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop protein synthesis and those are
+things like the amino glycosides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the amino glycosides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the amino glycosides and
+they block exit from the ribosome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they block exit from the ribosome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they block exit from the ribosome but
+you could imagine that mutating there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that mutating there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that mutating there
+are the ones that inhibit cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that inhibit cell wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that inhibit cell wall
+biosynthesis that I've already talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis that I've already talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis that I've already talked to
+you about the penicillins the vancomycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the penicillins the vancomycin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the penicillins the vancomycin
+and then there are others that inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are others that inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are others that inhibit
+folate synthesis and then there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate synthesis and then there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate synthesis and then there's a lot
+of synthetic drugs but also a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of synthetic drugs but also a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of synthetic drugs but also a lot of
+natural product drugs so both nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural product drugs so both nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural product drugs so both nature and
+chemistry have teamed up to inhibit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry have teamed up to inhibit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry have teamed up to inhibit all
+of these essential steps okay so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these essential steps okay so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these essential steps okay so how do
+you test for antibiotic resistance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test for antibiotic resistance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test for antibiotic resistance you
+use plates where you're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plates where you're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plates where you're growing
+particular strains of bacteria on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular strains of bacteria on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular strains of bacteria on a
+plate this would be a colony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this would be a colony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this would be a colony
+it's growing outwards where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing outwards where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing outwards where there's a
+colony but there's no growth around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony but there's no growth around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony but there's no growth around it
+it means there's something in that plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means there's something in that plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means there's something in that plate
+that is inhibiting bacterial growth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is inhibiting bacterial growth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is inhibiting bacterial growth so
+these are very clear types of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very clear types of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very clear types of ways that
+people check to see if bacteria have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people check to see if bacteria have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people check to see if bacteria have
+become resistant to drugs you would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become resistant to drugs you would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become resistant to drugs you would look
+for that zone of inhibition does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that zone of inhibition does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that zone of inhibition does it
+disappear with some of the resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear with some of the resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear with some of the resistant
+strains for example and these get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains for example and these get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains for example and these get pretty
+sophisticated now where you can test a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated now where you can test a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated now where you can test a
+bunch of antibiotics in one go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of antibiotics in one go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of antibiotics in one go where
+each of these colored dots represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these colored dots represents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these colored dots represents an
+area where there's treatment with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where there's treatment with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where there's treatment with one
+antibiotic or another so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic or another so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic or another so what's the
+problem the problem is this graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is this graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem is this graph that
+as soon as an antibiotic is introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as an antibiotic is introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as an antibiotic is introduced
+just a few years go by and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few years go by and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few years go by and there's
+resistance to that antibiotic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to that antibiotic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to that antibiotic so
+resistance basically is the gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance basically is the gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance basically is the gradual
+acquisition of machinery to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of machinery to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition of machinery to somehow
+inactivate the antibiotic treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the antibiotic treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the antibiotic treatment so
+if you take a look here on the top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a look here on the top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a look here on the top is
+when a drug is introduced and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a drug is introduced and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a drug is introduced and on the
+bottom is when resistance was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is when resistance was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is when resistance was developed
+so let's go to something we're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to something we're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to something we're familiar
+his penicillin people introduced about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his penicillin people introduced about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his penicillin people introduced about
+1940 to the general population by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 to the general population by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 to the general population by about
+47 there was resistant to penicillin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 there was resistant to penicillin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 there was resistant to penicillin and
+you can see this is really just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is really just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is really just a really
+serious sort of series of events so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious sort of series of events so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious sort of series of events so what
+I want to show you was resistance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you was resistance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you was resistance in
+action that'll be the last thing I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that'll be the last thing I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that'll be the last thing I talk
+about today because I just want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today because I just want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today because I just want to give
+you a feel for what what does resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for what what does resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for what what does resistance
+look like so this was an experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so this was an experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so this was an experiment that
+was done at Harvard on just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done at Harvard on just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done at Harvard on just a
+visualization of resistance development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of resistance development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of resistance development
+I think what's so fascinating is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's so fascinating is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's so fascinating is you
+could then go back to the plate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then go back to the plate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then go back to the plate right
+and pluck the first pioneers who cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pluck the first pioneers who cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pluck the first pioneers who cross
+that line and find out what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line and find out what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line and find out what that was
+what was that mutation that let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that mutation that let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that mutation that let the
+population expand and so on so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population expand and so on so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population expand and so on so you could
+really map out the entire evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really map out the entire evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really map out the entire evolution of
+very very strong resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very strong resistance
+so in the next class I'll talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next class I'll talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next class I'll talk to you
+about resistance mechanisms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resistance mechanisms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about resistance mechanisms and then
+we'll talk about viruses and resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about viruses and resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about viruses and resistance
+to antivirals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7naSckRdOJM.txt b/7naSckRdOJM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e783f2adb1b0edbadbc34ab004f1270ef7d0af44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7naSckRdOJM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi and welcome back today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi and welcome back today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi and welcome back today we're going to
+do a problem about the four fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a problem about the four fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a problem about the four fundamental
+subspaces so here we have a matrix b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so here we have a matrix b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so here we have a matrix b b
+is written as the product of a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written as the product of a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written as the product of a lower
+triangular Matrix and an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix and an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix and an upper
+triangular Matrix and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix and we are going to
+find a basis for and compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a basis for and compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a basis for and compute the
+dimension of each of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of each of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of each of the four
+fundamental subspaces of B now I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces of B now I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental subspaces of B now I'll give
+you a minute to try that on your own to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a minute to try that on your own to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a minute to try that on your own to
+hit pause and then I'll be right back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit pause and then I'll be right back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit pause and then I'll be right back in
+just a minute and we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together okay we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay we're we're
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+now the first thing to notice is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing to notice is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing to notice is that uh
+B that is this is an l u decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that is this is an l u decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that is this is an l u decomposition
+of B so we have L here and U here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B so we have L here and U here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B so we have L here and U here now
+let's go one space at a time let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go one space at a time let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go one space at a time let's start
+with the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and first let's just say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and first let's just say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and first let's just say what the
+dimension of the column space is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the column space is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the column space is okay so
+let's look at our U Matrix how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our U Matrix how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our U Matrix how many
+pivots do we have we have two pivots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots do we have we have two pivots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots do we have we have two pivots so
+the column space has dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space has dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space has dimension
+two this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is the number of
+pivots good now how do we uh find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots good now how do we uh find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots good now how do we uh find a
+basis for the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space um how do we find that that basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um how do we find that that basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um how do we find that that basis
+well in lecture Professor string had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in lecture Professor string had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in lecture Professor string had uh
+started with a matrix B he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a matrix B he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a matrix B he did
+elimination on it and then he took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on it and then he took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on it and then he took the
+pivot columns in the original Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns in the original Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns in the original Matrix and
+that's great that works you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great that works you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great that works you can also
+take the pivot columns in the L Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pivot columns in the L Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pivot columns in the L Matrix
+you you can see by multiplying this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see by multiplying this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see by multiplying this this
+out that it will amount to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it will amount to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it will amount to essentially
+the same thing so a basis for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so a basis for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so a basis for this
+column space I can just take these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space I can just take these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space I can just take these these
+two pivot Columns of my L Matrix 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pivot Columns of my L Matrix 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pivot Columns of my L Matrix 1 2
+-1 and 0 1 0 good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and 0 1 0 good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and 0 1 0 good
+okay so there's the dimension of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the dimension of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the dimension of and the
+basis for the column space of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the column space of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the column space of B
+okay next let's do the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next let's do the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next let's do the null space
+together okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay what's the
+dimension of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+well the dimension of the null space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the dimension of the null space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the dimension of the null space is
+always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the
+number of columns minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of columns minus the number of
+pivots right it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots right it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots right it's the number of
+free variables so here that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables so here that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables so here that's just
+one good and how do we find this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and how do we find this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and how do we find this one
+vector in the uh null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what we do right is we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do right is we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do right is we can just
+plug in one for our free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in one for our free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in one for our free
+variable and we can back solve to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we can back solve to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and we can back solve to get
+the other two so this equation tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two so this equation tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two so this equation tells me
+that my second number is negative - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my second number is negative - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my second number is negative - 1
+and this equation tells me that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation tells me that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation tells me that that
+third variable is - 35ths if I can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third variable is - 35ths if I can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third variable is - 35ths if I can fit
+it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's a - 35ths if you if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a - 35ths if you if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a - 35ths if you if it's
+difficult to see that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see that on the
+tape okay now let's move on next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape okay now let's move on next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape okay now let's move on next to the
+row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space
+okay so next is the row space so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next is the row space so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next is the row space so how do
+we find the dimension of the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the dimension of the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the dimension of the row space
+I'm going to write row space is column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write row space is column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write row space is column
+space of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of B
+transpose how do we find that well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose how do we find that well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose how do we find that well well
+remember that one of our big facts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that one of our big facts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that one of our big facts in
+this class is that the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that the dimension of the
+row space is the same as the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space is the same as the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space is the same as the dimension
+of the column space it's just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the column space it's just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the column space it's just the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+pivots so that's good so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so that's good so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so that's good so it's
+two okay and how do we find a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and how do we find a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and how do we find a basis for
+the uh row space well there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh row space well there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh row space well there are a couple
+ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about
+this one way of thinking about it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one way of thinking about it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one way of thinking about it is we
+got this upper triangular Matrix from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this upper triangular Matrix from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this upper triangular Matrix from B
+by doing elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing elimination
+and elimination doesn't change the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination doesn't change the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elimination doesn't change the uh
+row space so I can just use the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space so I can just use the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space so I can just use the two
+pivot rows of the Matrix U good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot rows of the Matrix U good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot rows of the Matrix U good so
+basis for my row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is I just put these two pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is I just put these two pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is I just put these two pivot
+rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+those put I I just put those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those put I I just put those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those put I I just put those together
+and I get a basis for this row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a basis for this row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a basis for this row space
+okay the last one is always the toughest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last one is always the toughest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last one is always the toughest
+and the trickiest we have to do the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trickiest we have to do the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trickiest we have to do the left
+null space or the null space of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space or the null space of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space or the null space of B
+transpose okay so first let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so first let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so first let's compute
+its Dimension what's the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Dimension what's the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Dimension what's the dimension of
+this left null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left null
+space okay well there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay well there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay well there's a similar
+formula to com to uh the one we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to com to uh the one we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to com to uh the one we used
+when we were Computing the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were Computing the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were Computing the dimension of
+the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null
+space it's just the number of rows minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's just the number of rows minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's just the number of rows minus
+the number of pivots so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pivots so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pivots so there are three
+rows our Matrix is 3x3 and they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows our Matrix is 3x3 and they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows our Matrix is 3x3 and they're two
+pivots so this is just onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so this is just onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so this is just onedimensional
+again now um we need to compute now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now um we need to compute now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now um we need to compute now um
+this left null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me let me go go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me go go back to our
+original Matrix the way to a do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Matrix the way to a do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Matrix the way to a do this is
+to take bals luu and invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take bals luu and invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take bals luu and invert
+L and get EB equals U so we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and get EB equals U so we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and get EB equals U so we we need to
+move L over to the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move L over to the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move L over to the left hand
+side okay and if we do that um I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay and if we do that um I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay and if we do that um I'm just
+going to write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so what's the inverse of the L Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the inverse of the L Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the inverse of the L Matrix we
+just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get
+1 -2 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -2 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -2 1 0 1
+one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh is our U Matrix this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh is our U Matrix this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh is our U Matrix this upper
+triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and now now that I've moved L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and now now that I've moved L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and now now that I've moved L
+over to the other side I can read off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side I can read off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side I can read off
+my uh the vectors in my left null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh the vectors in my left null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh the vectors in my left null space
+now I'm looking at not my Pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking at not my Pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking at not my Pivot
+variables but my free variables because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but my free variables because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but my free variables because
+it's some sort of null space but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some sort of null space but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some sort of null space but I want
+to look at this e Matrix so the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this e Matrix so the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this e Matrix so the third
+row of this e Matrix the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of this e Matrix the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of this e Matrix the third row
+corresponds to the free row here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the free row here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the free row here and
+when I multiply this by B I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this by B I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply this by B I just get
+zeros so this is in the left null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so this is in the left null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so this is in the left null space
+so uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a
+basis for this left null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this left null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this left null
+space is see if I can fit it here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is see if I can fit it here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is see if I can fit it here just
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good Okay so we've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Okay so we've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Okay so we've found
+the dimension and uh of and bases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension and uh of and bases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension and uh of and bases for
+all of the four fundamental subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the four fundamental subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the four fundamental subspaces
+before I move on I just want to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on I just want to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on I just want to recall
+which of the L Matrix or the U Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the L Matrix or the U Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the L Matrix or the U Matrix we
+used for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for each of these
+subspaces so for the column space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so for the column space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so for the column space we
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+columns the pivot Columns of the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the pivot Columns of the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the pivot Columns of the L
+Matrix for the null space we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the null space we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the null space we looked at
+the U Matrix for the row space we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U Matrix for the row space we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U Matrix for the row space we also
+looked at the U Matrix and for the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the U Matrix and for the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the U Matrix and for the left
+null space we needed to invert the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space we needed to invert the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space we needed to invert the L
+Matrix and look at the uh free row okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and look at the uh free row okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and look at the uh free row okay
+now the last thing I mean we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing I mean we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing I mean we're done
+with the problem but the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problem but the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problem but the last thing
+that's useful is to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful is to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful is to draw a
+picture which I have right here I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which I have right here I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which I have right here I know
+in lecture Professor Strang has drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture Professor Strang has drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture Professor Strang has drawn
+you some sort of cartoon pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sort of cartoon pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sort of cartoon pictures of
+what these subspaces look look like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these subspaces look look like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these subspaces look look like but
+here I want to try to actually draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to try to actually draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to try to actually draw them
+in a special case so if you can read my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a special case so if you can read my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a special case so if you can read my
+drawing here um what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here um what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here um what do we
+have so we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we have um
+the the uh row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh row space
+here and the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right and so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and so B
+Maps this this picture into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps this this picture into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps this this picture into this
+picture the null space here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the null space here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture the null space here all the
+scalar multiples of this Vector all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiples of this Vector all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiples of this Vector all go
+to zero because they're in the uh null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because they're in the uh null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because they're in the uh null
+space that's exactly what B takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's exactly what B takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's exactly what B takes to
+zero B takes everything else including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero B takes everything else including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero B takes everything else including
+the row space into this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space into this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space into this column
+space okay and what does B transpose do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and what does B transpose do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and what does B transpose do
+well B transpose kills this left space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well B transpose kills this left space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well B transpose kills this left space
+kills this vector and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this vector and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this vector and it takes
+everything else into the row space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else into the row space into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else into the row space into
+the column space of b b transpose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of b b transpose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space of b b transpose okay
+uh thanks for doing this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thanks for doing this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thanks for doing this exercise
+together I hope this picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I hope this picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I hope this picture is
+helpful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8-7daeS7hYY.txt b/8-7daeS7hYY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25651c6d22a441d59ed64000e89d62f1da1864ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8-7daeS7hYY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1697 @@
+FEMALE SPEAKER: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Technically speaking, I suppose,
+if time permitted, we
+
+should spend, or shall we say,
+give equal time to integral
+
+calculus, the same time that
+we gave to differential
+
+calculus, starting from scratch,
+building ideas slowly
+
+and the like.
+
+But there are two logistic
+reasons for not doing this,
+
+one of which is that the basic
+definitions would be the same
+
+regardless of which branch
+we started with.
+
+The second one is, of course,
+that time becomes preciously
+
+tight, and we have to make the
+best of what we can here.
+
+So what we're going to do now
+is try to show, in terms of
+
+hindsight being better than
+foresight, a motivation as to
+
+how one would have invented
+differential calculus had it
+
+been motivated by the existing
+integral calculus.
+
+In other words, what we want
+to do today is to show the
+
+beautiful interplay between
+differential
+
+and integral calculus.
+
+Since we have said in our last
+lecture that we would like to
+
+begin with a study of integral
+calculus, assuming that
+
+differential calculus had never
+been invented, I think
+
+that we're obligated to try to
+show how, then, differential
+
+calculus could have been
+invented in the environment of
+
+the studying of areas.
+
+For this reason, I have called
+today's lecture "The Marriage
+
+of Differential and Integral
+Calculus." And essentially,
+
+the idea goes something
+like this.
+
+Last time, we were talking
+about finding
+
+areas under a curve.
+
+And to find the area under the
+curve, we saw that we could do
+
+this as the limit of
+a certain sum.
+
+In other words, an infinite sum
+having a particular limit.
+
+Now, to motivate the concept of
+rate of change, one could
+
+ask the following question.
+
+A curve like 'y' equals 'f of
+x', and a starting point, 'x'
+
+equals 'a'.
+
+As I move out along the x-axis
+from 'a', I could study the
+
+area under the curve, say, of
+the curve, 'y' equals 'f of
+
+x', from 'x' equals 'a'
+to some value 'x1'.
+
+And the question I could then
+ask is, I wonder how fast this
+
+area is changing at the instant
+that 'x' equals 'x1'.
+
+In other words, how fast is the
+area changing under the
+
+curve as 'x' moves out along the
+positive x-axis this way?
+
+You see?
+
+Now, the idea is this.
+
+I can then mimic the same
+definition that we gave for
+
+instantaneous rate of change
+and differential calculus.
+
+Namely, I can say, why can't
+we define the instantaneous
+
+rate of change to be the average
+rate of change with
+
+respect to 'x'?
+
+And then we'll take the
+limit as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0, et cetera.
+
+And if I do that, watch what
+happens over here.
+
+You see what I do in terms of
+this picture, is I say, OK,
+
+here's the area under
+the curve when
+
+'x' is equal to 'x1'.
+
+Now I'll let 'x1' change by some
+amount 'delta x', meaning
+
+this'll be the point
+'x1 + delta x'.
+
+And this brings about a change
+in my area, which
+
+I'll call 'delta A'.
+
+See the change in area
+as 'x' goes from 'x1'
+
+to 'x1 + delta x'.
+
+Now, what I would like to find
+is 'delta A' divided by 'delta
+
+x', taking the limit as 'delta
+x' approaches 0.
+
+Remember, last time we
+showed our three
+
+basic axioms for area.
+
+We're obliged to
+still use them.
+
+Let's do that here.
+
+For example, the way I've drawn
+this curve by rising
+
+this way, notice that the lowest
+point in this interval
+
+occurs when 'x' equals 'x1'.
+
+The highest point occurs when
+'x' equals 'x1 + delta x'.
+
+Consequently, the rectangle
+whose base is the closed
+
+interval from 'x1' to 'x1 +
+delta x', the rectangle whose
+
+height corresponds to 'x' equals
+'x1' is too small in
+
+area to be 'delta A'.
+
+In other words, that rectangle
+is inscribed in 'delta A'.
+
+And in the same way, the
+rectangle, with base 'x1' to
+
+'x1 + delta x', whose height is
+given by the x-coordinate,
+
+'x1 + delta x', that rectangle
+has an area which is too large
+
+to be the exact area.
+
+In other words, notice that
+the area of the rectangle,
+
+which is too small to be the
+exact area, is 'f of x1'
+
+times 'delta x'.
+
+The area of the rectangle which
+is too big to be the
+
+correct 'delta A' is 'f of 'x1
++ delta x'' times 'delta x'.
+
+And the area, 'delta A', is
+caught between these two.
+
+In other words, we now have the
+inequality that 'f of x1'
+
+times 'delta x' is less than
+'delta A', which in turn is
+
+less than 'f of 'x1 + delta
+x'' times 'delta x'.
+
+Now, we'll assume that 'delta x'
+is positive, the way we've
+
+drawn it in this diagram.
+
+Adjustments have to be made if
+'delta x' is negative, in
+
+other words, if we let
+'delta x' approach 0
+
+through negative values.
+
+This is taken care of in the
+textbook, as well as mentioned
+
+in our notes.
+
+But for the sake of just getting
+the main idea here,
+
+we'll assume that 'delta
+x' is positive.
+
+We divide through
+by 'delta x'.
+
+That gives us 'f of x1' is
+less than 'delta a' over
+
+'delta x', which in turn
+is less than 'f
+
+of 'x1 + delta x''.
+
+In other words, had 'delta x'
+been negative, we would have
+
+had to reverse the inequality
+signs, et cetera, but we're
+
+not going to worry about
+that right now.
+
+Remember, what is 'delta x'?
+
+It's a non-zero number which is
+going to be made to become
+
+arbitrarily close to 0.
+
+Well, here's the idea.
+
+We now have 'delta a' over
+'delta x' squeezed between
+
+these two values.
+
+And we say, OK, let's let
+'delta x' approach 0.
+
+Now, here's the key point.
+
+As 'delta x' approaches 0,
+certainly, 'x1 + delta x'
+
+approaches 'x1'.
+
+And here's where we use the fact
+that 'f' is continuous.
+
+In other words, notice that the
+mere fact that 'x1 + delta
+
+x' approaches 'x1' is not enough
+to say, therefore, that
+
+'f of 'x1 + delta x'' approaches
+'f of x1'.
+
+As we saw before, that's only
+true if 'f' is continuous.
+
+In other words, by continuity,
+if 'x1 + delta x' approaches
+
+'x1', then 'f of 'x1 + delta
+x'' approaches 'f of x1'.
+
+So assuming, then, that 'f' is
+continuous, what do we get we
+
+put the squeeze on?
+
+'x1' is what's picked
+to be a fixed point.
+
+Consequently, as 'delta
+x' approaches 0, 'f of
+
+x1' stays 'f of x1'.
+
+'f of 'x1 + delta x'' approaches
+'f of x1'.
+
+In other words, 'delta A'
+divided by 'delta x' is caught
+
+between two numbers, two
+sequences, two sets of bounds,
+
+whichever way you want to say
+this, both of which converge
+
+to the common limit,
+'f of x1'.
+
+In other words, since 'delta A'
+over 'delta x' is squeezed
+
+between these two, the limit of
+'delta a' over 'delta x',
+
+as 'delta x' approaches 0, must
+equal this common limit.
+
+In other words, 'dA/dx', the
+limit of 'delta A' over 'delta
+
+x', as 'delta x' approaches 0,
+evaluated at 'x' equals 'x1',
+
+is 'f of x1'.
+
+Or another way of saying this,
+'dA/dx' is 'f of x'.
+
+Now, that result is partly
+intuitive and partly
+
+remarkable.
+
+What it says is, roughly
+speaking, is that the area
+
+under the curve is changing at
+a rate equal instantaneously
+
+to the height corresponding
+to the
+
+x-coordinate at that point.
+
+In other words, to define how
+fast the area is changing as
+
+'x' moves, all you have to do
+is measure the height of the
+
+curve corresponding to that
+particular value of 'x'.
+
+Now, what does this have to
+do, then, with relating
+
+integral and differential
+calculus?
+
+Notice already we begin to
+get some sort of a hint.
+
+What we've shown is now that
+the area is going to be
+
+related somehow to the inverse
+derivative of 'f of x'.
+
+In fact, this is precisely
+what is meant by a rather
+
+important result.
+
+In fact, it's important enough
+so it's called the first
+
+fundamental theorem of
+integral calculus.
+
+And it simply says this.
+
+Suppose we know explicitly a
+function, capital 'G', such
+
+that the derivative of capital
+'G' is 'f', where the 'f' now
+
+refers to the 'f' that we're
+talking about in our problem.
+
+Now, look it, what we already
+know is that 'A', the area
+
+function, has its derivative
+equal to 'f'.
+
+Consequently, since the area
+function and G have the same
+
+derivative, they must differ
+by, at most, a constant.
+
+In other words, the area as
+a function of 'x' is this
+
+function, 'G of x' plus 'c'.
+
+And what is this 'G of x'?
+
+It's not any old function.
+
+It's what?
+
+An inverse derivative
+of 'f of x'.
+
+Since the area evaluated at
+'x' equals 'a' is 0, see,
+
+namely, the area under the
+curve, as 'x' goes from 'A' to
+
+'a', see, that's just a line.
+
+A line has no thickness,
+has no area.
+
+This is 0.
+
+We have, by plugging back
+in to here, that 'A' of
+
+little 'a' is 0.
+
+That in turn is 'G
+of a' plus 'c'.
+
+And solving this for 'c', we
+find that 'c' is equal to
+
+minus 'G of a'.
+
+In other words, the area under
+the curve 'y' equals 'f of x',
+
+as a function of 'x',
+is simply what?
+
+It's 'G of x' minus 'G of a',
+where 'G' is any function
+
+whose derivative is 'f'.
+
+If we now let 'x' equal 'b',
+we're back to the situation of
+
+finding the usual region that
+we're talking about here,
+
+namely, what is 'A sub R'?
+
+It's the region bounded above--
+let's come back here
+
+and take a look at this-- it's
+the region bounded above by
+
+the curve, 'y' equals 'f of x',
+bounded on the left by 'x'
+
+equals 'a', on the right by 'x'
+equals 'b', and below by
+
+the x-axis.
+
+According to this notation, the
+area of the region 'R' is
+
+just the area as a function of
+'x' when 'x1' is equal to 'b'.
+
+In other words, the area of our
+region 'R' is just 'a' of
+
+'b', which is 'G of b' minus
+'G of a', where 'G' is any
+
+function whose derivative
+is 'f'.
+
+Now remember--
+
+and here's the key point--
+
+remember that the area of the
+region 'R' did not necessitate
+
+us having to know a function
+whose derivative was 'f'.
+
+In other words, remember, in our
+last lecture, how did we
+
+find areas of regions
+like 'R'?
+
+What we did was is we formed
+these 'U sub n's,
+
+these 'L sub n's.
+
+We inscribed and circumscribed
+networks of rectangles, put
+
+the squeeze on by evaluating
+this particular limit.
+
+And whatever that limit was,
+that was the area of the
+
+region 'R'.
+
+In other words, if I had never
+heard of the inverse
+
+derivative, I could still
+find the area of the
+
+region 'R' this way.
+
+However, if I just happen to
+know a function 'G', whose
+
+derivative is 'f', I have a much
+easier way of doing this.
+
+In fact, let me summarize
+that.
+
+You see, we can compute
+the limit as
+
+'n' approaches infinity.
+
+Summation 'k' goes from 1 to
+'n', 'f of 'c sub k'' 'delta
+
+x', by use of inverse
+derivatives.
+
+See, again, the highlight
+being what?
+
+You can still work with this the
+same way as we did in our
+
+last lecture.
+
+There is absolutely no need to
+have had to ever heard of a
+
+derivative to solve this
+type of problem, even
+
+though it may be messy.
+
+Now, what's the best proof
+I have of this?
+
+Well, I guess one of the best
+proofs is to specifically
+
+refer to one of the exercises
+in the previous unit.
+
+It was a tough exercise.
+
+I did it as a learning exercise
+because I felt it was
+
+something that was messy and
+that you had to be guided
+
+through in order not to become
+hopelessly lost.
+
+By way of review, the
+problem was this.
+
+We took as our region 'R' the
+region bounded above by 'y'
+
+equals 'sine x', below by the
+x-axis, on the right by the
+
+line 'x' equals pi/2.
+
+And the problem was, define the
+area of the region 'R'.
+
+And we solved this problem in
+the last unit without recourse
+
+to derivatives because, as of
+the time that we were in the
+
+last unit, we had no results
+relating derivatives
+
+to limits of sums.
+
+How did we do this?
+
+We partitioned this into n
+parts, and we formed the sum
+
+limit as 'n' approaches
+infinity.
+
+'Sigma k' goes from 1 to 'n'.
+
+We broke this thing up into 'n'
+equal parts, so the size
+
+of each piece was what?
+
+pi/2 divided by 'n'.
+
+That's 'pi/2n'.
+
+We computed the sine of each of
+these n-points, et cetera.
+
+And whatever that limit was,
+that was the area of the
+
+region 'R'.
+
+And as you recall, that homework
+problem, we found
+
+that the answer to that problem
+was that the area of
+
+the region 'R' was 1.
+
+Now again, as messy as that was,
+it proved that we could
+
+at least solve the problem
+with no knowledge of
+
+derivatives.
+
+How does the first fundamental
+theorem apply here?
+
+The way the first fundamental
+theorem
+
+applies is the following.
+
+The first fundamental
+theorem says this.
+
+Look it, to evaluate this
+particular sum, all we have to
+
+do is find a function whose
+derivative is 'sine x'.
+
+See, notice in this problem, the
+general 'a' and 'b' of the
+
+above is now played by 'a'
+equals 0 and 'b' equals pi/2.
+
+All we have to do is what?
+
+Find the function 'G' whose
+derivative is 'sine x', and
+
+the answer should then be 'G
+of pi/2' minus 'G of 0'.
+
+Well, you see this happens
+to be one that, with our
+
+knowledge of differential
+calculus, we
+
+can do rather easily.
+
+In other words, do we, at the
+tip of our tongues, have a
+
+function whose derivative
+is 'sine x'?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+Since the derivative of 'cosine
+x' is 'minus sine x',
+
+the derivative of 'minus
+cosine x' is 'sine x'.
+
+In other words, we can choose
+for our 'G of x' here
+
+'minus cosine x'.
+
+In other words, that the
+area of the region
+
+'R' should be what?
+
+'G of pi/2' minus 'G of
+0', where 'G of x' is
+
+'minus cosine x'.
+
+Well, you see, cosine
+pi/2 is 0.
+
+Cosine of 0 is 1, so 0 minus
+minus 1 is equal to 1.
+
+And notice that, first of all,
+we get the same answer.
+
+And secondly, notice this
+two-line job over here.
+
+We not only get the correct
+answer, but we get the answer
+
+very much more rapidly
+than we did by the
+
+so-called limit process.
+
+Now, I'll come back to this in a
+minute, because you may be a
+
+little bit angry at me now.
+
+Namely, you may be asking,
+after having to do this
+
+problem the hard way, why did
+I have to do the usual
+
+teacher's trick here and show
+you the hard way of doing this
+
+and then waiting until the next
+unit before I show you
+
+the easy way?
+
+Well, there happens to be a
+catch here that I'll come back
+
+to in just a moment.
+
+But before I do that, I'd like
+to make an aside, an aside
+
+that's rather important.
+
+Namely, you may recall, as I
+started to work over here,
+
+that this reminded you of a
+notation that we were using
+
+back when we introduced the
+concept of the inverse of
+
+differentiation.
+
+Namely, we earlier used a
+notation, integral from 'a' to
+
+'b', 'f of x' 'dx' to denote 'G
+of b' minus 'G of a', where
+
+'G prime' equals 'f'.
+
+What we have shown by the first
+fundamental theorem,
+
+then, using this notation, is
+that the area of the region
+
+'R' is integral from 'a'
+to 'b', 'f of x' 'dx'.
+
+In other words, this
+means what?
+
+It means 'G of b' minus
+'G of a', where 'G
+
+prime' equals 'f'.
+
+OK, let's pause here
+for a moment.
+
+See, as we developed
+our course, this is
+
+how this would evolve.
+
+The interesting thing is that,
+historically, this notation
+
+was not used to define 'G of
+b' minus 'G of a', where 'G
+
+prime' equaled 'f'.
+
+Historically, what happened was
+that this notation, called
+
+the definite integral, the
+integral from 'a' to 'b', 'f
+
+of x' 'dx', was--
+
+I don't know if it's proper to
+say invented, but let me just
+
+say it in quotation marks
+to play it safe--
+
+it was "invented" to denote
+the limit of this sum.
+
+In fact, notice how much more
+meaningful the symbol looks in
+
+this connotation.
+
+In other words, this is
+the limit of a sum.
+
+You can think of sum as
+beginning with 's', and the
+
+integral of sine as
+an elongated 's'.
+
+In other words, when one first
+wrote this symbol, the
+
+definite integral, it was meant
+to denote this limit.
+
+The important point is that,
+by the first fundamental
+
+theorem, the definite integral,
+whether it's a limit
+
+or not, turns out to be 'G of
+b' minus 'G of a', where 'G
+
+prime' equals 'f'.
+
+In other words, it really makes
+no difference in terms
+
+of what answer you get, whether
+you think of this
+
+definite integral as meaning
+this, or whether you think of
+
+the definite integral
+as meaning this.
+
+See, numerically, they'll
+be the same.
+
+But conceptually, they're
+quite different.
+
+And that's precisely the point
+that leads to the most, I
+
+think, probably the most
+difficult part all the course,
+
+at least up until now.
+
+It's something that more
+people cause and have
+
+misinterpretation over.
+
+And so I'd like to present
+this in a very,
+
+very gradual way.
+
+See, the result will ultimately
+be known as the
+
+second fundamental theorem
+of integral calculus.
+
+I've taken the liberty of
+writing that over here.
+
+But it's going to be quite a
+while before I actually say
+
+what the theorem
+is explicitly.
+
+What I'd like to do is to pick
+up where I left off when I
+
+made my aside about
+the notation
+
+of a definite integral.
+
+And what I'd like to mention
+now is, for the person who
+
+says, look it, why did
+you make us find the
+
+areas the hard way?
+
+Why didn't you just say let us
+compute 'G of b' minus 'G of
+
+a', where 'G prime' equals 'f',
+and the heck with all
+
+this summation process?
+
+Now, I think the best way to
+answer that question--
+
+and this is probably the
+ultimate in teaching
+
+technique, when somebody thinks
+that he has an easier
+
+way than the way that
+he was taught--
+
+give them a problem that can't
+be done by that easier way.
+
+In fact, as a sarcastic aside,
+if you can't invent that kind
+
+of a problem, maybe the
+so-called easier way is the
+
+better way of doing a thing.
+
+But let me just show you what
+I'm driving at over here.
+
+Suppose I say to you, let's find
+the area of the region
+
+'R' where 'R' is now
+the following.
+
+It's bounded above by the
+curve, 'y' equals '1/x'.
+
+It's bounded below
+by the x-axis.
+
+It's bounded on the left by the
+line, 'x' equals 1, and on
+
+the right by the line,
+'x' equals 2.
+
+I would like to find the area
+of this region 'R'.
+
+Now look it, from a purely
+conceptual point of view, what
+
+difference is there between this
+problem and the problem
+
+where the upper curve was
+'y' equals 'x squared'?
+
+Conceptually, what's going
+on is the same thing.
+
+We have a bounded region and we
+want to compute the area.
+
+To this end, notice that, if I
+use the precise definition of
+
+a definite integral, the area
+of the region 'R' is what?
+
+The definite integral
+from 1 to 2, 'dx/x'.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It means a particular limit.
+
+What limit?
+
+Well, you partition this
+integral from 1 to 2 into n
+
+equal parts, pick a point, 'c
+sub k' in each partition, then
+
+'f of 'c sub k'' in this problem
+is just '1/'c sub k''.
+
+In other words, what we want
+to do is to compute this
+
+limit. 'Sigma k' goes from
+1 to 'n', '1/'c sub k'',
+
+times 'delta x'.
+
+Now, the thing to notice is,
+this thing may be a mess but
+
+it's computable.
+
+We could use specially designed
+graph paper or
+
+measuring devices to count the
+units of area under here.
+
+We can find all sorts of ways of
+getting estimates, even the
+
+long hard way of the 'U sub
+n's and the 'L sub n's to
+
+pinpoint the area of the region
+'R' to as close a
+
+degree of accuracy as
+we want, et cetera.
+
+The point is that, if we have
+never heard of a derivative,
+
+the area of the region 'R' is
+given precisely by this sum.
+
+And admittedly, the
+sum is a mess.
+
+So let's try to do it the
+so-called easier way.
+
+The skeptic looks at
+this thing and
+
+says, who needs this?
+
+The area of the region 'R',
+we just saw by the first
+
+fundamental theorem, is 'G of
+2', 'G of 2', minus 'G of 1',
+
+where 'G' is any function of
+'x' whose derivative with
+
+respect to 'x' is '1/x'.
+
+And the answer to that is yes.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+But do we know a function 'G'
+whose derivative with respect
+
+to 'x' is '1/x'?
+
+Remember, this is calculus
+revisited.
+
+For those of you who remember
+calculus from
+
+the first time around--
+
+and I'll talk about
+this later--
+
+it's going to turn out that
+the required 'G' is a
+
+logarithmic function.
+
+For those of you don't remember
+that, there's no harm
+
+in not remembering that.
+
+All I'm trying to bring out is
+that, whether you remember it
+
+or you don't, as far as we're
+concerned so far in this
+
+course, as far as what we've
+developed in this course, we
+
+do not know a function 'G' whose
+derivative with respect
+
+to 'x' is '1/x'.
+
+That's what we mean by saying
+we can't exhibit 'G'
+
+explicitly.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Somebody says, I am thinking
+of a function whose
+
+derivative is '1/x'.
+
+I say, well, that's simple.
+
+It's 'G of x'.
+
+He says, well, what's
+'G of x'?
+
+I say, that's the function whose
+derivative with respect
+
+to 'x' is '1/x'.
+
+Well, you see, that implicitly
+tells me what 'G' is like.
+
+But in terms of concrete
+measurements, I don't know
+
+anything about 'G'.
+
+I can't express it in terms of
+
+well-known, familiar functions.
+
+You see, I'm hung up now.
+
+Namely, this is precise.
+
+The answer to this problem will
+be 'G of 2' minus 'G of
+
+1', where 'G prime' is '1/x'.
+
+But I don't know explicitly--
+
+yikes--
+
+I don't know, explicitly
+such a 'G'.
+
+And I put the exclamation point
+out here to emphasize
+
+that particular fact.
+
+That's the hang-up.
+
+The statement that says that the
+area is 'G of b' minus 'G
+
+of a', where 'G prime' equals
+'f' hinges on the fact that
+
+you can explicitly exhibit
+such as 'G'.
+
+Certainly, if you can't exhibit
+that 'G', you can
+
+still compute this
+area as a limit.
+
+It would be tragic to say, oh,
+the area doesn't exist because
+
+I don't know a 'G' whose
+derivative is '1/x'.
+
+Certainly, this region
+'R' has an area.
+
+In fact, because we can pinpoint
+the area of the
+
+region 'R', we can actually
+construct the 'G' such that 'G
+
+prime of x' equals '1/x'.
+
+And by the way, there's plenty
+of drill on this.
+
+This is a hard concept.
+
+And as a result, you'll notice
+that the exercises in this
+
+section hammer home on this
+point, because it's a point
+
+that I'm positive that, if
+you're having trouble at all
+
+with integral calculus, this
+is certainly the most
+
+sophisticated part of what
+we're doing right now.
+
+You see, look it, suppose I want
+to construct a function
+
+'G' whose derivative is '1/x'.
+
+The idea looks something
+like this.
+
+I'm on the interval
+from 1 to 2 here.
+
+What I do is, I plot the curve,
+'y' equals '1/x'.
+
+And I compute the area of the
+region formed by the curve,
+
+'y' equals '1/x'.
+
+'x' equals 1.
+
+The x-axis and the line,
+'x' equals 'x1'.
+
+This is my region 'R'.
+
+And what I say is, look
+it, what do I
+
+know about this area?
+
+Remember, what I started this
+lecture with was the knowledge
+
+that a prime of 'x' is 'f
+of x'. 'f of x', in
+
+this case, is '1/x'.
+
+In other words, what property
+does this area function have?
+
+It has the property that its
+derivative with respect to 'x'
+
+is going to be '1/x'.
+
+In other words, if I now say,
+look it, boys, I can compute
+
+this area, if not exactly, at
+least to as many decimal place
+
+accuracy as I wish, so that the
+area function is something
+
+I can construct.
+
+Let me define 'G of x1' simply
+to be the area under this
+
+curve when 'x' is
+equal to 'x1'.
+
+In other words, written
+now as a limit--
+
+see how this definite integral
+comes in here--
+
+written as integral from 1 to 'x
+sub 1', 'dx/x', which I now
+
+can compute as closely
+as I want as a limit.
+
+The beauty is what?
+
+That 'G prime of x1' is, by
+definition, 'A prime of 'x1'.
+
+And we have already seen that
+the derivative of 'A' is 'f',
+
+where 'f' is the top curve.
+
+In this case, the derivative
+of 'A' is '1/x'.
+
+In other words, the area under
+the curve explicitly can be
+
+computed as a function of 'x'.
+
+And that function has the
+property, but its derivative
+
+with respect to 'x', in
+this case, is '1/x'.
+
+And by the way, let me make just
+a quick aside over here.
+
+I happened to throw in the
+word "logarithms" before.
+
+It's going to turn out, as we'll
+talk about in our next
+
+block of material, that 'G of x'
+turns out to be the natural
+
+log of 'x', which means that the
+area of the region 'R' is
+
+precisely natural log 2.
+
+Now, the idea is--
+
+and this is exactly what's going
+to happen in our last
+
+block in our course--
+
+that this is exactly how
+the log tables are
+
+constructed, in fact.
+
+I mean, how do you think they
+find the log of 2 to eight
+
+decimal places?
+
+Did they strand somebody on a
+desert island and tell them to
+
+compute these things, measure
+it with laser beams, what?
+
+No.
+
+The way we do it is, we know
+it's an area, and knowing how
+
+to find the area as a limit to
+as many decimal place accuracy
+
+as we wish, give or take a few
+tricks of the trade, this is
+
+how we find logs, and later
+on, trigonometric
+
+tables, and the like.
+
+But I just mention this as
+an aside to show you how
+
+important knowing area
+under a curve is.
+
+At any rate, to summarize what
+we're saying over here, we
+
+have the following.
+
+In general, if 'f' is any
+continuous function on the
+
+closed interval from 'a' to 'b',
+we define a function 'G'
+
+as follows.
+
+'G of x1' is the definite
+integral from 'a' to 'x1', 'f
+
+of x' 'dx', where 'x1' is any
+point in the closed interval
+
+for 'a' to 'b'.
+
+What does this thing mean,
+geometrically?
+
+It's the area under the curve,
+'y' equals 'f of x' on top.
+
+'x' equals the x-axis on the
+bottom, the line 'x' equals
+
+'a' on the left, the line 'x'
+equals 'x1' on the right.
+
+And that area is what?
+
+It's the limit as 'n'
+approaches infinity.
+
+'Sigma k' goes from 1 to 'n', 'f
+of 'c sub k'' 'delta x', et
+
+cetera, et cetera, et cetera,
+meaning we can go through this
+
+the same way as we did in
+our previous lecture.
+
+This function, 'G of x1'--
+
+which we can now compute
+explicitly as an area, because
+
+we have the curve 'f' drawn,
+we can approximate it to as
+
+close a degree of accuracy
+as we want--
+
+whatever that function 'G' is,
+what property does it have?
+
+It has the property that 'G
+prime' is equal to 'f'.
+
+And that's exactly what the
+second fundamental theorem
+
+really means.
+
+The second fundamental theorem
+says, look it, if you can
+
+compute the area, you can now
+reverse this procedure that
+
+we're talking about in the first
+fundamental theorem.
+
+See, in the first fundamental
+theorem, what did we do?
+
+In the first fundamental
+theorem, we found a quick way
+
+of computing the area as
+a limit by knowing the
+
+appropriate inverse
+derivative.
+
+The second fundamental theorem,
+in a sense, is the
+
+inverse of the first fundamental
+theorem.
+
+Namely, it switches the roles.
+
+Namely, with the second
+fundamental theorem, what we
+
+say is this.
+
+If we know how to find the
+area under the curve, 'y'
+
+equals 'f of x', that gives us
+a way of computing a function
+
+'G' whose derivative is 'f'.
+
+In fact, to summarize this--
+
+and I think this is
+very important.
+
+Let me just summarize
+this, then.
+
+First of all, the first
+fundamental theorem allows us
+
+to compute this particular
+limit, provided we can find a
+
+'G', such that 'G prime'
+equals 'f'.
+
+In fact, in this case, the
+limit, as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity, summation 'k' goes
+from 1 to 'n', 'f of 'c sub
+
+k'' 'delta x', is given very,
+very ingeniously, beautifully,
+
+and concisely by 'G of
+b' minus 'G of a'.
+
+Secondly, the second fundamental
+theorem allows us,
+
+given 'f', to construct
+'G', such that 'G
+
+prime' equals 'f'.
+
+Namely, the required 'G' is
+just the definite integral
+
+from 'a' to 'x1', 'f of x' 'dx',
+which in turn is a limit
+
+of a network of rectangles,
+namely the limit as 'n'
+
+approaches infinity, summation
+'k' goes from 1 to 'n', 'f of
+
+'c sub k'' times 'delta x'.
+
+This then is perhaps the most
+beautiful lecture in calculus,
+
+not necessarily the
+way I've given it,
+
+but in terms of what?
+
+Relating two apparently diverse
+branches of calculus,
+
+integral and differential
+calculus.
+
+This is a difficult subject.
+
+I have taken great pains to try
+to write this clearly in
+
+the supplementary notes.
+
+I have tried to pick typical
+exercises that bring home
+
+these highlights.
+
+And in addition, our next two
+lectures will emphasize the
+
+relationship between derivatives
+and integrals as
+
+we study volume and
+arc length.
+
+At any rate, until next
+time, goodbye.
+
+MALE SPEAKER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8IxHMVf3jcA.txt b/8IxHMVf3jcA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4aed1cb168ab51a3906b1da592fe50eeab595bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8IxHMVf3jcA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue with our
+discussion of Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a given function in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we Define the Fourier coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the Fourier coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the Fourier coefficient
+F had of n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F had of n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F had of n to be
+the integral one over two Pi minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral one over two Pi minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral one over two Pi minus pi to
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t e to the minus i n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t e to the minus i n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t e to the minus i n t
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which up to a
+factor of 1 over root T is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over root T is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over root T is equal to the
+inner product of f with e to the i n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of f with e to the i n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of f with e to the i n t
+over square root of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi
+in the Hilbert space L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hilbert space L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Hilbert space L2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the question that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had and we also so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and we also so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and we also so let me
+and we also had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also had that
+the nth partial sum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sum uh
+for the Fourier series Associated to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Fourier series Associated to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Fourier series Associated to F
+was given by some from n equals minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given by some from n equals minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was given by some from n equals minus n
+to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n
+F hat of n e to the i n x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F hat of n e to the i n x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F hat of n e to the i n x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the question which we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question which we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question which we're trying to
+resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we have for all F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of f minus
+SN of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN of f
+2 equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right in other words is f equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in other words is f equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in other words is f equal to
+its Fourier series at least when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Fourier series at least when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Fourier series at least when we
+interpret equals as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret equals as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret equals as in this
+sense here now based on what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here now based on what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here now based on what we've done
+for Hilbert spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this question is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is equivalent to
+the following statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following statement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Fourier coefficients are all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does this imply f equals zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this imply f equals zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this imply f equals zero right so
+this question is by what we've done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is by what we've done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is by what we've done for
+Hilbert spaces big L2 is a Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert spaces big L2 is a Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert spaces big L2 is a Hilbert space
+this question here is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question here is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question here is equivalent to this
+statement which is that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is that uh the
+collection of orthonormal vectors in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of orthonormal vectors in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of orthonormal vectors in big
+L2 consisting of the exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 consisting of the exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 consisting of the exponentials
+divided by square root of two is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by square root of two is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by square root of two is this a
+maximal orthonormal subset or as we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal subset or as we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal subset or as we uh
+or using the terminology we have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using the terminology we have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using the terminology we have from
+last time does that form an orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time does that form an orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time does that form an orthonormal
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+so this is the statement that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the statement that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the statement that we're
+going to prove this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to proceed via kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to proceed via kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to proceed via kind of
+fairs method if you like to give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairs method if you like to give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairs method if you like to give it a
+name where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name where
+what we did uh last time was we recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did uh last time was we recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did uh last time was we recall
+we had the chizarro Fourier mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we defined to be the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined to be the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined to be the average of
+the first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the hope that uh somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hope that uh somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hope that uh somehow this
+behaves a little bit better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves a little bit better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves a little bit better than the
+partial sums because that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums because that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums because that's the thing
+we're trying to study and that's a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to study and that's a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to study and that's a hard
+question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and
+um typically means of sequences might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically means of sequences might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically means of sequences might
+behave better than the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave better than the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave better than the sequences
+themselves but if the original sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but if the original sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but if the original sequence
+converges then the means converge so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then the means converge so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then the means converge so we
+should expect this to converge to F uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect this to converge to F uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect this to converge to F uh
+but hopefully faster or or have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully faster or or have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully faster or or have better
+more recognizable properties uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recognizable properties uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recognizable properties uh than
+just studying the partial sums directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just studying the partial sums directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just studying the partial sums directly
+and we'll get to in the next statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to in the next statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to in the next statement
+why it's a little bit clearer why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a little bit clearer why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a little bit clearer why the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chizarro Fourier means converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro Fourier means converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro Fourier means converge to f
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so what our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what we're going to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is an L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chizarro Fourier means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro Fourier means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro Fourier means
+converts to zero I mean converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero I mean converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero I mean converge to f
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+as n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to Infinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so once we've proven that then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once we've proven that then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once we've proven that then that
+gives us what we want in the yellow box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we want in the yellow box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us what we want in the yellow box
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that proves what's in the yellow box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves what's in the yellow box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves what's in the yellow box
+because let's take a f and L2 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's take a f and L2 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's take a f and L2 with the
+Fourier coefficients all zero then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficients all zero then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficients all zero then all
+of the partial sums will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sums will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sums will be zero
+then all of the means will be zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of the means will be zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of the means will be zero and
+since the means converge to F that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the means converge to F that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the means converge to F that
+proves f is zero and we get what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves f is zero and we get what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves f is zero and we get what's in
+the yellow box and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow box and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow box and therefore
+um the partial sums the partial Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the partial sums the partial Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the partial sums the partial Fourier
+sums converge to f as capital N goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converge to f as capital N goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converge to f as capital N goes to
+Infinity in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in L2
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and then once we prove that I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we prove that I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once we prove that I'll say it
+I'll make a couple of comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a couple of comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make a couple of comments about
+other types of questions one can ask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of questions one can ask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of questions one can ask and
+what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or brief comments so this is our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brief comments so this is our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brief comments so this is our goal
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we should be able to get through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be able to get through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be able to get through it
+um okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first rewrite the chizarro Fourier means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rewrite the chizarro Fourier means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rewrite the chizarro Fourier means
+slightly differently you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly differently you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly differently you know sort of
+how we did in the previous lecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did in the previous lecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did in the previous lecture for
+um the partial Fourier sums we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the partial Fourier sums we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the partial Fourier sums we wrote
+them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as
+what's called a convolution I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a convolution I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a convolution I haven't
+defined convolution but you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined convolution but you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined convolution but you know an
+integral of a function depending on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function depending on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function depending on x
+and t times F of T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t times F of T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t times F of T DT
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we're going to do the same now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do the same now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do the same now for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the chizarro means and we'll see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro means and we'll see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro means and we'll see here
+and what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of it's a little bit more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's a little bit more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's a little bit more clear
+although I didn't talk so much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I didn't talk so much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I didn't talk so much about the
+dirichlet kernel that appears for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel that appears for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel that appears for these
+guys but why the chizarro means converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but why the chizarro means converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but why the chizarro means converge
+to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the statement is
+for all f and L2 minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f and L2 minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f and L2 minus pi to Pi
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Cesaro mean of f which is our Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro mean of f which is our Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro mean of f which is our Fourier
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+I can write as the integral from -5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write as the integral from -5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write as the integral from -5 to
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+of a function K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function K in
+of x minus t times F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus t times F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus t times F of t
+DT so remember for the partial sums S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so remember for the partial sums S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so remember for the partial sums S
+Sub n we could write it as d sub n where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub n we could write it as d sub n where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sub n we could write it as d sub n where
+D denoted the dirichlet kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D denoted the dirichlet kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D denoted the dirichlet kernel
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+k n of X this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of X this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of X this is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+over two plot 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two plot 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two plot 2 pi
+and then 1 over 2 pi times n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 over 2 pi times n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 over 2 pi times n plus 1
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+sine n plus 1 over 2 X over sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine n plus 1 over 2 X over sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine n plus 1 over 2 X over sine
+X over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over two
+squared and this holds that x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this holds that x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this holds that x equals
+zero this one holds it X not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this one holds it X not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this one holds it X not equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this thing we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fayers
+or the feyer colonel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the feyer colonel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the feyer colonel so
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now uh let me just list off a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh let me just list off a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh let me just list off a few
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+properties that we'll get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moreover we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we have the following
+properties one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in
+is non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to K N of minus X it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+the second is that the integral of K sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that the integral of K sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is that the integral of K sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of x from minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e x or let's make this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e x or let's make this t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e x or let's make this t
+DT equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Third
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if Delta is a positive number less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta is a positive number less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta is a positive number less than
+Pi less than or equal to Pi then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+with absolute value bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute value bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute value bigger than or equal
+to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta
+and less than or equal to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than or equal to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than or equal to Pi
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of x
+which is equal I don't need the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal I don't need the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal I don't need the absolute
+values because it's not negative is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because it's not negative is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because it's not negative is less
+than or equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 over
+2 pi over n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over n plus 1
+.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+times sine squared Delta over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine squared Delta over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine squared Delta over 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+let's prove this theorem and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this theorem and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this theorem and then I'm
+going to say a few comments about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a few comments about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a few comments about well
+since I have these properties right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I have these properties right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I have these properties right here
+let me go ahead and make a few comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go ahead and make a few comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go ahead and make a few comments
+before we prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we prove it
+what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+uh looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like
+that means let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let me draw
+0 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so k n is non-negative it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k n is non-negative it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k n is non-negative it's even
+and away from a small neighborhood it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and away from a small neighborhood it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and away from a small neighborhood it's
+quite small if capital N is very big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small if capital N is very big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small if capital N is very big so
+what it's looking like is you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's looking like is you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's looking like is you know maybe
+the first one and it's uh kind of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one and it's uh kind of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one and it's uh kind of large
+at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so maybe that's
+and equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals
+let's say one and then let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one and then let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one and then let's say this is
+Delta and then minus Delta if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and then minus Delta if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and then minus Delta if I were to
+now look at let's say n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at let's say n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at let's say n equals
+I don't know a billion it looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know a billion it looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know a billion it looks more
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that's very concentrated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very concentrated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very concentrated at
+the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+okay but in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in such a way
+that the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the area
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+so the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the area equals one okay and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area equals one okay and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area equals one okay and the same
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+you know what I drew in white because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I drew in white because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I drew in white because
+white was supposed to be n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white was supposed to be n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white was supposed to be n equals one
+yellow was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow was supposed to be
+n equals I don't know a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals I don't know a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals I don't know a thousand
+the area is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so what is this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what is this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what is this so this is
+telling you that if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma n of f so this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f so this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f so this is just some
+remarks you know this is not to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks you know this is not to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks you know this is not to be taken
+completely literally this is just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely literally this is just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely literally this is just kind
+of the intuition and why we believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intuition and why we believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intuition and why we believe that
+the Fourier uh or that the Cesaro means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier uh or that the Cesaro means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier uh or that the Cesaro means
+converge to F and then I'll say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how this picture differs from if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this picture differs from if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this picture differs from if we
+looked at just SN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at just SN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at just SN so
+you know this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+Sigma n of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f is
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember we're going to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we're going to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we're going to get in the
+end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+k n of x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of x minus t
+F of T DT now k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT now k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT now k n
+is very concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very concentrated
+near where T equals X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where T equals X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where T equals X
+okay so based on the picture as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so based on the picture as n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so based on the picture as n gets
+very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+this thing is getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is getting more and more
+concentrated near where n equals x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated near where n equals x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated near where n equals x okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and therefore at least for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore at least for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore at least for let's say
+very nice f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice f
+if this thing is concentrated near where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing is concentrated near where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing is concentrated near where
+T equals x then F of T will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals x then F of T will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals x then F of T will be
+approximately f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so f of x comes out of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x comes out of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x comes out of the integral
+because this is an integral DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since this thing is concentrated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because the area underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the area underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the area underneath the
+curve is always one this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is always one this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is always one this integral is
+always equal to the integral of k n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the integral of k n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the integral of k n over
+any so k n is 2 pi periodic this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so k n is 2 pi periodic this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any so k n is 2 pi periodic this
+integral is equal to the same integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over any two Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any two Pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any two Pi periodic
+interval which means I could put here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which means I could put here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which means I could put here I
+could add an X to both top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add an X to both top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add an X to both top and bottom
+and therefore change variables to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore change variables to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore change variables to get
+this is k n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is k n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is k n of
+T DT which equals because the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT which equals because the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DT which equals because the integral
+is one I would get something like f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I would get something like f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I would get something like f of x
+okay so this is kind of a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of a heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of a heuristic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+on why one should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why one should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why one should expect
+um the inner why one should expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inner why one should expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inner why one should expect that
+Cesaro means to converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro means to converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro means to converge to f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look back at the kernel that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back at the kernel that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back at the kernel that we
+had for the partial sums right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it had kind of some of the same ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had kind of some of the same ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had kind of some of the same ish
+properties it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it was
+uh two Pi periodic and also even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two Pi periodic and also even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two Pi periodic and also even
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the integral was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral was one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it did kind of Decay away from from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did kind of Decay away from from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did kind of Decay away from from zero
+however it's not not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not not negative
+I'm talking about the dirichlet kernel D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about the dirichlet kernel D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about the dirichlet kernel D
+in which if you look back in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which if you look back in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which if you look back in your notes
+was like sine of n plus a half times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like sine of n plus a half times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like sine of n plus a half times x
+over sine X over 2 with a constant out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sine X over 2 with a constant out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sine X over 2 with a constant out
+in front and that little difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front and that little difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front and that little difference that
+the fact that this kernel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this kernel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this kernel is
+non-negative and the dirichlet kernel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and the dirichlet kernel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative and the dirichlet kernel is
+not makes kind of a big difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not makes kind of a big difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not makes kind of a big difference so
+although this heuristic argument maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this heuristic argument maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this heuristic argument maybe
+you don't see it there and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it there and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it there and the actual
+proof itself that oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof itself that oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof itself that oscillation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what I mean by oscillation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by oscillation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by oscillation is the
+fact that DN actually does oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that DN actually does oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that DN actually does oscillate
+between negative and positive values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative and positive values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative and positive values
+this bit of oscillation is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit of oscillation is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit of oscillation is actually what
+you can use to build up a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to build up a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to build up a continuous
+function uh whose partial sums do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh whose partial sums do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh whose partial sums do not
+converge to that continuous function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to that continuous function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to that continuous function at
+a point okay but as we'll see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point okay but as we'll see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point okay but as we'll see for
+um the chizarro means the chizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chizarro means the chizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chizarro means the chizarro
+Fourier means basically pick a space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier means basically pick a space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier means basically pick a space and
+the chazaro sums or chizarro means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chazaro sums or chizarro means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chazaro sums or chizarro means
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+to the function in whatever space you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function in whatever space you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function in whatever space you're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and I'll say a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say a little bit more about
+that in a minute but okay so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute but okay so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute but okay so let's uh
+prove the theorem that the Cesaro means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the theorem that the Cesaro means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the theorem that the Cesaro means
+are written in this way in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written in this way in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written in this way in the in the
+kernel has these three properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+SN of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN of x
+or let's put let's put a k there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's put let's put a k there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's put let's put a k there this is
+equal to as we wrote last time minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to as we wrote last time minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to as we wrote last time minus pi
+to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+DK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK of
+x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t
+F of T DT where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT where uh
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+K of let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of let's see
+T was from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 N plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N plus one
+over two Pi at T equals zero and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two Pi at T equals zero and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two Pi at T equals zero and uh
+sine n plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine n plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine n plus a half
+T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+T over 2 and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 2 and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over 2 and then with
+one over two Pi out in front I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two Pi out in front I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two Pi out in front I believe
+let me make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure
+I got the right exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four T not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four T not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four T not equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh and this should be k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+the chizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n plus one
+sum from k equals 0 to n the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to n the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 0 to n the mean of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+in partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial sums
+and this is equal to now s k f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to now s k f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to now s k f of x is
+equal to this so I can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this so I can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this so I can write this as
+integral from minus pi to Pi of 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus pi to Pi of 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus pi to Pi of 1 over n
+plus 1 sum from k equals 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 sum from k equals 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 sum from k equals 0 to n
+of d k x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d k x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d k x minus t
+F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of t
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+k n of x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of x minus t
+all right so now I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm just going to
+verify that k n of X takes that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that k n of X takes that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that k n of X takes that form
+that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k n
+of X this is equal to 1 over n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X this is equal to 1 over n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X this is equal to 1 over n plus one
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+k equals 0 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to n of
+d k of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d k of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d k of x
+and let's go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go to the next
+half board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write this as
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi n plus 1 and uh times so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n plus 1 and uh times so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n plus 1 and uh times so I will
+look at the case that X is non-zero x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case that X is non-zero x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the case that X is non-zero x
+equals zero you is you'll get what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you is you'll get what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you is you'll get what you
+get but let's look at X not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but let's look at X not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but let's look at X not equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+um so then I plug in this formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then I plug in this formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then I plug in this formula here
+and pull out a sine T over 2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out a sine T over 2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out a sine T over 2 uh
+or sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sign
+X over 2 squared on the bottom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over 2 squared on the bottom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over 2 squared on the bottom and then
+I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+k equals 0 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to n of
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine X over 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X over 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine X over 2 times
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+n plus one half X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one half X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one half X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because I feel like it we put a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I feel like it we put a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I feel like it we put a 2
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and a 2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 here
+why do I feel like it well it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I feel like it well it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I feel like it well it's because
+if I have 2 times sine of a sine B I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have 2 times sine of a sine B I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have 2 times sine of a sine B I can
+write that as using my angle sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as using my angle sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as using my angle sum
+formulas from trigonometry you wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas from trigonometry you wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas from trigonometry you wondered
+why those would be useful well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those would be useful well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those would be useful well
+here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are
+appearing in the advanced MIT class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the advanced MIT class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the advanced MIT class
+you can write this as sum from k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this as sum from k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this as sum from k equals
+0 to n of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to n of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to n of cosine
+in x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x minus
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+n plus 1X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me make sure I got that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or uh this should be K I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh this should be K I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh this should be K I'm sorry
+that should have been k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right now this is a telescoping sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now this is a telescoping sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now this is a telescoping sum
+right I have a sum of cosine k x I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a sum of cosine k x I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a sum of cosine k x I have
+a cosine K plus 1 x so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me just indicate why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just indicate why this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just indicate why this is a
+telescoping sum we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum we get
+cosine 0x minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 0x minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 0x minus cosine
+1X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+cosine One X minus cosine two x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine One X minus cosine two x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine One X minus cosine two x
+dot dot dot plus the last one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot plus the last one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot plus the last one which is
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+in x minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x minus cosine
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and okay so this telescopes that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so this telescopes that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so this telescopes that cancels
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+that will cancel with so on and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cancel with so on and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cancel with so on and that
+last one will cancel so all that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one will cancel so all that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one will cancel so all that we're
+left with is this one minus this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with is this one minus this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with is this one minus this one
+divided by this 2 that I have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this 2 that I have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this 2 that I have right
+there and I get 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I get 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I get 1 over
+2 pi n Plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n Plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n Plus 1.
+times 1 over sine squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over sine squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over sine squared
+X over 2 times 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+X over 2 and again using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trig formula 1 minus cosine uh two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig formula 1 minus cosine uh two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig formula 1 minus cosine uh two a
+equals sine squared divided by 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine squared divided by 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals sine squared divided by 2 is
+equal to sine squared a so I get this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sine squared a so I get this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sine squared a so I get this is
+equal to 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 pi
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+or times sine squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or times sine squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or times sine squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+divided by sine squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by sine squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by sine squared
+X over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that verifies the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that verifies the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that verifies the formula for
+the feyer kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feyer kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feyer kernel
+what about the properties that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the properties that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the properties that we have
+there these properties at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these properties at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these properties at least
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the first two kind of follow directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two kind of follow directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two kind of follow directly
+from this formula and the definition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this formula and the definition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this formula and the definition so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows immediately
+uh this is clearly non-negative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is clearly non-negative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is clearly non-negative it's
+even taking minus X to for taking X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even taking minus X to for taking X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even taking minus X to for taking X to
+minus X let's not change this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X let's not change this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X let's not change this because we
+have squares and also because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have squares and also because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have squares and also because of the
+squares it's 2 pi periodic rather than 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares it's 2 pi periodic rather than 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares it's 2 pi periodic rather than 4
+Pi periodic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's one for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we note that if we take the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we note that if we take the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we note that if we take the integral
+from minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus pi to Pi
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the dirichlet kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dirichlet kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dirichlet kernel
+this is okay we had a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay we had a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay we had a formula for the
+dirichlet kernel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel but
+remember this is nothing but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is nothing but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is nothing but uh
+this was defined to be the sum from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was defined to be the sum from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was defined to be the sum from n
+equals minus K to K of e to the i n t DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus K to K of e to the i n t DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus K to K of e to the i n t DT
+okay now e to the i n t when n is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now e to the i n t when n is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now e to the i n t when n is not
+equal to zero is 2 pi periodic and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is 2 pi periodic and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero is 2 pi periodic and when
+I integrate it from PI to my from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I integrate it from PI to my from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I integrate it from PI to my from minus
+pi to Pi the integral from minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi the integral from minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi the integral from minus pi to
+Pi of this 2 pi periodic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of this 2 pi periodic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of this 2 pi periodic thing
+you can just check I mean it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just check I mean it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just check I mean it's the
+integral of sine NT and cosine NT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sine NT and cosine NT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sine NT and cosine NT
+um over its period that's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over its period that's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over its period that's going to give
+me zero so all I pick up is when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me zero so all I pick up is when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me zero so all I pick up is when n
+equals zero right and so that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero right and so that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero right and so that's equal to
+just the N equals zero term so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the N equals zero term so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the N equals zero term so that
+gives me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since the integral of each dirichlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the integral of each dirichlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the integral of each dirichlet
+kernel is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel is one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then the integral of the feyer kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember this is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the average of the dirichlet kernels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each of these is one some from k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is one some from k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is one some from k
+equals zero to n one I get n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to n one I get n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to n one I get n plus 1
+divided by n plus one I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n plus one I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n plus one I get one
+okay so that gives me 2 and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives me 2 and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives me 2 and for the
+third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the third property we have what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third property we have what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third property we have what do
+we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the function sine squared X over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function sine squared X over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the function sine squared X over 2.
+this is uh what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh what does it look like
+this is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an increasing on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasing on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasing on uh
+zero to Pi so what it looks like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine squared x over 2 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared x over 2 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared x over 2 so there's
+Pi minus Pi sine squared looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus Pi sine squared looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus Pi sine squared looks like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes up
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all X outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that kind of shaded region then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is outside of Delta uh this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is outside of Delta uh this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is outside of Delta uh this Delta
+Region then I get that sine squared x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Region then I get that sine squared x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Region then I get that sine squared x
+over 2 is going to be bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is going to be bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 is going to be bigger than or
+equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever so it sits above the value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so it sits above the value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so it sits above the value that
+I get here which is sine squared Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get here which is sine squared Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get here which is sine squared Delta
+over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+I get that kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X which is equal to its absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which is equal to its absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which is equal to its absolute
+value is less than or equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi n plus 1 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n plus 1 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n plus 1 sine
+squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared n plus 1 over 2 x
+over I had sine squared x over 2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I had sine squared x over 2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I had sine squared x over 2 but
+since sine squared x over 2 is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sine squared x over 2 is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since sine squared x over 2 is bigger
+than or equal to sine squared Delta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to sine squared Delta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to sine squared Delta over
+2 taking 1 over reverses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 taking 1 over reverses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 taking 1 over reverses the
+inequalities and I get sine squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and I get sine squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and I get sine squared
+Delta over 2 here sine of anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 2 here sine of anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 2 here sine of anything is
+always bounded above by one so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bounded above by one so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bounded above by one so I get
+this is less than or equal to 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to 1 over 2
+pi n Plus 1. sine squared Delta over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n Plus 1. sine squared Delta over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n Plus 1. sine squared Delta over 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know for the moment let me put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the moment let me put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the moment let me put this
+absolute value there I'm not doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value there I'm not doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value there I'm not doing it
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+for a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a specific
+so I think it looks better it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it looks better it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it looks better it's because
+I'm going to make a comment in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a comment in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a comment in a minute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just make a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let me prove the next theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me prove the next theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me prove the next theorem and
+then I'll make the comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll make the comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll make the comment
+okay so we have these properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have these properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have these properties of the
+feyer kernel and now what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feyer kernel and now what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feyer kernel and now what we're going to
+do is on our way to proving that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is on our way to proving that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is on our way to proving that we have
+convergence of the chizarro means to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the chizarro means to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the chizarro means to a
+function in L2 we're first going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in L2 we're first going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in L2 we're first going to do
+it for continuous functions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for continuous functions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for continuous functions so you
+proved in the assignments that an L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the assignments that an L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in the assignments that an L2
+minus pi to Pi the continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi the continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi the continuous functions
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+space big L2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space big L2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space big L2 okay
+now if a function's continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if a function's continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if a function's continuous and
+equals zero at both of the endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero at both of the endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero at both of the endpoints
+it's 2 pi periodic in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 pi periodic in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 pi periodic in the sense that it
+equals it has the same value at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals it has the same value at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals it has the same value at both
+endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this
+Subspace of continuous functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of continuous functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of continuous functions that
+are two Pi periodic is dense in L2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Pi periodic is dense in L2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Pi periodic is dense in L2 so
+you know if if we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if we're going to be able to
+show that the chizarro means converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the chizarro means converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the chizarro means converge to
+a function in L2 for arbitrary L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function in L2 for arbitrary L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function in L2 for arbitrary L2
+function maybe it makes sense to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe it makes sense to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe it makes sense to try and
+do it uh first for continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh first for continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh first for continuous functions
+and it's there that kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there that kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there that kind of this
+argument that I just kind of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I just kind of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I just kind of this this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heuristic argument I gave here will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic argument I gave here will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic argument I gave here will will
+be more math-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more math-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more math-like
+um okay so we have a following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have a following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have a following theorem
+due to Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the following if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following if
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F of Pi is equal to F of minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then not only do we have the chizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not only do we have the chizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not only do we have the chizarro
+means converging to F and L2 we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means converging to F and L2 we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means converging to F and L2 we actually
+have it in sort of the best sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in sort of the best sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in sort of the best sense that
+you could for a continuous function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could for a continuous function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could for a continuous function then
+Sigma n of f converges to f uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+and minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you you know before we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know before we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know before we're looking at
+uh Fourier Series in L2 so convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fourier Series in L2 so convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fourier Series in L2 so convergence
+in L2 was kind of the way one makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2 was kind of the way one makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2 was kind of the way one makes
+sense of uh infinite series or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh infinite series or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of uh infinite series or something
+converging to something else right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to something else right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to something else right
+if we're looking at continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at continuous functions
+then we already we have a different Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we already we have a different Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we already we have a different Norm
+there right if we want to just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right if we want to just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right if we want to just consider
+a complete space containing continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete space containing continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete space containing continuous
+functions we have the uniform Norm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we have the uniform Norm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we have the uniform Norm or
+the infinity norm and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what this says is that even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that even in this
+smaller space and in this stronger Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller space and in this stronger Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller space and in this stronger Norm
+we have convergence of the chizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have convergence of the chizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have convergence of the chizarro
+means to the function f okay but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to the function f okay but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to the function f okay but again
+this doesn't imply that the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't imply that the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't imply that the Fourier
+series converges to f uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges to f uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges to f uniformly
+like I said one can in fact use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said one can in fact use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said one can in fact use uh
+this oscillatory behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillatory behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillatory behavior of the
+dirichlet kernel to prove there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel to prove there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel to prove there exists
+continuous functions whose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions whose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions whose uh
+Fourier series diverges at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series diverges at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series diverges at a point
+okay and therefore it doesn't converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore it doesn't converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore it doesn't converge
+uniformly to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to the function
+all right but this is true for the fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but this is true for the fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but this is true for the fair
+kernel or the Cesaro means because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel or the Cesaro means because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel or the Cesaro means because of
+these properties of the feyer kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties of the feyer kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties of the feyer kernel
+because it has this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this uh
+kind of shape where it's non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shape where it's non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shape where it's non-negative
+it's peaking near the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's peaking near the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's peaking near the origin
+and it has total mass one a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has total mass one a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has total mass one a total
+integral one in some sense you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one in some sense you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one in some sense you should
+think of uh as n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh as n goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of uh as n goes to Infinity
+uh Sigma n is looking more and more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma n is looking more and more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma n is looking more and more like
+a Dirac Delta function at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+maybe you encountered in physics if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you encountered in physics if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you encountered in physics if that
+doesn't mean anything don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything don't worry about
+it just skip to the next part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just skip to the next part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just skip to the next part of the
+talk but which uh is supposed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but which uh is supposed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but which uh is supposed to have
+this magical property that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magical property that it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magical property that it's zero
+away from zero which these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from zero which these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from zero which these are kind of
+looking like has integral one and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like has integral one and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like has integral one and when
+you integrate it against a function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate it against a function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate it against a function you
+get F evaluated at the origin which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F evaluated at the origin which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F evaluated at the origin which is
+kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+what we're saying here okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying here okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying here okay so that's
+again that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+some more heuristics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more heuristics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more heuristics but
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+linear operators that depending on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators that depending on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators that depending on a
+parameter that appear like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that appear like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that appear like this where
+it's a function of this form times F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of this form times F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of this form times F of
+T integrated DT pop up all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T integrated DT pop up all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T integrated DT pop up all the time in
+harmonic analysis okay and having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis okay and having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis okay and having these
+properties in fact pops up also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in fact pops up also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in fact pops up also in
+harmonic analysis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonic analysis being a fancy uh name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis being a fancy uh name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic analysis being a fancy uh name
+for Fourier analysis and other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fourier analysis and other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fourier analysis and other stuff
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing that I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that I want to do is
+so f is a continuous function on minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is a continuous function on minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is a continuous function on minus
+pi to Pi that's 2 pi periodic so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi that's 2 pi periodic so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi that's 2 pi periodic so I can
+extend F to all of R by periodicity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend F to all of R by periodicity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend F to all of R by periodicity in
+other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extend
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+all of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of r
+meaning I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I have
+so there's Pi minus Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Pi minus Pi Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's Pi minus Pi Pi
+here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh
+three pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is minus 3 Pi so supposedly I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 3 Pi so supposedly I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 3 Pi so supposedly I have this
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+which is 2 pi periodic now I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 pi periodic now I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 pi periodic now I take that
+continuous function and just extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and just extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and just extend it
+by how it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on okay I'm not saying I extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay I'm not saying I extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay I'm not saying I extend
+it by zero outside I'm saying I extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by zero outside I'm saying I extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by zero outside I'm saying I extend
+it periodically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now I can write down a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can write down a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can write down a formula for
+exactly how you do that but uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you do that but uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you do that but uh just
+trust me you can do that uh and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me you can do that uh and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me you can do that uh and also the
+following simple properties then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F this now referring to it as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this now referring to it as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this now referring to it as kind of a
+function defined on all of R that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defined on all of R that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defined on all of R that's two
+Pi periodic if this is also continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is two Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two Pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two Pi periodic
+and which implies that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which implies that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which implies that uh
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bounded I.E if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded I.E if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded I.E if I look at
+the infinity Norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first off because by periodicity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off because by periodicity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off because by periodicity this is
+just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to
+soup X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup X in
+minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because f is continuous this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because f is continuous this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because f is continuous this thing
+is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now it's not difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's not difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now it's not difficult to
+believe that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that f is
+if I extend it by periodicy periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I extend it by periodicy periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I extend it by periodicy periodicity
+it's going to be continuous but using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be continuous but using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be continuous but using
+that and the fact that it's 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the fact that it's 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the fact that it's 2 pi
+periodic you can then also conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic you can then also conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic you can then also conclude that
+it's uniformly continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniformly continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniformly continuous
+okay meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just quickly review what uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just quickly review what uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just quickly review what uniformly
+continuous means this means uh for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means this means uh for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous means this means uh for all
+Epsilon positive there exists a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon positive there exists a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon positive there exists a Delta
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+if y minus Z is less than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y minus Z is less than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y minus Z is less than Delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+F of Y minus F of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y minus F of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y minus F of Z
+is less than Epsilon meaning I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon meaning I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon meaning I can
+choose a Delta independent of Y and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Delta independent of Y and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a Delta independent of Y and of
+the point right continuous at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point right continuous at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point right continuous at a point
+means I fix X then for all Epsilon there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I fix X then for all Epsilon there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I fix X then for all Epsilon there
+exists a Delta uniformly continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a Delta uniformly continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a Delta uniformly continuous
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+the Delta doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't depend on F I mean on X on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on F I mean on X on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on F I mean on X on the
+point that I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have those
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+that basic observation that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic observation that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic observation that we're going
+to make there and maybe I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make there and maybe I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make there and maybe I'll just
+leave this up for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we want to prove F converges or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove F converges or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to prove F converges or the
+sigma ends converge to F uniformly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma ends converge to F uniformly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma ends converge to F uniformly on
+minus pi to Pi so that means we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi so that means we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi so that means we should
+be able to find for every Epsilon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find for every Epsilon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find for every Epsilon a
+capital M such that for all n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M such that for all n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M such that for all n bigger
+than or equal to M Sigma n and for all X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to M Sigma n and for all X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to M Sigma n and for all X
+and minus pi to Pi Sigma n of f minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus pi to Pi Sigma n of f minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus pi to Pi Sigma n of f minus f
+is less than Epsilon an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon an absolute value
+um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let Epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uniformly continuous as I stated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous as I stated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly continuous as I stated in the
+recalling the definition that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling the definition that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling the definition that implies
+that there exists a Delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a Delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a Delta positive
+such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if
+y minus Z is less than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus Z is less than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y minus Z is less than Delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+F of Y minus F of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y minus F of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Y minus F of Z
+is less than and let me get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than and let me get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than and let me get this right
+so it comes out pretty in the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes out pretty in the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it comes out pretty in the end is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+Epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now what we're going to go through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to go through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to go through is
+make that argument which I just erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument which I just erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that argument which I just erased
+actually precise all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually precise all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually precise all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here we're saying if f is very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're saying if f is very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're saying if f is very close
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+if any two points are sufficiently close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any two points are sufficiently close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any two points are sufficiently close
+f is going to be close in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M natural number
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice times the L Infinity Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice times the L Infinity Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice times the L Infinity Norm
+Over N plus 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine squared Delta over 2 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Delta over 2 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Delta over 2 is less than
+Epsilon over two okay so n plus 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over two okay so n plus 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon over two okay so n plus 1 that's
+the thing that's changing so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's changing so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's changing so I have
+these fixed numbers here now I've fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed numbers here now I've fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed numbers here now I've fixed
+Delta I have the L Infinity Norm of f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I have the L Infinity Norm of f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I have the L Infinity Norm of f so
+I have this number here and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this number here and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this number here and I'm just
+saying choose a capital m so that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying choose a capital m so that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying choose a capital m so that for
+all n bigger than or equal to M this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to M this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n bigger than or equal to M this
+number times and I'll even put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times and I'll even put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times and I'll even put it here
+times 1 over n plus 1 is small is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over n plus 1 is small is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 over n plus 1 is small is less
+than Epsilon over two and I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon over two and I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon over two and I can do that
+because this as capital N goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this as capital N goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this as capital N goes to
+Infinity converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity converges to zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+and K sub n the dirichlet kernel are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K sub n the dirichlet kernel are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K sub n the dirichlet kernel are two
+Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Cesaro mean which is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro mean which is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro mean which is given by
+minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n
+of x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus t
+F of T DT I can make a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT I can make a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T DT I can make a change of
+variables set Tau equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables set Tau equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables set Tau equal to
+x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t
+and then this will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what is it going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it going to be equal to
+x minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus pi
+X plus pi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus pi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus pi uh
+k n of Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of Tau
+f of x minus Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus Tau
+D Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Tau
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all of this change of variable stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this change of variable stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this change of variable stuff is
+fine because I'm dealing with continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because I'm dealing with continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because I'm dealing with continuous
+functions I'm integrating continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm integrating continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm integrating continuous
+functions so that's the Riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's the Riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's the Riemann integral
+we have a change of variables for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a change of variables for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a change of variables for the
+Riemann integral so that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral so that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann integral so that's completely
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+this is the product of two two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the product of two two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the product of two two Pi
+periodic functions and if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions and if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions and if I take the
+integral of that quantity of a two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that quantity of a two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of that quantity of a two Pi
+periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic function
+that's the integral of that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of that is equal to
+the integral over any interval of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over any interval of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over any interval of length
+2 pi all right so we're integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi all right so we're integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi all right so we're integrating over
+an interval of length two PI right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of length two PI right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of length two PI right we're
+going from x minus pi to X plus pi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from x minus pi to X plus pi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from x minus pi to X plus pi that
+is equal to the integral of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral of the same
+quantity over any interval of link two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over any interval of link two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over any interval of link two
+Pi so it's also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so it's also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so it's also equal to
+the integral over minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so all I'm saying is uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all I'm saying is uh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all I'm saying is uh I can
+change variables and move the x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables and move the x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables and move the x minus t
+and let me even go back to T instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me even go back to T instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me even go back to T instead of
+Tau here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau here
+because of periodicity I can switch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of periodicity I can switch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of periodicity I can switch this
+x minus t over here to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t over here to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t over here to f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we're going to start
+seeing some magic happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some magic happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing some magic happen
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and this is where that heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where that heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where that heuristic
+argument that I gave earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I gave earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I gave earlier
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so then I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n bigger than or equal to M so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M so I
+have that condition uh that quantity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that condition uh that quantity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that condition uh that quantity was
+less than Epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon over two
+and for all X and minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all X and minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all X and minus pi to Pi
+I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that
+Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+Sigma n f of x minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n f of x minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n f of x minus f of x
+so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+minus Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and again I'm going to write this now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm going to write this now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm going to write this now as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay n of t f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t f of x
+minus t DT minus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t DT minus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t DT minus now
+uh here's the trick the fair kernel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the trick the fair kernel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the trick the fair kernel has
+integral one so I can actually write f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one so I can actually write f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one so I can actually write f
+of x as minus pi to Pi integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x as minus pi to Pi integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x as minus pi to Pi integral
+k n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of t
+times f of x DT I'm integrating DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of x DT I'm integrating DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of x DT I'm integrating DT
+right then this just pops out I get f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this just pops out I get f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this just pops out I get f of
+x times the integral of the fair kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times the integral of the fair kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times the integral of the fair kernel
+which is one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one okay
+and this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals
+minus Pi Pi so just combining things k n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi Pi so just combining things k n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi Pi so just combining things k n
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+which is good because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good because we have a
+continuous function and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and now we have
+something inside that looks like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside that looks like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside that looks like I'm
+subtracting F of some argument minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting F of some argument minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting F of some argument minus F
+of the argument uh minus something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument uh minus something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument uh minus something okay
+now I'm going to split this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to split this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to split this integral
+into two parts and then use the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two parts and then use the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two parts and then use the triangle
+inequality and bring the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and bring the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and bring the triangle
+inequality inside in fact I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality inside in fact I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality inside in fact I'm going to
+go ahead and do that here this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and do that here this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and do that here this is less
+than or equal to if I combine terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to if I combine terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to if I combine terms like
+I did and then bring the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did and then bring the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did and then bring the absolute value
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now I'm going to split this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to split this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to split this integral
+up into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into two parts
+this is equal to the integral over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the integral over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the integral over t
+uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less than
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+and because k n is non-negative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because k n is non-negative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because k n is non-negative this is
+just k n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just k n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just k n of t
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus f of x
+DT Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Plus
+the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+f of x minus t minus F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus t minus F of t
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+all right now what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what do we know
+if the absolute value of T is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the absolute value of T is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the absolute value of T is less than
+Delta then x minus t minus X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then x minus t minus X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then x minus t minus X is equal to
+minus t which is an absolute value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t which is an absolute value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t which is an absolute value less
+than Delta so note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta so note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Delta so note that
+x minus t minus x equals T is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t minus x equals T is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus t minus x equals T is less than
+Delta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta here
+right and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and therefore
+this quantity here is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is less than Epsilon
+over 2 by how we chose Delta so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 by how we chose Delta so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 by how we chose Delta so this is
+less than Epsilon over two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon over two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon over two times the
+integral over this region of k n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this region of k n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this region of k n of t
+okay but I can make this region larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I can make this region larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I can make this region larger
+and just go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just go back to
+so well let me just leave it here as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let me just leave it here as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well let me just leave it here as it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus now what do I do with this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now what do I do with this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus now what do I do with this piece
+um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have
+this I Bound by twice the L Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I Bound by twice the L Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I Bound by twice the L Infinity
+Norm of f the absolute value of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of f the absolute value of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of f the absolute value of this is
+less than or equal to by the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to by the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to by the triangle
+inequality the sum of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the sum of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the sum of the absolute
+values Which is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Which is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Which is less than or equal to
+the soup of this plus the soup of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup of this plus the soup of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup of this plus the soup of that
+in X which is equal to the twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X which is equal to the twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X which is equal to the twice the
+infinity Norm so I get 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Norm so I get 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Norm so I get 2 times
+the infinity Norm of f popping out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity Norm of f popping out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity Norm of f popping out from
+this term and K N of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and K N of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and K N of T
+I'm away from uh T less than Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm away from uh T less than Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm away from uh T less than Delta and
+this is where I use that third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I use that third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I use that third property
+that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from before that it's less than 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before that it's less than 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before that it's less than 1 over
+2 pi so let me leave this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some 1 over 2 pi n plus one uh sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 1 over 2 pi n plus one uh sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 1 over 2 pi n plus one uh sine
+squared Delta over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta over 2.
+DT okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay and now
+this I can say is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can say is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can say is less than or equal to
+the whole integral over minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole integral over minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole integral over minus pi to Pi
+which is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh again
+making this an integral over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this an integral over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this an integral over the entire
+region I get 2 pi times uh or divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I get 2 pi times uh or divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I get 2 pi times uh or divided by
+2 pi gives me one so I get twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity Over N plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine squared Delta over 2 and we chose n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Delta over 2 and we chose n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Delta over 2 and we chose n
+plus 1 so that this second quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 so that this second quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 so that this second quantity here
+is less than Epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+we proved that for all capital N bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that for all capital N bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that for all capital N bigger
+than or equal to M for all X in minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to M for all X in minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to M for all X in minus pi
+to Pi the difference in Sigma n f and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi the difference in Sigma n f and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi the difference in Sigma n f and f
+is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than Epsilon
+proving uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uniform convergence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the remark I was going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the same proof uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modified
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k n of X being bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of X being bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of X being bigger than or equal to
+zero let me make sure I'm saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me make sure I'm saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me make sure I'm saying the
+right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if instead of this
+property which we had for the feyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which we had for the feyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which we had for the feyer
+kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that uh
+soup over n of the integral from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup over n of the integral from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup over n of the integral from minus
+pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi
+okay n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is finite meaning if I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite meaning if I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite meaning if I have a function
+or if I have a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I have a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I have a sequence of functions
+kn's and I have the corresponding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn's and I have the corresponding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn's and I have the corresponding you
+know operators that look like that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know operators that look like that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know operators that look like that maybe
+they're not associated to any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not associated to any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not associated to any questions
+about Fourier analysis but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fourier analysis but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fourier analysis but I'm just
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it satisfies the three properties I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it satisfies the three properties I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it satisfies the three properties I
+had before with the exception of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before with the exception of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before with the exception of being
+non-negative but instead of that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but instead of that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but instead of that it
+satisfies this property then I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this property then I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this property then I can do
+redo the same proof and show that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the same proof and show that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the same proof and show that uh
+those things converge to F uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things converge to F uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things converge to F uniformly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why am I saying that because maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I saying that because maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I saying that because maybe you
+would like to then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to then uh
+try your hand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try your hand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try your hand at
+replacing KN with d in the dirichlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing KN with d in the dirichlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing KN with d in the dirichlet
+kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+okay the dirichlet kernel satisfies all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dirichlet kernel satisfies all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the dirichlet kernel satisfies all
+of the other properties we had up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other properties we had up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other properties we had up there
+the integral is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is one
+an absolute value it kind of decays away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value it kind of decays away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value it kind of decays away
+from X is less than Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X is less than Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X is less than Delta and
+uh it's even into Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's even into Pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's even into Pi periodic
+okay but it doesn't satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at
+minus pi to Pi of the dirichlet kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what one can prove is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one can prove is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one can prove is that this is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+login uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login uh
+for large enough n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large enough n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large enough n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so uh that was just a tiny remark I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was just a tiny remark I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was just a tiny remark I
+wanted to say on why if you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say on why if you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say on why if you thought
+about maybe redoing this proof using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe redoing this proof using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe redoing this proof using the
+dirichlet kernel which satisfies almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel which satisfies almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet kernel which satisfies almost
+all the same properties with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same properties with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same properties with the
+exception of being non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of being non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception of being non-negative
+you could if the dirichlet kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could if the dirichlet kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could if the dirichlet kernel
+satisfied this bound but it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this bound but it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this bound but it doesn't it
+satisfies this bound it's like login and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this bound it's like login and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this bound it's like login and
+therefore if I take the soup I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I take the soup I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I take the soup I don't get
+something finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so we've proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've proven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we've proven that
+the chizarro means of a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro means of a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chizarro means of a continuous
+function converts uniformly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function converts uniformly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function converts uniformly to a
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're almost to the point where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're almost to the point where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're almost to the point where we
+can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say
+that the Cesaro means of an L2 function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Cesaro means of an L2 function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Cesaro means of an L2 function
+converge to an L2 function and conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to an L2 function and conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to an L2 function and conclude
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the subset of exponentials divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of exponentials divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of exponentials divided by
+square root of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 pi
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+to form a maximal orthonormal subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a maximal orthonormal subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a maximal orthonormal subset of
+L2 and therefore is an orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 and therefore is an orthonormal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 and therefore is an orthonormal basis
+so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the
+partial Fourier sums converged back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Fourier sums converged back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Fourier sums converged back to
+the function in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function in L2
+we just need kind of one more bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need kind of one more bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need kind of one more bit of
+information so we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we have the following
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in L2 of minus Phi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2 of minus Phi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2 of minus Phi to Pi
+if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at
+Sigma n of f so first off this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f so first off this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f so first off this is just a
+finite linear combination of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite linear combination of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite linear combination of uh
+exponentials right so this is clearly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials right so this is clearly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials right so this is clearly an
+L2 it's a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 it's a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 it's a continuous function
+but if I take the L2 Norm of that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I take the L2 Norm of that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I take the L2 Norm of that it
+could depend on N but in fact it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on N but in fact it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could depend on N but in fact it's less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+the L2 Norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how we'll prove this is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we'll prove this is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we'll prove this is we'll
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+and this bound is what allows us to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this bound is what allows us to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this bound is what allows us to go
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+the two Pi periodic continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Pi periodic continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Pi periodic continuous functions
+to General L2 functions by a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General L2 functions by a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General L2 functions by a density
+argument okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first we'll do this for two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll do this for two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll do this for two Pi
+periodic continuous functions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic continuous functions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic continuous functions and then
+by density concluded for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by density concluded for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by density concluded for uh
+L2 functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose first
+that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then of course extended to R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course extended to R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course extended to R by
+periodicity like we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then as before we had that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as before we had that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as before we had that uh
+fair mean I mean the Cesaro mean of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair mean I mean the Cesaro mean of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair mean I mean the Cesaro mean of f is
+equal to the integral from minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral from minus pi to
+Pi of f of x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of f of x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of f of x minus t
+okay n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+DT and so if I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and so if I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and so if I compute
+the integral Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral Sigma n
+f of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x squared
+DX this is equal to so each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is equal to so each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is equal to so each one of these
+is equal to an integral over minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to an integral over minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to an integral over minus pi to
+Pi so I'm going to have three integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh f of x minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh f of x minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh f of x minus s
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the complex conjugate f x minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate f x minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate f x minus t
+times k n of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times k n of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times k n of s
+and K N of T and then d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K N of T and then d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K N of T and then d
+s DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s DT
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me all these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me all these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me all these functions are
+continuous so we have a fubini's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so we have a fubini's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so we have a fubini's theorem
+which says we can reverse the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says we can reverse the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says we can reverse the order of
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+however we uh however we please so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we uh however we please so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we uh however we please so I can
+write this as the integral from minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the integral from minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the integral from minus pi
+to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+of uh now integrating first with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh now integrating first with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh now integrating first with respect
+to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in T and now integrating first with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in T and now integrating first with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in T and now integrating first with
+respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+the uh let's say DS DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's say DS DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's say DS DT
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now uh I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I do
+um coachy Schwartz on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coachy Schwartz on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coachy Schwartz on this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is less than or equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than or equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than or equal to minus
+pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi
+minus pi to Pi Pi okay n of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi Pi okay n of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi Pi okay n of s
+k n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k n of t
+times I'm using koshy Schwartz and X now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I'm using koshy Schwartz and X now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I'm using koshy Schwartz and X now
+so times the L2 Norm of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times the L2 Norm of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times the L2 Norm of the function
+minus s so I'm taking the L2 Norm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s so I'm taking the L2 Norm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s so I'm taking the L2 Norm in
+this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 DS DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DS DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DS DT
+okay what I mean by this is I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I mean by this is I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I mean by this is I'm taking
+the L2 Norm of this function depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of this function depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of this function depending
+on S but in the first variable in this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on S but in the first variable in this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on S but in the first variable in this x
+variable okay so just write it out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so just write it out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so just write it out to
+see what I mean now this is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean now this is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean now this is the integral
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a function over an interval of length 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function over an interval of length 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function over an interval of length 2
+pi that's 2 pi periodic that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that's 2 pi periodic that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that's 2 pi periodic that's equal to
+the integral of that function over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of that function over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of that function over any
+two Pi periodic interval or any interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi periodic interval or any interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi periodic interval or any interval
+of length 2 pi so I can in fact remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 pi so I can in fact remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 2 pi so I can in fact remove
+this s and remove this T and just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s and remove this T and just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s and remove this T and just pick
+up the L2 Norm of f in both places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the L2 Norm of f in both places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the L2 Norm of f in both places so
+this is in fact equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in fact equal to
+and because these two things no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because these two things no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because these two things no longer
+depend on S and T they come all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on S and T they come all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on S and T they come all the way
+out of the integral and I get L2 Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the integral and I get L2 Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the integral and I get L2 Norm
+squared times minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times minus pi to Pi
+okay n of s d s times the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of s d s times the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of s d s times the integral from
+minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi
+okay n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n of t
+DT both of these integrals equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT both of these integrals equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT both of these integrals equal one
+so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get
+a norm squared and I started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm squared and I started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm squared and I started off with
+the L2 Norm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm squared
+or the L2 Norm squared of the chizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the L2 Norm squared of the chizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the L2 Norm squared of the chizarro
+mean of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of f
+so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this for all two Pi periodic continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all two Pi periodic continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all two Pi periodic continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+how do we then get the Bound for general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we then get the Bound for general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we then get the Bound for general
+f we use the density argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by what you've done in the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you've done in the assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you've done in the assignments
+there exists a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence
+of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me start over real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start over real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start over real quick
+now let's take a general element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a general element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a general element
+in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L2
+okay now we start by assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there exists
+a sequence of two Pi periodic continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of two Pi periodic continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of two Pi periodic continuous
+functions converging to F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fan of
+2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN
+the FNS converge to F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one can verify simply from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can verify simply from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can verify simply from the
+definition of each of the chizarro means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of each of the chizarro means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of each of the chizarro means
+that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+so this is as little n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chizarro means also converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro means also converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro means also converge
+as little n goes to Infinity so capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little n goes to Infinity so capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little n goes to Infinity so capital
+N here is fixed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N here is fixed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N here is fixed okay
+just using the definition of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the definition of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the definition of what the
+chizarro mean is and koshy Schwartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro mean is and koshy Schwartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chizarro mean is and koshy Schwartz
+basically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fact that FNS converge to F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that FNS converge to F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that FNS converge to F and
+L2 thus we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 thus we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 thus we get that
+the L2 Norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of
+the Cesaro mean is equal to the Limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cesaro mean is equal to the Limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cesaro mean is equal to the Limit as
+n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to Infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is little n
+of the L2 Norm of the Cesaro means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L2 Norm of the Cesaro means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the L2 Norm of the Cesaro means of
+these continuous two Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these continuous two Pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these continuous two Pi periodic
+functions which as we've proven already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which as we've proven already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which as we've proven already
+these are all less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all less than or equal to the
+L2 Norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 Norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 Norm of
+F in because they're 2 pi periodic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in because they're 2 pi periodic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in because they're 2 pi periodic and
+again because f is converging to FN the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because f is converging to FN the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because f is converging to FN the
+Norms converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get uh
+get the the result I wanted for General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the result I wanted for General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the result I wanted for General
+L2 functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 functions
+okay so now we're almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+what we have is this bound uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is this bound uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is this bound uh and we
+have that the Cesaro means converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the Cesaro means converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the Cesaro means converge
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+two uh so if I take the jazara means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so if I take the jazara means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so if I take the jazara means of
+a continuous function those converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function those converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function those converge to
+The Continuous function uniformly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Continuous function uniformly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Continuous function uniformly on the
+interval we're going to use that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we're going to use that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we're going to use that this
+bound and the density again of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the density again of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the density again of the two
+Pi periodic continuous functions nl2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi periodic continuous functions nl2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi periodic continuous functions nl2 to
+to conclude the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the chizarro means converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as capital N goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capital N goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as capital N goes
+to Infinity in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get as an immediate Corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if all of the Fourier coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the Fourier coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the Fourier coefficients are
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f is zero right because if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is zero right because if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is zero right because if I have
+this if I've proven this and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I've proven this and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I've proven this and all the
+Fourier coefficients are zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficients are zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficients are zero then the
+Cesaro means are all zero and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro means are all zero and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro means are all zero and therefore
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+since this is zero converging to f f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is zero converging to f f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is zero converging to f f
+must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero
+okay and therefore the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the set of
+exponentials normalized of course form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials normalized of course form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials normalized of course form a
+maximal orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a subset of L2 I.E that they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of L2 I.E that they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of L2 I.E that they're a
+orthonormal basis for big L2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for big L2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for big L2 which
+answers the question we had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question we had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the question we had about
+Fourier series converging to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series converging to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series converging to a function
+in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll do this uh just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do this uh just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll do this uh just as a
+standard or Epsilon n argument let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or Epsilon n argument let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or Epsilon n argument let
+Epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so
+but FB and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let Epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the continuous two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the continuous two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the continuous two Pi
+periodic functions are dense in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions are dense in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic functions are dense in L2
+because you did this in the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you did this in the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you did this in the assignment
+that for any F and L2 over an interval I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any F and L2 over an interval I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any F and L2 over an interval I
+can find a continuous function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a continuous function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a continuous function that
+vanishes at the endpoints and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes at the endpoints and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes at the endpoints and therefore
+is periodic which is close to F in L2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic which is close to F in L2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic which is close to F in L2 so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a g that's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two Pi periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pi periodic
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+F minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G
+and L2 Norm is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 Norm is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 Norm is less than
+Epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or Epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Sigma n g converges to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+on minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists natural number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists natural number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists natural number m
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all n bigger than or equal to m
+for all x minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x minus pi to Pi
+I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that
+Sigma n g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n g of x
+minus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G of x
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+Epsilon over three square root of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we go about the part where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go about the part where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go about the part where we
+replace f with g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace f with g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace f with g
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n bigger than or equal to M if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to M if I
+look at the L2 Norm of Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the L2 Norm of Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the L2 Norm of Sigma n
+of f minus F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus F and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus F and L2
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and I apply the triangle I add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I apply the triangle I add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I apply the triangle I add and
+subtract terms and apply the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract terms and apply the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract terms and apply the triangle
+inequality I get that this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality I get that this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality I get that this is less than
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n
+of f minus g 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus g 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus g 2 plus
+Sigma n of G minus G and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of G minus G and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of G minus G and L2
+Plus ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus ah
+G minus F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus F and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus F and L2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so Sigma n of f minus G is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma n of f minus G is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Sigma n of f minus G is equal to
+Sigma n of f minus Sigma n of G so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f minus Sigma n of G so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n of f minus Sigma n of G so I
+kind of use that there without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use that there without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of use that there without
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know explicitly stating that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know explicitly stating that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know explicitly stating that so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+say Sigma n of f minus Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Sigma n of f minus Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Sigma n of f minus Sigma n
+of G just from the definition you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G just from the definition you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G just from the definition you can
+check this is equal to Sigma n of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this is equal to Sigma n of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this is equal to Sigma n of f
+minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now by the bound I just proved the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the bound I just proved the L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by the bound I just proved the L2
+Norm of the chizarro mean is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of the chizarro mean is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of the chizarro mean is less than
+or equal to the L2 Norm of what I'm take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the L2 Norm of what I'm take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the L2 Norm of what I'm take
+of the function here so this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function here so this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function here so this is less
+than or equal to F minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to F minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to F minus G
+2 and then I also have this uh L2 Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I also have this uh L2 Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then I also have this uh L2 Norm
+of f minus G there so I'll put a 2 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus G there so I'll put a 2 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f minus G there so I'll put a 2 there
+plus and I'll actually write out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and I'll actually write out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and I'll actually write out what
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+Sigma n g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma n g
+of x minus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus uh
+G of x squared DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x squared DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x squared DX
+one-half okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half okay
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+F minus G is less than Epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G is less than Epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F minus G is less than Epsilon over
+three and L2 Norm so this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and L2 Norm so this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and L2 Norm so this is less than
+twice Epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice Epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice Epsilon over three
+Sigma NG minus G is less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma NG minus G is less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma NG minus G is less than Epsilon
+over three square root of two Pi here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three square root of two Pi here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three square root of two Pi here
+so I get square Epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get square Epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get square Epsilon over three
+that pulls all the way out minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pulls all the way out minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pulls all the way out minus pi
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi
+DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and
+I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get
+Epsilon in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in the end
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that concludes what I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that concludes what I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that concludes what I wanted to do
+for Fourier series at least for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fourier series at least for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Fourier series at least for now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which applies you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which applies you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which applies you know
+what we've done for a you know Labay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done for a you know Labay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done for a you know Labay
+integration these big LP spaces and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration these big LP spaces and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration these big LP spaces and also
+some of this General Machinery we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this General Machinery we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this General Machinery we built
+up for Hilbert spaces to actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for Hilbert spaces to actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for Hilbert spaces to actually kind
+of answer a more concrete question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answer a more concrete question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answer a more concrete question
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know just trying to prove General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just trying to prove General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just trying to prove General
+statements I mean General statements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I mean General statements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I mean General statements are
+very very useful I'm not saying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very useful I'm not saying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very useful I'm not saying they're
+not but I'm just saying so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but I'm just saying so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but I'm just saying so that you can
+kind of see a concrete problem why one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see a concrete problem why one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see a concrete problem why one
+would want and use functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want and use functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want and use functional analysis
+in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming back to what we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make a couple of remarks about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple of remarks about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple of remarks about what we
+haven't shown uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown uh
+it's a very deep theorem due to Carlson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very deep theorem due to Carlson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very deep theorem due to Carlson
+so what we've shown is that the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown is that the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown is that the partial
+sums so we showed the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so we showed the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so we showed the the
+set of exponentials normalized or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of exponentials normalized or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of exponentials normalized or a
+maximal orthonormal set I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal set I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal orthonormal set I mean that
+their orthonormal basis so the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their orthonormal basis so the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their orthonormal basis so the partial
+sums uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums uh
+converge to F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to F and
+L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2
+so this is what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we've
+shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all F and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all F and L2
+the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to f
+and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but this does not translate into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not translate into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this does not translate into a
+point-wise statement this does not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-wise statement this does not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-wise statement this does not say
+that the partial sums converge to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial sums converge to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the partial sums converge to F
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+okay there is a general theorem one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is a general theorem one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is a general theorem one can
+say that there that is covered in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there that is covered in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there that is covered in more
+advanced measure Theory classes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced measure Theory classes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced measure Theory classes where
+one can say that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can say that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can say that there exists a
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+converging to F almost everywhere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to F almost everywhere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to F almost everywhere but
+that's not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very good
+or at least very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least very clean
+now for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for a long time
+it was not necessarily believed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not necessarily believed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not necessarily believed that the
+partial sums converge to F almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converge to F almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converge to F almost
+everywhere but a theorem due to Carlson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shows that for all F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that for all F and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that for all F and L2
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+do converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do converge
+to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function
+almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere
+okay this is uh in fact I mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh in fact I mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh in fact I mean maybe
+this is true maybe this is not I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true maybe this is not I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true maybe this is not I heard
+this from my advisor Carlson spent a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from my advisor Carlson spent a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from my advisor Carlson spent a few
+decades trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades trying to prove
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the negation of this statement trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of this statement trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of this statement trying to
+come up with an example of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an example of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an example of a function
+whose partial sums converge don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose partial sums converge don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose partial sums converge don't
+converge almost everywhere back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge almost everywhere back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge almost everywhere back to the
+function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then
+he um came up with the bright idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um came up with the bright idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he um came up with the bright idea that
+well maybe that's not true let me spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's not true let me spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's not true let me spend
+some time trying to put myself in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time trying to put myself in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time trying to put myself in in
+the other shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other shoes
+and within like a year or a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within like a year or a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within like a year or a couple of
+years he was able to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he was able to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he was able to prove this theorem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Carlson's theorem that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Carlson's theorem that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Carlson's theorem that we do
+have convergence almost everywhere now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence almost everywhere now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence almost everywhere now
+you can also ask about what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also ask about what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also ask about what about
+convergence so this is Convergence in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so this is Convergence in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so this is Convergence in L2
+of the partial sums we have other LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sums we have other LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sums we have other LP
+spaces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces right
+what about in those LP spaces can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about in those LP spaces can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about in those LP spaces can I
+replace this too with P the the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this too with P the the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this too with P the the Fourier
+coefficients and partial sums these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and partial sums these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and partial sums these all
+make sense for any at for any uh big LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for any at for any uh big LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for any at for any uh big LP
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um so what is known is that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is known is that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is known is that also
+and now the name is escaping me but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the name is escaping me but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the name is escaping me but I'll
+just state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just state it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for all P between 1 and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums
+and LP or the partial sums converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LP or the partial sums converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LP or the partial sums converge to
+the function NLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when P equals one uh this is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P equals one uh this is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when P equals one uh this is false
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and when P equals infinity infinity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when P equals infinity infinity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when P equals infinity infinity this
+is also false because the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also false because the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also false because the partial sums
+these are finite linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are finite linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are finite linear combination of
+exponentials and therefore continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and therefore continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and therefore continuous
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+so you can't have for an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't have for an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't have for an arbitrary
+function in L Infinity which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in L Infinity which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in L Infinity which can be
+discontinuous just has to be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous just has to be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous just has to be bounded
+these converging to Ln and such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these converging to Ln and such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these converging to Ln and such a
+function because this would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because this would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because this would have to be
+because then the limit would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the limit would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the limit would have to be
+continuous okay the uniform limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay the uniform limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay the uniform limit of
+continuous functions which L Infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions which L Infinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions which L Infinity is
+kind of kind of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of is
+has to be continuous okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be continuous okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be continuous okay
+so that's why you wouldn't expect it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you wouldn't expect it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you wouldn't expect it for
+L infinity and for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L infinity and for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L infinity and for uh
+what one would call duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call duality
+because L Infinity is the Dual of L1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L Infinity is the Dual of L1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L Infinity is the Dual of L1 uh
+you also don't get P equals one but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also don't get P equals one but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also don't get P equals one but in
+fact things are worse there you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact things are worse there you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact things are worse there you can come
+up with an L1 function so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an L1 function so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an L1 function so that the
+Fourier series I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series I think
+I don't think I'm lying when I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm lying when I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm lying when I say this
+but diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but diverges
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diverges almost everywhere I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges almost everywhere I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges almost everywhere I want to say
+okay I don't think I'm lying but for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't think I'm lying but for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't think I'm lying but for p
+equals one one can come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one one can come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one one can come up with a
+example where the Fourier where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the Fourier where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the Fourier where the the
+partial sums diverge Point wise almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums diverge Point wise almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums diverge Point wise almost
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but uh to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but uh to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but uh to prove
+um kind of this flavor of statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of this flavor of statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of this flavor of statements
+um requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um requires
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+deeper harmonic analysis harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper harmonic analysis harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper harmonic analysis harmonic
+analysis being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis being
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the umbrella that Fourier analysis sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the umbrella that Fourier analysis sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the umbrella that Fourier analysis sits
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay and requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and requires
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know a knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a knowledge of
+or at least a working with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a working with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a working with certain
+operators which are called singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which are called singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which are called singular
+integral operators which were developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral operators which were developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral operators which were developed
+back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the
+last century middle of the last century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last century middle of the last century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last century middle of the last century
+at the University of Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Chicago
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by my mathematical grandfather and great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my mathematical grandfather and great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my mathematical grandfather and great
+grandfather uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather uh
+but uh which gives you some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh which gives you some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh which gives you some sort of
+which gives you some beautiful results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you some beautiful results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you some beautiful results
+about again convergence of Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about again convergence of Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about again convergence of Fourier
+series but also some applications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but also some applications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but also some applications to
+pdes uh which were why they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes uh which were why they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes uh which were why they were
+originally uh created in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh created in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh created in the first place
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so on uh but perhaps you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh but perhaps you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh but perhaps you'll
+encounter that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that if you take a
+class in harmonic analysis or 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in harmonic analysis or 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in harmonic analysis or 4A series
+I haven't taught the Fourier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't taught the Fourier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't taught the Fourier series
+class so I don't know what it's about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I don't know what it's about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I don't know what it's about uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+material it will not be covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it will not be covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it will not be covered in this
+class and this will be as far as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and this will be as far as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and this will be as far as we go
+as far as you know these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you know these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as you know these types of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+all right so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so next time
+um we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll move on to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimizers over convex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers over convex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizers over convex uh
+overclosed convex sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overclosed convex sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overclosed convex sets and
+consequences of that which one of is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that which one of is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of that which one of is one
+one being that we can identify which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one being that we can identify which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one being that we can identify which is
+kind of the most important application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most important application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most important application
+we can identify the Dual of a Hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can identify the Dual of a Hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can identify the Dual of a Hilbert
+space with the Hilbert space okay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with the Hilbert space okay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with the Hilbert space okay in a
+canonical way you can already kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical way you can already kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical way you can already kind of
+prove that you can already prove that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you can already prove that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you can already prove that if
+you wish using the fact that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish using the fact that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish using the fact that every
+Hilbert space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space is
+isometrically isomorphic to little L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometrically isomorphic to little L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometrically isomorphic to little L2
+you know that little The Duel of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that little The Duel of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that little The Duel of little
+L2 is 1 over Q is lq where one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is 1 over Q is lq where one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 is 1 over Q is lq where one over two
+plus one over Q equals one and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over Q equals one and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over Q equals one and therefore
+Q equals two so L little L2 is a dual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q equals two so L little L2 is a dual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q equals two so L little L2 is a dual of
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh we'll prove it for General Hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll prove it for General Hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll prove it for General Hilbert
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+which has some some very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some some very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some some very uh
+important and interesting consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and interesting consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and interesting consequences
+when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+now studying you know solving equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now studying you know solving equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now studying you know solving equations
+in Hilbert spaces meaning you have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hilbert spaces meaning you have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hilbert spaces meaning you have up
+you know linear operators when can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear operators when can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linear operators when can you
+solve uh equations involving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh equations involving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh equations involving these
+linear operators and so on all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators and so on all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators and so on all right so
+we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8NKsBpjXRt0.txt b/8NKsBpjXRt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebb7e91d81d87fa20396d07e9f39915aae14d87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8NKsBpjXRt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is where the power of this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where the power of this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is where the power of this comes
+when you decide that you're gonna invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decide that you're gonna invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decide that you're gonna invent
+all possible Hamiltonians at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible Hamiltonians at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible Hamiltonians at this moment
+this is you've reviews the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you've reviews the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you've reviews the infinite
+dimensional space of functions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space of functions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space of functions on the
+line to two points so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to two points so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to two points so you have a
+two-dimensional vector space dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional vector space dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional vector space dramatic
+reduction so here we decide okay here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so here we decide okay here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so here we decide okay here is
+the Hamiltonian and it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian and it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian and it's going to be a
+two by two matrix and it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two matrix and it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two matrix and it better be
+hermitian so what options do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so what options do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian so what options do I have
+well hermitian means a transpose complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hermitian means a transpose complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hermitian means a transpose complex
+conjugate that gives you back the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate that gives you back the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate that gives you back the same
+matrix so let's try to parameterize such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let's try to parameterize such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so let's try to parameterize such
+matrix I could put a zero a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I could put a zero a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I could put a zero a real
+quantity here and another real quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and another real quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and another real quantity
+in the bottom size and if they are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom size and if they are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom size and if they are real
+the transpose complex conjugate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose complex conjugate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose complex conjugate will
+remain the same that's okay so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same that's okay so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same that's okay so I could
+put a 0 and a 1 here I'll do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a 0 and a 1 here I'll do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a 0 and a 1 here I'll do it in a
+little different way I'll put a 0 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different way I'll put a 0 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different way I'll put a 0 plus a
+3 and a 0 minus a 3 here now the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and a 0 minus a 3 here now the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and a 0 minus a 3 here now the thing
+is that a 0 a 3 have to be real so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a 0 a 3 have to be real so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a 0 a 3 have to be real so I'll
+use a 0 a 1 a 2 and a 3 and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 0 a 1 a 2 and a 3 and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 0 a 1 a 2 and a 3 and they all
+should be real so here transpose complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be real so here transpose complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be real so here transpose complex
+conjugate doesn't affect these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate doesn't affect these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate doesn't affect these things
+they are the same that's good here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same that's good here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same that's good here with
+a put a 1 minus ia2 this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put a 1 minus ia2 this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put a 1 minus ia2 this is a complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and the only thing that must happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that must happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that must happen is
+that when I transpose and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I transpose and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I transpose and complex
+conjugate I must get the same thing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate I must get the same thing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate I must get the same thing so I
+should put here a 1 plus ia2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if I transpose this I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I transpose this I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I transpose this I would have
+it on this side and then I come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this side and then I come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this side and then I come to
+conjugate it and it becomes this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate it and it becomes this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate it and it becomes this term
+similarly if I transpose this term it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I transpose this term it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I transpose this term it
+goes here but then complex conjugated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here but then complex conjugated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here but then complex conjugated it
+becomes that so this is actually I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that so this is actually I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that so this is actually I claim
+the most general two by two hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general two by two hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general two by two hermitian
+matrix time independent you see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix time independent you see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix time independent you see we've
+solved all our quantum mechanics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all our quantum mechanics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved all our quantum mechanics this
+semester has been time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester has been time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester has been time independent
+potentials so here it's time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so here it's time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so here it's time independent
+and now this is the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is the most general
+Hamiltonian you could have that's it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian you could have that's it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian you could have that's it so
+when you see something that you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see something that you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see something that you realize
+it in an hour or two or after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an hour or two or after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in an hour or two or after some
+thinking you will have solved the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you will have solved the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you will have solved the most
+general dynamical system with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general dynamical system with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general dynamical system with two
+degrees of freedom in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in quantum mechanics
+so I will write this as a zero times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will write this as a zero times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will write this as a zero times
+this matrix plus a 1 times this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix plus a 1 times this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix plus a 1 times this matrix
+plus a 2 times this matrix plus a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 2 times this matrix plus a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 2 times this matrix plus a 3
+times this matrix that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this matrix that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this matrix that's exactly what
+you have in there multiply in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in there multiply in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in there multiply in this
+constant and add this matrices and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and add this matrices and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and add this matrices and they
+give you all what we have so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you all what we have so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you all what we have so actually
+this are the basic hermitian two-by-two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are the basic hermitian two-by-two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are the basic hermitian two-by-two
+matrices and if you multiply them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and if you multiply them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and if you multiply them by
+real numbers you still are hermitian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers you still are hermitian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers you still are hermitian and
+if you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add them
+you're still are hermitian so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still are hermitian so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still are hermitian so the most
+general hermitian matrix has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general hermitian matrix has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general hermitian matrix has four
+parameters and it is a space of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and it is a space of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and it is a space of matrices
+spanned by these four matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by these four matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by these four matrices
+they are so famous this matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so famous this matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so famous this matrices that
+this is called Sigma 1 Scot Sigma 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Sigma 1 Scot Sigma 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Sigma 1 Scot Sigma 2 and
+this is called Sigma 3 and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Sigma 3 and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called Sigma 3 and they are
+called the poly matrices matrices well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the poly matrices matrices well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the poly matrices matrices well
+but let's put units to these things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's put units to these things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's put units to these things we
+want to write Hamiltonian so let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write Hamiltonian so let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write Hamiltonian so let's make
+sure we have units that do the job the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have units that do the job the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have units that do the job the
+Hamiltonian must have units of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian must have units of energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian must have units of energy so
+we could do a Hamiltonian it has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do a Hamiltonian it has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do a Hamiltonian it has units
+of energy so I'll write H Omega which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy so I'll write H Omega which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy so I'll write H Omega which
+has units of energy Omega 1 Sigma 1 + H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of energy Omega 1 Sigma 1 + H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of energy Omega 1 Sigma 1 + H
+output even over 2 H Omega 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output even over 2 H Omega 2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output even over 2 H Omega 2 over 2
+Sigma 2 + H Omega 3 over 2 Sigma 3 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 + H Omega 3 over 2 Sigma 3 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 + H Omega 3 over 2 Sigma 3 now
+you would say well why didn't you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well why didn't you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say well why didn't you use
+the first matrix I could have used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first matrix I could have used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first matrix I could have used the
+first matrix but the first matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first matrix but the first matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first matrix but the first matrix is
+proportional to the identity we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the identity we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the identity we already
+learn in our course that if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in our course that if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in our course that if you have an
+extra constant operator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra constant operator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra constant operator in the
+Hamiltonian it doesn't change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it doesn't change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it doesn't change your
+calculations in any way you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in any way you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in any way you had the
+Hamiltonian for the hydrogen for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the hydrogen for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the hydrogen for the
+harmonic oscillator was H Omega n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator was H Omega n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator was H Omega n plus
+1/2 and the 1/2 was an additive constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the 1/2 was an additive constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the 1/2 was an additive constant
+never played any important role so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played any important role so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played any important role so this
+would be an additive constant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an additive constant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an additive constant to the
+energy would tell you how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would tell you how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy would tell you how you're
+measuring the energy from what level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the energy from what level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the energy from what level so
+it's not very interesting you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very interesting you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very interesting you can you
+it's sometimes but it's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes but it's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes but it's definitely not
+all that interesting so I'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that interesting so I'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that interesting so I'll do a little
+variation of this by writing Omega 1 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this by writing Omega 1 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of this by writing Omega 1 H
+over 2 Sigma 1 plus Omega 2 H over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma 1 plus Omega 2 H over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma 1 plus Omega 2 H over 2
+Sigma 2 plus Omega 3 H over 2 Sigma 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 plus Omega 3 H over 2 Sigma 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 plus Omega 3 H over 2 Sigma 3
+and then you say look oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say look oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say look oh that's
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+oh okay I have an Omega and and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I have an Omega and and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I have an Omega and and and this
+thing but Omega is fine we know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but Omega is fine we know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but Omega is fine we know whether
+this is a frequency one over time unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a frequency one over time unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a frequency one over time unit
+but this has units of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum H bar has units of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum H bar has units of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum H bar has units of angular
+momentum and the thing that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the thing that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the thing that it's a
+little mysterious here is that we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mysterious here is that we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mysterious here is that we seem
+to have three of them so maybe somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have three of them so maybe somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have three of them so maybe somehow
+this has to do with angular momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with angular momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with angular momentum so
+let's investigate it a little bit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's investigate it a little bit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's investigate it a little bit well
+they have units of angular momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have units of angular momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have units of angular momentum so
+maybe I can call some sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can call some sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can call some sort of first
+component of angular momentum h-bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum h-bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum h-bar over
+2 Sigma one second component of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Sigma one second component of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Sigma one second component of angular
+momentum H 1 over 2 Sigma 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum H 1 over 2 Sigma 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum H 1 over 2 Sigma 2 and the
+third component of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component of angular momentum
+h-bar over 2 Sigma 3 well those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over 2 Sigma 3 well those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar over 2 Sigma 3 well those are just
+names but we can try to do a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but we can try to do a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but we can try to do a computation
+with them we can try to see what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we can try to see what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we can try to see what is the
+commutator of s H with sy and happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of s H with sy and happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of s H with sy and happily
+these are matrices so it's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are matrices so it's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are matrices so it's a natural
+thing to do commute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do commute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do commute a
+so you would have h-bar over 2 Sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would have h-bar over 2 Sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would have h-bar over 2 Sigma 1
+with h-bar over 2 Sigma 2 commutator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h-bar over 2 Sigma 2 commutator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with h-bar over 2 Sigma 2 commutator and
+it's equal to H bar over 2 times H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to H bar over 2 times H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to H bar over 2 times H bar
+over 2 Sigma 1 Sigma 2 minus Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma 1 Sigma 2 minus Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 Sigma 1 Sigma 2 minus Sigma 2
+Sigma 1 so it's H bar over 2 times H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 so it's H bar over 2 times H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 so it's H bar over 2 times H bar
+over 2 and let's do this Sigma 1 is 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and let's do this Sigma 1 is 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and let's do this Sigma 1 is 0 1
+1 0 Sigma 2 is 0 minus I I 0 minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 Sigma 2 is 0 minus I I 0 minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 Sigma 2 is 0 minus I I 0 minus 0
+minus I I 0 0 1 1 0 ok I have to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I I 0 0 1 1 0 ok I have to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I I 0 0 1 1 0 ok I have to do all
+that arithmetic happily this is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic happily this is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic happily this is not that
+bad let's see if I don't make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok here I get that um tutor and I from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok here I get that um tutor and I from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok here I get that um tutor and I from
+the first 0 here 0 and a - I here - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 0 here 0 and a - I here - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 0 here 0 and a - I here - and
+minus I 0 a 0 and an i which is H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I 0 a 0 and an i which is H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I 0 a 0 and an i which is H bar
+over 2 times R H bar over 2 times oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times R H bar over 2 times oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times R H bar over 2 times oh
+they don't can so they seem to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't can so they seem to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't can so they seem to cancel
+this in mind this is actually twice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind this is actually twice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind this is actually twice of
+those so - I minus 2 I 0 0 and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so - I minus 2 I 0 0 and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so - I minus 2 I 0 0 and here we
+get a 2 cancels this and then I goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 cancels this and then I goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 cancels this and then I goes out
+so I'll have an with this factor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have an with this factor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have an with this factor and the
+I out is I h-bar times H bar over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I out is I h-bar times H bar over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I out is I h-bar times H bar over 2
+times the matrix 1 minus 1 0 0 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the matrix 1 minus 1 0 0 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the matrix 1 minus 1 0 0 ok
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+it gave that but h-bar over 2 1 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave that but h-bar over 2 1 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave that but h-bar over 2 1 minus 1
+1 minus 1 is Sigma 3 and h-bar over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 is Sigma 3 and h-bar over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 is Sigma 3 and h-bar over 2
+Sigma 3 is s Z so this is all s Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 3 is s Z so this is all s Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 3 is s Z so this is all s Z so
+it's I h-bar is Z so this stuff SX sy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I h-bar is Z so this stuff SX sy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I h-bar is Z so this stuff SX sy is
+giving you I h-bar as Z and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you I h-bar as Z and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you I h-bar as Z and that was
+exactly like angular momentum so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like angular momentum so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like angular momentum so not
+only it has the units of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it has the units of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it has the units of angular
+momentum it has the commutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it has the commutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it has the commutation
+relations of angular momentum hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations of angular momentum hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations of angular momentum hermitian
+operators 2 by 2 matrices they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators 2 by 2 matrices they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators 2 by 2 matrices they used to
+be R cross P all these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R cross P all these derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R cross P all these derivatives
+complicated stuff here it is with 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff here it is with 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff here it is with 2 by 2
+matrices you've constructed angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you've constructed angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you've constructed angular
+momentum but we've constructed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but we've constructed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but we've constructed that this
+moment is spin 1/2 hole spin 1/2 system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is spin 1/2 hole spin 1/2 system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is spin 1/2 hole spin 1/2 system
+is nothing else than that angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else than that angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else than that angular
+momentum and the freedom of having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the freedom of having two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the freedom of having two
+discrete degrees of freedom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete degrees of freedom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete degrees of freedom the
+interpretation that they have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that they have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that they have to do with
+spin up and spin down is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up and spin down is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up and spin down is something that
+physicists came up with but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists came up with but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists came up with but the
+mathematics was there waiting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics was there waiting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics was there waiting as the
+simplest quantum mechanical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest quantum mechanical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest quantum mechanical problem
+controlling the rode the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the rode the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the rode the Schrodinger
+equation maybe if he was had been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe if he was had been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe if he was had been more
+mathematically inclined he could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically inclined he could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically inclined he could have
+discovered five minutes later spin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered five minutes later spin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered five minutes later spin but
+he wanted to figure out the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to figure out the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to figure out the wave
+function of the hydrogen atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the hydrogen atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the hydrogen atom and
+scattering and all these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and all these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and all these very
+complicated things so needless to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things so needless to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things so needless to say
+the other commutation relations work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other commutation relations work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other commutation relations work out
+so if you check that sy with SZ you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you check that sy with SZ you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you check that sy with SZ you will
+get I h-bar SX and if you do finally SZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I h-bar SX and if you do finally SZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I h-bar SX and if you do finally SZ
+with SX you will get IH bar sy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SX you will get IH bar sy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with SX you will get IH bar sy so this
+two-by-two matrices satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two matrices satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-by-two matrices satisfy this
+property and there's a little more to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and there's a little more to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and there's a little more to be
+said I want to say a few more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I want to say a few more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I want to say a few more things
+about it because it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because it's kind of
+counterintuitive and and therefore very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive and and therefore very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive and and therefore very
+nice spin 1/2 is half of the semester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice spin 1/2 is half of the semester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice spin 1/2 is half of the semester in
+805 is devoted to spin 1/2 it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 is devoted to spin 1/2 it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 is devoted to spin 1/2 it takes a
+while to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to understand it
+ah so I wanted you to see it at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so I wanted you to see it at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so I wanted you to see it at least
+once and the problem is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and the problem is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and the problem is the physical
+interpretation this kind of takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation this kind of takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation this kind of takes time
+to get accustomed so on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get accustomed so on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get accustomed so on the other hand
+we did write Hamiltonian so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did write Hamiltonian so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did write Hamiltonian so the
+Hamiltonian was Omega 1 sx plus Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian was Omega 1 sx plus Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian was Omega 1 sx plus Omega 2
+sy plus Omega 3s Z and it's there as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy plus Omega 3s Z and it's there as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy plus Omega 3s Z and it's there as 1
+is 2 is 3 second line and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 is 3 second line and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 is 3 second line and this is the
+Hamiltonian so people write it sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian so people write it sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian so people write it sometimes
+as Omega dotted with a s vector as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega dotted with a s vector as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega dotted with a s vector as it
+st. has three components as Omega has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. has three components as Omega has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. has three components as Omega has
+three components as well and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components as well and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components as well and there's a
+lot of physics in this Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physics in this Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physics in this Hamiltonian is
+the simplest I'm Italian but it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest I'm Italian but it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest I'm Italian but it actually
+represents a spin in a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a spin in a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a spin in a magnetic field
+and what it will make it do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it will make it do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it will make it do this
+Hamilton if we solve the differential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton if we solve the differential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton if we solve the differential is
+two by two matrix equation we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two matrix equation we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two matrix equation we will find
+that the spin starts to precess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spin starts to precess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spin starts to precess that's
+the origin of nuclear magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of nuclear magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of nuclear magnetic
+resonance pinnings processing spins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance pinnings processing spins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance pinnings processing spins that
+the machine makes them process and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine makes them process and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine makes them process and they
+send a signal and you detect the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal and you detect the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal and you detect the density
+of different fluids in the body
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8g4UudyOetE.txt b/8g4UudyOetE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f919998c88aebcf4a0d3dea7bcb2d4751addae6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8g4UudyOetE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time, we
+introduced the Laplace
+
+transform as a generalization of
+the Fourier transform, and,
+
+just as a reminder, the Laplace
+transform expression
+
+as we developed it is this
+integral, very much similar to
+
+the Fourier transform integral,
+except with a more
+
+general complex variable.
+
+And, in fact, we developed and
+talked about the relationship
+
+between the Laplace transform
+and the Fourier transform.
+
+In particular, the Laplace
+transform with the Laplace
+
+transform variable s, purely
+imaginary, in fact, reduces to
+
+the Fourier transform.
+
+Or, more generally, with the
+Laplace transform variable as
+
+a complex number, the Laplace
+transform is the Fourier
+
+transform of the corresponding
+time function with an
+
+exponential weighting.
+
+And, also, as you should
+recall, the exponential
+
+waiting introduced the notion
+that the Laplace transform may
+
+converge for some values of
+sigma and perhaps not for
+
+other values of sigma.
+
+So associated with the Laplace
+transform was what we refer to
+
+as the region of convergence.
+
+Now just as with the Fourier
+transform, there are a number
+
+of properties of the Laplace
+transform that are extremely
+
+useful in describing and
+analyzing signals and systems.
+
+For example, one of the
+properties that we, in fact,
+
+took advantage of in our
+discussion last time was the
+
+linearly the linearity property,
+which says, in
+
+essence, that the Laplace
+transform of the linear
+
+combination of two time
+functions is the same linear
+
+combination of the associated
+Laplace transforms.
+
+Also, there is a very important
+and useful property,
+
+which tells us how the
+
+derivative of a time function--
+
+rather, the Laplace transform
+of the derivative--
+
+is related to the Laplace
+transform.
+
+In particular, the Laplace
+transform of the derivative is
+
+the Laplace transform x
+of t multiplied by s.
+
+And, as you can see by just
+setting s equal to j omega, in
+
+fact, this reduces to the
+corresponding Fourier
+
+transform property.
+
+And a third property that we'll
+make frequent use of is
+
+referred to as the convolution
+property.
+
+Again, a generalization of the
+convolution property for
+
+Fourier transforms.
+
+Here the convolution property
+says that the Laplace
+
+transform of the convolution of
+two time functions is the
+
+product of the associated
+Laplace transforms.
+
+Now it's important at some point
+to think carefully about
+
+the region of convergence as we
+discuss these properties.
+
+And let me just draw your
+attention to the fact that in
+
+discussing properties fully and
+in detail, one has to pay
+
+attention not just to how the
+algebraic expression changes,
+
+but also what the consequences
+are for the region of
+
+convergence, and that's
+discussed in somewhat more
+
+detail in the text and
+I won't do that here.
+
+Now the convolution property
+leads to, of course, a very
+
+important and useful mechanism
+for dealing with linear time
+
+invariant systems, very much as
+the Fourier transform did.
+
+In particular, the convolution
+property tells us that if we
+
+have a linear time invariant
+system, the output in the time
+
+domain is the convolution
+of the input
+
+and the impulse response.
+
+In the Laplace transform domain,
+the Laplace transform
+
+of the output is the Laplace
+transform of the impulse
+
+response times the Laplace
+transform of the input.
+
+And again, this is a
+generalization of the
+
+corresponding property for
+Fourier transforms.
+
+In the case of the Fourier
+transform, the Fourier
+
+transform [? of ?] the impulse
+response we refer to as the
+
+frequency response.
+
+In the more general case with
+Laplace transforms, it's
+
+typical to refer to the Laplace
+transform of the
+
+impulse response as the
+system function.
+
+Now in talking about the system
+function, some issues
+
+of the region of convergence--
+
+and for that matter,
+location of poles
+
+of the system function--
+
+are closely tied in and related
+to issues of whether
+
+the system is stable
+and causal.
+
+And in fact, there's some useful
+statements that can be
+
+made that play an important role
+throughout the further
+
+discussion.
+
+For example, we know from
+previous discussions that
+
+there's a condition for
+stability of a system, which
+
+is absolute integrability
+of the impulse response.
+
+And that, in fact, is the same
+condition for convergence of
+
+the Fourier transform of
+the impulse response.
+
+What that says, really, is that
+if a system is stable,
+
+then the region of convergence
+of the system function must
+
+include the j omega axis.
+
+Which, of course, is where the
+Laplace transform reduces to
+
+the Fourier transform.
+
+So that relates the region of
+convergence and stability.
+
+Also, you recall from last time
+that we talked about the
+
+region of convergence associated
+with right sided
+
+time functions.
+
+In particular for a right
+sided time function, the
+
+region of convergence must
+be to the right of
+
+the rightmost pole.
+
+Well, if, in fact, we have a
+system that's causal, then
+
+that causality imposes the
+condition that the impulse
+
+response be right sided.
+
+And so, in fact, for causality,
+we would have a
+
+region of convergence associated
+with the system
+
+function, which is to the right
+of the rightmost pole.
+
+Now interestingly and very
+important is the consequence,
+
+if you put those two statements
+together, in
+
+particular, you're led to the
+conclusion that for stable
+
+causal systems, all the poles
+must be in the left half of
+
+the s-plane.
+
+What's the reason?
+
+The reason, of course, is that
+if the system is stable and
+
+causal, the region of
+convergence must be to the
+
+right of the rightmost pole.
+
+It must include the
+j omega axis.
+
+Obviously then, all the poles
+must be in the left half of
+
+the s-plane.
+
+And again, that's an issue that
+is discussed somewhat
+
+more carefully and in more
+detail in the text.
+
+Now, the properties that we're
+talking about here are not the
+
+only properties, there
+are many others.
+
+But these properties, in
+particular, provide the
+
+mechanism--
+
+as they did with Fourier
+transforms--
+
+for turning linear constant
+coefficient differential
+
+equations into algebraic
+equations and, corresponding,
+
+lead to a mechanism for dealing
+with and solving
+
+linear constant coefficient
+differential equations.
+
+And I'd like to illustrate that
+by looking at both first
+
+order and second order
+differential equations.
+
+Let's begin, first of all,
+with a first order
+
+differential equation.
+
+So what we're talking about
+is a first order system.
+
+What I mean by that is a system
+that's characterized by
+
+a first order differential
+equation.
+
+And if we apply to this equation
+the differentiation
+
+property, then the
+derivative--
+
+the Laplace transform of the
+derivative is s times the
+
+Laplace transform of
+the time function.
+
+The linearity property allows us
+to combine these together.
+
+And so, consequently, applying
+the Laplace transform to this
+
+equation leads us to this
+algebraic equation, and
+
+following that through, leads
+us to the statement that the
+
+Laplace transform of the output
+is one over s plus a
+
+times the Laplace transform
+of the input.
+
+We know from the convolution
+property that this Laplace
+
+transform is the system
+function times x of s.
+
+And so, one over s plus a is
+the system function or
+
+equivalently, the Laplace
+transform
+
+of the impulse response.
+
+So, we can determine the impulse
+response by taking the
+
+inverse Laplace transform
+of h of s given by
+
+one over s plus a.
+
+Well, we can do that using the
+inspection method, which is
+
+one way that we have of doing
+inverse Laplace transforms.
+
+The question is then, what time
+function has a Laplace
+
+transform which is one
+over s plus a?
+
+The problem that we run
+into is that there are
+
+two answers to that.
+
+one over s plus a is the
+Laplace transform of an
+
+exponential for positive time,
+but one over s plus a is also
+
+the Laplace transform of an
+exponential for negative time.
+
+Which one of these do
+we end up picking?
+
+Well, recall that the difference
+between these was
+
+in their region of
+convergence.
+
+And in fact, in this case, this
+corresponded to a region
+
+of convergence, which was
+the real part of s
+
+greater than minus a.
+
+In this case, this was the
+corresponding Laplace
+
+transform, provided that
+the real part of s is
+
+less than minus a.
+
+So we have to decide which
+region of convergence that we
+
+pick and it's not the
+differential equation that
+
+will tell us that, it's
+something else that has to
+
+give us that information.
+
+What could it be?
+
+Well, what it might be is the
+additional information that
+
+the system is either
+stable or causal.
+
+So for example, if the system
+was causal, we would know that
+
+the region of convergence is to
+the right of the pole and
+
+that would correspond,
+then, to this
+
+being the impulse response.
+
+Whereas, with a negative--
+
+I'm sorry with a positive--
+
+if we knew that the system,
+let's say, was non-causal,
+
+then we would associate with
+this region of convergence and
+
+we would know then that this
+is the impulse response.
+
+So a very important point is
+that what we see is that the
+
+linear constant coefficient
+differential equation gives us
+
+the algebraic expression for the
+system function, but does
+
+not tell us about the region
+of convergence.
+
+We get the reach of convergence
+from some
+
+auxiliary information.
+
+What is that information?
+
+Well, it might, for example, be
+knowledge that the system
+
+is perhaps stable, which tells
+us that the region of
+
+convergence includes the j omega
+axis, or perhaps causal,
+
+which tells us that the region
+of convergence is to the right
+
+of the rightmost pole.
+
+So it's the auxiliary
+information that specifies for
+
+us the region of convergence.
+
+Very important point.
+
+The differential equation by
+itself does not completely
+
+specify the system, it only
+essentially tells us what the
+
+algebraic expression is for
+the system function.
+
+Alright that's a first
+order example.
+
+Let's now look at a second
+order system and the
+
+differential equation that
+I picked in this case.
+
+I've parameterized in a certain
+way, which we'll see
+
+will be useful.
+
+In particular, it's a second
+order differential equation
+
+and I chosen, just for
+simplicity, to not include any
+
+derivatives on the right hand
+side, although we could have.
+
+In fact, if we did, that would
+insert zeros into the system
+
+function, as well as the
+poles inserted by
+
+the left hand side.
+
+We can determine the system
+function in exactly the same
+
+way, namely, apply the Laplace
+transform to this equation.
+
+That would convert this
+differential equation to an
+
+algebraic equation.
+
+And now when we solve this
+algebraic equation for y of s,
+
+in terms of x of s, it will come
+out in the form of y of
+
+s, equal to h of s,
+times x of s.
+
+And h of s, in that case, we
+would get simply by dividing
+
+out by this polynomial [? in ?]
+s, and so the system
+
+function then is the expression
+that I have here.
+
+So this is the form for a second
+order system where
+
+there are two poles.
+
+Since this is a second order
+polynomial, there are no zeros
+
+associated with the fact that
+I had no derivatives of the
+
+input on the right hand
+side of the equation.
+
+Well, let's look at
+this example--
+
+namely the second
+order system--
+
+in a little more detail.
+
+And what we'll want to look at
+is the location of the poles
+
+and some issues such
+as, for example,
+
+the frequency response.
+
+So here again I have the
+algebraic expression for the
+
+system function.
+
+And as I indicated, this is a
+second order polynomial, which
+
+means that we can factor
+it into two roots.
+
+So c1 and c2 represent the poles
+of the system function.
+
+And in particular, in relation
+to the two parameters zeta and
+
+omega sub n--
+
+if we look at what these roots
+are, then what we get are the
+
+two expressions that
+I have below.
+
+And notice, incidentally, that
+if zeta is less than one, then
+
+what's under the square
+root is negative.
+
+And so this, in fact,
+corresponds to
+
+an imaginary part--
+
+an imaginary term for
+zeta less than one.
+
+And so the two roots, then,
+have a real part which is
+
+given by minus zeta omega sub n,
+and an imaginary part-- if
+
+I were to rewrite this and then
+express it in terms of j
+
+or the square root
+of minus one.
+
+Looking below, we'll have a real
+part which is minus zeta
+
+omega sub n--
+
+an imaginary part which
+is omega sub n
+
+times this square root.
+
+So that's for zeta less than one
+and for zeta greater than
+
+one, the two roots, of
+course, will be real.
+
+Alright, so let's examine this
+for the case where zeta is
+
+less than one.
+
+And what that corresponds to,
+then, are two poles in the
+
+complex plane.
+
+And they have a real part
+and an imaginary part.
+
+And you can explore this in
+somewhat more detail on your
+
+own, but, essentially what
+happens is that as you keep
+
+the parameter omega sub n fixed
+and vary zeta, these
+
+poles trace out a circle.
+
+And, for example, where zeta
+equal to zero, the poles are
+
+on the j omega axis
+at omega sub n.
+
+As zeta increases and gets
+closer to one, the poles
+
+converge toward the real axis
+and then, in particular, for
+
+zeta greater than one, what we
+end up with are two poles on
+
+the real axis.
+
+Well, actually, the case that
+we want to look at a little
+
+more carefully is when the
+poles are complex.
+
+And what this becomes is a
+second order system, which as
+
+we'll see as the discussion
+goes on, has an impulse
+
+response which oscillates with
+time and correspondingly a
+
+frequency response that
+has a resonance.
+
+Well let's examine the frequency
+response a little
+
+more carefully.
+
+And what I'm assuming in the
+discussion is that, first of
+
+all, the poles are in the left
+half plane corresponding to
+
+zeta omega sub n being
+positive--
+
+and so this is-- minus
+that is negative.
+
+And furthermore, I'm assuming
+that the poles are complex.
+
+And in that case, the algebraic
+expression for the
+
+system function is omega sub n
+squared in the numerator and
+
+two poles in the denominator,
+which are complex conjugates.
+
+Now, what we want to look at is
+the frequency response of
+
+the system.
+
+And
+
+that corresponds to looking at
+the Fourier transform of the
+
+impulse response, which is the
+Laplace transform on the j
+
+omega axis.
+
+So we want to examine what h of
+s is as we move along the j
+
+omega axis.
+
+And notice, that to do that, in
+this algebraic expression,
+
+we want to set s equal to j
+omega and then evaluate--
+
+for example, if we want to look
+at the magnitude of the
+
+frequency response--
+
+evaluate the magnitude of
+the complex number.
+
+Well, there's a very convenient
+way of doing that
+
+geometrically by recognizing
+that in the complex plane,
+
+this complex number minus
+that complex number
+
+represents a vector.
+
+And essentially, to look at the
+magnitude of this complex
+
+number corresponds to taking
+omega sub n squared and
+
+dividing it by the product of
+the lengths of these vectors.
+
+So let's look, for example, at
+the vector s minus c1, where s
+
+is on the j omega axis.
+
+And doing that, here is the
+vector c1, and here is the
+
+vector s-- which is j omega if
+we're looking, let's say, at
+
+this value of frequency--
+
+and this vector, then, is
+the vector which is
+
+j omega minus c1.
+
+So in fact, it's the length of
+this vector that we want to
+
+observe as we change omega--
+
+namely as we move along
+the j omega axis.
+
+We want to take this vector
+and this vector, take the
+
+lengths of those vectors,
+multiply them together, divide
+
+that into omega sub n squared,
+and that will give us the
+
+frequency response.
+
+Now that's a little hard to see
+how the frequency response
+
+will work out just looking
+at one point.
+
+Although notice that as we move
+along the j omega axis,
+
+as we get closer to this pole,
+this vector, in fact, gets
+
+shorter, and so we might
+expect , that
+
+the frequency response--
+
+as we're moving along the j
+omega axis in the vicinity of
+
+that pole--
+
+would start to peak.
+
+Well, I think that all of
+this is much better seen
+
+dynamically on the computer
+display, so let's go to the
+
+computer display and what we'll
+look at is a second
+
+order system--
+
+the frequency response
+of it-- as we move
+
+along the j omega axis.
+
+So here we see the pole pair
+in the complex plane and to
+
+generate the frequency response,
+we want to look at
+
+the behavior of the pole vectors
+as we move vertically
+
+along the j omega axis.
+
+So we'll show the pole vectors
+and let's begin at omega
+
+equals zero.
+
+So here we have the pole vectors
+from the poles to the
+
+point omega equal to zero.
+
+And, as we move vertically along
+the j omega axis, we'll
+
+see how those pole vectors
+change in length.
+
+The magnitude of the frequency
+response is the reciprocal of
+
+the product of the lengths
+of those vectors.
+
+Shown below is the frequency
+response where we've begun
+
+just at omega equal to zero.
+
+And as we move vertically along
+the j omega axis and the
+
+pole vector lengths change,
+that will, then, influence
+
+what the frequency response
+looks like.
+
+We've started here to move a
+little bit away from omega
+
+equal to zero and notice that
+in the upper half plane the
+
+pole vector has gotten
+shorter.
+
+The pole vector for the pole
+in the lower half plane has
+
+gotten longer.
+
+And now, as omega increases
+further, that
+
+process will continue.
+
+And in particular, the pole
+vector associated with the
+
+pole in the upper half
+plane will be its
+
+shortest in the vicinity--
+
+at a frequency in the vicinity
+of that pole--
+
+and so, for that frequency,
+then, the frequency response
+
+will peak and we
+see that here.
+
+From this point as the
+frequency increases,
+
+corresponding to moving further
+vertically along the j
+
+omega axis, both pole vectors
+will increase in length.
+
+And that means, then, that the
+magnitude of the frequency
+
+response will decrease.
+
+For this specific example, the
+magnitude of the frequency
+
+response will asymptotically
+go to zero.
+
+So what we see here is that the
+frequency response has a
+
+resonance and as we see
+geometrically from the way the
+
+vectors behaved, that resonance
+in frequency is very
+
+clearly associated with the
+position of the poles.
+
+And so, in fact, to illustrate
+that further and dramatize it
+
+as long as we're focused on
+it, let's now look at the
+
+frequency response for the
+second order example as we
+
+change the pole positions.
+
+And first, what we'll do is let
+the polls move vertically
+
+parallel to the j omega axis
+and see how the frequency
+
+response changes, and then
+we'll have the polls move
+
+horizontally parallel to the
+real axis and see how the
+
+frequency response changes.
+
+To display the behavior of the
+frequency response as the
+
+poles move, we've changed the
+vertical scale on the
+
+frequency response somewhat.
+
+And now what we want to do
+is move the poles, first,
+
+parallel to the j omega
+axis, and then
+
+parallel to the real axis.
+
+Here we see the effect of moving
+the poles parallel to
+
+the j omega axis.
+
+And what we observe is that,
+in fact, the frequency
+
+location of the resonance
+shifts, basically tracking the
+
+location of the pole.
+
+If we now move the pole back
+down closer to the real axis,
+
+then this resonance will shift
+back toward its original
+
+location and so let's
+now see that.
+
+And here we are back at the
+frequency that we started at.
+
+Now we'll move the poles even
+closer to the real axis.
+
+The frequency location of the
+resonance will continue to
+
+shift toward lower
+frequencies.
+
+And also in the process,
+incidentally, the height over
+
+the resonant peak will increase
+because, of course,
+
+the lengths of the pole vectors
+are getting shorter.
+
+And so, we see now the resonance
+shifting down toward
+
+lower and lower frequency.
+
+And, finally, what we'll now do
+is move the poles back to
+
+their original position and
+the resonant peak will, of
+
+course, shift back up.
+
+And correspondingly the height
+or amplitude of the resonance
+
+will decrease.
+
+And now we're back at the
+frequency response that we had
+
+generated previously.
+
+Next we'd like to look at the
+behavior as the polls move
+
+parallel to the real axis.
+
+First closer to the j omega axis
+and then further away.
+
+As they move closer to the j
+omega axis, the resonance
+
+sharpens because of the fact
+that the pole vector gets
+
+shorter and responds--
+
+or changes in length more
+quickly as we move past it
+
+moving along the j omega axis.
+
+So here we see the effect of
+moving the poles closer to the
+
+j omega axis.
+
+The resonance has gotten
+narrower in frequency and
+
+higher in amplitude, associated
+with the fact that
+
+the pole vector gets shorter.
+
+Next as we move back to the
+original location, the
+
+resonance will broaden
+once again and the
+
+amplitude will decrease.
+
+And then, if we continue to move
+the poles even further
+
+away from the real axis, the
+resonance will broaden even
+
+further and the amplitude
+of the peak
+
+will become even smaller.
+
+And finally, let's now look just
+move the poles back to
+
+their original position and
+we'll see the resonance narrow
+
+again and become higher.
+
+And so what we see then is
+that for a second order
+
+system, the behavior of the
+resonance basically is
+
+associated with the pole
+locations, the frequency of
+
+the resonance associated with
+the vertical position of the
+
+poles, and the sharpness of the
+resonance associated with
+
+the real part of the poles-- in
+other words, their position
+
+closer or further away from
+the j omega axis.
+
+OK, so for complex poles, then,
+for the second order
+
+system, what we see is that
+we get a resonant kind of
+
+behavior, and, in particular,
+then that resonate behavior
+
+tends to peak, or get peakier,
+as the value
+
+of zeta gets smaller.
+
+And here, just to remind you of
+what you saw, here is the
+
+frequency response with one
+particular choice of values--
+
+well, this is normalized so that
+omega sub n is one-- one
+
+particular choice for
+zeta, namely 0.4.
+
+Here is what we have with zeta
+smaller, and, finally, here is
+
+an example where zeta has gotten
+even smaller than that.
+
+And what that corresponds to is
+the poles moving closer to
+
+the j omega axis, the
+corresponding frequency
+
+response getting peakier.
+
+Now in the time domain what
+happens is that we have, of
+
+course, these complex roots,
+which I indicated previously,
+
+where this represents the
+imaginary part because zeta is
+
+less than one.
+
+And in the time domain, we
+will have a form for the
+
+behavior, which is a e to the
+c one t, plus a conjugate, e
+
+to the c one conjugate t.
+
+And so, in fact, as the
+poles get closer
+
+to the j omega axis--
+
+corresponding to zeta
+getting smaller--
+
+as the polls get closer to the j
+omega axis, in the frequency
+
+domain the resonances
+get sharper.
+
+In the time domain, the real
+part of the poles has gotten
+
+smaller, and that means, in
+fact, that in the time domain,
+
+the behavior will be more
+oscillatory and less damped.
+
+And so just looking
+at that again.
+
+Here is, in the time domain,
+what happens.
+
+First of all, with the parameter
+zeta equal to 0.4,
+
+and it oscillates and
+exponentially dies out.
+
+Here is the second order system
+where zeta is now 0.2
+
+instead of 0.4.
+
+And, finally, the second order
+system where zeta is 0.1.
+
+And what we see as zeta gets
+smaller and smaller is that
+
+the oscillations are basically
+the same, but the exponential
+
+damping becomes less and less.
+
+Alright, now, this is a somewhat
+more detailed look at
+
+second order systems.
+
+And second order systems--
+and for that
+
+matter, first order systems--
+
+are systems that are important
+in their own right, but they
+
+also are important as basic
+building blocks for more
+
+general, in particular, for
+higher order systems.
+
+And the way in which that's done
+typically is by combining
+
+first and second order systems
+together in such a way that
+
+they implement higher
+order systems.
+
+And two very common connections
+are connections
+
+which are cascade connections,
+and connections which are
+
+parallel connections.
+
+In a cascade connection, we
+would think of combining the
+
+individual systems together as
+I indicate here in series.
+
+And, of course, from the
+convolution property, the
+
+overall system function is the
+product of the individual
+
+system functions.
+
+So, for example, if these were
+all second order systems, and
+
+I combine n of them together in
+cascade, the overall system
+
+would be a system that would
+have to n poles-- in other
+
+words, it would be a
+two n order system.
+
+That's one very common
+kind of connection.
+
+Another very common kind of
+connection for first and
+
+second order systems is a
+parallel connection, where, in
+
+that case, we connect
+the systems together
+
+as I indicate here.
+
+The overall system function is
+just simply the sum of these,
+
+and that follows from the
+linearity property.
+
+And so the overall system
+function would be as I
+
+indicate algebraically here.
+
+And notice that if each of
+these are second order
+
+systems, and I had capital N of
+them in parallel, when you
+
+think of putting the overall
+system function over one
+
+common denominator, that
+common denominator, in
+
+general, is going to be of order
+two N. So either the
+
+parallel connection or the
+cascade connection could be
+
+used to implement higher
+order systems.
+
+One very common context in which
+second order systems are
+
+combined together, either in
+parallel or in cascade, to
+
+form a more interesting
+system is, in
+
+fact, in speech synthesis.
+
+And what I'd like to do is
+demonstrate a speech
+
+synthesizer, which I have
+here, which in fact is a
+
+parallel combination of four
+second order systems, very
+
+much of the type that we've
+just talked about.
+
+I'll return to the synthesizer
+in a minute.
+
+Let me first just indicate
+what the basic idea is.
+
+In speech synthesis, what we're
+trying to represent or
+
+implement is something
+that corresponds
+
+to the vocal tract.
+
+The vocal tract is characterized
+by a set of
+
+resonances.
+
+And we can think of representing
+each of those
+
+resonances by a second
+order system.
+
+And then the higher order system
+corresponding to the
+
+vocal tract is built by, in
+this case, a parallel
+
+combination of those second
+order systems.
+
+So for the synthesizer, what we
+have connected together in
+
+parallel is four second
+order systems.
+
+And a control on each one of
+them that controls the center
+
+frequency or the resonant
+frequency of each of the
+
+second order systems.
+
+The excitation is an excitation
+that would
+
+represent the air flow through
+the vocal cords.
+
+The vocal cords vibrate and
+there are puffs of air through
+
+the vocal cords as they
+open and close.
+
+And so the excitation for the
+synthesizer corresponds to a
+
+pulse train representing
+the air flow
+
+through the vocal cords.
+
+The fundamental frequency
+of this representing the
+
+fundamental frequency of
+the synthesized voice.
+
+So that's the basic structure
+of the synthesizer
+
+And what we have in this
+analog synthesizer are
+
+separate controls on the
+individual center frequencies.
+
+There is a control representing
+the center
+
+frequency of the third resonator
+and the fourth
+
+resonator, and those
+are represented
+
+by these two knobs.
+
+And then the first and second
+resonators are controlled by
+
+moving this joystick.
+
+The first resonator by moving
+the joystick along this axis
+
+and the second resonator
+by moving the
+
+joystick along this axis.
+
+And then, in addition to
+controls on the four
+
+resonators, we can control the
+fundamental frequency of the
+
+excitation, and we do
+that with this knob.
+
+So let's, first of all, just
+listen to one of the
+
+resonators, and the resonator
+that I'll play
+
+is the fourth resonator.
+
+And what you'll hear first is
+the output as I vary the
+
+center frequency of
+that resonator.
+
+[BUZZING]
+
+So I'm lowering the
+center frequency.
+
+And then, bringing the center
+frequency back up.
+
+And then, as I indicated,
+I can also control the
+
+fundamental frequency
+of the excitation by
+
+turning this knob.
+
+[BUZZING]
+
+Lowering the fundamental
+frequency.
+
+And then, increasing the
+fundamental frequency.
+
+Alright, now, if the four
+resonators in parallel are an
+
+implementation of the vocal
+cavity, then, presumably, what
+
+we can synthesize when we put
+them all in are vowel sounds
+
+and let's do that.
+
+I'll now switch in the
+other resonators.
+
+When we do that, then, depending
+on what choice we
+
+have for the individual resonant
+frequencies, we
+
+should be able to synthesize
+vowel sounds.
+
+So here, for example,
+is the vowel e.
+
+[BUZZING "E"].
+
+Here is
+
+[BUZZING "AH"]
+
+--ah.
+
+A.
+
+[BUZZING FLAT A]
+
+And, of course, we can--
+
+[BUZZING OO]
+
+--generate
+
+[BUZZING "I"]
+
+--lots of other vowel sounds.
+
+[BUZZING "AH"]
+
+--and change the fundamental
+frequency at the same time.
+
+[CHANGES FREQUENCY
+UP AND DOWN]
+
+Now, if we want to synthesize
+speech it's not enough to just
+
+synthesize steady state vowels--
+that gets boring
+
+after a while.
+
+Of course what happens with the
+vocal cavity is that it
+
+moves as a function of time and
+that's what generates the
+
+speech that we want
+to generate.
+
+And so, presumably then, if
+we change these resonant
+
+frequencies as a function of
+time appropriately, then we
+
+should be able to synthesize
+speech.
+
+And so by moving these
+resonances around, we can
+
+generate synthesized speech.
+
+And let's try it with
+some phrase.
+
+And I'll do that by simply
+adjusting the center
+
+frequencies appropriately.
+
+[BUZZING "HOW ARE YOU"]
+
+Well, hopefully you
+understood that.
+
+As you could imagine, I spent at
+least a few minutes before
+
+the lecture trying to practice
+that so that it would come out
+
+to be more or less
+intelligible.
+
+Now the system as I've just
+demonstrated it is, of course,
+
+a continuous time system or an
+analog speech synthesizer.
+
+There are many versions of
+digital or discrete time
+
+synthesizers.
+
+One of the first, in fact, being
+a device that many of
+
+you are very likely familiar
+with, which is the Texas
+
+Instruments Speak and Spell,
+which I show here.
+
+And what's very interesting and
+rather dramatic about this
+
+device is the fact that it
+implements the speech
+
+synthesis in very much the same
+way as I've demonstrated
+
+with the analog synthesizer.
+
+In this case, it's five second
+order filters in a
+
+configuration that's slightly
+different than a parallel
+
+configuration but conceptually
+very closely related.
+
+And let's take a look
+inside the box.
+
+And what we see there, with a
+slide that was kindly supplied
+
+by Texas Instruments, is the
+fact that there really are
+
+only four chips in there--
+
+a controller chip,
+some storage.
+
+And the important point is the
+chip that's labeled as the
+
+speech synthesis chip, in fact,
+is what embodies or
+
+implements the five second
+order filters and, in
+
+addition, incorporates some
+other things-- some memory and
+
+also the [? DDA ?]
+
+converters.
+
+So, in fact, the implementation
+of the
+
+synthesizer is pretty much
+done on a single chip.
+
+Well that's a discrete
+time system.
+
+We've been talking for the last
+several lectures about
+
+continuous time systems and
+the Laplace transform.
+
+Hopefully what you've seen in
+this lecture and the previous
+
+lecture is the powerful tool
+that the Laplace transform
+
+affords us in analyzing and
+understanding system behavior.
+
+In the next lecture what I'd
+like to do is parallel the
+
+discussion for discrete time,
+turn our attention to the z
+
+transform, and, as you can
+imagine simply by virtue of
+
+the fact that I have shown you
+a digital and analog version
+
+of very much the same kind of
+system, the discussions
+
+parallel themselves very
+strongly and the z transform
+
+will play very much the same
+role in discrete time that the
+
+Laplace transform does
+in continuous time.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8jpO-p1YvdM.txt b/8jpO-p1YvdM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ac8f198534b8bfbbd50f5565816fa712d378f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8jpO-p1YvdM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us try to understand the format of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us try to understand the format of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us try to understand the format of
+the data handed to us in the CSV files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data handed to us in the CSV files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data handed to us in the CSV files
+grayscale images are represented as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images are represented as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale images are represented as a
+matrix of pixels intensity values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of pixels intensity values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of pixels intensity values that
+range from 0 to 1 the intensity values 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to 1 the intensity values 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to 1 the intensity values 0
+corresponds to the absence of color or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the absence of color or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the absence of color or
+black and the value 1 corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and the value 1 corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and the value 1 corresponds to
+white for 8 bits per pixel images we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white for 8 bits per pixel images we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white for 8 bits per pixel images we
+have 256 color levels ranging from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 256 color levels ranging from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 256 color levels ranging from 0 to
+1 for instance if we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for instance if we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 for instance if we have the following
+grayscale image the pixel information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale image the pixel information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale image the pixel information
+can be translated to a matrix of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be translated to a matrix of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be translated to a matrix of values
+between 0 and 1 it is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 it is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 it is exactly this
+matrix that we are given in our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we are given in our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we are given in our data
+sets in other words the data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in other words the data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in other words the data sets
+contain a table of values between 0 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a table of values between 0 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a table of values between 0 & 1
+and the number of columns corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of columns corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of columns corresponds to
+the width of the image whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the image whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the image whereas the
+number of rows corresponds to the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows corresponds to the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows corresponds to the height
+of the image in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image in this example the
+resolution is 7 by 7 pixels we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is 7 by 7 pixels we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is 7 by 7 pixels we have to
+be careful when reading the data set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful when reading the data set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful when reading the data set in
+our we need to make sure that our reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we need to make sure that our reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our we need to make sure that our reads
+and the matrix appropriately till now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matrix appropriately till now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matrix appropriately till now in
+this class our data sets were structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class our data sets were structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class our data sets were structured
+in a way where the rows refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where the rows refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way where the rows refer to
+observations and the columns refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and the columns refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and the columns refer to
+variables but this is not the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but this is not the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but this is not the case for
+the intensity matrix so keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity matrix so keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity matrix so keep in mind
+that we need to do some maneuvering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do some maneuvering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do some maneuvering to
+make sure that our recognises the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that our recognises the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that our recognises the data
+as a matrix grayscale image segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix grayscale image segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix grayscale image segmentation
+can be done by clustering pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done by clustering pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done by clustering pixels
+according to their intensity values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their intensity values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their intensity values so
+we can think of our clustering algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of our clustering algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of our clustering algorithm
+as trying to divide the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to divide the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to divide the spectrum of
+intensity values from 0 to 1 in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values from 0 to 1 in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values from 0 to 1 in two
+intervals or clusters for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals or clusters for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals or clusters for instance the
+red cluster corresponds to the darkest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster corresponds to the darkest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster corresponds to the darkest
+shades and the green cluster to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades and the green cluster to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shades and the green cluster to the
+lightest now what should the infant be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest now what should the infant be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest now what should the infant be
+to the clustering algorithm well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the clustering algorithm well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the clustering algorithm well our
+observations should be all of the 7 by 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations should be all of the 7 by 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations should be all of the 7 by 7
+intensity values hence we should have 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values hence we should have 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values hence we should have 49
+observations and we only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and we only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and we only have one
+variable which is the pixel intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the pixel intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is the pixel intensity
+value so in other words the inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in other words the inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in other words the inputs of
+the clustering algorithm should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering algorithm should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering algorithm should be a
+vector containing 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector containing 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector containing 49
+or intensity values but what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or intensity values but what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or intensity values but what we have is
+a seven by seven matrix a crucial step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven by seven matrix a crucial step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven by seven matrix a crucial step
+before feeding the intensity values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before feeding the intensity values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before feeding the intensity values to
+the clustering algorithm is morphing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering algorithm is morphing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering algorithm is morphing our
+data we should modify the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we should modify the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we should modify the matrix
+structure and lump all the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and lump all the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and lump all the intensity
+values into a single vector we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into a single vector we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into a single vector we will see
+that we can do this in our using the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this in our using the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this in our using the s
+defector function now once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defector function now once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defector function now once we have the
+vector we can simply feed it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can simply feed it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can simply feed it into the
+clustering algorithm and assign each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm and assign each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm and assign each
+element in the vector to a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the vector to a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the vector to a cluster
+let us first use hierarchical clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first use hierarchical clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first use hierarchical clustering
+since we are familiar with it the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we are familiar with it the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we are familiar with it the first
+step is to calculate the distance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to calculate the distance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to calculate the distance matrix
+which computes the pairwise distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which computes the pairwise distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which computes the pairwise distances
+among the elements of the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the elements of the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the elements of the intensity
+vector how many such distances do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how many such distances do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector how many such distances do we
+need to calculate well for each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate well for each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate well for each element
+in the intensity vector we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensity vector we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensity vector we need to
+calculate its distance from the other 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its distance from the other 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its distance from the other 48
+elements so this makes 48 calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so this makes 48 calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so this makes 48 calculations
+for element and we have 49 such elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for element and we have 49 such elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for element and we have 49 such elements
+in the intensity vector in total we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensity vector in total we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensity vector in total we
+should compute 49 times 48 pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should compute 49 times 48 pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should compute 49 times 48 pairwise
+distances but due to symmetry we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances but due to symmetry we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances but due to symmetry we really
+need to calculate half of them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate half of them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to calculate half of them so the
+number of pairwise distance calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairwise distance calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairwise distance calculations
+is actually 49 times 48 divided by 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually 49 times 48 divided by 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually 49 times 48 divided by 2 in
+general if we call the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if we call the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if we call the size of the
+intensity vector n then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity vector n then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity vector n then we need to
+compute n times and minus 1/2 pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute n times and minus 1/2 pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute n times and minus 1/2 pairwise
+distances and store them in the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and store them in the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and store them in the distance
+matrix now we should be ready to go to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now we should be ready to go to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now we should be ready to go to R
+I already navigated to the directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already navigated to the directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already navigated to the directory
+where we save the flower dot CSV file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we save the flower dot CSV file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we save the flower dot CSV file
+which contains the matrix of pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains the matrix of pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains the matrix of pixel
+intensities of a flower image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of a flower image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of a flower image
+let us read in the matrix and save it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us read in the matrix and save it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us read in the matrix and save it to
+a data frame then call it flower then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data frame then call it flower then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data frame then call it flower then
+use the read dot CSV function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the read dot CSV function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the read dot CSV function to
+instruct our to weave in the flower data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct our to weave in the flower data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruct our to weave in the flower data
+set and then we have to explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we have to explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then we have to explicitly
+mention that we have no headers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that we have no headers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that we have no headers in the
+CSV file because it only contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV file because it only contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV file because it only contains a
+matrix of intensity values so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of intensity values so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of intensity values so we're
+going to type the header equals false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to type the header equals false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to type the header equals false
+note that the default on our assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the default on our assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the default on our assumes
+the first row in the data set is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row in the data set is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row in the data set is the
+header so if we didn't specify that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header so if we didn't specify that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header so if we didn't specify that we
+have no headers in this case we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no headers in this case we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no headers in this case we would
+have lost the information from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost the information from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost the information from the first
+row of the pixel intensity matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the pixel intensity matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of the pixel intensity matrix now
+let us look at the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at the structure of the
+flower data frame we realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower data frame we realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower data frame we realize that the
+way the data is stored does not reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the data is stored does not reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the data is stored does not reflect
+that this is a matrix of intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a matrix of intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a matrix of intensity
+values actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually
+I'll treat the roads as observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll treat the roads as observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll treat the roads as observations and
+the columns as variables let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns as variables let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns as variables let's try to
+change the data type to a matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the data type to a matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the data type to a matrix by
+using the add stock matrix function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the add stock matrix function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the add stock matrix function so
+let's define our variable flower matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define our variable flower matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define our variable flower matrix
+and then use the ELSA matrix function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the ELSA matrix function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the ELSA matrix function
+which takes as an input the flower data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes as an input the flower data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes as an input the flower data
+frame and now if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and now if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and now if we look at the
+structure of the flower matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the flower matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the flower matrix we
+realize that we have 50 rows and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we have 50 rows and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we have 50 rows and 50
+columns what this suggests is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what this suggests is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what this suggests is that the
+resolution of the image is 50 pixels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the image is 50 pixels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the image is 50 pixels in
+width and 50 pixels in height this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and 50 pixels in height this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and 50 pixels in height this is
+actually a very very small picture I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very very small picture I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very very small picture I am
+very curious to see how this image looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious to see how this image looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious to see how this image looks
+like but let's hold off now and do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but let's hold off now and do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but let's hold off now and do our
+clustering first we do not want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering first we do not want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering first we do not want to be
+influenced by how the image looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by how the image looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by how the image looks like
+in our decision of the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our decision of the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our decision of the numbers of
+clusters we want to pick to perform any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we want to pick to perform any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters we want to pick to perform any
+type of clustering we saw earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of clustering we saw earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of clustering we saw earlier that
+we would need to convert the matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to convert the matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need to convert the matrix of
+pixel intensities to a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensities to a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel intensities to a vector that
+contains all the intensity values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all the intensity values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains all the intensity values
+ranging from 0 to 1 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from 0 to 1 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from 0 to 1 and then the
+clustering algorithm divides me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm divides me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering algorithm divides me
+intensity spectrum the interval 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity spectrum the interval 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity spectrum the interval 0 to 1
+into disjoint clusters or intervals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into disjoint clusters or intervals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into disjoint clusters or intervals so
+let us define the vector flower vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us define the vector flower vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us define the vector flower vector
+and then now we are going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we are going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we are going to use the
+function s dot vector which takes as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s dot vector which takes as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s dot vector which takes as an
+input the flower matrix and now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the flower matrix and now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the flower matrix and now if we
+look at the structure of the flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of the flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of the flower
+vector we realize that we have 2,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we realize that we have 2,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we realize that we have 2,500
+numerical values which range between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values which range between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values which range between 0
+and 1 and this totally makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and this totally makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and this totally makes sense
+because this reflects the 50 times 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this reflects the 50 times 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this reflects the 50 times 50
+intensity values that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values that we
+in our matrix now you might be wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our matrix now you might be wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our matrix now you might be wondering
+why we can't immediately convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can't immediately convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can't immediately convert the
+data frame flower to a vector let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame flower to a vector let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame flower to a vector let's try
+to do this so let's go back to our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so let's go back to our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so let's go back to our a
+slot vector function and then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot vector function and then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot vector function and then have the
+input be the flower data frame instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input be the flower data frame instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input be the flower data frame instead
+of the flower matrix and then let's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flower matrix and then let's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flower matrix and then let's name
+this variable flower vector to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable flower vector to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable flower vector to just
+simply so that we don't overwrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so that we don't overwrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so that we don't overwrite the
+flower vector and now let's look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower vector and now let's look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower vector and now let's look at its
+structure since that are weeds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure since that are weeds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure since that are weeds that
+exactly like the flower data frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the flower data frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the flower data frame and
+sees it as 15 observations and 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it as 15 observations and 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it as 15 observations and 50
+variables so converting the data to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so converting the data to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so converting the data to a
+matrix and then to a vector is a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then to a vector is a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then to a vector is a crucial
+step now we should be ready to start our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step now we should be ready to start our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step now we should be ready to start our
+hierarchical clustering the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering the first step
+is to create the distance matrix as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to create the distance matrix as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to create the distance matrix as you
+already know which in this case computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know which in this case computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know which in this case computes
+the difference between every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between every two
+intensity values in our flower vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values in our flower vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity values in our flower vector so
+let's type distance equals and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's type distance equals and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's type distance equals and then use
+the distance function where the flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance function where the flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance function where the flower
+vector is our first input and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is our first input and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is our first input and then let's
+specify the method or the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the method or the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the method or the distance
+matrix to be Euclidean now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to be Euclidean now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to be Euclidean now that we have
+the distance next we will be computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance next we will be computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance next we will be computing
+the hierarchical clusters
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8r_cJIHv3A0.txt b/8r_cJIHv3A0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4169c1127096ad73d3ccf4d1cc9b8d46adb7f0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8r_cJIHv3A0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+Any time you begin a communication, whether
+face-to-face, in writing, or over the phone,
+
+it's important to think about why you've opened
+that line of communication, what the goal
+
+of your interaction is, and how you're going
+to deliver your message.
+
+In this video, we'll watch 3 segments of a
+presentation created by MIT students. You
+
+will analyze the strategy used to develop
+the message, and hear how and why the presenters
+
+chose this strategy.
+
+This video is part of the Communication video
+series. Successful professional communication
+
+begins with the ability to analyze situational
+variables and make strategic decisions.
+
+Hi, my name is Joanne Yates, and I'm a Sloan
+Distinguished Professor of Management and
+
+Deputy Dean in the Sloan School of Management
+at MIT.
+
+After watching this video, you should be able
+to use a strategic approach in order to communicate
+
+effectively. This means that you will be able
+to
+
+Analyze your audience, context and purpose
+Examine and build your own credibility with
+
+the audience
+Decide on content, structure, channel, and
+
+style, and
+Evaluate your own and other's messages for
+
+sound arguments and effective strategy.
+
+As we watch the student presentation, think
+about the following elements:
+
+Purpose: what is the objective of the presentation?
+Credibility: Do the speakers have credibility
+
+with the audience when they start the presentation?
+If not, how do they establish it? For example,
+
+do they build an argument that shows expertise?
+Content: Does the material support the objective?
+
+Is the argument sound? Does the content answer
+the audience's questions?
+
+Structure: Does the organization of the presentation
+support what the speakers are trying to achieve?
+
+Channel: What methods (demos, schematics,
+animations, text, narration) were used to
+
+convey the points, and were they effective?
+Style: Did the style fit the context? For
+
+example, were the speakers projecting a formal
+or informal style? Were they poised and confident?
+
+This presentation was the last requirement in our class for engineering processes.
+
+The presentation was made in a large auditorium, to around a hundred or two hundred
+
+audience members. Ranging from Industry members to students, to mentors, to late men who didn't know
+
+much about engineering processes.
+
+For anyone that uses a walker many everyday occurrences loom as obsticles.
+
+Walkers can't be used on steps in the home or in the community.
+
+They don't fit in the narrow aisles of trains, planes, buses, performance venues, or sports stadiums.
+
+There's no room for them in the tight corners of restaurants, or most Boston Area apartments.
+
+On behalf of Green Team we'd like to introduce to you a solution.
+
+Our product, Walker Prime. A walker that can be transformed into a cane.
+
+Through conversations with over 20 users and their representatives.
+
+We've established at the market for this product is community ambulators.
+
+These are older adults who independently drive, but need the added stability of a walker.
+
+For instance one user we spoke to recalled recently going to a fancy restaurant 
+
+and chose to bring his cane rather than his walker fearing that their wouldn't be space in the restaurant.
+
+Unfortunately the restaurant had a very large parking garage and in traveling from his car to the restaurant
+
+he became fatigued and really wished he had his walker.
+
+To take a look at how Walker Prime could have improved his situation
+
+were going to do a demonstration with Ran Dedia
+
+If she was going to meet a friend for lunch in a restaurant downtown and parked a block away 
+
+They could use Walker Prime in walker mode to get to the base of the stairs leading up to the restaurant
+
+She could then by pressing on the lower locks convert Walker Prime into a cane mode
+
+And using the cane in one hand and the railing in the other she could ascend the stairs.
+
+The wheels are lifted above the skids, so there's no chance of them touching the ground.
+
+She can then after she's finished with lunch descend the stairs in the same manner.
+
+And to get back to her car she can change it back to walker mode to walk the extra block.
+
+Unfortunately sometimes there's a narrow foot path leading to a parking area too narrow for a walker
+
+Again with Walker Prime this is no longer an obstacle.
+
+To see how this played out with an actual user
+
+We visited a rehabilitation center yesterday and worked with a gentleman who is recovering from hip replacement surgery.
+
+He too.
+
+He too was able to walk using Walker Prime in Walker mode.
+
+And as he approached the bottom of the stairs he was able to compress it transforming into a cane.
+
+And then ascend the stairs using the cane in one hand and for stability the railing in the other.
+
+Later he was able to descend the steps in the same fashion.
+
+This is what Walker Prime does. If stairs are a thing of your past Walker Prime is not going to change that.
+
+But if what's keeping you from the stairs is your walker, that's a job for Walker Prime.
+
+What was the purpose of the presentation?
+
+The purpose of our presentation was to explain why our product was important
+
+Why would anyone need this kind of transformable walker?
+
+To do that we showed different use cases. For example we tried to appeal the audience by
+
+talking about narrow spaces in Boston which people could relate to.
+
+We also showed another use case of a user having to walk for a long while in a parking lot.
+
+This helped us show the audience that our product is important.
+
+Would the audience have found the presenters credible?
+
+What did they do to convince the audience that their arguments were sound?
+
+Their team's next presentation.
+
+And we actually had a bad one for our fifth presentation because the aesthetics of our product.
+
+And because we were pretty late in putting it all together.
+
+So, and our mentors and the staff of 009 have seen this.
+
+So we had to re-establish credibility with our final design with our mentors and staff
+
+and we tried to convey that in our presentation.
+
+We tested walker prime with two users in a rehabilitation facility and
+
+we had a video with one of the users showing how he was able to use our product pretty easily
+
+climbing up the stairs, climbing down the stairs and transitioning it from a walker to a cane.
+
+This was important because one, it showed that in reality this is a viable product
+
+it reaffirmed how functional the product was and it gave us enough credibility with the audience to show
+
+that this would actually be a good product and actually I think a lot of our reviews that came in
+
+after the presentation did say that we could possibly make this a real product.
+
+Let's continue watching the video.
+
+For Walker Prime we wanted to focus on three things.
+
+Stability, simplicity, and ergonomic.
+
+This is an interesting design challenge because for each of the modes there were different requirements
+
+For Walker mode we used similar dimensions to those of other walkers on the market.
+
+We had to be able to make sure that you could adjust the height and still have a stable walker.
+
+The legs extend from hip height and are angled outward to create lateral stability.
+
+In Cane mode we wanted to make sure that you maintain the same handle height in both modes
+
+which also motivated many of our other design decisions.
+
+We also looked at other canes on the market and consulted physical therapist
+
+to determine what an appropriate cane footprint would be so that it would also fit on a stair.
+
+Let's take a look at the Walker at the intuitive transition from walker to cane mode.
+
+We accomplished this by linking the motion in both directions so that it was simple to use
+
+so that all the user has to do is grab the two locks on either side, disengage them
+
+and bring your hands together into cane mode.
+
+Let's take a look at the handles. There are 2 handles in walker mode that become 1 in cane mode.
+
+The wave allows the handles to come together nicely and also provides an ergonomic contour for your fingers.
+
+Just below the handles are the safety locks.
+
+There are two different locks but they are both passive for simplicity.
+
+In order to use active these locks first the user must disengage the upper lock and pull the handles apart.
+
+Then the locks on either side engage and lock it into Walker mode.
+
+Then if the user wanted to make it into a cane again they would just simply
+
+hit either of the two locks on either side, push the walker together, and form a cane again.
+
+Moving down to the bottom we have the wheels. 
+
+We wanted to make sure that the user would be able to use this both indoors and outdoors 
+
+so we did some research and found that 5 inch wheels were necessary for outdoor use.
+
+We also need the wheels to clear the ground in cane mode, so we had to make the geometry such that
+
+as you collapse the walker into cane mode the wheels would lift off the ground and above the skids.
+
+This brings up to our dual purpose skids
+
+These skids were designed to be stable in both modes
+
+There's a low friction surface for sliding in walker mode and a high friction rubber surface
+
+for functionality in cane mode.
+
+How did you decide what material to include in your presentation?
+
+ 
+
+To some extent the material was stated by the requirements of the class they said that you need to
+
+do a financial analysis, you need to tell us how you made this product, you need to tell us why anyone
+
+would ever buy this product or why anyone would make this product.
+
+So that was the main reason we included what we did. How we arranged it was a little bit more up to us.
+
+So we felt especially given that we had a significant non technical portion of our audience
+
+It was important to motivate the "how" and "why" and show who can benefit from our products...
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/98X2TyxXQdU.txt b/98X2TyxXQdU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dee141d8a8fd2a32593db0db57a7874cfcbc39be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/98X2TyxXQdU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation I want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation I want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation I want us to
+work a little more on finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little more on finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little more on finding
+anti-derivatives uh in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives uh in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives uh in particular in
+this in this video we want to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this video we want to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this video we want to find an
+anti-derivative of a trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of a trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of a trigonometric
+function a power of of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a power of of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a power of of the tangent
+function so I would like you to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I would like you to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I would like you to find an
+anti-derivative of tangent Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of tangent Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of tangent Theta
+quantity to the 4th and the hint I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to the 4th and the hint I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to the 4th and the hint I will
+give you is that you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is that you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is that you're going to need
+need some fairly familiar hopefully by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some fairly familiar hopefully by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some fairly familiar hopefully by
+now trigonometric identities to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now trigonometric identities to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now trigonometric identities to get this
+to work and then you will need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then you will need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then you will need some
+other strategies that you've also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strategies that you've also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strategies that you've also been
+developing so I'll give you a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so I'll give you a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing so I'll give you a while to
+to work on it and then I'll be back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on it and then I'll be back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on it and then I'll be back and
+I'll show you how I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay welcome back we we want to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back we we want to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back we we want to again
+we want to find an anti-derivative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find an anti-derivative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find an anti-derivative for
+tangent Theta quantity to the 4th and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta quantity to the 4th and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta quantity to the 4th and I
+mentioned what we're going to need is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what we're going to need is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what we're going to need is is
+a particular trigonometric well I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular trigonometric well I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular trigonometric well I didn't
+say particular sorry but we will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say particular sorry but we will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say particular sorry but we will need
+some trigonometric identities to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trigonometric identities to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trigonometric identities to make
+this work and the one in particular I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work and the one in particular I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work and the one in particular I'll
+be exploiting is a certain one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploiting is a certain one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploiting is a certain one which
+I'll write down here which is 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down here which is 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write down here which is 1 +
+tangent s Theta is equal to secant squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s Theta is equal to secant squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s Theta is equal to secant squ
+Theta we've seen that I think a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta we've seen that I think a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta we've seen that I think a fair
+amount now but just to remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount now but just to remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount now but just to remind ourselves
+it is important and this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important and this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important and this is the one
+we're going to use so let me let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use so let me let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use so let me let me show
+you how this works how this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how this works how this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how this works how this identity
+will be very use useful in here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very use useful in here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very use useful in here and the
+idea is that we can break up this Tang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we can break up this Tang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we can break up this Tang
+4A into two uh the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A into two uh the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A into two uh the product of two
+tangent squ thetas so I can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squ thetas so I can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squ thetas so I can rewrite this
+integral above as the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral above as the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral above as the integral of
+tangent s thet time another tangent squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s thet time another tangent squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s thet time another tangent squ
+thet but instead of that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet but instead of that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet but instead of that I'm going to
+use this identity so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this identity so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this identity so I'm going to write
+it as SEC thet minus 1 D Theta so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as SEC thet minus 1 D Theta so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as SEC thet minus 1 D Theta so just
+let me make sure everybody follows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure everybody follows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure everybody follows what
+I did I had tangent 4th Theta as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did I had tangent 4th Theta as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did I had tangent 4th Theta as my
+initial integral so then I wrote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial integral so then I wrote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial integral so then I wrote it as
+tangent s * tangent squ and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s * tangent squ and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent s * tangent squ and this is
+actually equal to tangent squ you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to tangent squ you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to tangent squ you notice
+I just subtracted one from both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just subtracted one from both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just subtracted one from both sides of
+this starred identity so that's my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starred identity so that's my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starred identity so that's my other
+tangent squar so these two integrals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squar so these two integrals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squar so these two integrals are
+actually equal so I haven't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal so I haven't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal so I haven't changed
+anything fundamentally at all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything fundamentally at all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything fundamentally at all in the
+problem all right now let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right now let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right now let's look at what
+we get here we get if I if I distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here we get if I if I distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here we get if I if I distribute
+this I get integral of tan^ s Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get integral of tan^ s Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I get integral of tan^ s Theta
+secant squ Theta D Theta minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ Theta D Theta minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ Theta D Theta minus the
+integral of tan^ 2 Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of tan^ 2 Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of tan^ 2 Theta D
+Theta now you should start to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta now you should start to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta now you should start to see that
+uh maybe even powers of tangent Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even powers of tangent Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe even powers of tangent Theta
+are nice to deal with because this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice to deal with because this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice to deal with because this kind
+of stuff is going to happen this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff is going to happen this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff is going to happen this is
+going to happen every time with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen every time with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen every time with you know
+uh n minus 2 that the power n minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus 2 that the power n minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n minus 2 that the power n minus two
+here for any N I have up here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for any N I have up here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for any N I have up here and the
+reason the even is is uh actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the even is is uh actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the even is is uh actually I
+guess the even doesn't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the even doesn't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the even doesn't even really
+matter I could just have any n and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I could just have any n and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I could just have any n and this
+would be n minus 2 two down here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be n minus 2 two down here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be n minus 2 two down here this is
+an easy integral to deal with why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy integral to deal with why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy integral to deal with why is
+that because what's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because what's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because what's the derivative of
+the tangent function it's the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent function it's the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent function it's the secant
+Square it's secant squared right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it's secant squared right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it's secant squared right so this
+is actually a straight up U substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a straight up U substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a straight up U substitution
+or substitution type problem so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or substitution type problem so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or substitution type problem so this I
+can finish and I I will later but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finish and I I will later but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finish and I I will later but this
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+substitution so I'll finish that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so I'll finish that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so I'll finish that in a
+little bit but what about this now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but what about this now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but what about this now I
+have tan^ squ Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tan^ squ Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tan^ squ Theta D
+Theta that's you know we we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's you know we we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's you know we we don't have
+any we don't have a secant here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any we don't have a secant here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any we don't have a secant here we don't
+have secant squared here which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have secant squared here which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have secant squared here which would
+make it obviously nice that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it obviously nice that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it obviously nice that's what we
+had here so we need to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so we need to do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so we need to do something else
+with this well what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this well what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this well what I'm going to do is
+I'm again going to use the trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm again going to use the trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm again going to use the trigonometric
+identity I'm going to replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I'm going to replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I'm going to replace this
+tangent squ Theta by by secant squ Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squ Theta by by secant squ Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squ Theta by by secant squ Theta
+minus one let's think about why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one let's think about why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one let's think about why is that
+good well that's good because what I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well that's good because what I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well that's good because what I end
+up with is if I have secant squ Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is if I have secant squ Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is if I have secant squ Theta
+minus one is what is what this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is what is what this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is what is what this will
+equal Square Theta is easy to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Square Theta is easy to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Square Theta is easy to integrate
+because it's the derivative of a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the derivative of a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the derivative of a trig
+function we know it's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we know it's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we know it's the derivative of
+tangent and one I think is pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and one I think is pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and one I think is pretty easy
+to integrate too so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate too so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate too so we have two
+functions we can integrate very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can integrate very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we can integrate very easily
+so I'm going to bring this back up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to bring this back up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to bring this back up on
+the next line I'm going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line I'm going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line I'm going to do the
+replacement here and then we'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement here and then we'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement here and then we'll finish
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem so let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down okay now I'm going to do my replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay now I'm going to do my replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay now I'm going to do my replace
+placement and minus the quantity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement and minus the quantity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement and minus the quantity the
+integral SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral SEC
+s-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-
+One D Theta let's make sure I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D Theta let's make sure I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D Theta let's make sure I didn't
+make any mistakes so I had tan Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any mistakes so I had tan Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any mistakes so I had tan Square
+Theta secant Square Theta D Theta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta secant Square Theta D Theta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta secant Square Theta D Theta that
+looks good and then I'm subtracting tan^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good and then I'm subtracting tan^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good and then I'm subtracting tan^
+s Theta the integral of tan sare Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta the integral of tan sare Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Theta the integral of tan sare Theta D
+Theta and that's that so I'm okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that's that so I'm okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and that's that so I'm okay so
+this one again I I mentioned that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one again I I mentioned that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one again I I mentioned that this
+is going to be a substitution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a substitution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a substitution if you
+need to write it out explicitly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it out explicitly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write it out explicitly this is
+U equal tan thet so du is equal to SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equal tan thet so du is equal to SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equal tan thet so du is equal to SEC
+thet D Theta so this is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet D Theta so this is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet D Theta so this is the integral of
+u^2 right if I substitute in I get u^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u^2 right if I substitute in I get u^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u^2 right if I substitute in I get u^2
+du so it's the integral of U2 which is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du so it's the integral of U2 which is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du so it's the integral of U2 which is U
+cubed over 3 so that first part is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 3 so that first part is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 3 so that first part is going
+to be tan cubed Theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tan cubed Theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tan cubed Theta over
+3 that's my first term that's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that's my first term that's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 that's my first term that's a straight
+up substitution pretty similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up substitution pretty similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up substitution pretty similar to what
+you've seen now I have two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen now I have two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen now I have two things to
+integrate I have to integrate secant squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I have to integrate secant squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I have to integrate secant squ
+and I have to integrate the one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to integrate the one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to integrate the one well
+derivative of tangent is secant squ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of tangent is secant squ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of tangent is secant squ so
+the integral of secant s Theta is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of secant s Theta is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of secant s Theta is just
+tangent Theta so I have to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta so I have to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta so I have to subtract
+because there's a minus sign tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a minus sign tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a minus sign tangent
+Theta and then I have a minus minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I have a minus minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I have a minus minus so
+when I integrate 1 D Theta I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I integrate 1 D Theta I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I integrate 1 D Theta I'm going to
+get a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a plus
+Theta and then obviously because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then obviously because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then obviously because it's a
+family of possible solutions I I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of possible solutions I I can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of possible solutions I I can add
+a constant there plus C so again where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant there plus C so again where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant there plus C so again where
+did these come from this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these come from this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these come from this first
+one was a u substitution on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a u substitution on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a u substitution on the first
+integral and then over here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then over here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then over here I have
+another integral with two terms inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another integral with two terms inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another integral with two terms inside
+the first one is just the I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is just the I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is just the I just need to
+integrate secant squ I get tangent Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate secant squ I get tangent Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate secant squ I get tangent Theta
+the second one I just need to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one I just need to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one I just need to integrate
+the one and so I have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and so I have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and so I have a negative
+negative that makes it a positive Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that makes it a positive Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that makes it a positive Theta
+and then I have to add my constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to add my constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to add my constant so
+let's come back and just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back and just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back and just remind
+ourselves where we started we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves where we started we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves where we started we started
+with this trig function that was a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this trig function that was a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this trig function that was a power
+of tangent and what we ultimately did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangent and what we ultimately did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangent and what we ultimately did is
+we took two of the powers of tangent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took two of the powers of tangent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took two of the powers of tangent we
+made a substitution with the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a substitution with the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a substitution with the appropriate
+trigonometric identity to make this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric identity to make this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric identity to make this an
+easier problem to solve and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier problem to solve and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier problem to solve and actually
+yeah if you take two of the powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you take two of the powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you take two of the powers of
+tangent away and replace them by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent away and replace them by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent away and replace them by this
+then you're always going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're always going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're always going to end up with
+something of this form tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this form tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this form tangent to the
+power two less time secant s thet D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power two less time secant s thet D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power two less time secant s thet D
+Theta which you can always handle by a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which you can always handle by a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which you can always handle by a u
+substitution and you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and you're going to end up
+with an integral now here's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integral now here's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integral now here's where it
+gets a little tough here you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little tough here you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little tough here you wouldn't
+have tangent squar I think I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tangent squar I think I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tangent squar I think I might have
+said that incorrectly earlier if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that incorrectly earlier if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that incorrectly earlier if this
+was any power here you wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was any power here you wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was any power here you wouldn't have
+tangent squar you would have had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squar you would have had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent squar you would have had you
+would have had uh whatever what if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had uh whatever what if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had uh whatever what if this
+was power n this would be power n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was power n this would be power n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was power n this would be power n minus
+2 so this would be power n minus 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this would be power n minus 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this would be power n minus 2 right
+so if this was power eight when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this was power eight when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this was power eight when we do
+the substitution this would be power six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution this would be power six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution this would be power six
+so this would be power six so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be power six so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be power six so this would
+be power six so you'd have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be power six so you'd have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be power six so you'd have to do the
+process again this should remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process again this should remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process again this should remind you of
+the reduction formulas you've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction formulas you've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction formulas you've seen so
+it's good it's good if it's even because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good it's good if it's even because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good it's good if it's even because
+if this is Power Six you do the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is Power Six you do the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is Power Six you do the problem
+again and you end up with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you end up with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you end up with the second
+term has a power four you do the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a power four you do the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a power four you do the problem
+again the second term has a power two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second term has a power two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the second term has a power two
+and oh we know how to deal with those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh we know how to deal with those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh we know how to deal with those so
+we like it when it's an even power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like it when it's an even power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like it when it's an even power so
+that's kind of how these power even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how these power even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how these power even
+powers of tangent you can take you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of tangent you can take you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of tangent you can take you can
+find anti-derivatives of the even powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anti-derivatives of the even powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anti-derivatives of the even powers
+of tangent by this strategy that winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangent by this strategy that winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangent by this strategy that winds
+up you could actually get a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you could actually get a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you could actually get a reduction
+formula out of this um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula out of this um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula out of this um but I think
+that's where I should stop with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I should stop with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I should stop with this
+problem and uh I hope you enjoyed it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9JXMg32f09w.txt b/9JXMg32f09w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbed5372e030ff9c75718e7a796798a0ca994bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9JXMg32f09w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1599 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right, I feel
+almost as though I should
+
+introduce myself
+all over again.
+
+It's been a week and a half
+since we had a lecture.
+
+So let me begin by reminding
+you of what we were doing.
+
+We had derived all of the plane
+groups, and for better
+
+or worse had put
+them behind us.
+
+And then we moved into three
+dimensions, where things get a
+
+lot more involved and a lot more
+complicated, and to say
+
+the least, a lot
+more numerous.
+
+And the first question we asked
+was to say, when we're
+
+in a three-dimensional space,
+we can combine a first
+
+rotation operation with a second
+rotation operation, B
+
+beta If we're to begin by
+deriving point groups-- that
+
+is to say, the least [INAUDIBLE]
+point in this
+
+three-dimensional space
+is not going to move.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+two axes to intersect a point.
+
+For a space group, they could
+be parallel to one another.
+
+But that's gonna be an infinite
+set of symmetry
+
+elements and operations that
+extends through all space.
+
+Then we asked the question--
+rhetorically, because you knew
+
+I was going to answer--
+
+what is the net result of a
+sequence of rotating from a
+
+first object to a second, and
+then picking up the second and
+
+rotating it to an angle beta
+about second axis.
+
+Begin the third one here.
+
+What is the net effect?
+
+And again, we could do that by
+the process of elimination.
+
+It has to be either translation
+or another
+
+rotation, because these are the
+only two generic sorts of
+
+operations which leaves the
+chirality unchanged.
+
+And I think I convinced you
+that indeed there was some
+
+third axis, C, which rotated
+directly from the first to the
+
+third by some different
+angle, gamma.
+
+So that is the consequence of
+combining the first two
+
+rotation axes.
+
+What they would anticipate is
+that the location and also the
+
+value of the rotation
+[INAUDIBLE] depends on alpha
+
+and beta, and also [INAUDIBLE]
+
+at which we combine them.
+
+And that's what we'll see.
+
+You could do this in a number
+of ways that if you don't
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+that gamma would turn
+out to be a
+
+crystallographic rotation.
+
+And then your result would be
+true, but it would not be a
+
+rotation operation which could
+exist in a three-dimensional
+
+point group.
+
+So using the genius of
+Leonhard Euler and a
+
+construction known as Euler's
+construction.
+
+We set up a little spherical
+triangle,
+
+which we could analyze.
+
+Let me tell you a little bit
+about Euler, because he's a
+
+remarkable individual.
+
+The first remarkable feature of
+Euler is that he's Swiss,
+
+and there are not many
+world-class famous people who
+
+are Swiss, simply because the
+population is so small.
+
+The probability of somebody
+rising to heights is constant
+
+among all populations.
+
+If you have a small population,
+there are not
+
+going to be very many.
+
+And to demonstrate that point,
+can somebody identify some
+
+other citizen of Switzerland who
+rose to great heights, as
+
+world-famous as [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Think of one other person?
+
+I'm fairly pressed
+to do so myself.
+
+There's my uncle,
+but he actually
+
+didn't amount to much.
+
+But there's an artist, Paul
+Klee, who is world-class.
+
+He was one of the early
+modern artists.
+
+And Switzerland has just
+finished constructing a
+
+marvelous museum on the
+outskirts of the
+
+capital city, Berne.
+
+It's a structure that is
+supposed to mimic the rolling
+
+countryside of the central
+part of Switzerland.
+
+So it's a series of cylindrical
+structures, glass
+
+in front, glass on top.
+
+And it divides the
+area into three.
+
+Two of them are exhibit spaces
+and one is a space for
+
+scholars and researchers.
+
+And it's an absolutely
+marvelous structure.
+
+It appeared in the pages of Time
+Magazine when it opened
+
+[INAUDIBLE] about
+two months ago.
+
+Anyway, Euler was born
+in 1707, so he
+
+operated a long time ago.
+
+And he died in St. Petersburg
+on September 18, 1783.
+
+That is exactly 350 years and
+one day after my birthday.
+
+That's another remarkable
+thing about him.
+
+He was 76 years old
+when he died.
+
+And that time of primitive
+medicine and plague, not many
+
+people got to live to
+their 60s and 70s.
+
+Euler studied at the University
+of Basel under the
+
+Bernoullis.
+
+I think you've all heard
+of the Bernoullis.
+
+There's a very famous principle
+of physics known as
+
+the Bernoulli effect, which
+stated in its simple practical
+
+form says that if you have the
+Sunday paper on the front seat
+
+alongside of you, and you
+drive your car with the
+
+windows down, the paper will
+blow out the window.
+
+That's Bernoulli's principle
+in action.
+
+Euler got his doctorate
+from Basel at age 16.
+
+It sort of leads one to the
+rhetorical question, how come
+
+you guys have been spinning
+your wheels for so long?
+
+But then I said, he was
+an unusual individual.
+
+The Bernoullis went to St.
+Petersburg in Russia, under
+
+Catherine the First.
+
+Russia was trying very hard at
+that time to enter the ranks
+
+of the Western world
+as a full member.
+
+Euler followed them a
+little bit later on.
+
+And he succeeded one of the
+Bernoullis as a professor of
+
+mathematics in 1733.
+
+Then unfortunately, two years
+later in 1735, he lost the
+
+sight of one eye.
+
+And why?
+
+Because at that time, astronomy
+had been using this
+
+newfangled telescope which had
+recently been perfected.
+
+One of the hottest things going
+was studying the heavens
+
+looking through a telescope.
+
+And if you wanted to look at the
+sun, people knew nothing
+
+about the damaging effect on
+retinas of the sun's rays.
+
+So he lost the sight
+of one eye.
+
+1741, he went back to Europe
+again, to Berlin.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the reigning monarch
+in Russia at that time was
+
+called Ivan the Terrible, and
+that says reams about why
+
+Euler would want to
+get out of Russia.
+
+But then 1776, he went back to
+St. Petersburg under the next
+
+monarch, who was Catherine
+the Great.
+
+And that says why one would
+be interested to go back.
+
+Finally, in 1766, he
+went fully blind.
+
+Did that slow him down?
+
+Not one bit.
+
+He published in his lifetime
+800 papers.
+
+You talk to some big cheese
+around MIT, they've published
+
+maybe 200 or 300 papers, and
+that with the assistance of an
+
+army of graduate students, and
+also, one might add, the
+
+assistance of Xerox machines
+and word processors.
+
+So back in the days when you
+wrote everything out by hand
+
+with a [INAUDIBLE] quill pen,
+800 papers is an absolutely
+
+unbelievable accomplishment.
+
+It took 35 years after he
+passed away to publish
+
+everything that he'd written.
+
+People had kept busy publishing
+what he did.
+
+And among his accomplishments,
+he was one of the first people
+
+to apply real hardcore
+mathematics to astronomy, to
+
+make it quantitative.
+
+He was one of the first to
+suggest that light was a wave
+
+form, and that color was a
+function of wave length.
+
+That was astonishingly
+precocious.
+
+And then, lest he seem like an
+egghead who spent all his time
+
+staring through telescopes and
+working out theorems to use in
+
+crystallography, he also wrote
+a popular account of science
+
+for the general public, which
+was published in 1768.
+
+And that book was published
+for 90 years, three
+
+generations of people kept
+gobbling up [INAUDIBLE]
+
+pretty good.
+
+He impinged upon our own
+language and activities in
+
+several important ways.
+
+He was the one who used
+lowercase i to define the
+
+square root of minus 1.
+
+We can thank Euler for that.
+
+He was the person who used
+e to define the constant,
+
+2.71828182845904523536.
+
+And he was the person
+who first used f
+
+to stand for function.
+
+So he contributed not only a lot
+of good mathematics, but a
+
+lot [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this does not have
+to be easy.
+
+Euler was a great guy.
+
+And this geometry of rotations
+about different axes is
+
+something that also survives in
+a mechanism that involves
+
+achieving angular core rotation
+on a axis by rotation
+
+on two orthogonal arcs.
+
+And that's something that's
+called an Euler Cradle.
+
+And that is geometry that;s
+used in a great number of
+
+mechanical devices.
+
+In any case, back to instruction
+for our purposes.
+
+The thing that we would like
+to do is let alpha and beta
+
+take on all possible
+crystallographic values,
+
+namely 360 degrees or onefold
+axis, although we know that
+
+that's not gonna work.
+
+Twofold, 180 degrees.
+
+Threefold, 120.
+
+Fourfold, 90.
+
+Sixfold, 60.
+
+And let that give the values
+to alpha and beta,
+
+taking two at a time.
+
+And then let us ask the
+question, at what angle should
+
+we combine these two axes
+to get gamma to be a
+
+crystallographic
+rotation axis?
+
+And if it is crystallographic
+and not something like 37.9234
+
+degrees, what are the remaining
+axes with interaxial
+
+angles B and A?
+
+So this is the problem that
+Euler's construction solved.
+
+And I won't go through all
+the arguments that we
+
+need to set this up.
+
+But what we found after some f
+sleight of hand when we were
+
+working on the polar triangle
+with spherical trigonometry,
+
+what we found was the result
+that said that if we want to
+
+combine two axes, alpha and
+beta, so that the third one
+
+turned out to be a rotation of
+gamma, then the cosine of the
+
+angle between A and B should
+be the cosine of alpha/2,
+
+cosine of beta/2 plus cosine
+of gamma/2, divided by the
+
+sine of alpha/2, sine beta/2.
+
+So if you pick your alpha and
+beta, and you decide what you
+
+would want these first two
+rotations to turn out to be.
+
+And generally it's
+not gonna work.
+
+But there are a surprising
+number of cases
+
+where it does work.
+
+So you specify the combination
+you had.
+
+You also determine the angle
+between A and C. And you have
+
+to also determine the angle
+between the axes B and C. And
+
+there are similar sorts of
+expressions that one obtains
+
+simply by [INAUDIBLE] alpha
+and beta again.
+
+So then we set it up just by
+looking at all possible
+
+combinations of twofold, of two
+different rotation axes,
+
+and a third, which the
+net effect might be.
+
+We're not interested in
+permuting A, B, and C. And A
+
+equal to C equal to B is just
+as interesting or not as A
+
+equal to B equal to C. We don't
+care about permutations.
+
+And we generated-- just
+as we [INAUDIBLE]
+
+a week and a half ago-- a set of
+combinations that we should
+
+consider, what the axis A would
+be, what the axis B
+
+would be, and them different
+choices for the axis C. So A
+
+could be 1.
+
+B could be 1.
+
+And we could look for 1,
+1, 1; 1, 1, 2; 1, 1, 3;
+
+1, 1, 4; 1, 1, 6.
+
+Those are legitimate
+combinations?
+
+Those are absurd combinations,
+because doing nothing about
+
+the first onefold axis, doing
+nothing about the second
+
+onefold axis could hardly result
+in the net effect of
+
+the 90-degree rotation
+by the third axis.
+
+And [INAUDIBLE] suggested is
+that sitting around and doing
+
+nothing twice was equal to a
+rotation [INAUDIBLE] its
+
+junctures [INAUDIBLE] we'd find
+ourselves spinning on our
+
+axis like tops.
+
+Twofold axis.
+
+1, 1, 2, we have here,
+so we don't have to
+
+consider 2, 1, 1.
+
+But we should consider 2, 1,
+2; 2, 1, 3; 2, 1, 4; 2,
+
+1, 6, and so on.
+
+If we filled out this whole
+table, last time you got a
+
+copy of it and some notes, and
+all that remains then is to
+
+quote [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and see where we get allowable
+axial combinations.
+
+And not surprisingly, there
+are so very, very few.
+
+And we showed-- again, when we
+finished up last time-- that
+
+you can always take any n-fold
+axis that has a C gamma that's
+
+equal to C 2 pi over n and
+combine it with twofold axes
+
+at right angles, provided you
+make the angle between the
+
+twofold axes equal 2
+of gamma over 2.
+
+So the crystallographic
+possibilities for C are, first
+
+of all, C could be a twofold
+axis, in which case you could
+
+combine with it a pair of
+twofold axes, and this 1/2 of
+
+180 degrees would also
+be a right angle.
+
+We could let C be a threefold
+axis, in which case the
+
+twofold axes have to be at
+right angles, two- to
+
+threefold axes.
+
+And they should be combined at
+half the angular throw of the
+
+threefold axes, which
+is 60 degrees.
+
+Two more possibilities are
+four [INAUDIBLE] pair of
+
+twofold axes at right angles.
+
+Of the angle between them,
+half of the throw of a
+
+fourfold axis would have to
+be equal to 5 degrees.
+
+And the last one is sixfold
+axis with a
+
+pair of twofold axes.
+
+Add angles to it.
+
+And a third [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So notice the insidious fact
+that the angle between the
+
+twofold axes is always a half,
+1/2 the rotation angle in
+
+principal axis C are not equal
+to this rotation axis.
+
+The other thing we saw that is
+that these twofold axes are
+
+different, distinct,
+symmetry-independent axes.
+
+They're different in that the
+principal axis C never rotates
+
+this axis into the second one,
+and therefore demands that
+
+whatever's going on around one
+twofold axis be identical to
+
+what's going on at the other
+twofold axis, different in the
+
+sense that they function in
+different ways in the pattern,
+
+or if you're describing the
+symmetry of an object.
+
+So probably the best
+demonstration of this is a
+
+regular prism with a triangular
+shape or with a
+
+square shape or with
+a hexagonal shape.
+
+And the adjacent twofold axes
+for these prisms would come
+
+out of the normal to a face.
+
+And then if the second twofold
+axis is going to be 45 degrees
+
+away from the first, the other
+one has to come [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So yeah, they function in
+different ways in the space.
+
+One is normal to the face of
+a regular prism, if that's
+
+what's in our space.
+
+The other one comes
+out of the edge.
+
+Similarly for a sixfold axis,
+a hexagonal prism has one
+
+twofold axis coming out normal
+to a face, the adjacent
+
+twofold axis coming
+out to an edge.
+
+And as advertised,
+that angle is 33.
+
+So they function in
+different ways.
+
+The only exception to that,
+again, is the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+threefold axis.
+
+And the twofold axes there,
+which were 60 degrees, come
+
+out of one side from a corner
+of the triangular prism.
+
+On the other side, that
+was [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So all of the twofold axes
+were the same thing.
+
+There's only one independent
+kind of twofold axis, just as
+
+there was only kind of mirror
+plane in the combination of a
+
+mirror plane passing through
+a twofold axis.
+
+The names for these are always,
+as we've done in the
+
+past, a running list of the
+independent symmetry
+
+operations that are present.
+
+So this general one, n, 2, 2,
+with the n-fold axis for some
+
+generic sort of a
+twofold axis.
+
+This one would be 2, 2, 2.
+
+This one would be 4, 2, 2.
+
+And this one would be 6, 2, 2.
+
+This [INAUDIBLE] with a
+threefold axis is, again,
+
+called not 3, 2, but 3, 2,
+because there's only one kind
+
+of twofold axis, just as
+there's only one kind
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+We pause [INAUDIBLE], see if
+you have any questions.
+
+These are the crystallographic
+combinations of this
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+There is no reason why you
+should not in something that
+
+doesn't have to be compatible
+with a lattice, combine an
+
+n-fold axis of any sort with
+twofold axes or right angles.
+
+And indeed, if I look at my
+old friend, the saguaro
+
+cactus, we can add
+anything like 28-
+
+up to 32-fold symmetry.
+
+This cactus stem had
+a 28-fold symmetry.
+
+It would be a twofold axis
+coming out of the string with
+
+one of the ribs, another twofold
+axis coming out of the
+
+crevice between the pair
+of these ribs.
+
+And if I took that thing up,
+very carefully because of the
+
+spines, and with great effort
+because it weights several
+
+tons, and rotated it about one
+axis, and then rotate it again
+
+about a second axis, turning
+it upside-down, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+axis would be rotation
+to 128 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Valid symmetry, but not
+crystallographic.
+
+OK, any comments or questions?
+
+Get to know these results,
+because the exercise that's
+
+going to occupy us for the
+next week is going to be
+
+asking how we can decorate these
+frameworks with mirror
+
+planes and with inversion.
+
+If you want orientation, we
+could add another operation to
+
+the collection of axes
+while it pops up.
+
+Where [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Comments or questions?
+
+OK, there are only two other
+combinations that are
+
+crystallographic that
+involve directions
+
+that are not simple.
+
+And one of them involves a
+combination of a threefold
+
+axis with twofold axes that come
+out of directions at a
+
+normal to the face of a cube.
+
+So these turn out to be very,
+very strange angles which make
+
+no sense at all until
+you refer them to
+
+directions in the cube.
+
+The direction of the threefold
+axis turns out to be
+
+correspondent with the
+angle of a cube.
+
+The direction of the twofold
+axis corresponds to
+
+the normal two faces.
+
+You can show--
+
+I did show, and I don't think
+anybody really followed me, so
+
+I had to hand out that
+[INAUDIBLE]--
+
+that if you start with one
+twofold axis and one threefold
+
+axis, what you're going to get
+is a threefold axis coming out
+
+of all of the [INAUDIBLE]
+diagonals, but they're all
+
+equivalent to this
+threefold axis.
+
+And twofold axes come out
+to normal for all the
+
+faces of the cube.
+
+So there's only one kind of
+twofold axis and one kind of
+
+threefold axis, so even though
+we got this by combining a
+
+pair of twofold axes--
+
+I'm sorry, a pair of
+threefold axes--
+
+that's what happens when
+you stay up late.
+
+You forget about this one.
+
+A pair of threefold axes
+at the diagonals
+
+and one twofold axis.
+
+And this is the combination
+that is called 23, because
+
+there's only one sort of twofold
+axis and one sort of
+
+threefold axis.
+
+And I'd like to point out and
+I'd like to warn you of traps
+
+when we come across them, make
+sure we don't [INAUDIBLE]
+
+across them.
+
+Notice the insidious relation
+of this pair of integers to
+
+the symmetry that we
+label [? 232. ?]
+
+32 is a threefold axis with a
+twofold axis normal to it.
+
+23 is this combination
+that involves
+
+corrections in a cube.
+
+Now, let me pause
+parenthetically with an aside.
+
+You might say, how
+can this be?
+
+Here is a cube.
+
+That cube has got a fourfold
+axis about it.
+
+Don't call that a
+twofold axis.
+
+A cube has a fourfold axis
+coming out of it.
+
+OK, let me give you an
+example in real life.
+
+There is a fairly common
+mineral, iron disulfide--
+
+pyrite.
+
+This forms nice, shiny cubes,
+but the cube faces have
+
+striations on them.
+
+If you look at them, there's a
+set of lines running this way.
+
+And what those lines are if you
+look at this crystal face
+
+with a magnifying glass, is that
+these are little steps of
+
+a second face.
+
+And this is a face
+of the form hk0.
+
+And this oscillates back and
+forth, and there seem to be
+
+lines scribed on the surface.
+
+So this sort of a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+crystal growth of one face which
+never really develops is
+
+not that uncommon.
+
+There's a threefold axis coming
+out of the corner here,
+
+but this is really a surface
+that is left at variant only
+
+by 183 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You cannot rotate that
+surface 90 degrees.
+
+The orientation of the
+lines have changed.
+
+But there is a bona fide
+threefold axis coming up
+
+there, so these striations, if
+I rotate them to this face,
+
+will go in a way like this.
+
+This edge turns into this edge,
+and therefore the lines
+
+will run down like this.
+
+And if I rotate [INAUDIBLE] n by
+90 degrees, the striations
+
+on the adjacent face
+will run down.
+
+So there's a decorated cube.
+
+And if you rolled it up and say
+how can I move this cube
+
+around and leave its appearance
+totally unchanged?
+
+the answer is, rotate it by
+120 degrees [INAUDIBLE]
+
+diagonal.
+
+But we can only rotate it 180
+degrees around the face.
+
+So there's an example of
+a crystal [INAUDIBLE]
+
+on the arrangement of
+rotation axes 23.
+
+The final one, the highest
+symmetry of all, involves a
+
+fourfold axis coming out of a
+direction normal to a face, a
+
+threefold axis coming out of the
+[INAUDIBLE] diagonal, and
+
+a twofold axis coming out
+normal to an edge.
+
+And if you let these axes work
+on one another, there's a
+
+twofold axis that comes out of
+every edge, and a fourfold
+
+axis that comes out
+of every face.
+
+And this one is named 432,
+because it's a combination of
+
+a fourfold, a threefold,
+and a twofold.
+
+That is the symmetry
+to the cube.
+
+And for crystallographic
+symmetries, that's about as
+
+complicated as it gets.
+
+Now, if we look at the regular
+solids that we've encountered
+
+here, with symmetry 23, there
+is a regular [INAUDIBLE]
+
+consisting of four
+triangular faces.
+
+That's a tetrahedron.
+
+And for 432, one of the
+polyhedra that can form from
+
+the crystal [INAUDIBLE]
+is an octahedron.
+
+These were the lovely solids
+called Platonic solids, after
+
+Plato, that we used as our
+trophies early this afternoon.
+
+So this is an octahedron.
+
+Let me finish up before our
+break by asking is there any
+
+other regular polyhedra that can
+result from a combination
+
+of rotation axes that are
+not crystallographic?
+
+Now, that's a tough
+question to ask.
+
+You instantly scan your
+knowledge of geometry.
+
+Clearly, there are a lot
+of prisms [INAUDIBLE]
+
+infinite number of prisms
+[INAUDIBLE] n22.
+
+But there's only one other
+combination of axes
+
+non-crystallographic which
+results in a regular
+
+polyhedron.
+
+And this is a combination,
+believe it or not, of a
+
+fivefold axis with
+a threefold axis.
+
+This is a fivefold axis
+and a threefold axis
+
+and a twofold axis.
+
+And these result in a regular
+solid called an icosahedron.
+
+And that is so complicated
+that I won't
+
+attempt to draw it.
+
+But having said so, it
+looks like this.
+
+It has diamond-shaped faces.
+
+And there are five of these
+that come together in a
+
+[INAUDIBLE] form.
+
+So here's one of the [INAUDIBLE]
+diamond-shaped
+
+faces, another diamond-shaped
+face, and then the two other
+
+ones that come in like this.
+
+So there are 1, 2, 3, 4,
+5 faces, so this is the
+
+orientation of a
+fivefold axis.
+
+The twofold axis comes out of
+a place where two of these
+
+edges are shared.
+
+And the threefold axis--
+
+[INAUDIBLE] triangular faces.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So here's the fivefold axis.
+
+These are the twofold
+axes [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And these are threefold axes.
+
+But you know all this.
+
+Is there anybody
+who [INAUDIBLE]
+
+show me that they've never
+seen an icosahedron?
+
+Anybody ever who has not seen--
+have you seen it?
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Here--
+
+I spared no expense-- is a live
+icosahedron for those who
+
+would like to look.
+
+AUDIENCE: How many sides
+does it have?
+
+PROFESSOR: He'll count
+them for you.
+
+I don't remember.
+
+I know the number of faces and
+the number of edges, but not
+
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+faces.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think it's--
+
+I'm not sure [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Not sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you said you
+know the number of faces.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but I can't
+tell you everything I know
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's another
+figure which also has this
+
+symmetry, and it's
+a regular solid.
+
+And this is called a rhombic
+dodecahedron.
+
+And, wise guy, this
+has 12 faces.
+
+And the faces are pentagonal.
+
+And there are three pentagonal
+faces that come together at
+
+the threefold axis, a fivefold
+axis out of each of the
+
+pentagonal faces, and a twofold
+axis out of the edges.
+
+The face that this has 12 faces
+at regular intervals
+
+leads an entrepreneur who was
+familiar with injection
+
+molding to cast these little
+things as a plastic, and then
+
+puts a month of the year on each
+of the 12 faces and made
+
+a nice little desk calendar.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] something that
+reminds you of symmetry as
+
+well [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this has fivefold faces,
+12 of them, and that's the
+
+rhombic dodecahedron as
+opposed to the normal
+
+dodecahedron which
+is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: So are those
+both [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are those
+both [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+The icosahedron, [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, this has a
+fivefold axis coming out of
+
+the pentagonal [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Is that what you're asking?
+
+And the threefold axis, there
+are three of them that, come
+
+together, and they do
+something like this.
+
+So here's the threefold, here's
+the fivefold, here's
+
+the twofold.
+
+Here we have to see
+it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Look for somebody who's got one
+of these desk calendars.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] used to sell them.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK, this sets up the next
+stage of our game.
+
+We've got these arrangements
+of axes.
+
+And if you count them up on the
+fingers of your hands and
+
+one toe, there are 11 of them.
+
+There are the axes by
+themselves-- onefold, twofold,
+
+threefold, fourfold, sixfold.
+
+There are these so-called
+dihedral combinations, where
+
+the only thing that changes from
+one to the other is the
+
+symmetry of the main axis, the
+[INAUDIBLE] symmetry, and
+
+therefore the dihedral angle
+between the twofold axes.
+
+And these are 222,
+32, 422, and 622.
+
+And then the two cubic
+arrangements, 32 and 432.
+
+So when we return, we'll ask the
+question, how can we add
+
+mirror planes for an inversion
+center to this
+
+combination of axes?
+
+And these are going to give us
+new symmetries involving not
+
+only rotation, but [INAUDIBLE]
+help with rotation
+
+inversion as well.
+
+And the constraint in doing this
+is that we have to add
+
+the reflection plane and the
+inversion center in such a way
+
+that it doesn't create any new
+rotation axes, because we have
+
+systematically derived all of
+the possible combinations of
+
+crystallographic
+rotation axes.
+
+So if the addition of a mirror
+plane, creates a new axis,
+
+that's going to be something
+that you already have with a
+
+combination of a greater number
+of rotation axes.
+
+For example, if you take a
+single twofold axis and a
+
+mirror plane of an angle, that
+generated another twofold axis
+
+90 degrees away.
+
+But we've already got that.
+
+If a mirror plane moves an axis
+to an angle that doesn't
+
+correspond to one of these
+arrangements, it's going to be
+
+impossible, because we have
+systematically derived, using
+
+Euler's construction, all the
+combinations of rotation
+
+operations that are possible.
+
+So that's going to be
+the constraint.
+
+We want to add mirror planes or
+an inversion center in all
+
+possible combinations.
+
+And this means we're gonna
+need a theorem.
+
+What happens when you
+add a mirror plane
+
+to a rotation operation?
+
+We're already familiar
+with one of them.
+
+You take an axis and you pass
+an mirror plane through it,
+
+you get another mirror plane
+that is rotated about the
+
+axis, away from the first,
+by half the rotation
+
+angle of the axis.
+
+So let's take a breather,
+and let us
+
+resume in about 10 minutes.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9RqFFlZgf60.txt b/9RqFFlZgf60.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2024d9b40565d15e892bfb0e6545f9631318bf75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9RqFFlZgf60.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1578 @@
+Good morning, all.
+Good morning. I hope you guys did
+
+not spend all of last night
+celebrating the Red Sox victory,
+
+but there is one more tonight. OK.
+Let's see. I trust the quiz went
+
+OK. What I will do today is take
+off from where we left
+
+off on Tuesday.
+And continue our discussion of the
+
+large signal and small signal
+analysis of our amplifier.
+
+Today the focus will be on "Small
+Signal Analysis".
+
+So let me start by reviewing some of
+
+the material. And,
+as you know, our MOSFET amplifier
+
+looks like this.
+
+One of the things you will notice in
+circuits, as I have been mentioning
+
+all along in this course,
+is that certain kinds of patterns
+
+keep repeating time and time again.
+And this is one such pattern. A
+
+three terminal device like the
+MOSFET with an input and the drain
+
+to source port connected to RL and
+VS in series in the following manner,
+
+this is a very common pattern.
+There are several other common
+
+patterns. The voltage divider is a
+common pattern.
+
+We keep running into that again and
+again and again.
+
+The Thevenin form,
+a voltage source in series with the
+
+resistor is another very common form.
+The Norton equivalent form,
+
+which is a current source in
+parallel with a resistor is also
+
+very common. And it behooves all of
+us to be very familiar with the
+
+analyses of these things.
+Voltage dividers in particular are
+
+just so common that you need to be
+able to look at it and boom,
+
+be able to write down the expression
+for voltage dividers.
+
+I would also encourage you to go
+and look at current dividers.
+
+When you have two resistors in
+parallel and you have some current
+
+flowing into the resistors to find
+out the current in one branch versus
+
+the other very quickly.
+The expression is very analogous to
+
+the voltage divider expression.
+And some of these very common
+
+patterns are highlighted in the
+summary pages in the course notes,
+
+so it is good to keep track of those
+and be extremely familiar with those
+
+patterns to the point where if you
+see it you should be able to jump up
+
+and shout out the answer just by
+looking at it without having to do
+
+any math. So here was an amplifier.
+And then we noticed that when the
+
+MOSFET was in saturation it behaved
+like a current source.
+
+And this circuit would give us
+amplification while the MOSFET was
+
+in saturation.
+So we agreed to adhere to the
+
+saturation discipline which simply
+said that I was going to use my
+
+circuit in a way that the MOSFET
+would always remain in saturation in
+
+building things like amplifiers and
+so on. And by doing that throughout
+
+the analysis I could make the
+assumption that the MOSFET was in
+
+saturation. I didn't
+have to go through --
+
+Analysis became easier.
+I didn't have to figure out now,
+
+what region is the MOSFET in? Well,
+because of my discipline it is
+
+always going to be in saturation.
+But in turn what we had to do was
+
+conduct a large signal analysis.
+
+Again, in follow on courses you will
+be given circuits like this.
+
+In fact, this very circuit with a
+very high likelihood.
+
+And you will be looking at more
+complicated models of the MOSFET.
+
+Or you will be given the MOSFET
+like this and,
+
+let's say in that course the
+designers do not adhere to the
+
+saturation discipline,
+in which case you have to first
+
+figure out is my MOSFET in its
+triode region or in the saturation
+
+region? And depending on the region
+it is in you have to apply different
+
+equations. So it is one step more
+complicated than in 002.
+
+In 002 we simplified our lives by
+following a discipline.
+
+And let me tell you that following
+a discipline is quite OK.
+
+When it simplifies our lives and we
+can do good things with it,
+
+it is quite OK to do that. We are
+not wimps or anything like that.
+
+It is quite OK to have a discipline
+and agree that we are going to play
+
+in this region of the playground and
+build circuits in that manner.
+
+By doing so, we could assume the
+MOSFET was in saturation all the
+
+time. And analysis simply used a
+current source model.
+
+By the same token,
+what becomes important is to figure
+
+out what are the boundaries of valid
+operation of the MOSFET in
+
+saturation? To do that we conducted
+a large signal analysis.
+
+And it had two components to it.
+One of course was to figure out the
+
+output versus input response.
+And what this usually does is that
+
+it does a nonlinear analysis
+of this circuit.
+
+If it is a linear circuit it is a
+linear analysis.
+
+And figures out what the values of
+the various voltages and currents
+
+are in the circuit as a function of
+the applied inputs and chosen
+
+parameters. And the second step we
+said was to figure out valid
+
+operating ranges --
+
+-- for input and corresponding
+ranges for the other dependent
+
+parameters such as VO.
+You could also find out the
+
+corresponding operating range for
+the current IDS and so on.
+
+So by doing this you could first
+analyze the circuit,
+
+find out the "bias" parameters,
+find out the values of VI and VO and
+
+so on.
+And then you could say all right,
+
+provided, as long as VI stays within
+these bounds my assumption that this
+
+is in saturation will hold and
+everything will be fine.
+
+The reading for this is Chapter 8.
+And today we will take the next
+
+step and revisit small signal
+analysis. In the demo that I showed
+
+you at the end of last lecture,
+I showed you an input triangular
+
+wave.
+And the input triangular wave gave
+
+rise to an output.
+And we noticed that we did have
+
+amplification,
+I had a small input and a much
+
+bigger output.
+I did have amplification when the
+
+MOSFET was in saturation but it was
+highly nonlinear.
+
+The input was a triangular wave and
+the output was some funny,
+
+it kind of looked like a sinusoid
+whose extremities had been whacked
+
+down and kind of flattened.
+And its upward going peak had been
+
+shrunk. So it was a kind of weird
+nonlinear behavior.
+
+I will show that to you again later
+on. And so it amplified but it was
+
+nonlinear. And remember our goal of
+two weeks ago?
+
+We set out to build a linear
+amplifier. So today we will walk
+
+down that path and talk about
+building a linear amplifier.
+
+So to very quickly revisit the input
+versus output characteristic,
+
+VI versus VO, this is VT and this is
+VS, this is what things looked like.
+
+Also to quickly review the valid
+ranges, until some point here the
+
+amplifier was in saturation,
+the MOSFET was in saturation and
+
+somewhere here I had VO being equal
+to VI minus a threshold drop.
+
+At that point the MOSFET went into
+its triode region and I no longer
+
+was following the saturation
+discipline. So therefore this is my
+
+valid region of operation.
+We also know that the output was
+
+given by VS minus K (VI-VT)
+all squared RL over 2.
+
+Again assuming the MOSFET is in
+saturation. It is very important to
+
+keep stating this because this is
+true only when the MOSFET is in
+
+saturation, when I am following the
+discipline. Notice that this is a
+
+nonlinear relationship.
+So VO depends on some funny square
+
+law dependence on VI.
+The key here is how do we go about
+
+building our amplifier?
+Take a look at this point here.
+
+At this point here let's say I have
+a VI input. Corresponding output is
+
+VO. Focus is this point.
+And left to itself this was a
+
+nonlinear curve.
+Remember the trick that we used in
+
+our nonlinear Expo Dweeb example?
+We used the Zen Method.
+
+Remember the Zen Method?
+We said look, this is nonlinear,
+
+but if you can focus your mind on
+this little piece of the curve here
+
+this looks more or less linear.
+If I look at a small itty-bitty
+
+portion of the curve and I do the
+Zen thing, and kind of zoom in on
+
+here. This looked more or less
+linear. This means that if I could
+
+work with very small signals and
+apply the signal in a way that I
+
+also had a DC offset of some sort.
+Then I would be in a region of the
+
+curve, I would be delineating a
+small region of the curve which
+
+would be more or less linear.
+This was a small signal trick.
+
+And what we will do here is simply
+revisit the small signal model.
+
+Most of what I am going to do from
+here on will be more or less a
+
+repeat of what you saw for the light
+emitting expo dweeb.
+
+Just that here I have a three
+terminal device,
+
+with a little bit more complication.
+The equation is different. I don't
+
+have to resort to a Taylor series
+expansion. I will just do a
+
+complete expansion of this
+expression and develop the small
+
+signal values for you.
+Recall the small signal model.
+
+It had the following steps.
+The first step will operate at some
+
+bias point, VI,
+VO, and of course some corresponding
+
+point IDS. This is Page 3.
+And then superimpose a small signal
+
+VI on top of the big fat bias.
+Remember the "boost"?
+
+So VI is the boost.
+Boom. And above VI,
+
+I have small signal VI that I apply.
+And our claim is that response of
+
+the amplifier to VI is
+approximately linear.
+
+The key trick with this is that for
+
+my small signal model here,
+this is Page 3 here, and Page 2.
+
+The key trick here is that with the
+small signal model,
+
+I operate my amplifier at some
+operating point,
+
+VO, VI. I superimpose a small
+signal VI on top of small VI on top
+
+of big VI. And then I claim that
+the response to VI is
+
+approximately linear.
+And let me just embellish that curve
+
+a little bit more.
+
+Notice that in this situation this
+was my VI, which is my bias voltage,
+
+this is VO, which is the output bias,
+and of course not shown on this
+
+graph is the output operating
+current which is IDS.
+
+One nice way of thinking about this
+is to redraw this and think that
+
+your coordinate axes have kind of
+shifted in the following manner.
+
+This is VI. This is also on your
+Page 3. This is VT.
+
+Remember this was the operating
+point, VO and VI.
+
+And notice that we were operating
+in this small regime of our
+
+transfer curve here.
+And in effect what we are saying is
+
+that I am going to apply small
+variations about VI and call those
+
+variations delta VI or small VI.
+And the resulting variations are
+
+going to look like delta VO.
+Also referred to as small V,
+
+small O. So I will have small
+variations here.
+
+And they give rise to corresponding
+small variations there.
+
+One way to view this is as if we
+are working with a new coordinate
+
+system. Another way to view this is
+that so the capital VI and capital
+
+VO correspond to my VI and VO as the
+total voltages in my circuit,
+
+but at this bias point I can think
+of another coordinate system here
+
+with small VI and VO out there.
+And for small changes to VI,
+
+I can figure out the corresponding
+small changes to VO.
+
+Just that all the analysis I
+perform here is going to be linear.
+
+And I will prove it to you in a
+couple of different ways in the next
+
+few seconds. When I am doing small
+signal analysis I am operating here
+
+in this regime at some bias point.
+You have also seen this before.
+
+How do I get a bias? This is my
+amplifier RL and VS.
+
+This is Page 4. VO.
+The way I get a bias is I apply
+
+some DC voltage VI and superimpose
+on top of that my small signal small
+
+VI. This is my DC bias that has
+boosted up the signal to
+
+an interesting value.
+And because of that what I can get
+
+is by varying VI as a small signal
+with a very small amplitude,
+
+I am going to get a linear response
+here. And I can draw
+
+that for you as well.
+
+This is my bias point here.
+And if I vary my signal like so then
+
+my output should look like this.
+This is point VI, this is point VO,
+
+and this is my small signal VI and
+this is my small signal VO and this
+
+is capital VO.
+So this small thing here is VI.
+
+I would like to show you a little
+demo.
+
+I will start with the same demo I
+showed you the last time.
+
+I showed you the amplifier.
+In the demo I am going to apply a
+
+triangular wave.
+And initially I start with a large
+
+signal. And you will see that the
+output looks really corny,
+
+is going to look something like this.
+That's large signal response.
+
+And then I will begin playing with
+the input making it smaller,
+
+and you can see how it looks
+yourselves.
+
+There you go. So this is where I
+stopped the last time.
+
+The last lecture I applied this
+input, time is going to the right,
+
+and the purple curve in the
+background is the output.
+
+It looks much more like a sinusoid
+with some flattening of its tips.
+
+Nothing like an interesting
+triangular wave.
+
+What I will do next is that let me
+make sure I have enough of a boost
+
+here, enough of a DC voltage so that
+I am operating at some point here.
+
+I believe I already have that.
+Notice that I can shift up the
+
+triangular wave input,
+or I can shift it down.
+
+So let me bias it here.
+I have chosen a VI that's about,
+
+I forget how many volts per division
+it is, but I have chosen
+
+some VI here.
+And I biased it such that this is
+
+the input. You get a nonlinear
+response. It is amplified.
+
+It is much bigger. What I will do
+next is make VI that I apply smaller
+
+and smaller. I have already done
+the boosting. Boom,
+
+that's a boost. So I have boosted
+up your VI already.
+
+Next is I am going to shrink it,
+and hopefully you will see that if
+
+all that I am saying is truthful
+here you will see a triangular
+
+response.
+Let's go try it out.
+
+Watch the yellow. I am going to
+shrink the yellow and make it
+
+smaller and smaller.
+There you go. It is great when
+
+nature works like you expect it to.
+I have never seen a triangular wave
+
+looks so pretty in my life.
+It is awesome. Look at this.
+
+Here is a tiny triangular wave.
+And the output is also a triangular
+
+wave but it is much more linear.
+Yes. Question? What's that? The
+
+question is that the output here is
+only as big as the input used to be
+
+before. That's a good question.
+What I have done here is I am
+
+showing you a laboratory experiment.
+And let's assume that this input is
+
+the input I am getting from some
+sensor in the field.
+
+Assume that this is my input,
+not what I had before. Assume that
+
+this is my input to begin with and
+this is the amplified output.
+
+What I can also do is I can also
+change the bias.
+
+And we will see this at the end of
+the lecture, in the last ten minutes
+
+of lecture. How do you select a
+bias point? By changing your bias
+
+point you can change the properties
+of an amplifier to give you a
+
+preview of upcoming attractions.
+Let me ask you,
+
+what do you think should happen if I
+change the bias point?
+
+I have not shown you the math yet,
+so intuitively what do you think
+
+should happen?
+If I increase the bias what do you
+
+think is going to happen?
+Yes. Good insight. Higher bias
+
+will be more amplification.
+Let's see if our friend is correct.
+
+Let me set a higher bias.
+
+Not necessarily,
+
+I guess. You're actually right,
+by the way. I am playing a trick on
+
+everybody here.
+
+As I change my input bias.
+Notice that under certain
+
+conditions my output becomes smaller
+and gets more distorted.
+
+Under other conditions what is
+going to happen to my output is that
+
+it is becoming smaller and is going
+to get distorted again.
+
+So there are a bunch of funny
+effects happening that reflect on
+
+the bias point,
+but for an appropriate choice of
+
+bias point as I increase the bias
+the amplification should increase.
+
+And I will show you that in a few
+minutes. But it is a complicated
+
+relationship. Yes.
+
+This is finally getting fun.
+Here is the question. Professor
+
+Agarwal, we love your song and dance,
+but if you really want to get a high
+
+signal at the output and you want to
+amplify your big input signal
+
+how do you do it?
+So the question is let's say I have
+
+an input that is this big here,
+if it is this big, I have shown you
+
+how I can get things that are this
+big, but what if my input was this
+
+big? How do I get an output that is
+this big? Well,
+
+I will use one of those learned by
+questioning methods and have you
+
+tell me the answer.
+Someone tell me the answer.
+
+How do I do that? Yes. Use
+another amplifier.
+
+So the answer is I will use one
+amplifier to go from here to here.
+
+And the suggestion is use another
+amplifier to go from here to here.
+
+And, in fact, I believe that you
+may have a problem in your problem
+
+set where you will do that.
+And so you have only yourselves to
+
+blame. So how do you
+make this work?
+
+What you have to do is this VI has
+to be much smaller than the bias
+
+point VI on this one.
+I have to build a different
+
+amplifier, choose a different set of
+parameters such that VI prime,
+
+which is the VI for this guy, is
+much less than V capital I prime for
+
+this guy. It's a design question.
+You need to design it in a way that
+
+the signals of interest need to be
+much smaller than the bias voltage
+
+of this amplifier.
+So you may have to use much higher
+
+supply voltages.
+My amplifier, I believe,
+
+has a 4 volt supply or 5 volt supply.
+You might have to use an amplifier
+
+with a much bigger supply,
+different values of RL and so on.
+
+And I know that the course notes
+also have some exercises and problem
+
+sets that discuss that in more
+detail. Yes. This is even more fun.
+
+The question is, good question.
+The question is why do you need this
+
+guy here? Just use this guy,
+right? Why do you need this guy?
+
+Big guys rule, right? Who needs
+the little guys?
+
+Well, let me use the Socratic
+method again. Why don't you give me
+
+the answer? You guys are smart.
+Why do you need little guys? Why
+
+do you need the small guy here?
+Anybody with the answer?
+
+Yeah. The big guy may not be as
+sensitive. I like that.
+
+You know what? He is almost
+correct. I will show you why in a
+
+second. Anything else?
+Any other reason? Yes.
+
+Bingo. That is another good answer.
+
+So let me address both the answers.
+The answer given was that look,
+
+this amplifier is amplifying the
+signal by a certain amount,
+
+by a factor of 7. And I have
+designed this such that this
+
+amplifies a signal by
+a factor of maybe 10.
+
+So in all I am getting an
+amplification of 70.
+
+This would be a great design
+question for lab next year.
+
+I give you a bunch of components
+and ask you to design an amplifier
+
+given the constraints with the
+highest amount of amplification.
+
+It turns out that when you design
+your amplifier,
+
+in order to meet the saturation
+discipline and so on,
+
+you have to choose values of RL and
+VS and stuff like that and be within
+
+power constraints so the amplifier
+doesn't blow up and stuff.
+
+And by the end of it all you are
+going to get a measly 7X gain out of
+
+it. The same way here,
+to be able to deal with a very small
+
+signal here and get some
+amplification,
+
+another set of values and you get
+10X. So they multiply.
+
+It is much harder to build one
+amplifier with a much larger gain.
+
+You know what? I just realized
+that we will be looking at this in
+
+the last five or seven minutes of
+lecture. I am going to show you
+
+what the amplification depends upon.
+It depends upon K. It depends upon
+
+RL. It depends upon VI.
+Now the question is I have had all
+
+this time to think about how to
+stitch in sensitive into this,
+
+and I believe I can. It turns out
+that when you have large voltages
+
+and so on and you have practical
+devices, it turns out that the more
+
+current you pump through devices
+they tend to produce noise of
+
+various kinds.
+So very powerful amplifiers are not
+
+very good at dealing with really
+tiny signals because they have some
+
+inherent noise capabilities.
+And so I guess that is sensitive.
+
+It is sensitive to noise.
+Another question? Yes.
+
+Ask me the question again.
+
+I didn't follow.
+
+Let me just explain it.
+It turns out that I will not be
+
+able to pass this through the big
+amplifier to begin with because it
+
+is just going to give me a gain of
+just a factor of 7.
+
+However, if I have a signal that is
+this big to begin with then I may
+
+just need this amplifier.
+I don't need the smaller guy.
+
+If my signal was this big to begin
+with, if I had a strong sensor that
+
+produced a strong signal to begin
+with, yeah, I can deal with
+
+just a single stage.
+I don't need to two stages.
+
+It is all a matter of design.
+And it is actually a fun design
+
+exercise. Given a budget,
+dollars, right? You go to your
+
+supply room and look at the parts
+that you have and you go to build
+
+what you have to build with the
+parts that you have.
+
+And so sometimes you need to build
+two amplifiers to get the gain or
+
+build a signal amplifier.
+It's all a design thing.
+
+All right. Moving on to Page 7.
+That brings us to the small signal
+
+model.
+
+Page 5.
+What I showed you up on the little
+
+demo was that provided the signal
+input in this example VI was much
+
+smaller than capital VI out there as
+I shrank my input,
+
+I was able to get a more or less
+linear response at the output.
+
+And so to repeat my notation at the
+input, the total input is a sum of
+
+the operating point input plus a
+small signal input.
+
+This is called the total variable.
+This is called the DC bias. It is
+
+also called the operating point
+voltage. And this is called my
+
+small signal input.
+It is also variously called
+
+incremental input.
+This is more a mathematical term
+
+relating to incremental analysis or
+perturbation analysis.
+
+So VI, call it small signal,
+call it small perturbation, call it
+
+increment, whatever you want.
+Similarly, at the output I have my
+
+total variable at the output a sum
+of the output operating voltage and
+
+the small signal voltage.
+I do not like using Os in symbols
+
+because big O and small O is simply
+a function of how big you write them.
+
+It is not super clear.
+And in terms of a graph,
+
+let me plot the input and output for
+you. Let's say this is the total
+
+input and that is the total output.
+I may have some bias VI.
+
+And corresponding to that I may have
+some bias VO. Hold that thought for
+
+a second while I give you a preview
+of something that we will be
+
+covering in about three or four
+weeks. Notice that as I couple
+
+amplifiers together,
+the output operating point voltage
+
+of this amplifier in this connection
+becomes the input operating point
+
+voltage of this amplifier, right?
+So when they connect this output to
+
+this input, the output operating
+point voltage becomes coupled to the
+
+input here so it becomes the input
+operating point voltage here.
+
+Now I have a nightmare on my hands.
+As I adjust the bias of this guy,
+
+the bias of this guy changes,
+too. The two are dependent. It is
+
+a pain in the neck.
+And we being engineers find ways to
+
+simplify our lives.
+And you will learn another trick in
+
+about three or four weeks.
+And that trick will let you decouple
+
+these two stages in a way that you
+can design this stage in isolation,
+
+go have a cup of coffee and then
+come back to this stage and design
+
+this stage in isolation.
+For those of you who want to run
+
+ahead and think about how to do it,
+think about it. What trick can you
+
+use to get them in isolation?
+Moving on.
+
+What I would like to do next is
+address this from a mathematical
+
+point of view.
+And much as I did for the light
+
+emitting expo dweeb analyze this
+mathematically and show you that if
+
+VI is much smaller than capital VI,
+I indeed get a linear response.
+
+This time around I won't use Taylor
+series because it turns out that
+
+this expression can
+be expanded fully.
+
+So you don't have to buy into Taylor
+series and so on.
+
+I am going to list everything down
+for you. We know,
+
+to begin with, that VO for the
+amplifier is VS-RLK/2 (VI-VT)^2.
+
+What I am going to do for this,
+much as I did for the LED,
+
+what I'm going to do is derive for
+you the output as a function of the
+
+input when the input
+VI is very small.
+
+In other words,
+when I substitute for VI,
+
+V capital I squared plus small VI.
+Much as I did for the expo dweeb, I
+
+want to substitute for VI a big DC
+VI. So VI is much smaller than VI.
+
+And show you for yourselves that
+the output response,
+
+V small O is going to be linearly
+connected to VI.
+
+Notice that, let me write another
+equation here.
+
+This is a total variable.
+This simply says that if the input
+
+is VI then the output is going to be
+VO, which means that the operating
+
+point input voltage should satisfy
+this equation,
+
+correct? In other words,
+the operating point output voltage V
+
+capital O should equal
+VS-RLK/2 (VI-VT)^2.
+
+This is at VI equals capital VI.
+This is very simple but may seem
+
+confusing. All this is saying is
+that look, this equation gives me
+
+the relationship between VI and VO.
+Therefore, if I apply capital VI as
+
+the input, I'm given that my
+corresponding output is capital VO,
+
+so they must satisfy this equation,
+right?
+
+Those are bias point values and that
+must satisfy this equation.
+
+Simple. I know that. So hold that
+thought. Stash it away in the back
+
+of your minds.
+Now let me go through a bunch of
+
+grubby math and substitute for VI in
+this expression here.
+
+Let me go ahead and do that.
+VS-RLK/2((VI+vi)-VT)^2. When I do
+
+something that is other than math I
+will wake you up.
+
+I will just keep doing a bunch of
+steps that are pure math.
+
+No cheating. No nothing.
+Watch my fingers. When I do
+
+anything that is not obvious math I
+will wake you up.
+
+Next I am going to simply move VT
+over and rewrite this as follows,
+
+RLK/2((VI-VT)+vi)^2. Again, I
+haven't done anything interesting so
+
+far. I have just substituted this.
+I am just juggling things around
+
+just to pass away some time,
+I guess. All right.
+
+Next what I am going to do is simply
+expand this out and write it this
+
+way RLK/2, expand that out and treat
+this as one unit VS -
+
+RLK/2((VI-VT)^2+2(VI-VT)vi+vi^2).
+Nothing fancy here.
+
+This is like the honest board.
+Nothing fancy here. Standard stuff.
+
+Only math. I will move to this
+blackboard here where I do some fun
+
+EE stuff. Yes.
+
+Good. At least one person
+isn't asleep here.
+
+Thank you. So just math here.
+Nothing fancy. Plain old simple
+
+math. I have not done any trickery.
+I still have all my ten fingers.
+
+Now what I am going to do,
+now watch me. I am not using Taylor
+
+series here because this expression
+lends itself to this analysis.
+
+Notice VI squared here.
+I made the assumption that VI is
+
+much smaller than capital VI,
+so what I can do is assuming that VT
+
+is small enough that VI minus VT is
+still a big number compared to small
+
+VI, what I can do is ignore this in
+comparison to the capital VI terms.
+
+So I have a capital VI term here.
+I am going to ignore VI squared.
+
+So, for example,
+if capital VI was 5 volts and small
+
+VI was 100 millivolts 0.
+, so 0.1 squared is 0.01.
+
+So it is comparing 0.01 to 5.
+So I am off by a factor of 500.
+
+So now watch me. Now I begin
+playing some fun and games here.
+
+I eliminate this, and because I
+eliminate that it now becomes
+
+approximately equal.
+What I do in addition is let me
+
+write down the output.
+The total variable is the sum of
+
+the DC bias and some variation of
+the output. And let me simply
+
+expand that term and write it down
+again. VS-RLK/2(VI-VT)^2-RLK/2.
+
+I get a two here.
+And I get VI-VT. I won't forget
+
+the VI this time.
+Again, from here to there nothing
+
+fancy. This is the one step where I
+have used a trick.
+
+I have said small VI is much
+smaller than capital VI,
+
+and so I have simply expanded this
+out and written it here.
+
+So do you see the obvious next
+trick here?
+
+From star look at this guy.
+
+I can cancel this out from star
+because I know that at the operating
+
+point these two expressions are
+equal, and so therefore I can cancel
+
+out the operating point
+voltage and this.
+
+What I am left with is small VO is
+simply minus RLK(VI-VT) times vi.
+
+Only one place where I did
+something funny.
+
+Other than that it is purely math.
+So this is what I get.
+
+Notice that this whole thing is a
+constant, minus RLK(VI-VT).
+
+This whole thing is a constant.
+And so VO is equal to some constant
+
+times VI. Let me just define some
+terms for you that you will use
+
+again and again.
+For reasons that will be obvious
+
+next lecture, I am going to call
+this term here GM.
+
+I am going to call this term a
+
+constant, K(VI - VT).
+It is a constant for a given bias
+
+point voltage.
+So I am going to call that GM.
+
+And then I am going to call this
+whole thing A.
+
+And of course this is VI.
+There you go.
+
+I have my linear amplifier.
+A is the gain times small VI.
+
+And the gain has these terms in it.
+I just call this GM. You will see
+
+why later. But notice that the gain
+relates to RL.
+
+The size of the load resistor RL,
+how big it is, 1K, 10K, whatever. K,
+
+this is a MOSFET parameter,
+and VI minus VT.
+
+That is a constant for a given bias
+point voltage and small VI.
+
+So VO equals small VI.
+
+I won't give you a graphical
+interpretation,
+
+but I encourage you to go and look
+at Figure 8.9 in the course notes.
+
+And it gives you a graphical
+interpretation of that expression.
+
+Move to Page 7.
+Another way of looking at this,
+
+another way of mathematically
+analyzing it, here I went through a
+
+full blown expansion and pretty much
+deriving the small signal response.
+
+What I can also do is take a
+shortcut here.
+
+So let me just give you the
+shortcut. You might find this handy.
+
+VO=VS-KRL/2(VI-VT)^2.
+And my shortcut is as follows.
+
+My small signal response is simply
+this relationship.
+
+I find the slope at the point
+capital VI and multiply by the
+
+increment. Slope times the
+increment gives me the incremental
+
+change in VO as follows.
+d/dI (VS-KRL/2(VI-VT)^2) evaluated
+
+at vI=VI times vi.
+This is math again.
+
+I want to find out the change in VO
+for a small change in VI,
+
+and I do that by taking the first
+derivative of this with respect to
+
+VI substituting V capital I and
+multiplying by the small change
+
+delta VI or small VI.
+So this is simply the slope of the
+
+VO versus VI curve at VI.
+And so therefore taking the
+
+derivative here of this.
+This is a constant so it vanishes.
+
+But twice 2 to cancel out, so I get
+KRL(VI-VT) times small vi
+
+evaluated at capital VI.
+So I get twice KRL,
+
+VI evaluated at capital VI,
+so it is VI minus VT times small VI.
+
+Same thing. Oh, and I have a minus
+sign here.
+
+I get the same expression that I
+derived for you up there,
+
+and this is just taking the slope
+and going with it.
+
+And this, as I mentioned before,
+this is A. The last few minutes let
+
+me kind of pull everything together
+and also hit upon something that
+
+many of your questions
+are touched upon.
+
+And that all relates to how to
+choose the bias point.
+
+So here I have taken an analysis
+approach. When teaching we often
+
+teach you are given something,
+you analyze it, but as you begin to
+
+master it you can begin to design
+things where you can ask a lot of
+
+questions and so on.
+And here what we have is an
+
+analysis given a value
+of RLK, VI and so on.
+
+How to choose the bias point becomes
+more of a design issue.
+
+If you are designing an amplifier,
+you asked me the question, how do I
+
+choose two small amplifiers versus
+one big amplifier,
+
+that sort of stuff?
+It boils down to how do you choose
+
+the bias point?
+How do you choose VI?
+
+How do you choose RL and so on?
+What I would like to do is touch
+
+upon some of these things.
+First of all, gain or the
+
+amplification.
+One of the most important design
+
+perimeters for an amplifier is what
+is the gain? Let's say you get a
+
+job at Maxim Integrated Technologies,
+and they say we would like you to
+
+build a linear power amplifier for
+cell phones. You can say I know how
+
+to do that. And then they say the
+next stage needs a 100
+
+millivolt input.
+While this thing coming from the
+
+antenna is only a few tens or a few
+hundreds of a microvolt.
+
+So you sit down and say oh,
+my gosh, I need an amplification of
+
+so much, and you go design an
+amplifier. So gain tends to be a
+
+key parameter.
+And notice that gain is
+
+proportional to RL.
+It relates to VI minus VT,
+
+so proportional to VI.
+It is also related to RL.
+
+The second point is the gain point
+determines where I bias something.
+
+If I choose my bias too high I get
+distortion, or if I choose my bias
+
+too low I get distortion.
+
+So depending on how I choose my bias
+point, as a signal goes up it may
+
+begin clipping or begin distorting.
+And I will show you a demo the next
+
+time on that particular example.
+So bias point will determine how
+
+big of a signal you can send without
+getting too much distortion.
+
+And the other thing is that,
+relates to how big of an input,
+
+what is a valid input range? So
+let's say you have a signal.
+
+And you want that signal to have
+both positive and negative
+
+excursions of the same value.
+Then, depending on where you choose
+
+a bias point, your input range may
+become smaller or larger.
+
+And we will go through these in the
+context of and amplifier and look at
+
+some design issues in
+the next lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9TtLlVBjvR0.txt b/9TtLlVBjvR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d22176c9a1ce7c80ce63cde6f6d08b02ba75fd8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9TtLlVBjvR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning everyone thanks for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone thanks for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone thanks for making
+it here through the snow and sleet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here through the snow and sleet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here through the snow and sleet you
+will be quote unquote rewarded with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quote unquote rewarded with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be quote unquote rewarded with with
+a cool little puzzle that has put both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool little puzzle that has put both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool little puzzle that has put both
+recreational value as well as a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational value as well as a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreational value as well as a deep
+connection to the most popular sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the most popular sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the most popular sorting
+algorithm or at least the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or at least the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or at least the most commonly
+used sorting algorithm called quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used sorting algorithm called quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used sorting algorithm called quicksort
+and so what we have up here is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have up here is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have up here is what I
+call the disorganized handyman puzzle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the disorganized handyman puzzle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the disorganized handyman puzzle I
+this is not a puzzle of my invention but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a puzzle of my invention but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a puzzle of my invention but
+I called it this because I think at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it this because I think at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it this because I think at some
+point when I read this I it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when I read this I it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when I read this I it was a
+carpenter who had a bunch of nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter who had a bunch of nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter who had a bunch of nuts and
+bolts in his bag and they were all mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts in his bag and they were all mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts in his bag and they were all mixed
+up so so rather than having these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so rather than having these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so so rather than having these that
+the nuts attached to the bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts attached to the bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts attached to the bolts
+he was disorganized and the nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was disorganized and the nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was disorganized and the nuts and
+bolts were separate and then they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts were separate and then they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts were separate and then they all
+got mixed up together in a bag okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mixed up together in a bag okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mixed up together in a bag okay now
+obviously all puzzles are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously all puzzles are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously all puzzles are a little bit
+contrived and so we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived and so we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived and so we're going to assume
+here that there's a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there's a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there's a hundred different
+nuts and 100 associated bolts and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and 100 associated bolts and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and 100 associated bolts and these
+two hundred objects are all mixed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred objects are all mixed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred objects are all mixed up
+into this one bag that the carpenter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this one bag that the carpenter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this one bag that the carpenter is
+carrying and not only that each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying and not only that each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying and not only that each of the
+bolts is unique in terms of its size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts is unique in terms of its size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts is unique in terms of its size and
+as I mentioned there is an Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned there is an Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned there is an Associated
+not associated with each each unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not associated with each each unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not associated with each each unique
+bolt and so as you can imagine the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt and so as you can imagine the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt and so as you can imagine the goal
+of this puzzle is going to be finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this puzzle is going to be finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this puzzle is going to be finding
+the most efficient way of creating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient way of creating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most efficient way of creating some
+organization in this bag by attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in this bag by attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in this bag by attaching
+each nut to the corresponding bolt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each nut to the corresponding bolt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each nut to the corresponding bolt or
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+right and you can assume that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can assume that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can assume that there's no
+ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity
+because of the uniqueness of the nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uniqueness of the nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uniqueness of the nuts
+and the bolts and there's a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bolts and there's a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bolts and there's a hundred
+pairs waiting to be discovered and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs waiting to be discovered and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs waiting to be discovered and you
+can try to make that process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to make that process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to make that process as
+efficient as possible as with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible as with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient as possible as with all of the
+puzzles that we look at here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles that we look at here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles that we look at here there's
+going to be a naive / straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a naive / straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a naive / straightforward
+way of doing this if you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this if you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this if you're going to go
+ahead and figure that out pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure that out pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure that out pretty quickly
+I'll be going to analyze the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be going to analyze the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be going to analyze the complexity
+of that or how long it takes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that or how long it takes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that or how long it takes for a
+specific example of a hundred nuts and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example of a hundred nuts and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example of a hundred nuts and a
+hundred bolts and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bolts and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bolts and then we're going to
+scratch our heads and try and do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch our heads and try and do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch our heads and try and do better
+all right and as I mentioned obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and as I mentioned obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and as I mentioned obviously
+there's going to be some programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some programming
+associated with this and we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this and we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this and we're not going
+to represent you know nuts and bolts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent you know nuts and bolts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent you know nuts and bolts in
+in in in programs or codes we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in programs or codes we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in programs or codes we're going
+to switch gears and talk about sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch gears and talk about sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch gears and talk about sorting
+once we're done with this puzzle good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we're done with this puzzle good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we're done with this puzzle good
+the only way that you are the carpenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that you are the carpenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that you are the carpenter
+if you're the carpenter's helper have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the carpenter's helper have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the carpenter's helper have of
+checking I to see that and not attaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking I to see that and not attaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking I to see that and not attaches
+to a bolt is to try it out okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bolt is to try it out okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bolt is to try it out okay and the
+nuts and bolts are different enough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts are different enough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts are different enough in
+size that even if you had your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that even if you had your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that even if you had your eyes
+closed or was a dark room you could if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed or was a dark room you could if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed or was a dark room you could if
+they're not attaches to the bolt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not attaches to the bolt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not attaches to the bolt it
+would screw on perfectly and if it is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw on perfectly and if it is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would screw on perfectly and if it is if
+the bolt is smaller than they're not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bolt is smaller than they're not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bolt is smaller than they're not it
+would just go through and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go through and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go through and it would be
+obvious that the bolt is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that the bolt is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that the bolt is smaller than
+the knot and if not is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knot and if not is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knot and if not is smaller than the
+ball it will also be obvious because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it will also be obvious because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball it will also be obvious because the
+bolt you know wouldn't go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt you know wouldn't go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt you know wouldn't go through it
+right which makes perfect sense from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which makes perfect sense from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which makes perfect sense from a
+physical standpoint right we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical standpoint right we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical standpoint right we've all
+tried this before we've had maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this before we've had maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this before we've had maybe not
+all of you but I've certainly had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you but I've certainly had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you but I've certainly had
+occasion to to discover pairs of of nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to to discover pairs of of nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to to discover pairs of of nuts
+and bolts though it was never you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bolts though it was never you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bolts though it was never you know
+100 of them right but so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of them right but so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of them right but so that's kind of
+a little bit contrived as I said alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit contrived as I said alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit contrived as I said alright
+good so the setup is clear we're good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the setup is clear we're good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the setup is clear we're good on
+the setup excellent so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup excellent so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup excellent so what is the
+straightforward way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone yeah funny back there right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone yeah funny back there right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone yeah funny back there right we
+could choose a not at random try every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose a not at random try every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose a not at random try every
+different bolt or choose a bolted random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bolt or choose a bolted random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bolt or choose a bolted random
+and try every different nut right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try every different nut right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try every different nut right and
+we're guaranteed in this case that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guaranteed in this case that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guaranteed in this case that there
+is a pairing and so after we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pairing and so after we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pairing and so after we do that we
+can put this paired nut and bolt aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put this paired nut and bolt aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put this paired nut and bolt aside
+and we've shrunk the problem down to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've shrunk the problem down to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've shrunk the problem down to one
+less than the original problem if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the original problem if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the original problem if I
+started out with a hundred pairs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a hundred pairs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a hundred pairs that
+are not paired together but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not paired together but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not paired together but there's a
+hundred knots and a hundred volts then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knots and a hundred volts then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred knots and a hundred volts then I
+get one pair which is a correct pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one pair which is a correct pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one pair which is a correct pair and
+I have 99 knots left in 99 bolts left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 99 knots left in 99 bolts left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have 99 knots left in 99 bolts left
+right and I keep going right perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I keep going right perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I keep going right perfectly
+reasonable way of doing things and I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of doing things and I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of doing things and I let
+me show you how that would work these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you how that would work these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you how that would work these
+slides were making made by my daughter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides were making made by my daughter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides were making made by my daughter's
+many years ago you know back when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago you know back when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago you know back when they
+listen to me right I have fat chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to me right I have fat chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to me right I have fat chance of
+getting them to do any work for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to do any work for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them to do any work for me
+anymore but they are busier than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but they are busier than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but they are busier than they
+were I guess years ago at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I guess years ago at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were I guess years ago at least I
+pretend to be and there you go you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be and there you go you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend to be and there you go you end
+up in this particular example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this particular example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this particular example which
+obviously has many fewer than a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has many fewer than a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has many fewer than a hundred
+nuts and bolts you end up checking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts you end up checking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts you end up checking this
+and in the worst case how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the worst case how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the worst case how many
+comparisons would I had to do but would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons would I had to do but would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons would I had to do but would
+I have had to do if I had 100 nuts and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have had to do if I had 100 nuts and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have had to do if I had 100 nuts and a
+hundred bolts in the worst case I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bolts in the worst case I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bolts in the worst case I would
+have to I have to do all 100 because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I have to do all 100 because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I have to do all 100 because I
+might just have gotten unlucky like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just have gotten unlucky like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just have gotten unlucky like I
+said I mean we're not a bawling this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean we're not a bawling this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean we're not a bawling this at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+I you could probably prune the search a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you could probably prune the search a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you could probably prune the search a
+little bit with respect to putting aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with respect to putting aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with respect to putting aside
+not having to do an exact comparison but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to do an exact comparison but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to do an exact comparison but
+let's just say that even looking at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that even looking at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say that even looking at and
+not as opposed to even touching it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as opposed to even touching it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as opposed to even touching it with
+the bulk that you've chosen is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk that you've chosen is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk that you've chosen is in fact a
+comparison you know you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison you know you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison you know you're just
+eyeballing it as opposed to physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing it as opposed to physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeballing it as opposed to physically
+touching the bolt and not together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the bolt and not together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the bolt and not together and
+we're going to call that a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call that a comparison
+and if you do that and if you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that and if you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that and if you make that
+assumption then obviously you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then obviously you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then obviously you're going
+to have to look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to look at all
+100 knots if you have a random bolt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 knots if you have a random bolt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 knots if you have a random bolt in
+the worst case okay you might get lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case okay you might get lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case okay you might get lucky
+on average it might be only 50 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average it might be only 50 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average it might be only 50 you're
+not going to do that type of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that type of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that type of analysis
+here so so that's good and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so that's good and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so that's good and what is the
+complexity in terms of the growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in terms of the growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in terms of the growth rate
+of this this particular algorithm if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this particular algorithm if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this particular algorithm if I
+had n nuts and bolts then I do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had n nuts and bolts then I do n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had n nuts and bolts then I do n
+comparisons in the worst case to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons in the worst case to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons in the worst case to find
+the first pair and when I say first pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pair and when I say first pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pair and when I say first pair
+I mean the correct pairing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the correct pairing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the correct pairing that's
+associated with they're not in the bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with they're not in the bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with they're not in the bolt
+and you know what happens yeah Kevin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what happens yeah Kevin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what happens yeah Kevin you
+have a question it's it's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question it's it's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question it's it's absolutely
+less than n square in the in in in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n square in the in in in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n square in the in in in terms
+of numerics the the growth rate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerics the the growth rate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerics the the growth rate is a
+slightly different question right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different question right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different question right it's
+related obviously and so I if you I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related obviously and so I if you I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related obviously and so I if you I do
+this and you get the first pair you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you get the first pair you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you get the first pair you now
+have a problem that had that is of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that had that is of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that had that is of size
+n minus 1 right and so in this case how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 right and so in this case how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 right and so in this case how
+many comparisons am I going to make when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many comparisons am I going to make when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many comparisons am I going to make when
+I have n minus 1 nuts and n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n minus 1 nuts and n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n minus 1 nuts and n minus 1
+balls in the worst case I'm gonna do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in the worst case I'm gonna do n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in the worst case I'm gonna do n
+minus 1 comparisons right and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 comparisons right and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 comparisons right and then I
+keep going down and and I you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going down and and I you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going down and and I you you could
+you could argue that at the at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that at the at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that at the at the very
+end when I have two nuts and two bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when I have two nuts and two bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when I have two nuts and two bolts
+one comparison if I assume that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison if I assume that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison if I assume that this was
+a perfect set of nuts and bolts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect set of nuts and bolts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect set of nuts and bolts that we
+had all pairs right at the beginning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all pairs right at the beginning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all pairs right at the beginning I
+you you could argue that that that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could argue that that that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could argue that that that small
+problem corresponding to two nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem corresponding to two nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem corresponding to two nuts and
+bolts can be solved using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts can be solved using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts can be solved using
+one comparison and you immediately know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison and you immediately know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comparison and you immediately know
+which not pairs with which bolt and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not pairs with which bolt and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not pairs with which bolt and the
+other one as well but you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one as well but you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one as well but you know let's
+call it a conformation comparison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a conformation comparison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a conformation comparison and
+essentially say you need two comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say you need two comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say you need two comparisons
+here and and one here you can obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and one here you can obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and one here you can obviously
+shave a number I little bit out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shave a number I little bit out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shave a number I little bit out of out
+of this but this goes back to Kevin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but this goes back to Kevin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but this goes back to Kevin is
+right it's less than n square if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's less than n square if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's less than n square if you
+look at it numerically but the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it numerically but the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it numerically but the growth
+rate is n square because we know that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is n square because we know that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is n square because we know that n
+plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 better dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 better dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n minus 1 plus n minus 2 better dot
+2 plus 1 is n times n plus 1 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 1 is n times n plus 1 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 1 is n times n plus 1 divided by
+2 and sure you could you could take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and sure you could you could take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and sure you could you could take this
+one off and this would become n times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off and this would become n times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off and this would become n times n
+minus one big divided by 2 but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one big divided by 2 but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one big divided by 2 but that
+growth rate is N squared grows as N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate is N squared grows as N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate is N squared grows as N
+squared right so if you had a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so if you had a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right so if you had a hundred
+nuts and a hundred bolts you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and a hundred bolts you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and a hundred bolts you're talking
+about something of the order of 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something of the order of 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something of the order of 5,000
+comparisons right if you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right if you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons right if you want to do it
+numerically and it grows as N squared if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and it grows as N squared if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and it grows as N squared if
+you had a thousand then it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a thousand then it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a thousand then it would be a
+thousand times a thousand was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times a thousand was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times a thousand was the
+million divided by two that's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million divided by two that's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million divided by two that's five
+hundred thousand so that is astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand so that is astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand so that is astronomical
+in terms of its growth you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its growth you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its growth you don't want to
+do that right obviously a contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right obviously a contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right obviously a contrived
+problem but n square in general then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but n square in general then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but n square in general then
+when you talk about manual labor is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about manual labor is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about manual labor is is
+generally not very good so if we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not very good so if we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not very good so if we'd like
+to improve this right and I we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve this right and I we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve this right and I we've been
+talking about recursion we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recursion we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about recursion we've been
+talking about divide and conquer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about divide and conquer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about divide and conquer this is
+not divide and conquer in the true sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divide and conquer in the true sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divide and conquer in the true sense
+in in that it's it you're going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that it's it you're going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that it's it you're going to a
+smaller problem admittedly but recall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problem admittedly but recall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller problem admittedly but recall I
+said divide and conquer is usually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said divide and conquer is usually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said divide and conquer is usually used
+when you break the problem up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you break the problem up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you break the problem up into
+fractional pieces ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional pieces ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional pieces ok
+which means in merge sort for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in merge sort for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in merge sort for example we
+took or the tiling puzzle we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took or the tiling puzzle we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took or the tiling puzzle we took the
+courtyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard
+and we broke it up into four courtyards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we broke it up into four courtyards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we broke it up into four courtyards
+so essentially we had four quarters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we had four quarters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially we had four quarters in
+the case of the tiling puzzle we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the tiling puzzle we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the tiling puzzle we had two
+halves in the case of mergesort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves in the case of mergesort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves in the case of mergesort
+here we are solving a basically one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are solving a basically one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are solving a basically one not
+in bolt in the original puzzle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bolt in the original puzzle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bolt in the original puzzle and then
+we're going from n to n minus one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from n to n minus one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from n to n minus one and so
+there's many more steps right the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more steps right the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more steps right the one
+thing to remember when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember when you think about
+complexity is that when you go n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is that when you go n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is that when you go n to n
+divided by 2 to n divided by 4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 to n divided by 4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 to n divided by 4 and then
+you keep going and you go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep going and you go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep going and you go all the way
+down to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 1
+this of course when you go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course when you go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course when you go like this
+there's a linear number of steps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a linear number of steps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a linear number of steps but
+when you do that how many steps do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that how many steps do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that how many steps do you
+have to get all the way to 1 in relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get all the way to 1 in relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get all the way to 1 in relation
+if if you start with n how many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you start with n how many steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you start with n how many steps
+you have if I had if this were this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if I had if this were this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if I had if this were this were
+64 or let's just take a simpler one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 or let's just take a simpler one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 or let's just take a simpler one if
+this were four how many steps would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were four how many steps would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were four how many steps would I
+have I would have two steps if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I would have two steps if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I would have two steps if this were
+eight I'd have three steps and so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'd have three steps and so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'd have three steps and so what's
+that formula logarithm log to the base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula logarithm log to the base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula logarithm log to the base 2
+all right so so that's the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's the power of
+fractional sizes and this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional sizes and this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional sizes and this is actually a
+very fundamental notion that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental notion that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental notion that is going to
+appear over and over if you do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over and over if you do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear over and over if you do any
+algorithms work or take any algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms work or take any algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms work or take any algorithms
+classes that I divide and conquer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that I divide and conquer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that I divide and conquer is
+very efficient because the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient because the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient because the number of
+steps in order to get down to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in order to get down to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in order to get down to small
+problems is relatively small it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is relatively small it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is relatively small it's it's a
+logarithm now if you broke this up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into three parts and you went to n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three parts and you went to n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three parts and you went to n over
+3 etc then this would be log to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 etc then this would be log to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 etc then this would be log to the base
+something else in the log to the base 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the log to the base 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the log to the base 3
+so log to the base 2 came because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log to the base 2 came because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log to the base 2 came because we
+broke it up in you know it and we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it up in you know it and we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke it up in you know it and we went
+down to half half the size right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to half half the size right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to half half the size right now
+remember of course I mean it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember of course I mean it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember of course I mean it's not that
+the complexity here it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity here it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity here it is just
+logarithmic it's that you do have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic it's that you do have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic it's that you do have two
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a function of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the particular
+specific algorithm that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific algorithm that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific algorithm that corresponds to
+divide and conquer but in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer but in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer but in the case of
+merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort
+it's not that we just went from n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we just went from n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we just went from n to n
+over two belt we went to n from n to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two belt we went to n from n to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two belt we went to n from n to n
+over two but there were two n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two but there were two n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two but there were two n over 2
+size problems and but the beauty of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size problems and but the beauty of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size problems and but the beauty of of
+divide and conquer is if I magically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is if I magically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer is if I magically if
+I magically broke up the N size problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I magically broke up the N size problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I magically broke up the N size problem
+and let's go back to our nuts and bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go back to our nuts and bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go back to our nuts and bolts
+into two problems of size n over 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two problems of size n over 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two problems of size n over 2 so
+each a problem has n over 2 knots and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a problem has n over 2 knots and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a problem has n over 2 knots and n
+over 2 bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 bolts
+okay each problem has I'll repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each problem has I'll repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each problem has I'll repeat that
+and over 2 knots and over 2 bolts then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over 2 knots and over 2 bolts then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over 2 knots and over 2 bolts then
+if I used I and and this is magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I used I and and this is magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I used I and and this is magical
+right I don't quite know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't quite know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't quite know how to do that
+yet but if I did that then I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but if I did that then I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but if I did that then I think about
+what happens with respect to at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with respect to at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with respect to at these
+comparisons so I said when n was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so I said when n was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so I said when n was a
+hundred I needed 5,000 comparisons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I needed 5,000 comparisons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I needed 5,000 comparisons for
+this naive algorithm but now if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naive algorithm but now if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naive algorithm but now if I did
+this and I got to n over 2 then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to n over 2 then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to n over 2 then I have
+50 so I'll call that M equals 50 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 so I'll call that M equals 50 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 so I'll call that M equals 50 and
+then I have another one which is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have another one which is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have another one which is M
+equals 50 and so roughly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 and so roughly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 and so roughly how many
+comparisons what I'd need if I had as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons what I'd need if I had as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons what I'd need if I had as
+problem of size 50 50 knots and 50 bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size 50 50 knots and 50 bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size 50 50 knots and 50 bolts
+using our original naive strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our original naive strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our original naive strategy
+roughly 1225 right roughly and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1225 right roughly and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1225 right roughly and this
+would be 1225 and so so that is 2500 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1225 and so so that is 2500 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1225 and so so that is 2500 so
+of course I don't haven't quite told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I don't haven't quite told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I don't haven't quite told you
+how to do this this is still magic but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this this is still magic but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this this is still magic but I
+was upfront about it but clearly I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was upfront about it but clearly I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was upfront about it but clearly I've
+gotten an improvement if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten an improvement if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten an improvement if I have this
+magic okay and so let's talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay and so let's talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay and so let's talk about that
+let's turn this nuts-and-bolts puzzle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn this nuts-and-bolts puzzle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn this nuts-and-bolts puzzle or
+the solution to this puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to this puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to this puzzle
+and try and figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and figure out a
+divide-and-conquer strategy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer strategy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer strategy which is
+distinctly different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different from the
+brute-force strategy that just reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute-force strategy that just reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute-force strategy that just reduced
+by one all right now villa this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one all right now villa this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one all right now villa this was just
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+so the comparisons in the worst case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the comparisons in the worst case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the comparisons in the worst case is
+what I just said and it grows as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said and it grows as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said and it grows as n
+squares so Big O n square means it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so Big O n square means it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so Big O n square means it just
+grows as n square right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as n square right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as n square right that's
+asymptotic notation that we won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic notation that we won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic notation that we won't go
+into but you get you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but you get you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into but you get you understand what
+that means now so if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means now so if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means now so if I do a
+straightforward divide and conquer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward divide and conquer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward divide and conquer like
+I did with merge sort where I just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did with merge sort where I just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did with merge sort where I just took
+the array and I split it in half right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and I split it in half right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array and I split it in half right
+if I take these nuts and bolts and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take these nuts and bolts and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take these nuts and bolts and I
+take separate the nuts out you know put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take separate the nuts out you know put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take separate the nuts out you know put
+it put 50 on this side 50 on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put 50 on this side 50 on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it put 50 on this side 50 on the other
+side take the bolts put 50 on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side take the bolts put 50 on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side take the bolts put 50 on this side
+and 50 on the other side is that gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50 on the other side is that gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50 on the other side is that gonna
+work no that's not going to work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no that's not going to work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no that's not going to work and the
+reason is if I do this arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is if I do this arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is if I do this arbitrary
+partition but then I'm let's say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition but then I'm let's say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition but then I'm let's say that I
+take this and the two of you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and the two of you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and the two of you get
+together your friends and partners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together your friends and partners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together your friends and partners and
+you say let's do this in parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say let's do this in parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say let's do this in parallel and
+save some time you're still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some time you're still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some time you're still going to be
+counting the number of comparisons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of comparisons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of comparisons and
+so obviously you also would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you also would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously you also would like to
+reduce the number of comparisons but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of comparisons but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of comparisons but you
+can't even use a helper here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even use a helper here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even use a helper here in the
+sense that if you'd split this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you'd split this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you'd split this up
+obviously this was not fifty and fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this was not fifty and fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this was not fifty and fifty
+but three nuts and three bolts on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but three nuts and three bolts on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but three nuts and three bolts on one
+side and four and four on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and four and four on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and four and four on the other side
+as you can see from this example you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from this example you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from this example you I
+had a situation where the matching not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a situation where the matching not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a situation where the matching not
+was in one pile on the left for a bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in one pile on the left for a bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in one pile on the left for a bolt
+that was on the right hand side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the right hand side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on the right hand side right
+and that could happen not just for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could happen not just for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could happen not just for one
+which would kill the process but could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would kill the process but could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would kill the process but could
+happen for many nut bolt pairs right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for many nut bolt pairs right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for many nut bolt pairs right so
+we can't do that right we cannot use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that right we cannot use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that right we cannot use the
+straightforward divide-and-conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward divide-and-conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward divide-and-conquer
+approach so so this comes to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so so this comes to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so so this comes to the first
+interesting question that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that we have here
+which is how do we exploit the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we exploit the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we exploit the fact that
+all of you are going to help me so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are going to help me so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are going to help me so I'm
+the disorganized carpenter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disorganized carpenter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disorganized carpenter
+handyman and and and I'd like to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handyman and and and I'd like to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handyman and and and I'd like to break
+this up first into two piles such that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up first into two piles such that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up first into two piles such that I
+can go off and send one or more of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and send one or more of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and send one or more of you
+off and and say okay I can guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and and say okay I can guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and and say okay I can guarantee
+that this is a sub problem in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sub problem in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sub problem in the sense
+that the original problem had all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the original problem had all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the original problem had all of the
+bolts that matched all of the nuts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts that matched all of the nuts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts that matched all of the nuts that
+were in my pile I want to break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in my pile I want to break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in my pile I want to break it up
+and do two problems in this is the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do two problems in this is the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do two problems in this is the magic
+that we have we need to figure out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we need to figure out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we need to figure out this
+magic that such that if I give you 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic that such that if I give you 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic that such that if I give you 50
+nuts and 50 bolts and I keep 50 nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and 50 bolts and I keep 50 nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and 50 bolts and I keep 50 nuts and
+50 bolts that you can solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 bolts that you can solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 bolts that you can solve that problem
+it is a problem I mean it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a problem I mean it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a problem I mean it there's
+there's a matching there right for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching there right for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching there right for those
+50 nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 nuts
+you have the 50 bolts in your pile same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 50 bolts in your pile same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the 50 bolts in your pile same
+thing with me all right so how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with me all right so how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with me all right so how do I do
+that yeah go ahead Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you cannot yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you cannot yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you cannot yeah good question
+all right so you you you the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you you you the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you you you the only thing
+you can do is you know you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you know you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you know you have you have
+a and not in you have a bolt and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and not in you have a bolt and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and not in you have a bolt and if it
+goes through then the nut is bigger if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through then the nut is bigger if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through then the nut is bigger if
+it doesn't then the bolt is bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't then the bolt is bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't then the bolt is bigger and
+then if it fits exactly you have a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if it fits exactly you have a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if it fits exactly you have a match
+all right great so yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know because it fits in perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it fits in perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it fits in perfectly
+right if it fits so all the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it fits so all the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it fits so all the ones that
+you just go through all the light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go through all the light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go through all the light goes
+through just the hole then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just the hole then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just the hole then you know
+those are smaller hole they're bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are smaller hole they're bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are smaller hole they're bigger
+right great excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right great excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right great excellent
+so banana is discovered this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banana is discovered this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banana is discovered this notion of
+pivoting and pivoting is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting and pivoting is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting and pivoting is essentially
+something that is best described here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is best described here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is best described here in
+animation that gives you a divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that gives you a divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation that gives you a divide and
+conquer strategy right now I answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer strategy right now I answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer strategy right now I answer
+Joshua's question and that is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua's question and that is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua's question and that is a key
+question and I'm not going to violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'm not going to violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'm not going to violate
+the answer to that question I buy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question I buy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question I buy I
+using some other strategy that that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some other strategy that that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some other strategy that that does
+not correspond to this not pull check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to this not pull check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correspond to this not pull check
+right so the only thing I can do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the only thing I can do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the only thing I can do in this
+puzzle is a nutball check but I do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle is a nutball check but I do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle is a nutball check but I do get
+three potential possibilities whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three potential possibilities whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three potential possibilities whenever I
+do a nutball check I do get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nutball check I do get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a nutball check I do get the
+information about a perfect match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a perfect match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about a perfect match
+whether they're not as smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're not as smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're not as smaller or
+whether they're not as bigger right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're not as bigger right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're not as bigger right and
+that's all I need in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need in order to do
+pivoting right and so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting right and so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting right and so what's going to
+happen here is I go ahead and I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is I go ahead and I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is I go ahead and I choose
+an arbitrary bolt and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary bolt and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary bolt and if I
+I don't even actually need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even actually need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even actually need to find the
+match before I start this process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match before I start this process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match before I start this process so
+it's a small variant on what gonna throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a small variant on what gonna throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a small variant on what gonna throw
+set but it's really a pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but it's really a pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but it's really a pretty small
+variant and when I see that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant and when I see that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant and when I see that this is not
+a match and in fact the nut is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match and in fact the nut is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match and in fact the nut is bigger
+then I put the nut on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put the nut on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put the nut on the right hand
+side pile okay when I see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side pile okay when I see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side pile okay when I see that they're
+not is smaller then I put the nut in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is smaller then I put the nut in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is smaller then I put the nut in the
+left hand side pile and I see a match I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side pile and I see a match I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side pile and I see a match I
+just put that aside I don't put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that aside I don't put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put that aside I don't put it in
+either of the piles because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the piles because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the piles because I'm going to
+actually it turns out I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out I'm not going to
+get a pile of 50 and 50 or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pile of 50 and 50 or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pile of 50 and 50 or in this case
+I'm actually going to get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to get something like
+3 & 3 because I'm gonna get one match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 & 3 because I'm gonna get one match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 & 3 because I'm gonna get one match
+out of it right so in the case of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right so in the case of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it right so in the case of in
+general I don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I don't necessarily
+I'm not necessarily gonna get equal size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not necessarily gonna get equal size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not necessarily gonna get equal size
+piles so that's actually a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles so that's actually a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles so that's actually a little bit of
+an issue and we'll get back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue and we'll get back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue and we'll get back to that
+maybe later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe later
+but I will get a matching and I'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will get a matching and I'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will get a matching and I'll get a
+pile on the left that is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile on the left that is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile on the left that is a perfect
+problem perfect sub problem there I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem perfect sub problem there I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem perfect sub problem there I can
+hand it off to any of you and you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it off to any of you and you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it off to any of you and you can go
+off and solve it and it'll work and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and solve it and it'll work and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and solve it and it'll work and I'll
+get a pile on the right same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pile on the right same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pile on the right same thing for
+that right so this was a match but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so this was a match but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so this was a match but I
+don't stop I I don't put the knot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop I I don't put the knot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop I I don't put the knot in
+either of the two piles it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the two piles it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the two piles it's just going
+to stay up there and then I keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay up there and then I keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay up there and then I keep going
+and I make up my right pile and my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I make up my right pile and my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I make up my right pile and my left
+paddle right now I'm not quite done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle right now I'm not quite done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle right now I'm not quite done yet
+what do I do now yeah back there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do now yeah back there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do now yeah back there that's
+right so remember I kept the I kept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember I kept the I kept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember I kept the I kept I
+I guess you used a different term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you used a different term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you used a different term here
+you you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you used to
+I said bold use it's crude that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said bold use it's crude that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said bold use it's crude that's fine
+but we're talking about not here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about not here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about not here so so
+let's go with the nut and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with the nut and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with the nut and this is not
+that I put aside I'm going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put aside I'm going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put aside I'm going to now
+compare that not with this pivot bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that not with this pivot bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that not with this pivot bolt
+that I picked which is now set aside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I picked which is now set aside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I picked which is now set aside and
+never have used that again but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have used that again but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have used that again but I'm going
+to put that aside and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that aside and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that aside and I'm going to
+compare each of the bolts with this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare each of the bolts with this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare each of the bolts with this this
+pivot not that I have so the pivot bolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot not that I have so the pivot bolt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot not that I have so the pivot bolt
+was picked and I discover the Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was picked and I discover the Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was picked and I discover the Associated
+pivot nut and I now I'm gonna use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot nut and I now I'm gonna use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot nut and I now I'm gonna use that
+pivot nut which is the the matter that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot nut which is the the matter that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot nut which is the the matter that I
+have up here the light green one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here the light green one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here the light green one and
+then I'm going to do the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do the same thing and
+all of this does not violate the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this does not violate the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this does not violate the answer
+to Josh's question and it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Josh's question and it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Josh's question and it's going to do
+exactly the right thing I in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right thing I in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right thing I in terms of
+giving me by giving me two piles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me by giving me two piles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me by giving me two piles that
+are beautiful problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beautiful problems
+that are gonna be solvable all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are gonna be solvable all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are gonna be solvable all right
+there's nothing that's stopping me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that's stopping me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that's stopping me from
+repeating this process then we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this process then we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this process then we talk
+about divide and conquer usually we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about divide and conquer usually we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about divide and conquer usually we talk
+about recursion and we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recursion and we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recursion and we talk about
+repeatedly doing divide and conquer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly doing divide and conquer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly doing divide and conquer when
+I wrote this up here in terms of I the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this up here in terms of I the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this up here in terms of I the N
+size problem turned into two and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size problem turned into two and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size problem turned into two and over
+two problems well each of those n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems well each of those n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems well each of those n over
+two problems I could turn into two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems I could turn into two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems I could turn into two and
+over four problems so I can have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four problems so I can have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four problems so I can have four
+and over fours and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over fours and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over fours and so on and so forth
+and so I could clearly do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I could clearly do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I could clearly do that and
+especially if n is large then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if n is large then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if n is large then I want to
+get at reduction in comparisons and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at reduction in comparisons and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at reduction in comparisons and get
+this to grow by the way and we won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to grow by the way and we won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to grow by the way and we won't do
+this analysis but rather than growing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis but rather than growing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis but rather than growing as
+n square you'd you'd like it to grow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square you'd you'd like it to grow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n square you'd you'd like it to grow as
+n log n right and that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n right and that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n right and that's kind of the
+asymptotic analysis that you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic analysis that you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic analysis that you'll have to
+do if you take a class like six double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you take a class like six double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you take a class like six double
+oh six but the general sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh six but the general sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh six but the general sense that you
+should take away from this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take away from this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take away from this is that
+you're gonna have a logarithmic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a logarithmic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a logarithmic number
+of steps and obviously that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps and obviously that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps and obviously that doesn't
+imply a logarithmic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply a logarithmic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply a logarithmic number of
+comparisons because the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons because the number of
+subproblems in each of those steps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems in each of those steps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems in each of those steps is
+doubling initially you had a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling initially you had a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling initially you had a problem
+then you have two subproblems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have two subproblems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have two subproblems and then
+you have four subproblems each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four subproblems each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four subproblems each of them
+are are small in size but add together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are small in size but add together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are small in size but add together
+assuming these problems are are n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these problems are are n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these problems are are n over 2
+and n over 2 then you can get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n over 2 then you can get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n over 2 then you can get something
+that's substantially smaller than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's substantially smaller than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's substantially smaller than n
+square a namely n log n ok and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a namely n log n ok and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a namely n log n ok and you can
+do that numerically and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that numerically and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that numerically and I don't want to
+get into that too much but be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that too much but be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that too much but be happy to
+talk to you about this after lecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about this after lecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about this after lecture or
+during office hours there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during office hours there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during office hours there's a couple of
+caveats one of them is and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats one of them is and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats one of them is and there's no
+guarantee here if I pick a random pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee here if I pick a random pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee here if I pick a random pivot
+bolt that I'm actually going to get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt that I'm actually going to get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt that I'm actually going to get n
+over 2 and n over 2 it's going to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and n over 2 it's going to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and n over 2 it's going to be 1
+less than that maybe it'd be n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that maybe it'd be n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that maybe it'd be n over 2
+and n over 2 to minus 1 I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n over 2 to minus 1 I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n over 2 to minus 1 I could get
+something if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if I
+picked a large pivot bolt I might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a large pivot bolt I might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a large pivot bolt I might get a
+very skewed pair of piles right one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skewed pair of piles right one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skewed pair of piles right one of
+them could have 80 in them 80 nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could have 80 in them 80 nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could have 80 in them 80 nuts and
+bolts in them and the other one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts in them and the other one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts in them and the other one could
+have 20 nuts and bolts in them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 nuts and bolts in them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 nuts and bolts in them okay so
+that's something to worry about and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to worry about and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to worry about and we
+won't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't worry about that
+but we'll talk about it when we move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll talk about it when we move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll talk about it when we move to
+sorting which is what we're gonna do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting which is what we're gonna do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting which is what we're gonna do in
+the in just a couple of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in just a couple of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in just a couple of minutes
+all right so people buy the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so people buy the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so people buy the solution to
+the nuts and bolts puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts and bolts puzzle
+clearly it's gonna give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it's gonna give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it's gonna give you some
+efficiency if you pick a middling size a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you pick a middling size a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you pick a middling size a
+bolt and maybe you can eyeball that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt and maybe you can eyeball that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolt and maybe you can eyeball that it's
+a little bit of a violation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a violation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a violation of what
+we've talked about but but you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about but but you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about but but you could you
+could clearly I mean you let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could clearly I mean you let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could clearly I mean you let's assume
+that that you can make out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can make out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can make out the
+difference between you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between you know something
+that's as thick as this and their finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as thick as this and their finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as thick as this and their finger
+and then you pick something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pick something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you pick something in the
+middle and then you can get two large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then you can get two large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then you can get two large
+piles that are roughly equal in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles that are roughly equal in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles that are roughly equal in size
+from the original really large pile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original really large pile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original really large pile and
+at least in the at the beginning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the at the beginning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the at the beginning you
+could probably get in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably get in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably get in the context of
+this puzzle piles that are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this puzzle piles that are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this puzzle piles that are roughly
+similar in size right and after that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in size right and after that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in size right and after that it
+doesn't really matter once you've broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter once you've broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter once you've broken
+things up so n is not a hundred but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so n is not a hundred but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so n is not a hundred but you
+know n is more like five or ten at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n is more like five or ten at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n is more like five or ten at that
+point it doesn't really matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it doesn't really matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it doesn't really matter what
+strategy you use because the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you use because the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you use because the numbers
+aren't very different depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very different depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very different depending
+regardless of the strategy okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the strategy okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the strategy okay so so
+good alright so I promised you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alright so I promised you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alright so I promised you a
+relationship to sorting and obviously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to sorting and obviously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to sorting and obviously we
+want to do some programming here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some programming here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some programming here and it
+turns out that just like we had merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that just like we had merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that just like we had merge
+sort which was a divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort which was a divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort which was a divide and conquer
+algorithm it turns out this pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it turns out this pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it turns out this pivoting
+strategy it turns into a strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy it turns into a strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy it turns into a strategy for
+divide and conquer that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer that is quite
+different from merge sort but is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from merge sort but is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from merge sort but is equally
+applicable to sorting numbers okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to sorting numbers okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to sorting numbers okay and
+so let me remind you what merge sort was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you what merge sort was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you what merge sort was
+and then I'm going to contrast merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to contrast merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to contrast merge
+sort with quicksort which is a pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort with quicksort which is a pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort with quicksort which is a pivot
+based sorting algorithm right so forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based sorting algorithm right so forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based sorting algorithm right so forget
+about nuts and bolts we're now down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuts and bolts we're now down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nuts and bolts we're now down to
+boring numbers integers and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring numbers integers and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring numbers integers and we want to
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+these numbers in ascending order okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers in ascending order okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers in ascending order okay so
+if I have a bunch of numbers and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a bunch of numbers and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a bunch of numbers and I want
+to sort these in ascending order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort these in ascending order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort these in ascending order
+mergesort would say I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergesort would say I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergesort would say I'm going to go
+ahead and break it up into halves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and break it up into halves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and break it up into halves okay
+and let's just do one level of recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just do one level of recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just do one level of recursion
+you know if with all of these things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if with all of these things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if with all of these things you
+can always do more but these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always do more but these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always do more but these problems
+aren't large enough that you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't large enough that you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't large enough that you really want
+to do that in this example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in this example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in this example and the
+important thing is you just broke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you just broke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you just broke it
+into half you know bit it was easy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into half you know bit it was easy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into half you know bit it was easy the
+split was easy you sliced the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split was easy you sliced the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split was easy you sliced the list
+splice the list what have you right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice the list what have you right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice the list what have you right and
+you assume that somehow you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that somehow you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that somehow you can sort
+this in ascending order in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in ascending order in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in ascending order in this case it
+you need to go to that and then you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to go to that and then you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to go to that and then you sort
+this in ascending order so you go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in ascending order so you go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in ascending order so you go like
+that and then you need to do a merge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you need to do a merge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you need to do a merge and
+we used what we call the two-finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used what we call the two-finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used what we call the two-finger
+algorithm to do the merge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do the merge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do the merge that
+essentially says I'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says I'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says I'm going to assume
+that this array is sorted and this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this array is sorted and this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this array is sorted and this array
+is sorted and I'm gonna put pointers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sorted and I'm gonna put pointers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sorted and I'm gonna put pointers up
+at the beginning of piece to erase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of piece to erase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of piece to erase and
+I'm gonna do comparisons and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do comparisons and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do comparisons and I'm
+essentially going to assume that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to assume that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to assume that I have
+a blank array of size 6 blank list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank array of size 6 blank list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank array of size 6 blank list of
+size 6 and I'm gonna be writing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 6 and I'm gonna be writing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 6 and I'm gonna be writing into
+this blanket ray the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blanket ray the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blanket ray the result of the
+comparison that is which one is less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that is which one is less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison that is which one is less in
+the comparisons so I'm gonna get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparisons so I'm gonna get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparisons so I'm gonna get minus
+31 and then I compare 0 with minus 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and then I compare 0 with minus 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 and then I compare 0 with minus 4 and
+I'm gonna get minus 4 0 etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get minus 4 0 etcetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get minus 4 0 etcetera
+etcetera all right so that was our merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera all right so that was our merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera all right so that was our merge
+and the important thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing to remember is
+that our merge algorithm was I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our merge algorithm was I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our merge algorithm was I had an
+easy divide step and it had a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy divide step and it had a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy divide step and it had a more
+difficult step at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult step at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult step at that
+corresponded to taking the sub arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to taking the sub arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to taking the sub arrays
+that were sorted and and the work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sorted and and the work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sorted and and the work was
+all in the merge okay putting the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the merge okay putting the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the merge okay putting the things
+together because the divide obviously is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the divide obviously is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because the divide obviously is
+just like chop right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like chop right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like chop right um
+now as you can see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see from the
+nuts-and-bolts division was non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts-and-bolts division was non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts-and-bolts division was non-trivial
+right division required pivoting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right division required pivoting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right division required pivoting okay
+but there was no real merge after that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no real merge after that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no real merge after that I
+mean once I hand it off let's say do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean once I hand it off let's say do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean once I hand it off let's say do you
+not release 50 nuts and bolts after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not release 50 nuts and bolts after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not release 50 nuts and bolts after I
+did the work in pivoting and I kept 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work in pivoting and I kept 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the work in pivoting and I kept 50
+nuts and bolts as well we were done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts as well we were done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts as well we were done I
+mean he's just no maybe I wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he's just no maybe I wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he's just no maybe I wanted the
+nuts and bolts back and I don't wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts back and I don't wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts and bolts back and I don't wanted
+to run away with it but it wasn't like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away with it but it wasn't like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away with it but it wasn't like I
+had to process anything that he gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to process anything that he gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to process anything that he gave me
+back right if he paired them up then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right if he paired them up then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right if he paired them up then I
+didn't have to process that right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to process that right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to process that right so um
+this is merge sort the quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is merge sort the quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is merge sort the quicksort
+algorithm which I'll now describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which I'll now describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which I'll now describe to you
+is divide and conquer a two way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divide and conquer a two way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divide and conquer a two way to
+divide and conquer at same as merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer at same as merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer at same as merge sort
+but it kind of flips the the work and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it kind of flips the the work and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it kind of flips the the work and it
+does more work upfront before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more work upfront before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more work upfront before the
+division and then this at little or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then this at little or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then this at little or no
+work at the end all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the end all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the end all right so what
+happens here is the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is the way we're going to
+think about quicksort is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about quicksort is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about quicksort is we're going to
+choose a pivot you can have some array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a pivot you can have some array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a pivot you can have some array
+here and I can go ahead and just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can go ahead and just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can go ahead and just call
+these abcdefg and I'm gonna choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abcdefg and I'm gonna choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abcdefg and I'm gonna choose a
+pivot and in the code that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and in the code that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot and in the code that I'm going to
+show you we're just going to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you we're just going to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you we're just going to go ahead
+and choose the last element we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose the last element we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose the last element we assume
+that this is in random order you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in random order you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in random order you're
+gonna choose the last element of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna choose the last element of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna choose the last element of this
+array as the pivot right and what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array as the pivot right and what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array as the pivot right and what did we
+do with the pivot back in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the pivot back in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the pivot back in our
+nuts-and-bolts example we someone what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts-and-bolts example we someone what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts-and-bolts example we someone what
+would you do with the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah just basically spliced around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just basically spliced around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just basically spliced around
+it you compared it with but if we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you compared it with but if we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you compared it with but if we took
+the pivot bolt and stand in this case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot bolt and stand in this case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot bolt and stand in this case of
+the puzzle you compare it with the nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle you compare it with the nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle you compare it with the nuts
+here we don't have nuts and bolts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have nuts and bolts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have nuts and bolts we
+just have numbers and so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have numbers and so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have numbers and so you're gonna
+take that pivot and you're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that pivot and you're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that pivot and you're gonna start
+comparing it with the other numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it with the other numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it with the other numbers and
+you're exactly right in that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right in that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right in that we're going
+to get to the point where we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the point where we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the point where we have to
+splice around it which isn't your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice around it which isn't your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice around it which isn't your
+standard you know python splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you know python splicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you know python splicing
+because that requires contiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that requires contiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that requires contiguous
+locations right but what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations right but what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations right but what you want to do
+is you want to get to a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to get to a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to get to a situation where
+you have something like this where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like this where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something like this where you
+have G somewhere in the middle and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have G somewhere in the middle and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have G somewhere in the middle and all
+elements less than G are to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements less than G are to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements less than G are to the left and
+let's assume they're all unique elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume they're all unique elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume they're all unique elements
+all elements greater than G are to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements greater than G are to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements greater than G are to the
+right okay so this is exactly a pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is exactly a pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is exactly a pivoting
+around G right so this is it's referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around G right so this is it's referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around G right so this is it's referred
+to as pivoting around G okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as pivoting around G okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as pivoting around G okay now the
+nice thing here when you do this and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing here when you do this and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing here when you do this and is
+that you can go off and you can fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go off and you can fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go off and you can fix the
+location of G in fact G's location just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of G in fact G's location just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of G in fact G's location just
+like the pair the nut bolt pair was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pair the nut bolt pair was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pair the nut bolt pair was
+corresponding to the pivot nut and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the pivot nut and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the pivot nut and the
+pivot bolt was determined during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot bolt was determined during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot bolt was determined during the
+pivoting step and you never had to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting step and you never had to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting step and you never had to check
+whether never had to discover that pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether never had to discover that pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether never had to discover that pair
+again you can put that pair aside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can put that pair aside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can put that pair aside the
+location of G the pivot chosen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of G the pivot chosen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of G the pivot chosen in the
+final sorted array is determined by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final sorted array is determined by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final sorted array is determined by this
+pivoting step okay that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting step okay that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting step okay that makes sense
+um and so so this location whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so this location whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so this location whatever that
+indexes you know it might be right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes you know it might be right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes you know it might be right in
+the middle it might be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle it might be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle it might be a little bit
+skewed but that location is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed but that location is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed but that location is determined
+and if you did this with roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did this with roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did this with roughly equal
+piles if you will or equal sides if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles if you will or equal sides if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles if you will or equal sides if
+there were a 100 elements here you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a 100 elements here you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a 100 elements here you might
+see you know 50 odd here and you know 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know 50 odd here and you know 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know 50 odd here and you know 40
+or over there right and of course if G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over there right and of course if G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over there right and of course if G
+happen to be the largest number then G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the largest number then G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the largest number then G
+would be all the way to the right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the way to the right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be all the way to the right right
+so so there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's that
+20 month and so but this is the divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 month and so but this is the divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 month and so but this is the divide
+step so the divide step is the pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so the divide step is the pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so the divide step is the pivoting
+step and then you can go off and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then you can go off and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then you can go off and sort
+its each of those sub lists right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its each of those sub lists right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its each of those sub lists right
+because those less than G are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those less than G are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those less than G are not
+necessarily in ascending order right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in ascending order right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in ascending order right you
+just you know dump them there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know dump them there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know dump them there's still
+work to be done and then the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to be done and then the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to be done and then the greater
+than G likewise they're not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than G likewise they're not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than G likewise they're not necessarily
+in ascending order but I you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ascending order but I you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ascending order but I you know that
+there's 42 elements in corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 42 elements in corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 42 elements in corresponding to
+less than G and you can go sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than G and you can go sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than G and you can go sort that
+array and those are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and those are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and those are going to be the
+first 42 elements of your final array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 42 elements of your final array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 42 elements of your final array
+right and the G is going to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the G is going to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the G is going to be at the
+43rd position and then the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43rd position and then the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43rd position and then the ones that are
+greater than G are going to be to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G are going to be to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G are going to be to the
+right of that all make sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of that all make sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of that all make sense right
+yeah go ahead Fadi that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead Fadi that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go ahead Fadi that's right so
+that's pathological now it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pathological now it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pathological now it turns out
+that amazingly I in order to avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amazingly I in order to avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amazingly I in order to avoid that
+situation when people use quicksort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when people use quicksort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when people use quicksort in
+practice which is essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice which is essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice which is essentially this
+algorithm that I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that I described
+they take the array that they're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the array that they're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the array that they're given
+and they actually randomize it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually randomize it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually randomize it they
+actually make it they shake it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it they shake it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it they shake it up right
+it's it's like you get these nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like you get these nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like you get these nuts and
+bolts and you want to close your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts and you want to close your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts and you want to close your eyes
+and you want to pick up and not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to pick up and not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to pick up and not that's
+middling in size and you know maybe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middling in size and you know maybe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middling in size and you know maybe all
+the small ones are up at the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small ones are up at the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small ones are up at the top and the
+big ones are down at the bottom you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones are down at the bottom you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones are down at the bottom you want
+things in the middle so you go to shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the middle so you go to shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the middle so you go to shake
+shake shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake shake
+you know you randomize and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you randomize and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you randomize and then you go
+stick your hand in but halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick your hand in but halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick your hand in but halfway through
+the pile and pick out pick up enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile and pick out pick up enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile and pick out pick up enough
+I'll pick up a ball right that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pick up a ball right that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pick up a ball right that's kind of
+what happens here so so quicksort it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here so so quicksort it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here so so quicksort it
+turns out and I'll just say this and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and I'll just say this and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and I'll just say this and if
+this doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't make sense
+ask me later but it should give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me later but it should give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me later but it should give you some
+intuition I the random randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I the random randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I the random randomized
+quicksort where you have this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort where you have this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort where you have this random
+input and you have some probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and you have some probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and you have some probabilistic
+guarantee that you're picking a pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you're picking a pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you're picking a pivot
+that is middling in size in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is middling in size in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is middling in size in terms of an
+integer size is going to be n log n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer size is going to be n log n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer size is going to be n log n in
+complexity but the worst-case complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but the worst-case complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but the worst-case complexity
+of quicksort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quicksort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quicksort is
+actly as you said it's n square okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actly as you said it's n square okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actly as you said it's n square okay but
+you know that's really not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's really not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's really not something
+that you need to understand deeply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to understand deeply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to understand deeply to
+understand about either the puzzle are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about either the puzzle are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about either the puzzle are
+the rest of this lecture you do get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this lecture you do get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of this lecture you do get a
+sense of as long as you have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of as long as you have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of as long as you have a sense of
+if you pick something in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick something in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick something in the middle and
+these piles are roughly equal in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these piles are roughly equal in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these piles are roughly equal in size
+I'm gonna get some improvement right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get some improvement right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna get some improvement right the
+guarantee that the piles are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the piles are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the piles are roughly
+equal in size all the way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in size all the way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in size all the way down to the
+depths of recursion is a difficult one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths of recursion is a difficult one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths of recursion is a difficult one
+to achieve in a deterministic way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve in a deterministic way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve in a deterministic way but
+it's not hard to achieve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to achieve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to achieve in a
+probabilistic way right by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic way right by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic way right by doing this
+randomization you had another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization you had another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization you had another question
+yeah that is the rest of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is the rest of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is the rest of the lecture
+okay which is only 10 minutes left but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is only 10 minutes left but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is only 10 minutes left but
+okay so that's the that's the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the rest of
+the lecture right so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture right so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture right so one of the things
+that I said here I said a blank list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said here I said a blank list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said here I said a blank list of
+size six okay so what merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size six okay so what merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size six okay so what merge sort
+requires in order for merge sort to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires in order for merge sort to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires in order for merge sort to be
+efficient you needed auxilary storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you needed auxilary storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient you needed auxilary storage
+that corresponded to at the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponded to at the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponded to at the size of the
+list because right at the first level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because right at the first level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because right at the first level of
+recursion and when you got to erase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and when you got to erase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and when you got to erase that
+were n over 2 and n over 2 and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were n over 2 and n over 2 and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were n over 2 and n over 2 and they were
+both sorted and you had it I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sorted and you had it I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sorted and you had it I had to
+merge the two together to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two together to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the two together to create the
+final result corresponding to the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result corresponding to the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final result corresponding to the sorted
+array you ended up requiring storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you ended up requiring storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you ended up requiring storage
+that was N in size in order to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was N in size in order to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was N in size in order to actually
+do this two-finger algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this two-finger algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this two-finger algorithm and
+compared the minus 30 ones with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the minus 30 ones with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the minus 30 ones with the
+zeros and then write them into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then write them into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then write them into this
+array right now the obvious way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array right now the obvious way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array right now the obvious way of
+taking this and going to here is code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and going to here is code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this and going to here is code
+that I'm going to show you that is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you that is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you that is easy
+to write and it requires a blank list as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write and it requires a blank list as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write and it requires a blank list as
+well okay you just I mean the easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you just I mean the easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay you just I mean the easy way
+to do that and I'll just show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and I'll just show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that and I'll just show you the
+code because it's easier to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because it's easier to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because it's easier to show you the
+code as opposed to waving my hands here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as opposed to waving my hands here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as opposed to waving my hands here
+and potentially confusing people but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially confusing people but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially confusing people but let
+me show you first the quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you first the quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you first the quicksort
+divide-and-conquer which is abs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer which is abs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer which is abs
+totally trivial I mean just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial I mean just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial I mean just like
+mergesort was but pivot partition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergesort was but pivot partition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergesort was but pivot partition is
+this step here okay this is the pivoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step here okay this is the pivoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step here okay this is the pivoting
+step and and this is what that procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and and this is what that procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and and this is what that procedure
+does right so we'll get to that in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so we'll get to that in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so we'll get to that in just
+a second but the rest of it is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second but the rest of it is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second but the rest of it is simply
+I'm going to go ahead and once I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go ahead and once I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go ahead and once I do the
+pivot put partition I have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot put partition I have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot put partition I have something
+that looks like this and then I just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and then I just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this and then I just go
+off and run quicksort on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and run quicksort on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and run quicksort on this and
+quicksort on that and I'm doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort on that and I'm doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort on that and I'm doing that and
+on the array itself it's it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the array itself it's it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the array itself it's it's just like
+I have this array and I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this array and I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this array and I'm just saying
+I'm gonna call quicksort with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call quicksort with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call quicksort with the
+indices that are associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices that are associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices that are associated with the
+beginning and the end of this array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of this array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of this array and
+then I'm going to call quicksort with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to call quicksort with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to call quicksort with
+the indices that are that begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices that are that begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices that are that begin with the
+beginning and the end of this array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of this array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end of this array and
+as long as and that same array is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as and that same array is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as and that same array is going
+to be my final output right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my final output right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be my final output right so
+everything is done and at the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is done and at the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is done and at the term
+that's used here is in place right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used here is in place right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used here is in place right so in
+place sorting and insertion sort which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place sorting and insertion sort which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place sorting and insertion sort which
+is also n square and a few other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also n square and a few other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also n square and a few other things
+are in place sorting algorithms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in place sorting algorithms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in place sorting algorithms which
+essentially say look I need to sort all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say look I need to sort all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say look I need to sort all
+of you if you know in some hour some ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you if you know in some hour some ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you if you know in some hour some ran
+some way right you know perhaps by age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way right you know perhaps by age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way right you know perhaps by age
+or something and um you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and um you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and um you know I don't
+want need I don't want another room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want need I don't want another room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want need I don't want another room
+right I don't want to say he'll who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't want to say he'll who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't want to say he'll who's
+the youngest here and then go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youngest here and then go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youngest here and then go over to
+that room and then you know who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room and then you know who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room and then you know who's the
+next youngest and go over to the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next youngest and go over to the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next youngest and go over to the room
+etc I just want you to start swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc I just want you to start swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc I just want you to start swapping
+positions here and we're all gonna be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions here and we're all gonna be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions here and we're all gonna be in
+this room and somehow you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and somehow you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and somehow you know we're
+gonna get sorted right so that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get sorted right so that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get sorted right so that's in
+place and when I haven't an array that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and when I haven't an array that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and when I haven't an array that
+corresponds to integers I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to integers I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to integers I don't want
+another blank list or blank array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another blank list or blank array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another blank list or blank array and
+use that storage and so that answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that storage and so that answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that storage and so that answers
+your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question
+at the top level as to why quicksort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top level as to why quicksort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top level as to why quicksort is
+used and it's used because the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and it's used because the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and it's used because the memory
+requirements of quicksort are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of quicksort are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of quicksort are
+substantially less than the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less than the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially less than the memory
+requirements of merge sort and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of merge sort and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of merge sort and in fact
+you can do this a pivoting step using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this a pivoting step using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this a pivoting step using
+one integer as storage and you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one integer as storage and you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one integer as storage and you need the
+original array of course but you needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original array of course but you needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original array of course but you needed
+that to store all of the numbers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to store all of the numbers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to store all of the numbers and the
+auxilary store is the extra storage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxilary store is the extra storage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxilary store is the extra storage that
+you need is exactly the storage for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need is exactly the storage for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need is exactly the storage for one
+integer where you store the pivot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer where you store the pivot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer where you store the pivot okay
+and I'm gonna show you the naive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna show you the naive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna show you the naive way
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+regular quicksort and and that is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular quicksort and and that is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular quicksort and and that is that a
+trivial pivot partition it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial pivot partition it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial pivot partition it's not the
+clever one which essentially says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever one which essentially says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever one which essentially says look
+I'm gonna go ahead and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go ahead and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go ahead and I'm going to
+create a new array and I are in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new array and I are in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new array and I are in fact I
+have two arrays that are less and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two arrays that are less and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two arrays that are less and more
+or two lists together the sizes of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two lists together the sizes of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two lists together the sizes of less
+and more are going to be the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more are going to be the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more are going to be the size of the
+original right maybe minus one but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original right maybe minus one but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original right maybe minus one but I'm
+adding two less and adding two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding two less and adding two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding two less and adding two more
+depending on whether the element is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the element is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether the element is less
+than the pivot or greater than the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pivot or greater than the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pivot or greater than the pivot
+and then I'm good so there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm good so there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm good so there's that
+there's that algorithm which would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that algorithm which would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that algorithm which would just
+be oh yeah I'm gonna create a new list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh yeah I'm gonna create a new list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh yeah I'm gonna create a new list
+here and I'm going to compare a to G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to compare a to G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to compare a to G and
+and then I'm gonna compare you know B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna compare you know B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm gonna compare you know B to
+G etc etc all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G etc etc all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G etc etc all right
+so this does not give you anything this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this does not give you anything this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this does not give you anything this
+is an uninteresting algorithm I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an uninteresting algorithm I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an uninteresting algorithm I'm sorry
+the implementation this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation this is an
+uninteresting implementation okay it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting implementation okay it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting implementation okay it is
+much more it's it you need to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more it's it you need to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more it's it you need to be much
+more clever I don't need this anymore to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clever I don't need this anymore to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clever I don't need this anymore to
+do this in place okay so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in place okay so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in place okay so what I want to
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I gonna take an example here I wanted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gonna take an example here I wanted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gonna take an example here I wanted I
+want to be able to take this array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to take this array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to take this array and
+I'm going to not talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to not talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to not talk about the
+recursive sorting or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sorting or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive sorting or anything like that
+because that's easy right we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's easy right we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's easy right we kind of
+know how to do that what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that what I want to do is
+I want to choose this as the pivot and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to choose this as the pivot and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to choose this as the pivot and I
+want to translate that somehow into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to translate that somehow into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to translate that somehow into the
+final I pivoted an output which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I pivoted an output which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I pivoted an output which is going
+to be 0 minus 31 1/2 6599 whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have something wrong here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have something wrong here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have something wrong here so this
+should be the other way around 83 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the other way around 83 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the other way around 83 right
+okay mmm oh I'm sorry I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mmm oh I'm sorry I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mmm oh I'm sorry I'm sorry
+um this is fine this is fine I just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is fine this is fine I just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is fine this is fine I just need
+it I don't need to be sorted okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't need to be sorted okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't need to be sorted okay good
+whoo all right I had this I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo all right I had this I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoo all right I had this I I just
+thought I found the first bug in my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I found the first bug in my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I found the first bug in my book
+okay so there's probably many bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's probably many bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's probably many bugs in
+the book but I don't want to know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but I don't want to know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book but I don't want to know don't
+write so I don't need this to be sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so I don't need this to be sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write so I don't need this to be sorted
+yes as a 0 a minus 31 so the key is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes as a 0 a minus 31 so the key is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes as a 0 a minus 31 so the key is that
+I've discovered this and everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've discovered this and everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've discovered this and everything to
+the left of that is less than 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of that is less than 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of that is less than 1 and
+everything to the right of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the right of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the right of that is
+greater than 1 and that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 and that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 and that's the only
+requirement that I have and and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that I have and and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that I have and and as I
+said I mean I said this to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean I said this to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean I said this to begin with
+and then I forgot I said we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I forgot I said we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I forgot I said we're not going
+to worry about the recursion so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about the recursion so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about the recursion so clearly
+I have to do more work here with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do more work here with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do more work here with with
+respect to taking this is set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to taking this is set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to taking this is set of numbers
+and and sorting them in ascending order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sorting them in ascending order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sorting them in ascending order
+etc but what I've done here is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but what I've done here is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but what I've done here is I know
+that one is fixed in place and one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is fixed in place and one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is fixed in place and one will
+never move right and I just do have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never move right and I just do have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never move right and I just do have you
+turned this into minus 31 and 0 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this into minus 31 and 0 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned this into minus 31 and 0 and I
+have to do some reordering here but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some reordering here but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some reordering here but one
+is fixed in place okay now the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed in place okay now the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed in place okay now the algorithm
+that I have that I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have that I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have that I'm going to show you
+I'm going to show you the code and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the code and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you the code and it's
+probably code that I you won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably code that I you won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably code that I you won't be able
+to parse at least in in minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse at least in in minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parse at least in in minutes or
+seconds and this code is in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and this code is in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and this code is in place
+pivoting okay it's a clever code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting okay it's a clever code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting okay it's a clever code and
+what it does is it has one additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it has one additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it has one additional
+variable worth of storage that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable worth of storage that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable worth of storage that we're
+going to call the pivot right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the pivot right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the pivot right so that
+you see the variable pivot there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the variable pivot there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the variable pivot there and
+just using that one additional integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that one additional integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that one additional integer
+storage it manages to transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage it manages to transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage it manages to transform this
+array using a linear number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array using a linear number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array using a linear number of steps
+into into this array all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into this array all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into this array all right so you
+can see that this is non-trivial right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is non-trivial right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is non-trivial right I
+need to I need to move from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I need to move from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I need to move from here to
+there without having this extra storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without having this extra storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without having this extra storage
+if you had extra storage it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had extra storage it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had extra storage it would be
+easy we know how to do that but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we know how to do that but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we know how to do that but if you
+didn't you have you need this this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you have you need this this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you have you need this this code
+that has an outer while loop you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an outer while loop you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an outer while loop you see
+while not done and then it's got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not done and then it's got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not done and then it's got two
+inner while loops in it and it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner while loops in it and it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner while loops in it and it's got a
+couple of counters couple of pointers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of counters couple of pointers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of counters couple of pointers I
+should say two indices and you go left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say two indices and you go left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say two indices and you go left
+and right and you magically get at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and you magically get at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and you magically get at this
+answer right but there's no magic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right but there's no magic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right but there's no magic here
+because we have the code up and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the code up and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the code up and we can
+run it and computers aren't smart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and computers aren't smart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and computers aren't smart so
+clearly that that code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that that code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that that code is doing
+something clever and we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever and we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever and we just need to
+understand that all right so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that all right so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that all right so I'm gonna
+in the couple of minutes I have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the couple of minutes I have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the couple of minutes I have left
+this is the last thing I want to do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last thing I want to do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last thing I want to do is I
+want to tell you how this code works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you how this code works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you how this code works
+okay and it's really pretty code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's really pretty code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's really pretty code and
+it's it's clever code so what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's clever code so what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's clever code so what I have is
+I have two pointers top and bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two pointers top and bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two pointers top and bottom so
+I'm going to essentially say that top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to essentially say that top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to essentially say that top is
+all a bottom as zero initially is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a bottom as zero initially is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a bottom as zero initially is minus
+one but we go ahead and increment it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but we go ahead and increment it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but we go ahead and increment it and
+top is eight right and so how many I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is eight right and so how many I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is eight right and so how many I
+have nine one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine one two three four five six
+nine so so so so top is pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so so so so top is pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine so so so so top is pointing to the
+pivot so this is this is pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so this is this is pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so this is this is pointing to the
+pivot which is top is eight and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot which is top is eight and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot which is top is eight and and
+bottom is pointing to to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is pointing to to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is pointing to to the first
+element right so um these two while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right so um these two while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right so um these two while
+loops are essentially going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops are essentially going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops are essentially going from the
+left of the array and going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the array and going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the array and going this way
+from the from the right of the array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the right of the array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the right of the array so
+what we going to do and I and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we going to do and I and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we going to do and I and don't
+worry about exactly how the code does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about exactly how the code does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about exactly how the code does
+this I'm going to show you the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to show you the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to show you the way this
+array is transformed and the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is transformed and the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is transformed and the way this
+these pointers are changed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers are changed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers are changed and then
+you'll get a sense of how this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sense of how this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sense of how this code
+works right and obviously this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right and obviously this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right and obviously this
+transformation happens in one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happens in one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happens in one of those
+while loops all right so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loops all right so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loops all right so we have the
+pivot corresponding to one and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot corresponding to one and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot corresponding to one and bottom
+equals zero and top equals eight what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and top equals eight what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and top equals eight what
+I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is
+I'm gonna start moving I'm leftward from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start moving I'm leftward from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start moving I'm leftward from
+i this would be the second inner while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this would be the second inner while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this would be the second inner while
+loop I'm gonna start moving oh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop I'm gonna start moving oh I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop I'm gonna start moving oh I'm sorry
+I'm going to start I'll start with a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start I'll start with a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start I'll start with a bit
+with bottom I'm gonna increment bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bottom I'm gonna increment bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bottom I'm gonna increment bottom
+is initially minus one and increment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initially minus one and increment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is initially minus one and increment it
+to zero and I start moving right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and I start moving right word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and I start moving right word
+from the left of the list and try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left of the list and try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left of the list and try and
+find an element that is greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an element that is greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an element that is greater than one
+right and that is immediate I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is immediate I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is immediate I realized
+that four is greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that four is greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that four is greater than one
+okay so when I realize that four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I realize that four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I realize that four is
+greater than one I'm going to copy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one I'm going to copy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one I'm going to copy over
+four and this is doesn't mean that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this is doesn't mean that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this is doesn't mean that I'm
+copying the entire array I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the entire array I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the entire array I'm just going
+to copy over four but I'm writing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy over four but I'm writing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy over four but I'm writing what
+the array looks like but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array looks like but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array looks like but that's
+important over to here right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important over to here right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important over to here right and you
+might say pivot equals one you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say pivot equals one you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say pivot equals one you might say
+oh but I over wrote the location one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but I over wrote the location one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but I over wrote the location one and
+I'm like don't worry about it I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like don't worry about it I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like don't worry about it I do have
+one stored in my pivot so my pivot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stored in my pivot so my pivot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stored in my pivot so my pivot has
+one in it okay so I haven't lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in it okay so I haven't lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in it okay so I haven't lost
+anything here it's not like I threw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here it's not like I threw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here it's not like I threw away
+any locations I do have that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any locations I do have that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any locations I do have that extra
+location right so I did this right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location right so I did this right word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location right so I did this right word
+move going from the left now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move going from the left now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move going from the left now I'm going
+to go leftward from the from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go leftward from the from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go leftward from the from the from
+the right and I'm going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and I'm going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and I'm going to look for
+something that is less than one and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is less than one and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is less than one and I'm
+going to try and move it so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and move it so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and move it so basically
+what this algorithm does is it it tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this algorithm does is it it tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this algorithm does is it it tries
+to find things that are if a is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things that are if a is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things that are if a is is
+greater than G it moves a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G it moves a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than G it moves a to the
+rightmost part of the array if if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost part of the array if if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost part of the array if if and
+the same thing if D is less than G then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing if D is less than G then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing if D is less than G then
+it moves it to the to the left part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves it to the to the left part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves it to the to the left part of
+the array so depending on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array so depending on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array so depending on whether the
+comparison to G is greater or less you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to G is greater or less you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to G is greater or less you
+want to end up in the edges of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end up in the edges of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end up in the edges of the array
+and you're going to try and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to try and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to try and get
+the edges of the array to be correct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the array to be correct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of the array to be correct in
+the in the sense that they have elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sense that they have elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sense that they have elements
+on the left that are less than the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that are less than the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left that are less than the pivot
+and the elements on the right that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elements on the right that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elements on the right that are
+greater than the pivot and you try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the pivot and you try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the pivot and you try and
+get to the middle and when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the middle and when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the middle and when you when
+you're two pointers converge your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two pointers converge your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two pointers converge your top
+and bottom pointers converge you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom pointers converge you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom pointers converge you're done
+all right so let's do a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a couple more
+steps and and and close this lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and and and close this lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and and and close this lecture so
+I did the right step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the right step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the right step
+now I'm going going rightward and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going going rightward and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going going rightward and now
+I'm going to go leftward and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go leftward and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go leftward and what is the
+first element that is less than one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element that is less than one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element that is less than one I
+know less than one zero right yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less than one zero right yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know less than one zero right yes but
+I'm going this way yeah I'm going yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going this way yeah I'm going yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going this way yeah I'm going yeah
+I'm glad you pointed that out I needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you pointed that out I needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you pointed that out I needed
+to make sure so I went I went right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure so I went I went right word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure so I went I went right word
+the first time and I want to go left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time and I want to go left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time and I want to go left
+word this time so so this would be so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this time so so this would be so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this time so so this would be so I
+I come here and I see I see zero when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come here and I see I see zero when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come here and I see I see zero when I
+see zero what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see zero what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see zero what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to transform the array I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform the array I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transform the array I'll write
+this out to make sure I get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to make sure I get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to make sure I get this right
+and so right now I have 465 to minus 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right now I have 465 to minus 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so right now I have 465 to minus 31
+0 etc and I'm going to go this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 etc and I'm going to go this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 etc and I'm going to go this way and
+I'm going to put when I see the zero I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put when I see the zero I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put when I see the zero I'm
+going to copy over 0 over here and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to copy over 0 over here and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to copy over 0 over here and leave
+the 0 in here for a second and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 in here for a second and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 in here for a second and there's
+no problem here because 4 was copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem here because 4 was copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem here because 4 was copied
+over here and so now I overrode 4 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so now I overrode 4 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so now I overrode 4 with
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay now you kind of see maybe get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you kind of see maybe get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you kind of see maybe get a
+some sense of how this algorithm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how this algorithm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of how this algorithm works
+this is the first interesting step where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first interesting step where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first interesting step where
+I took zero and because zero is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took zero and because zero is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took zero and because zero is less
+than one as I mentioned I want to jam it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one as I mentioned I want to jam it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one as I mentioned I want to jam it
+all the way to the left ok just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left ok just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left ok just put it
+all the way to the left and I'm cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left and I'm cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left and I'm cool
+with losing 4 because 4 is being put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with losing 4 because 4 is being put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with losing 4 because 4 is being put all
+the way to the right okay now at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the right okay now at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the right okay now at this
+point my bottom and top I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my bottom and top I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my bottom and top I'm going to get
+modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified
+my bottom is still zero but the top is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bottom is still zero but the top is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bottom is still zero but the top is 4
+because I moved top was 8 and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I moved top was 8 and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I moved top was 8 and i
+decremented a top all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decremented a top all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decremented a top all the way to the
+point where it became 4 and I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it became 4 and I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it became 4 and I realized
+that 0 was less than 1 and then I copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 0 was less than 1 and then I copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 0 was less than 1 and then I copied
+over that value over to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that value over to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that value over to the to the
+bottom you can kind of see the code up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you can kind of see the code up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you can kind of see the code up
+there it it this is actually an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it this is actually an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it it this is actually an output
+of that code and I put I put a 0 in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that code and I put I put a 0 in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that code and I put I put a 0 in here
+so that's what my counters look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what my counters look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what my counters look like and
+it's only a couple more steps we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a couple more steps we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a couple more steps we're
+gonna go now go right and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go now go right and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go now go right and I'm going to
+go do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do this again
+except that 0 is already taken care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that 0 is already taken care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that 0 is already taken care of
+so now I see 65 clearly I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I see 65 clearly I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I see 65 clearly I'm going to
+have a situation where if I go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where if I go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where if I go this way
+65 is is greater than the pivot right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 is is greater than the pivot right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 is is greater than the pivot right so
+I'm gonna go 0 65 to minus 31 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go 0 65 to minus 31 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go 0 65 to minus 31 and
+because 65 is greater than the pivot I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 65 is greater than the pivot I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 65 is greater than the pivot I'm
+gonna write it into what the top was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it into what the top was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write it into what the top was
+which obviously got copied over that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obviously got copied over that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which obviously got copied over that way
+so I'm gonna have 65 in here 9983 seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna have 65 in here 9983 seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna have 65 in here 9983 seven
+eighty two and four alright so now after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty two and four alright so now after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty two and four alright so now after
+this step bottom equals one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step bottom equals one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step bottom equals one and the
+reason for that was 65 is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that was 65 is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that was 65 is in the
+location on one and top equals 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on one and top equals 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on one and top equals 4 and
+then the next one someone want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one someone want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next one someone want to tell
+me what the next one is going to be if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the next one is going to be if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the next one is going to be if I
+go left word I'm gonna start from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go left word I'm gonna start from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go left word I'm gonna start from here
+top was four so it's pointing at 65 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top was four so it's pointing at 65 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top was four so it's pointing at 65 and
+I'm looking for looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for looking for something
+that I when I go when I go this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I when I go when I go this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I when I go when I go this way I
+saw 65 greater than 1 now I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 65 greater than 1 now I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 65 greater than 1 now I'm looking
+for something that is less than 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that is less than 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something that is less than 1 and
+minus 31 is less than 1 correct when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 is less than 1 correct when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 is less than 1 correct when I
+go this way I'm looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way I'm looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way I'm looking for something
+that's less than so so given that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than so so given that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than so so given that is
+minus 31 I'm going to copy over - 31 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 I'm going to copy over - 31 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 I'm going to copy over - 31 -
+what top was pointing to so I have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what top was pointing to so I have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what top was pointing to so I have minus
+31 to minus 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 to minus 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 to minus 31
+sixty-five 9983 seven eight two and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-five 9983 seven eight two and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-five 9983 seven eight two and four
+and at this point I'm gonna have bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point I'm gonna have bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point I'm gonna have bottom
+equals one and top equals three keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and top equals three keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and top equals three keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+one more and I get to the point where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more and I get to the point where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more and I get to the point where I
+see 2 2 is greater than 1 0 and minus 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 2 2 is greater than 1 0 and minus 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 2 2 is greater than 1 0 and minus 31
+are less than 1 and so I take 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than 1 and so I take 2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than 1 and so I take 2 and I
+copy your copy it over here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy your copy it over here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy your copy it over here all right
+and now at this point when I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now at this point when I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now at this point when I do an
+increment I realize that top bottom is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment I realize that top bottom is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment I realize that top bottom is 2
+and top is 3 and in the very next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and top is 3 and in the very next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and top is 3 and in the very next step
+bottom will equal top and I'm sitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom will equal top and I'm sitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom will equal top and I'm sitting up
+here and so I copy I make 2 I'd write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so I copy I make 2 I'd write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so I copy I make 2 I'd write
+the pivot into the location that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot into the location that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot into the location that
+corresponds to that bottom after the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that bottom after the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that bottom after the top
+got decremented and in that case both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got decremented and in that case both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got decremented and in that case both
+bottom and top are 2 and that index 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and top are 2 and that index 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and top are 2 and that index 0 1
+& 2 the pivot gets written into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 the pivot gets written into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 the pivot gets written into it and
+so that's exactly what I had which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly what I had which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly what I had which I
+wrote right at the beginning all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote right at the beginning all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote right at the beginning all right
+so I would say this is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say this is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say this is probably the most
+complicated code from a control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated code from a control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated code from a control flow
+standpoint that I've ever shown you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint that I've ever shown you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint that I've ever shown you this
+this algorithm is an in-place algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is an in-place algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is an in-place algorithm
+that does not require any extra storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not require any extra storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not require any extra storage
+and that's exactly why it's so popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly why it's so popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly why it's so popular
+people are sorting billions of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sorting billions of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sorting billions of elements
+in lists and you can't use gigabytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lists and you can't use gigabytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lists and you can't use gigabytes of
+storage during the sorting process right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage during the sorting process right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage during the sorting process right
+and what this clever strategy tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this clever strategy tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this clever strategy tells you
+is you don't need all of that storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't need all of that storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't need all of that storage
+you can do things in place and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do things in place and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do things in place and as long
+as you choose the pivot reasonably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you choose the pivot reasonably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you choose the pivot reasonably well
+you get your average case n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your average case n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your average case n log n
+complexity which is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is the same as the
+worst case complexity of merge sort so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case complexity of merge sort so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case complexity of merge sort so
+you have to be a little bit careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little bit careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little bit careful with
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9eWKuWyXYKY.txt b/9eWKuWyXYKY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..205bcdfd98fdb439550764274c06309b9eb250d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9eWKuWyXYKY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we'll need at least one MOSFET to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll need at least one MOSFET to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll need at least one MOSFET to
+serve as the access fence so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the access fence so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the access fence so we can
+select which will be affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select which will be affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select which will be affected by
+read and write operations we can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write operations we can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and write operations we can use a
+simple capacitor for storage where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple capacitor for storage where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple capacitor for storage where this
+value of the stored bit is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the stored bit is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the stored bit is represented
+by voltage across the plates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by voltage across the plates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by voltage across the plates of the
+capacitor the resulting circuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the resulting circuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the resulting circuit is
+termed a dynamic random access memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed a dynamic random access memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed a dynamic random access memory or
+DRAM cell if the capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM cell if the capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM cell if the capacitor voltage
+exceeds a certain threshold restoring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds a certain threshold restoring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds a certain threshold restoring a
+1-bit otherwise restoring a zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-bit otherwise restoring a zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-bit otherwise restoring a zero the
+amount of charge of the capacitor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of charge of the capacitor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of charge of the capacitor which
+determines the speed and reliability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the speed and reliability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the speed and reliability of
+reading the steward value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the steward value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the steward value is
+proportional to the capacitance we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the capacitance we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the capacitance we can
+increase the capacitance by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the capacitance by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the capacitance by increasing
+the dielectric constant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dielectric constant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dielectric constant of the
+insulating layer between the two plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating layer between the two plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating layer between the two plates
+of the capacitor increasing the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacitor increasing the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacitor increasing the area of
+the plates or by decreasing the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates or by decreasing the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates or by decreasing the distance
+between the plates all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the plates all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the plates all of these are
+constantly being improved a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being improved a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being improved a cross
+section of a modern DRAM cell is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of a modern DRAM cell is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of a modern DRAM cell is shown
+here the capacitor is formed in a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the capacitor is formed in a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the capacitor is formed in a large
+trench dug into the substrate material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench dug into the substrate material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench dug into the substrate material
+of the integrated circuit increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrated circuit increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrated circuit increasing the
+depth of the trench will increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of the trench will increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of the trench will increase the
+area of the capacitor plates without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the capacitor plates without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the capacitor plates without
+increasing the cells area the word line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the cells area the word line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the cells area the word line
+forms the gate of the N FET access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the gate of the N FET access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the gate of the N FET access
+transistor connecting the outer plate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor connecting the outer plate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor connecting the outer plate of
+the capacitor to the bit line a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor to the bit line a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor to the bit line a very
+thin insulating layer separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin insulating layer separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin insulating layer separates the
+outer plate from the inner plate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer plate from the inner plate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer plate from the inner plate which
+is connected to some reference voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to some reference voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected to some reference voltage
+shown as ground in this diagram you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as ground in this diagram you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as ground in this diagram you can
+Google trench capacitor to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google trench capacitor to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google trench capacitor to get the
+latest information on the dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest information on the dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest information on the dimensions and
+materials used in the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used in the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used in the construction of
+the capacitor the resulting circuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor the resulting circuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor the resulting circuit is
+quite compact about 20 times less area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compact about 20 times less area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compact about 20 times less area
+per bit than an SRAM bit cell there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bit than an SRAM bit cell there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bit than an SRAM bit cell there are
+some challenges however there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some challenges however there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some challenges however there's no
+circuitry to maintain the static charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry to maintain the static charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry to maintain the static charge
+of the capacitor so store charge will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacitor so store charge will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacitor so store charge will
+leak from the outer plate of capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak from the outer plate of capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak from the outer plate of capacitor
+hence the name dynamic memory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name dynamic memory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name dynamic memory the
+leakage is caused by small Pico amperes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is caused by small Pico amperes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is caused by small Pico amperes
+through the PN Junction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the PN Junction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the PN Junction with the
+surrounding substrate or sub threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding substrate or sub threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding substrate or sub threshold
+conduction of the access FET even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction of the access FET even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction of the access FET even when
+it's turned off this limits the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turned off this limits the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turned off this limits the amount
+of time we can leave the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we can leave the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time we can leave the capacitor
+unattended and still expect to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended and still expect to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended and still expect to read the
+stored value this means we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value this means we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored value this means we'll have to
+arrange to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange to read
+then rewrite each bit cell called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rewrite each bit cell called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rewrite each bit cell called a
+refresh cycle every 10 milliseconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh cycle every 10 milliseconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh cycle every 10 milliseconds or
+so adding to the complexity of the DRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding to the complexity of the DRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding to the complexity of the DRAM
+interface circuitry DRAM write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface circuitry DRAM write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface circuitry DRAM write
+operations are straightforward simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are straightforward simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are straightforward simply
+turn on the access FET with the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the access FET with the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the access FET with the word
+line and charge or discharge the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and charge or discharge the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and charge or discharge the storage
+capacitor through the bit line leads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor through the bit line leads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor through the bit line leads are
+a bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more complicated
+first the bit line is pre-charged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the bit line is pre-charged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the bit line is pre-charged to
+some intermediate voltage for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate voltage for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate voltage for example
+VDD over 2 and then the pre-charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD over 2 and then the pre-charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDD over 2 and then the pre-charge
+circuitry is disconnected the word line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry is disconnected the word line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry is disconnected the word line
+is activated connecting the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated connecting the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is activated connecting the storage
+capacitor of the selected cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor of the selected cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor of the selected cell to the
+bit line causing the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit line causing the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit line causing the charge on the
+capacitor to be shared with the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to be shared with the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor to be shared with the charge
+stored by the capacitance of the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored by the capacitance of the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored by the capacitance of the bit
+line if the values stored in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if the values stored in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if the values stored in the cell
+capacitor is a 1 the bit line voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is a 1 the bit line voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is a 1 the bit line voltage
+will increase very slightly for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase very slightly for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will increase very slightly for example
+a few tenths of millivolts if the stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few tenths of millivolts if the stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few tenths of millivolts if the stored
+value is 0 the bit line voltage will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0 the bit line voltage will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is 0 the bit line voltage will
+decrease slightly sense amplifiers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease slightly sense amplifiers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease slightly sense amplifiers are
+used to detect the small voltage change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to detect the small voltage change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to detect the small voltage change
+to produce a digital output value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a digital output value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a digital output value
+this means that read operations wipe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that read operations wipe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that read operations wipe out
+the information stored in the bit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information stored in the bit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information stored in the bit cell
+which must then be rewritten with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which must then be rewritten with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which must then be rewritten with the
+detected value at the end of the read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected value at the end of the read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected value at the end of the read
+operation DRAM circuitry is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation DRAM circuitry is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation DRAM circuitry is usually
+organized to have wide rows in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to have wide rows in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to have wide rows in other
+words multiple consecutive locations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words multiple consecutive locations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words multiple consecutive locations are
+read in a single access this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a single access this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a single access this particular
+block of locations are selected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of locations are selected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of locations are selected by the
+DRAM row address then the DRAM column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM row address then the DRAM column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRAM row address then the DRAM column
+address is used to select a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is used to select a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address is used to select a particular
+location from the block to be returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location from the block to be returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location from the block to be returned
+if we want to read multiple locations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to read multiple locations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to read multiple locations in
+a single row then we only need to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single row then we only need to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single row then we only need to send a
+new column address and the DRAM will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column address and the DRAM will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column address and the DRAM will
+respond with that location without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with that location without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with that location without
+having to access the bit cells again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to access the bit cells again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to access the bit cells again the
+first access to a row has a long latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first access to a row has a long latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first access to a row has a long latency
+but subsequent accesses to the same row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but subsequent accesses to the same row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but subsequent accesses to the same row
+have very low latency as we'll see we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low latency as we'll see we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very low latency as we'll see we'll
+be able to use fast column accesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use fast column accesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use fast column accesses to
+our advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our advantage
+in summary DRAM bit cells consist of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary DRAM bit cells consist of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary DRAM bit cells consist of a
+single access FET connected to a storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single access FET connected to a storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single access FET connected to a storage
+capacitor this cleverly constructed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor this cleverly constructed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor this cleverly constructed to
+take up as little area as possible dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up as little area as possible dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up as little area as possible dear
+as must rewrite the contents of bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as must rewrite the contents of bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as must rewrite the contents of bit
+cells after they are read and every cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells after they are read and every cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells after they are read and every cell
+must be read and written periodically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be read and written periodically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be read and written periodically to
+ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the
+stored charge is refreshed before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored charge is refreshed before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored charge is refreshed before it's
+corrupted by leakage currents d rams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted by leakage currents d rams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted by leakage currents d rams
+have much higher capacities than s rams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher capacities than s rams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher capacities than s rams
+because of the small size of the d ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the small size of the d ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the small size of the d ram
+bit cells but the complexity of the dram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cells but the complexity of the dram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cells but the complexity of the dram
+interface circuitry means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface circuitry means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface circuitry means that the
+initial access to a row of locations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial access to a row of locations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial access to a row of locations is
+quite a bit slower than an SRAM access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit slower than an SRAM access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit slower than an SRAM access
+however subsequent accesses to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however subsequent accesses to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however subsequent accesses to the same
+row having it speeds close to that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row having it speeds close to that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row having it speeds close to that of
+SRAM accesses both s Rams and D Rams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM accesses both s Rams and D Rams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SRAM accesses both s Rams and D Rams
+will store values as long as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will store values as long as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will store values as long as their
+circuitry has power but if the circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry has power but if the circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry has power but if the circuitry
+is powered down the stored bits will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powered down the stored bits will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powered down the stored bits will be
+lost for a long term storage we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost for a long term storage we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost for a long term storage we will
+need to use non-volatile memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use non-volatile memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use non-volatile memory
+technologies the topic of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies the topic of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies the topic of the next
+lecture segment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9syvZr-9xwk.txt b/9syvZr-9xwk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb8bbbbaa31ffd058a29279d48f41ff5abb826e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9syvZr-9xwk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13786 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um welcome everybody uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um welcome everybody uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um welcome everybody uh to
+the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full
+2020 online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 online
+uh introduction to the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduction to the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh introduction to the theory of
+computing um 18404 6840.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing um 18404 6840.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing um 18404 6840.
+my name is mike sipser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mike sipser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mike sipser
+i'm going to be your instructor for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be your instructor for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be your instructor for the
+semester in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester in this class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me just tell you what the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you what the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you what the course
+is about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um
+basically it's going to be into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to be into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to be into two
+halves what we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves what we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves what we're going to be talking
+about what are the capabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the capabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the capabilities and
+limitations of computers of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of computers of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of computers of computer
+algorithms really computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms really computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms really computation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the two parts of the course are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two parts of the course are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two parts of the course are more
+or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less
+divided in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided in half
+we're having the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having the first half of the
+course is going to talk about a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is going to talk about a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is going to talk about a subject
+called computability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computability theory
+which it really asks what what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it really asks what what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it really asks what what you can
+compute with an algorithm in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with an algorithm in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with an algorithm in principle
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's a was an active area of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a was an active area of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a was an active area of research
+in the earlier part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier part of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier part of the 20th century
+it's pretty much closed off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much closed off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much closed off as a
+research subject these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research subject these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research subject these days
+mainly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because
+they answered all of their big questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they answered all of their big questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they answered all of their big questions
+um and so uh a mathematical field really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh a mathematical field really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so uh a mathematical field really
+only uh stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh stays
+vital when it has problems to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital when it has problems to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital when it has problems to solve and
+they really solved all of their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really solved all of their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really solved all of their uh
+interesting problems for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems for the most part
+not a hundred percent but for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred percent but for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred percent but for the most
+part uh it sort of finished off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh it sort of finished off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh it sort of finished off in the
+1950s um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s um
+just to say a little bit more about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say a little bit more about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say a little bit more about what
+we're going to talk about there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about there you know
+when you're interested to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're interested to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're interested to know what
+kinds of problems you can solve with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems you can solve with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems you can solve with an
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+you know there are problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are problems that you
+might want to solve that you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to solve that you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to solve that you just can't
+solve for example if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for example if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for example if you want to
+you're given a specification for a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a specification for a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a specification for a um
+you know a computer problem you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a computer problem you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a computer problem you want to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+whatever whatever that specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever that specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever that specification
+might be say you know your algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be say you know your algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be say you know your algorithm
+actually is a sorting algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a sorting algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a sorting algorithm for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+and you want to write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to write down that
+specification and have an automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and have an automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and have an automatic
+verifier that's going to check whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that's going to check whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that's going to check whether a
+program meets a specification well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program meets a specification well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program meets a specification well
+that's just in principle impossible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just in principle impossible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just in principle impossible you
+cannot meet you cannot make a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot meet you cannot make a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot meet you cannot make a um
+a verifier which is going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verifier which is going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verifier which is going to uh
+answer in all cases whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in all cases whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in all cases whether or not a
+program meets a certain specification um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program meets a certain specification um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program meets a certain specification um
+so things like that we will prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things like that we will prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things like that we will prove uh
+this uh this semester you know questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this semester you know questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this semester you know questions
+about mathematical truth what if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematical truth what if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematical truth what if you're
+given a mathematical statement is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a mathematical statement is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a mathematical statement is it
+true or is it false uh it'd be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or is it false uh it'd be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or is it false uh it'd be great
+if you can write a computer program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can write a computer program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can write a computer program that
+would answer that problem well it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer that problem well it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer that problem well it would
+not be great if you're a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be great if you're a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be great if you're a mathematician
+because that would put us all out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would put us all out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would put us all out of
+business but if you and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but if you and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but if you and you know
+you could imagine that might be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that might be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that might be a nice
+thing to have but you can't i mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have but you can't i mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have but you can't i mean there
+is no algorithm which can answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no algorithm which can answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no algorithm which can answer that
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh well along the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well along the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well along the way we're going to
+introduce models of computation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce models of computation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce models of computation like
+fine automata which we'll see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine automata which we'll see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine automata which we'll see today
+touring machines and some model other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines and some model other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines and some model other
+models that we'll see along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that we'll see along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that we'll see along the way
+the second half of the course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the course which is
+going to be after the midterm we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be after the midterm we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be after the midterm we're
+going to shift gears and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift gears and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift gears and talk about
+complexity theory which is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory which is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory which is instead of
+looking at what's computable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's computable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's computable in
+principle you're going to look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you're going to look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you're going to look at what's
+computable in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable in practice
+so things that you can solve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things that you can solve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things that you can solve in a
+reasonable amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time
+and um for example i'm sure many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for example i'm sure many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for example i'm sure many of you
+are aware of the factoring problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of the factoring problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of the factoring problem which
+has connections to uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has connections to uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has connections to uh the um
+uh the the rsa crypto system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the rsa crypto system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the rsa crypto system you know
+cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography
+um and asks whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and asks whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and asks whether you can
+factor big numbers quickly um that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor big numbers quickly um that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor big numbers quickly um that's a
+problem we don't know the answer to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know the answer to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know the answer to um
+we just don't know how to factor big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know how to factor big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know how to factor big
+numbers quickly but it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers quickly but it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers quickly but it's possible that
+there are algorithms out there that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are algorithms out there that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are algorithms out there that we
+haven't discovered yet that can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discovered yet that can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discovered yet that can do so
+it's connected with this very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with this very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with this very famous
+problem in the intersection of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the intersection of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the intersection of computer
+science and mathematics called the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and mathematics called the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and mathematics called the p
+versus np problem which many of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np problem which many of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np problem which many of you may
+have heard of we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of we'll talk about that
+we'll spend a lot of time on that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend a lot of time on that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend a lot of time on that uh
+this uh this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this term
+and along the way we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the way we'll talk about
+different measures of uh complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measures of uh complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measures of uh complexity of
+computation time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation time and space
+time and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and memory
+you know a theorist called memory i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a theorist called memory i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a theorist called memory i like
+to call space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call space
+that's going to be a big part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a big part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a big part of the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+in the complexity theory part introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complexity theory part introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complexity theory part introduce
+other models of computation such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other models of computation such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other models of computation such as
+probabilistic and interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic and interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic and interactive
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+uh talk about the expectations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about the expectations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about the expectations of the
+course first of all prerequisites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first of all prerequisites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course first of all prerequisites
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a bunch of
+prerequisites listed you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites listed you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites listed you know
+6042 18062 or maybe some other subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 18062 or maybe some other subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 18062 or maybe some other subject
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+the real thing is is that this is a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real thing is is that this is a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real thing is is that this is a math
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+this is a class where i'm exp you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a class where i'm exp you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a class where i'm exp you know
+and it's not a beginning math class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a beginning math class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a beginning math class this
+is you know a moderate to advanced math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a moderate to advanced math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a moderate to advanced math
+class and i'm expecting people to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i'm expecting people to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i'm expecting people to have
+had some prior experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some prior experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some prior experience
+you know of a substantial nature with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of a substantial nature with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of a substantial nature with um
+mathematical theorems and proofs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theorems and proofs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theorems and proofs um
+you know we'll start off slow but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll start off slow but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll start off slow but we're
+going to ramp up pretty fast so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp up pretty fast so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ramp up pretty fast so if you
+haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really
+you know got the idea or gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know got the idea or gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know got the idea or gotten
+comfortable with doing proofs coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with doing proofs coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with doing proofs coming up
+with proofs to mathematical statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proofs to mathematical statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proofs to mathematical statements
+you know that's going to be a concern um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's going to be a concern um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's going to be a concern um
+you can you know i would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know i would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know i would just be
+monitoring yourself and seeing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring yourself and seeing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring yourself and seeing how
+you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+because the homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the homeworks
+and the exams are going to count on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exams are going to count on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exams are going to count on your
+being able to produce proofs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to produce proofs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to produce proofs um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh you're gonna stroke be struggling if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're gonna stroke be struggling if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're gonna stroke be struggling if
+if that's gonna be a real uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's gonna be a real uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's gonna be a real uh something
+that you haven't had experience with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't had experience with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't had experience with um
+so and let me talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let me talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and let me talk a little bit about
+the role of theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of theory um
+in computer science is this a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science is this a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science is this a theory
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um as you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you know um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know before we jump into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we jump into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we jump into the
+material i just thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i just thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i just thought it would be
+worth for you to give you at least my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth for you to give you at least my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth for you to give you at least my
+perspective on the role of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the role of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the role of theoretical
+computer science within the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science within the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science within the the
+the field uh so you know i've been in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field uh so you know i've been in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field uh so you know i've been in in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in computer science for a long time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science for a long time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science for a long time you
+know i go back i'm sure i'm getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i go back i'm sure i'm getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i go back i'm sure i'm getting to
+be a dinosaur here but i go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a dinosaur here but i go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a dinosaur here but i go back to the
+days when you had punch cards that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when you had punch cards that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when you had punch cards that's
+what we did when i was an undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did when i was an undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did when i was an undergraduate
+and um obviously things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um obviously things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um obviously things are very
+different now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now um
+and you can argue that in some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can argue that in some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can argue that in some you know
+that you know computer science as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know computer science as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know computer science as a
+discipline has matured and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline has matured and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline has matured and sort of the
+the basic stuff has all been solved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic stuff has all been solved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic stuff has all been solved um
+well i would say there's a certain truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i would say there's a certain truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i would say there's a certain truth
+to that but there's a certain way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but there's a certain way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but there's a certain way in
+which i would say that's not true um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i would say that's not true um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i would say that's not true um i
+think we're still at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're still at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're still at the very beginning
+and at least in certain respects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in certain respects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least in certain respects of
+computer science as a discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as a discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as a discipline
+uh for one thing there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for one thing there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for one thing there are a lot of
+things that we do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do um
+uh a lot of things relating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of things relating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of things relating to
+computation that you know we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you know we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you know we just don't
+know the answer to very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer to very fundamental
+things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know
+you know let's take in this example how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's take in this example how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's take in this example how
+does the brain work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the brain work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the brain work
+obviously the brain computes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the brain computes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the brain computes in a
+certain fashion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fashion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fashion um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+you know and we've made good progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we've made good progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we've made good progress
+you can argue with machine learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue with machine learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue with machine learning and
+all of those things which that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things which that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things which that are
+really doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing very
+you know have very uh very powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have very uh very powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have very uh very powerful and
+doing very cool things but i would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very cool things but i would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very cool things but i would also
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+you know at some deeper level we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at some deeper level we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at some deeper level we really
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+the the um the methods that we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the methods that we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the methods that we have so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+uh don't allow us to understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't allow us to understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't allow us to understand um
+uh creativity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creativity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creativity um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+we're not close to being able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not close to being able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not close to being able to create
+a computer program that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program that can do
+mathematics or that can do many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or that can do many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or that can do many of the
+creative kinds of things that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative kinds of things that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative kinds of things that human
+beings can do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings can do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings can do um
+you know their i think machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their i think machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their i think machine learning
+powerful as it is is really successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as it is is really successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as it is is really successful
+only for a very narrow set of tasks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for a very narrow set of tasks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for a very narrow set of tasks um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know
+there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot
+i think there's probably something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's probably something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think there's probably something
+deeper and more fundamental going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more fundamental going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and more fundamental going on
+that we're missing um that would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're missing um that would be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're missing um that would be my
+hunch um now whether something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch um now whether something like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch um now whether something like um
+theoretical computer science is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer science is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer science is gonna
+give you an answer there or this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an answer there or this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an answer there or this kind of
+theory or some kind of theory i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or some kind of theory i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or some kind of theory i think
+some kind of theory has a as at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of theory has a as at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of theory has a as at least a
+decent shot at playing a role in helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent shot at playing a role in helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent shot at playing a role in helping
+us to understand computation in a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand computation in a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand computation in a deeper
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and the fact that we can't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we can't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we can't understand
+something as basic as can you factor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as basic as can you factor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as basic as can you factor a
+big number quickly or not um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number quickly or not um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number quickly or not um you know
+you can't really say you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really say you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really say you understand
+computation until you can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until you can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until you can answer
+questions like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that
+so i would argue that we have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would argue that we have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would argue that we have a really
+very primitive understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive understanding of
+computation at this stage and that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at this stage and that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation at this stage and that there
+is a um a lot that has yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um a lot that has yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um a lot that has yet to be
+discovered um not just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um not just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered um not just on the
+technological side but just on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological side but just on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological side but just on the very
+fundamental theoretical side that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theoretical side that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theoretical side that has a
+real shot at playing a role in affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real shot at playing a role in affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real shot at playing a role in affecting
+the practice of how we use computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of how we use computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of how we use computers
+and so i i think for that reason again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i i think for that reason again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i i think for that reason again
+i'm not sure what what kind of theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure what what kind of theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure what what kind of theory is
+going to be the most useful but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most useful but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most useful but the the
+theory we're going to cover in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we're going to cover in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we're going to cover in this
+course is a particularly elegant theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a particularly elegant theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a particularly elegant theory
+and it has already paid off in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has already paid off in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has already paid off in many
+applications and in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and in terms of our
+understanding of computation and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of computation and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of computation and i think
+you know there is um at least as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is um at least as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is um at least as a
+starting point it's a good it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point it's a good it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point it's a good it's a good
+subject to learn um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to learn um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to learn um
+uh certainly i enjoy it and i've spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly i enjoy it and i've spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly i enjoy it and i've spent a
+good you know good chunk of my my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know good chunk of my my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know good chunk of my my career
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+doing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+uh let's move on then um and begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's move on then um and begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's move on then um and begin with
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+subject material um so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject material um so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject material um so we're going to
+talk about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um
+uh models of computation as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models of computation as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models of computation as i mentioned
+um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we
+we want to try to understand computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to try to understand computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to try to understand computers
+and we want to understand what computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand what computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to understand what computers
+can do but computers in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but computers in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do but computers in the real world
+are pretty complicated objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty complicated objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty complicated objects and
+they're really not nice to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not nice to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not nice to talk about
+mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+so we're going to talk about abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about abstract
+models of computers that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of computers that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of computers that are much
+simpler but really capture just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but really capture just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but really capture just like
+models in general capture the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in general capture the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in general capture the important
+aspects of the thing we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the thing we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the thing we're trying to
+understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um
+and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh
+we're going to look at several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at several different
+kinds of models that vary in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that vary in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models that vary in their
+capabilities and and the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and and the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and and the way they
+approximate the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the real
+computers that we deal with every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that we deal with every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that we deal with every day
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+to start for starters we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start for starters we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start for starters we're going to
+look at a very simple model called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a very simple model called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a very simple model called the
+finite automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton
+and um that's going to represent uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's going to represent uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's going to represent uh you
+can think of it as representing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as representing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as representing a
+computer that has a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that has a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that has a very small
+amount of memory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of memory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of memory um
+and a very limited and small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very limited and small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very limited and small amount of
+memory and we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and we're going to look at the
+capabilities of those kinds of machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of those kinds of machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of those kinds of machines
+and what's nice about them is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about them is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about them is that you
+can understand them very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand them very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand them very well
+um and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so um
+uh more powerful models that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more powerful models that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more powerful models that we're going
+to look at later are going to be harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at later are going to be harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at later are going to be harder
+to understand in in a deeper way um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand in in a deeper way um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand in in a deeper way um but
+for these we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these we can
+we can uh develop a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh develop a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh develop a very
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+comprehensive theory and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive theory and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive theory and so that's what
+we're gonna do for the next lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do for the next lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do for the next lecture and
+a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+um so this is gonna i'm starting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is gonna i'm starting off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is gonna i'm starting off
+with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example
+i'm presenting a fine art automaton as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm presenting a fine art automaton as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm presenting a fine art automaton as a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as a diagram we call it a state diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a diagram we call it a state diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a diagram we call it a state diagram
+that is a bunch of has these circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bunch of has these circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bunch of has these circles and
+lines and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+labels on the on the lines and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on the on the lines and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on the on the lines and and also
+on the on these circles so let what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on these circles so let what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on these circles so let what's
+going on here so this is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so this is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so this is a finite
+automaton i'm giving it the name m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton i'm giving it the name m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton i'm giving it the name m1
+and it has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these circles are called states so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles are called states so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles are called states so in
+this case there are three states q1 q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there are three states q1 q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there are three states q1 q2
+and q3 those are the labels there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q3 those are the labels there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q3 those are the labels there
+there are arrows connecting once states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arrows connecting once states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arrows connecting once states
+with each other um so these are we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other um so these are we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other um so these are we'll
+call transitions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call transitions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call transitions um
+and they're going to tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to tell you how to
+compute with this device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with this device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with this device
+and there's going to be a specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a specially
+designated starting state which is has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated starting state which is has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated starting state which is has a
+an arrow coming in from nowhere um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow coming in from nowhere um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow coming in from nowhere um
+and there are certs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certs
+other specially designated states called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other specially designated states called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other specially designated states called
+accepting states and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states and that's going to
+have to do with how the machine computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how the machine computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how the machine computes
+but those are the ones that have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are the ones that have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are the ones that have these
+double circles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double circles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double circles um
+and so the talking about the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the talking about the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the talking about the way it
+computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes
+the idea is pretty simple um the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is pretty simple um the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is pretty simple um the input
+is going to be some finite string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be some finite string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be some finite string of
+zeros and ones in this case we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones in this case we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones in this case we might
+have other types of symbols that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other types of symbols that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other types of symbols that are
+allowed for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for other
+um automata but the example that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um automata but the example that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um automata but the example that i have
+here it's going to be zeros and ones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to be zeros and ones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to be zeros and ones um
+and the way you compute with the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you compute with the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you compute with the thing
+is you uh first put your finger which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you uh first put your finger which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you uh first put your finger which i
+can't do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do um
+on zoom so i'm going to use the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zoom so i'm going to use the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zoom so i'm going to use the pointer
+you put your pointer on the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your pointer on the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your pointer on the starting
+state the one that has the arrow coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the one that has the arrow coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the one that has the arrow coming
+in from nowhere you put your first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from nowhere you put your first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from nowhere you put your first you
+put your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your your
+pointer there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer there and then
+uh you start reading symbols from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you start reading symbols from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you start reading symbols from the
+input uh one after the next so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh one after the next so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh one after the next so let's
+take an example here zero one one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an example here zero one one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an example here zero one one zero
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so you start reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start reading
+those symbols and you follow those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols and you follow those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols and you follow those
+transitions so you go zero this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions so you go zero this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions so you go zero this is and
+you go back to the same state then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the same state then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back to the same state then you
+go for the next symbol is a one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the next symbol is a one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the next symbol is a one so you
+go over to this state from q1 to q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to this state from q1 to q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to this state from q1 to q2
+um now you have another one that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you have another one that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you have another one that comes
+in so now you're starting at q2 you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so now you're starting at q2 you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so now you're starting at q2 you have
+another one so you follow its associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so you follow its associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so you follow its associated
+transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so
+if you notice every state has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice every state has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you notice every state has an
+outgoing transition for one and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing transition for one and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing transition for one and another
+outgoing transition for zero so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing transition for zero so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing transition for zero so there's
+always somewhere to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always somewhere to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always somewhere to go
+every time you read symbols from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you read symbols from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you read symbols from the
+input so now you're at q2 you read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so now you're at q2 you read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so now you're at q2 you read that
+next um the third symbol which is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um the third symbol which is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um the third symbol which is a one
+that's going to take you over to q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take you over to q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take you over to q3
+and now you have a zero which loops you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have a zero which loops you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have a zero which loops you
+back to the where you were and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the where you were and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the where you were and another
+one which looks you back to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which looks you back to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which looks you back to where you
+were and uh because you ended up at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and uh because you ended up at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and uh because you ended up at an
+accept um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um
+that is an ex you you say we accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an ex you you say we accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an ex you you say we accept that
+straight um so so that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight um so so that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight um so so that's going to be the
+output of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this um
+a finite attempt on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite attempt on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite attempt on
+for each string it's either going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each string it's either going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each string it's either going to
+accept it or reject it so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it or reject it so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it or reject it so it's just a
+binary decision that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary decision that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary decision that it's going to be
+making sort of like a one or a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sort of like a one or a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sort of like a one or a zero
+output but we're calling it accept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but we're calling it accept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but we're calling it accept or
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+so this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one here
+because it ended up at the accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it ended up at the accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it ended up at the accepting
+state is accepted but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is accepted but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is accepted but if you look at the
+second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example
+0 0 1 0 1 so you're going to have 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 0 1 so you're going to have 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 0 1 so you're going to have 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+now we ended up at q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we ended up at q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we ended up at q2
+that's not an accepting state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an accepting state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an accepting state
+so therefore we say we reject this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we say we reject this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we say we reject this input
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay very simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple um
+and now for example one of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for example one of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for example one of the questions
+you might want to ask given one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to ask given one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to ask given one of these
+things is well which are exactly those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is well which are exactly those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is well which are exactly those
+strings that the machine accepts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that the machine accepts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that the machine accepts um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a little bit of thought will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of thought will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of thought will
+help you understand that and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand that and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand that and the only
+strings which are going to take you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are going to take you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are going to take you over
+to q3 are those strings that have a 1-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q3 are those strings that have a 1-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q3 are those strings that have a 1-1
+appearing somewhere along the way two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing somewhere along the way two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing somewhere along the way two
+consecutive ones and you will end up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive ones and you will end up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive ones and you will end up at
+the accepting state um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepting state um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepting state um
+um you have to i mean i encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to i mean i encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to i mean i encourage you to
+think about that uh for a minute if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that uh for a minute if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that uh for a minute if not
+immediately obvious but those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately obvious but those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately obvious but those are the
+strings that are going to be uh accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that are going to be uh accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that are going to be uh accepted
+by these this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these this machine
+and we call that collection of strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that collection of strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that collection of strings
+the language of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of the machine
+um that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that so that
+set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a
+of those strings that have a 1 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those strings that have a 1 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those strings that have a 1 1 for
+this particular machine is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular machine is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular machine is the language
+of m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m1
+we also say that m1 recognizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also say that m1 recognizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also say that m1 recognizes that
+language recognizes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language recognizes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language recognizes a
+and and in terms of notation we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in terms of notation we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in terms of notation we write
+that a is l of m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is l of m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is l of m1
+a is the language of m1 so the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the language of m1 so the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the language of m1 so the language
+of a machine is exactly the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a machine is exactly the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a machine is exactly the set of
+strings that machine accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so one of the first things we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the first things we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the first things we're going
+to want to be able to do is take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to be able to do is take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to be able to do is take a
+machine and understand what its language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and understand what its language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and understand what its language
+is what's the set of strings that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the set of strings that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the set of strings that that
+machine accepts another thing we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine accepts another thing we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine accepts another thing we might
+want to do is given a language build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is given a language build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is given a language build a
+machine which recognizes that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which recognizes that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which recognizes that language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so and then understanding what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then understanding what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then understanding what are the
+class of languages can you get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of languages can you get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of languages can you get any
+language from some machine or are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from some machine or are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from some machine or are there
+going to be some languages that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some languages that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some languages that you can
+do and other languages that you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and other languages that you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and other languages that you cannot
+do so those are the kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so those are the kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so those are the kinds of questions
+we're going to be asking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be asking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be asking about these
+finite automata what kinds of things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata what kinds of things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automata what kinds of things can
+those machines do and what can they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines do and what can they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines do and what can they not
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's our net here is our uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our net here is our uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our net here is our uh next
+check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me um uh so wake up everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me um uh so wake up everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me um uh so wake up everybody
+who's not paying attention a check-in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not paying attention a check-in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's not paying attention a check-in is
+coming um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming um
+so we have more questions though i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have more questions though i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have more questions though i can't
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+can't keep are these three statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't keep are these three statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't keep are these three statements
+equivalent what to be statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent what to be statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent what to be statements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at the bottom of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+those three are equivalent a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three are equivalent a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three are equivalent a is a
+language those mean the same thing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language those mean the same thing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language those mean the same thing not
+only are they equivalent but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are they equivalent but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are they equivalent but they
+they're just different ways of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just different ways of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just different ways of saying
+the same thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing um
+uh that m1 recognizes the language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that m1 recognizes the language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that m1 recognizes the language the
+same as saying that's the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that's the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that's the language of
+the machine and that a equals uh that l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and that a equals uh that l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and that a equals uh that l
+of m uh that's that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m uh that's that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m uh that's that's all
+the same way of saying they all six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way of saying they all six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way of saying they all six of
+one half a dozen over the other it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half a dozen over the other it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half a dozen over the other it's two
+ways of saying the same thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of saying the same thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of saying the same thing okay so
+let's pop up our poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pop up our poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pop up our poll
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and get that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that started
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still showing the old one oh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still showing the old one oh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still showing the old one oh here we go
+move it to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the next
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you understand the question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the question here
+after reason where do we end up after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after reason where do we end up after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after reason where do we end up after we
+read one zero one what state are we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we end up in state q1 q2 or q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fast
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i think we got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty much converged here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much converged here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much converged here
+i think uh almost everybody got it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think uh almost everybody got it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think uh almost everybody got it right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh the answer is indeed um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is indeed um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the answer is indeed um that you
+ended up in state q2 because you go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in state q2 because you go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in state q2 because you go one
+zero one and that's where you ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and that's where you ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and that's where you ended up
+in state q2 so is the mach is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state q2 so is the mach is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state q2 so is the mach is this uh
+string accepted no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string accepted no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string accepted no
+because you didn't end up in an accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't end up in an accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't end up in an accept
+state so this machine rejects one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this machine rejects one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this machine rejects one zero
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we gave it this informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we gave it this informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we gave it this informal
+idea of a finite automaton we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a finite automaton we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a finite automaton we're going
+to have to try to get a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to try to get a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to try to get a formal
+definition now um which is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now um which is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now um which is going to be a
+more mathematical way of saying it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematical way of saying it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematical way of saying it's the
+same thing that i just said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that i just said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that i just said um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the reason for having a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for having a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for having a formal
+definition is for one thing it allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is for one thing it allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is for one thing it allows us
+to be very precise then we'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very precise then we'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very precise then we'll know
+exactly what we mean by a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we mean by a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we mean by a finite
+automaton and it should answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and it should answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and it should answer any
+questions about what counts and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what counts and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what counts and what
+doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count
+it also is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also is um
+a way of providing notation um so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of providing notation um so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of providing notation um so it'll
+help us describe finite automata and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us describe finite automata and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us describe finite automata and
+sometimes there might be an automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there might be an automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there might be an automaton
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you know the picture is just too big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture is just too big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture is just too big so
+you might want to be able to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to be able to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to be able to describe it
+in in in some mathematical terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in some mathematical terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in some mathematical terminology
+rather than by giving a picture or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than by giving a picture or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than by giving a picture or maybe
+you're going to be asked to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be asked to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be asked to give a
+family of automata where um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of automata where um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of automata where um you know
+there is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be
+a parameter n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter n
+associated with the uh class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the uh class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the uh class of
+languages you're trying to describe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you're trying to describe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you're trying to describe with
+the automaton and then it'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automaton and then it'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automaton and then it'll be more
+helpful to describe it in this formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to describe it in this formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to describe it in this formal
+notation rather than as a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation rather than as a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation rather than as a kind of a
+picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture because
+it might be infinitely many pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be infinitely many pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be infinitely many pictures
+that are being needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being needed
+um so you may maybe examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you may maybe examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you may maybe examples of that
+will come up with now so we'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up with now so we'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up with now so we'll find out
+automaton we call it a five tuple don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton we call it a five tuple don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton we call it a five tuple don't
+be put off by that a five tuple is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put off by that a five tuple is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put off by that a five tuple is just
+a list of five things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of five things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of five things so
+uh finite automaton will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finite automaton will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finite automaton will
+in our definition is going to have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our definition is going to have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our definition is going to have five
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+um it's going to have uh q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to have uh q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's going to have uh q
+which is going to be a finite set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be a finite set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be a finite set of
+states so it's going to be a list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so it's going to be a list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so it's going to be a list you
+know finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know finite
+set which will designate as the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which will designate as the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which will designate as the states
+of the automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the automaton
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+is the alphabet symbols of the automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the alphabet symbols of the automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the alphabet symbols of the automaton
+another finite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta is the transition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is the transition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is the transition function
+that tells us how the automaton moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how the automaton moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how the automaton moves
+from state to state those gives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state to state those gives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state to state those gives it
+describes how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how those
+transition arrows those arrows which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows those arrows which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition arrows those arrows which
+connected the states with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the states with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the states with each other
+um it describes them in a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it describes them in a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it describes them in a mathematical
+way instead of in terms of a picture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way instead of in terms of a picture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way instead of in terms of a picture um
+and the way i'm doing that is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm doing that is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm doing that is with a
+function so delta is a function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so delta is a function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so delta is a function which
+takes two things so you know i'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two things so you know i'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes two things so you know i'm hoping
+you've seen this notation before i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this notation before i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this notation before i'll
+help you through it once but um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you through it once but um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you through it once but um this is
+the kind of thing i would expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing i would expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing i would expect you to
+have seen already so when we have uh q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen already so when we have uh q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen already so when we have uh q
+cross sigma so i'm going to give delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sigma so i'm going to give delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sigma so i'm going to give delta a
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an in
+a state and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state and an
+alphabet symbol so q is states sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol so q is states sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol so q is states sigma is
+alphabet symbols so you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbols so you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbols so you're going to get
+a state and a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state and a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state and a and a
+alphabet symbol and it's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol and it's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol and it's going to give
+you back a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back a state
+so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more
+um describing it you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describing it you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describing it you know um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+little bit more detail you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail you're going to
+you know delta if you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know delta if you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know delta if you give it
+state q and symbol a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q and symbol a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q and symbol a
+equals r that means q when you read an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r that means q when you read an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r that means q when you read an a
+you go to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to r
+so that's the way this picture gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way this picture gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the way this picture gets
+translated into a mathematical function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a mathematical function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a mathematical function
+um which describes those transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which describes those transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which describes those transitions
+and then now q 0 is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now q 0 is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now q 0 is going to be the
+starting state so there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state so there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state so there's going to be
+that's the one with the in arrow coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one with the in arrow coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one with the in arrow coming
+in from nowhere and f is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from nowhere and f is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from nowhere and f is the set of
+accepted accepting states so there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted accepting states so there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted accepting states so there might
+be several there's only going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several there's only going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several there's only going to be one
+starting state but there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state but there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state but there might be
+several different or possibly even zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different or possibly even zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different or possibly even zero
+accepting states that's all legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states that's all legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting states that's all legal
+when we have a finite automaton um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a finite automaton um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a finite automaton um and
+so in terms of using the notation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of using the notation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of using the notation going
+back to the machine that we just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the machine that we just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the machine that we just had
+from the previous slide which i've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide which i've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide which i've given
+you here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here again
+let me show you how i would describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how i would describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how i would describe
+this using this notation that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using this notation that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using this notation that comes out
+of the definition so here is m1 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition so here is m1 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition so here is m1 again
+it's this five tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this five tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this five tuple
+where q now is the set q1 q2 group three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where q now is the set q1 q2 group three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where q now is the set q1 q2 group three
+that's the uh the set of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh the set of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh the set of states
+uh the input alphabet is zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the input alphabet is zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the input alphabet is zero one
+it might vary in other automata um and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might vary in other automata um and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might vary in other automata um and f
+is the set q3 which has only the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set q3 which has only the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set q3 which has only the element
+q3 because this has just one except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3 because this has just one except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3 because this has just one except
+state q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q3
+okay um so i hope that's uh helpful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so i hope that's uh helpful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so i hope that's uh helpful um
+oh of course i forgot the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh of course i forgot the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh of course i forgot the transition
+function which here i'm describing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which here i'm describing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which here i'm describing as a
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+so the transition function says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transition function says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transition function says um
+you know if you have a q1 and a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a q1 and a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a q1 and a if you
+have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state
+and an input alphabet you can look up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an input alphabet you can look up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an input alphabet you can look up in
+the table where you're supposed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table where you're supposed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table where you're supposed to go
+under the transition function according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the transition function according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the transition function according
+to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the state and the alphabet symbol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and the alphabet symbol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and the alphabet symbol that
+you're you're given so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're given so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're given so for example you
+know if we were in state um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we were in state um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we were in state um
+q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q2
+um here getting a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here getting a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here getting a zero
+then q2 goes back to q1 so that q2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then q2 goes back to q1 so that q2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then q2 goes back to q1 so that q2 on
+zero is q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is q1
+but q2 on one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but q2 on one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but q2 on one here
+is q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q3
+okay so that's how that table captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how that table captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how that table captures
+this uh this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this picture
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it's just a function it's a rep wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a function it's a rep wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a function it's a rep wave
+representing a function a a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a function a a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a function a a finite
+function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know in terms of uh this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of uh this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of uh this uh this
+table here so i realize for some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here so i realize for some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here so i realize for some of you
+this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+slow um we will ramp up on speed but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow um we will ramp up on speed but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow um we will ramp up on speed but i'm
+trying to get us all together in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get us all together in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get us all together in terms
+of the language of the course here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language of the course here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language of the course here at
+the beginning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning um
+okay uh so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so now um
+let's talk about some more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some more um
+uh the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the computation
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so strings and languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strings and languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so strings and languages
+a string a string is just a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string a string is just a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string a string is just a finite
+sequence of symbols from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of symbols from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of symbols from the from the
+alphabet um so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet um so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet um so don't
+whenever this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this class
+is not going to talk about infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to talk about infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to talk about infinite
+strings all of our strings are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings all of our strings are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings all of our strings are going to
+be finite um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite um
+uh there's other mathematical theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's other mathematical theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's other mathematical theories
+of automata and so on that talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of automata and so on that talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of automata and so on that talk about
+infinite inputs and infinite strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite inputs and infinite strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite inputs and infinite strings
+we're not going to talk about that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe
+rarely we'll make it very clear we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely we'll make it very clear we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely we'll make it very clear we'll
+talk about an infinite string but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an infinite string but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about an infinite string but that's
+going to be an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an exception
+um and a language is a set of strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a language is a set of strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a language is a set of strings
+that's the traditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the traditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the traditional uh
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+a way that uh uh people in this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that uh uh people in this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that uh uh people in this subject
+refer to a set of strings they call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a set of strings they call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a set of strings they call it a
+language really because this subject had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language really because this subject had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language really because this subject had
+its roots in linguistics actually um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots in linguistics actually um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots in linguistics actually um and
+they were talking about they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking about they're trying
+to understand languages you know human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand languages you know human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand languages you know human
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is just a historical fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a historical fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a historical fact and
+that's the terminology that stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the terminology that stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the terminology that stuck
+okay so two special string a string a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so two special string a string a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so two special string a string a
+special string in a special language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special string in a special language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special string in a special language um
+the empty string is the string of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string is the string of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string is the string of length
+zero this is a totally legitimate string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a totally legitimate string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a totally legitimate string
+um that you we're going to run into now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you we're going to run into now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you we're going to run into now
+and then and there's the empty language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and there's the empty language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and there's the empty language
+which is the set with no strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set with no strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set with no strings
+these are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the same
+they're not even of the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even of the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even of the same type of
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+so don't confuse them with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't confuse them with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't confuse them with one another
+i mean you can have a a set a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can have a a set a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can have a a set a language
+which has just one element which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has just one element which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has just one element which is the
+empty string that is not the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string that is not the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string that is not the empty set
+that is a set that is not the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a set that is not the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a set that is not the empty
+language that is the a language that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is the a language that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is the a language that has
+one element in it with namely the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element in it with namely the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element in it with namely the empty
+string okay so those are separate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so those are separate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string okay so those are separate things
+okay so here's a little bit of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a little bit of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a little bit of a a
+mouthful here on the slide um defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful here on the slide um defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful here on the slide um defining
+what it means for a an automaton to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a an automaton to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a an automaton to
+accept its input accepts its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept its input accepts its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept its input accepts its input
+string w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string w
+and we can define that formally and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can define that formally and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can define that formally and you
+know it's a little technical looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little technical looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little technical looking
+it's really not that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that bad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you have a your input string w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a your input string w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a your input string w
+which you can write as a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can write as a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can write as a sequence of
+symbols in the alphabet w one w two dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in the alphabet w one w two dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols in the alphabet w one w two dot
+dot w n so you know like zero one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot w n so you know like zero one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot w n so you know like zero one zero
+zero one i'm just writing it out symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one i'm just writing it out symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one i'm just writing it out symbol
+by symbol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symbol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symbol here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what does it mean for the machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for the machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for the machine to
+accept um that's that input so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um that's that input so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um that's that input so that
+means that there's a sequence of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a sequence of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a sequence of states
+in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the machine
+sequence of states and of members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of states and of members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of states and of members of
+queue so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue so these are
+a sequence from q these are the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence from q these are the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence from q these are the states
+of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine
+uh that have a certain prod that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have a certain prod that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have a certain prod that satisfy
+these three properties down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties down here
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+and i'm thinking about the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm thinking about the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm thinking about the sequence is
+the the sequence that the machine goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sequence that the machine goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sequence that the machine goes
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+as it's processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's processing
+the input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when does it accept w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does it accept w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does it accept w
+if that sequence has the feature that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that sequence has the feature that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that sequence has the feature that it
+starts at the start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at the start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at the start state
+each state legally follows the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state legally follows the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state legally follows the previous
+state according to the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state according to the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state according to the transition
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so that says you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says you know the
+member of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the sequence
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is obtained by looking at the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by looking at the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by looking at the previous
+one the i minus first member of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the i minus first member of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the i minus first member of that
+sequence of that the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of that the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of that the i
+the i minus first state in that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i minus first state in that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i minus first state in that sequence
+and then looking at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking at what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking at what happens when
+you take the ice input symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the ice input symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the ice input symbol
+so as you look at the previous state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you look at the previous state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you look at the previous state and
+the next input symbol you should get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input symbol you should get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next input symbol you should get the
+next state that's all that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next state that's all that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next state that's all that this is
+saying and this should happen for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and this should happen for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and this should happen for each
+each one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these guys
+and lastly for this to be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly for this to be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly for this to be accepted
+the very last member here where we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last member here where we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last member here where we ended
+up at the end of the input so you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the end of the input so you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the end of the input so you only
+care about this at the end of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this at the end of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this at the end of the input
+you have to be in an accepting state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be in an accepting state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be in an accepting state
+so you can mathematically capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can mathematically capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can mathematically capture this
+notion of going along this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of going along this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of going along this path
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh that's what i'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's what i'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's what i'm just trying to
+illustrate that you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that you know we could
+describe all this very formally i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all this very formally i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all this very formally i'm not
+saying that's the best way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's the best way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that's the best way to think
+about it all the time but that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all the time but that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all the time but that it can be
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+and i think that's something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's something you know
+worth appreciating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth appreciating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth appreciating um
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so now in terms of again getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in terms of again getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in terms of again getting back
+we've said this once already but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said this once already but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said this once already but in
+terms of the languages that the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the languages that the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the languages that the machine
+recognizes it's the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes it's the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes it's the collection of
+strings that the machine accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that the machine accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that the machine accepts
+every machine accepts ex might it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every machine accepts ex might it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every machine accepts ex might it might
+accept many strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept many strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept many strings
+but it always recognizes one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it always recognizes one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it always recognizes one particular
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+even if the machine accepts no strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the machine accepts no strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the machine accepts no strings
+then it recognizes the empty language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it recognizes the empty language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it recognizes the empty language so
+a machine always recognizes some one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine always recognizes some one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine always recognizes some one
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+but it may have many many strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may have many many strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may have many many strings that
+it's accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepting
+and we call that language the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that language the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that language the language
+of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine
+and that's the and we say that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the and we say that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the and we say that m
+recognizes that language these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that language these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that language these three
+things mean the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now important definition i try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now important definition i try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now important definition i try
+to reserve the most important things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reserve the most important things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reserve the most important things or
+the highlighted things to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlighted things to be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlighted things to be in this
+light blue color if you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue color if you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blue color if you can see that
+we say a language is a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a language is a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a language is a regular language
+if there's some finite automaton that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some finite automaton that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some finite automaton that
+recognizes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there are going to be some languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be some languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are going to be some languages
+that have associated to them finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have associated to them finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have associated to them finite
+automata that actually solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata that actually solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata that actually solve those
+languages that recognize those languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that recognize those languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that recognize those languages
+but there might be other languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there might be other languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there might be other languages and
+we'll see examples where you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see examples where you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see examples where you just can't
+solve them you can't recognize them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them you can't recognize them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them you can't recognize them with
+a finite automaton those languages will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton those languages will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite automaton those languages will
+not be regular languages the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be regular languages the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be regular languages the regular
+ones are the ones that you can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are the ones that you can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are the ones that you can do with a
+finite automaton that's the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton that's the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite automaton that's the traditional
+terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+okay so let's continue let's go on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue let's go on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue let's go on from
+there so look a couple examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so look a couple examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so look a couple examples here
+again is that same getting getting to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is that same getting getting to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is that same getting getting to be
+an old friend that language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old friend that language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old friend that language that
+automaton m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton m1
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+remember its language here is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember its language here is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember its language here is the set of
+strings that have the substring one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that have the substring one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that have the substring one one
+that is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the um
+that language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language a
+now what do we know about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we know about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we know about a
+from the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide
+think with me don't just listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with me don't just listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with me don't just listen
+a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a
+regular language now because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language now because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular language now because it's
+recognized by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by some
+automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all of the whenever you find a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the whenever you find a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the whenever you find a um
+an automaton for a language a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automaton for a language a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an automaton for a language a finite
+automaton for language we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton for language we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton for language we know that
+language that language is a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that language is a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that language is a regular
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at a couple of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a couple of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a couple of more
+examples so if you take the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so if you take the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so if you take the language
+let's call this one b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this one b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this one b
+which is the the strings that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the strings that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the strings that have an
+even number of ones in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of ones in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of ones in them
+so like the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like the string
+one one zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one zero one
+would that be in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be in b
+no because it has an odd number of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it has an odd number of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it has an odd number of ones
+so the string one one one one has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the string one one one one has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the string one one one one has four
+ones in it that's an even number so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in it that's an even number so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones in it that's an even number so that
+string would be in b the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string would be in b the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string would be in b the
+the zeros don't don't matter for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros don't don't matter for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros don't don't matter for this
+language so that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so that string
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+strings that have an even number of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that have an even number of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings that have an even number of ones
+uh that's a regular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a regular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a regular language
+um and the way you would know that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way you would know that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way you would know that is
+you would have to make a fine art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to make a fine art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to make a fine art
+automaton that recognizes that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton that recognizes that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton that recognizes that language
+and i would encourage you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would encourage you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would encourage you to go
+and make that automaton you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that automaton you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make that automaton you can do it
+with two states it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two states it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two states it's a very simple
+automaton but if you haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton but if you haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton but if you haven't had
+practice with these i encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with these i encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with these i encourage you to
+do that and i actually there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and i actually there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and i actually there are lots of
+examples that i ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that i ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that i ask you to
+solve at the end of chapter one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at the end of chapter one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at the end of chapter one in the
+book and you definitely should spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and you definitely should spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and you definitely should spend
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+playing with it if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with it if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with it if you're not
+if you have not yet seen uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have not yet seen uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have not yet seen uh finite
+automata before um you need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata before um you need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata before um you need to get
+comfortable with these and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with these and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with these and be able to
+make them uh so we're going to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them uh so we're going to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them uh so we're going to start to
+we're going to start making some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start making some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start making some of them
+but we're going to be talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to be talking about it
+at a sort of a more abstract level in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a sort of a more abstract level in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a sort of a more abstract level in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh basically the reason why you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically the reason why you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically the reason why you can you
+can solve this problem you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this problem you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this problem you can you can
+make a fine art automaton would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a fine art automaton would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a fine art automaton would
+recognize is the language b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is the language b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is the language b
+is because that finite automaton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that finite automaton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that finite automaton is
+going to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep track
+of the parity of the number of ones it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parity of the number of ones it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parity of the number of ones it's
+seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+this has two states one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two states one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two states one of them
+remembering that it's seen an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that it's seen an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that it's seen an odd number
+one so far or the other one remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so far or the other one remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so far or the other one remembering
+it's seen an even number of ones before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seen an even number of ones before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seen an even number of ones before
+and that's going to be typical for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be typical for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be typical for these
+automata finite automata there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata finite automata there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata finite automata there's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+several different possibilities that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different possibilities that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different possibilities that you
+may have to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to keep track of
+as you're reading the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're reading the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're reading the input
+and there's going to be a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a state
+associated with each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of those
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+so if you're designing an automaton you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're designing an automaton you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're designing an automaton you
+have to think about as you're processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about as you're processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about as you're processing
+the input what things you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input what things you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input what things you have to keep
+track of and you're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of and you're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of and you're going to make a
+state for each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for each one of those
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you need to get comfortable with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get comfortable with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get comfortable with that um
+let's look at another example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at another example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at another example um
+the language c where the inputs have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language c where the inputs have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language c where the inputs have an
+equal number of zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal number of zeros and ones
+that turns out to be a not a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be a not a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be a not a regular
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um so what in other words what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what in other words what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what in other words what that
+means is there's no way to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is there's no way to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is there's no way to recognize
+that language with a finite automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language with a finite automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language with a finite automaton
+you just can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't do it
+that's beyond the capabilities of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond the capabilities of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond the capabilities of finite
+automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+and that's that's a problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a problem that's
+that's a statement we will prove later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statement we will prove later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statement we will prove later
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+and our goal over the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our goal over the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our goal over the next uh
+lecture or so is to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or so is to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or so is to understand the
+regular languages which you can do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages which you can do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular languages which you can do in a
+very comprehensive way um so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comprehensive way um so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comprehensive way um so we're going
+to start to do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to do that now
+so first we're going to introduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to introduce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to introduce these
+this concept of regular expressions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of regular expressions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of regular expressions um
+which again these are things you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again these are things you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again these are things you may
+have run into in one way or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into in one way or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into in one way or another
+before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um
+so if we have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're going to introduce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce something
+called the regular operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the regular operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the regular operations
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you i'm sure you're familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm sure you're familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm sure you're familiar with the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the arithmetical operations like plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetical operations like plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetical operations like plus
+and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times
+um those apply to numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those apply to numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those apply to numbers
+now the operations we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the operations we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the operations we're going to talk
+about are operations that apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are operations that apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are operations that apply to
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+so they're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to take
+let's say two languages you apply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say two languages you apply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say two languages you apply an
+operation you can get get back another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you can get get back another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you can get get back another
+language like the union operation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like the union operation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like the union operation for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+that's one you probably have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one you probably have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one you probably have seen before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the union of two languages here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of two languages here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of two languages here is a
+collection of strings that are in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of strings that are in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of strings that are in either
+one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but there are other operations which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other operations which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other operations which you
+may not have seen before that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have seen before that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have seen before that we're
+going to look at um the concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at um the concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at um the concatenation
+operation for example so that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for example so that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for example so that says
+you're going to take a string from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a string from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a string from the
+first language and another string from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first language and another string from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first language and another string from
+the second language and stick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second language and stick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second language and stick them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's called concatenating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called concatenating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called concatenating them
+and you do that in all possible ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that in all possible ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that in all possible ways and
+you're going to get the concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the concatenation
+language from these two languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from these two languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from these two languages that
+you're starting with a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with a and b
+the symbol we use for concatenation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol we use for concatenation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol we use for concatenation is
+this little circle but sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little circle but sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little circle but sometimes we
+don't often we don't we just suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often we don't we just suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often we don't we just suppress
+that and we write the two languages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we write the two languages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we write the two languages uh
+next to one another with the uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to one another with the uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to one another with the uh little
+circle implied so this also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle implied so this also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle implied so this also means
+concatenation over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation over here
+just like this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this does
+and the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last uh
+last of the regular operations is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the regular operations is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the regular operations is the
+so-called star operation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called star operation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called star operation which is a
+unary operation that applies to just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary operation that applies to just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary operation that applies to just a
+single language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single language
+and so what you do is now um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is now um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is now um you're
+going to take to look get a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to look get a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to look get a member of
+the star language you're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star language you're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star language you're going to take a
+bunch of strings in in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of strings in in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of strings in in the original
+language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a
+and you stick them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stick them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stick them together
+any number of members of a you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of members of a you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of members of a you stick
+them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+and that becomes an element of the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes an element of the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes an element of the star
+language i will do an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language i will do an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language i will do an example in a
+second if you didn't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if you didn't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if you didn't get that
+but one important element is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one important element is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one important element is that when
+you have the star language you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the star language you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the star language you can also
+allow to stick zero elements together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to stick zero elements together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to stick zero elements together
+and then you get the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get the empty string
+so that's always a member of the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always a member of the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's always a member of the star
+language the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the empty string
+okay so let's look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at some examples
+let's let let's say a is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's say a is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's say a is the language
+these are two strings here good bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two strings here good bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two strings here good bad and
+b is the language boy girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is the language boy girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is the language boy girl
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now if we take the union of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take the union of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we take the union of those two
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+good bad boy girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bad boy girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bad boy girl
+that's kind of uh what you'd expect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of uh what you'd expect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of uh what you'd expect um
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+um now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's
+take a look at the concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the concatenation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now if you concatenate the a and the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you concatenate the a and the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you concatenate the a and the b
+language you're going to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're going to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're going to get all
+possible ways of having an a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of having an a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of having an a string
+followed by all possible ways having a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by all possible ways having a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by all possible ways having a b
+string so you can get good boy good girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so you can get good boy good girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so you can get good boy good girl
+bad boy bad girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh
+looking at the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the star
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that applies to just one language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to just one language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to just one language so
+let's say it's the good bad language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's the good bad language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's the good bad language
+from uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a
+uh and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the
+a star that you get from that is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star that you get from that is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star that you get from that is all
+possible ways of sticking together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of sticking together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways of sticking together the
+strings from a um so for there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings from a um so for there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings from a um so for there are no
+using no strings you always get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using no strings you always get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using no strings you always get the
+empty string that's always guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string that's always guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string that's always guaranteed to
+be a member of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a member of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a member of a
+and then just taking one element of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just taking one element of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just taking one element of a
+you get good or another element bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good or another element bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good or another element bad but
+now two elements of a you get good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two elements of a you get good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two elements of a you get good good
+or good bad and so on um or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good bad and so on um or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or good bad and so on um or three
+elements of a good good good bit good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a good good good bit good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a good good good bit good
+good bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bad
+and so in fact a star is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact a star is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in fact a star is going to be an
+infinite language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite language
+if a itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a itself
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+contains any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains any
+non-empty member so if a is the empty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty member so if a is the empty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty member so if a is the empty if
+a is the empty language or if a contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the empty language or if a contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the empty language or if a contains
+just the language empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the language empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the language empty string
+then a star will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a star will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a star will be
+not an infinite language it'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite language it'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite language it'll just be
+the language empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language empty string
+but otherwise it'll be an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it'll be an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it'll be an infinite
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+i'm not even sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i'm not
+i'm ignoring the chat here i'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm ignoring the chat here i'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm ignoring the chat here i'm hoping
+people are getting are you guys getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting are you guys getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting are you guys getting
+your questions answered by rtas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions answered by rtas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions answered by rtas
+how are we doing thomas uh one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing thomas uh one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing thomas uh one question
+is are the supplies going to be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the supplies going to be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the supplies going to be posted
+are the slides going to be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides going to be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides going to be posted
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+uh the whole lecture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole lecture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole lecture is going to be
+recorded um is it helpful to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded um is it helpful to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded um is it helpful to have the
+slide separately i can post the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide separately i can post the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide separately i can post the slides
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sure i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'll
+remind me if i don't but i'll try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me if i don't but i'll try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me if i don't but i'll try to do
+that yes it is helpful i will i will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes it is helpful i will i will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes it is helpful i will i will do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+yeah i will post the slides just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i will post the slides just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i will post the slides just
+thomas it's your job to remind me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas it's your job to remind me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas it's your job to remind me okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all right good uh so regular so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good uh so regular so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good uh so regular so we
+talked about the regular operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the regular operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the regular operations
+let's talk about the regular expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the regular expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the regular expressions
+so regular expressions are just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so regular expressions are just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so regular expressions are just like you
+have the arithmetical operations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arithmetical operations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arithmetical operations then
+you can get arithmetic expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get arithmetic expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get arithmetic expressions like
+you know one plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one plus three
+um times seven so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times seven so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times seven so now we're going to
+make expressions out of these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make expressions out of these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make expressions out of these operations
+first of all you have the more atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you have the more atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you have the more atomic
+and things the building blocks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things the building blocks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things the building blocks of the
+expressions which are going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions which are going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions which are going to be like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+elements of sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of sigma
+you know elements of the alphabet or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know elements of the alphabet or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know elements of the alphabet or the
+sigma itself as as an alphabet symbol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma itself as as an alphabet symbol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma itself as as an alphabet symbol or
+the empty string or the empty language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string or the empty language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty string or the empty language
+of the the empty empty language or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the empty empty language or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the empty empty language or the
+empty string these are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string these are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string these are going to be the
+building blocks for the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks for the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks for the regular
+expressions we'll do an example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions we'll do an example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions we'll do an example in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+and then you combine those those basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you combine those those basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you combine those those basic
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+using the regular operations of union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the regular operations of union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the regular operations of union
+concatenation and star so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star so those are the
+these are the atomic expressions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the atomic expressions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the atomic expressions these
+are the composite expressions so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the composite expressions so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the composite expressions so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um if you look at the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the expression
+zero union one star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero union one star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero union one star
+so that we can also write that as sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can also write that as sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can also write that as sigma
+star because if sigma is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star because if sigma is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star because if sigma is zero
+uh and one then sigma star is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one then sigma star is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one then sigma star is the same
+thing as zero union one is sigma is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as zero union one is sigma is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as zero union one is sigma is the
+same as zero union one and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as zero union one and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as zero union one and that just
+gives all possible strings over sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives all possible strings over sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives all possible strings over sigma
+so this is something you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something you're going to see
+frequently sigma star means all pos this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently sigma star means all pos this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently sigma star means all pos this
+is the language of all strings over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language of all strings over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language of all strings over the
+alphabet we're working with at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet we're working with at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet we're working with at that
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you if you take sigma star one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you take sigma star one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you take sigma star one
+that's gonna you just concatenate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna you just concatenate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna you just concatenate one
+onto all of the elements of sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto all of the elements of sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto all of the elements of sigma star
+and that's going to give you all strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give you all strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give you all strings
+that end with a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end with a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end with a one
+you know technically you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know technically you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know technically you might imagine
+writing this with braces around the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this with braces around the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this with braces around the one
+but generally we don't do that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally we don't do that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally we don't do that we just
+single element sets single element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element sets single element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element sets single element
+strings we write without the braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we write without the braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we write without the braces
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's clear enough without them and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear enough without them and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear enough without them and it
+gets messy with them so sigma star one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets messy with them so sigma star one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets messy with them so sigma star one
+is all strings that end with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all strings that end with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all strings that end with one
+or for example you take sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example you take sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example you take sigma star
+one one sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one sigma star
+that is all strings that contain one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all strings that contain one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all strings that contain one one
+and we already saw that language once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already saw that language once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already saw that language once
+before that's the language of that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's the language of that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's the language of that other
+machine that we presented on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we presented on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we presented on you know
+one or two slides back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two slides back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two slides back
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+um uh yeah but in terms of readings by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah but in terms of readings by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah but in terms of readings by
+the way sorry to i don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way sorry to i don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way sorry to i don't know if it's
+helpful to you for me to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you for me to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you for me to do these
+interjections but the readings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interjections but the readings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interjections but the readings are
+listed also on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed also on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed also on the homework
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you
+look at the posted homework one it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the posted homework one it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the posted homework one it tells
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+which chapters you should be reading now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chapters you should be reading now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chapters you should be reading now
+and also if you look at the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you look at the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you look at the course
+schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule
+which is also on the home page it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also on the home page it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also on the home page it has
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+course plan and which readings are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course plan and which readings are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course plan and which readings are uh
+for which dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which dates
+so it's all it's all there for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all it's all there for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's all it's all there for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so our goal here this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our goal here this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our goal here this is not an
+accident that sigma star one one sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that sigma star one one sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that sigma star one one sigma
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+happens to be the same language as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same language as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same language as we
+saw before from the language of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before from the language of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before from the language of that of
+that finite automaton m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finite automaton m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finite automaton m1
+um in fact that's a general phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact that's a general phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact that's a general phenomenon
+anything you can do with a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can do with a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can do with a regular
+expression you can also do with a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can also do with a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can also do with a finite
+automaton and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton and vice versa
+they are equivalent in power with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are equivalent in power with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are equivalent in power with
+respect to the class of languages they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the class of languages they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the class of languages they
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+and that's one we'll prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know it's got you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's got you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's got you know if you
+step back for a second and just let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back for a second and just let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back for a second and just let you
+let yourself appreciate this it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let yourself appreciate this it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let yourself appreciate this it's kind
+of an amazing thing because fine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an amazing thing because fine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an amazing thing because fine at
+automata with the states and transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata with the states and transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata with the states and transitions
+and the regular expressions with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regular expressions with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regular expressions with these
+you know operations of union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know operations of union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know operations of union
+concatenation and star they look totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star they look totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and star they look totally
+different from one another they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another they look
+like they have nothing to do with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have nothing to do with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they have nothing to do with one
+another but in fact they both describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in fact they both describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but in fact they both describe
+exactly the regular languages the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the regular languages the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the regular languages the same
+class of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of languages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so it's kind of a cool fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's kind of a cool fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's kind of a cool fact that you
+can prove that these two very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that these two very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that these two very different
+looking systems actually are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking systems actually are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking systems actually are equivalent
+to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get
+empty string from empty set yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string from empty set yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty string from empty set yet
+there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of
+uh exotic cases by the way so empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exotic cases by the way so empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exotic cases by the way so empty
+empty language star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty language star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty language star
+is the language where has just the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language where has just the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the language where has just the empty
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+if you don't get that chew on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get that chew on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get that chew on that one
+that means but that is a that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means but that is a that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means but that is a that is that is
+true um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on
+okay let's talk about closure properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about closure properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about closure properties
+now we're going to start in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to start in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to start in doing
+something that has a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a little bit more
+meat to it in terms of we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat to it in terms of we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat to it in terms of we're going to
+have our first theorem of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our first theorem of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our first theorem of the course
+coming here and this is not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here and this is not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here and this is not you know
+it's not a baby theorem this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a baby theorem this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a baby theorem this is actually
+uh there's going to be some meat to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to be some meat to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to be some meat to this
+and you're going to have to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have to uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have to uh um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know it's not totally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not totally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not totally um
+this is not a toy this is we're proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a toy this is we're proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a toy this is we're proving
+something that has a real substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a real substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a real substance
+and and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the statement of this theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of this theorem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of this theorem says that
+the regular languages are closed really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages are closed really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular languages are closed really
+the class of regular languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of regular languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of regular languages are
+closed under union closed under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under union closed under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under union closed under the
+union operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union operation
+um so what do i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do i mean by that
+so you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you know
+when you say a uh collection of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say a uh collection of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say a uh collection of objects
+is closed under on some operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed under on some operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed under on some operation that
+means applying that operation to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means applying that operation to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means applying that operation to those
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+leaves you in the same class of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you in the same class of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you in the same class of objects
+like the you know the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the you know the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the you know the um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+natural you know the the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural you know the the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural you know the the positive
+integers the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers the natural numbers
+that's closed under addition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closed under addition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closed under addition because
+when you add two you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add two you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add two you know
+positive integers you get back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers you get back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers you get back a
+positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer
+but they're not closed under subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not closed under subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not closed under subtraction
+because you know 2 minus four you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know 2 minus four you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know 2 minus four you get
+something which is not a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not a positive
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+so close means you leave yourself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close means you leave yourself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close means you leave yourself in the
+collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+and the fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact is that
+uh if you look at all the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at all the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at all the regular
+languages these are the languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages these are the languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages these are the languages that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fine automata can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine automata can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine automata can recognize
+they are closed under the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are closed under the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are closed under the union
+operation so if you ta you start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so if you ta you start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so if you ta you start off
+with two regular languages and you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two regular languages and you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two regular languages and you apply
+the union you get back another regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union you get back another regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union you get back another regular
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+and that's what the statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the statement of this
+theorem is i hope you can i hope that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is i hope you can i hope that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is i hope you can i hope that's
+clear enough in the way i've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough in the way i've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough in the way i've written it
+if a1 and a2 are regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a1 and a2 are regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a1 and a2 are regular
+then a1 union a2 is also regular that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a1 union a2 is also regular that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a1 union a2 is also regular that's
+what the statement of this is and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the statement of this is and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the statement of this is and it's
+just simply that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply that um
+that's proving that the class of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proving that the class of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proving that the class of regular
+language is closed under union so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is closed under union so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is closed under union so we're
+going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that
+so how do you prove such a such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you prove such a such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you prove such a such a thing
+so you know the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the way we
+we're going to prove that is you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that is you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that is you uh
+start off with you know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with you know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with you know what we're
+assuming so we're our hypothesis is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming so we're our hypothesis is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming so we're our hypothesis is that
+we have two regular languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two regular languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two regular languages
+and we have to prove our conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to prove our conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to prove our conclusion that
+the union is also regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union is also regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union is also regular
+now the hypothesis that they're regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hypothesis that they're regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hypothesis that they're regular
+you have to unpack that and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to unpack that and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to unpack that and understand
+what it what is that what does that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what is that what does that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what is that what does that get
+you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and
+them being regular means that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being regular means that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being regular means that there are
+finer automata that recognize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer automata that recognize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer automata that recognize those
+languages so let's give those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so let's give those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so let's give those two
+fighter automata names so m1 and m2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighter automata names so m1 and m2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighter automata names so m1 and m2 are
+the two finest automata that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two finest automata that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two finest automata that recognize
+those two languages a1 and a2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two languages a1 and a2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two languages a1 and a2 that's
+what it means that they're regular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that they're regular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that they're regular that
+these automata exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these automata exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these automata exist
+so let's uh have those two atomic m1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh have those two atomic m1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh have those two atomic m1 and
+m2 using the components as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 using the components as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 using the components as we've
+described this you know the respective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this you know the respective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this you know the respective
+state sets input alphabet transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state sets input alphabet transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state sets input alphabet transition
+functions the two starting states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the two starting states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the two starting states and
+the two collections of stepping states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two collections of stepping states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two collections of stepping states
+here i'm assuming that they're over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm assuming that they're over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm assuming that they're over the
+same alphabet you could have automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same alphabet you could have automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same alphabet you could have automata
+which operate over different alphabets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which operate over different alphabets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which operate over different alphabets
+it's not interesting to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not interesting to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not interesting to do that
+it doesn't add anything the proof would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't add anything the proof would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't add anything the proof would
+be exactly the same so let's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same so let's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same so let's just not
+over complicate our lives and focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complicate our lives and focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over complicate our lives and focus on
+the more interesting case so assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting case so assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting case so assuming
+that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two
+input alphabets are going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input alphabets are going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input alphabets are going to be the same
+um and from these two automata we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and from these two automata we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and from these two automata we have
+to show that this language here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this language here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this language here the
+union is also a regular language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is also a regular language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is also a regular language and
+we're going to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that by
+constructing the automaton which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the automaton which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the automaton which
+recognizes the union that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the union that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes the union that's really the
+only thing that we can do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we can do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that we can do um
+so we're going to build an automaton out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to build an automaton out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to build an automaton out
+of m1 and m2 which recognizes the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m1 and m2 which recognizes the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m1 and m2 which recognizes the union
+language a1 union a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a1 union a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a1 union a2
+and the task of m is that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the task of m is that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the task of m is that it should
+accept its input if either m1 or m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept its input if either m1 or m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept its input if either m1 or m2
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+and now what i'd like you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what i'd like you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what i'd like you to think about
+doing that how would how in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that how would how in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that how would how in the world
+are we going to come up with this find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to come up with this find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to come up with this find
+out automaton m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out automaton m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out automaton m
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+uh the way we do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way we do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way we do that is
+to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you
+do that union language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that union language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that union language
+you know if i ask you i give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i ask you i give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i ask you i give you two
+automata m1 and m2 and i say here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata m1 and m2 and i say here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata m1 and m2 and i say here's an
+input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+are is w in the union language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is w in the union language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is w in the union language
+that's the job that m is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the job that m is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the job that m is supposed to
+solve and i suggest you try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and i suggest you try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and i suggest you try to figure
+out how you would solve it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you would solve it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you would solve it first
+i mean this is a good strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is a good strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is a good strategy for
+solving a lot of the problems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a lot of the problems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a lot of the problems in this
+course put yourself in the place of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course put yourself in the place of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course put yourself in the place of the
+machine you're trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you're trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you're trying to build
+and so you know if you want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know if you want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know if you want to try to
+figure out how to do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do that you know
+natural thing is well you take w you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing is well you take w you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing is well you take w you
+feed it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it into
+m1 and then you feed it into m2 and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and then you feed it into m2 and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and then you feed it into m2 and if
+m1 accepts it great and you know it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 accepts it great and you know it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 accepts it great and you know it's in
+the union and if not you try it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union and if not you try it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union and if not you try it in and
+try it out in m2 and see if m2 accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it out in m2 and see if m2 accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it out in m2 and see if m2 accepts
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+now you have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to be a little careful
+because you want to have a strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to have a strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to have a strategy that
+you can also implement in a fine art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also implement in a fine art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also implement in a fine art
+automaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and a fine art automaton only gets one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fine art automaton only gets one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a fine art automaton only gets one
+shot at looking at the input you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at looking at the input you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at looking at the input you can't
+sort of rewind the input you feed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rewind the input you feed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rewind the input you feed it
+first into m1 and then you feed it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first into m1 and then you feed it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first into m1 and then you feed it into
+m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+operate in a sequential way like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in a sequential way like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in a sequential way like that
+that's not going to be allowed um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be allowed um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be allowed um in the
+way uh a finite automata work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a finite automata work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a finite automata work
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you're going to have to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to be a little bit
+more take it to the next level be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more take it to the next level be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more take it to the next level be a
+little bit more clever and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clever and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clever and instead of
+feeding it first into m1 and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding it first into m1 and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding it first into m1 and then and
+then into m2 you feed them into both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then into m2 you feed them into both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then into m2 you feed them into both in
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you take m1 and m2 and you run them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take m1 and m2 and you run them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take m1 and m2 and you run them
+both in parallel on the input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in parallel on the input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in parallel on the input w
+keeping track of which state each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of which state each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of which state each of
+those two automata are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then at the end you see if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end you see if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end you see if either
+one of those machines is in an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those machines is in an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those machines is in an accepting
+state and then you accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then you accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then you accept
+so that's the strategy we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the strategy we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the strategy we're going to
+employ um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ um
+in building the finer automaton m out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building the finer automaton m out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building the finer automaton m out of
+m1 and m2 so here's in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and m2 so here's in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and m2 so here's in terms of a
+picture here's m1 and m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's m1 and m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here's m1 and m2
+here is the automaton we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the automaton we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the automaton we're trying to
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+uh we don't know how it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know how it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know how it's going to look
+like it and uh yeah so kind of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it and uh yeah so kind of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it and uh yeah so kind of getting
+ahead of myself but here is the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself but here is the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself but here is the strategy
+as i just described for amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i just described for amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i just described for amp
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to keep track
+m is going to keep track of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is going to keep track of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is going to keep track of which
+state that m1 is in and which state m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that m1 is in and which state m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that m1 is in and which state m2
+is in at any given moment as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in at any given moment as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in at any given moment as we're
+reading the symbols of w we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the symbols of w we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the symbols of w we're going to
+feed it also into m1 and also into m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it also into m1 and also into m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it also into m1 and also into m2
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the possibilities we have to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities we have to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities we have to keep track
+of in m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in m
+are all the pairs of states that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the pairs of states that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the pairs of states that are in
+m1 and m2 because you're going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and m2 because you're going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 and m2 because you're going to really
+be tracking m1 and m2 simultaneously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tracking m1 and m2 simultaneously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tracking m1 and m2 simultaneously so
+you have to remember which state m1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember which state m1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember which state m1 is
+in and also which state m2 is in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also which state m2 is in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also which state m2 is in and so
+that really corresponds to a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really corresponds to a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really corresponds to a pair of
+states to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to remember
+one from m1 and one from m2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from m1 and one from m2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from m1 and one from m2 and that's
+why i've indicated it like that so m1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i've indicated it like that so m1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i've indicated it like that so m1 is
+in state q m2 is in state r at at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state q m2 is in state r at at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state q m2 is in state r at at some
+given point in time and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time and that's kind of
+correspond to m being in the pair q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to m being in the pair q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to m being in the pair q
+comma r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma r
+that's just the label of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the label of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the label of this particular
+state of m that uh we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of m that uh we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of m that uh we're gonna
+apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um and then
+uh am is going to accept if either m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh am is going to accept if either m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh am is going to accept if either m1
+and m2 so is an accepting state so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2 so is an accepting state so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m2 so is an accepting state so it's
+going to be if either q or r is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if either q or r is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if either q or r is an
+accepting state we're going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state we're going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state we're going to make this
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+an accepting state too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state too
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+whoops there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops there we go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let's describe this formally instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's describe this formally instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's describe this formally instead
+of by a picture because we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by a picture because we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by a picture because we can do it
+both ways and sometimes it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways and sometimes it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways and sometimes it's better to
+do it one way and sometimes the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one way and sometimes the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one way and sometimes the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so now if we take uh the components of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we take uh the components of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if we take uh the components of m
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+are the pairs of states from m1 and m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pairs of states from m1 and m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pairs of states from m1 and m2
+again i'm writing this out literally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm writing this out literally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm writing this out literally uh
+explicitly here but you should be make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly here but you should be make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly here but you should be make
+sure you're comfortable with this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're comfortable with this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're comfortable with this cross
+product notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product notation
+so this is the collection of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the collection of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the collection of pairs of
+states q1 and q2 where q1 is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states q1 and q2 where q1 is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states q1 and q2 where q1 is in the
+state of the first machine q2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the first machine q2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the first machine q2 is the
+state of the second machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the second machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the second machine
+the start state is you start at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start state is you start at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start state is you start at the two
+uh start states of the two machines um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start states of the two machines um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start states of the two machines um
+so this is q1 q2 probably i should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is q1 q2 probably i should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is q1 q2 probably i should have
+not reused the q notation i should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reused the q notation i should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reused the q notation i should have
+called these r's not of them looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these r's not of them looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these r's not of them looking at
+that but anyway i hope you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but anyway i hope you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but anyway i hope you're not
+confused by reusing this q1 and q2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by reusing this q1 and q2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by reusing this q1 and q2 here
+are the specific start states of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the specific start states of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the specific start states of the two
+twos of the two machines these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos of the two machines these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos of the two machines these are just
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+other states representative states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states representative states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states representative states of
+those machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines
+now the transition function for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the transition function for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the transition function for the new
+machine is going to be built out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to be built out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to be built out of the
+transition functions for the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition functions for the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition functions for the old
+previous machines so when i have a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous machines so when i have a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous machines so when i have a pair
+qr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr
+and i have the symbol a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have the symbol a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have the symbol a
+where we go which new pair do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we go which new pair do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we go which new pair do we get
+well we just update the state from m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just update the state from m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just update the state from m1
+and update the state from m2 according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update the state from m2 according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update the state from m2 according
+to their respective transition functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their respective transition functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their respective transition functions
+and that's what's shown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now let's take a look at the accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at the accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at the accepting
+states for m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for m
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+natural thing to do is look at the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do is look at the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do is look at the set
+of pairs of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs of states
+where we have a pair of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a pair of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a pair of states
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+pair of accepting states one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of accepting states one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of accepting states one from
+um the first machine and one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first machine and one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first machine and one from the
+second machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second machine
+but if but if you're thinking with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if but if you're thinking with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if but if you're thinking with me
+you realize that this is not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that this is not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that this is not the right
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is dfas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is dfas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is dfas
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+did i recall them dfa somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i recall them dfa somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i recall them dfa somewhere
+oh somebody else is probably doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh somebody else is probably doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh somebody else is probably doing that
+in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chat
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the dfa you careful what notation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dfa you careful what notation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dfa you careful what notation you're
+using we haven't introduced dfas yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we haven't introduced dfas yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we haven't introduced dfas yet uh
+we'll do that next on thursday uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next on thursday uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next on thursday uh but
+these are dfas these are just fine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dfas these are just fine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dfas these are just fine at
+automata deterministic finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata deterministic finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata deterministic finite automata
+that's why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're
+why the d anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the d anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the d anyway so
+this is actually not right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not right because if
+you think about what this is saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what this is saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what this is saying it
+says that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that both
+components have to be accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have to be accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have to be accepting
+and you want either one to be accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want either one to be accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want either one to be accepting
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is not good this is a this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not good this is a this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not good this is a this would be
+the wrong way of defining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way of defining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way of defining it
+that actually gives the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually gives the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually gives the intersection
+language and really kind of along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and really kind of along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and really kind of along the
+way it's proving closure under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's proving closure under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's proving closure under
+intersection which we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection which we don't care about
+but might be useful to have in our back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might be useful to have in our back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might be useful to have in our back
+pocket sometime in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sometime in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sometime in the future
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in order to get closure under reunion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get closure under reunion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get closure under reunion
+we have to write it this slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to write it this slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to write it this slightly more
+complicated looking way which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking way which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking way which says
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know uh the pair what you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh the pair what you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh the pair what you would want
+to have is either the first state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have is either the first state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have is either the first state is a
+an accepting state and then any state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state and then any state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accepting state and then any state
+for the second uh element or any state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second uh element or any state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second uh element or any state
+for the first element and an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first element and an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first element and an accepting
+state for the second element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for the second element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for the second element
+that's what it means to have the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to have the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to have the union
+uh to be doing the union okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be doing the union okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be doing the union okay so let's
+let's do uh oh here's a quick check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do uh oh here's a quick check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do uh oh here's a quick check in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let's let's do another poll here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do another poll here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do another poll here you
+thought we we thought we were done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we we thought we were done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we we thought we were done with
+these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+here we go so i i it was too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go so i i it was too complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go so i i it was too complicated
+to write it out in the poll so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out in the poll so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out in the poll so i
+actually put it up on the slide for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put it up on the slide for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put it up on the slide for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so i'm all i'm asking is that m1 has k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm all i'm asking is that m1 has k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm all i'm asking is that m1 has k
+states k1 states and m2 has k2 states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states k1 states and m2 has k2 states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states k1 states and m2 has k2 states
+how many states does m have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the sum
+the sum of the squares or the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you have to think about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to think about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to think about what are
+the states of m what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states of m what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states of m what do they look like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+come on guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right ending the poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending the poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending the poll
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sharing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing results
+yes indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed
+it is most of you got it correct it is c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is most of you got it correct it is c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is most of you got it correct it is c
+the the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product
+because when you look at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you look at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you look at the number of
+pairs of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of states
+from m1 and m2 you need all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from m1 and m2 you need all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from m1 and m2 you need all possible
+pairs and so it's the number of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and so it's the number of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and so it's the number of states
+in m1 times the number of states in m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in m1 times the number of states in m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in m1 times the number of states in m2
+so make sure you you understand that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make sure you you understand that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so make sure you you understand that and
+think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+um to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh
+to so that you're you're following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that you're you're following um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that you're you're following um
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+and get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this
+all right so um let's move on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let's move on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um let's move on here
+so we have another five minutes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have another five minutes or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have another five minutes or so
+let's start thinking about closure under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start thinking about closure under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start thinking about closure under
+concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have two regular languages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have two regular languages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have two regular languages so
+is um the concatenation language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the concatenation language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the concatenation language um
+we're gonna try to prove that we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try to prove that we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna try to prove that we won't
+finish but we'll at least get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but we'll at least get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but we'll at least get our
+creative juices going about it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative juices going about it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative juices going about it um so
+we're gonna do the same scheme here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do the same scheme here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do the same scheme here
+we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+take two machines for a1 and a2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two machines for a1 and a2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two machines for a1 and a2 and
+build a machine for the concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a machine for the concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a machine for the concatenation
+language out of those two so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language out of those two so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language out of those two so here are
+the two machines for a1 and a2 written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two machines for a1 and a2 written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two machines for a1 and a2 written
+down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and here is now here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is now here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is now here is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the concatenation language and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concatenation language and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concatenation language and i'm going
+to propose to you a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose to you a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose to you a strategy
+um which is not going to work but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is not going to work but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is not going to work but it
+still is going to be a good intuition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is going to be a good intuition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is going to be a good intuition to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+make a copy of m uh okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy of m uh okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a copy of m uh okay let's
+understand what m is supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what m is supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what m is supposed to do
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+so m should accept its input so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m should accept its input so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m should accept its input so think
+about this m is doing the concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this m is doing the concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this m is doing the concatenation
+language so it's given a string and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it's given a string and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so it's given a string and it's
+an answer is it in the cat concatenating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer is it in the cat concatenating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer is it in the cat concatenating
+the concatenation language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concatenation language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concatenation language
+a1a2 or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1a2 or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1a2 or not
+so it should accept it if m1 if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should accept it if m1 if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should accept it if m1 if there's
+some way to divide w into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to divide w into two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to divide w into two pieces
+where m1 accepts the first piece and m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m1 accepts the first piece and m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m1 accepts the first piece and m2
+accepts the second piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the second piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the second piece
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the here would be the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the here would be the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the here would be the picture
+okay and now um we have to try to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now um we have to try to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now um we have to try to make a
+machine which is going to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which is going to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which is going to solve this
+intuition so how would you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so how would you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so how would you do that
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+you're giving you w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving you w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving you w
+and you can simulate m1 and m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simulate m1 and m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simulate m1 and m2
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the natural thing is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural thing is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural thing is you're going to
+start out by simulating m1 for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by simulating m1 for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by simulating m1 for a while
+and then shift into simulating m2 for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shift into simulating m2 for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shift into simulating m2 for a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+because that's what happens as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what happens as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what happens as you're
+supposed to happening as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happening as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happening as you're
+processing the input so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the input so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the input so i'm going to
+suggest that in terms of the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that in terms of the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that in terms of the diagram
+like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um
+so we have here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here um
+uh m1 and m2 copied here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m1 and m2 copied here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m1 and m2 copied here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and what i propose doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh connecting m1 to m2 so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting m1 to m2 so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting m1 to m2 so that when
+m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+has accepted its input we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has accepted its input we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has accepted its input we're going to
+jump to m2 because that's perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to m2 because that's perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to m2 because that's perhaps you
+know the first part of w and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first part of w and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first part of w and now we're
+going to have m2 process the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have m2 process the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have m2 process the second part
+of w so the way i'm going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w so the way i'm going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w so the way i'm going to implement
+that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by
+declassifying the start state of m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassifying the start state of m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassifying the start state of m2
+having transition symbols from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having transition symbols from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having transition symbols from
+the accepting states of m1 to m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepting states of m1 to m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accepting states of m1 to m2
+and then removing these guys here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then removing these guys here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then removing these guys here as
+uh accepting states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting states
+and we have to would have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to would have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to would have to figure out
+what sort of labels to apply here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of labels to apply here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of labels to apply here but
+actually this reasoning doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this reasoning doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this reasoning doesn't work
+it's tempting but flawed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tempting but flawed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tempting but flawed
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+what what goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what goes wrong
+what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that
+you know it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when m1 has accepted an initial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m1 has accepted an initial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m1 has accepted an initial part of
+w and then it wants m2 to accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and then it wants m2 to accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and then it wants m2 to accept the
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it might fail because m2 doesn't accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might fail because m2 doesn't accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might fail because m2 doesn't accept
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+and what you might have been better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you might have been better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you might have been better off
+doing is waiting longer in m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is waiting longer in m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is waiting longer in m1
+because there might have been some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might have been some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there might have been some other
+later place to split w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later place to split w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later place to split w
+which is still valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still valid
+splitting w in the first place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting w in the first place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting w in the first place where you
+have m1 accepting an initial part may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 accepting an initial part may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 accepting an initial part may
+not be the optimal place to split w you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the optimal place to split w you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the optimal place to split w you
+might want to wait later and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to wait later and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to wait later and then you'll
+have a better chance of accepting w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better chance of accepting w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better chance of accepting w
+of accepting w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accepting w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accepting w
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+i don't i don't know sure if you quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i don't know sure if you quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i don't know sure if you quite
+follow that but um uh in fact it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that but um uh in fact it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that but um uh in fact it doesn't
+work the question is where to split w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the question is where to split w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the question is where to split w
+and uh it's challenging because how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's challenging because how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's challenging because how do
+you know where to split w because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where to split w because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where to split w because it
+depends upon what you it's a it might it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what you it's a it might it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what you it's a it might it
+depends on why and you haven't seen why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on why and you haven't seen why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on why and you haven't seen why
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+so when you're trying to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to think about it
+that way it looks hopeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it looks hopeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it looks hopeless
+but in fact it's still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's still true
+and we'll see how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how to do that
+on thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thursday
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just to recap what we did today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap what we did today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to recap what we did today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we did our introductory stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did our introductory stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did our introductory stuff
+we defined fine art automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined fine art automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined fine art automata
+on regular languages we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regular languages we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regular languages we define the
+regular operations and expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations and expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations and expressions
+uh we showed that the regular languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we showed that the regular languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we showed that the regular languages
+are closed under union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed under union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed under union
+we start a closure under intersection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start a closure under intersection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start a closure under intersection to
+be continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9yFkrh7-igc.txt b/9yFkrh7-igc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee526f5ddedc6534a92c8a463024128f57e1e719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9yFkrh7-igc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another Vector operation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another Vector operation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another Vector operation which
+we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+product and sometimes this operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and sometimes this operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and sometimes this operation is
+called the cross product and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cross product and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cross product and this is
+taking two vectors A the operation cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking two vectors A the operation cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking two vectors A the operation cross
+B and this will give a new Vector C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this will give a new Vector C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this will give a new Vector C and
+now we want to Define that new Vector C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to Define that new Vector C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to Define that new Vector C
+so let's draw a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a three-dimensional
+picture where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and on this plane we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and on this plane we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and on this plane we have two
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and
+B and those vectors are forming an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and those vectors are forming an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and those vectors are forming an angle
+Theta between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta between
+them now a plane defines two unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now a plane defines two unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now a plane defines two unit
+normals I'll draw one up which I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals I'll draw one up which I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals I'll draw one up which I'm going
+to call n hat right hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call n hat right hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call n hat right hand rule
+and the reason for that right hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that right hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that right hand rule
+is if we take a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we take a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we take a cross
+B then our right hand thumb is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then our right hand thumb is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then our right hand thumb is pointing
+in the perpendicular direction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the perpendicular direction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the perpendicular direction to the
+plane now I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now I could have
+chosen a unit Vector down and hat left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a unit Vector down and hat left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a unit Vector down and hat left
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+rule and this would correspond to taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and this would correspond to taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and this would correspond to taking
+my left hand and having a cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left hand and having a cross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left hand and having a cross B
+pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+so the way we're going to Define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we're going to Define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we're going to Define our
+cross product is with the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product is with the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product is with the right hand
+rule and so we Define it like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so we Define it like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so we Define it like this that
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+C has magnitude the magnitude of a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C has magnitude the magnitude of a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C has magnitude the magnitude of a Time
+s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+theta the magnitude of B and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the magnitude of B and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta the magnitude of B and its
+direction is given by the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is given by the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is given by the right hand
+rule now one of the reasons for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now one of the reasons for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now one of the reasons for for this
+definition is let's draw a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is let's draw a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is let's draw a vector
+a and a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a vector
+B when you have two vectors they Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B when you have two vectors they Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B when you have two vectors they Define
+a magnitude in the following way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude in the following way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude in the following way that we
+can think about any two vectors Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about any two vectors Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about any two vectors Define
+an area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area of a
+parallelogram and we can Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and we can Define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram and we can Define that
+area as follows let's drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as follows let's drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as follows let's drop a
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+and let's call this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this B
+per then the area which is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per then the area which is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per then the area which is a positive
+quantity is given by and by the way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is given by and by the way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is given by and by the way um
+our angle Theta here will be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle Theta here will be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle Theta here will be always
+positive so we're going to make it zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we're going to make it zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we're going to make it zero
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+pi and that way s of theta is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and that way s of theta is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and that way s of theta is always a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+quantity um the area is the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity um the area is the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity um the area is the height
+so that's B per times the base which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's B per times the base which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's B per times the base which is
+the magnitude of a and so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a and so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a and so we can write
+that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and b the magnitude of B per is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b the magnitude of B per is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b the magnitude of B per is
+B sin Theta so this quantity B sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B sin Theta so this quantity B sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B sin Theta so this quantity B sin Theta
+is precisely what's occurring there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely what's occurring there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely what's occurring there so
+the magnitude of C is equal to the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of C is equal to the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of C is equal to the area
+formed by the vectors A and B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the vectors A and B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the vectors A and B and we
+have a choice of which way we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice of which way we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice of which way we want to
+pick C to point and that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick C to point and that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick C to point and that's where we're
+as a convention we're choosing the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a convention we're choosing the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a convention we're choosing the right
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+rule now again there's a symmetry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now again there's a symmetry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now again there's a symmetry here
+in that I can also Define the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that I can also Define the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that I can also Define the area of
+that triangle in the following way let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triangle in the following way let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triangle in the following way let's
+write this the Theta instead of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this the Theta instead of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this the Theta instead of taking
+how much of B is perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of B is perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of B is perpendicular to the
+direction of a let's drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a let's drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a let's drop a
+perpendicular this way and write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this way and write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this way and write that as
+AP per and then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP per and then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AP per and then the same
+area can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area can be
+expressed as the magnitude of well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as the magnitude of well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as the magnitude of well we'll
+express it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it as a
+per time b and a per is the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per time b and a per is the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per time b and a per is the magnitude of
+a sin Theta time the magnitude of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sin Theta time the magnitude of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sin Theta time the magnitude of B and
+that's our same definition as before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our same definition as before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our same definition as before and
+so you see a sin Theta is appearing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see a sin Theta is appearing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see a sin Theta is appearing over
+here so in either Choice our Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in either Choice our Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in either Choice our Vector
+operation says take any two vectors any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation says take any two vectors any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation says take any two vectors any
+two vectors forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors forms a
+parallelogram the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram the area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram the area of that
+parallelogram is the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram is the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram is the magnitude of the
+vector product and the direction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product and the direction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector product and the direction of this
+new Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Vector
+C is given by the right hand rule with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is given by the right hand rule with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is given by the right hand rule with
+respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that
+parallelogram in that sense
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ABX-Hvn8ymE.txt b/ABX-Hvn8ymE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c3e619a7463b9686ab478c83a3a87ccd684550b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ABX-Hvn8ymE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13952 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back to
+succinct data structures part two of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct data structures part two of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct data structures part two of two
+uh today we're going to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today we're going to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today we're going to take all the
+stuff we know about tries and apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we know about tries and apply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we know about tries and apply them
+to the main motivating application which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main motivating application which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main motivating application which
+is uh suffix trees and as we know suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh suffix trees and as we know suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh suffix trees and as we know suffix
+trees and suffix arrays are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and suffix arrays are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and suffix arrays are more or less
+equivalent uh but we and that you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh but we and that you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh but we and that you if you
+build one you can build the other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build one you can build the other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build one you can build the other but
+what we're going to show today is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to show today is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to show today is their
+equivalent also from a space perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent also from a space perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent also from a space perspective
+that will be the last topic if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the last topic if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the last topic if you have
+if you can succinctly represent a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can succinctly represent a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can succinctly represent a suffix
+array uh then you can transform with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh then you can transform with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array uh then you can transform with a
+little little o an extra space you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little o an extra space you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little o an extra space you can
+uh make a suffix tree as well and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make a suffix tree as well and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make a suffix tree as well and do
+searches in roughly the time we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches in roughly the time we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches in roughly the time we're used
+to which is p plus size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is p plus size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is p plus size of
+output uh it's not going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh it's not going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh it's not going to be exactly
+that we're going to lose like log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to lose like log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to lose like log to the
+epsilons and such but that's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and such but that's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and such but that's mostly
+cause this transformation only occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this transformation only occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this transformation only occurs
+like a an additive log log log log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an additive log log log log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an additive log log log log log
+log and you can as many logs as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and you can as many logs as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and you can as many logs as you want
+uh take any arbitrarily slowly growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take any arbitrarily slowly growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take any arbitrarily slowly growing
+function and you know that it will your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you know that it will your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you know that it will your
+Space Bound gets closer and closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Bound gets closer and closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Bound gets closer and closer to
+linear anyway that's what we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear anyway that's what we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear anyway that's what we'll get to
+at the end uh the bulk the lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end uh the bulk the lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end uh the bulk the lecture will
+be on building suffix arrays here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on building suffix arrays here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on building suffix arrays here we're
+going to lose a log to the Epsilon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a log to the Epsilon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a log to the Epsilon time
+in in the query and we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the query and we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the query and we're going to start
+out uh improving down to t log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh improving down to t log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh improving down to t log log
+t-space our bottom line is tlog t-space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-space our bottom line is tlog t-space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-space our bottom line is tlog t-space
+that's a normal if you just store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a normal if you just store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a normal if you just store a
+suffix array as a bunch of numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array as a bunch of numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array as a bunch of numbers uh
+first we'll get it add another log then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll get it add another log then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll get it add another log then
+we'll get down to linear uh that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get down to linear uh that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get down to linear uh that's that
+gives us a compact suffix tree or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a compact suffix tree or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a compact suffix tree or sorry
+suffix array uh it's also known how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array uh it's also known how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array uh it's also known how to
+do succinct suffix arrays uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do succinct suffix arrays uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do succinct suffix arrays uh but
+and there are dozens of papers on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are dozens of papers on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are dozens of papers on this
+topic it's kind of a big field all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic it's kind of a big field all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic it's kind of a big field all to
+itself uh and a lot of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh and a lot of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh and a lot of the of the
+techniques are pretty complicated so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are pretty complicated so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are pretty complicated so I'm
+going to try to keep it to the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep it to the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep it to the bare
+minimum we can do that will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum we can do that will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum we can do that will give us
+linear linear number of bits of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear number of bits of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear number of bits of space
+give us a compact data structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a compact data structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a compact data structure but
+before we go to those data structures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to those data structures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to those data structures I
+want to give you a little survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a little survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a little survey of
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so
+compact suffix arrays and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees start out with I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees start out with I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees start out with I'm going to start
+out with the original results and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the original results and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the original results and then
+I'll jump to sort of the latest results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump to sort of the latest results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump to sort of the latest results
+which are getting things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are getting things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are getting things to be
+succinct um so the first result on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct um so the first result on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct um so the first result on this
+in this topic that got a compact suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this topic that got a compact suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this topic that got a compact suffix
+array is by Grossi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is by Grossi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is by Grossi and
+vider this was in 2000 spring of 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vider this was in 2000 spring of 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vider this was in 2000 spring of 2000
+and let me tell you the bounds that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me tell you the bounds that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me tell you the bounds that they
+achieve this is actually the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this is actually the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this is actually the solution
+that we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so this is the first Space Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is the first Space Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so this is the first Space Bound
+uh I guess the the big term here is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess the the big term here is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess the the big term here is t
+log Sigma that's how many bits it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma that's how many bits it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma that's how many bits it takes
+just to write down the text so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to write down the text so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to write down the text so this is
+what you might call Optimal in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call Optimal in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call Optimal in this
+world I mean if you have random text you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean if you have random text you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean if you have random text you
+need that many bits to write it down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that many bits to write it down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that many bits to write it down so
+there's one times that uh we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one times that uh we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one times that uh we're also
+going to have this one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this one over Epsilon
+times that and this this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that and this this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that and this this is actually the
+data structure it's going to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure it's going to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure it's going to store the
+text and then it's going to add on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and then it's going to add on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and then it's going to add on a
+data structure of one over Epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure of one over Epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure of one over Epsilon times
+that so it's you know it's order order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's you know it's order order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's you know it's order order
+opt uh there's some l order terms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt uh there's some l order terms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt uh there's some l order terms this
+this uh we won't actually have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we won't actually have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we won't actually have this
+lower order term because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order term because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order term because I'm going to
+focus on uh binary alphabet here keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on uh binary alphabet here keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on uh binary alphabet here keep it
+simple but if you have a non-binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but if you have a non-binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but if you have a non-binary
+alphabet they have another order T bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet they have another order T bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet they have another order T bits
+and and so on but you get to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on but you get to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on but you get to control
+this constant this will work for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant this will work for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant this will work for any
+Epsilon uh between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh between zero and
+one uh and why would you why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and why would you why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and why would you why are you
+interested in a small Epsilon because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a small Epsilon because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a small Epsilon because if
+Epsilon is small this Space Bound goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is small this Space Bound goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is small this Space Bound goes
+up well that happens in the query bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the query bound there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the query bound there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the query bound there's this
+multiplicative log to the Epsilon of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative log to the Epsilon of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative log to the Epsilon of T
+so if you really want queries to go fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you really want queries to go fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you really want queries to go fast
+you don't want to pay a big poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to pay a big poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to pay a big poly log
+here then you're going to have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you're going to have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you're going to have to pay
+for it in space so those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in space so those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in space so those are the same
+epsilons uh it's um in the the grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons uh it's um in the the grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons uh it's um in the the grocery
+Vitter paper they only multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitter paper they only multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitter paper they only multiply this by
+the size of the output so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output so if you want to
+just output one guy you only pay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just output one guy you only pay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just output one guy you only pay an
+additive log T Epsilon if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive log T Epsilon if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive log T Epsilon if you want to
+Output all the matches you have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output all the matches you have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output all the matches you have to pay a
+number of matches Times log T Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of matches Times log T Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of matches Times log T Epsilon
+they achieve the P the P bound uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they achieve the P the P bound uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they achieve the P the P bound uh in
+fact they do a little bit better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they do a little bit better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they do a little bit better than
+order P query on a ram you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P query on a ram you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order P query on a ram you can you can
+hope to do uh save a log Factor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to do uh save a log Factor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to do uh save a log Factor by
+reading uh log based sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh log based sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh log based sign of
+T of the letters uh in one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the letters uh in one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of the letters uh in one word
+operation so I'm not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so I'm not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so I'm not going to go into
+how to do this I'm going to cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this I'm going to cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this I'm going to cover this
+paper today or a simplification of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper today or a simplification of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper today or a simplification of this
+paper you might say uh throw away I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you might say uh throw away I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you might say uh throw away I'm
+going to get slightly worse bounds than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get slightly worse bounds than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get slightly worse bounds than
+this Space Bound will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Space Bound will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Space Bound will be the
+same um but I'm not going to get I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um but I'm not going to get I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um but I'm not going to get I'm not
+going to worry about this log factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about this log factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about this log factor and
+in fact both p and output are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact both p and output are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact both p and output are going to
+be multiplied by uh log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied by uh log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied by uh log to the
+Epsilon so so I won't achieve quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so I won't achieve quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so so I won't achieve quite the
+best query bound but same Space Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best query bound but same Space Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best query bound but same Space Bound
+just to give you an idea of how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of how it
+works uh the next results I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh the next results I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh the next results I'll go
+to another board these bounds are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another board these bounds are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another board these bounds are a bit
+big as you see uh the next result which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as you see uh the next result which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as you see uh the next result which
+was done later in the same year so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done later in the same year so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done later in the same year so these
+were probably discovered basically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were probably discovered basically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were probably discovered basically at
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+time because you know writing a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you know writing a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you know writing a paper
+takes probably a year or so so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes probably a year or so so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes probably a year or so so they were
+being done in parallel and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in parallel and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in parallel and then this is
+published in the spring of 2000 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the spring of 2000 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the spring of 2000 this is
+published in the fall of 2000 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the fall of 2000 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the fall of 2000 it's
+called the FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the FM
+index and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and it
+achieves this bound which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this bound which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves this bound which is going to
+take a little while to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh think of this right now as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh think of this right now as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh think of this right now as this
+is t log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t log
+Sigma ignore this this H this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma ignore this this H this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma ignore this this H this is uh
+entropy stuff uh but if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy stuff uh but if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy stuff uh but if you think of
+this as t log Sigma we're getting five *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as t log Sigma we're getting five *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as t log Sigma we're getting five *
+t log Sigma plus some lower order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log Sigma plus some lower order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log Sigma plus some lower order term
+uh so it's a little less flexible over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a little less flexible over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a little less flexible over
+here we kind of got to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we kind of got to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we kind of got to control the
+constant anything greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anything greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anything greater than equal to
+two would be all right over here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be all right over here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be all right over here it's
+it's always at least five this has since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always at least five this has since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always at least five this has since
+been improved I'm just telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been improved I'm just telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been improved I'm just telling you the
+historical uh these days people can may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical uh these days people can may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical uh these days people can may
+get down to at least four or so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to at least four or so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to at least four or so uh
+actually get down to one talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get down to one talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get down to one talk about in a
+moment uh before I get to the HK part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh before I get to the HK part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh before I get to the HK part I
+want to talk about the lower order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the lower order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the lower order term
+there's some some scary parts like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some scary parts like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some scary parts like this
+if Sigma is at all large this is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Sigma is at all large this is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Sigma is at all large this is big
+trouble even Sigma log again this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble even Sigma log again this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble even Sigma log again this is uh
+super polinomial so this cannot handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super polinomial so this cannot handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super polinomial so this cannot handle
+very large Sigma uh whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Sigma uh whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Sigma uh whereas this
+solution can and other structures can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution can and other structures can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution can and other structures can
+but this is an early result uh this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is an early result uh this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is an early result uh this also
+gets bad when sigma's very large even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bad when sigma's very large even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bad when sigma's very large even
+bigger when Sigma is bigger than log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger when Sigma is bigger than log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger when Sigma is bigger than log log
+T then uh this starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then uh this starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then uh this starts to
+dominate okay but for Sigma small think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate okay but for Sigma small think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate okay but for Sigma small think
+binary alphabets whatever this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary alphabets whatever this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary alphabets whatever this is good
+and in many ways is actually better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many ways is actually better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many ways is actually better than
+t log Sigma so let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log Sigma so let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log Sigma so let me tell you about
+this HK of T thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what's called korder empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy uh maybe I should start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh maybe I should start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh maybe I should start with an
+aside of zeroth order entropy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside of zeroth order entropy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside of zeroth order entropy so we
+haven't talked about I guess we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about I guess we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about I guess we talked
+about entropy in the context of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about entropy in the context of binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about entropy in the context of binary
+search trees we said oh if you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees we said oh if you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees we said oh if you've got uh
+if you access item I with probability Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you access item I with probability Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you access item I with probability Pi
+then there's this entropy bound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this entropy bound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this entropy bound which is
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+p uh log 1 / p uh so I don't know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh log 1 / p uh so I don't know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh log 1 / p uh so I don't know let's
+call this character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this character
+x uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see of h0o of some string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of h0o of some string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of h0o of some string
+s you s sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you s sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you s sum
+overall uh characters in the alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh characters in the alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall uh characters in the alphabet
+of the probability this is not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability this is not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability this is not really a
+probability this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this is going to be the
+number of x's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of x's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of x's in
+s uh divided by the length of s this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh divided by the length of s this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh divided by the length of s this is
+what's called empirical probability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called empirical probability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called empirical probability it's
+What You observe from this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What You observe from this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What You observe from this string
+there's this many occurrences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this many occurrences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this many occurrences in the
+string you divide by the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you divide by the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you divide by the length of the
+string that's kind of like a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's kind of like a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that's kind of like a probability
+it's scaled to be like a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scaled to be like a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scaled to be like a probability
+it's between 0 and one if you take sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between 0 and one if you take sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between 0 and one if you take sum
+of P log 1 over P that gives you a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P log 1 over P that gives you a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P log 1 over P that gives you a bound
+and this is the bound achiev by say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bound achiev by say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bound achiev by say
+Huffman coding if you're or the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman coding if you're or the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman coding if you're or the optimal
+code uh if all you're allowed to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh if all you're allowed to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh if all you're allowed to do is
+give a code word for each letter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a code word for each letter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a code word for each letter of the
+alphabet and then you write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and then you write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and then you write down a
+binary code word for each letter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary code word for each letter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary code word for each letter of the
+alphabet and you write that down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and you write that down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet and you write that down for
+each letter in s then you achieve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter in s then you achieve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter in s then you achieve I
+guess Huffman codes achieve ceiling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess Huffman codes achieve ceiling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess Huffman codes achieve ceiling of
+this uh if you want to achieve exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh if you want to achieve exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh if you want to achieve exactly
+that bound you can use arithmetic coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bound you can use arithmetic coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bound you can use arithmetic coding
+but uh we're not going to get into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we're not going to get into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we're not going to get into those
+kinds of details so uh if you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of details so uh if you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of details so uh if you used
+what's called zeroth code where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called zeroth code where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called zeroth code where you just
+have a code for each character of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a code for each character of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a code for each character of the
+alphabet then the Space Bound you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet then the Space Bound you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet then the Space Bound you would
+achieve is h0 s times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is h0 s times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve is h0 s times the number of
+characters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in
+s okay so that's that would be if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so that's that would be if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so that's that would be if you
+substitute in k equals z here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in k equals z here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in k equals z here so that's
+kind of neat this is a compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neat this is a compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neat this is a compressed
+representation of the string uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the string uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the string uh over
+here we just wrote down the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just wrote down the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just wrote down the string and
+if the string is uncompressible yeah t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the string is uncompressible yeah t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the string is uncompressible yeah t
+log Sigma is optimal but if the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma is optimal but if the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Sigma is optimal but if the string
+is compressible like many strings we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compressible like many strings we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compressible like many strings we
+want store you're storing English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want store you're storing English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want store you're storing English
+whatever you should save somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you should save somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you should save somewhere
+between a factor of two and 10 uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a factor of two and 10 uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a factor of two and 10 uh this
+will try to save it of course factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to save it of course factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to save it of course factor
+between two and 10 is not is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and 10 is not is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and 10 is not is a little
+scary when there's this Factor five out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary when there's this Factor five out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary when there's this Factor five out
+here that might dominate whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might dominate whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might dominate whatever
+savings you get but in theory this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you get but in theory this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you get but in theory this could
+be a lot better um and this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot better um and this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot better um and this is just the
+first result in this series now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result in this series now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result in this series now we can
+get 1 time HK of T and then it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 time HK of T and then it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 time HK of T and then it's a lot
+more lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lot more
+interesting um okay so that was zeroth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um okay so that was zeroth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um okay so that was zeroth
+order ENT y what's this korder entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ENT y what's this korder entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ENT y what's this korder entropy
+business essentially it's about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business essentially it's about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business essentially it's about taking
+instead of writing a code word for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing a code word for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing a code word for a
+single letter you can write a code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single letter you can write a code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single letter you can write a code word
+for a letter that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a letter that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a letter that depends on the
+previous K minus or previous K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous K minus or previous K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous K minus or previous K
+characters okay so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters okay so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters okay so I'm going to write
+down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a
+definition uh HK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh HK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh HK of
+T is going to be the sum over all words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be the sum over all words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be the sum over all words
+of length K this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length K this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length K this is going to be our
+context uh the probability or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh the probability or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context uh the probability or you know
+empirical probability of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurring times the zeroth entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring times the zeroth entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring times the zeroth entropy of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string of successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of
+w okay so again probab the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w okay so again probab the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w okay so again probab the empirical
+probability of w occurring is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of w occurring is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of w occurring is the number
+of occurrences of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occurrences of w
+/ T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T
+basically um so the idea is now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um so the idea is now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um so the idea is now you get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+encode uh a character depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode uh a character depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode uh a character depending on the
+context of the last K characters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the last K characters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the last K characters so
+we're summing over all possible contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing over all possible contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing over all possible contexts
+of K characters uh and you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K characters uh and you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K characters uh and you know we're
+taking the expectation over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the expectation over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the expectation over all possible
+uh context W that's the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh context W that's the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh context W that's the sum of the
+probabilities times something and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times something and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities times something and then
+given conditioned on W being the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given conditioned on W being the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given conditioned on W being the context
+of the last K characters we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last K characters we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last K characters we want to
+measure uh what characters follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh what characters follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uh what characters follow that
+and there we can use the zero ther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we can use the zero ther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we can use the zero ther
+encoding I mean we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding I mean we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding I mean we've already
+conditioned on W uh being right there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on W uh being right there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on W uh being right there so
+for all occurrences of w you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all occurrences of w you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all occurrences of w you look at the
+next character right after it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next character right after it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next character right after it and you
+take zero ther entropy of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero ther entropy of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zero ther entropy of that that's
+called Kor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Kor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Kor
+entropy okay it's you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay it's you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay it's you have to think
+about it for a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a while to
+uh but this essentially means the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this essentially means the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this essentially means the best
+you can prove this is the best encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove this is the best encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove this is the best encoding
+you can do if the code word of a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if the code word of a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if the code word of a letter
+can depend on the previous care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on the previous care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on the previous care
+characters of course if you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of course if you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters of course if you have such a
+code it's easy to decompress because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's easy to decompress because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's easy to decompress because you
+as you decompressing you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you decompressing you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you decompressing you know what the
+previous K characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous K characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous K characters
+were okay interesting thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were okay interesting thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were okay interesting thing about this
+index or this data structure is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index or this data structure is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index or this data structure is it's
+independent of K the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K the data structure
+doesn't know what K is this works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what K is this works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what K is this works for
+all k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k
+for any fixed k k has to be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed k k has to be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed k k has to be constant
+here there are other data structures let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other data structures let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other data structures let
+K be logarithmic or so uh but here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K be logarithmic or so uh but here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K be logarithmic or so uh but here we'll
+think of K as a constant and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of K as a constant and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of K as a constant and so it's
+this is really a neat thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a neat thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a neat thing about
+compression there's a a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression there's a a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression there's a a technique called
+uh the burough wheeler transform and lle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the burough wheeler transform and lle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the burough wheeler transform and lle
+ziv does similar things may have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ziv does similar things may have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ziv does similar things may have heard
+of those compression schemes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those compression schemes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those compression schemes they're
+used in bzip and things like bzip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in bzip and things like bzip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in bzip and things like bzip is
+named after buros wheeler believe um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after buros wheeler believe um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after buros wheeler believe um and
+those compression schemes achieve HK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those compression schemes achieve HK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those compression schemes achieve HK of
+T bits per character so HK of ttimes t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bits per character so HK of ttimes t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bits per character so HK of ttimes t
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+K uh so it's you know if your text is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so it's you know if your text is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh so it's you know if your text is
+really good given the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good given the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good given the context of the
+last five letters or three letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five letters or three letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five letters or three letters in
+some sense the compression scheme adapts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the compression scheme adapts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the compression scheme adapts
+to that so this is what we call a a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so this is what we call a a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so this is what we call a a self
+index and that this also stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and that this also stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and that this also stores the
+string you can read the data of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you can read the data of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string you can read the data of the
+string and so uh it's whereas over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and so uh it's whereas over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and so uh it's whereas over here
+we just store the string uncompressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just store the string uncompressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just store the string uncompressed
+here we're effectively storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're effectively storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're effectively storing the
+string in a compressed form and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in a compressed form and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in a compressed form and the data
+structure is similarly compressed so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is similarly compressed so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is similarly compressed so if
+your string is is compressible by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your string is is compressible by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your string is is compressible by more
+than a factor of five this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a factor of five this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a factor of five this will be
+really good um and that's the FM index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good um and that's the FM index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good um and that's the FM index
+bound now that you have that HK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound now that you have that HK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound now that you have that HK
+stuff uh it's a lot easier to State all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh it's a lot easier to State all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh it's a lot easier to State all
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+results uh so we have oh I didn't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh so we have oh I didn't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh so we have oh I didn't give a
+query bound that was the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query bound that was the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query bound that was the space
+uh query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is p plus size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p plus size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p plus size of
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+Times log to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log to the Epsilon
+T so similar to this one uh but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so similar to this one uh but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so similar to this one uh but we don't
+have this trick over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this trick over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this trick over
+here um another early result is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another early result is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another early result is by
+sakane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think also maybe 2001 I I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think also maybe 2001 I I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think also maybe 2001 I I have the
+journal references 2003 but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal references 2003 but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal references 2003 but uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+yeah this is in some ways better some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is in some ways better some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is in some ways better some
+ways worse it's kind of incomparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways worse it's kind of incomparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways worse it's kind of incomparable to
+the other results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is
+bits and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query has an extra log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Factor okay this is again another early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay this is again another early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay this is again another early
+result that I want to highlight now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that I want to highlight now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that I want to highlight now I'm
+going to start skipping results uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start skipping results uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start skipping results uh the
+main Innovation here is that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main Innovation here is that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main Innovation here is that it works
+good for large alphabets this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for large alphabets this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for large alphabets this is very
+small dependence on Sigma whereas as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dependence on Sigma whereas as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dependence on Sigma whereas as I
+mentioned this structure really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this structure really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this structure really doesn't
+work well for large alphabets here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well for large alphabets here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well for large alphabets here we're
+getting not getting kod or ENT we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting not getting kod or ENT we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting not getting kod or ENT we're
+getting zero order entropy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zero order entropy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zero order entropy it's a
+somewhat weaker result uh the dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat weaker result uh the dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat weaker result uh the dependence
+on Epsilon is more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Epsilon is more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Epsilon is more like this
+one uh so you but if you if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so you but if you if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so you but if you if you just
+want a log Factor here then this is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a log Factor here then this is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a log Factor here then this is a 1
+plus Epsilon time h0 so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon time h0 so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon time h0 so in that sense
+we're doing better only a one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing better only a one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing better only a one plus
+Epsilon which is better this this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is better this this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is better this this thing
+was always at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always at least two
+uh this thing was always at least five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing was always at least five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing was always at least five
+the lead constant here the lead constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead constant here the lead constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead constant here the lead constant
+can be 1 plus Epsilon this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 1 plus Epsilon this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 1 plus Epsilon this is almost
+succinct but not quite uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct but not quite uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct but not quite uh it doesn't
+quite compress as well it only uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compress as well it only uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite compress as well it only uses
+zeroth entropy but that's still not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth entropy but that's still not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroth entropy but that's still not not
+bad and then the other big innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and then the other big innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and then the other big innovation is
+the dependence on Sigma is small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Sigma is small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependence on Sigma is small the
+query is uh a little bit worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay now fast forward a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay now fast forward a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay now fast forward a little
+bit uh I want to talk about succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh I want to talk about succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh I want to talk about succinct
+data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures
+for suffix tree like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suffix tree like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suffix tree like
+queries uh so there's two succinct data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries uh so there's two succinct data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries uh so there's two succinct data
+structures out there with more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures out there with more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures out there with more or less
+the same authors as uh the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same authors as uh the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same authors as uh the first two
+results I talked about so grossly inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I talked about so grossly inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I talked about so grossly inv
+vder together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vder together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vder together with
+Gupta can get HK of T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gupta can get HK of T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gupta can get HK of T *
+T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which
+is optimal even with compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is optimal even with compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is optimal even with compression
+with korder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with korder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with korder
+compression and a good dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and a good dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and a good dependence on
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+uh yeah I guess I mean t log Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I guess I mean t log Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I guess I mean t log Sigma is
+the uncompressed bound so I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompressed bound so I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncompressed bound so I mean you
+have to worry about when when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about when when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about when when you're
+talking about compression so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about compression so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about compression so here we
+have the optimal bound using Kor entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the optimal bound using Kor entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the optimal bound using Kor entropy
+with a lead constant of one so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lead constant of one so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lead constant of one so that's
+great that's what makes it succinct as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's what makes it succinct as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's what makes it succinct as
+long as this is a little low of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this is a little low of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as this is a little low of that
+this is GNA be a little low of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GNA be a little low of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is GNA be a little low of that as
+long as HK of T is not too small if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as HK of T is not too small if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as HK of T is not too small if it's
+like 1 over log t uh then actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over log t uh then actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over log t uh then actually this
+term dominates but as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates but as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates but as long as it's
+bigger than uh log log T over log T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than uh log log T over log T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than uh log log T over log T this
+thing then uh you're fine as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then uh you're fine as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then uh you're fine as long as
+you're not compressing a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not compressing a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not compressing a huge amount
+then this will be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be lower
+order uh and oh sorry query time quer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh and oh sorry query time quer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh and oh sorry query time quer is
+a little bit worse though we have a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit worse though we have a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit worse though we have a log
+term the p only a log Sigma but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the p only a log Sigma but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the p only a log Sigma but then we
+also have this log squ over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this log squ over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this log squ over log
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+time time log Sigma and here I haven't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time log Sigma and here I haven't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time log Sigma and here I haven't I
+don't there isn't a clear dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there isn't a clear dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there isn't a clear dependence on
+the size of the output so this is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output so this is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output so this is let's
+say size of output is one you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say size of output is one you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say size of output is one you just want
+to find one match I won't I won't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one match I won't I won't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one match I won't I won't write
+this dependence on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dependence on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dependence on the size of the
+output my guess is this is multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output my guess is this is multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output my guess is this is multiply by
+the size of the output but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the output but it's not
+stated explicitly in the paper so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated explicitly in the paper so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated explicitly in the paper so I want
+to be careful so we we have a poly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful so we we have a poly log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful so we we have a poly log
+additive slowdown here uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive slowdown here uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive slowdown here uh so it's a
+little bit worse in time but the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse in time but the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse in time but the space
+is obviously a lot better we've improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously a lot better we've improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously a lot better we've improved
+our constant factor from five over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constant factor from five over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constant factor from five over here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and
+then there's one more paper I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's one more paper I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's one more paper I want to
+mention by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention by
+fagina uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manzini mikin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n this is from just about five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is from just about five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is from just about five years ago
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+2007 uh they also achieve 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 uh they also achieve 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 uh they also achieve 1 *
+HK of T time t as the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK of T time t as the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK of T time t as the lead
+term and they get uh T / log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and they get uh T / log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and they get uh T / log to the
+Epsilon n so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon n so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon n so this is
+uh yeah slight there's probably a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah slight there's probably a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah slight there's probably a log
+Sigma here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma here too
+not I'm not sure might just be T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm not sure might just be T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm not sure might just be T
+probably just T actually so we get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just T actually so we get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just T actually so we get rid
+of the log Sigma but this log log over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log Sigma but this log log over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the log Sigma but this log log over
+log gets slightly smaller It's Only log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log gets slightly smaller It's Only log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log gets slightly smaller It's Only log
+uh to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Epsilon
+now uh but the query bound is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh but the query bound is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh but the query bound is a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+better so we have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so we have P
+plus size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus size of the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+Times log to the 1 + Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log to the 1 + Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times log to the 1 + Epsilon
+T query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so instead of basically log squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so instead of basically log squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so instead of basically log squared
+we have log to 1 plus Epsilon slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have log to 1 plus Epsilon slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have log to 1 plus Epsilon slightly
+better uh they also have an order p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh they also have an order p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh they also have an order p uh
+counting query so if you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting query so if you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting query so if you just want to
+know how many matches are there they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many matches are there they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many matches are there they can
+do that really fast in kind of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that really fast in kind of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that really fast in kind of regular
+time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time order
+p uh and this is obviously very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh and this is obviously very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh and this is obviously very small so
+this is probably the best result so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the best result so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably the best result so far
+still obviously lots of open problems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still obviously lots of open problems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still obviously lots of open problems um
+in this world still an active area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world still an active area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world still an active area of
+research there there are papers since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there there are papers since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there there are papers since
+these uh but they don't achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh but they don't achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh but they don't achieve the
+space bounds they achieve are not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space bounds they achieve are not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space bounds they achieve are not quite
+as good they're maybe like two times HK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good they're maybe like two times HK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good they're maybe like two times HK
+and then they can get better query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can get better query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they can get better query
+balance a lot of papers I'm not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance a lot of papers I'm not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance a lot of papers I'm not talking
+about there's just a few too many um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's just a few too many um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there's just a few too many um but
+if you just care about space this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just care about space this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just care about space this is the
+best so far or I guess these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so far or I guess these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so far or I guess these two
+depending on exactly how big Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly how big Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly how big Sigma
+is um just to mention there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um just to mention there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um just to mention there's some other
+cool things you can do so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things you can do so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things you can do so these are
+small space static data structures some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space static data structures some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space static data structures some
+of them can be made Dynamic but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them can be made Dynamic but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them can be made Dynamic but in
+particular there there's work on how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there there's work on how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there there's work on how do
+you actually build these data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually build these data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually build these data structures
+with low space because you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low space because you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low space because you don't really
+want to build a huge suffix tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a huge suffix tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a huge suffix tree and
+then compress it so the whole point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compress it so the whole point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compress it so the whole point is
+you have a hard time storing this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hard time storing this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hard time storing this data
+structure so in fact um this is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in fact um this is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so in fact um this is there's
+some papers I think more along the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some papers I think more along the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some papers I think more along the lines
+of these original results the grossy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these original results the grossy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these original results the grossy
+vder FR menini and sakane building those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vder FR menini and sakane building those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vder FR menini and sakane building those
+data structures and while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and while you're
+building the amount of working space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the amount of working space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the amount of working space is
+uh at least proportional to uh the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least proportional to uh the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least proportional to uh the size
+of the final data structure so that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final data structure so that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final data structure so that can
+be done um we're not going to go into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done um we're not going to go into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done um we're not going to go into it
+here there are other papers about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other papers about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are other papers about uh
+these are all these papers are focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all these papers are focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all these papers are focused
+on how do I do a search how do I search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how do I do a search how do I search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how do I do a search how do I search
+for a pattern find all the matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pattern find all the matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pattern find all the matches
+there's other things you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things you can do with
+suffix trees like uh given two suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees like uh given two suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix trees like uh given two suffixes
+you can find the longest common prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find the longest common prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find the longest common prefix
+of them uh so there's papers on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh so there's papers on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh so there's papers on how to
+do that kind of stuff in the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of stuff in the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that kind of stuff in the compressed
+regime uh there's papers on or there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime uh there's papers on or there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime uh there's papers on or there's a
+paper on how to do document retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on how to do document retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on how to do document retrieval
+which is a problem we looked at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a problem we looked at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a problem we looked at two
+lectures ago in the string lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago in the string lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago in the string lecture uh
+you want to find not all the matches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find not all the matches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find not all the matches you
+want to find all the documents that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all the documents that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find all the documents that have
+this uh substring in them so that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh substring in them so that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh substring in them so that can be
+that reduces the size of the output in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the size of the output in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the size of the output in
+uh in these bounds that can also be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in these bounds that can also be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in these bounds that can also be done
+sakane wrote a paper about that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakane wrote a paper about that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakane wrote a paper about that some
+work on Dynamic there's actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Dynamic there's actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Dynamic there's actually a lot
+of work in implementing these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in implementing these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in implementing these data
+structures uh definitely FM index and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh definitely FM index and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh definitely FM index and I
+believe maybe the sakane one maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe maybe the sakane one maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe maybe the sakane one maybe this
+versions of this one uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this one uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this one uh I don't think
+the succinct ones have been implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinct ones have been implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinct ones have been implemented
+although I don't know for sure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know for sure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know for sure but
+there's a lot of work on implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work on implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work on implementing
+this because people care and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because people care and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because people care and indeed
+they're small uh and reasonably fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small uh and reasonably fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small uh and reasonably fast so
+if you're if you need a text index uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you need a text index uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you need a text index uh
+there's freely available implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's freely available implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's freely available implementations
+of at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least some of
+these uh so this is uh one of I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh so this is uh one of I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh so this is uh one of I mean
+this is practical stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical stuff
+too cool but as I said I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cool but as I said I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cool but as I said I'm going to
+focus on the simplest uh I know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the simplest uh I know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the simplest uh I know which is
+uh grossy inv Vitter uh I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grossy inv Vitter uh I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grossy inv Vitter uh I mean if you
+look at the paper there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper there's sort of
+successive improvements and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive improvements and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive improvements and we're going
+to cover up to the point where we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover up to the point where we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover up to the point where we get a
+good Space Bound and the query bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Space Bound and the query bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Space Bound and the query bound
+won't be quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be quite as
+good so that's going to be the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's going to be the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's going to be the bulk of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lecture is how to get that Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bound and as I mentioned we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound and as I mentioned we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bound and as I mentioned we're going to
+start out with a weaker bound which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a weaker bound which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with a weaker bound which is
+getting t log log T bits and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting t log log T bits and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting t log log T bits and then we'll
+see how to improve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to improve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to improve that
+t uh and then we'll see how to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh and then we'll see how to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh and then we'll see how to improve
+it to 1/ Epsilon * T so it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to 1/ Epsilon * T so it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to 1/ Epsilon * T so it'll be a
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improvements and we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and we're going to start
+just with thinking about suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with thinking about suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with thinking about suffix
+arrays so what is the compressed suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays so what is the compressed suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays so what is the compressed suffix
+array problem well it's just that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array problem well it's just that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array problem well it's just that uh I
+have I I want to be able to do queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I I want to be able to do queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I I want to be able to do queries
+of the form sa of K what is if I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form sa of K what is if I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form sa of K what is if I imagine
+the suffix is in sorted order what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix is in sorted order what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix is in sorted order what is
+the K suffix where does it begin so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K suffix where does it begin so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K suffix where does it begin so I
+want to be able to represent that array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to represent that array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to represent that array
+and using that you could do searches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that you could do searches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that you could do searches and
+later we'll see how to use that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll see how to use that to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll see how to use that to make
+a suffix tree but uh for now that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suffix tree but uh for now that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suffix tree but uh for now that's just
+our goals to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals to compute
+sfk okay well the idea is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sfk okay well the idea is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sfk okay well the idea is actually going
+to be very familiar we saw it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very familiar we saw it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very familiar we saw it two
+lectures ago when we did this divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago when we did this divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago when we did this divide and
+conquer for building a suffix array we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for building a suffix array we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer for building a suffix array we
+did this uh we divided the letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this uh we divided the letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this uh we divided the letters in
+our string by 0 1 and two mod 3 uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our string by 0 1 and two mod 3 uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our string by 0 1 and two mod 3 uh we we
+won't need uh mod three we'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need uh mod three we'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need uh mod three we'll just do
+mod two here uh won't won't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod two here uh won't won't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod two here uh won't won't actually
+matter what constant we use uh but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what constant we use uh but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what constant we use uh but we're
+going to follow that recursion and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow that recursion and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow that recursion and use
+it to represent the suffix array instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to represent the suffix array instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to represent the suffix array instead
+of using it to build it so the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using it to build it so the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using it to build it so the base case
+and set up some notation t0 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up some notation t0 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up some notation t0 is going to
+represent t uh the length of that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent t uh the length of that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent t uh the length of that string
+I'm going to call n0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay uh and we have a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array which I'm going to call SA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I'm going to call SA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I'm going to call SA
+a0 which is the suffix array of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 which is the suffix array of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 which is the suffix array of that
+text now so that's just notation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text now so that's just notation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text now so that's just notation we're
+not actually storing all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually storing all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually storing all of those
+things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+now the recursion is TK + 1 it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the recursion is TK + 1 it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the recursion is TK + 1 it's going
+to be the next level which is we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the next level which is we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the next level which is we write
+uh we combine two letters uh TK sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we combine two letters uh TK sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we combine two letters uh TK sorry
+square bracket 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket 2 I
+comma TK 2 I + 1 combine two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma TK 2 I + 1 combine two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma TK 2 I + 1 combine two adjacent
+letters into one letter and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters into one letter and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters into one letter and we do that
+for i = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i = 0
+1 uh up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/2 that's our new string uh we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 that's our new string uh we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 that's our new string uh we're not
+I'm not going to sort these letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to sort these letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to sort these letters and
+remap the letters to compress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remap the letters to compress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remap the letters to compress the
+alphabet I'm just going to leave those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet I'm just going to leave those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet I'm just going to leave those
+letters alone as an ordered pair in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters alone as an ordered pair in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters alone as an ordered pair in
+general at level uh at level TK a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general at level uh at level TK a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general at level uh at level TK a single
+letter is actually two to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is actually two to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is actually two to the K
+letters okay but still this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters okay but still this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters okay but still this is a useful
+way to think about it because it lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it because it lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it because it lets me
+think about fewer suffixes here we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about fewer suffixes here we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about fewer suffixes here we only
+have the even suffixes suffixes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the even suffixes suffixes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the even suffixes suffixes that
+begin at even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin at even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin at even
+positions in in uh relative to TK okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in in uh relative to TK okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in in uh relative to TK okay
+the size of this string in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this string in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this string in terms of
+number of letters is2 of the original so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of letters is2 of the original so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of letters is2 of the original so
+in general this is going to be n / 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this is going to be n / 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general this is going to be n / 2 the
+K uh and then we're interested in the SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and then we're interested in the SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh and then we're interested in the SE
+X array sa k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X array sa k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X array sa k +
+1 this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this is going to
+be just looking at the even values so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just looking at the even values so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just looking at the even values so if
+we extract even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries uh from s sorry s k so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries uh from s sorry s k so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries uh from s sorry s k so if we
+already have S K you just take the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have S K you just take the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have S K you just take the even
+values that are in there those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are in there those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are in there those are the
+ones that are existing suffixes extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are existing suffixes extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are existing suffixes extract
+those divide by two that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those divide by two that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those divide by two that will be the
+suffix array at of this text okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array at of this text okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array at of this text okay this
+is kind of this is backwards from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of this is backwards from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of this is backwards from how
+you would const uh construct the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would const uh construct the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would const uh construct the thing
+you would construct it bottom up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would construct it bottom up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would construct it bottom up here
+we're imagining we already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining we already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're imagining we already know the
+suffix array is just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array is just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array is just about
+representation so this is a top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so this is a top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so this is a top down
+kind of definition of what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of definition of what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of definition of what we're trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+store okay so this is what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store okay so this is what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store okay so this is what we want to do
+now we are going to build things bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to build things bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to build things bottom
+up we're going to imagine we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we're going to imagine we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we're going to imagine we've already
+represented sa k + one and now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented sa k + one and now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented sa k + one and now we need
+to represent saay K if we can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent saay K if we can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent saay K if we can represent
+Sak uh in terms of s+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak uh in terms of s+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak uh in terms of s+
+one with not too many bits then you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with not too many bits then you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with not too many bits then you add
+up all of the levels of the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of the levels of the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of the levels of the recursion
+we'll have to talk about how many levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to talk about how many levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to talk about how many levels
+of this recursion we need to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recursion we need to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recursion we need to do we're
+not going to go down to constant size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go down to constant size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go down to constant size uh
+we'll just go log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just go log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just go log log n
+levels but uh we just add up all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but uh we just add up all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but uh we just add up all those
+costs we'll get the overall size of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs we'll get the overall size of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs we'll get the overall size of our
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure okay so how do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so how do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so how do we do this
+representation I need to Define two kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I need to Define two kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I need to Define two kind
+of weird things and then we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird things and then we'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird things and then we'll see why
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+interesting okay the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay the first thing is
+called even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even
+successor sub K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor sub K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor sub K of
+I so let me Define it it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so let me Define it it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so let me Define it it's going to be
+I if the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if the I
+suffix uh starts in an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix uh starts in an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix uh starts in an even
+position so doesn't do anything for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so doesn't do anything for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so doesn't do anything for the
+even guys the interesting thing is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guys the interesting thing is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guys the interesting thing is when
+the suffix starts in an odd position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix starts in an odd position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix starts in an odd position
+then we're going to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to write down a
+different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J and this is going to look kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and this is going to look kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and this is going to look kind of
+weird but it's actually it's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but it's actually it's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but it's actually it's simple
+after you think about it for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you think about it for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you think about it for 10
+minutes uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh is
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+odd okay so the other situation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd okay so the other situation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd okay so the other situation is that
+Sak the I suffix starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak the I suffix starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak the I suffix starts at
+even position so let me draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even position so let me draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even position so let me draw a little
+picture so uh here is sa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay if this happens to be odd this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay if this happens to be odd this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay if this happens to be odd this
+position in the text this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the text this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the text this is
+TK uh then I want to I want to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK uh then I want to I want to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK uh then I want to I want to go here
+okay because that's an even position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's an even position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's an even position
+it's a suffix it's right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a suffix it's right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a suffix it's right next to the
+suffix I care about it is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix I care about it is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix I care about it is what we call
+the even successor suffix but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even successor suffix but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even successor suffix but I don't
+want to know the index of that the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the index of that the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the index of that the index
+of that would just be sa K of I + one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that would just be sa K of I + one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that would just be sa K of I + one I
+want to map backwards through sa inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to map backwards through sa inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to map backwards through sa inverse
+I want to know what is the rank of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what is the rank of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know what is the rank of that
+suffix which suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix which suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix which suffix
+J uh starts right there I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh starts right there I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh starts right there I want to know
+that the J suffix starts right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J suffix starts right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J suffix starts right after the
+I suffix and I want to write down J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suffix and I want to write down J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suffix and I want to write down J
+we'll see why this is the right thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why this is the right thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see why this is the right thing in
+a moment but it's we're just mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but it's we're just mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment but it's we're just mapping
+through SA adding one and then mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through SA adding one and then mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through SA adding one and then mapping
+backwards through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards through
+sa okay so that's a function we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa okay so that's a function we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa okay so that's a function we're going
+to store that function in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store that function in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store that function in a particular
+in a very weird way which we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very weird way which we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very weird way which we'll get to
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+moment okay next thing we need is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay next thing we need is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay next thing we need is called
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+rank this is going to be like our rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank this is going to be like our rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank this is going to be like our rank
+function we had before this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we had before this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we had before this is going to
+be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of
+even suffixes even suffixes are suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffixes even suffixes are suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffixes even suffixes are suffixes
+starting at even positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at even positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at even positions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preceding the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding the I
+suffix i suffix meaning the I one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i suffix meaning the I one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix i suffix meaning the I one in
+sorted order so the suffix sa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order so the suffix sa of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order so the suffix sa of
+I uh yeah so this is uh let me be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh yeah so this is uh let me be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh yeah so this is uh let me be more
+precise this is the number of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in
+s up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s up to I
+so we're looking so this was the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking so this was the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking so this was the text
+now we're looking at the suffix array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at the suffix array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at the suffix array
+which has the suffixes in sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the suffixes in sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the suffixes in sorted order
+we're looking at position I here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at position I here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at position I here and we
+want to know of all of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know of all of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know of all of these values
+which ones are even or how many are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are even or how many are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones are even or how many are even
+that's the even rank again a weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the even rank again a weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the even rank again a weird thing
+we'll see why it's the right thing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment right now in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's observation three putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's observation three putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's observation three putting
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+together this is a rather long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a rather long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a rather long
+equation ultimately I want to know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ultimately I want to know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ultimately I want to know I
+want to represent SK of I I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent SK of I I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent SK of I I'm trying to
+represent that and I want the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that and I want the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that and I want the right hand
+side to only refer to S k+ one so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to only refer to S k+ one so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to only refer to S k+ one so here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+claim Take 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Take 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Take 2
+* sa k + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board s right not of I even rank of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board s right not of I even rank of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board s right not of I even rank of even
+successor of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1 minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix of
+I okay so that's the equation let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so that's the equation let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so that's the equation let me
+unpack this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack this a little
+bit the idea is okay we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the idea is okay we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the idea is okay we want to know
+about a suffix i if I happens to be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a suffix i if I happens to be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a suffix i if I happens to be even
+sorry not if I happens to be even if sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not if I happens to be even if sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not if I happens to be even if sa
+of I happens to be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I happens to be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I happens to be even
+we're golden because that suffix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're golden because that suffix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're golden because that suffix is
+represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by
+s+1 but it might not be even so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+1 but it might not be even so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+1 but it might not be even so we want
+to round it to an even suffix you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round it to an even suffix you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to round it to an even suffix you know
+knowing about this odd suffix is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about this odd suffix is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about this odd suffix is just
+about as good as knowing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as good as knowing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as good as knowing about the
+suffix that starts right after it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that starts right after it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that starts right after it so
+that's what even successor does this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what even successor does this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what even successor does this is
+rounding uh to an even suffix meaning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding uh to an even suffix meaning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding uh to an even suffix meaning an
+even suffix starting at an even position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh now there's this issue that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now there's this issue that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now there's this issue that uh
+over here in our we have this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in our we have this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in our we have this relation
+between Sak and Sak plus one uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Sak and Sak plus one uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Sak and Sak plus one uh but it
+it extracts the even entries so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extracts the even entries so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extracts the even entries so if you
+think about the suffix array which now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the suffix array which now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the suffix array which now
+I'm going to draw vertical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw vertical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw vertical because
+that's more normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more normal
+um you some of these values are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you some of these values are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you some of these values are going to
+be even but you don't really know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even but you don't really know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even but you don't really know which
+ones are going to be even it's arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to be even it's arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to be even it's arbitrary
+subset of of in s are even values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of of in s are even values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of of in s are even values and
+those are the ones that you extract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that you extract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that you extract and
+form s a k +1 but it's an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form s a k +1 but it's an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form s a k +1 but it's an arbitrary
+subset that's kind of a you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that's kind of a you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset that's kind of a you can't just
+like divide by two or something it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide by two or something it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like divide by two or something it's not
+it's not the right thing if I'm given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the right thing if I'm given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the right thing if I'm given an
+index into here even if it's an even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into here even if it's an even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into here even if it's an even one
+I need to know what the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know what the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know what the corresponding
+index is over here okay and that I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is over here okay and that I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is over here okay and that I claim
+is exactly even rank cuz uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly even rank cuz uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly even rank cuz uh what what
+position does this cell become over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position does this cell become over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position does this cell become over here
+well whatever however many even numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever however many even numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever however many even numbers
+there are above it so you take that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are above it so you take that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are above it so you take that's
+what this definition was the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this definition was the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this definition was the number of
+even values in that prefix that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even values in that prefix that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even values in that prefix that is the
+position you will be in in Sak + one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you will be in in Sak + one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you will be in in Sak + one so
+this is what I would call the name we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would call the name we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I would call the name we
+we've now rounded to an even suffix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now rounded to an even suffix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now rounded to an even suffix but
+now we need to find the name of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to find the name of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to find the name of that
+even suffix uh in s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix uh in s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix uh in s +
+one so that's exactly what even rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's exactly what even rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's exactly what even rank
+does so now we can dreference sa k + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so now we can dreference sa k + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so now we can dreference sa k + one
+of that thing now that will give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thing now that will give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thing now that will give us a
+position into the text uh TK +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position into the text uh TK +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position into the text uh TK +
+1 where that suffix begins now that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 where that suffix begins now that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 where that suffix begins now that's an
+index into this sort of uh divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into this sort of uh divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into this sort of uh divided by
+two string we need to uncompress that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two string we need to uncompress that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two string we need to uncompress that to
+an index into the actual string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index into the actual string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index into the actual string and
+there are two parts one is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parts one is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parts one is we need to
+multiply by two because every letter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two because every letter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two because every letter in
+TK plus one is two letters in TK so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK plus one is two letters in TK so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK plus one is two letters in TK so we
+multiply by two and sometimes we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two and sometimes we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two and sometimes we need to
+subtract one we basically need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one we basically need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one we basically need to
+subtract one if this thing did if even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one if this thing did if even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract one if this thing did if even
+successor did anything even successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor did anything even successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor did anything even successor
+essentially moved us to the right by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moved us to the right by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moved us to the right by one
+now we need to move back to the left by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to move back to the left by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to move back to the left by
+one if if this moved us at all and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if if this moved us at all and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if if this moved us at all and so I
+have one more function here which is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more function here which is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more function here which is is
+even suffix was uh was sa of I an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix was uh was sa of I an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix was uh was sa of I an even
+sa sub K of I an even number already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa sub K of I an even number already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa sub K of I an even number already
+which means that even successor did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that even successor did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that even successor did
+nothing if it did nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing if it did nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing if it did nothing
+uh then one minus one is zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then one minus one is zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then one minus one is zero and so
+nothing happens if it did something then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens if it did something then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens if it did something then
+is even suffix will be zero because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even suffix will be zero because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even suffix will be zero because it
+was odd and then we're subtracting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd and then we're subtracting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd and then we're subtracting one
+so this just means subtract one if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just means subtract one if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just means subtract one if it
+was odd you might say minus is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd you might say minus is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was odd you might say minus is odd
+suffix instead of one minus is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix instead of one minus is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix instead of one minus is even
+suffix but turns out this is the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix but turns out this is the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix but turns out this is the thing I
+want to store okay so I wrote it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to store okay so I wrote it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to store okay so I wrote it in a
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+way why did I write it that way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why did I write it that way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why did I write it that way because
+uh is even suffix is related to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is even suffix is related to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is even suffix is related to even
+rank right even rank is just rank sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank right even rank is just rank sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank right even rank is just rank sub
+one of is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of is even
+suffix so that's and we already saw how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so that's and we already saw how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so that's and we already saw how
+to do rank sub one so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do rank sub one so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do rank sub one so that's why I
+wanted to reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reuse
+it okay I think you see now why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think you see now why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think you see now why this
+equation holds uh what remains is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation holds uh what remains is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation holds uh what remains is how to
+store uh is even suffix even rank even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor Okie doie um one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor Okie doie um one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor Okie doie um one other thing
+that remains is to say when to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remains is to say when to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remains is to say when to stop this
+recursion so I claim it's enough to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so I claim it's enough to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so I claim it's enough to just
+do this recursion for log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels I'm going to call log log n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I'm going to call log log n l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I'm going to call log log n l
+number of levels in this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels in this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels in this recursion
+because at that point uh N Sub L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point uh N Sub L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point uh N Sub L equals
+n over it's n / 2 to the L so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over it's n / 2 to the L so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over it's n / 2 to the L so that's
+going to be n over log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n over log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n over log n
+once I have a string of length n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have a string of length n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have a string of length n over
+log N I can afford the regular boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N I can afford the regular boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N I can afford the regular boring
+representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of a suffix tree right I can afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a suffix tree right I can afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a suffix tree right I can afford
+uh tlog T bits when T is only n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tlog T bits when T is only n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tlog T bits when T is only n over log
+n if you want to be a little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if you want to be a little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if you want to be a little extra
+clever I mean you can put a factor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever I mean you can put a factor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever I mean you can put a factor two
+here and then it's there's a square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's there's a square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it's there's a square here
+and so then you're really paying little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you're really paying little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you're really paying little
+of T in order to store that thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T in order to store that thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T in order to store that thing okay
+so once you get down to here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get down to here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get down to here you can
+afford a simple representation now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford a simple representation now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford a simple representation now let's
+think about how to compute sa essay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to compute sa essay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to compute sa essay like
+the original essay Subzero of an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original essay Subzero of an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original essay Subzero of an index
+well I apply this formula L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I apply this formula L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I apply this formula L
+times I do all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I do all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I do all these
+computations uh and now I've reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations uh and now I've reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations uh and now I've reduced the
+problem to S one and I do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to S one and I do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to S one and I do these
+computations I reduce it to sa2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I reduce it to sa2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I reduce it to sa2 and so
+on after L steps I'll have reduced it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on after L steps I'll have reduced it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on after L steps I'll have reduced it to
+an essay query in a boring old suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay query in a boring old suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay query in a boring old suffix
+array which I've just stored as an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I've just stored as an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I've just stored as an array
+so then I can answer it and then I pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can answer it and then I pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can answer it and then I pop
+up the recursion log log n times doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the recursion log log n times doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the recursion log log n times doing
+these adjustments as appropriate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these adjustments as appropriate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these adjustments as appropriate in the
+end I get the correct index into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I get the correct index into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I get the correct index into the
+original text T how much time did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original text T how much time did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original text T how much time did it
+take uh order log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so I can do log log n time query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saay uh this is of course assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saay uh this is of course assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saay uh this is of course assuming that
+even rank even successor and is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rank even successor and is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rank even successor and is even
+suffix are all constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix are all constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix are all constant time
+operations so if I what remains is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so if I what remains is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so if I what remains is to do
+each of these in small space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these in small space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these in small space and
+constant time then my overall query time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time then my overall query time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time then my overall query time
+will only go up by log log Factor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only go up by log log Factor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only go up by log log Factor uh
+this is actually going to be pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to be pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to be pretty good
+uh we're not going to uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not going to uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're not going to uh we're going to
+achieve log log query when we have t log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log log query when we have t log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log log query when we have t log
+log T bits uh that'll be our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log T bits uh that'll be our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log T bits uh that'll be our first
+encoding of these things later on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding of these things later on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding of these things later on we're
+going to have to go up to log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go up to log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go up to log to the
+Epsilon which is worse than log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is worse than log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon which is worse than log log
+in clear so far everything's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clear so far everything's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clear so far everything's pretty easy
+at this point now um it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point now um it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point now um it's going to
+remain easy it's just there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain easy it's just there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain easy it's just there's a lot of
+pieces to the puzzle this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to the puzzle this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to the puzzle this is the first
+this is the big idea next thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big idea next thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big idea next thing is uh
+some fancy encoding schemes to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fancy encoding schemes to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fancy encoding schemes to make
+these things quite small question can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things quite small question can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things quite small question can we
+say what the space us was uh we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the space us was uh we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what the space us was uh we haven't
+analyzed space yet because I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed space yet because I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed space yet because I haven't
+said how we're actually storing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how we're actually storing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how we're actually storing these
+functions if you stored these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions if you stored these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions if you stored these functions
+explicitly you'd have bad space probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you'd have bad space probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly you'd have bad space probably
+still t log T but it turns out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still t log T but it turns out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still t log T but it turns out these
+functions can be encoded in a clever way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be encoded in a clever way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions can be encoded in a clever way
+that's small smaller it's going to be t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small smaller it's going to be t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small smaller it's going to be t
+log log t uh and uh still has constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log t uh and uh still has constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log t uh and uh still has constant
+time query without the functions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time query without the functions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time query without the functions how
+much space are we using without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space are we using without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space are we using without the
+functions we're using essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're using essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're using essentially no
+space I guess the end at the end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I guess the end at the end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I guess the end at the end we're
+we're using the only thing we've said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the only thing we've said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the only thing we've said so
+far is at the end we use an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is at the end we use an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is at the end we use an explicit
+suffix array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array
+and if you set this to two log log T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you set this to two log log T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you set this to two log log T
+then this would be like n over log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be like n over log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be like n over log n
+Bits of space because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits of space because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits of space because it's going to be
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+times uh or I mean the the space at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh or I mean the the space at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh or I mean the the space at the
+bottom is going to be NL log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is going to be NL log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is going to be NL log
+NL that's to store an explicit suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL that's to store an explicit suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL that's to store an explicit suffix
+array so it's going to be this Times log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so it's going to be this Times log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so it's going to be this Times log
+of this which is going to be like n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which is going to be like n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which is going to be like n over
+log n if we put the two in so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n if we put the two in so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n if we put the two in so that
+part's really cheap and that's little o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part's really cheap and that's little o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part's really cheap and that's little o
+of n of course we probably also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n of course we probably also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n of course we probably also have to
+store the text so that's n Bits I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the text so that's n Bits I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the text so that's n Bits I didn't
+mention I'm going to assume I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention I'm going to assume I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention I'm going to assume I don't
+think we need it yet at some point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we need it yet at some point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we need it yet at some point I
+will assume that the alphabet's binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that the alphabet's binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that the alphabet's binary
+so I'm going to leave off when I say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to leave off when I say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to leave off when I say n
+Bits really it's n log Sigma bits or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits really it's n log Sigma bits or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits really it's n log Sigma bits or n
+characters or whatever but I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters or whatever but I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters or whatever but I'm not going
+to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that
+here other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here other
+questions okay so now it's an encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now it's an encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now it's an encoding
+problem how do we encode these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually even successor is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even successor is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even successor is the only
+thing that's non-trivial we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's non-trivial we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's non-trivial we're going to
+do the obvious thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the obvious thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the obvious thing for the
+rest so let me tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so let me tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so let me tell you about the
+obvious ones easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones at least first revision we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones at least first revision we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones at least first revision we're not
+going to do anything fancy with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do anything fancy with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do anything fancy with them
+later on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will sorry is even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix uh we're just going to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix uh we're just going to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix uh we're just going to store this
+as a bit Vector this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bit Vector this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bit Vector this is one
+if say k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say k is
+even zero if it's odd so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even zero if it's odd so if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even zero if it's odd so if we just
+store that as a bit Vector this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that as a bit Vector this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that as a bit Vector this is n
+subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk
+Bits that we can afford because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits that we can afford because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits that we can afford because this is
+a geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric series
+it's going to be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be order
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay uh next is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank this is just uh the rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank this is just uh the rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank this is just uh the rank one
+structure that we covered last class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we covered last class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we covered last class on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this is going to
+be uh NK I think we did log log NK over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh NK I think we did log log NK over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh NK I think we did log log NK over
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+NK and this can be improved to NK over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK and this can be improved to NK over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK and this can be improved to NK over
+log to the K or log to the something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the K or log to the something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the K or log to the something of
+NK um but that's that's an okay bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK um but that's that's an okay bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK um but that's that's an okay bound
+it's little o of n again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's little o of n again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's little o of n again this is
+geometric so this will overall be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so this will overall be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric so this will overall be little
+L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of
+n so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so those are
+easy the remaining part is doing uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the remaining part is doing uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the remaining part is doing uh even
+successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh little
+optimization if the the the um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization if the the the um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization if the the the um you know
+the I's where SK of I is even we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I's where SK of I is even we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I's where SK of I is even we don't
+really need to store anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to store anything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to store anything right
+because that then it then even successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that then it then even successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that then it then even successor
+the identity function so let's forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity function so let's forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity function so let's forget
+about those guys I'll say it's trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those guys I'll say it's trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those guys I'll say it's trivial
+for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even
+successors for even uh suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'd like to do is store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do is store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do is store the
+answers for odd suffixes that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for odd suffixes that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for odd suffixes that's what
+we're going to do store the we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do store the we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do store the we're going
+to store them in a weird way as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see says the odd suffixes there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see says the odd suffixes there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see says the odd suffixes there are uh
+NK over two evens and there are NK a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK over two evens and there are NK a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK over two evens and there are NK a
+over two odds so we've just saved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two odds so we've just saved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two odds so we've just saved a
+factor of two this wasn't a very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two this wasn't a very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two this wasn't a very deep
+observation but it turns out if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation but it turns out if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation but it turns out if you if
+you focus in on the odd ones uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus in on the odd ones uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you focus in on the odd ones uh it's a
+nice little structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them this step isn't really necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this step isn't really necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this step isn't really necessary
+but saves a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay um
+cool now the kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now the kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now the kind of interesting
+observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I'd like to do is store these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is store these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is store these
+answers in order by I that's the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in order by I that's the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers in order by I that's the obvious
+thing to do I want to store basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do I want to store basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do I want to store basically an
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+uh okay just store it in order by I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay just store it in order by I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay just store it in order by I so
+I'm skipping the even suffixes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping the even suffixes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping the even suffixes just
+storing the answers for the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the answers for the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the answers for the odd
+suffixes so if I was given a number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes so if I was given a number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes so if I was given a number I
+how would I look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I look it up
+well given given a an index or index I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given given a an index or index I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given given a an index or index I
+into the suffix array what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suffix array what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suffix array what I need to
+know is this basically the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this basically the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this basically the inverse of
+what we did with sa k plus1 s plus1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did with sa k plus1 s plus1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did with sa k plus1 s plus1 is
+extracting the even entries here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the even entries here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the even entries here we're
+extracting the odd entries so all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the odd entries so all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the odd entries so all I need
+to know is the odd rank of I and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is the odd rank of I and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is the odd rank of I and then I
+look up into this array at position odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up into this array at position odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up into this array at position odd
+rank of I that'll give me the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of I that'll give me the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of I that'll give me the answer I
+want well first I check is is it an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well first I check is is it an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well first I check is is it an even
+suffix which I've stored as a bit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix which I've stored as a bit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix which I've stored as a bit Vector
+if it's an even suffix I do nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an even suffix I do nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an even suffix I do nothing I
+just return I but if it's an odd suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return I but if it's an odd suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return I but if it's an odd suffix
+then I compute the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I compute the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I compute the odd
+rank how do I compute the odd rank I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank how do I compute the odd rank I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank how do I compute the odd rank I
+take the even Rank and take I minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the even Rank and take I minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the even Rank and take I minus that
+odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+rank we we don't need to store anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we we don't need to store anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank we we don't need to store anything
+for it I mean you could if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I mean you could if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I mean you could if you wanted to
+but odd rank is just uh I minus even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but odd rank is just uh I minus even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but odd rank is just uh I minus even
+rank because every index is either uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank because every index is either uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank because every index is either uh
+odd or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd or
+even okay uh great great so I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even okay uh great great so I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even okay uh great great so I can look
+up odd Rank and then look at this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up odd Rank and then look at this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up odd Rank and then look at this array
+that will give me the answer I need but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me the answer I need but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me the answer I need but
+I'm not going to actually store this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to actually store this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to actually store this as
+an array I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array I
+lied so uh but in any case let's worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied so uh but in any case let's worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied so uh but in any case let's worry
+about how I'm going to store it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I'm going to store it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I'm going to store it in a
+moment let's think about ah if I I store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let's think about ah if I I store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let's think about ah if I I store
+I'm storing these answers the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing these answers the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm storing these answers the even
+successor answers these J values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor answers these J values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor answers these J values in
+order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by
+I I claim that order is a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I claim that order is a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I claim that order is a very special
+order because what does it mean to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order because what does it mean to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order because what does it mean to order
+by I ordering by I that's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I ordering by I that's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I ordering by I that's that that
+means the suffixes are sorted right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the suffixes are sorted right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the suffixes are sorted right so
+this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same thing as
+ordering by an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix in TK TK from sa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix in TK TK from sa of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix in TK TK from sa of
+I onwards that's the suffix that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I onwards that's the suffix that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I onwards that's the suffix that we're
+sorting by that suffix is sorting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting by that suffix is sorting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting by that suffix is sorting by
+I okay now we can unpack an odd suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay now we can unpack an odd suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay now we can unpack an odd suffix
+it has the first character and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the first character and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the first character and then an
+even suffix so this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix so this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix so this is the same thing as
+ordering by this should look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering by this should look familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering by this should look familiar
+because we did the same kinds of Tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did the same kinds of Tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did the same kinds of Tricks
+when we were building suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even in fact it's the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor let typo here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say right if we we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right if we we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right if we we follow
+Sak and then we add one if we follow Sak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak and then we add one if we follow Sak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sak and then we add one if we follow Sak
+backwards that was the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards that was the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards that was the definition of
+even successor so I can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even successor so I can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even successor so I can rewrite this
+thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this
+part is same thing as TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is same thing as TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is same thing as TK
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+k uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor
+K of I close bracket colon close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of I close bracket colon close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of I close bracket colon close
+bracket get that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket get that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket get that right
+yes right that was the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right that was the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right that was the definition of
+even successor is even successor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even successor is even successor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even successor is even successor is the
+value J for which if I do s k of J I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value J for which if I do s k of J I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value J for which if I do s k of J I get
+a say k of I plus one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say k of I plus one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say k of I plus one that's
+definition okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition okay now
+TK of sa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k sorry the suffix it's not TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k sorry the suffix it's not TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k sorry the suffix it's not TK of
+there's a colon here the suffix of TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a colon here the suffix of TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a colon here the suffix of TK
+starting at s k if I sort by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffixes they're they're sorted right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes they're they're sorted right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes they're they're sorted right I
+mean that was the point of the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that was the point of the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that was the point of the suffix
+array is to sort the suffixes so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is to sort the suffixes so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is to sort the suffixes so if I
+say I am sorting I'm ordering by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I am sorting I'm ordering by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I am sorting I'm ordering by the
+suffixes given in order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes given in order by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes given in order by
+s they're already sorted there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s they're already sorted there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s they're already sorted there's no
+reason to do this TK of s part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do this TK of s part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do this TK of s part this is
+going to be the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same thing as the
+order by this first letter TK s a k of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by this first letter TK s a k of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by this first letter TK s a k of
+I comma even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor the suffix array is defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor the suffix array is defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor the suffix array is defined to
+have this property that these orders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that these orders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that these orders are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+thing okay sorting by the suffixes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay sorting by the suffixes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay sorting by the suffixes is
+the same thing as sorting by the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as sorting by the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as sorting by the indices
+into the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the suffix
+array ah interesting because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array ah interesting because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array ah interesting because this is
+what I want to store right those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to store right those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to store right those are the
+answers that I'm trying to store I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that I'm trying to store I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that I'm trying to store I'm
+trying to store even successor for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to store even successor for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to store even successor for every
+eye that has an odd it starts at an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that has an odd it starts at an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that has an odd it starts at an odd
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+suffix so really all I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so really all I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so really all I need to do is
+order by this thing and then once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by this thing and then once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by this thing and then once I've
+ordered by this thing I'll store these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by this thing I'll store these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered by this thing I'll store these
+guys in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in order
+by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+value cool so I mean this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value cool so I mean this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value cool so I mean this is these are
+the pairs I'm going to store I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs I'm going to store I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs I'm going to store I'm not
+going to I mean I'm going to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I mean I'm going to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I mean I'm going to store this
+comma this for all I in order by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma this for all I in order by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma this for all I in order by this
+value that is my goal if I could store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is my goal if I could store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is my goal if I could store
+these in order by this value then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in order by this value then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in order by this value then by
+Computing odd rank I know where in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing odd rank I know where in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing odd rank I know where in this
+list of pairs to go and then I just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of pairs to go and then I just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of pairs to go and then I just look
+at the second value of the pair that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second value of the pair that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second value of the pair that is
+uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my
+answer okay why am I storing this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see I don't know if you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't know if you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I don't know if you really need to
+but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+okay so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're
+gonna I feel like this is cheating I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I feel like this is cheating I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I feel like this is cheating I say
+actually store these pairs we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store these pairs we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually store these pairs we're not
+really going to actually store them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to actually store them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to actually store them we
+still have another trick up Our Sleeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have another trick up Our Sleeve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have another trick up Our Sleeve
+uh but more or less we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but more or less we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but more or less we are going to
+store these pairs cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these pairs cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these pairs cross that
+actually store these pairs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh by
+value storing them in order by value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value storing them in order by value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value storing them in order by value is
+the same thing as order by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as order by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as order by
+I that's we just proved okay and and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's we just proved okay and and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's we just proved okay and and at
+this point is when I'm going to assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is when I'm going to assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is when I'm going to assume a
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alphabet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here need lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff I think we don't need this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I think we don't need this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I think we don't need this giant
+recursion up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just remember it's enough to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just remember it's enough to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just remember it's enough to know
+how to compute even successor the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute even successor the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute even successor the rest
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here we go uh we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we go uh we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we go uh we're trying to
+store these pairs so we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these pairs so we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store these pairs so we're trying to
+store uh a sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of NK over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values right that's how many odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right that's how many odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right that's how many odd
+suffixes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes there
+are and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and they're
+each uh 2 the K plus log NK bits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh 2 the K plus log NK bits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh 2 the K plus log NK bits I
+claim why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim why
+because this was a single character in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a single character in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a single character in
+TK but a single character in TK was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK but a single character in TK was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK but a single character in TK was
+actually 2 to the K bits in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 to the K bits in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 to the K bits in the original
+string for binary alphabet in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string for binary alphabet in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string for binary alphabet in general
+Sigma to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma to the
+K okay so that's that part that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so that's that part that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so that's that part that's two
+the K bits um the even successor well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K bits um the even successor well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K bits um the even successor well
+it's just an index into something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an index into something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an index into something of
+size NK so it's log NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size NK so it's log NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size NK so it's log NK
+bits okay fine if I stored that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay fine if I stored that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay fine if I stored that
+explicitly I would be in trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I would be in trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I would be in trouble because
+2 to the K * NK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K * NK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K * NK is
+n and so I would be storing n Bits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so I would be storing n Bits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so I would be storing n Bits at
+every level well so I guess I get n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level well so I guess I get n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level well so I guess I get n log
+log n space okay that's that that part's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n space okay that's that that part's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n space okay that's that that part's
+actually okay I can afford that much if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay I can afford that much if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay I can afford that much if
+I'm just going for an N log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going for an N log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going for an N log log
+nbound uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound uh this
+part not so much because in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part not so much because in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part not so much because in particular
+when k equals Zer that's going to be n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k equals Zer that's going to be n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k equals Zer that's going to be n *
+log N I don't want to spend n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N I don't want to spend n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log N I don't want to spend n log n
+space and the whole point is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the whole point is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the whole point is we're
+trying to avoid storing these explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid storing these explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid storing these explicitly
+because if I did I'd get n log n space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I did I'd get n log n space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I did I'd get n log n space
+so we're not going to store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to store them
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+okay uh as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+store so there're these big bit vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store so there're these big bit vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store so there're these big bit vectors
+we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the
+leading log NK bits this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading log NK bits this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading log NK bits this is kind of
+weird because the log NK bits we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because the log NK bits we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because the log NK bits we care
+about are at the end but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are at the end but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are at the end but we're going to
+look at the leading log NK bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the leading log NK bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the leading log NK bits
+especially because this is a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because this is a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because this is a sorted
+order this is a sorted list of bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this is a sorted list of bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order this is a sorted list of bit
+factors so if you look at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so if you look at the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so if you look at the uh the
+leading bits most of the time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits most of the time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits most of the time they're
+going to be the same they don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same they don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same they don't change
+very much leading bits are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much leading bits are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much leading bits are going to be
+you know Z all zeros for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Z all zeros for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Z all zeros for a while and
+then occasionally it'll increment how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occasionally it'll increment how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occasionally it'll increment how
+many times will it increment NK times at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times will it increment NK times at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times will it increment NK times at
+most if we look at the leading and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most if we look at the leading and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most if we look at the leading and log
+NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits okay here's the crazy idea we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay here's the crazy idea we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay here's the crazy idea we're
+going to use uni encoding un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uni encoding un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use uni encoding un
+differential encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it differential encoding means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it differential encoding means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it differential encoding means
+instead of storing a list of values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of storing a list of values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of storing a list of values you
+store the first value then the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the first value then the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the first value then the the the
+next value minus the first value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next value minus the first value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next value minus the first value and
+then the next value minus that value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next value minus that value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next value minus that value and
+so on and unary means we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and unary means we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and unary means we're going to
+represent those differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those differences in
+un seems like a bad idea but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un seems like a bad idea but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un seems like a bad idea but it turns
+out it's a good idea so here's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's a good idea so here's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's a good idea so here's what it
+looks like you look at I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you look at I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you look at I'm going to
+write down zero I'm going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down zero I'm going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down zero I'm going to write down
+a bunch of zeros however big uh V1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros however big uh V1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of zeros however big uh V1 is
+then I'm going to write a one then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to write a one then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to write a one then I'm
+going to write a bunch of zeros however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write a bunch of zeros however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write a bunch of zeros however
+big uh V1 V2 minus V1 is then I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh V1 V2 minus V1 is then I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh V1 V2 minus V1 is then I'll write
+a one uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one uh and so
+on zero to the lead the leading bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero to the lead the leading bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero to the lead the leading bits of
+V3 sorry it's the leading bits of V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 sorry it's the leading bits of V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 sorry it's the leading bits of V2
+minus the leading bits of V1 that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the leading bits of V1 that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the leading bits of V1 that's what
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+meant and then leading bits of V3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then leading bits of V3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then leading bits of V3 minus
+the leading bits of V2 and then a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading bits of V2 and then a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading bits of V2 and then a one
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on okay that is unary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay that is unary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay that is unary differential
+encoding I claim this is small looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding I claim this is small looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding I claim this is small looks
+kind of crazy but it's small because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy but it's small because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy but it's small because how
+many zeros are there total well at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zeros are there total well at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zeros are there total well at most
+NK zeros because I started all zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK zeros because I started all zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK zeros because I started all zero I
+start at the value zero at most I get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the value zero at most I get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the value zero at most I get up
+with log NK bits at most I get up to NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log NK bits at most I get up to NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log NK bits at most I get up to NK
+minus one so the number of times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so the number of times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so the number of times I
+increment is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NK how many one ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK how many one ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK how many one ones are
+there uh well there's there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh well there's there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh well there's there's one
+there's one one per value so there's NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one per value so there's NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one per value so there's NK
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones so total size of this bit Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so total size of this bit Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so total size of this bit Vector is
+uh 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3
+NK so storing those leading bits uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK so storing those leading bits uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK so storing those leading bits uh in
+this weird way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird way is
+cheap linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap linear
+again this geometric series is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this geometric series is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this geometric series is going to
+add up to three Hales all it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to three Hales all it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to three Hales all it's going to
+add up to uh 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to uh 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to uh 3 *
+n cool uh but that's just the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cool uh but that's just the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cool uh but that's just the leading
+bits I need to store this thing I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits I need to store this thing I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits I need to store this thing I need
+to store the leading bits and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the leading bits and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the leading bits and I need to
+store the remaining bits now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the remaining bits now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the remaining bits now the
+remaining bits there's only two to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bits there's only two to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bits there's only two to the K
+remaining bits we switched the order we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bits we switched the order we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bits we switched the order we
+looked at the high log n k bits but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the high log n k bits but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the high log n k bits but then
+the low end bits there's going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end bits there's going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low end bits there's going to be two
+the K of them that I already said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K of them that I already said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K of them that I already said was
+was okay we could afford that uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay we could afford that uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay we could afford that uh kind of
+I mean we lose a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we lose a log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we lose a log log
+Factor so we store the trailing 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so we store the trailing 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor so we store the trailing 2 to the
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+bits this we actually store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly uh so this is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh so this is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly uh so this is going to be 2
+the K * nk/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K * nk/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K * nk/
+2 which is n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is n /2
+Bits NK is n/2 the K cancel n / two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits NK is n/2 the K cancel n / two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits NK is n/2 the K cancel n / two
+okay uh so total number of bits we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so total number of bits we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so total number of bits we add
+these up is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up is going to be
+uh half n + 3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half n + 3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half n + 3 n
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+plus uh we'll get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh we'll get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh we'll get to this
+later and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then the
+total uh this we have to do for log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh this we have to do for log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh this we have to do for log log
+n levels or summing k equal 0 to log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n levels or summing k equal 0 to log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n levels or summing k equal 0 to log log
+n of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of this thing
+and this comes out to half n log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes out to half n log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this comes out to half n log log n
+that's this is bad we want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is bad we want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is bad we want to get rid of
+that but that was our first aim then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that was our first aim then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that was our first aim then we
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+5n did I miss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5n did I miss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5n did I miss a
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NK where did I miss the NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK where did I miss the NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK where did I miss the NK
+ah this was this was the cost for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah this was this was the cost for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah this was this was the cost for even
+successor okay but there was also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay but there was also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay but there was also is
+even suffix which was NK bits and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix which was NK bits and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even suffix which was NK bits and there
+was even rank which was little low of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even rank which was little low of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even rank which was little low of
+that so there's an extra NK here for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's an extra NK here for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's an extra NK here for uh
+is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffix okay so we have NK plus 3 NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix okay so we have NK plus 3 NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix okay so we have NK plus 3 NK
+that's five Hales NK and then the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five Hales NK and then the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five Hales NK and then the half
+disappears because it's a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears because it's a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears because it's a geometric
+Series so we end up with 5n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so we end up with 5n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so we end up with 5n
+for what it's worth plus Big O something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what it's worth plus Big O something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what it's worth plus Big O something
+okay I left out the something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I left out the something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I left out the something because
+there's one data structure we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one data structure we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one data structure we haven't
+yet described there's one more thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet described there's one more thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet described there's one more thing we
+need and that comes up if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and that comes up if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and that comes up if you want to do
+a query in the structure how do I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query in the structure how do I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a query in the structure how do I do a
+query okay uh I did I already did odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay uh I did I already did odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay uh I did I already did odd
+rank so I'm just trying to look up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so I'm just trying to look up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank so I'm just trying to look up into
+this sorted array at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorted array at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorted array at a given
+index well uh first thing is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index well uh first thing is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index well uh first thing is to compute
+the leading bits actually Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading bits actually Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading bits actually Computing
+leading bits is really easy uh if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits is really easy uh if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits is really easy uh if I have
+Rank and select what I want if I'm look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and select what I want if I'm look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and select what I want if I'm look
+trying to index into at uh index I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to index into at uh index I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to index into at uh index I I
+want the I one bit if I look at the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I one bit if I look at the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I one bit if I look at the I
+one bit which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit which is uh
+select sub one of I which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select sub one of I which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select sub one of I which we already
+know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to
+do then that corresponds to you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then that corresponds to you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then that corresponds to you know the
+value the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the I
+value uh and in particular if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh and in particular if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh and in particular if I look at
+how many zeros are there up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many zeros are there up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many zeros are there up to that
+point that will that's the it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that will that's the it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that will that's the it's going to
+be the sum of this plus this plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of this plus this plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of this plus this plus this
+it's a telescoping sum it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a telescoping sum it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a telescoping sum it's just going
+to give me the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me the leading
+bits because you know this plus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because you know this plus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because you know this plus this is
+just lead of V2 this plus that is lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lead of V2 this plus that is lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lead of V2 this plus that is lead
+of V3 so they all cancel I just count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V3 so they all cancel I just count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V3 so they all cancel I just count
+the number of zero bits that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zero bits that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zero bits that's exactly
+the value I want to know so I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value I want to know so I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value I want to know so I want to do
+rank Subzero of that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank Subzero of that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank Subzero of that position
+that will tell me the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell me the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell me the leading
+bits in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+query uh it's not really lead lead of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh it's not really lead lead of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query uh it's not really lead lead of I
+I guess lead of VI is uh what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess lead of VI is uh what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess lead of VI is uh what we're
+trying to compute now we also need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute now we also need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute now we also need the
+trailing bits the trailing bits they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing bits the trailing bits they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing bits the trailing bits they're
+just in an array so you just look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in an array so you just look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in an array so you just look that
+up you get the trailing bits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get the trailing bits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get the trailing bits you
+concatenate those two words the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those two words the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate those two words the leading
+bits with the trailing bits boom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits with the trailing bits boom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits with the trailing bits boom you
+have your answer that gives you the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your answer that gives you the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your answer that gives you the even
+successor okay so the only thing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay so the only thing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay so the only thing is we
+need to store a rank in a select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store a rank in a select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store a rank in a select
+structure and for rank we used uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and for rank we used uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and for rank we used uh we
+used NK over log log NK space again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used NK over log log NK space again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used NK over log log NK space again that
+can be improved at NK over poly log NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be improved at NK over poly log NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be improved at NK over poly log NK
+but let's not worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay item one complete we now have a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay item one complete we now have a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay item one complete we now have a t
+log l t bit suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log l t bit suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log l t bit suffix
+array next we need to make it order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array next we need to make it order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array next we need to make it order
+T then we need to make it into a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then we need to make it into a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then we need to make it into a suffix
+tree got to move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster okay uh where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now well now I want a compact suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well now I want a compact suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well now I want a compact suffix
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to use the same definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the same definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the same definition
+everything's going to be more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be more or less
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same I just can't afford to store all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I just can't afford to store all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I just can't afford to store all
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels there were log log n levels log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there were log log n levels log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there were log log n levels log
+log levels is too expensive each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log levels is too expensive each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log levels is too expensive each one
+costs linear space so I'm only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs linear space so I'm only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs linear space so I'm only going to
+store a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels Only Store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 / Epsilon + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels and not just any levels but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and not just any levels but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and not just any levels but the
+first level the Epsilon elf level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level the Epsilon elf level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first level the Epsilon elf level the
+two Epsilon elf level up to the elf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Epsilon elf level up to the elf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Epsilon elf level up to the elf
+level so still log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so still log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so still log log n
+levels I'm just going to skip a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I'm just going to skip a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I'm just going to skip a lot of
+them now it's going to be different I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now it's going to be different I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now it's going to be different I
+can't use even successor anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use even successor anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use even successor anymore
+instead uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh even
+is going to be replaced with the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be replaced with the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be replaced with the notion
+of divisible by 2 to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divisible by 2 to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divisible by 2 to the Epsilon
+L instead of divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so do all this but replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so do all this but replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so do all this but replace the
+notion of even with divisible by Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of even with divisible by Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of even with divisible by Epsilon
+L okay because this is when you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay because this is when you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay because this is when you are in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa
+sub k + 1 Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k + 1 Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k + 1 Epsilon
+L right the whole name of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right the whole name of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right the whole name of the game is
+you're you're have you're trying to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're have you're trying to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're have you're trying to do a
+query in sa K Epsilon L and now you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in sa K Epsilon L and now you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query in sa K Epsilon L and now you want
+to reduce it to s k plus1 Epsilon L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce it to s k plus1 Epsilon L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce it to s k plus1 Epsilon L and
+these are the suffixes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the suffixes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the suffixes that are
+explicitly represented everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly represented everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly represented everything else
+needs to be rounded to that value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be rounded to that value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be rounded to that value and
+then rounded back like we had with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rounded back like we had with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rounded back like we had with our
+giant formula before okay it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant formula before okay it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant formula before okay it's not so
+easy to write a single formula anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to write a single formula anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to write a single formula anymore
+it's now really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now really an
+algorithm okay uh so to compute s k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay uh so to compute s k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay uh so to compute s k
+Epsilon L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L of
+I what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what you do is
+follow a new thing which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a new thing which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a new thing which I'm going to
+call just successor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call just successor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call just successor of
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeatedly uh to get a new index J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly uh to get a new index J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly uh to get a new index J uh
+until I guess call it all I prime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I guess call it all I prime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I guess call it all I prime a
+little clearer until it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so before we just had to make one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we just had to make one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we just had to make one step
+and then we were even now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we were even now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we were even now we're going to
+have to make potentially Epsilon L steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make potentially Epsilon L steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make potentially Epsilon L steps
+so this could cost log log n log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could cost log log n log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could cost log log n log log n
+that's not much actually sorry not log l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not much actually sorry not log l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not much actually sorry not log l
+n this is going to cost 2 to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is going to cost 2 to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is going to cost 2 to the Epsilon
+L because it's divisible by 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L because it's divisible by 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L because it's divisible by 2 to the
+Epsilon L 2 to the Epsilon L is log to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L 2 to the Epsilon L is log to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L 2 to the Epsilon L is log to
+the Epsilon so this now may take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log to the Epsilon T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the Epsilon T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the Epsilon T
+steps this is where we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps this is where we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps this is where we're going to get
+the log to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log to the Epsilon
+penalty in time okay but this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty in time okay but this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty in time okay but this simple
+linear search nothing clever here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear search nothing clever here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear search nothing clever here now
+what is successor well successor is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is successor well successor is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is successor well successor is just
+the same thing just uh you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing just uh you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing just uh you if you're
+even in this strong sense then nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in this strong sense then nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in this strong sense then nothing
+happens otherwise you just same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens otherwise you just same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens otherwise you just same
+definition this part is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this part is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this part is exactly the same
+just go to the next position the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the next position the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the next position the next
+suffix but now we have to follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix but now we have to follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix but now we have to follow it
+several times till we get to an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times till we get to an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times till we get to an even
+one okay uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh then we
+recurse just like before on sa k + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse just like before on sa k + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse just like before on sa k + 1
+Epsilon L the next level down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L the next level down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L the next level down
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the uh I think still call it even rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y cool and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y cool and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y cool and then
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply by 2 to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtract uh the number of steps we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract uh the number of steps we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract uh the number of steps we did
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay we made several steps here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we made several steps here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we made several steps here we
+need to undo those steps at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to undo those steps at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to undo those steps at the end
+that's it so it's just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's just the same as
+before except before there was one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before except before there was one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before except before there was one step
+here and it most One Step here now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it most One Step here now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it most One Step here now you
+just count them subtract at the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count them subtract at the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count them subtract at the end so
+exactly the same template just skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same template just skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same template just skipping
+a lot of the levels and now the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the levels and now the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the levels and now the space is
+going to be 1 Epsilon +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 Epsilon +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 Epsilon +
+1 uh time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh time n
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+it okay so let me analyze a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+uh so I mean you have to check that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I mean you have to check that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I mean you have to check that all
+of this works is is even suffix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this works is is even suffix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this works is is even suffix that's
+easy still NK bits even rank still ink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy still NK bits even rank still ink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy still NK bits even rank still ink
+bits even successor we did all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits even successor we did all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits even successor we did all this
+fancy encoding the one thing you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy encoding the one thing you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy encoding the one thing you can't
+do is this part I mean there aren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is this part I mean there aren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is this part I mean there aren't very
+many even suffixes anymore so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many even suffixes anymore so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many even suffixes anymore so it really
+doesn't help you doesn't it buys you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you doesn't it buys you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you doesn't it buys you a
+very tiny Factor but uh you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny Factor but uh you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny Factor but uh you know one
+over to the Epsilon L are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the Epsilon L are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the Epsilon L are going to be
+even so it's very few so you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so it's very few so you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so it's very few so you still have
+to store all the answers basically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store all the answers basically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store all the answers basically but
+you can do all this ordering trick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all this ordering trick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all this ordering trick it
+still works we weren't really exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works we weren't really exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works we weren't really exploiting
+the fact that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it was
+odd uh and now you have to it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh and now you have to it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd uh and now you have to it's this is
+not a single character it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a single character it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a single character it's a bunch of
+characters uh but still and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters uh but still and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters uh but still and so now
+instead of to the K it's probably to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of to the K it's probably to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of to the K it's probably to the
+K Epsilon L but it all works out I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Epsilon L but it all works out I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Epsilon L but it all works out I mean
+it's just a renaming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a renaming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a renaming of
+everything uh it's still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh it's still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh it's still going to be
+linear number of bits I claim I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of bits I claim I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of bits I claim I don't
+want to go through a formal proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through a formal proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through a formal proof of
+that we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have
+time but all the same tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so the claim
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+space be sum K = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space be sum K = 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space be sum K = 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of n k Epsilon L + n + 2 n k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of n k Epsilon L + n + 2 n k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of n k Epsilon L + n + 2 n k
+Epsilon L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon L
+plus the select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound n over log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay uh why because this is storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay uh why because this is storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay uh why because this is storing
+the is even structure that was just NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is even structure that was just NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is even structure that was just NK
+bits and then this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and then this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and then this is the uh
+successor this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even uh same as we had over here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh same as we had over here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh same as we had over here except
+there's no half anymore it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no half anymore it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no half anymore it's just
+n plus claim is two 2 NK Epsilon L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus claim is two 2 NK Epsilon L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus claim is two 2 NK Epsilon L
+that's the right answer uh yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer uh yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right answer uh yeah that
+three was because of this plus this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was because of this plus this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was because of this plus this so
+we still have the three just no divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the three just no divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the three just no divided
+by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two
+anymore okay um cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this
+equals some constant times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some constant times n
+6n plus uh 1 / Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n plus order n over log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bits okay not bad not quite as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits okay not bad not quite as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits okay not bad not quite as good as
+this Bound for binary alphabet so ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bound for binary alphabet so ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bound for binary alphabet so ignore
+the log Sigma uh before we had 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log Sigma uh before we had 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log Sigma uh before we had 1 + 1
+Epsilon now we have 6 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now we have 6 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now we have 6 + 1
+Epsilon okay uh kind of running out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay uh kind of running out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay uh kind of running out a
+time I'll just tell you you can tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll just tell you you can tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll just tell you you can tune
+this to 1/ Epsilon n plus the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to 1/ Epsilon n plus the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to 1/ Epsilon n plus the little
+o with two very simple tricks two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o with two very simple tricks two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o with two very simple tricks two simple
+observations the first one is um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations the first one is um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations the first one is um the
+successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor
+structure at level zero there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at level zero there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at level zero there's nothing
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh at level zero I mean a single step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at level zero I mean a single step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at level zero I mean a single step
+just corresponds to walking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to walking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponds to walking in the
+string got think about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successor it's actually not quite clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor it's actually not quite clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor it's actually not quite clear
+to me why that's true but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me why that's true but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me why that's true but it turns out
+to be true it's exercise I guess uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true it's exercise I guess uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true it's exercise I guess uh at
+level zero you don't need to sort a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero you don't need to sort a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level zero you don't need to sort a
+successor structure so that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor structure so that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor structure so that actually
+saves you a big factor because um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you a big factor because um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves you a big factor because um if you
+can skip the very f with k equals z then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can skip the very f with k equals z then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can skip the very f with k equals z then
+you get to skip you get to divide by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to skip you get to divide by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to skip you get to divide by 2
+the Epsilon L the space so that gets rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon L the space so that gets rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon L the space so that gets rid
+of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this
+term then there's this other term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then there's this other term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then there's this other term uh
+which you can you can skip uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can you can skip uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can you can skip uh you can
+store is even more efficiently so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is even more efficiently so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store is even more efficiently so before
+is even should be a bid Factor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even should be a bid Factor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even should be a bid Factor because
+half of them are even half of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are even half of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are even half of them are
+odd that's the optimal thing to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that's the optimal thing to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that's the optimal thing to do but
+in this structure most of them are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure most of them are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure most of them are not
+even so you can save a little bit using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so you can save a little bit using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so you can save a little bit using
+succinct dictionaries because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct dictionaries because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct dictionaries because there are
+very few ones you can achieve you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few ones you can achieve you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few ones you can achieve you know
+log the total number of things choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log the total number of things choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log the total number of things choose
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ones log of that binomial coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones log of that binomial coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones log of that binomial coefficient
+this number of zeros plus ones not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of zeros plus ones not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of zeros plus ones not going
+to work it out it's worked out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it out it's worked out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it out it's worked out in the
+notes but if you do store that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but if you do store that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but if you do store that more
+efficient dictionary which we claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient dictionary which we claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient dictionary which we claimed
+could be done last time uh then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done last time uh then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done last time uh then this
+turns out to get a nice sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to get a nice sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to get a nice sort of
+cascading thing and it's a little low of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading thing and it's a little low of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading thing and it's a little low of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+in the end so that gets rid of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end so that gets rid of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end so that gets rid of this term
+and so you're left with just n * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're left with just n * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're left with just n * 1
+Epsilon uh plus one because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh plus one because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh plus one because you have to
+store the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the text
+also that's or maybe because of uh This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's or maybe because of uh This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's or maybe because of uh This
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+boom that's all I want to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom that's all I want to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom that's all I want to say about this
+structure so I wanted to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I wanted to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I wanted to focus on the
+ideas which got us the t log log T just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas which got us the t log log T just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas which got us the t log log T just
+apply the same ideas but much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same ideas but much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same ideas but much more
+sparsely you lose in running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsely you lose in running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsely you lose in running time
+instead of paying log log T now we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of paying log log T now we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of paying log log T now we pay
+we pay log to the Epsilon time log log T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay log to the Epsilon time log log T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay log to the Epsilon time log log T
+but that's just log to the some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just log to the some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just log to the some other
+Epsilon uh so that gives us better space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh so that gives us better space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon uh so that gives us better space
+get now linear space instead of n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now linear space instead of n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now linear space instead of n log
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+space any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any questions about
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right now I get to hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I get to hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I get to hurry
+through trans transforming suffix arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trans transforming suffix arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through trans transforming suffix arrays
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees this is actually a much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this is actually a much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this is actually a much older
+paper it's by Monroe Ramen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raal there's two versions of it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raal there's two versions of it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raal there's two versions of it in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+paper uh first version is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh first version is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh first version is going to be
+compact second version is succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact second version is succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact second version is succinct
+probably won't have much time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't have much time to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't have much time to cover
+the succinct version but but uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinct version but but uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the succinct version but but uh here's
+what we do start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do start with
+compact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact uh
+store compressed uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store compressed uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store compressed uh we're going to
+assume binary alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume binary alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume binary alphabet
+again as this paper does I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as this paper does I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as this paper does I
+believe store the suffix tree but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe store the suffix tree but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe store the suffix tree but only
+store the tri part of it suffix tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the tri part of it suffix tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the tri part of it suffix tree
+really consists of try binary try if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really consists of try binary try if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really consists of try binary try if
+it's a binary alphabet plus lengths on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a binary alphabet plus lengths on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a binary alphabet plus lengths on
+the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+don't store the lengths or as uh as Ian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't store the lengths or as uh as Ian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't store the lengths or as uh as Ian
+likes to call it skip the skips the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to call it skip the skips the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to call it skip the skips the
+lengths of an edge is how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of an edge is how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of an edge is how many how many
+bits you're supposed to skip so skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you're supposed to skip so skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you're supposed to skip so skip
+those uh just store the tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh just store the tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh just store the tri
+structure so uh the tri structure is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so uh the tri structure is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so uh the tri structure is on
+uh 2 N plus one nodes because there's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 N plus one nodes because there's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 N plus one nodes because there's n
+leaves and minus one time is plus one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and minus one time is plus one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and minus one time is plus one I
+don't know 2 N plus a constant nodes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 2 N plus a constant nodes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 2 N plus a constant nodes uh
+so this is 4N bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 4N bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 4N bits
+we know how to do binary tries finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do binary tries finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do binary tries finally
+we're using last lecture other we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using last lecture other we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using last lecture other we use
+Rank and select a lot but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and select a lot but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rank and select a lot but now we're
+using the binary try we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the binary try we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the binary try we're going to do
+store this using the balanced Pern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this using the balanced Pern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store this using the balanced Pern
+structure okay so you have to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so you have to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so you have to double
+that this linear number of bits so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this linear number of bits so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this linear number of bits so if
+we're just looking for compact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking for compact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking for compact that's
+fine now the hard part is in a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now the hard part is in a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now the hard part is in a search
+when we go from one node to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go from one node to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go from one node to the next
+node we need to know the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we need to know the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we need to know the length of this
+Edge got to figure that out cu otherwi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge got to figure that out cu otherwi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge got to figure that out cu otherwi
+Ian we need to know whether the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian we need to know whether the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian we need to know whether the pattern
+jumped off or something we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped off or something we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped off or something we need to know
+at position Y which letter should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position Y which letter should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position Y which letter should we
+which letter of the pattern should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which letter of the pattern should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which letter of the pattern should we
+branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch
+on so we need to measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we need to measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we need to measure this
+length uh not too hard what you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh not too hard what you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh not too hard what you do you
+look at this sub tree you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this sub tree you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this sub tree you look at the
+leftmost leaf and the rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost leaf and the rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost leaf and the rightmost
+leaf uh you look at their longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh you look at their longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf uh you look at their longest common
+prefix starting from the character you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix starting from the character you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix starting from the character you
+care about and you look at the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and you look at the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and you look at the longest
+common prefix with the pattern P all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix with the pattern P all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix with the pattern P all
+sounds easy how do you actually do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds easy how do you actually do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds easy how do you actually do it uh
+uh so you need to be able to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you need to be able to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you need to be able to find the
+leftmost leaf in a sub tree leavs uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost leaf in a sub tree leavs uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost leaf in a sub tree leavs uh in
+the balance pen expression I think last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance pen expression I think last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance pen expression I think last
+class I mistakenly thought they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I mistakenly thought they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I mistakenly thought they were
+that in fact they are this if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact they are this if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact they are this if you think
+about it long enough uh this was leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it long enough uh this was leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it long enough uh this was leaves
+in the rooted ordered tree but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rooted ordered tree but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rooted ordered tree but what we
+care about are leaves in the binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about are leaves in the binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about are leaves in the binary tree
+and they always look like open pen Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always look like open pen Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always look like open pen Clos
+pen Clos pren so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen Clos pren so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen Clos pren so this is a
+leaf and so what we're asking for is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf and so what we're asking for is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf and so what we're asking for is in
+a sub tree we'll find the first Leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub tree we'll find the first Leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub tree we'll find the first Leaf
+that's actually just going to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just going to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just going to be right
+after this open par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this open par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this open par
+will be or I guess you you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be or I guess you you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be or I guess you you do a
+select select sub this to jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select select sub this to jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select select sub this to jump to the
+next Leaf then also you can jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Leaf then also you can jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Leaf then also you can jump to the
+end of the sub tree and then go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sub tree and then go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the sub tree and then go back to
+the previous Leaf using Rank and select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Leaf using Rank and select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Leaf using Rank and select
+so I won't go into details but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't go into details but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't go into details but that's
+easy to do so you can identify the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do so you can identify the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do so you can identify the two
+leaves using rank sub this thing I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves using rank sub this thing I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves using rank sub this thing I can
+identify the leaf number so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the leaf number so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the leaf number so I can
+identify where these leaves are then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify where these leaves are then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify where these leaves are then now
+I have a suffix array if I look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a suffix array if I look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a suffix array if I look up the
+suffix array of these two Leaf numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array of these two Leaf numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array of these two Leaf numbers I
+mean remember leaves are ordered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean remember leaves are ordered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean remember leaves are ordered by
+suffix in sorted order by suffix array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix in sorted order by suffix array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix in sorted order by suffix array
+so these are really indices into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really indices into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are really indices into the
+suffix array they're giving me oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array they're giving me oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array they're giving me oh this
+is the I suffix this is the J suffix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I suffix this is the J suffix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I suffix this is the J suffix so
+I look at those two positions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those two positions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at those two positions in the
+suffix array I teleport over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array I teleport over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array I teleport over to the
+string T now I have the actual suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string T now I have the actual suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string T now I have the actual suffixes
+corresponding to this and this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this and this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this and this and I
+just look at where they match I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at where they match I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at where they match I know
+that if if I've already gone down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if I've already gone down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if I've already gone down to
+depth d letter depth D I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth d letter depth D I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth d letter depth D I already know
+that that they match the first D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they match the first D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that they match the first D
+characters I don't compare those they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I don't compare those they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I don't compare those they're
+guaranteed to match so I start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to match so I start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to match so I start at
+position D plus one I I I know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position D plus one I I I know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position D plus one I I I know they
+should match with one more letter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should match with one more letter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should match with one more letter how
+many more letters do they match that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more letters do they match that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more letters do they match that is
+the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this
+thing okay how can I afford to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay how can I afford to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay how can I afford to pay for
+that I'm just going to pend linear cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just going to pend linear cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just going to pend linear cost
+the total number of characters I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of characters I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of characters I compare
+is going to be equal to the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to the length of
+the pattern so we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern so we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern so we're going to end up
+getting length of the pattern times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting length of the pattern times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting length of the pattern times the
+cost uh to do a suffix array access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh to do a suffix array access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh to do a suffix array access
+because I have to do this at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to do this at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to do this at every
+single step in the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step in the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step in the worst case
+so not perfect but pretty good roughly P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not perfect but pretty good roughly P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not perfect but pretty good roughly P
+suffix array access is like log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array access is like log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array access is like log to the
+Epsilon so we're getting a p log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so we're getting a p log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so we're getting a p log to the
+Epsilon not quite as good as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon not quite as good as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon not quite as good as this
+bound uh but because here the p is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh but because here the p is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh but because here the p is not
+multiplied by log to the Epsilon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by log to the Epsilon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by log to the Epsilon but
+it's just a log to the Epsilon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a log to the Epsilon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a log to the Epsilon if you
+want to see the a better way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the a better way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see the a better way to do it
+you can read the grocy video paper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read the grocy video paper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read the grocy video paper but
+this is a decent way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a decent way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a decent way to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+briefly uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh this is the
+compact version let me tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact version let me tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact version let me tell you how to
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succinct I'm not going to touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct I'm not going to touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct I'm not going to touch the
+suffix array suffix array to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array suffix array to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array suffix array to make that
+succinct is harder but if I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct is harder but if I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct is harder but if I just want to
+make the suffix tree part succinct I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the suffix tree part succinct I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the suffix tree part succinct I can
+use the same idea but I can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same idea but I can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same idea but I can't afford to
+store the whole try so just G to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the whole try so just G to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the whole try so just G to use a
+little bit of indirection you can use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of indirection you can use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of indirection you can use as
+little as you want this is the log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as you want this is the log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as you want this is the log log
+log log log log log n Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log log log n Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log log log n Factor
+uh so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+store uh use a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+above uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above uh
+every be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every be
+suffix so throw away all but a 1 overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so throw away all but a 1 overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix so throw away all but a 1 overb
+fraction of the leaves and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the leaves and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the leaves and then take the
+tree that remains so once you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that remains so once you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that remains so once you do a
+search you won't find exact the leaf you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you won't find exact the leaf you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you won't find exact the leaf you
+want but you'll be within an additive B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you'll be within an additive B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but you'll be within an additive B
+of the leaf you want B here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leaf you want B here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leaf you want B here can be
+arbitrarily small this can be log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small this can be log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily small this can be log log
+log log log n but something super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log n but something super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log n but something super
+constant then if I use the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then if I use the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then if I use the structure
+instead of being n order n over b space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being n order n over b space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being n order n over b space
+or instead of being order n space it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instead of being order n space it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instead of being order n space it's
+going to be order n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order n over B
+bits so we win the only issue is now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so we win the only issue is now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so we win the only issue is now how
+do you find the correct Leaf as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the correct Leaf as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the correct Leaf as opposed
+to the incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the incorrect
+leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf
+and I don't really have time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really have time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't really have time to talk
+about about it you can look at the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about it you can look at the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about it you can look at the notes
+um rough idea is well you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rough idea is well you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rough idea is well you can have a
+lookup table that lets you do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup table that lets you do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup table that lets you do whatever
+you want on B bits as long as B is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want on B bits as long as B is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want on B bits as long as B is less
+than like half log n uh then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like half log n uh then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like half log n uh then you can
+Encompass sort of the whole try more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass sort of the whole try more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass sort of the whole try more or
+less and just hit it with a big lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and just hit it with a big lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and just hit it with a big lookup
+table and do everything in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and do everything in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and do everything in constant time
+it's not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite so
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because easy summary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah essentially what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah essentially what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah essentially what you're
+doing is uh you these are the blocks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is uh you these are the blocks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is uh you these are the blocks so
+this is length B you're finding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is length B you're finding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is length B you're finding this
+suffix and you don't know you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix and you don't know you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix and you don't know you want to
+know which of these is the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which of these is the correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which of these is the correct one
+so in some sense you have to do a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you have to do a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you have to do a search
+simultaneously for all B of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for all B of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for all B of these guys
+and so you run down the search again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you run down the search again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you run down the search again but
+instead of searching for your one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of searching for your one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of searching for your one
+pattern you search for all B of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you search for all B of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you search for all B of these
+patterns at the same time now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns at the same time now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns at the same time now they're
+mostly the same and so you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the same and so you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly the same and so you can you can
+prove it doesn't hurt you much maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it doesn't hurt you much maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it doesn't hurt you much maybe it
+hurts you an additive B I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts you an additive B I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts you an additive B I believe the
+correct answer is in time yeah you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer is in time yeah you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer is in time yeah you end
+up paying order P plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up paying order P plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up paying order P plus b
+time uh sorry times the cost of a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh sorry times the cost of a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh sorry times the cost of a suffix
+array access okay so we're still paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array access okay so we're still paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array access okay so we're still paying
+the log to the Epsilon because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log to the Epsilon because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log to the Epsilon because of the
+suffix array if if that was constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array if if that was constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix array if if that was constant you
+know it' be free um p plus b time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it' be free um p plus b time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it' be free um p plus b time is
+fine if B is log log log log n or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if B is log log log log n or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if B is log log log log n or you
+can make it log log n then you save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it log log n then you save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it log log n then you save a
+log log n factor in the bits you pay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n factor in the bits you pay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n factor in the bits you pay an
+additive log log n that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive log log n that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive log log n that's going to be
+absorbed by the log to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the log to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the log to the Epsilon
+anyway so it's pretty efficient I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's pretty efficient I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's pretty efficient I guess
+you could make this log to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make this log to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make this log to the Epsilon
+if you felt like it to balance out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you felt like it to balance out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you felt like it to balance out here
+still be P * log to the Epsilon and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be P * log to the Epsilon and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be P * log to the Epsilon and so
+this this stuff is really quite cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this stuff is really quite cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this stuff is really quite cheap
+see the notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the notes for
+details that ends our succinct coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that ends our succinct coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that ends our succinct coverage
+sorry I was a little more succinct than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I was a little more succinct than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I was a little more succinct than
+intended get the idea
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AO7F0n2Dclc.txt b/AO7F0n2Dclc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..068b884666d7bb513f714cdb1569bb8bfba46c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AO7F0n2Dclc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16566 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu you have any opinions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Consciousness there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness there's a
+one problem in the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem in the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem in the artificial
+intelligence people is there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence people is there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence people is there's a lot of
+pretty smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people like Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Steve
+Pinker and others who think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker and others who think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker and others who think that the
+problem of Consciousness is maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Consciousness is maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Consciousness is maybe the
+most important problem and that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important problem and that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important problem and that no
+matter what we do in artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intelligence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um
+anybody read Pinker I can't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read Pinker I can't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read Pinker I can't figure out
+what his basic view is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a feeling that if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a feeling that if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a feeling that if you can't
+solve this all important mystery then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this all important mystery then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this all important mystery then
+maybe whatever we excuse me whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe whatever we excuse me whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe whatever we excuse me whatever we
+build will be lacking in some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build will be lacking in some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build will be lacking in some important
+property uh there was another family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh there was another family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh there was another family of
+AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+Skeptics like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skeptics like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skeptics like uh
+Penrose who's the physicist and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penrose who's the physicist and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penrose who's the physicist and a very
+good physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good physicist
+indeed who wrote more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed who wrote more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed who wrote more
+than I think three different books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I think three different books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I think three different books
+arguing that AI is impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that AI is impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that AI is impossible
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um trying to remember what he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to remember what he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to remember what he thought
+was missing from machines quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing from machines quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing from machines quantum
+mechanics quantum mechanics was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh girdle theorem incompleteness was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh girdle theorem incompleteness was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh girdle theorem incompleteness was
+another and uh for example if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and uh for example if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and uh for example if you try to
+prove girdles theorem in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove girdles theorem in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove girdles theorem in any particular
+logic you'll find some sort of paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you'll find some sort of paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you'll find some sort of paradox
+appearing where it's uh if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing where it's uh if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing where it's uh if you try to
+formalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize the
+proof you can't prove it in The Logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you can't prove it in The Logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you can't prove it in The Logical
+system you're proving it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're proving it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're proving it about
+I forget what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget what that's
+called so there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called so there are these
+strange uh logical and semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange uh logical and semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange uh logical and semi
+philosophical problems that bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical problems that bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical problems that bother
+people and pinker's particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and pinker's particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and pinker's particular problem
+is uh he doesn't see how you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh he doesn't see how you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh he doesn't see how you could make
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+machine be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine be
+conscious and in particular he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and in particular he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and in particular he doesn't
+see how a machine could have a s sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a machine could have a s sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a machine could have a s sense
+called qualia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called qualia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called qualia
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is having a different experience from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having a different experience from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having a different experience from
+seeing something red and from seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something red and from seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something red and from seeing
+something green if you make a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something green if you make a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something green if you make a machine
+with two photo cells and put a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two photo cells and put a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two photo cells and put a green
+filter on one and a red filter in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter on one and a red filter in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter on one and a red filter in front
+of the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other and
+uh show them objects of different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show them objects of different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show them objects of different colors
+then they'll respond differently and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll respond differently and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll respond differently and you
+can get the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the machine
+to print out green and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so forth and he's worried that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so forth and he's worried that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so forth and he's worried that no
+matter what you do the machine will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do the machine will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do the machine will only
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+logical uh descriptions of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical uh descriptions of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical uh descriptions of these things
+and it won't have a different experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't have a different experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't have a different experience
+from the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two
+things so I'm not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I'm not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I'm not going to get into
+that I wonder if word is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wonder if word is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wonder if word is going to do
+this all the time till I kill something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if I put it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen that's a good way to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that's a good way to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that's a good way to deal with
+philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+problems just put them in back where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just put them in back where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just put them in back where you
+can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them oh the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh the picture
+disappeared that's really annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay think of a good question while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay think of a good question while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay think of a good question while I
+reboot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+oops well how about pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops that's the most mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's the most mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's the most mysterious
+problem does anybody have an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem does anybody have an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem does anybody have an explanation
+of why computers take the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why computers take the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why computers take the same amount of
+time to reboot even though they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to reboot even though they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to reboot even though they're a
+thousand times faster than they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times faster than they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times faster than they were
+yeah they have to load a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have to load a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have to load a thousand times
+more stuff now yes but why can't load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff now yes but why can't load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff now yes but why can't load
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+you the things that were running last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the things that were running last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the things that were running last
+time for some reason they feel they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for some reason they feel they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for some reason they feel they have
+to load everything maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load everything maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load everything maybe there's a
+certain amount of time that they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time that they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of time that they think
+humans are willing to wait so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are willing to wait so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are willing to wait so therefore
+they will load as much as they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will load as much as they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will load as much as they can
+during that time right maybe there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time right maybe there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time right maybe there might
+be you know if they could they might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know if they could they might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know if they could they might you
+know upload even more and but they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know upload even more and but they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know upload even more and but they can't
+because that's kind of a human patience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's kind of a human patience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's kind of a human patience
+and so they always run it up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they always run it up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they always run it up to that
+point does the EXO take time to boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ital seconds so it it keeps memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ital seconds so it it keeps memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ital seconds so it it keeps memory in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serious I guess it would but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious I guess it would but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious I guess it would but it doesn't
+cost much to keep a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost much to keep a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost much to keep a dynamic
+memory refreshed for a month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two if anybody can figure it out I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if anybody can figure it out I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if anybody can figure it out I'd
+like to know because it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know because it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know because it seems to me that
+it should be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be easy
+to make Unix remember what state it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make Unix remember what state it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make Unix remember what state it was
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and well I mean it could know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well I mean it could know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well I mean it could know
+what which applications you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which applications you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which applications you've been
+running or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something uh anyway it's a mystery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me for example in time sharing systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for example in time sharing systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for example in time sharing systems
+you have many users and the time shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many users and the time shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many users and the time shared
+system keeps their state working fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system keeps their state working fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system keeps their state working fine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see if see if this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see if see if this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see if see if this is actually
+recovered from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bug maybe one of those forms of word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug maybe one of those forms of word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug maybe one of those forms of word
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work that's a bad when Compu hiate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's a bad when Compu hiate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's a bad when Compu hiate and
+stuff they save their enre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they save their enre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they save their enre
+memory takes generally on Modern system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory takes generally on Modern system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory takes generally on Modern system
+30 45 seconds just Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 45 seconds just Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 45 seconds just Lo
+um entire content from that could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble why can't it load the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble why can't it load the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble why can't it load the part that
+it would needs but never mind I I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would needs but never mind I I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would needs but never mind I I'm sure
+that there's something wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all but now I've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bug ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one seems better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one seems better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one seems better
+nope sorry about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope sorry about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope sorry about all
+this I might have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I might have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I might have to use the
+backup anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup anyway
+um I'll talk about Consciousness again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll talk about Consciousness again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll talk about Consciousness again
+but uh I'm assuming that you've read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm assuming that you've read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm assuming that you've read all
+or most of chapter 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we could start out with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could start out with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could start out with this kind of
+question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think of evolution as is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working I think of us as part of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I think of us as part of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I think of us as part of at
+the result of a 400 milliony year 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of a 400 milliony year 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of a 400 milliony year 400
+megae process and uh because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megae process and uh because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megae process and uh because the
+first evidence for forms of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evidence for forms of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evidence for forms of life
+occurred about 400 million years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred about 400 million years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred about 400 million years ago
+uh which is pretty long the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is pretty long the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is pretty long the Earth
+appears to be what about four billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be what about four billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be what about four billion
+years so life didn't start up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so life didn't start up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so life didn't start up right
+away and so there was a 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so there was a 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and so there was a 100 million
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+of of the first one- celled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the first one- celled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the first one- celled
+animals uh maybe there were some million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh maybe there were some million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh maybe there were some million
+years of molecules that didn't leave any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of molecules that didn't leave any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of molecules that didn't leave any
+Trace at all so before there was a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace at all so before there was a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace at all so before there was a cell
+membrane uh you could imagine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh you could imagine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane uh you could imagine that there
+was a lot of evolution but nobody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of evolution but nobody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of evolution but nobody has
+proposed a plausible theory of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a plausible theory of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a plausible theory of of uh
+what it could have been uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could have been uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it could have been uh there are
+about five or six pretty good theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six pretty good theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six pretty good theories
+of how life might have started uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how life might have started uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how life might have started uh there
+had to be some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be some way of
+making uh a complex molecule that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making uh a complex molecule that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making uh a complex molecule that could
+make copies of itself and one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of itself and one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of itself and one standard
+theory is that if you had just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that if you had just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that if you had just the right
+kind of Muddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Muddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Muddy
+surface you could get some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you could get some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you could get some structure
+that would form on that peel away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would form on that peel away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would form on that peel away and
+leave an imprint but sounds unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave an imprint but sounds unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave an imprint but sounds unlikely to
+me because those molecules would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because those molecules would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because those molecules would have
+been much smaller than the grains of mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much smaller than the grains of mud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much smaller than the grains of mud
+but who knows um anyway there's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows um anyway there's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows um anyway there's 100
+million years of one cell things uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years of one cell things uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years of one cell things uh and
+then there's a 100 million years of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a 100 million years of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a 100 million years of uh
+things leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things leading to
+the um various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um various
+invertebrates and 100 million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrates and 100 million years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrates and 100 million years
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+fish reptile likee things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish reptile likee things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish reptile likee things and
+mammals and we're at the very most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and we're at the very most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and we're at the very most
+recent part of that that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent part of that that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent part of that that big
+fourth collection of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think there's a oops is this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's a oops is this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's a oops is this not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all
+right that's my bug not mits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+humans development splitting off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans development splitting off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans development splitting off from
+some something between a chimpanzee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something between a chimpanzee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something between a chimpanzee and
+a gorilla is uh has a history of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gorilla is uh has a history of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gorilla is uh has a history of about
+four million years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years the
+Dolphins uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolphins uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolphins uh
+developed uh which have very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh which have very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh which have very large
+brains uh uh somewhat like ours in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh uh somewhat like ours in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains uh uh somewhat like ours in that
+they have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a big
+cortex uh developed before that that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex uh developed before that that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex uh developed before that that and
+I forget does anybody know U my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget does anybody know U my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget does anybody know U my
+recollection is that they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection is that they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection is that they stopped
+developing about four million years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing about four million years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing about four million years ago
+so the Dolphins brains got to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Dolphins brains got to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Dolphins brains got to a certain
+size the fossil ones of I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the fossil ones of I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the fossil ones of I think about
+four million years ago are uh comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years ago are uh comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years ago are uh comparable
+to the present ones so nobody knows why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the present ones so nobody knows why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the present ones so nobody knows why
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stopped uh but there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped uh but there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped uh but there are a lot of
+reasons why it's dangerous to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it's dangerous to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why it's dangerous to make a
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U especially if you're not a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U especially if you're not a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U especially if you're not a fish
+because uh it would be slower and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it would be slower and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it would be slower and hard
+to get around and it would have to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around and it would have to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around and it would have to eat
+more and that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's a bad
+combination and uh other little bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh other little bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh other little bugs
+like taking Lage longer to mature so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking Lage longer to mature so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking Lage longer to mature so if
+there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any
+dangers uh the danger of being killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers uh the danger of being killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers uh the danger of being killed
+before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you
+reproduce is a a big hand handicap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce is a a big hand handicap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce is a a big hand handicap in
+evolution in fact if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in fact if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in fact if you think of the
+number of generations of humans since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presumably they've been living for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they've been living for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they've been living for uh a
+sort of 20year life ban for most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 20year life ban for most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 20year life ban for most of that
+four million years like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four million years like other
+primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+um compare that to bacteria who uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compare that to bacteria who uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compare that to bacteria who uh some
+bacteria can uh reproduce every 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria can uh reproduce every 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria can uh reproduce every 20
+minutes instead of 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes instead of 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes instead of 20 years
+or 10 years or whatever it is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years or whatever it is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 years or whatever it is so the
+evolution of uh smaller animals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of uh smaller animals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of uh smaller animals is
+vastly faster fact by factors of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly faster fact by factors of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly faster fact by factors of order
+of hundreds and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so generally uh these big slow uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally uh these big slow uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally uh these big slow uh long
+live animals have huge evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live animals have huge evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live animals have huge evolutionary
+disadvantages anyway here's uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages anyway here's uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages anyway here's uh four
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones so uh what made up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+4 uh sort of I don't think I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh sort of I don't think I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 uh sort of I don't think I wrote
+anything about this in chapter 4 but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this in chapter 4 but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about this in chapter 4 but uh
+that's why it's interesting to uh ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's interesting to uh ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's interesting to uh ask
+why are there so many ways to think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there so many ways to think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there so many ways to think and
+how did we develop them and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we develop them and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we develop them and a lot of
+that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+uh this evolutionary problem that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this evolutionary problem that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this evolutionary problem that as you
+got smarter and heavier it got more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smarter and heavier it got more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smarter and heavier it got more and
+more difficult to survive so your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to survive so your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to survive so your uh
+collection of resourcefulness had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of resourcefulness had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of resourcefulness had to
+keep track well in that 4 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track well in that 4 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track well in that 4 billion
+years uh this only happened once well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh this only happened once well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh this only happened once well
+the octopuses are pretty smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octopuses are pretty smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octopuses are pretty smart and
+uh the birds just consider how much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the birds just consider how much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the birds just consider how much a
+bird does with its um subp sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird does with its um subp sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird does with its um subp sized
+brain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems to me
+that it's hard to generalize from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's hard to generalize from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's hard to generalize from the
+evolution of humans to anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because because what we must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because what we must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because what we must have been
+unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably
+lucky uh William Calvin has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh William Calvin has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky uh William Calvin has an
+interesting book He's a neurologist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book He's a neurologist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book He's a neurologist who
+writes uh pretty interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes uh pretty interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes uh pretty interesting things
+about the development of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development of intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the development of intelligence
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh he attributes a lot of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he attributes a lot of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he attributes a lot of human
+superiority to a series of dreadful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority to a series of dreadful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superiority to a series of dreadful
+accidents namely five or six ice ages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents namely five or six ice ages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents namely five or six ice ages in
+which the human population was knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the human population was knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the human population was knocked
+down uh nobody knows to how small but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh nobody knows to how small but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh nobody knows to how small but it
+could have been as small as tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been as small as tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been as small as tens of
+thousands and we just squeaked by and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and we just squeaked by and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and we just squeaked by and uh
+only the very the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the very the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the very the very very
+smartest uh of them managed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest uh of them managed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest uh of them managed to get
+through a few hundred years of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few hundred years of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few hundred years of uh
+terrible weather and shortage of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible weather and shortage of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible weather and shortage of food
+and and so forth so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth so that's
+um anybody remember the title of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anybody remember the title of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anybody remember the title of have
+you read any William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read any William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read any William
+Calvin interesting neurologist out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin interesting neurologist out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin interesting neurologist out in
+California somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is very small handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very small handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very small handful
+of people including William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people including William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people including William
+Calvin that I think have good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin that I think have good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin that I think have good ideas
+about uh intelligence in general and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh intelligence in general and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh intelligence in general and how
+it evolved and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved and so
+forth and Aaron slowman is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and Aaron slowman is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and Aaron slowman is a
+philosopher at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher at the University of
+Birmingham uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+England who is has theories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England who is has theories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England who is has theories that
+are maybe the closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe the closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe the closest to
+mine U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine U
+and he's uh a very good technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's uh a very good technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's uh a very good technical
+philosopher so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher so if you're interested in
+anything about AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oh if you just search for Aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh if you just search for Aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh if you just search for Aaron
+slowman he's the only one so uh Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowman he's the only one so uh Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowman he's the only one so uh Google
+will find him instantly for you and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find him instantly for you and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find him instantly for you and he's
+got dozens of really deep essays about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got dozens of really deep essays about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got dozens of really deep essays about
+various aspects of intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of intelligence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of intelligence and
+problem solving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only other philosopher I think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other philosopher I think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other philosopher I think as
+comparable as Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable as Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable as Daniel
+Dennett uh but Dennett is more concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennett uh but Dennett is more concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennett uh but Dennett is more concerned
+with classical philosophical issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classical philosophical issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classical philosophical issues and
+a little less concerned with exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less concerned with exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less concerned with exactly how
+does the human mind work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the human mind work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the human mind work so
+uh to put it in another way eron slowman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to put it in another way eron slowman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to put it in another way eron slowman
+writes programs and then it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're facing AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosopher what's that if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher what's that if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher what's that if you're if
+you're in an argument with a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in an argument with a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in an argument with a classical
+philosopher about issues in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher about issues in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher about issues in classical
+philosophy then's arguments come NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy then's arguments come NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy then's arguments come NE
+yeah but I'm not sure we can learn very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but I'm not sure we can learn very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but I'm not sure we can learn very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+no I love classical philosophy but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I love classical philosophy but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I love classical philosophy but the
+issues they discussed don't make much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they discussed don't make much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they discussed don't make much
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+anymore philosophy is where Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore philosophy is where Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore philosophy is where Sciences
+come from from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from from and
+uh but philosophy departments keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but philosophy departments keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but philosophy departments keep
+teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching
+what what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they
+were now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've what chapter does this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've what chapter does this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've what chapter does this story
+first appear in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Joan is partway across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Joan is partway across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Joan is partway across the
+street she's thinking about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street she's thinking about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street she's thinking about about the
+future she sees a sees and hears a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future she sees a sees and hears a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future she sees a sees and hears a car
+coming and makes a quick decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and makes a quick decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and makes a quick decision about
+uh whether to back up or run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether to back up or run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether to back up or run
+across and she runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and she runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and she runs
+across and I have a little essay about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and I have a little essay about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and I have a little essay about
+the kinds of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of issues
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if if you ask what was going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you ask what was going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you ask what was going on in
+Joan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan's
+mind then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind then
+I this is a short version of a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is a short version of a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is a short version of a even
+larger list that I just got tired of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+writing and I don't know how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and I don't know how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and I don't know how different
+all of these 20 or 30 things are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these 20 or 30 things are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these 20 or 30 things are but
+when you see discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see discussions of
+Consciousness in Pinker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in Pinker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness in Pinker and
+uh everyone except Dennett and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everyone except Dennett and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everyone except Dennett and
+slowman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowman
+uh they keep insisting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they keep insisting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they keep insisting that
+Consciousness is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is a special
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Consciousness
+is there's certainly a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's certainly a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's certainly a lot of questions
+to ask but there isn't one big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask but there isn't one big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask but there isn't one big one
+uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think
+Pinker very artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+art can't think of the right word he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art can't think of the right word he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art can't think of the right word he
+says this is the big Central problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is the big Central problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is the big Central problem and
+he what is this amazing thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what is this amazing thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what is this amazing thing called
+Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness
+and he calls that the hard question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he calls that the hard question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he calls that the hard question of
+psychology but if you look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology but if you look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology but if you look at this and
+say how did she select a way way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how did she select a way way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how did she select a way way to
+choose among options or uh how did she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose among options or uh how did she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose among options or uh how did she
+describe her body's condition or how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe her body's condition or how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe her body's condition or how did
+how did she describe her three most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did she describe her three most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did she describe her three most
+noticeable recent mental States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable recent mental States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable recent mental States or
+whatever each of those are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever each of those are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever each of those are different
+questions and if you look at it as from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and if you look at it as from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and if you look at it as from
+the point of view of a programmer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of a programmer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of a programmer you
+could say uh how could a program that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say uh how could a program that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say uh how could a program that's
+uh keeping push down lists and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping push down lists and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeping push down lists and uh
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+registers and caches and blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and caches and blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and caches and blah blah blah
+how would a program do this one how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would a program do this one how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would a program do this one how do
+you think about what you've recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what you've recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what you've recently
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well you must have made a must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well you must have made a must have
+made a representation of it uh maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a representation of it uh maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a representation of it uh maybe you
+had a push down list and were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a push down list and were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a push down list and were able to
+back up and go to the other state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and go to the other state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and go to the other state but
+then the state of you that's wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the state of you that's wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the state of you that's wondering
+how to describe that other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe that other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe that other state
+wouldn't be there anymore so uh it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be there anymore so uh it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be there anymore so uh it looks
+like you need to have two copies of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to have two copies of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you need to have two copies of a
+process or some way to time share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or some way to time share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or some way to time share the
+processor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor or
+whatever and so uh if you dwell on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so uh if you dwell on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so uh if you dwell on this
+kind of question for a while then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question for a while then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question for a while then you
+say there's something wrong with Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's something wrong with Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's something wrong with Pinker
+yes he's talking about a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he's talking about a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he's talking about a very hard
+problem but he's got blurred uh maybe 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but he's got blurred uh maybe 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but he's got blurred uh maybe 20
+30 100 I don't know pretty hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 100 I don't know pretty hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 100 I don't know pretty hard problems
+and each of these is fairly hard but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is fairly hard but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is fairly hard but on
+the other hand uh for each of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand uh for each of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand uh for each of them you
+can probably think of a couple of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably think of a couple of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably think of a couple of ways
+to program something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program something that does
+a something a little bit like that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something a little bit like that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a something a little bit like that how
+do you go how do you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go how do you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go how do you go from
+a verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a verbal
+description two blocks supporting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description two blocks supporting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description two blocks supporting a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+block uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh to
+a visual image if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual image if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visual image if you have one
+well uh you could think of a lot of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you could think of a lot of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh you could think of a lot of ways
+those I didn't say what shape the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I didn't say what shape the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I didn't say what shape the blocks
+were and so forth and you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and so forth and you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and so forth and you can think of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+minds one part of your mind can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds one part of your mind can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds one part of your mind can see the
+other part trying to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part trying to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part trying to figure out which
+way to arrange those blocks maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to arrange those blocks maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to arrange those blocks maybe these
+first maybe all three blocks are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first maybe all three blocks are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first maybe all three blocks are just
+vertically like this this this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically like this this this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically like this this this that's
+two blocks supporting a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks supporting a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks supporting a third
+block and so instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and so instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and so instead of saying
+Consciousness is the hard problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is the hard problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is the hard problem you
+could say Consciousness is 30 pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Consciousness is 30 pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say Consciousness is 30 pretty
+hard problems and I bet I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems and I bet I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problems and I bet I could make
+some progress on each of them if I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress on each of them if I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress on each of them if I spent
+two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three
+years uh or if I had 30 students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh or if I had 30 students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh or if I had 30 students
+spending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what you really want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you really want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you really want to do is
+fool some professors into thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool some professors into thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool some professors into thinking about
+your problem when you're a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem when you're a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem when you're a student
+that's that's that's the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the only way to
+actually get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+well I'm being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm being a little
+dismissive and uh another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissive and uh another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismissive and uh another thing that
+Pinker and the other people of his ilk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker and the other people of his ilk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker and the other people of his ilk
+the philosophers who try to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers who try to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophers who try to find a
+central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central
+problem do is say well there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem do is say well there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem do is say well there's another
+hard problem which is the problem called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem which is the problem called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem which is the problem called
+qualia which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualia which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualia which
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+is what is the psychological difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the psychological difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the psychological difference
+between something that's red and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I usually feel uncomfortable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I usually feel uncomfortable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I usually feel uncomfortable about
+that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I was in such a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was in such a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was in such a conversation
+when I discovered that Bob Foo who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I discovered that Bob Foo who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I discovered that Bob Foo who was
+one of our professors was colorblind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our professors was colorblind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our professors was colorblind and
+he didn't have that qualia so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+embarrassing in the Exploratorium how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing in the Exploratorium how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing in the Exploratorium how
+many of you have been at the the a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have been at the the a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have been at the the a few
+maybe the best science museum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the best science museum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the best science museum in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in somewhere near San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco
+uh but one trouble or one feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it U it was designed by Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U it was designed by Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U it was designed by Frank
+Oppenheimer who Robert oppenheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer who Robert oppenheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer who Robert oppenheimer's
+brother was quite a good physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother was quite a good physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother was quite a good physicist
+and I used to hang around there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used to hang around there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used to hang around there when
+I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent
+a a term at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it had a lot of visual exhibits with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it had a lot of visual exhibits with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it had a lot of visual exhibits with
+optical illusions and colored lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical illusions and colored lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical illusions and colored lights
+doing different things and uh changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing different things and uh changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing different things and uh changes of
+perspective and bino a lot of binocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and bino a lot of binocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and bino a lot of binocular
+vision tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh there's a problem with that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a problem with that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a problem with that kind
+of exhibit we have them here Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exhibit we have them here Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exhibit we have them here Science
+Museum too which is that about 15 or 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum too which is that about 15 or 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum too which is that about 15 or 20%
+of people don't see stereo very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't see stereo very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't see stereo very well and
+at least 10% don't don't fuse stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10% don't don't fuse stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 10% don't don't fuse stereo
+images at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at all and
+uh some of these is because One ey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these is because One ey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these is because One ey's
+Vision is very bad but actually if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision is very bad but actually if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision is very bad but actually if one
+one eye is 2020 and the other eye is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye is 2020 and the other eye is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye is 2020 and the other eye is 20
+100 you see stereo fine anyway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you see stereo fine anyway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you see stereo fine anyway because
+they don't it's amazing how blurred one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't it's amazing how blurred one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't it's amazing how blurred one
+of the images can be uh then uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images can be uh then uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images can be uh then uh some
+people just can't fuse the images they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just can't fuse the images they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just can't fuse the images they
+don't have separate eye control it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have separate eye control it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have separate eye control it's
+whatever and a certain percentage don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and a certain percentage don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and a certain percentage don't
+fuse stereo for no reason that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse stereo for no reason that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse stereo for no reason that uh
+anybody can measure and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can measure and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can measure and so forth
+so but that means that if a a big family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that means that if a a big family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that means that if a a big family
+is looking at this exhibit probably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at this exhibit probably one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at this exhibit probably one
+of them is only pretending that he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is only pretending that he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is only pretending that he or
+she can see the illusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can see the illusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can see the illusion and
+um I couldn't figure out any way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I couldn't figure out any way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I couldn't figure out any way to get
+out of that but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that but I thought
+the uh if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh if you make a
+museum you should be sure to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you should be sure to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you should be sure to include
+some exhibits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exhibits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exhibits for
+the what's the name for a person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the name for a person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the name for a person who
+only is there name for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonusers when you get a pilot license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonusers when you get a pilot license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonusers when you get a pilot license
+you have to pass binocular vision test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass binocular vision test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass binocular vision test
+which seems awfully pointless to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems awfully pointless to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems awfully pointless to me
+because uh if you need stereo which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if you need stereo which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh if you need stereo which only
+works for about 30 ft uh then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for about 30 ft uh then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for about 30 ft uh then you're
+probably dead anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe the last half second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Landing so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing so anyway
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um so much for the idea of Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much for the idea of Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much for the idea of Consciousness
+itself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+uh figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figure out
+some something to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some something to say about the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+blue and green and yellow and brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and green and yellow and brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and green and yellow and brown and
+so forth but uh why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but uh why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but uh why is
+that really more important than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really more important than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really more important than the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between vanilla and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chocolate why do the philosophers pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate why do the philosophers pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate why do the philosophers pick
+on these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these particular
+perceptual distinctions as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual distinctions as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual distinctions as being
+fundamentally hard Mysteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally hard Mysteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally hard Mysteries
+whereas they don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas they don't seem
+to they're always picking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're always picking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're always picking on
+color beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+so what does it mean to say in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to say in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to say in going
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that little story of crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+street to say that uh Joan is conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street to say that uh Joan is conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street to say that uh Joan is conscious
+of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something
+and here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a little
+diagram of a minded work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and I picked on four kinds of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I picked on four kinds of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I picked on four kinds of processes
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+self models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self models
+Mo whatever you're doing there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo whatever you're doing there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo whatever you're doing there're
+probably a few parts of your brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few parts of your brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few parts of your brain that
+are telling little stories or making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling little stories or making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling little stories or making
+visual representations or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual representations or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual representations or or or
+whatever uh showing what you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh showing what you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh showing what you've been
+doing uh mentally or physically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh mentally or physically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh mentally or physically or
+emotionally or whatever distinctions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally or whatever distinctions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally or whatever distinctions you
+want to draw uh different parts of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw uh different parts of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw uh different parts of your
+brain are keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain are keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain are keeping
+different historical narrations of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different historical narrations of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different historical narrations of and
+representations maybe over different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations maybe over different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations maybe over different
+time scales and so uh I'm imagining I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales and so uh I'm imagining I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales and so uh I'm imagining I'm
+just picking on four different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking on four different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking on four different things
+that are usually happening at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are usually happening at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are usually happening at any time
+in your in your mind and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your mind and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your mind and these two
+diagrams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing or
+representing a mental activ two mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a mental activ two mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a mental activ two mental
+activities one of which is um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities one of which is um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities one of which is um actually
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+something you make some decision to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you make some decision to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you make some decision to get
+something done and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done and you have to
+uh write a program and start carrying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write a program and start carrying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write a program and start carrying it
+out and the program involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the program involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the program involves
+descriptions of things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of things that you might
+want to change and uh looking at records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change and uh looking at records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change and uh looking at records
+of uh what usually happens when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what usually happens when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what usually happens when you do
+this so you can avoid accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can avoid accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can avoid accidents
+so one side of your mind which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one side of your mind which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one side of your mind which is sort
+of Performing actions could be having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Performing actions could be having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Performing actions could be having uh
+four processes of and I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four processes of and I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four processes of and I'm using the
+same pretty much the same uh they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pretty much the same uh they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pretty much the same uh they're not
+quite wonder why I changed one and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wonder why I changed one and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wonder why I changed one and not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+others and then there's another part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then there's another part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then there's another part of
+your mind that's monitoring the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that's monitoring the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind that's monitoring the results
+of these little actions as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little actions as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little actions as you're
+solving a problem and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem and those
+involve pretty much the same kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve pretty much the same kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve pretty much the same kinds of
+different processes making models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes making models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes making models
+of of how you've changed yourself or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how you've changed yourself or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how you've changed yourself or
+um deciding what to remember what as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deciding what to remember what as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deciding what to remember what as you
+look at the situation that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the situation that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the situation that you're
+manipulating you notice some features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating you notice some features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating you notice some features
+and you change your descriptions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you change your descriptions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you change your descriptions of of
+the parts that you in other words and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts that you in other words and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts that you in other words and in
+the course of solving a problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of solving a problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of solving a problem you're
+making all sorts of temporary records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all sorts of temporary records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all sorts of temporary records
+and and learning little things stuffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and learning little things stuffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and learning little things stuffing
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the processes that we lump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the processes that we lump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the processes that we lump into
+being conscious involve all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conscious involve all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conscious involve all sorts of
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you do you feel there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you feel there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you feel there's a great
+difference between the things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the things you're
+doing that you're conscious of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you're conscious of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you're conscious of and the
+often equally complicated things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often equally complicated things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often equally complicated things that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+doing that you can say much less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you can say much less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you can say much less about
+how do you recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune to
+say I've noticed this interval in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've noticed this interval in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I've noticed this interval in that
+interval and then in the next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then in the next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then in the next four
+measures we swap those intervals and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures we swap those intervals and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures we swap those intervals and we
+put this one before that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this one before that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this one before that instead of
+after um if you look at Twinkle Twinkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um if you look at Twinkle Twinkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um if you look at Twinkle Twinkle
+Little Star there's couple of inversions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Star there's couple of inversions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Star there's couple of inversions
+and um if you're a musician you might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if you're a musician you might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if you're a musician you might in
+fact be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be thinking
+geometrically as the sounds are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically as the sounds are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically as the sounds are coming
+in and processing them and uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and processing them and uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and processing them and uh some
+composers know a great deal about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers know a great deal about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers know a great deal about what
+they're doing and some don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and some don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing and some don't have the
+slightest idea and can't even write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest idea and can't even write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest idea and can't even write it
+down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+uh I don't know if they produce equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if they produce equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if they produce equally
+Complicated music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what's this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's this slide
+for anyway when you look at the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyway when you look at the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyway when you look at the issues
+that philosophers discussed like qualia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that philosophers discussed like qualia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that philosophers discussed like qualia
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-awareness they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-awareness they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-awareness they usually
+pick what seem to be very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick what seem to be very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick what seem to be very simple
+examples like red and green but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like red and green but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like red and green but they
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but what am I trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what am I trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what am I trying to
+say but someone like Pinker or a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but someone like Pinker or a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but someone like Pinker or a a
+philosopher talking about qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qualia tends to say there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualia tends to say there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualia tends to say there's something
+very different about red and green what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different about red and green what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different about red and green what
+is this what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what is the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it I'm just saying why did I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just saying why did I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm just saying why did I have a
+slide that mentioned Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that mentioned Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that mentioned Common Sense
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+well if you've ever cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've ever cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've ever cut
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+uh it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might
+hurt and there's this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt and there's this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt and there's this red
+thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you might remember unconsciously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might remember unconsciously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might remember unconsciously for
+the rest of your life that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life that something
+red uh signifies pain and uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh signifies pain and uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh signifies pain and uncertainty
+and anxiety and injury and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anxiety and injury and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anxiety and injury and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very
+likely you don't have any really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you don't have any really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you don't have any really uh
+scary associations with green things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when people say the quality of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people say the quality of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people say the quality of red
+it's so different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so different from
+Green well maybe it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green well maybe it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green well maybe it's like the
+difference between being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between being
+stabbed or not and it's not very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbed or not and it's not very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbed or not and it's not very subtle
+and philosophically it's hard to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophically it's hard to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophically it's hard to think
+of anything puzzling about it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything puzzling about it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything puzzling about it uh you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask why is it why is it so hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why is it why is it so hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why is it why is it so hard to tell
+the difference ing Pleasure and Pain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference ing Pleasure and Pain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference ing Pleasure and Pain or
+to describe it and the answer is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe it and the answer is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe it and the answer is you
+could go on for hours describing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on for hours describing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on for hours describing it in
+sickening and disgusting detail without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickening and disgusting detail without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickening and disgusting detail without
+any philosophical difficulty at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so what do you think of redness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what do you think of redness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what do you think of redness you
+think of tomatoes and blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what are the 10 most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the 10 most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the 10 most common
+things I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I don't know
+but I don't see that in the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't see that in the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't see that in the discussion
+of qualia and the qualia philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualia and the qualia philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualia and the qualia philosophers
+try to say there's something very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say there's something very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say there's something very simple
+and Indescribable and absolute about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indescribable and absolute about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indescribable and absolute about
+these uh primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sensations but in fact if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations but in fact if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations but in fact if you look at
+the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual
+system there are different cells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there are different cells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there are different cells for
+those uh which are sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh which are sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh which are sensitive to
+different Spectra but the color of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectra but the color of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectra but the color of a
+region in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the visual
+field does not depend on the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does not depend on the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field does not depend on the color of
+that region so much as the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region so much as the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region so much as the difference
+between it and other regions near it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it and other regions near it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between it and other regions near it so
+uh I don't have any slides to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't have any slides to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't have any slides to show that
+but um the first time you you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the first time you you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the first time you you see some
+demonstrations of that it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of that it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations of that it's amazing
+because you always thought that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you always thought that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you always thought that when you
+look at a patch of red you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a patch of red you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a patch of red you're seeing
+red but if the whole visual field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but if the whole visual field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but if the whole visual field is
+readed slightly you hardly can tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readed slightly you hardly can tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readed slightly you hardly can tell it
+all after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after a few
+seconds uh what the background color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I'm going to stop talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to stop talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm going to stop talking about
+those things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who has an idea about Consciousness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has an idea about Consciousness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has an idea about Consciousness and
+and how we should think about it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we should think about it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we should think about it yeah
+maybe it's just the KE lines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just the KE lines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's just the KE lines that are
+braing so ke lines are different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braing so ke lines are different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braing so ke lines are different for
+each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting if you think of Kines as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you think of Kines as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you think of Kines as
+uh Gadgets in your brain which uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gadgets in your brain which uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gadgets in your brain which uh each
+Kline turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kline turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kline turns on
+a different activity in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different activity in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different activity in a lot of
+different brain centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain centers
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+and I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so like at each moment you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so like at each moment you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so like at each moment you have a
+set of K lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of K lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of K lines that
+are right but each you mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right but each you mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right but each you mentioned in
+different people they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people they're probably
+different yeah yeah yeah so so when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah yeah yeah so so when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah yeah yeah so so when when
+you say red and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say red and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say red and I say
+red how how similar are they that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red how how similar are they that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red how how similar are they that's a
+wonderful question and uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful question and uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful question and uh I don't know
+what to say how would we measure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say how would we measure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say how would we measure that I
+mean I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know I
+can uh perceive some so for example uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh perceive some so for example uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh perceive some so for example uh a
+frog I think he can receive some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog I think he can receive some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog I think he can receive some like
+with his he like pixels and like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his he like pixels and like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his he like pixels and like these
+structures are the same like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are the same like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are the same like
+we can perceive some Atomic things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perceive some Atomic things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can perceive some Atomic things and
+like this will be the same for us but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will be the same for us but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will be the same for us but uh
+when we are growing we probably create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are growing we probably create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are growing we probably create
+these skate lines for like red or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skate lines for like red or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these skate lines for like red or green
+right the fra probably has the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fra probably has the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fra probably has the ability
+yeah and probably it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and probably it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and probably it's very similar
+because we have centers in your brain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have centers in your brain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have centers in your brain so
+for example for vision we have a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for vision we have a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for vision we have a center
+and probably like things that are Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably like things that are Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably like things that are Clos
+by will have a tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to read together and so right would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to read together and so right would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to read together and so right would
+be similar to each one of us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to each one of us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to each one of us because
+it's a very low level concept but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very low level concept but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very low level concept but if you
+go high level probably for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go high level probably for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go high level probably for example for
+numbers I have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I have a different
+representation than you like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation than you like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation than you like I think
+there's a story about F that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a story about F that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a story about F that he
+represent numbers by like saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers by like saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers by like saying and
+there is another person so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another person so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another person so that
+represents just by seeing seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents just by seeing seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents just by seeing seeing the
+number then you going come to 60 better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you going come to 60 better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number then you going come to 60 better
+than he has an interesting idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he has an interesting idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he has an interesting idea that
+uh maybe in the first few layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe in the first few layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe in the first few layers of
+visual circuits we all share they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual circuits we all share they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual circuits we all share they're
+pretty similar and so uh for the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar and so uh for the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar and so uh for the primary
+for the first three or four levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first three or four levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first three or four levels of
+visual processing the things that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual processing the things that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual processing the things that kind
+kind of events that happen for uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of events that happen for uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of events that happen for uh when
+red and green are together or blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green are together or blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green are together or blue and
+yellow are those are two different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow are those are two different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow are those are two different kinds
+of events but the processes in uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events but the processes in uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events but the processes in uh for
+most of us are almost identical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us are almost identical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us are almost identical the
+trouble is when you get to the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is when you get to the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is when you get to the level of
+words that might be 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that might be 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that might be 10 or
+20 uh processes away from that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh processes away from that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh processes away from that and uh
+when you say the word red then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say the word red then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say the word red then
+that has probably closer connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has probably closer connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has probably closer connections to
+blood and tomatoes than to patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and tomatoes than to patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and tomatoes than to patches
+of anyway it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anyway it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anyway it's a nice
+uh and so like animals could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so like animals could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so like animals could have
+Consciousness because they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness because they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness because they would have
+the skate lines for example monkeys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skate lines for example monkeys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skate lines for example monkeys or
+or I don't know uh dogs but when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know uh dogs but when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know uh dogs but when you go
+to a rock this rock doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a rock this rock doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a rock this rock doesn't have the
+ability to create Kine so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to create Kine so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to create Kine so you have
+Consciousness and so you would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and so you would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and so you would have some
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of with Prive animals would have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with Prive animals would have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with Prive animals would have like
+lessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessness
+some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of
+represent yes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent yes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent yes well
+uh I guess if you make discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess if you make discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess if you make discrimination
+tests then uh people would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then uh people would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests then uh people would be very
+similar in in which color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in in which color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in in which color
+patterns did I mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns did I mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns did I mention that
+uh that uh some fraction of women have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh some fraction of women have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh some fraction of women have
+two two sets of red red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two sets of red red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two sets of red red
+cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones
+R uh you know there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh you know there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh you know there are three
+colors there's a yellow one there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there's a yellow one there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there's a yellow one there's a
+it's between the red and the green I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between the red and the green I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between the red and the green I
+thought it was very close to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was very close to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was very close to the red
+though but closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but closer
+to so uh some women have four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so uh some women have four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so uh some women have four different
+primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary
+colors and do you know what fraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and do you know what fraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and do you know what fraction is
+I thought it was only about 10% of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was only about 10% of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was only about 10% of them
+yeah I think it's 5% of people overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's 5% of people overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's 5% of people overall
+so that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that be
+10% I thought it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% I thought it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% I thought it's only
+women oh well we could look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women oh well we could look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women oh well we could look it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up one of my friends has a 12color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+printer he says it costs hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer he says it costs hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer he says it costs hundreds of
+dollars to replace the ink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to replace the ink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to replace the ink
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+and I can't see any different on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't see any different on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't see any different on my
+printer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer which is
+a tectronics phaser this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tectronics phaser this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tectronics phaser this is supposed to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+red but uh it doesn't look very red to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but uh it doesn't look very red to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red but uh it doesn't look very red to
+me does that look red to any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a great printer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great printer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great printer it
+has you feeded four bars of wax you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you feeded four bars of wax you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you feeded four bars of wax you're
+solid and it melts them and puts them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and it melts them and puts them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and it melts them and puts them on
+a rotating drum and uh the feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating drum and uh the feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating drum and uh the feature is
+that it stays the same for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stays the same for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stays the same for years
+but it's not very not very good it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very not very good it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very not very good it was
+made for paper what so it might look red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for paper what so it might look red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for paper what so it might look red
+more red on a paper no I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red on a paper no I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more red on a paper no I tried
+it and then I'm sure if we put a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm sure if we put a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm sure if we put a blue
+light bulb in there we can make it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb in there we can make it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb in there we can make it all
+sorts of colors I think what I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I saw a phaser on the third floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I saw a phaser on the third floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I saw a phaser on the third floor
+somewhere maybe I'll borrow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe I'll borrow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe I'll borrow their
+red red one and see if it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red red one and see if it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red red one and see if it's different
+from mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let me conclude because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this really raises lots of wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions and I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+wouldn't does this make things too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what happens in the
+discussions of the philosophers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of the philosophers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of the philosophers like
+Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh most of the others is that they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the others is that they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the others is that they feel
+there's a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really hard
+problem which is what is the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is what is the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is what is the sense of
+being what is what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what is what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what is what does it mean
+to have an exper experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an exper experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an exper experience
+to perceive something and how they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive something and how they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive something and how they want
+to argue that somehow they or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that somehow they or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that somehow they or they're
+saying they can't imagine how anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they can't imagine how anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they can't imagine how anything
+that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an
+explanation how any program or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation how any program or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation how any program or any
+process or any mechanical system could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or any mechanical system could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or any mechanical system could
+feel pain or sorrow or anxiety or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pain or sorrow or anxiety or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pain or sorrow or anxiety or any of
+these things that we call feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+curious idea that is stuck in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious idea that is stuck in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious idea that is stuck in our
+culture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture which is
+that if something is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something is hard to
+express it must be because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it must be because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it must be because it's so
+different from anything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from anything else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from anything else that
+there's no way to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to describe it
+so if I say exactly how does it feel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say exactly how does it feel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say exactly how does it feel to
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pain well if you uh look in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain well if you uh look in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain well if you uh look in literature
+you'll see lots of synonyms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see lots of synonyms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see lots of synonyms like
+stabbing or griping or aching or uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing or griping or aching or uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabbing or griping or aching or uh you
+might find 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find 50
+or I mentioned this in first lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mentioned this in first lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mentioned this in first lecture I
+think that there are lots of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are lots of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are lots of words
+about uh emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh emotion
+or I don't know what to call them States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know what to call them States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know what to call them States
+but that doesn't mean that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that they're
+simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that
+means uh the reason you have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the reason you have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the reason you have so many
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+for describing simple States feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for describing simple States feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for describing simple States feelings
+and so forth is that not that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth is that not that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth is that not that they're
+simple and a lot of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and a lot of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and a lot of different things
+that have nothing to do with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nothing to do with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nothing to do with one another
+but that each of those is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that each of those is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that each of those is a very
+complicated process what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process what does it mean
+when something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something's
+hurting it means it's hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting it means it's hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting it means it's hard to get
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+done I remember when I first got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I remember when I first got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I remember when I first got this
+Insight because I was driving down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight because I was driving down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight because I was driving down from
+Dartmouth to Boston and I had a tooth AE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dartmouth to Boston and I had a tooth AE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dartmouth to Boston and I had a tooth AE
+and it was really getting very bad now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really getting very bad now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really getting very bad now
+that's why I was driving down because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was driving down because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was driving down because I
+didn't know what to do and I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to do and I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to do and I had a
+dentist here and after a while it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentist here and after a while it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentist here and after a while it's sort
+of fills up my mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fills up my mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fills up my mind and
+I'm saying this is very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying this is very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying this is very dangerous
+because uh maybe I shouldn't be driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh maybe I shouldn't be driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh maybe I shouldn't be driving
+but if I don't drive it'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I don't drive it'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I don't drive it'll get
+worse uh so I really should drive very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh so I really should drive very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh so I really should drive very
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and
+um so what is pain pain is a reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is pain pain is a reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what is pain pain is a reaction of
+some very smart parts of your mind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very smart parts of your mind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very smart parts of your mind to
+the malfunctioning of other very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malfunctioning of other very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malfunctioning of other very smart
+parts and to describe it you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and to describe it you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and to describe it you would have
+to have a really big theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really big theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really big theory of
+psychology uh with more parts than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology uh with more parts than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology uh with more parts than in
+Freud or in uh my Society of Mind book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud or in uh my Society of Mind book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud or in uh my Society of Mind book
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+has only about 300 Pages Each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only about 300 Pages Each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only about 300 Pages Each of which
+describes a some different aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a some different aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a some different aspect of
+thinking so if something takes 300 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so if something takes 300 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so if something takes 300 pages
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+uh this fools you into thinking oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this fools you into thinking oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this fools you into thinking oh it's
+indescribable able it must be Elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indescribable able it must be Elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indescribable able it must be Elemental
+it's it's it's uh it couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's uh it couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's uh it couldn't be
+mechanical it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical it's too
+simple if pain were like the four gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if pain were like the four gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if pain were like the four gears
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential well most humans don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential well most humans don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential well most humans don't if
+you show them a differential and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them a differential and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show them a differential and say
+what happens if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do
+this the average intelligent human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the average intelligent human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the average intelligent human being
+is incapable of saying oh I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incapable of saying oh I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incapable of saying oh I see this
+will go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way a normal person can't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a normal person can't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a normal person can't understand
+those four little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four little
+gears so of course pain seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears so of course pain seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears so of course pain seems
+irreducible because maybe it involves 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible because maybe it involves 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible because maybe it involves 30
+or 40 parts and another 30 or 40 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 40 parts and another 30 or 40 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 40 parts and another 30 or 40 of
+your little Society of Mind processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your little Society of Mind processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your little Society of Mind processes
+are looking at them and none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at them and none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at them and none of them
+know much about how the others work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about how the others work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about how the others work
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh the way you get your PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you get your PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way you get your PhD in
+philosophy is by saying oh I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is by saying oh I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is by saying oh I won't even
+try I will give an explanation for why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I will give an explanation for why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try I will give an explanation for why I
+can't do it which is that it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it which is that it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it which is that it's too
+simple to say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to say anything about
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+what that's why the word qualia only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's why the word qualia only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's why the word qualia only
+appears once in the emotion machine book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once in the emotion machine book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once in the emotion machine book
+and a lot of people people complained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people people complained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people people complained
+about that they said why don't he why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they said why don't he why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they said why don't he why
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+he they say you should read I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he they say you should read I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he they say you should read I forget
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway I don't think I have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I don't think I have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I don't think I have anything
+else in this beautiful sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end if you look on my web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you look on my web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you look on my web page
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+I don't think I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do oh well it'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I just realized I could quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Word well there's a paper called causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word well there's a paper called causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word well there's a paper called causal
+diversity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an interesting idea of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting idea of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting idea of how do you
+explain how do you answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how do you answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how do you answer
+questions if you if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if you if there's some
+phenomenon going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon going
+on um and something like being in pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and something like being in pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and something like being in pain
+is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a
+phenomenon uh what do you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon uh what do you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon uh what do you want to say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a little diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little diagram
+that occurred to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what kinds of Sciences or what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kinds of Sciences or what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kinds of Sciences or what kinds
+of disciplines or ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disciplines or ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disciplines or ways of
+thinking do you use for uh answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking do you use for uh answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking do you use for uh answering
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so uh I got this little Matrix and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I got this little Matrix and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I got this little Matrix and you
+ask suppose something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and think of it in terms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of it in terms of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think of it in terms of two
+Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely the world is in a certain State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the world is in a certain State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the world is in a certain State
+something happens and the world gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens and the world gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens and the world gets
+into a different state and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a different state and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a different state and you want to
+know uh why things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh why things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh why things change
+like if I put if I stand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I put if I stand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I put if I stand this
+up oh I can even balance it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no I
+can't anyway uh what happened there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't anyway uh what happened there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't anyway uh what happened there uh
+it fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+and um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know the
+reason if it were perfectly centered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason if it were perfectly centered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason if it were perfectly centered it
+might stand there for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might stand there for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might stand there for uh
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+or uh even if it were perfectly balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh even if it were perfectly balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh even if it were perfectly balanced
+there's a certain Quantum probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain Quantum probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain Quantum probability
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it's its position and momentum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its position and momentum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its position and momentum are
+conjugate so even if it's I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate so even if it's I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate so even if it's I try to
+position it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it very
+precisely it will have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely it will have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely it will have a certain
+momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and
+uh eventually fall over might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually fall over might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually fall over might take a
+billion years or it might be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years or it might be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years or it might be a few
+seconds so if we take any situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so if we take any situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so if we take any situation we
+could ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask how
+many how many things are affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many things are affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many things are affecting the
+state of this system and how large are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this system and how large are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this system and how large are
+they so how many causes a few causes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so how many causes a few causes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so how many causes a few causes or
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+um and what are the effects of each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what are the effects of each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what are the effects of each each
+of those so a good example is a gas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so a good example is a gas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those so a good example is a gas if
+you had a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cylinder and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston
+and uh if it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if it's this
+size then there would probably be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then there would probably be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then there would probably be a few
+quadrillion or trillion anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrillion or trillion anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrillion or trillion anyway um
+molecules of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of air
+air mostly oxygen and nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air mostly oxygen and nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air mostly oxygen and nitrogen and
+argon there and every now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon there and every now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon there and every now and
+then they would all happen to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would all happen to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would all happen to be going
+this way instead of this way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way instead of this way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way instead of this way and the
+Piston would move out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piston would move out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piston would move out and
+uh it probably wouldn't move noticeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it probably wouldn't move noticeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it probably wouldn't move noticeably
+in a trillion in a billion years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a trillion in a billion years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a trillion in a billion years but
+eventually it would but anyway there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would but anyway there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it would but anyway there's a
+phenomenon where there's a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon where there's a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon where there's a very large
+number of causes Each of which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of causes Each of which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of causes Each of which has a
+very small effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small effect and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um what kind of science or what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what kind of science or what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what kind of science or what kind of
+computer program or whatever would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program or whatever would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program or whatever would you
+need to uh to predict what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh to predict what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh to predict what will happen
+in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those
+situations so if there's a very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so if there's a very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so if there's a very few
+causes and their effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small then you just add them up nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then you just add them up nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then you just add them up nothing
+to it if if there's a very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if if there's a very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if if there's a very large number
+of causes and each has a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of causes and each has a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of causes and each has a large
+effect then go home there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect then go home there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect then go home there there's
+nothing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to say
+because any of those causes might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any of those causes might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any of those causes might
+overcome all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all the
+others so I found nine states and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I found nine states and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I found nine states and if
+there are a large number of small causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a large number of small causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a large number of small causes
+then neural networks and fuzzy logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then neural networks and fuzzy logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then neural networks and fuzzy logic
+might be a way to handle a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to handle a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to handle a situation
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and if there's a very small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a very small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's a very small number of
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+causes then uh then some kind of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes then uh then some kind of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes then uh then some kind of logic
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+work U sometimes there are two causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work U sometimes there are two causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work U sometimes there are two causes
+that are exord so if they're both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exord so if they're both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exord so if they're both on
+nothing happens if they're both off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens if they're both off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens if they're both off
+nothing happens and if just one is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens and if just one is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens and if just one is on
+you get a large effect and you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a large effect and you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a large effect and you just say
+it's x x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and
+analogies and example based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning so these are where AI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I
+think um and for lots of everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um and for lots of everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um and for lots of everyday
+problems uh like the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh like the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh like the easy
+ones or large numbers of small effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or large numbers of small effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones or large numbers of small effects
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+statistics and uh small numbers of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uh small numbers of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and uh small numbers of large
+effects you can use common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you can use common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you can use common sense
+reasoning and so forth so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and so forth so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and so forth so this is the
+realm of AI and of course it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of AI and of course it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of AI and of course it changes
+every year as you get better or worse at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year as you get better or worse at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year as you get better or worse at
+handling things by these if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling things by these if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling things by these if you look at
+artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+uh it's mostly stuck up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's mostly stuck up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's mostly stuck up
+here there are lots of places you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are lots of places you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are lots of places you can
+make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money
+by not using symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not using symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not using symbolic
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+and uh there lots of things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there lots of things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there lots of things which
+are pretty interesting problems here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty interesting problems here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty interesting problems here and
+of course what we want to do is get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what we want to do is get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what we want to do is get to
+this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+where the machine start solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the machine start solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the machine start solving problems
+that people are no good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so who has a question or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complaint question great about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint question great about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint question great about
+Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+easier is this working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay well I'll try to repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I'll try to repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well I'll try to repeat it
+would it have been easier if um we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it have been easier if um we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it have been easier if um we never
+created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the
+suitcase as you put it in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase as you put it in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase as you put it in one of the
+papers the suitcase word Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers the suitcase word Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers the suitcase word Consciousness
+and just kept those individual Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just kept those individual Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just kept those individual Concepts
+second part of that question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of that question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of that question is how do
+we know this is what they had in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is what they had in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is what they had in mind
+when they initially created you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they initially created you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they initially created you know
+orig created the word Consciousness was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orig created the word Consciousness was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orig created the word Consciousness was
+it just a that's a nice question how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just a that's a nice question how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just a that's a nice question how did
+where did the word Consciousness come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the word Consciousness come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the word Consciousness come
+from and would we be better off if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and would we be better off if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and would we be better off if
+nobody had that idea I think I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had that idea I think I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had that idea I think I talked
+about that a little bit the other day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that there's the uh sort of legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's the uh sort of legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's the uh sort of legal
+concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+responsibility and uh if somebody if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and uh if somebody if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and uh if somebody if
+somebody decided that they would steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody decided that they would steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody decided that they would steal
+something uh then they become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh then they become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh then they become a
+thief uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so it it's a very useful idea in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it it's a very useful idea in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it it's a very useful idea in in
+society for controlling people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society for controlling people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society for controlling people to
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+which things people do are deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things people do are deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things people do are deliberate
+and involve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involve some
+reflection and which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are because they're learnable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very nice question would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice question would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice question would it be
+better if we had never had the word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if we had never had the word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if we had never had the word I
+think it might be better if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might be better if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might be better if we had
+didn't have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have it in
+Psychology but uh it's hard to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology but uh it's hard to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology but uh it's hard to get rid
+of it for social reasons just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for social reasons just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for social reasons just because
+uh you have to be able to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to be able to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to be able to write down a
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+some form that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form that people can
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reproduce I'm trying to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce I'm trying to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce I'm trying to think of a
+scientific example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific example where
+uh where there was a wrong term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can anybody think of an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can anybody think of an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can anybody think of an example of
+a a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a concept
+that that held science back for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that held science back for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that held science back for a long
+time certainly the idea that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time certainly the idea that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time certainly the idea that that uh
+astronomical bodies had to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical bodies had to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical bodies had to go in
+circles uh because the idea of ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh because the idea of ellipses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh because the idea of ellipses
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+occur much till Kepler is there any are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur much till Kepler is there any are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur much till Kepler is there any are
+there any ellipse uid knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any ellipse uid knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any ellipse uid knew about
+ellipses didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he anybody know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he anybody know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he anybody know that's a
+nice you take a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you you put your pencil in there and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you put your pencil in there and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you put your pencil in there and go
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elips
+uh people knew about ellipses certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people knew about ellipses certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people knew about ellipses certainly
+Kepler knew didn't invent it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think the idea of Free Will is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the idea of Free Will is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the idea of Free Will is a
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+idea and we well we certainly still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we well we certainly still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we well we certainly still have
+it most educated people think there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most educated people think there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most educated people think there is
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+thing it's it's not quite just as most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's it's not quite just as most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's it's not quite just as most
+people think there's such a thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there's such a thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there's such a thing as
+Consciousness instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness instead of
+40 fuzzy sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you believe in Free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Will it's the uncaused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause Free Will means you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Free Will means you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause Free Will means you can do
+something for no reason at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for no reason at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for no reason at all and
+therefore you're terribly proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's a very strange concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but more more important you can blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more more important you can blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more more important you can blame
+people for it and and punish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for it and and punish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for it and and punish
+them if they couldn't help doing it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they couldn't help doing it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they couldn't help doing it then
+there's no way you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even it has the implication that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it has the implication that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it has the implication that there's
+a choice yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I suppose for each agent in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose for each agent in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose for each agent in the brain
+there's a sort of little choice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of little choice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of little choice because
+uh but it's not it has several inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and but I don't think the word choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I don't think the word choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I don't think the word choice
+means anything it's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means anything it's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means anything it's the relationship
+between Free Will and Randomness is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Free Will and Randomness is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Free Will and Randomness is and
+certainly there are some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are some things that
+startom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startom
+processes may turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well random things have lots of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causes So Random is over here many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes So Random is over here many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes So Random is over here many
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+causes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and
+um so you can't figure out what'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can't figure out what'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can't figure out what'll
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+because even if you know 99 of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you know 99 of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you know 99 of those
+causes you don't know what the H 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes you don't know what the H 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes you don't know what the H 100th
+one is and if they all got exor by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is and if they all got exor by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is and if they all got exor by a
+very simple deterministic logic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple deterministic logic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple deterministic logic then
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed
+so but again it's illegal the freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but again it's illegal the freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but again it's illegal the freedom of
+will is it just doesn't make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is it just doesn't make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will is it just doesn't make sense to
+punish people for things they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punish people for things they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punish people for things they didn't
+decide to do if it happened in a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do if it happened in a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do if it happened in a part of
+the nervous system that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system that can't
+learn if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn if they can't
+learn uh then you can put them in jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh then you can put them in jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh then you can put them in jail
+so that they won't be able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they won't be able to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they won't be able to do it
+again but uh you'd have to be but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but uh you'd have to be but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but uh you'd have to be but the
+chances are it's not going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it's not going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it's not going to change the
+chance that they'll try to do it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they'll try to do it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they'll try to do it if it's
+if it's in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in fact a
+random did you have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random did you have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random did you have yeah
+so uh machine learning has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh machine learning has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh machine learning has been around
+for a long time and like processors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and like processors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and like processors are
+really fast right now my computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast right now my computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast right now my computers are
+really fast do you do you believe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast do you do you believe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast do you do you believe they
+are doing some mistake uh like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some mistake uh like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing some mistake uh like people
+that are do researching machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are do researching machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are do researching machine learning
+I mean they are trying well Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they are trying well Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they are trying well Machine
+learning is to me it's an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is to me it's an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is to me it's an empty
+expression um do you mean are they doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um do you mean are they doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um do you mean are they doing
+some basy and reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basy and reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basy and reasoning
+or I mean nobody does machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean nobody does machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean nobody does machine learning
+each person has some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has some particular
+idea about how to make a machine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about how to make a machine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about how to make a machine uh
+improve its performance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve its performance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve its performance by
+experience but it's a Terri it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but it's a Terri it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but it's a Terri it's a
+terrible expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible expression
+to so like I statistical methods like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so like I statistical methods like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so like I statistical methods like
+improving uh methods to machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving uh methods to machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving uh methods to machine learning
+to the machine to infer like what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the machine to infer like what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the machine to infer like what a
+point will belong to a data set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will belong to a data set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will belong to a data set or
+whatever sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sure
+uh like people that do that do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like people that do that do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like people that do that do you think
+they are doing some mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing some mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing some mistake
+like do you think there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you think there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you think there would be
+more Advan if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Advan if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Advan if
+you uh represent intelligence in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh represent intelligence in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh represent intelligence in another
+way and try to program that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and try to program that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and try to program that the problem
+is this suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have yes here's some system that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yes here's some system that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yes here's some system that has a
+bunch of gadgets that affect each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other just a lot of interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other just a lot of interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other just a lot of interactions and
+dependencies and you want to know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and you want to know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and you want to know if
+it's in a certain State uh what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a certain State uh what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a certain State uh what will be
+the next state so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next state so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next state so suppose
+you suppose you put a lion and a tiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose you put a lion and a tiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose you put a lion and a tiger
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+cage uh then uh how do you predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage uh then uh how do you predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage uh then uh how do you predict
+what'll happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what'll happen
+well what you could do is if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do is if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do is if you got a
+million lions and a million tigers and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million lions and a million tigers and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million lions and a million tigers and a
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+cages then you could put a lion and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cages then you could put a lion and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cages then you could put a lion and a
+tiger in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger in each
+cage and then you could say the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and then you could say the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and then you could say the chances
+that the tiger will win is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tiger will win is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tiger will win is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+239 because that's how many cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 because that's how many cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 because that's how many cases the
+tiger won and the lion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger won and the lion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger won and the lion will
+win I don't know that many so that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I don't know that many so that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I don't know that many so that is to
+me that's what statistical learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's what statistical learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that's what statistical learning is
+it has no way to make smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no way to make smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no way to make smart
+hypotheses so to me anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses so to me anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses so to me anybody who's
+working on statistical learning is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on statistical learning is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on statistical learning is very
+smart and he's doing what we did in 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and he's doing what we did in 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart and he's doing what we did in 1960
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+quit 50 years out of date what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit 50 years out of date what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit 50 years out of date what you need
+is a smart way to make a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a smart way to make a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a smart way to make a hypothesis
+about what's going on now if nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on now if nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on now if nothing's
+going on except brownie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on except brownie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on except brownie in
+motion then statistical learning is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion then statistical learning is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion then statistical learning is fine
+but if there's an intricate thing like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's an intricate thing like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's an intricate thing like a
+differential which is this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which is this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which is this thing and
+that thing uh are summing up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing uh are summing up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing uh are summing up in a
+certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way
+uh how do you how do you decide to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you how do you decide to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you how do you decide to find
+the conditional probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of that
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+and so in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in other words you
+can you can skim the uh cream off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can skim the uh cream off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can skim the uh cream off the
+problem by finding the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by finding the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by finding the things that
+happen with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with high
+probability but you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but you need to have a
+theory of what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what's happening in
+there to f to conjecture that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to f to conjecture that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to f to conjecture that something
+of low probability on the surface will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low probability on the surface will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low probability on the surface will
+happen and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I
+just so here's here's the thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so here's here's the thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so here's here's the thing if you
+have a theory of statistical learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory of statistical learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory of statistical learning
+then your job is to find an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your job is to find an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your job is to find an example that
+it works on it's the opposite of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works on it's the opposite of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works on it's the opposite of what
+you want for intelligence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want for intelligence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want for intelligence which
+is how do you make progress on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you make progress on a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you make progress on a problem
+that you don't know the answer to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know the answer to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know the answer to to
+what what kind of answer so how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what kind of answer so how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what kind of answer so how do they
+gener I don't know do you are you up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener I don't know do you are you up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener I don't know do you are you up on
+how do the statistical basy and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the statistical basy and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the statistical basy and people
+decide which conditional probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which conditional probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which conditional probability to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+score we suppose there's 10 variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score we suppose there's 10 variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score we suppose there's 10 variables
+then there's 2 to the 10th or a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's 2 to the 10th or a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's 2 to the 10th or a th000
+conditional probabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities to
+consider if there's 100 variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if there's 100 variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if there's 100 variables
+and so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do
+it 2 to the 10th is nothing and a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2 to the 10th is nothing and a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2 to the 10th is nothing and a fast
+computer uh can do many times a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh can do many times a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh can do many times a thousand
+things per second but suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things per second but suppose there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things per second but suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables 2 to the 100th is 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables 2 to the 100th is 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables 2 to the 100th is 10 to the
+30th no computer can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th no computer can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th no computer can do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so I'm saying statistical learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying statistical learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm saying statistical learning is
+great just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great just
+did it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smart how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I'm I'm repeating myself anybody have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm I'm repeating myself anybody have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm I'm repeating myself anybody have
+an argument about that I bet several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument about that I bet several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument about that I bet several of
+you are taking courses in statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are taking courses in statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are taking courses in statistical
+learning what do they say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what do they say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what do they say about that
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+what largely trial and eror yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what largely trial and eror yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what largely trial and eror yeah but
+what do you try when there's 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30th you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30th you
+can't so do they say I quit this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so do they say I quit this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so do they say I quit this theory
+is not going to solve hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to solve hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to solve hard
+problems so once you admit that and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so once you admit that and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so once you admit that and say
+I'm working on something that will solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on something that will solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working on something that will solve
+lots of easy problems more power to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of easy problems more power to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of easy problems more power to you
+but please don't teach it to my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so in other words the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in other words the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in other words the statistical
+learning people are really in this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people are really in this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning people are really in this place
+and they're wasting our time however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're wasting our time however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're wasting our time however
+they can make billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make billions of dollars
+solving easy problems that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving easy problems that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving easy problems that um
+so nothing wrong with it it just has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing wrong with it it just has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing wrong with it it just has no
+future do think Lear methods of what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future do think Lear methods of what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future do think Lear methods of what of
+the relationship between fiscal learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between fiscal learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between fiscal learning
+methods and maybe somebody's I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and maybe somebody's I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and maybe somebody's I couldn't
+get the fourth relation relationship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fourth relation relationship of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fourth relation relationship of
+statistical statistical oh to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical statistical oh to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical statistical oh to more
+abstract ideas like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas like you
+know boosting or something where L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know boosting or something where L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know boosting or something where L
+method that you're using at once voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that you're using at once voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that you're using at once voting
+there's a very simple answer but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's inductive
+probability there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I wonder if anybody could summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wonder if anybody could summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wonder if anybody could summarize
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+nicely have you tried um basically oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely have you tried um basically oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely have you tried um basically oh I
+can try it next time the uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try it next time the uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try it next time the uh you should
+assume that everything is generated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everything is generated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everything is generated by a
+program and you're prior over the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and you're prior over the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and you're prior over the space
+of possible programs should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible programs should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible programs should be the
+description L of the program yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description L of the program yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description L of the program yeah
+Suppose there a set of data then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there a set of data then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there a set of data then what's
+the shortest description you can make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest description you can make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest description you can make of
+it and that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that will give
+you a a chance of having a very good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a chance of having a very good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a chance of having a very good uh
+explanation now what solomonov did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation now what solomonov did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation now what solomonov did was
+say suppose that Something's Happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose that Something's Happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose that Something's Happened
+and you make all possible theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make all possible theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make all possible theories of
+what all possible descriptions of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all possible descriptions of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all possible descriptions of what
+could have happened and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have happened and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have happened and then you take
+the shortest one and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest one and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest one and give
+that see if that works and see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if that works and see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if that works and see what it
+predicts will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts will happen
+next and then you take say it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then you take say it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then you take say it's all
+binary then there's two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary then there's two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary then there's two possible
+descriptions that are one bit longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions that are one bit longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions that are one bit longer and
+maybe one of them fits the data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of them fits the data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of them fits the data and the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so
+you give that one half half the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give that one half half the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give that one half half the weight
+and so Solomon of images an infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Solomon of images an infinite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Solomon of images an infinite sum
+where you take all possible computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take all possible computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take all possible computer
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+and see which of them produce that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which of them produce that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which of them produce that data
+set and if they produce that data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and if they produce that data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and if they produce that data set
+then you run the program one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run the program one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run the program one more step
+and see what it in other words suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it in other words suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it in other words suppose
+your problem is you see a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is you see a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is you see a bunch of data
+and you about the history of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you about the history of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you about the history of something
+like what was the price of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what was the price of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what was the price of a certain
+stock for the last billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock for the last billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock for the last billion
+years and you want to see will it go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and you want to see will it go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and you want to see will it go up
+or down tomorrow well you make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down tomorrow well you make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down tomorrow well you make all
+possible descriptions of that data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible descriptions of that data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible descriptions of that data set
+and um see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um see
+which and the shortest wait the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and the shortest wait the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and the shortest wait the shortest
+ones much more than the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones much more than the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones much more than the longer
+descriptions so the trouble with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions so the trouble with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions so the trouble with that is
+that uh it's not you can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's not you can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's not you can't actually
+compute such things because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute such things because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute such things because uh
+it's sort of uncomputable however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uncomputable however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uncomputable however you
+can use heuristics to to approximate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use heuristics to to approximate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use heuristics to to approximate it
+and so there are about a dozen people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are about a dozen people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are about a dozen people in
+the world who are uh making theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who are uh making theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who are uh making theories of
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+to do Solomon off induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Solomon off induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Solomon off induction
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+where now another piece of advice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now another piece of advice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now another piece of advice for
+students is if you see a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is if you see a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is if you see a lot of people
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+then if you want to be sure that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to be sure that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to be sure that you'll
+have a job someday do what's popular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job someday do what's popular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job someday do what's popular and
+you've got a good chance if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a good chance if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a good chance if you want to
+win a Nobel Prize or solve an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a Nobel Prize or solve an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a Nobel Prize or solve an important
+problem then don't do what's popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then don't do what's popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then don't do what's popular
+because the chances are uh uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the chances are uh uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the chances are uh uh you'll
+just be a frog in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a frog in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a frog in a
+big pond of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pond of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pond of
+frogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I think there's probably only half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there's probably only half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think there's probably only half a
+dozen people in the world working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen people in the world working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen people in the world working on
+Soloman off induction even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soloman off induction even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soloman off induction even though it's
+been around since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+60 uh because it needs a few more ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh because it needs a few more ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh because it needs a few more ideas
+on how to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to approximate
+it but uh unless you want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh unless you want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh unless you want to make a
+living don't do basy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+yeah I don't I don't know if this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't I don't know if this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't I don't know if this this
+actually works but if we take like Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works but if we take like Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works but if we take like Bas
+learning and we kind of apply some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and we kind of apply some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and we kind of apply some kind
+of like rules to it let's say we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like rules to it let's say we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like rules to it let's say we see
+something with very small probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with very small probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with very small probability
+and we kind of just like discard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we kind of just like discard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we kind of just like discard that
+and never consider it again wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never consider it again wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never consider it again wouldn't
+that kind of stimulate what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stimulate what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stimulate what we're trying
+to do with getting representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with getting representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with getting representations of
+things I mean yeah I kind of discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean yeah I kind of discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I mean yeah I kind of discret
+like make it much more discreet and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make it much more discreet and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make it much more discreet and kind
+of make it much more easier and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make it much more easier and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make it much more easier and more
+tracable or isn't like my question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracable or isn't like my question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracable or isn't like my question would
+be isn't bringing representations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be isn't bringing representations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be isn't bringing representations for
+things saying this chair has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things saying this chair has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things saying this chair has this
+representation isn't that kind of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation isn't that kind of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation isn't that kind of doing
+the same like kind of statistical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same like kind of statistical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same like kind of statistical but
+just throwing away a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing away a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throwing away a lot of
+the stuff that we might not want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we might not want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we might not want to look
+at or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at or we
+consider as things that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as things that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider as things that shouldn't be
+looked at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think see there's the statistical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think see there's the statistical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think see there's the statistical thing
+and there's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the question
+of you suppose there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you suppose there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you suppose there's a lot of
+variables X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X1 X2
+x 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9th 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th 10 to the
+5th let's say there's 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+then then there's two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100,000 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JS but it isn't I J it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS but it isn't I J it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS but it isn't I J it's
+IJ up to 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ up to 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ up to 10,000
+subscripts so what you need is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts so what you need is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts so what you need is a good
+idea for which things to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for which things to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for which things to look at and
+that means you want to take Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you want to take Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you want to take Common Sense
+knowledge and jump out of the basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and jump out of the basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and jump out of the basian
+knowledge the problem with a basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the problem with a basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the problem with a basian
+learning system is you you're estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning system is you you're estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning system is you you're estimating
+the values of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of conditional
+probabilities but you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but you have to decide
+which conditional probabilities to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which conditional probabilities to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which conditional probabilities to to
+estimate the values of and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the values of and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the values of and the answer
+is oh look at it another way look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh look at it another way look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh look at it another way look at
+history and you see a thousand years go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and you see a thousand years go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and you see a thousand years go
+by what was the population of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what was the population of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what was the population of the world
+between 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 500
+AD between the time of Augustine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AD between the time of Augustine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AD between the time of Augustine and the
+time of Newton or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of Newton or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of Newton or 15
+1500 T Tao Bri and those people there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 T Tao Bri and those people there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 T Tao Bri and those people there's
+a thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand years
+and I don't know is there 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know is there 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know is there 100 million
+people in the world anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the world anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the world anybody
+know about how many people were there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1500 don't they teach any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+history I think history starts I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I think history starts I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I think history starts I changed
+schools around third grade so I never I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools around third grade so I never I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools around third grade so I never I
+there was no European history so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no European history so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no European history so
+to me American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+history is recent and European history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is recent and European history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is recent and European history
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+old so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old so
+1776 is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1815 that is to me history ends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1815 that is to me history ends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1815 that is to me history ends with
+Napoleon because then I got into fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grade don't you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade don't you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade don't you all have
+that you've got gaps in your knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got gaps in your knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got gaps in your knowledge
+because the curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curriculum
+AR somebody should make a map of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR somebody should make a map of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR somebody should make a map of those
+about half a bilon people in 15 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot this is from Google this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this is from Google this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot this is from Google this is from
+Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay so there's half a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so there's half a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so there's half a billion
+people not thinking of uh the planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not thinking of uh the planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not thinking of uh the planets
+going in ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is that and how is a basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that and how is a basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that and how is a basian
+person going to make the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person going to make the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person going to make the right
+hypothesis if it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis if it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis if it's not in
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+algebraic extension of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic extension of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic extension of the things
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considering I mean it could go in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering I mean it could go in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering I mean it could go in it
+could look it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look it up in
+Wikipedia but it's doing basian thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia but it's doing basian thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia but it's doing basian thing
+doesn't do that our AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that our AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do that our AI
+will yeah but when we are kids don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah but when we are kids don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah but when we are kids don't be
+learned they Comm sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned they Comm sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned they Comm sense
+knowledge well what I'm saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge well what I'm saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge well what I'm saying what
+happened in the Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Years you actually have to tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years you actually have to tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years you actually have to tell people
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+consider I'm telling the basian to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider I'm telling the basian to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider I'm telling the basian to quit
+that and do something smart somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and do something smart somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and do something smart somebody has
+to tell them I don't needan I'm the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them I don't needan I'm the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them I don't needan I'm the new
+but but they need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what are they doing what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are they doing what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are they doing what do they
+hope to accomplish how are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to accomplish how are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to accomplish how are they going to
+solve a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem well they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well they don't have
+to the way you predict the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way you predict the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way you predict the stock market
+today is basy in the reaction time of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is basy in the reaction time of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is basy in the reaction time of a
+millisecond and you can get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond and you can get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond and you can get all the
+money from the poor people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the poor people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the poor people who were
+investing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in your
+bank it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank it's okay
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+cares but maybe it shouldn't be allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but maybe it shouldn't be allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but maybe it shouldn't be allowed
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know yeah do you think that the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah do you think that the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah do you think that the goal of
+should be to replace complete human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to replace complete human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to replace complete human
+intelligence like to create a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence like to create a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence like to create a computer
+that would be able to Reason by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to Reason by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to Reason by itself
+or is there also like Val to creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there also like Val to creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there also like Val to creating a
+system that we have to stop getting sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we have to stop getting sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we have to stop getting sick
+and dying and and becoming scile yes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dying and and becoming scile yes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dying and and becoming scile yes now
+there are several ways to fix this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways to fix this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways to fix this one
+is to freeze you and just never throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to freeze you and just never throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to freeze you and just never throw
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out but uh we don't want to be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but uh we don't want to be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but uh we don't want to be stuck
+with people like us for the rest of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people like us for the rest of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people like us for the rest of all
+time because the you know there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the you know there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because the you know there isn't
+much time left the the Sun is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time left the the Sun is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time left the the Sun is going to
+be a red giant in three billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a red giant in three billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a red giant in three billion years
+so we have to get out of here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to get out of here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to get out of here and it's
+the way to get out of here is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to get out of here is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to get out of here is make
+yourself into smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots
+help let's get out of this have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help let's get out of this have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help let's get out of this have to get
+out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bodies yep so you talk uh a lot of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies yep so you talk uh a lot of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies yep so you talk uh a lot of about
+emotions but emotions you describe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions but emotions you describe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions but emotions you describe as
+like states of mind and if you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like states of mind and if you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like states of mind and if you have like
+for example n states of mind they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example n states of mind they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example n states of mind they they
+represent I don't know log n Bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent I don't know log n Bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent I don't know log n Bits of
+information why should we spend so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information why should we spend so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information why should we spend so much
+time uh talking about like Z little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh talking about like Z little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh talking about like Z little
+information talking about L information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information talking about L information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information talking about L information
+like if we have any states of or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have any states of or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have any states of or any
+emotions they they would represent login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions they they would represent login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions they they would represent login
+bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of
+information and like that's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and like that's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and like that's very little
+information that they conceive so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they conceive so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they conceive so for
+example uh if I'm happy or sad like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh if I'm happy or sad like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh if I'm happy or sad like if I
+had if I had just two states had or said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if I had just two states had or said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if I had just two states had or said
+if you just had two states you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had two states you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had two states you couldn't
+compute anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute anything
+I'm I'm not sure what you're getting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not sure what you're getting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not sure what you're getting out
+like emotions most uh too ler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like emotions most uh too ler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like emotions most uh too ler
+they they don't represent much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't represent much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't represent much
+information inside our brain why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information inside our brain why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information inside our brain why why
+should they be so important in inell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be so important in inell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be so important in inell
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+they I don't think I think emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think I think emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think I think emotions
+generally are important for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally are important for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally are important for uh
+lizards I don't think they're important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizards I don't think they're important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizards I don't think they're important
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humans we you have to stay alive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we you have to stay alive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we you have to stay alive to
+think so you've got a lot of Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so you've got a lot of Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so you've got a lot of Machinery
+that makes sure that you don't starve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sure that you don't starve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sure that you don't starve to
+death so there's gadgets that measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so there's gadgets that measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so there's gadgets that measure
+your blood sugar and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood sugar and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood sugar and things like that
+and make sure that you eat so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you eat so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that you eat so those are
+very nice on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice on the other hand if you
+simplified it uh you just need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it uh you just need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it uh you just need three
+volts to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts to run the
+CPU and then you don't need all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+junk so they are not very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk so they are not very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk so they are not very important for
+us it's just they're only important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's just they're only important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's just they're only important to
+keep you alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you alive
+yeah but they don't help you write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thesis it's a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean the people who consider such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the people who consider such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the people who consider such
+questions are the science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are the science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are the science fiction
+writers that's uh so there lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that's uh so there lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that's uh so there lots
+of lots of thinking about what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of thinking about what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of thinking about what kind of
+creatures could there be besides humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures could there be besides humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures could there be besides humans
+and uh if you look at detective stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at detective stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at detective stories
+or things then you find that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things then you find that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things then you find that there are
+some good people and bad people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good people and bad people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good people and bad people and
+stuff like that but there to me those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that but there to me those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that but there to me those
+General literature is all the same when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General literature is all the same when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General literature is all the same when
+you've read a hundred books you've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a hundred books you've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a hundred books you've read
+them all except for science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all except for science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all except for science fiction
+that's it's my standard joke that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's my standard joke that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's my standard joke that uh I
+don't think much of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except because the science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except because the science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except because the science fiction
+people say what would happen if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say what would happen if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say what would happen if people
+had a different set of emotions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different set of emotions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a different set of emotions or
+different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to
+think or uh one of my favorite ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or uh one of my favorite ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or uh one of my favorite ones is
+the Larry nen and Jerry Pernell who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Larry nen and Jerry Pernell who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Larry nen and Jerry Pernell who just
+wrote a couple of volumes about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a couple of volumes about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a couple of volumes about what
+about a creature that has one big hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a creature that has one big hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a creature that has one big hand
+and two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands do you remember what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands do you remember what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands do you remember what it's
+called the gripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gripping
+hand this is for holding the work while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is for holding the work while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is for holding the work while
+this one holds the soldering iron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one holds the soldering iron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one holds the soldering iron in the
+solder that's right that that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder that's right that that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder that's right that that's how the
+book sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book sort of
+begins and you said there's imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and you said there's imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and you said there's imagination
+on the other hand you can read Jane air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you can read Jane air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you can read Jane air
+and and and it's lovely but do you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it's lovely but do you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it's lovely but do you end
+up better than you were or slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up better than you were or slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up better than you were or slightly
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you read a hundred of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read a hundred of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read a hundred of them
+luckily she only wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 I'm serious uh you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 I'm serious uh you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 I'm serious uh you have to look at
+Larry nien and Robert heinlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry nien and Robert heinlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry nien and Robert heinlin
+and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those
+people and when you look at the reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and when you look at the reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and when you look at the reviews
+by the literary people they say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the literary people they say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the literary people they say the
+characters aren't developed very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters aren't developed very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters aren't developed very well
+well Foo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last thing you want in your head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing you want in your head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing you want in your head is
+a well-developed literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-developed literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-developed literary
+character what would you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+yes so I love your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I love your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I love your
+questions can you wake them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up when when we are small babies like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when when we are small babies like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when when we are small babies like we
+kind of are creating this Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are creating this Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are creating this Common Sense
+knowledge and we have a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we have a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and we have a lot of different
+inputs so for example I'm talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so for example I'm talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so for example I'm talking to you
+there is this input of the sound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this input of the sound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this input of the sound the
+vision like all these different inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision like all these different inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision like all these different inputs
+are aren we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aren we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aren we
+somehow uh when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh when we are
+babies like inferring like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies like inferring like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies like inferring like what's the
+relation between like these inputs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between like these inputs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between like these inputs for
+example the K lines isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the K lines isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the K lines isn't
+like the machine learning guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the machine learning guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the machine learning guys are
+being that with a lot of variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that with a lot of variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that with a lot of variables and
+maybe trying toer like what's this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe trying toer like what's this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe trying toer like what's this small
+set and like what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and like what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and like what would be the
+difference if you go deep down are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if you go deep down are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if you go deep down are they
+trying to find like for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find like for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find like for example in a
+gra where you know I think you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra where you know I think you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gra where you know I think you're right
+in the sense that I'll bet that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that I'll bet that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that I'll bet that if you
+take each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each of
+those highly Advanced Brain centers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those highly Advanced Brain centers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those highly Advanced Brain centers and
+say well it's got something generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's got something generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's got something generating
+hypothesis maybe or so for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis maybe or so for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis maybe or so for but
+underneath it you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it you probably have
+something very like a basy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very like a basy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very like a basy and
+reinforcement thing so uh so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement thing so uh so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement thing so uh so they're
+probably all over the place and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all over the place and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all over the place and maybe
+90% of your Machinery is made of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of your Machinery is made of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of your Machinery is made of little
+ones but it's the symbolic things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but it's the symbolic things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but it's the symbolic things and
+the K lines that uh give them the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K lines that uh give them the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K lines that uh give them the right
+things to learn but I think you rais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to learn but I think you rais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to learn but I think you rais
+another question which uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question which uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question which uh um
+I'm very sentimental about because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sentimental about because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sentimental about because of
+the history of uh how our projects got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of uh how our projects got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of uh how our projects got
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely nobody knew much about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely nobody knew much about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely nobody knew much about how
+children develop in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop in uh
+1900 for all of human history as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 for all of human history as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 for all of human history as far as
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+know generally babies are regarded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally babies are regarded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally babies are regarded as
+like ignorant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ignorant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ignorant
+adults there isn't there isn't much IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults there isn't there isn't much IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults there isn't there isn't much IDE
+there aren't much theories of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't much theories of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't much theories of how
+children develop and it isn't until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop and it isn't until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children develop and it isn't until
+1930 that uh we see any real substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 that uh we see any real substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 that uh we see any real substantial
+child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+psychology and the child psychology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and the child psychology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and the child psychology is
+mostly that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly that one
+uh Swiss character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean
+P it's pronounced John for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason and he had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and he had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and he had three
+children and observed them uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and observed them uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and observed them uh I think
+first his first publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first his first publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first his first publication
+was something about mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had been in botany is that right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in botany is that right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in botany is that right can
+anybody Cynthia do you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Cynthia do you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Cynthia do you remember what
+what was P's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was P's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was P's
+original something but then he studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original something but then he studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original something but then he studied
+these children and he wrote several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children and he wrote several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children and he wrote several
+books about how they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about how they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about how they learned
+and as far as I know this is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as I know this is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as far as I know this is about the
+first time in history that anybody tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in history that anybody tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time in history that anybody tried
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+make observe children infants very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make observe children infants very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make observe children infants very
+closely and and chart how they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely and and chart how they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely and and chart how they learned
+and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and
+uh my partner uh Seymour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my partner uh Seymour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my partner uh Seymour
+papert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papert
+uh was pha's assistant for several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was pha's assistant for several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was pha's assistant for several years
+before he came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he came to
+MIT and we started the uh I started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and we started the uh I started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and we started the uh I started the
+artificial intelligence group with John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence group with John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence group with John
+McCarthy who had been one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy who had been one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy who had been one of my
+classmates in graduate school at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates in graduate school at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates in graduate school at
+Princeton in math actually and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton in math actually and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton in math actually and then uh
+McCarthy went to start another AI group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy went to start another AI group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy went to start another AI group
+in Stanford and Seymour papert appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Stanford and Seymour papert appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Stanford and Seymour papert appeared
+on my scene just at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my scene just at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my scene just at the same time
+and it was a kind of Miracle because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of Miracle because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of Miracle because we
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+both we met at some meeting in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we met at some meeting in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we met at some meeting in London
+where we both presented the same machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we both presented the same machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we both presented the same machine
+learning paper on basy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning paper on basy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning paper on basy and
+probabilities uh in some linear Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh in some linear Learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities uh in some linear Learning
+System we both hid it off because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System we both hid it off because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System we both hid it off because we
+obviously thought the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously thought the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously thought the same
+way but anyway uh P had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but anyway uh P had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but anyway uh P had been
+conducting uh one of the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting uh one of the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting uh one of the principal
+people conducting the experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people conducting the experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people conducting the experiments on
+young children in P P's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young children in P P's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young children in P P's
+group and when P got older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and when P got older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and when P got older and
+retired in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired in about
+1985 Cynthia do you remember when did P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 Cynthia do you remember when did P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 Cynthia do you remember when did P
+quit it's about when we started didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit it's about when we started didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit it's about when we started didn't
+he die in 1980 around then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he die in 1980 around then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he die in 1980 around then
+uh there were several good researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there he wanted see more to take over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he wanted see more to take over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he wanted see more to take over at
+some point and there were several good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and there were several good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and there were several good
+people there amazing people but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there amazing people but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there amazing people but the uh
+Swiss government sort of stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss government sort of stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss government sort of stopped
+supporting it and the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it and the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting it and the greatest
+laboratory on child psychology in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory on child psychology in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory on child psychology in the
+world uh faded away it's closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh faded away it's closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh faded away it's closed
+now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and
+nothing like it ever started again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like it ever started again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like it ever started again so
+this is a strange thing the maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange thing the maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange thing the maybe the
+most important part of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of human
+psychologies what happens the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologies what happens the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologies what happens the first 10
+years first five years and uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years first five years and uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years first five years and uh if you're
+interested in that you could find a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that you could find a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that you could find a few
+places where somebody has a little Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where somebody has a little Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where somebody has a little Grant
+to do it but what a tragedy anyway uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but what a tragedy anyway uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but what a tragedy anyway uh we
+tried to do some of it here but uh Pap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do some of it here but uh Pap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do some of it here but uh Pap
+got more interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more interested in
+and Cynthia here got more interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cynthia here got more interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cynthia here got more interested in
+how to improve Early Education than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to improve Early Education than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to improve Early Education than uh
+find out how children worked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how children worked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how children worked and
+um I just is there any big laboratory at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just is there any big laboratory at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just is there any big laboratory at
+all doing that any where is child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all doing that any where is child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all doing that any where is child
+psychology there are a few places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology there are a few places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology there are a few places
+but none of them are famous enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of them are famous enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of them are famous enough to
+notice for a while there was St on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brazelton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazelton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazelton
+yeah anyway it's curious because you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyway it's curious because you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyway it's curious because you'd
+think that would be the one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be the one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be the one of the most
+important things how do humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develop it's a very strange yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it's a very strange yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it's a very strange yeah yeah so
+like uh infants uh when they are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh infants uh when they are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh infants uh when they are one
+year old I think there's a paper about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old I think there's a paper about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old I think there's a paper about
+it like they learn how their goal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they learn how their goal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they learn how their goal like
+how to achieve goals and like not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to achieve goals and like not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to achieve goals and like not the
+means and then I don't know after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then I don't know after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and then I don't know after one
+year they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they learn
+how like how to achieve a means so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like how to achieve a means so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like how to achieve a means so for
+example like they I think they do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like they I think they do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like they I think they do the
+experiment of putting like a hand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of putting like a hand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of putting like a hand in the
+year and like left year and then chapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and like left year and then chapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and like left year and then chapes
+do the same as uh oh as one year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same as uh oh as one year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same as uh oh as one year old
+infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants
+and somehow I believe that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I believe that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I believe that for example
+intelligence between infants and Chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence between infants and Chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence between infants and Chip
+are very similar but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar but we can
+represent uh things better because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh things better because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh things better because like
+we have this you're talking about chimps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this you're talking about chimps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this you're talking about chimps
+chip on yeah like apes in general right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip on yeah like apes in general right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip on yeah like apes in general right
+I I believe there's there are some Apes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I believe there's there are some Apes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I believe there's there are some Apes
+that uh can learn sign language I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh can learn sign language I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh can learn sign language I'm not
+sure if that's right and like they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if that's right and like they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if that's right and like they they
+can imitate the goals and for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imitate the goals and for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imitate the goals and for for
+example dogs can achieve a goal but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example dogs can achieve a goal but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example dogs can achieve a goal but they
+don't they can't learn imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they can't learn imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they can't learn imagine
+themselves at each uh like at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves at each uh like at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves at each uh like at each
+moment and maybe that's because of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and maybe that's because of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and maybe that's because of how
+they represent things maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent things maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent things maybe they
+represent badly they don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent badly they don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent badly they don't have a good
+hierarchy there's some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy there's some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy there's some very interesting
+questions about that and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that and that's why we
+need more Laboratories but uh here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more Laboratories but uh here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more Laboratories but uh here's an
+example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had a researcher at MIT named Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a researcher at MIT named Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a researcher at MIT named Richard
+held and he did lots of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held and he did lots of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held and he did lots of interesting
+experiments on young animals so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on young animals so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on young animals so for
+example he discovered that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example he discovered that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example he discovered that if you take a
+cat or a dog if you if you have a dog on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat or a dog if you if you have a dog on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat or a dog if you if you have a dog on
+a leash and you take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leash and you take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leash and you take it
+somewhere uh there's a very good chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh there's a very good chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh there's a very good chance
+it will find its way back because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will find its way back because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will find its way back because it
+remembers what it did but he discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what it did but he discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what it did but he discovered
+if you take a cat or a dog and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a cat or a dog and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a cat or a dog and you take
+it for a walk and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a walk and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a walk and go
+somewhere uh it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh it won't
+learn because it didn't do it itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn because it didn't do it itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn because it didn't do it itself so
+in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if
+you take it on a route passively even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it on a route passively even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it on a route passively even a
+dozen times or a hundred times it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen times or a hundred times it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen times or a hundred times it won't
+learn that path if it didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that path if it didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that path if it didn't actually
+have any motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any motor
+reactions so that was very convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so that was very convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so that was very convincing
+and the world became convinced that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the world became convinced that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the world became convinced that for
+spatial learning you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial learning you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial learning you have
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+um uh many years later uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh many years later uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh many years later uh we were
+working with a u cerebral Poley guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a u cerebral Poley guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a u cerebral Poley guy who
+had never uh locomoted himself very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never uh locomoted himself very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never uh locomoted himself very much
+and trying to remember his name well his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to remember his name well his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to remember his name well his
+name doesn't matter but uh the logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name doesn't matter but uh the logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name doesn't matter but uh the logo
+project had started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project had started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project had started and
+um he was able by putting a a hat with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was able by putting a a hat with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was able by putting a a hat with a
+stick on his head he was able to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick on his head he was able to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick on his head he was able to type
+Keys which is really very boring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys which is really very boring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys which is really very boring and
+tedious and believe it or not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and believe it or not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and believe it or not even
+though he could barely talk uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he could barely talk uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he could barely talk uh he
+quickly learned to control the turtle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly learned to control the turtle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly learned to control the turtle uh
+a floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a floor
+Turtle which with and you could tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtle which with and you could tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtle which with and you could tell it
+to turn left and right and go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn left and right and go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn left and right and go forward
+one unit stuff like that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit stuff like that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit stuff like that and the
+remarkable thing was that no sooner did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing was that no sooner did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing was that no sooner did
+he start controlling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he start controlling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he start controlling this
+Turtle uh then the turtle went over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtle uh then the turtle went over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtle uh then the turtle went over over
+here and he turned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he turned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he turned it
+around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he wanted it to go back to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wanted it to go back to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wanted it to go back to here and
+everybody predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody predicted
+that he would get left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would get left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would get left and right
+reversed because he had never had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed because he had never had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed because he had never had any
+experience in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the
+world but but right off he knew which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but but right off he knew which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but but right off he knew which
+way to do it so he had learned spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so he had learned spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so he had learned spatial
+navigation pretty much never having done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation pretty much never having done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation pretty much never having done
+much of it himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it himself and
+uh rich Rich held was very embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rich Rich held was very embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rich Rich held was very embarrassed
+but had to conclude that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had to conclude that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but had to conclude that what you
+learned from cats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from cats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from cats and
+dogs might not apply to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs might not apply to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs might not apply to people
+uh we ran into a little trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we ran into a little trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we ran into a little trouble
+because uh there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh there was another
+psychologist we tried to convince of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist we tried to convince of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist we tried to convince of
+this and that psychologist said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that psychologist said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that psychologist said well
+maybe this was a it took three years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was a it took three years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was a it took three years uh
+for him to develop a lot of skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him to develop a lot of skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him to develop a lot of skills and
+this psychologist uh said well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this psychologist uh said well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this psychologist uh said well maybe
+that's a freak uh we won't give you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a freak uh we won't give you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a freak uh we won't give you I
+won't approve your PhD thesis until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't approve your PhD thesis until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't approve your PhD thesis until you
+do a dozen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I didn't mention the psychologist's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I didn't mention the psychologist's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I didn't mention the psychologist's
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+anyway so we had a sort of of P like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we had a sort of of P like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we had a sort of of P like
+laboratory but we never worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but we never worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory but we never worked with
+infants did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we you think it would be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you think it would be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you think it would be a big
+industry Nixon once came around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry Nixon once came around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry Nixon once came around and
+asked there was a great senator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked there was a great senator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked there was a great senator in
+Massachusetts I forget who it was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I forget who it was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I forget who it was he
+said what can we do for education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what can we do for education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what can we do for education and
+the senator said research on children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senator said research on children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senator said research on children
+how they learn and Nixon said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they learn and Nixon said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they learn and Nixon said that's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+idea let's put a billion dollars into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea let's put a billion dollars into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea let's put a billion dollars into
+it and he couldn't convince anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he couldn't convince anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he couldn't convince anybody in
+his party to support this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his party to support this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his party to support this
+idea so the only good thing I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the only good thing I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the only good thing I've heard
+about Nix and except for opening China I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nix and except for opening China I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nix and except for opening China I
+guess but he was determined to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but he was determined to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but he was determined to do
+something about Early Education oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Early Education oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about Early Education oh the
+teachers union couldn't stand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's he didn't get any support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's he didn't get any support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's he didn't get any support from
+the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business I'll probably remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I'll probably remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I'll probably remember the
+senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next Who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Next yes so it's kind of along the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next yes so it's kind of along the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next yes so it's kind of along the same
+lines um so not so if we come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um so not so if we come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines um so not so if we come out of
+thinking about how we represent things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we represent things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we represent things
+uh even if we think about language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if we think about language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if we think about language
+itself um so the early early stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um so the early early stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um so the early early stages of
+learning a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language
+obviously um have a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously um have a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously um have a lot of this
+statistical learning involved where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning involved where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning involved where we
+learn the morphology of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the morphology of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the morphology of the language
+rather than learning that language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than learning that language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than learning that language is
+actually representing things so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually representing things so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually representing things so for
+example if we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we're going to um
+learn how to like how certain letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to like how certain letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to like how certain letters
+come one after the other or how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come one after the other or how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come one after the other or how they
+don't um we kind of listen and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um we kind of listen and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um we kind of listen and we see
+that it's it's the way everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's the way everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's the way everyone else
+does it and there's certain words exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and there's certain words exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it and there's certain words exist
+and certain words don't exist even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain words don't exist even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain words don't exist even
+though they could exist so I guess these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they could exist so I guess these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they could exist so I guess these
+are all like statistical learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all like statistical learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all like statistical learning and
+then like after after this structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like after after this structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like after after this structure is
+there we use this structure to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we use this structure to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we use this structure to um
+to make this representation so isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this representation so isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this representation so isn't it
+like wouldn't it kind of be right to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wouldn't it kind of be right to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wouldn't it kind of be right to say
+that these two are basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two are basically the same
+thing just that the the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just that the the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just that the the representation
+the the more like the more complex one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more like the more complex one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more like the more complex one
+is just another version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another version of the
+statistical learning where we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning where we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical learning where we've just
+um well there's context free grammar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's context free grammar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's context free grammar and
+there are the grammars that have push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the grammars that have push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the grammars that have push
+down lists and and stacks and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lists and and stacks and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lists and and stacks and things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um you actually need a something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you actually need a something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you actually need a something like a
+programming language to uh generate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language to uh generate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language to uh generate and
+parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+sentences there's slight there little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences there's slight there little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences there's slight there little
+recursive quality I don't know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive quality I don't know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive quality I don't know how you
+can it's hard to represent that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's hard to represent that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's hard to represent that in a
+basy and network unless you have a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy and network unless you have a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basy and network unless you have a push
+down stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is does the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does the brain
+have have push down Stacks or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have push down Stacks or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have push down Stacks or are they
+only three deep or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three deep or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three deep or
+something because if you say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because if you say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because if you say this is the
+dog that bit the cat that that chased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog that bit the cat that that chased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog that bit the cat that that chased
+the rat that so on uh nobody has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat that so on uh nobody has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat that so on uh nobody has any
+trouble and that's a recursion but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and that's a recursion but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and that's a recursion but if
+you say this is the dog that the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is the dog that the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is the dog that the cat
+that the rat bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rat bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rat bit
+ate uh people can't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate uh people can't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate uh people can't understand
+thatal evidence that the brain tail call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal evidence that the brain tail call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatal evidence that the brain tail call
+optimization what the brain influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization what the brain influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization what the brain influence
+tail call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail call
+onization yeah why why why is language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onization yeah why why why is language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onization yeah why why why is language
+restricted and that you can't embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted and that you can't embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted and that you can't embed
+Clauses past to the level of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses past to the level of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses past to the level of two or
+three which Chomsky never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which Chomsky never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which Chomsky never
+admitted but can't it be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted but can't it be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted but can't it be the case that
+we also learned that like that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also learned that like that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also learned that like that that we
+also learned that certain patterns can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learned that certain patterns can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learned that certain patterns can
+only exist between words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exist between words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exist between words and
+so so when we hear we we do parse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when we hear we we do parse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when we hear we we do parse it
+using your par tree but we learn using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your par tree but we learn using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your par tree but we learn using
+your par tree too like we learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your par tree too like we learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your par tree too like we learned that
+um when you hear a sentence go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you hear a sentence go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you hear a sentence go after
+trying to parse it using three words two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse it using three words two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse it using three words two
+words four words and just try that see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words four words and just try that see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words four words and just try that see
+if it works if it doesn't try another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it works if it doesn't try another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it works if it doesn't try another
+number can this itself be like learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can this itself be like learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can this itself be like learning
+the number of words that usually happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of words that usually happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of words that usually happen
+in the Clause isn't this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Clause isn't this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Clause isn't this kind of
+well I'm not sure why it's why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not sure why it's why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not sure why it's why is it
+very different from learning that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from learning that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from learning that you
+you know you have to open the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to open the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to open the bottle
+take open a box before you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take open a box before you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take open a box before you take the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+out there we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there we learned
+procedures I not sure I don't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures I not sure I don't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures I not sure I don't believe in
+grammar that we were trying to teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar that we were trying to teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar that we were trying to teach a
+machine to be like a human being would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to be like a human being would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to be like a human being would
+we just lay out the very Basics and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just lay out the very Basics and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just lay out the very Basics and let
+it grow like child or would we with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grow like child or would we with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grow like child or would we with with
+learning or would we put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or would we put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or would we put these
+representations in there like put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in there like put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in there like put the
+representation child doesn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation child doesn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation child doesn't learn
+language unless unless there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language unless unless there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language unless unless there are people
+to teach it right um however maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach it right um however maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach it right um however maybe we
+can expose the machine to the web or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expose the machine to the web or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expose the machine to the web or to
+or we can expose it to the world somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can expose it to the world somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can expose it to the world somehow
+through some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some kind of
+inut I'm not sure what question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut I'm not sure what question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inut I'm not sure what question you're
+asking is old is All Children's Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is old is All Children's Learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is old is All Children's Learning
+of a particular type or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular type or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular type or are they
+learning frames or are they learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning frames or are they learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning frames or are they learning
+grammar rules or is do you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar rules or is do you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar rules or is do you want a
+uniform theory of learning I'm say which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform theory of learning I'm say which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform theory of learning I'm say which
+one is a better approach that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a better approach that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a better approach that the
+machine has very basic things and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has very basic things and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine has very basic things and it
+learns um so so is a machine like should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns um so so is a machine like should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns um so so is a machine like should
+should we make machines um as inant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we make machines um as inant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we make machines um as inant and
+let them learn things by for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them learn things by for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them learn things by for example
+giving them a string that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a string that's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a string that's from the
+internet from communication over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet from communication over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet from communication over the
+Internet or communication among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet or communication among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet or communication among other
+human beings just like a child learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings just like a child learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings just like a child learns
+from seeing the parents people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from seeing the parents people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from seeing the parents people to
+actually like in all that knowledge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like in all that knowledge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like in all that knowledge in
+the machine and then expect it to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and then expect it to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and then expect it to act
+like you from the beginning well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you from the beginning well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you from the beginning well if you
+look at the history you'll find that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history you'll find that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history you'll find that I'm
+not sure how to look it up but uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how to look it up but uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how to look it up but uh quite
+a few people have tried to make learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people have tried to make learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people have tried to make learning
+systems that start with very little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that start with very little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that start with very little and
+keep developing and the uh the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep developing and the uh the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep developing and the uh the most
+impressive ones were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh ones by juggas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lenat but eventually he gave up and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenat but eventually he gave up and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenat but eventually he gave up and uh
+he had systems that learned a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had systems that learned a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had systems that learned a few things
+but they petered out and he changed his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they petered out and he changed his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they petered out and he changed his
+orientation to trying to build of Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation to trying to build of Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation to trying to build of Common
+Sense libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but trying to think of the name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to think of the name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trying to think of the name for
+self-organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing
+systems um there there probably a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um there there probably a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um there there probably a dozen
+I'll try to if you're interested I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to if you're interested I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to if you're interested I'll
+try to find some of them but some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find some of them but some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find some of them but some reason
+uh people have given up on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people have given up on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people have given up on that and
+uh C certainly worth a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as for language I think the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as for language I think the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as for language I think the theory
+that uh language is based on grammar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language is based on grammar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language is based on grammar is
+just plain wrong I suspect it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain wrong I suspect it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain wrong I suspect it's based on
+certain kinds of of uh frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of of uh frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of of uh frame
+manipulation things and the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation things and the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation things and the idea of the
+idea of abstract syntax is is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of abstract syntax is is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of abstract syntax is is really not
+very productive or it hasn't never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive or it hasn't never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very productive or it hasn't never
+anyway uh cuz cuz wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh cuz cuz wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh cuz cuz wanted to be able to
+fit into a system for inference as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into a system for inference as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into a system for inference as well
+U I'm just bluffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I'm just bluffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U I'm just bluffing
+here did you have a question I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did you have a question I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here did you have a question I was just
+going to say it seems that what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it seems that what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it seems that what you were
+saying might be considered to be a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying might be considered to be a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying might be considered to be a form
+of example based reasoning you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example based reasoning you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example based reasoning you just have
+lots and lots of examples which not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of examples which not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of examples which not
+unlike the work that de Roy does Child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the work that de Roy does Child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the work that de Roy does Child
+Learning the word water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning the word water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning the word water from
+hearing lots of people use that word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing lots of people use that word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing lots of people use that word in
+different context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context and
+and and examples while you're here KET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and examples while you're here KET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and examples while you're here KET
+Baker was a Pioneer in speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker was a Pioneer in speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker was a Pioneer in speech
+recognition uh how come the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition uh how come the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition uh how come the latest
+system suddenly got better is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system suddenly got better is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system suddenly got better is it just
+are they just bigger databases uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just bigger databases uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just bigger databases uh that's
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+because the early ones you had to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the early ones you had to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the early ones you had to train
+for an hour yeah but we now have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour yeah but we now have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour yeah but we now have so many
+you now have so many more examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have so many more examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have so many more examples and
+exemplars that um you can you can better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars that um you can you can better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars that um you can you can better
+much better characterize the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better characterize the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better characterize the variability
+which is tremendous between people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tremendous between people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tremendous between people and
+you typically have multiple models a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically have multiple models a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically have multiple models a lot
+of different models of how um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different models of how um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different models of how um sort of
+noes in a of in the space of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noes in a of in the space of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noes in a of in the space of how people
+say different things and allow you to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say different things and allow you to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say different things and allow you to um
+characterize them really well so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them really well so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them really well so you do
+a much better job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better job
+trickly you'll always do better if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickly you'll always do better if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickly you'll always do better if you
+have models of a given person speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have models of a given person speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have models of a given person speaking
+in modeling their voice but you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model they're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model they're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model they're really getting
+useful oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dear okay unless somebody has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear okay unless somebody has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear okay unless somebody has a really
+urgent question that thanks for coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ao41FrJFgvQ.txt b/Ao41FrJFgvQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58ef27601bfcbbf81f00ac1a2f1b36535d20d7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ao41FrJFgvQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7693 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started
+how's everyone doing come on let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing come on let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing come on let's do
+better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that
+how is everyone doing thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is everyone doing thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is everyone doing thank you
+welcome to 309 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 309 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to 309 one
+this is the first day and i'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first day and i'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first day and i'm really
+excited i hope you are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited i hope you are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited i hope you are too
+um in this very first lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this very first lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this very first lecture we're
+gonna do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do a little bit
+of administration uh tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of administration uh tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of administration uh tell you a little
+bit about the class and how it's set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the class and how it's set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the class and how it's set up
+um and uh then we'll give a little mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh then we'll give a little mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh then we'll give a little mini
+we'll have time for a mini lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have time for a mini lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have time for a mini lecture
+uh in the second part of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the second part of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the second part of the lecture
+today so i thought i'd start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so i thought i'd start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so i thought i'd start by
+introducing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing me
+uh my name is uh jeff grossman i am in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my name is uh jeff grossman i am in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my name is uh jeff grossman i am in
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+three that's the department of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the department of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the department of materials
+science and engineering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering uh
+my background i went to hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background i went to hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background i went to hopkins
+undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad
+moved my way towards the west coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved my way towards the west coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved my way towards the west coast
+illinois phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illinois phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illinois phd
+and i did a postdoc at berkeley and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did a postdoc at berkeley and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did a postdoc at berkeley and then
+i came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i came
+here to mit about nine years ago when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to mit about nine years ago when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to mit about nine years ago when i
+joined the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the faculty
+my own passion my own interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own passion my own interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own passion my own interest in
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+is in materials for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in materials for energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in materials for energy
+and water and chemical processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water and chemical processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water and chemical processes and
+separations so i thought i'd just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations so i thought i'd just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations so i thought i'd just give
+you a little example of what i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little example of what i mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little example of what i mean by
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so i get really excited about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get really excited about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get really excited about the
+ability to take a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to take a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to take a material
+and make it do something that it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it do something that it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it do something that it can't
+do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now
+but that it needs to do to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it needs to do to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it needs to do to solve a
+problem maybe it needs to be cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe it needs to be cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem maybe it needs to be cheaper
+maybe it needs to be more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it needs to be more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it needs to be more efficient
+right um so one example is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so one example is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so one example is in this
+material this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is
+a barrel of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel of oil
+and what we do today with this barrel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do today with this barrel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do today with this barrel of
+oil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil is
+we mostly burn it a lot of what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mostly burn it a lot of what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mostly burn it a lot of what we do is
+we burn now if you do that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we burn now if you do that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we burn now if you do that you think
+about in terms of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of energy
+that's 159 liters of this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 159 liters of this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 159 liters of this material
+and if you think about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what you're
+carrying about is energy you get 1.73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying about is energy you get 1.73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying about is energy you get 1.73
+megawatt hours of energy out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hours of energy out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hours of energy out of that
+um but see i like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but see i like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but see i like to think about
+materials again and ask them what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials again and ask them what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials again and ask them what they
+can do differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do differently
+for me for these problems and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me for these problems and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me for these problems and so if you
+think about that and you say well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and you say well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and you say well okay
+let's just take one percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take one percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take one percent of the
+carbon in that barrel of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in that barrel of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in that barrel of oil
+and do something with it let's make thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something with it let's make thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something with it let's make thin
+film solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film solar cells
+right well if you do that and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if you do that and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if you do that and they're
+not very good they're five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very good they're five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very good they're five percent
+efficient they completely die in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they completely die in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they completely die in a year
+you get ten thousand times as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get ten thousand times as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get ten thousand times as much
+energy over that year than burning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over that year than burning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over that year than burning it
+so it's an example of what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an example of what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an example of what you can do
+when you think about using elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about using elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about using elements
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+that's what i get really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i get really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i get really excited about
+in my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my research
+and that's just one example you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just one example you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just one example you can go
+you can take that same carbon and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that same carbon and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that same carbon and you
+can make a thermoelectric that's on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a thermoelectric that's on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a thermoelectric that's on top
+or you can make the world's thinnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can make the world's thinnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can make the world's thinnest
+filter that's a piece of graphene with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's a piece of graphene with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's a piece of graphene with a
+hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in it
+and that's still working with just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still working with just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still working with just one
+element carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element carbon
+right so there are many many things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are many many things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are many many things you
+can do once you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do once you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do once you understand
+what these elements are and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these elements are and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these elements are and how they
+combine together and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine together and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine together and that's what we're
+going to talk about in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in this class
+over the fall how many elements are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fall how many elements are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fall how many elements are in
+your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+list we just talked about one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we just talked about one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we just talked about one element
+anybody know how many elements are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know how many elements are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know how many elements are in
+your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+how many take your guess seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many take your guess seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many take your guess seven
+27. okay it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27. okay it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27. okay it depends
+it depends do you have do you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends do you have do you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends do you have do you have the
+samsung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samsung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samsung
+if you if you got the samsung whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you got the samsung whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you got the samsung whatever
+it might light on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might light on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might light on fire
+if you got the newer one it won't do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got the newer one it won't do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got the newer one it won't do you
+have an iphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an iphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an iphone
+but you know what in the iphone there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what in the iphone there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what in the iphone there's
+63 63 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 63 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 63 elements
+right um so we have these lectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so we have these lectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so we have these lectures in
+course three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course three
+they're called the wolf lectures and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the wolf lectures and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the wolf lectures and i
+gave one a couple years ago if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave one a couple years ago if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave one a couple years ago if you're
+interested in hearing a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing a little bit more
+about what i do or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i do or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i do or what
+some other people do who think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people do who think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people do who think about
+materials in this way you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in this way you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in this way you can just
+google wolf lecture and you'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google wolf lecture and you'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google wolf lecture and you'll get to
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+uh some of the videos um and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the videos um and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the videos um and i'll
+mention it when they come around during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it when they come around during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it when they come around during
+the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year
+okay so that's a little intro to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little intro to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little intro to me
+what about the class so as i said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the class so as i said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the class so as i said the
+class at the heart of the class is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at the heart of the class is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at the heart of the class is kind
+of what i just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what i just described
+but in order to do that we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to do that we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to do that we need to know
+some very basic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic things
+we need to know how atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know how atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know how atoms
+are arranged right the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged right the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged right the atomic
+arrangement right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement right there
+we also need to know what atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to know what atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to know what atoms are
+there in the first place so but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the first place so but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the first place so but if we
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+if we know those things then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know those things then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know those things then we can
+build then we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build then we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build then we can build
+right we can get properties we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can get properties we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can get properties we can get
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+we can get processing we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get processing we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get processing we can get
+performance and we can talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and we can talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and we can talk about how
+all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things
+relate to each other they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other they're all
+correlated if i change the processing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated if i change the processing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated if i change the processing of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+i change the properties how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i change the properties how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i change the properties how do you know
+how it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it changes
+well you've got to know these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've got to know these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've got to know these things and
+at the core of it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the core of it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the core of it all
+is really the thesis of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the thesis of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the thesis of this class
+which is that the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the electronic
+structure the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the electronic
+hall we'll be talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall we'll be talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hall we'll be talking about this
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements
+holds the key to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the key to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the key to understanding
+that really is what this class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds the key the electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the key the electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the key the electronic structure
+of the elements holds the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements holds the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements holds the key
+that's what we're here to talk about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're here to talk about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're here to talk about and
+the first part of this class is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this class is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this class is really
+the basic foundations of chemistry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic foundations of chemistry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic foundations of chemistry right
+now some of you may have seen some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of you may have seen some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of you may have seen some of
+this before we're going to build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we're going to build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we're going to build these
+elements we're going to talk about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we're going to talk about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we're going to talk about them
+we're going to learn about the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn about the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn about the electrons
+and the electronic structure but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electronic structure but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electronic structure but then
+we're going to make solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make solids
+out of them and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of them and we're going to talk
+about what those do and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what those do and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what those do and how the
+chemistry relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry relates
+to the solids into the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solids into the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solids into the properties of
+those solids right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solids right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solids right
+now i want you to know again this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want you to know again this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want you to know again this is a
+sort of ministry of introduction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ministry of introduction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ministry of introduction right
+you are not alone on this journey on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not alone on this journey on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not alone on this journey on
+this journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this journey
+you have many many resources and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many many resources and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many many resources and we are
+here to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to help you
+to help you learn this material and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you learn this material and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you learn this material and do
+the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can
+right so first you have me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first you have me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first you have me
+you have your ta let's talk about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your ta let's talk about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your ta let's talk about them
+in a second you have laura i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second you have laura i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second you have laura i'll talk
+where's laura oh we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's laura oh we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's laura oh we're going to talk
+about laura in a second you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laura in a second you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about laura in a second you have the
+textbook and the internet i hear their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and the internet i hear their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and the internet i hear their
+stuff on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the internet
+and you have each other and i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have each other and i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have each other and i really
+want you to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to work
+together thank you who said those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together thank you who said those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together thank you who said those that
+was like that hit me right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that hit me right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that hit me right here
+right in the first 10 minutes of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the first 10 minutes of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the first 10 minutes of class
+so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+textbook is april it's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook is april it's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook is april it's a really good
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+it's a really good textbook please use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good textbook please use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good textbook please use
+it please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it please
+all right it's available here um notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's available here um notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's available here um notes
+like i said will be posted on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said will be posted on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said will be posted on the same
+day of each lecture i'll post whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of each lecture i'll post whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of each lecture i'll post whatever
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+on this screen i will post all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this screen i will post all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this screen i will post all right
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+the goodie bag so the goodie bag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodie bag so the goodie bag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodie bag so the goodie bag is
+another part of your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of your homework
+and these will be given out um nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be given out um nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be given out um nine
+weeks right so sort of like the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks right so sort of like the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks right so sort of like the quizzes
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+in each goodie bag which i'm gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each goodie bag which i'm gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each goodie bag which i'm gonna talk
+about in a second there are things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a second there are things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a second there are things to do
+there is this is a hands-on compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is a hands-on compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is a hands-on compliment
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+3091 lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 lectures and
+all the other materials now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other materials now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other materials now um
+this uh uh these goodie bags are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh these goodie bags are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh these goodie bags are really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and one of the two quiz questions every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the two quiz questions every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the two quiz questions every
+week that there's a quiz there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that there's a quiz there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that there's a quiz there are two
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+and one of them will be directly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them will be directly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them will be directly related
+to something that you're supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that you're supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that you're supposed to do
+in the goodie bag and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the goodie bag and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the goodie bag and in fact
+we will most times ask you to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will most times ask you to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will most times ask you to bring
+something into the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the quiz
+that is in the back so don't like throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the back so don't like throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the back so don't like throw
+it away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away and
+please do it because one of the two quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do it because one of the two quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do it because one of the two quiz
+questions will be very related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions will be very related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions will be very related to the
+goodie bag and the other will be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag and the other will be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodie bag and the other will be related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh problems you know lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems you know lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems you know lecture
+everything's related to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's related to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's related to lecture
+right but at least one will be related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but at least one will be related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but at least one will be related
+to what's in the back so this we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's in the back so this we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's in the back so this we really
+take this seriously this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this seriously this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this seriously this is a very
+important part of your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of your homework
+and um oh there it is some of which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um oh there it is some of which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um oh there it is some of which you
+need to bring to the quiz and we'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring to the quiz and we'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring to the quiz and we'll tell
+you what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that is
+before the quiz i want to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the quiz i want to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the quiz i want to tell you a
+thing though because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though because
+here's the thing when you know goody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing when you know goody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing when you know goody
+bags are it's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags are it's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags are it's a little bit of
+what's going on here it's a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here it's a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here it's a lecture
+class why are we getting goodie bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class why are we getting goodie bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class why are we getting goodie bags
+right um and it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and it's because
+i believe in the soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe in the soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe in the soul
+of mit i believe in the soul of mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mit i believe in the soul of mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mit i believe in the soul of mit
+and that is that we learn best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that we learn best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that we learn best
+by thinking and doing by thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking and doing by thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking and doing by thinking and
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+and even though this is a lecture class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this is a lecture class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this is a lecture class
+i still want you to do i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still want you to do i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still want you to do i want you to
+have stuff in your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stuff in your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stuff in your hands
+so that you can play with the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can play with the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can play with the chemistry
+that we're learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're learning about
+um now this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this goes back
+i said the soul of mit what do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said the soul of mit what do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said the soul of mit what do i mean
+this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back
+all the way back to before mit was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to before mit was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to before mit was born
+1850s you got a group of really smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s you got a group of really smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s you got a group of really smart
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+they're getting together and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting together and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting together and they're
+meeting and they're saying okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and they're saying okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and they're saying okay we're
+going to start up a new university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start up a new university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start up a new university
+what should we do and they wrote out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do and they wrote out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do and they wrote out a
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+they wrote out a plan and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote out a plan and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote out a plan and it's called
+the institute plan that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute plan that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute plan that makes sense
+1860.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860.
+it's a great read and but i want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great read and but i want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great read and but i want to pull
+out one part that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one part that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one part that's really important
+that what they wanted to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they wanted to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they wanted to do with this
+great new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great new institution
+was was to to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was to to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was to to do something
+that would serve the interests of the
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+it's so important to mit that we put it
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+veritas veritas i mean i'm not gonna
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+men's imanus is how to get it let me ask
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+signed up for it
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+
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+mit
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+mit
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+right i can tell you you are here
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+right now uh it's not
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+right now uh it's not
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+mit to phone it in
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+ever had
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+ align:start position:0%
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+roam the halls here
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+roam the halls here
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+here
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+because uh you are mit's reputation
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+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you are mit's reputation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you are mit's reputation
+freshmen raise your hand yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen raise your hand yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen raise your hand yeah
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+you are mit's reputation starting today
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+you are mit's reputation starting today
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+all right good well now that we got that
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+
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+i want to do a little bit of
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+
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+i want to do a little bit of
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+
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+
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+an introduction to chemistry and
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+
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+i'm uh
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+i i'm not going to ever test you on
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+i i'm not going to ever test you on
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+
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+i i'm not going to ever test you on
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+history
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+i'm going to give you a little bit of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+in a few slides so
+we are interested in solid state
+
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+we are interested in solid state
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+
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+we are interested in solid state
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+
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+chemistry is that essential ingredient
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+and materials and engineering right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that is the link and so we'll talk a lot
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time ho ho come on out jerome
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time ho ho come on out jerome
+but where did chemistry begin okay now
+
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+but where did chemistry begin okay now
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+
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+but where did chemistry begin okay now
+hold on
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+hold on
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+hold on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i got a pen oh no i gotta okay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i got a pen oh no i gotta okay
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+
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+that's better i thought it was a pen um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better i thought it was a pen um
+where did it begin where did it begin
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+where did it begin where did it begin
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+where did it begin where did it begin
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+well people were mixing stuff a long
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+time ago but really and there's some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago but really and there's some
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+
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+debate about this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the word chem itself you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the word chem itself you know
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+means sort of the rich soil in egypt or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+means sort of the rich soil in egypt or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it came from kamiyah and greek
+ 
+
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+maybe it came from kamiyah and greek
+which meant sort of mixing and pouring
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+doing was they were taking stuff
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making other stuff out of it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making other stuff out of it
+that dagger there is from ancient egypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dagger there is from ancient egypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dagger there is from ancient egypt
+it's from around 3000 bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from around 3000 bc
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+
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+
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+and the way they made that was by taking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way they made that was by taking
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+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from a meteor
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+
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+stuff from a meteor
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was iron and some nickel and some
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+
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+it was iron and some nickel and some
+other things but from a meteor so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but from a meteor so they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+and they were able to make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were able to make
+a really really strong weapon out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really strong weapon out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really strong weapon out of it
+they called those daggers from heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called those daggers from heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called those daggers from heaven
+right but the point is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the point is that what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the point is that what
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+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is about is it's about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+how you mix these things and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you mix these things and what are
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+ align:start position:0%
+how you mix these things and what are
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+you mixing
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+ align:start position:0%
+you mixing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place what was it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place what was it that you
+took out of the meteor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the meteor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the meteor
+and why did it make that instead of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did it make that instead of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why did it make that instead of that
+how did i get that dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i get that dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i get that dagger
+right that's really what this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really what this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really what this is about
+and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so
+if we go back to sort of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to sort of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to sort of the first
+people who really started discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who really started discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who really started discussing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we start with plato and aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with plato and aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with plato and aristotle
+and plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plato um now so plato had this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato um now so plato had this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato um now so plato had this idea
+probably some of you may have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of you may have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of you may have heard
+see there's what is stuff made of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's what is stuff made of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's what is stuff made of what
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+the essence of things they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of things they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of things they really
+thought about this and they debated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this and they debated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this and they debated it
+and you know plato well plato said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know plato well plato said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know plato well plato said
+there's four things and some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four things and some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four things and some of you may
+heard this there's earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this there's earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this there's earth
+right there's fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's air and
+there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's water
+and everything's made out of that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's made out of that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything's made out of that right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see that's a little limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's a little limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's a little limiting
+aristotle came along and said wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle came along and said wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle came along and said wait a
+second hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hold on
+if i look out into the stars they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look out into the stars they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look out into the stars they don't
+seem to change much so there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to change much so there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to change much so there must be
+something else that's not quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's not quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's not quote
+earthly and corruptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthly and corruptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthly and corruptible
+uh and he called that ether but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he called that ether but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he called that ether but anyway
+the point is like that's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is like that's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is like that's hard
+it's hard to kind of explain everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to kind of explain everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to kind of explain everything
+with this how are you gonna build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this how are you gonna build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this how are you gonna build the
+world out of the we can't even explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world out of the we can't even explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world out of the we can't even explain
+the boston weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boston weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boston weather
+with just these four with just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just these four with just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just these four with just those
+four words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four words
+so it was limiting but then along came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was limiting but then along came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was limiting but then along came
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+democritus and luciferous who was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus and luciferous who was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus and luciferous who was his
+teacher and democritus said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and democritus said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and democritus said
+okay look there's something fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look there's something fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay look there's something fundamental
+so democritus he said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so democritus he said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so democritus he said look
+i believe there's something more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe there's something more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe there's something more than
+these four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four things
+the mock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mock
+and he said there are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said there are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said there are these things
+called atoms so he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called atoms so he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called atoms so he was an
+atomist and adam is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomist and adam is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomist and adam is um is
+indivisible indivisible that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible indivisible that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible indivisible that's the
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+atomos in greek it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomos in greek it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomos in greek it meant
+indivisible adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they fought about this they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fought about this they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fought about this they thought
+about this a lot and plato it said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a lot and plato it said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a lot and plato it said was
+so upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so upset
+about democritus that he wanted all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about democritus that he wanted all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about democritus that he wanted all of
+his books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books
+burned that's a seri back in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned that's a seri back in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned that's a seri back in the day
+that was a serious dis it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a serious dis it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a serious dis it would be like
+if i blocked somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i blocked somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i blocked somebody on
+instagram can i do that is that a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram can i do that is that a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instagram can i do that is that a thing
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+snapchat what i don't know i was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat what i don't know i was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat what i don't know i was right
+see that's helped me i'm blocking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's helped me i'm blocking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's helped me i'm blocking you
+burn your books seriously dissing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your books seriously dissing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your books seriously dissing each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+democritus now it it really happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus now it it really happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus now it it really happened
+quickly from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from there
+a mere 2 000 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mere 2 000 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mere 2 000 years later
+we get to modern chemistry why did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to modern chemistry why did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to modern chemistry why did it
+take 2 000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 2 000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 2 000 years
+it took two thousand years because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took two thousand years because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took two thousand years because we
+were missing something so we had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were missing something so we had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were missing something so we had a lot
+of alchemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alchemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alchemy
+the thing about alchemy there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about alchemy there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about alchemy there are
+actually some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some really interesting
+discoveries in alchemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries in alchemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries in alchemy
+but they always tied it to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they always tied it to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they always tied it to something
+very non-rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-rigorous
+like oh this works because of the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this works because of the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this works because of the faces
+of the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the moon
+or the tides right and and so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the tides right and and so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the tides right and and so it really
+needed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some
+rigorous way to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way to study
+what things were made of right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things were made of right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things were made of right what
+things were made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were made of
+and that came oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came oh
+inevitable that that might happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable that that might happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable that that might happen here
+we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go
+that came with the scientific method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came with the scientific method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came with the scientific method in
+the 1600s and sir francis bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1600s and sir francis bacon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1600s and sir francis bacon
+and and i think a lot of you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think a lot of you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think a lot of you have seen
+the scientific method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scientific method
+but it was pivotal for chemistry it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pivotal for chemistry it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was pivotal for chemistry it was
+pivotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivotal
+because it allowed people to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allowed people to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allowed people to think about
+this question of what stuff is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of what stuff is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of what stuff is made of
+but using a rigorous approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using a rigorous approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using a rigorous approach
+make an observation form a hypothesis do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an observation form a hypothesis do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an observation form a hypothesis do
+an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+record and that's what people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and that's what people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and that's what people started
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+that is what for example robert boyle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what for example robert boyle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what for example robert boyle
+did one of the earlier ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one of the earlier ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one of the earlier ones
+to think about things and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things and talk about the
+element they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element they were all
+going back to think of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to think of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to think of thinking about
+these same issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same issues
+what are things made of an element can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are things made of an element can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are things made of an element can't
+be broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken down
+into two or more substance uh simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two or more substance uh simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two or more substance uh simpler
+substances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances
+by chemical means so he was at that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chemical means so he was at that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chemical means so he was at that he
+was going for that core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going for that core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going for that core
+what is at the core oh and then you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is at the core oh and then you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is at the core oh and then you had
+priestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+priestly discovered oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly discovered oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly discovered oxygen
+and he did it by burning things he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did it by burning things he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did it by burning things he did
+it by burning things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by burning things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by burning things
+just mentioning that word makes me want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioning that word makes me want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioning that word makes me want
+to put those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put those on
+and and so he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so he really
+he really studied combustion he studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really studied combustion he studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really studied combustion he studied
+these reactions that were happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions that were happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions that were happening with
+oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and
+carbon containing matter it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon containing matter it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon containing matter it was
+combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+so he burned stuff he burned this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he burned stuff he burned this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he burned stuff he burned this he
+burned that he burned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned that he burned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned that he burned that
+and he said what happens when i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said what happens when i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said what happens when i do that
+that was another way priestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another way priestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another way priestly
+sorry boyle played with pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry boyle played with pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry boyle played with pressure and
+volume right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right
+pressure and volume relationships for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and volume relationships for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and volume relationships for
+gases that was his way to try to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that was his way to try to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases that was his way to try to get at
+what things are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things are made of
+priestley wanted to blow stuff up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestley wanted to blow stuff up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestley wanted to blow stuff up
+oh and he also worked with beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he actually worked with beer and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually worked with beer and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually worked with beer and he
+discovered that the same gas that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the same gas that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the same gas that comes
+out of fermenting beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of fermenting beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of fermenting beer
+is the gas that comes out of combusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gas that comes out of combusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gas that comes out of combusting
+okay so you got a guy who's working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you got a guy who's working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you got a guy who's working on
+lighting stuff on fire and beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting stuff on fire and beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting stuff on fire and beer
+and and you can imagine maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can imagine maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can imagine maybe that
+wasn't going to be a good day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to be a good day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to be a good day
+at some point and what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and what happened is
+actually his experiments did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his experiments did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his experiments did
+this is true they slowed down when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true they slowed down when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true they slowed down when he
+fell into a vat of beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into a vat of beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into a vat of beer
+during one of his experiments now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during one of his experiments now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during one of his experiments now
+the thing is though that he studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is though that he studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is though that he studied
+combustion and that makes me think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and that makes me think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and that makes me think about
+combustion and and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion and and i
+feel like oh i feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like oh i feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like oh i feel like
+this is a good time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good time for
+my goodie bag which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodie bag which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodie bag which
+is to illustrate a point oh thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to illustrate a point oh thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to illustrate a point oh thank you
+jerome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to some feed somewhere okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to some feed somewhere okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to some feed somewhere okay
+now the thing is that when you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is that when you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is that when you go to a
+restaurant and they have real candles i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and they have real candles i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and they have real candles i
+get really happy about it we'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really happy about it we'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really happy about it we'll tell
+candle stories later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle stories later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle stories later
+in the term as well um and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term as well um and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term as well um and this is what
+you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing
+you are lighting a candle on fire now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lighting a candle on fire now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lighting a candle on fire now
+when you do that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you see
+here here's the thing you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the thing you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the thing you're actually
+i don't want you to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want you to think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want you to think about it as
+lighting a candle i want you to now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting a candle i want you to now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting a candle i want you to now from
+now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on
+think about it as lighting c25h52 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as lighting c25h52 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as lighting c25h52 and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+if you go to a restaurant and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a restaurant and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a restaurant and you want
+to ask them if they have real candles i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them if they have real candles i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them if they have real candles i
+don't care if you're all with friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you're all with friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care if you're all with friends
+or maybe you're on a date raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you're on a date raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you're on a date raise your
+hand ask the waiter and say do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand ask the waiter and say do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand ask the waiter and say do you have
+any c525hv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any c525hv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any c525hv
+and see if they know see if they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if they know see if they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if they know see if they've
+taken some chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some chemistry
+what you're doing is you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're doing that
+you're combusting that fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're combusting that fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're combusting that fuel
+well see the whole world runs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see the whole world runs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see the whole world runs by
+lighting things on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting things on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting things on fire
+you could light propane on fire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could light propane on fire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could light propane on fire or
+you could light hydrogen on fire that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could light hydrogen on fire that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could light hydrogen on fire that's
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+we said you know hands-on is a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said you know hands-on is a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said you know hands-on is a good way
+to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn
+so let's see what that's like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what that's like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what that's like there's
+the candle which is tilting i'm watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle which is tilting i'm watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle which is tilting i'm watching
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+really oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really oh okay
+so or you could light hydrogen on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or you could light hydrogen on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or you could light hydrogen on fire
+and if you do that this is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that this is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that this is what happens
+right so okay let's do that again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay let's do that again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay let's do that again these
+bubbles aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles aren't
+oh i should have kept this on there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i should have kept this on there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i should have kept this on there we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's really really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm going to stop oh i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to stop oh i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to stop oh i'm not going
+to stop because you just turned it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop because you just turned it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop because you just turned it on
+again now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now you're
+you're coaxing me to do more oh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coaxing me to do more oh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coaxing me to do more oh these
+are bigger bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger bubbles
+these are bigger bubbles let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bigger bubbles let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bigger bubbles let's see if
+this gets a nice flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets a nice flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets a nice flame
+oh thank you there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you there we go
+all right okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay now
+my goodie bag for today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodie bag for today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodie bag for today um
+we run our world by doing this i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run our world by doing this i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run our world by doing this i mean
+not by lighting hydrogen bubbles on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by lighting hydrogen bubbles on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by lighting hydrogen bubbles on fire
+um but when you plug your phone in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when you plug your phone in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but when you plug your phone in to
+charge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it
+you're lighting a fire think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lighting a fire think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lighting a fire think about that
+you might not feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not feel it
+oh you are no i'm sick i love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you are no i'm sick i love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you are no i'm sick i love that
+reaction i love that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i love that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction i love that reaction
+you are lighting a fire it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lighting a fire it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lighting a fire it may not be
+you but somebody else is down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but somebody else is down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but somebody else is down the street
+at a power plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a power plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a power plant
+this is how we run our world we burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we run our world we burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we run our world we burn
+things and so this this this study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so this this this study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so this this this study of
+combustion was extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion was extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion was extremely
+important and it's going to be our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it's going to be our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it's going to be our first
+reaction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction um
+so what what's happening when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's happening when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what's happening when you when
+you light c25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light c25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you light c25
+h on fire what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h on fire what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h on fire what's happening is that
+you're reacting you're doing remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reacting you're doing remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reacting you're doing remember
+priestly discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h52 plus oxygen he discovered oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h52 plus oxygen he discovered oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h52 plus oxygen he discovered oxygen
+and he also remember this comes off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he also remember this comes off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he also remember this comes off a
+beer too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer too
+he also discovered these other gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also discovered these other gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also discovered these other gases
+coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+right and that's the chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the chemical reaction
+is it the chemical reaction it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the chemical reaction it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the chemical reaction it's not
+done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet
+it's not balanced it's not balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not balanced it's not balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not balanced it's not balanced
+mass is being lost left and right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is being lost left and right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is being lost left and right not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+not okay so we must when we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so we must when we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so we must when we write down
+things that happen in chemistry like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in chemistry like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in chemistry like a
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+we must find balance it's also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must find balance it's also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must find balance it's also important
+in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life
+but it's very important in chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very important in chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very important in chemistry and
+and so if you balance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you balance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you balance this
+right you're going to put a 2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're going to put a 2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're going to put a 2 because
+here's the deal and i'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the deal and i'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the deal and i'll talk about this
+more in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a sec
+c c 25 h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c 25 h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c 25 h
+52 plus anybody know how many o2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 plus anybody know how many o2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 plus anybody know how many o2s
+38 whoever said that 38 is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 whoever said that 38 is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 whoever said that 38 is going to go
+to 25 co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 co2
+plus 26 h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 26 h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 26 h2o
+these are the kinds of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of things that are
+perfect perfect to keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect perfect to keep doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect perfect to keep doing
+exercises on through your problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises on through your problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises on through your problems
+through your goodie bags in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your goodie bags in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your goodie bags in your
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+right these are exactly how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are exactly how did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are exactly how did you do
+that if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't know
+you will soon you'll get help practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will soon you'll get help practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will soon you'll get help practice
+right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i
+know i know i wrote this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i know i wrote this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i know i wrote this down
+i'm just testing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the two was supposed to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two was supposed to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two was supposed to go to
+the propane one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propane one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propane one
+because i wanted to write that one and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i wanted to write that one and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i wanted to write that one and i
+got excited and i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got excited and i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got excited and i went
+i went to that instead and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to that instead and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to that instead and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be eight co2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be eight co2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be eight co2 and so on
+10 h2o these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 h2o these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 h2o these are
+balanced these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced these are
+balanced and balancing reactions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and balancing reactions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced and balancing reactions is
+important why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why because
+it it balances the mass and it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it balances the mass and it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it balances the mass and it tells us
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+once we count atoms you'll see we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we count atoms you'll see we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we count atoms you'll see we're
+going to count atoms on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count atoms on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to count atoms on friday
+right but it's telling us that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's telling us that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's telling us that you can't
+just lose stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lose stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lose stuff
+you can't just lose stuff you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just lose stuff you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just lose stuff you got to
+have the same oh and that by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same oh and that by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same oh and that by the way
+is what lavoisier lavoisier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what lavoisier lavoisier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what lavoisier lavoisier
+where's jerome oh yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+butane not propane it very well might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butane not propane it very well might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butane not propane it very well might
+have been c4h10 yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been c4h10 yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been c4h10 yes
+i believe that is butane thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oh jerome come back jerome helps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh jerome come back jerome helps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh jerome come back jerome helps the
+class and he helps my french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and he helps my french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and he helps my french
+le voisier no ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le voisier no ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+le voisier no ah
+okay not say it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not say it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not say it oh
+okay i try but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i try but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i try but
+now he said look you gotta conserve mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he said look you gotta conserve mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he said look you gotta conserve mass
+you can't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't lose
+you can't create or destroy matter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create or destroy matter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create or destroy matter when
+you do chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do chemistry
+when you do this when you do this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this when you do this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this when you do this you
+cannot create or destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create or destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot create or destroy
+matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay
+conservation of mass lavoisier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass lavoisier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass lavoisier
+um it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it means that
+if i you know you get a little more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i you know you get a little more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i you know you get a little more than
+that so this is balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is balancing
+um but you also can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you also can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you also can think about
+you know whether you have anything i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether you have anything i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether you have anything i
+probably should blow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should blow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should blow that
+whether whether you have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether you have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether you have anything
+did you have too much too little did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have too much too little did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have too much too little did i
+mix it just right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it just right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix it just right so
+like if you think let's take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think let's take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think let's take another
+reaction just as an example if i mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction just as an example if i mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction just as an example if i mix
+iron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and
+oxygen to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to make
+ferric oxide oh not balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferric oxide oh not balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferric oxide oh not balanced
+two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four
+and i tell you for example that i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you for example that i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you for example that i've got
+10 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 grams
+of iron reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's see
+so okay i'm going to give it to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay i'm going to give it to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay i'm going to give it to you a
+different way i'm going to say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way i'm going to say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way i'm going to say that it
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+you reacts with o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to give 18.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give 18.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give 18.2
+grams of fe2o3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an example from the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i know because of conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know because of conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know because of conservation of
+mass from lebron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass from lebron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass from lebron
+that 8.2 grams if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 8.2 grams if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 8.2 grams if
+if this reacts fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this reacts fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this reacts fully
+right if if iron reacts fully it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if iron reacts fully it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if if iron reacts fully it all
+goes away there's none left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away there's none left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away there's none left
+then i must have if i got 18.2 grams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i must have if i got 18.2 grams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i must have if i got 18.2 grams of
+ferric acid i must have reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferric acid i must have reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferric acid i must have reacted
+8.2 grams of oxygen that's conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.2 grams of oxygen that's conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.2 grams of oxygen that's conservation
+of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+but there's another thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another thing you can do
+with this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+so so i must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i must have
+reacted 8.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted 8.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted 8.2
+grams of oxygen but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of oxygen but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of oxygen but there's another
+thing because if i'd started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because if i'd started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because if i'd started
+you know if i started now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i started now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i started now
+with 10 grams of o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 grams of o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 grams of o2
+and 10 grams of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 grams of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 grams of iron
+ah i'm gonna have excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i'm gonna have excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i'm gonna have excess
+i know that i know that now i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that i know that now i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that i know that now i'm gonna
+have excess and the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess and the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess and the thing
+is that there's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something that's
+limiting here what's in excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting here what's in excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting here what's in excess
+oxygen because i started with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen because i started with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen because i started with the same
+amount of iron there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of iron there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of iron there's more
+but that means that we've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that we've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that we've got another
+term which is that iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is that iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is that iron
+is the limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limiting reagent
+you see that because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm limited meaning this reaction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm limited meaning this reaction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm limited meaning this reaction goes
+and goes and goes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes and goes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes and goes and
+something runs out first that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something runs out first that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something runs out first that is the
+limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent
+right and this was this was just done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this was this was just done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this was this was just done by
+thinking about lavoisier's conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about lavoisier's conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about lavoisier's conservation
+of math i ca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math i ca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of math i ca
+mass i can't create or destroy atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass i can't create or destroy atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass i can't create or destroy atoms in
+a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+not in this class you take nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this class you take nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this class you take nuclear
+somewhere else but not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else but not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else but not here
+here we don't destroy or create matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't destroy or create matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't destroy or create matter
+limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent
+balancing reactions very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing reactions very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing reactions very very
+fundamental first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental first
+chemical concepts now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical concepts now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical concepts now
+these guys were playing around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were playing around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were playing around with
+stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and
+and really trying to figure out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to figure out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to figure out again
+they're going back to democritus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going back to democritus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going back to democritus
+what are these indivisible elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these indivisible elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these indivisible elements
+atoms what are they and all these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what are they and all these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what are they and all these guys
+were starting to mess with that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting to mess with that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting to mess with that once
+they had the scientific mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the scientific mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the scientific mesh
+method they were able to go very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method they were able to go very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method they were able to go very far
+here's the velocity's list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the velocity's list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the velocity's list
+33 elements and he tried to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 elements and he tried to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 elements and he tried to organize
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and in some cases he he succeeded fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases he he succeeded fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases he he succeeded fairly
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+look at this this is a okay where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this this is a okay where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this this is a okay where's
+jerome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerome
+this is a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substances no not even close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances no not even close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances no not even close
+but look simples simples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look simples simples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look simples simples
+simple fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fundamental
+atoms what are those things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what are those things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what are those things that we're
+mixing together that we've been mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing together that we've been mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing together that we've been mixing
+together for thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for thousands of years
+what is that thing i'm pulling out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that thing i'm pulling out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that thing i'm pulling out of
+this ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ore
+and making stuff out of and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making stuff out of and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making stuff out of and he was
+trying to classify them using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify them using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to classify them using these
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+right um and so and and some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so and and some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so and and some of these
+are actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually really
+uh uh were really good discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh were really good discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh were really good discoveries
+i want you to experience this i want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to experience this i want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to experience this i want you
+to go back to this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to this time
+and that is what the first goodie bag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what the first goodie bag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what the first goodie bag is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so what i've given you in this goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i've given you in this goody bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i've given you in this goody bag
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the most accurate measuring device ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most accurate measuring device ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most accurate measuring device ever
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+and branded 3091
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and branded 3091
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and branded 3091
+it's a ruler i've given you five metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ruler i've given you five metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ruler i've given you five metal
+strips and i want you to pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips and i want you to pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips and i want you to pretend that
+you don't know what these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what these are
+how do you find out you do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out you do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out you do nothing
+with fire nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i gave you vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i gave you vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i gave you vinegar
+and you do lots of vinegar pour it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do lots of vinegar pour it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do lots of vinegar pour it on
+them measure it weigh it look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them measure it weigh it look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them measure it weigh it look at it
+shiny not shiny different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny not shiny different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny not shiny different color
+densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+think about what the differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the differences are
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and i want to put you back in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to put you back in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to put you back in that time
+and i want to make a point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to make a point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to make a point here
+goody bags are not just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bags are not just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bags are not just about the
+questions i ask i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i ask i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i ask i hope
+that you think even beyond the goodie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think even beyond the goodie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think even beyond the goodie
+bag so if you use that vinegar and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so if you use that vinegar and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so if you use that vinegar and one
+of those things reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things reacts
+let's just suppose with the vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just suppose with the vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just suppose with the vinegar
+then think about what that is and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what that is and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what that is and maybe
+vinegar is a test maybe it's a test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar is a test maybe it's a test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar is a test maybe it's a test and
+you can react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can react
+you can pour vinegar and make reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pour vinegar and make reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pour vinegar and make reactions
+with other things maybe you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things maybe you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other things maybe you should be
+thinking about where that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about where that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about where that thing is
+in the infinite corridor and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite corridor and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite corridor and the whole
+infinite quarter should smell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite quarter should smell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite quarter should smell like
+vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar
+but we won't tell president reif about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't tell president reif about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we won't tell president reif about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's what i mean maybe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what i mean maybe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what i mean maybe not the
+infinite but you know explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but you know explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but you know explore
+these are meant to be i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to be i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to be i want you to
+really use these as an adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these as an adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these as an adventure
+you know think about think outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about think outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about think outside the
+box so you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so you've got this
+most accurate measuring device you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most accurate measuring device you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most accurate measuring device you've
+got these strips a pipet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these strips a pipet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these strips a pipet
+and you've got some gloves and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got some gloves and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got some gloves and that is
+your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first
+your first goodie bag okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first goodie bag okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first goodie bag okay now the
+the last thing that i'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i'm gonna tell you
+about is why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is why this matters
+and just like the goody bags when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like the goody bags when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like the goody bags when i
+started teaching this class three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching this class three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started teaching this class three years
+ago i wanted to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i wanted to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i wanted to also
+protect a certain fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a certain fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect a certain fundamental
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of each lecture and i call it why
+my why this matters moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters moment
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes on for more than a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+but i really really want every lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i really really want every lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i really really want every lecture
+to connect what we just learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect what we just learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect what we just learned
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a big picture most of the time it's
+some application or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some application or some
+global challenge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenge right
+i want you to see those connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see those connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see those connections that
+what you're learning is directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning is directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're learning is directly
+relevant to some big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to some big thing
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my why this matters moment is a is
+really related to these discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to these discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to these discoveries
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+okay please give me until 11 55. i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please give me until 11 55. i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please give me until 11 55. i will
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always let you go on time 11 55 but
+please don't start putting stuff away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't start putting stuff away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't start putting stuff away
+because it's distracting to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distracting to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's distracting to everybody
+um so two and a half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we name the age we live in often by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the age we live in often by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name the age we live in often by the
+element by the atom by the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by the atom by the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by the atom by the material
+by the material that was most useful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the material that was most useful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the material that was most useful at
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stone age the bronze age the iron
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+i would say we've moved through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say we've moved through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say we've moved through the
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age the age of plastics the
+age of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of silicon
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a material scientist an engineer i
+love this i love that you name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this i love that you name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this i love that you name
+the age you live in by the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age you live in by the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age you live in by the material that
+mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered
+but i also love that we will never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also love that we will never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i also love that we will never do
+that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the reason is that we live in a
+truly unique age now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly unique age now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly unique age now
+a different age one in which we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different age one in which we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different age one in which we can put
+atoms we can realize feynman's dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we can realize feynman's dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we can realize feynman's dream
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put atoms anywhere we want the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+is not can we make it as much anymore as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not can we make it as much anymore as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not can we make it as much anymore as
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+what should we make we live in the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we make we live in the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we make we live in the age
+of atomic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atomic design
+and that is really important i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really important i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really important i mentioned
+the phone and the 63 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and the 63 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone and the 63 elements
+you know look this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look this is called a
+revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+this is called this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called this is called a
+revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution
+you went in 50 years from a dollar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in 50 years from a dollar per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in 50 years from a dollar per
+transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor
+eight orders of magnitude cheaper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude cheaper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight orders of magnitude cheaper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became cheaper to print a transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became cheaper to print a transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became cheaper to print a transistor
+on a chip than a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chip than a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chip than a character
+in a newspaper that's a revolution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a newspaper that's a revolution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a newspaper that's a revolution but
+that revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that revolution
+it started as a processing revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started as a processing revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started as a processing revolution
+with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+really important element silicon and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important element silicon and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important element silicon and now
+it's a materials revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a materials revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a materials revolution
+with 63. it's a chemistry revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 63. it's a chemistry revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 63. it's a chemistry revolution
+and the reason this matters so much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this matters so much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this matters so much what
+are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things
+is because so many of the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because so many of the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because so many of the problems that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+face in this world today so many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in this world today so many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in this world today so many of the
+global challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global challenges
+will rely on new chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rely on new chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rely on new chemistry
+and on new materials those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on new materials those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on new materials those
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bottlenecks those are the
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks in cost and efficiency and
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+right in properties and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in properties and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in properties and those are the
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we're going to be
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all throughout the fall and that is our
+construction set and we will build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction set and we will build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction set and we will build this
+on friday so see you guys all on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B6mK4IyRYiA.txt b/B6mK4IyRYiA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34d70dfd43a6052c96b9837f953cbf9b93e580e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B6mK4IyRYiA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one of the main challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the main challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the main challenges that
+students coming into this class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students coming into this class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students coming into this class are
+facing is that for many of them the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing is that for many of them the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing is that for many of them the last
+time they did an experiment in a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they did an experiment in a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they did an experiment in a physics
+class may have been a high school class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class may have been a high school class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class may have been a high school class
+where the experiments were set up to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiments were set up to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiments were set up to in
+a certain sense just work so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense just work so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense just work so they could
+push the button and get the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the button and get the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the button and get the data and
+then learn something about whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then learn something about whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then learn something about whatever the
+the piece of physics I was being studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of physics I was being studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece of physics I was being studied
+whether it was you know colliding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was you know colliding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was you know colliding two
+carts to learn about conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts to learn about conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts to learn about conservation of
+momentum or swinging a pendulum to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or swinging a pendulum to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or swinging a pendulum to learn
+about harmonic oscillators something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about harmonic oscillators something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about harmonic oscillators something
+like that usually the instructor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that usually the instructor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that usually the instructor who
+taught them that experiment set it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught them that experiment set it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught them that experiment set it up in
+such a way that the experiments were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the experiments were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the experiments were so
+themselves were not the challenge it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were not the challenge it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves were not the challenge it was
+learning the physics by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the physics by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the physics by the time
+students get to their third year of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get to their third year of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get to their third year of the
+physics major they really know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics major they really know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics major they really know an
+extraordinary amount of physics and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary amount of physics and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary amount of physics and that
+is really a secondary goal of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a secondary goal of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a secondary goal of what we're
+teaching here junior lab is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching here junior lab is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching here junior lab is really about
+the professional development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professional development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professional development of the
+student as a scientist and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student as a scientist and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student as a scientist and that means
+things like approaching a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like approaching a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like approaching a difficult
+piece of apparatus with an attitude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of apparatus with an attitude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of apparatus with an attitude that
+you're going to be able to get it done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to get it done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be able to get it done
+understanding that anything you try is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that anything you try is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that anything you try is
+not going to work the first time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work the first time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work the first time you're
+going to have to debug it it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to debug it it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to debug it it's about
+keeping very careful records of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping very careful records of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping very careful records of what
+you've done so that when you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done so that when you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done so that when you have to go
+back and repeat it you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and repeat it you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and repeat it you can see what
+you've done there's there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done there's there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done there's there's a large
+number of things that sort of add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that sort of add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that sort of add up to
+this is the way a professional does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way a professional does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way a professional does it
+which is different than almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different than almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is different than almost anything
+they've done previously in their career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done previously in their career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done previously in their career
+as a physics student so one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a physics student so one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a physics student so one of the great
+challenges is if they think they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is if they think they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges is if they think they know
+how to do experiments they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do experiments they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do experiments they may have
+learned it in a way that was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it in a way that was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it in a way that was a little
+bit more of a novice approach before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more of a novice approach before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more of a novice approach before so
+there may be some things they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some things they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some things they have to
+unlearn before even getting started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlearn before even getting started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlearn before even getting started and
+we spend about the first month of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend about the first month of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend about the first month of the
+class working on things like that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BAoaC8O3X7I.txt b/BAoaC8O3X7I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8676e56e6314c9cb719689b4ff6e7afefe8e04a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BAoaC8O3X7I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3240 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okie-dokie so anybody else with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okie-dokie so anybody else with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okie-dokie so anybody else with a
+specific idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+all right we don't think we need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't think we need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't think we need any
+more details on that one that seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details on that one that seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details on that one that seemed to
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+there's another hand yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are really well scopes for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really well scopes for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really well scopes for two
+days I'm quite impressed alright um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I'm quite impressed alright um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I'm quite impressed alright um
+paint with body and it would be so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint with body and it would be so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint with body and it would be so the
+right hand is a different color or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand is a different color or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand is a different color or a
+different brush and the left hand is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brush and the left hand is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brush and the left hand is a
+different color or a different brush or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color or a different brush or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color or a different brush or
+something like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right yeah oh wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yeah oh wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yeah oh wait
+say well start back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh punky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh punky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh punky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+right there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction is alright okay so you so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is alright okay so you so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is alright okay so you so if
+some indirect control its it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indirect control its it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indirect control its it's like a
+like that but like lemming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can just rather put it there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can just rather put it there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can just rather put it there you
+have to find out the way through you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find out the way through you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find out the way through you the
+visual can you blow into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual can you blow into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual can you blow into the into the
+genetic or something like movie I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic or something like movie I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic or something like movie I think
+the the microphone can detect noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microphone can detect noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microphone can detect noise
+levels but I don't know if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but I don't know if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but I don't know if you could
+detect blowing versus just ambient noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay and and the end kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and and the end kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and and the end kind of
+mechanic would be to guide them home or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic would be to guide them home or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic would be to guide them home or
+something like to guide them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like to guide them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like to guide them into
+someplace okay awesome yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's so sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really I felt that one right in my heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I felt that one right in my heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I felt that one right in my heart
+that is good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any other fun specific yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place that's gonna be a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's gonna be a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that's gonna be a really good
+educational game to put together like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game to put together like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game to put together like in
+order to learn all the mechanics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn all the mechanics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn all the mechanics of
+what's happening inside of the connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening inside of the connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening inside of the connects
+that's a really nice kind of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really nice kind of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really nice kind of learning
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no over there yes okay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no over there yes okay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no over there yes okay for this
+sorry beautiful like that virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry beautiful like that virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry beautiful like that virtual
+aquarium so like if you're like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquarium so like if you're like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquarium so like if you're like the
+scuba diver your anyway your honors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scuba diver your anyway your honors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scuba diver your anyway your honors with
+the fish can I get scared and they walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish can I get scared and they walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish can I get scared and they walk
+away from you and then they slowly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from you and then they slowly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from you and then they slowly you
+kind of sneak back then that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sneak back then that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sneak back then that it
+basically like role evolve it cues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like role evolve it cues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like role evolve it cues are
+the force rounded player right they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force rounded player right they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force rounded player right they like
+want to be in a certain configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in a certain configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in a certain configuration
+but say you scared yeah right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you scared yeah right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say you scared yeah right all right
+okay cool yeah so your tool I like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool yeah so your tool I like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool yeah so your tool I like what
+you called a virtual aquarium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+about area effectors and triggers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area effectors and triggers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area effectors and triggers but
+doing that and any other I thought I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and any other I thought I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and any other I thought I hit
+saw hand but it was just a person do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw hand but it was just a person do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw hand but it was just a person do you
+want to make a pitch for your puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a pitch for your puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a pitch for your puzzle
+puzzle this is to speak with themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like valuate so there's a whole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like valuate so there's a whole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like valuate so there's a whole region
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+know learn and infrastructure saw career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn and infrastructure saw career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn and infrastructure saw career
+especially what need quickly build their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what need quickly build their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what need quickly build their
+versions of these puzzles and deploy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these puzzles and deploy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these puzzles and deploy
+them across platform and so I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mini projects yeah many projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini projects yeah many projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini projects yeah many projects that
+utilize the Kinect in some small way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize the Kinect in some small way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize the Kinect in some small way
+that way when you do your larger project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when you do your larger project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when you do your larger project
+yeah once you do your larger project it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once you do your larger project it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once you do your larger project it
+doesn't have to so it could be a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to so it could be a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to so it could be a grid
+puzzle game that you just moved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle game that you just moved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle game that you just moved the
+object around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object around
+Thanks so when I think he has a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks so when I think he has a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks so when I think he has a first
+any project is just to try to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any project is just to try to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any project is just to try to learn how
+to put a grid on the screen except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a grid on the screen except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a grid on the screen except that
+it would move discreetly for once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would move discreetly for once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would move discreetly for once
+although the next and I dynamically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the next and I dynamically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the next and I dynamically we
+won't be a fancy eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a fancy eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a fancy eventually
+you have a patient who has already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a patient who has already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a patient who has already a
+woman four months out of the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman four months out of the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman four months out of the back
+straight and this way is repositioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and this way is repositioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and this way is repositioned
+and he jumps to a lot of jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he jumps to a lot of jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he jumps to a lot of jump
+so the first pass is just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first pass is just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first pass is just to be able to
+control you have a grid or if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you have a grid or if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you have a grid or if you like
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+that's simple but simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple but simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple but simple things
+sometimes take a lot of time he may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take a lot of time he may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take a lot of time he may be
+suffering if we get the first into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering if we get the first into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering if we get the first into that
+then it was implemented with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was implemented with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was implemented with something
+deep in the past is this an exercise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the past is this an exercise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the past is this an exercise we
+just call target in a very blue the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call target in a very blue the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call target in a very blue the ball
+would target self and as soon as he hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would target self and as soon as he hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would target self and as soon as he hit
+the target we need to go on to this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target we need to go on to this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target we need to go on to this all
+that as the target the target will choke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the target the target will choke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the target the target will choke
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+I made a website that did that it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a website that did that it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a website that did that it had a
+button and every time you clicked it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and every time you clicked it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and every time you clicked it it
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+I was like submit some submit you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like submit some submit you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like submit some submit you put it
+obstacles on the missile itself bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles on the missile itself bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles on the missile itself bathroom
+you think engage or exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think engage or exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think engage or exactly
+I did all of the version of the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did all of the version of the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did all of the version of the Pacific
+ulti target where you have the loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulti target where you have the loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulti target where you have the loop and
+then control them they all move try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then control them they all move try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then control them they all move try to
+move in the same direction unless one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the same direction unless one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the same direction unless one of
+them hitting an obstacle or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hitting an obstacle or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hitting an obstacle or something
+any that did obstacles would be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that did obstacles would be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that did obstacles would be moving
+so so you can use the opticals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use the opticals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use the opticals
+preferably that sort of change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably that sort of change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably that sort of change the
+relative positions of the moving segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative positions of the moving segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative positions of the moving segment
+and the object game objective is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object game objective is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object game objective is to get
+all the moving objects like that argot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the moving objects like that argot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the moving objects like that argot
+simultaneous might be part of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous might be part of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous might be part of itself
+would be movables and you try to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be movables and you try to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be movables and you try to get all
+three simultaneously you want to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three simultaneously you want to cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three simultaneously you want to cool
+that any other specific mini projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other specific mini projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any other specific mini projects
+just your base things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your base things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your base things
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+oops a what just like leave me alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah a little gesture right there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a little gesture right there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a little gesture right there like
+hug you I know I want to make a comedic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug you I know I want to make a comedic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug you I know I want to make a comedic
+- about it but I I'm too uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- about it but I I'm too uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- about it but I I'm too uncomfortable
+so I'm like no I think it's very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm like no I think it's very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm like no I think it's very funny
+and I think a lot of people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think a lot of people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think a lot of people will
+identify brave very much with it um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify brave very much with it um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify brave very much with it um I
+don't know how to describe that the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to describe that the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to describe that the get
+away game the the loaners dilemma shoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let me call it push away affection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me call it push away affection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me call it push away affection
+although that may be too too strong of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that may be too too strong of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that may be too too strong of a
+title for it but right it is it is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title for it but right it is it is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title for it but right it is it is good
+so there is there's some implicit stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there's some implicit stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is there's some implicit stuff
+that has happened here which is some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has happened here which is some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has happened here which is some of
+you are starting to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are starting to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are starting to think about the
+mechanic the interaction mechanic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic the interaction mechanic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic the interaction mechanic so
+you're thinking about the connect in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the connect in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the connect in a
+kind of a nice way which is you can map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice way which is you can map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice way which is you can map
+some type of movement on to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of movement on to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of movement on to an
+interaction with the game so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the game so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the game so you can
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+and everything is perfectly fine and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is perfectly fine and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is perfectly fine and my
+mind knows how to do that because I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind knows how to do that because I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind knows how to do that because I use
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+do these things like this means like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things like this means like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things like this means like get
+away from me whereas this means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me whereas this means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me whereas this means like
+alright come in for a hug and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright come in for a hug and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright come in for a hug and you can
+start thinking about very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about very different
+interaction mechanics and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction mechanics and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction mechanics and there was
+something similar here where just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar here where just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar here where just any
+type of wiggle is like you know scare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of wiggle is like you know scare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of wiggle is like you know scare
+the fish which is not something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish which is not something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish which is not something you
+normally think about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think about when you're
+thinking of building a video game but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of building a video game but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of building a video game but
+when you have the Kinect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the Kinect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the Kinect you can
+actually think about these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about these new
+interaction models it does with 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction models it does with 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction models it does with 70%
+accuracy most of the time yeah yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy most of the time yeah yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy most of the time yeah yes so
+there was are you guys saving the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was are you guys saving the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was are you guys saving the there
+was like I'm making a tree grow game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I'm making a tree grow game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I'm making a tree grow game is
+that are you saving that for the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are you saving that for the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are you saving that for the large
+projects yeah all right sorry never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects yeah all right sorry never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects yeah all right sorry never mind
+right forget that I said that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right forget that I said that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right forget that I said that all right
+any other fun things that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fun things that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fun things that's different
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+falling off but instead of controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off but instead of controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off but instead of controlling
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+mm-hmm by using force yeah yes platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm by using force yeah yes platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm by using force yeah yes platform
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+little bit in that direction you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that direction you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that direction you have to
+redirect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+awesome this is pretty good we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome this is pretty good we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome this is pretty good we have
+space for one two three four five more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for one two three four five more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for one two three four five more
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Totoro who like roses tree so he brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Totoro who like roses tree so he brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Totoro who like roses tree so he brings
+all this friends with the two girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all true they're going to take huge tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all true they're going to take huge tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all true they're going to take huge tree
+so it's sort of like another form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of like another form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of like another form of
+storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you're growing up in a different state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing up in a different state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing up in a different state
+so maybe this base would be as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this base would be as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this base would be as you're
+doing like what you reference with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like what you reference with was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like what you reference with was
+their query on to it when you're maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their query on to it when you're maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their query on to it when you're maybe a
+little Chester so anytime you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Chester so anytime you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Chester so anytime you're like
+hands are together and near and near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are together and near and near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are together and near and near
+your head or something like that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head or something like that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head or something like that nice
+like to throw a speller I had just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to throw a speller I had just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to throw a speller I had just some
+guessing by okay alright yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing by okay alright yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing by okay alright yeah so this is
+a really good gesture that can be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good gesture that can be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good gesture that can be easily
+defined which is hands come near each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined which is hands come near each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined which is hands come near each
+other they come near the head a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they come near the head a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they come near the head a certain
+distance and then all three drop down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then all three drop down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then all three drop down so
+you're gonna have to have somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to have somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to have somebody on
+your team we can like program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team we can like program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team we can like program to
+recognize a gesture but you have support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a gesture but you have support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize a gesture but you have support
+and we can help you get that but yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can help you get that but yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can help you get that but yeah I
+like this a tree growing one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a tree growing one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this a tree growing one and you
+could to start in the next two days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could to start in the next two days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could to start in the next two days you
+could just have gesture recognized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have gesture recognized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have gesture recognized and
+then have something grow and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have something grow and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have something grow and that's kind
+of like the extent of what you do in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the extent of what you do in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the extent of what you do in two
+days it just keeps growing or as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it just keeps growing or as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it just keeps growing or as long as
+you're holding it it grows or that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding it it grows or that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding it it grows or that's a
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+to try to do with the team yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like water so then you can see how with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like water so then you can see how with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like water so then you can see how with
+which way water through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way water through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way water through
+nice and tear for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool don't know if I'll use that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool don't know if I'll use that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool don't know if I'll use that space
+they've left today I'm gonna throw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've left today I'm gonna throw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've left today I'm gonna throw an
+out which would no no that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which would no no that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which would no no that would be
+nevermind I'm not gonna say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevermind I'm not gonna say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevermind I'm not gonna say that it
+would be way too complicated no forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be way too complicated no forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be way too complicated no forget
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+my brain is usually too confused too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like like if you jump like that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if you jump like that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like if you jump like that very
+well so long enough to bridge the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each block lets you touch it we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each block lets you touch it we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each block lets you touch it we just
+pull it out of it I see so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out of it I see so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out of it I see so it's kind of
+like scrolling at you and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scrolling at you and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scrolling at you and you have to
+like jump across the bridge all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+little foot a little person's foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a person and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if that's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's something like
+that all right all right - two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right all right - two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right all right - two more
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+part of the board left uncovered it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the board left uncovered it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the board left uncovered it's
+not necessary but it would make me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary but it would make me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary but it would make me so
+happy inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's other cool things that people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's other cool things that people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's other cool things that people do
+food or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also try to change the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the actual bullying that we do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual bullying that we do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual bullying that we do we're
+like yeah come on that's really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah come on that's really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah come on that's really good
+that's you're capturing a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you're capturing a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you're capturing a very intuitive
+interaction there which is you roll it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction there which is you roll it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction there which is you roll it
+you go come on okay so we're gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go come on okay so we're gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go come on okay so we're gonna call
+it real bullying should I bully nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it real bullying should I bully nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it real bullying should I bully nice and
+then you're gonna have like little mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna have like little mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna have like little mice
+run out across because you're a leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out across because you're a leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out across because you're a leg
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+the mouse and then there is another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not good enough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough but
+oh man if you for the I would love if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man if you for the I would love if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man if you for the I would love if
+somebody tried that for the mini project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tried that for the mini project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tried that for the mini project
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+for the main project and then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main project and then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main project and then I could
+tell a really good story about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a really good story about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a really good story about how this
+class led to the thing that we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class led to the thing that we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class led to the thing that we built
+this class for which was to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for which was to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for which was to do something
+that's kind of an interactive science e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interactive science e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interactive science e
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+the university so there's you you nailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university so there's you you nailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university so there's you you nailed
+it you were holding that one for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were holding that one for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were holding that one for last
+and I appreciate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it'll be something so it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be something so it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be something so it doesn't do
+so well on like fingers but it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well on like fingers but it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well on like fingers but it'll be
+something where you can like move like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can like move like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you can like move like
+it'd be like as if you're in a ball pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be like as if you're in a ball pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be like as if you're in a ball pit
+but the balls are all kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the balls are all kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the balls are all kind of like
+magnetic and you can like move them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic and you can like move them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic and you can like move them with
+your body but and and maybe somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body but and and maybe somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body but and and maybe somewhat
+very related to the fish thing so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very related to the fish thing so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very related to the fish thing so just a
+different physics that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physics that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physics that's generally
+that's governing the kind of flocking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's governing the kind of flocking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's governing the kind of flocking of
+these objects that are around your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay cool anybody feel like they had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool anybody feel like they had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool anybody feel like they had one
+in and they were too shy to say it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they were too shy to say it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they were too shy to say it but
+now they feel like they should because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they feel like they should because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they feel like they should because
+you can think you give like 3d rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think you give like 3d rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think you give like 3d rotations
+of multi Southeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like together they all work together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together they all work together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together they all work together so
+the idea would be to just sew the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be to just sew the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be to just sew the gate
+you know the mini-game could be you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mini-game could be you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mini-game could be you've
+got a piece that you have to a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a piece that you have to a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a piece that you have to a target
+orientation the orientation hey that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the orientation hey that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation the orientation hey that is
+good and there was another one over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and there was another one over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and there was another one over here
+which would have a similar bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have a similar bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have a similar bottom left
+puzzle box puzzle box yes right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box puzzle box yes right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box puzzle box yes right so this
+one was something like you have a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was something like you have a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was something like you have a box
+and you move it and you can rotate it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move it and you can rotate it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move it and you can rotate it in
+some meaningful way and then this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaningful way and then this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meaningful way and then this one
+allows you to do some interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do some interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do some interaction so
+maybe you're like painting the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're like painting the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're like painting the sides of
+of a ceramic VAT walls or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a ceramic VAT walls or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a ceramic VAT walls or something but
+yeah so these two would have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these two would have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so these two would have very
+similar mechanics all right so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar mechanics all right so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar mechanics all right so the next
+thing is you're all going to stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're all going to stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're all going to stand up
+and how do we is this gonna work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we is this gonna work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we is this gonna work with
+this many people yeah we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many people yeah we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many people yeah we're gonna
+explore so you're gonna stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore so you're gonna stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore so you're gonna stand up and
+you're gonna come up here and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna come up here and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna come up here and make a
+vote for the ones how do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for the ones how do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for the ones how do you want to
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+so if you are interested in doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in doing it
+kind of oh say you want that was a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of oh say you want that was a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of oh say you want that was a new
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+box a little check mark which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box a little check mark which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box a little check mark which is like
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+people are in this room 3 6 9 12 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this room 3 6 9 12 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this room 3 6 9 12 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so getting this down to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so getting this down to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so getting this down to like
+eight to nine project so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine project so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine project so you're gonna
+want to be in a team of three but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in a team of three but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in a team of three but I
+don't want you instantly to go like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you instantly to go like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you instantly to go like I
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+make you do it on the big project to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you do it on the big project to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you do it on the big project to go
+based on your interest and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your interest and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your interest and maybe
+collaborate with people that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people that you have
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+two days so it's at worse gonna be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days so it's at worse gonna be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days so it's at worse gonna be two
+days where you get to sit and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where you get to sit and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where you get to sit and play with
+unity and not talk to people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and not talk to people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and not talk to people that you
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+time to do that experiment and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that experiment and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that experiment and you might
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+either okay you can either come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay you can either come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay you can either come up and
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+way to self-organize around which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to self-organize around which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to self-organize around which
+project you want to do and i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to do and i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to do and i know that
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+minutes and then once you organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then once you organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then once you organize
+around a project that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a project that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a project that you want to do
+start well no no for 15 or 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well no no for 15 or 20 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well no no for 15 or 20 minutes
+try to figure out who you want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out who you want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out who you want to work
+with on which projects and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on which projects and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on which projects and then we'll
+come together and you'll start to refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and you'll start to refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and you'll start to refine
+it it doesn't have to be the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't have to be the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't have to be the exact
+vision of the person who wrote it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the person who wrote it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the person who wrote it on the
+board but there's something about one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but there's something about one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board but there's something about one of
+these projects that interest you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects that interest you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects that interest you maybe
+it's you want to know how to do the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you want to know how to do the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you want to know how to do the you
+know hand hand rotation or arm rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hand hand rotation or arm rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hand hand rotation or arm rotation
+type thing maybe it's that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing maybe it's that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type thing maybe it's that you want to
+understand how just to detect this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how just to detect this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how just to detect this thing
+and do flocking algorithm so objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do flocking algorithm so objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do flocking algorithm so objects
+will move in a certain way so figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in a certain way so figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in a certain way so figure out
+something about one of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about one of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about one of these that
+interests you go find the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you go find the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you go find the other people
+who are interested in it by some method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are interested in it by some method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are interested in it by some method
+and talk to them and see if it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to them and see if it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to them and see if it seems
+like a good fits or if they have because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good fits or if they have because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good fits or if they have because
+you may come up and somebody's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may come up and somebody's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may come up and somebody's like I
+love fish and somebody else like I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love fish and somebody else like I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love fish and somebody else like I want
+to detect motion like this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect motion like this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect motion like this and you
+decide not to work together because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to work together because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide not to work together because one
+of you really just wants to build fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you really just wants to build fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you really just wants to build fish
+then the other one just wants to do body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one just wants to do body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one just wants to do body
+motion and yeah so that's try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and yeah so that's try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and yeah so that's try to do
+something I like this chaos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I like this chaos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I like this chaos
+do the name game again or like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the name game again or like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the name game again or like do
+something to make us more extroverted or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to make us more extroverted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to make us more extroverted or
+are we feeling confident okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we feeling confident okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we feeling confident okay
+on the count of three you say a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the count of three you say a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the count of three you say a number
+between 0 and 10 which represents how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 10 which represents how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 10 which represents how
+introverted and shy you feel right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introverted and shy you feel right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introverted and shy you feel right now
+so I'm sorry but 10 being like I am so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sorry but 10 being like I am so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sorry but 10 being like I am so
+ready to oh yeah right you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to oh yeah right you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to oh yeah right you're right that
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+means I'm just gonna stand up and go hug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm just gonna stand up and go hug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm just gonna stand up and go hug
+a stranger right now and 0 being I am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stranger right now and 0 being I am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stranger right now and 0 being I am I
+am just so terrified to stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am just so terrified to stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am just so terrified to stand up and
+talk to somebody right now not even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody right now not even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody right now not even the
+people I know do I want to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I know do I want to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I know do I want to talk to you
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted 0
+being super introverted 1 2 3 7 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being super introverted 1 2 3 7 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being super introverted 1 2 3 7 sorry
+it's so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna try
+to get that to a 7 and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that to a 7 and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that to a 7 and then we're going
+to have you get up and talk to strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you get up and talk to strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you get up and talk to strangers
+so how about we close our computers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about we close our computers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about we close our computers now
+and I'm going to do a I'm gonna walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do a I'm gonna walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do a I'm gonna walk you
+guys through and then do a big circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys through and then do a big circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys through and then do a big circle
+around the room and we're gonna do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and we're gonna do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and we're gonna do an
+improv game to make ourselves feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improv game to make ourselves feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improv game to make ourselves feel a
+little more extroverted and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more extroverted and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more extroverted and it'll be
+super fun I promise so close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super fun I promise so close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super fun I promise so close your
+computers move the tables to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers move the tables to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers move the tables to the center
+of the room make a big circle around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room make a big circle around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room make a big circle around the
+room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BTNsoSNR5B0.txt b/BTNsoSNR5B0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac45dbb68c59390ef117013e01d9c03959920a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BTNsoSNR5B0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2276 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+creative commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT Open
+Courseware continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last few lectures,
+and we started to see some of
+
+the consequences and looked
+at simple changes,
+
+transformations of expansion
+and mixtures
+
+of liquids and gases.
+
+And saw how in the framework of
+statistical mechanics, we
+
+could derive the thermodynamic
+results that you saw before,
+
+based on an empirical
+framework.
+
+On the thermodynamic framework
+we've been
+
+working with all term.
+
+But you saw them derived from
+a microscopic perspective.
+
+Now what I want to do is move
+to examples that are more
+
+commonly encountered
+in chemistry.
+
+One that we did last time
+actually was very common, or
+
+is at least a prototype
+for something common.
+
+That is we looked at what would
+be a simple model for a
+
+polymer with different
+configurations
+
+available to it.
+
+And just tried to understand
+what the basic thermodynamics
+
+is that it would exhibit.
+
+What the heat capacities would
+be in various limiting cases.
+
+High and low temperature.
+
+I want to continue that today.
+
+But for an even more
+common case.
+
+So the model that I want to lay
+out is indicated on your
+
+notes for today.
+
+And essentially, you
+could look at it as
+
+double stranded DNA.
+
+Any kind of polymer with
+a whole variety of
+
+configurations.
+
+Ultimately what's going to
+matter is what is the set of
+
+energy levels available
+to the system.
+
+And so here's what
+it looks like.
+
+The way I've tried
+to depict it.
+
+I'm imagining something like,
+covalently bonded chains that
+
+have links between them.
+
+So of course, it's reminiscent
+of DNA with hydrogen bonding
+
+between the strands.
+
+And the idea in this simple
+model is that you can have
+
+various numbers of these
+hydrogen bonds.
+
+So this is the case that
+would be the most
+
+energetically stable.
+
+That is, all the available
+hydrogen bonds are formed
+
+between neighboring pairs.
+
+So this would be our
+lowest energy.
+
+Now let's starts breaking
+some hydrogen bonds.
+
+And what I'm imagining is they
+break starting at one end and
+
+working their way down.
+
+So the next highest energy
+state would be like this.
+
+So now these are still
+hydrogen bonded.
+
+This is not.
+
+And there's a cost in
+energy for breaking
+
+that hydrogen bond.
+
+We'll call it epsilon zero.
+
+It's a positive number.
+
+So that this is higher
+energy than this.
+
+And now we'll go to the next
+one, which could have two
+
+broken bonds.
+
+Broken hydrogen bonds.
+
+And so on.
+
+And if we imagine that this is
+very long, there may be many
+
+many, members of the chain.
+
+Then of course this sequence
+of structures with
+
+corresponding energies might
+go on for a very long way.
+
+So this is a simple construction
+that gives us a
+
+set of states with distinct
+energies.
+
+And so we have a series of
+configurational energy levels.
+
+They're evenly spaced
+in this model.
+
+So there's zero, E
+zero, two E zero.
+
+And so on.
+
+So those are available
+energy states.
+
+And now, just based on that
+simple model, we should be
+
+able to figure out all
+the thermodynamics.
+
+We should should be able
+to figure out what the
+
+equilibrium energy is at a
+particular temperature.
+
+What the average energy is.
+
+And so forth.
+
+And we can do it in a
+straightforward way.
+
+So we'll start with our
+molecular partition
+
+function, as always.
+
+So it's q configurational.
+
+And it's just a sum over our
+available states with their
+
+associated Boltzmann factors.
+
+So sum over n of e to the
+minus En over kT.
+
+Now the way I've modeled this,
+there are no degeneracies.
+
+Each energy level has just one
+microscopic state of the
+
+molecule corresponding to it.
+
+So there are no molecular
+degeneracies.
+
+Turns out we'll be able to put
+this into a simple form.
+
+So the first thing is, let's
+approximate that we could take
+
+the sum -- not to some finite
+level, which would be the case
+
+if there's a finite number
+of elements in the chain.
+
+But all the way through
+infinity.
+
+And the idea here is
+the following.
+
+We'll assume that the
+chain at least has
+
+a great many members.
+
+Even if it's finite.
+
+And then at some point, this
+becomes a really small number.
+
+Even if epsilon naught, the
+energy of one of the bonds, is
+
+less than kT.
+
+Once we multiply it by a very
+large number n, it becomes
+
+very much greater than kT.
+
+So the underlying assumption
+here is, well there will not
+
+be a significant number of
+molecules in the highest
+
+energy state anyway.
+
+In other words, the terms higher
+than a finite but large
+
+value of n between there and
+infinity are going to be so
+
+small that those terms will
+contribute negligibly to the
+
+sum anyway.
+
+And on that basis, we could
+make this approximation.
+
+And the incentive to make this
+approximation and carry the
+
+sum to infinity is that then we
+can put this in what turns
+
+out to be a very simple
+closed form.
+
+So now if we just write out a
+few of the individual terms in
+
+the sum, it's one plus
+e to the minus
+
+epsilon zero over kT.
+
+Plus e to the minus epsilon
+zero over kT.
+
+I'll write this as squared.
+e to the minus two
+
+epsilon zero over k t.
+
+And so on.
+
+So this has the form of a sum
+that looks like one plus x,
+
+plus x squared, and so on.
+
+And because the sum goes to
+infinity, we can simply write
+
+it as one over one minus x.
+
+Sort of a very simple result.
+
+And now putting this back into
+x, it's one over one minus e
+
+to the minus epsilon
+zero over kT.
+
+That's our q zero.
+
+Our molecular partition
+function.
+
+So this model yields a
+particularly simple
+
+result for q zero.
+
+And then everything else
+follows from there.
+
+So then we can write the
+canonical partition function
+
+capital Qn.
+
+It's just q configurational to
+the capital Nth power, where
+
+capital N is the total number
+of these molecules.
+
+So it's just one over one minus
+e to the minus epsilon
+
+over kT to the Nth power.
+
+And then we can start writing
+out the results for the
+
+various thermodynamic
+properties.
+
+So A configurational is minus
+NkT, log q configurational.
+
+That is, remember, A is minus kT
+log capital Q. And this is
+
+just going to come
+straight out.
+
+So it's minus NkT
+log of little q.
+
+Minus NkT, log of one over
+one minus e to the minus
+
+epsilon over kT.
+
+Or positive NkT, log of one
+minus e to the minus
+
+epsilon over kT.
+
+So a pretty simple form for
+the Helmholtz free energy.
+
+And I'm not going to write out
+all of the individuals
+
+thermodynamic terms, but I'll
+write a few of them.
+
+So mu, the chemical potential
+for these configurations, is
+
+just dA/dN.
+
+With T and V constant.
+
+And so the only capital
+N dependence, the only
+
+dependence on the number of
+molecules is multiplicative.
+
+Right here.
+
+So this just gives us kT log
+of one minus e to the minus
+
+epsilon naught over kT.
+
+And the important point to
+realize here that we mentioned
+
+last time too, in the examples
+we considered then, especially
+
+the last one, is that because
+the only place that N figures
+
+in is as a multiplicative
+factor.
+
+What this is telling us is that
+we just have a chemical
+
+potential, of Helmholtz free
+energy per molecule.
+
+The molecules are
+all independent.
+
+The total energy doesn't depend
+on any interaction
+
+between this molecule and its
+neighbor somewhere else.
+
+So terms like this are
+simply additive.
+
+So if we work out the chemical
+potential, it's just one over
+
+N times A.
+
+And I'll just write the result
+for u configurational.
+
+Because I do want to look
+at the heat capacity.
+
+So it's Nk T squared, d log of
+little q configurational / dT.
+
+With N and V held constant.
+
+And it turns out to just
+be N epsilon zero.
+
+One over E zero over
+kT minus one.
+
+So now we can look at
+the heat capacity.
+
+Cv configurational.
+
+So it's du configurational
+/ dT.
+
+With constant N and V. And
+taking this derivative with
+
+respect to temperature.
+
+Gives us an expression of
+the following form.
+
+It's Nk epsilon zero over k T
+squared. e to the E zero over
+
+kT, over e to the E zero over
+kT minus one squared.
+
+Just taking the derivative
+in the usual way.
+
+Now, this looks kind
+of complicated
+
+for the heat capacity.
+
+But let's take a look, just like
+we did last time for the
+
+simpler case that we treated
+then, let's take a look at the
+
+high and low temperature limits
+of what happens to the
+
+heat capacity.
+
+So at high temperature, well we
+can start by just looking
+
+at the energy.
+
+That has a form that's
+fairly simple.
+
+So when temperature is large,
+this is small, and we can
+
+Taylor expand it.
+
+So then we're just going to
+have one plus epsilon zero
+
+over kT minus one.
+
+Which means the ones
+will cancel.
+
+And we end up with a fairly
+simple result.
+
+So u configurational, in
+that case, is just NkT.
+
+The epsilon zeroes are
+going to cancel also.
+
+And what that says is that the
+heat capacity -- and of course
+
+we could take the limit of this,
+but we can just take the
+
+derivative of this
+with respect to
+
+temperature more easily.
+
+So Cv configurational.
+
+It's just N times k.
+
+In other words, the heat
+capacity in the high
+
+temperature limit
+is a constant.
+
+Last time we treated a simpler
+case, where there were only
+
+four configurations altogether
+available, to this sort of
+
+simple polymer model
+that we drew.
+
+Unlike this present model where
+we're saying there are
+
+essentially infinite number of
+configurations and different
+
+energies available.
+
+So many that the highest ones
+we're never even going to
+
+access, because they'll be
+much higher than kT.
+
+Here it's different,
+so now we have --
+
+You know before, when we had
+a limited number of total
+
+states, remember what happened
+in the heat capacity at high
+
+temperature.
+
+What was the limiting case?
+
+Finite number of states.
+
+What's the heat capacity
+at high temperature?
+
+This is going to
+be on the exam.
+
+What's the heat capacity at high
+temperature, if there's a
+
+finite number of states
+available?
+
+STUDENT: Zero.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's zero.
+
+What was the low temperature
+limit of the heat capacity?
+
+STUDENT: Zero.
+
+PROFESSOR: It was also zero.
+
+Right.
+
+And the idea was for
+a system with a
+
+finite number of states.
+
+The idea was -- so let's say,
+the way we had it before,
+
+there was one state
+with energy zero.
+
+And we had three states with
+some energy epsilon zero.
+
+And that was it.
+
+Those were all the molecular
+states available.
+
+So we looked at the two cases.
+
+In one case, when the high
+temperature limit where kT is
+
+much bigger than any
+of this stuff.
+
+In that limit, the molecules are
+just equally likely to be
+
+in any of these states.
+
+Because there's much, much more
+thermal energy than this
+
+energy difference.
+
+And the molecules are constantly
+getting kicked
+
+around by the available
+thermal energy.
+
+So if you raise the temperature
+a little bit more,
+
+it doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+The molecules already
+are evenly
+
+distributed among the states.
+
+There's no additional
+configurational energy.
+
+So du/dT is zero.
+
+It can't increase any more.
+
+So in that case, the high
+temperature limiting heat
+
+capacity is zero.
+
+And in the other case --
+
+In the low temperature
+limit, now let's say
+
+kT is really low.
+
+It's much less than
+epsilon zero.
+
+So now we'll redraw
+this as zero.
+
+And put the epsilon zero
+states up here.
+
+And kT is here.
+
+Well when it's like this, the
+temperature is so low that
+
+there's not nearly enough
+thermal energy to populate any
+
+of these states.
+
+And if you change the
+temperature by a little bit,
+
+it's still not enough thermal
+energy to populate any of
+
+these states.
+
+So once again, du/dT is zero.
+
+You change the temperature and
+the configurational energy
+
+doesn't change.
+
+So the heat capacity
+is zero again.
+
+This is why it's so informative
+to measure heat
+
+capacities.
+
+Because you can learn an awful
+lot about the intrinsic
+
+structure of the material.
+
+What are the energy levels
+available to it?
+
+What do they do?
+
+You can learn a tremendous
+amount about that by making
+
+measurements of the
+heat capacity.
+
+Well, now we're in
+a different case.
+
+We have a whole set of evenly
+spaced energy levels.
+
+Never ends.
+
+So now let's look at the
+high temperature limit.
+
+But we're never in a limit
+that's higher than the highest
+
+level, because we're assuming
+it goes on forever.
+
+So it's up here somewhere.
+
+There's kT.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Well if you raise the
+temperature, there still are
+
+higher lying levels that can
+be populated, and that will
+
+get populated.
+
+So du/dT isn't going to be zero
+in the high temperature
+
+limit, in this case.
+
+But it stops changing
+at some point.
+
+Because nothing's very different
+about this than
+
+having kT be, let's say,
+up here or up here.
+
+So in the high temperature
+limit, yes, the energy does
+
+change with temperature.
+
+But it changes in the same
+way at any temperature.
+
+In other words, the energy is
+just linearly varying with
+
+temperature.
+
+And the heat capacity is a
+constant. du/dT doesn't change
+
+anymore, once you're in the
+high temperature limit.
+
+Now without me writing any
+expression on the board,
+
+what's the low temperature limit
+of the heat capacity
+
+going to be in this case?
+
+Going to be on the exam.
+
+STUDENT: Zero?
+
+PROFESSOR: Zero, that's still
+going to be the same, right?
+
+Put kT way down here.
+
+That's just like this, right?
+
+Not near enough energy to
+populate even though lowest,
+
+you know, the first level
+above the ground state.
+
+Change the temperature a little
+bit, still not enough
+
+thermal energy to
+get up there.
+
+So the energy doesn't change
+with temperature in that low
+
+temperature limit.
+
+So you can immediately see
+what's going to happen at low
+
+temperature.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+will still be n k t, and
+
+then it's just --
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, of
+course, that's a
+
+limiting case here, right?
+
+That happened because in the
+limit of high temperature,
+
+then this exponent is
+really small, right?
+
+So then you can Taylor
+expand it.
+
+In the limit of low
+temperature,
+
+this is really big.
+
+This is nearly zero.
+
+So e epsilon zero is much bigger
+than kT in that case.
+
+This is big.
+
+This is negligible, right?
+
+Oh.
+
+Wait a minute.
+
+Something's making
+me real unhappy.
+
+I can't have this right.
+
+Ah.
+
+Yes.
+
+It needs to be zero, is
+what it needs to be.
+
+What am I thinking?
+
+Of course.
+
+It's one over a huge number.
+
+It's zero.
+
+OK.
+
+So of course you can't
+expanded it.
+
+It's just, this is much
+bigger than this.
+
+This is an enormous number
+at that point.
+
+So in other words, what it's
+saying is the configurational
+
+energy is zero, because
+everything is stuck in the
+
+ground state.
+
+And it stays zero if you
+vary the temperature.
+
+So you get the zero limiting
+value for the heat capacity,
+
+and the energy itself
+is also zero.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Let me just make a few comments
+about the entropy.
+
+So I didn't write
+it out before.
+
+And I'm tempted not to
+do it again, but I
+
+suppose I'll do it.
+
+So it turns out to be Nk, minus
+log of one minus e to
+
+the minus epsilon
+zero over kT.
+
+Plus epsilon zero over kT.
+
+Over e to the epsilon zero
+over kT, minus one.
+
+And this comes from combining
+the terms for A and u.
+
+It comes from minus A over T.
+Plus u over T. And what I want
+
+to do is look at its limiting
+cases also.
+
+In particular, what happens
+here in the limit of high
+
+temperature.
+
+And what happens turns out to be
+k log kT over epsilon zero
+
+to the Nth power.
+
+Or put the N over here.
+
+OK.
+
+And what this is telling us
+about is the number of
+
+available states.
+
+Roughly, how many states are
+there that are accessible to
+
+the system at some
+temperature.
+
+So in other words, think of it
+as -- let's put the N back
+
+there. k log of kT over epsilon
+zero to the Nth power.
+
+And think of it as k
+log capital omega.
+
+Where that would be
+the degeneracy.
+
+Now all the states are in equal
+energy, but remember for
+
+the whole system, remember
+we discussed this before.
+
+How you have a very, very narrow
+distribution of system
+
+energy states at equilibrium.
+
+So you can think of this as the
+degeneracy of the system
+
+states that are actually going
+to exist at a particular
+
+temperature.
+
+So if we look at the limiting
+value of the partition
+
+function, it's just
+kT over omega.
+
+Or the same thing for
+capital Q. kT over
+
+epsilon zero, sorry.
+
+To the Nth power.
+
+So you have a very simple
+expression.
+
+And so again, what this is
+doing, is it's giving us a
+
+measure of about how many
+states are available.
+
+And it's particularly
+informative to look at that
+
+for the molecular partition
+function.
+
+What it's telling us is, if
+I look at kT over epsilon.
+
+And these levels, remember,
+are evenly spaced.
+
+So here's epsilon zero, two
+epsilon zero, three epsilon
+
+zero, and so on.
+
+It says, you know, if kT is
+about ten times bigger than
+
+epsilon zero.
+
+So this is ten.
+
+It's telling us, roughly how
+many states does the system
+
+have thermal access to.
+
+The molecular state.
+
+It has about ten states.
+
+So going over to our picture of
+the set of structures, you
+
+could have anywhere up to
+about ten bonds broken.
+
+Now, the individual molecules
+are going to be in a whole
+
+range of states.
+
+Some of them will have fewer
+than that, and some of them
+
+will have more than that
+number of bonds broken.
+
+But on average, it's going
+to be about that number.
+
+And then, if you look at the
+whole system, the number of
+
+states available, of course
+it's astronomical.
+
+Because you have to take each
+molecule, and say, well it
+
+could be in any one of
+something on the
+
+order of ten states.
+
+And then whole set of N other
+molecules can be in the states
+
+they might be in.
+
+Change the first one,
+and do it again.
+
+So you have this astronomical
+number of system states.
+
+But remember, like we discussed
+once before, it'll
+
+turn out that although the
+individual molecule states
+
+vary considerably with energy,
+the system states, which are
+
+averaging over some astronomical
+number of
+
+molecules, where capital
+N is something
+
+like ten to the 24th.
+
+Once you average over that many
+individual molecules, you
+
+find that there's very,
+very little
+
+fluctuation in the energy.
+
+In the system energy.
+
+The individual molecule energies
+vary considerably.
+
+Realistically the variation of
+the molecular energies -- that
+
+variation is going
+to be comparable
+
+to the energy itself.
+
+To the average energy.
+
+So if the average energy is
+roughly you know, the ten
+
+epsilon zero, you say okay,
+how much might it vary?
+
+Well, there are going to be some
+molecules that have only
+
+a couple of bonds broken,
+and some that might
+
+have 20 bonds broken.
+
+The variation will be on the
+same order of magnitude as the
+
+average itself.
+
+But then you average over
+capital N of them.
+
+And then you immediately
+discover that there's very,
+
+very, very little variation.
+
+And in particular, what happens
+then, is, you know,
+
+for molecular average energy,
+epsilon zero, and variance, or
+
+standard deviation about
+the same magnitude.
+
+System average energy is
+u, and it's going to
+
+be capital N times.
+
+Well let's say that
+-- average --
+
+Oh sorry, let me not
+put the zero There.
+
+It's just average energy.
+
+And the system average energy
+is just N times
+
+the molecular energy.
+
+But the system variance is going
+to be on the order of
+
+the square root of
+N times epsilon.
+
+If you've done statistics,
+then you've seen
+
+that sort of result.
+
+You do a bunch of samplings a
+capital N number of samplings,
+
+and the variation looks
+like the square
+
+root of that number.
+
+So what ends up happening
+then, if you look at the
+
+relative variation, you might
+look and then say, well it's
+
+pretty big.
+
+This is ten to the 12, right?
+
+It's still a huge variance.
+
+But let's compare it
+to the average.
+
+So this is ten to the 24th.
+
+This is ten to the 12th.
+
+It's on the order of ten
+to the minus 12.
+
+An incredibly tiny fractional
+variation
+
+in the system energy.
+
+You could never --
+
+There would be no practical
+way to measure it.
+
+And of course that is
+consistent with
+
+what you would expect.
+
+If you say let's measure the
+configurational energy of a
+
+bunch of molecules in a liquid
+solution, or molecules in a
+
+gas floating around.
+
+And it's a mole of them, that
+total average energy is not
+
+going to fluctuate
+significantly, even though
+
+individual molecules that you
+pick out of that whole system
+
+might have quite widely
+varying energies.
+
+And that's the point.
+
+So it's an incredibly
+small variation.
+
+Now you can derive this.
+
+I didn't derive this,
+of course.
+
+I asserted that this
+is the case.
+
+And it's probably familiar to
+some of you if you've seen
+
+some statistics.
+
+But the way you would derive it
+is, you know in addition to
+
+calculating the average energy,
+the average of E, you
+
+can also calculate the average
+of the energy squared.
+
+And you can calculate the
+standard deviation that way.
+
+You calculate the average
+of E squared.
+
+And then you minus the average
+of E, the quantity squared.
+
+Take the square root.
+
+That's your root mean square.
+
+And that's what leads
+to this result.
+
+So it's pretty straight forward
+to calculate it also.
+
+Alright.
+
+So any questions about just the
+extent of variation of the
+
+individual molecule energies
+or the system energies?
+
+Okay.
+
+Then, now what I'd like to do
+is look at another kind of
+
+energy that's going to turn out
+to have exactly the same
+
+set of levels that
+we just derived
+
+from this simple model.
+
+And some of you may have
+seen this before.
+
+Many of you may not have.
+
+And for right now, I'll
+just assert it.
+
+But it will illustrate why
+this is so useful.
+
+It turns out that if I've got
+molecular vibrations -- you
+
+know, there's nitrogen and
+oxygen in the air.
+
+If I look at those nitrogen
+vibrational energy levels.
+
+Or oxygen energy levels.
+
+They look like this.
+
+Evenly spaced, non degenerate
+energy levels.
+
+So the model that we've
+constructed here, based on
+
+this simple two-chain polymer,
+actually gives us a set of
+
+energy levels that maps directly
+onto the vibrational
+
+energy levels of a molecule.
+
+So all the results that we've
+just seen apply, not just for
+
+conformations of a
+polymer, but for
+
+vibrations of a molecule.
+
+So everywhere where it says
+configurational, you can just
+
+write in vibrational.
+
+And you'll still be right.
+because of course, what
+
+matters is what are the states
+that are available to the
+
+system, and what are
+their energies?
+
+After that, the formalism of
+statistical mechanics takes
+
+over, and calculates partition
+functions and
+
+thermodynamic functions.
+
+The input into that is states.
+
+And their energies.
+
+Well, we have the exact same
+set of states and energies.
+
+So we immediately arrive at a
+super important case and its
+
+results for molecular
+vibrations.
+
+And not only molecular
+vibrations, but vibrations of
+
+a crystal lattice.
+
+Acoustic vibrations
+of a glass.
+
+Or even a liquid.
+
+So there's an enormously wide
+ranging set of results that
+
+we've derived by starting
+at this simple picture.
+
+And when you take quantum
+mechanics, you'll see that
+
+indeed you do get this set of
+evenly spaced energy levels.
+
+You may well have seen the
+results before, and you'll see
+
+it derived there.
+
+OK.
+
+Given that, then I want to
+talk a little bit further
+
+about the heat capacity.
+
+So we've seen the limiting cases
+for the heat capacity.
+
+Namely, the low temperature
+limit is zero.
+
+That's the case whenever you
+have quantized levels.
+
+You can always get kT lower
+by far than the
+
+lowest excited state.
+
+So that everything is stuck
+in the ground state.
+
+How low that is depends
+on how far apart
+
+the states are spaced.
+
+But there's got to be some
+temperature somewhere that's
+
+down there.
+
+So we've seen the heat capacity
+limiting cases.
+
+Let me just sort of
+draw them again.
+
+So here's kT much less
+than epsilon zero.
+
+And up here, kT is much bigger
+than epsilon zero.
+
+Now I'm just going to sketch
+the full temperature
+
+dependence.
+
+In other words, I'm going to
+connect those two limits that
+
+we've seen.
+
+So here's what that
+looks like.
+
+And I'll write it
+as vibrational.
+
+So we know it's got to be zero
+at the low temperature limit.
+
+And we know that it's this
+constant value in the high
+
+temperature limit.
+
+It's Nk.
+
+And in some way, it
+smoothly connects.
+
+And if you look at the actual
+scale, here -- so here's kT
+
+over epsilon zero.
+
+Here's the limit of
+low temperature.
+
+Actually, you don't have to be
+very high above epsilon zero
+
+to be in in this high
+temperature limit.
+
+So if you look at the plot
+that's on your notes, this is
+
+already -- it's not quite
+leveling off precisely.
+
+But it's already pretty close.
+
+When kT is just two times
+epsilon zero.
+
+It's already almost at
+the limiting case.
+
+Now this has tremendous
+significance.
+
+So a long time before quantum
+mechanics was developed,
+
+people made measurements
+of the heat
+
+capacities of materials.
+
+And they were familiar with the
+fact that when you got to
+
+ordinary temperature -- room
+temperature, the heat capacity
+
+was temperature independent.
+
+And that was understandable
+for reasons
+
+we'll discuss shortly.
+
+Basically, in that case, the
+heat capacity -- it's not just
+
+Nk for one vibrational mode.
+
+Of course, that's what I
+describe for a single
+
+vibrational mode of,
+say, a molecule.
+
+If you have a crystal lattice
+with N atoms in it.
+
+Let's say it's an
+atomic crystal.
+
+Each atom has three degrees
+of freedom.
+
+It can move in each of three
+independent directions.
+
+And there are N of
+those atoms.
+
+There are 3N total degrees
+of freedom.
+
+That's how many vibrations
+the lattice has.
+
+So in fact, you have to
+multiply this by 3N.
+
+So what would be seen is,
+you'd have 3R, the gas
+
+constant, per mole,
+in other words.
+
+And if you looked at Cv
+over 3R, then this
+
+value would be one.
+
+Very useful to see that.
+
+To figure that out.
+
+And people understood it.
+
+What people didn't understand
+is this stuff.
+
+Why did it do that?
+
+That was a great mystery.
+
+Why did the heat capacity go
+to zero at low temperature?
+
+And the reason they didn't
+understand it is because the
+
+model for vibration
+was really simple.
+
+The lattice is a bunch of
+masses and springs.
+
+I know the vibrational energy.
+
+And I can calculate it.
+
+That is, I know the classical
+vibrational energy.
+
+Remember, the reason it
+goes to zero is this.
+
+It's all because of the fact
+that the energy levels are
+
+discrete, quantized levels,
+with gaps in between them.
+
+If I've got classical mechanics,
+then that means
+
+it's vibrational energy.
+
+The energy just gets bigger if
+the amplitude get bigger.
+
+It's not discrete,
+it's continuous.
+
+There are always energies
+in there.
+
+In that case, there's never
+a situation like this.
+
+Where kT is lower than the first
+available excited level,
+
+and everything's in
+the ground state.
+
+That never happens in classical
+mechanics, because
+
+there are always levels there.
+
+But it does happen in
+quantum mechanics.
+
+And Einstein recognized that
+this was a way to explain this
+
+low temperature limiting
+heat capacity.
+
+So actually if you look at early
+development of quantum
+
+mechanics, really it
+was all predicated
+
+on statistical mechanics.
+
+And the idea that, well, that
+you could then do the
+
+statistical mechanics with
+quantized levels, just the way
+
+we've done it.
+
+And what you immediately
+discover is, gee,
+
+it all makes sense.
+
+You go to low temperature,
+everything's stunk down here.
+
+And suddenly you've got zero
+heat capacity, because you
+
+changed the temperature a little
+bit, and everything is
+
+still stuck back here.
+
+So that's the vibrational heat
+capacity of a solid.
+
+That's what it looks like.
+
+And at moderate temperature,
+this doesn't have to be very
+
+much bigger than epsilon zero.
+
+You're already in, essentially,
+the limit.
+
+The high temperature limit.
+
+And now for molecules, that
+limit isn't usually reached at
+
+room temperature.
+
+Here's a kind of calibration.
+kT at room temperature is
+
+about equal to 200
+wave numbers.
+
+So molecular vibrations, you
+know, you've taken IR spectra
+
+they're typically on the order
+of 1,000 wave numbers or so.
+
+kT isn't bigger than the
+vibrational energy.
+
+But a crystal lattice, you know
+the vibrations are the
+
+acoustics vibrations.
+
+And those are much lower
+in frequency.
+
+If you have an atomic crystal,
+it just has the sound
+
+vibrations at all the different
+
+wavelengths that are available.
+
+They're never very high.
+
+So it's easy to get into
+the high temperature
+
+limit, in that case.
+
+Where you basically
+see a temperature
+
+independent heat capacity.
+
+OK.
+
+By the way, this was actually
+used commonly to determine the
+
+molecular weights of
+molecular crystals.
+
+Because you've got a factor of
+the number of moles in there.
+
+If you ask how big is
+the heat capacity?
+
+Well it does depend on
+how many moles of
+
+material you have.
+
+Because it depends on
+how many atoms.
+
+That control how many modes
+there are in the crystal.
+
+How many vibrational modes.
+
+Because each atom has 3N
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So if you just weigh the whole
+crystal, and then you measure
+
+the heat capacity, you know how
+many moles there are, and
+
+now you know the weight,
+you can figure out
+
+the molecular weight.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the low temperature
+limit.
+
+And now I want to talk a little
+bit further about the
+
+high temperature limit.
+
+And in particular, I want to
+talk about both the heat
+
+capacity and the energy
+that we've seen.
+
+Namely, this thing.
+
+Of course it's really the same
+result for the energy and the
+
+heat capacity.
+
+They're obviously intimately
+connected.
+
+So these are the high
+temperature limits.
+
+Now it turns out that that high
+temperature limit doesn't
+
+just obtain for vibrations.
+
+But it's also the case for
+molecular rotations,
+
+translations.
+
+All these low energy
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So let's see why.
+
+It has a name, that result.
+
+It's called the equipartition
+of energy.
+
+Sometimes it's called the
+classical equipartition of
+
+energy theorem.
+
+And what it says is one half
+kT per degree of freedom
+
+equals energy in the
+high T limit.
+
+And in particular, for
+translation, so E
+
+translational is 3/2.
+
+Well, NkT for N atoms.
+
+Or molecules.
+
+E rotational is, now it depends
+how many rotational
+
+degrees of freedom there are.
+
+If I've got a linear molecule,
+there are only two.
+
+It can rotate this way, and
+it can rotate this way.
+
+If I've got a non linear
+molecule, parts all over the
+
+place, it has three
+unique axes.
+
+It can also spin this way.
+
+And that's a rotational
+degree of freedom.
+
+Of course the linear molecule
+wasn't like that.
+
+Nothing is moving when
+you do that.
+
+So it's either NkT, linear.
+
+Or 3/2 NkT.
+
+Non linear.
+
+Great.
+
+And then E vibrational is NkT
+per vibrational mode.
+
+That's because vibrational
+energy is potential and
+
+kinetic energy, and
+it's 1/2 kT each.
+
+Why does all that
+stuff happen?
+
+Turns out, you can see
+why pretty easily.
+
+All those degrees of freedom.
+
+Those classical degrees
+of freedom.
+
+If you say, let's write out an
+expression for the energy.
+
+Classical.
+
+You know it's 1/2 m v squared.
+
+Or it's 1/2 k x squared.
+
+Or for rotational energy it's
+1/2 I omega squared.
+
+You see a functional
+form emerging here?
+
+That looks similar in
+all these cases?
+
+You know, 1/2 times some
+constant, times
+
+some variable squared.
+
+Well, now let's look at our
+expressions for the energy.
+
+Average energy.
+
+We're going to sum over all the
+energies of epsilon i, e
+
+to the minus Ei over kT.
+
+Over sum over i, e to the
+minus Ei over kT.
+
+That's just how we originally
+derived the average of energy.
+
+In other words, it's the
+probability of each state
+
+times the energy
+of that state.
+
+Summed up over all the states.
+
+Well, now we have an expression
+for the energy.
+
+It's one of these things.
+
+It's something times
+a variable squared.
+
+So, we'll use some general
+functional form, a y squared.
+
+And now, let's assume we're in
+the high temperature limit.
+
+And we've seen what
+that means.
+
+It means kT is big,
+compared to the
+
+separation between the energies.
+
+When that's the case, there
+are lots of these
+
+terms in the sum.
+
+We can convert them
+to integrals.
+
+We can forget about
+the fact that the
+
+energies are discrete.
+
+We can say look, they're
+so close
+
+together, compared to kT.
+
+That we can turn the sums
+into integrals.
+
+So then we have integrals
+instead of sums.
+
+And here's our energy.
+
+It's a y squared.
+
+Whatever that is.
+
+It could be this, it could be
+this, it could be this.
+
+And it's not going to matter.
+e to the minus a y squared
+
+over kT over, integral over e to
+the minus a y squared over
+
+kT. dy, dy.
+
+OK.
+
+And here's what's
+going to happen.
+
+If you do this integral
+by parts.
+
+This one.
+
+What ends up happening is it
+gives you this integral times
+
+a certain number.
+
+This is going to come
+out of the integral.
+
+And so it will turn out.
+
+And it's straightforward
+to do it.
+
+It's in the notes.
+
+It goes through.
+
+But I'll just write
+the result here.
+
+The result is that you get, in
+this high temperature limit
+
+where you've gone to the
+integral form, you get 1/2 kT.
+
+And it will always
+be the case.
+
+All you need to know is the
+form of the energy.
+
+As long as that's the case --
+
+Remember y is just a variable
+of integration here.
+
+That's not going to
+be preserved.
+
+This comes out because
+of what happens here.
+
+So what that's telling you is
+whenever you have an energy of
+
+this form, and you're in the
+high temperature limit, then
+
+you get this classical
+
+equipartition of energy result.
+
+So, for translation, of course
+there are three separate
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+For velocity in the x,
+y, or z direction.
+
+For rotation, if it's a linear
+molecule, let's say there are
+
+two separate degrees
+of freedom.
+
+You have to keep track of
+how many degrees of
+
+freedom there are.
+
+But that's all you have to do.
+
+That's enormously powerful.
+
+It means that without doing
+anything, I know the average
+
+translational energy of the
+molecules in this room.
+
+Because of course I'm certainly
+in the high
+
+temperature limit.
+
+With respect to translational
+energy levels, they're really
+
+closely spaced.
+
+Same with rotations.
+
+Now at room temperature
+vibrations, forget it.
+
+I have essentially no
+vibrational energy.
+
+I'm at the low temperature
+limit for the molecular
+
+vibrations of nitrogen
+or oxygen.
+
+Those are high in frequency.
+
+So much higher than
+200 wavenumbers.
+
+But for each molecule,
+I have 3/2 kT of
+
+translational energy.
+
+Linear molecules, I have kT
+of rotational energy.
+
+Without doing any work at all.
+
+And since that applies to most
+molecules at room temperature,
+
+it's an incredibly useful, very,
+very general result.
+
+OK.
+
+Next time we'll do a little bit
+of chemistry, and look at
+
+phase transformations.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BtaVq2g17G0.txt b/BtaVq2g17G0.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/BtaVq2g17G0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right the course is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+uh digital communication system so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital communication system so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital communication system so I
+wanted to say a bit about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say a bit about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say a bit about what that
+means and uh the easiest way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh the easiest way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh the easiest way to do that
+is to contrast it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to contrast it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to contrast it with
+analog what's analog communication well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog what's analog communication well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog what's analog communication well
+in analog communication you're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analog communication you're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analog communication you're typically
+focused on communicating some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on communicating some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on communicating some kind of a
+waveform so you've got some continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform so you've got some continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform so you've got some continuous
+waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+typically an X oft may be the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an X oft may be the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically an X oft may be the voltage
+picked up at a microphone at the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up at a microphone at the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up at a microphone at the source
+and you want want to get it across to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want want to get it across to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want want to get it across to a
+receiver and um it's under this umbrella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and um it's under this umbrella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and um it's under this umbrella
+that you have things like amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have things like amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have things like amplitude
+modulation uh frequency modulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation uh frequency modulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation uh frequency modulation and
+so on these are all schemes aimed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on these are all schemes aimed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on these are all schemes aimed at
+transmitting a continuous waveform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a continuous waveform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a continuous waveform of
+this type so an amplitude modulation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type so an amplitude modulation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type so an amplitude modulation for
+instance what you'll do is you'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what you'll do is you'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what you'll do is you'll take
+um sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carrier the carrier carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier the carrier carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier the carrier carries the
+information about the analog waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the analog waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the analog waveform
+and basically it's a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it's a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it's a high frequency
+sinus oid whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinus oid whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinus oid whose
+amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is
+varied in proportion to the uh signal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in proportion to the uh signal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied in proportion to the uh signal I
+haven't drawn it too well it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't drawn it too well it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't drawn it too well it's supposed
+to be constant frequency and just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be constant frequency and just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be constant frequency and just the
+amplitude varying okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude varying okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude varying okay so this is
+something of the type uh X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the type uh X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the type uh X of
+T cine 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cine 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cine 2i
+FC t for instance okay it's a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC t for instance okay it's a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC t for instance okay it's a sinusoid
+of a fixed carrier frequency with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fixed carrier frequency with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fixed carrier frequency with the
+amplitude varying slowly um in FM what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude varying slowly um in FM what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude varying slowly um in FM what
+you do is you vary you have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you vary you have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you vary you have a fixed
+amplitude waveform but you vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude waveform but you vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude waveform but you vary the
+frequency so what you might do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so what you might do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so what you might do is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+have high frequency in this part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high frequency in this part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high frequency in this part and
+then when the signal goes low the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the signal goes low the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the signal goes low the
+frequency gets lower and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets lower and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets lower and then it
+gets higher where the signal is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets higher where the signal is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets higher where the signal is high
+okay so there's a modulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a modulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a modulation of the
+frequency but the amplitude stays uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the amplitude stays uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the amplitude stays uh
+fixed the good thing about this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the good thing about this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the good thing about this is you
+can be transmitting at full power all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transmitting at full power all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transmitting at full power all
+the time and the information is coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the information is coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the information is coded
+onto frequency whereas this can tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto frequency whereas this can tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto frequency whereas this can tend to
+be more susceptible to noise but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more susceptible to noise but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more susceptible to noise but the
+focus is on analog waveform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is on analog waveform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is on analog waveform and
+transmitting that okay now in uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting that okay now in uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting that okay now in uh digital
+communication the focus changes so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the focus changes so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the focus changes so in
+digital we think in terms of sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital we think in terms of sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital we think in terms of sources
+with messages so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messages there's a source of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages there's a source of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages there's a source of some
+kind that puts out a stream of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that puts out a stream of symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that puts out a stream of symbols
+so at time one there's some symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at time one there's some symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at time one there's some symbol
+emitted at time two there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at time two there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at time two there's some other
+symbol symbol symbol symbol and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol symbol symbol symbol and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol symbol symbol symbol and these
+are all heading to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so already we're thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so already we're thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so already we're thinking of a
+clocked kind of system we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocked kind of system we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocked kind of system we're thinking of
+symbols being transmitted at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols being transmitted at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols being transmitted at a
+particular rate uh we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rate uh we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rate uh we're thinking of
+these discret objects rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discret objects rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discret objects rather than
+continuous waveforms and the focus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous waveforms and the focus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous waveforms and the focus is
+then on getting a message across as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on getting a message across as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on getting a message across as
+opposed to to getting a waveform across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to to getting a waveform across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to to getting a waveform across
+with High Fidelity all right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with High Fidelity all right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with High Fidelity all right and that
+turns out to actually be a big shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to actually be a big shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to actually be a big shift in
+perspective um these symbols then will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um these symbols then will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um these symbols then will
+often get coded onto well for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often get coded onto well for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often get coded onto well for instance
+the symbols if they originally were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbols if they originally were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbols if they originally were
+let's say an ABC D for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an ABC D for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an ABC D for
+instance coding the grades in a class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance coding the grades in a class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance coding the grades in a class uh
+you might want when you're transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want when you're transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want when you're transmitting
+them to adapt those symbols to what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to adapt those symbols to what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to adapt those symbols to what your
+channel is able to take and maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is able to take and maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is able to take and maybe your
+channel is one that's uh able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is one that's uh able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is one that's uh able to
+distinguish two states but maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish two states but maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish two states but maybe not
+between four states so you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four states so you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four states so you might want to
+um code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these onto a channel that um well onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these onto a channel that um well onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these onto a channel that um well onto
+strings of zeros and ones so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of zeros and ones so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of zeros and ones so that you
+can impress this on a channel that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impress this on a channel that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impress this on a channel that can
+respond just to two states so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond just to two states so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond just to two states so you might
+have a coding step um that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coding step um that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coding step um that takes the
+original symbols puts out a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original symbols puts out a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original symbols puts out a stream of
+zeros and ones and then you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and then you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and then you've got the
+task of decoding the message the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of decoding the message the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of decoding the message the channel
+might corrupt these streams and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might corrupt these streams and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might corrupt these streams and that's
+another thing that you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you have to deal with
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um what's made digital explode is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's made digital explode is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's made digital explode is the
+fact that it's really well matched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's really well matched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's really well matched to
+computation memory storage all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation memory storage all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation memory storage all the all
+the stuff that's advancing rapidly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's advancing rapidly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's advancing rapidly in
+the world of analog you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of analog you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of analog you're talking about
+analog Electronics which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog Electronics which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog Electronics which is also
+advancing greatly but doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing greatly but doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing greatly but doesn't have the
+same flexibility uh here you can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same flexibility uh here you can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same flexibility uh here you can do all
+sorts of things with digital and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things with digital and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things with digital and with
+the computation that's available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation that's available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation that's available and
+that's uh growing in power all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh growing in power all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh growing in power all the time
+um to do more and more fancy things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do more and more fancy things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do more and more fancy things so
+digital communication is really most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital communication is really most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital communication is really most of
+what you see around you so when you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see around you so when you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see around you so when you um
+talk on the phone or um do computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on the phone or um do computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on the phone or um do computer to
+computer communication or browse the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer communication or browse the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer communication or browse the web
+and so on it's really uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's really uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it's really uh digital
+communication that you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that you're talking about
+um with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one
+little caveat I guess um when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caveat I guess um when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caveat I guess um when you get
+down to the details of how you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the details of how you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the details of how you get a
+zero on one across on a channel you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on one across on a channel you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on one across on a channel you're
+back in the analog physical world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the analog physical world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the analog physical world and
+you tend to be doing things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be doing things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be doing things that are
+much closer to what you worry about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to what you worry about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to what you worry about on
+analog channels and we'll see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog channels and we'll see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog channels and we'll see that in
+this course so for most of what we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so for most of what we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so for most of what we talk
+about we'll be working at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll be working at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll be working at the level of
+the digital abstraction here but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital abstraction here but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital abstraction here but when we
+come to talking about transmission on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to talking about transmission on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to talking about transmission on a
+link and modulation and demodulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link and modulation and demodulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link and modulation and demodulation and
+the like uh we're back in the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like uh we're back in the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like uh we're back in the analog
+world and you'll actually get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you'll actually get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you'll actually get a good
+feel for some of this in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for some of this in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for some of this in the course of
+our uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh digital
+communication all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to give you a sense of what how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a sense of what how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a sense of what how the
+course is structured um we'll spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is structured um we'll spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is structured um we'll spend some
+time first of all talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first of all talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time first of all talking
+about uh information information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh information information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh information information in the
+message and how you um measure it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and how you um measure it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and how you um measure it how
+you code it up so this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you code it up so this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you code it up so this is sort of the
+bits piece of the course all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits piece of the course all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits piece of the course all right um
+and then we'll talk about how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about how to get
+these messages across single channels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages across single channels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages across single channels so
+this is a single link uh Source at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single link uh Source at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single link uh Source at one
+end a receiver at the other end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a receiver at the other end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a receiver at the other end and
+we'll focus on how you get um the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on how you get um the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on how you get um the data
+across and that brings us to the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and that brings us to the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and that brings us to the analog
+world and to the world of uh signals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and to the world of uh signals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and to the world of uh signals so
+we'll spend time on that and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend time on that and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend time on that and that's sort
+of the uh second third of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh second third of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh second third of the course
+um and then the last third of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the last third of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the last third of the course
+which Harry will actually um be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Harry will actually um be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Harry will actually um be
+lecturing uh focuses on when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing uh focuses on when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing uh focuses on when you have
+interconnected networks now so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected networks now so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected networks now so you've
+got multiple links uh see you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got multiple links uh see you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got multiple links uh see you might want
+to communicate from some Source here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate from some Source here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate from some Source here to
+a receiver that's way cross on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receiver that's way cross on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receiver that's way cross on the
+network going through multiple links and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network going through multiple links and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network going through multiple links and
+multiple noes all right and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple noes all right and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple noes all right and there are
+all sorts of issues there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of issues there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of issues there and there
+we're thinking in terms of a a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking in terms of a a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking in terms of a a packet
+kind of abstraction uh it's packets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstraction uh it's packets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstraction uh it's packets that
+we ship around the network with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ship around the network with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ship around the network with
+Associated logic and um mechanisms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated logic and um mechanisms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated logic and um mechanisms for
+failure detection in the network and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure detection in the network and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure detection in the network and um
+coping with all of that okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping with all of that okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping with all of that okay so there
+these three sort of chunks to the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sort of chunks to the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sort of chunks to the course
+and you'll see that in the notes as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that in the notes as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that in the notes as well
+so we'll start off with the bits piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start off with the bits piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start off with the bits piece
+that's more or less quiz one then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more or less quiz one then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more or less quiz one then we'll
+get to the signals piece that's more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the signals piece that's more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the signals piece that's more or
+less quiz two and we'll get to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less quiz two and we'll get to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less quiz two and we'll get to the uh
+packets piece and that's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets piece and that's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets piece and that's more or less
+quiz three and these will uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz three and these will uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz three and these will uh be
+relatively modular okay so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively modular okay so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively modular okay so you get a
+chance to make a fresh start on each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to make a fresh start on each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to make a fresh start on each of
+them but you you'll find us reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you you'll find us reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you you'll find us reaching
+back um to build on ideas developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um to build on ideas developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um to build on ideas developed
+earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the
+course uh now as I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh now as I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh now as I think
+about where digital communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where digital communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where digital communication
+originated it actually turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um largely due to the person who painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um largely due to the person who painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um largely due to the person who painted
+this painting this is called the gallery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this painting this is called the gallery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this painting this is called the gallery
+of the Lou this is somebody who painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lou this is somebody who painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lou this is somebody who painted
+it in around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in around
+1830 an American painter he was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830 an American painter he was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830 an American painter he was actually
+born in Charlestown close to here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in Charlestown close to here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in Charlestown close to here um
+studied at Yale um made enough of a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied at Yale um made enough of a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied at Yale um made enough of a name
+for himself that he had commissions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for himself that he had commissions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for himself that he had commissions to
+paint portraits and the like he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint portraits and the like he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint portraits and the like he was
+actually uh called to Washington DC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh called to Washington DC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh called to Washington DC to
+paint a a portrait of um uh the Marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a a portrait of um uh the Marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint a a portrait of um uh the Marcus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Lafayette um while he was there he got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lafayette um while he was there he got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lafayette um while he was there he got a
+telegram from his father saying that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram from his father saying that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram from his father saying that his
+wife in New Haven was convol lesing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in New Haven was convol lesing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in New Haven was convol lesing by
+the time he got to New Haven which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he got to New Haven which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he got to New Haven which was
+as soon as he could he abandoned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as he could he abandoned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as he could he abandoned the
+painting he was doing and left for New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting he was doing and left for New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting he was doing and left for New
+Haven by the time he got there he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haven by the time he got there he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haven by the time he got there he found
+that she had actually died and been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had actually died and been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had actually died and been
+buried um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried um and
+that um sort of fortified him for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sort of fortified him for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um sort of fortified him for what
+he decided was his life's work which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided was his life's work which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he decided was his life's work which was
+to find better ways to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find better ways to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find better ways to communicate
+faster ways to communicate he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster ways to communicate he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster ways to communicate he didn't
+want to have to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to depend
+on uh horse riders to carry messages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh horse riders to carry messages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh horse riders to carry messages or
+ships across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships across the
+ocean uh he's actually painted himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean uh he's actually painted himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean uh he's actually painted himself
+into the middle of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of that uh
+painting um these were some friends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting um these were some friends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting um these were some friends that
+he made in Paris it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made in Paris it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made in Paris it's actually the
+author uh James Fenimore Cooper of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author uh James Fenimore Cooper of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author uh James Fenimore Cooper of the
+last of the mikans fame uh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the mikans fame uh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the mikans fame uh he was
+actually hoping to sell his painting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hoping to sell his painting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hoping to sell his painting to
+um um cooper fenmore cooper but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um cooper fenmore cooper but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um cooper fenmore cooper but uh
+things didn't work out that way in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things didn't work out that way in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things didn't work out that way in any
+case this is a huge painting it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is a huge painting it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is a huge painting it's about
+6 ft by 9 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 ft by 9 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 ft by 9 ft
+um he wrapped it up uh to bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he wrapped it up uh to bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he wrapped it up uh to bring it back
+to the States it wasn't quite finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the States it wasn't quite finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the States it wasn't quite finished
+this was about um 1831 or so and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was about um 1831 or so and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was about um 1831 or so and on the
+boat he met this person who had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat he met this person who had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat he met this person who had a little
+electr magnet that he was playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr magnet that he was playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr magnet that he was playing with
+um and they had various discussions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they had various discussions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they had various discussions and
+he got the idea for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got the idea for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got the idea for a
+telegraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph
+um anyone with the guess as to the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone with the guess as to the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone with the guess as to the name
+Mor Morse now we think of Morse as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor Morse now we think of Morse as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor Morse now we think of Morse as the
+morse code guy but it turns out that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morse code guy but it turns out that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morse code guy but it turns out that he
+actually did it hugely more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did it hugely more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did it hugely more than the
+code okay so that's Samuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Morse looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse looks pretty
+imposing um he didn't just come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing um he didn't just come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing um he didn't just come up with
+the code he actually invented the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code he actually invented the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code he actually invented the whole
+system uh now he didn't work in a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh now he didn't work in a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh now he didn't work in a vacuum
+there were people doing related things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were people doing related things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were people doing related things
+in different places but his was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places but his was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places but his was the
+first practical uh essentially single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first practical uh essentially single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first practical uh essentially single
+wire system um he if you look at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire system um he if you look at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire system um he if you look at his
+patent documents he's got all the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent documents he's got all the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent documents he's got all the little
+pieces that it takes to make the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that it takes to make the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that it takes to make the system
+a key piece was actually the relay so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key piece was actually the relay so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key piece was actually the relay so he
+figured out uh working with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out uh working with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out uh working with a a
+colleague back in New York he figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague back in New York he figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague back in New York he figured
+out that you know with a little battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you know with a little battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you know with a little battery
+you could close an electromagnet or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could close an electromagnet or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could close an electromagnet or you
+could power an electromagnet at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could power an electromagnet at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could power an electromagnet at some
+distance but you couldn't have that wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but you couldn't have that wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but you couldn't have that wire
+be too long uh so what he arranged was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too long uh so what he arranged was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too long uh so what he arranged was a
+relay where that electromagnet then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay where that electromagnet then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay where that electromagnet then
+pulls another piece of metal which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls another piece of metal which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls another piece of metal which then
+closes another switch on a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes another switch on a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closes another switch on a separate
+circuit so you can then start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so you can then start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so you can then start to
+propagate the over very large distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate the over very large distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate the over very large distances
+and that was really a key part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was really a key part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was really a key part of his
+invention moris code there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention moris code there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention moris code there's actually
+some discussion as to whether he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion as to whether he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion as to whether he
+invented it or it was actually his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it or it was actually his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it or it was actually his
+assistant Veil but uh it's called mors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Veil but uh it's called mors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant Veil but uh it's called mors
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+anyway the other staggering thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the other staggering thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the other staggering thing about
+this um story is how soon after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um story is how soon after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um story is how soon after the
+invention I mean his patent was uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention I mean his patent was uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention I mean his patent was uh let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+1840 uh very early in the days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840 uh very early in the days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1840 uh very early in the days of the
+patent office as you can see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office as you can see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office as you can see from the
+number assigned to the patent um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number assigned to the patent um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number assigned to the patent um about
+15 years later they were people raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years later they were people raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years later they were people raising
+money to lay cable across the Atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to lay cable across the Atlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to lay cable across the Atlantic
+to carry uh telegrams so can you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry uh telegrams so can you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry uh telegrams so can you imagine
+um partly the The Bravery of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partly the The Bravery of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partly the The Bravery of these
+people I mean it's hard enough to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean it's hard enough to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean it's hard enough to think
+of laying a cable across Boston Harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laying a cable across Boston Harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laying a cable across Boston Harbor
+and they were prepared to design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were prepared to design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were prepared to design this
+cable load it on a ship and lay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable load it on a ship and lay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable load it on a ship and lay it
+across the entire Atlantic uh they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire Atlantic uh they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire Atlantic uh they made
+an attempt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt in
+1857 um it actually turned out to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1857 um it actually turned out to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1857 um it actually turned out to work
+for about three weeks that was long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about three weeks that was long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about three weeks that was long
+enough for Queen Victoria to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for Queen Victoria to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for Queen Victoria to
+congratulate president banan uh accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate president banan uh accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulate president banan uh accept
+it took almost all of a day to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took almost all of a day to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took almost all of a day to get the
+98 words across from one side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 words across from one side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 words across from one side to the
+other and the reason is when you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the reason is when you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the reason is when you put a
+little pulse on one end of a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pulse on one end of a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pulse on one end of a very long
+cable it distorts like mad by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable it distorts like mad by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable it distorts like mad by the time
+it gets to the other end so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the other end so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the other end so you can
+barely detect if you put a sharp change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely detect if you put a sharp change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely detect if you put a sharp change
+at one end and you've got a long cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one end and you've got a long cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one end and you've got a long cable
+and if it's a poorly designed cable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a poorly designed cable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a poorly designed cable it
+takes a long time to detect the rise at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to detect the rise at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to detect the rise at
+the other end if you detect it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end if you detect it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end if you detect it at all
+um it turns out the person at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out the person at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out the person at the
+American end was the person who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American end was the person who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American end was the person who would
+later become Lord Kelvin he was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later become Lord Kelvin he was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later become Lord Kelvin he was called
+plain all Walter Thompson at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain all Walter Thompson at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain all Walter Thompson at that point
+um he had designed a very sensitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he had designed a very sensitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he had designed a very sensitive way
+to measure these changes in voltage at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure these changes in voltage at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure these changes in voltage at
+the ends of cables but the person at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of cables but the person at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of cables but the person at the
+the British end was actually a surgeon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British end was actually a surgeon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British end was actually a surgeon a
+self-taught electrical engineer who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-taught electrical engineer who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-taught electrical engineer who was
+convinced that the problem was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the problem was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the problem was there was
+not enough voltage on the cable so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough voltage on the cable so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough voltage on the cable so he
+kept cranking up the voltage um when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept cranking up the voltage um when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept cranking up the voltage um when he
+got to 2,000 volts the cable um failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to 2,000 volts the cable um failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to 2,000 volts the cable um failed
+all right and um so there had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um so there had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um so there had been
+celebrations in the street and there'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrations in the street and there'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrations in the street and there'
+been fireworks and all of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fireworks and all of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fireworks and all of that and then
+people got very angry and thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got very angry and thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got very angry and thought this
+was a scam and a way to raise money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scam and a way to raise money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scam and a way to raise money and
+all of that despite all of that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that despite all of that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that despite all of that negative
+press a year later here was this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a year later here was this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a year later here was this man
+again with enough funding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with enough funding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with enough funding from
+governments and private sources to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and private sources to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments and private sources to make
+another attempt at the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another attempt at the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another attempt at the cable
+um anyway it took it took a while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it took it took a while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it took it took a while it
+took a good um uh nine years to finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a good um uh nine years to finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a good um uh nine years to finally
+lay a good cable they they had gone out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay a good cable they they had gone out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay a good cable they they had gone out
+about 12200 miles with a cable in 1865
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12200 miles with a cable in 1865
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12200 miles with a cable in 1865
+before it broke so to start again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it broke so to start again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it broke so to start again in
+1866 they managed to lay an entire cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1866 they managed to lay an entire cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1866 they managed to lay an entire cable
+and then I came back and found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I came back and found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I came back and found the
+broken end of the 1865 cable and picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken end of the 1865 cable and picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken end of the 1865 cable and picked
+it up and continued it so in 1866 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and continued it so in 1866 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and continued it so in 1866 they
+managed to actually get two cables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to actually get two cables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to actually get two cables
+working and now it was a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and now it was a lot faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and now it was a lot faster
+eight words a minute okay it was digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight words a minute okay it was digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight words a minute okay it was digital
+communication it's got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication it's got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication it's got all the
+ingredients of what we see in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of what we see in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of what we see in digital
+communication today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication today
+um and then a little while later there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then a little while later there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then a little while later there
+was a transcontinental line uh which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a transcontinental line uh which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a transcontinental line uh which um
+marked the end of essentially the Pony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked the end of essentially the Pony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked the end of essentially the Pony
+Express trying to carry mail across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express trying to carry mail across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express trying to carry mail across the
+continent now much more was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent now much more was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent now much more was going to
+happen on Telegraph lines uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on Telegraph lines uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on Telegraph lines uh there was a
+transpacific line in 1902 so that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpacific line in 1902 so that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpacific line in 1902 so that meant
+at that point you could encircle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you could encircle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you could encircle the
+globe uh with Telegraph uh so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe uh with Telegraph uh so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe uh with Telegraph uh so it was
+really a transformative technology um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a transformative technology um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a transformative technology um
+and it was a digital technology because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a digital technology because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a digital technology because
+all you were trying to figure out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you were trying to figure out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you were trying to figure out at the
+other end was whether something was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end was whether something was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end was whether something was a
+DOT or a dash it was just basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT or a dash it was just basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT or a dash it was just basically two
+states that you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you were trying to
+distinguish um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish um
+that's his patent office documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his patent office documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his patent office documents
+actually they're interesting to read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're interesting to read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're interesting to read but
+let's just see here be it known that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see here be it known that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see here be it known that I
+the undesigned Samuel FB Morse have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undesigned Samuel FB Morse have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undesigned Samuel FB Morse have
+invented a new and useful machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented a new and useful machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented a new and useful machine and
+system of signs for transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of signs for transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of signs for transmitting
+intelligence between distant points by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence between distant points by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence between distant points by
+the means of a new application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means of a new application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means of a new application and
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+electromagnetism um and then he goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism um and then he goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism um and then he goes on
+to describe the equipment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the equipment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the equipment and the
+um uh the co code itself this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the co code itself this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the co code itself this is just a
+map to show you the kind of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to show you the kind of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to show you the kind of distance
+that they had to lay that for first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to lay that for first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to lay that for first uh
+cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+um mors code you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mors code you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mors code you've all
+seen it's gone through some Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it's gone through some Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it's gone through some Evolution
+actually the first code actually Morse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first code actually Morse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first code actually Morse
+originally thought of just a code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thought of just a code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thought of just a code for
+numbers and then he imagined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then he imagined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then he imagined a
+dictionary at the two ends and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary at the two ends and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary at the two ends and you would
+just send the number for the word in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send the number for the word in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send the number for the word in the
+dictionary and someone would look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and someone would look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary and someone would look it up
+at the other end uh but then with Veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end uh but then with Veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end uh but then with Veil
+they developed this uh scheme uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed this uh scheme uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed this uh scheme uh you
+notice the um frequently the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the um frequently the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the um frequently the most
+frequently used has the shortest symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used has the shortest symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used has the shortest symbol
+here it's just a DOT um and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just a DOT um and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just a DOT um and then if you
+go to an a it's a dot dash and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an a it's a dot dash and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an a it's a dot dash and so on the
+T I think is a dash here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I think is a dash here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I think is a dash here all right so
+the choice of symbols sort of matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of symbols sort of matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of symbols sort of matches
+the uh expected symbol frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh expected symbol frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh expected symbol frequencies in
+English text you want the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English text you want the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English text you want the more
+frequently used letters to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used letters to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used letters to have the
+shorter symbols because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter symbols because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter symbols because they're going to
+be many of them and you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many of them and you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many of them and you don't want to be
+sending long code words with that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending long code words with that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending long code words with that okay
+but this was Mor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code here's another way to represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here's another way to represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here's another way to represent it
+um so going to the left is a DOT going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going to the left is a DOT going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going to the left is a DOT going
+to the right is a dash so a single dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right is a dash so a single dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right is a dash so a single dot
+brings you to an E a dot dot brings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to an E a dot dot brings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to an E a dot dot brings you
+to an i dot dot dot to an S uh dash dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an i dot dot dot to an S uh dash dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an i dot dot dot to an S uh dash dot
+brings you to an n and so on so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to an n and so on so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to an n and so on so you can
+display this code on a graph all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display this code on a graph all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display this code on a graph all right
+one thing you see right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you see right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you see right away
+from this display and it was clear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this display and it was clear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this display and it was clear from
+the code itself is well you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code itself is well you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code itself is well you're not going
+to be able to get away with just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get away with just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get away with just two
+simp symbols right because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp symbols right because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp symbols right because if you're
+trying to get to an A on this path you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to an A on this path you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to an A on this path you
+hit an e on the way and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit an e on the way and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit an e on the way and you need
+something to tell you that you aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to tell you that you aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to tell you that you aren't
+done yet okay so there is a third symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet okay so there is a third symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet okay so there is a third symbol
+and that's the space so mors code has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the space so mors code has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the space so mors code has a
+DOT a dash and a space it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT a dash and a space it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT a dash and a space it's really a
+three symbol alphabet on the space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three symbol alphabet on the space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three symbol alphabet on the space is
+critical if you want to have a code um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if you want to have a code um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if you want to have a code um
+which you where you can deduce instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you where you can deduce instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you where you can deduce instantly
+that you've hit a letter the letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've hit a letter the letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've hit a letter the letter that
+the center intends you need all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center intends you need all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center intends you need all the
+letters to be at the ends here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters to be at the ends here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters to be at the ends here at the
+leaves of the uh tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the uh tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the uh tree
+okay if you have all the code words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have all the code words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have all the code words of
+the leaves of the tree right at the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves of the tree right at the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves of the tree right at the ends
+then you're not going to enter encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to enter encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not going to enter encounter
+any other code words along the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other code words along the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other code words along the way so
+you just keep going down the tree uh dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just keep going down the tree uh dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just keep going down the tree uh dot
+to the left Dash to the right till you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left Dash to the right till you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left Dash to the right till you
+hit the code word at the end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the code word at the end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the code word at the end and then
+you you're done but in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're done but in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're done but in this kind of
+arrangement you need a third symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement you need a third symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement you need a third symbol
+actually to demarcate the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to demarcate the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to demarcate the uh the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+words okay so this made Morse a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words okay so this made Morse a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words okay so this made Morse a very
+celebrated man he got patents in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated man he got patents in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated man he got patents in various
+places he got medals from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places he got medals from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places he got medals from all over the
+world includ including the Sultan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world includ including the Sultan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world includ including the Sultan of
+turkey I believe this one is a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey I believe this one is a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey I believe this one is a diamond
+medal from the Sultan of turkey uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal from the Sultan of turkey uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal from the Sultan of turkey uh he
+was celebrated on postage stamps and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was celebrated on postage stamps and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was celebrated on postage stamps and all
+deservedly so he really made a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deservedly so he really made a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deservedly so he really made a huge
+difference to um communication and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to um communication and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to um communication and and
+set digital communication on the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set digital communication on the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set digital communication on the current
+path okay so I've got to skip forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so I've got to skip forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path okay so I've got to skip forward
+very quickly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly now
+to bring me to U the part of the story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring me to U the part of the story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring me to U the part of the story I
+want to continue with um so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to continue with um so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to continue with um so we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Hopscotch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopscotch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopscotch
+over u a whole bunch of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u a whole bunch of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over u a whole bunch of again
+transformative inventions uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative inventions uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative inventions uh there was a
+telephone in 76 again with Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone in 76 again with Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone in 76 again with Boston
+connections um it was really thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections um it was really thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections um it was really thought of
+as speech telegraphy at that time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as speech telegraphy at that time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as speech telegraphy at that time so it
+wasn't a telephone yet his Bell's patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a telephone yet his Bell's patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a telephone yet his Bell's patent
+uh is titled Improvement in telegraphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is titled Improvement in telegraphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is titled Improvement in telegraphy
+um there was Wireless telegraphy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was Wireless telegraphy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was Wireless telegraphy which
+was Marone um sending signals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Marone um sending signals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Marone um sending signals from
+Europe to actually Cape Cod uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe to actually Cape Cod uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe to actually Cape Cod uh but it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+it was not voice it was um Morse code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not voice it was um Morse code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not voice it was um Morse code
+basically okay dots and dashes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay dots and dashes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay dots and dashes and then
+here came analog communication so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here came analog communication so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here came analog communication so this
+was exactly what I talked about am and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly what I talked about am and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly what I talked about am and
+FM and then later video images and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM and then later video images and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM and then later video images and so on
+so there's a lot of this going on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of this going on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of this going on uh
+during this period a big player in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period a big player in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period a big player in the
+theory that accompanied This was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that accompanied This was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that accompanied This was um
+actually B Labs so B Labs was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually B Labs so B Labs was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually B Labs so B Labs was really
+full of people who made a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of people who made a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of people who made a huge
+difference to the development of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the development of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the development of all
+this in fact I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact I um
+I had some names listed on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some names listed on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some names listed on the previous
+slide let me see if I I passed over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide let me see if I I passed over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide let me see if I I passed over them
+without mention but um you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mention but um you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mention but um you know in the
+development of the telegraph I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the telegraph I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the telegraph I mentioned
+Lord Kelvin already he did a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord Kelvin already he did a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lord Kelvin already he did a lot to
+model transmission lines and to um show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model transmission lines and to um show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model transmission lines and to um show
+how to design better ones uh design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design better ones uh design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design better ones uh design of
+electromagnets and the invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnets and the invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnets and the invention of the
+relay that was actually Joseph Henry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay that was actually Joseph Henry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay that was actually Joseph Henry a
+professor in at Columbia after whom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in at Columbia after whom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in at Columbia after whom the
+unit of inductance is name that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of inductance is name that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of inductance is name that's the
+Henry uh and various other people so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry uh and various other people so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry uh and various other people so you
+know this technology really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um was a very fertile uh kind of ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was a very fertile uh kind of ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was a very fertile uh kind of ground
+for people to develop um things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and if you um take other courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you um take other courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you um take other courses in
+the department these are names you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department these are names you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department these are names you'll
+encounter all over the place nyis bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter all over the place nyis bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter all over the place nyis bod
+Harley um but the one I want to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harley um but the one I want to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harley um but the one I want to focus on
+is Claude Shannon who's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Claude Shannon who's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Claude Shannon who's sort of the
+patron saint of this subject I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patron saint of this subject I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patron saint of this subject I would say
+Okay Shannon uh did his master's degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Shannon uh did his master's degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Shannon uh did his master's degree
+here at MIT it's been called one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it's been called one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it's been called one of the
+most influential Master's thesis ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most influential Master's thesis ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most influential Master's thesis ever
+because he developed Boolean math bullan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he developed Boolean math bullan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he developed Boolean math bullan
+algebra is a way to design logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is a way to design logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is a way to design logic
+circuits the logic circuits he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits the logic circuits he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits the logic circuits he was
+talking about were relay circuits at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about were relay circuits at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about were relay circuits at the
+time but this was very quickly uh picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this was very quickly uh picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but this was very quickly uh picked
+up and quoted and applied um and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and quoted and applied um and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and quoted and applied um and then he
+moved on to uh something else for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to uh something else for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to uh something else for his
+PhD and I don't know the extent to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD and I don't know the extent to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD and I don't know the extent to what
+that's to to which that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to to which that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to to which that's been
+influential in genetics but then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in genetics but then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential in genetics but then he
+joined Bell Labs just uh about the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined Bell Labs just uh about the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined Bell Labs just uh about the start
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Warriors um a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warriors um a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warriors um a lot of work on
+cryptography during that time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography during that time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography during that time uh
+initially classified but then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially classified but then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially classified but then a
+Declassified version published during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declassified version published during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declassified version published during
+that time he also had interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time he also had interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time he also had interaction with
+Alan Turing who was working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Turing who was working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Turing who was working on
+cryptography in England but had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in England but had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in England but had been
+sent over to Bell labs to um share share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent over to Bell labs to um share share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent over to Bell labs to um share share
+ideas uh and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh and then in
+1948 a groundbreaking paper that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 a groundbreaking paper that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1948 a groundbreaking paper that really
+is the basis for information uh Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis for information uh Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis for information uh Theory
+today so it was this this that developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it was this this that developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it was this this that developed
+a mathematical basis for digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical basis for digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical basis for digital
+Communications and um the impact has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications and um the impact has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications and um the impact has
+been just incredible since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just incredible since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just incredible since
+then okay so that's what we want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so that's what we want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so that's what we want to um
+talk about uh a little bit now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh a little bit now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh a little bit now I have
+here a checklist that I don't want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a checklist that I don't want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a checklist that I don't want you
+to look at now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at now
+um but the theory that Shannon developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the theory that Shannon developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the theory that Shannon developed
+is actually a mathematical Theory it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a mathematical Theory it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a mathematical Theory it's a
+probabilistic theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic theory
+and if you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're going to be doing
+calculations with probab you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations with probab you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations with probab you need to
+know some Basics um what I put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some Basics um what I put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some Basics um what I put down
+there is a checklist we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a checklist we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a checklist we don't have a
+probability prerequisite for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability prerequisite for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability prerequisite for this course
+we assume you've seen some in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume you've seen some in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume you've seen some in high
+school some in 601 some elsewhere uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some in 601 some elsewhere uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some in 601 some elsewhere uh by
+the way I should say that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I should say that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I should say that all these
+slides are going to be on the web or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are going to be on the web or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are going to be on the web or
+maybe they're on the web already um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're on the web already um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're on the web already um so
+you don't have to scramble to copy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to scramble to copy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to scramble to copy all
+this we'll put the lecture slides up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll put the lecture slides up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll put the lecture slides up on
+the web we may not have them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web we may not have them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web we may not have them exactly
+before lecture because I'm often working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before lecture because I'm often working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before lecture because I'm often working
+right to the Bell but we'll have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the Bell but we'll have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the Bell but we'll have them
+after lecture Okay so take down whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture Okay so take down whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture Okay so take down whatever
+notes you want uh but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you want uh but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you want uh but you don't have to
+scramble to get every word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble to get every word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble to get every word
+here by the way the other thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way the other thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by the way the other thing I should
+say is that your contract in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that your contract in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that your contract in this course
+is not with whatever materials on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not with whatever materials on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not with whatever materials on the
+web or what you find from past terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web or what you find from past terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web or what you find from past terms and
+so on it's really with us in lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on it's really with us in lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on it's really with us in lecture and
+in recitation so we urge you to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation so we urge you to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation so we urge you to come to
+lecture even though all of this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture even though all of this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture even though all of this will be
+posted U because there's other learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted U because there's other learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted U because there's other learning
+that happens uh and you have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh and you have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh and you have a chance to
+bring up questions and hear other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up questions and hear other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up questions and hear other
+people's questions and so on okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's questions and so on okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's questions and so on okay I'm
+not going to read through that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read through that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read through that but I
+want to have a little picture that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a little picture that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a little picture that you
+can carry away in your mind um for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry away in your mind um for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry away in your mind um for what
+we think of when we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of when we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of when we think of a
+probabilistic model so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model so we've got a
+universe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of
+possibilities we've got outcomes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we've got outcomes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we've got outcomes these
+are what are called Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called Elementary
+outcomes think of it as rolling a die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes think of it as rolling a die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes think of it as rolling a die
+for instance and I get one of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and I get one of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and I get one of six
+numbers so each of those is an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so each of those is an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so each of those is an outcome
+so here's the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome I could number them S1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I could number them S1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome I could number them S1 to
+SN and they don't have to be finite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN and they don't have to be finite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN and they don't have to be finite it
+could be an infinite number a Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an infinite number a Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an infinite number a Continuum
+we'll see examples of that later but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see examples of that later but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see examples of that later but if
+you're thinking of a source emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of a source emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of a source emitting
+symbols to construct a message then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to construct a message then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to construct a message then at
+every instant of time uh the source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant of time uh the source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant of time uh the source is
+picking one of these symbols with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one of these symbols with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one of these symbols with some
+probability so that's the kind of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's the kind of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's the kind of model
+we're thinking of okay so here are the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of okay so here are the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking of okay so here are the U
+Elementary outcomes S1 s13 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary outcomes S1 s13 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary outcomes S1 s13 and so on
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+events and events are just collections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and events are just collections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and events are just collections
+of outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes
+so events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets Okay so this is the event or set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay so this is the event or set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets Okay so this is the event or set a
+just a collection of Elementary outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a collection of Elementary outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a collection of Elementary outcomes
+I say that the event has occurred if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that the event has occurred if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that the event has occurred if the
+outcome of the experiment is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the experiment is one of the
+dots in here okay if the dot is out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in here okay if the dot is out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in here okay if the dot is out here
+if this is what you got when you ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is what you got when you ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is what you got when you ran the
+experiment the event didn't occur so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the event didn't occur so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the event didn't occur so an
+event is just a set a subset of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is just a set a subset of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is just a set a subset of these
+outcomes we say the event has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes we say the event has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes we say the event has occurred
+if the outcome that actually occurs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the outcome that actually occurs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the outcome that actually occurs is
+sitting inside in that set um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside in that set um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside in that set um and then
+we can talk about intersections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about intersections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about intersections of
+events we say that uh if this is event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we say that uh if this is event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events we say that uh if this is event a
+and this is B the event A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is B the event A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is B the event A and B
+corresponds to outcomes that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to outcomes that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to outcomes that live in
+both sets so if I um roll a die and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sets so if I um roll a die and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sets so if I um roll a die and I
+get a number that is uh even on a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number that is uh even on a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number that is uh even on a prime
+uh that tells me what that number is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tells me what that number is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tells me what that number is so
+if this is the event of getting an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the event of getting an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the event of getting an even
+number on rolling a die and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on rolling a die and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on rolling a die and this is the
+event of getting a prime number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of getting a prime number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of getting a prime number on
+rolling a die uh what number do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a die uh what number do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a die uh what number do I get
+when both events have occurred okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both events have occurred okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when both events have occurred okay so I
+can identify uh different events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify uh different events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify uh different events and
+then I assign probabilities to them so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I assign probabilities to them so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I assign probabilities to them so I
+can talk about the probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the probability of an
+event and then you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and then you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and then you can combine
+probabilities and um useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways so let's see this a lot on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so let's see this a lot on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so let's see this a lot on here
+because I wanted in principle to fit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted in principle to fit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted in principle to fit it
+all on one slide that you can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one slide that you can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one slide that you can carry
+around with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with you
+um probabilities live between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probabilities live between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probabilities live between zero and
+one the probability of the uh Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the probability of the uh Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the probability of the uh Universal
+set is one meaning when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is one meaning when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is one meaning when you do the
+experiment something happens okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment something happens okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment something happens okay so
+it's guaranteed that something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guaranteed that something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guaranteed that something happens
+and therefore U always happens so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore U always happens so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore U always happens so the
+probability of U is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of U is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of U is one
+um and then the probability of A or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the probability of A or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the probability of A or B
+happening is the probability of a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the probability of a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the probability of a or
+sorry the probability of a plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the probability of a plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the probability of a plus the
+probability of B if a and b have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B if a and b have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B if a and b have no
+intersection if they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if they're mutually
+exclusive so we say that two events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive so we say that two events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive so we say that two events are
+mutually exclusive actually let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive actually let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive actually let me draw
+a c over here A and C in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c over here A and C in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c over here A and C in this picture
+are mutually exclusive because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mutually exclusive because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mutually exclusive because there's
+no event that's there's no outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no event that's there's no outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no event that's there's no outcome
+that's common to the two events right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's common to the two events right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's common to the two events right so
+if one event occurs you know the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one event occurs you know the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one event occurs you know the other
+one didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one didn't
+occur and so if I now ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so if I now ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so if I now ask what's the
+probability of a or C occurring it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a or C occurring it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a or C occurring it's the
+probability of a plus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a plus the probability of
+C you'll be doing this all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you'll be doing this all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you'll be doing this all the time in
+this course you'll be adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course you'll be adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course you'll be adding
+probabilities but you've got to think am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but you've got to think am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but you've got to think am
+I looking at mutually exclusive events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking at mutually exclusive events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking at mutually exclusive events
+if you've got mutually exclusive events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got mutually exclusive events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got mutually exclusive events
+then the probability of one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability of one or the other
+happening is the sum of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the sum of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the sum of the individual
+probabilities if they're not mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if they're not mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if they're not mutually
+exclusive then there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive then there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive then there's a little
+correction you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction you have to
+make the probability of A or B happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probability of A or B happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the probability of A or B happening
+is the probability of a plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of a plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of a plus the
+probability of B minus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B minus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B minus the probability
+of both happening okay all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both happening okay all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both happening okay all of this is
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+intuitive um another notion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive um another notion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive um another notion that's
+important is Independence so we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is Independence so we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is Independence so we've seen
+that Mutual exclusivity allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mutual exclusivity allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mutual exclusivity allows you to
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+probabilities Independence allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Independence allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities Independence allows you to
+multiply probabilities so we say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply probabilities so we say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply probabilities so we say that a
+set of events a b CDE e for instance are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events a b CDE e for instance are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events a b CDE e for instance are
+mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+independent if the probability of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the probability of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the probability of A and
+B and C and D happening is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C and D happening is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C and D happening is the product
+of the individual ones but similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual ones but similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual ones but similarly for
+any subcollection okay so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any subcollection okay so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any subcollection okay so you're going
+to call a collection of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a collection of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a collection of events
+independent if the joint probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the joint probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the joint probability of
+there happening in any combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there happening in any combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there happening in any combination of
+factors into the uh product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into the uh product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors into the uh product of the
+individual probabilities and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probabilities and again this
+is a a computation you'll be doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a computation you'll be doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a computation you'll be doing all
+the time in different settings but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in different settings but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in different settings but you
+got to think to yourself am I applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think to yourself am I applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think to yourself am I applying
+it to things that are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to things that are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to things that are independent
+because if not then it's not clear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if not then it's not clear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if not then it's not clear you
+can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this
+factorization I we'll come later to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization I we'll come later to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization I we'll come later to talk
+about conditional probabilities but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conditional probabilities but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conditional probabilities but the
+probability of a given that B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given that B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given that B has
+occurred well we can actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred well we can actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred well we can actually sort of
+see it here um the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here um the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here um the probability of a
+given that B has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B has occurred
+is U this area is a fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U this area is a fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U this area is a fraction of the
+whole area there right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area there right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area there right so um
+sorry the probability of a given that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the probability of a given that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the probability of a given that B
+has occurred is the probability of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B um over the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um over the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um over the probability of B
+right given that B has occurred you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given that B has occurred you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given that B has occurred you know
+that you're somewhere in here and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're somewhere in here and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're somewhere in here and what's
+the probability of that a has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that a has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that a has occurred
+given that you're somewhere in here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you're somewhere in here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you're somewhere in here well
+it's the probability associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the probability associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the probability associated with
+that intersection okay one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection okay one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection okay one last thing
+expectation we talk about the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we talk about the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we talk about the expected
+value of a random variable as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a random variable as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a random variable as being
+basically the average value it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the average value it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the average value it takes
+over all over a typical experiment let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all over a typical experiment let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all over a typical experiment let's
+say um and the way you compute that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um and the way you compute that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um and the way you compute that is
+by Computing the average weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing the average weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing the average weighted by the
+associated probabilities and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated probabilities and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated probabilities and we'll see
+an example of that okay I didn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that okay I didn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that okay I didn't feel
+right just jumping into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just jumping into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just jumping into
+um Shannon's definition of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Shannon's definition of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Shannon's definition of information
+without saying a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying a little bit about how
+you set up a probabilistic model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up a probabilistic model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set up a probabilistic model but
+with all that said here's what Shannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that said here's what Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that said here's what Shannon
+had as the core of his story okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as the core of his story okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as the core of his story okay and
+and building on earlier work by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building on earlier work by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building on earlier work by other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um so if you're thinking of uh a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you're thinking of uh a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you're thinking of uh a source
+that's putting out symbols the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's putting out symbols the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's putting out symbols the symbols
+can be S1 up to SN um the information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be S1 up to SN um the information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be S1 up to SN um the information in
+being told that symbol that the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that symbol that the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that symbol that the symbol
+Si was emitted is defined as log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si was emitted is defined as log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si was emitted is defined as log to the
+base 2 of one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of one over the
+probability okay so what you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so what you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so what you're trying
+to come up with is actually a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with is actually a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with is actually a measure of
+surprise maybe surprise is a better word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise maybe surprise is a better word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise maybe surprise is a better word
+than information information is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than information information is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than information information is a very
+loaded word but what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded word but what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded word but what you're trying to
+measure here is um how probable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure here is um how probable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure here is um how probable is the
+thing that I am just seeing okay if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I am just seeing okay if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I am just seeing okay if it's
+a highly improbable event I gain a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly improbable event I gain a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a highly improbable event I gain a lot
+of information by being told that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information by being told that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information by being told that it's
+occurred if it's a high probability if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred if it's a high probability if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred if it's a high probability if
+it's a high probability event I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a high probability event I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a high probability event I don't
+get much information by being told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much information by being told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much information by being told that
+it's occurred okay so you want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's occurred okay so you want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's occurred okay so you want something
+that's dependent reciprocally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dependent reciprocally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dependent reciprocally on
+probability um the log is useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um the log is useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability um the log is useful because
+that allows you to have the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to have the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to have the information
+given to you by two independent events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to you by two independent events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to you by two independent events
+being the sum of the information in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the sum of the information in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the sum of the information in each
+of them okay and the the the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them okay and the the the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them okay and the the the calculation
+is just this it says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this it says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this it says that if
+um if a and b are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events then the uh information I get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the uh information I get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events then the uh information I get on
+being told that both of them occur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that both of them occur is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that both of them occur is
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+log p a PB uh but that then just becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of the individual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so the advantage of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the advantage of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the advantage of having a
+log in that definition is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in that definition is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in that definition is that for
+independent events where the I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events where the I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent events where the I should
+have actually perhaps written one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually perhaps written one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually perhaps written one more
+here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the
+information in being told that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in being told that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in being told that both
+events have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events have
+occurred because they're in dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred because they're in dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred because they're in dependent
+that joint probability factors into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joint probability factors into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joint probability factors into the
+product of the individual ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the individual ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the individual ones which
+then factors into the sum of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then factors into the sum of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then factors into the sum of these um
+two logarithm so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two logarithm so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two logarithm so here's the
+information in being told A and B here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in being told A and B here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in being told A and B here's
+the information in being told just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information in being told just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information in being told just a
+occurred and here's the information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and here's the information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and here's the information in
+being told that just B occurred okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that just B occurred okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being told that just B occurred okay so
+the log allows things to be additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log allows things to be additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log allows things to be additive
+over independent events now the base two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over independent events now the base two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over independent events now the base two
+well it's a matter of choice heartley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a matter of choice heartley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a matter of choice heartley
+chose base 10 Shannon chose base two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose base 10 Shannon chose base two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose base 10 Shannon chose base two and
+he called it the bit okay so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it the bit okay so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it the bit okay so when you
+measure information according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure information according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure information according to this
+formula with the log taken to the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with the log taken to the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with the log taken to the base
+two you call the resulting number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you call the resulting number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you call the resulting number the
+number of bits of information in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits of information in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits of information in that
+Revelation okay and being told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revelation okay and being told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revelation okay and being told that
+that's the output um now for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the output um now for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the output um now for this
+lecture and probably only this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and probably only this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and probably only this lecture
+I'm going to try and maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try and maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try and maintain a
+distinction between the bit as a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the bit as a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the bit as a unit of
+information and our everyday use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and our everyday use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and our everyday use of the
+word bit to mean a binary digit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word bit to mean a binary digit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word bit to mean a binary digit okay
+it's unfortunate that they both have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunate that they both have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unfortunate that they both have the
+same name because they actually refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same name because they actually refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same name because they actually refer to
+slightly different things a binary digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different things a binary digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different things a binary digit
+is just a zero or one sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a zero or one sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a zero or one sitting in a
+register in your electronics uh whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register in your electronics uh whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register in your electronics uh whereas
+this is a unit of measurement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a unit of measurement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a unit of measurement and the
+two are not necessarily the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not necessarily the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not necessarily the same thing
+okay so I'll try and catch myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll try and catch myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll try and catch myself and
+say binary digit when I mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say binary digit when I mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say binary digit when I mean something
+that can be a zero or a one and bit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a zero or a one and bit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a zero or a one and bit when
+I'm talking about a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about a measure of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+but here for instance is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for instance is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for instance is a case where
+the two cones side uh if I'm tossing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cones side uh if I'm tossing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cones side uh if I'm tossing a
+Fair coin so it's a probability one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin so it's a probability one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair coin so it's a probability one2
+that it comes up heads one/ half that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it comes up heads one/ half that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it comes up heads one/ half that it
+comes up Tails then log to the base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up Tails then log to the base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up Tails then log to the base 2 of
+one over one2 gives me one so is one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over one2 gives me one so is one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over one2 gives me one so is one bit
+of information and being told what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and being told what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and being told what the
+outcome is on um the toss of a fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is on um the toss of a fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is on um the toss of a fair coin
+okay um and that sort of aligns with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and that sort of aligns with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and that sort of aligns with our
+notion of a binary digit as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a binary digit as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a binary digit as being
+something that can be either Z 0 or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be either Z 0 or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be either Z 0 or one
+we don't usually associate probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't usually associate probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't usually associate probabilities
+when we use binary digit uh but with bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use binary digit uh but with bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we use binary digit uh but with bit
+we do okay so Shannon has a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do okay so Shannon has a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do okay so Shannon has a measure of
+information um and there are examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um and there are examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um and there are examples we
+can talk about they're in the notes I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about they're in the notes I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about they're in the notes I I
+won't um go through them um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't um go through them um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't um go through them um and I think
+I've said this already so I'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said this already so I'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said this already so I'll pass
+through that and get to his second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that and get to his second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that and get to his second
+important notion which is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important notion which is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important notion which is the notion of
+entropy okay the entropy is the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay the entropy is the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay the entropy is the expected
+information from a source so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from a source so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from a source so what we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is expected information from from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected information from from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected information from from a
+source or from the output of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source or from the output of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source or from the output of an
+experiment but if you're thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but if you're thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but if you're thinking of a
+source emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symbols um this Source can emit symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols um this Source can emit symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols um this Source can emit symbols
+S1 uh all the way up to SN let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 uh all the way up to SN let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 uh all the way up to SN let's say
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities P1 up to PN let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities P1 up to PN let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities P1 up to PN let's
+say and the sum of those is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the sum of those is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the sum of those is going to be
+one right if I tell you that S1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right if I tell you that S1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right if I tell you that S1 was
+emitted by The Source I've given you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by The Source I've given you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by The Source I've given you an
+information log 2 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information log 2 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information log 2 one
+over P1 right if I tell you S1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P1 right if I tell you S1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P1 right if I tell you S1 was
+emitted that's the information I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that's the information I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that's the information I've
+given you but if I ask you before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you but if I ask you before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you but if I ask you before you
+see anything coming out of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything coming out of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything coming out of the source
+what's the expected information what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected information what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected information what
+information do you expect to get when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do you expect to get when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do you expect to get when I
+run the experiment when I produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the experiment when I produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the experiment when I produce a
+symbol uh then you've got to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol uh then you've got to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol uh then you've got to actually
+average this quantity over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this quantity over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average this quantity over all possible
+symbols that you might get but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that you might get but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that you might get but it's got
+to be weighted by the probability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weighted by the probability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be weighted by the probability with
+which you're going to see that symbol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to see that symbol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to see that symbol so
+this is exactly what I had defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what I had defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what I had defined
+earlier as an expected value so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as an expected value so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as an expected value so the
+entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the
+source is the expected information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is the expected information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is the expected information or
+let's say the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the expected value of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expected value of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the information
+you get when you're told the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you're told the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you're told the output of
+the source and so well uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and so well uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source and so well uh if the
+emission is S1 then the information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is S1 then the information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is S1 then the information is
+this but that happens with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that happens with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that happens with probability
+P1 if the emission is S2 that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 if the emission is S2 that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 if the emission is S2 that happens
+with sorry with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sorry with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sorry with this uh
+information that carries this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that carries this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that carries this
+information it happens with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it happens with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it happens with this
+probability and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy Shannon is borrowing here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy Shannon is borrowing here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy Shannon is borrowing here from
+ideas developed in thermodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas developed in thermodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas developed in thermodynamics and
+statistical physics okay people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics okay people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics okay people like
+Gibbs at Yale um in 1900 already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs at Yale um in 1900 already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs at Yale um in 1900 already had
+Notions of this type his Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of this type his Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of this type his Innovation
+isn't actually applying this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually applying this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually applying this to
+Communications and he has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications and he has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications and he has several
+constructs Beyond this we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs Beyond this we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs Beyond this we'll come to
+some of them later uh but up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them later uh but up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them later uh but up to this
+point he's making a connection with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he's making a connection with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point he's making a connection with um
+what they do in statistical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in statistical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in statistical physics
+except they're usually not thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're usually not thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except they're usually not thinking in
+terms of information they're thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of information they're thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of information they're thinking in
+terms of uncertainty here and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uncertainty here and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uncertainty here and they're
+not thinking of sources emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not thinking of sources emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not thinking of sources emitting
+symbols okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols okay so this is the
+entropy um so for instance if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um so for instance if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um so for instance if you've got
+a case where you have capital N symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where you have capital N symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where you have capital N symbols
+and they're all equally likely then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all equally likely then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all equally likely then the
+probability of any one of them is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any one of them is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any one of them is one
+over n so what is the entropy well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so what is the entropy well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so what is the entropy well it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+summation I = 1 to n each probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I = 1 to n each probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I = 1 to n each probability is
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+n i take log 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i take log 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i take log 2 1
+over 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+right so what does that end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that end up being
+that ends up being um I can take the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up being um I can take the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up being um I can take the log
+2 N Out and then I've got the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N Out and then I've got the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 N Out and then I've got the summation
+1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the result is log 2 N okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is log 2 N okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is log 2 N okay so if
+I've got equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got equally likely
+symbols n of them then the entropy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols n of them then the entropy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols n of them then the entropy the
+expected information from being revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected information from being revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected information from being revealed
+what the outcome is is log to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the outcome is is log to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the outcome is is log to
+n it turns out that this is the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it turns out that this is the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it turns out that this is the the um
+best possible case in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible case in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible case in the sense of
+Maximum uncertainty if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum uncertainty if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum uncertainty if you're looking
+for a source that's maximally uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source that's maximally uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source that's maximally uncertain
+that's going to surprise you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to surprise you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to surprise you the most
+when it emits a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it emits a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it emits a symbol
+it's a source in which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a source in which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a source in which all the
+probabilities of all symbols are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all symbols are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all symbols are equally
+are equal okay all symbols are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal okay all symbols are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal okay all symbols are equally
+likely that's when you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that's when you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that's when you're going to be
+surprised the most now you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised the most now you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised the most now you can see this
+in a particular example here let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular example here let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular example here let's look
+at the case of capital N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so we're just talking about a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so we're just talking about a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so we're just talking about a coin
+toss all right I toss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss all right I toss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss all right I toss a
+coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+um if I get heads I mean I get heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I get heads I mean I get heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I get heads I mean I get heads
+with probability P some p i get tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability P some p i get tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability P some p i get tails
+with some probability 1 minus p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability 1 minus p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability 1 minus p uh
+instead of saying heads or tails I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying heads or tails I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying heads or tails I could
+make it look a little more numerical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it look a little more numerical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it look a little more numerical I
+could say I'm going to say I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to say I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to say I mean I
+could say C equals 1 for a head C equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say C equals 1 for a head C equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say C equals 1 for a head C equals
+z for a tail that's sort of coding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z for a tail that's sort of coding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z for a tail that's sort of coding the
+output of the coin toss um and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the coin toss um and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the coin toss um and now I can
+evaluate the entropy for any value of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the entropy for any value of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the entropy for any value of P
+you give me so if you've got a Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me so if you've got a Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me so if you've got a Fair coin
+with P equal .5 I evaluate the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P equal .5 I evaluate the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P equal .5 I evaluate the entropy
+and I find indeed that it's one bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find indeed that it's one bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find indeed that it's one bit okay
+so the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average
+information conveyed to me by telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information conveyed to me by telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information conveyed to me by telling me
+the output of the toss of a fair coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the toss of a fair coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the toss of a fair coin is
+one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit of
+information but if the coin is heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if the coin is heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if the coin is heavily
+biased um then the average information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased um then the average information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased um then the average information
+or the expected information can be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the expected information can be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the expected information can be a lot
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this turns out to be a very tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this turns out to be a very tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this turns out to be a very tight
+connection to this idea of coding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to this idea of coding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to this idea of coding so
+let's actually take an extreme example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually take an extreme example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually take an extreme example
+I've taken a case now where you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken a case now where you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken a case now where you've got a
+terribly biased coin it's not P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly biased coin it's not P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly biased coin it's not P equals
+0.5 it's p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 it's p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 it's p
+over uh 10^ the 24 I picked 10 to the 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh 10^ the 24 I picked 10 to the 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh 10^ the 24 I picked 10 to the 24
+because log to the base two of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log to the base two of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because log to the base two of that is
+easy uh so it's a very small probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh so it's a very small probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh so it's a very small probability
+of getting ahead okay in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting ahead okay in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting ahead okay in fact if you
+were to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to run
+1,024 trials the law of large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 trials the law of large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 trials the law of large numbers
+which I haven't put on that one sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't put on that one sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't put on that one sheet
+but you probably believe this if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably believe this if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably believe this if I had a
+coin that had a one in 1,24 probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that had a one in 1,24 probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that had a one in 1,24 probability
+of coming up heads and I threw a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming up heads and I threw a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming up heads and I threw a coin
+1024 times I'm more likely to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 times I'm more likely to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 times I'm more likely to get a
+heads once than anything else uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads once than anything else uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads once than anything else uh and
+actually in a very long stretch that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a very long stretch that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a very long stretch that's
+just about exactly the fraction of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about exactly the fraction of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about exactly the fraction of heads
+that you'll get That's the Law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get That's the Law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get That's the Law of large
+numbers okay in that case what is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay in that case what is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay in that case what is the um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+entropy so I've got uh p p * log 2 1/ p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so I've got uh p p * log 2 1/ p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so I've got uh p p * log 2 1/ p
++ 1 - P * log 2 1 - p I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 - P * log 2 1 - p I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 - P * log 2 1 - p I'm just
+evaluating that parabolic looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that parabolic looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that parabolic looking
+function it's not quite a parabola uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not quite a parabola uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's not quite a parabola uh
+and I see that I've got just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see that I've got just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see that I've got just
+0112 bits of information per trial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0112 bits of information per trial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0112 bits of information per trial so
+unlike the case of a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the case of a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the case of a fair
+coin remember in the case of a fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin remember in the case of a fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin remember in the case of a fair coin
+if P equals 0.5 I have an an entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P equals 0.5 I have an an entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if P equals 0.5 I have an an entropy of
+one bit that's the average information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit that's the average information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit that's the average information
+revealed by a single toss now I'm down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed by a single toss now I'm down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed by a single toss now I'm down
+to much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm down to 012 bits uh per trial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to 012 bits uh per trial okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm down to 012 bits uh per trial okay
+and the reason is that this coin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this coin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this coin is
+almost certainly going to come up Tales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly going to come up Tales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly going to come up Tales
+because the probability of heads is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of heads is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of heads is so
+small okay so for almost every trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so for almost every trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so for almost every trial
+you'll tell me oh it came up tails and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll tell me oh it came up tails and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll tell me oh it came up tails and
+there's no surprise in that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprise in that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprise in that there's no
+information okay there's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay there's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay there's just the
+occasional heads in that pile and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional heads in that pile and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional heads in that pile and when
+you tell me that came up heads I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me that came up heads I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me that came up heads I'll be
+surprised uh I get a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised uh I get a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised uh I get a lot of information
+but now when I average it out over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when I average it out over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when I average it out over all
+experiments it's actually low average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it's actually low average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it's actually low average
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+there okay so if you wanted to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so if you wanted to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so if you wanted to tell me
+the results of a series of coin tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of a series of coin tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of a series of coin tosses
+with this coin you toss it 1,24 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this coin you toss it 1,24 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this coin you toss it 1,24 times
+and you want to tell me what the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to tell me what the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to tell me what the result
+of that set of coin tosses is it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set of coin tosses is it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set of coin tosses is it would
+seem to be very inefficient to uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very inefficient to uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very inefficient to uh give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+1,024 zeros and ones uh saying okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 zeros and ones uh saying okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 zeros and ones uh saying okay with
+0 000000 z um all the way along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me let me say it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me let me say it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me let me say it this way
+here's here's one way to code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that would tell me what uh you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would tell me what uh you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would tell me what uh you got
+in 1,24 Trials you could say well it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1,24 Trials you could say well it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1,24 Trials you could say well it was
+Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails Tails
+Tails whoops head Tails Tails tailes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails whoops head Tails Tails tailes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails whoops head Tails Tails tailes
+okay so you could give me that uh 1,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could give me that uh 1,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could give me that uh 1,24
+binary digits with the one to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits with the one to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits with the one to tell me
+exactly where you got the heads um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you got the heads um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you got the heads um it
+seems a very inefficient use of bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a very inefficient use of bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a very inefficient use of bits of
+binary digits sorry okay binary digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits sorry okay binary digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits sorry okay binary digit
+can actually reveal a bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reveal a bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reveal a bit of information
+and here you're using 1,24 binary digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're using 1,24 binary digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're using 1,24 binary digits
+to reveal uh much less information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal uh much less information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal uh much less information in
+fact let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let's see
+01 two bits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toss um bits per toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+1,24 is really all all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 is really all all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 is really all all the information
+there is and you shouldn't be using 1,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and you shouldn't be using 1,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and you shouldn't be using 1,24
+binary digits to convey that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits to convey that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits to convey that information
+if you're sending it over a transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sending it over a transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sending it over a transmission
+line it's a very inefficient use okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's a very inefficient use okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's a very inefficient use okay so
+can you think of a way to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a way to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of a way to communicate
+the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of
+this result uh with something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result uh with something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result uh with something that's
+much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah just uh since you're expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just uh since you're expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah just uh since you're expecting
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1,24 tosses that there'll typically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 tosses that there'll typically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 tosses that there'll typically be
+just a single one just encode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single one just encode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single one just encode the
+position where that one occurs how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where that one occurs how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where that one occurs how many
+bits does it do to do to how many binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits does it do to do to how many binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits does it do to do to how many binary
+digits does it take to do that 10 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits does it take to do that 10 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits does it take to do that 10 right
+1,24 you've got to tell me is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 you've got to tell me is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 you've got to tell me is it in
+position 1 2 3 4 you've just got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 1 2 3 4 you've just got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 1 2 3 4 you've just got to be
+able to count up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to count up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to count up to
+1,24 so if you send me a a 10 by binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 so if you send me a a 10 by binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 so if you send me a a 10 by binary
+digits to tell me where that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to tell me where that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to tell me where that one is
+you'll have revealed what the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have revealed what the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have revealed what the outcome of
+the sequence of experiments is so 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of experiments is so 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of experiments is so 10
+binary digits uh over 1,024 trials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits uh over 1,024 trials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits uh over 1,024 trials so
+here's the average usage of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits binary
+digits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits per
+trial if I use your scheme and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial if I use your scheme and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial if I use your scheme and that's
+much more that's much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more that's much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more that's much closer to the
+actual bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual bits
+per outcome somebody had a question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per outcome somebody had a question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per outcome somebody had a question on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry it better not be and part of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it better not be and part of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it better not be and part of it uh
+might be that I've rounded this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that I've rounded this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that I've rounded this here
+okay is that is it a small rounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that is it a small rounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that is it a small rounding
+difference you did you actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you did you actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you did you actually compute
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry oh is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh is it not
+0112 okay good I'm glad somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0112 okay good I'm glad somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0112 okay good I'm glad somebody
+confused that how did I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry oh I see what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh I see what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh I see what you're saying is
+that this was okay right you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was okay right you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was okay right you're saying
+this is 099 something okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 099 something okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 099 something okay I'm just
+saying that we're in the ballpark if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we're in the ballpark if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we're in the ballpark if we
+try to code just for the single one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to code just for the single one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to code just for the single one but
+there will be cases in my experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be cases in my experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be cases in my experiments
+where there might be two of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be two of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be two of these and
+then I've got to use a more elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got to use a more elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got to use a more elaborate
+coding I'll use a longer code code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding I'll use a longer code code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding I'll use a longer code code word
+those are less likely events so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are less likely events so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are less likely events so I've got
+to factor in all those probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor in all those probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor in all those probabilities
+yeah okay good I'm glad you caught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good I'm glad you caught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good I'm glad you caught that
+I don't want to um get too sunk in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to um get too sunk in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to um get too sunk in this
+because I just want to convey the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just want to convey the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just want to convey the idea
+the idea is that the um Shannon entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the um Shannon entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that the um Shannon entropy
+actually sets a lower limit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets a lower limit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sets a lower limit to the
+average length of a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+okay and so when you're trying to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you're trying to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you're trying to do um
+design of codes you're actually trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of codes you're actually trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of codes you're actually trying
+to defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um codes that will get you close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um codes that will get you close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um codes that will get you close to the
+the Shannon entropy limits so um what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shannon entropy limits so um what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shannon entropy limits so um what I
+want to just briefly mention and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just briefly mention and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just briefly mention and you
+follow up in recitation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up in recitation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up in recitation is something
+called Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which you might apply to a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you might apply to a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you might apply to a situation
+like this so you're coding let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you're coding let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you're coding let's say
+grades to send to the registar uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades to send to the registar uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades to send to the registar uh a a
+with probability 1/3 B's with 1/2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 B's with 1/2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 B's with 1/2 and so
+on um you want a coding that whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you want a coding that whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you want a coding that whose
+expected length will come close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected length will come close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected length will come close to the
+Shannon entropy so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon entropy so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon entropy so the question
+is what's the Shannon entropy I hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the Shannon entropy I hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the Shannon entropy I hope I
+haven't jumped over too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't jumped over too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't jumped over too many
+slides uh I have jumped over too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh I have jumped over too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh I have jumped over too many
+slides let's go back and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's go back and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's go back and find the
+Shannon entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon entropy
+here for that particular case um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that particular case um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that particular case um if we
+uh compute the entropy we get 1. 626
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compute the entropy we get 1. 626
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compute the entropy we get 1. 626
+bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+okay if you were communicating four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you were communicating four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you were communicating four
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+grades uh for a th000 students to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades uh for a th000 students to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades uh for a th000 students to the
+registar one way to do it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar one way to do it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar one way to do it would be to
+use two binary digits you can cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two binary digits you can cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two binary digits you can cover all
+four grades send 2,000 bits to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four grades send 2,000 bits to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four grades send 2,000 bits to the
+register uh the entropy says that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register uh the entropy says that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register uh the entropy says that um
+you've got 1.62 six bits per grade on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 1.62 six bits per grade on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 1.62 six bits per grade on
+average so for a th000 grades you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so for a th000 grades you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so for a th000 grades you should
+be able to get something closer to 16 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get something closer to 16 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get something closer to 16 26
+bits so can you communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so can you communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so can you communicate
+um a set of a thousand grades occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a set of a thousand grades occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a set of a thousand grades occurring
+with these probabilities with a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these probabilities with a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these probabilities with a code
+whose expected length is closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose expected length is closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose expected length is closer to the
+1626 okay uh that's the task for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1626 okay uh that's the task for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1626 okay uh that's the task for
+designing a variable length code now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a variable length code now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a variable length code now it
+turns out that this task was set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this task was set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this task was set by
+Professor F who's a professor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor F who's a professor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor F who's a professor here
+retired but still comes to our weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired but still comes to our weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired but still comes to our weekly
+lunches set as um a term paper and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunches set as um a term paper and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunches set as um a term paper and a
+course he taught on information Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he taught on information Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he taught on information Theory
+actually just three years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just three years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just three years after
+Shannon's paper appeared um posed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon's paper appeared um posed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon's paper appeared um posed the
+problem of Designing a variable length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Designing a variable length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Designing a variable length
+code whose expected length came as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code whose expected length came as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code whose expected length came as close
+as possible to the Shannon limit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the Shannon limit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the Shannon limit uh
+Huffman struggled with that almost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman struggled with that almost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman struggled with that almost to
+the end F offered the option of doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end F offered the option of doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end F offered the option of doing a
+final exam if you didn't have a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam if you didn't have a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam if you didn't have a term
+paper he was about to give up on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he was about to give up on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he was about to give up on it and
+then came up with an idea that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came up with an idea that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came up with an idea that turns out
+to be the optimal uh variable length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the optimal uh variable length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the optimal uh variable length
+coding scheme uh for this scenario so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding scheme uh for this scenario so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding scheme uh for this scenario so
+what he does is he um just to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he does is he um just to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he does is he um just to very
+quickly finish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly finish with
+that um he takes the uh two lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um he takes the uh two lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um he takes the uh two lowest
+probability events groups them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability events groups them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability events groups them together
+to make a single event that is C or D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single event that is C or D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single event that is C or D
+with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one
+16 then in that resulting reduced set he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then in that resulting reduced set he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then in that resulting reduced set he
+looks at the two lowest probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the two lowest probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the two lowest probability
+events combines to make them a meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events combines to make them a meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events combines to make them a meta
+event with the probability that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event with the probability that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event with the probability that's the
+sum of the individual ones and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the individual ones and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the individual ones and so on so
+he chases this procedure up take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chases this procedure up take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chases this procedure up take the two
+lowest probability events um combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest probability events um combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest probability events um combine
+them into a single one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a single one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a single one with the
+probability that to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that to some of these
+individual ones in the resulting reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones in the resulting reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones in the resulting reduced
+set look for the two lowest probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set look for the two lowest probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set look for the two lowest probability
+events and so on build up a tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and so on build up a tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and so on build up a tree the
+resulting tree then reveals the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting tree then reveals the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting tree then reveals the uh
+Huffman code the Huffman code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman code the Huffman code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman code the Huffman code is
+guaranteed to have an expected length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to have an expected length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to have an expected length
+that um satisfies this constraint but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um satisfies this constraint but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um satisfies this constraint but
+actually uh has an upper bound too it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh has an upper bound too it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh has an upper bound too it's
+within entropy plus one on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within entropy plus one on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within entropy plus one on the upper
+side we'll talk next time about um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we'll talk next time about um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we'll talk next time about um uh
+how to improve this but uh in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to improve this but uh in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to improve this but uh in recitation
+you'll get practice a little at a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get practice a little at a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get practice a little at a bit
+more leisurely Pace than I did here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leisurely Pace than I did here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leisurely Pace than I did here uh
+with constructing Huffman codes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CMmB8KtbT1U.txt b/CMmB8KtbT1U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91db2ad0bdcb7912e7a74dc8b30f41415bbe7af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CMmB8KtbT1U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+question what is film uh one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is film uh one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is film uh one way to
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+present it by saying film ad as dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it by saying film ad as dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it by saying film ad as dot dot
+dot film as what uh and it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot film as what uh and it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot film as what uh and it may be
+surprising to you but one way we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you but one way we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to you but one way we could
+think about film is as chemistry now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about film is as chemistry now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about film is as chemistry now how
+could that make sense why would it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that make sense why would it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that make sense why would it make
+sense to think of film as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to think of film as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to think of film as a form of
+chemistry what has film got to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry what has film got to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry what has film got to do with
+chemistry in fact it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in fact it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in fact it's a very
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+relation what what what what what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what what what what what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what what what what what is a
+what what what this is also true of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this is also true of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this is also true of of
+of of still photography as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of still photography as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of still photography as well as
+movies but what is it what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies but what is it what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies but what is it what what's the
+process by which they're made yes film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which they're made yes film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which they're made yes film
+really comes together from speak loudly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes together from speak loudly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes together from speak loudly
+so I really um film is made up of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really um film is made up of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really um film is made up of a lot
+of different components you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different components you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different components you have you
+have your lighting your scene your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your lighting your scene your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your lighting your scene your
+character and that all has to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and that all has to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and that all has to come
+together to make film without one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make film without one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to make film without one
+component of it you're losing part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of it you're losing part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of it you're losing part of
+the experience okay you're right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience okay you're right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience okay you're right about
+that but that's a more General answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's a more General answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's a more General answer
+than I want words what there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I want words what there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I want words what there's something
+much more dramatically uh fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dramatically uh fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dramatically uh fundamental
+about the way about the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way about the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way about the connection
+between chemistry and movies what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between chemistry and movies what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between chemistry and movies what is it
+the interaction between the audience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between the audience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between the audience and
+it doesn't have to to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to to do with the
+experience of movies come on what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of movies come on what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of movies come on what it's
+technical chemistry has to be developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical chemistry has to be developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical chemistry has to be developed
+before you it depends on chemistry film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you it depends on chemistry film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you it depends on chemistry film
+is a form of applied chemistry why of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of applied chemistry why of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of applied chemistry why of
+course you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right yes what is a film and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes what is a film and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes what is a film and there are
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light it
+actually has to normally it can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to normally it can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to normally it can be any
+light but sunlight is best act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but sunlight is best act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but sunlight is best act
+interacting with those emotions causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with those emotions causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with those emotions causes
+the image to appear the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to appear the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to appear the actual
+fundamental process by which film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental process by which film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental process by which film is
+physically created is a chemical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically created is a chemical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically created is a chemical process
+and one could if you think about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could if you think about that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could if you think about that if
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+the things this suggests is that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this suggests is that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this suggests is that film
+The when then when we think about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The when then when we think about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The when then when we think about film
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+is a form of applied chemistry that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of applied chemistry that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of applied chemistry that is
+that is among the most profound uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is among the most profound uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is among the most profound uses of
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+because if you think about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think about the impact of
+movies on human life and and it is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on human life and and it is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on human life and and it is now a
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+there is no culture in the world now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no culture in the world now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no culture in the world now
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+and it's more than a century old uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more than a century old uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more than a century old uh it
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+the 20th century the signature form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century the signature form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century the signature form of
+Storytelling ing for the 20th century uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storytelling ing for the 20th century uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storytelling ing for the 20th century uh
+all of it derives from this chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it derives from this chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it derives from this chemical
+reaction when the emotions are subjected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when the emotions are subjected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction when the emotions are subjected
+to light the the image appears on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light the the image appears on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light the the image appears on the
+cellular and and and uh there are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular and and and uh there are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular and and and uh there are even
+people the theoreticians of movies who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the theoreticians of movies who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the theoreticians of movies who
+have suggested that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suggested that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suggested that there's a
+fundamental break of a kind that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental break of a kind that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental break of a kind that is
+subliminal and less obvious to uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminal and less obvious to uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subliminal and less obvious to uh many
+people but is fundamental to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but is fundamental to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but is fundamental to our
+experience of text when we move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of text when we move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of text when we move from
+real film to digital forms of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real film to digital forms of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real film to digital forms of film
+making because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+forms right there's something natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right there's something natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right there's something natural
+and in fact slow about the way nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact slow about the way nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact slow about the way nature
+works the way when light works on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way when light works on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way when light works on those
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+images up and those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images up and those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images up and those of you who are
+amateur photographers will know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur photographers will know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur photographers will know that you
+can control the clarity or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the clarity or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the clarity or the
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+the lightness of the image by how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightness of the image by how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightness of the image by how long
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+in the emotions right you can control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emotions right you can control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emotions right you can control it
+and and creative still photographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and creative still photographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and creative still photographers and
+creative movie directors actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative movie directors actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative movie directors actually use
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+that that chemical principle in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that chemical principle in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that chemical principle in order to
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+way to think about movies is to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies is to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies is to think of
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+one of the most profound uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profound uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profound uses of
+chemistry in terms of that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in terms of that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in terms of that we could
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+society in terms of the the vast number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of the the vast number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of the the vast number
+of people who have been affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have been affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have been affected and
+continue to be affected by by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be affected by by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be affected by by this
+invention we could also think of film so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention we could also think of film so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention we could also think of film so
+film is a form of chemistry I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is a form of chemistry I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is a form of chemistry I mean and
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+what when I'm suggesting uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when I'm suggesting uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when I'm suggesting uh these
+different framings of what film is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different framings of what film is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different framings of what film is these
+different Frameworks for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frameworks for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Frameworks for understanding
+film I'm one thing I'm trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I'm one thing I'm trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I'm one thing I'm trying to do is
+to suggest some of the ways in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest some of the ways in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest some of the ways in which we
+might understand film apart from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might understand film apart from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might understand film apart from what
+we're going to be doing in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing in this course
+now I don't know if one could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know if one could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know if one could make a
+full uh uh if one if one could justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh uh if one if one could justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh uh if one if one could justify
+persuading a professor of chem chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading a professor of chem chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading a professor of chem chemistry
+to teach a course in film that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach a course in film that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach a course in film that might be
+going too far but certain principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too far but certain principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too far but certain principles of
+uh certain broad principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain broad principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain broad principles of
+Photography and how they are linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and how they are linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and how they are linked to
+other uh uh uh photochemical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh uh uh photochemical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh uh uh photochemical uh
+processes might very well make a a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might very well make a a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might very well make a a quite
+exciting and complicated uh course in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and complicated uh course in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and complicated uh course in in
+uh in the chemistry Department uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the chemistry Department uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the chemistry Department uh one
+can also think of film uh as simply in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think of film uh as simply in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think of film uh as simply in a
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+world uh and especially in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and especially in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and especially in the United
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+that that that caused its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that caused its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that caused its first
+appearance to be take to take place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance to be take to take place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance to be take to take place in
+place is like Penny arcades where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is like Penny arcades where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is like Penny arcades where people
+went to experience other kinds of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to experience other kinds of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to experience other kinds of public
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+would there would be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be uh uh
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+you put a penny in and and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a penny in and and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a penny in and and if the
+machine were if the machine was right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were if the machine was right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were if the machine was right it
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+it would give you your penny back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you your penny back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you your penny back uh
+there were fortune telling machines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fortune telling machines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fortune telling machines in
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+were live peep shows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were live peep shows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were live peep shows uh
+strip shows of various Mo moderate kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip shows of various Mo moderate kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip shows of various Mo moderate kinds
+and of course as even at the very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course as even at the very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course as even at the very early
+stages of film the film began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of film the film began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of film the film began to
+replicate those live perform they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate those live perform they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate those live perform they were
+sort of uh very trivial forms of forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh very trivial forms of forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh very trivial forms of forms
+of uh burlesque began to appear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh burlesque began to appear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh burlesque began to appear and
+women stripping uh I don't think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women stripping uh I don't think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women stripping uh I don't think there
+were any male strippers in in this late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were any male strippers in in this late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were any male strippers in in this late
+Victorian era uh uh began to appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorian era uh uh began to appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorian era uh uh began to appear in
+the penny arcades as well so one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penny arcades as well so one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penny arcades as well so one could
+say that what film in its earlier stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that what film in its earlier stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that what film in its earlier stages
+was also just a kind of novelty item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also just a kind of novelty item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also just a kind of novelty item
+like a Pez dispenser or or some or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Pez dispenser or or some or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Pez dispenser or or some or some
+equivalent kind of silly thing or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent kind of silly thing or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent kind of silly thing or or or
+or baseball cards or football cards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or baseball cards or football cards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or baseball cards or football cards that
+kind that kind of thing uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that kind of thing uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind that kind of thing uh more
+profoundly of course we could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly of course we could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly of course we could think of
+film from another Ang a manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film from another Ang a manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film from another Ang a manufactured
+object and this identity of film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this identity of film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this identity of film is
+incredibly important it's again easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important it's again easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important it's again easy for
+us to forget because when we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to forget because when we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to forget because when we go to the
+movies we today we see these complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we today we see these complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we today we see these complex and
+overwhelming audio we we we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming audio we we we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming audio we we we have these
+complex and overwhelming audiovisual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and overwhelming audiovisual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and overwhelming audiovisual
+experiences and we uh might tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and we uh might tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and we uh might tend to
+forget what in fact is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what in fact is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what in fact is the sort of
+industrial base on which movies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial base on which movies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial base on which movies were
+made at a relatively early stage part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at a relatively early stage part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at a relatively early stage part of
+what we want at least to be aware of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want at least to be aware of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want at least to be aware of in
+our course even though we won't study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course even though we won't study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course even though we won't study it
+systematically is the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically is the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically is the fact that the
+movies the film uh is one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies the film uh is one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies the film uh is one of the first
+significant Commodities to become a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Commodities to become a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Commodities to become a mass
+produced item and in and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced item and in and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced item and in and in fact the
+same principles that led to the Mira to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles that led to the Mira to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles that led to the Mira to
+another manufacturing miracle that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manufacturing miracle that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another manufacturing miracle that we
+associate with the late 19th and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the late 19th and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the late 19th and early
+20th century the automobile the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century the automobile the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century the automobile the same
+principles that went to the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that went to the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that went to the production
+of the automobile also worked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the automobile also worked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the automobile also worked with the
+it worked in the production of film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked in the production of film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worked in the production of film that
+is to say what had to be and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say what had to be and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say what had to be and in fact
+both film and the automobile could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both film and the automobile could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both film and the automobile could be
+seen as prototypical instances of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as prototypical instances of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as prototypical instances of this
+fundamentally defining industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally defining industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally defining industrial
+capitalist uh uh uh Behavior capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist uh uh uh Behavior capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist uh uh uh Behavior capitalist
+activity which is mass production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity which is mass production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity which is mass production and
+especially what does mass production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what does mass production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what does mass production
+depend upon the specialization of Labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend upon the specialization of Labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend upon the specialization of Labor
+the rationalizing of the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalizing of the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalizing of the production
+process into smaller and smaller smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into smaller and smaller smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into smaller and smaller smaller
+units so that particular people can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so that particular people can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so that particular people can do
+it quickly and you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quickly and you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quickly and you can create
+essentially an assembly line production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an assembly line production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an assembly line production
+you can create mass production it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create mass production it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create mass production it's one
+of the great inventions of industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great inventions of industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great inventions of industrial
+capitalism and it's interesting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism and it's interesting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism and it's interesting very
+important to think of the film of movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think of the film of movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think of the film of movies
+as a to recognize that the movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a to recognize that the movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a to recognize that the movies are
+such an item and the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an item and the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an item and the process by which
+the movies became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies became a
+mass-produced object uh an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-produced object uh an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-produced object uh an object that
+we now recognize as the movies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now recognize as the movies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now recognize as the movies that we
+see in the theaters is described in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the theaters is described in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the theaters is described in the
+early chapters of David Cook's history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early chapters of David Cook's history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early chapters of David Cook's history
+of narrative film The assigned reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of narrative film The assigned reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of narrative film The assigned reading
+for these early weeks I hope you'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these early weeks I hope you'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these early weeks I hope you'll pay
+close attention to them I will return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention to them I will return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close attention to them I will return to
+this idea of the movies as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of the movies as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of the movies as a
+manufactured object uh in a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured object uh in a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured object uh in a little while
+a little a little later and try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a little later and try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a little later and try to say
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+more a couple of more things about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a couple of more things about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a couple of more things about about
+that idea but the notion I still find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea but the notion I still find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea but the notion I still find it
+very inspiring and important significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inspiring and important significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inspiring and important significant
+the notion that the that that that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that the that that that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that the that that that film
+was created on an assembly line and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created on an assembly line and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created on an assembly line and that
+just like toasters or automobiles seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like toasters or automobiles seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like toasters or automobiles seems
+a sh and important Insight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sh and important Insight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sh and important Insight because
+they're still in some fundamental way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still in some fundamental way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still in some fundamental way
+produced like this there I mean I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced like this there I mean I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced like this there I mean I don't
+I don't mean that the same movie studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that the same movie studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that the same movie studios
+are churning out uh 500 movies a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are churning out uh 500 movies a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are churning out uh 500 movies a year
+which is what what what was churned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what what what was churned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what what what was churned out
+during the Great era of the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Great era of the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Great era of the Hollywood
+Studios from around 1930 through the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios from around 1930 through the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios from around 1930 through the end
+of the 1940s uh um but the fact is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1940s uh um but the fact is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1940s uh um but the fact is the
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+movies still depends on these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies still depends on these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies still depends on these principles
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+about the way in which we have actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which we have actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which we have actors
+and directors and cinematographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and cinematographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and cinematographers and
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+about the way in which movies still to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which movies still to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which movies still to
+this day are divided in their production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day are divided in their production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day are divided in their production
+principles in in in in three in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in in in in three in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in in in in three in three
+stages a pre-production phase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages a pre-production phase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages a pre-production phase a
+production phase and a post-production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production phase and a post-production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production phase and a post-production
+phase and there are specialists at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are specialists at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are specialists at each
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+are connected to the production of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to the production of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to the production of every
+single film so we can think of films as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single film so we can think of films as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single film so we can think of films as
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+instance of what mass production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of what mass production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of what mass production is
+capable of folks who are sitting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of folks who are sitting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of folks who are sitting down
+there are some empty seats why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some empty seats why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some empty seats why don't you
+try to find them rather than sit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find them rather than sit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find them rather than sit on the
+floor very hard to make notes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor very hard to make notes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor very hard to make notes when
+you're when you're uh sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're uh sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're uh sitting on the
+floor here there's a seat here a seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor here there's a seat here a seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor here there's a seat here a seat
+here there's seats over here a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's seats over here a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's seats over here a few
+there are some seats in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some seats in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some seats in the
+back okay so so we can say that the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so so we can say that the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so so we can say that the film
+is a manufactured object and not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a manufactured object and not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a manufactured object and not just a
+manufactured object but a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured object but a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured object but a product of
+mass production a product of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production a product of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production a product of essentially
+assembly line principles and what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line principles and what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line principles and what makes
+this so remarkable to me still an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remarkable to me still an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remarkable to me still an idea
+that I have trouble fully absorbing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have trouble fully absorbing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have trouble fully absorbing is
+that the manufactur the mass-- produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the manufactur the mass-- produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the manufactur the mass-- produced
+item that we're talking about unlike a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that we're talking about unlike a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item that we're talking about unlike a
+toaster or even an automobile manag so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster or even an automobile manag so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster or even an automobile manag so
+fully to permeate our society and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully to permeate our society and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully to permeate our society and our
+world that it's infiltrated ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that it's infiltrated ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that it's infiltrated ourselves
+even into our dreams and our Fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even into our dreams and our Fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even into our dreams and our Fantasy
+Life there's no other mass-produce item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life there's no other mass-produce item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life there's no other mass-produce item
+I'm aware of that has this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of that has this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of that has this kind of
+psychic power there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic power there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic power there's something
+terrifying in a way but also inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying in a way but also inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying in a way but also inspiring
+about the idea that manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea that manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea that manufacturing
+processes can generate texts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can generate texts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can generate texts that
+replicate our dreams can generate texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate our dreams can generate texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate our dreams can generate texts
+that speak to the whole of the Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speak to the whole of the Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speak to the whole of the Society
+and also to individuals the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to individuals the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to individuals the idea that
+these that these astonishingly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these astonishingly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these astonishingly complex
+uh uh uh objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh objects
+films uh are made on the same principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh are made on the same principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh are made on the same principles
+and in some degree are Commodities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some degree are Commodities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some degree are Commodities like
+toasters or ovens or automobiles is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toasters or ovens or automobiles is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toasters or ovens or automobiles is a
+particularly complicated one for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly complicated one for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly complicated one for me
+because of the nature of movies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of movies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of movies because
+the because the movies have S have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because the movies have S have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the because the movies have S have had
+such an impact on on social on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an impact on on social on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an impact on on social on on the
+social World on individual behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social World on individual behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social World on individual behavior and
+presumably on individual lives so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably on individual lives so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably on individual lives so the
+fact that it's a manufactured object an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a manufactured object an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a manufactured object an
+object of mass production uh uh if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of mass production uh uh if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of mass production uh uh if it
+very significant something we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant something we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant something we'll come
+back to again and again in the course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to again and again in the course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to again and again in the course I
+think and finally another way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and finally another way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and finally another way to think
+about film and I'm sort of enlarging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film and I'm sort of enlarging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film and I'm sort of enlarging
+this is a way we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way we'll be talking about
+quite a lot in the course of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot in the course of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot in the course of our
+discussions in uh this semester we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in uh this semester we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in uh this semester we can
+say that film after it's elaborated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that film after it's elaborated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that film after it's elaborated and
+and and established itself in culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and established itself in culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and established itself in culture is
+becomes a fundamental social form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a fundamental social form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a fundamental social form a
+fundamental social formation an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental social formation an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental social formation an
+experience widely practiced widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience widely practiced widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience widely practiced widely
+indulged in by a vast number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulged in by a vast number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indulged in by a vast number of people
+in the societ it becomes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the societ it becomes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the societ it becomes there's a
+difference between so so that one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so so that one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so so that one could
+say for example toasters are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example toasters are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example toasters are important
+but they don't they they don't generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't they they don't generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't they they don't generate
+the kind of social rituals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of social rituals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of social rituals that are
+involved in going to the going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in going to the going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in going to the going to the
+movies uh and of identifying with movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies uh and of identifying with movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies uh and of identifying with movie
+stars and of generating fans around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and of generating fans around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and of generating fans around
+movies and wor and ancillary complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and wor and ancillary complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and wor and ancillary complex
+activities that we associate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that we associate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that we associate that we
+associate with movie goinging and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with movie goinging and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with movie goinging and in
+fact one might say that the Great era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one might say that the Great era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one might say that the Great era of
+movie goinging is already gone that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie goinging is already gone that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie goinging is already gone that it
+was really in the era of the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really in the era of the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really in the era of the Hollywood
+studio stos when there were before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio stos when there were before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio stos when there were before the
+internet and before television uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and before television uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and before television uh
+television is very important historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is very important historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is very important historical
+fact in the history of movies uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the history of movies uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in the history of movies uh because
+it Alters the nature of movies in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alters the nature of movies in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Alters the nature of movies in a
+fundamental way this is a topic to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way this is a topic to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way this is a topic to which
+we will also return before the term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also return before the term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will also return before the term is
+over so we could also then think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so we could also then think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so we could also then think of the
+film as a as a social form as not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as a as a social form as not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as a as a social form as not not
+when it first appears when it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it first appears when it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it first appears when it's just a
+novelty but after it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty but after it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty but after it goes through
+various phases when it embeds itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various phases when it embeds itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various phases when it embeds itself
+into the society the way the movies did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the society the way the movies did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the society the way the movies did
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+one might almost argue that it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might almost argue that it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might almost argue that it becomes
+one of the most important social forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important social forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important social forms
+in the society because it's so widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society because it's so widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society because it's so widely
+shared most social activities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared most social activities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared most social activities in the
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+the circle of people they involve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of people they involve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of people they involve right
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+controlled in a way that is less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled in a way that is less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled in a way that is less is
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+children as well as adults right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as well as adults right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as well as adults right they
+and from their very beginning this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from their very beginning this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from their very beginning this has
+been true of movies especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true of movies especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true of movies especially in the
+United States they've appealed across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they've appealed across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they've appealed across
+lines of social stratification across uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of social stratification across uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of social stratification across uh
+uh differences of gender across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differences of gender across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differences of gender across
+differences of age across differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of age across differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of age across differences of
+race there's one book on the film a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there's one book on the film a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there's one book on the film a
+rather overly optimistic one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather overly optimistic one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather overly optimistic one that
+simplifies the pernicious or Sinister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the pernicious or Sinister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the pernicious or Sinister
+aspect of movies called film The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of movies called film The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of movies called film The
+Democratic art and you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic art and you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic art and you can understand
+even though I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I think it's a
+simplification why that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification why that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification why that's an interesting
+way to think about movies because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies because it
+reach it reach so widely to across so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it reach so widely to across so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it reach so widely to across so
+many Social bar in that sense film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Social bar in that sense film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Social bar in that sense film was
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+audience than any other narrative system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than any other narrative system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than any other narrative system
+that had been invented by human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by human beings
+before it what's one explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it what's one explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it what's one explanation for why
+film would be so appealing be even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so appealing be even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so appealing be even more
+appealing than printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing than printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing than printed
+narrative it also is connected to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it also is connected to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it also is connected to why
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+infancy why they went from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy why they went from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy why they went from being a
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+so quickly because film appeals to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly because film appeals to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly because film appeals to so
+many more senses than say a written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more senses than say a written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more senses than say a written
+manner you've got visual you you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner you've got visual you you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner you've got visual you you've got
+auditory in some cases you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory in some cases you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory in some cases you know like
+feeling but but but I wouldn't say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling but but but I wouldn't say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling but but but I wouldn't say so
+much that that because it be because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that that because it be because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that that because it be because it
+sort of you know uh mobilizes more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know uh mobilizes more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know uh mobilizes more of
+our senses even though I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our senses even though I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our senses even though I think that
+description is right but but a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is right but but a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is right but but a part of
+what you're saying is certainly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is certainly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is certainly at the
+heart of why movies were so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why movies were so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why movies were so interesting
+what would you say it takes no effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you say it takes no effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you say it takes no effort to
+watch them or well yes it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them or well yes it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch them or well yes it's easy to
+experience movies although you won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience movies although you won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience movies although you won't say
+that by the end of the course I hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the end of the course I hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the end of the course I hope and
+it should take effort I want it to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should take effort I want it to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should take effort I want it to take
+effort and I I I think one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and I I I think one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and I I I think one of the things
+I hope all of you will have when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope all of you will have when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope all of you will have when you
+come out of this course is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this course is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this course is a much more
+confident sense of how to look at movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident sense of how to look at movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident sense of how to look at movies
+not to spoil your enjoyment of kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to spoil your enjoyment of kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to spoil your enjoyment of kicking
+back in looking at a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in looking at a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in looking at a stupid
+Schwarzenegger entertainment if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarzenegger entertainment if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarzenegger entertainment if you want
+to not to make you feel guilty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to make you feel guilty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to make you feel guilty about
+that but to make you be able to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but to make you be able to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but to make you be able to tell the
+difference between something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something like that
+and what I'll call a work of art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'll call a work of art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'll call a work of art and
+we're GNA we're going to work on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're GNA we're going to work on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're GNA we're going to work on that
+problem and and and and talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and and and talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and and and talk about how
+all of us have the capacity to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have the capacity to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have the capacity to make
+judgments about the quality and power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments about the quality and power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments about the quality and power of
+films and I and I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and I and I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and I and I'm going to try to
+Empower all of you to become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower all of you to become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower all of you to become much more
+confident filmgoers to to watch with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident filmgoers to to watch with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident filmgoers to to watch with a
+with with a critical alertness that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with a critical alertness that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with a critical alertness that you
+some of you may not have now but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may not have now but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may not have now but I don't
+want that to spoil the sort of enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to spoil the sort of enjoyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to spoil the sort of enjoyment
+you get by you and and of and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by you and and of and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by you and and of and I think
+you're right it is true that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it is true that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right it is true that there's
+something easy about it but it's easy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easy about it but it's easy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easy about it but it's easy in
+a very particular way let me well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very particular way let me well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very particular way let me well you
+probably know what the answer is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know what the answer is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know what the answer is more
+people can see they can read yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see they can read yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see they can read yes that's
+the real answer isn't it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real answer isn't it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real answer isn't it that it's
+mostly a visual medium it doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a visual medium it doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a visual medium it doesn't depend
+on language to the same degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language to the same degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language to the same degree and
+especially silent film right which did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially silent film right which did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially silent film right which did
+not depend which it did depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend which it did depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend which it did depend on
+language it used intertitles and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it used intertitles and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it used intertitles and things
+but it depended on language minimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depended on language minimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it depended on language minimally
+and in the united why was this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the united why was this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the united why was this important
+because when the film was in its infancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the film was in its infancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the film was in its infancy
+there was also and this was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also and this was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also and this was a kind of
+fundamental enabling condition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental enabling condition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental enabling condition for the
+development of movies there was also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of movies there was also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of movies there was also in
+the United States a vast and growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States a vast and growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States a vast and growing
+immigrant population in all the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant population in all the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant population in all the major
+cities but especially Chicago New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities but especially Chicago New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities but especially Chicago New York
+uh some of the other larger industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the other larger industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of the other larger industrial
+cities and this newly this new immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and this newly this new immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and this newly this new immigrant
+population which bar many of them didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which bar many of them didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which bar many of them didn't
+know English at all had only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English at all had only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English at all had only a little
+bit of money to disposable income but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money to disposable income but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money to disposable income but
+they needed entertainment and the silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed entertainment and the silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed entertainment and the silent
+film was the perfect answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was the perfect answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was the perfect answer to this
+because they could go to the silent film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could go to the silent film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could go to the silent film
+without knowing English they could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing English they could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing English they could they
+could they could experience the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could experience the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could experience the essence
+of the movies the visual action of so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies the visual action of so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies the visual action of so in
+a way your answer the first answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way your answer the first answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way your answer the first answer was
+right you were really essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you were really essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you were really essentially
+correct and I I I was only making a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and I I I was only making a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and I I I was only making a kind
+of minor qualification to what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minor qualification to what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minor qualification to what you were
+suggesting the absence the the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting the absence the the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting the absence the the the that
+doesn't mean that the s film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the s film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the s film is
+completely devoid of an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely devoid of an interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely devoid of an interest in
+language if there's dialogue in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if there's dialogue in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if there's dialogue in the film
+if there's language in the film it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's language in the film it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's language in the film it
+should be used well and it's a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be used well and it's a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be used well and it's a part of
+it's a part of it's a part of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of it's a part of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a part of it's a part of the film
+films films are not completely oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films films are not completely oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films films are not completely oblivious
+to the verbal dimension of life but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the verbal dimension of life but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the verbal dimension of life but they
+are centrally audiovisual experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centrally audiovisual experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centrally audiovisual experiences
+and that helps to explain as not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that helps to explain as not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that helps to explain as not only
+their continuing popularity why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their continuing popularity why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their continuing popularity why they
+could so more so much more easily than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so more so much more easily than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could so more so much more easily than
+other forms become Global forms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms become Global forms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms become Global forms there
+are some negative implications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some negative implications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some negative implications of this
+again the Schwarzenegger example comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Schwarzenegger example comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the Schwarzenegger example comes
+to mind Schwarzenegger films don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind Schwarzenegger films don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind Schwarzenegger films don't you
+don't have to understand what's said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to understand what's said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to understand what's said in
+them because it's mostly so banal anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because it's mostly so banal anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because it's mostly so banal anyway
+it doesn't matter and you don't if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter and you don't if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter and you don't if if
+you don't listen to the dialogue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't listen to the dialogue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't listen to the dialogue you
+hardly Miss very much right they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly Miss very much right they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly Miss very much right they're much
+more sort of visual extravaganzas than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of visual extravaganzas than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of visual extravaganzas than
+they are subtle uh e explorations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are subtle uh e explorations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are subtle uh e explorations of
+psychology uh that's a conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology uh that's a conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology uh that's a conscious
+strategy on the part of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy on the part of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy on the part of the people
+making those kinds of films because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those kinds of films because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those kinds of films because
+they're trying to make films that appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to make films that appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to make films that appeal
+across uh um National boundaries and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh um National boundaries and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh um National boundaries and if
+they make films that have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make films that have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make films that have kind of
+relatively simple content and full of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple content and full of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple content and full of uh
+uh dramatic uh uh visual explosions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatic uh uh visual explosions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatic uh uh visual explosions and
+and and acrobatics they can appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and acrobatics they can appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and acrobatics they can appeal
+across across uh um uh linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across across uh um uh linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across across uh um uh linguistic
+barriers much more much more easily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers much more much more easily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers much more much more easily a
+new kind of global film I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of global film I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of global film I think is
+emerging in our time and you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging in our time and you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging in our time and you all
+probably have experienced these films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have experienced these films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have experienced these films
+but it's one of the most interesting U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one of the most interesting U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one of the most interesting U
+um uh developments in in in current film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh developments in in in current film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh developments in in in current film
+history what this the the the appear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history what this the the the appear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history what this the the the appear of
+films that some of them not are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that some of them not are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that some of them not are not
+American films they're some of the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American films they're some of the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American films they're some of the some
+of the Bollywood people are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bollywood people are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bollywood people are getting
+smart about how they can appeal across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about how they can appeal across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about how they can appeal across
+across National boundaries to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across National boundaries to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across National boundaries to reach
+their own audience but also a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own audience but also a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own audience but also a global
+audience uh one could see the emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh one could see the emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh one could see the emergence
+of some kind of movie text now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of movie text now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of movie text now that
+doesn't seem to really want to belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to really want to belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to really want to belong to
+a particular National cinema at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular National cinema at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular National cinema at all
+that's a really a new development and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really a new development and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really a new development and a
+complicated one so uh so uh uh uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated one so uh so uh uh uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated one so uh so uh uh uh to to
+come back to the primary point the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the primary point the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the primary point the film
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+embedded social form it be and to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded social form it be and to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded social form it be and to give
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+Central how important this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central how important this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central how important this was in
+American society what I can just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society what I can just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society what I can just simply
+remind you of is that for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that for the for the
+for the majority of for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the majority of for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the majority of for most of the
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+Studios were operating at full power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were operating at full power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were operating at full power
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+late 40s when television intervened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 40s when television intervened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 40s when television intervened and
+the even though there's a period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though there's a period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though there's a period when
+television is around when when the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is around when when the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is around when when the movie
+studios retain something of their old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios retain something of their old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios retain something of their old
+character but they begin to decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but they begin to decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but they begin to decline
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+from roughly 1930 to say 1955 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roughly 1930 to say 1955 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roughly 1930 to say 1955 to be
+crude about it in this period the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude about it in this period the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude about it in this period the vast
+majority of Americans went to the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of Americans went to the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of Americans went to the movies
+every single week think about that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single week think about that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single week think about that every
+single week this was before television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single week this was before television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single week this was before television
+which supplanted that quality in movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supplanted that quality in movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supplanted that quality in movies
+right well and by in in 1947 or 1948 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well and by in in 1947 or 1948 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well and by in in 1947 or 1948 80
+million Americans went to the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Americans went to the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Americans went to the movies
+every week every week that that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week every week that that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week every week that that was like
+two-thirds of the population at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the population at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the population at that
+time so it was near to being a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it was near to being a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it was near to being a universal
+experience and not just a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and not just a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and not just a universal
+experience that occurred occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that occurred occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that occurred occasionally
+but a routine experience an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a routine experience an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a routine experience an experience
+that families and individuals and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that families and individuals and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that families and individuals and young
+and old had regularly as a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and old had regularly as a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and old had regularly as a fundamental
+part of their life right as a as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their life right as a as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their life right as a as as a
+part of their ordinary experience that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their ordinary experience that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their ordinary experience that's
+very that's what I mean by an embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's what I mean by an embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's what I mean by an embedded
+social form uh that's an immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social form uh that's an immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social form uh that's an immensely
+important fact about the movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about the movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about the movies and
+especially about the classic movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about the classic movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially about the classic movies and
+when that feature the idea of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that feature the idea of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that feature the idea of the movies
+as something routine in a human in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something routine in a human in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something routine in a human in in
+people's lives something they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives something they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives something they did
+regularly not occasionally when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly not occasionally when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly not occasionally when that
+feature disappears it disappears in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature disappears it disappears in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature disappears it disappears in part
+because of the impact of television on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the impact of television on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the impact of television on
+society if television's in the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if television's in the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society if television's in the house
+right so it's a lot easier to retain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a lot easier to retain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a lot easier to retain to
+establish a an habitual relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a an habitual relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a an habitual relation to
+television than it is to the movie so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television than it is to the movie so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television than it is to the movie so
+the Advent of this new technology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of this new technology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of this new technology uh
+changed movie's relation to its audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed movie's relation to its audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed movie's relation to its audience
+and this is a fact that we will to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a fact that we will to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a fact that we will to which
+again we will return again and again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will return again and again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will return again and again so
+we can think of we could also frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of we could also frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of we could also frame
+movies in other ways but these framings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in other ways but these framings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in other ways but these framings
+I think are helpful to us in part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are helpful to us in part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are helpful to us in part to
+remind us of some things that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us of some things that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us of some things that I'm not
+going to do one could certainly imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one could certainly imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one could certainly imagine
+a course in the department of Economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course in the department of Economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a course in the department of Economics
+that looked simply at the film at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked simply at the film at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked simply at the film at at
+film as an economic engine at the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as an economic engine at the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as an economic engine at the number
+of jobs created by movies not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs created by movies not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs created by movies not just the
+immediate jobs the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate jobs the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate jobs the people who are
+actually producing the film but e but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually producing the film but e but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually producing the film but e but
+but but another kind of another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but another kind of another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but another kind of another kind of
+uh uh accounting that would take account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh accounting that would take account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh accounting that would take account
+of all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+people who create the publicity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who create the publicity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who create the publicity for
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+engine of Economic Development and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine of Economic Development and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine of Economic Development and of
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+given the fact that the movies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that the movies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that the movies have been
+a dominant IND industry in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant IND industry in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant IND industry in the western
+world and especially in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and especially in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and especially in the United
+States since the early 20th century one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States since the early 20th century one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States since the early 20th century one
+could one could make an argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one could make an argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one could make an argument that
+it's one of the most productive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the most productive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the most productive and
+Central engines of economic growth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central engines of economic growth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central engines of economic growth that
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+could teach a course in in the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could teach a course in in the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could teach a course in in the movies
+that simply emphasized its a its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply emphasized its a its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply emphasized its a its
+economic aspects its power as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic aspects its power as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic aspects its power as an
+employer it's it it its role as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer it's it it its role as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer it's it it its role as a
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+what film might be but also in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film might be but also in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film might be but also in order to
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+cultural and aesthetic concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and aesthetic concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and aesthetic concerns about
+the content of movies and about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of movies and about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they developed the way they evolved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the central energies we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well one thing you need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well one thing you need to do in
+order uh in order to sort of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh in order to sort of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh in order to sort of experience
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first these first weeks of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first these first weeks of this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to in a certain sense get outside
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to in a certain sense get outside
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own head get outside of your own
+skin we live in such a visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin we live in such a visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin we live in such a visually
+saturated environment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated environment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated environment in which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual messages are beamed at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual messages are beamed at us
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly some of us don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly some of us don't even have to
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+apparatus all the time right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus all the time right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus all the time right we're
+connected to our cell phones we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our cell phones we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our cell phones we're
+connected to our computers uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our computers uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our computers uh we're
+it it's almost as if we have audiovisual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's almost as if we have audiovisual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's almost as if we have audiovisual
+signals bombarding us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals bombarding us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals bombarding us
+24/7 uh what you need to do it's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24/7 uh what you need to do it's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24/7 uh what you need to do it's think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if you were entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if you were entering a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave imagine that you're entering a cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave imagine that you're entering a cave
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is think away your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is think away your
+iPods think away your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPods think away your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPods think away your cell phone
+literally think them away imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally think them away imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally think them away imagine a
+world without them imagine a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without them imagine a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without them imagine a world
+without movies a world without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without movies a world without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without movies a world without
+television a world without radio right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a world without radio right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a world without radio right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to I want you to sort of
+ 
+
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+go back to I want you to sort of
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+
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+imaginatively put yourself back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively put yourself back into the
+era when the first films began to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era when the first films began to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era when the first films began to appear
+and try to recover something of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to recover something of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to recover something of the of
+the excitement and wonder that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitement and wonder that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitement and wonder that those
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+they saw some of these images right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw some of these images right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw some of these images right and
+so so the most important thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the most important thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the most important thing in some
+sense would be that they were ABS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would be that they were ABS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would be that they were ABS
+immensely amazed they were taken back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely amazed they were taken back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely amazed they were taken back by
+the simple shocking Wonder of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple shocking Wonder of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple shocking Wonder of movement
+captured on film it was as if movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured on film it was as if movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured on film it was as if movement
+itself something they associ with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself something they associ with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself something they associ with
+reality could suddenly be recaptured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality could suddenly be recaptured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality could suddenly be recaptured in
+film and uh can we show some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and uh can we show some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and uh can we show some examples of
+this Greg let's say some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Greg let's say some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Greg let's say some of you have
+seen one example of this remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen one example of this remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen one example of this remember what
+in the in the recitation section when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the recitation section when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the recitation section when
+you saw the Great Train Robbery do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the Great Train Robbery do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw the Great Train Robbery do you
+remember the moment in The Great Train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the moment in The Great Train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the moment in The Great Train
+Robbery where which seems unconnected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbery where which seems unconnected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbery where which seems unconnected to
+the story where the I think in some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story where the I think in some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story where the I think in some in
+some uh prints of the film it comes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh prints of the film it comes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh prints of the film it comes at
+the end in some prints it came at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in some prints it came at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end in some prints it came at the
+beginning in some prints it didn't occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in some prints it didn't occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in some prints it didn't occur
+at all where was it in the film you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all where was it in the film you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all where was it in the film you saw
+the guy yes yes when was that at the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy yes yes when was that at the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy yes yes when was that at the it
+was at the very end it's the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the very end it's the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at the very end it's the moment
+where the guy pulls out his gun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy pulls out his gun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the guy pulls out his gun and
+points it at the camera and shoots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it at the camera and shoots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it at the camera and shoots and
+did any of you find that odd I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you find that odd I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you find that odd I mean I
+think you should have one reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should have one reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should have one reason is that
+it had that it had nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had that it had nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had that it had nothing to do with
+the narrative it was as if it was as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative it was as if it was as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative it was as if it was as if
+this this is an important film it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is an important film it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is an important film it used
+to be thought to be the very first story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought to be the very first story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought to be the very first story
+film the very first systematic narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the very first systematic narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the very first systematic narrative
+on film it's not that there are earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on film it's not that there are earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on film it's not that there are earlier
+examples but it's one of the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but it's one of the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but it's one of the very first
+and that's why I wanted you to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I wanted you to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I wanted you to see it
+it's one of the earliest story films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the earliest story films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the earliest story films
+it's one of the earliest films to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the earliest films to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the earliest films to tell a
+sequential story it's actually although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential story it's actually although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential story it's actually although
+it seems very primitive to you guys it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very primitive to you guys it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very primitive to you guys it's
+actually a very sophisticated item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very sophisticated item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very sophisticated item and
+there has been a lot of film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a lot of film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a lot of film making
+going on before this film is made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on before this film is made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on before this film is made in
+1902 we'll talk a little bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1902 we'll talk a little bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1902 we'll talk a little bit about that
+in a moment so this moment where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment so this moment where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment so this moment where he
+where he shoots the gun at the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he shoots the gun at the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he shoots the gun at the camera
+why is that disturbing to us or strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that disturbing to us or strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that disturbing to us or strange
+to us I'll answer my own question one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us I'll answer my own question one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us I'll answer my own question one
+it's disturbing to us because it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disturbing to us because it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disturbing to us because it breaks
+the narrative it seems unconnected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative it seems unconnected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative it seems unconnected to
+the narrative why would they do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative why would they do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative why would they do it uh
+why do you and then second what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you and then second what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you and then second what's going
+on there why is he doing it is does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there why is he doing it is does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there why is he doing it is does the
+filmmaker not like his audience and want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker not like his audience and want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker not like his audience and want
+to what's what's the reason for it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's what's the reason for it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's what's the reason for it why
+do you think it's there who has an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's there who has an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it's there who has an idea
+why would it be there again enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it be there again enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it be there again enter the
+cave think yourself back to an era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave think yourself back to an era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave think yourself back to an era
+before movie when people had never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before movie when people had never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before movie when people had never seen
+movies before what's the exit to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before what's the exit to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies before what's the exit to engage
+the audience in the film well it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience in the film well it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience in the film well it does
+engage them but what else does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them but what else does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them but what else does it do
+what does it call attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it call attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it call attention
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+H would not survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H would not survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H would not survive
+okay that's right well yes in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's right well yes in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's right well yes in a way
+that's right and in fact there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and in fact there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right and in fact there are a lot
+of accounts of early films playing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounts of early films playing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounts of early films playing these
+kinds of tricks and audiences not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of tricks and audiences not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of tricks and audiences not yet
+sure of what films were reacting as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of what films were reacting as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure of what films were reacting as if
+they were looking at something real so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at something real so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at something real so
+there are at least reports of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least reports of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least reports of people
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+under their seats right uh and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their seats right uh and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their seats right uh and there are
+many stories like this about early films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories like this about early films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories like this about early films
+where people would come to the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people would come to the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people would come to the and
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+difference between reality and movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between reality and movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between reality and movies
+and also the EXT how realistic movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the EXT how realistic movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the EXT how realistic movies
+can be it's not a the bullet isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be it's not a the bullet isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be it's not a the bullet isn't going
+to come out of the screen and hit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out of the screen and hit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out of the screen and hit you
+but that's a Convention of viewing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a Convention of viewing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a Convention of viewing that
+you need to learn right I mean if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn right I mean if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn right I mean if you've
+never seen movies before and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen movies before and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen movies before and you know we
+know you've all heard stories used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've all heard stories used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've all heard stories used to be
+very common in Western culture to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common in Western culture to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common in Western culture to talk
+to put down the to a kind of imperialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down the to a kind of imperialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down the to a kind of imperialist
+put down of of of of what so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down of of of of what so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down of of of of what so-called
+primitive societies and they would talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive societies and they would talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive societies and they would talk
+about how the the uh EXT tribe in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the the uh EXT tribe in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the the uh EXT tribe in a
+Africa would had never seen cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa would had never seen cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa would had never seen cameras
+before and would become very nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and would become very nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and would become very nervous
+when they saw their images being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw their images being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they saw their images being
+captured right that sort of thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured right that sort of thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured right that sort of thing but
+but in fact it's a natural reaction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's a natural reaction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's a natural reaction for
+any population that has I mean it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any population that has I mean it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any population that has I mean it is
+something like it is a miracle think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like it is a miracle think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like it is a miracle think of
+what it meant that that these this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it meant that that these this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it meant that that these this had
+NE something new on the face and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE something new on the face and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE something new on the face and the
+word movies what does what does it tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word movies what does what does it tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word movies what does what does it tell
+you I mean it's brilliantly named in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean it's brilliantly named in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean it's brilliantly named in a
+way it the name movies names the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it the name movies names the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it the name movies names the most
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+the that the early audiences right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the early audiences right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the early audiences right it's
+a dead met metaphor for us we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead met metaphor for us we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead met metaphor for us we don't even
+think about it when we say movie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it when we say movie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it when we say movie but
+what think what it means it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what think what it means it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what think what it means it means
+movement films capture movement right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement films capture movement right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement films capture movement right
+let's show some trivial examples uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show some trivial examples uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show some trivial examples uh from
+from early film uh Greg uh here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early film uh Greg uh here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from early film uh Greg uh here are some
+scenes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes from this
+isn't can can we can we keep him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't can can we can we keep him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't can can we can we keep him up
+there what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's
+this can you freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can you freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can you freeze
+him okay do you know who this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay do you know who this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him okay do you know who this guy
+is yeah well you read it on there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah well you read it on there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah well you read it on there okay
+his name is is Fred okay well let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is is Fred okay well let uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is is Fred okay well let uh
+we'll come back to Fred why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to Fred why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to Fred why don't you
+just show these in sequence while I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show these in sequence while I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show these in sequence while I talk
+Greg okay uh these are a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg okay uh these are a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg okay uh these are a sequence of
+early films and you can see that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films and you can see that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films and you can see that what
+all of them have in common is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have in common is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have in common is a
+fascination with motion right in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with motion right in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with motion right in other
+words the novelty of motion was so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the novelty of motion was so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the novelty of motion was so great
+in the beginning that the earliest films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning that the earliest films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning that the earliest films
+simply did this they said look we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did this they said look we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did this they said look we can
+show and and there's there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and and there's there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and and there's there's an
+important principle here about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important principle here about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important principle here about the way
+all media develop right in their infancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all media develop right in their infancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all media develop right in their infancy
+uh the the first thing that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the first thing that happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the first thing that happens is
+that that no one really sort of knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that no one really sort of knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that no one really sort of knows
+how a particular medium should be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a particular medium should be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a particular medium should be or
+could be developed and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be developed and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be developed and part of the
+reason that I've that for the for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I've that for the for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I've that for the for these
+early weeks in the film for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early weeks in the film for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early weeks in the film for the first
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+course is to put you back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to put you back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to put you back into that
+situation to try to in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to try to in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to try to in a very
+crystallized and distilled way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized and distilled way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized and distilled way because
+there are thousands of films made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands of films made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands of films made in
+this era but in a very distilled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era but in a very distilled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era but in a very distilled and
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+some of that excitement for you and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that excitement for you and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that excitement for you and in
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+what I've done is choose some short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is choose some short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is choose some short
+films they made earlier and then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films they made earlier and then show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films they made earlier and then show
+you a feature film so that what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feature film so that what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feature film so that what if you
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+a kind of small compass in with within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of small compass in with within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of small compass in with within
+the terms of a single director's career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of a single director's career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of a single director's career
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+this period of the silent era was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of the silent era was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of the silent era was a
+period in which the movies discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which the movies discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which the movies discovered
+their Identity or such identity as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Identity or such identity as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Identity or such identity as they
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+that what all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what all of these
+uh uh early relatively primitive uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh early relatively primitive uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh early relatively primitive uh uh
+films show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films show
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+the earliest some people call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest some people call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest some people call this the
+first comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film the first joke in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the first joke in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the first joke in the
+movies Okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies Okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies Okay okay
+right it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it seems
+to the Simplicity of of it seems to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Simplicity of of it seems to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Simplicity of of it seems to us
+weird right but if you think yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right but if you think yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird right but if you think yourself
+back if you go into the cave try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you go into the cave try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you go into the cave try to
+imagine a universe without audiovisual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a universe without audiovisual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a universe without audiovisual
+stimuli you can begin to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli you can begin to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli you can begin to understand why
+some of this stuff why some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff why some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff why some of this
+stuff was so interesting motion itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was so interesting motion itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was so interesting motion itself
+cap itself captivated early audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap itself captivated early audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap itself captivated early audiences
+and filmmakers waves on the shore for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filmmakers waves on the shore for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filmmakers waves on the shore for
+example there's there a number of films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's there a number of films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's there a number of films
+that just show waves lapping on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just show waves lapping on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just show waves lapping on the
+shore uh many films of Mo of trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore uh many films of Mo of trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore uh many films of Mo of trains
+coming into stations and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into stations and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into stations and of course
+there's Fred art sneezing have we shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Fred art sneezing have we shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Fred art sneezing have we shown
+the kiss or the electrocute can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss or the electrocute can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss or the electrocute can we do
+that right there were also risque or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there were also risque or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there were also risque or
+anarchic elements that showed up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarchic elements that showed up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarchic elements that showed up in the
+early film that I want you to see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film that I want you to see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film that I want you to see uh
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+scandalous of early films something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandalous of early films something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandalous of early films something
+called the kiss and it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiss and it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiss and it was an
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+it's it it films a scene from a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play it was look how short it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it was look how short it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it was look how short it was it was
+banned in many cities it would it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banned in many cities it would it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banned in many cities it would it was
+thought to be scandalous uh he um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be scandalous uh he um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be scandalous uh he um let's
+let's let's look at um do you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's look at um do you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's look at um do you have the
+do you have the electrocute this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have the electrocute this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have the electrocute this many
+people would call this the first snuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would call this the first snuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would call this the first snuff
+film um and this is this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and this is this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and this is this is this is a
+film called an the electrocution of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called an the electrocution of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called an the electrocution of an
+elephant and think again what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and think again what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and think again what's going on
+here part of it has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here part of it has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here part of it has to do with this
+wonder that the film can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that the film can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that the film can capture
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+the look there's something bizarre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the look there's something bizarre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the look there's something bizarre and
+gross about this in some way the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross about this in some way the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross about this in some way the camera
+was set up they this was a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up they this was a rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up they this was a rogue
+elephant that was about to be put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant that was about to be put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant that was about to be put to
+death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ste so they were going to electrocute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste so they were going to electrocute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ste so they were going to electrocute
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+there to witness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+because this fragment of film survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fragment of film survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fragment of film survives
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+stand up isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up isn't
+he oh there it is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grotesque isn't it but also a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grotesque isn't it but also a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grotesque isn't it but also a part of
+early film in other words this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film in other words this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film in other words this idea that
+film could capture reality was itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film could capture reality was itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film could capture reality was itself so
+was the novelty of this was so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the novelty of this was so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the novelty of this was so powerful
+that in the early stages this was enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the early stages this was enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the early stages this was enough
+to cause to cause great excitement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause to cause great excitement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause to cause great excitement for
+audiences well what let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences well what let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences well what let's go back to
+Fred let's show him Fred one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred let's show him Fred one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred let's show him Fred one more time
+what one way to think about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one way to think about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one way to think about this problem
+and to think about the the the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about the the the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about the the the way the
+way I have for sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I have for sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I have for sort of uh
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+go into that that went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that that went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that that went into the
+development or the evolution of film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or the evolution of film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or the evolution of film is
+by the way I do this in part is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I do this in part is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I do this in part is by
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+used to be thought to be the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be thought to be the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be thought to be the very first
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+very first movie studio in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first movie studio in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first movie studio in the United
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+copyright I think is Fred o sneezes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I think is Fred o sneezes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I think is Fred o sneezes in
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+were still working on the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working on the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working on the technology of
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+stage and they were testing it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and they were testing it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and they were testing it out and
+fedot was an employee of the Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fedot was an employee of the Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fedot was an employee of the Edison
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+stand in front of the camera and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera and take
+snuff and that's what he's doing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff and that's what he's doing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff and that's what he's doing some of
+you may not even realize what he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not even realize what he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not even realize what he's doing
+he's taking snuff a very common behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taking snuff a very common behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taking snuff a very common behavior
+in the in the 19th and early part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the 19th and early part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the 19th and early part of the
+20th century he's taking stuff that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century he's taking stuff that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century he's taking stuff that is
+to say they inhale a disgusting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they inhale a disgusting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they inhale a disgusting kind of
+tobacco up into their nostrils uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco up into their nostrils uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tobacco up into their nostrils uh and
+and uh uh and then if they if they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and then if they if they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and then if they if they and
+then they often that's why you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they often that's why you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they often that's why you you see
+18th and 19th century males often with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and 19th century males often with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and 19th century males often with
+little little uh uh hankerchiefs hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little uh uh hankerchiefs hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little uh uh hankerchiefs hanging
+out their sleeves it's because they pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their sleeves it's because they pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their sleeves it's because they pull
+this out to cover their nose when after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to cover their nose when after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to cover their nose when after
+they've taken the stuff they sneeze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken the stuff they sneeze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken the stuff they sneeze it
+out again it's very disgusting anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again it's very disgusting anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again it's very disgusting anyway
+that's what's going on here but so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on here but so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's going on here but so we
+might think of Fred artne as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of Fred artne as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of Fred artne as
+theoretically symbolically the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically symbolically the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically symbolically the first
+film even though there are earlier films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film even though there are earlier films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film even though there are earlier films
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+can you can you freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you freeze
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+while we're while we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're talking about
+this so look how short it is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so look how short it is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so look how short it is what is
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+this a two seconds so this film is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two seconds so this film is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two seconds so this film is made
+in whatever it is 1894
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever it is 1894
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever it is 1894
+1895 right this two second long film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 right this two second long film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 right this two second long film is
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 19 19 20 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 19 19 20 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 19 19 20 by the
+1920s astonishingly complex narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s astonishingly complex narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s astonishingly complex narrative
+films are being made great works of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are being made great works of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are being made great works of art
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+principle is this whole complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is this whole complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is this whole complex so
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+technological and and uh and artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological and and uh and artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological and and uh and artistic
+process of the swirling of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the swirling of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the swirling of all of these
+energies going together including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies going together including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies going together including the
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+audiences creat creating an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences creat creating an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences creat creating an environment
+that made early film a very profitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made early film a very profitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made early film a very profitable
+activity despite how crude it was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity despite how crude it was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity despite how crude it was right
+what happens in this period between 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this period between 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this period between 1900
+and the end of the 20s is that film goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of the 20s is that film goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of the 20s is that film goes
+from being a novelty separated off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a novelty separated off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a novelty separated off uh
+sharing a space in the penny arcades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a space in the penny arcades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing a space in the penny arcades
+with other forms of novelty to being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other forms of novelty to being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other forms of novelty to being one
+of the dominant Industries and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dominant Industries and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dominant Industries and one of
+the dominant social experiences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant social experiences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant social experiences of the
+American population this principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American population this principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American population this principle is
+replicated in some other European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in some other European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in some other European
+societies as well but not in all it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies as well but not in all it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies as well but not in all it's an
+it's an advanced capitalist uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an advanced capitalist uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an advanced capitalist uh uh uh
+event and it occurs in other societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and it occurs in other societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and it occurs in other societies
+less fully industrialized at later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fully industrialized at later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fully industrialized at later
+stages but there is an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages but there is an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages but there is an equivalent
+history in some of the European cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in some of the European cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in some of the European cultures
+so in this period of less than a few a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this period of less than a few a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this period of less than a few a
+fewer than 30 Years film goes from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than 30 Years film goes from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than 30 Years film goes from being
+the most trivial and simplified kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most trivial and simplified kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most trivial and simplified kind of
+novelty to being one of the most complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being one of the most complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being one of the most complex
+narrative forms human beings have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative forms human beings have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative forms human beings have ever
+devised what I mean by the Fred art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised what I mean by the Fred art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised what I mean by the Fred art
+principle is that whole complex process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is that whole complex process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is that whole complex process
+that we can go from something so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from something so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go from something so simple
+to something so complex from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something so complex from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something so complex from something
+so marginal in society to something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal in society to something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so marginal in society to something so
+Central in society in such a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central in society in such a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central in society in such a short time
+and I want to at least remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to at least remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to at least remind you of
+what that principle involves I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that principle involves I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that principle involves I'm talking
+about all the technological cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the technological cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the technological cultural
+demographic and economic currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and economic currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic and economic currents that
+swirl together to create the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl together to create the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl together to create the movie
+industry that that emerges really by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that that emerges really by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that that emerges really by the
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+is in place variations will occur new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place variations will occur new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place variations will occur new
+Studios will UR will appear but by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios will UR will appear but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios will UR will appear but by the
+middle of by the by the by by 1915 1916
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of by the by the by by 1915 1916
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of by the by the by by 1915 1916
+American American movies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American American movies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American American movies have been
+established on an assembly line basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on an assembly line basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on an assembly line basis
+and in the one way to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the one way to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the one way to think about what
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+on an assembly line basis and millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an assembly line basis and millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an assembly line basis and millions
+and millions of people are now making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of people are now making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of people are now making it
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
+the movies are elaborating themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies are elaborating themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies are elaborating themselves in
+a complex way that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex way that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex way that has to do with the
+way in which they were industrialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are three phases I think to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three phases I think to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three phases I think to what
+we might call let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call let's go back to the
+outline grade um there are three phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline grade um there are three phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline grade um there are three phases
+to what we might call Tech media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we might call Tech media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we might call Tech media
+Evolution and this is another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and this is another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and this is another way of
+sort of dramatizing what I mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dramatizing what I mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dramatizing what I mean by the
+Fred art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle the first phase is a phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the first phase is a phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the first phase is a phase of
+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+technology appears nobody yet knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appears nobody yet knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appears nobody yet knows how
+it would be applied what how people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be applied what how people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be applied what how people will
+want to do it everything about the about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it everything about the about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it everything about the about
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+there are there are competitors who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are competitors who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are competitors who want
+to sort of claim patents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of claim patents on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of claim patents on the
+technology questions about how long will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology questions about how long will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology questions about how long will
+should films Be Where should films be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should films Be Where should films be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should films Be Where should films be
+shown right uh how should films be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right uh how should films be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right uh how should films be
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+and all of that is rationalized and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that is rationalized and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that is rationalized and and
+and decided I put decided in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided I put decided in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided I put decided in quotes
+because no one sort of sits down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one sort of sits down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one sort of sits down and
+makes a decision it's really a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a decision it's really a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a decision it's really a function
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market place and of and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market place and of and of
+certain economic opportunities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic opportunities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic opportunities right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question for example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no question for example that the
+movies would never have developed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would never have developed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would never have developed as
+they did were it not for those immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did were it not for those immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did were it not for those immigrant
+populations in cities like Chicago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in cities like Chicago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in cities like Chicago and
+New York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh
+many many other cities on the East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other cities on the East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other cities on the East Coast
+especially where there were very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where there were very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where there were very large
+immigrant populations who needed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant populations who needed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant populations who needed what
+and and and and it was it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it was it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it was it was it was
+that Financial infusion that that caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Financial infusion that that caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Financial infusion that that caused
+the immense amount of experimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immense amount of experimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immense amount of experimentation
+and develop to development to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop to development to take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop to development to take place
+so quickly so in this first phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly so in this first phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly so in this first phase of
+imitation and patent Warfare many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare many of
+these questions are even even such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are even even such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are even even such
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
+how long a film should be some of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long a film should be some of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long a film should be some of some
+of the question of the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question of the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question of the length of the
+film are technological the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film are technological the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film are technological the very first
+films had to be only 10 minutes long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films had to be only 10 minutes long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films had to be only 10 minutes long
+because that was as long as the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was as long as the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was as long as the film
+cartridges in which they which they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridges in which they which they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridges in which they which they put
+in the cameras were capable of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cameras were capable of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cameras were capable of doing
+later they were able to make two reelers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to make two reelers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to make two reelers
+and three reelers that happens over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three reelers that happens over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three reelers that happens over over
+a relatively short space of time so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short space of time so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short space of time so so
+in this phase of imitation one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this phase of imitation one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this phase of imitation one of the
+most important things that happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things that happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things that happens and
+this is the part I want you to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part I want you to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part I want you to become
+attentive to is that all of the ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to is that all of the ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to is that all of the ancestor
+systems that lie behind the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that lie behind the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that lie behind the new
+technology are potential influences on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology are potential influences on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology are potential influences on
+the new technology and in the films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology and in the films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology and in the films that
+you've seen already the the silent films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen already the the silent films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen already the the silent films
+you saw in recitation you saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in recitation you saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in recitation you saw some
+examples of this uh certain for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this uh certain for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this uh certain for example
+do you remember that maybe we could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember that maybe we could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember that maybe we could show
+this Greg this the death SE the deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Greg this the death SE the deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Greg this the death SE the deaths
+in in uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+remember the the deaths in The Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the deaths in The Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the deaths in The Great
+Train Robbery why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train Robbery why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train Robbery why are you
+smiling because they were so noticeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling because they were so noticeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling because they were so noticeably
+what false fake yeah where do they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what false fake yeah where do they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what false fake yeah where do they come
+from remember the guy shoots and the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the guy shoots and the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the guy shoots and the guy
+go and he staggers around and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and he staggers around and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and he staggers around and then he
+falls what what what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls what what what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls what what what's going on there
+where does that tradition of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that tradition of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that tradition of performance
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from yeah yes I'll let it play behind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah yes I'll let it play behind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah yes I'll let it play behind me
+you could say yes it comes from theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say yes it comes from theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say yes it comes from theater
+makes sense that the first that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that the first that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that the first that one of
+the deep influences on early film would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deep influences on early film would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deep influences on early film would
+be theater but but now in the Fred art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be theater but but now in the Fred art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be theater but but now in the Fred art
+principle the most important the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the most important the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the most important the most
+important sub idea in the for in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sub idea in the for in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sub idea in the for in this
+theory of or in this label the Fred art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of or in this label the Fred art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of or in this label the Fred art
+principle is the fact that this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is the fact that this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is the fact that this process
+of development involves among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development involves among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development involves among other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+the power of filmm the capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of filmm the capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of filmm the capacity of
+filmmakers to discover those features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers to discover those features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers to discover those features of
+the new medium that are unique or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new medium that are unique or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new medium that are unique or
+special to the medium what makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to the medium what makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to the medium what makes the
+medium different from its ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium different from its ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium different from its ancestors
+clearly what was appropriate for books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what was appropriate for books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what was appropriate for books
+or newspapers or theater won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or newspapers or theater won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or newspapers or theater won't be
+perfectly appropriate for the new medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly appropriate for the new medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly appropriate for the new medium
+but nobody knows what the new medium's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody knows what the new medium's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody knows what the new medium's
+capable of until things have been tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of until things have been tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of until things have been tried
+out so the that's why I call it a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the that's why I call it a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the that's why I call it a phase
+of imitation and what one can say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imitation and what one can say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imitation and what one can say here
+especially is that certain theatrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that certain theatrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that certain theatrical
+styles of acting are dominant here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of acting are dominant here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of acting are dominant here why
+are theatrical styles of acting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are theatrical styles of acting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are theatrical styles of acting so
+broad so so unbelievable why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad so so unbelievable why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad so so unbelievable why are they
+why are they like that because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they like that because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they like that because you're
+far away yes you're in the theater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away yes you're in the theater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away yes you're in the theater in
+the theater you're far away and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater you're far away and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater you're far away and you're
+in a fixed space but what's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fixed space but what's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fixed space but what's the one
+Genius of the movies one way the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genius of the movies one way the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genius of the movies one way the medium
+of the movies is different from theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is different from theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is different from theater
+is that the camera can achieve a Lover's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the camera can achieve a Lover's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the camera can achieve a Lover's
+closeness to the action or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to the action or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeness to the action or it can
+achieve a Long View that's much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a Long View that's much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a Long View that's much longer
+and further away than what right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further away than what right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further away than what right well
+it's going to take time before this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take time before this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take time before this kind
+of thing is figured out right and in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is figured out right and in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is figured out right and in one
+of the things one of the most decisive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things one of the most decisive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things one of the most decisive
+things we see in early films is first an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we see in early films is first an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we see in early films is first an
+acting style that seems derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting style that seems derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting style that seems derived from
+theater but some of you may have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater but some of you may have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater but some of you may have noticed
+that this begins to change relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this begins to change relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this begins to change relatively
+quickly can we can can we show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly can we can can we show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly can we can can we show the
+fragment from a beast at Bay do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment from a beast at Bay do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment from a beast at Bay do you
+remember that silly film a beast at Bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that silly film a beast at Bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that silly film a beast at Bay
+that I had you watching along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had you watching along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had you watching along with the
+The Great Train Robbery remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Great Train Robbery remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Great Train Robbery remember the
+ending of a beast at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+or there's the there there there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the there there there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the there there there's the
+Monstrous uh uh drool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monstrous uh uh drool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monstrous uh uh drool
+rapist likee figure right he's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapist likee figure right he's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapist likee figure right he's always a
+convict or a low life I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convict or a low life I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convict or a low life I mean there are
+all kinds of social hierarchies and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of social hierarchies and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of social hierarchies and and
+uh um established social prejudices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um established social prejudices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um established social prejudices that
+get imported into early films right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get imported into early films right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get imported into early films right uh
+and and now we're going to get we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now we're going to get we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now we're going to get we're
+going to have the rescue and so far it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the rescue and so far it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the rescue and so far it
+seems a conventional sort of sleazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a conventional sort of sleazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a conventional sort of sleazy
+melodrama in which there's a at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama in which there's a at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama in which there's a at least a
+a hint of something morally disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of something morally disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint of something morally disturbing
+in the in in the in the imminence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in the in the imminence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in the in the imminence of the
+rape right and it's as if the film makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape right and it's as if the film makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rape right and it's as if the film makes
+a kind of sleazy appeal to its audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of sleazy appeal to its audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of sleazy appeal to its audiences
+you know here here's a perfect example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here here's a perfect example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here here's a perfect example
+of such a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such a moment
+right it's interesting in fact how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting in fact how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's interesting in fact how one
+of the recurring subjects of films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recurring subjects of films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recurring subjects of films
+always seems to be not just rape but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to be not just rape but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to be not just rape but
+violence against women and we it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence against women and we it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence against women and we it tells
+you something about the patriarchal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the patriarchal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the patriarchal
+Societies in which films emerge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Societies in which films emerge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Societies in which films emerge that
+those meta that those mythologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those meta that those mythologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those meta that those mythologies are
+replicated in movies okay so he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in movies okay so he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated in movies okay so he's going
+to be he's going to be rescued and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be he's going to be rescued and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be he's going to be rescued and what
+I what I want you to notice is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I want you to notice is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I want you to notice is what
+happens at the very end of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the very end of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the very end of this sequence
+and can some of you remember what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can some of you remember what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can some of you remember what it is
+none of you remember was so fast but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you remember was so fast but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you remember was so fast but it
+actually is very significant I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is very significant I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is very significant I think it
+shows us the emergence the beginnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us the emergence the beginnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us the emergence the beginnings of
+the emergence of a new style of acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of a new style of acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of a new style of acting
+more appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate to
+movies and also something else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and also something else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and also something else the
+development of a tonal complexity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a tonal complexity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a tonal complexity that
+had not been in movies before now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been in movies before now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been in movies before now the
+date of this film is early it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of this film is early it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of this film is early it's what
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+you're going to see one other silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see one other silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see one other silent
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight
+uh the lone Dale operator made in 1912
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lone Dale operator made in 1912
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lone Dale operator made in 1912
+and I hope you'll be attentive to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you'll be attentive to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you'll be attentive to how
+much more complex that film is I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex that film is I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex that film is I'll say
+a few words about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about that
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+show the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film okay so here we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so here we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so here we're at the
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+wanted you to notice look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's Happening Here the film has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here the film has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here the film has
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+a kind of gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of gentle
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+not saying kiss me here right she's mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying kiss me here right she's mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying kiss me here right she's mean
+in other words her gestures are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words her gestures are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words her gestures are more
+modulated to the nature of movies you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated to the nature of movies you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated to the nature of movies you in
+other words what's beginning to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what's beginning to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what's beginning to happen
+there is two important things first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is two important things first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is two important things first
+tonal complexity is entering in a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal complexity is entering in a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal complexity is entering in a a a a
+melodrama has turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama has turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama has turned
+comic right and acting style is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic right and acting style is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic right and acting style is
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+end of of uh uh Musketeers here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of of uh uh Musketeers here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of of uh uh Musketeers here is the
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+Musketeers of pig Alle some people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musketeers of pig Alle some people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musketeers of pig Alle some people see
+it as one of the first urban crime films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as one of the first urban crime films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as one of the first urban crime films
+but what I want you to watch is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want you to watch is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want you to watch is this
+small actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small actor
+here watch his performance this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch his performance this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch his performance this is the
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+happening very early this film appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening very early this film appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening very early this film appeared
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+famous silent film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+woman would choose him over his rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman would choose him over his rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman would choose him over his rival
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+can't get it but okay but look at look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it but okay but look at look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it but okay but look at look
+look at the way he look at this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way he look at this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way he look at this sort of
+strutting peacock of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+arrested but they're goingon to the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested but they're goingon to the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested but they're goingon to the good
+guys will save him oh we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will save him oh we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will save him oh we lost
+it one good turn deserves another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you see how much more restrained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see how much more restrained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see how much more restrained the
+performances are here I mean lilan Gish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances are here I mean lilan Gish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances are here I mean lilan Gish
+became one of the great silence screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became one of the great silence screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became one of the great silence screen
+stars but I think it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars but I think it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars but I think it's this
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+who who who who really begins to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who really begins to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who really begins to show
+what you can do on film and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do on film and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do on film and there are
+many film critics who have seen this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many film critics who have seen this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many film critics who have seen this as
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+performances he's also a diminutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances he's also a diminutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances he's also a diminutive
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+this man's performance is the emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's performance is the emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's performance is the emergence
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+is happening it's not just with acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening it's not just with acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening it's not just with acting
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+camera it and other such and other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it and other such and other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it and other such and other such
+um U matters so so uh what I mean then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U matters so so uh what I mean then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U matters so so uh what I mean then
+by the Fredo principle is this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Fredo principle is this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Fredo principle is this process
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+of and really in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and really in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and really in a certain sense
+experience in distilled form in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in distilled form in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in distilled form in the
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+this first week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week of
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+how will the film be distributed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the film be distributed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the film be distributed how
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+exhibited how will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited how will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited how will it be
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+in the nature of the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of the technology that
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+developed in the United States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States and then
+were replicated Elsewhere for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were replicated Elsewhere for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were replicated Elsewhere for the
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+Edison had a different idea for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison had a different idea for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison had a different idea for how
+movies would be developed when he first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would be developed when he first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would be developed when he first
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+thought that movies would be movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that movies would be movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that movies would be movie
+projectors would be owned by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors would be owned by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors would be owned by each
+individual and that people would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and that people would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and that people would make
+their in fact what he was imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in fact what he was imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in fact what he was imagining
+was the TV the camcorder that occur that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the TV the camcorder that occur that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the TV the camcorder that occur that
+occurs in another in a in a much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in another in a in a much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in another in a in a much later
+generation uh what and and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh what and and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh what and and and there's
+nothing inherent in the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing inherent in the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing inherent in the technology that
+would not permit that uh so this so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not permit that uh so this so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not permit that uh so this so one
+of the things we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we're also
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+technology takes is not the only shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes is not the only shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes is not the only shape
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+technology itself that drives its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself that drives its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself that drives its
+development so much as economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so much as economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so much as economic and
+social and demographic factors right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and demographic factors right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and demographic factors right uh
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+case with the system of distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with the system of distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with the system of distribution and
+access that was developed for the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that was developed for the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that was developed for the movies
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+for the apparat to be developed in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the apparat to be developed in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the apparat to be developed in a way
+that would be sold to every individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be sold to every individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be sold to every individual
+what instead happened was a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what instead happened was a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what instead happened was a system in
+which a professional Elite becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a professional Elite becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a professional Elite becomes the
+production arm and these produ these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production arm and these produ these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production arm and these produ these
+Productions become very expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions become very expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions become very expensive and
+they are and they are uh pumped out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and they are uh pumped out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and they are uh pumped out into
+the society for uh for for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society for uh for for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society for uh for for for uh
+screening at public theaters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening at public theaters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening at public theaters which
+people will pay money to attend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will pay money to attend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will pay money to attend that
+that that economic structure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that economic structure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that economic structure and that
+basic IND industrial structure is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic IND industrial structure is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic IND industrial structure is not
+necessary to the technology it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to the technology it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to the technology it's not
+required by the technology the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the technology the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the technology the shape of
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+is technological right very import a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technological right very import a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technological right very import a
+very important point so the second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important point so the second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important point so the second so
+the second phase after the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase after the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase after the phase of
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+concluded limited monopolies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded limited monopolies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded limited monopolies are
+established some companies are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established some companies are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established some companies are more
+powerful than others more or come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than others more or come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than others more or come up
+with a more successful product than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more successful product than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more successful product than
+others and they begin to dominate The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and they begin to dominate The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and they begin to dominate The
+Marketplace and they're and they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace and they're and they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace and they're and they're uh
+power they they dve they drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power they they dve they drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power they they dve they drive
+competitors out and what essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors out and what essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors out and what essentially
+happens is a kind of stability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a kind of stability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a kind of stability is
+introduced in which the basic system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in which the basic system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in which the basic system is
+put in place here's how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place here's how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place here's how we'll
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+and and in this in this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this in this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this in this period of
+technical Advance what's happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Advance what's happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Advance what's happens what
+then happens once the stability sets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens once the stability sets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens once the stability sets in
+the particular unique features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular unique features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular unique features of the
+medium begin to be explored and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium begin to be explored and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium begin to be explored and these
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+moments like the ones I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like the ones I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like the ones I was just
+pointing out this this afternoon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this this afternoon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this this afternoon in
+which you see the emergence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see the emergence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see the emergence of a
+recognition of something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of something that is
+distinct or special in the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct or special in the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct or special in the nature of
+movie making I'll return to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie making I'll return to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie making I'll return to some of
+these matters again tonight but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matters again tonight but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matters again tonight but I want
+you to be aware of them as so so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be aware of them as so so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be aware of them as so so in the
+second phase the phase of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase the phase of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second phase the phase of technical
+Advance the the the the system begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance the the the the system begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance the the the the system begins to
+learn what is unique about it how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what is unique about it how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what is unique about it how are
+movies different from their ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies different from their ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies different from their ancestors
+what does it mean that the camera can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean that the camera can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean that the camera can
+move close to uh uh the the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move close to uh uh the the the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move close to uh uh the the the the uh
+the object it's photographing or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's photographing or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object it's photographing or very
+far away from what does it mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from what does it mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from what does it mean that the
+camera itself doesn't have to be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera itself doesn't have to be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera itself doesn't have to be stable
+that it can move you can see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can move you can see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can move you can see some of the
+early Griffith films really experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Griffith films really experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Griffith films really experiment
+with Mo with a camera that's mounted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mo with a camera that's mounted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mo with a camera that's mounted on
+something that's on something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's on something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's on something that's
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+maturity and that's the phase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and that's the phase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and that's the phase that
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+1920s when the technical advances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s when the technical advances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s when the technical advances that
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+are married to a serious subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are married to a serious subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are married to a serious subject matter
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+phase in which feature films are made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in which feature films are made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in which feature films are made in
+which some films become works of art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some films become works of art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some films become works of art and
+all films become more complex forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all films become more complex forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all films become more complex forms of
+narrative in which particular genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in which particular genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in which particular genre
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+films that matter to them in words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that matter to them in words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that matter to them in words the
+system really elaborates itself in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really elaborates itself in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really elaborates itself in a in
+a in a way that suggests an immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a way that suggests an immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a way that suggests an immense
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+audience right now that's the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience right now that's the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience right now that's the phase of
+mature why doesn't it go on forever what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature why doesn't it go on forever what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature why doesn't it go on forever what
+explains why the process doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why the process doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why the process doesn't
+continue what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what's
+stopped this process in the words so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this process in the words so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this process in the words so so
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+be looking at next week right uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at next week right uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at next week right uh what
+explains why that moment of maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why that moment of maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why that moment of maturity
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+system not stable forever the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not stable forever the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not stable forever the simplest
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+stability but the more exact answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but the more exact answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but the more exact answer is
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability
+what happens at the end of the 20s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the 20s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the end of the 20s to
+subvert the confidence and stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert the confidence and stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert the confidence and stability of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+sound film doesn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film doesn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film doesn't completely
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+film and it changes the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it changes the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it changes the nature of the
+kinds of performers that you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of performers that you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of performers that you need in
+film and it it profoundly enlarges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it it profoundly enlarges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it it profoundly enlarges and
+complicates what film is and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates what film is and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates what film is and then this
+something of the same principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the same principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the same principles that
+I've talked about before happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about before happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about before happen in the
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+and normally will never run over even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally will never run over even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally will never run over even by
+a minute I promise I I'll work for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute I promise I I'll work for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute I promise I I'll work for this
+um in the in in in this why doesn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in in in this why doesn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in in in this why doesn't the
+Final Phase continue because of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase continue because of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase continue because of new
+technologies because of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies because of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies because of new
+possibilities what what happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what what happens at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what what happens at the
+end of the studio system the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the studio system the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the studio system the Advent of
+Television overturns the stabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television overturns the stabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television overturns the stabilities
+that had been created and the old Studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been created and the old Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been created and the old Studio
+era and the intimate routine connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and the intimate routine connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and the intimate routine connection
+to movies that had been established to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movies that had been established to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movies that had been established to
+the studio era is finally obliterated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era is finally obliterated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era is finally obliterated by
+the presence of television and movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of television and movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of television and movies
+change their character after television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their character after television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their character after television
+comes in we will return return to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we will return return to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we will return return to this
+return to this man well one way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this man well one way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this man well one way I can
+suggest for you to sort of capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest for you to sort of capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest for you to sort of capture this
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+imaginative connection to the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative connection to the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative connection to the world of
+early film is is by reminding you of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film is is by reminding you of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film is is by reminding you of of
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
+pitz of prize winning novel by the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitz of prize winning novel by the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitz of prize winning novel by the great
+film critic James AG which appeared POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film critic James AG which appeared POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film critic James AG which appeared POS
+humously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humously in
+1957 uh and it it it it it it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 uh and it it it it it it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 uh and it it it it it it it it
+distills for me what I mean and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distills for me what I mean and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distills for me what I mean and I hope
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
+social form film as a as a socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social form film as a as a socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social form film as a as a socially
+embedded formation it it it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded formation it it it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded formation it it it helps to
+explain in less abstract terms what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in less abstract terms what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in less abstract terms what I
+mean when I say that film permeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I say that film permeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I say that film permeated
+American Life listen to the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Life listen to the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Life listen to the beginning of
+from this is from the first chapter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is from the first chapter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is from the first chapter and
+we're we're finished uh after this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're finished uh after this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're finished uh after this is
+over uh from the first chapter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh from the first chapter of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh from the first chapter of a
+death in the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to skip its magnificent Pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip its magnificent Pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip its magnificent Pros
+that captures the essence of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures the essence of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures the essence of the film
+very wonderfully but I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderfully but I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderfully but I don't want to
+keep you longer than I already have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you longer than I already have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you longer than I already have and
+it shows Charlie sort of flirting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows Charlie sort of flirting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows Charlie sort of flirting with
+the girl and then finally he flirts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl and then finally he flirts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girl and then finally he flirts with
+her so much that she pushes him and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her so much that she pushes him and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her so much that she pushes him and he
+falls back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the passage goes on to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage goes on to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passage goes on to describe the
+intimacy and the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy and the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy and the complexity of the
+relations between audiences in 1915 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between audiences in 1915 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between audiences in 1915 and
+one of the iconic figures of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the iconic figures of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the iconic figures of the movies
+in this idea that Charlie mobilizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this idea that Charlie mobilizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this idea that Charlie mobilizes
+these anarch this anarchic liberating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anarch this anarchic liberating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anarch this anarchic liberating
+laughter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter and
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+in that idea we we we we recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that idea we we we we recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that idea we we we we recapture
+something of what I mean by the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what I mean by the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what I mean by the notion
+that film was an embedded social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film was an embedded social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film was an embedded social
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+see you tonight
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CT9lYy6qSfg.txt b/CT9lYy6qSfg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ee3136526e83607d7f9bd21478eeb846b5035a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CT9lYy6qSfg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,852 @@
+PROFESSOR: Mendel's
+second law--
+
+this thing over here about a
+three to one ratio about a
+
+single trait being controlled
+by a pair of alleles, and
+
+those alleles being distributed
+independently of
+
+each other to the offspring, the
+stuff you always learned
+
+about Mendel--
+
+that's often referred to
+as Mendel's first law.
+
+Mendel, by the way, didn't call
+it Mendel's first law.
+
+It's considered--
+
+you don't write that in your own
+papers or something like
+
+that, right?
+
+So Mendel did actually observed
+some other things
+
+beyond this independent
+segregation of the alleles for
+
+a single trait.
+
+Mendel began to cross his peas
+together and try to make
+
+combinations.
+
+He had rounds and wrinkles.
+
+He had greens and yellows,
+talls and shorts.
+
+He started making
+combinations.
+
+How about a plant that was
+wrinkled and yellow?
+
+Green was the normal color.
+
+Round was the normal shape.
+
+But he had yellows.
+
+He had wrinkleds.
+
+How about making
+a combination?
+
+So he begin to make plants that
+bred true for different
+
+pairs of phenotypes.
+
+So for example, he had a pure
+breeding line here that was
+
+both round and green.
+
+That was the stuff he could
+pick up at the market.
+
+But he made a line here that was
+both wrinkled and yellow.
+
+What is the genotype of this
+round, green strain?
+
+At the round gene--
+
+the gene for roundness-
+what is its genotype?
+
+Big R, big R. It's a pure
+breeding strain.
+
+It was homozygous--
+
+we're just testing our words
+here-- homozygous
+
+for the big R allele.
+
+Green is controlled by
+a different gene.
+
+It has an allele big G. It's
+pure breeding for this.
+
+And we call it big G, big G.
+
+Convention, when we use capital
+letters, it tends to
+
+mean that the associated
+phenotype is dominant.
+
+OK?
+
+It'll make you think that the
+allele is dominant, but it's
+
+the associated phenotype
+that's dominant.
+
+Now, wrinkled-- what
+was wrinkled?
+
+Wrinkled was a homozygous
+wrinkled-- little r, little r.
+
+And what was the genotype
+at the yellow locus?
+
+Little g, a little g is
+how we'll denote it.
+
+Geneticists use four or five
+different kinds of notations.
+
+We're going to use this notation
+today of big R's and
+
+little r's and little g's.
+
+But you'll get used to other
+kinds of genetic notations.
+
+So when we cross these guys
+together, this F0 generation
+
+here of these two pure breeding
+parental strains, we
+
+get an F1 generation.
+
+The F1 generation--
+
+what is it phenotypically?
+
+What did it look like?
+
+Round and green, yep--
+round and green.
+
+What was in genotypically?
+
+Big R, little R, big
+G, little g.
+
+Now we could self
+these plants.
+
+And our head would hurt with
+the nine to three to
+
+three to one ratio.
+
+So instead, why don't we cross
+these plants back to the
+
+wrinkled, yellow strain to
+make our life easier?
+
+Little r, little r, little
+g, little g--
+
+and when we cross that back,
+what is the segregation that's
+
+going to happen?
+
+Well, what are the possible
+gametes that could emerge from
+
+this parent?
+
+We could get a big R and a big
+G. We could get a big R
+
+and a little g.
+
+We could get a little r and a
+big G. We could get a little r
+
+and a little g.
+
+Those are the four possibilities
+that could be
+
+contributed by this parent.
+
+What could be contributed
+by this parent?
+
+Little r and little g--
+that's it, right?
+
+No other options.
+
+So that's what our little
+Punnett square looks like here
+
+of our options--
+
+parent number one, parent
+number two.
+
+What will this be?
+
+This will be big R, big G over
+little r, little g, big R,
+
+little g over little r little g,
+little r, big G over little
+
+r little g, little r little
+g over little r little g.
+
+In other words, this will
+be round and green.
+
+This'll be round and yellow.
+
+This'll be wrinkled and green.
+
+And this'll be wrinkled
+and yellow.
+
+And what will be the
+ratio of these?
+
+One to one to one to one,
+provided that those gametes
+
+were all equally frequent,
+provided that that parental
+
+plant made each of those four
+types in equal proportions.
+
+That one to one to one ratio
+in the gametes will
+
+necessarily translate into a one
+to one to one ratio in the
+
+phenotypes observed in
+the next generation.
+
+When we cross back--
+not by selfing--
+
+but when we cross back to the
+parent that has the recessive
+
+phenotypes, we'll often
+call this a
+
+backcross or a test cross.
+
+If I haven't done a backcross
+or a test cross where I
+
+crossed back to the wrinkled,
+yellow parent, I would instead
+
+have had to make a square here
+that had 16 boxes in it, and I
+
+would have had to add up to 16
+boxes to figure out how many
+
+were round and green--
+
+nine out of the 16.
+
+How many were round
+and yellow?
+
+Three out of the 16.
+
+How many were wrinkled
+and green?
+
+Three out of the 16.
+
+And how many were wrinkled
+and yellow?
+
+One out of the 16.
+
+But for the purposes of using
+the white board up here, I did
+
+the test cross or
+the backcross,
+
+because it's simpler.
+
+But you can also do the four by
+four matrix and figure out
+
+what it looks like.
+
+That was news.
+
+It didn't have to be
+that way, right?
+
+Maybe it was something else.
+
+This is pretty cool.
+
+What it tells you is not just
+is it the case that here the
+
+alleles segregate
+independently.
+
+It's a random coin flip
+which one you get.
+
+It tells you no correlation
+between the two traits.
+
+They're independent.
+
+This is called independent
+assortment.
+
+Mendel's second law is the law
+of independent assortment.
+
+All right.
+
+So Mendel publishes the paper.
+
+1865, it comes out.
+
+Here's a copy of
+Mendel's paper.
+
+It's translated into English
+from the original German.
+
+So I got Mendel's paper here.
+
+There's no Punnett squares.
+
+It's kind of messy notation.
+
+Look at that.
+
+Look at all that--
+
+big A, little b.
+
+He's got A's, B's, C's.
+
+He's got three factor crosses
+running around in here.
+
+Mendel really goes to town.
+
+It's a beautiful paper here.
+
+But it just goes on and on.
+
+It's incredibly hard to read.
+
+Look at this.
+
+It takes a lot to
+read this thing.
+
+But in a way, it's simple.
+
+It's nothing so sophisticated.
+
+Oh yeah, here.
+
+Look at this-- long, green,
+inflated, constricted--
+
+all this kind of stuff.
+
+It's pretty cool.
+
+You should look it up.
+
+It's online.
+
+You can find Mendel's paper.
+
+What happens to Mendel's
+paper?
+
+Nobody reads it.
+
+It sinks like a stone.
+
+It's this cool paper and
+nobody reads it.
+
+Nobody reads it for
+a lot of reasons.
+
+Scientific communication wasn't
+so big in those days.
+
+Oh, well.
+
+Mendel also ends up getting
+promoted to become the abbot
+
+of the monastery, and that's
+pretty much the end of his
+
+scientific career,
+in my opinion.
+
+He got too many administrative
+duties, doesn't do more
+
+science there.
+
+Also, he has some
+poor choices.
+
+The next plant he works
+on is hawk weed.
+
+Hawk weed turns out to have
+really weird genetics that
+
+totally leads him astray.
+
+Basically, this is
+the one important
+
+paper Mendel ever publishes.
+
+It's an incredibly
+important paper.
+
+It's so important because it
+contains the clue to what
+
+Darwin, living at exactly
+the same time, wished he
+
+understood, which is what the
+basis of genetic variation is.
+
+Wouldn't it be great if Darwin
+had read Mendel's paper?
+
+Darwin actually owned a copy
+of Mendel's paper.
+
+He received a copy of
+Mendel's paper.
+
+In those days, the way they
+printed books, there were
+
+folded pages and you had to
+slit the page to read it.
+
+Darwin never slit the pages of
+the copy of Mendel's paper.
+
+So we know he's never read
+Mendel's paper, but he has one
+
+in his library.
+
+He had Mendel's paper.
+
+He had the answers sitting
+there on the shelf,
+
+but never read it.
+
+The stuff sinks like a stone.
+
+Nobody really pays much
+attention to it.
+
+And Mendel goes on,
+dies that's it.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: Until the end of
+the 1800s, right at the
+
+beginning of the 20th century,
+along comes cytology--
+
+looking at cells in
+the microscope.
+
+Microscopes began to get
+good in the late 1800s.
+
+And cytologists began to see in
+their microscope that when
+
+cells divided, these funny
+structures began to appear--
+
+these long, thread-like
+things.
+
+And the German chemical industry
+being developed at
+
+that time had invented
+all sorts of dyes.
+
+And cytologists began
+experimenting putting dyes on
+
+these cells.
+
+And the dyes let them see really
+clearly these funny
+
+things that were condensing
+out when cells divided.
+
+And they had no clue what these
+funny things were other
+
+than that they took up dyes.
+
+And so in the absence of any
+clue what were, they called
+
+them chromosomes, meaning
+colored things.
+
+That is what chromosome means.
+
+They called them colored thing
+Chromos colored bodies,
+
+colored things.
+
+That's all they knew.
+
+And they observed that these
+chromosomes, these colored
+
+things, did really interesting
+choreography.
+
+When cells divided, when they
+underwent mitosis, what would
+
+happen is that the chromosomes
+would line
+
+up along the midline.
+
+And they would have, at that
+point, these funny X-like
+
+structures.
+
+And I'll draw four of
+these chromosomes
+
+lining up like this.
+
+And what would happen
+during mitosis?
+
+The cell would divide, and each
+of the two cells would
+
+get one half of the X. So if you
+started with four of these
+
+X's, you ended up with
+four like this.
+
+There you go.
+
+That was the chromosome being
+somehow tugged apart.
+
+Now, anything that gets tugged
+apart when a cell divides--
+
+that's kind of interesting.
+
+Then those chromosomes
+would disappear.
+
+You couldn't see them again for
+a while until the cell was
+
+ready to divide again.
+
+And when the cell is ready to
+divide again, darned if those
+
+single lines hadn't
+turned into X's.
+
+Somehow the cell had turned the
+single lines into these
+
+two pieces, these X's,
+and they were
+
+ready to divide again.
+
+And that was mitosis--
+
+the process of ordinary
+cellular division.
+
+But there was another process.
+
+Folks observed meiosis.
+
+That's what happens when
+you make gametes.
+
+So when gametes get made, the
+
+choreography was a bit different.
+
+Instead of all the chromosomes
+lining up on the midline as
+
+individuals, they lined
+up as pairs.
+
+They line up as pairs.
+
+When the cell divides, you
+end up with now only two
+
+X's, not four X's.
+
+Then what happens is those
+cells divide again.
+
+And you end up with those
+straight lines--
+
+but not four of them,
+only two of them.
+
+The first step gets called
+meiosis number one--
+
+meiosis I. The second is
+called meiosis II.
+
+The second step looks just
+like mitosis, doesn't it?
+
+Chromosomes are lined up
+along the midline.
+
+They separate it.
+
+It just looks like mitosis,
+ordinary cell division.
+
+But that first step
+is special.
+
+That first step says, somehow,
+the chromosomes come in pairs,
+
+and the cell picks one from
+each pair and gives to its
+
+gametes-- its sperm
+or its egg--
+
+one from each pair.
+
+And what do you think happens
+on fertilization?
+
+Well, you had one from each
+pair, one from each pair, it
+
+comes together and it
+restores a pair now.
+
+And you know what folks said?
+
+They said this sounds just like
+what that dead monk was
+
+talking about.
+
+Pairs, particles of
+inheritance--
+
+particles that come in pairs and
+you give to your gametes
+
+one of the two pairs.
+
+These colored things must be
+the basis of inheritance or
+
+genes or something.
+
+Wow, because it fits Mendel's
+model beautifully.
+
+It explains the first law.
+
+What about the second law?
+
+What about Mendel's
+second law?
+
+How could it explain the big R
+and the big G being inherited
+
+independently of each other
+with no correlation?
+
+What would that have to mean?
+
+They're on different
+chromosomes.
+
+The genes are on different
+chromosomes.
+
+Because if big R is on one
+chromosome and big G is on the
+
+other chromosome, then it's a
+coin flip whether or not the
+
+big R might be here and a little
+r might be there or the
+
+big G might be there or
+maybe it's over there.
+
+It's a random draw which
+way it's going to go.
+
+So it perfectly explains
+Mendel's second law.
+
+Unless--
+
+what happens if big R and big G
+are on the same chromosome?
+
+Then they're going
+to go together.
+
+I'm not going to have
+independent assortment.
+
+I may have totally dependent
+correlated assortment.
+
+If big R and big G are on the
+same chromosome, they're going
+
+to be inherited together.
+
+Mendel's second law is
+going to be wrong.
+
+So why did Mendel find big R
+and big G going together?
+
+Maybe was lucky and he picked
+traits on different
+
+chromosomes.
+
+But what about his next trait?
+
+Lucky again?
+
+Lucky again?
+
+Mendel studied seven traits.
+
+How many chromosome pairs
+do peas have?
+
+Turns out, seven.
+
+But anyway, what happens?
+
+What's going on?
+
+Mendel's second law can't be
+right if the chromosome theory
+
+is right when the genes are
+on the same chromosome.
+
+They would be dependent.
+
+They won't be independent one
+to one to one to one.
+
+So which is it?
+
+Is Mendel right, my hero?
+
+Or is this chromosome
+theory right?
+
+Because they can't be both
+perfectly right.
+
+So which is it?
+
+Oops, we've run out of time.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: Next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CZwgOqxScB4.txt b/CZwgOqxScB4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5edee33ad34a21834bc0b8529bba1747daa3a331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CZwgOqxScB4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh okay let's get started um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh okay let's get started um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh okay let's get started um
+so um today we're going to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today we're going to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um today we're going to continue our
+discussion of factor markets but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of factor markets but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of factor markets but really
+we're going to focus on today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on today is
+essentially taking the insights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the insights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the insights for
+Capital markets and thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets and thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets and thinking about how
+in individuals and firms make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in individuals and firms make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in individuals and firms make decisions
+over time last time we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time last time we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time last time we talked about the
+interest rate and its role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and its role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and its role in
+equilibrating capital markets we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating capital markets we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating capital markets we talked
+about the demand for Capital being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the demand for Capital being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the demand for Capital being
+driven by the margin Revenue product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the margin Revenue product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the margin Revenue product of
+capital but then the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital but then the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital but then the more interesting
+side was the supply of capital being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was the supply of capital being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side was the supply of capital being
+driven by individual decisions on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by individual decisions on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by individual decisions on how
+much to save that savings went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save that savings went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save that savings went into
+either the bank or to corporate bonds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the bank or to corporate bonds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the bank or to corporate bonds or
+stocks and that's the money that firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and that's the money that firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and that's the money that firms
+borrow to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow to make
+investments I wanted this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments I wanted this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments I wanted this lecture is
+basically going to dive into that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to dive into that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to dive into that and
+think about in the real world how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in the real world how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in the real world how do we
+think about these savings and investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these savings and investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these savings and investment
+decisions decisions that will be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions decisions that will be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions decisions that will be so
+important to you as individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you as individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you as individuals and
+maybe someday to you as business owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someday to you as business owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someday to you as business owners
+or Executives I want to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Executives I want to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Executives I want to start by
+discussing the key concept of present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the key concept of present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the key concept of present
+value one of the most important Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one of the most important Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one of the most important Concepts
+in both economics and finance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both economics and finance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both economics and finance is the
+concept of present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present
+value the basic idea of present value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the basic idea of present value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the basic idea of present value is
+quite simple which is that a dollar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple which is that a dollar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple which is that a dollar in
+the future is worth less than a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is worth less than a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is worth less than a dollar
+now and the reason dollars in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the reason dollars in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the reason dollars in the future
+is worth less than a dollar now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth less than a dollar now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth less than a dollar now is
+because you had that dollar now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had that dollar now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had that dollar now you
+could save it and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save it and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could save it and make
+interest so delaying getting money till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so delaying getting money till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so delaying getting money till
+the future as an opportunity cost you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future as an opportunity cost you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future as an opportunity cost you've
+missed the opportunity to earn interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the opportunity to earn interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the opportunity to earn interest
+on that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that money
+today so essentially the idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so essentially the idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so essentially the idea is you
+can't just add up money that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just add up money that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just add up money that comes in
+different periods you can't say if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods you can't say if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods you can't say if I
+have a dollar to day and a dollar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dollar to day and a dollar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dollar to day and a dollar and
+five years in 10 years that's $3 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years in 10 years that's $3 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years in 10 years that's $3 you
+can't make that statement those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make that statement those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make that statement those are not
+the same thing that' be like saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that' be like saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that' be like saying I
+have a pound of gold and a pound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pound of gold and a pound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pound of gold and a pound of
+apples and a pound of butter so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and a pound of butter so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and a pound of butter so I have
+three pounds you wouldn't say that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pounds you wouldn't say that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pounds you wouldn't say that you'd
+say well those are worth very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well those are worth very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well those are worth very different
+things I can't just add them up and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can't just add them up and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can't just add them up and put
+them in one unit which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one unit which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one unit which is
+pounds likewise you can't just add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds likewise you can't just add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds likewise you can't just add up
+dollars today and dollars in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars today and dollars in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars today and dollars in the future
+and put them one group and just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them one group and just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them one group and just say
+their dollars you need to actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dollars you need to actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dollars you need to actually think
+about how to put these into common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to put these into common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to put these into common
+values so with apples and gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so with apples and gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so with apples and gold and
+butter we might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter we might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter we might use
+dollars okay with money in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay with money in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay with money in different
+periods we're going to use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods we're going to use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods we're going to use the the
+concept of present value essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present value essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present value essentially
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+take take all future dollar flows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take all future dollar flows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take all future dollar flows and
+translate them into today's terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them into today's terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them into today's terms the
+present value of a dollar at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a dollar at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a dollar at any point
+in time is what it's worth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is what it's worth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is what it's worth in the
+present what it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present what it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present what it's worth
+today okay so suppose for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so suppose for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so suppose for example that
+the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10% okay and you start and that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% okay and you start and that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% okay and you start and that you want
+to have $100 next year you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have $100 next year you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have $100 next year you would like to
+have $100 next year well so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $100 next year well so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $100 next year well so in other
+words you know that if you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you know that if you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you know that if you put some
+amount Y into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount Y into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount Y into the
+bank at the end of the year what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at the end of the year what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at the end of the year what we have
+you have y times 1 plus I that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have y times 1 plus I that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have y times 1 plus I that's how
+much you'll have at the end of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you'll have at the end of the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you'll have at the end of the year
+you'll get your money back plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get your money back plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get your money back plus the
+interest and you want that to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and you want that to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and you want that to equal
+100 that's the equation you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that's the equation you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 that's the equation you want to
+solve if you want have $100 at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve if you want have $100 at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve if you want have $100 at the end
+of next year that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next year that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next year that means that
+y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90.9 that's messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.9 that's messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.9 that's messy
+90.9 is why that's the amount you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.9 is why that's the amount you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90.9 is why that's the amount you have
+to put in the bank today to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the bank today to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the bank today to have
+$100 in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 in one
+year inverting that that means that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year inverting that that means that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year inverting that that means that more
+generally the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the present
+value of any amount of money is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of any amount of money is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of any amount of money is its
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+value over one plus the interest rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over one plus the interest rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over one plus the interest rate to
+the T where T is how many periods in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T where T is how many periods in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T where T is how many periods in the
+future you get the money so if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you get the money so if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you get the money so if you get
+the money in one year the present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money in one year the present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money in one year the present value
+of a dollar a dollar in one year is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dollar a dollar in one year is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dollar a dollar in one year is one
+over one plus the interest rate a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one plus the interest rate a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one plus the interest rate a dollar
+in two years is one over one plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two years is one over one plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two years is one over one plus the
+interest rate squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate squared
+and so on essentially this is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on essentially this is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on essentially this is a set of
+Weights that allows you to Value dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights that allows you to Value dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights that allows you to Value dollars
+in all periods in today's terms by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all periods in today's terms by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all periods in today's terms by
+putting them in present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in present
+value okay so suppose for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so suppose for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so suppose for example you
+come to me and say look uh John I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to me and say look uh John I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to me and say look uh John I want
+to borrow $30 I'm going to pay you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow $30 I'm going to pay you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow $30 I'm going to pay you back
+$10 each of the next three years let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 each of the next three years let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 each of the next three years let's
+say the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interest rate is
+10% I would say to you well that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% I would say to you well that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% I would say to you well that's a bad
+deal for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for me
+because what's the value of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the value of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the value of the stream
+of payments you're going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payments you're going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of payments you're going to give me
+you're going to give me $10 you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give me $10 you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to give me $10 you're going
+to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me
+$10 uh next year okay you're gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 uh next year okay you're gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 uh next year okay you're gonna give
+me $10 next year so that's worth 10 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me $10 next year so that's worth 10 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me $10 next year so that's worth 10 over
+1.1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 to
+me because if I had it today I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because if I had it today I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because if I had it today I could
+have already it would have been $11 next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already it would have been $11 next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already it would have been $11 next
+year you give me $10 in two years well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you give me $10 in two years well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you give me $10 in two years well
+that's worth 10 over 1.1 squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth 10 over 1.1 squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth 10 over 1.1 squared and
+you're give me $10 in three years well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're give me $10 in three years well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're give me $10 in three years well
+that's worth 10 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth 10 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth 10 over
+1.1 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 cubed
+so in other words the $10 you give me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the $10 you give me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the $10 you give me to
+the next three years is only worth $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three years is only worth $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three years is only worth $
+24.87 I can't just add it up and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.87 I can't just add it up and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.87 I can't just add it up and say
+we're gonna give me $30 so I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna give me $30 so I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna give me $30 so I'll give you
+$30 today it's not the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 today it's not the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30 today it's not the same thing
+because if you give it to me today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you give it to me today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you give it to me today it's
+worth more than if you give it to me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than if you give it to me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than if you give it to me in
+the future likewise you it to me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future likewise you it to me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future likewise you it to me in the
+future it's worth less than if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's worth less than if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's worth less than if you give
+it to me today and the reason is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me today and the reason is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me today and the reason is simply
+that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can
+translate a given amount of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate a given amount of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate a given amount of dollars
+today into more dollars in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today into more dollars in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today into more dollars in the future
+through savings since I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through savings since I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through savings since I can do that
+since I can translate that money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I can translate that money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I can translate that money is
+worth less in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less in the
+future okay so more generally if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so more generally if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay so more generally if we
+write a formula for the present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a formula for the present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a formula for the present value of
+any stream of payments any stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stream of payments any stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stream of payments any stream of
+payments okay it's going to be how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments okay it's going to be how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments okay it's going to be how much
+you're G to pay let's imagine P any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to pay let's imagine P any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to pay let's imagine P any
+fixed stream of payments let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed stream of payments let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed stream of payments let's call that
+F let's call F the amount you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F let's call F the amount you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F let's call F the amount you're going
+to pay back with $10 in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back with $10 in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back with $10 in our
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+times f * 1 over 1 + I to the 1st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f * 1 over 1 + I to the 1st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f * 1 over 1 + I to the 1st
++ 1 over 1 + I to the 2 plus dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 over 1 + I to the 2 plus dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 over 1 + I to the 2 plus dot dot dot
+dot dot all the way to 1 over 1 + I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot all the way to 1 over 1 + I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot all the way to 1 over 1 + I to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+T where T is the last pair you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where T is the last pair you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where T is the last pair you're going
+to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me
+back okay so you pay back over 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so you pay back over 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so you pay back over 10 years
+there's 10 terms in this equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 terms in this equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 terms in this equation one
+over 1.1 1 over 1.1 squar all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1.1 1 over 1.1 squar all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1.1 1 over 1.1 squar all the way to
+1 over 1.1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1.1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1.1 to the
+10th okay that is the equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th okay that is the equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th okay that is the equation for the
+present value of a stream of payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a stream of payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a stream of payment
+that's a very messy equation to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very messy equation to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very messy equation to evaluate
+once the number of periods gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the number of periods gets large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the number of periods gets large
+and that's why we typically use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we typically use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we typically use a
+shortcut which is we you we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut which is we you we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut which is we you we consider the
+case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a
+perpetuity a payment a fixed payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity a payment a fixed payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity a payment a fixed payment
+you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get
+forever if you do an infinite sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if you do an infinite sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever if you do an infinite sum of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation some of you will know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation some of you will know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation some of you will know that that
+will yield you that the present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yield you that the present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yield you that the present value of
+f forever is simply F over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f forever is simply F over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f forever is simply F over
+I that's the infinite sum of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's the infinite sum of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's the infinite sum of that
+equation so those $10 forever and a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so those $10 forever and a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so those $10 forever and a 10%
+interest rate is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$100 okay it's the value of the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay it's the value of the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay it's the value of the payment
+over the interest rate I'm earning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interest rate I'm earning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the interest rate I'm earning and
+that's a convenient formula now stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a convenient formula now stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a convenient formula now stuff
+never goes on forever but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never goes on forever but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never goes on forever but if you think
+about t getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about t getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about t getting
+large then you could converge to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then you could converge to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then you could converge to using
+that formula as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula as a
+shortcut so we'll typically the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut so we'll typically the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut so we'll typically the examples
+in this class with small numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class with small numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class with small numbers of
+periods or incredibly large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods or incredibly large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods or incredibly large numbers of
+periods to allow you to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods to allow you to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods to allow you to use that
+shortcut because having you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut because having you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut because having you evaluate
+this for 12 terms just a pain in the ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for 12 terms just a pain in the ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for 12 terms just a pain in the ass
+okay so that's sort of a shortcut we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of a shortcut we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of a shortcut we can
+use as the number of periods gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the number of periods gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as the number of periods gets
+large okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay questions about
+that now you might also want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you might also want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you might also want to know
+about the you might want to invert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the you might want to invert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the you might want to invert it
+and say you might want to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you might want to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you might want to know about the
+future value of a g stream of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value of a g stream of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value of a g stream of payments
+you might say look what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say look what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say look what happens if I
+save $10 every year what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save $10 every year what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save $10 every year what am I going to
+have in the future so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the future so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the future so for example
+um if I save $10 this year next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I save $10 this year next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I save $10 this year next year
+I'll have $11 I'm always assuming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have $11 I'm always assuming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have $11 I'm always assuming it's
+trates 10% for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates 10% for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates 10% for
+now but then let's say I save that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but then let's say I save that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but then let's say I save that I
+leave that in the bank well I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that in the bank well I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that in the bank well I have the
+next year well the next year I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1210 why will the increment from 0er to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1210 why will the increment from 0er to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1210 why will the increment from 0er to
+one be smaller than Inc from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one be smaller than Inc from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one be smaller than Inc from one to
+two why it be smaller because I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why it be smaller because I've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two why it be smaller because I've not
+only saved the do $10 I've saved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only saved the do $10 I've saved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only saved the do $10 I've saved the
+extra extra dollar and that extra dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra extra dollar and that extra dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra extra dollar and that extra dollar
+self earns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self earns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self earns
+interest and indeed at the end of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and indeed at the end of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and indeed at the end of T
+years you will have that the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you will have that the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you will have that the future
+value of a stream of savings is y times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a stream of savings is y times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a stream of savings is y times
+1 + I to the T if you save for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + I to the T if you save for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + I to the T if you save for two
+years and this illustrates the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and this illustrates the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and this illustrates the beauty of
+compounding the beauty of compounding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding the beauty of compounding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding the beauty of compounding is
+that when you put money in a savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you put money in a savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you put money in a savings
+account and let it sit you're not earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and let it sit you're not earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and let it sit you're not earn
+interest on what you initially put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on what you initially put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on what you initially put in
+you earn interest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earn interest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earn interest on the
+interest and over time that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and over time that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and over time that actually
+becomes the larger part of what you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the larger part of what you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the larger part of what you save
+over time the big issue is not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the big issue is not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the big issue is not what you
+put in the issue is all the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the issue is all the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the issue is all the interest
+you're earning the interest you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're earning the interest you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're earning the interest you're
+earning on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning on that
+interest okay so basically let's to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest okay so basically let's to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest okay so basically let's to sort
+of work that out let's consider an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that out let's consider an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that out let's consider an
+example let's consider you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's consider you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's consider you're making a
+retirement savings decision you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings decision you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement savings decision you might
+think retirement gez I'm not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think retirement gez I'm not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think retirement gez I'm not even a
+college yet like take it easy old man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college yet like take it easy old man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college yet like take it easy old man
+I'm I'll worry about that in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'll worry about that in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'll worry about that in the future
+well actually I'm going to tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I'm going to tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually I'm going to tell you why
+I shouldn't worry about in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't worry about in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't worry about in the future
+why you should worry about it now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you should worry about it now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you should worry about it now now
+I'm going to illustrate that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate that with a
+simple example okay imagine you plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example okay imagine you plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example okay imagine you plan to
+work from age 22 to age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from age 22 to age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work from age 22 to age
+70 okay imagine that's not a crazy guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay imagine that's not a crazy guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay imagine that's not a crazy guess
+for your working life you work from 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your working life you work from 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your working life you work from 22
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+70 okay and let's say the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay and let's say the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay and let's say the interest rate
+is 7 so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 7 so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 7 so you're going to
+work 22 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work 22 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work 22 to
+70 and let's say the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7% okay that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% okay that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% okay that's our
+assumptions and I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and I'm going to give you
+two choices for retirement savings plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices for retirement savings plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices for retirement savings plan
+I'm gonna give you two options option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you two options option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you two options option
+one for retirement savings plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for retirement savings plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for retirement savings plan is
+you're GNA save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're GNA save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're GNA save
+$3,000 every year right away You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 every year right away You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 every year right away You're
+gonna start saving $33,000 every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start saving $33,000 every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start saving $33,000 every year
+for 15 years and then you're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years and then you're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years and then you're never going
+to save again so age 22 to 37 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save again so age 22 to 37 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save again so age 22 to 37 you're
+going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save
+$15 you say $3,000 a year and then never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$15 you say $3,000 a year and then never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$15 you say $3,000 a year and then never
+save again so it's 3 ,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save again so it's 3 ,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save again so it's 3 ,000 a
+year for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for 15
+years for 15 years okay well what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for 15 years okay well what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for 15 years okay well what will
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+well after the first 15 years of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the first 15 years of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well after the first 15 years of doing
+this by our formula you will have 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by our formula you will have 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by our formula you will have 75
+387 you won't have $5,000 you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+387 you won't have $5,000 you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+387 you won't have $5,000 you might be
+tempted to multiply 3,000 by 15 say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to multiply 3,000 by 15 say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to multiply 3,000 by 15 say well
+15 years 45,000 that's wrong because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years 45,000 that's wrong because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years 45,000 that's wrong because you
+misc compound it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misc compound it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misc compound it
+you miss the fact that all the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss the fact that all the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss the fact that all the savings
+is also getting interest on it thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also getting interest on it thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also getting interest on it thing you
+already have much more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have much more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have much more than just
+multiplying those two but that's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those two but that's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those two but that's not all
+you then let that sit there till you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then let that sit there till you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then let that sit there till you
+retire so you let this money sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire so you let this money sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire so you let this money sit
+there okay for the next 33 years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay for the next 33 years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay for the next 33 years after
+33 years this turns into 75 387 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 years this turns into 75 387 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 years this turns into 75 387 time
+1.07 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+33 okay okay so by the time you retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 okay okay so by the time you retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 okay okay so by the time you retire
+you have $773,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by Saving 3,000 a year for 15 years by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Saving 3,000 a year for 15 years by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Saving 3,000 a year for 15 years by
+the time you retire you have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you retire you have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you retire you have over
+$700,000 Let's do an alternative savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$700,000 Let's do an alternative savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$700,000 Let's do an alternative savings
+plan what most people do which is hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what most people do which is hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan what most people do which is hell
+I'm Not Gon to save your time when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Not Gon to save your time when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Not Gon to save your time when I'm
+22 that's nuts let's say we do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 that's nuts let's say we do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 that's nuts let's say we do instead
+is you don't save anything until you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't save anything until you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't save anything until you're
+37 you don't save anything for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 you don't save anything for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 you don't save anything for the first
+15 years and then start to save then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years and then start to save then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years and then start to save then you
+start to save $3,000 a year save so zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to save $3,000 a year save so zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to save $3,000 a year save so zero
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+15 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and then
+3K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3K
+433 if you file that Savings Plan by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+433 if you file that Savings Plan by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+433 if you file that Savings Plan by the
+time you retire you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you retire you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you retire you are going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+$356,400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to have half of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have half of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have half of what you
+had with the first plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of
+compounding the way compounding works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding the way compounding works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding the way compounding works
+the more you can get in the bank earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you can get in the bank earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you can get in the bank earlier
+the more money you'll end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more money you'll end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more money you'll end up with
+because you are an interest on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are an interest on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are an interest on your
+interest how many of you have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest how many of you have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest how many of you have been to
+the Science Museum here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Science Museum here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Science Museum here in
+Boston okay a few of you well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston okay a few of you well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston okay a few of you well you
+probably haven't been to the little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't been to the little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't been to the little kid
+part but I have and the little kid part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but I have and the little kid part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but I have and the little kid part
+in the science museum has these cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the science museum has these cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the science museum has these cool
+three ramps and one ramp is flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ramps and one ramp is flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ramps and one ramp is flat and
+then steep one ramp is steep and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then steep one ramp is steep and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then steep one ramp is steep and then
+flat and one ramp sort sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and one ramp sort sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and one ramp sort sort of in
+between and you have kidss put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and you have kidss put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and you have kidss put the
+marbles on to see which goes faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles on to see which goes faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles on to see which goes faster and
+of course the one that goes fast is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the one that goes fast is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the one that goes fast is the
+one that's Steep and then flat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's Steep and then flat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's Steep and then flat because
+you take advantage of the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take advantage of the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take advantage of the acceleration
+over the flat part r one it goes flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the flat part r one it goes flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the flat part r one it goes flat
+and then steep that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then steep that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then steep that's just
+compounding okay compounding is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding okay compounding is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding okay compounding is simply
+like getting their velocity up early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting their velocity up early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting their velocity up early
+okay you're going to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're going to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're going to get there
+faster so this is an important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so this is an important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so this is an important lesson
+not just for athematics but for you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for athematics but for you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for athematics but for you for
+thinking about your decisions you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your decisions you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your decisions you when
+you get a job most of you going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a job most of you going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a job most of you going to get a
+job in a good firm that's going to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in a good firm that's going to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in a good firm that's going to offer
+you an option of retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an option of retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an option of retirement
+plan you are going to think why should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you are going to think why should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you are going to think why should I
+bother I'm I'm me I'm superhuman I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother I'm I'm me I'm superhuman I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother I'm I'm me I'm superhuman I'm
+never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to
+retire okay the answer is you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire okay the answer is you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire okay the answer is you're wrong
+you are going to retire and every dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to retire and every dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to retire and every dollar
+you put in now will be worth so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in now will be worth so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in now will be worth so much
+when you retire that it's actually worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you retire that it's actually worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you retire that it's actually worth
+deferring consumption now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring consumption now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring consumption now remember
+capital is deferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is deferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is deferred
+consumption so decision you'll face when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so decision you'll face when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so decision you'll face when
+you join your firm is should I defer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you join your firm is should I defer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you join your firm is should I defer
+today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's
+consumption to have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to have for the
+future and the answer is uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and the answer is uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and the answer is uh and the
+answer is you should defer money to Da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you should defer money to Da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you should defer money to Da
+consumption for the future moreover it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for the future moreover it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for the future moreover it's
+even better than that because most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that because most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that because most of
+you will work for firms which offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will work for firms which offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will work for firms which offer a
+retirement plan called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement plan called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement plan called the
+401K which is tax preferred what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401K which is tax preferred what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401K which is tax preferred what that
+means is if they if you take the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if they if you take the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if they if you take the money
+home today you pay tax on it if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home today you pay tax on it if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home today you pay tax on it if you put
+in your 401k you you don't pay tax on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your 401k you you don't pay tax on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your 401k you you don't pay tax on it
+till you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you
+retire now why do you care if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire now why do you care if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire now why do you care if you're
+going to pay tax anyway why do you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay tax anyway why do you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay tax anyway why do you care
+if you pay tax today versus paying tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pay tax today versus paying tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pay tax today versus paying tax
+when you're retire well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're retire well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're retire well the answer is
+just like a dollar in the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a dollar in the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a dollar in the future is
+worth less than a dollar today paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less than a dollar today paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less than a dollar today paying
+taxes in the future is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in the future is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in the future is effectively
+cheaper than paying taxes today because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than paying taxes today because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than paying taxes today because
+you're paying taxes with the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying taxes with the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying taxes with the future
+dollars that are worth less than today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that are worth less than today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that are worth less than today's
+dollars so by deferring your taxes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so by deferring your taxes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so by deferring your taxes just
+like I don't want to defer my getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to defer my getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to defer my getting
+repayment from you by deferring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment from you by deferring your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment from you by deferring your
+taxes you save money it's even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you save money it's even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you save money it's even better
+than that because most employers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that because most employers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that because most employers will
+match what you save in your retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what you save in your retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what you save in your retirement
+plan so when you go to a firm and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so when you go to a firm and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so when you go to a firm and you
+start a new job many employers will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new job many employers will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new job many employers will say
+well the first $3,000 will match you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first $3,000 will match you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first $3,000 will match you
+dollar for dooll this is an unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for dooll this is an unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for dooll this is an unbelievably
+good deal you're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal you're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal you're going to get the
+compounding and for the next 50 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding and for the next 50 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding and for the next 50 plus
+years you're going to get a tax break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you're going to get a tax break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you're going to get a tax break
+and your employer going to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your employer going to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your employer going to help you
+out so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so you should
+absolutely save as much as you possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely save as much as you possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely save as much as you possibly
+can as early as you possibly can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as early as you possibly can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as early as you possibly can for
+retirement okay because of the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement okay because of the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement okay because of the beauty of
+compounding let's think of a real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding let's think of a real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding let's think of a real world
+example how many of you heard of Bobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many of you heard of Bobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many of you heard of Bobby
+Bonia anybody here Bob Bonia I got I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonia anybody here Bob Bonia I got I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonia anybody here Bob Bonia I got I got
+a couple head I got a few head noots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple head I got a few head noots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple head I got a few head noots
+three four okay Bobby Bonia was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four okay Bobby Bonia was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four okay Bobby Bonia was a good
+good but not great well I at at Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not great well I at at Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but not great well I at at Peak
+great but mostly good baseball player um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but mostly good baseball player um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but mostly good baseball player um
+he played for the Mets at the end of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he played for the Mets at the end of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he played for the Mets at the end of his
+career but by the end of his career his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but by the end of his career his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career but by the end of his career his
+his Talent wasn't worth the salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Talent wasn't worth the salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Talent wasn't worth the salary
+they're playing him he sort of fell off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing him he sort of fell off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing him he sort of fell off
+a cliff pretty quickly and it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff pretty quickly and it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cliff pretty quickly and it wasn't
+worth the money they were paying him so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the money they were paying him so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the money they were paying him so
+they offered to buy him out they said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered to buy him out they said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered to buy him out they said in
+1999 we'll give you six million bucks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 we'll give you six million bucks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 we'll give you six million bucks to
+just bag your contract and leave you w't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bag your contract and leave you w't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bag your contract and leave you w't
+have to play baseball anymore can retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play baseball anymore can retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play baseball anymore can retire
+pay $6 million out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay $6 million out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay $6 million out the
+door he said you know that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door he said you know that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door he said you know that's a great
+idea I'm happy to do it but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm happy to do it but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm happy to do it but I don't
+really need the money right now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need the money right now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need the money right now how
+about if we Chang the deal how about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we Chang the deal how about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we Chang the deal how about if
+we said we defer the money from 1999 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we defer the money from 1999 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we defer the money from 1999 at
+an 8% interest rate and instead I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8% interest rate and instead I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8% interest rate and instead I'll
+collect it over the 2011 to 2035 period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it over the 2011 to 2035 period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it over the 2011 to 2035 period
+so deferred for 20 years at an interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deferred for 20 years at an interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deferred for 20 years at an interest
+rate and then collect it over a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then collect it over a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then collect it over a time
+period the way that worked out for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the way that worked out for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the way that worked out for him
+is that by the time his money started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by the time his money started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by the time his money started
+being paid out in 2011 his $6 Million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid out in 2011 his $6 Million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid out in 2011 his $6 Million
+worth $30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $30
+million so he basically gets a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so he basically gets a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so he basically gets a million
+dollars a year till he's 72 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year till he's 72 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year till he's 72 years old
+indeed there's Bobby Bia day which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there's Bobby Bia day which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there's Bobby Bia day which is
+the day the Mets pay Bobby b a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the Mets pay Bobby b a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the Mets pay Bobby b a million
+dollars okay um so basically this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay um so basically this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay um so basically this is a
+guy who understood compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who understood compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who understood compounding
+understood the value deferring and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the value deferring and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the value deferring and now
+he gets a million bucks year to 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets a million bucks year to 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets a million bucks year to 72
+instead of just getting $6 million at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just getting $6 million at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just getting $6 million at
+once back when he was young and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once back when he was young and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once back when he was young and didn't
+need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as
+much okay so this is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so this is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so this is the value of
+deferring the value of compounding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring the value of compounding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferring the value of compounding which
+says save early and save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says save early and save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says save early and save
+often okay questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one oh I simply use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula I mean me simply it someone did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I mean me simply it someone did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I mean me simply it someone did
+you know I did in a spreadsheet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's a great question
+basically it's sort of approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's sort of approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's sort of approximately
+Infinity we will let you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we will let you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we will let you know in a
+problem whether you can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem whether you can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem whether you can use that
+shortcut or not but roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut or not but roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut or not but roughly speaking
+we're not going to give you a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to give you a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to give you a problem we
+have to calculate over 10 periods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate over 10 periods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate over 10 periods we
+give you a short number of periods we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a short number of periods we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a short number of periods we'll
+give you a huge number of periods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a huge number of periods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a huge number of periods which
+is effectively infinite but we'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively infinite but we'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively infinite but we'll let
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+okay technically in the real world not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay technically in the real world not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay technically in the real world not
+an exam you have to do it this way until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam you have to do it this way until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam you have to do it this way until
+you get to Infinity this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to Infinity this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to Infinity this is just an
+approximation but in practice it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but in practice it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but in practice it's a
+pretty good approximation once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good approximation once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good approximation once you get
+out like 30 period depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like 30 period depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like 30 period depends on the
+interest rate the higher the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the higher the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the higher the interest
+rate is the fewer periods you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the fewer periods you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the fewer periods you need to go
+out for that to be a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for that to be a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for that to be a good approximation
+lower the interest rate is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the interest rate is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the interest rate is the more
+periods you have to go out for that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you have to go out for that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you have to go out for that to
+be a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+questions all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you talking about the tax piece um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you talking about the tax piece um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you talking about the tax piece um
+it's but the point is with the tax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but the point is with the tax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but the point is with the tax the
+point is think of it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is think of it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is think of it this way
+if I pay taxes today let's say I pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pay taxes today let's say I pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pay taxes today let's say I pay a
+dollar of taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of taxes
+today versus uh a dollar taxes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus uh a dollar taxes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus uh a dollar taxes in the
+future okay the dollar taxes today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay the dollar taxes today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay the dollar taxes today that
+I pay to the government they get to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay to the government they get to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pay to the government they get to earn
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+on whereas if I hold it I get to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whereas if I hold it I get to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whereas if I hold it I get to earn
+interest on it so as long as the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on it so as long as the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on it so as long as the tax
+rate is less than 100% I get to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is less than 100% I get to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is less than 100% I get to make the
+why if the government holds the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if the government holds the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if the government holds the money
+they make the money if I hold the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the money if I hold the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make the money if I hold the money
+I make the money better for me to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the money better for me to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the money better for me to make
+the money does that make sense good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money does that make sense good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money does that make sense good
+question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other
+questions okay now some of you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now some of you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now some of you may be
+thinking this is all well and good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is all well and good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this is all well and good but
+shit's going to cost more in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shit's going to cost more in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shit's going to cost more in the future
+Bobby Bia making a million bucks in 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bobby Bia making a million bucks in 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bobby Bia making a million bucks in 2030
+is buying much more expensive stuff than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is buying much more expensive stuff than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is buying much more expensive stuff than
+Bobby Bia was buying in 1999 what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bobby Bia was buying in 1999 what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bobby Bia was buying in 1999 what about
+that what about the role of inflation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what about the role of inflation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what about the role of inflation so
+let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inflation in other words in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in other words in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in other words in my
+discussion so far I assumed prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so far I assumed prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so far I assumed prices
+didn't change but in fact prices do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change but in fact prices do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change but in fact prices do
+change they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change they go
+up okay we typically measure that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay we typically measure that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay we typically measure that by
+something called the Consumer Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Consumer Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Consumer Price
+Index the Consumer Price Index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index the Consumer Price Index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Index the Consumer Price Index is
+essentially a measure of what a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a measure of what a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a measure of what a fixed
+basket of goods costs over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of goods costs over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of goods costs over time so
+essentially to find a basket of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to find a basket of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to find a basket of goods
+that a typical person would buy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a typical person would buy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a typical person would buy and they
+go and measure every quarter they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and measure every quarter they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and measure every quarter they
+literally go to stores and say what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally go to stores and say what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally go to stores and say what does
+this cost so fixed basket Goods includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost so fixed basket Goods includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost so fixed basket Goods includes
+one men shirt okay okay let's go see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one men shirt okay okay let's go see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one men shirt okay okay let's go see
+what the average price of a men's shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the average price of a men's shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the average price of a men's shirt
+is it includes one women's shirt let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it includes one women's shirt let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it includes one women's shirt let's
+see what the average price of women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the average price of women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the average price of women's
+shirt is it includes 67% of a of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is it includes 67% of a of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is it includes 67% of a of a new
+or or 12% of a new computer let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 12% of a new computer let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 12% of a new computer let's see
+what new computer costs Etc so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what new computer costs Etc so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what new computer costs Etc so they
+basically have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a set of
+Weights that are determined by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights that are determined by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights that are determined by a
+consumption bundle say for that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundle say for that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption bundle say for that set of
+good weights what do it cost by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weights what do it cost by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weights what do it cost by the same
+set of things over time and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things over time and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things over time and that gives
+you an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an index
+value and that they normalize it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that they normalize it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that they normalize it to one
+at the year 1982 for some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the year 1982 for some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the year 1982 for some arbitrary
+reason so B basally the CPI says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so B basally the CPI says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so B basally the CPI says what
+does stuff cost relev to what it cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stuff cost relev to what it cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stuff cost relev to what it cost in
+1982 and you can see that in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 and you can see that in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 and you can see that in figure
+171 figure 171 is a graph of the CPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+171 figure 171 is a graph of the CPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+171 figure 171 is a graph of the CPI
+what you can see is basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is basically it's
+identically one uh 100 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically one uh 100 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically one uh 100 in
+1982 and it's rising before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 and it's rising before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 and it's rising before and after
+1982 you can see that the rise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 you can see that the rise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 you can see that the rise is
+relatively rapid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rapid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively rapid in the
+1970s okay in percentage terms that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s okay in percentage terms that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s okay in percentage terms that was
+a lot of inflation the 1970s into 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of inflation the 1970s into 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of inflation the 1970s into 1980s
+and then it's sort of flattened out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's sort of flattened out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's sort of flattened out
+inflation's been slower since so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation's been slower since so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation's been slower since so this is
+how we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we measure
+inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+okay the fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the fact there's
+inflation means that everything I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation means that everything I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation means that everything I've
+taught you is wrong in one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you is wrong in one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you is wrong in one critical
+respect which is everything I've taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect which is everything I've taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect which is everything I've taught
+you is about I the interest rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is about I the interest rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is about I the interest rate but
+that's not what you should care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you should care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what you should care
+about you don't care about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you don't care about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you don't care about what the
+interest rate is what the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is what the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is what the nominal
+interest rate is you don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is you don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is you don't care about
+how much money you have in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you have in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you have in the future
+you care about how much how much good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about how much how much good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about how much how much good
+you can consume in the future money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consume in the future money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consume in the future money is
+just a means of exchange if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a means of exchange if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a means of exchange if I tell you
+in 20 years you'll have $100 you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years you'll have $100 you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years you'll have $100 you don't
+know what's that worth without no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's that worth without no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's that worth without no one
+stuff's going to cost in 20 years what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff's going to cost in 20 years what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff's going to cost in 20 years what
+you really care about is your purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care about is your purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really care about is your purchasing
+power okay you really care about is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay you really care about is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay you really care about is your
+purchasing power so for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power so for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power so for example suppose
+today I'm going to save $100 at a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to save $100 at a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to save $100 at a 10%
+interest rate $100 at a 10% interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate $100 at a 10% interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate $100 at a 10% interest
+rate what I care about is not how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I care about is not how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I care about is not how much
+money I have next year but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I have next year but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I have next year but how many
+Goods I can buy next year so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods I can buy next year so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods I can buy next year so let's say
+I'm like Marsha Lynch and all I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like Marsha Lynch and all I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like Marsha Lynch and all I care
+about is Skittles okay that's all I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Skittles okay that's all I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Skittles okay that's all I care
+about okay and let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay and let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay and let's suppose that
+Skittles today are $1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bag so my $100 take I buy 100 bags of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so my $100 take I buy 100 bags of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so my $100 take I buy 100 bags of
+Skittles okay so I could buy a 100 bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today now let's say the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now let's say the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now let's say the price of
+Skittles does not change but I earn 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skittles does not change but I earn 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skittles does not change but I earn 10%
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+then next year I can buy 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next year I can buy 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next year I can buy 110
+bags next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags next
+year right the price of Skittles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right the price of Skittles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right the price of Skittles is
+still a dollar I Sav my $100 at 10% I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a dollar I Sav my $100 at 10% I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a dollar I Sav my $100 at 10% I
+have $110 my 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $110 my 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $110 my 110
+bags but let's say the price of Skittles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags but let's say the price of Skittles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags but let's say the price of Skittles
+has also gone up by 10% how many bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also gone up by 10% how many bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also gone up by 10% how many bags
+can I buy next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I buy next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I buy next
+year someone tell me if the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year someone tell me if the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year someone tell me if the price
+Skittles gone up for a dollar1 10 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skittles gone up for a dollar1 10 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skittles gone up for a dollar1 10 yeah
+back to 100 back to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 100 back to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 100 back to 100
+bags so basically what I can buy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags so basically what I can buy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags so basically what I can buy is a
+function of the interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the interest rate and
+prices so what I care about is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so what I care about is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so what I care about is not the
+nominal interest rate but what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate but what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate but what we call
+the real interest rate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate which is the
+nominal interest rate minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate minus
+inflation which for some reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation which for some reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation which for some reason we
+denote by pi even though Pi is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by pi even though Pi is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by pi even though Pi is also
+profits I don't know why we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits I don't know why we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits I don't know why we do that
+we're difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're difficult
+profession okay so the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession okay so the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession okay so the real interest
+rate is the nominal interest rate minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the nominal interest rate minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the nominal interest rate minus
+inflation and that's what I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and that's what I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and that's what I care about
+that's what I can buy is not the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I can buy is not the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I can buy is not the nominal
+interest rate but the real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate but the real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate but the real interest rate
+determines what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what I can
+buy now this is a big topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy now this is a big topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy now this is a big topic of
+discussion macroeconomics in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion macroeconomics in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion macroeconomics in particular
+really fascinating point about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating point about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating point about this is
+that really this should be the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really this should be the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really this should be the expected
+inflation rate because I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate because I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate because I don't know what
+the inflation rates could be when I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation rates could be when I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation rates could be when I put
+my money in the bank today I know I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my money in the bank today I know I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my money in the bank today I know I but
+I don't know what the what inflation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what the what inflation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what the what inflation's
+going to be I know what it's been but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I know what it's been but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I know what it's been but
+know it's going to be so if I say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be so if I say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be so if I say it's
+$100 worth in 20 years you have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 worth in 20 years you have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 worth in 20 years you have to give
+me your expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me your expectation of
+inflation so it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so it's actually pretty
+complicated and it goes back to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it goes back to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it goes back to things
+we've talked about how people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about how people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about how people make
+decisions and what things we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and what things we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and what things we will talk
+about how people think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people think about these
+things like how do you form expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how do you form expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how do you form expectations
+of inflation rate it turns out there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation rate it turns out there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation rate it turns out there is
+a near perfect predictor of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a near perfect predictor of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a near perfect predictor of people's
+inflation rate expectations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate expectations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate expectations which is
+what's happened to gas prices most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to gas prices most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to gas prices most
+people look at what's happened to gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at what's happened to gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at what's happened to gas
+prices based on that they decide when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices based on that they decide when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices based on that they decide when
+what inflation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what inflation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what inflation is going to
+be um but the bottom line is in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um but the bottom line is in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um but the bottom line is in theory
+it's a very sophisticated there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sophisticated there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sophisticated there are
+people there are actually hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are actually hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are actually hundreds of
+thousands of people whose entire job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people whose entire job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people whose entire job
+mostly work in financial sectors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly work in financial sectors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly work in financial sectors but
+some working for the Federal Reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some working for the Federal Reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some working for the Federal Reserve
+whose entire job is to form good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entire job is to form good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose entire job is to form good
+expectations of this that's their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this that's their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this that's their whole
+life it's to figure out how can I what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's to figure out how can I what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's to figure out how can I what's
+inflation going to be and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation going to be and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation going to be and how does that
+affect decisions we're going to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect decisions we're going to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect decisions we're going to make and
+turns out to be a very hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a very hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a very hard and
+complicated complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated complicated
+calculation but um so uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but um so uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but um so uh so that
+determines to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines to be very very
+important uh in thinking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in thinking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh in thinking about what the
+real EST rate's going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real EST rate's going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real EST rate's going to be okay
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that now I'm gonna go back and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm gonna go back and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I'm gonna go back and I'll
+sometimes I use R sometimes I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I use R sometimes I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I use R sometimes I'll use
+I the bottom line is what matters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the bottom line is what matters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the bottom line is what matters for
+real decision- making is R okay does use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real decision- making is R okay does use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real decision- making is R okay does use
+I because it's more convenient but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because it's more convenient but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because it's more convenient but if
+everybody use I it means I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody use I it means I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody use I it means I'm assuming
+inflation zero okay so whenever I use I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation zero okay so whenever I use I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation zero okay so whenever I use I
+I'm assuming inflation zero I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming inflation zero I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming inflation zero I really
+should use r worship sometimes we slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use r worship sometimes we slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use r worship sometimes we slip
+back and forth but basically really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth but basically really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth but basically really
+should use R that's a relevant decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use R that's a relevant decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use R that's a relevant decision
+making uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making uh
+tool okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah awesome great question and a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah awesome great question and a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah awesome great question and a whole
+field of research is what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of research is what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of research is what do you do
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Innovation what do you do so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what do you do so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation what do you do so here's a
+here's a perfect example imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a perfect example imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a perfect example imagine that
+there's a good that 198 in so let here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good that 198 in so let here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good that 198 in so let here's
+here's a great example let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a great example let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a great example let's take the
+laptop which in 1990 was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop which in 1990 was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop which in 1990 was incredibly
+expensive and is now much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and is now much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and is now much much
+cheaper okay so basically you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper okay so basically you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper okay so basically you would say
+well basically uh we have Life Is Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically uh we have Life Is Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically uh we have Life Is Life
+is cheaper now but in fact laptops do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper now but in fact laptops do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheaper now but in fact laptops do a
+ton more how do we account for that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton more how do we account for that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton more how do we account for that how
+do we we really want to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we we really want to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we we really want to think about the
+price per unit of power not the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price per unit of power not the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price per unit of power not the price of
+a laptop but the price per unit of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laptop but the price per unit of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laptop but the price per unit of doing
+stuff okay that's gone down a ton more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay that's gone down a ton more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay that's gone down a ton more
+the average laptop today is maybe half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average laptop today is maybe half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average laptop today is maybe half
+the price average laptop in 1990 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price average laptop in 1990 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price average laptop in 1990 but the
+average value of a lapt is 100 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of a lapt is 100 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of a lapt is 100 times the
+average value of a laptop in 1990 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of a laptop in 1990 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of a laptop in 1990 we can
+do so many more things with it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so many more things with it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so many more things with it the
+computing power is so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing power is so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing power is so much
+larger that's not reflected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that's not reflected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that's not reflected in the
+typical CPI so many people think we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical CPI so many people think we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical CPI so many people think we need
+to adjust the CPI for essentially what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust the CPI for essentially what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust the CPI for essentially what's
+happening to productivity what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to productivity what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to productivity what's
+happening not just to the goods we buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not just to the goods we buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not just to the goods we buy
+but what we can do with them and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do with them and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we can do with them and that's
+a very difficult and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very difficult and interesting
+field the clear conclusion is the CPI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the clear conclusion is the CPI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the clear conclusion is the CPI is
+too large the growth rate of prices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large the growth rate of prices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large the growth rate of prices you
+hear every year is too large because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear every year is too large because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear every year is too large because
+we're missing the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing the underlying
+innovations that for the same price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that for the same price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that for the same price
+you're getting a better good you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a better good you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a better good you're
+missing that and so as a result when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that and so as a result when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that and so as a result when we
+say gee inflation went up 3% you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee inflation went up 3% you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee inflation went up 3% you think
+wow it's 3% more expensive live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow it's 3% more expensive live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow it's 3% more expensive live in
+America that's not quite true it's 3% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America that's not quite true it's 3% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America that's not quite true it's 3% to
+live in more expens to live in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in more expens to live in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in more expens to live in America
+by the same stuff but you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same stuff but you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same stuff but you're getting
+better stuff and that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stuff and that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stuff and that should be
+accounted for it's a good question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for it's a good question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for it's a good question other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so now so now this is why all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so now so now this is why all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so now so now this is why all
+Shake 1402 especially now right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shake 1402 especially now right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shake 1402 especially now right now in
+the last year you've heard a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year you've heard a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year you've heard a lot about
+interest rates and inflation and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and inflation and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and inflation and things
+like that so basically I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so basically I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so basically I'm going to give
+you a two-minute primer and leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a two-minute primer and leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a two-minute primer and leave the
+rest at 1402 so two-minute primers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest at 1402 so two-minute primers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest at 1402 so two-minute primers go
+back to last lecture think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to last lecture think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to last lecture think about the
+market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for
+capital okay you've got the supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay you've got the supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay you've got the supply of
+capital on the x-axis the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital on the x-axis the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital on the x-axis the price of
+capital which is really we now know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which is really we now know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which is really we now know the
+real interest rate on the y axis you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate on the y axis you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate on the y axis you've
+got the supply of capital and the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the supply of capital and the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the supply of capital and the demand
+for Capital and some equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Capital and some equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Capital and some equilibrium
+interest rate R star and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate R star and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate R star and some
+equilibrium Capital amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Capital amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Capital amount
+Kar okay now where does the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kar okay now where does the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kar okay now where does the demand for
+Capital come from well let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital come from well let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital come from well let's start with
+Supply where's supply of capital come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply where's supply of capital come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply where's supply of capital come
+from comes from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from comes from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from comes from people
+savings so as the interest rate goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so as the interest rate goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings so as the interest rate goes up
+people save more what they do less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people save more what they do less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people save more what they do less of
+they consume less so by raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consume less so by raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consume less so by raising the
+interest rate you lower the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you lower the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you lower the amount of
+demand for spending or you cool off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for spending or you cool off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for spending or you cool off the
+economy likewise what do firms do as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy likewise what do firms do as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy likewise what do firms do as the
+interest rate goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate goes
+up well they as the interest rate goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well they as the interest rate goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well they as the interest rate goes
+up they spend less money building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they spend less money building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up they spend less money building
+machines there's less demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines there's less demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines there's less demand for
+investment so you cool off the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so you cool off the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so you cool off the economy
+so IDE is by Rising interest rate cools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IDE is by Rising interest rate cools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IDE is by Rising interest rate cools
+off the economy by lowering both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the economy by lowering both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the economy by lowering both the
+demand and supply of capital okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply of capital okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and supply of capital okay and
+that that's basically uh essentially why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's basically uh essentially why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's basically uh essentially why
+the FED uses interest rate as a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED uses interest rate as a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED uses interest rate as a tool to
+fight to fight that that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight to fight that that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight to fight that that is something
+you'll Le a lot more and a lot richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll Le a lot more and a lot richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll Le a lot more and a lot richer
+unfortunate too but that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate too but that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate too but that's the basic
+deal for those of you who want to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for those of you who want to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for those of you who want to S
+understand the news at that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the news at that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the news at that level
+okay now um and obviously the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um and obviously the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um and obviously the tricky
+thing is how much you raise the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how much you raise the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how much you raise the interest
+rate and that depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and that depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and that depends on this
+which is why there are hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why there are hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why there are hundreds of
+people thousands of people probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thousands of people probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thousands of people probably
+employed at feds around the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed at feds around the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed at feds around the country
+trying to figure out what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what this is
+because that determines what they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that determines what they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that determines what they should
+do to set the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to set the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to set the right
+rstar okay now let's go back to micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rstar okay now let's go back to micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rstar okay now let's go back to micro
+and let's talk about choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk about choices over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk about choices over time
+let's talk about how you make how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how you make how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how you make how
+individuals and firms make choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and firms make choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and firms make choices over
+time P three choices over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're now equipped to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now equipped to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now equipped to ask the
+question what do you do when you face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you do when you face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you do when you face
+decisions that have different payouts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that have different payouts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that have different payouts at
+different periods of time and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods of time and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods of time and the answer
+is you just pick the payout with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just pick the payout with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just pick the payout with the
+highest present value it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest present value it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest present value it doesn't matter
+when the money comes as long as you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the money comes as long as you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the money comes as long as you put
+it in the same terms so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the same terms so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the same terms so for example
+consider a professional athlete who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a professional athlete who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a professional athlete who's
+comparing two possible contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two possible contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two possible contracts
+contract a a is 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today contract
+B is 500k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today and 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 1.5
+million in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years well despite the Bobby B fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years well despite the Bobby B fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years well despite the Bobby B fun
+example it's not obvious which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's not obvious which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's not obvious which of these
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+choose because they're paid at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose because they're paid at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose because they're paid at different
+times you add up you say well this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you add up you say well this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you add up you say well this is 2
+million this is 1 million should clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million this is 1 million should clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million this is 1 million should clearly
+choose B but that's not right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose B but that's not right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose B but that's not right because
+this is worth less because it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth less because it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth less because it's in the
+future what you want to do is compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what you want to do is compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what you want to do is compare
+the present value of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present value of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present value of these two
+contracts well you know the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts well you know the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts well you know the present
+value of this contract is $1 million get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this contract is $1 million get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this contract is $1 million get
+today what's the present value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's the present value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's the present value of this
+contract well the present value is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract well the present value is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract well the present value is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+500,000 500k plus 1.5 million but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 500k plus 1.5 million but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 500k plus 1.5 million but you
+get it in 10 years you have to discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in 10 years you have to discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in 10 years you have to discount
+it you put it over 1 plus r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you put it over 1 plus r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you put it over 1 plus r to the
+10th that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that's the
+value that you'll have so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you'll have so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you'll have so for example if
+the interest rate was 7% if R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate was 7% if R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate was 7% if R equals
+7% then the value of this equation is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% then the value of this equation is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% then the value of this equation is um
+1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million so at a 7% interest rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so at a 7% interest rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so at a 7% interest rate you
+should choose option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose option
+b at a 14% interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b at a 14% interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b at a 14% interest rate
+then it's worth 0.9 million so to 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's worth 0.9 million so to 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's worth 0.9 million so to 14
+percentage choose option A what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage choose option A what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage choose option A what's going
+on why does option b become less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why does option b become less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why does option b become less
+attractive as the interest rate goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive as the interest rate goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive as the interest rate goes up
+let explain the intuition to me you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let explain the intuition to me you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let explain the intuition to me you see
+the math there why does option b become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly at a 14% interest rate if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly at a 14% interest rate if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly at a 14% interest rate if I
+had this money now I'd get a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this money now I'd get a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this money now I'd get a ton of
+money 10 years from now here I'm waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money 10 years from now here I'm waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money 10 years from now here I'm waiting
+10 years to get the money money's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years to get the money money's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years to get the money money's worth
+a lot less in the future at a 14%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less in the future at a 14%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less in the future at a 14%
+interest rate it's all about opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's all about opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's all about opportunity
+cost the higher the interest rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the higher the interest rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the higher the interest rate the
+higher the opportunity cost of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the opportunity cost of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the opportunity cost of getting
+money in the future R to getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the future R to getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the future R to getting it
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+okay so the key is basically you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key is basically you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key is basically you want
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+upfront when there is a um you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront when there is a um you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upfront when there is a um you want
+money up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money up
+front when you have a higher interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front when you have a higher interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front when you have a higher interest
+rate you're happy to defer money when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're happy to defer money when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're happy to defer money when
+there's a lower interest rate okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lower interest rate okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lower interest rate okay now
+so for example let's come back to sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's come back to sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's come back to sports
+again let's talk about Max Scherer Max a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's talk about Max Scherer Max a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's talk about Max Scherer Max a
+picture with the Washington Nationals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with the Washington Nationals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with the Washington Nationals in
+2015 he signed a 7-year $210 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 he signed a 7-year $210 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 he signed a 7-year $210 million
+contract the 10th biggest contract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the 10th biggest contract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the 10th biggest contract in
+history at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history at the
+time okay but it turned out the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay but it turned out the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay but it turned out the way the
+contract was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract was
+signed it was a seven-year contract was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed it was a seven-year contract was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed it was a seven-year contract was
+paid out over 14 years he only had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid out over 14 years he only had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid out over 14 years he only had to
+play for seven years but they would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for seven years but they would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for seven years but they would pay
+him instead of paying him $30 million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him instead of paying him $30 million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him instead of paying him $30 million a
+year they're paying him $15 million for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they're paying him $15 million for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they're paying him $15 million for
+14 years even though they had to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 years even though they had to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 years even though they had to play
+for seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven
+so the present value of that contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the present value of that contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the present value of that contract
+was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+$210 but more like $166
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$210 but more like $166
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$210 but more like $166
+million now why' they do that well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million now why' they do that well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million now why' they do that well for
+Max shs there's ego because if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max shs there's ego because if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max shs there's ego because if you look
+at the number 210 million that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number 210 million that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number 210 million that was the
+second highest contract ever for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest contract ever for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest contract ever for a
+pitcher you look at the present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher you look at the present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher you look at the present value of
+166 million it was like the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+166 million it was like the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+166 million it was like the fifth
+highest contract ever for a pitcher some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest contract ever for a pitcher some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest contract ever for a pitcher some
+ex couldn't go bragging you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex couldn't go bragging you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex couldn't go bragging you got the
+second highest contract ever for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest contract ever for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highest contract ever for a
+pitcher uh uh by if if they just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher uh uh by if if they just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitcher uh uh by if if they just give
+them 166 million so that's how it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 166 million so that's how it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 166 million so that's how it come
+be confused or more generally let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused or more generally let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confused or more generally let's
+think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the
+lottery okay you see the Mega Millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery okay you see the Mega Millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery okay you see the Mega Millions
+is a billion dollars you think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a billion dollars you think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a billion dollars you think this is
+great a billion dollars but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a billion dollars but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great a billion dollars but you're not
+getting a billion dollars what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a billion dollars what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a billion dollars what you're
+getting is something like $33 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is something like $33 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is something like $33 million
+over the next 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30
+Years so the present value of Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years so the present value of Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years so the present value of Mega
+Millions is less than half of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions is less than half of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions is less than half of what's
+advertized they don't hand you a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertized they don't hand you a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertized they don't hand you a billion
+dollars today they say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars today they say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars today they say we're going to
+give you 33 million over the next 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 33 million over the next 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 33 million over the next 30
+Years year next 30 Years still not bad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years year next 30 Years still not bad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Years year next 30 Years still not bad I
+mean I take it but a lot less than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I take it but a lot less than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I take it but a lot less than you
+think because it's paid out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because it's paid out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because it's paid out over
+time okay so this determines the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this determines the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this determines the numbers
+you hear when you hear a number from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear when you hear a number from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear when you hear a number from now
+on when if a number where people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when if a number where people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when if a number where people make
+the mistake of adding up numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of adding up numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of adding up numbers in the
+future period but today you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future period but today you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future period but today you've got to
+recognize that's wrong and you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that's wrong and you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that's wrong and you should be
+using the present value which puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the present value which puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the present value which puts
+everything in today's terms rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in today's terms rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in today's terms rather than
+uh uh falsely adding up future dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh falsely adding up future dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh falsely adding up future dollars
+with today's dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's dollars
+this doesn't just affect you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't just affect you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't just affect you this
+affects firms investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions firms investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decisions okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay so for
+example firms have a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example firms have a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example firms have a particularly
+interesting choice because firms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choice because firms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting choice because firms have
+decisions where they sort of put aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions where they sort of put aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions where they sort of put aside
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+today to get money in the future that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to get money in the future that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to get money in the future that's
+what investment is right so what firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what investment is right so what firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what investment is right so what firms
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+when they make an investment decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make an investment decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make an investment decision is
+they consider what's the net present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consider what's the net present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they consider what's the net present
+value of that investment the npv what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that investment the npv what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that investment the npv what's
+the Net Present Value so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Net Present Value so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Net Present Value so for example
+consider firm the a stream of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider firm the a stream of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider firm the a stream of payments
+where you're going to get revenues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to get revenues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to get revenues in
+each period of R subt and cost of C subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each period of R subt and cost of C subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each period of R subt and cost of C subt
+so you have a project where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a project where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a project where you get
+revenues of R subt and cost of C subt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues of R subt and cost of C subt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues of R subt and cost of C subt in
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+period the net present value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the net present value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the net present value of that
+stream of payments is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of payments is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of payments is equal to
+r0 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 -
+c0 plus R1 - C1 over 1 + r plus R2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 plus R1 - C1 over 1 + r plus R2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 plus R1 - C1 over 1 + r plus R2 minus
+C2 over 1 + r 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 over 1 + r 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 over 1 + r 2 and so
+on that's the Net Present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's the Net Present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's the Net Present
+Value this matters because cash flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value this matters because cash flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value this matters because cash flow is
+typically negative in the early years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically negative in the early years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically negative in the early years of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+investment typically investment means r0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment typically investment means r0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment typically investment means r0
+is less than c0 you got to buy this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than c0 you got to buy this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than c0 you got to buy this big
+machine you don't make that much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you don't make that much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine you don't make that much money
+right away but eventually you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away but eventually you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away but eventually you make the
+money if you simply add it up and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you simply add it up and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you simply add it up and don't
+discount investment will always look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount investment will always look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount investment will always look
+great but if you recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if you recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but if you recognize that
+investing a lot today might yield money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing a lot today might yield money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing a lot today might yield money
+in 20 years when it's worth less it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years when it's worth less it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years when it's worth less it
+might not look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not look as
+good okay so basically imagine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so basically imagine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so basically imagine for
+example you have a big upfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a big upfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a big upfront
+investment of $100 in Year One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with no revenues so you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no revenues so you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no revenues so you have something
+where in year one you get aund it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in year one you get aund it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in year one you get aund it's a
+$100 cost and no revenues in year two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 cost and no revenues in year two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 cost and no revenues in year two
+it's $200 in revenues and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $200 in revenues and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $200 in revenues and no
+costs well you might think GE I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs well you might think GE I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs well you might think GE I'm sorry
+you're tr get $150 in revenue and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tr get $150 in revenue and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tr get $150 in revenue and no
+cost so year one c0 is 100 C1 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so year one c0 is 100 C1 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so year one c0 is 100 C1 equals 0
+r0 equals 0 R1 equals 150 well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 equals 0 R1 equals 150 well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r0 equals 0 R1 equals 150 well if you
+add these up you'll say gee this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these up you'll say gee this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these up you'll say gee this is a
+great deal it cost 100 I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal it cost 100 I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal it cost 100 I make
+150 that's a great deal but you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 that's a great deal but you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 that's a great deal but you know now
+that's not the right way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way to think about
+it okay if the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay if the interest rate is
+10% then this formula at a 10% interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then this formula at a 10% interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% then this formula at a 10% interest
+rate this formula will say the npv of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this formula will say the npv of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate this formula will say the npv of
+this investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$363 that'll be the TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$363 that'll be the TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$363 that'll be the TR
+10% but but as the interest rate goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% but but as the interest rate goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% but but as the interest rate goes up
+eventually that will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that will go
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+why because there's an opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's an opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's an opportunity cost
+of investing in the machine today which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in the machine today which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in the machine today which
+is you could have put the money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could have put the money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could have put the money in the
+bank firms just like people have an have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank firms just like people have an have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank firms just like people have an have
+a decision to make about whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision to make about whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision to make about whether to
+invest today in the future as described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest today in the future as described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest today in the future as described
+a minute ago talking about the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute ago talking about the macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute ago talking about the macro
+stuff the higher the interest rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the higher the interest rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the higher the interest rate the
+less attractive investment today is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less attractive investment today is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less attractive investment today is why
+because they could put it in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could put it in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they could put it in the bank
+instead firms always have the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead firms always have the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead firms always have the option
+just like we do of putting the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we do of putting the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we do of putting the money in
+the bank rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank rates
+20% in the bank that I me a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% in the bank that I me a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% in the bank that I me a pretty
+ good investment opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ good investment opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ good investment opportunity to
+give up 20% in the bank to go build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up 20% in the bank to go build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up 20% in the bank to go build a
+machine to buy a machine because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to buy a machine because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to buy a machine because I'm
+giving up a huge rate of return of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up a huge rate of return of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up a huge rate of return of the
+money sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money sitting in the
+bank so essentially what drives firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so essentially what drives firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so essentially what drives firm's
+investment decisions is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions is is the
+npv greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv greater than
+zero firms invest if the npv is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero firms invest if the npv is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero firms invest if the npv is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero that's it simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's it simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's it simple
+rule and all they need to know is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and all they need to know is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and all they need to know is what
+the revenues and cost will be but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues and cost will be but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues and cost will be but also
+what the interest rate is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the interest rate is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the interest rate is going to be
+now obviously they need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously they need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously they need to know the
+future interest rate so they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future interest rate so they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future interest rate so they need to
+know their expectations of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their expectations of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their expectations of interest
+rates okay but in principle in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay but in principle in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay but in principle in a world
+of perfect information all they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect information all they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect information all they need to
+know is what the revenues will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what the revenues will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what the revenues will be the
+costs will be and the interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs will be and the interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs will be and the interest rates
+will be and they can ask then is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and they can ask then is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and they can ask then is my
+money Better Off sitting in the bank or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Better Off sitting in the bank or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money Better Off sitting in the bank or
+being invested in this good in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invested in this good in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being invested in this good in this
+machine but that's the key Point once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but that's the key Point once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but that's the key Point once
+again come back to the macro in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again come back to the macro in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again come back to the macro in which I
+gave a minute ago the higher our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a minute ago the higher our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a minute ago the higher our
+interest rates the less investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates the less investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates the less investment
+because the more npv is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more npv is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more npv is going to be
+driven Below Zero by The Upfront cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven Below Zero by The Upfront cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven Below Zero by The Upfront cost
+being today and the revenues you earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being today and the revenues you earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being today and the revenues you earn
+being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the
+future okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so the bottom line is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the bottom line is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the bottom line is both
+consumers and firms face this indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and firms face this indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and firms face this indeed
+consumers make investment decisions let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make investment decisions let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make investment decisions let
+me give a simp Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give a simp Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give a simp Le
+example about 20 years ago I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about 20 years ago I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about 20 years ago I had to
+decide to whether to insulate my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to whether to insulate my house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to whether to insulate my house
+it's a very old house okay at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very old house okay at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very old house okay at that point
+I had heating bills of $2,000 a year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had heating bills of $2,000 a year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had heating bills of $2,000 a year I
+had $2,000 a year heating bills on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had $2,000 a year heating bills on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had $2,000 a year heating bills on my
+house okay and I decid and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house okay and I decid and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house okay and I decid and the the
+company that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that gives
+um that uh provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh provides
+insulation said that by in insulating my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation said that by in insulating my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation said that by in insulating my
+house I could lower this by 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever I could lower my installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever I could lower my installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever I could lower my installation
+cost by he cost by 25% forever if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by he cost by 25% forever if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by he cost by 25% forever if I
+insulated but the cost of doing so would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated but the cost of doing so would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated but the cost of doing so would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$4,000 so I just did the npv I said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 so I just did the npv I said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 so I just did the npv I said look
+should I do it what's the npv it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it what's the npv it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it what's the npv it's minus
+$4,000 that's my initial investment plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 that's my initial investment plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 that's my initial investment plus
+I save $500 the first year 25% of 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I save $500 the first year 25% of 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I save $500 the first year 25% of 2000
+plus 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 500
+okay plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus
+500 over the interest rate because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 over the interest rate because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 over the interest rate because I'm
+going to say $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever that's the calculation negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever that's the calculation negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever that's the calculation negative
+in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first
+year and then I'm going to get $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then I'm going to get $500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then I'm going to get $500
+forever from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever from doing
+this so what's the answer the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what's the answer the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what's the answer the answer is
+as long as the interest rate was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the interest rate was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the interest rate was less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+12.5% it made sense to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% it made sense to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% it made sense to do
+this you can show that math to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can show that math to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can show that math to yourself
+as long as they trade was less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they trade was less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as they trade was less than
+12.5% it made sense to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% it made sense to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.5% it made sense to make this
+investment but it was above 12.5% it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment but it was above 12.5% it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment but it was above 12.5% it no
+longer made sense to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer made sense to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer made sense to make this
+investment okay so the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay so the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay so the bottom line is
+that um the bottom line is that it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the bottom line is that it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the bottom line is that it all
+depends on what else I could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what else I could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what else I could do with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+$4,000 that's going to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 that's going to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4,000 that's going to determine whether
+I should make this investment or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should make this investment or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should make this investment or not and
+what my expectation of the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my expectation of the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my expectation of the interest
+rates are so we all face these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are so we all face these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are so we all face these decisions
+all the time anytime face the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time anytime face the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time anytime face the decision
+with a short run cost and a long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short run cost and a long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short run cost and a long run
+benefit we should be doing the npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit we should be doing the npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit we should be doing the npv
+calculation the flip side is anytime we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the flip side is anytime we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the flip side is anytime we
+face this with a short run benefit and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face this with a short run benefit and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face this with a short run benefit and a
+long-term cost we also do this so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost we also do this so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term cost we also do this so when
+you decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whether to
+smoke we'll talk about this in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke we'll talk about this in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke we'll talk about this in a few
+lectures in more detail you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in more detail you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in more detail you should think
+about the short-term benefit which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short-term benefit which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short-term benefit which is
+you know you feel better maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you feel better maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you feel better maybe if you're
+a smoker when the long-term cost is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smoker when the long-term cost is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smoker when the long-term cost is you
+die sooner but you know you die sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die sooner but you know you die sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die sooner but you know you die sooner
+off in the future so you got to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the future so you got to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the future so you got to decide
+what's that worth you have to discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth you have to discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth you have to discount
+it this is true so every example says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is true so every example says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is true so every example says
+you have to wait the present and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait the present and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait the present and the
+future differently to add them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future differently to add them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future differently to add them up and
+think about decisions you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about decisions you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about decisions you make
+today okay questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh it should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh it should always be
+R did I use where did I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R did I use where did I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R did I use where did I use
+I oh yeah you're right should be R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh yeah you're right should be R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh yeah you're right should be R
+sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay
+okay for those of you going to check my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for those of you going to check my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for those of you going to check my
+math at home actually the 12.5% comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math at home actually the 12.5% comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math at home actually the 12.5% comes
+from example where we don't get S where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from example where we don't get S where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from example where we don't get S where
+we don't get benefits the first year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get benefits the first year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get benefits the first year so
+the example will give me 12.5% it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example will give me 12.5% it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example will give me 12.5% it makes
+the math easy I assume the installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math easy I assume the installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math easy I assume the installation
+doesn't start working till year two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start working till year two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start working till year two okay
+just so in case you're going to check my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so in case you're going to check my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so in case you're going to check my
+math okay but the intuition is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay but the intuition is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay but the intuition is the same
+now let's go to one last example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to one last example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to one last example you
+guys it's like gez I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys it's like gez I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys it's like gez I'm thinking about
+professional athletes and retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional athletes and retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional athletes and retirement
+instating my house like this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instating my house like this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instating my house like this is so
+irrelevant to me let's come to example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant to me let's come to example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant to me let's come to example
+totally relevant to you or at least was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally relevant to you or at least was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally relevant to you or at least was
+to you four or five years ago should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you four or five years ago should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you four or five years ago should you
+go to college it's pretty relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college it's pretty relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college it's pretty relevant
+decision to a lot of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to a lot of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to a lot of people in
+America well this is a decision an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America well this is a decision an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America well this is a decision an
+investment decision over what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decision over what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decision over what we call
+we've talked so far about machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked so far about machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked so far about machines and
+investing in capital this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in capital this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in capital this is what we
+call investment decision in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call investment decision in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call investment decision in terms of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+capital all the time we make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital all the time we make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital all the time we make decisions
+about how much to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much to invest in
+ourselves every time we decide to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves every time we decide to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves every time we decide to go to
+college or or decide to get any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or or decide to get any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or or decide to get any other
+training or learn a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or learn a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or learn a new
+thing we are investing in our human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we are investing in our human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we are investing in our human
+capital we're are building our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital we're are building our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital we're are building our
+productivity if the new thing Sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity if the new thing Sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity if the new thing Sports
+you're not building your productivity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not building your productivity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not building your productivity as
+my wife constantly tells me but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife constantly tells me but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife constantly tells me but if the
+new thing something is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing something is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing something is actually
+productive for your job you are building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive for your job you are building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive for your job you are building
+your productivity you're investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your productivity you're investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your productivity you're investing in
+your human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your human
+capital okay so for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay so for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay so for example let's
+imagine let's go to Fig figure 172 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's go to Fig figure 172 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's go to Fig figure 172 we're
+going do an example imagine that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do an example imagine that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do an example imagine that when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+graduate you your decision when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate you your decision when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate you your decision when you
+graduate from high school is to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from high school is to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from high school is to go to
+college or not if you don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or not if you don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college or not if you don't go to
+college you work from age 18 to age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you work from age 18 to age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you work from age 18 to age
+70 if you do go to college work from age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 if you do go to college work from age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 if you do go to college work from age
+22 to age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 to age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 to age
+70 okay now if you don't if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay now if you don't if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 okay now if you don't if you go to
+college okay there's two costs that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college okay there's two costs that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college okay there's two costs that you
+get if you don't go to college that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you don't go to college that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you don't go to college that you
+add right if don't go to college first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add right if don't go to college first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add right if don't go to college first
+of all you got to pay for college so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you got to pay for college so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you got to pay for college so
+during the four years that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the four years that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the four years that you're in
+college those that green area you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college those that green area you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college those that green area you're
+paying tuition that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying tuition that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying tuition that's why it's
+negative but there's a second piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but there's a second piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but there's a second piece
+what's the other opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other opportunity cost of
+college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+yeah you could be working that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could be working that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could be working that's a real
+cost just like tuition you all are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost just like tuition you all are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost just like tuition you all are you
+all could be out there earning money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all could be out there earning money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all could be out there earning money
+right now see you're sitting here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now see you're sitting here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now see you're sitting here the
+opportunity cost this lecture is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost this lecture is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost this lecture is the
+money you all can be out making real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you all can be out making real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you all can be out making real
+money okay there's an opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay there's an opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay there's an opportunity cost
+you are for those four years not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for those four years not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are for those four years not only
+paying tuition you're forgoing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying tuition you're forgoing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying tuition you're forgoing the
+opportunity cost that is a huge benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that is a huge benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that is a huge benefit
+to not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not going to
+college however if you graduate once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college however if you graduate once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college however if you graduate once you
+graduate college not F once you graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate college not F once you graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate college not F once you graduate
+college you earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you earn
+more so you get more money for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you get more money for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you get more money for the rest
+of your life by being college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life by being college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life by being college
+graduate that is shown after year four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate that is shown after year four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate that is shown after year four
+in the yellow part of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yellow part of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yellow part of the graph
+Andrew I think we can draw this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew I think we can draw this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew I think we can draw this a little
+more neatly next time it's kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neatly next time it's kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neatly next time it's kind of looks
+like a preschooler drew it uh looks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a preschooler drew it uh looks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a preschooler drew it uh looks or
+me uh so uh we can draw this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh so uh we can draw this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh so uh we can draw this a little
+more neatly next time um basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neatly next time um basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neatly next time um basically the
+idea is beyond year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is beyond year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is beyond year
+four there's some there's some net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there's some there's some net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there's some there's some net
+benefit okay the net benefit is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay the net benefit is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay the net benefit is how much
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get from earning more because you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from earning more because you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from earning more because you got a
+college degree Rel to earning Rel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree Rel to earning Rel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree Rel to earning Rel to
+just having a high school degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a high school degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a high school degree
+okay and that is the yellow area so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is the yellow area so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is the yellow area so if
+you decide whether to go to college you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whether to go to college you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide whether to go to college you
+basically need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically need to think
+about what is the cost and benefits well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the cost and benefits well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the cost and benefits well
+that's going to depend on the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to depend on the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to depend on the interest
+rate so for example with if the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so for example with if the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so for example with if the interest
+rate's zero then the npv of college just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate's zero then the npv of college just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate's zero then the npv of college just
+showing the table at the bottom the npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the table at the bottom the npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the table at the bottom the npv
+in college is way above the npv of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in college is way above the npv of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in college is way above the npv of just
+drop and going to high school should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and going to high school should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and going to high school should
+definitely go to college but once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely go to college but once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely go to college but once the
+industry gets above 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry gets above 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry gets above 3.5
+okay then I'm sorry uh the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm sorry uh the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm sorry uh the if the
+interest rate is I know that 3.5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is I know that 3.5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is I know that 3.5 is
+weird yeah ignore that 3.5 I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird yeah ignore that 3.5 I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird yeah ignore that 3.5 I don't know
+what that's doing there that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's doing there that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's doing there that's weird
+that's just I think that should be maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just I think that should be maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just I think that should be maybe
+one or something I don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or something I don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or something I don't know what's
+going on there but we'll fix that ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there but we'll fix that ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there but we'll fix that ignore
+the 3.5 at 2% you should still go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.5 at 2% you should still go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.5 at 2% you should still go to
+college at 4% you should still go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at 4% you should still go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at 4% you should still go to
+college at 6% you still go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at 6% you still go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college at 6% you still go to college
+but once you get to 8% it breaks even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get to 8% it breaks even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get to 8% it breaks even
+administrative 8% you are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative 8% you are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative 8% you are literally
+financially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially
+indifferent you didn't go into college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent you didn't go into college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent you didn't go into college
+and not going to college and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not going to college and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not going to college and what's
+above 8% you lose money by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 8% you lose money by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 8% you lose money by going to
+college it's phenomenal right college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college it's phenomenal right college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college it's phenomenal right college
+graduates earn a ton more than high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates earn a ton more than high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates earn a ton more than high
+school graduates and yet the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduates and yet the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduates and yet the power of
+compounding you actually lose money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding you actually lose money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding you actually lose money by
+going to college once interest rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to college once interest rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to college once interest rates are
+above 8% it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 8% it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 8% it's pretty
+phenomenal that is why one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal that is why one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal that is why one of the major
+interventions the US government does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions the US government does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions the US government does to
+try to increase College attendance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to increase College attendance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to increase College attendance is
+student loans at a low at a subsidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student loans at a low at a subsidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student loans at a low at a subsidized
+interest rate one of the reasons one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate one of the reasons one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate one of the reasons one of
+the ways we try to encourage people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways we try to encourage people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways we try to encourage people to
+go to college is by giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college is by giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college is by giving them
+subsidized loans at a lower rate to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized loans at a lower rate to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized loans at a lower rate to make
+this a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a better
+deal okay and that's why that can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay and that's why that can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay and that's why that can be a
+very powerful tool to get people to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool to get people to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful tool to get people to go
+to college okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college okay questions about
+that all right we'll stop there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we'll stop there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right we'll stop there uh and
+uh we'll come back uh next time talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll come back uh next time talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll come back uh next time talk
+about uncertainty
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D2Jn1VrqjWI.txt b/D2Jn1VrqjWI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dccc6ed34f23088c0c86f2626abdcbf319ae0055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D2Jn1VrqjWI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I work at Morgan Stanley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I work at Morgan Stanley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I work at Morgan Stanley
+uh I run uh corporate treasur treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I run uh corporate treasur treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I run uh corporate treasur treasury
+strategist at Morgan Stanley so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategist at Morgan Stanley so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategist at Morgan Stanley so
+corporate treasury is a business unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate treasury is a business unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate treasury is a business unit
+which is respons responsible for issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is respons responsible for issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is respons responsible for issuing
+and risk management of Morgan Stanley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk management of Morgan Stanley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk management of Morgan Stanley
+debt and I also run um de strategies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and I also run um de strategies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and I also run um de strategies on
+the New York inflation desk uh that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York inflation desk uh that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York inflation desk uh that's um
+the business which is a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business which is a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business which is a part of the
+global interest rate business which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global interest rate business which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global interest rate business which is a
+uh responsible for trading derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responsible for trading derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh responsible for trading derivatives
+linked to inflation and today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to inflation and today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to inflation and today I'm
+talking I'm going to talk about the hjm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm going to talk about the hjm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm going to talk about the hjm
+model so um AJ model abbreviation stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so um AJ model abbreviation stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so um AJ model abbreviation stands
+for his gerro Morton Visa three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his gerro Morton Visa three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his gerro Morton Visa three
+individuals who discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who discovered this
+framework in the beginning of 19 of 990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in the beginning of 19 of 990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in the beginning of 19 of 990s
+and um this is a very general framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is a very general framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is a very general framework
+for pricing derivatives linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pricing derivatives linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pricing derivatives linked to
+interest rates and to credit so on Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and to credit so on Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and to credit so on Wall
+Street Big Banks um makes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Big Banks um makes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Big Banks um makes like
+substantial amount of money by trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of money by trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of money by trading
+all kinds of exotic products exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of exotic products exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of exotic products exotic
+derivatives and um big Banks like Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and um big Banks like Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and um big Banks like Morgan
+Stanley like uh Goldman JP Morgan trades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley like uh Goldman JP Morgan trades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley like uh Goldman JP Morgan trades
+um thousands and thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thousands and thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thousands and thousands of different
+type of exotic derivatives so typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of exotic derivatives so typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of exotic derivatives so typical
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+which which um the business uh faces is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which um the business uh faces is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which um the business uh faces is
+that new types of derivative uh uh arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new types of derivative uh uh arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new types of derivative uh uh arise
+like all the time so you need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the time so you need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the time so you need to be able
+to respond quickly to the demand uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond quickly to the demand uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond quickly to the demand uh uh
+from the clients and you need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the clients and you need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the clients and you need to be able
+not just you know tell the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just you know tell the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just you know tell the price of
+derivative you need to be able also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you need to be able also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you need to be able also to
+uh to need to be able to risk manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to need to be able to risk manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to need to be able to risk manage
+this derivative right because let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative right because let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative right because let's say
+if you sold an option you got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sold an option you got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sold an option you got some
+premium if something goes not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium if something goes not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium if something goes not in your
+favor you need to pay in the end so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor you need to pay in the end so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor you need to pay in the end so uh
+so you need to be able to hch and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to be able to hch and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to be able to hch and uh you
+can think uh about the AGM model like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think uh about the AGM model like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think uh about the AGM model like
+this kind of framework as uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of framework as uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of framework as uh about
+something which is similar like um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is similar like um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is similar like um to
+theoretical physics in a way right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics in a way right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics in a way right so
+you have beautiful uh models um for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have beautiful uh models um for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have beautiful uh models um for like
+like like EXA exactly Sol models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like EXA exactly Sol models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like EXA exactly Sol models for
+example let's say um like atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say um like atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say um like atom in
+quantum mechanics so it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so it's relatively
+straightforward to solve it right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to solve it right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to solve it right so we
+we have an equation U which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an equation U which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an equation U which can be
+exactly solved and we can find energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved and we can find energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved and we can find energy
+levels and we understand it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we understand it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and we understand it's like
+fairly quickly but if you start um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly but if you start um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly but if you start um going
+into more complex problems for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex problems for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more complex problems for example
+you add one more electron and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add one more electron and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add one more electron and you have
+like a helium atom it's already much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a helium atom it's already much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a helium atom it's already much
+more complicated and then if if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and then if if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and then if if you have
+complicated atoms or even molecules it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated atoms or even molecules it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated atoms or even molecules it's
+unclear what to do so people came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear what to do so people came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear what to do so people came up
+with u approximate some some some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u approximate some some some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u approximate some some some kind
+of methods which allow nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods which allow nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods which allow nevertheless
+solve like everything very accurately um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve like everything very accurately um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve like everything very accurately um
+numerically and uh ajm with a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and uh ajm with a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and uh ajm with a similar
+framework so you can uh in principle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so you can uh in principle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so you can uh in principle it
+allows to price all kinds of interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows to price all kinds of interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows to price all kinds of interior
+derivatives and uh so it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and uh so it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and uh so it's um
+and uh it's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's some kind of
+like it's very general uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's very general uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's very general uh it's very
+flexible to incorporate new payoffs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible to incorporate new payoffs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible to incorporate new payoffs all
+kinds of correlation products and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of correlation products and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of correlation products and so on
+so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and
+um the hgm model naturally fix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hgm model naturally fix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hgm model naturally fix to
+another would say more General framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another would say more General framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another would say more General framework
+like Monto Carlo simulation uh and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Monto Carlo simulation uh and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Monto Carlo simulation uh and uh uh
+before actually going into like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually going into like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually going into like like
+details um of priceing exotic interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details um of priceing exotic interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details um of priceing exotic interior
+rate and rate derivatives let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and rate derivatives let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and rate derivatives let me just
+first explain how this framework appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explain how this framework appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explain how this framework appears
+in the most uh common type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most uh common type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most uh common type of
+derivatives B Equity link products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives B Equity link products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives B Equity link products so
+like very very simple example right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very very simple example right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very very simple example right so
+uh let's say uh like we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say uh like we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say uh like we have a
+derivatives desk at some firm and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives desk at some firm and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives desk at some firm and it
+sell sells all kinds of products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell sells all kinds of products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell sells all kinds of products of
+course ideally let's say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course ideally let's say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course ideally let's say this is a
+client he wants to buy something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client he wants to buy something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client he wants to buy something from
+you of course the easiest approach would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course the easiest approach would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course the easiest approach would
+be to to find the client and uh like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to to find the client and uh like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to to find the client and uh like uh
+like um and uh do an opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um and uh do an opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um and uh do an opposite
+transaction with him so that you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with him so that you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction with him so that you're like
+Market neutral uh at least in theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market neutral uh at least in theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market neutral uh at least in theory so
+if you don't take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't take into account
+counterparties and so on however it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and so on however it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and so on however it's
+it's rather difficult in general so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather difficult in general so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather difficult in general so the
+portfolios are um very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios are um very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios are um very complicated
+and there is always some residual risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is always some residual risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is always some residual risk
+so this is the con of dynamic hedging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the con of dynamic hedging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the con of dynamic hedging so
+for this example like very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example like very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example like very simple
+example uh a dealer just sold a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a dealer just sold a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a dealer just sold a call
+option on a stock and if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on a stock and if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on a stock and if you do this
+then in principle the the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in principle the the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in principle the the amount of
+money which you can lose is unlimited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money which you can lose is unlimited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money which you can lose is unlimited so
+you need to be able to uh to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to uh to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to uh to H
+dynamically So What by traing underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically So What by traing underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically So What by traing underline
+example in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this case so
+um uh just just very brief illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just just very brief illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just just very brief illustration
+like of the like stock market you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the like stock market you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the like stock market you know
+like you see how like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see how like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see how like how
+um how uh random it has been uh like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how uh random it has been uh like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how uh random it has been uh like um
+like for the last 20 years or so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the last 20 years or so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the last 20 years or so so uh
+so um first of all we see some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um first of all we see some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um first of all we see some kind of
+uh uh from uh beginnings of 1990s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from uh beginnings of 1990s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from uh beginnings of 1990s to
+around 2000 we we see really very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2000 we we see really very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2000 we we see really very sharp
+increase and then we have like Doom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then we have like Doom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then we have like Doom
+bubble and then we have um the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and then we have um the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and then we have um the bank
+increase of 2008 so uh and if you trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of 2008 so uh and if you trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of 2008 so uh and if you trade
+derivatives whose payoff Depends for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives whose payoff Depends for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives whose payoff Depends for
+example on the n00 index you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the n00 index you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the n00 index you should be
+very careful right because I mean Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful right because I mean Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful right because I mean Market
+can drop and you need to be HED so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop and you need to be HED so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop and you need to be HED so uh uh
+you need to be able to come up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to come up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to come up with with
+some kind of uh good models which canate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh good models which canate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh good models which canate
+to the market and which can you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market and which can you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market and which can you know uh
+uh which can truly um uh risk manage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which can truly um uh risk manage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which can truly um uh risk manage uh
+uh your position so uh the idea of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your position so uh the idea of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your position so uh the idea of um
+general idea of person derivatives um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of person derivatives um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of person derivatives um is
+that one starts uh from um some stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one starts uh from um some stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one starts uh from um some stasic
+process um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so
+um so in the example here um um uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the example here um um uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the example here um um uh it's
+probably like the the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the the simplest possible
+nevertheless a very instructive model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a very instructive model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a very instructive model uh
+which is uh which essentially like leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which essentially like leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which essentially like leads
+us to the shows formalism this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the shows formalism this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the shows formalism this is where
+we have um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um uh the
+um that's where we have the um the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's where we have the um the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's where we have the um the stock
+which follows uh the like normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows uh the like normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows uh the like normal
+Dynamics I have a question do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I have a question do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I have a question do you have a
+pointer somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer somewhere
+like or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or not
+it's would just easier yeah okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's would just easier yeah okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's would just easier yeah okay okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MH mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH mhm
+let's see there's also um like a pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's also um like a pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's also um like a pen
+here where you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you can use
+this I I I see are you have you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I I see are you have you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I I see are you have you used
+this before you press the color here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before you press the color here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before you press the color here
+that you want to use say you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to use say you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to use say you can draw
+press on the screen oh I see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on the screen oh I see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on the screen oh I see oh
+excellent it's even better okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent it's even better okay so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent it's even better okay so okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+so very like it seems like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very like it seems like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very like it seems like the the
+market is like very random we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is like very random we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is like very random we need to be
+able to come up with some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with some kind of
+Dynamics and it turns out that the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and it turns out that the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and it turns out that the like
+normal Dynamics is is a is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Dynamics is is a is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Dynamics is is a is very
+reasonable Force approximation uh for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Force approximation uh for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Force approximation uh for um
+for uh for the actual Dynamics so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the actual Dynamics so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the actual Dynamics so in
+this example uh we have St differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example uh we have St differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example uh we have St differential
+equation uh for for the stock uh price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for for the stock uh price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for for the stock uh price
+and it consists um is a sum of two um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it consists um is a sum of two um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it consists um is a sum of two um of
+two CHS this is a drift it's it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CHS this is a drift it's it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CHS this is a drift it's it's some
+kind of U deterministic um part of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of U deterministic um part of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of U deterministic um part of of
+the stock price Dynamics and here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price Dynamics and here also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price Dynamics and here also
+we have diffusion so here here DB is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have diffusion so here here DB is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have diffusion so here here DB is uh
+uh the brownan motion driving the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the brownan motion driving the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the brownan motion driving the stock
+and S is the price of the stock here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is the price of the stock here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is the price of the stock here uh
+mu is the is the drift and sigma is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is the is the drift and sigma is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is the is the drift and sigma is the
+volatility of the stock basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the stock basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the stock basically it
+shows uh the randomness and um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh the randomness and um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh the randomness and um um the
+randomness impact on the stock price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness impact on the stock price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness impact on the stock price and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um and um um using this model one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um um using this model one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um um using this model one can
+der the black shs formula and the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der the black shs formula and the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der the black shs formula and the black
+shs formula shows how to price um um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs formula shows how to price um um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs formula shows how to price um um uh
+derivatives um whose uh P off depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um whose uh P off depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um whose uh P off depends on
+the price of uh of the stock so here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of uh of the stock so here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of uh of the stock so here um
+um uh if you look at this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you look at this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you look at this differential
+equation then you can ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you can ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you can ask a question
+let's say um we started from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um we started from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say um we started from some
+initial value uh for the stock at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value uh for the stock at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value uh for the stock at time T
+and what is the and then we um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the and then we um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the and then we um we
+started the clock and then um we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the clock and then um we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the clock and then um we turn
+out to be at time capital T so and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be at time capital T so and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be at time capital T so and given
+that at at time t u the uh stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at at time t u the uh stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at at time t u the uh stock price
+is s so what the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s so what the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s so what the probability
+distribution for the stock uh at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the stock uh at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the stock uh at time T
+so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+uh this kind of equation can can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this kind of equation can can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this kind of equation can can be very
+easily solved and uh one can um um uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily solved and uh one can um um uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily solved and uh one can um um uh um
+one can um obtain analytically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can um obtain analytically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can um obtain analytically the
+probability distribution function at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function at any
+future moment of time so I mean I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future moment of time so I mean I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future moment of time so I mean I just I
+think I'll write like a few equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll write like a few equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll write like a few equations
+just because this like very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this like very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this like very important to
+understand this so I'm sure like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this so I'm sure like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this so I'm sure like like
+like uh probably seen something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh probably seen something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh probably seen something like
+this already but but let me just um show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already but but let me just um show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already but but let me just um show
+you like the main ideas uh Beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the main ideas uh Beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the main ideas uh Beyond this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+so if you start if you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start if you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start if you have a random
+process right let's say a is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right let's say a is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right let's say a is some
+process process which follow which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process process which follow which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process process which follow which is
+normal so it follows some drift plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so it follows some drift plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so it follows some drift plus
+plus uh um some uh volatility term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh um some uh volatility term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh um some uh volatility term right
+so the difference between this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between this equation
+is that I don't multiply by a here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't multiply by a here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't multiply by a here and a
+here so actually it's much simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually it's much simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually it's much simple it's
+it's much simpler to um uh to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much simpler to um uh to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much simpler to um uh to um to
+solve so the solution of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so the solution of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so the solution of this equation
+is really straightforward so at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really straightforward so at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really straightforward so at any
+moment of time T if you started like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time T if you started like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time T if you started like at
+moment at zero the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at zero the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at zero the solution of the
+equation will be something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will be something like this
+drift right I'm simply integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus and I assume that b of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and I assume that b of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and I assume that b of T is
+standard motion so at Time Zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard motion so at Time Zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard motion so at Time Zero it's
+it's zero and then it's it's um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero and then it's it's um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero and then it's it's um very
+very easy easy to see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is equal to the brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to the brownan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to the brownan
+motion but but but this is nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but but but this is nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but but but this is nothing else
+as like some some um um um random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like some some um um um random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like some some um um um random number
+which is um normally distributed times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um normally distributed times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um normally distributed times
+square root of time so Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of time so Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of time so Epsilon is
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to okay so basically basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so basically basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay so basically basically this
+means that this this is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this this is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this this is normally
+distributed and it's uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and it's uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and it's uh uh and
+probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution
+for for this quantity right is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this quantity right is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this quantity right is equal to
+we know is it's exactly right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is it's exactly right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is it's exactly right because
+this is the like standard Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and uh so um if if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh so um if if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh so um if if if you
+simply substitute a into here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply substitute a into here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply substitute a into here then we
+will obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obtain
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+distribution for the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the actual
+quantity and it's just I just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's just I just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's just I just write it
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+completeness so so basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness so so basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness so so basically it's
+it's we obtain probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we obtain probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we obtain probability distribution
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for
+uh uh for the standard uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for the standard uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for the standard uh like
+variable right so this is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right so this is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right so this is this this is
+straightforward so the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so the only difference
+so between the uptain here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between the uptain here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between the uptain here is that the
+Dynamics is assume to be log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is assume to be log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is assume to be log normal
+right and kind of the impation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and kind of the impation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and kind of the impation is very
+simple it's normal then the price can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's normal then the price can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's normal then the price can
+become of the stock can become negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become of the stock can become negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become of the stock can become negative
+this is just Financial nonsense so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just Financial nonsense so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just Financial nonsense so the
+normal Dynamics basically is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Dynamics basically is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Dynamics basically is the first
+um is is is a good first approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is a good first approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is a good first approximation
+and in this case what helps us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what helps us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what helps us the
+result which is known as it Lama so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is known as it Lama so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is known as it Lama so I
+just first first of all I write it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just first first of all I write it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just first first of all I write it and
+then I explain H how you can obtain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I explain H how you can obtain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I explain H how you can obtain it
+and if if you look if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you look if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if you look if you look at this
+equation right let me write it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right let me write it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right let me write it once
+again which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is basically the
+drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus then it that of course since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus then it that of course since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus then it that of course since it's
+uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+um then it's intuitively it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then it's intuitively it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then it's intuitively it's clear that
+the Dynamics of logarithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of logarithm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of logarithm of
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+is uh dnamic of logarithm of s is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh dnamic of logarithm of s is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh dnamic of logarithm of s is uh uh
+is uh normal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh normal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh normal so
+essentially you obtain something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and uh
+uh uh if you now substitute this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you now substitute this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh if you now substitute this into
+this you will obtain a very simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will obtain a very simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will obtain a very simple a
+very simple like formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and here I I used I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and here I I used I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and here I I used I use the
+result which is known as the which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is known as the which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is known as the which I'm
+going to explain like right now like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain like right now like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain like right now like how
+it's obtained basically this um um um B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obtained basically this um um um B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obtained basically this um um um B
+basically it tells us that when we U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it tells us that when we U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it tells us that when we U
+differentiate the stochastic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the stochastic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the stochastic function of
+a stasic variable then besides trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stasic variable then besides trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stasic variable then besides trivial
+term which is basically the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is basically the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is basically the first
+derivatives times DS an additional term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives times DS an additional term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives times DS an additional term
+which which is which is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is which is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is which is proportional to
+the second derivative and it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative and it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative and it's non
+stasic so I'll explain why it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasic so I'll explain why it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasic so I'll explain why it's like
+this but if you if you do if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you if you do if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you if you do if you look at
+this equation then you see essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation then you see essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation then you see essentially
+that this formula is very very is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this formula is very very is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this formula is very very is very
+very similar to this formula the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this formula the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this formula the only
+difference now is that Alpha is just mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is that Alpha is just mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is that Alpha is just mu
+minus 12 of Sigma squ so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 of Sigma squ so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 of Sigma squ so that's that's
+how if if you literally use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if if you literally use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if if you literally use this
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and simply substitute a by by log s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply substitute a by by log s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply substitute a by by log s you
+will come to this equation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to this equation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come to this equation so this is
+like this is like like very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is like like very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is like like very important so
+kind of kind of the um uh um um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of the um uh um um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of the um uh um um the uh
+uh um it's very important fact like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Calas no but yes but stock right stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calas no but yes but stock right stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calas no but yes but stock right stock
+um IAL point of view stock cannot be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IAL point of view stock cannot be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IAL point of view stock cannot be a
+liability right you buy a stock this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability right you buy a stock this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability right you buy a stock this
+means basically you pay some money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically you pay some money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically you pay some money and
+you have basically some uh some so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have basically some uh some so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have basically some uh some so to
+say option on the profit of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say option on the profit of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say option on the profit of the company
+so they they can charge you by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they can charge you by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they can charge you by by
+default so so it it can go negative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so so it it can go negative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so so it it can go negative for
+the stock although in principle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock although in principle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock although in principle there
+might be derivatives which which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be derivatives which which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be derivatives which which can be
+both with positive or negative payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both with positive or negative payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both with positive or negative payoff
+but not but not the stock so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not but not the stock so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not but not the stock so it's
+fundamental Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Financial
+restriction yeah so okay so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction yeah so okay so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction yeah so okay so very
+important thing so if if you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so if if you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so if if you talk about
+like the stock Dynamics and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stock Dynamics and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stock Dynamics and black
+formalism it's very important that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism it's very important that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism it's very important that this
+um the probability distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the probability distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the probability distribution for the
+stock can be found exactly and I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can be found exactly and I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can be found exactly and I I just
+just want to very briefly go again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to very briefly go again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to very briefly go again from
+the black shs formalism so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black shs formalism so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black shs formalism so it's very
+important just for understanding and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just for understanding and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important just for understanding and um
+I believe that there like a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that there like a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that there like a couple of
+things which when I was studying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which when I was studying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which when I was studying this
+was not like very clear to me so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not like very clear to me so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not like very clear to me so I want
+to go to them like into detail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to them like into detail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to them like into detail so
+basically here um like um what I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically here um like um what I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically here um like um what I this is
+um derivation is WR in almost like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivation is WR in almost like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivation is WR in almost like every
+textbook so the idea is that um um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so the idea is that um um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so the idea is that um um there
+is a very fundamental result in stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very fundamental result in stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very fundamental result in stasic
+um calculus that if you have a stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculus that if you have a stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculus that if you have a stasic
+function right function of stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right function of stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right function of stasic
+variable s and time then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable s and time then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable s and time then its
+differential can the following form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential can the following form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential can the following form so
+this this is all this is all very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is all this is all very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is all this is all very clear
+right this is standard you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is standard you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is standard you know like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+it's like straightforward but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like straightforward but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like straightforward but there is
+an additional term which looks a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional term which looks a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional term which looks a bit
+suspicious and I will explain like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious and I will explain like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious and I will explain like uh
+what what it actually means on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it actually means on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it actually means on the next
+slide so very important thing that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so very important thing that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so very important thing that when
+you when you calulate DC then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you calulate DC then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you calulate DC then you will
+deterministic term is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic term is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic term is proportional to
+the second derivative and you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative and you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative and you see there
+is no uh the fact that you have here DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh the fact that you have here DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh the fact that you have here DT
+basically it looks like it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it looks like it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it looks like it's an
+additional contribution to the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional contribution to the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional contribution to the drift
+basically right this this is a drift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right this this is a drift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right this this is a drift and
+this is a drift and there is no any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a drift and there is no any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a drift and there is no any
+micity so it's it's very important this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micity so it's it's very important this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micity so it's it's very important this
+is like a crucial fact Beyond the Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a crucial fact Beyond the Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a crucial fact Beyond the Black
+sh formalism and the Mont Carla uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh formalism and the Mont Carla uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh formalism and the Mont Carla uh U
+method in in finance so and then Z like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in in finance so and then Z like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in in finance so and then Z like
+you you can read for example like in h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can read for example like in h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can read for example like in h
+book standard proof so if we issue an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book standard proof so if we issue an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book standard proof so if we issue an
+option then we we hedg it with uh by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option then we we hedg it with uh by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option then we we hedg it with uh by uh
+by having a a certain position uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a a certain position uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having a a certain position uh in the
+under underly so the idea is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underly so the idea is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under underly so the idea is like this
+uh um uh let's say I I sold the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh let's say I I sold the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh let's say I I sold the call
+option of the stock so when stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of the stock so when stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of the stock so when stock market
+goes up I make some money and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up I make some money and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up I make some money and then at
+the same time I short the stock so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I short the stock so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I short the stock so I
+lose money on my hedge and wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money on my hedge and wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money on my hedge and wherever
+Market goes I I don't make or lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market goes I I don't make or lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market goes I I don't make or lose money
+right so this that's that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this that's that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this that's that's the idea
+basically Beyond uh Beyond hedging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Beyond uh Beyond hedging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Beyond uh Beyond hedging and
+since okay so basically what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since okay so basically what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since okay so basically what happens
+then if I calculate the changes in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I calculate the changes in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I calculate the changes in my
+portfolio then since there is no any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio then since there is no any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio then since there is no any
+risk in right I'm perfect I assume I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in right I'm perfect I assume I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in right I'm perfect I assume I can
+perfectly hch then I uh then um I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly hch then I uh then um I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly hch then I uh then um I simply
+obtain the RIS return so R here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the RIS return so R here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the RIS return so R here is a
+risk-free interest rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free interest rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free interest rate so
+and uh uh if if you simply uh uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh if if you simply uh uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh if if you simply uh uh look at
+this equation and substitute the ealm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and substitute the ealm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and substitute the ealm
+result here then you obtain like like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here then you obtain like like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here then you obtain like like a
+very simple equation which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple equation which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple equation which is basically
+black sh differential equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black sh differential equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black sh differential equation for the
+stock U uh uh for the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock U uh uh for the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock U uh uh for the price of the
+option so this equation like like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option so this equation like like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option so this equation like like very
+like very fundamental you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very fundamental you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very fundamental you know it's like
+it's like and it's um it's um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like and it's um it's um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like and it's um it's um very
+elegant so you can see although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant so you can see although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant so you can see although
+originally right um we started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally right um we started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally right um we started from
+something uh with some arbitrary risk uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh with some arbitrary risk uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh with some arbitrary risk uh
+uh with some arbitrary drift mu right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with some arbitrary drift mu right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with some arbitrary drift mu right
+which is basically could be anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically could be anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically could be anything we
+see that this uh um um drift mu drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this uh um um drift mu drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this uh um um drift mu drops
+out of the equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the equation and
+right it depends only on the interest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it depends only on the interest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it depends only on the interest uh
+uh rate and this is this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rate and this is this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rate and this is this is a very
+interesting fact so and this has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact so and this has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact so and this has and
+this um uh very interesting fact has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh very interesting fact has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh very interesting fact has to
+has to do um um uh uh uh this hedging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do um um uh uh uh this hedging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do um um uh uh uh this hedging
+because uh we have again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we have again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we have again we have
+position in option and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in option and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in option and we have an
+opposite position in underline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite position in underline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite position in underline and
+that's how the drift disappears um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the drift disappears um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the drift disappears um if
+you look at at the movement of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at at the movement of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at at the movement of both the
+positions then you see that the uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then you see that the uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then you see that the uh that
+the drift will will disappear so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift will will disappear so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drift will will disappear so it's
+kind of it's it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's it's a very important
+striking fact and the second thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking fact and the second thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking fact and the second thing which
+which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really
+um really truly a miracle is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really truly a miracle is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really truly a miracle is that uh
+risk is lied completely right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is lied completely right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is lied completely right so this
+equation has absolutely no stochasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has absolutely no stochasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has absolutely no stochasticity
+so you can just solve it if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just solve it if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just solve it if you if you
+specify the option payoff and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the option payoff and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the option payoff and if you
+know your volatility which is a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your volatility which is a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your volatility which is a which is
+a measure of your uh basically of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of your uh basically of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of your uh basically of how
+the stock fluctuates and if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock fluctuates and if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock fluctuates and if you know the
+RIS free inter rate you can just price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS free inter rate you can just price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS free inter rate you can just price
+price the options and this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the options and this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price the options and this is this is a
+true miracle and at least when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true miracle and at least when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true miracle and at least when I was
+studying this I I couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this I I couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this I I couldn't really
+understand this maybe because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this maybe because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this maybe because I was
+coming nor from theoretical physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming nor from theoretical physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming nor from theoretical physics and
+all this kind of all this result called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this kind of all this result called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this kind of all this result called
+isma basically is bued somewhere in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isma basically is bued somewhere in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isma basically is bued somewhere in um
+stasic like calculus which is like and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasic like calculus which is like and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stasic like calculus which is like and I
+was try to understand basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was try to understand basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was try to understand basically in
+simple term what it all means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple term what it all means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple term what it all means
+and um let me just explain you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um let me just explain you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um let me just explain you know like
+here basically how one one one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically how one one one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically how one one one can
+understand this this result it is Lama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this this result it is Lama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this this result it is Lama
+in a very simple term um term let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple term um term let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple term um term let let me
+just right so let me remind you so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right so let me remind you so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right so let me remind you so e
+basically tells the following once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells the following once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells the following once again
+so if C is a function of stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if C is a function of stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if C is a function of stasic
+variables of stasic variable s then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of stasic variable s then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of stasic variable s then it's
+it's it's differential is is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's differential is is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's differential is is not just
+equal to some standard result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some standard result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some standard result from
+calculus but it's it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but it's it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but it's it it's
+we also um get some kind of very exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also um get some kind of very exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also um get some kind of very exotic
+term which is which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is which is which is
+basically um which is uh which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um which is uh which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um which is uh which is very
+nontrivial and I let me just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nontrivial and I let me just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nontrivial and I let me just try to
+explain you how actually it appears so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you how actually it appears so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you how actually it appears so
+just to understand this I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to understand this I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to understand this I recommend
+everybody after the lecture really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody after the lecture really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody after the lecture really look
+at this derivation because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this derivation because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this derivation because it really
+explains what this what is it SL mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains what this what is it SL mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains what this what is it SL mean so
+so the is very simple so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the is very simple so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the is very simple so let's start
+from like from the from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like from the from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like from the from the first
+principles let's um uh and let's uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles let's um uh and let's uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles let's um uh and let's uh say
+we have an interval of time with length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an interval of time with length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an interval of time with length
+DT and let's say we divide it to into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and let's say we divide it to into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and let's say we divide it to into n
+intervals and each U interval length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and each U interval length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and each U interval length is
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+Prime right and um uh and assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right and um uh and assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right and um uh and assume that
+the ratio of DT of DT Prime is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of DT of DT Prime is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of DT of DT Prime is is
+sufficiently large so what what okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large so what what okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large so what what okay so
+first of we know that our um stock as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of we know that our um stock as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of we know that our um stock as we
+know follows uh the like normal Dynam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know follows uh the like normal Dynam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know follows uh the like normal Dynam
+so this means that if I go from time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I go from time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I go from time um
+um from time from time I to time I + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from time from time I to time I + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from time from time I to time I + 1
+here you need to exchange I and IUS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need to exchange I and IUS one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need to exchange I and IUS one
+uh uh so then you can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so then you can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so then you can write this
+equation in the following form right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the following form right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the following form right so
+s if time I + 1 minus s time I is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if time I + 1 minus s time I is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if time I + 1 minus s time I is equal
+to to the drift term right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the drift term right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the drift term right because
+simply I I'm this is a discrete version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply I I'm this is a discrete version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply I I'm this is a discrete version
+of the St differential ation plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the St differential ation plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the St differential ation plus the
+randomness right so here again C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness right so here again C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness right so here again C is
+Sigma is volatility it's a measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is volatility it's a measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is volatility it's a measure how
+stock fluctuates this is the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock fluctuates this is the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock fluctuates this is the stock price
+this is square root of DT right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is square root of DT right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is square root of DT right because
+the brownan motion is fluctuation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brownan motion is fluctuation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brownan motion is fluctuation is
+proportional to the time and also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the time and also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the time and also here
+we have a uh uh Epsilon and Epsilon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a uh uh Epsilon and Epsilon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a uh uh Epsilon and Epsilon is a
+standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal
+variable uh then okay so we we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh then okay so we we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh then okay so we we have this
+this is pretty straightforward basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty straightforward basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty straightforward basically
+I I just wrote St differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wrote St differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wrote St differential equation
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+and I go from uh from point I to point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go from uh from point I to point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go from uh from point I to point I
++1 now let's see what it means for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 now let's see what it means for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 now let's see what it means for uh
+for uh uh uh for this for the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh uh for this for the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh uh for this for the price of
+the option so uh let's again so C is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so uh let's again so C is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so uh let's again so C is the
+price of the option um at time t uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the option um at time t uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the option um at time t uh when
+the stock price is equal uh is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price is equal uh is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price is equal uh is equal to
+SI I + one so and uh so the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI I + one so and uh so the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI I + one so and uh so the change in
+the option price is equal to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option price is equal to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option price is equal to like the
+term which is something very standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is something very standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is something very standard
+right from standard calculus plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from standard calculus plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from standard calculus plus the
+first derivatives and the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives and the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives and the difference in
+uh in the stock price plus I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the stock price plus I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the stock price plus I take the
+second order term which is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term which is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term which is the second
+derivative and I have here s s s at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and I have here s s s at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and I have here s s s at time
+I + 1 minus s at time I S so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 1 minus s at time I S so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 1 minus s at time I S so this is
+approximate because I'm taking only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate because I'm taking only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate because I'm taking only the
+main terms all the other terms given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main terms all the other terms given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main terms all the other terms given
+that all both times DT and DT Prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all both times DT and DT Prime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all both times DT and DT Prime are
+very small they they can be neglected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small they they can be neglected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small they they can be neglected so
+you you can check it like carefully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can check it like carefully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can check it like carefully at
+home if you want to but I guarantee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home if you want to but I guarantee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home if you want to but I guarantee you
+there is no more there is no Miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no more there is no Miracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no more there is no Miracle
+here like everything what we need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like everything what we need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like everything what we need is
+here now uh uh um let's the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now uh uh um let's the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now uh uh um let's the following so
+we have this equation and let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equation and let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this equation and let's look at
+this term so this term basically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so this term basically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so this term basically is the
+Cornerstone of the E so let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of the E so let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of the E so let's take this
+equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the
+difference and sub it to here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and sub it to here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and sub it to here right and
+you see here again you can look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here again you can look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here again you can look at like
+uh what is important against the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is important against the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is important against the time
+scales so DT Prime is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so DT Prime is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so DT Prime is very small
+therefore the charm uh with um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the charm uh with um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the charm uh with um which is
+random dominates here right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random dominates here right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random dominates here right because
+proportion to square root of DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to square root of DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to square root of DT and
+square root for small times is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root for small times is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root for small times is much
+bigger than like the linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than like the linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than like the linear function
+therefore we simply neglect this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we simply neglect this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we simply neglect this term
+compared to this term so and we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this term so and we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this term so and we can we
+can with a linear accuracy in DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with a linear accuracy in DT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with a linear accuracy in DT Prime
+we can approximate this just by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can approximate this just by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can approximate this just by this
+term okay now what we do so again so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay now what we do so again so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay now what we do so again so we
+wrote the same equation the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the same equation the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the same equation the latest
+difference for the option price at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for the option price at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for the option price at two
+neighboring points and what I do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring points and what I do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring points and what I do right
+now I have all this equation and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have all this equation and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have all this equation and I will
+simply sum them basically from from 0er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sum them basically from from 0er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply sum them basically from from 0er
+to n so I let's say I have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so I let's say I have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n so I let's say I have all these
+equations for for from 0 to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for for from 0 to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for for from 0 to n minus one
+and I sum them and it's again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sum them and it's again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sum them and it's again very
+straightforward and obtain the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and obtain the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and obtain the following
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and again uh um what is very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again uh um what is very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again uh um what is very interesting
+basically is that we will will obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is that we will will obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is that we will will obtain
+you know like you look at this term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like you look at this term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like you look at this term so
+this term looks complet as as very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term looks complet as as very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term looks complet as as very
+complicated it's essentially sastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's essentially sastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's essentially sastic
+right because uh it looks like it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because uh it looks like it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because uh it looks like it looks
+like very sastic and because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very sastic and because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very sastic and because remember
+that this is the standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the standard normal
+variable and all of them are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and all of them are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and all of them are independent
+so in principle we have the sum sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we have the sum sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we have the sum sum of
+uh of n u independent normal variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of n u independent normal variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of n u independent normal variables
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+and and it turns out this is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it turns out this is really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it turns out this is really very
+beautiful result and I really recomend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful result and I really recomend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful result and I really recomend
+everybody like also like to do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody like also like to do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody like also like to do it at
+home I also try to show it right now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home I also try to show it right now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home I also try to show it right now on
+the Blackboard that if you sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard that if you sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard that if you sum up all
+all this Epsilon squared that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this Epsilon squared that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this Epsilon squared that in the
+limit when n goes to Infinity this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when n goes to Infinity this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when n goes to Infinity this term
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+deterministic so let let me just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so let let me just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so let let me just show
+you basically like so uh uh what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically like so uh uh what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically like so uh uh what exactly
+is meant right so um what I mean by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant right so um what I mean by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant right so um what I mean by by
+by by deterministic right is that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by deterministic right is that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by deterministic right is that uh uh
+of course if if if I draw uh if if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if if if I draw uh if if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if if if I draw uh if if I if
+I have Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Epsilon
+squared right then it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right then it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right then it's it's it's it's
+there is some probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some probability distribution
+right distributed between uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distributed between uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distributed between uh between
+zero and infinity right so there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and infinity right so there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and infinity right so there some
+kind of function but my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of function but my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of function but my claim is that
+once uh once I start U why I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh once I start U why I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh once I start U why I start
+adding more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more and more
+numbers uh and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh and so on
+uh and so on then this this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on then this this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on then this this function
+will become more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become more and more and more
+narrow so it behaves like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow so it behaves like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow so it behaves like a
+deterministic uh random like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh random like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh random like like
+completely deterministic variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic variable in the
+large and limit so and to do this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and limit so and to do this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and limit so and to do this let me
+just uh write like a very simp like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh write like a very simp like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh write like a very simp like a
+write explicitly what I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write explicitly what I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write explicitly what I mean so
+essentially we have remember that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have remember that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have remember that we
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+sum of variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of variables right
+and uh um um uh um um and for us to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um um uh um um and for us to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um um uh um um and for us to show
+that basically it's uh become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically it's uh become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically it's uh become
+deterministic we need to show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic we need to show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic we need to show that it's
+uh it's it's squared um um uh um um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's squared um um uh um um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's squared um um uh um um um
+the of the V of the distribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the V of the distribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the V of the distribution which
+which is equal to uh uh which I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to uh uh which I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to uh uh which I defined
+as let's say if I have like variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as let's say if I have like variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as let's say if I have like variable
+right then if if I uh Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then if if I uh Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then if if I uh Define the
+dispersion in the F in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in the F in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in the F in the following way
+now I Define here the dispersion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I Define here the dispersion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I Define here the dispersion for
+this uh random variable which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh random variable which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh random variable which is equal
+to the sum ofon squ so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum ofon squ so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum ofon squ so if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+uh uh um write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it turns out that uh each term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that uh each term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that uh each term in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation is proportional to n squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is proportional to n squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is proportional to n squar
+which is very which is natural right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very which is natural right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very which is natural right but
+it turns out that the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the difference in the
+large and limit is proportional only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and limit is proportional only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and limit is proportional only to
+n therefore if we have uh this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n therefore if we have uh this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n therefore if we have uh this variable
+right which if you sum sum sum up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which if you sum sum sum up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which if you sum sum sum up more
+and more terms then we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more terms then we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more terms then we'll have a
+variable we have distribution for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we have distribution for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we have distribution for this
+variable which is moving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is moving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is moving in this
+direction and it becomes of course uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it becomes of course uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it becomes of course uh it
+moves in Direction but it becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in Direction but it becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in Direction but it becomes more
+and more and more narrow basically so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more narrow basically so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more narrow basically so in
+the limit of n to n n to TS to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of n to n n to TS to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of n to n n to TS to Infinity
+it becomes um um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes um um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes um um it
+becomes um um uh it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um um uh it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes um um uh it becomes
+deterministic so so I recommend like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so so I recommend like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so so I recommend like
+everybody at home just do this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at home just do this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at home just do this very
+simple exercise and you will see that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise and you will see that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise and you will see that um
+um essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially
+the sum of um uh this sum U essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of um uh this sum U essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of um uh this sum U essentially
+behaves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as a
+terministic like quantity so um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terministic like quantity so um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terministic like quantity so um and uh
+just to do this uh you need to you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to do this uh you need to you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to do this uh you need to you need
+to do uh uh um uh you need to know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh uh um uh you need to know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh uh um uh you need to know like
+uh very simple properties of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very simple properties of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very simple properties of the uh
+standard normal distribution first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal distribution first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal distribution first of
+all the average expected value of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the average expected value of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the average expected value of uh of
+Epsilon is equal to one right normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is equal to one right normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is equal to one right normal
+valuable and also you need to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and also you need to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and also you need to know that
+the force moment of the normal variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force moment of the normal variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force moment of the normal variable
+is equal to three so if if if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to three so if if if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to three so if if if you if you
+have this then you can calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this then you can calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this then you can calculate this
+this is Trivial to calculate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Trivial to calculate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Trivial to calculate and then
+and then you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can um
+basically come to this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically come to this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically come to this property that
+once again probability function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again probability function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again probability function in the
+lar and limit behaves B deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar and limit behaves B deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar and limit behaves B deterministic
+essentially becomes like a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially becomes like a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially becomes like a Delta
+function so this kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this kind of very
+interesting result because it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result because it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result because it's it
+basically it explains why why um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it explains why why um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it explains why why um in the
+black shs equation uh we have this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black shs equation uh we have this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black shs equation uh we have this very
+very weird by deterministic term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird by deterministic term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weird by deterministic term and
+that's why U that's why U uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why U that's why U uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why U that's why U uh uh the
+option pricing is possible because if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing is possible because if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option pricing is possible because if if
+you start pricing options this like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start pricing options this like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start pricing options this like like
+like if you don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you don't know anything about
+black shs right it might be that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black shs right it might be that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black shs right it might be that there
+is no PR for the option because it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no PR for the option because it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no PR for the option because it might
+be that although you you do hch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that although you you do hch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that although you you do hch you
+still cannot eliminate your Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cannot eliminate your Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cannot eliminate your Randomness
+completely maybe hch helps you basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely maybe hch helps you basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely maybe hch helps you basic
+just to to uh uh to narrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to uh uh to narrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to uh uh to narrow the
+distribution of your outcome but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your outcome but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of your outcome but this is
+not guaranteed at all so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guaranteed at all so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guaranteed at all so it's it's
+really very so this like it SL which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very so this like it SL which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very so this like it SL which is
+usually probably like the first uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually probably like the first uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually probably like the first uh like
+in every book on derivatives is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every book on derivatives is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every book on derivatives is probably
+like the first um uh uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first um uh uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first um uh uh the first
+equation like ever written basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like ever written basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like ever written basically
+it's given without any proof but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given without any proof but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given without any proof but this
+kind of in reality it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in reality it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in reality it's it's a very
+interesting it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a very interesting
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+so it can be realized um only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can be realized um only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can be realized um only if you
+have two different um two different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different um two different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different um two different time
+scales so the small time scale with GT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so the small time scale with GT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so the small time scale with GT
+Prime is in the business sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is in the business sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is in the business sense it
+corresponds to your H hedging frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to your H hedging frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to your H hedging frequency
+it's when you rebalance your your cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you rebalance your your cing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you rebalance your your cing
+portfolio and the the time DT the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and the the time DT the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and the the time DT the time
+scale DT which is much bigger than DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale DT which is much bigger than DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale DT which is much bigger than DT
+Prime um uh it's kind of it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime um uh it's kind of it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime um uh it's kind of it's it's it's
+the time at which you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at which you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at which you look at your
+portfolio so only in it's very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so only in it's very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so only in it's very like
+weird limit when GT Prime over GT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird limit when GT Prime over GT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird limit when GT Prime over GT Prime
+goes to Infinity you strictly have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity you strictly have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity you strictly have like
+it Lama so actually if you look even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lama so actually if you look even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Lama so actually if you look even
+like very most famous book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very most famous book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very most famous book on
+derivatives if you look you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if you look you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives if you look you know like
+like this Edition you will see actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Edition you will see actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Edition you will see actually
+that um that the proof actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that the proof actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that the proof actually is
+incorrect so just just look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect so just just look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect so just just look at it and
+find what's wrong there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what's wrong there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what's wrong there
+so sorry exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry exactly
+yeah it is yeah noly this is what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is yeah noly this is what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is yeah noly this is what what
+it means yeah so if you use these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means yeah so if you use these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means yeah so if you use these two
+results here you you you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here you you you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here you you you will see that
+your your uh uh that uh it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh uh that uh it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh uh that uh it's um
+proportional only to n not to n Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional only to n not to n Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional only to n not to n Square
+that's why your your distribution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why your your distribution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why your your distribution uh
+becomes uh like uh like like more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh like uh like like more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh like uh like like more and
+more narrow right because when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow right because when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow right because when when you
+sum up let's say basically what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up let's say basically what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up let's say basically what it means
+right that you sum up more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you sum up more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you sum up more and more
+variables in each each of them is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in each each of them is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in each each of them is like
+random normal variable so the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random normal variable so the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random normal variable so the average
+average goes like n but the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average goes like n but the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average goes like n but the dispersion
+the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion
+right like standard deviation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like standard deviation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like standard deviation right
+behaves as as square root of n that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as as square root of n that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as as square root of n that's
+why basically square root of n Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why basically square root of n Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why basically square root of n Over N
+basically small so by by by increasing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically small so by by by increasing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically small so by by by increasing n
+basically you become more and more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you become more and more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you become more and more and
+and and and more um more and more uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and more um more and more uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and more um more and more uh um
+deterministic that's kind of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic that's kind of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic that's kind of the main
+the main fact beyond the it that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fact beyond the it that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fact beyond the it that's how
+it so I would recommend everybody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I would recommend everybody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I would recommend everybody really
+just look into detail because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look into detail because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look into detail because this is
+the Cornerstone of Dera pricing Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cornerstone of Dera pricing Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cornerstone of Dera pricing Theory
+but in many books is really like not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many books is really like not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many books is really like not not
+really well well written and um so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well well written and um so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well well written and um so at
+least when I was studying it it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I was studying it it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when I was studying it it was like
+like I couldn't understand like for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I couldn't understand like for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I couldn't understand like for a
+while so it took me time just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so it took me time just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so it took me time just to
+understand uh whatever so and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh whatever so and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh whatever so and a very
+interesting thing now is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing now is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing now is that you know
+remember we used eama in the RO we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we used eama in the RO we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we used eama in the RO we
+basically were able to obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically were able to obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically were able to obtain this
+equation and uh and this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh and this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh and this equation is
+very well very very well known um in U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well very very well known um in U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well very very well known um in U
+in literature right it's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in literature right it's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in literature right it's very similar to
+the heat equation and heat equation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation and heat equation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation and heat equation can
+can be solved using standard uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved using standard uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved using standard uh standard
+methods and if you I I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and if you I I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and if you I I don't want to
+write any derivation here it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any derivation here it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write any derivation here it's kind
+straight forward maybe a bit some but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward maybe a bit some but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight forward maybe a bit some but
+straightforward and um um so um if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and um um so um if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and um um so um if if if
+pay off of your option at maturity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off of your option at maturity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off of your option at maturity is
+given by some function which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some function which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some function which is not
+really important here because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important here because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important here because you can
+write a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a very general
+solution and uh so here what is here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and uh so here what is here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and uh so here what is here is
+is essentially green function of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially green function of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially green function of of this
+equation so and this green function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so and this green function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so and this green function is
+uh if if you look at this equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you look at this equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you look at this equation it's
+it's um it's very similar to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's very similar to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's very similar to to the
+probability distribution function U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function U
+which we have on on this slide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have on on this slide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have on on this slide in the
+very beginning so this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning so this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning so this function is
+identical to this function and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this function and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this function and the only
+difference is that the uh drift that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the uh drift that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the uh drift that of
+the stock in the real world disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock in the real world disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock in the real world disappears
+and we are left only with the uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are left only with the uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are left only with the uh with
+the uh interest rate and so this and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh interest rate and so this and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh interest rate and so this and um
+U uh this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh this equation
+like is is again also very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is is again also very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is is again also very important for
+Dera pricing it's that's how we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dera pricing it's that's how we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dera pricing it's that's how we come up
+um uh the whole idea of of Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the whole idea of of Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the whole idea of of Monte Carlo
+simulation so on so this is nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so on so this is nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so on so this is nothing else
+as a green function which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a green function which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a green function which basically
+tells us how the stock evolves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how the stock evolves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how the stock evolves in the
+RIS neutral uh uh space in neutral RIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS neutral uh uh space in neutral RIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS neutral uh uh space in neutral RIS
+neutral space is essentially some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral space is essentially some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral space is essentially some kind
+of imaginary world right whatever like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imaginary world right whatever like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imaginary world right whatever like
+oral world where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral world where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral world where uh
+all the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh
+assets drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets drift
+with all the assets drift is just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the assets drift is just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the assets drift is just uh the
+uh inous rate and not the actual drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inous rate and not the actual drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inous rate and not the actual drift
+so it's kind of it's kind of it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of it's kind of it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of it's kind of it's it's
+very fundamental so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental so it's very important
+thing that the drift in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the drift in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the drift in the real world
+drops out of all the equations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out of all the equations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out of all the equations so the
+only parameter which actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only parameter which actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only parameter which actually doesn't
+matter for option pricing is volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for option pricing is volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for option pricing is volatility
+so this parameters relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this parameters relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this parameters relatively easy to
+understand right because that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right because that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right because that's how much
+money your deterministic investment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your deterministic investment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money your deterministic investment like
+basically makes and But but so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes and But but so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes and But but so basically
+only this parameter parameter so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this parameter parameter so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this parameter parameter so so
+naively you could expect I need both mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively you could expect I need both mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively you could expect I need both mu
+right like let me uh um let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like let me uh um let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like let me uh um let me just
+remind you what mu Is mu and sigma to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what mu Is mu and sigma to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what mu Is mu and sigma to
+Independent parameters but out me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent parameters but out me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent parameters but out me
+completely drops out of the picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely drops out of the picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely drops out of the picture and
+this is because of dynamic catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of dynamic catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of dynamic catching
+because you hch the position and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you hch the position and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you hch the position and uh so
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+equation since this is like basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation since this is like basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation since this is like basically
+green function and green function tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green function and green function tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green function and green function tells
+us uh what the probability uh of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh what the probability uh of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh what the probability uh of uh um
+of of the stock uh uh uh was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the stock uh uh uh was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the stock uh uh uh was the
+probability density of the stock at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of the stock at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of the stock at some
+time in the future if the stock uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the future if the stock uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the future if the stock uh were
+at some point uh initially um then um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point uh initially um then um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point uh initially um then um U
+basically this means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this means that we can
+simulate uh the uh we can simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate uh the uh we can simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate uh the uh we can simulate the
+stock Dynamics and we can price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Dynamics and we can price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock Dynamics and we can price
+derivatives like using very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like using very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like using very simple
+framework so what do we do um we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so what do we do um we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so what do we do um we simply
+write the equation for the stock uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation for the stock uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation for the stock uh in
+the uh risk neutral World remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh risk neutral World remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh risk neutral World remember
+remember the difference is that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the difference is that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the difference is that instead
+of the actual drift of the stock M we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual drift of the stock M we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual drift of the stock M we
+subtitute here by by by the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitute here by by by the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitute here by by by the interest
+rate and this is basically how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is basically how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is basically how much
+money roughly speaking the bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money roughly speaking the bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money roughly speaking the bank account
+makes and what what we do we start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and what what we do we start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes and what what we do we start from
+some uh we start from uh um from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh we start from uh um from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh we start from uh um from some
+stock value at time zero and then we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock value at time zero and then we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock value at time zero and then we we
+um basically simulate stock along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically simulate stock along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically simulate stock along
+different path so there are like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path so there are like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path so there are like three
+parts here could be like thousands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts here could be like thousands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts here could be like thousands so
+now and we know now let's say we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we know now let's say we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we know now let's say we know
+the stock P off at maturity and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock P off at maturity and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock P off at maturity and what we
+do this like then the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this like then the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this like then the price of
+derivative is very simple essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is very simple essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is very simple essentially
+you take the average of this payoff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the average of this payoff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the average of this payoff over
+your distribution and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution and you know
+distribution because you just simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because you just simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because you just simulated
+the stock price and you just discount it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price and you just discount it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price and you just discount it
+with uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh like
+with the the interest trate so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the interest trate so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the interest trate so it's
+extremely simple so in principle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple so in principle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple so in principle like
+implementing this let's say if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this let's say if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this let's say if you have
+like like package like mlab it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like package like mlab it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like package like mlab it probably
+takes like one hour at most Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like one hour at most Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like one hour at most Implement
+let's say a pricing of black shs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a pricing of black shs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a pricing of black shs for
+like of the black shs formula via Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the black shs formula via Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of the black shs formula via Monte
+Carlo simulation right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation right so if you have
+time you can try this and see how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can try this and see how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can try this and see how how
+let's say your Monto Carlo solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your Monto Carlo solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your Monto Carlo solution
+converges to uh to the exact result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to uh to the exact result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to uh to the exact result
+which was first obtained by black SCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was first obtained by black SCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was first obtained by black SCH
+and meron so basically this is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meron so basically this is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meron so basically this is like this
+is super powerful framework uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super powerful framework uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super powerful framework uh which
+basically tells us something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us something like this
+so it's it's not not applicable just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not not applicable just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not not applicable just to
+to the stock prices but um it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stock prices but um it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stock prices but um it's also
+applicable to interest rate derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to interest rate derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to interest rate derivatives
+credit derivatives and foreign exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit derivatives and foreign exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit derivatives and foreign exchange
+derivatives so on so forth basically IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so on so forth basically IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so on so forth basically IDE
+is like this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this you have
+some the PF of your derivative depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the PF of your derivative depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the PF of your derivative depends
+on various Financial variables and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various Financial variables and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various Financial variables and you
+simply simulate all of them uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply simulate all of them uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply simulate all of them uh in the
+risk neutral world right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutral world right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk neutral world right so basically
+there you simulate all of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you simulate all of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you simulate all of them and then
+you calculate the average of the payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate the average of the payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate the average of the payoff
+and you just discount it and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just discount it and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just discount it and that's how
+you comprise derivatives so in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comprise derivatives so in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you comprise derivatives so in principle
+if you have like a flexible in like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like a flexible in like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like a flexible in like um
+it infrastructure you know like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it infrastructure you know like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it infrastructure you know like like
+like a financial institution so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a financial institution so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a financial institution so you can
+implement it and then you can price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and then you can price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and then you can price
+pretty much like like like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like like like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like like like everything
+that's basically that's how um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically that's how um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically that's how um like
+exotic derivatives are priced whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic derivatives are priced whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic derivatives are priced whose
+prices are not uh easier to obtain using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are not uh easier to obtain using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are not uh easier to obtain using
+analytical methods and which is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical methods and which is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical methods and which is the case
+for for U for a large amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for U for a large amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for U for a large amount of
+derivatives so okay so this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so okay so this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so okay so this is the whole
+idea right so mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so mon
+simulation like U is like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation like U is like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation like U is like a very
+fundamental concept so we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept so we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept so we do the
+simulation neutral world and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation neutral world and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation neutral world and there are
+certain rules how to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules how to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules how to write this
+equations for different asset classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for different asset classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for different asset classes
+could be stock again could be foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be stock again could be foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be stock again could be foreign
+exchange could be credit could be rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange could be credit could be rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange could be credit could be rates
+whatever and then you do some kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then you do some kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then you do some kind of uh
+sampling you you find average and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling you you find average and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling you you find average and then
+basic basically you are done so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic basically you are done so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic basically you are done so this is
+how it works with the stock and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works with the stock and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works with the stock and let me
+Bic explain how to generalize all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bic explain how to generalize all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bic explain how to generalize all these
+ideas for the case of interest rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for the case of interest rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for the case of interest rates and
+create derivatives so and um let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create derivatives so and um let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create derivatives so and um let me just
+start from from the very basics of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from from the very basics of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from from the very basics of of
+the interest rate derivatives so uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate derivatives so uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate derivatives so uh of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+the whole point of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of these
+derivatives um is um is uh to allow U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um is um is uh to allow U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um is um is uh to allow U uh
+financial institutions or or individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions or or individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions or or individuals
+to manage their like interest rate risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage their like interest rate risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage their like interest rate risk
+like better so businesses need money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like better so businesses need money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like better so businesses need money
+right to to um to uh to run their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to to um to uh to run their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to to um to uh to run their
+business so like um big institutions big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so like um big institutions big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so like um big institutions big
+Corporation have billions and hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation have billions and hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation have billions and hundreds
+of billions of dollars of debt and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of dollars of debt and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of dollars of debt and they
+know how to manage it use it efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to manage it use it efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to manage it use it efficiently
+and just just to make money not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just to make money not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just to make money not even
+necessarily financial institutions so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily financial institutions so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily financial institutions so um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um um so that it's kind of um so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so that it's kind of um so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so that it's kind of um so of
+course if you borrow money then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you borrow money then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you borrow money then you need
+to pay some interest so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay some interest so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay some interest so you can think
+about interest derivatives as some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interest derivatives as some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interest derivatives as some kind
+of uh option on the stasic interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh option on the stasic interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh option on the stasic interest
+because let's say today you can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say today you can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say today you can borrow
+money at 5% but tomorrow this rate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at 5% but tomorrow this rate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at 5% but tomorrow this rate can
+change so in order to in order to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so in order to in order to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so in order to in order to uh uh
+nly speaking uh control this uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nly speaking uh control this uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nly speaking uh control this uncertainty
+you need to be able to uh just uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to uh just uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to uh just uh like
+like to buy some derivatives just to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to buy some derivatives just to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to buy some derivatives just to uh
+to hedge your exposure for example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hedge your exposure for example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hedge your exposure for example or
+might just piate maybe you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just piate maybe you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just piate maybe you just have
+some view that rates will go up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some view that rates will go up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some view that rates will go up or down
+so it it depends on the type of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it depends on the type of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it depends on the type of the like
+of the investor or Speculator whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investor or Speculator whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the investor or Speculator whatever
+so and so I mean this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so I mean this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so I mean this is a very simple
+concept of present value of money right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present value of money right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of present value of money right
+if I have dollar today is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have dollar today is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have dollar today is definitely
+better than the dollar say in one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the dollar say in one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the dollar say in one year
+from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now
+let's say I I have a dollar right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I have a dollar right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I have a dollar right and um
+uh uh um and um uh but uh um uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um and um uh but uh um uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um and um uh but uh um uh but I
+will get only in one year from now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get only in one year from now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get only in one year from now so
+how much does it cost it's clear that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost it's clear that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost it's clear that if
+the interest rate 5% it's roughly cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate 5% it's roughly cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate 5% it's roughly cost
+95 cents right because what do I do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 cents right because what do I do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 cents right because what do I do if
+uh um if the interest rate 5% then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if the interest rate 5% then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um if the interest rate 5% then I
+take 95 cents and I put it into bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 95 cents and I put it into bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 95 cents and I put it into bank
+account and I make 5% so I will get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and I make 5% so I will get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and I make 5% so I will get uh
+like $1 in one year from now so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $1 in one year from now so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like $1 in one year from now so this
+very important concept of the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept of the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept of the present
+value or like time time value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or like time time value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or like time time value of money
+is that U depending on depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that U depending on depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that U depending on depending on
+where in the future you are uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the future you are uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the future you are uh how much
+uh um money it cost today for and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um money it cost today for and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um money it cost today for and people
+talk about like it's very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like it's very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like it's very often
+fundamental notion all the fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental notion all the fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental notion all the fixed income
+deriva is basically the discount Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriva is basically the discount Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriva is basically the discount Factor
+uh so essentially tells you that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so essentially tells you that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so essentially tells you that okay
+okay so if you have $1 today right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have $1 today right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have $1 today right it
+cost $1 but if have like one like $1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $1 but if have like one like $1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost $1 but if have like one like $1 in
+the future basically it's cost cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future basically it's cost cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future basically it's cost cost
+something else so this is like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so this is like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so this is like a very
+like a very important uh uh like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very important uh uh like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very important uh uh like like
+very important notion and finance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important notion and finance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important notion and finance so
+I'll I'll tell a little bit like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll tell a little bit like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll tell a little bit like more
+how actually to um to get this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually to um to get this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually to um to get this function
+in reality so um another very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality so um another very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality so um another very important
+thing but like the interest derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but like the interest derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but like the interest derivatives
+is forward rate so remember like okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forward rate so remember like okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forward rate so remember like okay so
+we have discount factor and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discount factor and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discount factor and a very
+important thing about discount Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about discount Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about discount Factor
+right is should start at one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is should start at one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is should start at one because
+dollar dollar today is a dollar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar dollar today is a dollar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar dollar today is a dollar right
+there is no any unty right that is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no any unty right that is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no any unty right that is clear
+that it this this function should should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it this this function should should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it this this function should should
+should be decaying or at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be decaying or at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be decaying or at least not
+increasing this time so that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this time so that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this time so that's why it's
+very convenient to parameterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to parameterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient to parameterize this
+kind of um uh function with forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh function with forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um uh function with forward
+trates so um right so this this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates so um right so this this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates so um right so this this is some
+some positive forward trades and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive forward trades and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive forward trades and uh
+which are like very convenient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are like very convenient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are like very convenient and
+remember that let's say in the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that let's say in the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that let's say in the example
+below like example like on this page if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below like example like on this page if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below like example like on this page if
+you have let's say if all maturities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's say if all maturities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have let's say if all maturities
+earn 5% then this F Bas basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn 5% then this F Bas basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn 5% then this F Bas basically is
+simply 5% a year so so so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 5% a year so so so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 5% a year so so so for this
+example basically your uh forward rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example basically your uh forward rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example basically your uh forward rate
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+flat okay so this is like an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay so this is like an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat okay so this is like an example and
+when we talk about interest derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about interest derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about interest derivatives
+it's very very um it's kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very um it's kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very um it's kind of very
+convenient to to model the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to to model the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to to model the Dynamics of
+the forward trades so all so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward trades so all so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward trades so all so it's kind
+of again it's like very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of again it's like very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of again it's like very different from
+uh from uh from the stock because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh from the stock because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh from the stock because it has
+an additional Dimension right so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional Dimension right so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional Dimension right so um if
+you model the stock Dynamics it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you model the stock Dynamics it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you model the stock Dynamics it's just a
+point process right let's say it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point process right let's say it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point process right let's say it's it's
+$100 today and then you start modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 today and then you start modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 today and then you start modeling
+next day go to $95 could go to 100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day go to $95 could go to 100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day go to $95 could go to 100 or
+five and so on so forth but but interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so on so forth but but interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so on so forth but but interest
+rates it's it's more it's more about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's it's more it's more about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates it's it's more it's more about you
+know something it's more about curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something it's more about curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something it's more about curve so
+it has an extra Dimension it's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an extra Dimension it's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an extra Dimension it's a one
+dimensional object and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object and the reason is
+like very simple in general let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very simple in general let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very simple in general let's say if
+if if you borrow money for one year then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you borrow money for one year then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you borrow money for one year then
+let's say you you you you pay 1% but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you you you you pay 1% but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you you you you pay 1% but if
+you borrow for two for two years it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrow for two for two years it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you borrow for two for two years it
+might be that you borrow at like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that you borrow at like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that you borrow at like like
+for 2% and so on so this is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2% and so on so this is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2% and so on so this is the concept
+of the yield curve and basically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the yield curve and basically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the yield curve and basically here
+basically tells us how much different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us how much different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us how much different
+maturities make so in typical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturities make so in typical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturities make so in typical situation
+vcl curve if you don't have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcl curve if you don't have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcl curve if you don't have some
+situation of recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of recession
+sometimes happens it's usually upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes happens it's usually upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes happens it's usually upward
+sloping this basically this means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping this basically this means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping this basically this means if you
+borrow money for a longer term you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money for a longer term you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money for a longer term you pay
+higher interest I mean you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest I mean you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher interest I mean you can see it
+very easily like for those who like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily like for those who like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily like for those who like have
+mortgages right like it's always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages right like it's always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages right like it's always like
+15E like fixate mortgage is is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15E like fixate mortgage is is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15E like fixate mortgage is is um is
+rate is lower than 30 year mortgage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is lower than 30 year mortgage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is lower than 30 year mortgage rate
+so and and just here I just show like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and just here I just show like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and just here I just show like to
+give you example where we are right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you example where we are right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you example where we are right now
+in terms of inter rates I basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of inter rates I basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of inter rates I basically I
+just show you like um the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you like um the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you like um the uh uh the
+yield of a 10year US treasury note so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of a 10year US treasury note so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of a 10year US treasury note so
+what is 10year treasury note the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 10year treasury note the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 10year treasury note the US
+government borrows money to finance its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government borrows money to finance its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government borrows money to finance its
+activities and then the way it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then the way it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and then the way it works
+like this let's say I an investor I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this let's say I an investor I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this let's say I an investor I'm
+giving the US government $100 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the US government $100 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the US government $100 and then
+every year they like for the next 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year they like for the next 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year they like for the next 10
+years like more exactly like twice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like more exactly like twice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years like more exactly like twice a
+year let's say they are paying me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let's say they are paying me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let's say they are paying me um
+some coupon let's say if the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coupon let's say if the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coupon let's say if the interest
+rate per year is 5% this means that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per year is 5% this means that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate per year is 5% this means that if I
+give the US government $100 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the US government $100 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the US government $100 then the
+government pays me $2 and half dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pays me $2 and half dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pays me $2 and half dollars
+every half a year and at the very end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every half a year and at the very end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every half a year and at the very end uh
+10 in 10 years from now they must return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in 10 years from now they must return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in 10 years from now they must return
+$100 the notional right and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 the notional right and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 the notional right and then let's
+say this is basically if if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is basically if if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is basically if if you look
+again how stastics the rates are and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how stastics the rates are and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how stastics the rates are and and
+what kind of environment we we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of environment we we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of environment we we are in
+right now uh you you can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh you you can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh you you can see that uh
+over the last about like 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last about like 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last about like 50 years
+um we see very interesting picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we see very interesting picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we see very interesting picture from
+about like 60s to about like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 60s to about like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like 60s to about like let's say
+like 80 82 we had really tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 82 we had really tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 82 we had really tremendous
+increase in interest rates and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in interest rates and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in interest rates and this is
+something which is looks like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is looks like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is looks like very
+unbelievable right now so for nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable right now so for nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable right now so for nowadays
+if like if one takes like let's say U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like if one takes like let's say U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like if one takes like let's say U
+um let's say like a mortgage it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say like a mortgage it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say like a mortgage it's like
+it's it's it's like now like 30e Mor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like now like 30e Mor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like now like 30e Mor is
+about like four maybe like four and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like four maybe like four and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like four maybe like four and a
+half percent nowadays but let's say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent nowadays but let's say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent nowadays but let's say but
+here like like like about like 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like like like about like 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like like like about like 30 years
+ago it was like a peakon interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was like a peakon interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was like a peakon interest rate
+was very high inflation and mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very high inflation and mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very high inflation and mortgage
+rates were in double digent it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates were in double digent it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates were in double digent it was not
+uncommon to pay like 15% if if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to pay like 15% if if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon to pay like 15% if if you would
+take mortgage somewhere here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take mortgage somewhere here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take mortgage somewhere here so the
+rates were increasing but since then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates were increasing but since then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates were increasing but since then we
+live in a very different environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a very different environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a very different environment
+when interest rate gradually go and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when interest rate gradually go and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when interest rate gradually go and go
+down so essentially here basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so essentially here basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so essentially here basically it
+shows that in 1980 the US government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that in 1980 the US government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that in 1980 the US government
+would pay 12% a year each year to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay 12% a year each year to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay 12% a year each year to borrow
+money 14 10 years so at the end of 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money 14 10 years so at the end of 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money 14 10 years so at the end of 2012
+it paid less than 2% just 1.7% so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it paid less than 2% just 1.7% so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it paid less than 2% just 1.7% so so
+there is like very clear Trend you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like very clear Trend you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like very clear Trend you know
+something is going down so in the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going down so in the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going down so in the recent
+years there is some kind of upti here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is some kind of upti here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is some kind of upti here
+but you know like it was we always had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like it was we always had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know like it was we always had
+some kind of uh situation here like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh situation here like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh situation here like this
+so where are we going nobody knows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we going nobody knows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we going nobody knows but
+but we live like in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we live like in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we live like in a situation where
+interest rates are extremely low was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are extremely low was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are extremely low was
+nothing like this basically for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like this basically for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like this basically for the last
+like 50 years so it's very unusual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 years so it's very unusual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 years so it's very unusual and
+uh uh course when you have this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh course when you have this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh course when you have this like
+very low interest rates this means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low interest rates this means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low interest rates this means the
+economy is very weak right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is very weak right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is very weak right because this
+means there's not much Demand on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's not much Demand on on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's not much Demand on on on
+borrowing right because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing right because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing right because like
+corporations like individuals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations like individuals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations like individuals they
+basically they don't want like like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they don't want like like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they don't want like like to
+borrow a lot because once again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow a lot because once again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow a lot because once again like
+like Supply Demand right because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Supply Demand right because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Supply Demand right because if you
+want to borrow you basically you is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow you basically you is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow you basically you is like
+you you're willing to pay higher rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're willing to pay higher rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're willing to pay higher rate so
+also another another of course reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another another of course reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another another of course reason
+for this because once like right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this because once like right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this because once like right now we
+live like in a very unusual environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live like in a very unusual environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live like in a very unusual environment
+because the government interference a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the government interference a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the government interference a
+lot uh on the market so they trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh on the market so they trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh on the market so they trying to
+make the rates as low as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rates as low as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the rates as low as possible
+because just to make you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to make you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to make you know the
+interest rate burden for corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate burden for corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate burden for corporations
+for private individuals you know like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for private individuals you know like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for private individuals you know like as
+small as possible hopefully we'll go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible hopefully we'll go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible hopefully we'll go out
+of this recession but I said like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recession but I said like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this recession but I said like this
+is this is very singular very unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is very singular very unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is very singular very unusual
+environment just just to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just just to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment just just to understand
+what's going on and there are there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and there are there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and there are there's a
+whole V of Interest yes it PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole V of Interest yes it PS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole V of Interest yes it PS
+nonproductive assets like real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproductive assets like real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproductive assets like real estate
+which which will rise which are expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which will rise which are expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which will rise which are expected
+to rise with time but not for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise with time but not for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise with time but not for example
+establishing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing a
+factory uh it it doesn't skew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory uh it it doesn't skew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory uh it it doesn't skew the
+whatever investment is made toward um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever investment is made toward um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever investment is made toward um
+assets which which are expected to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which which are expected to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets which which are expected to rise
+with time they may be productive ass I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time they may be productive ass I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time they may be productive ass I
+mean I mean yes yes but but I mean right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean yes yes but but I mean right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean yes yes but but I mean right
+now I mean I mean I was I think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean I mean I was I think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean I mean I was I think even
+right now there are lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there are lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there are lots of people
+people are just scared to to buy real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just scared to to buy real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just scared to to buy real
+estate you know you know you you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate you know you know you you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate you know you know you you never
+know what's going on right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on right because
+prices are still pretty high so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are still pretty high so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are still pretty high so you you
+who knows what will happen so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what will happen so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what will happen so you're
+right there is some kind of some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is some kind of some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is some kind of some some
+kind of U second of demand but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of U second of demand but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of U second of demand but many
+people who bought like what 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought like what 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought like what 2006
+whatever like like before they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like like before they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like like before they basically
+they lost tons of money right you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost tons of money right you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost tons of money right you never
+know right so it's like basically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right so it's like basically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right so it's like basically when
+when you buy some asset like you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy some asset like you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy some asset like you you you
+get some Finance let's say fix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some Finance let's say fix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some Finance let's say fix right
+Finance so you know how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so you know how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so you know how much you're
+going to pay but where is the guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay but where is the guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay but where is the guarantee
+that that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know
+like I mean longterm it goes you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean longterm it goes you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean longterm it goes you know it
+goes up in value of course but longterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in value of course but longterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in value of course but longterm
+basically means whatever like tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means whatever like tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means whatever like tens of
+years but if if you look like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but if if you look like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but if if you look like at the
+real estate prices like for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate prices like for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate prices like for the last
+whatever like seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like seven
+years we are still we still we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we are still we still we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we are still we still we are going
+up right now but still we didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right now but still we didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right now but still we didn't go
+through from the minimum like should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from the minimum like should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from the minimum like should
+reach the maximum which we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the maximum which we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the maximum which we had before
+basically right so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right so it's kind of
+so you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never
+know yes and so so there is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes and so so there is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yes and so so there is a whole
+world of of inter rate derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of inter rate derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of of inter rate derivative so
+I'll just very briefly like explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just very briefly like explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just very briefly like explain what
+it all means so usually so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all means so usually so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all means so usually so here I
+mentioned it's all about treasury so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's all about treasury so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's all about treasury so
+it's all like a government you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all like a government you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all like a government you know like
+it's it's kind of yield implied from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of yield implied from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of yield implied from the
+government bonds but usually all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bonds but usually all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bonds but usually all the
+derivatives are are linked to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are are linked to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are are linked to another
+very famous rate is called Liber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous rate is called Liber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous rate is called Liber and
+Liber roughly speaking it's it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liber roughly speaking it's it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liber roughly speaking it's it's it's a
+s some rate at which financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s some rate at which financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s some rate at which financial
+institutions uh in London borrow money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh in London borrow money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions uh in London borrow money
+one from each other on the unsecured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from each other on the unsecured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from each other on the unsecured
+basis so it's like there a lot of caveat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so it's like there a lot of caveat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so it's like there a lot of caveat
+here in this definition but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this definition but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this definition but that's
+basically roughly what it means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically roughly what it means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically roughly what it means and
+there is like fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like fundamental
+derivative in the of world basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in the of world basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in the of world basically
+it's a Liber swap so the standard USD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Liber swap so the standard USD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Liber swap so the standard USD
+Liber swap is something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liber swap is something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liber swap is something like this
+basically it's it's paying um once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's paying um once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's paying um once and
+three months it's pain uh uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months it's pain uh uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months it's pain uh uh three
+months lior rate so and this is stasic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months lior rate so and this is stasic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months lior rate so and this is stasic
+right so basically every day there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically every day there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically every day there is a
+like you know there is certain procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know there is certain procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know there is certain procedure
+which tells us what the this Liber this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us what the this Liber this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us what the this Liber this
+shortterm borrowing rate is and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm borrowing rate is and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm borrowing rate is and and in
+exchange for this if you're paying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for this if you're paying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for this if you're paying out
+this Liber Swap this Liber rate you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Liber Swap this Liber rate you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Liber Swap this Liber rate you are
+receiving the fixed rate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the fixed rate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the fixed rate which is
+deterministic so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so this is like
+fundamental interest basically it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interest basically it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interest basically it's like
+essentially if you believe that rat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you believe that rat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you believe that rat will
+go up and you just want to speculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and you just want to speculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and you just want to speculate
+basically you're trying to be long Liber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're trying to be long Liber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're trying to be long Liber
+and short fixed rate and and vice vers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short fixed rate and and vice vers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short fixed rate and and vice vers
+so this is like very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like very important
+instrument for like for pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for like for pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for like for pricing and
+there are all kind of derivatives linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kind of derivatives linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kind of derivatives linked
+to this Li rate for example um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this Li rate for example um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this Li rate for example um for
+example uh you can talk about SW options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you can talk about SW options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you can talk about SW options
+right what is a swaption SW option is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is a swaption SW option is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is a swaption SW option is a
+derivative to enter an interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to enter an interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to enter an interest rates
+open in the future right like remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the future right like remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in the future right like remember
+like in the equity option world let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the equity option world let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the equity option world let's
+say if I have a call option on a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I have a call option on a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I have a call option on a stock
+that's the right to buy a stock at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right to buy a stock at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right to buy a stock at a
+fixed price is fixed today like at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed price is fixed today like at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed price is fixed today like at some
+time in the future here this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the future here this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the future here this this
+basically same idea that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically same idea that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically same idea that if you are
+today it's some time in the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's some time in the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's some time in the future you
+can enter a swap this kind of contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter a swap this kind of contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter a swap this kind of contract
+which pays various legs and um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pays various legs and um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pays various legs and um there is
+some price given for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some price given for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some price given for it
+today and there are also all kinds of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and there are also all kinds of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and there are also all kinds of f
+derivatives you can talk about rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you can talk about rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you can talk about rates
+basically you can buy or sell options on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can buy or sell options on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can buy or sell options on
+a particular Library rate uh orot also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular Library rate uh orot also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular Library rate uh orot also
+cancelable swaps because basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelable swaps because basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelable swaps because basically you
+can you can enter a swap but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can enter a swap but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can enter a swap but if you
+don't want to pay like let's say high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay like let's say high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay like let's say high
+rate anymore you can cancel it of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate anymore you can cancel it of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate anymore you can cancel it of course
+it's affected on the price and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's affected on the price and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's affected on the price and so on so
+forth so very very important idea is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so very very important idea is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so very very important idea is if
+you think about all these that it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about all these that it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about all these that it turns
+out that when you price all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when you price all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that when you price all these
+derivatives they all depend basically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they all depend basically on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they all depend basically on
+uh their price depends on these discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their price depends on these discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their price depends on these discount
+factors and these discount factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and these discount factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and these discount factors
+depend on these forward rates which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on these forward rates which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on these forward rates which is
+basically trival parameterization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trival parameterization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trival parameterization but
+it's very important to work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to work very
+convenient to work with this forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to work with this forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to work with this forward
+trades and when we model interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades and when we model interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades and when we model interest
+derivatives like using Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like using Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like using Monte Carlo
+simulations there are no analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations there are no analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations there are no analytical
+models available then the model dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models available then the model dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models available then the model dynamics
+of forward Trad so and um you can ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward Trad so and um you can ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward Trad so and um you can ask a
+question so how so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so how so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so how so basically
+um how can we get basically this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how can we get basically this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how can we get basically this curve
+in practice of this curve and um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice of this curve and um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice of this curve and um it
+turns out that the swap Market swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the swap Market swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the swap Market swap
+Market uh uh um tells us like what like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh uh um tells us like what like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh uh um tells us like what like
+how to obtain this curve so here I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to obtain this curve so here I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to obtain this curve so here I show
+um some quotes actually real market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some quotes actually real market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some quotes actually real market
+quotes for interest race swap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes for interest race swap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes for interest race swap of
+different maturities let's say two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maturities let's say two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maturities let's say two years
+three years four years and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years four years and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years four years and so on so
+forth and then if you add this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then if you add this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then if you add this number
+and this number then then you obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number then then you obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number then then you obtain the
+the um this swap rate so if you and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um this swap rate so if you and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um this swap rate so if you and um
+so if you take these swap rates then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take these swap rates then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take these swap rates then it
+turns out that you can you can show like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can you can show like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you can you can show like
+a very easily that if you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easily that if you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easily that if you can you know
+all these numbers then you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these numbers then you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these numbers then you will be able
+to obtain uh to obtain this curve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain uh to obtain this curve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain uh to obtain this curve in a
+pretty unique way so because this Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unique way so because this Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unique way so because this Market
+of swaps basically and if if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps basically and if if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaps basically and if if you uh
+basically this so once again if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this so once again if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this so once again if if if
+you add these two numbers here then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add these two numbers here then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add these two numbers here then you
+will get um you basically it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get um you basically it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get um you basically it tells you
+that let's for example for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's for example for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's for example for for this
+instrument let's say 5 years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument let's say 5 years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument let's say 5 years for the
+next 5 years I'm going to pay roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 5 years I'm going to pay roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 5 years I'm going to pay roughly
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+75 um like 75% a year right so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 um like 75% a year right so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 um like 75% a year right so these two
+payments basically correspond like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments basically correspond like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments basically correspond like
+75% in exchange for the Liber payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% in exchange for the Liber payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% in exchange for the Liber payment
+right so if I enter this swap so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I enter this swap so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I enter this swap so I know
+that I will be paying fixed but I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be paying fixed but I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be paying fixed but I but
+I'll receive some floating which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll receive some floating which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll receive some floating which which
+is um like you know like random because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um like you know like random because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um like you know like random because
+we don't know what it is and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what it is and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what it is and I don't
+have really much time talk pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really much time talk pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really much time talk pretty
+complicated concept but but but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated concept but but but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated concept but but but but but
+but the idea but idea is very like idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea but idea is very like idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea but idea is very like idea
+is very simple so uh uh so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple so uh uh so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple so uh uh so basically
+swap Market allows you to uh allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap Market allows you to uh allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap Market allows you to uh allows you
+to obtain this discount Factor basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain this discount Factor basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain this discount Factor basically
+this function which tells you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which tells you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which tells you how much
+your uh uh dollar uh in the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh uh dollar uh in the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh uh dollar uh in the future is
+today so if you have let's say so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so if you have let's say so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so if you have let's say so if you
+know how much dollar it then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much dollar it then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much dollar it then you you
+know how much C dollars basically cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much C dollars basically cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much C dollars basically cost
+so what you do so what you do basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do so what you do basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do so what you do basically
+you know like then basically let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like then basically let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like then basically let's say
+you have like C dollar then you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like C dollar then you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like C dollar then you simply
+multiply them by the discount factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by the discount factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by the discount factor and
+that what the present value of your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the present value of your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the present value of your uh
+of your fixed rate payment is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fixed rate payment is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your fixed rate payment is so
+remember that Finance kind very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Finance kind very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Finance kind very
+important thing that in finance the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that in finance the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that in finance the in
+in derivative world we typically um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in derivative world we typically um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in derivative world we typically um what
+is called PV or like present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called PV or like present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called PV or like present value of
+all our future payments right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our future payments right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our future payments right so we have
+some future liability right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future liability right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future liability right which is
+could something very complicated let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could something very complicated let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could something very complicated let's
+say I pay you some something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I pay you some something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I pay you some something very
+complicated often 10 years from now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated often 10 years from now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated often 10 years from now but
+we are trying to understand how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to understand how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to understand how much it
+works today because the idea of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works today because the idea of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works today because the idea of all this
+business is like clients come come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is like clients come come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is like clients come come to
+the bank and they say I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and they say I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and they say I want this
+derivative you sell this derivative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you sell this derivative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you sell this derivative you
+charge the money right now and you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the money right now and you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the money right now and you spend
+this money on hedging of course you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money on hedging of course you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money on hedging of course you you
+try to charge a little bit more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to charge a little bit more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to charge a little bit more because
+you need also to make living but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need also to make living but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need also to make living but in
+compar to World basically is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar to World basically is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar to World basically is like you
+spend on most of your money like on Hing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on most of your money like on Hing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on most of your money like on Hing
+so and uh but you try to come up is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and uh but you try to come up is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and uh but you try to come up is a
+number today so here's basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number today so here's basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number today so here's basically and
+here's like basically again like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like basically again like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like basically again like a very
+simple example so if if you know uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example so if if you know uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example so if if you know uh once
+again how much your your dollar is um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how much your your dollar is um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how much your your dollar is um um
+in the future then you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future then you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future then you can you can
+present value PV every payment right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value PV every payment right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value PV every payment right so
+let's say if if if in 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if if if in 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if if if in 10 years from now
+D is equal to.5 then if you pay $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is equal to.5 then if you pay $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is equal to.5 then if you pay $1,000
+there a present value of it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a present value of it is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a present value of it is equal to
+500 because again the argument is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 because again the argument is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 because again the argument is very
+simple right you take $500 today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right you take $500 today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right you take $500 today and
+invest basically it's like for 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest basically it's like for 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest basically it's like for 10 years
+and you get 1,000 in the future this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 1,000 in the future this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get 1,000 in the future this of
+the replication argument another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication argument another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication argument another very
+important like like um thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important like like um thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important like like um thing here is
+that if you have an interest rate Swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an interest rate Swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an interest rate Swap
+and if you and if you which is paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you and if you which is paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you and if you which is paying
+which is paying Liber then insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is paying Liber then insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is paying Liber then insurance and
+let's say on a notional let's say I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on a notional let's say I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on a notional let's say I pay
+you Liber which is which is like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Liber which is which is like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Liber which is which is like some
+rate which is which is um measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is which is um measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is which is um measured in
+percent let's say like liary for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent let's say like liary for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent let's say like liary for example
+is like 1% a year for example then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 1% a year for example then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 1% a year for example then
+notional of the soap is $1 million this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional of the soap is $1 million this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional of the soap is $1 million this
+means that uh the floing rate payment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh the floing rate payment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh the floing rate payment is
+based on uh $1 million times 1% like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh $1 million times 1% like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh $1 million times 1% like
+$10,000 right so your s that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 right so your s that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 right so your s that very
+interesting thing that if you if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that if you if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that if you if you uh
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+um have a let's say if if you pay Liber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a let's say if if you pay Liber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a let's say if if you pay Liber
+rate and if you if you pay the notion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if you if you pay the notion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if you if you pay the notion at
+the very end then the present value Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end then the present value Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end then the present value Val
+of this is equal to to the notional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is equal to to the notional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is equal to to the notional so
+it's kind of this beauty kind of of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of this beauty kind of of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of this beauty kind of of low
+generate Securities like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Securities like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Securities like in
+this basically that if you if you u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically that if you if you u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically that if you if you u u
+pay the current market rate all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the current market rate all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the current market rate all the time
+then the the price of your security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the price of your security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the price of your security is
+always equal to the notional it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the notional it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to the notional it's kind
+of it's very nice fact which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's very nice fact which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's very nice fact which is again
+also like like fundamental here and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like like fundamental here and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like like fundamental here and very
+thing what happen crit all derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happen crit all derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happen crit all derivatives
+have become what's called collateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become what's called collateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become what's called collateralized
+so you need to post money all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to post money all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to post money all the time
+so there's another concept of O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another concept of O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another concept of O
+discounting which I don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting which I don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting which I don't talk about
+here but B that's the idea that the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but B that's the idea that the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but B that's the idea that the main
+idea what you need to understand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you need to understand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what you need to understand here
+that we have this function right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this function right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have this function right like
+like discount function which shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like discount function which shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like discount function which shows us
+again how much dollar is wors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how much dollar is wors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how much dollar is wors in the
+future and using this function we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and using this function we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and using this function we can
+price all kinds of like all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all kinds of like all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all kinds of like all kinds of
+swaps so we can PV the value of the swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps so we can PV the value of the swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps so we can PV the value of the swap
+um today uh using this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today uh using this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today uh using this so this
+so the idea of the inter derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of the inter derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of the inter derivatives
+because it's it's all about dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's all about dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's all about dynamics of
+the yield curve right it's basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield curve right it's basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield curve right it's basically how
+your discount uh function or how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discount uh function or how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discount uh function or how your
+how your yields like future yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your yields like future yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your yields like future yields
+evolve it's now it's the whole idea like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve it's now it's the whole idea like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve it's now it's the whole idea like
+is is is similar to the stock so at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is similar to the stock so at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is similar to the stock so at so
+um again so you at Time Zero you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again so you at Time Zero you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again so you at Time Zero you start
+from some from some curve for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some from some curve for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some from some curve for example
+something like this right like from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right like from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right like from some
+curve which is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is shown here
+and then start evolving and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start evolving and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then start evolving and you want to
+be able to model it mathematically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to model it mathematically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to model it mathematically and
+price all kinds of derivatives so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all kinds of derivatives so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all kinds of derivatives so of
+course um there is like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um there is like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um there is like a very
+interesting difference between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting difference between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting difference between like
+stock and and and the stock uh like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and and and the stock uh like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock and and and the stock uh like like
+stock options and options because uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock options and options because uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock options and options because uh for
+the stock option we know the price today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock option we know the price today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock option we know the price today
+right if the liquid stock is just known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the liquid stock is just known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the liquid stock is just known
+right we know what it's tra right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know what it's tra right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know what it's tra right now
+but for the yield curve it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the yield curve it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the yield curve it's different
+we first need to take the swap market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first need to take the swap market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first need to take the swap market
+quotes and do what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and do what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and do what is called
+bootstrapping to get the function of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapping to get the function of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapping to get the function of D
+of the next step we need to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next step we need to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next step we need to specify the
+volatility of different forward rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of different forward rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of different forward rates in
+the future and and and we need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and and and we need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and and and we need to come
+up with some kind of Dynamics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some kind of Dynamics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some kind of Dynamics which
+describes the future dynamics of forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the future dynamics of forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the future dynamics of forward
+trates and then once we have this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates and then once we have this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates and then once we have this we can
+use the mon Cara framework to price all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the mon Cara framework to price all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the mon Cara framework to price all
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+derivatives so uh before I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so uh before I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so uh before I should
+talking like about the HM framework here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like about the HM framework here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like about the HM framework here
+I just want to mention that there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to mention that there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to mention that there are um
+some other like like more simple models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other like like more simple models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other like like more simple models
+which like simpler models which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like simpler models which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like simpler models which um
+historically appeared before thej model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically appeared before thej model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically appeared before thej model
+which basically describe the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically describe the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically describe the Dynamics of
+the short of of the short rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of of the short rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of of the short rate and the
+most famous ones the whole the holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous ones the whole the holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous ones the whole the holy
+model hwhile model and So-Cal C model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model hwhile model and So-Cal C model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model hwhile model and So-Cal C model
+and uh basically the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh basically the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh basically the idea is that
+basically if you have this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you have this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you have this function
+right for forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for forward
+trades right which here so they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades right which here so they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades right which here so they describe
+dyamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic
+instantaneous Dynamics basically of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous Dynamics basically of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous Dynamics basically of this
+rate so instead of instead of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so instead of instead of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so instead of instead of modeling
+the whole curve basically you model only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole curve basically you model only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole curve basically you model only
+just basically this short rate and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically this short rate and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically this short rate and and
+so on so some of these models um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so some of these models um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so some of these models um are
+particular case of the hjm model some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of the hjm model some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of the hjm model some of
+them like like a not but but but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like like a not but but but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like like a not but but but just
+just just to mention so and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to mention so and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to mention so and basically
+basically the idea then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea then
+is uh the idea of of of modeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the idea of of of modeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the idea of of of modeling of the
+in interest rate derivatives for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rate derivatives for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rate derivatives for example
+let's say I want to price an option that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I want to price an option that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I want to price an option that
+in five years from now I enter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years from now I enter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years from now I enter a
+particular interest rate swap which pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interest rate swap which pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular interest rate swap which pays
+5% on the fixed leg and receives Liber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% on the fixed leg and receives Liber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% on the fixed leg and receives Liber
+so I need to um I need to model Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to um I need to model Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to um I need to model Dynamic
+of of future yields and remember very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of future yields and remember very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of future yields and remember very
+important thing right that that uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing right that that uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing right that that uh again
+because we have because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have because we have
+uh uh the curve now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the curve now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the curve now
+and uh we have two different times here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we have two different times here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we have two different times here
+for the stock derivatives we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stock derivatives we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stock derivatives we just
+basically write the dyamics d d of St is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write the dyamics d d of St is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write the dyamics d d of St is
+equal to something and T just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something and T just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something and T just basically
+instantaneous time here t uh St stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous time here t uh St stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous time here t uh St stays
+for instantaneous instantaneous time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instantaneous instantaneous time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instantaneous instantaneous time and
+T um capital T stands for the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um capital T stands for the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um capital T stands for the future
+time right so like here so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so like here so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right so like here so essentially
+if if you are here you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you are here you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you are here you're looking at the
+forward trade somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward trade somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward trade somewhere here
+and then you basically describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you basically describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you basically describe it
+Dynamics so so you can I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so so you can I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics so so you can I don't want to
+go into details but again using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into details but again using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into details but again using this
+very very very fundamental result to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very fundamental result to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very fundamental result to
+price pricing Theory like it LMA you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pricing Theory like it LMA you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price pricing Theory like it LMA you can
+derive uh the equation for for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh the equation for for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh the equation for for this for
+this drift so the problem is like um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drift so the problem is like um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drift so the problem is like um it
+turns out it's always the case in the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's always the case in the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's always the case in the M
+simulation so you specify some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so you specify some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so you specify some time
+equation and you have drift and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you have drift and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you have drift and you have
+volatility so it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so it turns out that this
+drift the real time drift because you H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift the real time drift because you H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift the real time drift because you H
+drops out of your equation and it CH for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out of your equation and it CH for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out of your equation and it CH for
+the Inus rate there is some complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Inus rate there is some complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Inus rate there is some complication
+um in the risk neutral world this real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the risk neutral world this real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the risk neutral world this real
+world drift will by some equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world drift will by some equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world drift will by some equation
+for which depends on Sigma so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which depends on Sigma so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which depends on Sigma so if you do
+the calculation then you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation then you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation then you will see
+that in the this neutral world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the this neutral world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the this neutral world you
+simply um specify this in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um specify this in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um specify this in the following
+form this is some non loal equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is some non loal equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is some non loal equation but
+it is it is what it is so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is what it is so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is what it is so it's kind of
+it's very I encourage you basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very I encourage you basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very I encourage you basically just
+to if you have time to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you have time to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you have time to go through this
+you really understand uh how uh how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really understand uh how uh how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really understand uh how uh how it
+works but now uh once we have this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but now uh once we have this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but now uh once we have this you
+know like the model interest derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the model interest derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the model interest derivative
+is very simple so how remember that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple so how remember that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple so how remember that in
+the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock
+World let me go back just to to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World let me go back just to to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World let me go back just to to this uh
+uh equation so we start start from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation so we start start from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equation so we start start from some
+St differential equation and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St differential equation and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St differential equation and then we
+simulate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate different
+paths and then basically we average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and then basically we average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and then basically we average over
+the payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payoff
+here at maturity of the derivative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at maturity of the derivative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at maturity of the derivative when
+when actually we do the payment and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when actually we do the payment and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when actually we do the payment and here
+situation it's very similar so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's very similar so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's very similar so we have
+some initial curve which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial curve which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial curve which basically
+corresponds like which obtain from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds like which obtain from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds like which obtain from the
+market today and we this curve Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market today and we this curve Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market today and we this curve Dynamics
+is described by this equation then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by this equation then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by this equation then we
+have distribution of this cures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distribution of this cures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distribution of this cures in the
+future and then we can prise all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and then we can prise all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and then we can prise all kinds
+of derivatives so again it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of derivatives so again it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of derivatives so again it's a very
+fundamental framework so very general so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental framework so very general so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental framework so very general so
+you um um once the curve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um um once the curve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um um once the curve and the
+volatility are known you simply run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility are known you simply run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility are known you simply run this
+simulation and you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you get your
+payoff so yeah so basically that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff so yeah so basically that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff so yeah so basically that's how
+it works and um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and um um
+um another you know like example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another you know like example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another you know like example which
+is basally like of of uh of his a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basally like of of uh of his a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basally like of of uh of his a model
+uh is uh is basically credit derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh is basically credit derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh is basically credit derivatives
+so I I just don't have much time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I just don't have much time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I just don't have much time but I
+just basically mentioned basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically mentioned basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically mentioned basically
+um go very briefly like like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go very briefly like like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go very briefly like like what's
+going on so um if you give money just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so um if you give money just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so um if you give money just to
+to someone like to the corporation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone like to the corporation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone like to the corporation then
+uh there is a probability that you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a probability that you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a probability that you won't
+get your money back right let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your money back right let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your money back right let's say uh
+so corporations is issue bonds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so corporations is issue bonds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so corporations is issue bonds right
+financial instruments to raise Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial instruments to raise Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial instruments to raise Capital
+it's again very similar to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again very similar to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again very similar to the US
+treasuries let's say you give them $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries let's say you give them $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries let's say you give them $100
+and they pay you 5% every year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pay you 5% every year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pay you 5% every year and then
+let's say in 10 years if it's it's a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in 10 years if it's it's a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in 10 years if it's it's a 10
+year bond they are supposed to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year bond they are supposed to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year bond they are supposed to give you
+money back but this might not happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back but this might not happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back but this might not happen
+that corporations default because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporations default because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporations default because they
+make wrong decisions you know like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make wrong decisions you know like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make wrong decisions you know like some
+something went wrong with the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong with the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong with the economy
+and so on so forth so it happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so forth so it happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so forth so it happens so
+there is some risk which is uh inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some risk which is uh inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some risk which is uh inherited
+here which is called the default risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is called the default risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is called the default risk
+right so corporations or like private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so corporations or like private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so corporations or like private
+individuals they have a right to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they have a right to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they have a right to default
+so so they can default so and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so they can default so and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so they can default so and uh and
+this is reflected in uh in the coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reflected in uh in the coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reflected in uh in the coupons
+which they pay so for the US government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they pay so for the US government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they pay so for the US government
+right at the end of 2012 10 year bond um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end of 2012 10 year bond um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end of 2012 10 year bond um
+would pay just 1.7% a year like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay just 1.7% a year like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay just 1.7% a year like
+extremely again like they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely again like they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely again like they are in
+extremely low like environment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low like environment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low like environment which
+which looks like almost nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like almost nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like almost nothing and
+remember that even if you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that even if you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that even if you are an
+investor and if you and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and if you and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and if you and if you
+buy this Bond then you get your 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this Bond then you get your 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this Bond then you get your 1%
+interest but then you need to pay taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but then you need to pay taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but then you need to pay taxes
+on top of this so it's like the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this so it's like the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this so it's like the return
+is really like like like very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really like like like very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really like like like very small so
+then of course if you're an investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course if you're an investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course if you're an investor
+then okay the US government you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay the US government you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay the US government you know
+like Securities are like assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Securities are like assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Securities are like assumed to be
+risk- free so you won't be able to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk- free so you won't be able to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk- free so you won't be able to lose
+money but so this is like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but so this is like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but so this is like a very
+important very important Benchmark but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important Benchmark but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important Benchmark but
+then you can buy bonds of Corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can buy bonds of Corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can buy bonds of Corporations
+of course to compensate for a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course to compensate for a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course to compensate for a possible
+default they uh they they pay higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default they uh they they pay higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default they uh they they pay higher
+coupon for example as of 2012 Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon for example as of 2012 Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon for example as of 2012 Morgan
+stly bonds would pay around let's say 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stly bonds would pay around let's say 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stly bonds would pay around let's say 5%
+a year so significantly higher so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year so significantly higher so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year so significantly higher so and
+then if you have like U some governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have like U some governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have like U some governments
+like right now very close to default so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now very close to default so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right now very close to default so
+some time ago for example when Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago for example when Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago for example when Morgan
+Stanley bonds would pay 5% a year let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley bonds would pay 5% a year let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley bonds would pay 5% a year let's
+say gree bonds would pay 25 30% a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gree bonds would pay 25 30% a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gree bonds would pay 25 30% a year
+because in this this is like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this this is like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this this is like because
+nobody was like knows what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was like knows what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was like knows what's going to
+happen there it's clear that they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there it's clear that they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there it's clear that they that
+they Eon is not in good shape and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Eon is not in good shape and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Eon is not in good shape and it all
+depends on on on the bailouts by bouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on on the bailouts by bouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on on the bailouts by bouts
+all these bailouts are conditioned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these bailouts are conditioned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these bailouts are conditioned for
+example that the right government like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that the right government like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that the right government like
+will be in power and unclear of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in power and unclear of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in power and unclear of
+uncertainity so that's kind of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainity so that's kind of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainity so that's kind of that's
+that's why kind of if you such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why kind of if you such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why kind of if you such
+uncertainty that's why essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that's why essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that's why essentially the
+yield investors would require like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield investors would require like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield investors would require like very
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+yield and um um in the great derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and um um in the great derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and um um in the great derivatives
+like the fundamental the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fundamental the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fundamental the fundamental
+instrument is a default create default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is a default create default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is a default create default
+swap so uh if you have a risky Bond then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap so uh if you have a risky Bond then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap so uh if you have a risky Bond then
+not to to protect from default you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to to protect from default you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to to protect from default you can
+go to let's say to a bank and buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to let's say to a bank and buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to let's say to a bank and buy a
+great default Swap this basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great default Swap this basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great default Swap this basically means
+that if you hold a bond and default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hold a bond and default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hold a bond and default
+happens then the seller of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then the seller of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then the seller of this
+protection will compensate you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection will compensate you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection will compensate you for the
+loss for example let's say you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss for example let's say you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss for example let's say you you
+bought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought you
+bought a bond at at $100 and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a bond at at $100 and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a bond at at $100 and then let's
+say in one year compar defaults and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in one year compar defaults and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in one year compar defaults and then
+then what happens in this event then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens in this event then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens in this event then uh
+court court happens and the judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court court happens and the judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court court happens and the judge
+decides basically how much money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides basically how much money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides basically how much money is
+recovered and this money is distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered and this money is distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered and this money is distributed
+to the bond investors they're like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bond investors they're like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bond investors they're like like
+first in the queue and then if let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the queue and then if let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the queue and then if let's say
+70 cents on a dollar were recovered then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 cents on a dollar were recovered then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 cents on a dollar were recovered then
+then then the default swap you'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the default swap you'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the default swap you'll pay
+$32 which you lost so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$32 which you lost so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$32 which you lost so and
+very fundamental like um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental like um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental like um very
+fundamental um Concept in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um Concept in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental um Concept in the world of
+cre derivatives is the um Market implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre derivatives is the um Market implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre derivatives is the um Market implied
+Sol probability so in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol probability so in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol probability so in principle
+different different entities uh um CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different entities uh um CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different entities uh um CR
+default swaps are available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps are available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps are available for
+different uh entities let's say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh entities let's say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh entities let's say like
+Morgan Stanley it could be like Verizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley it could be like Verizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley it could be like Verizon
+could be AT&T and so on so forth and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be AT&T and so on so forth and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be AT&T and so on so forth and um
+like and dealers uh like like like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and dealers uh like like like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and dealers uh like like like um
+require like uh different payments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like uh different payments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like uh different payments for
+example let's say if like R default off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say if like R default off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say if like R default off
+more stanle probably it's like 5e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stanle probably it's like 5e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stanle probably it's like 5e
+maturity you pay around 100 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity you pay around 100 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity you pay around 100 basis points
+and and like if there is some like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and like if there is some like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and like if there is some like like
+grease probably you pay right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease probably you pay right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grease probably you pay right now
+probably like five 100 maybe like 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like five 100 maybe like 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like five 100 maybe like 1,000
+Bas points something like this so Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas points something like this so Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas points something like this so Market
+differentiates and based on this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates and based on this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiates and based on this you can
+you can then uh do like a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then uh do like a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then uh do like a very simple
+calculation and and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and and you can see it's
+very easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to to
+uh to um to come with the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to um to come with the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to um to come with the concept of the
+Sol probability roughly speaking if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol probability roughly speaking if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol probability roughly speaking if
+let's say I require uh let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I require uh let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I require uh let's say if
+default protection on some reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default protection on some reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default protection on some reference
+entity is worth uh 1% a year and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity is worth uh 1% a year and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity is worth uh 1% a year and then
+what do we see then U with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see then U with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see then U with probability
+99% a year right you will get your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% a year right you will get your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% a year right you will get your money
+it's probability 1% like like per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probability 1% like like per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probability 1% like like per year
+you will get nothing so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get nothing so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get nothing so you can think
+about it like this this basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like this this basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like this this basically you
+can say basically probability to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say basically probability to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say basically probability to default
+if is roughly 1% a year in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is roughly 1% a year in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is roughly 1% a year in this case so
+and then in in in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in in in the world
+of we can talk about Sol probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we can talk about Sol probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we can talk about Sol probabilities
+so which is basically one minus default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is basically one minus default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is basically one minus default
+probability and and you can you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and and you can you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and and you can you can then
+come up with the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the concept of
+probabilities which you can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which you can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which you can again
+parameter parameterize these forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter parameterize these forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter parameterize these forward
+trades which are called Hazard trates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades which are called Hazard trates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades which are called Hazard trates so
+credit derivatives like in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit derivatives like in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit derivatives like in a sense
+they're similar to interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar to interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar to interest rate
+derivatives remember in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives remember in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives remember in the case of
+interest rate derivatives we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate derivatives we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate derivatives we were
+talking about discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about discount
+factors so this is like present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so this is like present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so this is like present value
+present value of of money and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of of money and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of of money and in the
+world of cre derivatives besides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of cre derivatives besides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of cre derivatives besides this
+because of course inter inter rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course inter inter rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course inter inter rates are
+also very important for derivatives we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very important for derivatives we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very important for derivatives we
+talk about to probability to dat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about to probability to dat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about to probability to dat is
+equal to one but then it DEC case so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one but then it DEC case so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one but then it DEC case so and
+let's say if you have like US Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have like US Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have like US Government
+basically that it's always stay at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that it's always stay at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that it's always stay at one
+and let's say if it's like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say if it's like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say if it's like let's say
+Morgan Stanley it goes to's say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley it goes to's say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley it goes to's say like
+this if it's let some European distress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if it's let some European distress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if it's let some European distress
+European sub it will go like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European sub it will go like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European sub it will go like this so
+there is basically it's Market apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is basically it's Market apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is basically it's Market apply
+probability of default based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of default based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of default based on the
+create default s market so so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create default s market so so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create default s market so so and the
+idea of the HJ model for the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the HJ model for the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the HJ model for the credit
+derivatives is that uh uh similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is that uh uh similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives is that uh uh similar to the
+dynamic of forward trates right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of forward trates right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic of forward trates right in the
+interest rate case you simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate case you simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate case you simply uh
+describe the Dynamics of Hazard trates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Dynamics of Hazard trates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the Dynamics of Hazard trates
+which parameterize your uh Sur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which parameterize your uh Sur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which parameterize your uh Sur
+probabilities and um um now um uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and um um now um uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and um um now um uh let me
+see and uh let me show let's say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and uh let me show let's say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and uh let me show let's say an
+example of of very important type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of very important type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of very important type of
+derivatives which are um priced using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which are um priced using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which are um priced using
+Create models um let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Create models um let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Create models um let's talk about the
+corporate cable bonds right so so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate cable bonds right so so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate cable bonds right so so um so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's it's like it's a it's a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like it's a it's a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like it's a it's a very uh
+like um simple instrument is again I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um simple instrument is again I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um simple instrument is again I'm a
+corporation I borrow $100 from you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation I borrow $100 from you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation I borrow $100 from you and
+let's say I'm paying you 5% every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm paying you 5% every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm paying you 5% every year
+and but uh I have U I have U the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh I have U I have U the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh I have U I have U the right
+at any time or let's say once like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time or let's say once like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time or let's say once like say
+in three months return you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three months return you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three months return you this
+$100 and and basically close the deal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and and basically close the deal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and and basically close the deal so
+why is it so valuable for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so valuable for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so valuable for the
+corporations because let's say today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations because let's say today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations because let's say today's
+environment is such that I borrowed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is such that I borrowed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is such that I borrowed a
+very high rate let's say I'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high rate let's say I'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high rate let's say I'm in this
+example let's say I am paying 5% a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say I am paying 5% a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say I am paying 5% a year
+right and I issued a 10y year bond and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I issued a 10y year bond and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I issued a 10y year bond and I
+am paying and this a $100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am paying and this a $100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am paying and this a $100 million
+notional so basically this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional so basically this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional so basically this means that
+every year I am paying to the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I am paying to the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year I am paying to the investor
+5% right $5 million but let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% right $5 million but let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% right $5 million but let's say I'm
+paying 5% I need this money to run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 5% I need this money to run my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying 5% I need this money to run my
+business and so on so it's kind of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and so on so it's kind of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and so on so it's kind of some
+burden but kind of usually all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden but kind of usually all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden but kind of usually all the
+corporations have significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations have significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations have significant amount of
+debt so it's good to have debt if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt so it's good to have debt if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt so it's good to have debt if you
+know how to manage it basically now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to manage it basically now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to manage it basically now
+let's say in three years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in three years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in three years from now
+situation changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation changed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation changed so
+now I can borrow money for seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can borrow money for seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can borrow money for seven years
+right because initially I issued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because initially I issued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because initially I issued the
+bond 14 14 years and now I have still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond 14 14 years and now I have still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond 14 14 years and now I have still
+seven years remaining but it CHS out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years remaining but it CHS out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years remaining but it CHS out I
+can I can issue I can issue just a 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can issue I can issue just a 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can issue I can issue just a 3%
+right then basically this means if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then basically this means if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then basically this means if if I
+do this if I exercise my call option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I exercise my call option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if I exercise my call option
+then I will save 5us 3 basically 2% *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will save 5us 3 basically 2% *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will save 5us 3 basically 2% *
+$100 million * 7 years so it's rly $4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 million * 7 years so it's rly $4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 million * 7 years so it's rly $4
+million so that's kind of why Cal debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so that's kind of why Cal debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so that's kind of why Cal debt
+kind of it's good to issue it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's good to issue it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it's good to issue it because
+you you can save money it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can save money it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can save money it's very similar
+to what's happening right now also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happening right now also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happening right now also for
+um private individuals because in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private individuals because in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private individuals because in in
+recent year like or like like couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent year like or like like couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent year like or like like couple of
+years there was lot of refinancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there was lot of refinancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there was lot of refinancing
+activity in the US right remember rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the US right remember rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the US right remember rates
+uh historically low right now so rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh historically low right now so rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh historically low right now so rates
+are going down down and down so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going down down and down so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going down down and down so let's
+say if if if you took out a mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if if if you took out a mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if if if you took out a mortgage
+here at 6% it was like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 6% it was like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 6% it was like you could
+refinance for example here for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinance for example here for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinance for example here for example
+the same mortgage you could get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mortgage you could get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mortgage you could get for
+example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like
+3.5% so this the same logic happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5% so this the same logic happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5% so this the same logic happens for
+corporations so in the US by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations so in the US by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations so in the US by default
+right all all mortgages are are U are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all all mortgages are are U are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all all mortgages are are U are
+Cable in in the basically by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cable in in the basically by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cable in in the basically by default
+everybody has a right to refinance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a right to refinance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a right to refinance so
+it's not like you ISU a 30e bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you ISU a 30e bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you ISU a 30e bond and
+then even let's say you're paying a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even let's say you're paying a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even let's say you're paying a huge
+coupon even you can Define slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon even you can Define slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon even you can Define slower
+percent which might be the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which might be the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which might be the case for
+corporations by the way but for like by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations by the way but for like by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations by the way but for like by
+by by by law in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by by law in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by by law in the US
+basically all the mortgages are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all the mortgages are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all the mortgages are you know
+like um can be refinanced so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um can be refinanced so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um can be refinanced so basically
+that's the idea right so um so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea right so um so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea right so um so you have
+so if if you if you price if you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you if you price if you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you if you price if you price
+this kind of instrument as a cable Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of instrument as a cable Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of instrument as a cable Bond
+then you need to take into account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to take into account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to take into account of
+course inter rate risk right because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course inter rate risk right because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course inter rate risk right because uh
+because um you need to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you need to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you need to understand what
+is the current level of interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the current level of interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the current level of interest rate
+you you can charge and also you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can charge and also you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can charge and also you need to
+take into account the the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the the uh the uh
+quality of the issuer so if let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the issuer so if let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the issuer so if let's say
+again like Greece or let's say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like Greece or let's say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like Greece or let's say like
+Morgan Stanley issue that right now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley issue that right now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley issue that right now then
+um Morgan Stanley would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Morgan Stanley would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Morgan Stanley would pay
+significantly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less
+um it's all done you know like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's all done you know like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's all done you know like on the
+fair market you know like basis without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair market you know like basis without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair market you know like basis without
+any you know like subsidies then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know like subsidies then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know like subsidies then of
+course Morgan Stanley would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Morgan Stanley would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Morgan Stanley would pay
+significantly less in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less in the interest
+because say for the case of Greece there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say for the case of Greece there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say for the case of Greece there
+is a much higher default risk so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much higher default risk so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much higher default risk so and
+basically I mentioned basically that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mentioned basically that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mentioned basically that the
+idea is that you uh in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you uh in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you uh in the in the in the
+world of create derivatives uh as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of create derivatives uh as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of create derivatives uh as in the
+case these are derivatives there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these are derivatives there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these are derivatives there is a
+concept of of basically of Hazard rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of of basically of Hazard rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of of basically of Hazard rates
+which again some kind of curve which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again some kind of curve which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again some kind of curve which
+shows how risky the issue is at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how risky the issue is at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how risky the issue is at some
+point in the future so in here I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future so in here I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future so in here I show
+basically you know I saw I show is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know I saw I show is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know I saw I show is the
+dynamic for for the forward rat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic for for the forward rat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic for for the forward rat and
+here's basically of Hazard rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's basically of Hazard rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's basically of Hazard rate
+basically just show shows you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just show shows you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just show shows you basically
+how risky the issue is and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky the issue is and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky the issue is and then using
+similar like similar uh similar approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like similar uh similar approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar like similar uh similar approach
+you can also like and I can basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also like and I can basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also like and I can basically I
+I show it basically like give you as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show it basically like give you as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show it basically like give you as an
+exercise you can prove again that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can prove again that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can prove again that in the
+it turns out if you know the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you know the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you know the volatility
+of Hazard rates then you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hazard rates then you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hazard rates then you know how to
+simulate um how to simulate um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate um how to simulate um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate um how to simulate um the
+Dynamics of haard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of haard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of haard
+trates so so essentially the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates so so essentially the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trates so so essentially the Dynamics
+like you know like of of all this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like of of all this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like of of all this uh uh
+so again so the idea like let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so the idea like let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again so the idea like let me go back
+just to to to to the to the stock case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to to to the to the stock case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to to to the to the stock case
+again like the idea again is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like the idea again is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like the idea again is very simple
+so you you you you have all damic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you you have all damic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you you have all damic
+variables like like like rates and CR in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like like like rates and CR in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like like like rates and CR in
+this case then what what you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case then what what you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case then what what you do you
+simulate it in the r neutral world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it in the r neutral world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it in the r neutral world you
+have different pass and then you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different pass and then you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different pass and then you simply
+average over the payoff so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the payoff so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the payoff so that's that's
+the beauty of the of the risk neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of the of the risk neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of the of the risk neutral
+pricing that there is a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that there is a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that there is a very general
+framework which is and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework which is and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework which is and which is
+basically implemented to all the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically implemented to all the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically implemented to all the major
+Banks and this is this is really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and this is this is really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and this is this is really like
+the right approach to price very exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach to price very exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach to price very exotic
+derivatives for which is very hard uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for which is very hard uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for which is very hard uh to
+find exact analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find exact analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find exact analytical
+formulas and let me show you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and let me show you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and let me show you basically
+one example where basically uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where basically uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where basically uh where
+uh of of a security of securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of a security of securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of a security of securities
+uh uh which are you know like U um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh which are you know like U um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh which are you know like U um
+issued by big Banks and and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by big Banks and and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by big Banks and and that's where
+basically U this hjm model and Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically U this hjm model and Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically U this hjm model and Monte
+Carlo simulation basically are used all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation basically are used all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation basically are used all
+the time because the PS are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because the PS are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because the PS are very
+complicated so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so and
+U and um example like of of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and um example like of of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and um example like of of such a
+product is called like structured Noe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is called like structured Noe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is called like structured Noe so
+what structured note it's again again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what structured note it's again again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what structured note it's again again
+corporations uh need to raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations uh need to raise money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations uh need to raise money
+right but I cannot um let's say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I cannot um let's say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I cannot um let's say um
+um uh just to run its business but uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just to run its business but uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh just to run its business but uh of
+course uh I cannot just get this money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh I cannot just get this money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh I cannot just get this money
+for free I need to pay some interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free I need to pay some interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free I need to pay some interest and
+of um and again like if if you look um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um and again like if if you look um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um and again like if if you look um
+if you look uh like at what happened say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look uh like at what happened say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look uh like at what happened say
+last year again at the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year again at the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year again at the end of the last
+year let's say for example us us 10 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let's say for example us us 10 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year let's say for example us us 10 year
+bond would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond would pay
+1.7% and if you also pay all the taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7% and if you also pay all the taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7% and if you also pay all the taxes
+then you you basically you you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you basically you you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you basically you you probably
+get something like one 1.1% and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like one 1.1% and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like one 1.1% and this
+might be even lower than inflation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be even lower than inflation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be even lower than inflation so
+investors especially long-term investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors especially long-term investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors especially long-term investors
+they are not really interest interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not really interest interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not really interest interested
+in investing in in the US treasuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investing in in the US treasuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investing in in the US treasuries
+because they Alo it's risk- free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Alo it's risk- free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Alo it's risk- free but
+there is no return right so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no return right so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no return right so you won't
+you want to generate some money so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to generate some money so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to generate some money so what
+can you do then okay so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do then okay so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do then okay so you don't want
+to invest into treasuries so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest into treasuries so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest into treasuries so then you
+you can go to um uh you can try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to um uh you can try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to um uh you can try to find
+some corporate bonds again corporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some corporate bonds again corporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some corporate bonds again corporates
+are risky compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risky compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risky compared to the
+uh to the United States government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the United States government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the United States government and
+so uh so um so typical coupon paid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so um so typical coupon paid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so um so typical coupon paid by
+this bond by by by the corporate bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond by by by the corporate bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond by by by the corporate bonds
+would be higher so let's say like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be higher so let's say like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be higher so let's say like like
+five 5% for non for non-distressed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 5% for non for non-distressed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 5% for non for non-distressed you
+know like typical like us Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like typical like us Corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like typical like us Corporation
+now uh uh but again like 5% then kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh uh but again like 5% then kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh uh but again like 5% then kind of
+you need to pay let's say 30% you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay let's say 30% you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay let's say 30% you know
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+interest 30% tax STP of this so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest 30% tax STP of this so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest 30% tax STP of this so you you
+left like 3.3 there is inflation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left like 3.3 there is inflation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left like 3.3 there is inflation and so
+on so forth so on so forth so kind of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth so on so forth so kind of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth so on so forth so kind of it
+still looks like like like a low return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looks like like like a low return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looks like like like a low return
+of course inle below you you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course inle below you you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course inle below you you can buy
+some distressed uh distressed uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distressed uh distressed uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distressed uh distressed uh uh
+bonds like say like like for from Greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds like say like like for from Greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds like say like like for from Greece
+or maybe like from like from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe like from like from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe like from like from some
+corporations is a much higher yield but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations is a much higher yield but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations is a much higher yield but
+it's more like a it becomes more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like a it becomes more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like a it becomes more like
+gambling right you don't want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling right you don't want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling right you don't want because
+it's really there's so much unur there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really there's so much unur there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really there's so much unur there
+so it's more like you can get like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more like you can get like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more like you can get like very
+high return but you can lose everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high return but you can lose everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high return but you can lose everything
+because it's it's it's really like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's really like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's really like very
+like very basically you're bearing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very basically you're bearing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very basically you're bearing very
+high cre risk so what do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cre risk so what do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cre risk so what do in the
+situation turns out that Banks big Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation turns out that Banks big Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation turns out that Banks big Banks
+issue very like very special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue very like very special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue very like very special kind of
+Securities called structured notes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities called structured notes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities called structured notes which
+are um uh which uh um are very attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh which uh um are very attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh which uh um are very attract
+to some investors so let's say Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some investors so let's say Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some investors so let's say Morgan
+Stanley so but instead of issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley so but instead of issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley so but instead of issuing
+vanilla Bond I'm issuing and at 5% let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla Bond I'm issuing and at 5% let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanilla Bond I'm issuing and at 5% let's
+say for 10 years I issue a bond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for 10 years I issue a bond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for 10 years I issue a bond which
+pays 10% a year right so much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays 10% a year right so much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays 10% a year right so much higher
+coupon but I pay you to invest 10% only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon but I pay you to invest 10% only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon but I pay you to invest 10% only
+if certain market conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if certain market conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if certain market conditions are
+satisfied so let's say Market condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so let's say Market condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so let's say Market condition
+are like this 30 years swap rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like this 30 years swap rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like this 30 years swap rate is
+higher than two years swap rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than two years swap rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than two years swap rate right
+remember that basically like let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that basically like let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that basically like let's go
+back to to the to the picture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to the to the picture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to the to the picture which
+which I drew right so essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I drew right so essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I drew right so essentially this
+means that if if if I if if we borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if if if I if if we borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if if if I if if we borrow
+money then the short-term borrowing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the short-term borrowing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the short-term borrowing rate
+is small is smaller than the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small is smaller than the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small is smaller than the long-term
+borrowing rate which which usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate which which usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate which which usually the
+case so so basically let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so so basically let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so so basically let's assume
+basically so I pay you 10% if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so I pay you 10% if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so I pay you 10% if two
+condition satisfied 1% is a 30-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition satisfied 1% is a 30-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition satisfied 1% is a 30-year
+borrowing rate like in in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate like in in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate like in in the economy
+right now is higher than 2year borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is higher than 2year borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is higher than 2year borrowing
+rning rate which is this condition plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rning rate which is this condition plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rning rate which is this condition plus
+this second condition s 500 Index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second condition s 500 Index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second condition s 500 Index is
+higher than 880
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 880
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 880
+so so uh now if these conditions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh now if these conditions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh now if these conditions are not
+really B satisfied then the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really B satisfied then the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really B satisfied then the investor
+would get 10% if one of this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get 10% if one of this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get 10% if one of this condition
+breaks down the investor would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the investor would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the investor would get
+nothing so there are many investors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so there are many investors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so there are many investors who
+who would like to bear this kind of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to bear this kind of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to bear this kind of risk
+so um because they have certain view on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because they have certain view on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because they have certain view on
+on on how the the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on how the the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on how the the economy
+would would develop because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would develop because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would develop because right now
+for example c500 index is is is um s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example c500 index is is is um s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example c500 index is is is um s is
+is um um pretty close to 2,000 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um um pretty close to 2,000 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um um pretty close to 2,000 so it's
+it's it's very unlikely that will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very unlikely that will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very unlikely that will go
+down by the factor of two and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by the factor of two and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by the factor of two and goes
+basally reach 880 so it's kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basally reach 880 so it's kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basally reach 880 so it's kind of very
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+probability uh and then also investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh and then also investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh and then also investor
+believe that this will never happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this will never happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this will never happen so
+always will be in economy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will be in economy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will be in economy where
+basically it's more kind of it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's more kind of it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's more kind of it's it's
+still more expensive to borrow long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still more expensive to borrow long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still more expensive to borrow long term
+than shortterm so in this case it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shortterm so in this case it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shortterm so in this case it turns
+out that the the coupon can be enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the the coupon can be enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the the coupon can be enhanced
+so this the whole idea whole IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the whole idea whole IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the whole idea whole IDE
+structured not so instead of selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured not so instead of selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured not so instead of selling
+like a plain coupon 5% I'm I'm selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a plain coupon 5% I'm I'm selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a plain coupon 5% I'm I'm selling
+an embedded derivative and if investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embedded derivative and if investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an embedded derivative and if investor
+is like she's kind of gambling but in UC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like she's kind of gambling but in UC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like she's kind of gambling but in UC
+in educated way because there is like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educated way because there is like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educated way because there is like um
+certain economic meaning of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic meaning of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic meaning of of these
+conditions so but investor can can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so but investor can can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so but investor can can get
+like higher return and this is a very po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher return and this is a very po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher return and this is a very po
+this is very popular very popular way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very popular very popular way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very popular very popular way of
+financing because it CH s that investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing because it CH s that investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing because it CH s that investors
+are buying the kind of instruments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying the kind of instruments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are buying the kind of instruments but
+they're very unique so it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very unique so it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very unique so it's very hard to
+really just to that they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to that they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just to that they're not very
+liquid therefore when we is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid therefore when we is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid therefore when we is this kind of
+instrument even if you price it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument even if you price it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument even if you price it
+correctly using all the models the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly using all the models the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly using all the models the the
+the bank or like some financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank or like some financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank or like some financial
+institution which issues kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which issues kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which issues kind of
+instruments it's can can make some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's can can make some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's can can make some extra
+money so it's effectively it's cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so it's effectively it's cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so it's effectively it's cheaper
+to issue this kind of instruments than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue this kind of instruments than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue this kind of instruments than
+to issue vanilla bonds and all all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue vanilla bonds and all all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue vanilla bonds and all all these
+big Banks they have all the Machinery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Banks they have all the Machinery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Banks they have all the Machinery to
+risk manage all this kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk manage all this kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk manage all this kind of very
+sophisticated derivatives so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated derivatives so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated derivatives so basically
+they know what they are doing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they are doing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they are doing so this
+the S this kind of product and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S this kind of product and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S this kind of product and they're
+Hing their exposure and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing their exposure and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing their exposure and they they
+realize some profit because um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize some profit because um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize some profit because um you can
+identify how much cheap this instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify how much cheap this instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify how much cheap this instrument
+is so it's it's good for banks and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's it's good for banks and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so it's it's good for banks and it's
+also good for the investors because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also good for the investors because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also good for the investors because they
+looking for this kind of yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this kind of yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this kind of yield
+enhancement want want to they want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement want want to they want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement want want to they want to to
+have a higher yield and and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher yield and and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher yield and and they're
+taking and they're willing to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and they're willing to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and they're willing to to uh to
+take this risk but what again it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this risk but what again it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this risk but what again it's an
+educated risk right it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated risk right it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated risk right it's not just
+basically because like like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because like like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because like like these
+conditions for example here they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example here they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example here they have a
+very clear economical meaning so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear economical meaning so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear economical meaning so if the
+investors really understands what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors really understands what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors really understands what's
+going on then it's kind of it's It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on then it's kind of it's It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on then it's kind of it's It's
+reasonable risk and of course what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable risk and of course what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable risk and of course what what
+do we do in this case if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do in this case if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do in this case if you want to
+model something like this then uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model something like this then uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model something like this then uh uh
+it's it's very complicated to find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very complicated to find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very complicated to find any
+kind of analytic like analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analytic like analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analytic like analytic
+approximations here like like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations here like like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations here like like in the
+real world so what do we do we simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world so what do we do we simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world so what do we do we simulate
+the stock market price we simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market price we simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market price we simulate the
+um like like like this 30-year yield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like like like this 30-year yield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like like like this 30-year yield and
+10 year yield and we simulate Morgan St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 year yield and we simulate Morgan St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 year yield and we simulate Morgan St
+rate spread Sim like and we do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate spread Sim like and we do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate spread Sim like and we do it all
+simultaneously at the same time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at the same time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at the same time and then
+we see in the Monte Carlo simulation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the Monte Carlo simulation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the Monte Carlo simulation if
+this condition is satisfied for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition is satisfied for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition is satisfied for every
+coupon date then we paying 10% if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon date then we paying 10% if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon date then we paying 10% if
+something is broken then we're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is broken then we're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is broken then we're paying
+zero so we simulate many many pass like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we simulate many many pass like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we simulate many many pass like
+this and then we calculate the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we calculate the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we calculate the average
+value of it and then we come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of it and then we come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of it and then we come up with the
+price and then we and then we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then we and then we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and then we and then we call this
+price to the investor and again I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to the investor and again I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to the investor and again I say
+like these products are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these products are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these products are very
+non-standard that's fine you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard that's fine you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard that's fine you can you can
+make some extra money so and as a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some extra money so and as a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some extra money so and as a firm
+you as a firm you save money because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a firm you save money because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a firm you save money because I
+say like it's cheaper than to issue like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like it's cheaper than to issue like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like it's cheaper than to issue like
+just plain vanilla bonds and just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain vanilla bonds and just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plain vanilla bonds and just just
+just just to to give you the idea like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to to give you the idea like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just to to give you the idea like
+where we are in terms of numbers so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in terms of numbers so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in terms of numbers so here
+here there is a graph of of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is a graph of of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is a graph of of difference
+between 30-year borrowing rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 30-year borrowing rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 30-year borrowing rate and
+two-year borrowing rate uh for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year borrowing rate uh for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year borrowing rate uh for the last
+um like for the last decade so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like for the last decade so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like for the last decade so you see
+so this difference always positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference always positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference always positive it
+was negative only very shortly for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was negative only very shortly for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was negative only very shortly for some
+time uh around um 2005 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh around um 2005 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh around um 2005 20
+2006 so it's very very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 so it's very very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 so it's very very very very
+interesting thing right so when you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing right so when you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing right so when you um
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+derivative then you uh there is a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then you uh there is a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then you uh there is a notion
+of of Market applied uh numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Market applied uh numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Market applied uh numbers and
+youself that if you look at at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youself that if you look at at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youself that if you look at at how
+different instruments are priced on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instruments are priced on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instruments are priced on the
+market then the probability uh then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then the probability uh then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then the probability uh then then
+then you can ask a question what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask a question what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can ask a question what's the
+probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+this this um will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this um will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this um will
+B let's say if I run for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's say if I run for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's say if I run for example this
+stastically uh for the last 10 years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stastically uh for the last 10 years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stastically uh for the last 10 years uh
+then how what's the probability um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how what's the probability um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how what's the probability um uh
+that uh this condition is uh like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this condition is uh like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this condition is uh like like
+this difference was positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference was positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference was positive and
+insurance probability is only 80%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance probability is only 80%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance probability is only 80%
+whereas in reality it was realized only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in reality it was realized only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in reality it was realized only
+for a few days basically so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few days basically so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few days basically so it's
+significantly lower right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower right so basically
+then educated investor says like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then educated investor says like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then educated investor says like this so
+the market basically give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market basically give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market basically give me this
+discount like like 80% but I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount like like 80% but I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount like like 80% but I know that
+this almost never happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this almost never happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this almost never happened in the past
+therefore I believe that it will it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I believe that it will it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I believe that it will it will
+not happen in the future maybe it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen in the future maybe it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happen in the future maybe it will
+happen but I will still I will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I will still I will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but I will still I will still
+make some extra money because of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some extra money because of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some extra money because of this so
+basically we have some component en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have some component en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have some component en
+hment by a factor of one divided by8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hment by a factor of one divided by8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hment by a factor of one divided by8
+1.55%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.55%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.55%
+right second thing is about 500 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right second thing is about 500 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right second thing is about 500 if you
+look at at the history is the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the history is the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at the history is the history of
+this index which is the basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this index which is the basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this index which is the basically the
+the main US market index then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main US market index then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main US market index then you see
+that uh it was historically above 880
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it was historically above 880
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it was historically above 880
+level for the um uh for 900 uh for 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for the um uh for 900 uh for 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for the um uh for 900 uh for 94
+days out of 100 days so very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days out of 100 days so very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days out of 100 days so very very high
+probability but the market implies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but the market implies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but the market implies this
+will be the case only in 75% case again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the case only in 75% case again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the case only in 75% case again
+the educated investor would say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated investor would say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated investor would say like
+this okay right now we have 500 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay right now we have 500 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay right now we have 500 is
+around U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around U
+1,800 so what the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,800 so what the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,800 so what the probability that the
+going to drop below 880 of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop below 880 of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop below 880 of course there
+is some probability but I is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some probability but I is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some probability but I is not going
+to happen because it was mean a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen because it was mean a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen because it was mean a very
+severe recession and it looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe recession and it looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe recession and it looks like the
+economy is improving the market might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is improving the market might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is improving the market might
+drop might might drop down but maybe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop might might drop down but maybe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop might might drop down but maybe to
+the level of 1,500 1, 400 but not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of 1,500 1, 400 but not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of 1,500 1, 400 but not that
+low therefore investors believe that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low therefore investors believe that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low therefore investors believe that he
+the investor believes that he by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor believes that he by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor believes that he by taking
+this risk again he basically he will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk again he basically he will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk again he basically he will
+again get like a higher coupon so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get like a higher coupon so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get like a higher coupon so this
+is like very popular instrument which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very popular instrument which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very popular instrument which
+are Solly priced by Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Solly priced by Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Solly priced by Monte Carlo
+simulation which are like and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation which are like and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation which are like and we have
+like big businesses for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big businesses for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big businesses for example like
+Morgan Stanley whose goal is to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley whose goal is to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan Stanley whose goal is to raise
+Capital like by selling this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital like by selling this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital like by selling this kind of
+exotic products and hedging them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic products and hedging them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic products and hedging them using
+the mon Cara framework and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mon Cara framework and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mon Cara framework and if the
+interest rates are crucial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are crucial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are crucial for the
+Dynamics and then we use the AJ model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and then we use the AJ model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and then we use the AJ model
+for simulating interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simulating interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simulating interest
+rates so so that's everything what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so so that's everything what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so so that's everything what I
+wanted to tell you about today so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about today so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you about today so thank
+you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah simulation uhuh isn't there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah simulation uhuh isn't there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah simulation uhuh isn't there some
+choice you might certain choices based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you might certain choices based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you might certain choices based
+on hisorical prence yeah this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hisorical prence yeah this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hisorical prence yeah this a very
+good question okay so in reality so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay so in reality so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay so in reality so so
+so okay so so here's what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so so here's what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so so here's what happens so
+let's let's go to to the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go to to the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go to to the very simple
+case of of stock of of stock prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of stock of of stock prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of stock of of stock prices
+right so again R here basically is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again R here basically is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again R here basically is just
+the it's basically the borrowing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's basically the borrowing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's basically the borrowing rate
+right basically is like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically is like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically is like let's say
+whatever the bank account gives so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the bank account gives so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the bank account gives so this
+is known the only paramet known is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known the only paramet known is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known the only paramet known is
+volatility so usually what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so usually what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility so usually what what is
+usually you have you have like liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have you have like liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have you have like liquid
+stocks for example like IBM they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks for example like IBM they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks for example like IBM they're on
+Apple then there are already derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple then there are already derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple then there are already derivatives
+uh traded which are very liquid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traded which are very liquid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traded which are very liquid this
+means that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you you
+can you can imply this Sigma from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can imply this Sigma from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can imply this Sigma from the
+price of liquid derivatives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of liquid derivatives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of liquid derivatives right
+because you know for example that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know for example that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know for example that this
+particular option let's say today Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular option let's say today Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular option let's say today Apple
+trade for example is 600 and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade for example is 600 and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade for example is 600 and you know
+that at the money option so option a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the money option so option a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the money option so option a
+strike 600 like in one year from now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike 600 like in one year from now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike 600 like in one year from now for
+example is worth whatever like $50 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is worth whatever like $50 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is worth whatever like $50 for
+example by knowing this you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by knowing this you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by knowing this you can you can
+apply this Sigma so the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this Sigma so the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this Sigma so the whole idea of
+this is like this so you take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like this so you take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like this so you take very
+liquid derivatives like call Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid derivatives like call Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid derivatives like call Standard
+call options and you apply you imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call options and you apply you imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call options and you apply you imply
+this Sigma and then you use this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sigma and then you use this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sigma and then you use this model
+to price really truly exotic derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price really truly exotic derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price really truly exotic derivatives
+which are not widely available able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not widely available able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not widely available able
+that's how big Banks make money because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how big Banks make money because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how big Banks make money because
+we know how to price them we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to price them we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to price them we have
+clients coming in and and we we we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients coming in and and we we we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients coming in and and we we we see
+the prices of of very liquid instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of of very liquid instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of of very liquid instruments
+and we buy them to H so very often what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we buy them to H so very often what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we buy them to H so very often what
+we do is that we do some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is that we do some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is that we do some very
+complicated deal but we have we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated deal but we have we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated deal but we have we have an
+ability to offload it into simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to offload it into simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to offload it into simpler
+contracts which we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which we know how to
+price that's idea and and and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that's idea and and and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that's idea and and and the same
+the same is true for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true for all the other
+derivatives from credit derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives from credit derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives from credit derivatives
+oration derivatives so you try to imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oration derivatives so you try to imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oration derivatives so you try to imply
+the sigma from the market if there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma from the market if there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma from the market if there no
+there is no way to do this which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to do this which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way to do this which which
+is which is very often the case for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is very often the case for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is very often the case for for
+cre derivatives because for the cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre derivatives because for the cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre derivatives because for the cre
+derivatives cre is not like very very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives cre is not like very very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives cre is not like very very um
+very very liquid not liquid traded then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very liquid not liquid traded then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very liquid not liquid traded then
+the best thing which you you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing which you you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing which you you can do is
+is to take historical estimate so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take historical estimate so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take historical estimate so we we
+do this kind of we also do this there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of we also do this there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of we also do this there is
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+else yeah yeah in your last slide where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah yeah in your last slide where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah yeah in your last slide where
+you talked about the implied frequenc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah 80 yeah thatal or current uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 80 yeah thatal or current uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 80 yeah thatal or current uh okay
+this is okay this number I think if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay this number I think if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay this number I think if if
+you I think how it obtain I think if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think how it obtain I think if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think how it obtain I think if if
+you if you go to the end of 2012 and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you go to the end of 2012 and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you go to the end of 2012 and go
+back to 2002 10 10 years 10 years into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 2002 10 10 years 10 years into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 2002 10 10 years 10 years into
+the past then I think 800 it was above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past then I think 800 it was above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past then I think 800 it was above
+800 0 in the on in the 94% of case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 0 in the on in the 94% of case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 0 in the on in the 94% of case I
+mean we can go back basically right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can go back basically right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can go back basically right so
+remember just like to the slide I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just like to the slide I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just like to the slide I showed
+in the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very beginning
+right uh here here is right so 8008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here here is right so 8008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here here is right so 8008
+somewhere here right is 2012 is here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here right is 2012 is here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here right is 2012 is here you
+go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+2002 right so basically it was below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 right so basically it was below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 right so basically it was below
+1880 like you know like around 2,000 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 like you know like around 2,000 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880 like you know like around 2,000 we
+had an internet bubble and around let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an internet bubble and around let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an internet bubble and around let's
+say 200000 8 2009 when when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 200000 8 2009 when when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 200000 8 2009 when when we had
+basically like this like major banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like this like major banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like this like major banking
+crisis that's how up this number so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis that's how up this number so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis that's how up this number so you
+can see right it's it's it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right it's it's it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right it's it's it's not very
+you know probability is not very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probability is not very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probability is not very high
+based on historicals this kind of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on historicals this kind of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on historicals this kind of people
+believe that in the future it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that in the future it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that in the future it might
+happen but then the stock will will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but then the stock will will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but then the stock will will go
+will go back again because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go back again because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go back again because the
+government will intervene and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will intervene and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will intervene and so on so
+forth that's kind of the way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that's kind of the way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that's kind of the way of thinking
+of these investors who invest into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these investors who invest into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these investors who invest into
+structur notes like this so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur notes like this so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur notes like this so for the
+implied yeah frequency yeah that's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied yeah frequency yeah that's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied yeah frequency yeah that's from
+the current exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current exactly
+exactly exactly exactly exactly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly exactly exactly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly exactly exactly and then
+a good exactly so now this is that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good exactly so now this is that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good exactly so now this is that's how
+historical is obtained H let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yes so that is like this exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so that is like this exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so that is like this exactly so
+you you you're your today and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you're your today and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you're your today and and you
+have you have your Mont car model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have your Mont car model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have your Mont car model and
+you stimulate it going forward for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate it going forward for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate it going forward for two
+years for for 10 years and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for for 10 years and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for for 10 years and you see
+what's the probability Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability Market
+probability to to to be below 180 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to to to be below 180 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to to to be below 180 and
+actually much higher because usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much higher because usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much higher because usually the
+market is usually the market uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is usually the market uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is usually the market uh is is
+very um um is extremely risk your so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um um is extremely risk your so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um um is extremely risk your so
+kind of if you're buying a deep of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you're buying a deep of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if you're buying a deep of the
+money option you usually there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option you usually there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option you usually there is like
+there is kind of everybody requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of everybody requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is kind of everybody requires
+premium because if if this happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium because if if this happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium because if if this happens if
+you don't really like Char enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really like Char enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really like Char enough money
+basically that you're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that you're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that you're out of
+business that's how I plan this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that's how I plan this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that's how I plan this number
+like uh what 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what 75%
+yeah whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah so is the pricing of these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so is the pricing of these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so is the pricing of these more
+exotic uh products totally Reliant upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic uh products totally Reliant upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic uh products totally Reliant upon
+Monte Carlo or are there more other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo or are there more other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo or are there more other
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+I mean uh usually usually it's Monte car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh usually usually it's Monte car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh usually usually it's Monte car
+so uh there are some some derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are some some derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are some some derivatives
+for analytical approximations available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analytical approximations available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analytical approximations available
+for example for for derivative right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for for derivative right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for for derivative right so
+okay swaps swaps are like a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay swaps swaps are like a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay swaps swaps are like a very simple
+linear products to prize them you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear products to prize them you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear products to prize them you need
+to only discount function so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only discount function so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only discount function so this is
+just arithmetics of course it's all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just arithmetics of course it's all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just arithmetics of course it's all done
+just simple arithmetics for of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple arithmetics for of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple arithmetics for of options
+standard of options there is a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of options there is a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of options there is a model
+called saber model which allow some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called saber model which allow some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called saber model which allow some kind
+of sem analytical Solutions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sem analytical Solutions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sem analytical Solutions which
+approximate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate by
+but of high quality then you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of high quality then you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of high quality then you can do it
+but there are different schools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are different schools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are different schools of
+thought right because this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought right because this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought right because this an
+approximate some approximations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate some approximations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate some approximations which
+might fail for some if maturity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail for some if maturity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail for some if maturity is very
+long or it's very deep like very deep of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or it's very deep like very deep of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or it's very deep like very deep of
+the option so so very often what Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so so very often what Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option so so very often what Traders
+do even if their official numbers are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even if their official numbers are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even if their official numbers are on
+this more simplified models which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more simplified models which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more simplified models which which
+which can has some formula they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can has some formula they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can has some formula they still
+run the mon Carlo simulation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the mon Carlo simulation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the mon Carlo simulation for the
+whole portfolio to understand like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio to understand like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole portfolio to understand like what
+the most complicated model like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated model like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated model like like
+tells you in terms of your in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you in terms of your in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you in terms of your in terms of
+your present value of your portfolio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your present value of your portfolio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your present value of your portfolio in
+terms of the risk but of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the risk but of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the risk but of course this
+kind of double range rules which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double range rules which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double range rules which I just
+showed you know like not it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you know like not it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you know like not it's it's
+impossible I mean to build any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I mean to build any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I mean to build any
+meaningful analytical model you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful analytical model you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful analytical model you you can
+do something but just you you won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something but just you you won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something but just you you won't get
+like like a you won't be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a you won't be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a you won't be able to be
+competitive with this it's just all mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive with this it's just all mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive with this it's just all mon
+Cara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cara
+simulation yeah right so you said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation yeah right so you said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation yeah right so you said like
+usually this whole simulation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this whole simulation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this whole simulation process
+takes like an hour on a m lab program no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like an hour on a m lab program no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes like an hour on a m lab program no
+I mean now it take no no it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean now it take no no it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean now it take no no it takes
+probably like one hour just to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like one hour just to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like one hour just to write the
+whole program because it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program because it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program because it's it's very
+simple right so what you do right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so what you do right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right so what you do right you
+have brown on motion right but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brown on motion right but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brown on motion right but what you
+do mlab generator Brown on motion right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mlab generator Brown on motion right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mlab generator Brown on motion right
+so you you just do it and then you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you just do it and then you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you just do it and then you write
+your the change in your price is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the change in your price is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the change in your price is equal
+to your drift which you know plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your drift which you know plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your drift which you know plus some
+random number and you basically you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number and you basically you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number and you basically you just
+simulate different path and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate different path and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate different path and then if you
+press a call option you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a call option you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a call option you
+know distribution of your um stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distribution of your um stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distribution of your um stock
+prices like let's say say in one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices like let's say say in one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices like let's say say in one year
+from now it maturity and you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now it maturity and you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now it maturity and you just do
+average so it's Maybe Might T 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so it's Maybe Might T 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so it's Maybe Might T 15 minutes
+to write this kind of program this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this kind of program this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this kind of program this way
+you can like verify numerically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like verify numerically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like verify numerically the
+accuracy like of the you can numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy like of the you can numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy like of the you can numerically
+the black shs formula for example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black shs formula for example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black shs formula for example but
+the idea kind of it's very simple here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea kind of it's very simple here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea kind of it's very simple here
+but of course for these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course for these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course for these complicated
+models which you because like for term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which you because like for term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which you because like for term
+structure process like a GM because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure process like a GM because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure process like a GM because like
+it's already like onedimensional object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already like onedimensional object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already like onedimensional object
+and Al uh course of course it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al uh course of course it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al uh course of course it's much
+more complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because
+besides pricing you you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides pricing you you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides pricing you you need to have
+this idea of calibration like as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of calibration like as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of calibration like as you
+mentioned right because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned right because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned right because these
+volatilities they're not just usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatilities they're not just usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatilities they're not just usually
+historical right they implied from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical right they implied from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical right they implied from other
+instruments so what we do in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so what we do in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so what we do in practice
+like this so we have liquid instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we have liquid instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we have liquid instruments
+liquid options we have the model but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid options we have the model but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid options we have the model but the
+model has a known parameters first we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a known parameters first we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has a known parameters first we do
+the calibration right so we make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calibration right so we make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calibration right so we make sure
+that our model practice all these simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model practice all these simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model practice all these simple
+instruments and then we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and then we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and then we take a
+derivatives whose PR is unknown because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives whose PR is unknown because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives whose PR is unknown because
+it's like it's it's just something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's it's just something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's it's just something like
+like very complicated and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very complicated and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very complicated and then we just
+price it but our model is calibrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it but our model is calibrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it but our model is calibrate to
+simple derivatives and this tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple derivatives and this tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple derivatives and this tell us
+basically tell us then this model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell us then this model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tell us then this model then
+after pricing it and running and running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pricing it and running and running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pricing it and running and running
+sensitivities with respect to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities with respect to Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities with respect to Market
+parameters tells us how to hedge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters tells us how to hedge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters tells us how to hedge it
+right basically that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically that's the
+idea you also do Post analysis to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you also do Post analysis to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you also do Post analysis to see
+how the models did in the past and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the models did in the past and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the models did in the past and and
+so you can adjust them yeah yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can adjust them yeah yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can adjust them yeah yeah yeah so
+this is so part what you have to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so part what you have to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so part what you have to do okay
+so technically I mean okay so I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so technically I mean okay so I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so technically I mean okay so I I would
+say in general we are moving to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general we are moving to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general we are moving to this
+direction in general it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in general it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in general it's it's it's it's
+U of course for Monte Cara from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of course for Monte Cara from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of course for Monte Cara from the
+point of view for complicated Monte Cara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view for complicated Monte Cara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view for complicated Monte Cara
+model which very difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which very difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which very difficult to do
+technically you need to have it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically you need to have it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically you need to have it's very
+difficult but we do it like like we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but we do it like like we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but we do it like like we kind
+of for simpler models like like for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for simpler models like like for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for simpler models like like for for
+swaps and so onal experience with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and so onal experience with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and so onal experience with with
+the prodction that you made yeah but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prodction that you made yeah but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prodction that you made yeah but but
+no no but here situation it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but here situation it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no but here situation it's it's very
+different so we don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we don't make any
+prediction here right remember it's risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction here right remember it's risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction here right remember it's risk
+neutral pricing there's no prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pricing there's no prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pricing there's no prediction
+here what what we do is like what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what we do is like what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what we do is like what we do
+here is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like this
+we uh we we we are a bank and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we we we are a bank and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we we we are a bank and we want to
+trade all kinds of very exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade all kinds of very exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade all kinds of very exotic
+derivatives we which nobody knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we which nobody knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives we which nobody knows how to
+price but many clients like like like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but many clients like like like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but many clients like like like we
+have clients who want to buy them due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clients who want to buy them due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clients who want to buy them due to
+different reasons want to speculate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons want to speculate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons want to speculate or
+they want to kind of manage the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to kind of manage the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to kind of manage the risk
+exposure in certain way and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in certain way and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in certain way and so on so
+forth so nobody knows except for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so nobody knows except for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so nobody knows except for like
+for like like 10 20 Banks how to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like like 10 20 Banks how to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like like 10 20 Banks how to price
+them because this is like you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because this is like you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because this is like you need to
+have infrastructure you need to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infrastructure you need to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infrastructure you need to know how
+to do this then you need to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this then you need to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this then you need to have some
+kind of business channels how to offload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business channels how to offload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business channels how to offload
+this risk so this kind of some like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk so this kind of some like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk so this kind of some like very
+exotic products so now the idea damic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic products so now the idea damic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic products so now the idea damic is
+like this remember like in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this remember like in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this remember like in the case of
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+shs you you uh you you buy an option and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs you you uh you you buy an option and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs you you uh you you buy an option and
+then you hedge it by holding certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hedge it by holding certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hedge it by holding certain
+amount of underlying so you don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of underlying so you don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of underlying so you don't make
+any money but you you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money but you you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money but you you want to make sure
+that whatever happens to the market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever happens to the market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever happens to the market you
+you're uh you're you're you're fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're you're you're fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh you're you're you're fully
+hedged so the market move moves here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedged so the market move moves here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedged so the market move moves here you
+don't make any money the market moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any money the market moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any money the market moves
+like moves down right like you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moves down right like you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moves down right like you know like
+you don't make any money so the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make any money so the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make any money so the way how
+you make money basically you this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money basically you this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money basically you this like
+basically black schs formula in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically black schs formula in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically black schs formula in this
+case the price which you charge for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the price which you charge for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the price which you charge for the
+option is is the price of execu your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is is the price of execu your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is is the price of execu your
+trading strategy so if you charge a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading strategy so if you charge a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading strategy so if you charge a a
+little bit more this is extra money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more this is extra money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more this is extra money
+which you can make so the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can make so the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can make so the whole idea
+here it's very different so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's very different so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's very different so what you
+just mention like proprietary business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention like proprietary business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention like proprietary business
+being big Banks like they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being big Banks like they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being big Banks like they are not
+supposed to do this it's more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do this it's more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do this it's more like the
+hge fund World very different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hge fund World very different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hge fund World very different models
+what we do we we try to manage big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do we we try to manage big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do we we try to manage big
+portfolios of derivatives very all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of derivatives very all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of derivatives very all all
+kinds of derivatives and we are we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of derivatives and we are we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of derivatives and we are we try
+to price them and charge a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price them and charge a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to price them and charge a little bit
+extra so that we can make our living but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra so that we can make our living but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra so that we can make our living but
+on the other hand we we don't take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we we don't take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we we don't take any
+risk right that's the idea the of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right that's the idea the of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right that's the idea the of these
+models so from point of view in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so from point of view in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so from point of view in terms of
+testing historically you can still ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing historically you can still ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing historically you can still ask a
+question let's say if I if if I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's say if I if if I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's say if I if if I go back
+10 years and let's say 10 years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and let's say 10 years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years and let's say 10 years ago I
+would sell for example Z stock option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sell for example Z stock option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sell for example Z stock option
+and for the next 10 years using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next 10 years using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the next 10 years using
+historical data I see basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data I see basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data I see basically like
+like how I have some my model and tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how I have some my model and tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how I have some my model and tells
+me what my Greeks or like what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what my Greeks or like what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what my Greeks or like what my
+sensitivi is with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivi is with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivi is with respect to the
+underlying uh what sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh what sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying uh what sensitivity to
+underline is and then you can ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline is and then you can ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline is and then you can ask a
+question how how was this like Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how how was this like Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how how was this like Delta H
+performing like historically this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing like historically this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing like historically this is a
+reasonable question because like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question because like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question because like like
+like maybe like you assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe like you assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe like you assume that the
+model is pretty much you know continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is pretty much you know continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is pretty much you know continuous
+but maybe if your Dynamics is very jerky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if your Dynamics is very jerky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe if your Dynamics is very jerky
+then you can just basically lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just basically lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just basically lose money
+because you you just don't take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you just don't take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you just don't take into
+account this effects this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this effects this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this effects this is an example
+of historical analysis which might run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical analysis which might run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of historical analysis which might run
+but it has nothing to do with prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has nothing to do with prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has nothing to do with prediction
+here so it's it's a whole different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's it's a whole different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's it's a whole different
+world so R neutral pricing so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so R neutral pricing so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so R neutral pricing so we don't
+take any risk basically that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any risk basically that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any risk basically that's the whole
+idea but du to the fact that deres are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but du to the fact that deres are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but du to the fact that deres are
+very complex even in this case kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex even in this case kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex even in this case kind of
+we kind still Banks bear some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind still Banks bear some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind still Banks bear some kind of
+residual risk because remember we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual risk because remember we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual risk because remember we cannot
+exactly you know upload it you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know upload it you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know upload it you know like
+like the risk so we we we we still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the risk so we we we we still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the risk so we we we we still we
+still have some assumptions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some assumptions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have some assumptions that we can
+rebalance our position dynamically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance our position dynamically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance our position dynamically and
+move forward BAS basically and not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward BAS basically and not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward BAS basically and not not
+lose money that's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money that's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money that's the idea of
+it have a question about the Carlo yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a question about the Carlo yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have a question about the Carlo yeah
+U pricing and you can set up the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U pricing and you can set up the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U pricing and you can set up the Monte
+Carlo using sort of implied parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo using sort of implied parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo using sort of implied parameters
+from current prices of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from current prices of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from current prices of various
+derivatives in the market which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the market which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in the market which gives
+you a good Baseline price yeah um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good Baseline price yeah um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good Baseline price yeah um I'm
+wondering what other mon Carlos do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what other mon Carlos do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what other mon Carlos do you
+do to sort of have a robust estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to sort of have a robust estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to sort of have a robust estimate of
+price and hedging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and hedging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and hedging
+cost um I I would think that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um I I would think that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um I I would think that you know
+there would be I know maybe some stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be I know maybe some stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be I know maybe some stress
+scenarios in the market or Alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in the market or Alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in the market or Alternatives
+and I'm wondering just you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering just you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm wondering just you know you
+don't you probably don't just do one mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you probably don't just do one mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you probably don't just do one mon
+caros steady with current parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros steady with current parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros steady with current parameters you
+probably have different kind different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have different kind different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have different kind different
+sets and I'm wondering you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and I'm wondering you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and I'm wondering you know how
+extensive is that and uh yeah absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive is that and uh yeah absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive is that and uh yeah absolutely
+you're right so if you just do mon car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so if you just do mon car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right so if you just do mon car
+then you just you just know the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just you just know the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just you just know the price
+but price you know is is nothing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but price you know is is nothing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but price you know is is nothing because
+U because Dynamic hedging all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U because Dynamic hedging all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U because Dynamic hedging all this
+business of derivatives it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of derivatives it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of derivatives it's not just
+about how much it's right now but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much it's right now but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much it's right now but what
+to do if the market behaves this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if the market behaves this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if the market behaves this way so
+of course you also run you calculate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you also run you calculate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you also run you calculate all
+your Greeks that's very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Greeks that's very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Greeks that's very important but
+Greeks is like it's it's more like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks is like it's it's more like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greeks is like it's it's more like it's
+it's like say your Delta it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like say your Delta it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like say your Delta it's all about
+linear terms so of course it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms so of course it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms so of course it's a very
+important thing what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing what happened to the
+portfolio let's say if there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio let's say if there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio let's say if there is a very
+sharp for example jump in interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp for example jump in interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp for example jump in interest rates
+let's say what happens if rates like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say what happens if rates like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say what happens if rates like
+like jump forward by for 1% or like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jump forward by for 1% or like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jump forward by for 1% or like if
+they jump down what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jump down what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they jump down what happens if
+volatility in a particular you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in a particular you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in a particular you know like
+particular like time region for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular like time region for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular like time region for example
+you know like blows up we run all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like blows up we run all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like blows up we run all this
+kind of analysis so it's there are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis so it's there are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis so it's there are big
+departments you know like at Banks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments you know like at Banks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments you know like at Banks who
+look at all these kind of risks so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all these kind of risks so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all these kind of risks so it
+all comes like to like to one basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes like to like to one basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes like to like to one basically
+just to one business Union basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to one business Union basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to one business Union basically
+which looks all kinds of RIS of the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks all kinds of RIS of the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks all kinds of RIS of the firm
+so and there are it's it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there are it's it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there are it's it's it's a very
+big you know it's it's it's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you know it's it's it's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you know it's it's it's a very big
+uh you know thing for the bank probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know thing for the bank probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know thing for the bank probably
+all of you heard like this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you heard like this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you heard like this notion of
+stress test right basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress test right basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress test right basically the
+basically right now all these banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right now all these banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right now all these banks are
+very heavily regr by the government so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavily regr by the government so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very heavily regr by the government so
+the government can tell you so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government can tell you so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government can tell you so what
+happens for example for the whole Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for example for the whole Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for example for the whole Bank
+not just for a particular know like desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for a particular know like desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just for a particular know like desk
+you know which trades whatever options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which trades whatever options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which trades whatever options
+what happens to all your bank like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to all your bank like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to all your bank like to
+all kinds of cash flows which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of cash flows which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of cash flows which you can
+have if let's say inous rates Jump by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if let's say inous rates Jump by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if let's say inous rates Jump by by
+100% we have a huge group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% we have a huge group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% we have a huge group of people
+basically like both like like like qu it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like both like like like qu it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like both like like like qu it
+like Risk Managers who are looking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Risk Managers who are looking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Risk Managers who are looking all
+these numbers and trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers and trying to understand
+and actually for a big band might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for a big band might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually for a big band might be
+very nontrivial you know like problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nontrivial you know like problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nontrivial you know like problem
+actually so yeah yeah so it's very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so yeah yeah so it's very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so yeah yeah so it's very good
+point but of course we do this like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but of course we do this like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but of course we do this like like
+as good as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as we can
+yeah well thanks again and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well thanks again and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well thanks again and time
+afterwards thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D8icilnxcy4.txt b/D8icilnxcy4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a0e784b7acd43c008ae87ddcbc17dc923717239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D8icilnxcy4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11253 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh let's get uh started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh let's get uh started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh let's get uh started
+uh brief recap uh what we're talking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brief recap uh what we're talking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brief recap uh what we're talking in
+the last lecture uh we uh emphasized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture uh we uh emphasized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture uh we uh emphasized the
+density of states which is a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states which is a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states which is a measure of
+how many Quantum States either per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Quantum States either per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Quantum States either per
+frequency interval or per energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interval or per energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interval or per energy
+interval or per V vector magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval or per V vector magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval or per V vector magnitude
+interval wavelength interval that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval wavelength interval that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval wavelength interval that's your
+choice and uh it's really a mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and uh it's really a mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and uh it's really a mathematics
+when I want to find some quantity F uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to find some quantity F uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to find some quantity F uh
+over all of the possible K set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the possible K set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the possible K set of
+combination KX KY KZ each set of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination KX KY KZ each set of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination KX KY KZ each set of this
+combination gives me one Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination gives me one Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination gives me one Quantum state
+if I include in this P polarization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I include in this P polarization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I include in this P polarization or
+spin as my additional say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin as my additional say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin as my additional say uh
+polarization generally I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization generally I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization generally I call this
+polarization right so when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization right so when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization right so when I do this
+summation I'm summing uh all the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I'm summing uh all the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I'm summing uh all the quantum
+States and uh when this function does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and uh when this function does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and uh when this function does
+not vary rapidly over two adjacent point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vary rapidly over two adjacent point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vary rapidly over two adjacent point
+of this k i can convert this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this k i can convert this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this k i can convert this summation
+into integration so uh the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into integration so uh the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into integration so uh the density of
+state is really uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is really uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is really uh mathematical
+convenience and uh uh but it's it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and uh uh but it's it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and uh uh but it's it's so
+widely used a very uh very powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used a very uh very powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used a very uh very powerful tool
+so uh many times we talk about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh many times we talk about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh many times we talk about just
+people say what's it do I me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say what's it do I me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say what's it do I me you
+calculate uh the dens of states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh the dens of states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh the dens of states of
+different material systems and later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different material systems and later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different material systems and later on
+I hope we say some of those when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope we say some of those when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope we say some of those when we do
+the uh say uh computer we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say uh computer we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh say uh computer we'll look at the
+uh what people are plotting right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people are plotting right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people are plotting right and
+then uh we used simple relation so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we used simple relation so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we used simple relation so so
+depends on this function is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this function is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this function is this
+function a function of e or function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a function of e or function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a function of e or function of
+K so you decide whether which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you decide whether which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you decide whether which one is the
+most convenient for you whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient for you whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient for you whether you
+convert this into e or k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this into e or k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this into e or k
+integration and uh uh there is relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh there is relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh uh there is relation
+so to do that conversion from K into e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that conversion from K into e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that conversion from K into e
+uh this relation between the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this relation between the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this relation between the energy and
+the V Vector for electron we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V Vector for electron we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V Vector for electron we use a
+simple parabolic band and for Fon photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parabolic band and for Fon photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parabolic band and for Fon photon
+is a linear dispersion that we use with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear dispersion that we use with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear dispersion that we use with
+that uh we uh did out mass and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we uh did out mass and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we uh did out mass and say
+what's the corresponding Den sub States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the corresponding Den sub States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the corresponding Den sub States
+so that's uh uh the the emphasiz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh uh the the emphasiz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh uh the the emphasiz we
+spend the most of time there and also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the most of time there and also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the most of time there and also we
+give example if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give example if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give example if you have
+quantization right the separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization right the separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization right the separation of
+energy level let's say in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level let's say in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level let's say in the Z
+Direction becomes very large I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction becomes very large I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction becomes very large I cannot
+convert this summation into integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this summation into integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this summation into integration
+anymore I keep that sum but I I still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I keep that sum but I I still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I keep that sum but I I still do
+in the XY Direction I still can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY Direction I still can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY Direction I still can convert
+that into uh integration so we show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into uh integration so we show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into uh integration so we show the
+difference in the den sub states of a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the den sub states of a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the den sub states of a 2d
+qu well versus a bulk uh say parotic B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu well versus a bulk uh say parotic B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu well versus a bulk uh say parotic B
+material and at the end of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and at the end of last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and at the end of last lecture
+uh we moved on to talk about uh firit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we moved on to talk about uh firit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we moved on to talk about uh firit
+direct firit direct distribution um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct firit direct distribution um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct firit direct distribution um uh
+this is now I have quantized energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now I have quantized energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now I have quantized energy
+levels uh starting from uh uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh starting from uh uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh starting from uh uh if you
+recall in the first chapter we introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in the first chapter we introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in the first chapter we introduce
+the bman factor the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bman factor the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bman factor the probability of
+molecule having certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule having certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule having certain
+energy and now uh we expanded that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now uh we expanded that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now uh we expanded that we
+say this is the gapes factor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is the gapes factor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is the gapes factor this
+probability of a Quantum State say being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a Quantum State say being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a Quantum State say being
+occupied uh say say with energy e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied uh say say with energy e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied uh say say with energy e and
+with the L of particle n so it's a open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L of particle n so it's a open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the L of particle n so it's a open
+system right at a constant temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right at a constant temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right at a constant temperature
+and mu is the chemical potential that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu is the chemical potential that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu is the chemical potential that's
+the energy uh the uh that it takes uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy uh the uh that it takes uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy uh the uh that it takes uh to
+to take out or put in a particle at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out or put in a particle at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out or put in a particle at that
+energy uh say into the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh say into the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh say into the system the
+average energy so uh chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy so uh chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy so uh chemical potential
+is driving force for Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving force for Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving force for Mass
+diffusion right temperature is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right temperature is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right temperature is the
+driving force for heat transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for heat transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for heat transfer and
+pressure is the driving force uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is the driving force uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is the driving force uh for the
+volume change those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume change those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume change those are the
+thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+quantities and uh uh we asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh uh we asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh uh we asked the
+question so when we apply this uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so when we apply this uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so when we apply this uh we
+need to find the normalization factor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the normalization factor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the normalization factor a
+because the probability of adding up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of adding up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of adding up all
+possible possibilities should give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible possibilities should give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible possibilities should give me
+one so when I apply this to one Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when I apply this to one Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when I apply this to one Quantum
+state of electron a charge so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of electron a charge so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of electron a charge so it's a
+firmon right and this Quantum state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmon right and this Quantum state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmon right and this Quantum state is
+in thermal equilibrium with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal equilibrium with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal equilibrium with the
+surrounding so in that Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding so in that Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding so in that Quantum state
+right the electron can get in get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron can get in get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron can get in get out
+it's a open system and it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a open system and it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a open system and it's a constant
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+uh communication with the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communication with the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communication with the surrounding
+electrons and uh if I apply the uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh if I apply the uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh if I apply the uh um uh
+probability summation I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability summation I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability summation I find the
+normalization factor and eventually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor and eventually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor and eventually I
+find the average average L of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average average L of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average average L of electrons
+in that Quantum State EI is the fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Quantum State EI is the fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Quantum State EI is the fir
+distribution EI mu over KBT exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution EI mu over KBT exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution EI mu over KBT exponential
+plus one that's the uh uh the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that's the uh uh the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that's the uh uh the uh what
+what we ended uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ended uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ended uh last
+lecture right and uh I will continue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture right and uh I will continue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture right and uh I will continue so
+this is for uh uh firan right fir direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for uh uh firan right fir direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for uh uh firan right fir direct
+firan and uh in one Quantum State I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firan and uh in one Quantum State I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firan and uh in one Quantum State I can
+have empty no particle there no electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have empty no particle there no electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have empty no particle there no electron
+there or I can have maximum one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or I can have maximum one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or I can have maximum one right so
+those are the so that summation is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the so that summation is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the so that summation is easy
+to do and now let me stand that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bosan so with that will say if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosan so with that will say if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosan so with that will say if it's
+bosan it's bosan Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and uh uh again I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh uh again I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh uh again I consider
+a Quantum state with energy say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Quantum state with energy say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Quantum state with energy say this
+Quantum state that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that energy
+EI right and a bang a quantums for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI right and a bang a quantums for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI right and a bang a quantums for both
+one Quantum State can have zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum State can have zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum State can have zero to
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+possibilities right it's not affirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities right it's not affirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities right it's not affirming
+on the power Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the power Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the power Exclusion
+Principle so uh I can have the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so uh I can have the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so uh I can have the number of
+particles could be uh Z or one two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles could be uh Z or one two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles could be uh Z or one two right
+so all at this end we have zero they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all at this end we have zero they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all at this end we have zero they
+told to energy of the system is zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told to energy of the system is zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told to energy of the system is zero we
+have one that's EI EI and then we I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one that's EI EI and then we I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one that's EI EI and then we I have
+two particle that's two EI that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particle that's two EI that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particle that's two EI that's a
+total energy of the system right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system right of this
+specific energy level I treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy level I treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy level I treated as a
+system okay and again then I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and again then I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and again then I go to the
+Gibs factor I say the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs factor I say the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs factor I say the probability of
+this Quantum State having a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum State having a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum State having a particle
+between zero to infinite has to sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero to infinite has to sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero to infinite has to sum up
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+so I sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sum this
+up and uh there small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh there small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh there small
+n right uh Cap N and to zero to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right uh Cap N and to zero to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right uh Cap N and to zero to infinite
+that's E A exponential Mass E so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's E A exponential Mass E so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's E A exponential Mass E so that
+depends on if I have n particle I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on if I have n particle I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on if I have n particle I should
+have n * EI that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n * EI that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n * EI that's the
+energy and uh uh the the I have uh n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh uh the the I have uh n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh uh the the I have uh n *
+mu IDE by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu IDE by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu IDE by
+KBT that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now you take out this n you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now you take out this n you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now you take out this n you say
+EI Min me that factor is a common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI Min me that factor is a common factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI Min me that factor is a common factor
+and is geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is geometric
+service right so if I do my summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right so if I do my summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service right so if I do my summation
+for this geometric service I got a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this geometric service I got a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this geometric service I got a one
+Mass exponential Mass EI Min mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass exponential Mass EI Min mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass exponential Mass EI Min mu
+KBT equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so this is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so this is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so this is the uh the
+summation of the geometrical service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the geometrical service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of the geometrical service and
+then I have a equals 1 Mass exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a equals 1 Mass exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a equals 1 Mass exponential
+Mass EI M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass EI M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass EI M
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KBT so this give me the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT so this give me the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT so this give me the normalization
+factor a and with this I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a and with this I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a and with this I have the
+probability of of this state uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of this state uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of of this state uh what's
+the probability of this state having n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this state having n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this state having n
+particles uh uh see I can write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh uh see I can write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh uh see I can write it down
+and again I can go to find the average L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I can go to find the average L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I can go to find the average L
+of particles right so the average L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles right so the average L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles right so the average L of
+particle I use f again this is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I use f again this is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I use f again this is for this
+energy level and at say temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and at say temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and at say temperature and
+chemical potential M for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential M for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential M for the whole
+system that's the average L of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's the average L of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's the average L of particles
+and that the equal to the probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the equal to the probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the equal to the probability so
+is n p uh e uh with we have here uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n p uh e uh with we have here uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n p uh e uh with we have here uh e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+n and n equals this n equals z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite right so I'm finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so I'm finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right so I'm finding the
+average so this is the when the uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so this is the when the uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so this is the when the uh say
+average over this n over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over this n over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over this n over the
+probability I just derived with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I just derived with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I just derived with the
+normalization factor right so if you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor right so if you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor right so if you sum
+this up you put in the N = 0 to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up you put in the N = 0 to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up you put in the N = 0 to infinite
+this is the n this is my normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n this is my normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n this is my normalization
+is 1 Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 Mass
+exponential M EI Min mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential M EI Min mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential M EI Min mu
+KBT and times say exponential that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and times say exponential that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and times say exponential that's the
+uh uh again say n e i - n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh again say n e i - n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh again say n e i - n *
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+KBT and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and that's the
+summation I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation I should
+do okay sum over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay sum over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay sum over all those
+n well uh there's a small little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well uh there's a small little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well uh there's a small little small
+mathematic trick because a is here n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematic trick because a is here n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematic trick because a is here n is
+here right it's not a simple geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right it's not a simple geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right it's not a simple geometric
+series and this mathematical trick is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and this mathematical trick is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and this mathematical trick is uh
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+are if you take this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you take this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if you take this function
+here right and you do a derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and you do a derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and you do a derivative with
+respect to cus mu you get a A in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to cus mu you get a A in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to cus mu you get a A in the
+front right if you if you think this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right if you if you think this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right if you if you think this as
+my X that's this is e m n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X that's this is e m n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my X that's this is e m n *
+X and you take a derivative if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you take a derivative if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you take a derivative if you see
+that's my function I take derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my function I take derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my function I take derivative of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+function that n will come to the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that n will come to the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that n will come to the front
+so with that you can do this summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that you can do this summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that you can do this summation
+I'm not going into the detail you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going into the detail you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going into the detail you can
+read the book and I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book and I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book and I'm going to give you
+the final result of this exercise will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final result of this exercise will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final result of this exercise will
+give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh
+EI and T mu the average L of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and T mu the average L of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and T mu the average L of particle
+for a ban in one Quantum state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ban in one Quantum state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ban in one Quantum state in
+thermal equilibrium with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equilibrium with the
+surrounding right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding right this is
+the uh EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh EI
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+mu KBT looks very similar before I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu KBT looks very similar before I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu KBT looks very similar before I had a
+for fir direct I have plus one now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fir direct I have plus one now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fir direct I have plus one now I
+have minus one so mathematical turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus one so mathematical turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus one so mathematical turn out
+very beautiful it's just the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful it's just the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful it's just the difference
+between the two poly is one plus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two poly is one plus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two poly is one plus one is
+minus okay and this is the B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay and this is the B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay and this is the B Einstein
+distribution B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compared to
+fck if you say here e mu/ kvt + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fck if you say here e mu/ kvt + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fck if you say here e mu/ kvt + one
+right and uh because here is a plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh because here is a plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh because here is a plus one
+this is numerator is one right you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is numerator is one right you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is numerator is one right you say
+for n here is always between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n here is always between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n here is always between Z and
+one right but that's not the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right but that's not the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right but that's not the case for
+both Einstein distribution because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Einstein distribution because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Einstein distribution because this
+is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus
+one right so if we look at the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so if we look at the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so if we look at the typical
+how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and uh say for one let's say the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and uh say for one let's say the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and uh say for one let's say the uh
+uh fir direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and they uh uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and they uh uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and they uh uh because it's
+exponential function right KBT remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right KBT remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right KBT remember
+KBT at room temperature is 26 M electon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT at room temperature is 26 M electon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT at room temperature is 26 M electon
+volt okay and if this one e ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt okay and if this one e ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt okay and if this one e ma
+mu is much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is much larger than
+KBT this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT this is very
+large it's say if if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's say if if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's say if if this is a
+netive that quickly can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive that quickly can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netive that quickly can go to
+zero right so you plot it here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so you plot it here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right so you plot it here is your
+mu and for f direct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and for f direct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and for f direct is
+one and uh pretty much all the way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh pretty much all the way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh pretty much all the way right
+except the right to the E equals mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the right to the E equals mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the right to the E equals mu
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+where so this is the E of the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this is the E of the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this is the E of the energy the
+energy level and it's only around the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and it's only around the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and it's only around the M
+KBT range 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT range 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT range 3
+KBT and the rest is either one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and the rest is either one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT and the rest is either one or
+zero so uh now if you uh uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so uh now if you uh uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so uh now if you uh uh think about
+that when we discuss metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we discuss metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we discuss metal
+before right we say okay this is your EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right we say okay this is your EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right we say okay this is your EF
+the this is your uh fir level and Fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is your uh fir level and Fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is your uh fir level and Fir
+level is actually very close to chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is actually very close to chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is actually very close to chemical
+potential mu I'll commment that later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential mu I'll commment that later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential mu I'll commment that later on
+but see right just think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see right just think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see right just think this is a
+mu okay and uh you see only 3 KBT near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay and uh you see only 3 KBT near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay and uh you see only 3 KBT near
+that level you have see below this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level you have see below this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level you have see below this you
+have some this stat normally is field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some this stat normally is field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some this stat normally is field
+right right at zero temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right at zero temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right at zero temperature the
+field right to this level but the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right to this level but the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right to this level but the long
+zero temperature because that from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature because that from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero temperature because that from a
+direct distribution there are few empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct distribution there are few empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct distribution there are few empty
+States below and few mobile electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States below and few mobile electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States below and few mobile electron
+above okay so that's the so even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above okay so that's the so even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above okay so that's the so even in
+metal lot of all electrons moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lot of all electrons moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal lot of all electrons moving
+contribu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribu and
+conduction only near this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction only near this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction only near this
+EF so that's uh one and now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF so that's uh one and now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF so that's uh one and now if you think
+about uh the uh B Einstein distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the uh B Einstein distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the uh B Einstein distribution
+what it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it look
+like is here is your mu and here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is here is your mu and here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is here is your mu and here's your
+e right and I cannot have my e less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and I cannot have my e less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right and I cannot have my e less than
+mu otherwise the average L of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu otherwise the average L of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu otherwise the average L of particle
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+right so when EI approach mu this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when EI approach mu this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when EI approach mu this
+approach one so that L could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one so that L could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one so that L could be really
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+right but EI is much larger than me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but EI is much larger than me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but EI is much larger than me this
+quickly drop so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my b b Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my b b Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my b b Einstein
+distribution okay so uh you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so uh you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so uh you probably
+heard bz Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard bz Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard bz Einstein
+condensate right few years ago uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate right few years ago uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate right few years ago uh um
+physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics department
+CER uh got ly price for the work in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CER uh got ly price for the work in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CER uh got ly price for the work in both
+Einstein condensate right what is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein condensate right what is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein condensate right what is it so
+uh if you look at this when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at this when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you look at this when you go to
+very low temperature right this KBT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low temperature right this KBT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low temperature right this KBT is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+small and 10 to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and 10 to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and 10 to Theus
+5th Kelvin okay and then when this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th Kelvin okay and then when this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th Kelvin okay and then when this one
+gets to uh say really close to M it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to uh say really close to M it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to uh say really close to M it
+turns out this Lumber is uh uh um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this Lumber is uh uh um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this Lumber is uh uh um it's
+getting really very large the whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really very large the whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting really very large the whole uh
+this goes very large so there are Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes very large so there are Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes very large so there are Mo
+what it means is there is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is there is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is there is this one
+energy state that all the particle fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state that all the particle fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state that all the particle fall
+into that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that energy
+State one Quantum state right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State one Quantum state right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State one Quantum state right so they
+condense into that quanton state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense into that quanton state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense into that quanton state that's
+the simple ban condensate and the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple ban condensate and the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple ban condensate and the trick
+is you got to get that say temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got to get that say temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got to get that say temperature
+really really low so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really low so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really low so it turns out that
+say there was a uh uh Einstein this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there was a uh uh Einstein this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there was a uh uh Einstein this was
+predicted very very long time ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted very very long time ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted very very long time ago but
+nobody were able to drive to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody were able to drive to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody were able to drive to that
+temperature in physics department uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in physics department uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in physics department uh and
+kellerer and a few others have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kellerer and a few others have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kellerer and a few others have been
+trying to drive this to very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drive this to very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drive this to very low
+temperature for many years by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for many years by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for many years by using
+various Refrigeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Refrigeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Refrigeration
+technique okay get to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique okay get to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique okay get to low
+temperature and uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and uh uh in
+fact they were beaten they didn't win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they were beaten they didn't win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they were beaten they didn't win
+and they it was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they it was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they it was their
+student and and went to list right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and and went to list right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and and went to list right now
+at the Colorado B our KN right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Colorado B our KN right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Colorado B our KN right they
+thought about way to do the B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about way to do the B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about way to do the B Einstein
+condensate much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate much
+easier and the way they did it is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and the way they did it is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and the way they did it is to use
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser
+cooling okay then why why you can cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling okay then why why you can cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling okay then why why you can cool
+when laser you typically think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when laser you typically think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when laser you typically think about the
+heating stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating stuff
+right and uh uh so when you have a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh so when you have a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh so when you have a laser
+beam coming in and what it does is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam coming in and what it does is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam coming in and what it does is say
+uh is using this Doppler effect really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is using this Doppler effect really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is using this Doppler effect really
+uh pretty much like using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty much like using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty much like using the
+momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the
+photons and when the electron I say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and when the electron I say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and when the electron I say when
+the molecule move One Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule move One Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule move One Direction the
+photon just hit it so it doesn't move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon just hit it so it doesn't move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon just hit it so it doesn't move so
+pretty much like a make them stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like a make them stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like a make them stationary
+and when they make it stationary the equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they make it stationary the equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they make it stationary the equ
+their temperature is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their temperature is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their temperature is low
+so with that they can they did the coing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that they can they did the coing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that they can they did the coing
+on a say Optical table and got the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a say Optical table and got the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a say Optical table and got the both
+Einstein cont so that the lower price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein cont so that the lower price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein cont so that the lower price
+were given three people and two from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given three people and two from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given three people and two from
+nist and one from physics the the ker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist and one from physics the the ker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nist and one from physics the the ker
+they did a lot of say beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a lot of say beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a lot of say beautiful
+experiment using that technique yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment using that technique yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment using that technique yes so
+you're saying that the molecules obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that the molecules obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that the molecules obey
+the B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B Einstein
+distribution uh yeah but don't they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh yeah but don't they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh yeah but don't they have
+the Exclusion Principle no is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Exclusion Principle no is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Exclusion Principle no is a
+microscopic description uh uh they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic description uh uh they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic description uh uh they they
+they they uh they uh well it's not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh they uh well it's not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh they uh well it's not they
+have a net charge zero a n right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a net charge zero a n right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a net charge zero a n right they
+don't have they have positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have they have positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have they have positive or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+charge molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and yeah can you clarify what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and yeah can you clarify what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and yeah can you clarify what the
+difference is between these two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two graphs
+or what each spot well this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what each spot well this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what each spot well this is the uh
+let's say here is firit D and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here is firit D and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here is firit D and here is
+distribution for B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for B Einstein
+uh B Einstein right that's the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B Einstein right that's the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B Einstein right that's the F
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so you should go out and did your wisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should go out and did your wisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should go out and did your wisor
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+why uh the uh so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the uh so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh the uh so that's the that's the
+one part right and uh um in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part right and uh um in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part right and uh um in fact this
+laser cooling this is where Steven CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cooling this is where Steven CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cooling this is where Steven CH
+got the low pris the current do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the low pris the current do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the low pris the current do
+secretary right it was he did this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary right it was he did this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary right it was he did this laser
+coing experiment and uh he he got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coing experiment and uh he he got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coing experiment and uh he he got the
+low price on laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cor so before they gave the B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor so before they gave the B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor so before they gave the B Einstein
+condensate low price they have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate low price they have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate low price they have to give
+the co low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co low
+price you don't want if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't want if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't want if you happen to
+escaped you good right and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped you good right and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped you good right and uh this is
+this uh last year was that graphin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh last year was that graphin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh last year was that graphin and
+between graphine and their there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between graphine and their there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between graphine and their there's
+another one and this is a um you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and this is a um you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and this is a um you see
+common 60 uh that was to rear SM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common 60 uh that was to rear SM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common 60 uh that was to rear SM and
+carbon 6 is a carbon the other form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 6 is a carbon the other form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 6 is a carbon the other form of
+carbon atoms arranging like a sucker B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms arranging like a sucker B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms arranging like a sucker B
+right and in the 91 93 91 it was say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the 91 93 91 it was say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the 91 93 91 it was say
+Nima uh say grew this nan2 right he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nima uh say grew this nan2 right he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nima uh say grew this nan2 right he
+didn't really grew he just found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really grew he just found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really grew he just found in the
+dust and this was say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust and this was say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust and this was say
+dust he he looked at the TM and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust he he looked at the TM and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust he he looked at the TM and they
+found the tubes so that that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the tubes so that that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the tubes so that that's pretty
+much like you another form of C right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like you another form of C right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like you another form of C right
+and so Japan uh say people a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Japan uh say people a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Japan uh say people a lot of
+people say they probably get low price I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say they probably get low price I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say they probably get low price I
+actually wish to get low price but uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wish to get low price but uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wish to get low price but uh um
+they skipped went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they skipped went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they skipped went to the
+graphine you got a scotch tape Scotch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphine you got a scotch tape Scotch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphine you got a scotch tape Scotch
+tape that's easier right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape that's easier right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape that's easier right
+anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um
+so uh first point right uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh first point right uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh first point right uh the uh
+distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the
+second is what's the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is what's the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is what's the chemical potential
+for Photon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon and
+Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon
+right and typically we say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and typically we say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and typically we say for
+Photon of un same for Fon right uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon of un same for Fon right uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon of un same for Fon right uh uh
+the user argument is chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user argument is chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user argument is chemical potential
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and the reason to argue that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the reason to argue that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the reason to argue that mu is
+zero is that say it's not a conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that say it's not a conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that say it's not a conserved
+the the particle right Photon Fon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the particle right Photon Fon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the particle right Photon Fon you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+disappear light get absorbed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear light get absorbed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear light get absorbed that
+becomes uh say uh uh say heat say get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh say uh uh say heat say get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh say uh uh say heat say get
+Fon right they they disappear it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon right they they disappear it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon right they they disappear it's not
+the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+is is always somewhere it went somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is always somewhere it went somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is always somewhere it went somewhere
+but it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't get
+destroyed so that's the argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so that's the argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so that's the argument so
+there and you should not have say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you should not have say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you should not have say uh
+because this is a changing right that mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a changing right that mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a changing right that mu
+is zero that's the argument for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that's the argument for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that's the argument for uh
+typically is correct for thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is correct for thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is correct for thermal
+radiation or for thermal Fons right mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or for thermal Fons right mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or for thermal Fons right mu
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+zero but let's say uh over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's say uh over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's say uh over the years
+I've been uh uh actually asking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been uh uh actually asking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been uh uh actually asking this
+struggling with this uh because uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with this uh because uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with this uh because uh if
+you look at the electronic device right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the electronic device right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the electronic device right
+uh so after electronic device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so after electronic device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so after electronic device
+lasers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and
+LEDs and what happens the light emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs and what happens the light emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs and what happens the light emission
+in that case is the light is immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case is the light is immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case is the light is immediate
+so you have conduction band you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have conduction band you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have conduction band you have
+balance band right and uh um uh see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance band right and uh um uh see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance band right and uh um uh see a
+light electron goes from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light electron goes from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light electron goes from here to here
+where you meet a photon that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you meet a photon that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you meet a photon that's an
+emission right like electron from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right like electron from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right like electron from high
+energy to lower energy they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to lower energy they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to lower energy they could
+convert that into Photon emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into Photon emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into Photon emission
+process and uh in laser and the LED uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh in laser and the LED uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh in laser and the LED uh
+it turns out the electron and holes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the electron and holes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out the electron and holes are
+not in equilibrium with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in equilibrium with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in equilibrium with each
+other and electron has a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and electron has a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and electron has a chemical
+potential and holes has a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and holes has a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and holes has a chemical
+potential and this is also called the qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and this is also called the qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and this is also called the qu
+firing level so so e f let's say uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing level so so e f let's say uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing level so so e f let's say uh n
+this is e FP right each of them have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e FP right each of them have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e FP right each of them have a
+equivalent their if you take them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent their if you take them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent their if you take them as a
+system they have a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they have a chemical
+potential and in this case the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in this case the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in this case the photon
+immediate actually has a chamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate actually has a chamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate actually has a chamic
+potential mu then mu equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential mu then mu equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential mu then mu equals the
+difference of efn efp so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of efn efp so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of efn efp so your
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here you should write this EI is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you should write this EI is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you should write this EI is H
+new right at a certain energy and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new right at a certain energy and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new right at a certain energy and mass
+mu so uh so in fact uh photons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so uh so in fact uh photons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so uh so in fact uh photons can
+indeed have a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed have a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed have a chemical
+potential and that's when they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's when they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's when they interact
+with other long equilibrium systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other long equilibrium systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other long equilibrium systems like
+a electron I'm not seeing people discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electron I'm not seeing people discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a electron I'm not seeing people discuss
+Fon or nobody has really probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon or nobody has really probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon or nobody has really probably
+encountered that situ where Fons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that situ where Fons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that situ where Fons are
+immedate by uh let's say if I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immedate by uh let's say if I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immedate by uh let's say if I I can
+imagine if Fons only Fons by immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if Fons only Fons by immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if Fons only Fons by immediate
+the same process by long equili electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process by long equili electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process by long equili electron
+holes I should write the same simp for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes I should write the same simp for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes I should write the same simp for
+for okay but nobody has created a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay but nobody has created a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay but nobody has created a system
+like that uh and maybe some people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh and maybe some people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh and maybe some people talk
+about Fong lasers that might be the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fong lasers that might be the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fong lasers that might be the that
+that might be you have to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be you have to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be you have to write that
+way okay so those are the uh statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so those are the uh statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so those are the uh statistic
+distribution for electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for electrons and
+Fons and now I'm eager to use it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and now I'm eager to use it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and now I'm eager to use it so what
+we have derived if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have derived if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have derived if you think about this
+is I solve straordinary equation I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I solve straordinary equation I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I solve straordinary equation I know
+the energy level I know the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level I know the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level I know the quantum
+state right and using density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and using density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and using density of States
+I know near each energy level how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know near each energy level how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know near each energy level how many
+states it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it
+has and now I know use using the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and now I know use using the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and now I know use using the B
+Einstein fir D distribution and now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein fir D distribution and now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein fir D distribution and now on
+each Quantum State how many particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Quantum State how many particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Quantum State how many particles
+this is either thermal equilibrium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either thermal equilibrium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either thermal equilibrium right
+I'm not talking about long equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about long equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about long equilibrium
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+yet so I can count the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I can count the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I can count the energy
+stored in the system thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the system thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the system thermal energy
+stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the
+system right so let's do that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so let's do that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so let's do that so let's
+look at the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my first example is Photon black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation okay let me say I have a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation okay let me say I have a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation okay let me say I have a uh a
+cavity right inside the cavity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity right inside the cavity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity right inside the cavity of
+photons in equilibrium with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in equilibrium with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in equilibrium with the
+surrounding at temperature T this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding at temperature T this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding at temperature T this is
+actually if you go to read the Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you go to read the Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you go to read the Plank's
+book you it's very interesting 905 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you it's very interesting 905 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you it's very interesting 905 he
+discussed those and uh phot itself how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed those and uh phot itself how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed those and uh phot itself how
+could they reach equin so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they reach equin so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they reach equin so you have to
+actually say maybe there's some gas R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say maybe there's some gas R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say maybe there's some gas R
+diluted atoms there and help you having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted atoms there and help you having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted atoms there and help you having
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+process right but say let's say I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right but say let's say I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right but say let's say I have a
+cavity with the photons in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity with the photons in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity with the photons in equilibrium
+at the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the temperature
+te right then uh what's the energy total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te right then uh what's the energy total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te right then uh what's the energy total
+energy of this photons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this photons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this photons in the
+cavity right so the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity right so the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity right so the total energy
+is u in this cavity is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u in this cavity is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u in this cavity is of course the
+polarization of light and KX KY KZ right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of light and KX KY KZ right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of light and KX KY KZ right
+that's the KX that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the KX that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the KX that's the
+mode KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode KY
+k z that's what we are doing we say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k z that's what we are doing we say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k z that's what we are doing we say we
+need to convert this summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert this summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to convert this summation into
+integration right each set of KX KY k z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right each set of KX KY k z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right each set of KX KY k z
+gives me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me one
+state right and each state say one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and each state say one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and each state say one state
+this state could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state could have a
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+Omega right the energy of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right the energy of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right the energy of that one
+photon is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is H
+Omega right one photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right one photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right one photon
+but say on each state how many Photon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say on each state how many Photon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say on each state how many Photon I
+have is by the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is by the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is by the B
+distribution so this is the bza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Einstein at the temperature T so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein at the temperature T so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein at the temperature T so this is
+at the frequency energy energy is is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency energy energy is is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency energy energy is is H
+new or Omega let me use Omega Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or Omega let me use Omega Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or Omega let me use Omega Omega and
+temperature T and I said is a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and I said is a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and I said is a thermal
+radiation black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation black body
+mu equal Z so I don't carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu equal Z so I don't carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu equal Z so I don't carry
+mu okay so that's what I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so that's what I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so that's what I need to do
+right and uh now assuming you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh now assuming you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh now assuming you know how
+to do it last lecture we spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it last lecture we spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it last lecture we spend time
+converting this summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this summation into
+integration so I'm going to just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so I'm going to just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so I'm going to just write
+the integration I'm going to use density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration I'm going to use density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration I'm going to use density
+of States if you say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning we say it's converting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we say it's converting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we say it's converting the
+summation in density of States I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation in density of States I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation in density of States I'm going
+to do the density of states in the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the density of states in the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the density of states in the Omega
+frequency right so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so I'm going to write
+this is uh it turns out the volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh it turns out the volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh it turns out the volume is
+here because say it depends on if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because say it depends on if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because say it depends on if I use
+a den of States per unit volume then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a den of States per unit volume then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a den of States per unit volume then say
+uh H bar Omega f b Einstein distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H bar Omega f b Einstein distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H bar Omega f b Einstein distribution
+time D Omega and D Omega right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time D Omega and D Omega right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time D Omega and D Omega right so I'm
+converting the di into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the di into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the di into
+integration and uh my Photon frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh my Photon frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and uh my Photon frequency
+could be zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite so this is my math there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so this is my math there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so this is my math there okay
+what we get let's do a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get let's do a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get let's do a few more
+steps you can go to check so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you can go to check so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you can go to check so I could
+write the uide by V is per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uide by V is per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uide by V is per unit volume
+what's the energy density in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy density in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy density in terms of
+function for frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for frequency
+Oma right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma right and
+uh I have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have if you
+check uh 0 to infinite H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh 0 to infinite H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh 0 to infinite H bar
+Omega exponential H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential H bar Omega
+KBT Min one and uh say then sub States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT Min one and uh say then sub States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT Min one and uh say then sub States
+for Photon you can look at your notes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon you can look at your notes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Photon you can look at your notes is
+Omega Square the speed lot cubic and pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Square the speed lot cubic and pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Square the speed lot cubic and pi
+square and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right
+uh I should not put Omega here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should not put Omega here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should not put Omega here this is
+integration already and what's inside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration already and what's inside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration already and what's inside is
+the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of
+Omega right this is the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right this is the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right this is the energy density
+per unit volume of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume of those
+photons and what do you have what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and what do you have what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and what do you have what you
+saying inside essentially is a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying inside essentially is a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying inside essentially is a black
+body PL black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body PL black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body PL black body
+radiational it's very easy right once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiational it's very easy right once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiational it's very easy right once
+you have what plank is really say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what plank is really say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have what plank is really say you
+have to have that quantization to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that quantization to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that quantization to get
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+distribution and the rest is just the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the rest is just the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the rest is just the I
+say each mode how many Photon times one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say each mode how many Photon times one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say each mode how many Photon times one
+energy one Photon times how many mes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy one Photon times how many mes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy one Photon times how many mes I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+here okay and uh so that's the uh uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and uh so that's the uh uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and uh so that's the uh uh see
+here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's
+inside is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and normally we do not write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and normally we do not write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and normally we do not write the
+plank slw in terms of the energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank slw in terms of the energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank slw in terms of the energy density
+we write say emissive power or write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write say emissive power or write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write say emissive power or write it
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+intensity right and what so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right and what so here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity right and what so here I have
+photons per unit volume I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons per unit volume I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons per unit volume I know the
+energy of this Photon and this Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this Photon and this Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this Photon and this Photon
+are moving to all directions black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to all directions black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to all directions black body
+radiation right at the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right at the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right at the speed of light
+so what the intensity is defined per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the intensity is defined per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the intensity is defined per
+unit Direction unit solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Direction unit solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Direction unit solid
+angle what's the flux of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle what's the flux of energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle what's the flux of energy so
+intensity of light is per unit solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of light is per unit solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of light is per unit solid
+angle in space this is a basically per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in space this is a basically per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in space this is a basically per
+unit Direction there how much energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Direction there how much energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Direction there how much energy and
+the total space solid angle is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total space solid angle is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total space solid angle is how much
+4 pi that's the hole right in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 pi that's the hole right in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 pi that's the hole right in a in a
+plan this 2 pi in a sphere is 4 Pi so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan this 2 pi in a sphere is 4 Pi so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan this 2 pi in a sphere is 4 Pi so I
+have 4 Pi that's per unit Sol angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 Pi that's per unit Sol angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 4 Pi that's per unit Sol angle
+times U Omega so that's the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U Omega so that's the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U Omega so that's the total energy
+and this energy is moving at the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this energy is moving at the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this energy is moving at the speed
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+light that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that gives me the
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+okay and uh if you go to a book you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh if you go to a book you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh if you go to a book you
+normally don't write into Omega in heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally don't write into Omega in heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally don't write into Omega in heat
+transfer we don't like to write use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we don't like to write use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we don't like to write use
+Omega we like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we like to use
+Lambda wavelength right so the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda wavelength right so the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda wavelength right so the relation
+is here going back to you choose whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here going back to you choose whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here going back to you choose whether
+you choose Omega or you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose Omega or you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose Omega or you choose
+Lambda right you need to convert this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right you need to convert this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right you need to convert this do
+a conversion so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion so if you do
+Lambda I Lambda is really Omega you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I Lambda is really Omega you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I Lambda is really Omega you can
+convert Omega into Lambda because say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert Omega into Lambda because say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert Omega into Lambda because say we
+say Omega equal C * k = say 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Omega equal C * k = say 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Omega equal C * k = say 2 pi over
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+right so uh is say you you replace Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh is say you you replace Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh is say you you replace Omega
+and but you need to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you need to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you need to be careful because
+your integration is over D Lambda so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integration is over D Lambda so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integration is over D Lambda so now
+you have to do D Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do D Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do D Omega D
+Lambda and this gives me now I write you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and this gives me now I write you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and this gives me now I write you
+the typical form is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical form is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical form is 4
+Pi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi H
+bar c²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Lambda fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda fifth
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+exponential H Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential H Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential H Bar
+C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and
+KB Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB Lambda
+tus one so this is the form if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus one so this is the form if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus one so this is the form if you had
+say taken say a r a course that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say taken say a r a course that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say taken say a r a course that talk
+about black body radiation like heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about black body radiation like heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about black body radiation like heat
+transfer you probably seen this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you probably seen this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you probably seen this and
+typically we'll say this is one constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we'll say this is one constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we'll say this is one constant
+that's another constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another constant
+so uh you write in two given constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you write in two given constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you write in two given constant
+but those are all in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are all in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those are all in terms of the
+fundamental physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physical
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+right okay and you can see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and you can see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and you can see here this is
+Lambda T and in fact if you normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T and in fact if you normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T and in fact if you normalize
+this by also uh temperature to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by also uh temperature to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by also uh temperature to the uh
+fifth power this is also will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power this is also will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth power this is also will be a
+function of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Lambda
+T So this black body radiation PL law if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this black body radiation PL law if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this black body radiation PL law if
+you PL as a function of Lambda or say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you PL as a function of Lambda or say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you PL as a function of Lambda or say is
+here and there's the peak here Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's the peak here Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there's the peak here Lambda T
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000
+Micron Kelvin right we mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron Kelvin right we mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron Kelvin right we mentioned this
+before and that's say the S temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's say the S temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's say the S temperature
+is about 6,000 that's why our eyes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 6,000 that's why our eyes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 6,000 that's why our eyes are
+sensitive because the 3,000 divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive because the 3,000 divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive because the 3,000 divide by
+60005 Micron right the Earth syst the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60005 Micron right the Earth syst the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60005 Micron right the Earth syst the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+solar system on Earth we get used to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar system on Earth we get used to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar system on Earth we get used to the
+evolutions towards looking during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions towards looking during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions towards looking during the
+day looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day looking at the
+sun right if you you can imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun right if you you can imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun right if you you can imagine if
+there's intelligence in the other solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's intelligence in the other solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's intelligence in the other solar
+systems that will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that will be different
+wavelength R depends on the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength R depends on the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength R depends on the temperature
+of the sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sand
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay right so that's the uh uh black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so that's the uh uh black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so that's the uh uh black
+body radiation and if you you go to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation and if you you go to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation and if you you go to look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+integration right uh this is a so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right uh this is a so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right uh this is a so you
+say here is you integrate Omega Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is you integrate Omega Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is you integrate Omega Omega
+Omega square right and this is zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square right and this is zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square right and this is zero to
+infinite so if you do your integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so if you do your integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so if you do your integration
+you can uh say okay uh because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh say okay uh because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh say okay uh because this is
+Omega over T right I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over T right I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over T right I can get this
+exponential into one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential into one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential into one variable
+X right so if I do H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right so if I do H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right so if I do H bar Omega
+KBT into my X then you say D I say Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT into my X then you say D I say Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT into my X then you say D I say Omega
+is proportional to X right so Omega will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to X right so Omega will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to X right so Omega will
+be proportional to x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to x *
+T so here if I do that this Omega will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so here if I do that this Omega will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so here if I do that this Omega will
+give me 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me 1
+T right this Omega give me T 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right this Omega give me T 2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right this Omega give me T 2 T
+Square this Oma give me another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this Oma give me another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square this Oma give me another
+T so what I have if I integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will get the U equals uh uh T4 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get the U equals uh uh T4 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will get the U equals uh uh T4 power
+uh whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever
+constant right this is a once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right this is a once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right this is a once you
+convert into intensity or inter emissive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into intensity or inter emissive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into intensity or inter emissive
+power which is pi times intensity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is pi times intensity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is pi times intensity you
+get the sigma T4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sigma T4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sigma T4
+power right so you see all this those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right so you see all this those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right so you see all this those
+were the wind slw when got l price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the wind slw when got l price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the wind slw when got l price
+displacement no you go to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement no you go to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement no you go to check the
+history and uh PL get the lowy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and uh PL get the lowy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and uh PL get the lowy
+price and uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and uh I don't know
+Stefan this is Stefan B Mano right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan this is Stefan B Mano right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan this is Stefan B Mano right right
+those were all empirical and it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were all empirical and it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were all empirical and it came out
+Lally out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lally out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lally out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now uh that's a fullon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh that's a fullon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh that's a fullon right
+let's look at the uh Le Fong is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the uh Le Fong is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the uh Le Fong is very
+similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fong and uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fong and uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fong and uh for
+Fons uh I'm going to uh if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons uh I'm going to uh if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons uh I'm going to uh if you recall
+the typical dispersion of Fon I have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical dispersion of Fon I have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical dispersion of Fon I have of
+course this a dispersion after trans a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this a dispersion after trans a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this a dispersion after trans a
+acoustic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic for
+L but I'm going to use the buy model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but I'm going to use the buy model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L but I'm going to use the buy model so
+here is the uh uh frequency here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh uh frequency here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh uh frequency here is we
+Vector pi/ d pi/ a and this is my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pi/ d pi/ a and this is my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector pi/ d pi/ a and this is my the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+linear very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear very
+crude okay and this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude okay and this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude okay and this is Omega
+d a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a real
+crystal is a isotropic in each Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is a isotropic in each Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is a isotropic in each Direction
+there is a different lce constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a different lce constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a different lce constant right
+the the is actually collap all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the is actually collap all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the is actually collap all three
+polarization transverse longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization transverse longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization transverse longitudinal
+into one and also make this Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one and also make this Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one and also make this Crystal
+equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+isotopic so in fact I have to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic so in fact I have to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic so in fact I have to say this
+is my the equivalent lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my the equivalent lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my the equivalent lce
+constant and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I need to
+uh first find out what's the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first find out what's the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first find out what's the equivalent
+lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce
+constant right and if I have uh say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+right and in terms of each atom can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in terms of each atom can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in terms of each atom can do
+say if you say okay uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you say okay uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you say okay uh in terms of the
+uh modes right or in terms of the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modes right or in terms of the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modes right or in terms of the um uh
+let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+have three directions right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three directions right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three directions right so you have
+each Direction you so you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Direction you so you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Direction you so you essentially
+have three n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three n
+modes so I have three n modes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+right transverse two transverse one non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right transverse two transverse one non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right transverse two transverse one non
+and uh now I need to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now I need to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now I need to make the
+equivalent uh say unit Cale to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh say unit Cale to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh say unit Cale to generate
+same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of
+modes so what what does it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so what what does it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so what what does it mean that
+means if I have three n that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have three n that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I have three n that's the
+number of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of modes
+right and I sum up the polarization is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I sum up the polarization is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I sum up the polarization is p
+three I have KX KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KZ that times one I sum each one is each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ that times one I sum each one is each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ that times one I sum each one is each
+set of KX KY KZ gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of KX KY KZ gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of KX KY KZ gives me
+one mode and that plus P polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode and that plus P polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode and that plus P polarization
+three right so uh if you do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so uh if you do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so uh if you do that and you
+again you write it in terms of density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you write it in terms of density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you write it in terms of density
+of States so is the volume here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States so is the volume here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States so is the volume here and then
+up States for full long you go to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up States for full long you go to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up States for full long you go to check
+is the the only difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the only difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the only difference from
+is I have three polarization here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have three polarization here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have three polarization here I have
+two polarization so I look at that Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polarization so I look at that Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polarization so I look at that Omega
+Square C Cub Pi Square so is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square C Cub Pi Square so is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square C Cub Pi Square so is three
+halves and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and V
+cubic and this is the bu uh velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and this is the bu uh velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and this is the bu uh velocity and
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+square and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+okay so this is my density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my density of States
+when I convert the summation into in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I convert the summation into in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I convert the summation into in
+integration and I do D Omega so Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and I do D Omega so Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and I do D Omega so Omega
+now unlike light which I integrate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlike light which I integrate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlike light which I integrate from
+zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+infinite now I only go from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite now I only go from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite now I only go from zero to
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+D okay right so is zero to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay right so is zero to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay right so is zero to Omega
+D and uh 3 nide by a by by way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and uh 3 nide by a by by way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and uh 3 nide by a by by way that's
+they say um um you know the volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say um um you know the volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say um um you know the volume and
+um you ALS Al know the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you ALS Al know the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you ALS Al know the relation between
+Omega d right Omega D is uh the the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega d right Omega D is uh the the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega d right Omega D is uh the the by
+velocity that's the slope here times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the slope here times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity that's the slope here times the
+V Vector so equals Pi a so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Vector so equals Pi a so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Vector so equals Pi a so that's a
+right Omega D is related to the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega D is related to the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega D is related to the by
+velocity and the equivalent is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the equivalent is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the equivalent is constant
+the L is constant so by combine this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is constant so by combine this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is constant so by combine this two
+relation I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I can
+find what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what's the
+corresponding lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant I have here uh essentially I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I have here uh essentially I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I have here uh essentially I
+solve this I get that Pi a equals 6 n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this I get that Pi a equals 6 n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this I get that Pi a equals 6 n /
+V Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Pi
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+1/3 okay and and uh you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 okay and and uh you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 okay and and uh you can also see
+this is the by frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the by frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the by frequency is
+6n V Pi Square 1/3 * VD so this are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6n V Pi Square 1/3 * VD so this are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6n V Pi Square 1/3 * VD so this are the
+uh given the L of atoms per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the L of atoms per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the L of atoms per unit volume
+I give you a equivalent L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a equivalent L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a equivalent L
+constant for the Divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the Divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for the Divide
+model okay and the rest is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and the rest is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and the rest is very similar
+to photon right now I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photon right now I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to photon right now I'm going to find
+out what's the total energy is H Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the total energy is H Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the total energy is H Omega
+times this both distribution replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this both distribution replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this both distribution replace
+with the forong density of stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the forong density of stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the forong density of stat
+integrated from zero to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated from zero to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated from zero to Omega
+d right so it's identical I find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right so it's identical I find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right so it's identical I find out
+that the now it's something I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the now it's something I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the now it's something I can
+measure for fora I can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for fora I can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for fora I can measure the
+energy right so this is a u t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so this is a u t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so this is a u t
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+uh uh say this is small U is a capital u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say this is small U is a capital u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say this is small U is a capital u
+per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+volume and is 0 to Omega D and H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and is 0 to Omega D and H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and is 0 to Omega D and H bar
+Omega exponential H bar Omega KB tus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential H bar Omega KB tus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential H bar Omega KB tus one
+thens of States we have 3 omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thens of States we have 3 omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thens of States we have 3 omega square
+and 2 pi Square D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 pi Square D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 pi Square D
+Omega uh V uh cubic right V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubic this is The Bu velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubic okay so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic okay so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic okay so that's my
+uh what I have here the dens sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I have here the dens sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I have here the dens sub
+States right how many states each state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right how many states each state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right how many states each state
+that have Fon frequency Omega energy HB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have Fon frequency Omega energy HB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have Fon frequency Omega energy HB
+omga how many Fon in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omga how many Fon in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omga how many Fon in that
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+right okay everything look very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay everything look very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay everything look very similar
+differen is Omega D rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is Omega D rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differen is Omega D rather than
+infinite v d rather than speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite v d rather than speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite v d rather than speed of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+okay now uh this is the energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh this is the energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh this is the energy per unit
+volume for solid now you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume for solid now you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume for solid now you can think about
+this Crystal that's you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Crystal that's you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Crystal that's you can measure
+and when you measure what do you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically for solid you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for solid you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for solid you don't
+uh you you you say temperature is say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you say temperature is say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you say temperature is say uh
+thermodynamic right all this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic right all this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic right all this are
+thermodynamic but you measure specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic but you measure specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic but you measure specific
+heat you add energy you see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you add energy you see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you add energy you see how much
+temperature rise so the specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rise so the specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rise so the specific heat
+say per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say per unit
+volume is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is say
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+right so take a derivative of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so take a derivative of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so take a derivative of all this
+now say you can take a do DT everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now say you can take a do DT everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now say you can take a do DT everything
+is inside only here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside only here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside only here is
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+right uh there could be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh there could be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh there could be a little bit
+thermal expansion a lce constant could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion a lce constant could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion a lce constant could
+be a small functional temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a small functional temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a small functional temperature but
+the main change come from the ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main change come from the ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main change come from the ban
+Einstein Factor here so if I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Factor here so if I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein Factor here so if I take this
+everything as a constant I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as a constant I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as a constant I can do
+analytically my integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically my integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically my integration
+differentiation and then do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and then do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and then do the
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+right now let me uh come back to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let me uh come back to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let me uh come back to here
+the F time if I do integration is T4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F time if I do integration is T4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F time if I do integration is T4
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+right what's the specific here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the specific here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the specific here does
+specific does that mean specific here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific does that mean specific here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific does that mean specific here is
+2 T cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power a low ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power a low ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power a low ter
+temperature a low temperature is 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a low temperature is 2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a low temperature is 2 T
+cubic right that's because when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic right that's because when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic right that's because when you go
+to very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very low
+temperature this uh Omega D is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this uh Omega D is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this uh Omega D is in
+effectively very large because here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively very large because here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively very large because here this
+is small so that uh so it's like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small so that uh so it's like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small so that uh so it's like your
+upper limit is infinite so at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit is infinite so at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit is infinite so at very low
+temperature your specific heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature your specific heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature your specific heat is
+actually T cubic it's just like Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually T cubic it's just like Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually T cubic it's just like Photon
+it's a fon gas so if you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fon gas so if you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fon gas so if you plot the
+specific heat of most materials what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of most materials what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat of most materials what you
+find is a trend like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay eventually it goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay eventually it goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay eventually it goes to a
+constant and the low temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the low temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the low temperature this
+region is T cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power okay at high temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay at high temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay at high temperature is
+constant what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what is that
+constant at high temperature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant at high temperature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant at high temperature that's
+because when we go high temperature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we go high temperature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we go high temperature it's
+not integration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integration to
+infinite okay so it turns out this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so it turns out this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite okay so it turns out this if
+you do your integration goes to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration goes to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration goes to that
+constant value and this fundamentally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value and this fundamentally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value and this fundamentally is
+a the equip partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the equip partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the equip partition
+theorem remember we mention equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem remember we mention equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem remember we mention equip
+partition at high temperature each mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition at high temperature each mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition at high temperature each mode
+contribute average speaking one half KBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute average speaking one half KBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute average speaking one half KBT
+right each mode cont each each freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each mode cont each each freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each mode cont each each freedom
+if it's the motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the motion is
+quadratic right so uh 12 KBT so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic right so uh 12 KBT so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic right so uh 12 KBT so if I
+think about the atom in the crystal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the atom in the crystal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the atom in the crystal I
+have atom in the crystal a VI I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have atom in the crystal a VI I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have atom in the crystal a VI I say a
+move it's KX KY I say you have one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it's KX KY I say you have one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it's KX KY I say you have one half
+mvx MV y mvz mvz square right each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvx MV y mvz mvz square right each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvx MV y mvz mvz square right each one
+right so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have
+three and I have KX Square half KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I have KX Square half KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I have KX Square half KX
+Square that's another energy mode KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's another energy mode KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's another energy mode KX
+Square k I Square K Square so that's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square k I Square K Square so that's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square k I Square K Square so that's six
+right so at high temperature the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at high temperature the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at high temperature the energy
+of each atom is 6 * 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KBT that's energy now you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT that's energy now you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT that's energy now you take a
+derivative to temperature because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to temperature because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to temperature because that's
+specific heat so you get a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat so you get a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat so you get a 3
+KT so this one should be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so this one should be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT so this one should be three
+KB and uh say number of atoms divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and uh say number of atoms divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB and uh say number of atoms divide by
+per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+right so this is dong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is dong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is dong
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dongo it's a equip partition Theory at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dongo it's a equip partition Theory at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dongo it's a equip partition Theory at a
+high temperature low temperature you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature low temperature you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature low temperature you go
+to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+Cubit right so what Einstein so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubit right so what Einstein so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubit right so what Einstein so the
+Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+actually first propos a model to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually first propos a model to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually first propos a model to explain
+specific of crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific of crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific of crystals
+he didn't use the buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't use the buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't use the buy
+model he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model he
+used a constant this Omega e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a constant this Omega e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a constant this Omega e
+model OKAY the Omega e if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY the Omega e if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY the Omega e if you do that
+you don't do integration you get the den
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do integration you get the den
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do integration you get the den
+sub State modes is all just I have uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub State modes is all just I have uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub State modes is all just I have uh um
+6m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6m
+modes just the H Omega times this time 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes just the H Omega times this time 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes just the H Omega times this time 6
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+mod right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod right
+so if you do Einstein model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do Einstein model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do Einstein model you
+integrate uh say you don't integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh say you don't integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh say you don't integrate
+because of this frequencies Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this frequencies Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this frequencies Omega
+Einstein already the problem is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein already the problem is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein already the problem is when you
+go to low temperature this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to low temperature this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to low temperature this is
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+function and experimentally was measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and experimentally was measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and experimentally was measure
+the cubic function right cubic rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic function right cubic rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic function right cubic rather
+exponential so this is where uh say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is where uh say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so this is where uh say it
+was proven that I model was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proven that I model was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proven that I model was not
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay uh uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh specific
+heat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh few more
+common the real crystals are neither say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common the real crystals are neither say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common the real crystals are neither say
+a simple the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple the or
+Einstein right if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein right if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein right if you look at this
+verion right so uh what typically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion right so uh what typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion right so uh what typically do
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is they will measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they will measure specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will measure specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will measure specific
+hereat and they use uh The Bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereat and they use uh The Bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereat and they use uh The Bu
+temperature so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so is
+KBT D equal H bar Omega d right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT D equal H bar Omega d right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT D equal H bar Omega d right so you
+can say if you can fed you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say if you can fed you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say if you can fed you measure
+specific hereat you f the Omega D you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific hereat you f the Omega D you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific hereat you f the Omega D you
+divide by KB you get the equivalent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by KB you get the equivalent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by KB you get the equivalent the
+buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+temperature right so this is a say TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so this is a say TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right so this is a say TD
+gives you the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and the by temperature uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the by temperature uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the by temperature uh uh
+uh so if you look at the the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you look at the the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you look at the the real
+crystal dispersion we said before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal dispersion we said before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal dispersion we said before right
+and uh you can say at a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can say at a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can say at a very low
+temperature acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature acoustic
+Fons are mostly important lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons are mostly important lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons are mostly important lower energy
+once you go to higher temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you go to higher temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you go to higher temperature this
+start to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to kick
+in because the higher energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because the higher energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because the higher energy that
+exponent become also important right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent become also important right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent become also important right so
+in fact seldom you can use just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact seldom you can use just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact seldom you can use just one
+temperature to fit that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to fit that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to fit that whole
+curve so this The Bu temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so this The Bu temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so this The Bu temperature
+sometimes is a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is a function of temperature
+okay it's just a fitting right say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a fitting right say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just a fitting right say the
+point I want to make is integral you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is integral you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is integral you can
+fit the integral very easily integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the integral very easily integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the integral very easily integral is
+forgiven you made some errors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiven you made some errors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgiven you made some errors right
+integration is smudged out if take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is smudged out if take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is smudged out if take a
+derivatives it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it's much
+more difficult to get to the agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to get to the agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to get to the agre
+experiment so uh lot it turns out many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so uh lot it turns out many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so uh lot it turns out many
+times we do model for transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we do model for transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we do model for transport
+properties and later on you'll see most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and later on you'll see most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and later on you'll see most
+transport properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport properties are
+integrals so you say okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so you say okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so you say okay this is the
+form i f the experiment you often get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form i f the experiment you often get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form i f the experiment you often get a
+beautiful F doesn't mean you get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful F doesn't mean you get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful F doesn't mean you get things
+right so that's the uh what I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh what I want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh what I want to uh
+to see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see there
+comment okay so this is the uh we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment okay so this is the uh we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment okay so this is the uh we talk
+we talk about Photon we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about Photon we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about Photon we talk about the
+uh Fon and what about electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and electron you can again use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and electron you can again use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and electron you can again use the
+same strategy say here is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strategy say here is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strategy say here is the energy of
+the I I go to solve the dispersion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I go to solve the dispersion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I I go to solve the dispersion of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+electrons and I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I see the
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+electrons of the system due to electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of the system due to electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of the system due to electron
+a certain temperature electron have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain temperature electron have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain temperature electron have to
+carry chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry chemical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+right so T and mu is summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so T and mu is summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so T and mu is summation of
+polarization that's spin up spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that's spin up spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization that's spin up spin
+down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY
+KZ and electron is energy of that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ and electron is energy of that mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ and electron is energy of that mode
+right I normally I don't like to use H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I normally I don't like to use H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I normally I don't like to use H
+Omega for H bar Omega for electron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for H bar Omega for electron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega for H bar Omega for electron I
+just say this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say this energy
+and then the firit rock right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the firit rock right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the firit rock right this is
+the energy of that level I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that level I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that level I say the
+energy and how many electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and how many electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and how many electron
+on in that at that level say at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in that at that level say at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in that at that level say at that
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state right so this is the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right so this is the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right so this is the energy of the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay and of course you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course you can take a
+derivative of this get specific hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you have one trouble you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have one trouble you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have one trouble you have a
+extra mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra mu
+there right I said before mu is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right I said before mu is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right I said before mu is close to
+EF but you still have in theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF but you still have in theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF but you still have in theory you
+still have to actually determine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to actually determine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to actually determine that
+mu right how you determine that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right how you determine that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right how you determine that mu is
+you have for electron you have fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for electron you have fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for electron you have fixed
+number of number of electron right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of number of electron right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of number of electron right so
+the total number electron you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number electron you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number electron you know in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system and that total number of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that total number of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that total number of electron
+again I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is
+so each state the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each state the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each state the average number of
+electron is fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is fir
+direct right so I have e Min mu KBT +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct right so I have e Min mu KBT +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct right so I have e Min mu KBT +
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so I have one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have one equation
+here another equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another equation
+here right and using this equation I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and using this equation I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and using this equation I can
+say if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you give me
+N I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I can find
+mu I substitute mu back into here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I substitute mu back into here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu I substitute mu back into here I can
+which is a function of temperature mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of temperature mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of temperature mu is
+a function of temperature right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of temperature right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of temperature right I
+substitute back here I take a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back here I take a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back here I take a derivative
+now I have one temperature here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have one temperature here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have one temperature here another
+temperature there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there
+so it's it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's more
+complicated right but it's doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right but it's doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right but it's doable
+mathematically I'm Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically I'm Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically I'm Clos
+problem so I'm not going to do it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm not going to do it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm not going to do it I just
+give it so the you go to do the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it so the you go to do the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it so the you go to do the electron
+specific heat you will find out electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat you will find out electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat you will find out electron
+specific heat approximately metal is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat approximately metal is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat approximately metal is 1
+12 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Pi
+Square n over V that's the N is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square n over V that's the N is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square n over V that's the N is number
+of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+KBT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT over
+TF TF is the firy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TF TF is the firy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TF TF is the firy
+temperature okay so electron temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so electron temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so electron temperature
+uh specific heat is a a temperature is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specific heat is a a temperature is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specific heat is a a temperature is a
+function linearly proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function linearly proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function linearly proportional to
+temperature and the uh so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the uh so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the uh so what's the
+K uh TF is KB TF equals EF firal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh TF is KB TF equals EF firal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh TF is KB TF equals EF firal
+energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+so that's the difference right say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difference right say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the difference right say
+sometimes people do model and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people do model and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people do model and they will
+use a constant specifically for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a constant specifically for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a constant specifically for electron
+you can tell them it's wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell them it's wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell them it's wrong because
+electron because TF is very high because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron because TF is very high because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron because TF is very high because
+it's few electron volts if 300 kin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's few electron volts if 300 kin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's few electron volts if 300 kin is
+only 26 M electron volt EF is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 26 M electron volt EF is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 26 M electron volt EF is typically
+fir level is a few electron volts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir level is a few electron volts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fir level is a few electron volts right
+few electron divide by 26 M electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few electron divide by 26 M electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few electron divide by 26 M electron
+time 300 that's the equivalent firming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 300 that's the equivalent firming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 300 that's the equivalent firming
+temperature very high temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very high temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature very high temperature so
+most of the time you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time you're in this
+regime okay when temperature is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime okay when temperature is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime okay when temperature is lower
+than TF you have the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than TF you have the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than TF you have the linear
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay any other any questions I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other any questions I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other any questions I talked
+about the specific heat and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific heat and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific heat and and the
+other s this is Stephan bman law and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other s this is Stephan bman law and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other s this is Stephan bman law and one
+one other comment is now you can say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other comment is now you can say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other comment is now you can say if
+you want to take a derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take a derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take a derivative of that
+energy of photon you get specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of photon you get specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of photon you get specific heat
+of photon right we just normally do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photon right we just normally do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photon right we just normally do not
+talk about specific heat of photon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about specific heat of photon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about specific heat of photon it's
+very low it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low it's hard to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay if not you see we this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay if not you see we this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay if not you see we this is a
+almost like uh you I can just stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like uh you I can just stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like uh you I can just stop here
+and use this result and move on to next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this result and move on to next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this result and move on to next
+it's a pretty much you take a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty much you take a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty much you take a semester
+course on statistical physics you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on statistical physics you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on statistical physics you learn
+only this stuff okay one lecture okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this stuff okay one lecture okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this stuff okay one lecture okay we
+have the what we had the three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the what we had the three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the what we had the three or four
+lecture on solid state and two lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on solid state and two lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on solid state and two lecture
+on Quantum one lecture on statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Quantum one lecture on statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Quantum one lecture on statistical
+physics you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you learn
+everything okay but I don't want to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay but I don't want to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay but I don't want to let
+you go because you go talk to others you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go because you go talk to others you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go because you go talk to others you
+may still appear ignorant yes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still appear ignorant yes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still appear ignorant yes I think
+metal and semiconductor should have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and semiconductor should have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and semiconductor should have very
+different electronic specific hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic specific hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic specific hit
+because of the b g uh very very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the b g uh very very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the b g uh very very good
+yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question
+yes uh uh so when you talk about you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh uh so when you talk about you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh uh so when you talk about you go
+to semiconductor again you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to semiconductor again you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to semiconductor again you have to use
+this to find the firing level and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to find the firing level and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to find the firing level and then
+go to that you can still do the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that you can still do the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that you can still do the same um
+actually uh I do not know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I do not know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I do not know whether
+semiconductor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor it's
+linear it's a good question to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's a good question to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's a good question to check
+yeah I do not know uh I I I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I do not know uh I I I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I do not know uh I I I haven't
+really checked them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really checked them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really checked them
+myself okay uh so of course what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay uh so of course what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself okay uh so of course what you
+learned is the case from der Rock both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is the case from der Rock both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is the case from der Rock both
+Einstein right and together if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein right and together if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein right and together if you see
+the the second lecture we learn Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second lecture we learn Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second lecture we learn Maxwell
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+that's the classical BMA limit right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the classical BMA limit right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the classical BMA limit right and
+uh uh but see there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but see there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but see there are some
+really uh very commonly used terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh very commonly used terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh very commonly used terminology
+in stat in statistical thermodynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stat in statistical thermodynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stat in statistical thermodynamics so
+I don't want to so that I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to so that I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to so that I'm not going to
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+you right and we we normally do sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and we we normally do sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right and we we normally do sorry we
+normally do not use it um uh so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do not use it um uh so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do not use it um uh so I will
+not uh I will not uh I need to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I will not uh I need to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I will not uh I need to turn this
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+forgot this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot this time so
+um what uh I'm going to use to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh I'm going to use to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh I'm going to use to to
+Really uh uh do next is to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really uh uh do next is to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really uh uh do next is to give you a
+little bit uh introduction to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh introduction to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh introduction to the basic
+language what people talk in statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what people talk in statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what people talk in statistical
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's actually
+uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treatment so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment so what we
+here uh the fundamentals I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say in statistic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what are the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the fundamental
+concept yes a question back to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept yes a question back to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept yes a question back to there
+uhhuh being being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh being being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh being being
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+energy Omega right specific is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Omega right specific is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Omega right specific is it like
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+value because this is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because this is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because this is a uh
+well this is a the uh let's say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a the uh let's say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a the uh let's say I have
+let's say you solve quantum mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you solve quantum mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you solve quantum mechanics so
+you know the uh uh you know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh uh you know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the uh uh you know the energy
+level say let's suppose you have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level say let's suppose you have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level say let's suppose you have say
+Photon immediate at certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon immediate at certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon immediate at certain frequency
+right so that's the energy of this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the energy of this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the energy of this say
+uh mode electromagnetic mode so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mode electromagnetic mode so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mode electromagnetic mode so if I
+have standing wave here that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have standing wave here that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have standing wave here that's a
+electromagnetic mode right and the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic mode right and the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic mode right and the uh so
+one photon with that mode that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one photon with that mode that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one photon with that mode that has
+corresponding frequency the energy is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding frequency the energy is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding frequency the energy is H
+Omega right but that whole qualtity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right but that whole qualtity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right but that whole qualtity this
+because youing a probability andity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because youing a probability andity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because youing a probability andity
+right right uh so what you say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right uh so what you say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right uh so what you say is the
+probable what do you asking why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable what do you asking why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable what do you asking why this is
+not a probable energy density yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a probable energy density yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a probable energy density yeah it is
+a probable energy density it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probable energy density it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probable energy density it's just
+normally the deviation is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the deviation is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the deviation is really really
+really small so you measure it there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small so you measure it there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small so you measure it there you
+can always measure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always measure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always measure some
+fluctuations right and uh but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations right and uh but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations right and uh but say uh
+this is a uh that deviation from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh that deviation from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh that deviation from that
+fluctuation will be very very small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation will be very very small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation will be very very small in
+fact that's a very very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a very very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a very very interesting
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+itself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay
+yeah so uh the uh concept I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh the uh concept I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh the uh concept I want to say
+is in when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in when we do
+statistics we want to do time average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we want to do time average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we want to do time average
+right so I can normally I cannot measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can normally I cannot measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can normally I cannot measure
+a very far uh say let's suppose um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very far uh say let's suppose um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very far uh say let's suppose um I
+have the internal energy right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the internal energy right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the internal energy right it's
+fluctuating over time and uh I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating over time and uh I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating over time and uh I have to
+do if I do ER any measurement I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I do ER any measurement I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I do ER any measurement I have to
+over certain time I will integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over certain time I will integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over certain time I will integrate that
+uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh
+quantity over this time and get the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over this time and get the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity over this time and get the time
+average that's what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average that's what I can
+measure right nobody can say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right nobody can say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure right nobody can say I'm going
+to measure really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure really uh
+instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy
+there so that's a Time average of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's a Time average of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's a Time average of any
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+right and this is a a system I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a a system I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a a system I have
+and then measure the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the average
+quantity but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but in
+statistics uh it's hard to do time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh it's hard to do time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh it's hard to do time
+treatment the time treatment you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the time treatment you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the time treatment you you you
+you need to read the chapter 10 of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to read the chapter 10 of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to read the chapter 10 of my
+book I don't know whether I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I don't know whether I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I don't know whether I can get
+there okay that's another Direction when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's another Direction when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's another Direction when
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+statistics is do time treatment time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is do time treatment time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is do time treatment time
+averaging right but say uh uh What uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging right but say uh uh What uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging right but say uh uh What uh uh
+say people normally do is rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say people normally do is rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say people normally do is rather than
+doing time element uh treatment they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing time element uh treatment they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing time element uh treatment they'll
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+emble is like more doing space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble is like more doing space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble is like more doing space
+treatment right what's the emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment right what's the emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment right what's the emble
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um emble is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emble is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um emble is is a
+collection of quantum state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of quantum state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of quantum state right
+let's say uh this system right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh this system right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh this system right it's a
+microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic
+system I if I suppose I can Sol quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I if I suppose I can Sol quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I if I suppose I can Sol quantum
+mechanics right I can find the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right I can find the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right I can find the all
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+state of this system right the total Lum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this system right the total Lum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of this system right the total Lum
+total Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Quantum
+State Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Quantum
+States let's say total Lumber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States let's say total Lumber is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States let's say total Lumber is
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+right so in when I construct a emble I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in when I construct a emble I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in when I construct a emble I
+look at the each Quantum state is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the each Quantum state is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the each Quantum state is one
+system each of this as a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system okay you can you can see that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay you can you can see that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay you can you can see that's a
+huge huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+right and in each of this Quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in each of this Quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in each of this Quantum State
+this quantity has certain value right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity has certain value right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity has certain value right I
+may have a Quantum state where uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a Quantum state where uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a Quantum state where uh say
+all say all say all no particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all say all say all no particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all say all say all no particle
+here right that in that case the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that in that case the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that in that case the is the
+the energy of that whole system in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that whole system in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of that whole system in that
+conate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so I each of this I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I each of this I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I each of this I have uh
+say this quantity and then what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this quantity and then what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this quantity and then what I do is
+the ample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ample
+average is what's the probability so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is what's the probability so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is what's the probability so now
+I'm saying the probability of observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying the probability of observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying the probability of observing
+this Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum
+state is p so what I do is x i Pi I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is p so what I do is x i Pi I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is p so what I do is x i Pi I and
+sum up that I sum up all Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up that I sum up all Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up that I sum up all Quantum
+state in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+okay so here I have time average here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I have time average here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I have time average here is
+the emble average so so in statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emble average so so in statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emble average so so in statistical
+treatment is mostly treating this emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is mostly treating this emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is mostly treating this emble
+average and turns out there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and turns out there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and turns out there are
+different different probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different probability
+distribution depends on whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution depends on whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution depends on whether this
+emble the system I'm traing is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble the system I'm traing is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble the system I'm traing is at a
+constant temperature or constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature or constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature or constant
+energy whether it's a closed system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy whether it's a closed system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy whether it's a closed system or
+whether it's a open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a open
+system okay so those are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so those are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so those are different
+amples and the where we going in the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amples and the where we going in the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amples and the where we going in the at
+the beginning of next lecture I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of next lecture I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of next lecture I'm going
+to discuss this emble is we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this emble is we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss this emble is we start with
+the basic emble microcononical it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic emble microcononical it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic emble microcononical it's a
+Clos system and constant energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos system and constant energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos system and constant energy and
+going to a system that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a system that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a system that's a constant
+temperature when a system is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when a system is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature when a system is constant
+temperature means it can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means it can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature means it can actually
+exchange it with the surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange it with the surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange it with the surrounding the
+energy to maintain the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to maintain the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to maintain the constant
+temperature but closed and then we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but closed and then we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but closed and then we go to
+next is if I hpo exchange with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is if I hpo exchange with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is if I hpo exchange with the
+surrounding Mass transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding Mass transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding Mass transfer
+right then I have grand canonical so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I have grand canonical so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I have grand canonical so you
+go from GES this probability to bman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from GES this probability to bman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from GES this probability to bman
+factor no sry uh no bman bman principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor no sry uh no bman bman principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor no sry uh no bman bman principle
+to bman factor to Gibs factor with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bman factor to Gibs factor with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bman factor to Gibs factor with this
+different emble treatment okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emble treatment okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different emble treatment okay so uh
+that's where I I just want to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I I just want to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I I just want to see where
+we going but I want to use uh some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going but I want to use uh some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going but I want to use uh some time
+to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the
+to the surfing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surfing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surfing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what I'm going to
+first let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at
+the then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+okay okay so let's look at a fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's look at a fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's look at a fall on
+density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stace so even though I every looked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stace so even though I every looked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stace so even though I every looked very
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+say we give you analytic expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we give you analytic expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we give you analytic expression and
+if you look at the Fon four time Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Fon four time Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Fon four time Omega
+square right we just used it and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right we just used it and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right we just used it and you see
+here is uh not exactly Omega Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh not exactly Omega Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh not exactly Omega Square so
+this region very low frequency region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region very low frequency region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region very low frequency region
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+linear that's the uh that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear that's the uh that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear that's the uh that's where it
+look more Omega square right once you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more Omega square right once you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more Omega square right once you go
+to after Fons right transverse n op Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to after Fons right transverse n op Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to after Fons right transverse n op Fon
+you say it's long longer that say Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's long longer that say Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's long longer that say Omega
+square is long longer the picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is long longer the picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is long longer the picture and
+when we calculate energy remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate energy remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate energy remember we're
+integrating over density of States both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over density of States both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over density of States both
+stand distribution right we are using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand distribution right we are using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand distribution right we are using a
+parabola parabolic distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola parabolic distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola parabolic distribution to
+represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+function how good it is you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how good it is you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how good it is you should not
+feel very uncomfortable right but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very uncomfortable right but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very uncomfortable right but uh
+people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay and uh different material system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh different material system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh different material system so
+so what what what is so here is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what is so here is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what is so here is again
+this is where maybe the bi approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where maybe the bi approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where maybe the bi approximation
+is f and this this are the typical when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f and this this are the typical when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f and this this are the typical when
+you have different direction different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different direction different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different direction different
+uh transverse op for Say acoustic Fon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transverse op for Say acoustic Fon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transverse op for Say acoustic Fon
+you get here the op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get here the op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get here the op
+Fons okay right so people done lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons okay right so people done lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons okay right so people done lot of
+this is a uh you can you can do mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh you can you can do mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh you can you can do mostly
+by computation you can also do uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by computation you can also do uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by computation you can also do uh some
+uh uh say use a neutron to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it electron then sub States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it electron then sub States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it electron then sub States
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+uh where so here what what this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where so here what what this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where so here what what this look
+this is like Quantum well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like Quantum well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like Quantum well we
+discuss right is staircases and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss right is staircases and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss right is staircases and this is
+probably Quantum wires they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Quantum wires they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Quantum wires they're
+spikes okay dots is more isolated lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes okay dots is more isolated lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes okay dots is more isolated lines
+and that's the uh typical parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the uh typical parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the uh typical parabolic
+approximation we use right and uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we use right and uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we use right and uh uh you
+have to look at the uh let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the uh let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at the uh let's say uh
+where is your B say where is your EF so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is your B say where is your EF so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is your B say where is your EF so
+electron B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure let's say of what silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again okay so so first you have to uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so so first you have to uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so so first you have to uh go
+to look at the where is the first level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the where is the first level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the where is the first level
+fell to the top right and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell to the top right and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell to the top right and uh and then
+say for transport what it really care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for transport what it really care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for transport what it really care if
+you look at the electron transort you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the electron transort you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the electron transort you
+should look at the where what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at the where what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at the where what what's the
+dens of State near the formul because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dens of State near the formul because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dens of State near the formul because
+that's where KBT we said right is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where KBT we said right is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where KBT we said right is if
+it's too far away this region will most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too far away this region will most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too far away this region will most
+likely it's not involved in transfit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it's not involved in transfit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it's not involved in transfit
+they are F the electron now electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are F the electron now electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are F the electron now electron can
+move there so you look at the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there so you look at the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there so you look at the what's
+interesting is really what's the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is really what's the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is really what's the D
+States near the firul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States near the firul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States near the firul
+level and uh I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and uh I'll give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another Well resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Well resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Well resonant
+levels let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels let's look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+sometimes right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes right uh
+uh what people say okay if you dope a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people say okay if you dope a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what people say okay if you dope a
+semiconductor you put a uh say uh say e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor you put a uh say uh say e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor you put a uh say uh say e
+Min EF so zero is the E EF here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min EF so zero is the E EF here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min EF so zero is the E EF here right
+and you put the atom in say you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put the atom in say you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put the atom in say you put some
+impurity atoms and they could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity atoms and they could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity atoms and they could create
+some sha features in the den sub States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sha features in the den sub States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sha features in the den sub States
+and those sha feature could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sha feature could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sha feature could be very
+interesting for transport because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for transport because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for transport because if you
+have sh feature means there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sh feature means there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sh feature means there could be a
+lot of charge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charge there
+right and uh uh the velocity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh the velocity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh the velocity of this
+carrier is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is the
+slope okay it's the if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have right so it's the slope group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so it's the slope group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so it's the slope group
+velocity is the slope of this lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the slope of this lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the slope of this lines
+dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion
+lines so um uh so typically uh in in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so um uh so typically uh in in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so um uh so typically uh in in for
+example do when do Thal electrics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do when do Thal electrics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do when do Thal electrics we
+like those have the those sha features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those have the those sha features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those have the those sha features
+because uh I say I like to have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I say I like to have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I say I like to have the uh
+to have lot of charge so that I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have lot of charge so that I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have lot of charge so that I can have
+high electric conductivity the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high electric conductivity the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high electric conductivity the density
+of States times the right the lumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States times the right the lumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of States times the right the lumber
+density is say f * D and if the D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is say f * D and if the D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is say f * D and if the D is
+large my uh I could potentially get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large my uh I could potentially get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large my uh I could potentially get a
+very high uh Lumber density and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high uh Lumber density and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high uh Lumber density and then see
+of course I have to care about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I have to care about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I have to care about the other
+properties so I have to align my fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so I have to align my fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so I have to align my fir
+level and how I align my firm level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and how I align my firm level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and how I align my firm level
+level is by controlling the doping so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is by controlling the doping so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is by controlling the doping so I
+can uh change doping and change that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh change doping and change that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh change doping and change that uh
+form level so uh I thought uh uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form level so uh I thought uh uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form level so uh I thought uh uh I'll
+stop here any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here any
+questions I was looking at the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I was looking at the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I was looking at the papers
+and I could go to if you go to lure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could go to if you go to lure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could go to if you go to lure
+physics today uh website for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today uh website for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics today uh website for example
+you'll say people are doing doing code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say people are doing doing code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say people are doing doing code
+atoms what that code atoms mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what that code atoms mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms what that code atoms mean you know
+it will be related to B Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be related to B Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be related to B Einstein
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation
+lot of talks on code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of talks on code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of talks on code
+Adams okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D_EGYzqmapc.txt b/D_EGYzqmapc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb29bd0d6f02e919611f42291715e8cbc0c56e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D_EGYzqmapc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now set out to study the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now set out to study the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now set out to study the Poisson
+process which is a continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is a continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is a continuous time
+version of the Bernoulli process in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bernoulli process in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bernoulli process in the
+Bernoulli process time is divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process time is divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process time is divided into
+slots and during each one of the slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and during each one of the slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots and during each one of the slots
+we may either have an arrival or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may either have an arrival or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may either have an arrival or no
+arrival in the Poisson process time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the Poisson process time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in the Poisson process time is
+continuous and we may get arrivals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and we may get arrivals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and we may get arrivals at
+any time we want to define the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time we want to define the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time we want to define the Poisson
+process by introducing some assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by introducing some assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by introducing some assumptions
+that in some way is parallel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way is parallel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way is parallel the
+assumptions that we made for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we made for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we made for the
+Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process
+what were those assumptions the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those assumptions the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those assumptions the first
+one we made was the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we made was the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we made was the assumption of
+Independence namely that what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence namely that what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence namely that what happens in
+different slots are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots are independent
+similarly for the Poisson process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the Poisson process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the Poisson process we
+will make the following independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the following independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make the following independence
+assumption if we consider two intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption if we consider two intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption if we consider two intervals
+two time intervals that are disjoint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two time intervals that are disjoint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two time intervals that are disjoint and
+look at the random variable that stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the random variable that stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the random variable that stands
+for the number of arrivals during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of arrivals during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of arrivals during this
+interval and that interval we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that interval we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that interval we will
+assume that these two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these two random variables
+are independent but even more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent but even more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent but even more than that
+if we take any collection of disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take any collection of disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take any collection of disjoint
+time intervals and we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intervals and we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intervals and we look at the
+Associated random variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated random variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated random variables the
+Associated numbers of arrivals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated numbers of arrivals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated numbers of arrivals that
+collection will also consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection will also consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection will also consist of
+independent random variables the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables the second
+assumption for the Bernoulli process was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for the Bernoulli process was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for the Bernoulli process was
+one of time homogeneity namely at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of time homogeneity namely at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of time homogeneity namely at each
+slot we had the same probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot we had the same probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot we had the same probability of an
+arrival we want to make a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival we want to make a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival we want to make a similar
+assumption for the Poisson process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for the Poisson process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for the Poisson process and
+it's going to be the following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the following the
+probability that we have K arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have K arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have K arrivals
+during an interval of a certain duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of a certain duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of a certain duration
+tau is going to be the same no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is going to be the same no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is going to be the same no matter
+where that interval sets so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that interval sets so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that interval sets so if this is
+an interval that has a certain duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval that has a certain duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval that has a certain duration
+and this is an interval that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an interval that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an interval that has the
+same duration the probability of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same duration the probability of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same duration the probability of three
+arrivals in this interval is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in this interval is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in this interval is going to be
+the same as the probability of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the probability of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the probability of three
+arrivals in that interval and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in that interval and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in that interval and therefore
+since this probability does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this probability does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this probability does not depend
+on where the interval sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where the interval sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where the interval sets that
+probability will be fully defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will be fully defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will be fully defined by the
+number of arrivals that were interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that were interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that were interested
+in and the length of the interval as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the length of the interval as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the length of the interval as
+opposed to the location of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the location of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the location of the interval
+so we will be using this notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be using this notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be using this notation here
+to indicate this probability in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate this probability in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate this probability in this
+notation we think of Tao as a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we think of Tao as a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we think of Tao as a constant
+and then P of K corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then P of K corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then P of K corresponds to
+probabilities in particular if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in particular if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in particular if you add
+over all case the various probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all case the various probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all case the various probabilities
+what you should get would be a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should get would be a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should get would be a value of
+1 because this exhausts all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because this exhausts all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because this exhausts all the
+possibilities and K here ranges from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and K here ranges from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and K here ranges from 0
+to infinity because we allow an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity because we allow an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity because we allow an
+arbitrarily large number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large number of arrivals
+during a given time interval now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a given time interval now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a given time interval now with
+this assumption in place it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption in place it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption in place it would still
+be possible to have arrivals that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible to have arrivals that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible to have arrivals that happen
+simultaneously multiple arrivals at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously multiple arrivals at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously multiple arrivals at the
+same time point in order to avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time point in order to avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time point in order to avoid this
+situation we introduce one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we introduce one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we introduce one more
+assumption which is the following it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is the following it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is the following it
+talks about the number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about the number of arrivals
+during a time interval that has a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a time interval that has a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a time interval that has a small
+length Delta during a small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta during a small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta during a small time
+interval there is negligible probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval there is negligible probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval there is negligible probability
+of having more than one arrival we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having more than one arrival we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having more than one arrival we will
+either have 1 or 0 arrivals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have 1 or 0 arrivals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have 1 or 0 arrivals and the
+probability of one arrival is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one arrival is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one arrival is a certain
+number lambda times Delta it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda times Delta it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lambda times Delta it's
+proportional to Delta so if the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta so if the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta so if the interval
+becomes smaller and smaller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller and smaller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes smaller and smaller that
+probability also goes to 0 but it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability also goes to 0 but it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability also goes to 0 but it goes
+to 0 at a rate proportional to Delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 at a rate proportional to Delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 at a rate proportional to Delta so
+you can think of lambda as probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of lambda as probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of lambda as probability
+per unit time these are the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time these are the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time these are the units of
+lambda now here I'm writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda now here I'm writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda now here I'm writing an
+approximate equality what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate equality what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate equality what does that mean
+it means that these are not exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that these are not exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that these are not exact
+expressions but they are exact within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but they are exact within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions but they are exact within a
+second order term and the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term and the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term and the second order
+term is a term that's negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a term that's negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is a term that's negligible
+compared to the first order term when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first order term when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first order term when
+Delta is small more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is small more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is small more precisely
+mathematically what we mean is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what we mean is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what we mean is that a
+second order term compared to a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term compared to a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term compared to a first
+order term goes to 0 as Delta goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally let me reiterate that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me reiterate that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally let me reiterate that lambda
+should be interpreted as an arrival rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interpreted as an arrival rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interpreted as an arrival rate
+it is a probability per unit time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a probability per unit time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a probability per unit time the
+bigger lambda is the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger lambda is the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger lambda is the bigger the
+probability is that we get an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that we get an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that we get an arrival
+during a small time interval if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a small time interval if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a small time interval if we
+double lambda then we double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double lambda then we double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double lambda then we double the
+probability that we have an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have an arrival
+during a small time interval and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a small time interval and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a small time interval and so we
+expect to have about twice as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have about twice as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have about twice as many
+rivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals
+hence the interpretation is an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the interpretation is an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the interpretation is an arrival
+rate we will see shortly that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we will see shortly that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we will see shortly that this is
+also justified because lambda shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also justified because lambda shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also justified because lambda shows up
+in expressions for the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expressions for the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expressions for the expected number
+of arrivals during a time interval
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DidA5vk0h_U.txt b/DidA5vk0h_U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0faf52322353cb00297fe1b0be34568f48b3646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DidA5vk0h_U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want to talk about the
+importance of the basic education system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the basic education system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the basic education system
+and the theme is going to be that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theme is going to be that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theme is going to be that it's a
+necessary but not sufficient strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but not sufficient strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but not sufficient strategy
+for education for the future we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for education for the future we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for education for the future we're all
+familiar with the basic education model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the basic education model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the basic education model
+we start in uh kindergarten go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start in uh kindergarten go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start in uh kindergarten go through
+grade school through High School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school through High School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school through High School
+hopefully go on to a two or foure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully go on to a two or foure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully go on to a two or foure
+college and maybe even to graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and maybe even to graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and maybe even to graduate
+school then we enter the labor force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then we enter the labor force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then we enter the labor force and
+we start our working career after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start our working career after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start our working career after we
+complete our education well that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our education well that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our education well that model
+no longer works today we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer works today we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer works today we have to think
+about lifelong learning because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lifelong learning because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lifelong learning because
+Technologies are changing the job market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are changing the job market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are changing the job market
+is changing in unpredictable ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing in unpredictable ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing in unpredictable ways and
+new ways of working are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of working are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of working are going to
+continue to come along they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to come along they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to come along they're going to
+require us to refresh our skills as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require us to refresh our skills as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require us to refresh our skills as this
+graph shows the evidence is clear High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph shows the evidence is clear High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph shows the evidence is clear High
+School dropouts are really doomed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School dropouts are really doomed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School dropouts are really doomed to a
+lifetime of poverty wages on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of poverty wages on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of poverty wages on average
+they earn about $24,000 a year high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they earn about $24,000 a year high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they earn about $24,000 a year high
+school graduates get to about $34,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduates get to about $34,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school graduates get to about $34,000 a
+year and college graduates get to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and college graduates get to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and college graduates get to about
+$55,000 a year average income so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55,000 a year average income so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55,000 a year average income so the key
+lesson of this graph is by all means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson of this graph is by all means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson of this graph is by all means
+everyone must finish high school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone must finish high school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone must finish high school and
+hopefully go beyond that but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully go beyond that but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully go beyond that but but you
+could say the same thing for high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the same thing for high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the same thing for high school
+graduation College still pays off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation College still pays off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation College still pays off this
+graph shows the difference in median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph shows the difference in median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph shows the difference in median
+earnings of high school and college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings of high school and college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings of high school and college
+graduates and you'll see that it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates and you'll see that it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates and you'll see that it's been
+growing over time that both for men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over time that both for men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over time that both for men and
+for women the gap between the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women the gap between the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women the gap between the high
+school and the college degree earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the college degree earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the college degree earnings
+has grown and so there's increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has grown and so there's increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has grown and so there's increasing
+returns to college even given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to college even given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to college even given the
+increased cost of college this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased cost of college this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased cost of college this graph
+shows that adjusting for the increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that adjusting for the increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that adjusting for the increased
+cost that Gap is still growing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that Gap is still growing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that Gap is still growing and the
+increase in returns to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in returns to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in returns to college
+particularly since around 1980 have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly since around 1980 have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly since around 1980 have been
+growing by very very large numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing by very very large numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing by very very large numbers and
+so the message here is that yes college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message here is that yes college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message here is that yes college
+is expensive but we've got to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive but we've got to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive but we've got to be careful
+not to underestimate its value at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to underestimate its value at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to underestimate its value at the
+same time it's important to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it's important to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it's important to recognize
+that there's wide variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's wide variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's wide variation in the
+earnings of college graduates so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings of college graduates so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings of college graduates so it's
+very important to be careful to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to be careful to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to be careful to choose
+when where and what kind of organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when where and what kind of organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when where and what kind of organization
+what kind of institution you choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of institution you choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of institution you choose to
+get your education at ending your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your education at ending your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your education at ending your
+education and then entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and then entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and then entering the
+workforce was a model that worked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce was a model that worked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce was a model that worked in the
+past but is not going to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but is not going to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but is not going to work in the
+future so let's look more carefully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so let's look more carefully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so let's look more carefully at
+how we're going to move through a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to move through a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to move through a model
+of lifelong learning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EC6bf8JCpDQ.txt b/EC6bf8JCpDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbd4506e2551bb113f51f3147a9694eb6b38df48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EC6bf8JCpDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2466 @@
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: I was
+in Washington for most of
+
+the week prospecting for gold.
+
+Another byproduct of that was
+that I forgot to arrange a
+
+substitute Bob Berwick for
+the Thursday recitations.
+
+I shall probably go
+to hell for this.
+
+In any event, we have
+many explanations,
+
+none of them good.
+
+But today we'll try to get back
+on track and you'll learn
+
+something fun.
+
+In particular you will learn how
+a graduate student of mine
+
+Mark [? Phillipson ?], together
+with a summer UROP
+
+student, Brett van Zuiden,
+one of you--
+
+managed to pull off a tour de
+force and recognize in these
+
+two descriptions the pattern
+that we humans commonly call
+
+"revenge." It was discovered.
+
+The system didn't have a
+name for it, of course.
+
+It just knew that there was a
+pattern there and sat waiting
+
+for us to give a name to it.
+
+That's where we're
+going to end up.
+
+But it'll be a bit of a journey
+before we get there,
+
+because we've got to
+go through all that
+
+stuff on the outline.
+
+And in particular, we want
+to start off by a
+
+little tiny bit of review.
+
+Because some of the stuff
+we did last time
+
+went by pretty fast.
+
+In particular, you may remember
+they had this
+
+wonderful joint probability
+table, which tells us all we
+
+want to know, all
+we want to know.
+
+We can decide what the
+probability of the police
+
+being called is given the this
+and the that, and all that
+
+sort of stuff, by clicking
+the appropriate boxes.
+
+The trouble is, gee, there are
+only three variables there.
+
+And when there are lots of
+variables it gets pretty hard
+
+to make up those numbers or
+to even collect them.
+
+So we're driven to
+an alternative.
+
+And we got to that alternative
+just at the end of
+
+the show a week ago.
+
+And we got to the point where
+we were defining these
+
+inference nets, sometimes called
+"Bayes nets." And the
+
+one we worked with
+looked like this.
+
+There's a burglar, a raccoon,
+the possibility of a dog
+
+barking, the police being
+called, and a trash can being
+
+overturned.
+
+So more variables than that.
+
+That only has three.
+
+This has got five.
+
+But we're able to do some magic
+with this because we, as
+
+humans, when we define--
+
+when we draw this graph we're
+making an assertion about how
+
+things depend or don't depend
+on one another.
+
+In particular, there's something
+to break down and
+
+memorize to the point where
+it rolls off your tongue.
+
+And that is that any variable on
+this graph is said by me to
+
+be independent of any other
+
+non-descendant given its parents.
+
+Independent of any
+
+non-descendant given its parents.
+
+So that means that the
+probability of the dog
+
+barking, given its parents,
+doesn't depend on T, the trash
+
+can being overturned.
+
+Because the intuition is all
+of the causality is flowing
+
+through the parents and can't
+get to this variable D without
+
+going through the parents.
+
+So that is [? inserted ?]
+
+property of the nets
+that we draw.
+
+And we tend to draw them in a
+way that reflects causality.
+
+So it tends to make sense.
+
+So somehow this thing
+is going to be--
+
+we're going to use this thing
+instead of that thing.
+
+But wait.
+
+We may need that thing in
+order to do all the
+
+computations we want
+to perform.
+
+So we need to be able to show
+that we can get to that thing
+
+by doing calculations
+on this thing.
+
+So what to do?
+
+Well, we're going to
+use the chain rule.
+
+And remember that the chain rule
+came to us by way of the
+
+basic Axioms of Probability
+plus the definition plus a
+
+little colored chalk.
+
+So we got to the point
+last time where we
+
+sort of believed this.
+
+It's a really magical thing.
+
+It says that the probability
+of all this stuff happening
+
+together is given as the
+product of a bunch of
+
+conditional probabilities.
+
+And the conditional
+probabilities in this product
+
+are arranged such that this
+first guy depends
+
+on everybody else.
+
+The second guy doesn't depend
+on the first guy but depends
+
+on everything else.
+
+So that list of dependencies
+gets smaller and smaller as
+
+you go down here until it
+depends only one thing.
+
+There's no conditional at all.
+
+So that's going to come to our
+rescue because it enables us
+
+to go from calculations in
+here to that whole table.
+
+But first I have to show you a
+little bit more slowly how
+
+that comes to be.
+
+One thing I'm going to do
+before I think about
+
+probability is I'm going to
+make a linear list of all
+
+these variables.
+
+And the way I'm going to make
+it is I'm going to chew away
+
+at those variables
+from the bottom.
+
+I've taken advantage
+of a very important
+
+property of these nets.
+
+And that is there no loops.
+
+You can follow the arrows
+in any way so as
+
+you get back to yourself.
+
+So there's always going
+to be a bottom.
+
+So what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say, well, there are
+
+two bottoms here, there's C
+and T. So I have a choice.
+
+I'm going to choose C. So I'm
+going to take that off and
+
+pretend it's not
+there anymore.
+
+Then I'm going to
+take this guy.
+
+That's now a bottom because
+there's nothing below it.
+
+I've already taken C out.
+
+So we'll take that out next.
+
+And now I've got this guy,
+this guy, and this guy.
+
+This guy no longer has
+anything below it.
+
+So I can list it next.
+
+Now over here I've got
+raccoon and trashcan.
+
+But trashcan is at the bottom.
+
+So I've got to take it next
+because I'm working
+
+from the bottom up.
+
+I want to ensure that there are
+no descendants before me
+
+in this list.
+
+So finally I get to raccoon.
+
+So the way I constructed this
+list like so ensures that this
+
+list arranges the elements so
+that for any particular
+
+element, none of
+its descendants
+
+appear to its left.
+
+And now that's the magical order
+for which I want to use
+
+the chain rule.
+
+So now I can write--
+
+I can pick C to be
+my variable n.
+
+And I can say that the chain
+rule says that the joint
+
+probability of all these
+variables P of C,
+
+D, B, T, and R--
+
+the probability of any
+particular combination of
+
+those things is equal to the
+probability of C given
+
+everybody else.
+
+Next in line is D given
+everybody else.
+
+Next in line is T--
+
+next in line is B given
+everybody else.
+
+And next in line is T given
+everybody else.
+
+And finally, just R. So this
+combination of things has a
+
+probability that is given by
+this chain rule expression.
+
+Ah.
+
+But first of all, none of those
+expressions condition
+
+any of the variables on
+anything other than
+
+non-descendants, all right?
+
+That's just because of the way
+I've arranged the variables.
+
+And I can always do that
+because are no loops.
+
+I can always chew away
+at the bottom.
+
+That ensures that whenever I
+write a variable, it's going
+
+to be conditioned on stuff other
+than its descendants.
+
+So all of these variables in
+any of these conditional
+
+probabilities are
+non-descendants.
+
+Oh wait.
+
+When I drew this diagram, I
+asserted that no variable
+
+depends on any non-descendant
+given its parents.
+
+So if I know the parents of
+a variable I know that the
+
+variable is independent of all
+other non-descendants.
+
+All right?
+
+Now I can start scratching
+stuff out.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+I know that C, from my diagram,
+has only one parent,
+
+D. So given its parent, it's
+independent of all other
+
+non-descendants.
+
+So I can scratch them out.
+
+D he has two parents, B and R.
+But given that, I can scratch
+
+out any other non-descendant.
+
+B is conditional on T and R.
+Ah, but B has no parent.
+
+So it actually is independent
+of those two guys.
+
+The trashcan, yeah, that's
+dependent on R. And R over
+
+here, the final thing in the
+chain, that's just a
+
+probability.
+
+So now I have a way of
+calculating any entry in that
+
+table because any entry in that
+table is going to be some
+
+combination of values for
+all those variables.
+
+Voila.
+
+So anything I can do with a
+table, I can do in principle
+
+with this little network.
+
+OK?
+
+But now the question is, I've
+got some probabilities I'm
+
+going to have to figure
+out here.
+
+So let me draw a slightly
+different version of it.
+
+So up here we've got the a
+priori probability of B. Well,
+
+that's just probability of B.
+Down here with the dog, I've
+
+got a bigger table because I've
+got probabilities that
+
+depend on the values
+of its parents.
+
+The probability of dog barking
+depends on the condition of
+
+the parents, nothing else.
+
+So let's see.
+
+I've got to have a column for
+B. I've got to have a column
+
+for the burglar and
+the raccoon.
+
+And there are a bunch of
+possibilities for those guys.
+
+But once I get those then I'll
+be able to calculate the
+
+probability of the
+dog barking.
+
+So there are two of
+these variables.
+
+So there are four
+combinations.
+
+There's T T. There's
+T R, R T, and--
+
+whoa, what am I doing?
+
+Wake up!
+
+T false.
+
+False true.
+
+And false false.
+
+So what I really want to do is
+I want to calculate all of
+
+these probabilities that give
+the probability of the dog
+
+condition of the burglar
+and the raccoon.
+
+Similarly, I want to calculate
+the probability of B happening
+
+doesn't depend on
+anything else.
+
+So I don't know what to do.
+
+Well, what I'm going to actually
+do is I'm going to do
+
+the same thing I had
+to do up there.
+
+I'm going to keep track of--
+
+I'm going to try a bunch of--
+
+I'm going to get myself together
+a bunch of data.
+
+Maybe I do a bunch
+of experiments.
+
+Maybe somebody hands it to me.
+
+But I'm going to use that data
+to construct a bunch of
+
+tallies which are going to end
+up giving me the probabilities
+
+for all of those things.
+
+So I don't know, let's see.
+
+How should we start?
+
+Step one, find colored chalk.
+
+Step two, I'm going to extend
+these tables a little bit so I
+
+can keep track of the tallies.
+
+So this is going to be all
+the ones that end up in a
+
+particular row.
+
+And these are going to be the
+ones for which dog is true.
+
+Similarly, I'm going to extend
+this guy up here in order to
+
+keep track of some tallies.
+
+This is going to be the ones
+for which B is true.
+
+And this one will be all.
+
+So that's my set up.
+
+And now suppose that my first
+experiment comes roaring in.
+
+And it's all T's.
+
+So I have T T T. That's my first
+experimental result, my
+
+first data item.
+
+So let's see.
+
+The arrangement here is
+burglar, raccoon, dog.
+
+So burglar as a true.
+
+And there's one tally
+count in there.
+
+Likewise, the T T, that's the
+burglar and the raccoon, that
+
+brings me down to
+this first row.
+
+So that gives me one tally in
+there and dog is true so that
+
+gives me a tick mark
+in that one.
+
+All right?
+
+Are you with me so far?
+
+And now let's suppose
+that the next thing
+
+happens be all false.
+
+Well, burglar is false.
+
+But there is one experiment.
+
+Everybody's false.
+
+So we come down here
+to false false.
+
+And that's the row we're
+going to work on.
+
+We get a tally in there.
+
+Do we put one in here?
+
+No, because that's false.
+
+Dog is false.
+
+That's what our data
+element says.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+Maybe one more.
+
+Let's suppose we have T T F.
+Well in that case, we have a
+
+tick mark here and a tick mark
+here because the burglar
+
+element is true.
+
+Then we have T T. That brings
+us to the first row again.
+
+So we get a tick mark there.
+
+But dog as false, so
+no tick mark there.
+
+That's how it works.
+
+I suppose you'd like to see
+a demonstration, right?
+
+Always like to see
+a demonstration.
+
+So here's what it actually
+looks like.
+
+So on the left you see the
+network as we've constructed
+
+it, with a bunch probabilities
+there.
+
+And what I'm going to do now
+is I'm going to start
+
+simulating away so as to
+accumulate tick marks, tally
+
+marks, and see what kinds of
+probabilities that they
+
+indicate for the table.
+
+I happen to be using a process
+for which the model on the
+
+left is a correct reflection.
+
+So there's one simulation.
+
+So the dog barking--
+
+let's see, the burglar
+is false.
+
+The raccoon is true.
+
+I get one tick mark.
+
+So the probability
+there is one.
+
+Of course, I'm not going
+to just go with one.
+
+I want to put a whole bunch
+of stuff in there.
+
+So I'll just run a bunch
+more simulations.
+
+No [? dice. ?]
+
+I don't even have an entry
+at all yet for T F here.
+
+That's because I haven't
+run enough data.
+
+So let me clear it instead of
+doing it one at a time.
+
+Let me run 100 simulations.
+
+See, it's still not too good.
+
+Because it says this T
+T probability true.
+
+This just because I'm feeding
+it data, right?
+
+And I'm keeping track of what
+the data elements tell me
+
+about how frequently a
+
+particular combination appears.
+
+Yes, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+STUDENT: So when you're doing
+one simulation, is that
+
+[INAUDIBLE] variables?
+
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: When
+I'm doing one simulation,
+
+I'm just keeping track of
+that combination in
+
+each of these tables.
+
+Because it's going to tell
+me something about the
+
+probabilities that I want
+reflected in those tables.
+
+So it's pretty easy to see when
+I go up here to burglar.
+
+If I have a lot of data
+elements, they're all going to
+
+tell me something about
+the burglar as well
+
+as the other variables.
+
+So if I just look at that
+burglar thing, the fraction of
+
+time that it turns out true over
+all the data elements is
+
+going to be its probability.
+
+So now when I go down to the
+joint tables, I can still get
+
+these probability numbers.
+
+But now they're conditioned
+on reticular
+
+condition of its parents.
+
+So that's how I get these
+probabilities.
+
+So I didn't do too well here
+because that T T combination
+
+gave me an excessively
+high probability.
+
+So maybe 100 simulations
+isn't enough.
+
+Let's run 10,000.
+
+So with that much data running
+through, the probabilities I
+
+get-- let's see, I've got 893
+here, instead of 0.9, 807
+
+instead of 0.8, 607
+instead of 0.6.
+
+And that one's dead-on
+at 0.01.
+
+So if I run enough of these
+simulations, I get a pretty
+
+good idea what the probabilities
+ought to be
+
+given that I've got
+a correct model.
+
+OK, so that takes care
+of that one.
+
+And of course, I didn't draw
+the other things in here.
+
+But by extension, you can see
+how those would work.
+
+Oh.
+
+But you know what?
+
+I think I will put a little
+probability of
+
+raccoon table in here.
+
+Because the next thing I
+want to do is I want to
+
+go the other way.
+
+This is recoding tallies
+from some process so I
+
+can develop a model.
+
+But once I've got these
+probabilities, of course, then
+
+I can start to simulate what
+the model would do.
+
+All right?
+
+How would I do that?
+
+Well, do I want to use
+the same table?
+
+I think just to keep things
+sanitary, what I'll do is I'll
+
+go over here and do it again.
+
+Here's B. It's got a probability
+of B. Here's R.
+
+Here's a table probability of
+R. That comes down into a
+
+joint table for dog.
+
+And it's got four elements.
+
+Depending on the burglar
+condition and the raccoon
+
+condition, we get a probability
+of dog.
+
+And now, imagine these have
+all been filled in.
+
+So what do I want to do if I
+want to simulate this system
+
+generating some combination of
+values for all the variables?
+
+Well, I do the opposite of what
+I did when I was working
+
+around with this chain rule
+showing that I could go from
+
+the table to those
+probabilities.
+
+Now I've got the
+probabilities.
+
+I'm going to go the
+other direction.
+
+Instead of chewing away from the
+bottom, I'm going to chew
+
+away from the top.
+
+Because when I go into the top
+and chew way, everything I
+
+need to know to do a
+coin flip is there.
+
+So in particular, when I go
+up in here, I've got the
+
+probability of burglar now.
+
+So I'm going to use that
+probability to flip a coin.
+
+Say it produces a T. So that
+takes care of this guy.
+
+And I can now scratch it off
+since it's no longer in
+
+consideration.
+
+It's no longer a top variable.
+
+So now I go over into raccoon
+and I do the same thing.
+
+I take this probability.
+
+I do a flip.
+
+And say it produces an F.
+Whatever its probability is, I
+
+flip a biased coin and that's
+what I happen to get.
+
+But now, having dealt with these
+two guys, that uncovers
+
+this dog thing.
+
+And I've got enough information,
+because I've done
+
+everything above, to make the
+calculation for whether to dog
+
+is going to be barking or not.
+
+But wait.
+
+I have to know that I've got a T
+and a T and a T and an F and
+
+an F and a T and an F and an
+F. Because I have to select
+
+the right row.
+
+So I know that B is T. And I
+know that R is F. So that
+
+takes me into the table
+into the second row.
+
+So now I get this probability.
+
+I flip that coin and I get some
+result, say, T. Voila.
+
+I can do that with the
+other two variables.
+
+And I've got myself an
+experimental trial that is
+
+produced in accordance with the
+
+probabilities of the table.
+
+OK?
+
+Of course--
+
+yeah, in fact, how did
+I get those numbers?
+
+Actually what I did is I used
+the model on the left to
+
+generate the samples that
+were used to compute the
+
+probabilities on the right.
+
+So you've seen that a
+demonstration of this already.
+
+Now of course--
+
+I don't know, all of this sort
+of depends on having
+
+everything right.
+
+I've written a thing to write
+it one more time.
+
+Burglar, raccoon, dog, call
+the police, trashcan.
+
+But somebody else may say, oh,
+you've got it all wrong.
+
+This is what it really
+looks like.
+
+The dog doesn't care about
+the raccoon at all.
+
+So that's a correct model.
+
+Now when I do a simulation, I
+could fill in the tables in
+
+either model, right?
+
+I'm sure you'd like to
+see a demonstration.
+
+So let me show you a
+demonstration of that.
+
+So there are the two tables.
+
+And I can run 10,000
+simulations
+
+on those guys, too.
+
+Now, look.
+
+The guy on the left is a pretty
+good reflection of the
+
+probabilities in a model I
+used to produce the data.
+
+But the guy on the right doesn't
+know any better. it
+
+just fills in its
+own tables, too.
+
+So what to do?
+
+I say this one's the
+right model.
+
+And you say that one's
+the right model.
+
+Who's right?
+
+Maybe we'll never know.
+
+And the guy on the left will get
+rich in the stock market
+
+and the guy on the right
+will go broke.
+
+I would be nice if
+we could actually
+
+figure out who's right.
+
+So would you to see how to
+figure out who's right?
+
+Yeah, so would I. What we're
+going to do is we're going to
+
+look at naive Bayesian
+inference.
+
+And that's our next chore.
+
+So here's how it works.
+
+We know, from the definition of
+conditional probability, we
+
+know that the probability of
+A given B is equal to the
+
+probability of A and
+B divided by the
+
+probability of B, right?
+
+Equal to by definition.
+
+So that means that the
+probability of A given B times
+
+the probability of B--
+
+I'm just multiplying it out--
+
+it equal to that joint
+probability.
+
+Oh, but by symmetry, there's no
+harm in saying I can turn
+
+that around and say that the
+probability of B given A times
+
+the probability of B is also
+equal to that joint
+
+probability, right?
+
+I've just expanded it a
+different and symmetric way.
+
+If I've got to write a, b on
+B, b, a on A. Thank you.
+
+Who was complaining?
+
+Good work.
+
+That would have been a
+major-league disaster.
+
+But now, having written that, I
+can forget about the middle.
+
+Because all I'm really
+interested in is how I've
+
+turned the probabilities around
+in that conditional.
+
+Why would I care about
+doing that?
+
+By the way, we're now talking
+about the work of
+
+the Reverend Bayes.
+
+Because we can rewrite this yet
+again as the probability
+
+of A given B is equal to the
+probability of B given A times
+
+the probability of A divided
+by the probability of B.
+
+That's just elementary
+algebra.
+
+But now I'm going to do
+something magical.
+
+I'm going to say I've got a
+classification problem.
+
+I want to know which
+disease you have.
+
+That's a classification
+problem.
+
+Maybe you've got
+the swine flu.
+
+Maybe you've got indigestion.
+
+Who knows.
+
+But I get all these symptoms.
+
+I get all these pieces
+of evidence.
+
+You've got a fever.
+
+You're throwing--
+
+oh, well, let's not go into
+too much detail, there.
+
+But what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say, well, let's
+
+suppose that A is equal to a
+class that I'm interested in,
+
+the disease you've got.
+
+And B is equal to the evidence,
+
+the symptoms I observe.
+
+Voila.
+
+I may have a pretty hard time
+figuring out what the
+
+probability of the class
+is given the evidence.
+
+But figuring out the probability
+of the evidence
+
+given the class might
+not be so hard.
+
+Let me get another board in play
+and show you what I mean.
+
+By plugging class and evidence
+into Bayes' rule, what I get
+
+is the probability of some class
+given the evidence is
+
+equal to the probability of the
+evidence given the class
+
+times the probability of the
+class divided by the
+
+probability of the evidence.
+
+Now you've got to let that
+sing to you a little bit.
+
+Suppose I've got several classes
+that I'm trying to
+
+decide between.
+
+I'm trying to select the best
+out of that batch of classes.
+
+Well, I've got the evidence.
+
+And if I know the probability of
+the evidence given each of
+
+those classes, and if I know,
+a priori, the initial
+
+probability the class,
+then I'm done.
+
+Because I've got the two
+elements in the numerator.
+
+Why am I done?
+
+Because the denominator is the
+same for all the classes.
+
+It's just the probability
+of the evidence.
+
+And then I could just
+sum everything up.
+
+I know it adds to 1 anyway.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+But sometimes there's
+evidence--
+
+actually there's more than
+one piece of evidence.
+
+Let's say that there's
+some class.
+
+some i, and we're trying to
+figure out if that's the
+
+correct class.
+
+So we've got c sub i there
+and c sub i there.
+
+And suppose that that evidence
+is actually a bunch of pieces
+
+of evidence.
+
+So it could be e sub
+1, e sub n, oops,
+
+premature right bracket.
+
+All that evidence, given the
+class i times the probability
+
+of the class i over some
+denominator that we don't care
+
+about because it's going to
+be the same for everybody.
+
+So we'll just write that as d.
+
+Now what if these pieces of
+evidence are all independent
+
+given the class?
+
+So if you have the swine flu,
+the probability you have a
+
+fever is independent of the
+probability you're going to
+
+throw up, say.
+
+Then can we write this
+another way?
+
+An easier way?
+
+Sure.
+
+Because when things are
+independent, the joint
+
+probability is equal to the
+product of the individual
+
+probabilities.
+
+So that is to say--
+
+it's easier to see it if you
+write it down than if
+
+you just say it--
+
+this probability here from these
+two elements here is
+
+equal to the probability of e
+sub 1 conditioned on c sub i
+
+times the probability of e sub
+2 conditioned on c sub i, all
+
+the way down to the probability
+of e sub n
+
+conditioned on c sub i divided
+by some denominator we don't
+
+care about.
+
+See, what I'm going to try to do
+is I'm going to go through
+
+this for all the ci and see
+which one's the biggest.
+
+STUDENT: That's the [INAUDIBLE]
+ci, right?
+
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: This
+is the probability of--
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+right-hand side [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON:
+Right here?
+
+Oh yes, you're quite right.
+
+Oh yeah, thanks.
+
+I can't write and think
+at the same time.
+
+Thanks.
+
+OK.
+
+So I've just figure out which
+one of these is the biggest.
+
+And I've identified the class.
+
+Now you say to me, well, I would
+like to see an example.
+
+So--
+
+I don't know, does anyone
+have any spare change?
+
+A nickel, a quarter.
+
+This is not because of
+infinitesimally low raises
+
+here at MIT.
+
+I just need it for
+a demonstration.
+
+I need two coins.
+
+Don't forget to get these
+back, I tend to be--
+
+Now suppose these two coins
+are not exactly the same.
+
+One of these points is a
+legitimate, highly-prized
+
+American quarter.
+
+The other one is a fake.
+
+And with this one, the
+probability of heads, let us
+
+say, is 0.8 instead of 0.5.
+
+So I mix these all up.
+
+And I pick one.
+
+And I start flipping it.
+
+And I get a head.
+
+Then I flip it again.
+
+And I get a tail.
+
+Which coin did I pick?
+
+Well, we're going to use this
+stuff to figure it out.
+
+Here's what happens.
+
+Before I forget.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+So what we've done is
+we've selected these
+
+things from my hands.
+
+And I can't draw hands.
+
+So I'll draw a little
+cup here.
+
+And there are two
+coins in here.
+
+And we're going to pick one.
+
+And one has a probability
+of heads equal to 0.8.
+
+And this one has a probability
+of a head of 0.5.
+
+So here's the draw.
+
+I pick one.
+
+Each has a probability of 0.5.
+
+This one is the one with
+the 0.8 as the
+
+probability of head.
+
+And this one is the
+one with the
+
+probability of 0.5 as a head.
+
+OK?
+
+So now suppose the first flips
+as it was is T. Well, that's a
+
+piece of evidence.
+
+That's here.
+
+Probably of evidence
+given the class.
+
+Well in the case of having drawn
+this biased coin, the
+
+probability of coming up with a
+tail-- ah, let's say a head,
+
+just to make my numbers
+a little easier.
+
+Probability of coming out there
+with a head is equal 0.8
+
+given that it's up here
+in this choice.
+
+The probability given that you
+have a fair coin is 0.5.
+
+So now if we take the next coin
+and take it to be a tail
+
+then the probability
+of this guy given
+
+that evidence is 0.2.
+
+And the probability of this guy
+given that evidence-- it's
+
+a fair coin, so it
+doesn't care.
+
+It's still 0.5.
+
+So now what's the probability
+of this
+
+class given this evidence?
+
+It's the product 0.5 times
+0.8 times 0.2.
+
+And what's the probability
+of this guy?
+
+It's 05 times 0.5 times 0.5,
+divided by a denominator which
+
+is the same in both cases.
+
+So let's forget about
+this early 0.5 here.
+
+Because it's the same
+in both cases.
+
+And we just multiply those
+numbers together.
+
+That gives us 0.8 times 0.2.
+
+What's that?
+
+0.16?
+
+And this guy, 0.5 times
+0.5, that's 0.25.
+
+So it looks an awful lot like--
+with this combination--
+
+that I've picked the
+coin that's fair.
+
+One more flip?
+
+So let's flip it again,
+and suppose we
+
+come up with a head.
+
+So that puts a 0.8 in here.
+
+And 0.5 in here.
+
+When you multiply those
+out that's 0.125.
+
+And this is 0.128.
+
+So it's about equal.
+
+So you see how that works?
+
+All right.
+
+So we're using the coin flips
+as evidence to figure out
+
+which class is involved.
+
+OK so I don't know, you'd
+probably like to see a
+
+demonstration of this,
+too, right?
+
+You say to me, gosh, just
+two kinds of coins.
+
+That's not very interesting.
+
+Let's try five kinds of coins.
+
+So what I want to show you is
+how the probabilities for all
+
+these coins-- there are five
+of them, color-coded--
+
+how the probabilities vary
+with a series of flips.
+
+Let's suppose I've
+got a head--
+
+the grey line, by the way, is
+the fraction of heads--
+
+so that's going to be one.
+
+Because I'm just doing heads.
+
+You see that black
+line rising?
+
+Should look like a rocket.
+
+That's the probability
+that the--
+
+that's the coin which only shows
+heads, the probability
+
+of head is 1.
+
+And I'm flipping a whole
+bunch of heads here.
+
+Isn't that cool?
+
+Now what happens if I suddenly
+put in a tail?
+
+By the way, you'll no doubt,
+here one the extreme left--
+
+the initial probability of
+the P=0 coin was 0.1.
+
+As soon as I flipped a
+head that went to 0.
+
+And it will never get
+off 0, right?
+
+That makes sense.
+
+Because if the probability that
+you'll get a head is 1
+
+you should never see a tail.
+
+If you ever do, that
+isn't your coin.
+
+What happens now if I interrupt
+a series of heads
+
+and produce a tail?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON:
+What's that?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR PATRICK WINSTON: The
+black one will go to 0.
+
+What else happens?
+
+By the way, the blue one is
+the one with the highest
+
+probability of being a head.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Boom!
+
+That blue one shot up.
+
+Not going up slowly.
+
+It shot up.
+
+Because now the preponderance
+of evidence with all those
+
+heads is that I've flipped the
+coin with a bias of 0.75
+
+towards heads.
+
+So let's clear this.
+
+Pick any probability you want.
+
+0.25, 0.5, and so on.
+
+I don't know, let's pick
+0.25 since we've been
+
+at the upper end.
+
+So orange is 0.25.
+
+And sure enough, the probability
+that I've selected
+
+the 0.5 coin is going up and
+up and up and up after the
+
+original irregularity.
+
+The Law of Large Numbers
+is setting in.
+
+And a probability that I've got
+that 0.25 coin in play is
+
+pretty close to 1.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+Now you say to me, that's
+awfully nice but stop.
+
+Awfully nice, but not
+very real-world-ish.
+
+So let me give you
+another problem.
+
+It's well-known that you are,
+with high probability, of the
+
+same political persuasion
+as your parents.
+
+So if I wanted to figure out
+which party a parent belongs
+
+to, I could look at the
+party that their
+
+children belong to, right?
+
+So it's just like
+flipping coins.
+
+The particular coin
+I have chosen
+
+corresponds to the parent.
+
+Individual flips correspond to
+the political party that the
+
+child belongs to.
+
+So let's get up a little bit--
+
+by the way, I wrote all this
+stuff over the weekend.
+
+So who knows if any
+of it will work.
+
+But let's see.
+
+A parent party classifier.
+
+There it is, Democrats
+and Republicans.
+
+And now the prior for being a
+Republican given here is 0.5.
+
+But I don't know, this is a
+little bit Democratic state.
+
+So let's adjust that
+down a little bit.
+
+Somewhere in there might be
+about right But let's just,
+
+for the sake of a classroom
+illustration, go down here.
+
+So now the meter is showing the
+prior probability because
+
+that's the only thing in
+the formula so far.
+
+I've got no evidence.
+
+So now let's suppose that
+child number one is a
+
+Republican.
+
+Back to neutral.
+
+So I've got a low probability
+that the parent--
+
+a priori probability that the
+parent is a Republican and a
+
+child who's a Republican.
+
+I notice that 0.2 and 0.8,
+the conditional is 0.8.
+
+And the prior is 0.2.
+
+That's why it comes out to
+balance each other, right?
+
+So now if we get another
+Republican in
+
+there it goes way up.
+
+If I have a Democratic child
+it goes back down.
+
+If I have an equal balance
+between children then it goes
+
+way back down because of that
+prior probability being low.
+
+So if I make that high, even
+though the children are
+
+balanced, I'm still going to
+have a high probability of
+
+being a Republican.
+
+Now let's see.
+
+If I take that slider there, the
+conditional probability,
+
+and drive it to the left
+here-- let me make that
+
+equally in.
+
+And let's make that one thing.
+
+I don't know.
+
+What am I doing now?
+
+If I make the probability less
+than 0.5, what's that mean?
+
+That means you're sore at your
+parents and you want to belong
+
+to a different party.
+
+All right, so now,
+what's next?
+
+Oh gosh.
+
+What's next?
+
+This is what's next.
+
+What's next to somewhere?
+
+Yeah, this is what's next.
+
+This here.
+
+We've got two models.
+
+Remember when I said we wanted
+to decide between them?
+
+Can we use that Bayesian
+hack to do that, too?
+
+Sure.
+
+Because we've got these
+two models.
+
+We've got the probabilities
+in them.
+
+So now I can take my data and
+calculate the probability of a
+
+left model given the data and
+the probability of the right
+
+model given the data, multiply
+that times their a priori
+
+probabilities, which I'll
+assume are equal.
+
+Then I can do a model selection
+deal much in
+
+defiance to what I was
+hinting at before.
+
+so let's try that.
+
+Whoa.
+
+There are my two models.
+
+Yes, there they are.
+
+We've already trained them up.
+
+And they've got their
+probabilities.
+
+Now what we're going to do
+is we're going to use the
+
+original model to simulate
+the data.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+we're going to simulate draws,
+
+simulate events, similarly
+combinations of all variables
+
+using a model that looks like
+the one on the left, that is
+
+the one on the left except for
+the slight differences in
+
+probabilities, OK?
+
+Then we're going to do this
+Bayesian thing and see where
+
+the meter goes.
+
+So we'll run one data point.
+
+Oops, went the wrong way.
+
+Makes me nervous.
+
+I just finished this at 9:15.
+
+Maybe there's a bug.
+
+Oops, two data points,
+swings to the left.
+
+Three data points, back
+to the right.
+
+Of course that's
+not much data.
+
+So let's put some
+more data in.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Boom, there it goes.
+
+Let's try that again.
+
+That was cool.
+
+So let's run 1,000 simulations
+and one data point.
+
+It bobbles around a little
+bit and goes
+
+flat over to the left.
+
+Because that is the model that
+reflects the one that the data
+
+is generated from.
+
+So now we got Bayesian
+classification, except now the
+
+classification has gone one
+step more and it becomes
+
+structure discovery.
+
+We've got two choices
+of structure.
+
+And we can use this Bayesian
+thing to decide which of the
+
+two structures is best.
+
+Isn't that cool?
+
+Well, it's only cool if
+you could do what?
+
+So if you had two choices--
+
+you can select between them
+and pick the best one--
+
+but there are--
+
+gosh, for this number of
+variables, there are a whole
+
+lot of different networks that
+satisfy the no looping
+
+criteria and don't have
+very many parents.
+
+There's an awful lot of them.
+
+In fact, if you strict this
+network to two parents there
+
+are probably thousands and
+thousands of possible
+
+structures.
+
+So do I try them all?
+
+Probably not.
+
+It's too much work when you
+get 30 variables or
+
+something like that.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+We know what to do, right?
+
+We're almost veterans a 6034.
+
+We have to search!
+
+So what we do is we take the
+loser and we modified it.
+
+And then we modify it again.
+
+And we keep modifying it until
+we drop dead or we get
+
+something that we're
+happy with.
+
+So let's see what happens if
+we change this problem a
+
+little bit and do structure
+discover.
+
+We're starting out with
+nothing linked.
+
+And we're going to just start
+running this guy.
+
+So what's going to happen
+is that the
+
+good guy will prevail.
+
+And the bad guy will be
+a copy of the good guy
+
+perturbed in some way.
+
+So it's a random search.
+
+You'll notice that score--
+
+it's too small for
+you to read.
+
+All these things are
+too small to read.
+
+Let me make it a
+little bigger.
+
+Too small to read, but that
+number on the right there is
+
+not the product of the
+probabilities, actually.
+
+It's the sum of the logarithms
+of the probabilities.
+
+They go together, right?
+
+And the reason you use this
+instead of the probabilities
+
+is because these numbers get
+so small that was a 32-bit
+
+machine, you eventually lose.
+
+So use the log of the
+probabilities rather than the
+
+product of the probabilities.
+
+You use the sum of the logs
+instead of the product of the
+
+probabilities.
+
+And eventually, you hope that
+this thing converges on the
+
+correct interpretation.
+
+But you know what?
+
+This thing is so flat as a space
+and so a large and so
+
+telephone pole-like that it's
+full of local maxima.
+
+So what this program is doing
+is every once in awhile--
+
+I think with probability
+1 and 10; I forgot what
+
+parameters I used--
+
+every once in awhile, it'll do
+a total radical rearrangement
+
+of the structures.
+
+In other words, it's
+a random restart.
+
+It keeps track of the
+best guy so far.
+
+And every once in awhile it does
+a totally random restart
+
+in its effort to search
+the space.
+
+So that's how you go from
+probabilistic inference to
+
+structure discovery.
+
+Now when is this stuff
+actually useful?
+
+Well, I hinted at a medical
+diagnosis, right?
+
+That's a situation where you've
+got some symptoms.
+
+And you want to know what
+the disease is.
+
+So as soon as you use the
+keyword "diagnosis," you've
+
+got a problem for which this
+stuff is a candidate.
+
+So what other kinds of diagnosis
+problems are there?
+
+Well, you might be
+lying to me.
+
+So I can put a lie
+detector on you.
+
+And each of those variables that
+are measured by the lie
+
+detector are an independent
+indication whether you're
+
+telling the truth or not.
+
+So it's this kind of Bayesian
+discovery thing.
+
+Naive Bayesian Classification.
+
+What other kinds of
+problems speak to
+
+the issue of diagnosis?
+
+Well, we like to know how well
+you know the material!
+
+So we can use quizzes as
+pieces of evidence.
+
+Thank god we don't use exactly
+a naive Bayesian classifier,
+
+because then we wouldn't be able
+to do that combination.
+
+We have to use a slightly
+more complex--
+
+what you can think of as a
+slightly more complex Bayesian
+
+net to do that particular
+kind of diagnosis.
+
+You might have a spacecraft or
+an airplane or other piece of
+
+equipment with all sorts
+of symptoms.
+
+You're trying to figure
+out what to do next,
+
+what the cause is.
+
+So using the evidence to go
+backward to the cause.
+
+So maybe you've got some program
+that doesn't work.
+
+Happens to me a lot.
+
+So I use the evidence from the
+symptoms of the misbehavior to
+
+figure out what the most
+probable cause is.
+
+But now to conclude the day--
+last time there weren't any
+
+powerful ideas.
+
+But if you take the combination
+of the last
+
+lecture and this lecture to be
+a candidate for gold star
+
+ideas, these are the ones I'd
+like to leave you with.
+
+We got here is--
+
+this Bayesian stuff, all these
+probabilistic calculations are
+
+the right thing to do.
+
+They're the right way to work
+when you don't know anything,
+
+which would make it sound like
+you're not very useful,
+
+because you think you always--
+well, in fact, there are a lot
+
+of situations where you either
+can't know everything, don't
+
+have time to know everything,
+or don't want to take the
+
+effort to know everything.
+
+So in medical diagnosis all
+you've got is the symptoms.
+
+You can't go in there and figure
+out in a more precise
+
+way exactly what's wrong.
+
+So you use the symptoms to
+determine what the cause is.
+
+And then all those other kinds
+of cases that I mentioned.
+
+But now, what other kinds of
+structure discovery are there?
+
+Well, the kind of structure
+discovery that I hinted at in
+
+the beginning will be the
+subject that we'll begin with
+
+during our next and sadly final
+conversation here in
+
+[? 10250 ?]
+
+on Wednesday.
+
+It will feature not only a
+discussion of how this stuff
+
+can be used to discover patterns
+and stories, but
+
+we'll also talk about what's
+on the final, what kind of
+
+thing you could do next, that
+sort of thing to finish off
+
+the subject.
+
+And that's the end of
+the story for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EDRa-ESxmJY.txt b/EDRa-ESxmJY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9a14afb3fa5e7978ad73dafad6e4be33487fe1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EDRa-ESxmJY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7483 @@
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduce you so today we are delighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you so today we are delighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you so today we are delighted
+and a privilege to have uh dick Hill as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a privilege to have uh dick Hill as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a privilege to have uh dick Hill as
+our guest lecturer dick will be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guest lecturer dick will be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our guest lecturer dick will be talking
+about the famous M new problem that Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the famous M new problem that Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the famous M new problem that Alex
+and I have referred to in our lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have referred to in our lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have referred to in our lectures
+this is one of the deep historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the deep historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the deep historical
+problems that touches upon the nativism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that touches upon the nativism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that touches upon the nativism
+versus impera ISM debate besides many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus impera ISM debate besides many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus impera ISM debate besides many
+other aspects of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of of
+so without further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without further
+Ado well let us return to the 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ado well let us return to the 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ado well let us return to the 17th
+century where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century where
+uh John Lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John Lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John Lock
+announced his uh use of Molly new's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced his uh use of Molly new's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced his uh use of Molly new's
+question in his own work inserting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in his own work inserting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in his own work inserting it
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+his book as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book as you
+know and here is the statement of it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and here is the statement of it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and here is the statement of it do
+you all know this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know this by the
+way uh uh we don't have to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh uh we don't have to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh uh we don't have to repeat
+this uh but I would like to ask you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh but I would like to ask you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh but I would like to ask you if
+you'll raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll raise your
+hand if you would answer yes to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you would answer yes to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you would answer yes to this
+question would you mind raising your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question would you mind raising your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question would you mind raising your
+hand on first seeing this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on first seeing this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand on first seeing this question
+raised did you answer yes or no would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised did you answer yes or no would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised did you answer yes or no would
+you raise your hand if you answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes very good and no who would say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes very good and no who would say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes very good and no who would say no
+okay the class is evenly divided so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the class is evenly divided so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the class is evenly divided so
+that's good that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's a
+fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well lock inserted this and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lock inserted this and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lock inserted this and people have
+been troubled with it ever after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been troubled with it ever after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been troubled with it ever after you
+might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why you can see that here's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can see that here's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you can see that here's a number of
+people who' worked on this problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who' worked on this problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who' worked on this problem in
+case you're interested you can follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're interested you can follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're interested you can follow it
+up with a vast number of people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a vast number of people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a vast number of people who've
+worked on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it
+philosophers uh other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers uh other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers uh other kinds of
+scientists uh show people and so on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh show people and so on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh show people and so on in
+the 18th and 19th century and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th and 19th century and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th and 19th century and then in
+the 20th we tend to get people who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th we tend to get people who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th we tend to get people who want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+actually uh examine the evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh examine the evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh examine the evidence for
+this and they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they've done
+so and for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and for us
+neuroscientists I say us I mean me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists I say us I mean me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists I say us I mean me and
+and pan and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pan and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pan and a few
+others the question is the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others the question is the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others the question is the development
+of crossmodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crossmodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crossmodal
+recognition when does this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition when does this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition when does this is this
+available at Birth or is it developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at Birth or is it developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at Birth or is it developed
+over time and experience and if so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and experience and if so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and experience and if so what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+experience that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's our
+question uh and the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh and the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh and the philosophical
+aspects of it uh for these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it uh for these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it uh for these for
+psychologists are sort of lost although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists are sort of lost although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists are sort of lost although
+not gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gone
+completely how should we answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely how should we answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely how should we answer this
+question well first of all the proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well first of all the proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well first of all the proposal
+was and has been for a long time to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and has been for a long time to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and has been for a long time to find
+congenitally blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenitally blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenitally blind
+people due to treatable causes treatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people due to treatable causes treatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people due to treatable causes treatable
+causes are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes are those
+that are essentially occlusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are essentially occlusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are essentially occlusive
+pathologies meaning that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies meaning that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies meaning that the
+Avenue to getting light onto the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue to getting light onto the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue to getting light onto the retina
+focused has been disturbed by one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused has been disturbed by one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused has been disturbed by one thing
+or another and generally that's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and generally that's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and generally that's either
+cataracts corneal opacities or high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataracts corneal opacities or high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataracts corneal opacities or high
+refractive error and about 20 cases have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive error and about 20 cases have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive error and about 20 cases have
+been reported over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reported over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reported over the
+centuries and the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries and the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries and the question is can
+you do these subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these subjects
+perform these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform these
+crossmodal uh will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossmodal uh will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossmodal uh will they
+recognize visibly the objects that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize visibly the objects that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize visibly the objects that they
+knew by touch uh and that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew by touch uh and that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew by touch uh and that's the question
+but it's not so easily answered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not so easily answered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not so easily answered and
+people have tried to answer it have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have tried to answer it have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have tried to answer it have not
+been completely successful you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been completely successful you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been completely successful you've got to
+get subjects who are capable of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get subjects who are capable of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get subjects who are capable of vision
+and yet have not enjoyed Vision because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet have not enjoyed Vision because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet have not enjoyed Vision because
+of these seclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions now why is it when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now why is it when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now why is it when there are
+so few cases uh one of the reasons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so few cases uh one of the reasons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so few cases uh one of the reasons is
+that uh in modern times when such cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in modern times when such cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in modern times when such cases
+are found early in life in infancy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found early in life in infancy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found early in life in infancy there
+uh surgery is applied and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surgery is applied and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surgery is applied and the uh
+oclusion is removed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oclusion is removed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oclusion is removed very
+early uh that's before we can get verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh that's before we can get verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh that's before we can get verbal
+answers from our subjects which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from our subjects which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers from our subjects which we want
+to get we want to know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get we want to know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get we want to know what they're
+observing and we want to control their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and we want to control their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and we want to control their
+behavior so as to test and if they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so as to test and if they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so as to test and if they've
+been uh uh if they've had therapy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh uh if they've had therapy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh uh if they've had therapy and
+they can see uh we can ask those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see uh we can ask those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see uh we can ask those
+questions we can test them but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can test them but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can test them but we can't
+do it in the highly developed Nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the highly developed Nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the highly developed Nations
+because of the health services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the health services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the health services
+but there are places India is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are places India is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are places India is one of
+them as you can see on this map where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as you can see on this map where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as you can see on this map where a
+large number of children are born blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of children are born blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of children are born blind
+or suffer from blindness for one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suffer from blindness for one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suffer from blindness for one reason
+or another due to lack of access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another due to lack of access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another due to lack of access to
+medical facilities and they grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facilities and they grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facilities and they grow up
+blind at least to a certain age because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind at least to a certain age because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind at least to a certain age because
+they're very difficult time in India for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very difficult time in India for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very difficult time in India for
+a blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blind
+child so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so
+here you see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see some
+examples uh the upper case of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh the upper case of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh the upper case of course is
+a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a
+um is is a cataract two cataracts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a cataract two cataracts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a cataract two cataracts and
+the lowercase are corial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowercase are corial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowercase are corial
+opacities both of them would obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacities both of them would obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacities both of them would obscure
+Clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vision uh the our access to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh the our access to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision uh the our access to these
+patients in India is a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in India is a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in India is a result of the
+work of guess who uh are your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of guess who uh are your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of guess who uh are your own
+instructor here Dr Sinha who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor here Dr Sinha who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor here Dr Sinha who had the
+foresight to set up this project prash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresight to set up this project prash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresight to set up this project prash
+which you may have heard of which is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may have heard of which is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may have heard of which is has
+two purposes one is a philanthropic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purposes one is a philanthropic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purposes one is a philanthropic one
+to uh try to bring uh Medical Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to bring uh Medical Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to bring uh Medical Services
+to these uh curbly blind in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these uh curbly blind in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these uh curbly blind in India
+uh uh who have very little access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh who have very little access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh who have very little access to
+Medical Services and second to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Services and second to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Services and second to provide
+uh subjects for our experiments and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subjects for our experiments and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subjects for our experiments and for
+understanding better what the blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding better what the blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding better what the blindness
+means as well as the post postoperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as well as the post postoperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means as well as the post postoperative
+development and that's allowed us to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and that's allowed us to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and that's allowed us to go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+India and to study these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and to study these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and to study these cases
+as you can see we're studying very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see we're studying very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see we're studying very hard
+here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in
+India and that's a of course studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and that's a of course studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and that's a of course studying
+visual Acuity using these land old sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual Acuity using these land old sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual Acuity using these land old sea
+figures uh the little the Gap in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures uh the little the Gap in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures uh the little the Gap in that
+circle gets smaller and smaller uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle gets smaller and smaller uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle gets smaller and smaller uh as we
+try to get down to the smallest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get down to the smallest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get down to the smallest possible
+opening which is a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening which is a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening which is a measure of
+Acuity now the second thing that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acuity now the second thing that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acuity now the second thing that's very
+important in testing these uh patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in testing these uh patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in testing these uh patients
+is that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have
+sufficient Acuity sufficient Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient Acuity sufficient Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient Acuity sufficient Vision
+after operations to be able to test them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after operations to be able to test them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after operations to be able to test them
+for visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for visual
+discrimination as well as tactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination as well as tactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination as well as tactual
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the essential parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the essential parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the essential parts of
+testing in uh actual Behavior the Molly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in uh actual Behavior the Molly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing in uh actual Behavior the Molly
+new question of asking that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new question of asking that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new question of asking that question
+first of all as I mentioned preop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all as I mentioned preop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all as I mentioned preop
+Vision has to allow light sense in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision has to allow light sense in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision has to allow light sense in other
+words the patient before surgery must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the patient before surgery must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the patient before surgery must be
+able to distinguish lights light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish lights light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish lights light from
+Darkness but not to have form Vision as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darkness but not to have form Vision as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darkness but not to have form Vision as
+such second after surgery the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such second after surgery the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such second after surgery the patient
+has to have sufficient resolution so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have sufficient resolution so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have sufficient resolution so as
+to recognize forms now we now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize forms now we now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize forms now we now they're
+probably not going to have 2020 Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to have 2020 Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to have 2020 Vision
+but it should be sufficient to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be sufficient to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be sufficient to recognize
+the figures we're going to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures we're going to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures we're going to use for
+testing uh we managed to select such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh we managed to select such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh we managed to select such a
+few such subjects in India and to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few such subjects in India and to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few such subjects in India and to test
+them in further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in further
+work now the test Paradigm you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now the test Paradigm you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now the test Paradigm you can see
+here is shown here what what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is shown here what what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is shown here what what we do is we
+do a two alternative Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a two alternative Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a two alternative Force
+Choice uh in this way in this manner on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice uh in this way in this manner on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice uh in this way in this manner on
+the left you see the example that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you see the example that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you see the example that is
+shown let's say take the touch T is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown let's say take the touch T is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown let's say take the touch T is for
+touch or haptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch or haptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch or haptic
+discrimination subject is given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination subject is given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination subject is given an
+object to palpate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to palpate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to palpate
+feel and then is shown that same subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and then is shown that same subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel and then is shown that same subject
+that same object object again plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same object object again plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same object object again plus a
+distractor object and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor object and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor object and the question is
+will that patient postop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that patient postop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that patient postop
+recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize
+the the object he felt he or she felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the object he felt he or she felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the object he felt he or she felt
+before surgery or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before surgery or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before surgery or
+before the initial part of the test feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the initial part of the test feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the initial part of the test feel
+this and then feel two other objects one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then feel two other objects one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then feel two other objects one
+of which is the same that's just to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the same that's just to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is the same that's just to test
+touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch
+but we know they're good at touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know they're good at touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know they're good at touch the
+next question is to test Vision in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is to test Vision in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is to test Vision in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+manner uh take a look at an at a object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh take a look at an at a object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh take a look at an at a object
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+posttop and then present that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posttop and then present that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posttop and then present that same
+object and a distractor a short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and a distractor a short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and a distractor a short time
+after and see if that original object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and see if that original object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and see if that original object is
+seen as recognized as the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as recognized as the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as recognized as the previous one
+and then finally having shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally having shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally having shown that the
+the patient is capable of touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient is capable of touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient is capable of touch
+discrimination as well as visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination as well as visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination as well as visual
+discrimination we can do the cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination we can do the cross modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination we can do the cross modal
+test feel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test feel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test feel this
+object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and
+then look at that object and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at that object and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at that object and a
+distractor object and see if the felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor object and see if the felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor object and see if the felt
+object is now recognized as the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is now recognized as the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is now recognized as the scene
+representative of of that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of of that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of of that same
+object okay so that's how we proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so that's how we proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so that's how we proceed
+with that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh that
+discrimination and here are some sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and here are some sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and here are some sample
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+pairs uh you can see the subject will or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs uh you can see the subject will or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs uh you can see the subject will or
+the patient will examine one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient will examine one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient will examine one of the
+pair and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and then after that
+both of them will be presented and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them will be presented and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them will be presented and the
+subject has to pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject has to pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject has to pick out
+the one he or she saw a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one he or she saw a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one he or she saw a moment
+before I hope that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I hope that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I hope that's
+clear and here is we had actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and here is we had actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and here is we had actually found
+three subjects that we reported on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subjects that we reported on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subjects that we reported on and
+here is the first of them yzv bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first of them yzv bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first of them yzv bilateral
+congenital cataracts preop light sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital cataracts preop light sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital cataracts preop light sense
+satisfying that requirement surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying that requirement surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying that requirement surgery
+January 12th of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 12th of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 12th of 20
+2007 and here is the way the procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and here is the way the procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and here is the way the procedures
+carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried
+out uh this is my experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh this is my experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh this is my experimental
+assistant uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant uh you can
+see the this is the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the this is the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the this is the visual
+discrimination the object was presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination the object was presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination the object was presented
+first and then two more and the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then two more and the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then two more and the subject
+has to pick out the one he saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick out the one he saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick out the one he saw in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is uh
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+experiment the two objects you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and the subject the I'm sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the subject the I'm sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the subject the I'm sorry the
+patient is allowed to feel one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is allowed to feel one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is allowed to feel one of them
+you see under the cover here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then he's looking at both of them see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's looking at both of them see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's looking at both of them see if
+he can recognize the one he just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can recognize the one he just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can recognize the one he just felt
+that's the cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure and you can just to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and you can just to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and you can just to prove that
+uh we're in India you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're in India you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're in India you can
+hear Hindi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear Hindi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear Hindi
+spoken we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken we were
+there okay now here are the results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now here are the results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay now here are the results from
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+year uh visual match to sample in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh visual match to sample in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh visual match to sample in other
+words how is the vision 100% success in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words how is the vision 100% success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words how is the vision 100% success in
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+words the uh patient now is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the uh patient now is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the uh patient now is quite
+capable of doing the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the visual
+discrimination tactile match to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination tactile match to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination tactile match to
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+100% but visual match to tactile sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but visual match to tactile sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but visual match to tactile sample
+was not significant you you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not significant you you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not significant you you recognize
+that you got a 5050 chance chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got a 5050 chance chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got a 5050 chance chance of
+picking the right one since there only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right one since there only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the right one since there only
+two Alternatives and 55% is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Alternatives and 55% is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Alternatives and 55% is not a
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+result uh two more subjects bblu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh two more subjects bblu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result uh two more subjects bblu and
+prianka uh 17 and 16 years old one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prianka uh 17 and 16 years old one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prianka uh 17 and 16 years old one with
+congenital cataracts the other with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital cataracts the other with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital cataracts the other with
+corneal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corneal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corneal
+opacities and followup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacities and followup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opacities and followup
+experiments the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the same kind
+within a with very soon after surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a with very soon after surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a with very soon after surgery
+these were carried out vision is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were carried out vision is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were carried out vision is okay
+touch good but again the cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch good but again the cross modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch good but again the cross modal
+Vision a touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision a touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision a touch
+division not significant same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division not significant same with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division not significant same with the
+prianka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subject okay so based on these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject okay so based on these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject okay so based on these results
+the answer to Molly new's query seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to Molly new's query seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to Molly new's query seems to
+be no they don't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no they don't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no they don't seem to be
+capable of the Cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of the Cross modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of the Cross modal
+recognition of what they feel they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of what they feel they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of what they feel they can't
+transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to
+Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however we notice one thing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we notice one thing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we notice one thing very
+important the subject these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the subject these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the subject these patients
+were retested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a few days later and guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days later and guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few days later and guess what
+happened they were they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they were they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they were they showed
+themselves capable at least two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves capable at least two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves capable at least two of them
+of the crossmodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crossmodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crossmodal
+Discrimination several days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discrimination several days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discrimination several days
+later now how does that how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now how does that how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now how does that how could that
+happen there was something was acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there was something was acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there was something was acquired
+in the interim between immediate posttop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interim between immediate posttop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interim between immediate posttop
+and perhaps four five six s days later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps four five six s days later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps four five six s days later
+when two of the others were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two of the others were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two of the others were
+tested so there's some very rapid kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so there's some very rapid kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested so there's some very rapid kind
+of learning going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning going
+on of a type that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions what kind of a mechanism can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what kind of a mechanism can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what kind of a mechanism can
+produce such rapid learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else we won't dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we won't dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we won't dwell on
+that uh okay now we want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh okay now we want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh okay now we want to get to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group dick also didn't show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dick also didn't show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dick also didn't show you some
+very interesting other pictures if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting other pictures if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting other pictures if you
+leave a couple of minutes at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a couple of minutes at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a couple of minutes at the end of
+the talk yeah more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures all
+right now here is the proposal for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here is the proposal for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here is the proposal for how
+this learning can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this learning can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this learning can
+occur and it well we we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and it well we we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and it well we we'll get to
+it now the the transfer from touch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now the the transfer from touch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now the the transfer from touch to
+Vision require I mean if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision require I mean if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision require I mean if you look at
+your hand and you move it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and you move it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand and you move it we
+simultaneously both see and feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously both see and feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously both see and feel the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+object what is involved in doing that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object what is involved in doing that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object what is involved in doing that as
+this young woman is doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this young woman is doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this young woman is doing in this
+picture what could be going on well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what could be going on well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what could be going on well it
+seem it suggests that somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem it suggests that somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem it suggests that somewhere in the
+brain if you like in the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain if you like in the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain if you like in the nervous
+system there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there are
+representations of aspects of touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of aspects of touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of aspects of touch and
+aspects of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of vision
+which are mapped together as you as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mapped together as you as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mapped together as you as his
+attempted uh portrayal in this uh roster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted uh portrayal in this uh roster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted uh portrayal in this uh roster
+here that you can see in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can see in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can see in the middle
+between vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vision and
+touch another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch another
+words pieces of vision pieces of touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words pieces of vision pieces of touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words pieces of vision pieces of touch
+if you will are M together I won't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will are M together I won't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will are M together I won't try
+to uh refine that further at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh refine that further at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh refine that further at this point
+a map together so that when an object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map together so that when an object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map together so that when an object is
+felt or the hand itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt or the hand itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt or the hand itself is
+felt there's an immediate transfer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt there's an immediate transfer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt there's an immediate transfer a
+vision of what is involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what is involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of what is involved in that
+object so that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so that a
+normal uh Vision visible uh seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh Vision visible uh seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh Vision visible uh seeing
+person can transfer back and forth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can transfer back and forth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can transfer back and forth from
+what they see to what they feel and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they see to what they feel and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they see to what they feel and vice
+versa you all can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa you all can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa you all can do that
+and presumably there's that internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably there's that internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably there's that internal
+mapping of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the
+system however if you consider our blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however if you consider our blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system however if you consider our blind
+patients initially before surgery they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients initially before surgery they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients initially before surgery they
+have this haptic roster of positions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this haptic roster of positions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this haptic roster of positions and
+so forth but they don't have obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but they don't have obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but they don't have obviously
+by definition they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition they don't have the
+uh blind I'm sorry they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blind I'm sorry they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blind I'm sorry they don't have the
+visible paired aspects of what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible paired aspects of what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible paired aspects of what they're
+feeling now when they acquire Vision by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling now when they acquire Vision by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling now when they acquire Vision by
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+surgery they will acquire a set of seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they will acquire a set of seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery they will acquire a set of seen
+positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in
+space but if we look at that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but if we look at that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but if we look at that middle
+roster they are not connected by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster they are not connected by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster they are not connected by these
+red lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red lines
+as we demand for the operation of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we demand for the operation of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we demand for the operation of cross
+modality there that connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality there that connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality there that connection is
+presumably absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably absent
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is
+needed is the final roster the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed is the final roster the formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed is the final roster the formation
+of these red arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these red arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these red arrow
+connections and the question we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and the question we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and the question we have is
+how does that happen it just takes a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that happen it just takes a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that happen it just takes a few
+days after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days after
+surgery and acquisition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and acquisition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery and acquisition of
+vision well what I'm proposing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision well what I'm proposing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision well what I'm proposing is that
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+happening is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is very
+much by is a process we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by is a process we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by is a process we call
+capture and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and it's
+illustrated by the rubber hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by the rubber hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by the rubber hand
+experiment and as well as prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and as well as prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and as well as prison
+adaptation how many of you managed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation how many of you managed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation how many of you managed to do
+the rubber hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment have you heard about it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment have you heard about it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment have you heard about it okay
+how many did it how many observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did it how many observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did it how many observed
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay all right what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what happens in the
+rubber hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand
+experiment both hands I'm sorry both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment both hands I'm sorry both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment both hands I'm sorry both the
+rubber hand and the real hand are PAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand and the real hand are PAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand and the real hand are PAL
+palpated let see here's the illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpated let see here's the illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpated let see here's the illustration
+of it are simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it are simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it are simultaneously
+palpated can you see that on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpated can you see that on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palpated can you see that on the left
+rubber hand real hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand real hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber hand real hand
+experiment palpates both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment palpates both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment palpates both
+simultaneously while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously while the
+Observer or the subject in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer or the subject in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer or the subject in this case is
+seeing the rubber hand being palpated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the rubber hand being palpated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the rubber hand being palpated
+while his real left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while his real left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while his real left
+hand is not seen but is felt palpated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is not seen but is felt palpated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is not seen but is felt palpated by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+experimenter and what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter and what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter and what happens is that
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+soon in many cases not all the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon in many cases not all the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon in many cases not all the rubber
+hand begins to feel like the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand begins to feel like the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand begins to feel like the real
+hand the rubber hand captures so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the rubber hand captures so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the rubber hand captures so to
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+the real hand and that's called an out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real hand and that's called an out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real hand and that's called an out
+ofbody experience or an experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofbody experience or an experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofbody experience or an experience of
+body ownership except it's not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body ownership except it's not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body ownership except it's not part of
+the body it's a rubber hand it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body it's a rubber hand it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body it's a rubber hand it appears
+the real hand appears in that feels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real hand appears in that feels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real hand appears in that feels to
+be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that
+position and you can on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and you can on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and you can on the right side
+you see a uh actual photograph of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a uh actual photograph of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a uh actual photograph of what's
+Happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now once if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once if you ask
+about visual Mo uh visual um haptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual Mo uh visual um haptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual Mo uh visual um haptic
+transfer you would not expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you would not expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you would not expect
+transfer if I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer if I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer if I want to go
+back you would not expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you would not expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you would not expect
+to a naive subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a naive subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a naive subject to
+recognize that his felt hand is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that his felt hand is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that his felt hand is the same
+as the seen hand if they are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the seen hand if they are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the seen hand if they are separated
+in space as by a prism or by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space as by a prism or by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space as by a prism or by this
+procedure of the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of the rubber
+hand you wouldn't expect them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you wouldn't expect them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you wouldn't expect them to
+identify the visible view of the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the visible view of the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the visible view of the hand
+with a felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a felt
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after after a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after a bit of
+practice let me find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice let me find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice let me find this
+place after a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place after a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place after a bit of
+practice after capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice after capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice after capture
+occurs the these two hands are felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the these two hands are felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the these two hands are felt
+superimposed and presumably the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed and presumably the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed and presumably the mapping
+the correct mapping has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct mapping has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct mapping has been
+reestablished after this capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablished after this capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablished after this capture
+procedure has occurred and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure has occurred and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure has occurred and that
+presumably allows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and
+that would look something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initially the connection between haptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the connection between haptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the connection between haptic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+visual is not congruent there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual is not congruent there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual is not congruent there may be
+connections but they are not effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but they are not effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but they are not effective
+for transfer since they don't are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transfer since they don't are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transfer since they don't are not
+coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+together they has been separated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they has been separated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they has been separated by the
+actions of a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of a prism
+however the capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the capture
+procedure produces this congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure produces this congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure produces this congruent
+relationship and after that presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and after that presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and after that presumably
+transfers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't want to get to that yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to get to that yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to get to that yet I
+also wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to point
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+that the the rubber hand procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rubber hand procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rubber hand procedure is
+analogous to prism adaptation I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to prism adaptation I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to prism adaptation I think
+you can all see that the instead of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can all see that the instead of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can all see that the instead of a uh
+rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+hand the subject in the prism experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the subject in the prism experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the subject in the prism experiment
+is looking at the display at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at the display at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at the display at the
+displaced image of his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced image of his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced image of his own
+hand instead of the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand instead of the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand instead of the rubber
+hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the displaced image is the seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displaced image is the seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displaced image is the seen
+image and the felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and the felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and the felt
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+is shifted is taken over by the seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifted is taken over by the seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifted is taken over by the seen
+image as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capture now if that is the process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture now if that is the process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture now if that is the process that
+operates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates it
+will presumably allow us to to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will presumably allow us to to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will presumably allow us to to start
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uncorrelated sensations of touch and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated sensations of touch and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated sensations of touch and of
+vision and to relate to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and to relate to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and to relate to form
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+couplings of touch and vision which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings of touch and vision which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings of touch and vision which
+allow us to do this crossmodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do this crossmodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do this crossmodal
+transfer and that's at least the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and that's at least the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and that's at least the theory
+that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm
+proposing now if that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing now if that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing now if that if that
+works it should also account or could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it should also account or could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it should also account or could in
+principle account for what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle account for what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle account for what happens in
+infancy because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy because if
+we believe that th this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that th this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that th this correlation
+develops in time and isn't present at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops in time and isn't present at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops in time and isn't present at
+birth then we have what you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth then we have what you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth then we have what you see on the
+left uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh we have
+touch and we have Vision in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and we have Vision in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and we have Vision in the
+infant but it's uncorrelated they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant but it's uncorrelated they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant but it's uncorrelated they are
+uncorrelated until the infant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated until the infant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated until the infant has
+experienced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this
+relationship between touch and vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between touch and vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between touch and vision
+and develops these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develops these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develops these
+connections between the two the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the two the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the two the internal
+representation of these connections down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of these connections down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of these connections down
+here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the
+right and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and after that
+presumably they will show evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they will show evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they will show evidence of
+cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross modal
+capability now I mentioned in that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability now I mentioned in that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability now I mentioned in that paper
+on Cross modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Cross modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Cross modal
+transfer that a group of um Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that a group of um Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that a group of um Italian
+scientists have claimed that infants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have claimed that infants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have claimed that infants of
+only a few days old are capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few days old are capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few days old are capable of
+making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a
+crossmodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossmodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossmodal
+discrimination but the strange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination but the strange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination but the strange thing
+is that first of all it took some time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that first of all it took some time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that first of all it took some time a
+couple of days at least after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days at least after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days at least after
+birth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and
+secondly the transfer to Vision was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the transfer to Vision was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly the transfer to Vision was
+only shown by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only shown by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only shown by one
+hand touching and feeling an object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand touching and feeling an object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand touching and feeling an object and
+then recognizing it visually from only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recognizing it visually from only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recognizing it visually from only
+one hand to the sight of something of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand to the sight of something of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand to the sight of something of an
+object the other hand didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the other hand didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the other hand didn't
+work and that suggests I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that suggests I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that suggests I'm
+suggesting that because this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that because this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that because this process of
+capture is so fast it could be that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is so fast it could be that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is so fast it could be that it
+is a ired by the infant in the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ired by the infant in the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ired by the infant in the first two
+two days of life for one thing if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days of life for one thing if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days of life for one thing if you've
+observed newborn infants they spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed newborn infants they spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed newborn infants they spend a
+lot of time in What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time in What's called the
+asymmetrical tonic neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical tonic neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetrical tonic neck
+reflex doing posing like this more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex doing posing like this more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex doing posing like this more or
+less and obviously looking at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and obviously looking at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and obviously looking at their
+hands and that's where their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that's where their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and that's where their hands
+are so it could be and I would claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so it could be and I would claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so it could be and I would claim
+that that's how the infant acquires this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how the infant acquires this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how the infant acquires this
+connection between touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between touch and
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so if one looks at the picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if one looks at the picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if one looks at the picture in
+general about uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general about uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general about uh where
+so if I'm trying to explain the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to explain the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to explain the uh
+relationship between touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vision as a developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision as a developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision as a developmental
+process I'm in the empiricist camp in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm in the empiricist camp in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm in the empiricist camp in
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Neuroscience whereas the nativist Camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience whereas the nativist Camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience whereas the nativist Camp
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+pushing the origin of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the origin of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the origin of these
+discriminations back as early as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminations back as early as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminations back as early as they
+can find it in Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it in Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it in Behavioral
+Studies so that's about where the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies so that's about where the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies so that's about where the field
+is there's a battle as to who can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a battle as to who can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a battle as to who can get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+earliest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest possible
+time uh and eventually it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and eventually it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and eventually it seems to me
+people if they go on this way are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if they go on this way are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if they go on this way are going
+to look at at the Fatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at the Fatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at the Fatal
+capabilities at mathematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities at mathematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities at mathematics for
+example uh maybe they ways of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh maybe they ways of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh maybe they ways of testing
+that that's the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the way it's
+going and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and we
+empiricists who believe it's acquired in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricists who believe it's acquired in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricists who believe it's acquired in
+some way uh we'll have to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way uh we'll have to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way uh we'll have to find some
+techniques for studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acquisition so I want to leave it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition so I want to leave it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition so I want to leave it there
+but ask you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ask you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ask you for your
+questions I'd be happy to entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'd be happy to entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'd be happy to entertain
+those thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thank you very
+much thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what's striking is how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's striking is how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's striking is how many people
+put up their hands at the outset to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up their hands at the outset to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up their hands at the outset to say
+they thought that the newly cited person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that the newly cited person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought that the newly cited person
+would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to
+I think that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that has an
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+which may connect with what's somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may connect with what's somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may connect with what's somehow
+missing seems seems to me to be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing seems seems to me to be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing seems seems to me to be missing
+in the story you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story you did
+yes what would that be that's the S I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what would that be that's the S I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what would that be that's the S I
+think people have that uh the square has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have that uh the square has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have that uh the square has
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+point this angle the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this angle the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this angle the point
+it now if you feel it you feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now if you feel it you feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now if you feel it you feel a
+point and there is not take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there is not take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there is not take the
+smooth looks smooth looks smooth feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth looks smooth looks smooth feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth looks smooth looks smooth feels
+smooth look sharp feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth look sharp feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth look sharp feel
+sharp and I I think this looks as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and I I think this looks as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and I I think this looks as if it
+describes what happens as it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what happens as it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes what happens as it work
+externally to the objects whereas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally to the objects whereas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally to the objects whereas what
+one feels a desire for is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feels a desire for is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feels a desire for is something that
+goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the
+internal to features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal to features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal to features
+of well you you would um you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well you you would um you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well you you would um you would
+assume then that uh sharp point in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume then that uh sharp point in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume then that uh sharp point in touch
+would be recognized as sharp point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be recognized as sharp point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be recognized as sharp point in
+Vision well I wasn't one of the people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision well I wasn't one of the people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision well I wasn't one of the people I
+put up my had said no oh I can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up my had said no oh I can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up my had said no oh I can't do this
+uh and and that's what is a problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's what is a problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's what is a problem here
+is it's not just whether he'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not just whether he'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not just whether he'll get the
+answer right but whether he's got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right but whether he's got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right but whether he's got a good
+reason for getting the answer right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for getting the answer right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for getting the answer right good
+reason to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and not clear that he does I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not clear that he does I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not clear that he does I mean so
+that I don't find those results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't find those results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't find those results
+experimental results surprising at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results surprising at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental results surprising at all I
+was just thinking about there seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just thinking about there seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just thinking about there seems to
+be something missing because what seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something missing because what seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something missing because what seems
+to be involved when people learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be involved when people learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be involved when people learn the
+leakages it's not just that the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages it's not just that the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages it's not just that the square
+shape goes is a company by the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape goes is a company by the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape goes is a company by the square
+book and the round shape is a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and the round shape is a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and the round shape is a company
+book but that's something internal to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that's something internal to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that's something internal to is
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+yeah well I I didn't want to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I didn't want to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I I didn't want to try to get
+into what what these uh letters are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what what these uh letters are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what what these uh letters are I
+mean that's that's complicated yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's complicated yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's complicated yeah I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+this is kind of like the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like the experimental
+finding of takiti and malumu or uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding of takiti and malumu or uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding of takiti and malumu or uh if
+you if you say here are two objects one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you say here are two objects one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you say here are two objects one
+which is kind of bulbous and curvy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of bulbous and curvy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of bulbous and curvy and
+another that's more like a star and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that's more like a star and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that's more like a star and you
+say the names of these two objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the names of these two objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the names of these two objects are
+theti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which name goes with what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which name goes with what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which name goes with what most
+people pick tati as the name of the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pick tati as the name of the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pick tati as the name of the star
+and vola as the name the bu's name there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vola as the name the bu's name there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vola as the name the bu's name there
+some interent mapping between how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interent mapping between how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interent mapping between how the
+name sounds and what the appearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sounds and what the appearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sounds and what the appearance of
+the object is um an internal mapping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is um an internal mapping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is um an internal mapping and
+it's I guess story of of that what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I guess story of of that what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I guess story of of that what goes
+on constructing that mapping feels to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on constructing that mapping feels to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on constructing that mapping feels to be
+missing in this you want more content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in this you want more content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing in this you want more content
+for those yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those yeah
+yeah contingently we notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah contingently we notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah contingently we notice that
+whenever you're actually looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're actually looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're actually looking at some
+I I'll work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think question yes it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think question yes it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think question yes it seems to me
+that also containing your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also containing your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also containing your question
+though is the fact that it seems what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is the fact that it seems what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is the fact that it seems what
+you were testing was object identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were testing was object identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were testing was object identity is
+this the same object versus whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same object versus whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the same object versus whether
+certain properties like spikiness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties like spikiness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties like spikiness or
+roundness transfer um so has there been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundness transfer um so has there been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundness transfer um so has there been
+any um uh effort looking into that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um uh effort looking into that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um uh effort looking into that like
+if someone knows the concept smooth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone knows the concept smooth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone knows the concept smooth they
+felt smooth things can you show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt smooth things can you show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt smooth things can you show them
+something smoo say is this smooth like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smoo say is this smooth like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smoo say is this smooth like
+does it have this property that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have this property that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have this property that you
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+linguistically I'm not sure what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistically I'm not sure what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistically I'm not sure what the
+question is um the question is would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um the question is would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um the question is would you
+think it' be any different simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it' be any different simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it' be any different simply
+identifying you know is this the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying you know is this the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying you know is this the same
+object versus do it does it have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus do it does it have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus do it does it have these
+properties figure out if it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties figure out if it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties figure out if it's the same
+is a more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more difficult
+question yeah well I'm I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah well I'm I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah well I'm I'm looking for
+identity here as the first step I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here as the first step I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here as the first step I agree
+there are more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more subtle
+possibilities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um
+yeah I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree
+yeah tests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tests on
+experiments necessarily be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments necessarily be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments necessarily be the same
+because regular people don't spend their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because regular people don't spend their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because regular people don't spend their
+time like necessarily feeling things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like necessarily feeling things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like necessarily feeling things as
+much as blind people do they may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as blind people do they may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as blind people do they may not
+have the same touch ability as people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same touch ability as people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same touch ability as people so
+I would actually be curious to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would actually be curious to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would actually be curious to know what
+same experiment perform a regular person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment perform a regular person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment perform a regular person
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the question is do control subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the question is do control subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the question is do control subjects
+perform well on these tasks or is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform well on these tasks or is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform well on these tasks or is this
+just an inherently difficult task uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an inherently difficult task uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an inherently difficult task uh
+being able to count do do uh you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to count do do uh you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to count do do uh you mean
+non-patients yeah they do very well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-patients yeah they do very well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-patients yeah they do very well on
+these tests yeah feeling yeah 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests yeah feeling yeah 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tests yeah feeling yeah 100%
+yeah yeah yeah it seems our body has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah it seems our body has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah it seems our body has a
+pretty good mechanical sense of where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good mechanical sense of where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good mechanical sense of where it
+is at any given moment like where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any given moment like where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any given moment like where our
+arm is where our leg because even people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm is where our leg because even people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm is where our leg because even people
+who lose their legs can kind of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lose their legs can kind of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lose their legs can kind of still
+feel it yeah so in the second test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it yeah so in the second test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it yeah so in the second test you
+ran when you implying that the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran when you implying that the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran when you implying that the visual
+sight of tactile touching is overriding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight of tactile touching is overriding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight of tactile touching is overriding
+that body's mechanical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body's mechanical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body's mechanical kind of
+positioning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself I I don't follow you the appro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I I don't follow you the appro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I I don't follow you the appro
+effective sense that you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sense that you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sense that you have in the
+rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber
+hand your some aspect of your proceptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand your some aspect of your proceptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand your some aspect of your proceptive
+sense is telling you that your hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is telling you that your hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is telling you that your hand is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+uh is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is still
+there uh no I don't think so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh no I don't think so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh no I don't think so you you
+will feel your hand is at the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel your hand is at the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will feel your hand is at the rubber
+hand if this works and you won't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if this works and you won't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if this works and you won't feel
+the other hand it's gone and so so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand it's gone and so so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand it's gone and so so my
+question is is that then overwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that then overwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that then overwriting
+that mechanical system that your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanical system that your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanical system that your body
+uses to determine position of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to determine position of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to determine position of various
+parts is that what into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have mention this phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have mention this phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have mention this phenomenal
+capture which simplifly implies that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture which simplifly implies that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture which simplifly implies that you
+are ignoring the the true sensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ignoring the the true sensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ignoring the the true sensed
+position of the hand and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the hand and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the hand and instead
+imputing that the rubber hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imputing that the rubber hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imputing that the rubber hand is
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+hand yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand yeah
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+yeah when it works it's quite surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when it works it's quite surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when it works it's quite surprising
+that you'd lose lose the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd lose lose the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd lose lose the sense that you
+have that hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that hand
+and that you have the rubber hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead now it it's interesting that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead now it it's interesting that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead now it it's interesting that uh
+this capture process of course is built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capture process of course is built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capture process of course is built
+into the system it's innate far as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system it's innate far as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system it's innate far as we
+know so we end up anyway being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we end up anyway being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we end up anyway being uh
+nativist in that sense that that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nativist in that sense that that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nativist in that sense that that process
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+intrinsic and built in in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and built in in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and built in in development
+somehow so I have a question yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so I have a question yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so I have a question yeah um so
+in your Cy the the synchron of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your Cy the the synchron of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your Cy the the synchron of of
+Sensations is Paramount and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations is Paramount and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations is Paramount and that is what
+is causing the development of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causing the development of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causing the development of these
+connection right the two senses uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right the two senses uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection right the two senses uh but
+by extension would desynchronized input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extension would desynchronized input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by extension would desynchronized input
+lead to a breakage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a breakage of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a breakage of these
+Maps um that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps um that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps um that's a good
+question uh I would expect so prolonged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I would expect so prolonged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I would expect so prolonged
+desynchronization would destroy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronization would destroy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronization would destroy these
+Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps
+yes I would think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would think so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh well if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well if you think about it
+um uh the at one point there were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the at one point there were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the at one point there were very
+popular deprivation studies where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular deprivation studies where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular deprivation studies where people
+were put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were put into
+isolation systems and uh deprived of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation systems and uh deprived of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation systems and uh deprived of uh
+s of light and activity for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of light and activity for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of light and activity for long
+periods and uh they did lose controls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and uh they did lose controls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and uh they did lose controls to
+some extent began to hallucinate among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent began to hallucinate among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent began to hallucinate among
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+things so forth those experiments have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so forth those experiments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so forth those experiments have
+lost their popularity for some reason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost their popularity for some reason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost their popularity for some reason or
+other but um there was a period when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but um there was a period when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but um there was a period when um
+brainwashing was very popular so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing was very popular so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing was very popular so-called
+brainwashing and it was alleged that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing and it was alleged that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing and it was alleged that uh
+our enemies in certain countries were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enemies in certain countries were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our enemies in certain countries were
+brainwashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainwashing
+prisoners uh by using those techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners uh by using those techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoners uh by using those techniques
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+destroying these connections I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying these connections I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying these connections I would
+call them yeah yeah yes interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them yeah yeah yes interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them yeah yeah yes interesting
+neural correlate U of this mapping U ltp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlate U of this mapping U ltp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlate U of this mapping U ltp
+and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L
+long-term potentiation and long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentiation and long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentiation and long-term
+depression if you take two neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression if you take two neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression if you take two neurons and
+you try to see what kinds of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to see what kinds of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to see what kinds of of
+activities imposed on these two neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities imposed on these two neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities imposed on these two neurons
+would lead to a strengthening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to a strengthening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to a strengthening of the
+connection between them so again to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between them so again to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between them so again to the
+red arrows that they've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red arrows that they've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red arrows that they've mentioned
+synchronized activity leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized activity leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized activity leads to the
+development of synaptic strength but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of synaptic strength but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of synaptic strength but
+desynchronized activity leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity leads to a
+depression or a weakening of the fsis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression or a weakening of the fsis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression or a weakening of the fsis so
+at the single neuron level there is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the single neuron level there is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the single neuron level there is able
+mechanism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that
+implement the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the idea that
+propos yes so this is a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propos yes so this is a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propos yes so this is a really simple
+question I was wondering why you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was wondering why you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was wondering why you didn't
+use spheres and cubes and instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spheres and cubes and instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spheres and cubes and instead you
+use more complicated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects convenience I think I mean one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects convenience I think I mean one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects convenience I think I mean one
+of the reason so I was somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason so I was somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason so I was somebody who
+raised my hand at the beginning and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised my hand at the beginning and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised my hand at the beginning and said
+I thought that you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that you should be able to
+tell them apart and I think this relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them apart and I think this relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them apart and I think this relates
+to Judy's question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Judy's question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Judy's question but
+um one of the reasons why it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons why it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons why it seems like
+you might be able to tell them apart is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to tell them apart is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to tell them apart is
+because this is sketchy but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is sketchy but something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is sketchy but something
+like the when you hold the cube it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the when you hold the cube it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the when you hold the cube it you
+can distinguish between different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish between different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distinguish between different parts
+of the cube so there's different sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube so there's different sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube so there's different sides
+of the cube or something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube or something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube or something like that but
+when you hold the sphere there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hold the sphere there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hold the sphere there aren't
+really different parts of the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different parts of the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different parts of the sphere
+that you can distinguish it's all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can distinguish it's all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can distinguish it's all it
+feels like just one object yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like just one object yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like just one object yeah that's
+something very simple and very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple and very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple and very different
+between those two objects that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two objects that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two objects that you might
+be able to um you know visually as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to um you know visually as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to um you know visually as we
+talked about earlier with Pavan when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier with Pavan when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier with Pavan when you
+even when somebody just regains their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when somebody just regains their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when somebody just regains their
+sight when they look at a cube they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight when they look at a cube they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight when they look at a cube they see
+three objects and they look at a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects and they look at a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three objects and they look at a sphere
+they just see one object something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just see one object something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just see one object something like
+that so that seems like you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that seems like you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that seems like you might be
+able to with some with some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to with some with some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to with some with some simple
+reasoning from the fact that you felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning from the fact that you felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning from the fact that you felt
+different parts of one thing um identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of one thing um identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of one thing um identify
+that same thing but because you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing but because you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same thing but because you you see
+a number of different um objects before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different um objects before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different um objects before
+you but it seems to me like that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it seems to me like that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it seems to me like that sort of
+simple using would be lost if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple using would be lost if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple using would be lost if you use
+more complicated objects the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated objects the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated objects the way that
+you did in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did in your
+experiments yes but the the uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments yes but the the uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments yes but the the uh you're
+assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming
+that those simple differences are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those simple differences are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those simple differences are the
+same in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in both
+modalities that is you've got a a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that is you've got a a corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that is you've got a a corner
+here and a flat surface here in both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a flat surface here in both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a flat surface here in both in
+touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and
+vision but that's an assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision but that's an assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision but that's an assumption that
+those two are the same I agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two are the same I agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two are the same I agree that
+abstractly they're the same but but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly they're the same but but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly they're the same but but are
+they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the
+same uh in perception if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh in perception if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh in perception if you
+will I mean you don't need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean you don't need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean you don't need to be able to
+re-identify you know a corner as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identify you know a corner as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-identify you know a corner as
+something that you feel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you feel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you feel and then
+something El that you see you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something El that you see you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something El that you see you can just
+um I mean I see your point but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I see your point but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I see your point but it seems
+like if you're just using a spere and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're just using a spere and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're just using a spere and a
+cube there's something very very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube there's something very very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube there's something very very basic
+which is just that yeah this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just that yeah this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just that yeah this thing has
+parts and the other thing doesn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the other thing doesn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the other thing doesn't and
+you look at both of them one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at both of them one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at both of them one thing
+you're looking at has parts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at has parts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at has parts and the
+other thing doesn't and you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing doesn't and you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing doesn't and you do need to
+make a connection between uh feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a connection between uh feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a connection between uh feeling
+different parts to Parts in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts to Parts in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts to Parts in the sense
+you could feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could feel
+different see different parts but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different see different parts but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different see different parts but that
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+pretty seems more likely that you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty seems more likely that you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty seems more likely that you'd be
+able to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um
+reidentifying such simple well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reidentifying such simple well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reidentifying such simple well actually
+the people who did this early infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who did this early infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who did this early infant
+study claimed that there was a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study claimed that there was a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study claimed that there was a so-called
+amodal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amodal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amodal uh
+recognition and on the basis of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and on the basis of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and on the basis of exactly
+what you're saying that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying that there's
+something that transcends each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that transcends each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that transcends each
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+sense uh Corner flat Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh Corner flat Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh Corner flat Corner
+flat a modal not specific to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense uh that's the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that's the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that's the claim
+uh is there such a thing but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there such a thing but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there such a thing but they
+claimed that this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that this a
+modality was specific to one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality was specific to one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality was specific to one hand
+because they only Fatt it with one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they only Fatt it with one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they only Fatt it with one hand
+that seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me
+absurd to find some abstract thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd to find some abstract thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd to find some abstract thing which
+is contingent on one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contingent on one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contingent on one hand
+so but the battle goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the battle goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the battle goes on
+between if you like empiricists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you like empiricists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you like empiricists and
+nativist in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nativist in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nativist in this
+sphere of uh early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of uh early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of uh early
+development uh I don't know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh I don't know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh I don't know how that
+relates to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the more
+philosophical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical significance
+but that seems to me the the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that seems to me the the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that seems to me the the way it is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Neuroscience yeah so some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience yeah so some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience yeah so some people who
+give a yes answer to M's question who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a yes answer to M's question who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a yes answer to M's question who
+still accept uh your data these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still accept uh your data these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still accept uh your data these people
+who want to distinguish between uh being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to distinguish between uh being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to distinguish between uh being
+able to have visual Sensations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have visual Sensations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have visual Sensations and
+seeing I have in mind G Heavens so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing I have in mind G Heavens so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing I have in mind G Heavens so he
+would say well you know someone who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well you know someone who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well you know someone who just
+acquires the capacity to use his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquires the capacity to use his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquires the capacity to use his or her
+eyes gets visual Sensations but in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes gets visual Sensations but in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes gets visual Sensations but in order
+to uh see properly these Sensations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh see properly these Sensations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh see properly these Sensations have
+to be integrated in some way in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrated in some way in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be integrated in some way in a more
+General representation of the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General representation of the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General representation of the world so
+that you have to be able to act uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be able to act uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be able to act uh on
+the basis of your vision Sensations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of your vision Sensations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of your vision Sensations and
+say I guess in general these Sensations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I guess in general these Sensations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I guess in general these Sensations
+have to be hooked up to one's General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be hooked up to one's General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be hooked up to one's General
+dispositions and so I'm wondering when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions and so I'm wondering when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions and so I'm wondering when
+your subjects um failed uh to fail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects um failed uh to fail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects um failed uh to fail the
+recognition experiments exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition experiments exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition experiments exactly what
+were they able to do uh were they able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to do uh were they able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to do uh were they able
+to use uh visual information to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use uh visual information to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use uh visual information to say uh
+walk around without bumping into walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around without bumping into walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around without bumping into walls
+were they able to grab objects at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to grab objects at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they able to grab objects at least
+in a right way or were they in the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a right way or were they in the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a right way or were they in the stage
+in which they were kind of building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they were kind of building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they were kind of building up
+these abilities well the the asset test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abilities well the the asset test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abilities well the the asset test
+was were they able to do this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was were they able to do this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was were they able to do this visual
+discrimination test and the touch tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination test and the touch tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination test and the touch tests
+yes they were before doing the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they were before doing the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they were before doing the transfer
+test we made sure they could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we made sure they could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we made sure they could do the
+vision alone with the same objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision alone with the same objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision alone with the same objects and
+the touch alone with the same objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch alone with the same objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch alone with the same objects
+only then did we ask could they go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then did we ask could they go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then did we ask could they go from
+touch to Vision so they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to Vision so they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to Vision so they had the
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+will I mean is that get at your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean is that get at your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean is that get at your question
+now you're asking more general questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're asking more general questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're asking more general questions
+are they able to locomote and get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they able to locomote and get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they able to locomote and get around
+and move what visual information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move what visual information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move what visual information
+integrating their more General abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating their more General abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating their more General abilities
+that was yeah uh yes they were I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was yeah uh yes they were I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was yeah uh yes they were I think
+yeah I mean I simple answer to that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I simple answer to that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I simple answer to that yeah
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+because there's a threat of execution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a threat of execution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a threat of execution if
+we don't get out of here so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get out of here so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get out of here so thank you
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I got to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got to work this out
+though touch alone with the same objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though touch alone with the same objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though touch alone with the same objects
+only then did we ask could they go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then did we ask could they go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only then did we ask could they go from
+touch to Vision so they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to Vision so they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to Vision so they had the
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities of seeing if you if you
+will I mean is that get as your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean is that get as your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I mean is that get as your question
+now you're asking more general questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're asking more general questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're asking more general questions
+are they able to locomote and get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they able to locomote and get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they able to locomote and get around
+and move what visual information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move what visual information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move what visual information
+integrating their more abilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating their more abilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating their more abilities that
+was yeah U yes they were I think yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah U yes they were I think yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yeah U yes they were I think yeah I
+mean I simple answer to that yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I simple answer to that yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I simple answer to that yeah okay
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I think we better terminate till
+because there's a threat of execution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a threat of execution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a threat of execution if
+we don't get out of there so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get out of there so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get out of there so thank you
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EH6vE97qIP4.txt b/EH6vE97qIP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a25d00293dea9b7d78b08109f1e4733b70a1ab47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EH6vE97qIP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome welcome if you have a desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome welcome if you have a desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome welcome if you have a desire to
+learn a little bit about blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit about blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit about blockchain and
+its intersection with the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intersection with the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intersection with the world of
+finance and money and you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and money and you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and money and you're looking for
+15 . s 12 you're in the right place if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 . s 12 you're in the right place if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 . s 12 you're in the right place if
+you're here to not do that and just hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here to not do that and just hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here to not do that and just hang
+out and have a good time I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and have a good time I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and have a good time I guess you
+still hopefully are in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hopefully are in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hopefully are in the right place
+because we're gonna have a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna have a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna have a good time
+this semester my name is Gary Gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester my name is Gary Gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester my name is Gary Gensler
+I'm a senior lecturer here at MIT Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a senior lecturer here at MIT Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a senior lecturer here at MIT Sloan
+I'm also an advisor over at the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also an advisor over at the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also an advisor over at the MIT
+Media Lab and I've spent a lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Lab and I've spent a lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Lab and I've spent a lifetime
+around the world of finance and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world of finance and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world of finance and money
+and public policy and I've been at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public policy and I've been at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public policy and I've been at MIT
+this last eight months and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last eight months and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last eight months and we're gonna
+learn a lot together about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot together about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot together about blockchain
+and money we're gonna have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money we're gonna have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and money we're gonna have a little bit
+of fun here and see what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun here and see what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun here and see what we're gonna do
+so we're talking about blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about blockchain and
+money that's where we are by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's where we are by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that's where we are by the way I
+do cold call I do call on use if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cold call I do call on use if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cold call I do call on use if you
+want to leave now I understand because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave now I understand because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave now I understand because I
+want to have an interaction a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an interaction a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an interaction a little bit
+about it so my first question for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so my first question for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so my first question for the
+class for everyone whether registered or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for everyone whether registered or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for everyone whether registered or
+not how many of you have ever owned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how many of you have ever owned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how many of you have ever owned a
+cryptocurrency wait wait let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency wait wait let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency wait wait let's see the
+yacht's it seems like it's about 45% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yacht's it seems like it's about 45% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yacht's it seems like it's about 45% of
+you or so all right Livan you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or so all right Livan you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or so all right Livan you want to
+keep your hand up long and how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hand up long and how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hand up long and how many of
+you have ever worked on any blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ever worked on any blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ever worked on any blockchain
+related projects in an entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related projects in an entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related projects in an entrepreneurial
+setting or corporate setting anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting or corporate setting anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting or corporate setting anywhere
+all right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good
+so a better third in the room good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a better third in the room good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a better third in the room good all
+right so you all know probably more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you all know probably more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you all know probably more than
+I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+but I'm gonna give it a shot I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna give it a shot I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna give it a shot I'm gonna
+always start every week with what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start every week with what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start every week with what are
+the study questions for the week how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions for the week how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions for the week how
+many of you actually got the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you actually got the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you actually got the syllabus
+this is not gonna be graded assignment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not gonna be graded assignment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not gonna be graded assignment I
+just have to have a sense of who's who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to have a sense of who's who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to have a sense of who's who
+actually got this syllabus so good many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got this syllabus so good many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got this syllabus so good many
+of you and how many of you actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and how many of you actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and how many of you actually did
+the two readings it's not graded I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two readings it's not graded I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two readings it's not graded I just
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+gage the class oh thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gage the class oh thank you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gage the class oh thank you thank you
+right those grades down by the way no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those grades down by the way no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those grades down by the way no no
+all right so the two main questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the two main questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the two main questions for
+this week's lecture really is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's lecture really is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's lecture really is what is
+blockchain and why might it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and why might it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and why might it be a
+catalyst and I emphasize the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and I emphasize the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and I emphasize the word
+might it be a catalyst for change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it be a catalyst for change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it be a catalyst for change in the
+world of finance we could talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of finance we could talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of finance we could talk about a
+lot about things outside of the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about things outside of the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about things outside of the world of
+finance and blockchain may indeed have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and blockchain may indeed have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and blockchain may indeed have a
+lot of applications outside of Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications outside of Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications outside of Finance
+but I've chosen to try to just narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've chosen to try to just narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've chosen to try to just narrow
+the scope a bit so this semester is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope a bit so this semester is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope a bit so this semester is
+really about blockchain and money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about blockchain and money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about blockchain and money or
+blockchain and finance and secondly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and finance and secondly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and finance and secondly you
+will see index cards on every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see index cards on every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see index cards on every one of
+these round tables one assignment by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these round tables one assignment by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these round tables one assignment by the
+end of the class you could do it now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the class you could do it now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the class you could do it now or
+later I would like each of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I would like each of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I would like each of you to
+anonymously write on the court what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously write on the court what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously write on the court what you
+want to achieve in this semester it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to achieve in this semester it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to achieve in this semester it
+could be anything from this class from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything from this class from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything from this class from
+learning about blockchain from making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about blockchain from making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about blockchain from making
+money on Bitcoin from I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on Bitcoin from I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on Bitcoin from I don't care if
+you tell me it's meeting your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me it's meeting your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me it's meeting your future
+spouse I just like what do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse I just like what do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse I just like what do you want to
+achieve in this class I can't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this class I can't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this class I can't help you
+on the third but I will try to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third but I will try to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third but I will try to help you
+hone the things I can help you ID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone the things I can help you ID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone the things I can help you ID and
+Sabrina and Toledo will collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina and Toledo will collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina and Toledo will collect them
+later and next Tuesday will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and next Tuesday will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and next Tuesday will tell you the
+results what is it that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results what is it that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results what is it that you want to
+achieve in this class and then we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this class and then we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this class and then we'll see
+at the end of the semester if we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester if we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the semester if we've done
+that so that's just a way to help guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's just a way to help guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's just a way to help guide
+me help you so that's that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me help you so that's that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me help you so that's that's what we're
+trying to do and so what were the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and so what were the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and so what were the two
+readings one was a little thing I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings one was a little thing I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings one was a little thing I did
+and one was a thing I did with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one was a thing I did with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one was a thing I did with some of
+my colleagues and Tom since I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues and Tom since I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues and Tom since I know you
+would you take out of the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you have a good summer did you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a good summer did you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have a good summer did you raise
+your head did you own Bitcoin know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head did you own Bitcoin know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head did you own Bitcoin know who
+in the class read the readings and took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class read the readings and took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class read the readings and took
+something different than Tom he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different than Tom he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different than Tom he said
+there was potential and your first name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how many agreed with the line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many agreed with the line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many agreed with the line this
+is a vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vote
+they're just two or three how many grids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just two or three how many grids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just two or three how many grids
+with Tom there's more and how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Tom there's more and how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Tom there's more and how many of
+you're too shy on the first day to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too shy on the first day to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're too shy on the first day to put
+your hands up most so I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands up most so I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands up most so I'm going to start
+and go back the internet how do I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back the internet how do I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go back the internet how do I sort
+of I've come about this and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I've come about this and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I've come about this and sort of
+thought about well what is the WAP chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about well what is the WAP chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about well what is the WAP chain
+what is it really about well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it really about well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it really about well the
+internet started many decades ago before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet started many decades ago before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet started many decades ago before
+most of you were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you were born
+but 1974 I mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 1974 I mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 1974 I mean there's some
+predecessors even from the late 60s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors even from the late 60s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors even from the late 60s the
+ethernet which is really how two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet which is really how two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet which is really how two
+computers communicate and then you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers communicate and then you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers communicate and then you had
+tcp/ip which was really the Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp/ip which was really the Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp/ip which was really the Internet
+Protocol of multiple computers compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol of multiple computers compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocol of multiple computers compute
+that talking to each other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talking to each other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talking to each other and then
+later on in 1990 how do we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in 1990 how do we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in 1990 how do we move forward
+does anybody know what HTTP is we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what HTTP is we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what HTTP is we're at
+MIT your first name would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT your first name would be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT your first name would be helpful
+Erik Erik it's a protocol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erik Erik it's a protocol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erik Erik it's a protocol for
+communicate with content web content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with content web content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with content web content
+hypertext Transfer Protocol eek anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertext Transfer Protocol eek anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertext Transfer Protocol eek anybody
+know who's associated with tcp/ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a company initiated by MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a company initiated by MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a company initiated by MIT I
+don't know if it was a company in Sochi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it was a company in Sochi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it was a company in Sochi
+over there mighty but Vince Cerf may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there mighty but Vince Cerf may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there mighty but Vince Cerf may
+have had some association with it mighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had some association with it mighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had some association with it mighty
+so these are the first three layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the first three layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the first three layers and
+then there were companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were companies
+commercialization 3com and cisco and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization 3com and cisco and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization 3com and cisco and of
+course amazon it's still around today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course amazon it's still around today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course amazon it's still around today
+but there was something else going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was something else going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was something else going on
+how do we commercialize the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we commercialize the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we commercialize the internet
+does anybody know what this scene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what this scene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what this scene is
+from good thought good thought first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good thought good thought first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good thought good thought first
+pizza sold by Bitcoin but no all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza sold by Bitcoin but no all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza sold by Bitcoin but no all right
+movie hackers the net do you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie hackers the net do you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie hackers the net do you know have
+you ever seen the movie it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever seen the movie it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever seen the movie it's not a good
+movie so this is the opening scene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so this is the opening scene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so this is the opening scene of
+the net and yes that's Sandra Bullock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net and yes that's Sandra Bullock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net and yes that's Sandra Bullock
+and the years 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the years 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the years 1995
+it's a cyber thriller you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cyber thriller you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cyber thriller you know a
+president's involved the Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's involved the Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's involved the Defense
+Department's involved and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department's involved and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department's involved and so forth but
+actually Pizza Hut is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Pizza Hut is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Pizza Hut is associated with
+the very first sale online sale anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first sale online sale anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first sale online sale anywhere
+in the world they started something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they started something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they started something
+called pizza night this was the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pizza night this was the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pizza night this was the screen
+by the way if you wanted to go on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you wanted to go on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you wanted to go on you
+could order your pizza and and but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could order your pizza and and but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could order your pizza and and but there
+was one problem does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one problem does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one problem does anybody know what
+the problem with was Pizza net I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with was Pizza net I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with was Pizza net I mean
+maybe there were multiple problems no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were multiple problems no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there were multiple problems no
+Ilana I've caught on you you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ilana I've caught on you you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ilana I've caught on you you couldn't
+pay online nobody figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay online nobody figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay online nobody figured out how to
+move money online you had to pay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money online you had to pay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money online you had to pay when
+you showed up with the pizza so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed up with the pizza so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed up with the pizza so now I'm
+going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about
+cryptography we're going to spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography we're going to spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography we're going to spend a lot
+of time on cryptography it's crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on cryptography it's crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on cryptography it's crypto
+currencies and the like what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and the like what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies and the like what's your name
+Gigi Gigi Gigi what's cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cryptic all right now you got it you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic all right now you got it you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptic all right now you got it you got
+to start there anybody want to help GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start there anybody want to help GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start there anybody want to help GE
+out does anybody want to help you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does anybody want to help you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out does anybody want to help you yeah
+tell me your first name we're gonna ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your first name we're gonna ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your first name we're gonna ask
+we're gonna figure out how to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna figure out how to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna figure out how to have
+everybody have name plates by next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have name plates by next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have name plates by next week
+but we will work with Ryan and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will work with Ryan and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will work with Ryan and do it
+that way so it's how do you encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so it's how do you encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so it's how do you encrypt
+something so it's not detectable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's not detectable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's not detectable by
+others or in essence it's communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others or in essence it's communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others or in essence it's communications
+in the presence of adversaries you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of adversaries you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of adversaries you have
+an adversary who wants the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adversary who wants the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adversary who wants the communication
+you want to communicate and not let your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to communicate and not let your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to communicate and not let your
+adversaries know that communication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries know that communication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries know that communication and
+this is this is true for ancient times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is true for ancient times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is true for ancient times
+so in ancient times there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ancient times there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ancient times there was something
+called the cypher and this was a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cypher and this was a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cypher and this was a way
+that you take a piece of leather or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a piece of leather or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a piece of leather or
+Peetha cloth and have a lot of letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peetha cloth and have a lot of letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peetha cloth and have a lot of letters
+and both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both sides
+you'd encrypt and decrypt because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd encrypt and decrypt because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd encrypt and decrypt because there
+were different measurements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different measurements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different measurements of the
+cylinder has anybody seen the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder has anybody seen the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder has anybody seen the movie
+imitation games all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation games all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation games all right
+the Enigma machine now it the movie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enigma machine now it the movie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enigma machine now it the movie was
+wonderful because it said Turin cracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful because it said Turin cracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful because it said Turin cracked
+it and he did help crack it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he did help crack it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he did help crack it in an
+automated way but actually the Polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way but actually the Polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way but actually the Polish
+government had cracked it in the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had cracked it in the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had cracked it in the 1930s
+before they fell to the Germans but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they fell to the Germans but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they fell to the Germans but and
+and touring built on all of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touring built on all of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touring built on all of that and
+cracked it further and then in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked it further and then in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked it further and then in the 1970s
+and this was here at MIT to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was here at MIT to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was here at MIT to some extent
+there's private key public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's private key public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's private key public key
+cryptography which I'm not going to dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography which I'm not going to dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography which I'm not going to dive
+into today but it's it's the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today but it's it's the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today but it's it's the heart of
+Bitcoin and blockchain it's at the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and blockchain it's at the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and blockchain it's at the heart
+of the Internet but it's about the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Internet but it's about the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Internet but it's about the key
+thing is communications in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is communications in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is communications in the presence
+of adversaries how do you keep a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adversaries how do you keep a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adversaries how do you keep a secret
+when everybody wants in and get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody wants in and get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody wants in and get that
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and there's a long history and mi t--'s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a long history and mi t--'s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a long history and mi t--'s
+at the center of a lot of that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of a lot of that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of a lot of that a lot of
+early cryptography failed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early cryptography failed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early cryptography failed on the
+Internet in the early 90s and late 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet in the early 90s and late 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet in the early 90s and late 80s
+David cha and others tried to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David cha and others tried to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David cha and others tried to do things
+and we're not going to debate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to debate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to debate these
+today but you'll have one reading I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you'll have one reading I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you'll have one reading I
+think it's either next week which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's either next week which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's either next week which will
+give you that history and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that history and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you that history and it's
+worthwhile knowing about the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile knowing about the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile knowing about the history of
+failure but cryptography is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure but cryptography is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure but cryptography is the reason
+why the internet works today does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the internet works today does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the internet works today does
+anybody want to tell me what SSL and TLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to tell me what SSL and TLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to tell me what SSL and TLS
+is do we have any computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we have any computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do we have any computer scientists
+remember your first name encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your first name encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your first name encryption
+using symmetric keys which is public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using symmetric keys which is public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using symmetric keys which is public key
+cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography
+right so it basically uses asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it basically uses asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it basically uses asymmetric
+cryptography which we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography which we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography which we're going to talk
+about two lectures from now but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two lectures from now but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two lectures from now but it
+secures the whole Internet so all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secures the whole Internet so all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secures the whole Internet so all of a
+sudden you could deliver the pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you could deliver the pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you could deliver the pizza and
+get a passcode and I have to tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a passcode and I have to tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a passcode and I have to tell you I
+never knew how this worked before I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never knew how this worked before I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never knew how this worked before I was
+at MIT so PayPal came along in 1998 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT so PayPal came along in 1998 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT so PayPal came along in 1998 I
+mentioned this a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a whole bunch of other
+digital currencies then failed but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies then failed but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies then failed but some
+of these people who will read later like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people who will read later like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these people who will read later like
+will read Nick Sabo's piece on smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read Nick Sabo's piece on smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read Nick Sabo's piece on smart
+contracts later Adam back who created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts later Adam back who created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts later Adam back who created
+hash cash some of these innovations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash cash some of these innovations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash cash some of these innovations were
+what Satoshi Nakamoto later used some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Satoshi Nakamoto later used some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Satoshi Nakamoto later used some
+innovations which were really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations which were really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations which were really helpful
+and worked where a leap a and M paisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked where a leap a and M paisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked where a leap a and M paisa
+does anybody know what M pace is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what M pace is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what M pace is in
+essence they found out in Kenya this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence they found out in Kenya this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence they found out in Kenya this was
+ten twelve years ago that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten twelve years ago that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten twelve years ago that people were
+trading mobile minutes they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading mobile minutes they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading mobile minutes they were
+unbanked but they had cellular phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked but they had cellular phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked but they had cellular phone
+and they were trading their minutes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were trading their minutes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were trading their minutes as a
+form of currency and Safaricom realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of currency and Safaricom realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of currency and Safaricom realized
+that and said way we could help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and said way we could help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and said way we could help people
+be part of the digital economy even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the digital economy even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the digital economy even if
+they're unbanked and in Africa today 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unbanked and in Africa today 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unbanked and in Africa today 1/2
+of the adult population according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adult population according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adult population according to
+world bag figures is still unbanked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world bag figures is still unbanked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world bag figures is still unbanked but
+half of that half has mobile phones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that half has mobile phones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that half has mobile phones and
+pace has 20 million customers in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace has 20 million customers in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace has 20 million customers in Kenya
+right now so it's a it's a form of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so it's a it's a form of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so it's a it's a form of money
+that's kind of swapping mobile minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of swapping mobile minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of swapping mobile minutes
+but the riddle remained how do you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the riddle remained how do you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the riddle remained how do you move
+money on the internet where in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on the internet where in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on the internet where in essence
+how do you move value peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you move value peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you move value peer-to-peer
+without a centralized intermediary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a centralized intermediary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a centralized intermediary and
+that's the core of blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the core of blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the core of blockchain technology
+so who solved the riddle and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who solved the riddle and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who solved the riddle and they're
+ready to tell me who solved the riddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to tell me who solved the riddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to tell me who solved the riddle
+who solved this riddle now have you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved this riddle now have you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved this riddle now have you you
+you're wearing a t-shirt that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing a t-shirt that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing a t-shirt that says
+Quentin Tarantino so I think Quentin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quentin Tarantino so I think Quentin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quentin Tarantino so I think Quentin
+Tarantino should solve over it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tarantino should solve over it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tarantino should solve over it all
+what's that what's your name so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that what's your name so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that what's your name so a
+peer-to-peer cash this is the actual doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer cash this is the actual doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer cash this is the actual doc
+top of an email that was sent out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of an email that was sent out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of an email that was sent out on
+Halloween 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halloween 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto we
+don't actually know who's Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know who's Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know who's Satoshi
+Nakamoto is but it's a study question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto is but it's a study question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto is but it's a study question a
+few lectures from now to ask you to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures from now to ask you to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures from now to ask you to tell
+me who you think Satoshi Nakamoto is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who you think Satoshi Nakamoto is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who you think Satoshi Nakamoto is so
+I won't ask that now and he started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't ask that now and he started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't ask that now and he started with
+a very simple sentence in his email I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple sentence in his email I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple sentence in his email I've
+been working on a new electronic cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on a new electronic cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on a new electronic cash
+system that fully peer-to-peer with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that fully peer-to-peer with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that fully peer-to-peer with no
+trusted third party it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted third party it's kind of a
+modest statement and so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest statement and so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest statement and so the question is
+is this another internet layer we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this another internet layer we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this another internet layer we're
+gonna explore that this whole semester I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna explore that this whole semester I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna explore that this whole semester I
+don't I don't really have the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't really have the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't really have the answer I
+don't think the best minds at MIT could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the best minds at MIT could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the best minds at MIT could
+really yet tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yet tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yet tell you
+there are some who are maximalist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some who are maximalist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some who are maximalist and
+say yes it will be and there are others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes it will be and there are others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes it will be and there are others
+who will say no no no and in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will say no no no and in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will say no no no and in this course
+we're gonna we're gonna review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna review the
+minimalist and the maximalist we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist and the maximalist we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist and the maximalist we're not
+we're not kind of try to Center it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not kind of try to Center it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not kind of try to Center it in
+one place but that's the key key kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place but that's the key key kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place but that's the key key kind of
+question so what is a blockchain we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what is a blockchain we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what is a blockchain we're
+gonna do this in a lot of lectures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this in a lot of lectures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do this in a lot of lectures but
+I'm gonna try to do it in this short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to do it in this short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to do it in this short
+version so it's time-stamped append logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so it's time-stamped append logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so it's time-stamped append logs
+meaning you can add a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can add a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you can add a little bit of
+information to this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to this and it's
+time-stamped so these are these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-stamped so these are these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-stamped so these are these blocks
+being added Satoshi did not invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added Satoshi did not invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added Satoshi did not invent
+blockchain there's way earlier does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain there's way earlier does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain there's way earlier does
+anybody want to guess what what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess what what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess what what it was
+you're gonna have a reading about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a reading about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have a reading about this
+later but early 1990s what's that Midori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but early 1990s what's that Midori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but early 1990s what's that Midori
+Stuart Haber Stuart Haysbert worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Haber Stuart Haysbert worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Haber Stuart Haysbert worked for
+Bell Labs right so one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs right so one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs right so one of your
+assignments it's not gonna be a gray to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it's not gonna be a gray to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it's not gonna be a gray to
+decide which it's gonna be a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which it's gonna be a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which it's gonna be a fun
+assignment could any of you I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment could any of you I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment could any of you I'm gonna
+say by next Thursday just have some fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by next Thursday just have some fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say by next Thursday just have some fun
+find the longest and timewise longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the longest and timewise longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the longest and timewise longest
+running blockchain it's not Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running blockchain it's not Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running blockchain it's not Bitcoin and
+it's been running since the mid 90s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been running since the mid 90s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been running since the mid 90s and
+your clue is the New York Times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clue is the New York Times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clue is the New York Times and
+we'll discuss it next Thursday but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss it next Thursday but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss it next Thursday but this
+time stamped block block block block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamped block block block block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamped block block block block of
+data creates a database an auditable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data creates a database an auditable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data creates a database an auditable
+database and we'll talk about Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we'll talk about Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we'll talk about Ledger's
+particularly next week but we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly next week but we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly next week but we'll talk
+about Ledger's all throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Ledger's all throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Ledger's all throughout this
+course and how it changes the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and how it changes the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and how it changes the world of
+Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance
+now it's secured by cryptography because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's secured by cryptography because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's secured by cryptography because
+cryptography remembers communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography remembers communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography remembers communications
+and making sure adversaries can't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure adversaries can't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making sure adversaries can't pick
+you off we're gonna learn about hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off we're gonna learn about hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off we're gonna learn about hash
+functions and hash functions that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and hash functions that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and hash functions that are a
+really important part of cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of cryptography
+and initially for databases and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially for databases and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially for databases and how to
+search and store information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and store information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and store information and
+database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database
+but in this circumstances hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this circumstances hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this circumstances hash functions
+were the way to not only append the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the way to not only append the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the way to not only append the next
+block to the prior blocks but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block to the prior blocks but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block to the prior blocks but really
+importantly to compress data to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly to compress data to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly to compress data to make it
+more manipulatable and to verify it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manipulatable and to verify it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manipulatable and to verify it and
+as I've written here tamper resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've written here tamper resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've written here tamper resistance
+and the integrity digital signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integrity digital signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integrity digital signatures
+which has to do the public key private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do the public key private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do the public key private
+key cryptography there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography there is no
+prerequisite of this course you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of this course you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of this course you do not
+have had to have taken computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to have taken computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to have taken computer science
+cryptography algorithms if I could learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography algorithms if I could learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography algorithms if I could learn
+a little bit about hash functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about hash functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about hash functions and
+asymmetric cryptography these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cryptography these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric cryptography these are the
+two key important sides and will we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two key important sides and will we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two key important sides and will we have
+enough computer scientists in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough computer scientists in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough computer scientists in this room
+that can sort us out if I say the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sort us out if I say the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sort us out if I say the wrong
+thing right mid doors hopefully and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right mid doors hopefully and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right mid doors hopefully and then
+consensus so there's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus so there's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus so there's a really important
+part of blockchain is how do you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of blockchain is how do you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of blockchain is how do you decide
+who appends that next block because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who appends that next block because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who appends that next block because when
+I went back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back here
+there's block or block each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's block or block each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's block or block each of these
+blocks somebody has to decide who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks somebody has to decide who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks somebody has to decide who
+appends who gets to pick the next block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appends who gets to pick the next block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appends who gets to pick the next block
+and that's what's called consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's called consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's called consensus
+protocol and there's why debates about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and there's why debates about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and there's why debates about
+consensus protocol and will talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus protocol and will talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus protocol and will talk a lot
+about consensus protocol but in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consensus protocol but in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consensus protocol but in essence
+it addresses something a term called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it addresses something a term called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it addresses something a term called the
+cost of trust and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of trust and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of trust and we'll talk about
+Byzantine generals problems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine generals problems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine generals problems which is
+another reading the Byzantine generals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reading the Byzantine generals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reading the Byzantine generals
+problem was laid out as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was laid out as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was laid out as a sort of
+mathematical game theory issue some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical game theory issue some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical game theory issue some
+thirty as years ago that's what Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty as years ago that's what Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty as years ago that's what Satoshi
+Nakamoto solved was this last part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto solved was this last part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto solved was this last part that
+the Byzantine generals problem pizza for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Byzantine generals problem pizza for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Byzantine generals problem pizza for
+bitcoins a year and a half after Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins a year and a half after Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins a year and a half after Satoshi
+Nakamoto laid out blockchain Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto laid out blockchain Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto laid out blockchain Bitcoin
+somebody sends an email and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sends an email and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sends an email and you'll get
+these slides but this is the real live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides but this is the real live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides but this is the real live
+email I'll pay you 10,000 bitcoins for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email I'll pay you 10,000 bitcoins for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email I'll pay you 10,000 bitcoins for a
+couple of pizzas I I just want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of pizzas I I just want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of pizzas I I just want some
+pizzas the guy who sent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas the guy who sent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas the guy who sent this
+he says I like onions peppers sausage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I like onions peppers sausage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I like onions peppers sausage
+mushrooms Lazlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms Lazlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms Lazlo
+now catch the date this is May 18th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now catch the date this is May 18th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now catch the date this is May 18th and
+he's offering 10,000 bitcoins of 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's offering 10,000 bitcoins of 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's offering 10,000 bitcoins of 2010
+but the key line is what I'm aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key line is what I'm aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key line is what I'm aiming for
+is getting food deliver in exchange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting food deliver in exchange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting food deliver in exchange for
+bitcoins nobody had used bitcoins as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins nobody had used bitcoins as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins nobody had used bitcoins as a
+medium of exchange 16 months into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange 16 months into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange 16 months into its
+existence nobody had used it to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence nobody had used it to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence nobody had used it to buy
+something and Laszlo is a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and Laszlo is a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and Laszlo is a computer
+scientist in Florida was just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in Florida was just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist in Florida was just kind of
+interested and he put this out on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and he put this out on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and he put this out on an
+email list three days later he still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email list three days later he still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email list three days later he still
+doesn't have his two pizzas so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have his two pizzas so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have his two pizzas so nobody
+wants to buy me a pizza is the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy me a pizza is the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy me a pizza is the Bitcoin
+amount I'm offering too low another day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I'm offering too low another day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount I'm offering too low another day
+goes by he gets his pizzas and he post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by he gets his pizzas and he post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by he gets his pizzas and he post
+pictures so here's a picture of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so here's a picture of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so here's a picture of his
+child reaching for those Papa John's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child reaching for those Papa John's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child reaching for those Papa John's
+pizzas anybody know what those 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas anybody know what those 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas anybody know what those 10,000
+bitcoins were worth back in back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins were worth back in back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins were worth back in back then
+Chicago anybody want to say back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago anybody want to say back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago anybody want to say back then
+what's that $41 and last I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that $41 and last I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that $41 and last I was saying
+two pizzas are probably worth 25 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas are probably worth 25 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pizzas are probably worth 25 to 30
+because there's a whole email thread he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a whole email thread he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a whole email thread he
+kept saying why won't anybody get me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept saying why won't anybody get me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept saying why won't anybody get me my
+pizzas you could make money on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas you could make money on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas you could make money on this
+today or earlier late yet last night 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or earlier late yet last night 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or earlier late yet last night 66
+million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+yeah so it's a cute story may 22nd every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a cute story may 22nd every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a cute story may 22nd every
+year is called pizza day or Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is called pizza day or Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is called pizza day or Bitcoin
+pizza day or something so so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza day or something so so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza day or something so so what is
+block taint technology these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block taint technology these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block taint technology these are my
+words but they're sort of picked from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but they're sort of picked from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but they're sort of picked from
+the literature and so forth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and so forth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and so forth it
+verifiably moves data on a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiably moves data on a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiably moves data on a decentralized
+network and the economics of blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the economics of blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and the economics of blockchain
+technology are really around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology are really around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology are really around that
+verification and the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and the economics of
+verification and the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and the economics of
+networking and in many ways blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and in many ways blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and in many ways blockchain
+adds certain costs to the verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds certain costs to the verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds certain costs to the verification
+through this consensus protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this consensus protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this consensus protocol that
+we'll be studying but it lowers some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be studying but it lowers some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be studying but it lowers some
+other costs of verification because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other costs of verification because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other costs of verification because
+you're not relying on a centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not relying on a centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not relying on a centralized
+Authority so it's really a trade-off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so it's really a trade-off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so it's really a trade-off of
+cost of verification I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of verification I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of verification I don't think it's
+I'm not a purist that says it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a purist that says it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a purist that says it's better
+or worse but it's it's a trade-off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse but it's it's a trade-off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse but it's it's a trade-off of
+costs of verification through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of verification through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of verification through
+decentralized networks the data can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized networks the data can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized networks the data can be
+value like Bitcoin was a money system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like Bitcoin was a money system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value like Bitcoin was a money system
+where the data can be actually computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data can be actually computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data can be actually computer
+code and we'll learn a lot about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and we'll learn a lot about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and we'll learn a lot about smart
+contracts and you could have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and you could have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and you could have the data
+being verified computer code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being verified computer code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being verified computer code and
+algorithms my world finance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms my world finance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms my world finance this
+directly goes to the plumbing of Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly goes to the plumbing of Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly goes to the plumbing of Finance
+because finance is fundamentally about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because finance is fundamentally about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because finance is fundamentally about
+moving money and risk through a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money and risk through a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money and risk through a network
+and that network is the seven billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that network is the seven billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that network is the seven billion
+people that live on this world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that live on this world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that live on this world it's
+moving money and risk and you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money and risk and you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving money and risk and you've all
+taken finance courses or many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken finance courses or many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken finance courses or many of you
+have and it's the intermediating of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's the intermediating of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it's the intermediating of
+money and risk throughout our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there's a whole host of challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole host of challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a whole host of challenges
+and over the course of this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over the course of this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over the course of this semester
+we'll talk about this challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this challenges
+technical commercial and public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical commercial and public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical commercial and public policy
+hurdles will they be solved will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdles will they be solved will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdles will they be solved will they
+not be solved but it could be a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be solved but it could be a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be solved but it could be a catalyst
+but we're not sure yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not sure yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not sure yet
+for change in the world of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change in the world of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change in the world of money and
+Finance so does anybody want to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so does anybody want to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance so does anybody want to tell me
+the role of money in society and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of money in society and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of money in society and tell me
+your first name come on Tomas between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name come on Tomas between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name come on Tomas between
+people all right medium of exchange got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right medium of exchange got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all right medium of exchange got
+that one somebody give me a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one somebody give me a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one somebody give me a second
+yellow shirt savings all right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow shirt savings all right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow shirt savings all right so that
+would be a store of value yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a store of value yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a store of value yeah
+third I'm sorry the gentleman here Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I'm sorry the gentleman here Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I'm sorry the gentleman here Wow
+all right there we go there we go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there we go there we go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there we go there we go so
+we're gonna spend some time next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend some time next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna spend some time next Tuesday
+talking more about money and the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking more about money and the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking more about money and the role of
+money in the history of money which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the history of money which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the history of money which i
+think is sort of lays a foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is sort of lays a foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is sort of lays a foundational
+piece of this what about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this what about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this what about the role of
+Finance I've already sort of said a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance I've already sort of said a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance I've already sort of said a few
+things about that but and I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about that but and I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about that but and I'm sorry I
+don't know your name but I'm right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your name but I'm right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your name but I'm right here
+the woman yeah role of Finance sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman yeah role of Finance sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman yeah role of Finance sorry I'm
+not going to tell any financial finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell any financial finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell any financial finance
+professor what your answer is to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor what your answer is to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor what your answer is to raise
+money so keep going I'm gonna anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so keep going I'm gonna anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so keep going I'm gonna anybody
+else want it can connect savers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want it can connect savers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want it can connect savers and
+borrowers connect savers and bars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers connect savers and bars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers connect savers and bars so
+connecting is sort of moving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting is sort of moving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting is sort of moving money
+moving valuations so that's the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving valuations so that's the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving valuations so that's the pieces
+of it sort of moving making valuations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it sort of moving making valuations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it sort of moving making valuations I
+use the words moving allocating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the words moving allocating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the words moving allocating and
+pricing pricing is the valuations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing pricing is the valuations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing pricing is the valuations of
+money well let's not forget it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well let's not forget it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well let's not forget it's also
+about risk when you buy insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk when you buy insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk when you buy insurance
+that's a transference of risk when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a transference of risk when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a transference of risk when you
+buy an equity stock that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy an equity stock that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy an equity stock that's a
+transference of risk if you enter into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk if you enter into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk if you enter into a
+complex credit default swap it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex credit default swap it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex credit default swap it's a
+transference of risk so finance is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk so finance is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk so finance is not
+just the movement of money it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the movement of money it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the movement of money it's the
+movement of risk as well throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of risk as well throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of risk as well throughout the
+economy and I always think finance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and I always think finance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and I always think finance I
+always I've thought this when I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I've thought this when I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I've thought this when I was at
+Goldman Sachs for 18 years that finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldman Sachs for 18 years that finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldman Sachs for 18 years that finance
+sits at the neck of an hourglass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits at the neck of an hourglass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits at the neck of an hourglass and
+it's why it collects so much economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why it collects so much economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why it collects so much economic
+rents from society because when you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents from society because when you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents from society because when you sit
+at the neck of an hourglass and billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the neck of an hourglass and billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the neck of an hourglass and billions
+literally trillions of grains of sand go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally trillions of grains of sand go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally trillions of grains of sand go
+by if you collect some of those grains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you collect some of those grains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if you collect some of those grains
+of sand you get uber wealth and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand you get uber wealth and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand you get uber wealth and that's
+those are for other classes but finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for other classes but finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are for other classes but finance
+can collect a lot of economic rents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect a lot of economic rents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect a lot of economic rents the
+financial sector though has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector though has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector though has a bunch of
+challenges we'll have one lecture later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we'll have one lecture later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we'll have one lecture later
+in the semester about some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester about some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester about some of those
+challenges and we have a reading I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and we have a reading I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and we have a reading I think
+sheila bair wrote something recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila bair wrote something recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila bair wrote something recently
+that I asked you all to read later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I asked you all to read later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I asked you all to read later in
+the semester but we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester but we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester but we'll talk about the
+financial crisis and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and some of the
+problems but it's had a lot of crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it's had a lot of crises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it's had a lot of crises
+fiat currencies have a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies have a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies have a lot of what
+instabilities of course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities of course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities of course we have
+centralized intermediaries as I laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized intermediaries as I laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized intermediaries as I laid out
+and we'll talk about collect a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about collect a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about collect a lot of
+economic rents so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents so there's there's
+opportunity blockchain has real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity blockchain has real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity blockchain has real
+opportunity to kind of come under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to kind of come under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to kind of come under this
+world of Finance and maybe do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of Finance and maybe do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of Finance and maybe do some
+things better central banking also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better central banking also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things better central banking also have
+a bunch of legacy payment systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of legacy payment systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of legacy payment systems and
+there's legacy payment systems or slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's legacy payment systems or slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's legacy payment systems or slowly
+adapting but it's slow and why did Ally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting but it's slow and why did Ally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapting but it's slow and why did Ally
+pay do so well in China is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay do so well in China is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay do so well in China is part of the
+story because there were so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because there were so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because there were so many
+unbanked just like m-pesa in Kenya but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked just like m-pesa in Kenya but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked just like m-pesa in Kenya but
+here in the US we still pay 2 and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US we still pay 2 and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US we still pay 2 and a half
+to 3 percent for our interchange charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 percent for our interchange charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 percent for our interchange charges
+for Visa MasterCard and the like and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Visa MasterCard and the like and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Visa MasterCard and the like and a
+lot of clearing and settlement still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of clearing and settlement still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of clearing and settlement still has
+a lot of counterparty risk and one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of counterparty risk and one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of counterparty risk and one that
+I care deeply about Financial Inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care deeply about Financial Inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care deeply about Financial Inclusion
+there's still 1 point 7 billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still 1 point 7 billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still 1 point 7 billion people
+in this world who are unbanked and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world who are unbanked and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world who are unbanked and so we
+don't think of it as much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of it as much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of it as much in the
+developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries
+but it's certainly true in many products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly true in many products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly true in many products
+even here in the US and these are to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here in the US and these are to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here in the US and these are to me
+the opportunities finance is 7 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities finance is 7 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunities finance is 7 and a
+half percent of the US economy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent of the US economy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent of the US economy that's
+one and a half trillion dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half trillion dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half trillion dollars of
+revenues so any of you that are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues so any of you that are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues so any of you that are thinking
+about entrepreneurial opportunities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about entrepreneurial opportunities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about entrepreneurial opportunities the
+payment system just here in the US is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system just here in the US is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system just here in the US is a
+half a percent to one percent of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a percent to one percent of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a percent to one percent of our
+economy that's 100 to 200 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that's 100 to 200 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that's 100 to 200 billion
+dollars or revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars or revenues
+I think these is about 18 billion just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these is about 18 billion just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these is about 18 billion just
+you know but if you you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but if you you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but if you you know when you
+add up the whole payment system that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the whole payment system that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the whole payment system that's a
+hundred to two hundred billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to two hundred billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to two hundred billion dollars
+in payment revenues so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in payment revenues so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in payment revenues so that's kind of
+the opportunity can blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity can blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity can blockchain
+technology come in it's got problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology come in it's got problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology come in it's got problems
+it's slow its its performance issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow its its performance issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow its its performance issues
+but can it compete with that here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can it compete with that here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can it compete with that here are
+some of the problems the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems the financial
+sector would say with blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector would say with blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector would say with blockchain
+these are real live things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are real live things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are real live things that we're
+going to study later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study later in the semester
+they say it doesn't have the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say it doesn't have the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say it doesn't have the performance
+scalability a modern payment system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability a modern payment system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability a modern payment system you
+need to be able to move about a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to move about a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to move about a hundred
+thousand payments a second a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand payments a second a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand payments a second a modern
+securities clearing the the Depository
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities clearing the the Depository
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities clearing the the Depository
+Trust Corporation the Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust Corporation the Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust Corporation the Securities and
+Exchange Commission says you do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission says you do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission says you do about
+thirty thousand transactions a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand transactions a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand transactions a second
+but we need you to scale and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need you to scale and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need you to scale and your
+computers and everything have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and everything have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and everything have to be
+resilient to a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient to a hundred thousand
+transactions a second Bitcoin you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions a second Bitcoin you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions a second Bitcoin you can do
+about seven transactions a second visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven transactions a second visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven transactions a second visa
+currently depends on the the second does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently depends on the the second does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently depends on the the second does
+anywhere from twenty two seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from twenty two seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from twenty two seventy
+thousand a second yeah so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand a second yeah so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand a second yeah so it's just a
+sense of scalability and performance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of scalability and performance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of scalability and performance we
+might get there it might be three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get there it might be three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get there it might be three to
+seven years away I'm optimistic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years away I'm optimistic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years away I'm optimistic but
+there's still a bunch of performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a bunch of performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a bunch of performance and
+scalability issues privacy and security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability issues privacy and security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability issues privacy and security
+blockchains by their nature or public so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains by their nature or public so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains by their nature or public so
+they're not fully censorship resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not fully censorship resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not fully censorship resistant
+but there's a lot of innovation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of innovation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of innovation about
+making them more private but then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them more private but then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them more private but then that
+makes the public sector a little nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the public sector a little nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the public sector a little nervous
+interoperability they don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability they don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability they don't necessarily
+work yet with other legacy systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yet with other legacy systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yet with other legacy systems or
+with each other the internet one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other the internet one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other the internet one of the
+great innovations of the internet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great innovations of the internet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great innovations of the internet it
+became interoperable that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became interoperable that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became interoperable that all of these
+different websites could kind of speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different websites could kind of speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different websites could kind of speak
+with each other governance is a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other governance is a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other governance is a very big
+issue we'll talk about and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we'll talk about and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we'll talk about and one of the
+things about governance is it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about governance is it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about governance is it's hard to
+update the software of a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the software of a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the software of a blockchain
+because if you create a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you create a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you create a decentralized
+where no one's in control no one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one's in control no one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where no one's in control no one can
+collect economic rents you also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect economic rents you also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect economic rents you also don't
+have sort of somebody with the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of somebody with the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of somebody with the ability
+to necessarily update the software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily update the software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to necessarily update the software and
+we'll talk later about how Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk later about how Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk later about how Bitcoin
+updates its software and what Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates its software and what Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates its software and what Bitcoin
+core developers are and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core developers are and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core developers are and so forth but
+Facebook you do know one thing though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook you do know one thing though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook you do know one thing though
+there there a company that collects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there a company that collects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there a company that collects a
+lot of profits and economic rents off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of profits and economic rents off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of profits and economic rents off of
+their two billion members they know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their two billion members they know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their two billion members they know how
+to update their software it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update their software it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update their software it's it's a
+governance issue that's a real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance issue that's a real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance issue that's a real life
+challenge and that's why the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and that's why the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and that's why the financial
+sector says I'm not sure this works this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector says I'm not sure this works this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector says I'm not sure this works this
+is ready yet for me and then thus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready yet for me and then thus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready yet for me and then thus what
+are the commercial use cases and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the commercial use cases and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the commercial use cases and what
+are the public policy issues so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the public policy issues so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the public policy issues so right
+now the financial sector favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the financial sector favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the financial sector favors
+permission blockchains versus permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission blockchains versus permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission blockchains versus permission
+list this is going to be about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is going to be about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is going to be about four
+weeks from now we'll kind of go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now we'll kind of go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now we'll kind of go through
+these two differences but I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two differences but I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two differences but I want to just
+frame this briefly permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this briefly permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this briefly permission
+blockchains have a noun group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains have a noun group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains have a noun group of people
+who actually participate the half of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually participate the half of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually participate the half of you
+that said you've owned Bitcoin you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you've owned Bitcoin you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you've owned Bitcoin you know
+it to be something where anybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be something where anybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be something where anybody can
+update the ledger permission blockchains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the ledger permission blockchains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the ledger permission blockchains
+you can't do that in essence you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that in essence you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that in essence you pick
+the three or twenty the Australian Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three or twenty the Australian Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three or twenty the Australian Stock
+Exchange is updating their clearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange is updating their clearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange is updating their clearing and
+settling they announced they're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling they announced they're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling they announced they're doing a
+blockchain project they're doing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain project they're doing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain project they're doing it with
+digital assets and they're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital assets and they're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital assets and they're using the
+hyper ledger blockchain which is an IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper ledger blockchain which is an IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper ledger blockchain which is an IBM
+software open source software but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software open source software but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software open source software but the
+Australian Stock Exchange is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange is going to
+put it on three computers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on three computers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on three computers which is
+called three nodes that they control all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called three nodes that they control all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called three nodes that they control all
+three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them
+the Depository Trust Corporation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Depository Trust Corporation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Depository Trust Corporation is
+looking at blockchain inspired solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blockchain inspired solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blockchain inspired solutions
+for some of their data warehouses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of their data warehouses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of their data warehouses but
+they too are gonna control the nodes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too are gonna control the nodes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too are gonna control the nodes I'm
+just giving it that's permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving it that's permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving it that's permission
+blockchains there's nothing wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains there's nothing wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains there's nothing wrong with
+that that's just how they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just how they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just how they are the
+they're looking at this permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at this permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at this permissionless
+block chains are like Bitcoin unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains are like Bitcoin unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block chains are like Bitcoin unknown
+participants securities based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants securities based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants securities based on
+incentives a crypto currency and crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives a crypto currency and crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives a crypto currency and crypto
+economics crypto finance is about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics crypto finance is about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics crypto finance is about two
+hundred billion but it you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion but it you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion but it you know you have
+to update these slides daily two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update these slides daily two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update these slides daily two days
+ago it was two hundred and thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was two hundred and thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was two hundred and thirty
+billion and this little pie chart is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and this little pie chart is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and this little pie chart is a
+little over half as Bitcoin the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over half as Bitcoin the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over half as Bitcoin the next
+slice is something called if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is something called if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice is something called if the
+and then ripple and down the line we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ripple and down the line we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ripple and down the line we're
+not going to spend a lot of time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to spend a lot of time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to spend a lot of time in this
+this semester if you if your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester if you if your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester if you if your goal is to
+how can you profit and trade a trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you profit and trade a trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you profit and trade a trade
+Bitcoin and day trade ether god bless go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and day trade ether god bless go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and day trade ether god bless go
+prosper you could stay in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosper you could stay in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosper you could stay in the class
+I just won't give you much advice on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just won't give you much advice on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just won't give you much advice on it
+you know this is not a crypto investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not a crypto investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not a crypto investing
+centered class but I'm okay if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered class but I'm okay if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered class but I'm okay if that's
+what you're doing does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing does anybody know what
+the worldwide capital market size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide capital market size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide capital market size is
+anybody want to guess you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to guess you know this is
+200 billion what's it look like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 billion what's it look like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 billion what's it look like I've
+already said it's modest hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said it's modest hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said it's modest hundreds of
+trillions global equity about 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions global equity about 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions global equity about 80
+trillion global bond and debt markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion global bond and debt markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion global bond and debt markets
+250 trillion so it's still quite modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 trillion so it's still quite modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 trillion so it's still quite modest
+compared to that broad breadth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that broad breadth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that broad breadth of
+capital formation and gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital formation and gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital formation and gold
+if bitcoins digital gold what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bitcoins digital gold what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bitcoins digital gold what's the
+value of gold all the gold that's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of gold all the gold that's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of gold all the gold that's ever
+been 7 trillion so just give you sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 7 trillion so just give you sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 7 trillion so just give you sense
+of scale so there's also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale so there's also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale so there's also something
+that's interesting about this space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting about this space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting about this space is
+that it's out sized public attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's out sized public attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's out sized public attention
+even as evidenced by the hundred of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as evidenced by the hundred of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as evidenced by the hundred of you
+in this room versus the size it is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room versus the size it is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room versus the size it is real
+relative to the capital markets today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the capital markets today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the capital markets today
+you know there's a bunch of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a bunch of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a bunch of public
+policy issues we'll have a lecture I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issues we'll have a lecture I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issues we'll have a lecture I'm a
+former regulator I ran the Commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former regulator I ran the Commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former regulator I ran the Commodity
+Futures Trading Commission so but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission so but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission so but this
+course is not about regulation though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not about regulation though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not about regulation though we
+have to always come back to regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always come back to regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always come back to regulation
+we always have to infuse what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have to infuse what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have to infuse what we're
+doing with the regulation but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the regulation but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the regulation but let me
+just give you a little framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a little framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you a little framework and
+then you'll have to be bored and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have to be bored and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have to be bored and a
+handful of weeks and read I gave some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of weeks and read I gave some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of weeks and read I gave some
+congressional testimony on it yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional testimony on it yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional testimony on it yes it
+will be required reading sorry but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be required reading sorry but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be required reading sorry but it's
+guarding against illicit activity a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding against illicit activity a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding against illicit activity a lot
+of Bitcoin and crypto currencies started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin and crypto currencies started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin and crypto currencies started
+out in the cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the cyber
+Punk sort of movement and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk sort of movement and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk sort of movement and and
+libertarian movement so forth and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian movement so forth and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libertarian movement so forth and it is
+true you can use this for illicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can use this for illicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can use this for illicit
+activity absolutely but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity absolutely but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity absolutely but I would say
+crime is not new just the mechanisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime is not new just the mechanisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime is not new just the mechanisms and
+means are new and and so the criminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means are new and and so the criminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means are new and and so the criminals
+yes will use this and have used it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes will use this and have used it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes will use this and have used it for a
+listed activity financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed activity financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed activity financial stability
+central bankers around the globe sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bankers around the globe sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bankers around the globe sort of
+will this shape finance well it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this shape finance well it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this shape finance well it's only
+two hundred billion the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred billion the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred billion the financial
+markets are three hundred trillion plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are three hundred trillion plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are three hundred trillion plus
+not yet is generally what they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet is generally what they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet is generally what they're saying
+but for some countries it's a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some countries it's a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some countries it's a way to get
+around capital controls and so for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around capital controls and so for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around capital controls and so for those
+countries worried about capital controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries worried about capital controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries worried about capital controls
+it's a very real and live set of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very real and live set of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very real and live set of issues
+and then protecting the investing public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then protecting the investing public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then protecting the investing public
+and when we do this in a few weeks I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this in a few weeks I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this in a few weeks I'll
+go through each of these the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through each of these the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through each of these the investor
+protection issues and yes the sec how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection issues and yes the sec how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection issues and yes the sec how we
+test and and the like for those who wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and and the like for those who wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and and the like for those who wish
+to do their own initial coin off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their own initial coin off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their own initial coin off right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+give some you know broad sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some you know broad sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some you know broad sense of what
+the sec is trying to accomplish but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sec is trying to accomplish but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sec is trying to accomplish but it's
+a moving target so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving target so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving target so this is a very
+interesting as opposed to many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as opposed to many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as opposed to many of your
+sloan classes or your c cell classes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloan classes or your c cell classes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloan classes or your c cell classes or
+media lab classes this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab classes this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab classes this is a very
+unsettled area of public policy so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsettled area of public policy so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsettled area of public policy so it
+makes it interesting and and and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it interesting and and and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it interesting and and and and if
+you all go off and form companies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all go off and form companies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all go off and form companies you
+will actually be helping sort of set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be helping sort of set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be helping sort of set the
+the the edge of that public policy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the edge of that public policy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the edge of that public policy of
+debate I had always say just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate I had always say just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate I had always say just remember
+poet Riley the duck test this is a poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet Riley the duck test this is a poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet Riley the duck test this is a poet
+Indiana poets those that aren't from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana poets those that aren't from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana poets those that aren't from the
+US might not know the duck test but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US might not know the duck test but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US might not know the duck test but
+basically if it quacks like a duck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if it quacks like a duck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if it quacks like a duck and
+walks like a duck it's a duck so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks like a duck it's a duck so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks like a duck it's a duck so
+whenever you're thinking about public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're thinking about public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're thinking about public
+policy folks like myself who once was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy folks like myself who once was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy folks like myself who once was a
+regulator we think in the duck test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator we think in the duck test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator we think in the duck test and
+then we secondarily think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we secondarily think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we secondarily think about the
+actual words in the congressional act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual words in the congressional act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual words in the congressional act
+you know where's the common sense and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where's the common sense and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where's the common sense and if
+it quacks and walks like a duck it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quacks and walks like a duck it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quacks and walks like a duck it's
+probably a security or it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a security or it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a security or it's probably
+this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or that
+the incumbents like this Linus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incumbents like this Linus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incumbents like this Linus in the
+corner are eyeing this space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner are eyeing this space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner are eyeing this space because
+there's a lot of volatility and Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of volatility and Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of volatility and Wall
+Street makes money on volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street makes money on volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street makes money on volatility
+volatility is the friend of Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is the friend of Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility is the friend of Wall Street
+it might not be the friend of investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be the friend of investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be the friend of investors
+but it's a friend of Wall Street they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a friend of Wall Street they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a friend of Wall Street they
+also like the trading volumes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like the trading volumes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like the trading volumes and the
+spreads coinbase the largest crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads coinbase the largest crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads coinbase the largest crypto
+exchange here in the US has 20 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange here in the US has 20 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange here in the US has 20 million
+accounts they might not all be active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts they might not all be active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts they might not all be active
+but that's the size of Fidelity's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the size of Fidelity's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the size of Fidelity's
+membership or account list and twice de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership or account list and twice de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership or account list and twice de
+Shaw and Robin Hood how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaw and Robin Hood how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaw and Robin Hood how many of you have
+ever used Robin Hood is a trading app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used Robin Hood is a trading app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever used Robin Hood is a trading app
+Wow half of you so you know free trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow half of you so you know free trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow half of you so you know free trading
+right 5 million members for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 5 million members for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 5 million members for those who
+don't know you can download Robin Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you can download Robin Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you can download Robin Hood
+and you can trade stocks for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can trade stocks for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can trade stocks for free
+no Commission and if anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Commission and if anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Commission and if anybody's
+interested show up and I'll do office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested show up and I'll do office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested show up and I'll do office
+hours when the hell Robin Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours when the hell Robin Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours when the hell Robin Hood
+commercializes they commercialize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes they commercialize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializes they commercialize your
+your order flow and they make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your order flow and they make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your order flow and they make money
+without charging your commissions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without charging your commissions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without charging your commissions but
+it's a sort of wonderful app Millennials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of wonderful app Millennials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of wonderful app Millennials
+love it 5 million members already so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it 5 million members already so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it 5 million members already so you
+better believe de Shah and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better believe de Shah and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better believe de Shah and the
+incumbents are worried about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are worried about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are worried about things like
+that the startups are also more willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the startups are also more willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the startups are also more willing
+to beg for forgiveness from regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beg for forgiveness from regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beg for forgiveness from regulators
+they're willing to sort of take risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to sort of take risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to sort of take risks
+and beg for forgiveness whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beg for forgiveness whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beg for forgiveness whereas
+incumbents tend to have to ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents tend to have to ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents tend to have to ask for
+permission so there's an unlevel field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission so there's an unlevel field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission so there's an unlevel field
+that always it's a asymmetric business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always it's a asymmetric business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always it's a asymmetric business
+set of risk about regulatory risk not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of risk about regulatory risk not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of risk about regulatory risk not
+always I'm not like crying for JP Morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I'm not like crying for JP Morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I'm not like crying for JP Morgan
+I mean the big incumbents have also they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the big incumbents have also they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the big incumbents have also they
+have their advantages and coinbase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their advantages and coinbase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their advantages and coinbase is
+becoming an incumbent rather than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an incumbent rather than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming an incumbent rather than just a
+you know startup in a sense and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know startup in a sense and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know startup in a sense and we'll
+talk during the semester about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk during the semester about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk during the semester about some of
+the incumbents where we're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incumbents where we're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incumbents where we're probably
+going to get Jeff sprecher here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Jeff sprecher here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get Jeff sprecher here in
+mid-november he's going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-november he's going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-november he's going to talk to you
+about what IntercontinentalExchange in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what IntercontinentalExchange in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what IntercontinentalExchange in
+the New York Stock Exchange is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Stock Exchange is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Stock Exchange is doing
+with Starbucks and Microsoft and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Starbucks and Microsoft and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Starbucks and Microsoft and the
+like the financial sector use cases I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the financial sector use cases I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the financial sector use cases I'm
+not going to go through these but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go through these but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go through these but this
+is the second half of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second half of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second half of the course is
+going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through
+each of these and we'll do one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and we'll do one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and we'll do one to two
+sessions on each payment system central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on each payment system central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on each payment system central
+bank digital currency secondary market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency secondary market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency secondary market
+trading the venture capital and initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the venture capital and initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the venture capital and initial
+coin offering space we'll do two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offering space we'll do two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offering space we'll do two a
+course on that and move through so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on that and move through so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on that and move through so what
+are we gonna do in this whole course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna do in this whole course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we gonna do in this whole course
+basically our goal is to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our goal is to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our goal is to learn the
+fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals
+it's about roughly the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about roughly the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about roughly the first half of the
+course pivot to two sessions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course pivot to two sessions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course pivot to two sessions on the
+economics we're gonna be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we're gonna be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we're gonna be talking about
+the economics throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics throughout the whole
+course but I want to I want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I want to I want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I want to I want to really
+just focus drill down on the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus drill down on the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus drill down on the economics
+of 1/2 of the discussions and then riff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/2 of the discussions and then riff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/2 of the discussions and then riff
+through the financial space for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the financial space for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the financial space for the
+second yeah that's our journey together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah that's our journey together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah that's our journey together
+to me it's for anybody who wants to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's for anybody who wants to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's for anybody who wants to gain
+critical reasoning skills this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills this is not
+just kind of a hey this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a hey this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a hey this is going to
+change the world and revolutionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the world and revolutionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the world and revolutionize
+everything class and so I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything class and so I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything class and so I basically
+think of an old Defense Department term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an old Defense Department term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an old Defense Department term
+called ground truths it's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ground truths it's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ground truths it's when the
+general doesn't really know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general doesn't really know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general doesn't really know what's going
+on but needs to figure it out and needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but needs to figure it out and needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but needs to figure it out and needs
+to talk to that you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to that you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to that you know that that
+corporal on the ground who's got dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporal on the ground who's got dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporal on the ground who's got dirt
+you know all over woman and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all over woman and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all over woman and it's been
+shot up and says here's the real ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot up and says here's the real ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot up and says here's the real ground
+truth we're gonna try to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth we're gonna try to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth we're gonna try to talk about
+ground truth in this in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth in this in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth in this in this in this
+class and separate the mere assertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and separate the mere assertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and separate the mere assertion
+from the hype and some of your readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hype and some of your readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hype and some of your readings
+will be some real Bitcoin and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some real Bitcoin and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some real Bitcoin and blockchain
+minimalist from Nouriel Roubini that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist from Nouriel Roubini that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist from Nouriel Roubini that
+uses words I'm not supposed to repeat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses words I'm not supposed to repeat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses words I'm not supposed to repeat on
+a recording about this stuff to Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recording about this stuff to Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recording about this stuff to Paul
+Krugman who and and Joe Stiglitz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman who and and Joe Stiglitz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman who and and Joe Stiglitz and
+other Nobel laureates who say no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Nobel laureates who say no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Nobel laureates who say no it's
+not gonna work or Warren Buffett to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna work or Warren Buffett to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna work or Warren Buffett to to
+maximalists we're gonna we're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalists we're gonna we're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalists we're gonna we're gonna try
+to cover both sides Larry Lessig is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover both sides Larry Lessig is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover both sides Larry Lessig is
+honoring me because he's in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring me because he's in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring me because he's in the back of
+the class who's an enormous Lee esteemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class who's an enormous Lee esteemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class who's an enormous Lee esteemed
+professor from Harvard I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor from Harvard I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor from Harvard I didn't know
+Larry was gonna be here and I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry was gonna be here and I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Larry was gonna be here and I did the
+slide before but in 1999 I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide before but in 1999 I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide before but in 1999 I think you
+wrote this book Larry is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book Larry is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this book Larry is that right
+code and other laws of cyberspace I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and other laws of cyberspace I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and other laws of cyberspace I put
+you in though but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in though but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in though but I think it's
+worthwhile to think about Larry's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to think about Larry's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to think about Larry's four
+bits here and I don't know Larry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here and I don't know Larry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here and I don't know Larry if you
+want to say anything but I'm gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say anything but I'm gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say anything but I'm gonna try
+to infuse this course in just how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infuse this course in just how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infuse this course in just how you
+think about this the tech we're at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the tech we're at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this the tech we're at MIT
+the technology and we're gonna get you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and we're gonna get you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and we're gonna get you a
+lot of technology if you want more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of technology if you want more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of technology if you want more than
+I can give you is is is a former finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you is is is a former finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you is is is a former finance
+sort of type my whole life there's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of type my whole life there's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of type my whole life there's gonna
+be a bunch of computer science people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bunch of computer science people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bunch of computer science people in
+the class we're gonna hook and you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're gonna hook and you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're gonna hook and you up
+together with the folks from the Media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the folks from the Media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the folks from the Media
+Lab and see Sal and and try to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab and see Sal and and try to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab and see Sal and and try to connect
+you to the technology side if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the technology side if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the technology side if you want
+to swim deeper in that pond but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim deeper in that pond but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim deeper in that pond but the
+technology really really matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology really really matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology really really matters and
+that's why we are going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we are going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we are going to go through
+hash functions and go through asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and go through asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and go through asymmetric
+cryptography and so forth from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and so forth from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and so forth from a
+business perspective markets matter why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business perspective markets matter why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business perspective markets matter why
+is it that incumbents or startups or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that incumbents or startups or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that incumbents or startups or are
+not doing this and that why is it ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing this and that why is it ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing this and that why is it ten
+years in and nobody's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in and nobody's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in and nobody's got an
+enterprise-wide solution yet to payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise-wide solution yet to payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise-wide solution yet to payments
+that use block J the law matters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use block J the law matters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use block J the law matters the
+public policy side matters and the forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy side matters and the forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy side matters and the forth
+of Larry's layout social norms that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Larry's layout social norms that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Larry's layout social norms that's a
+little harder for me to teach that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for me to teach that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for me to teach that's not
+what this class is about but it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this class is about but it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this class is about but it is also
+a flex all this it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flex all this it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flex all this it's not just the
+technology the markets and the law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the markets and the law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the markets and the law so
+it's not just a three-legged store it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a three-legged store it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a three-legged store it's
+kind of a four legged stool how'd I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a four legged stool how'd I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a four legged stool how'd I do
+Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really didn't know Harry is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really didn't know Harry is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really didn't know Harry is gonna be
+here so but I wanted to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so but I wanted to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so but I wanted to give you a
+framework for how your faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for how your faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for how your faculty member
+thinks and will be on this journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks and will be on this journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks and will be on this journey
+together range of perspectives we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together range of perspectives we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together range of perspectives we're not
+gonna be a Bitcoin minimalist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a Bitcoin minimalist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a Bitcoin minimalist or
+maximalist I'm probably to be self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist I'm probably to be self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist I'm probably to be self
+disclosed here a little bit center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed here a little bit center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosed here a little bit center
+minimalist on Bitcoin smart contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist on Bitcoin smart contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist on Bitcoin smart contract
+minimalist max list I'm probably pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist max list I'm probably pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist max list I'm probably pretty
+Center Larry's probably a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center Larry's probably a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center Larry's probably a little bit
+center maximalist I'm guessing so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center maximalist I'm guessing so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center maximalist I'm guessing so you're
+still you're still center or Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're still center or Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're still center or Center
+minimalist what smart contracts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist what smart contracts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist what smart contracts and then
+blockchain maximalist or minimalist I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain maximalist or minimalist I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain maximalist or minimalist I'd
+say a few weeks ago I was kind of Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few weeks ago I was kind of Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few weeks ago I was kind of Center
+maximalist and I'm sort of skidding back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist and I'm sort of skidding back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist and I'm sort of skidding back
+to the middle permissioned blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the middle permissioned blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the middle permissioned blockchain
+I'm a little bit more you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit more you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit more you know and
+there's some in here Allah is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some in here Allah is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some in here Allah is one of
+your Sloan cohort that you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sloan cohort that you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sloan cohort that you might know
+six months ago when we met was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months ago when we met was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months ago when we met was working
+on a permissionless system and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a permissionless system and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a permissionless system and now
+you're working on a permission system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on a permission system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on a permission system
+you have a startup yeah cuz like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a startup yeah cuz like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a startup yeah cuz like you've
+bounced up into the market realities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced up into the market realities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced up into the market realities is
+and we're gonna talk a lot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk a lot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk a lot in this
+course about critical thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course about critical thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course about critical thinking about
+when do you really need the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you really need the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you really need the advantage of
+a decentralized peer-to-peer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized peer-to-peer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized peer-to-peer system
+where the costs of trusts are such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the costs of trusts are such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the costs of trusts are such that
+that's the right way to go but I am one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way to go but I am one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way to go but I am one
+who thinks that there's also so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that there's also so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that there's also so much
+economic rents in the financial system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents in the financial system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents in the financial system
+that's that one and a half trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that one and a half trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that one and a half trillion
+dollars of revenues or seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of revenues or seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of revenues or seven and a half
+percent of our economy or just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our economy or just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our economy or just two
+hundred billion in the payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion in the payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion in the payment systems
+for instance that there may be times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that there may be times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that there may be times
+that you don't really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really need a
+decentralized system but it just might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system but it just might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized system but it just might
+be your opportunity to tuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your opportunity to tuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your opportunity to tuck in
+underneath all of those economic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath all of those economic rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath all of those economic rents
+and all those revenues now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those revenues now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those revenues now in
+Vince will react you poke an incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vince will react you poke an incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vince will react you poke an incumbent
+commercially pokum I mean and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially pokum I mean and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially pokum I mean and they're
+gonna react and that's why I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna react and that's why I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna react and that's why I think
+blockchain may well be a catalyst for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain may well be a catalyst for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain may well be a catalyst for
+change even if incumbents then adopt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change even if incumbents then adopt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change even if incumbents then adopt a
+lot of that inside the requirements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that inside the requirements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that inside the requirements of
+the course class participation is a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course class participation is a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course class participation is a hard
+thing to judge is a faculty member when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to judge is a faculty member when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to judge is a faculty member when
+I have this many people so but I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this many people so but I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this many people so but I always
+think class participation matters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think class participation matters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think class participation matters we
+made it 30% it which if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it 30% it which if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it 30% it which if you have any
+advice on this a next semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice on this a next semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice on this a next semester
+30% to to individual write-ups one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% to to individual write-ups one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% to to individual write-ups one in
+the first half which is up to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half which is up to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half which is up to I think
+lecture 10 which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 10 which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 10 which is basically the
+blockchain fundamentals you pick a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain fundamentals you pick a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain fundamentals you pick a topic
+I don't care which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care which one
+but it's you'll get you'll get a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you'll get you'll get a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you'll get you'll get a much
+better grade if it's about critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better grade if it's about critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better grade if it's about critical
+reasoning if it's really taking whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if it's really taking whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning if it's really taking whatever
+those sets of writings are and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets of writings are and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets of writings are and and and
+and and not just repeating that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not just repeating that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not just repeating that which is
+in the readings but really going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the readings but really going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the readings but really going the
+next step in saying here's what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in saying here's what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in saying here's what's going
+on and this is a business goal you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is a business goal you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is a business goal you don't
+have to you know convince me that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know convince me that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know convince me that you
+know something about computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about computer science
+it's like critical reasoning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like critical reasoning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like critical reasoning about the
+economic opportunities the strengths the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic opportunities the strengths the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic opportunities the strengths the
+weaknesses the opportunities the threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses the opportunities the threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses the opportunities the threats
+that old business school sort of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old business school sort of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old business school sort of saying
+of swaths with regard to that week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaths with regard to that week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swaths with regard to that week's
+whether it's about hash functions early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about hash functions early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about hash functions early
+on cryptography or you sort of wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cryptography or you sort of wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cryptography or you sort of wait
+during the foundational period to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the foundational period to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the foundational period to
+permission versus permissionless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permissionless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permissionless you
+pick but to please hand it in before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick but to please hand it in before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick but to please hand it in before
+that classes lecture because I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that classes lecture because I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that classes lecture because I might
+during the lecture say who wrote today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the lecture say who wrote today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the lecture say who wrote today
+do you want to tell us what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to tell us what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to tell us what you think
+and it might help spur the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might help spur the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might help spur the class
+participation and then a second write-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and then a second write-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and then a second write-up
+in the second half when we're riffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half when we're riffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half when we're riffing
+through the use cases again critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the use cases again critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the use cases again critical
+reasoning and then lastly the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and then lastly the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and then lastly the usual
+approach of teams of up to four no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of teams of up to four no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach of teams of up to four no I
+don't want teams of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want teams of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want teams of five
+to handle that right now three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle that right now three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle that right now three or four
+just and and and somewhere in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and and and somewhere in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and and and somewhere in the second
+half of this semester we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this semester we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this semester we'll talk about
+more the content and there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the content and there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the content and there's a couple of
+you in here that worked with me last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in here that worked with me last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in here that worked with me last
+semester and a smaller group you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and a smaller group you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and a smaller group you know I
+want you to do well so I'm gonna sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do well so I'm gonna sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do well so I'm gonna sort of
+give you a sense of like what do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of like what do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of like what do we want
+to do but it's basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but it's basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but it's basically the idea is
+you're an entrepreneur or you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an entrepreneur or you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an entrepreneur or you're an
+incumbent and what sort of use case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent and what sort of use case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent and what sort of use case or
+you're gonna pick and and and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna pick and and and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna pick and and and whether
+it's permissioned or permissionless sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's permissioned or permissionless sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's permissioned or permissionless sort
+of make a proposal do a use case use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a proposal do a use case use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a proposal do a use case use
+your critical reasoning around this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your critical reasoning around this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your critical reasoning around this new
+technology somewhere in the broad world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology somewhere in the broad world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology somewhere in the broad world
+of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance
+I mean you know and I'm glad that define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know and I'm glad that define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know and I'm glad that define
+finance really broad you know you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance really broad you know you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance really broad you know you'll
+pick so that's that's kind of a peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that's that's kind of a peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so that's that's kind of a peace
+act one or the fundamentals I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act one or the fundamentals I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act one or the fundamentals I won't go
+through each of the pieces but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of the pieces but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of the pieces but you know
+that's in the syllabus of course Act two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the syllabus of course Act two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the syllabus of course Act two
+is the pivot of the economics and Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pivot of the economics and Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pivot of the economics and Act
+three our financial sector use cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three our financial sector use cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three our financial sector use cases and
+hopefully throughout law will have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully throughout law will have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully throughout law will have a lot
+of fun so the study questions for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun so the study questions for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun so the study questions for next
+Tuesday real quick what are the roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday real quick what are the roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday real quick what are the roles
+and characteristics of money so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and characteristics of money so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and characteristics of money so I really
+want to sort of dig behind money money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of dig behind money money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of dig behind money money
+is but a social construct or a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but a social construct or a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but a social construct or a social
+convention medium of exchange store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention medium of exchange store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention medium of exchange store
+value unit of account there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value unit of account there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value unit of account there's some
+readings about the debate whether money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about the debate whether money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about the debate whether money
+first came from the border system or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came from the border system or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came from the border system or a
+really good set of anthropologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good set of anthropologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good set of anthropologist and
+and and and archaeologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and archaeologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and archaeologists and
+everything say no it actually came as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything say no it actually came as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything say no it actually came as a
+ledger system and no one knows for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system and no one knows for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger system and no one knows for sure
+at ten and fifteen thousand years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten and fifteen thousand years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten and fifteen thousand years ago
+whether money came from the out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether money came from the out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether money came from the out of the
+border system or more as a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border system or more as a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border system or more as a unit of
+account keeping account of credits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account keeping account of credits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account keeping account of credits and
+ledger but I'd say when you read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger but I'd say when you read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger but I'd say when you read through
+some of those readings you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those readings you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those readings you start to
+think well this is just a societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well this is just a societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well this is just a societal
+construct and so that I will get behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and so that I will get behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and so that I will get behind
+that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is
+fiat currency fiat currency which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency fiat currency which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency fiat currency which is an
+invention really only over the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention really only over the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention really only over the last few
+hundred years and we take for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years and we take for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years and we take for granted
+Dale but how does that fit into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dale but how does that fit into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dale but how does that fit into that
+whole history and importantly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole history and importantly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole history and importantly how to
+Ledger's accounting Ledger's I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's accounting Ledger's I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's accounting Ledger's I know
+boring stuff but it's probably why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring stuff but it's probably why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring stuff but it's probably why we
+came out of the dark ages so about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the dark ages so about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the dark ages so about five
+or six hundred years ago with double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six hundred years ago with double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six hundred years ago with double
+entry bookkeeping sorry hi I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry bookkeeping sorry hi I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry bookkeeping sorry hi I like
+Ledger's we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's we'll talk a little bit about
+Ledger's and how that fits into money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and how that fits into money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and how that fits into money
+and securities and so forth and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and securities and so forth and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and securities and so forth and then
+layering in how Bitcoin fits on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering in how Bitcoin fits on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering in how Bitcoin fits on top of
+that history next Tuesday is not deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that history next Tuesday is not deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that history next Tuesday is not deeply
+about Bitcoin it's just a little dollop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bitcoin it's just a little dollop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bitcoin it's just a little dollop
+on that there'll be five or six readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that there'll be five or six readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that there'll be five or six readings
+one of them is a three-minute video the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is a three-minute video the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is a three-minute video the
+third one it's fun watch it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one it's fun watch it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one it's fun watch it's just a
+funny little video on what money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny little video on what money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny little video on what money is
+there's no need to read nakamoto's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to read nakamoto's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to read nakamoto's full
+paper when I said the email I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when I said the email I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when I said the email I mean just
+the cover email it's one paragraph my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover email it's one paragraph my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover email it's one paragraph my
+goal in the readings each week was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in the readings each week was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in the readings each week was not
+an each session was by and Lord to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an each session was by and Lord to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an each session was by and Lord to try
+to keep less than 50 pages you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep less than 50 pages you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep less than 50 pages you'd say
+you're gonna look sometimes you go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna look sometimes you go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna look sometimes you go it
+looks like it's more and maybe it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's more and maybe it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's more and maybe it is I
+figure you're all gonna figure out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you're all gonna figure out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you're all gonna figure out for
+yourself how to sort through the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how to sort through the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how to sort through the depth
+of your knowledge but I will predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your knowledge but I will predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your knowledge but I will predict
+that some of you may be as much as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you may be as much as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of you may be as much as a
+quarter or a third of you are gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or a third of you are gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or a third of you are gonna go
+down a rabbit hole one day and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a rabbit hole one day and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a rabbit hole one day and you're
+gonna be doing blockchain for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be doing blockchain for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be doing blockchain for the next
+48 hours and you won't know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours and you won't know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 hours and you won't know where the
+time went because it is an addiction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went because it is an addiction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went because it is an addiction at
+some point that some of you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point that some of you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point that some of you will get
+because this is curious notion I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is curious notion I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is curious notion I'm not
+predicting that infirmity for all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that infirmity for all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that infirmity for all of you
+I'm just saying some of you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying some of you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying some of you will have
+that happen to you so occasionally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to you so occasionally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to you so occasionally I
+have readings just white a lot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have readings just white a lot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have readings just white a lot it's
+happen to you let me just conclude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you let me just conclude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you let me just conclude and
+then take any other questions and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take any other questions and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take any other questions and light
+up their blockchain I think does provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their blockchain I think does provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their blockchain I think does provide
+a peer-to-peer alternative I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peer-to-peer alternative I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peer-to-peer alternative I think that
+I hope Larry I'll be able to convince it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope Larry I'll be able to convince it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope Larry I'll be able to convince it
+does provide and that peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does provide and that peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does provide and that peer-to-peer
+alternative addresses cost of trust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative addresses cost of trust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative addresses cost of trust it
+doesn't mean it's the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's the only way to
+address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+cost the trust but addresses cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the trust but addresses cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the trust but addresses cost a
+trust the financial sector does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the financial sector does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the financial sector does have
+challenges not just that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges not just that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges not just that it has
+seven-and-a-half percent of our economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-and-a-half percent of our economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-and-a-half percent of our economy
+in the US and similar ratios around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and similar ratios around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and similar ratios around the
+globe but resilience how it survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe but resilience how it survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe but resilience how it survives
+shocks the financial crisis and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks the financial crisis and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks the financial crisis and things
+like that are real and inclusion one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that are real and inclusion one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that are real and inclusion one
+point seven billion people unbanked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven billion people unbanked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven billion people unbanked but
+then if you look at other products who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at other products who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at other products who
+has access to credit cards and mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to credit cards and mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has access to credit cards and mortgages
+and the like and then fiat currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and then fiat currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and then fiat currencies
+Ken Rogoff and others have written a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Rogoff and others have written a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken Rogoff and others have written a lot
+about the instabilities that come that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instabilities that come that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instabilities that come that
+fiat currencies and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currencies and we'll talk about
+some of the history why central bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the history why central bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the history why central bank's
+exist and how they they came about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and how they they came about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and how they they came about next
+key point is we already live in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is we already live in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point is we already live in an
+electronic age Satoshi Nakamoto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic age Satoshi Nakamoto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic age Satoshi Nakamoto and
+Bitcoin didn't create electronic cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin didn't create electronic cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin didn't create electronic cash
+electronic cash I mean Sandra Bullock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic cash I mean Sandra Bullock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic cash I mean Sandra Bullock
+couldn't pay electronically that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pay electronically that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't pay electronically that was
+1995 they did a sort of berated movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 they did a sort of berated movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 they did a sort of berated movie
+about it all but by today you pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all but by today you pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it all but by today you pay your
+tuition online those of you who work get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition online those of you who work get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition online those of you who work get
+paid online you pay your auto loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid online you pay your auto loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid online you pay your auto loans
+online most of our lives are electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online most of our lives are electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online most of our lives are electronic
+cash not a hundred percent but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash not a hundred percent but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash not a hundred percent but in some
+countries like Sweden it's getting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Sweden it's getting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Sweden it's getting very
+close to a hundred percent we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a hundred percent we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a hundred percent we'll learn
+together and discover that monies but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and discover that monies but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and discover that monies but a
+social and economic consensus blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic consensus blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and economic consensus blockchain
+technology along the crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology along the crypto finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology along the crypto finance
+might be a catalyst for change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a catalyst for change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a catalyst for change and
+they're much masquerades as fact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much masquerades as fact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much masquerades as fact but
+it's only mere assertion we're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only mere assertion we're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only mere assertion we're gonna try
+to sort through you know that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort through you know that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort through you know that those
+differences that doesn't mean that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that doesn't mean that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that doesn't mean that all
+of you are gonna walk out agreeing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are gonna walk out agreeing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are gonna walk out agreeing with
+Paul Krugman a Nobel laureate or Nouriel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Krugman a Nobel laureate or Nouriel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Krugman a Nobel laureate or Nouriel
+Roubini that this is just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roubini that this is just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roubini that this is just a bunch of
+nonsense some of you might by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense some of you might by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense some of you might by the way
+but but I think you'll come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think you'll come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think you'll come out with
+real critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real critical
+thinking skills and I hope that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills and I hope that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills and I hope that some of
+you will say I figured out actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say I figured out actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say I figured out actually
+where there's a real opportunity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a real opportunity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a real opportunity in the
+world of finance to use blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of finance to use blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of finance to use blockchain
+technology and make it a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and make it a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and make it a better
+financial sector democratizing finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector democratizing finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector democratizing finance
+or somehow providing a service at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow providing a service at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow providing a service at a
+lower cost of better service throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost of better service throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost of better service throughout
+I hope throughout that we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope throughout that we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope throughout that we'll learn
+together and we'll have a bit of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we'll have a bit of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we'll have a bit of fun
+along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+that's kind of my thoughts questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of my thoughts questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of my thoughts questions we
+have exactly what 18 minutes there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly what 18 minutes there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly what 18 minutes there you
+go but we can cut it short - I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but we can cut it short - I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but we can cut it short - I don't
+care there we go did you tell me your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care there we go did you tell me your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care there we go did you tell me your
+name and we're gonna do placards Ryan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and we're gonna do placards Ryan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and we're gonna do placards Ryan's
+gonna work to figure out you do placards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work to figure out you do placards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work to figure out you do placards
+cuz it's I wonder how our team's form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's I wonder how our team's form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's I wonder how our team's form
+traditionally anybody it's slow and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally anybody it's slow and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally anybody it's slow and can
+speak to this too but students do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to this too but students do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to this too but students do it
+their own so that the faculty doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so that the faculty doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so that the faculty doesn't
+sort of try to insert themselves to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try to insert themselves to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try to insert themselves to help
+you but we tend towards the latter half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but we tend towards the latter half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but we tend towards the latter half
+and say well who's formed up in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well who's formed up in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well who's formed up in groups
+and when you know if it's a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you know if it's a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you know if it's a smaller
+group it's like well anybody has not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's like well anybody has not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's like well anybody has not yet
+formed in a team why don't you move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in a team why don't you move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in a team why don't you move to
+the left hand side of the room and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the room and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the room and just
+get together but we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together but we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together but we could do that
+electronically - and you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically - and you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically - and you know whether
+talita and Sabrina who you know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita and Sabrina who you know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita and Sabrina who you know good
+help Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help Internet
+basically have a social network to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a social network to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a social network to help
+form the teams because this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the teams because this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the teams because this is a big
+group you're right but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you're right but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you're right but that's
+traditionally people those students do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally people those students do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally people those students do
+it on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on their own
+other questions is anybody gonna go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions is anybody gonna go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions is anybody gonna go out
+and sell their Bitcoin now Larry what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell their Bitcoin now Larry what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell their Bitcoin now Larry what
+why are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no let to the whole feel and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no let to the whole feel and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no let to the whole feel and you're
+incredibly informed about the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly informed about the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly informed about the finance
+side so I want to see the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I want to see the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I want to see the combination of
+those and whether at the end I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and whether at the end I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and whether at the end I am
+convinced there's a there there as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced there's a there there as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced there's a there there as we've
+spoken because I could radically change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken because I could radically change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken because I could radically change
+the cost of trust around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of trust around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of trust around the world
+benefit the developing nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the developing nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the developing nation
+substantially but I think there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially but I think there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially but I think there's a lot
+of questions I still have I thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions I still have I thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions I still have I thank you
+for coming in any week you could be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming in any week you could be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming in any week you could be here
+any day we benefit and I hope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any day we benefit and I hope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any day we benefit and I hope it's
+really this is meant to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is meant to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is meant to be a
+conversation I'm not that far ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I'm not that far ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I'm not that far ahead of
+you Simon Johnson approached me last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Simon Johnson approached me last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Simon Johnson approached me last
+October and said what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and said what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October and said what do you think about
+coming up to MIT and and Tom knows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up to MIT and and Tom knows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up to MIT and and Tom knows this
+story and and and we were sitting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and and and we were sitting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and and and we were sitting down
+for lunch in DC and it was a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lunch in DC and it was a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lunch in DC and it was a good time
+in my life my three girls I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life my three girls I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life my three girls I have three
+daughters and I'm a single dad and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters and I'm a single dad and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters and I'm a single dad and they
+were two were in grad school and one our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two were in grad school and one our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two were in grad school and one our
+undergrad it was a good time in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad it was a good time in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad it was a good time in my life
+I said why not you know come up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said why not you know come up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said why not you know come up here and
+get engaged in this digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged in this digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged in this digital currency
+initiative over at the Media Lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative over at the Media Lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative over at the Media Lab and
+I've spent a life I was 18 years ago mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent a life I was 18 years ago mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent a life I was 18 years ago mid
+sax on the investment banking side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sax on the investment banking side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sax on the investment banking side
+helping people buy and sell companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people buy and sell companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people buy and sell companies
+called mergers and acquisitions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mergers and acquisitions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mergers and acquisitions and then
+I went to the trading side fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to the trading side fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to the trading side fixed income
+and went off to Asia and did a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went off to Asia and did a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went off to Asia and did a bunch of
+I ran the fixed incoming currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran the fixed incoming currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran the fixed incoming currency and
+swap trading in Asia and then my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap trading in Asia and then my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap trading in Asia and then my last
+job was the co Finance Officer so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job was the co Finance Officer so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job was the co Finance Officer so we
+were about a quarter of a trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about a quarter of a trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about a quarter of a trillion
+dollar balance sheet at that time go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar balance sheet at that time go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar balance sheet at that time go
+goldman sachs this is we were so private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs this is we were so private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldman sachs this is we were so private
+which meant if we lost money we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant if we lost money we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant if we lost money we were
+personally I was a general partner was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I was a general partner was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I was a general partner was
+kaput that's a technical word and but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaput that's a technical word and but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaput that's a technical word and but we
+had we had 700 legal entities and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had 700 legal entities and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we had 700 legal entities and one
+thousand people who could commit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people who could commit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people who could commit the
+capital of the firm those are people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the firm those are people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the firm those are people we
+generally call traders but you know is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally call traders but you know is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally call traders but you know is a
+fascinating period of time I then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating period of time I then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating period of time I then went
+on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to
+public service because Bob Rubin knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service because Bob Rubin knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service because Bob Rubin knew
+that I'd be a soft touch - it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd be a soft touch - it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd be a soft touch - it's a
+service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service
+he was the Treasury secretary I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the Treasury secretary I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the Treasury secretary I was a
+former partner at Goldman Sachs and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former partner at Goldman Sachs and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former partner at Goldman Sachs and I
+went off to the US Treasury as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off to the US Treasury as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off to the US Treasury as a
+assistant secretary and undersecretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant secretary and undersecretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant secretary and undersecretary
+in the late 90s a little different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 90s a little different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 90s a little different times
+than we have now for many reasons but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have now for many reasons but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have now for many reasons but we
+were paying down the debt we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were paying down the debt we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were paying down the debt we were
+dealing with the Asian debt crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the Asian debt crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the Asian debt crisis
+long-term capital management that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term capital management that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term capital management that
+Russian debt crisis is it was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian debt crisis is it was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian debt crisis is it was sort of a
+fascinating period of time I worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating period of time I worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating period of time I worked on a
+bill with John McCain I didn't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill with John McCain I didn't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill with John McCain I didn't get to
+know Senator McCain that well but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Senator McCain that well but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Senator McCain that well but it was
+just remarkable to work with even for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remarkable to work with even for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remarkable to work with even for a
+short period of time called ie signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time called ie signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time called ie signature
+it was a bill that basically said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a bill that basically said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a bill that basically said you
+can sign everything electronically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign everything electronically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign everything electronically and
+he was the chair of the Senate Commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the chair of the Senate Commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the chair of the Senate Commerce
+Committee at the time I was a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee at the time I was a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee at the time I was a wonderful
+little yes sometimes in government you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little yes sometimes in government you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little yes sometimes in government you
+can work on small things I worked on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on small things I worked on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on small things I worked on the
+redesign of the currency and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign of the currency and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign of the currency and I could
+tell you stories about why it looks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you stories about why it looks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you stories about why it looks the
+way it does and how you can redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does and how you can redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does and how you can redesign
+paper currency and for a future lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper currency and for a future lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper currency and for a future lecture
+I'll tell you the one design feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the one design feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the one design feature
+that I it's still in the currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I it's still in the currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I it's still in the currency and
+you can visually say it's because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visually say it's because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visually say it's because and
+when I asked for it the fella that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I asked for it the fella that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I asked for it the fella that
+rather Bureau of Engraving said why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather Bureau of Engraving said why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather Bureau of Engraving said why and
+I said because it looks better and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said because it looks better and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said because it looks better and I'm
+the guy that's approving it and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that's approving it and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that's approving it and maybe
+could we get it done can we work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get it done can we work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we get it done can we work this
+out and and it did look better and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and it did look better and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and it did look better and he
+loved it he was worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it he was worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it he was worried about the
+political risk of doing it it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political risk of doing it it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political risk of doing it it was a
+better design he just was I said I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better design he just was I said I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better design he just was I said I'll
+cover you politically let's do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover you politically let's do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover you politically let's do it but
+then I worked with Paul sarbanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I worked with Paul sarbanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I worked with Paul sarbanes and
+what became sore Baines Oxley I was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became sore Baines Oxley I was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became sore Baines Oxley I was his
+senior advisor I worked and kicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior advisor I worked and kicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior advisor I worked and kicked
+around some political campaigns we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some political campaigns we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some political campaigns we lost
+two of them that would be the o8 Hillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them that would be the o8 Hillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them that would be the o8 Hillary
+campaign and the 16 Hillary campaign I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and the 16 Hillary campaign I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and the 16 Hillary campaign I
+was her chief financial officer I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her chief financial officer I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her chief financial officer I was in
+a way the senior advisor doing economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way the senior advisor doing economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way the senior advisor doing economic
+policy and outreach and hand-holding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then in the middle of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in the middle of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in the middle of those two
+campaigns I ran something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns I ran something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns I ran something called the
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commodity Futures Trading Commission
+which was post-crisis what do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was post-crisis what do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was post-crisis what do we do this
+is a real public policy shortcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real public policy shortcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real public policy shortcoming
+and and I looked at as an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I looked at as an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I looked at as an opportunity to
+as I said democratize finance a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said democratize finance a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said democratize finance a bit and
+lower risk and so we tried to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk and so we tried to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk and so we tried to bring
+transparency to a three or four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency to a three or four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency to a three or four hundred
+trillion dollar market caught swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollar market caught swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollar market caught swaps
+which are just contracts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just contracts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just contracts for
+transference of risk and in their form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk and in their form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transference of risk and in their form
+of a derivative that that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a derivative that that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a derivative that that were
+unregulated and we were trying to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated and we were trying to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated and we were trying to bring
+transparency to that and lower risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency to that and lower risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency to that and lower risk
+through central clearing so that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through central clearing so that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through central clearing so that's sort
+of my professional life and as I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my professional life and as I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my professional life and as I said I
+got three daughters and they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three daughters and they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three daughters and they they're
+well situated so when Simon said come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well situated so when Simon said come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well situated so when Simon said come on
+up I said great and I love MIT it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I said great and I love MIT it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I said great and I love MIT it's just
+terrific and and you you all are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and and you you all are great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and and you you all are great
+unless there's other questions I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's other questions I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's other questions I'm gonna
+let you go early I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EOymBDGeyXI.txt b/EOymBDGeyXI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49ccf53dba2aca88d5d30d6c3a3b66bbd9e48644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EOymBDGeyXI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15216 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and and start with the actual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and start with the actual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and start with the actual uh
+start with our actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our actual
+lecture okay so um we are in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay so um we are in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture okay so um we are in the middle
+of um talking about chapter 4 again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um talking about chapter 4 again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um talking about chapter 4 again I
+hope you're hope you're keeping up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you're hope you're keeping up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you're hope you're keeping up with
+the reading and the text that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading and the text that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading and the text that's part of
+the reason I don't assign homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I don't assign homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I don't assign homework
+continuously um like between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously um like between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously um like between now and
+Thursday you I don't have any homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday you I don't have any homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday you I don't have any homework
+you can have you have time to be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you have time to be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you have time to be reading
+the text um uh chapter four we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text um uh chapter four we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text um uh chapter four we're
+talking uh it discusses way for cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh it discusses way for cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking uh it discusses way for cleaning
+and Gathering last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gathering last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gathering last time we talked about
+um some important aspects we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some important aspects we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some important aspects we talked
+about Point defects in Silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Point defects in Silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Point defects in Silicon uh
+neutral and charged vacancies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and charged vacancies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and charged vacancies and
+interstitials uh other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials uh other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials uh other important
+properties of silicon Wafers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of silicon Wafers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of silicon Wafers we
+discussed were uh the carbon content the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed were uh the carbon content the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed were uh the carbon content the
+oxygen content we're going to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen content we're going to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen content we're going to talk more
+today about oxygen and chosi silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about oxygen and chosi silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about oxygen and chosi silicon and
+we got a little bit of a taste last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a little bit of a taste last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a little bit of a taste last time
+of um some qualitative information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um some qualitative information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um some qualitative information on
+clean rooms and and how and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean rooms and and how and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean rooms and and how and that's sort
+of we call that the level one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we call that the level one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we call that the level one uh
+introduction to to controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to to controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to to controlling
+contamination on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination on
+Wafers um and this these notes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers um and this these notes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers um and this these notes we're
+going to talk about the two other major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the two other major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the two other major
+techniques for controlling contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for controlling contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for controlling contamination
+which are um to clean the Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um to clean the Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um to clean the Wafers
+throughout the process every few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the process every few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the process every few steps
+we do a wafer cleaning and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a wafer cleaning and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a wafer cleaning and we'll talk
+about how that works and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that works and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that works and then finally
+the principles and modeling of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles and modeling of a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles and modeling of a process
+called impurity gettering so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called impurity gettering so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called impurity gettering so that's what
+this uh this handout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this handout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this handout is
+about let's go on to um slide number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's go on to um slide number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's go on to um slide number two
+of his handout and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his handout and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his handout and it shows
+schematically this level two approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically this level two approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically this level two approach of
+reducing contamination and that's to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing contamination and that's to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing contamination and that's to do
+uh wafer cleaning and there are two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wafer cleaning and there are two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wafer cleaning and there are two um
+alternate uh paths here indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate uh paths here indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate uh paths here indicated on the
+left and the right that we might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right that we might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right that we might take a
+silicon wafer through um the path on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon wafer through um the path on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon wafer through um the path on the
+left is primarily what we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is primarily what we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is primarily what we'll be talking
+about in this course because it be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this course because it be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this course because it be it
+pertains to the front front end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to the front front end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to the front front end of the
+process uh in the front end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh in the front end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh in the front end by
+definition you have no you have not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you have no you have not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you have no you have not done
+any metalization or have not put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any metalization or have not put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any metalization or have not put any
+metal contacts on the wafer that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal contacts on the wafer that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal contacts on the wafer that's what
+we mean by front end and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by front end and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by front end and that's what
+this course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is about
+um so typically throughout a process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so typically throughout a process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so typically throughout a process we
+talked about um there might be 16 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um there might be 16 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about um there might be 16 or 20
+mask levels each time you do a masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask levels each time you do a masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask levels each time you do a masking
+step and you do photolithography you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and you do photolithography you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and you do photolithography you
+have this organic group this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this organic group this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this organic group this photo
+resist on your way for it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist on your way for it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist on your way for it needs to be
+removed so before you can go on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so before you can go on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so before you can go on to the
+next process step you need to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next process step you need to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next process step you need to remove
+that organic material that resist and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organic material that resist and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organic material that resist and we
+do that in what's called a resist strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in what's called a resist strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in what's called a resist strip
+that's if necessary that is if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if necessary that is if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if necessary that is if there's
+photo resist on the wafer and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist on the wafer and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist on the wafer and then after
+you remove this bulk uh sort of gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove this bulk uh sort of gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove this bulk uh sort of gross
+macroscopic organic contamination then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic organic contamination then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic organic contamination then
+Trace Organics and Trace metals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace Organics and Trace metals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace Organics and Trace metals are
+removed in a step called the RCA clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed in a step called the RCA clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed in a step called the RCA clean
+and that's named for where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's named for where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's named for where it was
+invented the old RCA Sarnoff Labs um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the old RCA Sarnoff Labs um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the old RCA Sarnoff Labs um uh
+in New Jersey that's where that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Jersey that's where that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New Jersey that's where that comes
+from the RCA clean and then you execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the RCA clean and then you execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the RCA clean and then you execute
+the next process step so typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next process step so typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next process step so typically the
+RCA clean would would precede any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCA clean would would precede any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCA clean would would precede any uh
+high temperature processing step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature processing step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature processing step that
+we'll talk about in this course such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in this course such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in this course such as
+a diffusion step in a furnace or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffusion step in a furnace or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffusion step in a furnace or an
+oxidation step you would have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step you would have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step you would have to do this
+RCA cleaning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCA cleaning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCA cleaning um
+by contrast if you're in the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast if you're in the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contrast if you're in the back end
+something sort of similar happens you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of similar happens you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of similar happens you do
+have to strip the photo resist and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to strip the photo resist and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to strip the photo resist and you
+do have to do some kind of post-metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to do some kind of post-metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to do some kind of post-metal
+cleaning usually before another step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning usually before another step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning usually before another step um
+but the solutions that you would use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the solutions that you would use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the solutions that you would use are
+much less costic uh than the ones we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less costic uh than the ones we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less costic uh than the ones we're
+going to talk about here in the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here in the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here in the acid
+acidic and basic Solutions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic and basic Solutions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic and basic Solutions because
+metals can you don't want to etch all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals can you don't want to etch all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals can you don't want to etch all
+the metal wiring off your off your wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal wiring off your off your wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal wiring off your off your wafer
+so the difference with backend cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference with backend cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference with backend cleaning
+it's it's generally more more gentle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's generally more more gentle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's generally more more gentle and
+it's not designed to remove metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not designed to remove metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not designed to remove metals
+because that's what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you have
+uh in the back end you have metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the back end you have metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the back end you have metal
+wiring okay so let's go on to uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring okay so let's go on to uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring okay so let's go on to uh slide
+number three and um this I've taken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and um this I've taken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three and um this I've taken out
+of your text it it talks about these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your text it it talks about these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your text it it talks about these uh
+this front end cleaning process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this front end cleaning process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this front end cleaning process and the
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+involved so if we start at the top um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if we start at the top um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if we start at the top um
+this section up here these top few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section up here these top few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section up here these top few steps
+illustrate photo resist stripping again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate photo resist stripping again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate photo resist stripping again
+every time you do a masking level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you do a masking level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you do a masking level you
+typically have this organic film it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have this organic film it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have this organic film it's
+like uh somewhere uh and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh somewhere uh and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh somewhere uh and there have
+several microns uh of this material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several microns uh of this material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several microns uh of this material that
+needs to be stripped and it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be stripped and it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be stripped and it's fairly
+gross it's it's quite thick um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross it's it's quite thick um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross it's it's quite thick um it's
+macroscopic material so um it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic material so um it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic material so um it can be
+stripped in a number of ways this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped in a number of ways this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped in a number of ways this is a
+very common way of doing it is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common way of doing it is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common way of doing it is to take
+hot very hot mixture of sulfuric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot very hot mixture of sulfuric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot very hot mixture of sulfuric and
+hydrogen peroxide that's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide that's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide that's a very very
+strong oxidizer it really attacks um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong oxidizer it really attacks um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong oxidizer it really attacks um uh
+Organics especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organics especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organics especially
+photoresist sometimes in Fabs today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoresist sometimes in Fabs today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoresist sometimes in Fabs today um
+prior to doing the actual wet chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to doing the actual wet chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to doing the actual wet chemistry
+to remove the photo resist sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the photo resist sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the photo resist sometimes
+people do a dry process and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do a dry process and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do a dry process and we'll talk
+later in this course on dry etching but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course on dry etching but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course on dry etching but
+there are ways to create reactive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to create reactive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to create reactive in the
+gas phase reactive species that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase reactive species that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase reactive species that will
+also attack the resist and remove it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attack the resist and remove it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also attack the resist and remove it and
+um an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an oxygen
+plasma uh is often a way that people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma uh is often a way that people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma uh is often a way that people use
+to remove Photo resist sometimes prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove Photo resist sometimes prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove Photo resist sometimes prior
+to doing the wet chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing the wet chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing the wet chemical
+strip so after you do this sulfuric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip so after you do this sulfuric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip so after you do this sulfuric uh
+peroxide step um there's typically uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide step um there's typically uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide step um there's typically uh a
+Water Rinse which is shown in here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Water Rinse which is shown in here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Water Rinse which is shown in here as
+sort of uh implicit it and then you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh implicit it and then you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh implicit it and then you um
+dip the wafers in a mixture of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip the wafers in a mixture of water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip the wafers in a mixture of water and
+HF HF is um is an eent that uh etches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF HF is um is an eent that uh etches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF HF is um is an eent that uh etches
+oxide etches all all forms of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide etches all all forms of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide etches all all forms of silicon
+dioxide so in this step there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so in this step there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so in this step there's a strong
+oxidizer you end up forming a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer you end up forming a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer you end up forming a thin
+chemical oxide on the Silicon surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical oxide on the Silicon surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical oxide on the Silicon surface uh
+this strips it off um and then you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strips it off um and then you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strips it off um and then you do a
+final di rinse so at that point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final di rinse so at that point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final di rinse so at that point you have
+all the gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the gross
+macroscopic um fer resist film removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic um fer resist film removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic um fer resist film removed
+from your wafer you still have Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your wafer you still have Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your wafer you still have Trace
+impurities Trace Organics and Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities Trace Organics and Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities Trace Organics and Trace
+metals that have gotten onto the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that have gotten onto the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that have gotten onto the wafer
+during the the the process step that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the the process step that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the the process step that you
+just did prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did prior to
+this so in order to remove those Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in order to remove those Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so in order to remove those Trace
+impurities we do What's called the RCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities we do What's called the RCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities we do What's called the RCA
+clean uh there are a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh there are a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh there are a lot of different
+variations on the RCA clean but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the RCA clean but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the RCA clean but this is
+sort of the the one I'm outlining here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the one I'm outlining here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the one I'm outlining here
+is the most classic uh RCA clean it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most classic uh RCA clean it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most classic uh RCA clean it has
+two steps typically major steps one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps typically major steps one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps typically major steps one
+called uh silicon clean one SC1 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh silicon clean one SC1 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh silicon clean one SC1 uh and
+one called silicon clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one called silicon clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one called silicon clean
+2 the major Purp purpose of SC1 is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the major Purp purpose of SC1 is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the major Purp purpose of SC1 is to
+strip Organics it does attack a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip Organics it does attack a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip Organics it does attack a certain
+amount of metals and it also um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of metals and it also um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of metals and it also um to
+remove particles so it's good at at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove particles so it's good at at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove particles so it's good at at uh
+etching off particles um and SC1 itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching off particles um and SC1 itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching off particles um and SC1 itself
+consists of a solution of 511 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a solution of 511 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a solution of 511 so that's
+this 511 represents the um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 511 represents the um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 511 represents the um uh the
+concentration ratio of water to hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration ratio of water to hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration ratio of water to hydrogen
+peroxide and ammonium hydroxide and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and ammonium hydroxide and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and ammonium hydroxide and it's
+usually heated to this temperature range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually heated to this temperature range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually heated to this temperature range
+about 80° C for about 10 minutes uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80° C for about 10 minutes uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80° C for about 10 minutes uh um
+after that SC1 after that treatment then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that SC1 after that treatment then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that SC1 after that treatment then
+it goes through a DI deionized water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through a DI deionized water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through a DI deionized water
+rinse again we talked last time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse again we talked last time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse again we talked last time you have
+to use very pure chemicals um a Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use very pure chemicals um a Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use very pure chemicals um a Water
+Rinse at room temperature and then very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rinse at room temperature and then very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rinse at room temperature and then very
+often not always but very often right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not always but very often right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not always but very often right in
+this step here in between SC1 and SC2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step here in between SC1 and SC2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step here in between SC1 and SC2
+there's an HF dip again the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an HF dip again the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an HF dip again the purpose of
+that is to remove the chemical oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to remove the chemical oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to remove the chemical oxide
+that you grew in this step to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you grew in this step to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you grew in this step to create a
+fresh silicon surface and then a DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh silicon surface and then a DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh silicon surface and then a DI
+rinse uh it wasn't indicated in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse uh it wasn't indicated in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse uh it wasn't indicated in your
+text so I don't I didn't you know put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so I don't I didn't you know put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so I don't I didn't you know put a
+box for it but it is very common to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box for it but it is very common to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box for it but it is very common to have
+HF uh dip in the middle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF uh dip in the middle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF uh dip in the middle there
+and then uh you go to SC2 this is um SC1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you go to SC2 this is um SC1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you go to SC2 this is um SC1
+was a um was an alkaline solution like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a um was an alkaline solution like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a um was an alkaline solution like a
+basic solution SC2 is um low PH it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic solution SC2 is um low PH it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic solution SC2 is um low PH it's
+acidic and it consists of 611 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic and it consists of 611 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic and it consists of 611 or
+something in that ratio water peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that ratio water peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that ratio water peroxide
+to hydrogen chloride so it's very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen chloride so it's very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen chloride so it's very strong
+acid um and the key for SC2 its main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um and the key for SC2 its main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um and the key for SC2 its main
+role is to remove uh any other remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is to remove uh any other remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is to remove uh any other remaining
+Trace metals that were not effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace metals that were not effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace metals that were not effectively
+removed by SC1 and there's some metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by SC1 and there's some metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by SC1 and there's some metals
+that don't come off very well in SC1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't come off very well in SC1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't come off very well in SC1 and
+also Alkali ions we'll talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Alkali ions we'll talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Alkali ions we'll talk about those
+but uh the mobile ions sodium potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the mobile ions sodium potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the mobile ions sodium potassium
+calcium are very effectively removed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium are very effectively removed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium are very effectively removed in
+the SC2 not so effectively removed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SC2 not so effectively removed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SC2 not so effectively removed in
+SC1 uh and then there's a DI Water Rinse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC1 uh and then there's a DI Water Rinse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC1 uh and then there's a DI Water Rinse
+um sometimes there's a final HF dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes there's a final HF dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes there's a final HF dip
+right at the end where you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end where you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the end where you remove the
+CHX so you create a a pure silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHX so you create a a pure silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CHX so you create a a pure silicon
+surface sometimes there's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface sometimes there's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface sometimes there's not uh
+especially if the next step if the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the next step if the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the next step if the wafer
+is going directly into an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going directly into an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going directly into an oxidation
+furnace uh people leave the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace uh people leave the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace uh people leave the surface
+passivated with a little bit of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivated with a little bit of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivated with a little bit of chemical
+oxide on it anyway so this is again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on it anyway so this is again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on it anyway so this is again this
+is a very much a you know a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very much a you know a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very much a you know a rough
+estimate of what people do there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what people do there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what people do there are a
+lot of variations on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of variations on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of variations on this
+theme okay let's move on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme okay let's move on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme okay let's move on to slide number
+four and talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and talk a little bit more about
+the uh the chemistry there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the chemistry there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the chemistry there's more
+details about this in your text so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about this in your text so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about this in your text so if
+you want to read about that that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read about that that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read about that that will be
+helpful um an important thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um an important thing we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um an important thing we need to
+do in these Solutions is to remove metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in these Solutions is to remove metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in these Solutions is to remove metal
+atoms from the surface of the wafer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms from the surface of the wafer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms from the surface of the wafer uh
+again Trace metals are very bad talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Trace metals are very bad talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Trace metals are very bad talk
+more about this we saw last time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this we saw last time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this we saw last time they
+can reduce the lifetime they can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce the lifetime they can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce the lifetime they can cause
+all kinds of problems for logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of problems for logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of problems for logic and
+memory devices um so the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory devices um so the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory devices um so the way that we
+remove them from the surface is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from the surface is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from the surface is to
+convert them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert them into
+ions uh so they're no longer uh neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions uh so they're no longer uh neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions uh so they're no longer uh neutral
+and these ions end up being soluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these ions end up being soluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these ions end up being soluble in
+the cleaning solution so they dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning solution so they dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning solution so they dissolve
+into the Sol into the wet solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Sol into the wet solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Sol into the wet solution and
+they stay in the solution instead of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay in the solution instead of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay in the solution instead of on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+wafer so to um to do this we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so to um to do this we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so to um to do this we need to
+oxidize the metal atoms um that is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the metal atoms um that is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize the metal atoms um that is we're
+going to use the term o oxidation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the term o oxidation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the term o oxidation as
+referring to removing electrons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to removing electrons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to removing electrons from the
+metal atoms so this top equation here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal atoms so this top equation here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal atoms so this top equation here um
+shown on this line shows that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on this line shows that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on this line shows that uh the
+oxidation process of of silicon taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation process of of silicon taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation process of of silicon taking
+silicon atoms at the surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atoms at the surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atoms at the surface uh
+combining them with an oxidizer such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them with an oxidizer such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them with an oxidizer such as
+water uh and forming S2 Plus evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh and forming S2 Plus evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh and forming S2 Plus evolving
+some hydrogen ions and some electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen ions and some electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen ions and some electrons so
+this is an oxidation reaction it it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an oxidation reaction it it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an oxidation reaction it it ends
+up uh removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh removing
+electrons uh similarly this m here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh similarly this m here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh similarly this m here the
+second equation m is meant to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation m is meant to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation m is meant to represent
+a generic metal could be Iron could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic metal could be Iron could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic metal could be Iron could be
+copper whatever just say iron um by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper whatever just say iron um by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper whatever just say iron um by an
+oxidation reaction can have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reaction can have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reaction can have its
+electrons removed or stripped and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons removed or stripped and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons removed or stripped and form
+um a positive uh ion uh along with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a positive uh ion uh along with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a positive uh ion uh along with some
+electrons uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh in the
+solution and if you read through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and if you read through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and if you read through your
+text this is a um a table I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text this is a um a table I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text this is a um a table I took
+directly from your text uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from your text uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from your text uh this is a
+table of um oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of um oxidation reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of um oxidation reduction
+reactions for various elements say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for various elements say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for various elements say some
+metals as silicon dioxide itself here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals as silicon dioxide itself here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals as silicon dioxide itself here's
+iron and chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron and chromium
+um and um what's shown here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um what's shown here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um what's shown here is the
+standard oxidation potential in volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard oxidation potential in volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard oxidation potential in volts
+and the oxidation rection reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxidation rection reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxidation rection reduction
+reaction the actual chemical reaction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the actual chemical reaction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the actual chemical reaction uh
+in the third column so example uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third column so example uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third column so example uh the
+second row here shows the oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row here shows the oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row here shows the oxidation of
+silicon to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to form
+S2 uh this row here with the iron shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 uh this row here with the iron shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 uh this row here with the iron shows
+uh the oxidation of iron to form fe3+ a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the oxidation of iron to form fe3+ a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the oxidation of iron to form fe3+ a
+positive to remove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to remove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive to remove uh
+electrons um in general uh a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um in general uh a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um in general uh a stronger
+oxidant something that's better at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidant something that's better at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidant something that's better at at
+stripping off electrons from uh from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping off electrons from uh from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping off electrons from uh from an
+atom uh has a more negative oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh has a more negative oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom uh has a more negative oxidation
+potential so as you go down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so as you go down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so as you go down in this
+table um you're getting to more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um you're getting to more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um you're getting to more and more
+negative oxidation potentials these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative oxidation potentials these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative oxidation potentials these are
+very strong oxidants oxidizers so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong oxidants oxidizers so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong oxidants oxidizers so um
+H2O2 hydrogen peroxide is a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2 hydrogen peroxide is a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O2 hydrogen peroxide is a very strong
+oxidizer uh ozone 03 is a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer uh ozone 03 is a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer uh ozone 03 is a very strong
+oxidizer so the way to interpret these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer so the way to interpret these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer so the way to interpret these
+this table is we're going from Fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is we're going from Fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is we're going from Fairly
+weak oxidizers to very strong oxidizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak oxidizers to very strong oxidizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak oxidizers to very strong oxidizers
+we go to the bottom and in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the bottom and in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the bottom and in general if
+you have a lot of these reactions taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of these reactions taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of these reactions taking
+place on the wafer or in the solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place on the wafer or in the solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place on the wafer or in the solution at
+once the lowest reaction in the table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the lowest reaction in the table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the lowest reaction in the table is
+going to dominate and it's going to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate and it's going to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate and it's going to tend
+to go towards the left um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go towards the left um so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go towards the left um so for example
+I say I have a solution that contains uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say I have a solution that contains uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say I have a solution that contains uh
+hydrogen peroxide uh it's quite down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide uh it's quite down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide uh it's quite down in
+the far on the table it's going to tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far on the table it's going to tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far on the table it's going to tend
+to be pushed so St oxidizer it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushed so St oxidizer it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushed so St oxidizer it's going
+to tend to be pushed uh to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend to be pushed uh to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend to be pushed uh to the left and
+that um tends to uh drive all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um tends to uh drive all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um tends to uh drive all the
+reactions above it um to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions above it um to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions above it um to the right
+basically um just as a rule of thumb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um just as a rule of thumb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um just as a rule of thumb so
+for example hydrogen peroxide which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example hydrogen peroxide which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example hydrogen peroxide which is
+well below iron on this table it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well below iron on this table it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well below iron on this table it will
+tend to take electrons from Iron forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take electrons from Iron forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take electrons from Iron forming
+this Fe um 3+ ions uh and create ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fe um 3+ ions uh and create ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fe um 3+ ions uh and create ions
+that are soluble in the solution so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are soluble in the solution so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are soluble in the solution so it's
+an effective way of removing uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective way of removing uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective way of removing uh of
+ionizing iron and removing it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing iron and removing it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing iron and removing it from the
+wafer at the same time as this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer at the same time as this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer at the same time as this happens
+um this is happening the the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is happening the the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is happening the the Silicon
+itself will be oxidized by the um H2O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself will be oxidized by the um H2O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself will be oxidized by the um H2O2
+by the peroxide so we're we're forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the peroxide so we're we're forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the peroxide so we're we're forming
+these ions on the Waf for these metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions on the Waf for these metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions on the Waf for these metallic
+ions that that can then dissolve and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that that can then dissolve and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that that can then dissolve and at
+the same time we're growing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time we're growing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time we're growing a little bit
+of S2 a very thin layer of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S2 a very thin layer of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S2 a very thin layer of this uh
+silicon dioxide and that gets stripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide and that gets stripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide and that gets stripped
+that silicon dioxide in the HF strip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silicon dioxide in the HF strip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that silicon dioxide in the HF strip the
+HF dip of The Next Step so that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip of The Next Step so that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip of The Next Step so that's some
+idea of the chemistry again there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the chemistry again there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the chemistry again there are um
+your book has a reference to chem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book has a reference to chem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book has a reference to chem
+chemistry text if you want to read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry text if you want to read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry text if you want to read that
+uh that's involved in in uh some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's involved in in uh some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's involved in in uh some of this
+cleaning cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning cleaning
+technology let's go on to page number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology let's go on to page number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology let's go on to page number
+five now this is an actual um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five now this is an actual um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five now this is an actual um some
+actual data I pulled out of uh um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data I pulled out of uh um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data I pulled out of uh um some
+laboratory data on slide uh five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory data on slide uh five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory data on slide uh five and
+what it's showing it's actually taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's showing it's actually taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's showing it's actually taken
+from a wafer mapping tool made by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a wafer mapping tool made by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a wafer mapping tool made by a
+company called K 10 core it's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called K 10 core it's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called K 10 core it's a picture
+um you know it's a face on picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's a face on picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's a face on picture of a
+wafer up here it's a 6-inch wafer here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer up here it's a 6-inch wafer here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer up here it's a 6-inch wafer here's
+a flat on top didn't it didn't reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat on top didn't it didn't reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat on top didn't it didn't reproduce
+very well I'm sorry so this is the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I'm sorry so this is the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I'm sorry so this is the flat
+of the wafer this is the 6in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer this is the 6in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer this is the 6in diameter
+edge of the wafer um and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the wafer um and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the wafer um and this is a
+machine that takes a laser and scans it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that takes a laser and scans it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that takes a laser and scans it
+across the surface of the wafer and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the surface of the wafer and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the surface of the wafer and it
+looks for spous um uh Reflections every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for spous um uh Reflections every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for spous um uh Reflections every
+time you hit a particle uh you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you hit a particle uh you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you hit a particle uh you no longer
+have specular ref reflection and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specular ref reflection and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specular ref reflection and it
+notes that and it says aha there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that and it says aha there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that and it says aha there must be
+a particle or or what they call a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle or or what they call a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle or or what they call a light
+Point defect LPD and this is to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defect LPD and this is to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defect LPD and this is to prevent
+you know having to have people sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having to have people sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having to have people sit in
+the clean room and literally count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clean room and literally count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clean room and literally count the
+particles on a wafer that would be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on a wafer that would be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on a wafer that would be too
+tedious and inaccurate so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and inaccurate so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and inaccurate so it's all
+automated these days and it even plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated these days and it even plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated these days and it even plots
+out the computer plots for you the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the computer plots for you the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the computer plots for you the point
+on the wafer these little black points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer these little black points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer these little black points
+are places where it found light Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are places where it found light Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are places where it found light Point
+defects where it found non-specular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects where it found non-specular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects where it found non-specular
+reflection something that looks like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection something that looks like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection something that looks like as
+if there's dirt or some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's dirt or some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's dirt or some kind of
+macroscopic little particle on the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic little particle on the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic little particle on the wafer
+and in fact it not only does that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it not only does that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it not only does that it
+actually tells you roughly the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you roughly the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you roughly the size of
+the particle so if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so if you look at these
+bins there's bin one through eight here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins there's bin one through eight here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins there's bin one through eight here
+so it bends them for you so and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it bends them for you so and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it bends them for you so and these
+are in microns I apologize it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in microns I apologize it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in microns I apologize it wasn't
+written down if you want to put that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down if you want to put that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down if you want to put that on
+your notes so bin one goes is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes so bin one goes is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes so bin one goes is any
+particle that is between something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that is between something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that is between something like
+02 microns to .3 microns so in that size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 microns to .3 microns so in that size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 microns to .3 microns so in that size
+range it found 16 particles in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it found 16 particles in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it found 16 particles in fact the
+the system only found 21 on the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system only found 21 on the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system only found 21 on the entire
+wafer so there aren't very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so there aren't very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so there aren't very many
+particles on this wafer it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on this wafer it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on this wafer it's pretty
+clean um 16 of them are in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean um 16 of them are in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean um 16 of them are in this range
+reasonably small 02 to3 microns um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably small 02 to3 microns um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably small 02 to3 microns um I
+don't know which where they are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which where they are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which where they are exactly
+on here but the these 21 points are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here but the these 21 points are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here but the these 21 points are all
+the particles shown on the right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles shown on the right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles shown on the right and it
+found five of them in the range of 3 to4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found five of them in the range of 3 to4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found five of them in the range of 3 to4
+and it found zero in all the other bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it found zero in all the other bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it found zero in all the other bins
+bin three is4 to.5 all the way up to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin three is4 to.5 all the way up to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin three is4 to.5 all the way up to say
+bin8 which is uh very large a micron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin8 which is uh very large a micron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bin8 which is uh very large a micron or
+or SE one to seven Micron it didn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or SE one to seven Micron it didn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or SE one to seven Micron it didn't find
+any particles that were that large so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particles that were that large so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particles that were that large so
+this is a pretty darn clean wafer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty darn clean wafer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty darn clean wafer um
+this is actually happens to be a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually happens to be a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually happens to be a wafer
+map from a um a wafer that's fresh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map from a um a wafer that's fresh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map from a um a wafer that's fresh from
+a box so this is a prime grade wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box so this is a prime grade wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box so this is a prime grade wafer
+taken right out of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken right out of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken right out of the wafer
+manufacturer's box no didn't spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer's box no didn't spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer's box no didn't spend more
+than a few seconds in the clean room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few seconds in the clean room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a few seconds in the clean room
+before it got inserted into this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it got inserted into this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it got inserted into this machine
+and you counted uh what the Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you counted uh what the Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you counted uh what the Wafers
+looked like so it just gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like so it just gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like so it just gives you an idea
+of how sophisticated these um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how sophisticated these um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how sophisticated these um these
+systems can be these days and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems can be these days and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems can be these days and they
+they're getting ones that can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting ones that can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting ones that can go to
+shorter and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter
+wavelengths so that's a way of mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so that's a way of mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so that's a way of mapping
+particles again particles are only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles again particles are only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles again particles are only one
+thing we're trying to remove though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to remove though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to remove though
+remember we talked about there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about there's just
+randomly distributed a particle is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed a particle is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed a particle is a
+macroscopic object it has some diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic object it has some diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic object it has some diameter
+or size 02 to3 microns there may be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or size 02 to3 microns there may be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or size 02 to3 microns there may be at
+the atomic scale atoms of iron atoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic scale atoms of iron atoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic scale atoms of iron atoms of
+copper sort of distributed across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sort of distributed across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sort of distributed across the
+surface they're not in particulate form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface they're not in particulate form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface they're not in particulate form
+but they're just Atomic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just Atomic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just Atomic level
+contaminants those are things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants those are things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants those are things we need to
+remove uh as well in fact those are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh as well in fact those are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh as well in fact those are are
+are more of a problem than these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of a problem than these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of a problem than these these
+particles the particles are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the particles are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the particles are fairly
+localized and uh you know they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and uh you know they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and uh you know they don't
+hurt you in for for the purpose of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt you in for for the purpose of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt you in for for the purpose of doing
+a lot of experiments let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments let's look at the
+next slide though slide number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide though slide number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide though slide number six
+here's another example of a wafer map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a wafer map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of a wafer map
+this is the actually the same wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actually the same wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actually the same wafer
+actually ironically I'm I'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ironically I'm I'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ironically I'm I'm just trying
+to uh give you a little bit of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give you a little bit of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give you a little bit of of uh
+practical education here uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical education here uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical education here uh this is
+after an RCA clean um but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an RCA clean um but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an RCA clean um but it was a
+non-optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-optimal
+process obviously it was non- optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process obviously it was non- optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process obviously it was non- optimal
+because it looks like there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like there's a lot more
+dots on the wafer now than when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on the wafer now than when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on the wafer now than when it was
+fresh out of the box and this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh out of the box and this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh out of the box and this can happen
+if you're in a clean room that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a clean room that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a clean room that's not
+that clean or if you um if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clean or if you um if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clean or if you um if you have
+water particles in your di water the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water particles in your di water the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water particles in your di water the
+last step is a DI Water Rinse or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step is a DI Water Rinse or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step is a DI Water Rinse or if you
+put it through a dryer which heats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it through a dryer which heats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it through a dryer which heats up
+the wafer and Spins it around and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer and Spins it around and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer and Spins it around and and
+and if that dryer is the spin dryer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that dryer is the spin dryer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that dryer is the spin dryer is
+very dirty it can throw particles at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dirty it can throw particles at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dirty it can throw particles at the
+very end throughout your whole wafer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end throughout your whole wafer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end throughout your whole wafer so
+just to make sure we understand the RCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we understand the RCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we understand the RCA
+clean there's chemistry behind it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean there's chemistry behind it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean there's chemistry behind it but
+there also has to be a lot of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also has to be a lot of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also has to be a lot of practical
+things that have to be done properly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have to be done properly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have to be done properly um
+and so as it turns out now instead of 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as it turns out now instead of 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as it turns out now instead of 21
+particles this wafer now has a,2 a,2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this wafer now has a,2 a,2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this wafer now has a,2 a,2 or
+so quite a few um most of them added in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite a few um most of them added in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quite a few um most of them added in
+the very small range notice they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very small range notice they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very small range notice they're
+they're quite small U particles most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite small U particles most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're quite small U particles most of
+these are below 02 um uh4 microns or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are below 02 um uh4 microns or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are below 02 um uh4 microns or so
+in diameter they are perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter they are perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter they are perhaps the most
+difficult to remove of all things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to remove of all things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to remove of all things at the
+atomic level we're removing copper iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic level we're removing copper iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic level we're removing copper iron
+sodium we can do that with with the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium we can do that with with the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium we can do that with with the but
+particles have a certain Mass to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have a certain Mass to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have a certain Mass to them
+they they and they also tend to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they and they also tend to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they and they also tend to get
+stuck they're electrostatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck they're electrostatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck they're electrostatically
+attracted because they can be charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted because they can be charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted because they can be charged
+they attracted to the wafer so um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attracted to the wafer so um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attracted to the wafer so um it's a
+little bit trickier to get particles off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to get particles off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to get particles off
+and people are are always working on new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are are always working on new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are are always working on new
+particle uh reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle uh reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle uh reduction
+Technologies um this is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um this is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies um this is some other
+experimental evidence on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence on slide
+seven um just to show you that the RCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven um just to show you that the RCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven um just to show you that the RCA
+clean does work and that it can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean does work and that it can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean does work and that it can work
+quite effectively um this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite effectively um this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite effectively um this is not
+tracking particles but um what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking particles but um what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking particles but um what it's
+looking at is uh how well it can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is uh how well it can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is uh how well it can remove
+certain mobile ions and metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mobile ions and metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mobile ions and metal
+contaminants um and this is a a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants um and this is a a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants um and this is a a picture
+of a wafer and a process or a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wafer and a process or a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wafer and a process or a um a
+measurement technique called txrf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement technique called txrf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement technique called txrf and
+next lecture we'll talk about total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll talk about total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll talk about total
+x-ray x-ray uh fluorescence it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray x-ray uh fluorescence it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray x-ray uh fluorescence it's a it's
+a Metrology technique that can scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Metrology technique that can scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Metrology technique that can scan
+across the wafer and in certain areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer and in certain areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer and in certain areas in
+like 1 cimer spots it can uh measure by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 cimer spots it can uh measure by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 cimer spots it can uh measure by
+x-ray fluoresence uh the atomic density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray fluoresence uh the atomic density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray fluoresence uh the atomic density
+of certain contaminants on the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain contaminants on the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain contaminants on the wafer and
+these Five Points Center uh top right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Five Points Center uh top right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Five Points Center uh top right
+left and bottom were taken and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and bottom were taken and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and bottom were taken and they
+correspond to these XY coordinates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to these XY coordinates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to these XY coordinates um
+here so txrf was performed at Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so txrf was performed at Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so txrf was performed at Five
+Points on the wafer um and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points on the wafer um and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points on the wafer um and these
+elements uh on the left column here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh on the left column here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh on the left column here are
+the ones that were measured are sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that were measured are sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that were measured are sulfur
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+bromium and there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromium and there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromium and there are two different
+types of Wafers that were measured here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Wafers that were measured here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Wafers that were measured here
+on the right in red these are Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right in red these are Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right in red these are Wafers
+that were subject to a fairly dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subject to a fairly dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subject to a fairly dirty
+process called chemical mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called chemical mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called chemical mechanical
+polishing uh that's actually tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polishing uh that's actually tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polishing uh that's actually tends to be
+part of back end but it can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of back end but it can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of back end but it can actually be
+used in front end in Shallow trench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in front end in Shallow trench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in front end in Shallow trench
+isolation STI process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation STI process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation STI process
+uh CMP uses a slurry of particles and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CMP uses a slurry of particles and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CMP uses a slurry of particles and uh
+all kinds of um various uh Solutions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of um various uh Solutions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of um various uh Solutions one
+of which contains a lot of potassium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which contains a lot of potassium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which contains a lot of potassium and
+perhaps even some calcium so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even some calcium so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even some calcium so it's a
+fairly dirty process so after CMP you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dirty process so after CMP you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly dirty process so after CMP you
+really have to get the way for clean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get the way for clean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to get the way for clean so
+this was a test on the right in the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a test on the right in the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a test on the right in the red
+uh CMP plus a d a dilute sulfuric clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CMP plus a d a dilute sulfuric clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh CMP plus a d a dilute sulfuric clean
+only so it didn't do the RCA clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so it didn't do the RCA clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so it didn't do the RCA clean and
+you can see um look at the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see um look at the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see um look at the amount of
+calcium here reasonably High quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium here reasonably High quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium here reasonably High quantities
+these are all measured in units of uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all measured in units of uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all measured in units of uh 10
+to the 10th atoms per square centimet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10th atoms per square centimet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10th atoms per square centimet so
+this is looking if you looked in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looking if you looked in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looking if you looked in a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+centimeter so imagine going in a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so imagine going in a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so imagine going in a square
+centimeter counting the ATT the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter counting the ATT the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter counting the ATT the atoms
+you'd find 10 to the 10th of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find 10 to the 10th of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find 10 to the 10th of them
+roughly uh or actually in this pos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh or actually in this pos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uh or actually in this pos
+position you'd find 17 x 10 10th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'd find 17 x 10 10th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you'd find 17 x 10 10th or
+roughly 1.7 * 10 11th per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1.7 * 10 11th per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 1.7 * 10 11th per square
+centimeter sitting on that surface um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter sitting on that surface um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter sitting on that surface um so
+it's a way of quantifying that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of quantifying that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of quantifying that um so
+here it's in the tens 20s to hundreds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's in the tens 20s to hundreds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's in the tens 20s to hundreds on
+the right hand side uh in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side uh in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side uh in the solution
+that used sulfuric Pro sulfuric only um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used sulfuric Pro sulfuric only um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used sulfuric Pro sulfuric only um
+on the other hand when the sulfuric was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when the sulfuric was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when the sulfuric was
+followed by an RCA clean all the calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an RCA clean all the calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an RCA clean all the calcium
+went down below the detection limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down below the detection limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down below the detection limit of
+the um of the measurement measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um of the measurement measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um of the measurement measurement
+technique can't measure below about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique can't measure below about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique can't measure below about two
+times 10 of a 10th atoms uh per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 of a 10th atoms uh per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 of a 10th atoms uh per square
+centimeter if you compare these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter if you compare these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter if you compare these numbers
+to What's um what's required uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to What's um what's required uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to What's um what's required uh in the
+uh in the uh itrs road map in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the uh itrs road map in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the uh itrs road map in fact I
+think some of your homework was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of your homework was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of your homework was about
+what's required in the itrs road map you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's required in the itrs road map you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's required in the itrs road map you
+you know that on the right hand side 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that on the right hand side 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that on the right hand side 17
+50 whatever 10 and some times 10 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 whatever 10 and some times 10 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 whatever 10 and some times 10 of a
+10th that's well above what's allowed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that's well above what's allowed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that's well above what's allowed uh
+to to be processed on a wafer um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be processed on a wafer um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be processed on a wafer um uh the
+uh for the starting material so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the starting material so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the starting material so we
+really need to get this down into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to get this down into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to get this down into this
+range and the RCA clean does that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the RCA clean does that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the RCA clean does that here
+for calcium another example is iron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calcium another example is iron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calcium another example is iron it's
+not quite as obvious but on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as obvious but on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as obvious but on the right
+hand side there's a little bit more iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side there's a little bit more iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side there's a little bit more iron
+it's measured here again it varies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured here again it varies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's measured here again it varies from
+point to point because uh there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to point because uh there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to point because uh there may be
+some particles in in this on this wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particles in in this on this wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particles in in this on this wafer
+and it's picking up particles spirly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's picking up particles spirly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's picking up particles spirly
+which contain iron this particular spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contain iron this particular spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contain iron this particular spot
+on the wafer looks very dirty it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer looks very dirty it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer looks very dirty it's got a
+high count um about 12 * 10 of a 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high count um about 12 * 10 of a 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high count um about 12 * 10 of a 10 and
+zinc comes down uniformly look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc comes down uniformly look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc comes down uniformly look at the
+amount of zinc that's introduced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of zinc that's introduced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of zinc that's introduced by the
+CMP process that is not removed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP process that is not removed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMP process that is not removed by
+sulfuric acid it's not until it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid it's not until it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid it's not until it goes to
+the RCA clean that you get that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RCA clean that you get that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RCA clean that you get that down
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+background um so uh the RCA clean can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um so uh the RCA clean can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um so uh the RCA clean can be
+very effective in removing contaminant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective in removing contaminant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective in removing contaminant
+even ones that are come from very dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones that are come from very dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even ones that are come from very dirty
+process which is basically like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is basically like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is basically like a
+sandpaper type of process almost the CMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandpaper type of process almost the CMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandpaper type of process almost the CMP
+slurry um so it's it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry um so it's it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry um so it's it's certainly
+required so let's go on to page number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so let's go on to page number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so let's go on to page number
+eight um there actually the RCA clean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um there actually the RCA clean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um there actually the RCA clean is
+very oldfashioned it's been around for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oldfashioned it's been around for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oldfashioned it's been around for I
+don't know uh 30 years a long time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh 30 years a long time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh 30 years a long time uh
+and since its invention a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since its invention a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since its invention a lot of people
+have tried to uh improve upon it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried to uh improve upon it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried to uh improve upon it and
+there are some improvements um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some improvements um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some improvements um there are
+a lot of advanced cleaning processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of advanced cleaning processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of advanced cleaning processes
+that are being developed over over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being developed over over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being developed over over the
+years and in fact this is one that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in fact this is one that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in fact this is one that's uh
+I took from your text by uh a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took from your text by uh a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took from your text by uh a professor
+named Professor om in Japan has proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Professor om in Japan has proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Professor om in Japan has proposed
+this cleaning process and his goals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleaning process and his goals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleaning process and his goals were
+to um try to get a process that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um try to get a process that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um try to get a process that would
+would would operate at lower temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would operate at lower temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would operate at lower temperature
+room temperature um and that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature um and that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature um and that would not
+remove perhaps so much silicon and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove perhaps so much silicon and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove perhaps so much silicon and it
+also wouldn't use so many chemicals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wouldn't use so many chemicals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wouldn't use so many chemicals this
+is an amazing thing but there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amazing thing but there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amazing thing but there's there's
+um a real concern about environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a real concern about environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a real concern about environmental
+factors um there's a lot of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors um there's a lot of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors um there's a lot of research
+today trying to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today trying to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today trying to improve the
+environmental friendliness of silicon IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendliness of silicon IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendliness of silicon IC
+processing because the chemicals I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing because the chemicals I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing because the chemicals I just
+mentioned all that concentrated sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned all that concentrated sulfuric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned all that concentrated sulfuric
+acid hydrochloric acid it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid hydrochloric acid it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid hydrochloric acid it's very
+concentrated all that has to go down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated all that has to go down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated all that has to go down uh
+be be diluted somehow and treated before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be diluted somehow and treated before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be diluted somehow and treated before
+it goes out into our Wastewater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes out into our Wastewater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes out into our Wastewater
+string um so people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string um so people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string um so people are trying to
+minimize the amount of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of these these
+chemicals that are that are dumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that are that are dumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that are that are dumped into
+the environment and by inventing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and by inventing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and by inventing new
+cleaning methods that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning methods that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning methods that are more
+environmentally friendly so he he feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly so he he feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly so he he feels
+this is more friendly and and you but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more friendly and and you but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more friendly and and you but it
+has a lot of the similar principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of the similar principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of the similar principles
+notice the first uh uh step is to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the first uh uh step is to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the first uh uh step is to put it
+in ozonized water so water that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ozonized water so water that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ozonized water so water that has
+ozone in it so if we go back a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone in it so if we go back a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone in it so if we go back a couple of
+uh slides go back let's see if I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slides go back let's see if I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slides go back let's see if I go back
+to slide number uh four here look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide number uh four here look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide number uh four here look at
+ozone 03 it's the strongest oxidizer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone 03 it's the strongest oxidizer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone 03 it's the strongest oxidizer on
+the list so even stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list so even stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list so even stronger than
+peroxide um so he creates um ozone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide um so he creates um ozone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide um so he creates um ozone and
+puts it in the water and a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in the water and a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in the water and a very strong
+oxidize to strip Organics photoresistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize to strip Organics photoresistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize to strip Organics photoresistant
+and even some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even some
+metals The Next Step um again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals The Next Step um again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals The Next Step um again these are
+all at room temperature which is Dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at room temperature which is Dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at room temperature which is Dice
+you don't have to to heat things up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to to heat things up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to to heat things up uh
+um because when you boil acids they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because when you boil acids they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because when you boil acids they tend
+to vaporize they go up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vaporize they go up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vaporize they go up into the
+atmosphere and that also creates a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and that also creates a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and that also creates a lot
+of atmospheric pollution so not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atmospheric pollution so not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atmospheric pollution so not having
+to boil is nice um then he has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boil is nice um then he has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boil is nice um then he has a little
+bit of HF peroxide and water in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of HF peroxide and water in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of HF peroxide and water in a
+surfactant uh surfactant helps uh remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfactant uh surfactant helps uh remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfactant uh surfactant helps uh remove
+um uh particles from the surface and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh particles from the surface and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh particles from the surface and he
+puts in a megasonic this is a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts in a megasonic this is a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts in a megasonic this is a very high
+frequency um uh vibrational technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency um uh vibrational technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency um uh vibrational technique
+that actually tries to vibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually tries to vibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually tries to vibrate the
+particles off so he puts a soap like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles off so he puts a soap like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles off so he puts a soap like
+substance which is surfactant a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance which is surfactant a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance which is surfactant a very
+high Purity and to remove particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Purity and to remove particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high Purity and to remove particles and
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+Metals uh he then goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals uh he then goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals uh he then goes back to the
+strong oxidizes the ozonized water um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong oxidizes the ozonized water um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong oxidizes the ozonized water um to
+strip any Al any uh chemicals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip any Al any uh chemicals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip any Al any uh chemicals that
+adhere to the wafer um and then does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the wafer um and then does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere to the wafer um and then does an
+HF dip to get rid of the chemical oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip to get rid of the chemical oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip to get rid of the chemical oxide
+produce a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a passive
+surface uh so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh so there's a lot of
+variations on the RCA theme I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the RCA theme I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the RCA theme I've
+included here one reference from 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included here one reference from 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included here one reference from 1999
+that I from Mark Hines I think is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I from Mark Hines I think is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I from Mark Hines I think is a nice
+reference it's a little old now but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it's a little old now but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference it's a little old now but on
+um on Alternate cleaning processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Alternate cleaning processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Alternate cleaning processes and
+the efficiency of cleaning processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of cleaning processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of cleaning processes
+with respect to how well they clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to how well they clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to how well they clean the
+surface prior to gate oxidation gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface prior to gate oxidation gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface prior to gate oxidation gate
+oxidation is one of the most sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is one of the most sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is one of the most sensitive
+high temperature processes you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature processes you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature processes you have to
+to do we don't want to incorporate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we don't want to incorporate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we don't want to incorporate any
+mobile eyes or or or iron or anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile eyes or or or iron or anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile eyes or or or iron or anything in
+our gate oxide so he he's got some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gate oxide so he he's got some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gate oxide so he he's got some uh
+it's an interesting article if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting article if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting article if you want
+to know more about details about surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cleaning okay so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning okay so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning okay so that's basically
+cleaning um let's go now now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning um let's go now now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning um let's go now now I'm going
+to talk a little bit uh the last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit uh the last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit uh the last topic
+on on uh contamination control which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh contamination control which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh contamination control which is
+gathering but before we go to Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering but before we go to Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering but before we go to Gathering
+um I've just sort of been indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've just sort of been indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've just sort of been indicating
+certain elements are are bad or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain elements are are bad or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain elements are are bad or whatever
+have properties um uh let's say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have properties um uh let's say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have properties um uh let's say a few
+words about the elements which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the elements which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the elements which we call
+Deep levels in Silicon uh and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep levels in Silicon uh and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep levels in Silicon uh and this is a
+chart that I took from Simon Z's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that I took from Simon Z's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that I took from Simon Z's famous
+book on the physics semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on the physics semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on the physics semiconductor
+devices I took right out of his chart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I took right out of his chart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I took right out of his chart uh
+his book and what it shows it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book and what it shows it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book and what it shows it's a
+silicon band Gap here it's being at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon band Gap here it's being at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon band Gap here it's being at the
+top the conduction band uh the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the conduction band uh the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the conduction band uh the bottom of
+this uh straight line and the bottom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh straight line and the bottom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh straight line and the bottom the
+the veilance band and and the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veilance band and and the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veilance band and and the dash line
+is the midgap point for the the Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the midgap point for the the Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the midgap point for the the Gap
+Center and what he has is a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and what he has is a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and what he has is a series of
+elements that are when you put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are when you put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are when you put them into
+silicon what kind of states do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon what kind of states do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon what kind of states do they
+create um in the band Gap there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um in the band Gap there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create um in the band Gap there are some
+shallow levels here uh for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow levels here uh for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow levels here uh for instance if
+if we put Bor on in Silicon we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put Bor on in Silicon we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put Bor on in Silicon we all know
+that's a ptype open it's very shallow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a ptype open it's very shallow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a ptype open it's very shallow it
+lies very close to the valance band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies very close to the valance band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies very close to the valance band and
+it can um it can uh accept electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can um it can uh accept electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can um it can uh accept electrons and
+and create holes and and dope up type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create holes and and dope up type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create holes and and dope up type so
+boron's not you know not too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron's not you know not too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron's not you know not too much of a
+problem um but the uh things that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um but the uh things that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um but the uh things that I have
+um put a box around here for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put a box around here for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put a box around here for instance
+zinc and gold have deep levels uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and gold have deep levels uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and gold have deep levels uh very
+close to the middle of the band Gap here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the middle of the band Gap here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the middle of the band Gap here
+right right near the the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right near the the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right near the the dash line
+copper as well has a mid Gap level iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper as well has a mid Gap level iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper as well has a mid Gap level iron
+has a level right next to Mid Gap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a level right next to Mid Gap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a level right next to Mid Gap it
+turns out when you have this deep level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out when you have this deep level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out when you have this deep level
+this uh State this electronic State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh State this electronic State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh State this electronic State
+that's close to Mid Gap it creates a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to Mid Gap it creates a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to Mid Gap it creates a um
+a generation and recom it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generation and recom it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generation and recom it creates a
+center where a lot of generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center where a lot of generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center where a lot of generation and
+recombination can happen so it can trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination can happen so it can trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination can happen so it can trap
+carriers and uh reduce carrier lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and uh reduce carrier lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and uh reduce carrier lifetime
+so the worst place the worst types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the worst place the worst types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the worst place the worst types of
+elements then the Bad actors are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then the Bad actors are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements then the Bad actors are the
+ones that have deep levels right near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have deep levels right near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have deep levels right near
+Mid Gap and you see there's some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mid Gap and you see there's some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mid Gap and you see there's some of the
+things that people commonly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people commonly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people commonly talk about
+in clean rooms as you need to avoid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clean rooms as you need to avoid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clean rooms as you need to avoid for
+example copper right here he's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example copper right here he's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example copper right here he's got a
+number of deep levels one at Mid Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deep levels one at Mid Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deep levels one at Mid Gap
+iron uh zinc and gold so they're very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh zinc and gold so they're very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh zinc and gold so they're very uh
+deep levels are very undesirable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep levels are very undesirable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep levels are very undesirable you
+should take this though summary chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take this though summary chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take this though summary chart
+with a grain of salt gives you a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt gives you a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt gives you a rough
+idea uh don't take it um too L literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh don't take it um too L literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh don't take it um too L literally
+it's representative however if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's representative however if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's representative however if you want
+to look at it a different way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it a different way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it a different way you can
+move to the next slide um and um I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next slide um and um I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the next slide um and um I took
+this chart this is actually a colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart this is actually a colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart this is actually a colored
+version of the Periodic Chart uh I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Periodic Chart uh I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Periodic Chart uh I took
+from your textbook um and it it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook um and it it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook um and it it sort of
+characterizes the elements um according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the elements um according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the elements um according
+to their position in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their position in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their position in the periodic table
+and here in column uh column four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in column uh column four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in column uh column four is
+where silicon is of course um that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where silicon is of course um that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where silicon is of course um that's our
+semiconductor the shallow acceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the shallow acceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor the shallow acceptors
+which make the semiconductor P type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make the semiconductor P type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make the semiconductor P type
+which we need to add in are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we need to add in are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we need to add in are typically
+Boron they're shown here in column three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron they're shown here in column three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron they're shown here in column three
+um the shallow donors are in column five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shallow donors are in column five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shallow donors are in column five
+of course they have a valence uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they have a valence uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they have a valence uh one
+extra valence electron compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra valence electron compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra valence electron compared to
+Silicon so those are fine elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so those are fine elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so those are fine elements the
+problems are here the problem elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are here the problem elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are here the problem elements
+as you notice tend to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you notice tend to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you notice tend to be in the
+transition metals these form uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals these form uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals these form uh these
+deep blood these shock the bre Hall Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep blood these shock the bre Hall Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep blood these shock the bre Hall Rec
+combination centers um and a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination centers um and a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination centers um and a lot of them
+are in the transition uh uh elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the transition uh uh elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the transition uh uh elements the
+other problems are are shown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems are are shown over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems are are shown over here
+on the left The Alkali ions lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left The Alkali ions lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left The Alkali ions lithium
+sodium potassium uh as well as calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium uh as well as calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium uh as well as calcium
+is also included in that c in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also included in that c in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also included in that c in that uh
+category these are a problem um not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category these are a problem um not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category these are a problem um not so
+much because they create deep deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because they create deep deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because they create deep deep
+levels in the Silicon but because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in the Silicon but because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in the Silicon but because they
+impact the quality the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the quality the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the quality the electrical
+quality of a gate oxide its ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a gate oxide its ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a gate oxide its ability to
+act as a good insulator um they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as a good insulator um they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as a good insulator um they can
+cause shifts in the threshold voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause shifts in the threshold voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause shifts in the threshold voltage
+their presence they tend to be mobile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence they tend to be mobile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence they tend to be mobile uh
+in oxide um under bias so that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oxide um under bias so that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oxide um under bias so that so that's
+a problem so we we certainly want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem so we we certainly want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem so we we certainly want to get
+rid of these um so the idea here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of these um so the idea here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of these um so the idea here in
+gettering which is the process we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering which is the process we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering which is the process we're
+going to talk now is we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk now is we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk now is we're going to take
+all these unwanted elements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these unwanted elements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these unwanted elements the
+transition metals uh some of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals uh some of the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals uh some of the heavy
+metals The Alkali ions and uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals The Alkali ions and uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals The Alkali ions and uh we want to
+collect them in a region of the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them in a region of the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them in a region of the chip
+either we want to avoid introducing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we want to avoid introducing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we want to avoid introducing them
+which we'll try to do um or if we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll try to do um or if we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll try to do um or if we can't
+totally we're going to collect them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally we're going to collect them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally we're going to collect them in
+the region of the chip where they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the chip where they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of the chip where they won't
+be harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmful
+uh in order to do ging and ging is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to do ging and ging is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to do ging and ging is most
+effective for the transition metals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for the transition metals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for the transition metals we
+need to take the elements wherever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take the elements wherever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take the elements wherever they
+are during the process and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are during the process and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are during the process and make them
+mobile so they have to get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile so they have to get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile so they have to get away from
+their position near the device and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position near the device and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position near the device and be
+attracted to another part of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to another part of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to another part of the wafer
+um so they have to then diffuse so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they have to then diffuse so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they have to then diffuse so they
+have to be made mobile they have to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be made mobile they have to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be made mobile they have to then
+mobilize and and diffuse to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize and and diffuse to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize and and diffuse to the to the
+trapping site and then they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping site and then they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping site and then they have to
+stick there so these three sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick there so these three sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick there so these three sort of
+processes that you have to do in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you have to do in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you have to do in order
+to getter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to getter uh
+impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities
+so let's go on to slide number 11 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go on to slide number 11 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go on to slide number 11 and
+this is a a schematic illustration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a schematic illustration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a schematic illustration and
+discussion of the methods of gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the methods of gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the methods of gathering
+for Alkali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alkali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alkali
+ions um and this is a cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions um and this is a cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions um and this is a cross-section
+meant to be a cross-section if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a cross-section if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a cross-section if your
+wafer starting here at the bottom in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer starting here at the bottom in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer starting here at the bottom in red
+the back side of the wafer and up at top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the wafer and up at top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the wafer and up at top
+um is the front side of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the front side of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the front side of the wafer
+there's some devices here shown these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some devices here shown these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some devices here shown these
+little these little regions are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little regions are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little regions are supposed
+to meant be p and Junctions perhaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meant be p and Junctions perhaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meant be p and Junctions perhaps and
+in pink at the very top is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pink at the very top is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pink at the very top is what's called
+someone has put on the way for um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has put on the way for um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has put on the way for um a
+layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of
+PSG uh also called phosphosilicate glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSG uh also called phosphosilicate glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSG uh also called phosphosilicate glass
+it's actually um um an S2 layer which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually um um an S2 layer which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually um um an S2 layer which it
+has a lot of phosphorus in it up to 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of phosphorus in it up to 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of phosphorus in it up to 5%
+so it's an alloy um this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an alloy um this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an alloy um this is kind of an
+oldfashioned technique people used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned technique people used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned technique people used to
+use it because alkal ions tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because alkal ions tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because alkal ions tend to be
+trapped in in that class um it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped in in that class um it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped in in that class um it's not so
+much in use anymore because it it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in use anymore because it it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in use anymore because it it tends
+to absorb water later on um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorb water later on um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absorb water later on um in the
+process and and if you are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and and if you are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and and if you are using
+aluminum metalization that can c that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum metalization that can c that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum metalization that can c that
+can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause
+corrosion so the approach to alkali ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion so the approach to alkali ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion so the approach to alkali ions
+these days as opposed to trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days as opposed to trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days as opposed to trying to get
+them is a little different people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a little different people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a little different people just
+try not to get them in during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get them in during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get them in during the
+process and then once the chip is fabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then once the chip is fabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then once the chip is fabbed
+they don't want them to get in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want them to get in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want them to get in after
+fabrication they put a protective layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication they put a protective layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication they put a protective layer
+so the alternative of putting PSG here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the alternative of putting PSG here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the alternative of putting PSG here
+is to put um silicon nitride it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to put um silicon nitride it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to put um silicon nitride it's a
+relatively um tough layer it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um tough layer it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively um tough layer it doesn't
+scratch very well and and it protects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch very well and and it protects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch very well and and it protects
+the chip from alkal ion contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip from alkal ion contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip from alkal ion contamination
+after processing so once the chip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after processing so once the chip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after processing so once the chip is
+finished there's a scratch mask put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished there's a scratch mask put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished there's a scratch mask put down
+of silicon nitride and then Alkali ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon nitride and then Alkali ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon nitride and then Alkali ions
+that would come on the the chip surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would come on the the chip surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would come on the the chip surface
+later um uh after uh fabrication um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um uh after uh fabrication um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um uh after uh fabrication um
+can't get through it now so this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get through it now so this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get through it now so this isn't
+really so much gettering anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so much gettering anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so much gettering anymore it's
+more like preventing it from happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like preventing it from happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like preventing it from happening
+and this assumes of course that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this assumes of course that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this assumes of course that the
+processing steps are free of alkaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing steps are free of alkaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing steps are free of alkaline
+ion contamination that's why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion contamination that's why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion contamination that's why it's so
+important in processing um if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in processing um if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in processing um if we go back
+to this periodic chart that we uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this periodic chart that we uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this periodic chart that we uh try to
+keep people out of the lab because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep people out of the lab because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep people out of the lab because
+because all of us are full of sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of us are full of sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of us are full of sodium and
+pottassium we without sodium potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium we without sodium potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium we without sodium potassium
+we'd all die immediately our hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all die immediately our hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all die immediately our hearts
+would stop beating so I mean we we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stop beating so I mean we we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stop beating so I mean we we just
+we're just exuding sodium potassium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just exuding sodium potassium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just exuding sodium potassium uh
+calcium you know our bones calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium you know our bones calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium you know our bones calcium
+everything so people are one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so people are one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so people are one of the
+worst um worst things in the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst um worst things in the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst um worst things in the lab and
+that's why you would never touch a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you would never touch a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you would never touch a wafer
+or do anything where anything from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do anything where anything from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do anything where anything from your
+body can get onto the wafer because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body can get onto the wafer because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body can get onto the wafer because we
+have a lot of alkali ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of alkali ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of alkali ions in
+us so um traced metals are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so um traced metals are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so um traced metals are a little
+different um there are some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um there are some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um there are some pretty
+effective ways of gettering Trace Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways of gettering Trace Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways of gettering Trace Metals
+in fact there are two methods one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are two methods one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are two methods one uh
+they're they're both shown here uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're both shown here uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're both shown here uh sort
+of schematically on slide 12 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schematically on slide 12 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schematically on slide 12 the first
+one is called extrinsic gettering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called extrinsic gettering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called extrinsic gettering what
+does extrinsic mean well extra it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does extrinsic mean well extra it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does extrinsic mean well extra it's it's
+you you externally put something do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you externally put something do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you externally put something do
+something to the wafer uh uh usually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the wafer uh uh usually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the wafer uh uh usually on
+the backside you often put a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backside you often put a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backside you often put a layer of
+something uh which is created to to trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh which is created to to trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh which is created to to trap
+ions or trap uh metal ions down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or trap uh metal ions down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or trap uh metal ions down here so
+it's usually extrinsic to the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually extrinsic to the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually extrinsic to the way for
+that is it's extra it's been added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's extra it's been added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's extra it's been added
+on um the second way is to do what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the second way is to do what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the second way is to do what they
+call intrinsic Gathering and that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call intrinsic Gathering and that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call intrinsic Gathering and that's to
+in the center of the wafer in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of the wafer in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of the wafer in the middle
+region here that's shaded is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here that's shaded is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here that's shaded is to
+intentionally form a region full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally form a region full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally form a region full of
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+precipitates and these precipitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates and these precipitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates and these precipitates
+create little traps where the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create little traps where the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create little traps where the metal
+atoms can diffuse to and get stuck uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms can diffuse to and get stuck uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms can diffuse to and get stuck uh
+and they're within the bulk of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're within the bulk of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're within the bulk of the wafer
+generally uh for most ic's the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh for most ic's the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh for most ic's the bulk of
+the wafer is not part of the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer is not part of the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer is not part of the active
+region it's just a handle just holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's just a handle just holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's just a handle just holding
+this thing um so it's okay to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing um so it's okay to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing um so it's okay to have the
+metals there now of course if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals there now of course if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals there now of course if you're
+making a power device where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a power device where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a power device where where the
+the currents flow through from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents flow through from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents flow through from the top
+of the wafer to the bottom of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer to the bottom of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer to the bottom of the wafer
+this would be a problem but for most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a problem but for most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a problem but for most uh
+Pro microprocessor or memory this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro microprocessor or memory this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro microprocessor or memory this this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+effective um intrinsic Gathering is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective um intrinsic Gathering is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective um intrinsic Gathering is more
+popular these days than extrinsic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular these days than extrinsic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular these days than extrinsic for
+these reasons it's a little bit has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reasons it's a little bit has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reasons it's a little bit has a
+little better control the Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better control the Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better control the Gathering
+region here is actually closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here is actually closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here is actually closer to the
+devices it could be within 10 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices it could be within 10 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices it could be within 10 or 20
+microns so it's not so hard to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so it's not so hard to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so it's not so hard to get the
+bad um elements out of the devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad um elements out of the devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad um elements out of the devices and
+into the Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Gathering
+region and the other thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the other thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the other thing about it is
+that this in the these S2 pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in the these S2 pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in the these S2 pre
+precipitates tend to be thermally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates tend to be thermally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates tend to be thermally stable
+once they're formed so it it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they're formed so it it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they're formed so it it's usually
+works throughout the entire process not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works throughout the entire process not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works throughout the entire process not
+always the case with the backside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case with the backside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case with the backside uh
+gettering okay let's go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering okay let's go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering okay let's go on to slide
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+13 and think about what what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and think about what what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and think about what what have we
+talking about we're taking elements away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we're taking elements away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we're taking elements away
+from um impurities out of the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um impurities out of the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um impurities out of the device
+regions during the processing we somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions during the processing we somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions during the processing we somehow
+have to get them to diffuse to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get them to diffuse to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get them to diffuse to these
+trap sites so the first thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap sites so the first thing we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap sites so the first thing we need to
+know is how how rapidly at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how how rapidly at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how how rapidly at a given
+temperature are these elements going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are these elements going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are these elements going to
+diffuse if if they don't diffuse fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse if if they don't diffuse fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse if if they don't diffuse fast
+enough there's no way you're ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's no way you're ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough there's no way you're ever going
+to get them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to the
+traps um so uh so there's some good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps um so uh so there's some good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps um so uh so there's some good news
+and some bad news the good news is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some bad news the good news is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some bad news the good news is that
+most metals areused as interstitials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metals areused as interstitials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most metals areused as interstitials so
+in in the interstitial spaces in Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the interstitial spaces in Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the interstitial spaces in Silicon
+very rapidly which means you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly which means you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly which means you have a
+chance of grabbing them of getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of grabbing them of getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of grabbing them of getting them
+to go from the device region to the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the device region to the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from the device region to the back
+of the wafer or into the bul of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer or into the bul of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer or into the bul of the
+wafer uh and in fact here's some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh and in fact here's some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh and in fact here's some numbers
+for you um quantitatively on this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um quantitatively on this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um quantitatively on this plot
+uh the left axis shows the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the left axis shows the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the left axis shows the diffusivity
+and we measure that in units of a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we measure that in units of a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we measure that in units of a length
+squared per second we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared per second we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared per second we're going to talk
+about the process uh per unit time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process uh per unit time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process uh per unit time we'll
+talk about the process of diffusion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the process of diffusion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the process of diffusion uh
+later in the course but the bigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course but the bigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the course but the bigger this
+number let's put it that way the faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's put it that way the faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number let's put it that way the faster
+the elements will move at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements will move at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements will move at a given
+temperature um throughout the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um throughout the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um throughout the wafer and
+this is what's called an arous plot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called an arous plot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's called an arous plot so
+it's proded versus 1,000 or or one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proded versus 1,000 or or one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proded versus 1,000 or or one over
+temperature on the bottom axis if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the bottom axis if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the bottom axis if you
+want to read temperature in actual units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read temperature in actual units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read temperature in actual units
+of Centigrade you can read it up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Centigrade you can read it up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Centigrade you can read it up at the
+top axis from here from 800 all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top axis from here from 800 all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top axis from here from 800 all the way
+up to 1200 and the different curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 1200 and the different curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 1200 and the different curves are
+for different elements and and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different elements and and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different elements and and all the
+metals here are indicated in Red so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals here are indicated in Red so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals here are indicated in Red so
+here's some cop um some common Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some cop um some common Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some cop um some common Metals
+things that we mentioned as being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we mentioned as being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we mentioned as being very
+bad for Lifetime Killers here's copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for Lifetime Killers here's copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for Lifetime Killers here's copper
+look at Copper uh almost irrespective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Copper uh almost irrespective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Copper uh almost irrespective of
+the temperature in this range copper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature in this range copper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature in this range copper is
+zipping through the wafer faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipping through the wafer faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipping through the wafer faster than
+any of these others um here's gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these others um here's gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these others um here's gold
+uh Au as an interstitial form it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Au as an interstitial form it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Au as an interstitial form it
+diffuses quite quite rapidly gold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses quite quite rapidly gold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses quite quite rapidly gold here
+when it's substitutional on the L that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's substitutional on the L that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's substitutional on the L that
+the gold atom ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold atom ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold atom ends up being
+substitutional doesn't diffuse quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional doesn't diffuse quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional doesn't diffuse quite so
+fast its orders of magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast its orders of magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast its orders of magnitudes
+down um looking here at these These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um looking here at these These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um looking here at these These are
+the diffusion coefficients in uh blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficients in uh blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion coefficients in uh blue
+here for the um the shallow impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the um the shallow impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the um the shallow impurities
+like arsic Boron phosphorus they diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like arsic Boron phosphorus they diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like arsic Boron phosphorus they diffuse
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+slower and this dark um I guess stippled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and this dark um I guess stippled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and this dark um I guess stippled
+region that's that's colored in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's that's colored in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's that's colored in in uh in
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+is uh roughly the region where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh roughly the region where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh roughly the region where people
+believe the Silicon interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the Silicon interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the Silicon interstitial
+diffuses again the the no one's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses again the the no one's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses again the the no one's been
+able to actually measure exactly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually measure exactly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually measure exactly because
+you can't see a silicon interstitial you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see a silicon interstitial you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see a silicon interstitial you
+can't profile it how rapidly it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't profile it how rapidly it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't profile it how rapidly it diffuses
+but there's indirect ways of inferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's indirect ways of inferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's indirect ways of inferring
+it so somewhere in this band this Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so somewhere in this band this Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so somewhere in this band this Brown
+Band is where the silic and interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band is where the silic and interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Band is where the silic and interstitial
+diffusivity lies it's not bad it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity lies it's not bad it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity lies it's not bad it's not
+as fast as the fastest Metals not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as the fastest Metals not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as the fastest Metals not as
+fast as copper uh or sub or interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as copper uh or sub or interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as copper uh or sub or interstitial
+gold or iron but it's in the range of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or iron but it's in the range of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or iron but it's in the range of of
+of some of the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the metals
+um just to give you an example here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to give you an example here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to give you an example here this
+bottom bullet shows let's say take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom bullet shows let's say take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom bullet shows let's say take
+copper at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper at
+900° you can read off this chart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900° you can read off this chart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900° you can read off this chart the
+diffusivity D is about 10us 4 cenm squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity D is about 10us 4 cenm squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity D is about 10us 4 cenm squ
+per second um we'll learn that a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second um we'll learn that a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second um we'll learn that a rough
+estimate of how far a profile diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how far a profile diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how far a profile diffuses
+can be the square root of D times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the square root of D times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the square root of D times the
+ton so if I put this a wafer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so if I put this a wafer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so if I put this a wafer that
+accidentally has some copper by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally has some copper by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally has some copper by accident
+uh on the surface in a Fest at 900° in 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the surface in a Fest at 900° in 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the surface in a Fest at 900° in 1
+minute square root of DT is 780 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute square root of DT is 780 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute square root of DT is 780 microns
+and the wafer is only typically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wafer is only typically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wafer is only typically you know
+600 microns thick so basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 microns thick so basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 microns thick so basically that
+copper uh can go right through the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper uh can go right through the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper uh can go right through the wafer
+um and and be anywhere in the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and be anywhere in the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and be anywhere in the wafer
+that's bad because if you accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad because if you accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad because if you accidentally
+get copper on the back of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get copper on the back of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get copper on the back of the wafer
+let's say where you say oh it won't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say where you say oh it won't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say where you say oh it won't hurt
+anything you put in the furnace well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you put in the furnace well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you put in the furnace well it
+sure will it'll be in the front real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure will it'll be in the front real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure will it'll be in the front real
+quickly it's good if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's good if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's good if you're trying to
+get her because if the copper happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her because if the copper happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her because if the copper happens to
+be in your device region you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your device region you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in your device region you can try to
+get it to the back of the wafer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to the back of the wafer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to the back of the wafer and the
+key is to hold it there so it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to hold it there so it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to hold it there so it's both
+good and bad but uh the fat metals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad but uh the fat metals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad but uh the fat metals are
+very fast diffusers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast diffusers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast diffusers
+uh and that's copper is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's copper is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's copper is kind of an
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+example so let's let's go on to slide 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's let's go on to slide 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's let's go on to slide 14
+um which talks about Metal gaing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which talks about Metal gaing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which talks about Metal gaing a
+little bit more and this plot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more and this plot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more and this plot on the
+vertical axis is uh temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is uh temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is uh temperature and the
+um the bottom the horizontal axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bottom the horizontal axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bottom the horizontal axis is
+atoms per cubic centimeter it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms per cubic centimeter it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms per cubic centimeter it represents
+the solubilities of the fast deputing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubilities of the fast deputing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubilities of the fast deputing
+metal so um as a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so um as a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so um as a function of temperature
+so if you look at any point on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at any point on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at any point on this
+curve if you have a concentration higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if you have a concentration higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if you have a concentration higher
+than that at that temperature um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that at that temperature um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that at that temperature um then
+the the metal will tend to precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metal will tend to precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metal will tend to precipitate
+out will not be uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will not be uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will not be uh in in
+solution um so metals preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um so metals preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um so metals preferentially
+like to reside in SES on the Silicon lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to reside in SES on the Silicon lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to reside in SES on the Silicon lce
+where there's imperfections so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's imperfections so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's imperfections so this is
+key we can use this this idea uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we can use this this idea uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we can use this this idea uh why
+might this be well uh the metals don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might this be well uh the metals don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might this be well uh the metals don't
+fit because of their their atomic size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit because of their their atomic size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit because of their their atomic size
+different from Silicon they don't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Silicon they don't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from Silicon they don't fit
+into the Silicon lattice uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon lattice uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon lattice uh the other
+thing is that if you have a fault or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you have a fault or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if you have a fault or a
+disordered region in the crystal um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered region in the crystal um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered region in the crystal um it
+might be able to accommodate this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to accommodate this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to accommodate this size
+differ and and trap the metal atom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and and trap the metal atom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and and trap the metal atom there
+and it turns out that dislocations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that dislocations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that dislocations and
+stacking faults these are crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking faults these are crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking faults these are crystal
+imperfections that can exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections that can exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections that can exist in the
+wafer um sometimes they are well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer um sometimes they are well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer um sometimes they are well known
+as um trapping sites uh for uh or sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um trapping sites uh for uh or sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um trapping sites uh for uh or sites
+that where where copper gold and iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where where copper gold and iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where where copper gold and iron
+tend to accumulate and precipitate um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to accumulate and precipitate um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to accumulate and precipitate um so
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+dislocations um depending on where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations um depending on where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations um depending on where they
+are I mean that could be a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean that could be a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean that could be a good thing
+you create try to create dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create try to create dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create try to create dislocations
+and these the they tend to be decorated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these the they tend to be decorated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these the they tend to be decorated
+so to speak with these copper um gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak with these copper um gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak with these copper um gold
+and iron so the trick the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron so the trick the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron so the trick the name of the
+game is to form these kind of defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to form these kind of defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to form these kind of defects
+intentionally not in your device region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally not in your device region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally not in your device region
+because then you'd have copper and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you'd have copper and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you'd have copper and and
+gold and iron there but away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and iron there but away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and iron there but away from the
+active region and so we the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active region and so we the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active region and so we the the idea of
+metal gaing is how to form these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal gaing is how to form these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal gaing is how to form these types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+things so on slide 16 we talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so on slide 16 we talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so on slide 16 we talk a little
+bit about how extrinsic uh gettering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how extrinsic uh gettering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how extrinsic uh gettering can
+take place um usually in the extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place um usually in the extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place um usually in the extrinsic
+case they try to form people try to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they try to form people try to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they try to form people try to form
+these sites on the back side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sites on the back side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sites on the back side of the
+wafer and there a number of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and there a number of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and there a number of ways of
+doing it um some very crude uh grinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it um some very crude uh grinding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it um some very crude uh grinding
+and sandpaper sometimes you'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sandpaper sometimes you'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sandpaper sometimes you'll look at
+the back of a wafer especially an older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a wafer especially an older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a wafer especially an older
+wafer and you look at it and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and you look at it and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and you look at it and there's
+this ground sort of pattern almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ground sort of pattern almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ground sort of pattern almost like
+like it was put in a lace and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was put in a lace and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was put in a lace and it goes
+around uh this pattern that goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this pattern that goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this pattern that goes on the
+backside that was intentionally ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside that was intentionally ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside that was intentionally ground
+into the back of the wafer to make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the back of the wafer to make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the back of the wafer to make a lot
+of these these Gathering sites um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these Gathering sites um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these Gathering sites um they
+used to use sandpaper abrasion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use sandpaper abrasion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use sandpaper abrasion that's
+not so popular anymore uh people these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so popular anymore uh people these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so popular anymore uh people these
+days use uh the cleaner processes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days use uh the cleaner processes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days use uh the cleaner processes or the
+cleaner methods um Iron implantation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner methods um Iron implantation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner methods um Iron implantation can
+be used to damage the back of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to damage the back of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to damage the back of the wafer
+uh a deposition of a poly Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a deposition of a poly Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a deposition of a poly Crystal and
+film it's not that unusual to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not that unusual to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not that unusual to find a
+polysilicon um on the back of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon um on the back of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon um on the back of the wafer
+or a region very highly dope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a region very highly dope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a region very highly dope with
+phosphorous on the back of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorous on the back of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorous on the back of the wafer
+these are all regions where Metals if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all regions where Metals if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all regions where Metals if
+they diffuse back there will get trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they diffuse back there will get trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they diffuse back there will get trapped
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+stick so the whole idea is is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so the whole idea is is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so the whole idea is is make
+extended defects that are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended defects that are stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended defects that are stable
+throughout the the high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the the high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the the high temperature
+processing the problem is if they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the problem is if they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the problem is if they tend
+these extended defects tend to heel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extended defects tend to heel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extended defects tend to heel the
+metals will then be released and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals will then be released and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals will then be released and they'll
+go back to the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wafer so that's extrinsic gaing so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so that's extrinsic gaing so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so that's extrinsic gaing so if we
+go on to page uh or slide number 16 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to page uh or slide number 16 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to page uh or slide number 16 um
+we have a sort of a schematic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sort of a schematic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sort of a schematic of this
+intrinsic Gathering which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Gathering which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Gathering which is a little
+more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh
+common remember last time we talked we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common remember last time we talked we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common remember last time we talked we
+said that oxygen is present in all trosi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that oxygen is present in all trosi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that oxygen is present in all trosi
+silicon it comes from The Crucible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it comes from The Crucible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it comes from The Crucible
+there's nothing we can do about it um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing we can do about it um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing we can do about it um uh
+and it can be introduced in this super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be introduced in this super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be introduced in this super
+saturated form that is oxygen can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated form that is oxygen can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated form that is oxygen can be
+dissolved in there um because the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in there um because the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in there um because the wafer
+was cooled at a relatively rapid we rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cooled at a relatively rapid we rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cooled at a relatively rapid we rate
+um but uh there's more oxygen there than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh there's more oxygen there than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh there's more oxygen there than
+the crystal wants to hold at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal wants to hold at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal wants to hold at that
+temperature in equilibrium um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in equilibrium um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in equilibrium um so if you
+were to heat that Crystal up and give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to heat that Crystal up and give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to heat that Crystal up and give it
+long enough time the oxygen could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough time the oxygen could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough time the oxygen could then
+tend to form uh precipitate out and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to form uh precipitate out and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to form uh precipitate out and form
+S2 um so oxygen forms these S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 um so oxygen forms these S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 um so oxygen forms these S2
+precipitates in the Crystal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates in the Crystal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates in the Crystal and the
+interesting thing is that these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that these these
+precipitates are usually accompanied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates are usually accompanied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates are usually accompanied by
+some kind of defect mechanical defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of defect mechanical defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of defect mechanical defect
+like a stacking fault uh or extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stacking fault uh or extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stacking fault uh or extended
+defect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect like
+dislocations and that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and that's because of the
+volume mismatch S2 wants to expand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume mismatch S2 wants to expand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume mismatch S2 wants to expand these
+little S2 precipitates want to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little S2 precipitates want to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little S2 precipitates want to expand
+they compress the silic and lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compress the silic and lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compress the silic and lattice
+around if they compress it enough it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if they compress it enough it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if they compress it enough it can
+pop out these extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out these extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out these extended
+defects so the key point of gettering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so the key point of gettering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so the key point of gettering is
+um to get this precipitation to occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get this precipitation to occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to get this precipitation to occur in
+the bulk you you know in the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk you you know in the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk you you know in the bulk of the
+crystal uh in in throughout the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh in in throughout the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh in in throughout the bulk of
+the wafer but not in the near surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer but not in the near surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer but not in the near surface
+region so how are we going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so how are we going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so how are we going to do that
+well we have to have a near surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to have a near surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to have a near surface
+region that doesn't have high oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that doesn't have high oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that doesn't have high oxygen so
+it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't
+precipitate so uh what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so uh what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so uh what we do is we
+create something called a denuded Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something called a denuded Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something called a denuded Zone
+which is is low in oxygen uh and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is low in oxygen uh and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is low in oxygen uh and there's
+a couple methods of doing it this duded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple methods of doing it this duded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple methods of doing it this duded
+Zone which is pictured schematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone which is pictured schematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone which is pictured schematically
+here typically might be 10 to 20 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here typically might be 10 to 20 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here typically might be 10 to 20 microns
+thick on it sits on top of the wafer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick on it sits on top of the wafer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick on it sits on top of the wafer the
+wafer again being full of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer again being full of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer again being full of of
+oxygen um so we can use that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen um so we can use that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen um so we can use that there's a
+process uh we can use called epitaxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh we can use called epitaxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh we can use called epitaxial
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+which we're going to talk about later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about later in
+this term where we can grow material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term where we can grow material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term where we can grow material on
+top that's very low in oxygen or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's very low in oxygen or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that's very low in oxygen or if you
+don't want to do epaxal growth because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do epaxal growth because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do epaxal growth because
+it's it's fairly expensive um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly expensive um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly expensive um you can
+just take the wafer and the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the wafer and the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the wafer and the very first
+step you can do is go to a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can do is go to a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can do is go to a very high
+temperature and cause the oxygen to out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and cause the oxygen to out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and cause the oxygen to out
+the fuse out the surface out the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse out the surface out the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuse out the surface out the front
+side of the wafer so whatever oxygen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wafer so whatever oxygen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wafer so whatever oxygen was
+in the top 10 microns can go out oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top 10 microns can go out oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top 10 microns can go out oxygen
+bu deeper below that at this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu deeper below that at this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu deeper below that at this high
+temperature can't make it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can't make it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can't make it because it
+can't diffuse it doesn't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't diffuse it doesn't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't diffuse it doesn't have enough
+time to diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to diffuse
+uh that that amount of distance so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that amount of distance so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that amount of distance so uh
+one of the first steps people use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first steps people use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first steps people use for
+doing intrinsic Gathering is sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing intrinsic Gathering is sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing intrinsic Gathering is sometimes a
+high temperature step to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature step to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature step to create this
+denuded zone or to grow an epitaxial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded zone or to grow an epitaxial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded zone or to grow an epitaxial um
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+layer okay so let's go to the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so let's go to the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so let's go to the next uh
+slide slide 17 and and the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide slide 17 and and the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide slide 17 and and the the next
+couple slides are going to outline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides are going to outline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides are going to outline the
+thermal processing so just by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processing so just by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal processing so just by doing
+these thermal processing steps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermal processing steps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermal processing steps you can
+do intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do intrinsic
+gettering and this plot shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering and this plot shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering and this plot shows
+schematically on the vertical axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically on the vertical axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically on the vertical axis is
+the wafer temperature and time again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer temperature and time again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer temperature and time again
+time isn't really indicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time isn't really indicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time isn't really indicated here
+quantitatively just to give you a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively just to give you a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively just to give you a rough
+idea uh but the first step is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh but the first step is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh but the first step is to take
+the wafer to very high temperature say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer to very high temperature say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer to very high temperature say
+1100° and do the out diffusion step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100° and do the out diffusion step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100° and do the out diffusion step so
+we're going to take that wafer put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that wafer put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that wafer put it in
+the furnace and let the oxygen go out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace and let the oxygen go out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace and let the oxygen go out um
+not all of it but whatever is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it but whatever is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it but whatever is in the
+near surface region uh and this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near surface region uh and this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near surface region uh and this this uh
+expression in the middle of a slide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the middle of a slide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in the middle of a slide on
+on slide 17 shows the diffusivity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slide 17 shows the diffusivity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slide 17 shows the diffusivity as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+temperature uh gives you a rough idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh gives you a rough idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh gives you a rough idea
+and the nice thing is you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing is you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nice thing is you don't have to
+remove all the oxygen you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all the oxygen you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all the oxygen you just have to
+get the level below a certain level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the level below a certain level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the level below a certain level for
+so for instance you need to get it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you need to get it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance you need to get it uh
+from about 20 part per million down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 20 part per million down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 20 part per million down to
+less than 10 if it gets low enough um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 if it gets low enough um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 if it gets low enough um
+the precipitation won't take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precipitation won't take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precipitation won't take place
+because again it'll be below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it'll be below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it'll be below the
+solubility limit so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit so you don't have to
+worry about precipitation so you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about precipitation so you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about precipitation so you're just
+trying to reduce it down um and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reduce it down um and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reduce it down um and usually
+1100 to 12200 is sufficient to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 to 12200 is sufficient to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 to 12200 is sufficient to create a
+denuded Zone that's in the order of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded Zone that's in the order of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded Zone that's in the order of 10
+to 20 microns deep that has that a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 microns deep that has that a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 microns deep that has that a lower
+oxygen concentration than we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen concentration than we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen concentration than we'll
+precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate
+so that's the first step it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first step it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first step it's a very
+high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature
+step next step in the process shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step next step in the process shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step next step in the process shown on
+um slide 18 is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slide 18 is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um slide 18 is called
+nucleation so here we go from this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation so here we go from this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation so here we go from this high
+temperature where we got rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature where we got rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature where we got rid of the
+oxygen in the surface region and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the surface region and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the surface region and now we
+want to nucleate the precipitates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to nucleate the precipitates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to nucleate the precipitates in the
+bulk so we go down to a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk so we go down to a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk so we go down to a lower
+temperature say 700° and we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 700° and we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature say 700° and we want it
+cause very very small precipitates um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause very very small precipitates um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause very very small precipitates um to
+take place and the optimum temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place and the optimum temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place and the optimum temperature
+for this is somewhere around 700 um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is somewhere around 700 um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is somewhere around 700 um and
+this is discussed in in chapter 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discussed in in chapter 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discussed in in chapter 3 of
+your text um it it's kind of optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your text um it it's kind of optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your text um it it's kind of optimal
+because you need these nuclei to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need these nuclei to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need these nuclei to grow
+grow to a minimum critical size to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to a minimum critical size to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to a minimum critical size to
+prevent them from shrinking later when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from shrinking later when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from shrinking later when
+you start to ramp up uh the wafer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to ramp up uh the wafer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to ramp up uh the wafer uh
+temperature so the critical size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the critical size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the critical size is
+about two mic two nanometers say 1 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two mic two nanometers say 1 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two mic two nanometers say 1 to 3
+nanometers in diameter this precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers in diameter this precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers in diameter this precipitate
+of si2 and you need a c you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of si2 and you need a c you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of si2 and you need a c you you
+typically shoot for a density about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically shoot for a density about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically shoot for a density about 10
+to the 11th per cubic centimeter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 11th per cubic centimeter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 11th per cubic centimeter there
+aren't too many of these but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many of these but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't too many of these but you
+definitely have a density of them so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a density of them so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a density of them so we
+create these nuclei and then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these nuclei and then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these nuclei and then we actually
+do we grow them to be a little bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we grow them to be a little bigger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we grow them to be a little bigger so
+they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
+stable so once you've created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so once you've created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so once you've created this
+nucleation step you then take it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation step you then take it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleation step you then take it to
+higher temperature say 900° and you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature say 900° and you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature say 900° and you grow
+these nuclei to make them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei to make them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nuclei to make them a little bit
+larger so you're not creating more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so you're not creating more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so you're not creating more
+you're just making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just making them
+larger uh and you typically want a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh and you typically want a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh and you typically want a size
+a minimum size say in the range of 50 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum size say in the range of 50 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum size say in the range of 50 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers you have to be careful how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers you have to be careful how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers you have to be careful how
+you ramp this up so you don't cause them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ramp this up so you don't cause them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ramp this up so you don't cause them
+to all shrink the basic idea is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all shrink the basic idea is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all shrink the basic idea is then
+you're you've enabled yourself to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you've enabled yourself to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you've enabled yourself to create
+these S2 precipitates in the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wafer so we go on to the next slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so we go on to the next slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so we go on to the next slide um
+slide 20 this I took from your text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 20 this I took from your text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 20 this I took from your text
+these are some actual uh cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some actual uh cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some actual uh cross-section
+um scanning electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scanning electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scanning electron
+micrographs and you're actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrographs and you're actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrographs and you're actually looking
+at the cross-section of a full wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross-section of a full wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross-section of a full wafer
+here in each picture each picture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in each picture each picture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in each picture each picture is a
+full wafer so this top here at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full wafer so this top here at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full wafer so this top here at the very
+top is the top of the wafer this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is the top of the wafer this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is the top of the wafer this bottom
+surface here at the bottom of one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here at the bottom of one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here at the bottom of one little
+um rectangular region is is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rectangular region is is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rectangular region is is the is the
+bottom of the wafer and you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the wafer and you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the wafer and you'll notice
+what you see all these little black dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see all these little black dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see all these little black dots
+are these sio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sio2
+precipitates um and there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates um and there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates um and there's a bunch of
+snapshots here shown starting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots here shown starting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots here shown starting from the
+top uh and there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh and there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh and there are two different
+directions if you go down vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if you go down vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if you go down vertically
+we're reading the nucleation time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading the nucleation time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading the nucleation time so
+remember the nucleation time is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the nucleation time is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the nucleation time is is the
+time that we nucleate these um and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we nucleate these um and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we nucleate these um and so if
+you starting at the top here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you starting at the top here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you starting at the top here in the
+upper left and moving down the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left and moving down the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left and moving down the First
+Column we're increasing the preanal time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column we're increasing the preanal time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column we're increasing the preanal time
+and what you're seeing is is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're seeing is is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're seeing is is what you're
+doing is you're getting a higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're getting a higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're getting a higher and
+higher density of these precipitates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of these precipitates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density of these precipitates as
+I I move from the upper left down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I move from the upper left down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I move from the upper left down to the
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+left and then as I move right uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then as I move right uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then as I move right uh in this
+chart I'm increasing the growth time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I'm increasing the growth time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I'm increasing the growth time
+that was called uh the precipitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called uh the precipitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was called uh the precipitation
+time or the amount of time uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the amount of time uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the amount of time uh we're
+growing these now these are grown uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing these now these are grown uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing these now these are grown uh at
+about a th000 degrees uh and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a th000 degrees uh and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a th000 degrees uh and you can see
+them growing here and so by the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them growing here and so by the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them growing here and so by the time I
+get to this upper right um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this upper right um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this upper right um we have a
+certain density of these but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain density of these but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain density of these but in general
+if I move to uh um longer nucleation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move to uh um longer nucleation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I move to uh um longer nucleation
+time so down here um and longer growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so down here um and longer growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so down here um and longer growth
+time so I'm moving to the right I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm moving to the right I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm moving to the right I get
+the highest density and a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest density and a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest density and a reasonable
+size uh of these um precipitates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh of these um precipitates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh of these um precipitates in the
+wafer bulk and you can see all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer bulk and you can see all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer bulk and you can see all of them
+here in the in the low the bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the low the bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the low the bottom right
+corner so these are precipitates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so these are precipitates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so these are precipitates and
+look at the very surface of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the very surface of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the very surface of the wafer
+the top 10 microns you don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 microns you don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 microns you don't see any
+that's the denuded Z and that duded zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the denuded Z and that duded zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the denuded Z and that duded zone
+was formed of course at the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was formed of course at the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was formed of course at the top and
+bottom um D Zone was was created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um D Zone was was created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um D Zone was was created by
+doing an initial 1100 degre SE 10-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an initial 1100 degre SE 10-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an initial 1100 degre SE 10-hour
+anneal before any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal before any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anneal before any of this
+pre-annealing so during that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-annealing so during that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-annealing so during that that uh
+initial analing the oxygen diffused out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial analing the oxygen diffused out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial analing the oxygen diffused out
+at the top and bottom of the wafer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and bottom of the wafer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and bottom of the wafer uh
+for the for about 10 microns distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for about 10 microns distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for about 10 microns distance
+and then it didn't diffuse out in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it didn't diffuse out in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it didn't diffuse out in here
+and that's why when you go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why when you go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why when you go through this
+processing step you can create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing step you can create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing step you can create these
+precipitates and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates and these are the
+precipitates that we want there so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates that we want there so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates that we want there so that
+metal ions can then diffuse from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ions can then diffuse from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ions can then diffuse from the
+devices and and get stuck um and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and and get stuck um and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and and get stuck um and keep
+them away from your devices so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from your devices so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from your devices so that's
+the pictorial schematic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictorial schematic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictorial schematic of the
+process so um so then let's go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so um so then let's go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so um so then let's go on to
+slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number
+21 and now talk about sort of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and now talk about sort of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and now talk about sort of the way
+people model this process and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people model this process and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people model this process and there are
+typically three steps people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three steps people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three steps people need to
+model the first step here shown number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the first step here shown number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the first step here shown number
+one uh happens to be I'm showing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh happens to be I'm showing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh happens to be I'm showing a
+specific case for the Gathering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case for the Gathering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case for the Gathering of
+gold and because gold is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and because gold is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and because gold is a very very
+common uh element needs to be geted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh element needs to be geted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh element needs to be geted it
+has some unique properties uh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some unique properties uh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some unique properties uh step
+number one we need to mobilize the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one we need to mobilize the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one we need to mobilize the atom
+so remember we talked about gold when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we talked about gold when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we talked about gold when it
+was substitutional it diffused very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was substitutional it diffused very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was substitutional it diffused very
+slowly if it's interstitial it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly if it's interstitial it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly if it's interstitial it diffuses
+fast so to make it mobilized I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so to make it mobilized I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so to make it mobilized I need to
+somehow get it off substitutional sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow get it off substitutional sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow get it off substitutional sites
+and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it
+interstitial the second step is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial the second step is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial the second step is shown
+schematically step number two here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically step number two here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically step number two here which
+is the gold has to actually diffuse away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gold has to actually diffuse away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gold has to actually diffuse away
+from the um device region down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um device region down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um device region down to the
+trapping site wherever it might be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping site wherever it might be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping site wherever it might be and
+the third is of course um the trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third is of course um the trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third is of course um the trapping
+mechanism number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism number
+three so people people have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so people people have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so people people have tried to
+model these different aspects the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these different aspects the making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these different aspects the making
+uh mobile the diffusion the trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mobile the diffusion the trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mobile the diffusion the trapping
+with mixed success the models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mixed success the models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mixed success the models are
+actually not universally accepted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not universally accepted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not universally accepted there
+is no really good program you can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no really good program you can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no really good program you can sit
+there and run uh that that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and run uh that that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and run uh that that describes
+gaing and very quantitatively in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaing and very quantitatively in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaing and very quantitatively in the way
+that you can for oxidation that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can for oxidation that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can for oxidation that we'll
+see in this course but they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this course but they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this course but they give you
+kind of a physical mechanistic picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a physical mechanistic picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a physical mechanistic picture
+of how the gettering operates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the gettering operates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the gettering operates but
+they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not very
+quantitative so let's look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so let's look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative so let's look at those
+three steps the first step was to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps the first step was to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps the first step was to make
+the atoms mobile and remember a gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms mobile and remember a gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms mobile and remember a gold and
+a number of atoms can actually exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of atoms can actually exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of atoms can actually exist
+either on the lattice or in interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the lattice or in interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the lattice or in interstitial
+form the diffusion is the diffusivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the diffusion is the diffusivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the diffusion is the diffusivity is
+much higher when it's interstitial so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher when it's interstitial so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher when it's interstitial so um
+to make them mobile really means to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them mobile really means to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them mobile really means to get
+them off the lattice into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off the lattice into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off the lattice into the
+interstitial uh spaces where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh spaces where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh spaces where they can
+diffuse um so um and these um just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse um so um and these um just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse um so um and these um just show
+you some examples here of common metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples here of common metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some examples here of common metals
+and the different types of solubilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different types of solubilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the different types of solubilities
+they have in interstitial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in interstitial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in interstitial or
+substitutional form so copper and nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional form so copper and nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional form so copper and nickel
+have higher solubilities in interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher solubilities in interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher solubilities in interstitial
+form so they tend to exist already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so they tend to exist already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so they tend to exist already
+interstitial so mobilizing them is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial so mobilizing them is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial so mobilizing them is easy
+they're already in the intertial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already in the intertial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already in the intertial space
+gold and platinum actually have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and platinum actually have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and platinum actually have higher
+solubilities in substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilities in substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilities in substitutional
+form but they can diffuse very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but they can diffuse very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but they can diffuse very rapidly
+once they become interstitial so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they become interstitial so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they become interstitial so these
+have to be mobilized um Titanium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be mobilized um Titanium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be mobilized um Titanium and
+amum lithum are actually um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amum lithum are actually um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amum lithum are actually um kind of
+issue problems they're primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue problems they're primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue problems they're primarily
+substitutional uh but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional uh but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional uh but they have
+relatively slow diffusion rates whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively slow diffusion rates whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively slow diffusion rates whether
+they're substitutional or interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're substitutional or interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're substitutional or interstitial
+so Tai and Molly are going to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tai and Molly are going to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tai and Molly are going to be hard
+get her because their diffusion rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her because their diffusion rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her because their diffusion rates
+are not very large so to get them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very large so to get them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very large so to get them all
+the way to the back of the wafer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the back of the wafer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the back of the wafer is
+going to take a long time um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a long time um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a long time um so it's
+just not very effective so um get Ty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very effective so um get Ty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not very effective so um get Ty and
+Molly and these intermediate or slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly and these intermediate or slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly and these intermediate or slow
+diffusing Metals uh we prefer to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing Metals uh we prefer to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing Metals uh we prefer to use
+intrinsic gettering so instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic gettering so instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic gettering so instead of going
+500 microns all it has to getter through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 microns all it has to getter through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 microns all it has to getter through
+is the dud Zone as it diffused through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dud Zone as it diffused through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dud Zone as it diffused through
+is about 10 microns so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10 microns so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10 microns so that's another
+reason why um trans of gaing is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why um trans of gaing is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why um trans of gaing is more
+popular you don't have to diffuse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far so let's go on to slide 23 and do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so let's go on to slide 23 and do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so let's go on to slide 23 and do um
+we'll just do an example of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do an example of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do an example of how people
+try to model the Gathering of gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to model the Gathering of gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to model the Gathering of gold and
+silicon uh or this also applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh or this also applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh or this also applies to
+platinum so the first thing we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum so the first thing we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum so the first thing we said that
+gold um gold can react with a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold um gold can react with a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold um gold can react with a um a
+silicon interstitial and this s SI sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon interstitial and this s SI sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon interstitial and this s SI sub
+is meant to represent a silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent a silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent a silic
+interstitial uh and form um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh and form um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh and form um an
+interstitial gold so industrial silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial gold so industrial silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial gold so industrial silicon
+atom can come along take the gold which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can come along take the gold which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can come along take the gold which
+is on the silicon lce and knock it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the silicon lce and knock it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the silicon lce and knock it off
+and take its place and that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its place and that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its place and that's called the
+kickout mechanism so um that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kickout mechanism so um that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kickout mechanism so um that's one way
+of getting the gold off a lat sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the gold off a lat sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting the gold off a lat sites
+there are other mechanisms um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other mechanisms um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other mechanisms um an
+interstitial can react with a vacancy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial can react with a vacancy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial can react with a vacancy um
+and and form substitutional gold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and form substitutional gold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and form substitutional gold so
+basically the idea if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea if you look at this
+first reaction this first equation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction this first equation any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction this first equation any
+process that creates excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that creates excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that creates excess
+interstitials should be helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials should be helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials should be helpful in
+gettering if I have a lot of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering if I have a lot of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering if I have a lot of excess
+silic interstitials around whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic interstitials around whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic interstitials around whenever
+there's a a gold it can just knock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a gold it can just knock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a gold it can just knock it
+off a lattice and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving so um process that create any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so um process that create any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so um process that create any
+process that creates excess intertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that creates excess intertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that creates excess intertial
+should be helpful uh in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be helpful uh in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be helpful uh in in this
+Gathering uh this mobilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering uh this mobilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering uh this mobilization
+process processes that create excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process processes that create excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process processes that create excess
+vacancies will tend to hinder gettering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies will tend to hinder gettering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies will tend to hinder gettering
+because they're going if you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're going if you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're going if you have a lot
+of excess vacancies it's going to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excess vacancies it's going to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excess vacancies it's going to drive
+this back to the left the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back to the left the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back to the left the second
+reaction and and cause gold to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and and cause gold to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and and cause gold to go back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+substitutional so interestingly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional so interestingly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional so interestingly just
+sort of um from an empirical point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um from an empirical point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um from an empirical point of
+view a lot of the things people do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a lot of the things people do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a lot of the things people do for
+ging happen to also create excess known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging happen to also create excess known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging happen to also create excess known
+be known to create excess interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known to create excess interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known to create excess interstitials
+so for example backside phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example backside phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example backside phosphorus
+diffusion well when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion well when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion well when we talk about
+phosphorus diffusion we'll we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus diffusion we'll we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus diffusion we'll we'll see how
+it it tends to inject a lot of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it tends to inject a lot of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it tends to inject a lot of excess
+interstitials ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials ion
+implantation in which we shoot ions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation in which we shoot ions into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation in which we shoot ions into
+the crystal tend to knock silicon off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal tend to knock silicon off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal tend to knock silicon off
+glat toyes and create a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glat toyes and create a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glat toyes and create a lot of
+interstitials um and internal Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um and internal Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um and internal Gathering
+or intrinsic Gathering involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or intrinsic Gathering involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or intrinsic Gathering involves
+oxidizing silicon which we will find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing silicon which we will find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing silicon which we will find out
+uh creating S2 precipitates tends to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating S2 precipitates tends to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating S2 precipitates tends to U
+uh to punch out a lot of excess um silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to punch out a lot of excess um silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to punch out a lot of excess um silic
+interstitials so the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so the sort of
+qualitatively can we say that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively can we say that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively can we say that the things
+that we know work for gettering also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know work for gettering also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know work for gettering also
+tend to create a lot of interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to create a lot of interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to create a lot of interstitials
+and and that would be consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would be consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that would be consistent with
+this type of model the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of model the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of model the fact that the
+some of the metals need to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mobilized so let go on to slide 24 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized so let go on to slide 24 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized so let go on to slide 24 and
+the second step is once it's mobile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is once it's mobile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is once it's mobile is
+to get the metal to diffuse to the Gard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the metal to diffuse to the Gard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the metal to diffuse to the Gard
+site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+um in this interstitial form and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this interstitial form and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this interstitial form and so it
+has to diffuse to the backside or into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to diffuse to the backside or into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to diffuse to the backside or into
+the uh or into the intrinsic region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh or into the intrinsic region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh or into the intrinsic region
+let's say we're doing diffusion to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're doing diffusion to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're doing diffusion to the
+backside um this plot uh on on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside um this plot uh on on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside um this plot uh on on slide
+number 24 is a plot of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 24 is a plot of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 24 is a plot of the concentration
+of that um gold as a function of depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um gold as a function of depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um gold as a function of depth
+in the wafer where this the the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wafer where this the the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wafer where this the the um uh
+the z0 point or this point right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z0 point or this point right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z0 point or this point right here is
+supposed to represent the um the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent the um the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent the um the wafer
+backside so that's the the back side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside so that's the the back side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside so that's the the back side of
+the wafer As you move to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer As you move to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer As you move to the right
+you're going through the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through the thickness of
+the wafer so you're going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you're going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you're going into the
+center of the wafer and I move all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the wafer and I move all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the wafer and I move all the
+way to the window I'd be at the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the window I'd be at the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the window I'd be at the front
+side of the wafer so imagine the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wafer so imagine the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wafer so imagine the wafer
+is standing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing up
+sideways and this is a plot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways and this is a plot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways and this is a plot of different
+time Contours of what the um gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Contours of what the um gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Contours of what the um gold
+concentration would look like initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would look like initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration would look like initially
+a Time T equals z is a flat line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time T equals z is a flat line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time T equals z is a flat line it's
+just at 10 to the 15 so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at 10 to the 15 so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at 10 to the 15 so let's say
+somehow the wafer got 10 the 15th per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the wafer got 10 the 15th per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the wafer got 10 the 15th per
+cubic atoms of gold in it uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic atoms of gold in it uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic atoms of gold in it uniformly
+distributed now you heat it up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed now you heat it up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed now you heat it up and you
+increase the amount of time and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of time and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of time and as I
+heat it um basically the the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it um basically the the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it um basically the the um the the
+uh gold is diffusing out of the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gold is diffusing out of the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gold is diffusing out of the way for
+it it's lowering here in the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's lowering here in the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's lowering here in the center and
+at the edge it's diffusing down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge it's diffusing down so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge it's diffusing down so this
+is what we expect the gold profiles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we expect the gold profiles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we expect the gold profiles to
+look like um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um over
+time just in a rough sense if we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just in a rough sense if we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just in a rough sense if we go on
+to slide 25 actually there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide 25 actually there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide 25 actually there are some
+plots which there's a plot which shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots which there's a plot which shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots which there's a plot which shows
+um as a function of time at 1,000° what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function of time at 1,000° what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a function of time at 1,000° what
+happens to the gold concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the gold concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the gold concentration
+profiles actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles actually
+experimentally um and these are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally um and these are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally um and these are this
+represents the observed profiles they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the observed profiles they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the observed profiles they're
+actually not quite like what was shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not quite like what was shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not quite like what was shown
+in slide 24 if I go back here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slide 24 if I go back here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slide 24 if I go back here you see
+this is a much more in slide 24 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a much more in slide 24 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a much more in slide 24 it's a
+much more gradual kind of drop off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more gradual kind of drop off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more gradual kind of drop off on
+this plot in slide 25 in fact it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot in slide 25 in fact it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot in slide 25 in fact it's very
+abrupt it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt it's very
+sudden um than predicted by this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden um than predicted by this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden um than predicted by this simple
+model well it turns out people explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well it turns out people explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well it turns out people explain
+this sudden drop off by the fact that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sudden drop off by the fact that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sudden drop off by the fact that um
+the Silicon interstitial diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon interstitial diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon interstitial diffusion is
+fast but it's actually slower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but it's actually slower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but it's actually slower than the
+metal atom diffusion so the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal atom diffusion so the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal atom diffusion so the rate
+limiting process in this step is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process in this step is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process in this step is for the
+Silicon interstitials to diffuse in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon interstitials to diffuse in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon interstitials to diffuse in the
+back or inside into the wafer um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or inside into the wafer um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or inside into the wafer um and
+mobilize the gold so as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize the gold so as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize the gold so as soon as the
+silic interstitials arrive at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic interstitials arrive at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic interstitials arrive at a
+particular location the gold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location the gold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location the gold is
+converted to interstitial form and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to interstitial form and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to interstitial form and then
+it's got It's diffusing so fast it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's diffusing so fast it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's diffusing so fast it can
+rapidly diffuse out the wafer so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly diffuse out the wafer so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly diffuse out the wafer so what's
+rate limiting here is the um the IND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate limiting here is the um the IND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate limiting here is the um the IND
+diffusion of the Silicon interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the Silicon interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the Silicon interstitials
+so this sharp drop off point here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sharp drop off point here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sharp drop off point here here
+you see at 12 seconds 12 minutes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at 12 seconds 12 minutes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see at 12 seconds 12 minutes it's
+dropping off here 20 and 25 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping off here 20 and 25 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping off here 20 and 25 30 minutes
+that sharp drop point corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharp drop point corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharp drop point corresponds to the
+depth people believe which the silk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth people believe which the silk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth people believe which the silk and
+the interstitials must have diffused in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials must have diffused in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials must have diffused in
+a given time in fact in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given time in fact in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given time in fact in the old days
+people used this as a marker for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used this as a marker for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used this as a marker for how to
+measure or estimate silic and Inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or estimate silic and Inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or estimate silic and Inter
+interstitial diffusion they couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial diffusion they couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial diffusion they couldn't see
+the interstitials but they hypothesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials but they hypothesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interstitials but they hypothesized
+they were having this effect on the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having this effect on the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were having this effect on the gold
+so they would model the gold diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would model the gold diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would model the gold diffusion
+and the silic and interstitial indusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the silic and interstitial indusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the silic and interstitial indusion
+uh that's associated with that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's associated with that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's associated with that and so
+that was one method of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one method of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one method of estimating
+silicon uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh in
+diffusion okay so anyway that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay so anyway that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay so anyway that's just a
+practical um issue with the way gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical um issue with the way gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical um issue with the way gold
+diffuses through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wafers and in fact on slide 26 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and in fact on slide 26 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and in fact on slide 26 this is
+just to remind you of how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you of how the the
+relationship or the relative magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or the relative magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship or the relative magnitude
+of the uh the gold diffusion look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the gold diffusion look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the gold diffusion look at the
+Gold um intertial diffusivity up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gold um intertial diffusivity up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gold um intertial diffusivity up here
+compared to the Silicon uh the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Silicon uh the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Silicon uh the diffusion
+of of silicon self interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of silicon self interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of silicon self interstitials
+if you have an element like titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an element like titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an element like titanium
+which diffuses slower than silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which diffuses slower than silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which diffuses slower than silicon
+interstitials it's going to have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials it's going to have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials it's going to have a more
+classical type of profile as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical type of profile as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical type of profile as shown here
+in the on the lower right uh for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the on the lower right uh for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the on the lower right uh for its
+diffusion profile of titanium out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion profile of titanium out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion profile of titanium out
+diffusing or diffusing to the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing or diffusing to the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing or diffusing to the back of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wafer Okay so we've made them mobile we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer Okay so we've made them mobile we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer Okay so we've made them mobile we
+got them diffused to the site the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them diffused to the site the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them diffused to the site the final
+thing is trap them it doesn't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is trap them it doesn't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is trap them it doesn't do any
+good to make them diffuse there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to make them diffuse there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to make them diffuse there and then
+have them come right back out again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them come right back out again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them come right back out again so
+they have to be trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be trapped
+and this tends to be very very empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tends to be very very empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tends to be very very empirical
+um but people have experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but people have experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but people have experimentally
+observed that certain types of backside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that certain types of backside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that certain types of backside
+damage trap metal atoms if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage trap metal atoms if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage trap metal atoms if you measure
+the concentration in that backside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in that backside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration in that backside
+region after you've damaged it it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region after you've damaged it it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region after you've damaged it it has a
+higher concentration of of of metals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher concentration of of of metals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher concentration of of of metals in
+it um it's kind of hard to model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um it's kind of hard to model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um it's kind of hard to model this
+but one approach is to model it uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one approach is to model it uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one approach is to model it uh using
+the the sort of the mathematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the mathematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of the mathematics of
+segregation and to talk about um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and to talk about um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and to talk about um uh the
+gold as it exists in the bulk and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold as it exists in the bulk and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold as it exists in the bulk and the
+golds as it exists in the Trap site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golds as it exists in the Trap site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golds as it exists in the Trap site and
+compare those two concentrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare those two concentrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare those two concentrat
+ations remember um in in chapter 3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations remember um in in chapter 3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations remember um in in chapter 3 we
+talked about segregation describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about segregation describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about segregation describe the
+dopic Behavior Uh as it segregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopic Behavior Uh as it segregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopic Behavior Uh as it segregated
+between the liquid phase and the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the liquid phase and the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the liquid phase and the solid
+phase during trosi growth well the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase during trosi growth well the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase during trosi growth well the same
+concept here is is is really applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here is is is really applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here is is is really applies
+here we have the segregation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the segregation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the segregation of this
+gold or this metal atom between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or this metal atom between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or this metal atom between the
+Silicon bulk and and the trapped region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon bulk and and the trapped region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon bulk and and the trapped region
+or the backside trapped region so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the backside trapped region so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the backside trapped region so we can
+use similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematics and that's what's shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and that's what's shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and that's what's shown on
+slide 28 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 28 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 28 this is
+a relatively simple way of looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple way of looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple way of looking at a
+segregation model for metal atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation model for metal atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation model for metal atom
+trapping during gettering and what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping during gettering and what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping during gettering and what we do
+is we write down the solubility of gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we write down the solubility of gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we write down the solubility of gold
+in two states on the upper equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two states on the upper equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two states on the upper equation is
+the solubility of gold in bulk silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility of gold in bulk silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility of gold in bulk silicon
+so this is not in the gter region just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not in the gter region just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not in the gter region just
+just existing in the silicon and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just existing in the silicon and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just existing in the silicon and it has
+some exponential dependence on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exponential dependence on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exponential dependence on an
+activation energy ea1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy ea1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy ea1 over
+KT and the second equation down is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and the second equation down is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and the second equation down is the
+the solubility of gold uh in in the GED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility of gold uh in in the GED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solubility of gold uh in in the GED
+site G so it's it's got this G next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site G so it's it's got this G next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site G so it's it's got this G next to
+it um in the GED region and here NG n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in the GED region and here NG n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in the GED region and here NG n
+subg is the density of gathering SES and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subg is the density of gathering SES and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subg is the density of gathering SES and
+sub silicon here is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub silicon here is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub silicon here is the density of
+silicon Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Atomic
+sites um and we what we Define is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites um and we what we Define is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites um and we what we Define is a
+segregation coefficient just as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient just as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation coefficient just as we did
+before a liquid solid segregation kot as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a liquid solid segregation kot as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a liquid solid segregation kot as
+uh to be the ratio of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be the ratio of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be the ratio of the concentration
+of the total gold um in the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total gold um in the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total gold um in the wafer
+divided by that in that's in the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that in that's in the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that in that's in the Silicon
+so that's our segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our segregation
+coefficient and we can just simply ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and we can just simply ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and we can just simply ratio
+plug in these exponentials and and ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in these exponentials and and ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in these exponentials and and ratio
+of them as shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as shown in the
+equation so if um ea1 the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if um ea1 the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if um ea1 the activation
+energy A1 minus ea2 is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy A1 minus ea2 is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy A1 minus ea2 is a positive
+quantity then KO is going to decrease as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity then KO is going to decrease as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity then KO is going to decrease as
+temperature increases this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increases this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increases this tells us
+something about where the um where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the um where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the um where the
+metal wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal wants to
+reside in fact for um empirically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside in fact for um empirically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reside in fact for um empirically for
+phosphorus backside Gathering uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus backside Gathering uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus backside Gathering uh it's
+been found that this segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that this segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that this segregation
+coefficient can be written like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient can be written like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient can be written like this a
+simple equation where it has um a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation where it has um a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equation where it has um a a
+positive activation energy so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive activation energy so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive activation energy so what this
+says is we need to increase the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is we need to increase the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is we need to increase the number
+of gathering sites NG which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gathering sites NG which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gathering sites NG which of course
+just means keep the amount of phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means keep the amount of phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means keep the amount of phosphorus
+in the backside Region High and we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the backside Region High and we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the backside Region High and we keep
+the temperature low trap it there with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature low trap it there with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature low trap it there with a
+relatively low temperature so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low temperature so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low temperature so we don't
+want to go too high to get the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go too high to get the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go too high to get the highest
+amount of segregation so again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of segregation so again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of segregation so again it's
+fairly qualitative but it gives some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly qualitative but it gives some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly qualitative but it gives some
+estimate of what how gettering works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what how gettering works as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what how gettering works as
+a function of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of um of
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+trapping okay that's one one um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping okay that's one one um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping okay that's one one um one
+example of a model the second example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a model the second example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a model the second example is
+shown on page 29 and this actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on page 29 and this actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on page 29 and this actually goes
+back to um work that Shak and mole did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to um work that Shak and mole did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to um work that Shak and mole did
+very long time ago back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time ago back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time ago back in the
+1960s and uh this work was to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s and uh this work was to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s and uh this work was to uh
+understand the enhanced solubility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the enhanced solubility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the enhanced solubility of
+metals in heavily dope silicon it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in heavily dope silicon it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in heavily dope silicon it was
+observed that certain metals are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that certain metals are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that certain metals are more
+more soluble they tend to want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more soluble they tend to want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more soluble they tend to want to be in
+heavily dop silicon they have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily dop silicon they have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily dop silicon they have a higher
+concentration in heavily dop silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in heavily dop silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in heavily dop silicon
+than they would in lightly dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they would in lightly dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they would in lightly dope
+silicon um so and this is a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um so and this is a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um so and this is a model that
+that sort of helps to explain that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of helps to explain that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of helps to explain that so in
+in substitutional form we we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in substitutional form we we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in substitutional form we we know that
+gold introduces uh deep levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold introduces uh deep levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold introduces uh deep levels in the
+band Gap near the midgap position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap near the midgap position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap near the midgap position in
+fact there's one here an acceptor level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's one here an acceptor level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's one here an acceptor level
+marked here and there's one here a donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked here and there's one here a donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked here and there's one here a donor
+level uh marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there um so this AU minus uh level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so this AU minus uh level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so this AU minus uh level is
+going to be created uh whenever the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be created uh whenever the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be created uh whenever the gold
+can capture a free electron so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture a free electron so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture a free electron so if
+there's a lot of free electrons we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free electrons we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free electrons we can
+create this a minus state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this a minus state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this a minus state so this
+acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+level so I can just write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I can just write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so I can just write down this
+simple chemical equation gold one gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple chemical equation gold one gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple chemical equation gold one gold
+atom plus an electron goes to an A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom plus an electron goes to an A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom plus an electron goes to an A minus
+ion now if you you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion now if you you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion now if you you're familiar with
+chemistry you know you can write any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you know you can write any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you know you can write any
+reaction you can write an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can write an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can write an equilibrium
+constant associated with that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with that reaction
+rate that depends only on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that depends only on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that depends only on temperature
+so we write this number K sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write this number K sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write this number K sub
+equilibrium depends only on uh uh Conant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium depends only on uh uh Conant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium depends only on uh uh Conant
+on temperature it says that um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on temperature it says that um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on temperature it says that um the the
+reactants the concentration of reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants the concentration of reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants the concentration of reactants
+Au minus divided by the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au minus divided by the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au minus divided by the concentration of
+the product of the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the concentration of the
+um or this is the products divided by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is the products divided by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or this is the products divided by um
+I multiply the concentration of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply the concentration of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply the concentration of the of
+the reactants that has to be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants that has to be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants that has to be a constant
+so the right hand side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right hand side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right hand side of the equation
+the concentration of au minus divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of au minus divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of au minus divided by
+the gold concentration times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold concentration times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold concentration times the
+electron concentration has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration has to be a
+constant depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depends only on
+temperature so that's an important um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that's an important um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that's an important um
+equilibrium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh
+relationship if we go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if we go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship if we go on to slide number
+30 here just uh at the upper left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 here just uh at the upper left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 here just uh at the upper left hand
+side just re repeated that equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side just re repeated that equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side just re repeated that equation this
+equation has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to
+hold both when we have intrinsic silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold both when we have intrinsic silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold both when we have intrinsic silicon
+you know in intrinsic silicon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in intrinsic silicon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in intrinsic silicon the
+electron concentration is just ni or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration is just ni or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration is just ni or
+when it's ENT extrinsic in extrinsic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's ENT extrinsic in extrinsic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's ENT extrinsic in extrinsic the
+electron concent ation is just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concent ation is just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concent ation is just n
+whatever you've doped it to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've doped it to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've doped it to the uh the
+donor uh density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor uh density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor uh density
+level so if that's the case I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so if that's the case I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so if that's the case I can write
+this equation for those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for those two
+cases um and it has to hold so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um and it has to hold so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um and it has to hold so basically
+um I can write down it as it uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write down it as it uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write down it as it uh it turns
+out that the gold the ratio of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the gold the ratio of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the gold the ratio of the um
+gold um Au minus uh in enti material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold um Au minus uh in enti material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold um Au minus uh in enti material to
+its concentration in intrinsic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its concentration in intrinsic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its concentration in intrinsic material
+just has to go like n over ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has to go like n over ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has to go like n over ni
+so then what that means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what that means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what that means is the
+solubility of gold as an acceptor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of gold as an acceptor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of gold as an acceptor is
+going to be higher in end type material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher in end type material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher in end type material
+so as I raise n over ni let's say I dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I raise n over ni let's say I dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I raise n over ni let's say I dope
+uh I'm at a th000 degrees ni is 7 x 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm at a th000 degrees ni is 7 x 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm at a th000 degrees ni is 7 x 10
+the 18th and I create a heavily dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th and I create a heavily dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th and I create a heavily dope
+region 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region 10
+21 then just looking at n over ni I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 then just looking at n over ni I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 then just looking at n over ni I is a
+factor of of of a 100 roughly so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of of of a 100 roughly so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of of of a 100 roughly so that
+means the gold solubility is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the gold solubility is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the gold solubility is going to be
+100 times higher in this heavily doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times higher in this heavily doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times higher in this heavily doped
+10 21 region compared compared to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 21 region compared compared to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 21 region compared compared to uh the
+intrinsic region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic region of the
+wafer so uh again this is looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so uh again this is looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so uh again this is looking at it
+from uh sort of the electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh sort of the electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh sort of the electrochemical
+point of view and it's a little bit hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and it's a little bit hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and it's a little bit hand
+waving but it's it's consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving but it's it's consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving but it's it's consistent with the
+fact that when people do heavy n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when people do heavy n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that when people do heavy n plus
+diffusion regions on the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion regions on the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion regions on the back of the
+wafer like phosphorus they can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer like phosphorus they can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer like phosphorus they can very
+effectively hold metals because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively hold metals because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively hold metals because it has a
+higher solubility um just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher solubility um just because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher solubility um just because of the
+uh um electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved so on on slide 21 if sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so on on slide 21 if sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so on on slide 21 if sort of um
+qualitatively listed a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively listed a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively listed a series of
+explanations of why n plus silicon is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations of why n plus silicon is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations of why n plus silicon is is
+a good getter it's a good trap trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good getter it's a good trap trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good getter it's a good trap trapping
+area uh we just saw the statistics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh we just saw the statistics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh we just saw the statistics of
+the acceptor and donor levels versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptor and donor levels versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceptor and donor levels versus
+doping from shak's paper that show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping from shak's paper that show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping from shak's paper that show that
+that is consistent with that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with that there's
+also people have an ion pairing model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also people have an ion pairing model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also people have an ion pairing model
+that a large atom like gold well gold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large atom like gold well gold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a large atom like gold well gold is
+very large it might want to pair with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large it might want to pair with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large it might want to pair with a
+small atom like phosphorus and form some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small atom like phosphorus and form some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small atom like phosphorus and form some
+kind of AUP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AUP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of AUP
+complex because this minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex because this minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex because this minimizes
+strain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain um
+the other issue is that point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other issue is that point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other issue is that point defect
+concentrations are much higher in dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are much higher in dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are much higher in dope
+silicon than intrinsic remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon than intrinsic remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon than intrinsic remember last
+time we talked about as I move the fairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about as I move the fairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about as I move the fairy
+level around I can create more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level around I can create more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level around I can create more uh
+interstitials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials or
+vacancies uh gold diffuses primarily by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies uh gold diffuses primarily by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies uh gold diffuses primarily by
+an interstitial mechanism uh once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interstitial mechanism uh once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interstitial mechanism uh once it
+arrives in the gter region it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in the gter region it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in the gter region it needs to
+find a l site to become substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a l site to become substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a l site to become substitutional
+so you can imagine an interstitial gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine an interstitial gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine an interstitial gold
+might react with a vacancy in the lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might react with a vacancy in the lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might react with a vacancy in the lce
+and it gets stuck there to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets stuck there to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets stuck there to make it
+substitutional because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional because remember
+substitutional gold doesn't de very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional gold doesn't de very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional gold doesn't de very fast
+so in N plus silicon we saw last time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in N plus silicon we saw last time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in N plus silicon we saw last time it
+has a much higher population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher population of
+vacancies than in intrinsic silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies than in intrinsic silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies than in intrinsic silicon and
+so that's going to tend to drive us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to tend to drive us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to tend to drive us to
+the right so once the gold gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so once the gold gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so once the gold gets it
+diffuses by interstitial mechanism it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses by interstitial mechanism it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuses by interstitial mechanism it
+gets to the backside to the N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the backside to the N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the backside to the N plus
+there's plenty of vacancies around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of vacancies around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of vacancies around to
+give it a lat ofite to get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a lat ofite to get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a lat ofite to get stuck
+onto so that's another again somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto so that's another again somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto so that's another again somewhat
+qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation so that's for backside gaing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so that's for backside gaing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so that's for backside gaing
+with an N plus region such as phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an N plus region such as phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an N plus region such as phosphorus
+which is was the classic method um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is was the classic method um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is was the classic method um how
+about intrinsic gettering this what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intrinsic gettering this what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intrinsic gettering this what kind
+of models do people have for gettering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models do people have for gettering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models do people have for gettering
+uh atoms or metal atoms near sio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atoms or metal atoms near sio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atoms or metal atoms near sio2
+precipitates well actually this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates well actually this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates well actually this is um
+this tends to be a lot more qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to be a lot more qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tends to be a lot more qualitative
+um but if you go back to chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you go back to chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you go back to chapter
+three uh uh chapter 3 talks about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh uh chapter 3 talks about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh uh chapter 3 talks about um how
+S2 precipitation uh takes place and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 precipitation uh takes place and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 precipitation uh takes place and in
+fact it involves a net volume expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it involves a net volume expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it involves a net volume expansion
+the S2 when you add uh when you form it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S2 when you add uh when you form it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S2 when you add uh when you form it
+it tends to uh increase the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to uh increase the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to uh increase the lattice
+locally wherever that is um and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally wherever that is um and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally wherever that is um and and it
+actually compresses the lattice around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compresses the lattice around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compresses the lattice around
+it so people have written this it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so people have written this it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so people have written this it looks
+fairly complex but each term has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complex but each term has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complex but each term has a
+meaning uh this equation which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh this equation which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning uh this equation which describes
+the uh formation internally of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh formation internally of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh formation internally of silicon
+uh reacting with oxygen interstitials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reacting with oxygen interstitials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reacting with oxygen interstitials so
+here's a silicon Lite here a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a silicon Lite here a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a silicon Lite here a certain
+number of lyes are involved reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lyes are involved reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lyes are involved reacting
+with oxygen oral o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxygen oral o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxygen oral o
+oi um and and forming S2 could it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi um and and forming S2 could it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi um and and forming S2 could it could
+be at the surface it could be internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the surface it could be internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the surface it could be internally
+but you're forming a small S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're forming a small S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're forming a small S2
+region um along with some some stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um along with some some stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um along with some some stress
+that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets
+involved look at this fairly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved look at this fairly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved look at this fairly complex
+equation but some of the um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but some of the um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but some of the um some of the
+uh elements of it are identified gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elements of it are identified gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elements of it are identified gamma
+here is the number of interstitials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of interstitials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the number of interstitials that
+contribute to the precipitation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the precipitation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the precipitation process
+per oxygen atom that that join into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per oxygen atom that that join into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per oxygen atom that that join into the
+sa2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa2
+precipitate so a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate so a certain number of
+silicon um uh silicon is a lite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um uh silicon is a lite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um uh silicon is a lite a
+certain number of silicon Lites parp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of silicon Lites parp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of silicon Lites parp uh
+participate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this
+reaction interestingly look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction interestingly look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction interestingly look at the
+process it consumes vacancies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it consumes vacancies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it consumes vacancies so
+vacancies on on the left have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies on on the left have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies on on the left have to be
+consumed um and it injects on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed um and it injects on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed um and it injects on the right
+interstitials so the formation of sio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so the formation of sio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so the formation of sio2
+and we're going to see this in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this in a lot
+more detail when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail when we talked about
+oxidation uh planer oxidation involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh planer oxidation involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation uh planer oxidation involves
+the injection of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the injection of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the injection of excess
+interstitials which is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which is interesting
+because excess intertial we know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because excess intertial we know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because excess intertial we know are
+important for mobilizing certain metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for mobilizing certain metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for mobilizing certain metal
+atoms um so that that's could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms um so that that's could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms um so that that's could be one
+reason why S2 precipitation is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why S2 precipitation is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why S2 precipitation is important
+um we know that this the stress term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that this the stress term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that this the stress term is
+generated because it compresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated because it compresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated because it compresses the
+crystal around it this can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal around it this can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal around it this can cause
+macroscopic defects when the metal atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic defects when the metal atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic defects when the metal atoms
+tend to uh to be located around these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to uh to be located around these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to uh to be located around these
+stacking faults or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking faults or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking faults or
+dislocations if you want to do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations if you want to do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations if you want to do it in a
+quantitative or semi quantitative manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or semi quantitative manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative or semi quantitative manner
+that you can use uh the same model same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use uh the same model same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use uh the same model same
+meth mathematical segregation model was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meth mathematical segregation model was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meth mathematical segregation model was
+used uh as was used for uh previously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh as was used for uh previously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh as was used for uh previously um
+and again this the reaction creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this the reaction creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this the reaction creates
+interstitials which will help free up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which will help free up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which will help free up um
+uh substitutional goal to make it ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh substitutional goal to make it ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh substitutional goal to make it ready
+interstitial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial for
+diffusion so on page 20 or slide 23 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so on page 20 or slide 23 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so on page 20 or slide 23 I
+just want to summarize Gathering it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to summarize Gathering it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to summarize Gathering it's
+still fairly qualitative I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fairly qualitative I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fairly qualitative I think you can
+tell these um Gathering methods really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell these um Gathering methods really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell these um Gathering methods really
+haven't been changed much in the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been changed much in the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been changed much in the last 10
+to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 15
+years there is a better understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is a better understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years there is a better understanding of
+how it work Works um but we really still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it work Works um but we really still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it work Works um but we really still
+need better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need better
+models uh in the future intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh in the future intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh in the future intrinsic
+gettering this process of creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering this process of creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering this process of creating the
+denuded Zone either by ep or whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded Zone either by ep or whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denuded Zone either by ep or whatever is
+going to dominate because um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate because um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate because um uh the
+thermal budgets for IC processing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budgets for IC processing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budgets for IC processing will
+decrease and trying to diffuse those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and trying to diffuse those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and trying to diffuse those
+atoms all the way to the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms all the way to the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms all the way to the back of the
+wafer especially titanium and Molly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer especially titanium and Molly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer especially titanium and Molly
+which have low lower diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have low lower diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have low lower diffusion
+coefficients it's not it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's not it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients it's not it's not very
+practical so having the gettering site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical so having the gettering site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical so having the gettering site
+close is better um clearly the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close is better um clearly the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close is better um clearly the amount of
+oxygen the oxygen concentration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the oxygen concentration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the oxygen concentration in the
+wafer is going to be critical uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is going to be critical uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is going to be critical uh for
+this whole Gathering process so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Gathering process so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Gathering process so we're
+going to need tighter controls uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need tighter controls uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need tighter controls uh so
+that we can really control the Gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can really control the Gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can really control the Gathering
+process and also to control other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and also to control other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and also to control other things
+like wafer warpage we talked earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wafer warpage we talked earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wafer warpage we talked earlier
+about how oxygen actually increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how oxygen actually increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how oxygen actually increases the
+mechanical strength of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical strength of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical strength of silicon
+so uh newer techniques are needed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh newer techniques are needed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh newer techniques are needed to to
+do temperature uh gathering at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do temperature uh gathering at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do temperature uh gathering at lower
+temperatures so it has that's an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so it has that's an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so it has that's an area
+for for work and there is really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for work and there is really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for work and there is really no
+accurate simulation tool in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate simulation tool in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate simulation tool in this class
+for homework you're going to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homework you're going to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homework you're going to learn how
+to use simulation tools tools called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use simulation tools tools called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use simulation tools tools called
+Supreme 4 to model processes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 to model processes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme 4 to model processes like
+diffusion oxidation whatever there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion oxidation whatever there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion oxidation whatever there is no
+such simple tool for Gathering it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such simple tool for Gathering it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such simple tool for Gathering it's
+still very hand waving sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very hand waving sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very hand waving sort of
+qualitative arguments um like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative arguments um like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative arguments um like we've
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+today and I'll finish up by summarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I'll finish up by summarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I'll finish up by summarizing
+chapter 4 um the last couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 um the last couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 um the last couple of lectures
+we talked about particle control wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about particle control wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about particle control wafer
+cleaning and gettering processes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning and gettering processes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning and gettering processes these
+three things um all of these are crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things um all of these are crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things um all of these are crucial
+for successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for successful
+manufacturing um and even for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um and even for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing um and even for doing the
+research that you do here in MTL um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you do here in MTL um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you do here in MTL um
+there's a three- term tiered approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a three- term tiered approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a three- term tiered approach
+was to keep the air and the water clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to keep the air and the water clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to keep the air and the water clean
+uh continuously clean the wafers in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuously clean the wafers in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuously clean the wafers in in
+these uh chemicals and use the RCA clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh chemicals and use the RCA clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh chemicals and use the RCA clean
+and finally to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally to do
+gettering ging involves a releasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering ging involves a releasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gettering ging involves a releasing the
+impurities um defusing them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities um defusing them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities um defusing them to the
+trapping side and getting them trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping side and getting them trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping side and getting them trapped
+the good thing is that most metals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is that most metals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is that most metals uh
+diffuse relatively fast that's both good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse relatively fast that's both good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse relatively fast that's both good
+and bad um there are a lot of means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bad um there are a lot of means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bad um there are a lot of means and
+next time we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to talk about the
+physical electrical and and uh means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical electrical and and uh means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical electrical and and uh means for
+characterizing the wafer contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the wafer contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the wafer contamination
+and how effective is your Gathering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how effective is your Gathering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how effective is your Gathering and
+how contaminated are your Wafers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how contaminated are your Wafers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how contaminated are your Wafers and and
+I showed you some data today without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you some data today without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you some data today without
+explaining txrf and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining txrf and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining txrf and things like that
+we'll talk next time a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk next time a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk next time a little bit about
+how some of those um those contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how some of those um those contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how some of those um those contamination
+measurement techniques work uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement techniques work uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement techniques work uh so that's
+all I have for this lecture um please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have for this lecture um please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have for this lecture um please
+come up and handing your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and handing your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and handing your uh your
+homework in the orange folder here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework in the orange folder here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework in the orange folder here
+homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+thanks picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/F3tPapv5w48.txt b/F3tPapv5w48.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca3403736e7bc6dc403239e1958aff2068ef3e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/F3tPapv5w48.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this video is intended to
+describe some of the key features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe some of the key features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe some of the key features of the
+lean Enterprise Value lean healthc Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Enterprise Value lean healthc Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Enterprise Value lean healthc Care
+Clinic simulation a video can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic simulation a video can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinic simulation a video can't
+substitute for the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the experience of
+attending an intense learning simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending an intense learning simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending an intense learning simulation
+such as this one and we won't attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this one and we won't attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this one and we won't attempt to
+do that instead what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that instead what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that instead what we're going to do
+is describe what the students experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describe what the students experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describe what the students experience
+during the day cover at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day cover at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day cover at least some of
+the lessons of what they learn and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lessons of what they learn and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lessons of what they learn and for
+those of you that are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are interested in
+simulation based education describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation based education describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation based education describes
+some of the features of the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the features of the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the features of the learning
+simulation the simulation itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the simulation itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the simulation itself and
+this video are broken into three pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video are broken into three pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video are broken into three pieces
+three modules one is the learning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modules one is the learning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modules one is the learning of the
+simulation itself it's accompanied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation itself it's accompanied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation itself it's accompanied by
+some background information in how lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background information in how lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some background information in how lean
+applies to healthc care and some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to healthc care and some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to healthc care and some simple
+tools for getting local processes under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for getting local processes under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for getting local processes under
+control the second is a structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the second is a structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the second is a structured
+Improvement using value stream mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement using value stream mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement using value stream mapping
+capacity calculation and a planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity calculation and a planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity calculation and a planned
+Improvement method to improve the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement method to improve the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement method to improve the local
+processes at each Clinic to make them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes at each Clinic to make them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes at each Clinic to make them at
+least functional and then the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least functional and then the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least functional and then the third
+attacks problems that cannot be handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks problems that cannot be handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks problems that cannot be handled
+at the individual clinics and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual clinics and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual clinics and in this
+exercise the entire group of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the entire group of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the entire group of students
+participates in a simulated rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates in a simulated rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates in a simulated rapid
+process Improvement Workshop where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Improvement Workshop where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Improvement Workshop where they
+break down into functional teams and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into functional teams and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into functional teams and do
+a complete re-engineering of the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete re-engineering of the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete re-engineering of the clinic
+process across the whole room with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process across the whole room with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process across the whole room with
+cooperation between clinics in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation between clinics in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation between clinics in order to
+solve some problems that are unsolvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some problems that are unsolvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some problems that are unsolvable
+at the local level and also create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the local level and also create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the local level and also create a
+overall very high performing Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall very high performing Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall very high performing Clinic
+environment basically what you are in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment basically what you are in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment basically what you are in in
+our simulated world is a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simulated world is a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simulated world is a group of
+outpatient clinics um we have an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient clinics um we have an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient clinics um we have an old
+process that is not very good there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is not very good there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is not very good there's
+High variation in workload in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High variation in workload in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High variation in workload in in the
+processes um the overall performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um the overall performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um the overall performance is
+pretty poor we're going to actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poor we're going to actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poor we're going to actually let
+you experience that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience that you're going to
+you're going to play with it um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to play with it um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to play with it um you know
+maybe for a little while you'll be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for a little while you'll be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for a little while you'll be you
+you'll be uh you'll be learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be uh you'll be learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be uh you'll be learning how to
+do it but it's not that complicated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it's not that complicated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but it's not that complicated you
+should be able to learn your own jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to learn your own jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to learn your own jobs
+pretty quickly and then but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and then but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly and then but then you
+will find that it still doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that it still doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that it still doesn't work
+very well because the system itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because the system itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because the system itself is
+set up um not very well at that point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up um not very well at that point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up um not very well at that point uh
+the simulation once you've learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation once you've learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation once you've learned it
+becomes a practice field for applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a practice field for applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a practice field for applying
+lean techniques what can we do to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean techniques what can we do to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean techniques what can we do to make
+this process better this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process better this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process better this is what we're
+going to do we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do we're going to have
+basically three segments the segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three segments the segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three segments the segments
+will have one or two rounds of play each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have one or two rounds of play each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have one or two rounds of play each
+um we're going to first learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to first learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to first learn the
+simulation that's what we're doing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that's what we're doing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that's what we're doing right
+now we're going to apply lean locally at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to apply lean locally at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to apply lean locally at
+each of your tables you will strategize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of your tables you will strategize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of your tables you will strategize
+and apply some lean interventions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply some lean interventions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply some lean interventions to
+make your uh individual Clinic work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your uh individual Clinic work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your uh individual Clinic work
+better and then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then we're going to do
+another round where we start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round where we start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round where we start thinking
+about well there's only so much one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well there's only so much one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well there's only so much one can
+do locally what are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do locally what are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do locally what are some of the things
+that we can do by coordinating across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do by coordinating across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do by coordinating across
+our whole Healthcare Enterprise by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our whole Healthcare Enterprise by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our whole Healthcare Enterprise by
+expanding our vision of the value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our vision of the value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding our vision of the value stream
+Beyond just the one uh Clinic uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just the one uh Clinic uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond just the one uh Clinic uh so that
+the whole room can work together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole room can work together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole room can work together to make
+a more efficient system that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more efficient system that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more efficient system that for example
+shares resources or uh redirect patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares resources or uh redirect patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares resources or uh redirect patients
+to places that are better able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to places that are better able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to places that are better able to take
+care of them what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of them what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of them what we're going to do in
+this module is is first of all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module is is first of all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module is is first of all just
+learn how to play the simulation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to play the simulation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to play the simulation because
+the the idea that we would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea that we would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the idea that we would like you to
+get is to think about this as a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is to think about this as a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is to think about this as a process
+that mirrors perhaps does not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mirrors perhaps does not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mirrors perhaps does not exactly
+simulate but mirrors the kind of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but mirrors the kind of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but mirrors the kind of process
+that you'd see in in a clinic or ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd see in in a clinic or ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd see in in a clinic or ER
+where um where a patient is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where a patient is flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where a patient is flowing
+through the system and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system and we're trying to
+get that patient value stream to be lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that patient value stream to be lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that patient value stream to be lean
+um so we're going to learn simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to learn simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to learn simulation
+we're going to experience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to experience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to experience the
+frustrations of a not very good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrations of a not very good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrations of a not very good uh
+process and apply a couple simple lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and apply a couple simple lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and apply a couple simple lean
+tools to try to get it to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to try to get it to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to try to get it to at least
+perform at a at a minimum level key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform at a at a minimum level key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform at a at a minimum level key
+thing right now though is to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right now though is to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right now though is to kind of
+wrap your brain around the Sim so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap your brain around the Sim so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap your brain around the Sim so that
+we can stop thinking about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stop thinking about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stop thinking about it because
+later in the day what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the day what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the day what we would like to
+do is think about this as a process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about this as a process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about this as a process and
+apply lean tools and analyses to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply lean tools and analyses to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply lean tools and analyses to it so
+that the the game as it were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the game as it were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the game as it were sort of
+Fades into the background and we worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fades into the background and we worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fades into the background and we worry
+more about the the realities of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the the realities of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the the realities of the of
+the tools and uh using them to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools and uh using them to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools and uh using them to improve
+the process that's embodied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that's embodied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that's embodied in the
+simulation the rules are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the rules are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the rules are very
+straightforward and in fact they're they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and in fact they're they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and in fact they're they
+are pretty much in front of you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much in front of you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much in front of you if
+everyone has a mat in front of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a mat in front of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a mat in front of them that
+says process and if you just read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says process and if you just read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says process and if you just read that
+and execute those actions Faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute those actions Faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute those actions Faithfully
+you'll be fine um it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be fine um it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be fine um it's important that
+you do that because that's the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that because that's the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that because that's the basis for
+future improvements if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future improvements if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future improvements if you don't
+understand the process it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the process it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the process it's going to be
+difficult to improve it so round one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to improve it so round one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to improve it so round one and
+the minute is is the time you'll now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute is is the time you'll now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute is is the time you'll now be
+referring to this rather than making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to this rather than making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to this rather than making
+those times up um you have 12 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times up um you have 12 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times up um you have 12 minutes to
+get things done if you are not done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things done if you are not done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things done if you are not done in
+12 minutes you can no longer process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minutes you can no longer process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minutes you can no longer process you
+can no longer register any new patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer register any new patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can no longer register any new patients
+but you have 3 minutes of overtime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have 3 minutes of overtime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have 3 minutes of overtime to
+finish the existing patients and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the existing patients and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the existing patients and I will
+reset the clock at that time um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the clock at that time um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the clock at that time um and then
+we'll count up to three minutes so ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll count up to three minutes so ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll count up to three minutes so ready
+and go this Montage will illustrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go this Montage will illustrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go this Montage will illustrate some
+of the Fe features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fe features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fe features of the
+simulation oh it's a long one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation oh it's a long one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation oh it's a long one the
+simulation involves processing of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation involves processing of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation involves processing of little
+Lego people Lego patients through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego people Lego patients through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego people Lego patients through a
+simulated Clinic with various functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated Clinic with various functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated Clinic with various functions
+such as registration triage examination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as registration triage examination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as registration triage examination
+diagnosis uh and discharge the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis uh and discharge the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis uh and discharge the uh
+simulation has a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation has a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation has a fair amount of
+paperwork a lot of it is uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork a lot of it is uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork a lot of it is uh a little
+frustrating a little bit redundant some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating a little bit redundant some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating a little bit redundant some
+of it is unnecessarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is unnecessarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is unnecessarily complicated
+although the paper work does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the paper work does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the paper work does have
+important information that affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information that affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information that affects the
+flow of the patients and their treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the patients and their treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the patients and their treatment
+timers are used to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timers are used to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timers are used to represent the
+capacity of the system so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the system so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the system so it doesn't
+turn into a race to get things done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a race to get things done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a race to get things done
+although physical dexterity is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although physical dexterity is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although physical dexterity is sometimes
+required there are a lot of manual steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required there are a lot of manual steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required there are a lot of manual steps
+but the basic processes are represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic processes are represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic processes are represented
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+timers and those are ultimately the conu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timers and those are ultimately the conu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timers and those are ultimately the conu
+on the system that allows the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system that allows the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the system that allows the students
+to focus ultimately on the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus ultimately on the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus ultimately on the process
+itself rather than the details body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather than the details body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather than the details body
+color the variation in the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the variation in the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the variation in the system is
+represented a couple different ways one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a couple different ways one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented a couple different ways one
+is by the patient himself the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the patient himself the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the patient himself the little
+Lego patient has different colors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego patient has different colors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego patient has different colors of
+head body and legs that affect the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head body and legs that affect the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head body and legs that affect the the
+diagnosis this is the each patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis this is the each patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis this is the each patient is
+different phenomena um the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phenomena um the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phenomena um the actual
+process variation is represented by dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process variation is represented by dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process variation is represented by dice
+that that create a unpredictable source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that create a unpredictable source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that create a unpredictable source
+of variation of each station and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of each station and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation of each station and these
+can affect both the time it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect both the time it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect both the time it takes to
+process the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the individual
+patient and in some cases in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and in some cases in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and in some cases in the case of
+diagnosis the dice can indicate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis the dice can indicate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis the dice can indicate whether
+a test is failed or passed or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test is failed or passed or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test is failed or passed or whether
+the machine fails to perform and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine fails to perform and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine fails to perform and the
+test has to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test has to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test has to be done
+over the U patients sometimes have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the U patients sometimes have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the U patients sometimes have to
+leave the table and go to a little Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the table and go to a little Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the table and go to a little Lego
+hospital so there are some externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so there are some externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital so there are some externalities
+um to the system sometimes the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the system sometimes the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the system sometimes the uh the
+clinic cannot handle a given patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic cannot handle a given patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic cannot handle a given patient
+there are other times when uh patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other times when uh patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other times when uh patients
+don't have to go to the hospital but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to the hospital but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go to the hospital but
+nevertheless due to lack of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless due to lack of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless due to lack of either
+capacity or the correct equipment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity or the correct equipment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity or the correct equipment they
+can't be treated at the clinic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be treated at the clinic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be treated at the clinic and
+therefore the the clinic effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the the clinic effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the the clinic effectively
+fails to treat the patient these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to treat the patient these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to treat the patient these are
+things that are eventually dealt with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are eventually dealt with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are eventually dealt with in
+the last round of the simulation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last round of the simulation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last round of the simulation as the
+first round or two go on that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round or two go on that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round or two go on that the
+students do learn to master their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do learn to master their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do learn to master their own
+processes but it still remains a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it still remains a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it still remains a little
+bit confusing the process is not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confusing the process is not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit confusing the process is not a very
+good one and uh so but the students get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and uh so but the students get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and uh so but the students get
+past the simulation rules and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the simulation rules and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the simulation rules and start
+thinking about what is wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is wrong with this
+process what's the overall flow and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what's the overall flow and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what's the overall flow and what
+is the purpose of the paperwork and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the purpose of the paperwork and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the purpose of the paperwork and what
+are the sources of variation and how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sources of variation and how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sources of variation and how can
+we make this process better okay regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make this process better okay regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make this process better okay regular
+time is done we are starting overtime 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is done we are starting overtime 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is done we are starting overtime 3
+minutes no new patients may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes no new patients may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes no new patients may be
+registered the simulation uses overtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered the simulation uses overtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered the simulation uses overtime
+basically to clear patients off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to clear patients off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to clear patients off the
+table so that it's not a continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that it's not a continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that it's not a continuing
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulation basically the clinic closes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation basically the clinic closes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation basically the clinic closes
+down to the night this allows a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the night this allows a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the night this allows a a
+completion of the metrics for each day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the metrics for each day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the metrics for each day
+okay so if there's any patients still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if there's any patients still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if there's any patients still
+out on the floor they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the floor they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the floor they're going to be
+recorded as untreated and also makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as untreated and also makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded as untreated and also makes it
+simpler to execute the simulation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to execute the simulation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to execute the simulation you
+don't have patients that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have patients that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have patients that are
+mysteriously trapped in the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteriously trapped in the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysteriously trapped in the clinic
+overnight and any unfinished paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight and any unfinished paperwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight and any unfinished paperwork
+to that person to uh to just put away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person to uh to just put away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person to uh to just put away
+that'd be good we're going to clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be good we're going to clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be good we're going to clear the
+table and what we'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and what we'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and what we'd like you to do is
+put patients and errors that's untreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put patients and errors that's untreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put patients and errors that's untreated
+patients not hospitals okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients not hospitals okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients not hospitals okay but
+untreated patients or patients that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated patients or patients that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untreated patients or patients that were
+treated incorrectly we can use visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated incorrectly we can use visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated incorrectly we can use visual
+control anybody who's been in a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control anybody who's been in a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control anybody who's been in a hospital
+has seen these kind of uh scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen these kind of uh scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen these kind of uh scheduling
+boards students now use visual controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards students now use visual controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards students now use visual controls
+and intuitive small improvements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitive small improvements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitive small improvements and
+standardizations in their process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizations in their process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizations in their process to
+make it perform a little bit better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it perform a little bit better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it perform a little bit better at
+least to make it perform uh not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to make it perform uh not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to make it perform uh not quite so
+chaotically all righty round two go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotically all righty round two go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotically all righty round two go and
+try the process again typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the process again typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the process again typically
+improvements are noticeable but small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements are noticeable but small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements are noticeable but small
+and at the end of this process students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of this process students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of this process students
+are encouraged to share their various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encouraged to share their various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encouraged to share their various
+ideas with the larger group let's total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas with the larger group let's total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas with the larger group let's total
+up our statistics put them up so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our statistics put them up so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our statistics put them up so they
+can take some ownership of it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some ownership of it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some ownership of it so that
+the larger group can see the variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger group can see the variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger group can see the variety of
+different Improvement ideas that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Improvement ideas that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Improvement ideas that people
+can come up with just sort of creatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with just sort of creatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with just sort of creatively
+in the first Improvement attempt to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first Improvement attempt to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first Improvement attempt to wait
+okay yeah we did the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah we did the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah we did the same thing we
+actually used sticky labels we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used sticky labels we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used sticky labels we did the
+similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of
+thing lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing lab
+triage in the second module of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage in the second module of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage in the second module of the
+simulation experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation experience
+the students receive some lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students receive some lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students receive some lecture
+material and then embark on a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then embark on a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then embark on a major
+exercise the process is analyzed using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the process is analyzed using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise the process is analyzed using
+value stream mapping some gima visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream mapping some gima visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream mapping some gima visits
+where people look at how the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people look at how the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people look at how the process
+work in detail on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in detail on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in detail on the
+table and also they do some analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and also they do some analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and also they do some analysis
+using capacity calculations and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capacity calculations and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capacity calculations and other
+calculations to try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations to try to understand the
+capacity and other features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and other features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and other features of the
+simulation quantitatively they then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation quantitatively they then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation quantitatively they then go
+through a structured improvement process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a structured improvement process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a structured improvement process
+where ideas are brainstormed costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ideas are brainstormed costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ideas are brainstormed costs are
+figured out and an improvement approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and an improvement approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and an improvement approach
+is agree it is round three let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is agree it is round three let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is agree it is round three let's go
+these improvements are done at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these improvements are done at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these improvements are done at the
+single table level the single Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single table level the single Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single table level the single Clinic
+level Tom registration we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Tom registration we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level Tom registration we have a new
+patient can you take that patient on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient can you take that patient on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient can you take that patient on
+registration no interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration no interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration no interaction between the
+clinics uh is done at this time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics uh is done at this time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinics uh is done at this time so the
+attempt is to locally optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt is to locally optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt is to locally optimize the
+process with the new process the tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the new process the tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the new process the tables
+are quieter calmer the work seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quieter calmer the work seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quieter calmer the work seems to be
+proceeding in a little bit more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in a little bit more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in a little bit more of an
+organized way don't forg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized way don't forg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized way don't forg
+end there's even a time for the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's even a time for the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's even a time for the students
+to improve their process and organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve their process and organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve their process and organize
+their workspace while the work is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their workspace while the work is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their workspace while the work is going
+on discharge for me nobody clogged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on discharge for me nobody clogged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on discharge for me nobody clogged on
+discharge the result is almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge the result is almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge the result is almost always
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance all right that's it although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance all right that's it although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance all right that's it although
+there is significant variation by table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is significant variation by table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is significant variation by table
+and not every Clinic shows Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not every Clinic shows Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not every Clinic shows Improvement
+in their process based on the ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their process based on the ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their process based on the ideas that
+they implemented successfully treated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implemented successfully treated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implemented successfully treated so
+six here three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so we had the problem at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we had the problem at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we had the problem at the at
+the doctor getting worse and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor getting worse and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor getting worse and that was
+that was an external condition right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an external condition right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an external condition right you
+just got more gray patience right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got more gray patience right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got more gray patience right you
+guys kind of had bad luck more more bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys kind of had bad luck more more bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys kind of had bad luck more more bad
+roles on the on the um uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles on the on the um uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles on the on the um uh on the
+Diagnostics you folks things clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics you folks things clicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics you folks things clicked
+right your process change worked your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your process change worked your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your process change worked your
+luck was reasonable things clicked all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck was reasonable things clicked all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck was reasonable things clicked all
+right everybody ready seems very quiet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody ready seems very quiet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody ready seems very quiet I
+think we're ready let's go to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're ready let's go to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're ready let's go to stabilize
+the new process and collect a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new process and collect a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new process and collect a little bit
+more information on its performance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information on its performance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information on its performance the
+simulation is run again using the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is run again using the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is run again using the new
+process typically performance is good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process typically performance is good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process typically performance is good or
+better than previous round however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than previous round however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than previous round however the
+performance varies by table still and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance varies by table still and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance varies by table still and
+the students observe that there's High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students observe that there's High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students observe that there's High
+variation and factors beyond their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and factors beyond their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and factors beyond their
+control which are still limiting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which are still limiting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which are still limiting their
+performance to a level lower than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to a level lower than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to a level lower than they
+would like didn't ultimately have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like didn't ultimately have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like didn't ultimately have
+success in this round they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in this round they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in this round they they have
+identified a shifted constraint these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a shifted constraint these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a shifted constraint these
+guys are definitely getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are definitely getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are definitely getting better and
+same thing right shift they've they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right shift they've they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right shift they've they've
+identified the same problem you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the same problem you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the same problem you guys
+everything was going great is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was going great is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was going great is there
+anything if I asked you to do 10 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I asked you to do 10 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I asked you to do 10 what
+what would be the problem oh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the problem oh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the problem oh okay so
+there was a bottleneck at the discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bottleneck at the discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bottleneck at the discharge
+at the end there okay we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there okay we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there okay we had a lot of
+bad luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad luck
+in our fail test in fail tests okay bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our fail test in fail tests okay bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our fail test in fail tests okay bad
+luck everybody had bad luck what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck everybody had bad luck what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck everybody had bad luck what does
+that tell you yep it's the new normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you yep it's the new normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you yep it's the new normal
+right so we're going to do a mock rpw to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to do a mock rpw to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to do a mock rpw to
+make this work here is our electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work here is our electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work here is our electronic
+records we don't have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we don't have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records we don't have to do the
+paperwork anymore that's good let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork anymore that's good let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork anymore that's good let's set
+up some cross functional teams first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some cross functional teams first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some cross functional teams first of
+all let's figure out what our plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's figure out what our plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's figure out what our plan is
+okay and there's your team so go to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's your team so go to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's your team so go to it
+the challenge in the final round of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge in the final round of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge in the final round of the
+simulation is to suce Ed in only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is to suce Ed in only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is to suce Ed in only one
+round of play there isn't a second round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of play there isn't a second round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of play there isn't a second round
+to stabilize the new process this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize the new process this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize the new process this
+requires the students to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the students to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the students to focus on the
+process it's designed to do a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's designed to do a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's designed to do a good job
+but it must be executed carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it must be executed carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it must be executed carefully and
+successfully in order for the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully in order for the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully in order for the students
+to have good performance in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good performance in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have good performance in the first
+round after implementing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round after implementing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round after implementing a lot of
+changes visual controls and constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes visual controls and constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes visual controls and constant
+communication assure success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication assure success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication assure success
+is our team black yeah our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+team this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team this goes to
+to thank you thank you very s is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thank you thank you very s is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thank you thank you very s is back
+yes thank you seven is back seven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you seven is back seven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you seven is back seven is
+good seven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discharged here we go this one goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you here we go minutes halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the last patient is winding their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the last patient is winding their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the last patient is winding their
+way through the uh through the otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the uh through the otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through the uh through the otherwise
+empty clinic right it's gone from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty clinic right it's gone from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty clinic right it's gone from being
+a mob scene to being like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mob scene to being like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mob scene to being like this one
+person the thing that worked really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the thing that worked really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the thing that worked really well
+was the fact had you had this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact had you had this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact had you had this simple
+system there was a lot of yelling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there was a lot of yelling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there was a lot of yelling but
+everyone could see what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could see what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone could see what was going on
+right and everyone was communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and everyone was communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and everyone was communicating
+they like it's they're finished they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like it's they're finished they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like it's they're finished they're
+finished hello but but the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished hello but but the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished hello but but the information
+transferred I thought that was key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred I thought that was key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred I thought that was key and
+the other thing is the diagnostician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is the diagnostician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is the diagnostician
+team did a super job of both figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team did a super job of both figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team did a super job of both figuring
+out how to optimize that system good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to optimize that system good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to optimize that system good job
+diagnos Final discussion highlights what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnos Final discussion highlights what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnos Final discussion highlights what
+works about the new process and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works about the new process and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works about the new process and also in
+the spirit of continuous Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of continuous Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of continuous Improvement
+mentions what could be improved if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions what could be improved if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions what could be improved if the
+simulation was to keep going context to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation was to keep going context to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation was to keep going context to
+the mock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mock
+rpiw this is what would happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpiw this is what would happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpiw this is what would happen in the
+week you would get to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you would get to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you would get to the end of the
+week with your new system tested it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week with your new system tested it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week with your new system tested it's
+not yet ready for full scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet ready for full scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet ready for full scale
+implementation you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you're going to have to
+refine it you know get the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine it you know get the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine it you know get the training
+ready going to be pretty but at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready going to be pretty but at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready going to be pretty but at the end
+of the week you would have gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the week you would have gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the week you would have gotten a
+whole new system developed and tested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new system developed and tested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new system developed and tested to
+this stage and and that's what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage and and that's what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage and and that's what you did
+so that's why we do it's about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we do it's about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we do it's about this
+frantic for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantic for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantic for a
+week yeah that is why you need to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week yeah that is why you need to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week yeah that is why you need to test
+your implementation this thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implementation this thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your implementation this thing we're
+spending half a year planning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending half a year planning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending half a year planning the
+perfect solution it does not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect solution it does not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect solution it does not work
+because you can't anticipate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't anticipate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't anticipate those
+things so you launch you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you launch you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you launch you look at what
+doesn't work and you fix it you relaunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and you fix it you relaunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and you fix it you relaunch
+and that's how you just run through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you just run through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how you just run through the
+cycles yeah Cycles forget your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles yeah Cycles forget your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles yeah Cycles forget your your
+health care upbringing with let's study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care upbringing with let's study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care upbringing with let's study
+this for half a year or full year let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for half a year or full year let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for half a year or full year let's
+spend another half a year designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend another half a year designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend another half a year designing the
+perfect solution and then evaluate after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect solution and then evaluate after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect solution and then evaluate after
+another year that's not a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year that's not a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year that's not a good way of
+doing it do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Fw92I_zpmRU.txt b/Fw92I_zpmRU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98331098758d8e3fce2cdb34f4c0df4d8c0ea253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Fw92I_zpmRU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6272 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Professor Mindell
+will be a little late today.
+
+He's at a lunch for, I think,
+department heads or something.
+
+But he'll come meandering
+in at some point.
+
+But I'm the one that's
+designated to
+
+give the lecture today.
+
+So I'm going to--
+
+what I want to do today is to
+talk about the general context
+
+of the times in which
+MIT was founded.
+
+And one of the questions--
+
+I think several of you raised
+this question about, why was
+
+MIT founded when it was?
+
+Why did it happen at that
+particular moment in history?
+
+Because it wasn't the greatest
+moment in history to be sure.
+
+It took them, basically four
+years from getting a charter
+
+to actually opening the
+Institute, to get started.
+
+And even then, they
+limped along.
+
+It's a wonder MIT survived in
+some ways because financially,
+
+they were always in trouble
+well through the 1890s.
+
+Every year, they're just barely
+making the budget.
+
+And so it's not an easy
+beginning, even though, in
+
+many ways, from an educational
+standpoint, a
+
+revolutionary one.
+
+Because it was a different breed
+of cat that was being
+
+founded here in 1861.
+
+And I want to sort of give you
+a background about what the
+
+times were like.
+
+How many of you had an American
+history course,
+
+either high school or--
+
+so a lot of you have.
+
+OK, that's good.
+
+How many of have read Charles
+Dickens A Tale of Two Cities?
+
+What is the first line,
+the famous first line?
+
+"It was the best of times and
+it was the worst of times."
+
+And that could very well be the
+same theme for the decade
+
+that preceded the
+founding of MIT.
+
+It was the best of times, in
+some ways, and yet it was the
+
+worst of times in others.
+
+And I think the best way to
+start this is to say, history
+
+itself is filled with irony
+and contradictions.
+
+And surely, the 1850s was one of
+those times in history that
+
+was filled with irony
+and contradiction.
+
+On the one hand, you had a
+country that was intensely
+
+nationalistic, intent on
+expanding the boundaries to
+
+the United States under a theme
+that you've probably
+
+encountered before called
+Manifest Destiny.
+
+It was the idea that America was
+going to expand across the
+
+continent, and perhaps even
+sweep down through Latin and
+
+South America.
+
+There were some who really felt
+that the United States
+
+was destined to do that.
+
+Intense nationalism.
+
+And on the other hand, you
+have intense sectional
+
+divisions about, what were
+you going to do with this
+
+territory once you got it?
+
+Was it going to be slave?
+
+Was it going to be
+free territory?
+
+And that was the big question
+of the 1850s, was the future
+
+of slavery in the
+United States.
+
+And people were bitterly divided
+along sectional lines
+
+about the future of slavery
+in the United States.
+
+Well, when you look at the
+United States from sort of the
+
+best of times perspective--
+
+I'm going to look at the best
+of times side, and then look
+
+at the worst of times.
+
+But the best of times side,
+what really is an economic
+
+story and a technology story.
+
+And that is, is that between
+1839 and 1859, the United
+
+States underwent a tremendous
+spurt of growth.
+
+Commodity output, for example,
+between those two--
+
+or over those two decades,
+grew by something
+
+like 57% per decade.
+
+Not just over 20 years,
+but per decade.
+
+That's an amazing number.
+
+That's like talking
+about China today.
+
+Even faster than
+China in a way.
+
+Also, railroad construction
+begins
+
+during the 1830s basically.
+
+And by the late 1850s, by 1859,
+the United States has
+
+over 30,000 miles of railroad
+in the country.
+
+That mileage exceeded the total
+mileage for the entire
+
+world at that time--
+
+Britain, France, Germany,
+wherever.
+
+So there was a tremendous
+growth in railroad
+
+construction.
+
+And then, from a more
+technological perspective,
+
+when you look at the
+manufacturing sector of the
+
+United States, there were
+tremendous technological
+
+changes taking place
+in manufacturing.
+
+Not just of agricultural
+equipment and cotton goods,
+
+but also in things like metal
+products, like firearms with
+
+interchangeable parts, or
+sewing machine that is a
+
+derivative from that
+new technology.
+
+But there seemed to be this big
+spurt in new technologies
+
+that were very innovative
+during this period.
+
+And so much so-- and I'll talk
+about it in a minute, that
+
+Europe began to send observers
+to the United States to see
+
+what was going on here.
+
+All of a sudden, this little,
+nondescript develop--
+
+the United States is a
+developing country.
+
+In 1820, it is really a
+developing country.
+
+Hard to believe that today,
+but it's true.
+
+By 1850, that had changed.
+
+And so during these decades
+between the '20s and '30s and
+
+up through the '50s, you're
+seeing enormous
+
+changes taking place--
+
+railroads, manufacturing.
+
+And then finally, in the
+area of science.
+
+The United States was beginning,
+after being a
+
+backwater--
+
+basically, prior to the 1850s,
+the United States was a place
+
+where European scientists came
+to collect things, collect
+
+specimens of animals, or wood,
+or plants, things like that.
+
+No serious science was done
+in the United States
+
+prior to the 18--
+
+what?
+
+1830s I would say.
+
+Some would dispute me on that.
+
+Surely there were some
+first-rate scientists in the
+
+country, but not many.
+
+By the 1830s and '40s, you begin
+to see the emergence of
+
+a serious science enterprise
+in the United States led by
+
+people like Joseph Henry who
+is the first secretary--
+
+yeah, I think he is the first
+Secretary of the Smithsonian
+
+Institution, which itself was
+a scientific organization as
+
+much a science enterprise
+as it was a museum.
+
+Today we think of it more as a
+museum than that, but still
+
+has it science projects there.
+
+So there are people like Joseph
+Henry, a fellow named
+
+Alexander Dallas Bache, who was
+running a survey of the
+
+coastline of the United
+States, a very
+
+talented man of science.
+
+I think he's the grandson of
+Benjamin Franklin who is
+
+arguably the first famous
+scientist in the United States
+
+because of his experiments
+with electricity.
+
+But they're few and
+far between.
+
+And so this science enterprise
+is beginning to grow.
+
+And I think it's in 1847 that
+you see the establishment of
+
+the American Association for
+the Advancement of Science,
+
+which was one of the key
+organizations in this count--
+
+still is.
+
+Science Magazine is published
+by their organization, and
+
+it's considered to be the sort
+of central source of
+
+professional science in
+the United States.
+
+Finally, there's the educational
+end of this.
+
+And this is where
+MIT comes in.
+
+It's during the decade of the
+1850s and '60s that you begin
+
+to see this new thinking about
+trying to shift higher
+
+education away from an older,
+traditional classic oriented
+
+curriculum.
+
+A classic, by that I mean an
+educational process that
+
+really emphasized the classic
+languages, like Greek and
+
+Latin, history, literature.
+
+The world I come from
+in many ways.
+
+But there was this new movement
+to try to insert the
+
+study of science, and even
+engineering, into this
+
+educational process.
+
+And it was not easily
+received.
+
+There was a lot of opposition
+to that.
+
+And it's in that context that
+William Rogers comes along
+
+with his vision of what this
+polytechnic institute, this
+
+new polytechnic institute
+should be.
+
+Sort of a revolutionary idea.
+
+It was not something that
+people said, oh,
+
+yes, let's do it.
+
+We're going to put up millions
+of dollars to set you up.
+
+It didn't happen that way, but
+he was very persistent in
+
+these goals.
+
+He had started thinking about
+this as early as the 1820s
+
+with his brothers.
+
+And it doesn't come to
+fruition until 1861.
+
+So it's a long time in the
+making, even when it does get
+
+started it's very shaky.
+
+I'll talk about that part
+of it next week.
+
+But MIT is one of those new
+institutions that tries to
+
+combine science with more
+practical or useful arts as
+
+they were called
+in that period.
+
+And a new way that had not been
+emphasized much in the
+
+United States.
+
+If you look at say, for example,
+engineering schools
+
+in the United States--
+
+I mean, there were predecessors
+to MIT in the
+
+area of engineering.
+
+Do you know which
+ones they were?
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: West Point.
+
+PROFESSOR: West Point
+is the first.
+
+Yes, absolutely.
+
+West Point is modeled after
+the French Ecole
+
+Polytechnique, and
+was very much
+
+influenced by French ideas.
+
+Very mathematically-oriented
+curriculum.
+
+Very oriented towards
+civil engineering.
+
+Not mechanical as much
+as civil engineering.
+
+And the other school is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: RPI.
+
+PROFESSOR: RPI founded
+in 1824.
+
+And now, the current president
+of RPI is an MIT graduate.
+
+So we're all over
+the place now.
+
+This is an imperial operation
+that we're
+
+talking about, right?
+
+No, not really.
+
+But MIT's influence, of course,
+has become very, very
+
+significant in terms of
+education influences over the
+
+world in the last, what?
+
+70 years or so.
+
+Especially since World War II.
+
+But those are four areas that
+really are at play during this
+
+period that mark an interesting
+best of times way
+
+of thinking about what
+was going on during
+
+this period of time.
+
+And maybe the best way to
+illustrate this is to talk a
+
+bit about an event that took
+place in 1851 in London when
+
+the British held what was called
+the London Crystal
+
+Palace exhibition.
+
+This was the first large
+international exhibition that
+
+we are familiar with today.
+
+Or maybe not so much
+your generation.
+
+But when I was your age growing
+up, there were all
+
+sorts of these international
+exhibitions that were taking
+
+place, primarily built around
+science and technology.
+
+But this was the first,
+the first big
+
+one was held in London.
+
+It was organized or sponsored
+by the Prince Consort, the
+
+husband of Queen Victoria,
+Albert.
+
+And it attracted all
+the nations of the
+
+world pretty much.
+
+And at London, every nation
+displayed their wares, things
+
+they were proud of.
+
+And the United States had
+a lot of space there.
+
+And the American delegate to
+the exhibition got very
+
+worried because they had too
+much space to exhibit fairly
+
+few things.
+
+And he was writing back to his
+sponsors in New York saying,
+
+you've got to send
+me more stuff.
+
+Our display spaces
+may be 25% full.
+
+The Brits are making
+fun of us.
+
+And so they would send some
+material over, and they'd put
+
+it in display.
+
+And the British magazine Punch,
+which is sort of a
+
+satirical magazine of the time,
+was making great fun of
+
+this backwater nation and
+what it was displaying.
+
+Plug tobacco from Henrico
+County, Virginia, or apples
+
+from Vermont, or apple
+peelers from Ohio,
+
+really mundane things.
+
+When you were comparing this
+with French exhibitions of
+
+[? sieve ?]
+
+china, or the Russian--
+
+the famous Russian enamel--
+
+what's the name of it?
+
+It's very famous.
+
+I never remember the name, but
+it's a very famous, highly
+
+ornate and extremely
+expensive today.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, they're
+like those.
+
+They can be like that.
+
+But it has a name and I
+cannot remember it.
+
+Doesn't matter.
+
+High-end stuff was being
+exhibited there.
+
+The British were exhibiting
+famous steam engines and
+
+technologies, famous
+locomotives.
+
+And here's the United
+States with its
+
+apple peelers and stuff.
+
+Well, eventually, the US
+exhibit got filled up.
+
+Punch was making a lot of
+fun of what was there.
+
+And then certain competitions
+begin to be held.
+
+And lo and behold, the
+Americans started
+
+winning some prizes.
+
+For example, the harvester
+guy from Chicago.
+
+Cyrus McCormick exhibited his
+reapers for cutting wheat,
+
+grain, crops like that.
+
+And he won a prize for beating
+out in a competition several
+
+other reapers that were
+displayed there.
+
+Charles Goodyear, Goodyear Tire
+and Rubber Company, was
+
+displaying boots, rubber boots,
+and things that were
+
+being made with his
+vulcanized rubber.
+
+And he won some recognition.
+
+Another one, really quite an
+interesting one, was a
+
+locksmith from New York City.
+
+A guy named Alfred Hobbs,
+H-O-B-B-S, displayed his
+
+padlocks that he had
+made in New York.
+
+And claimed that they
+could not be picked.
+
+And they had a competition
+in London.
+
+There was a very famous British
+lockmaker, named
+
+Joseph Bramah, who made
+all the locks for the
+
+big banks in England.
+
+And they had put
+up this prize.
+
+I think it was quite a lot of
+money, maybe as much as 500
+
+pounds, which is still
+a lot of money today.
+
+And that was the prize if you
+could pick Bramah's lock.
+
+Well, damned if Hobbs didn't
+succeed in picking the British
+
+lockmaker's locks.
+
+And that got a lot
+of attention.
+
+Because all a sudden, British
+banks became vulnerable.
+
+People started asking questions
+about, well, how
+
+secure are our faults
+after all?
+
+And immediately, Hobbs, being an
+enterprising Yankee, moved
+
+his business to London to try
+to pick up on some of that
+
+excess business that
+was coming his way.
+
+And then, there was a yacht
+race that was held off the
+
+coast of England.
+
+And it was called--
+
+well, I don't know that the
+race had any name at that
+
+time, but the yacht
+America beat the
+
+British yacht, Titannia.
+
+And that was a serious blow
+because Great Britain, at that
+
+time, had the largest, the most
+powerful and famous navy
+
+in the world.
+
+And here, these Yankees come
+along and beat them in this
+
+Yacht race.
+
+So that was sort of a
+slap in the face.
+
+Finally, there were people like
+Samuel Colt who were in
+
+London exhibiting the revolving
+pistols, for its day
+
+a very innovative firearm.
+
+And then finally, there was a
+little company up in Windsor,
+
+Vermont, named Robbins
+and Lawrence.
+
+You've never heard of
+them before and you
+
+probably never will.
+
+But they exhibited six rifles,
+military rifles, that were
+
+made for the US Army
+that were made with
+
+interchangeable parts.
+
+And they were taking them apart,
+mixing the parts, and
+
+putting them back together.
+
+And everyone was very impressed
+about that.
+
+And again, no one in Europe
+was making guns with
+
+interchangeable parts
+at the time, so that
+
+aroused a lot of interest.
+
+And that, in turn, prompted the
+British government to send
+
+a committee to the United
+States to explore--
+
+and the name of the committee
+is self-explanatory.
+
+It's called the Committee on
+the Machinery of the United
+
+States of America.
+
+That covers a lot
+of territory.
+
+Not just gunmaking machinery.
+
+They land the New York
+in April of 1854.
+
+They leave in August.
+
+And then the process, they come
+
+immediately to New England.
+
+Well, why New England?
+
+Because at that time, Boston
+in the New England area was
+
+the center point of American
+industry at that time.
+
+And so they immediately
+head to New England.
+
+And where do they go first?
+
+They go to the Springfield
+Armory out in Springfield,
+
+Massachusetts, which was not
+just famous for making guns
+
+with interchangeable parts--
+
+and it's a government-owned
+armory.
+
+It also was very famous as being
+sort of a clearinghouse
+
+of technological information.
+
+If you got a letter from your
+congressman or some dignitary,
+
+they would give you access to
+this place to examine all of
+
+its machinery, gauging systems,
+patterns, drawings,
+
+and you could make copies
+of this stuff.
+
+And it was free.
+
+So the Brits took advantage
+of that right off the bat.
+
+So they went to Springfield
+immediately, took a good look
+
+see what was going on there.
+
+Then they proceeded to make a
+tour of the whole eastern
+
+coast of the United States
+as far south as Richmond.
+
+And then from Richmond, they
+went west out into the
+
+Pittsburgh area--
+
+Wheeling, West Virginia,
+Pittsburgh.
+
+And then they swung further
+north around the Great Lakes
+
+up into Buffalo, New
+York, and then came
+
+across upstate New York.
+
+I believe on the New York
+Central Railroad.
+
+It was just build at the time.
+
+If not, they would've used the
+Erie Canal, which parallels
+
+pretty much that railroad.
+
+And then, they dipped back down
+in New England and spent
+
+a lot of time in New England.
+
+Ending up buying $105,000 worth
+of machine tools for
+
+really, the reconstruction of
+the British Enfield Armory,
+
+which was the main government
+armory in England.
+
+Now, that's a significant moment
+because up until this
+
+point, pretty much the United
+States had been a borrower of
+
+technology and technological
+information.
+
+This is one of the big moments
+in which the shift had begun,
+
+in which new technologies and
+information were beginning to
+
+make their way from the United
+States to Europe.
+
+It was sort of a wake-up call.
+
+In a way, I think parallel to
+what's happening today with
+
+reference to the growth
+of large economies
+
+in China and India.
+
+All of a sudden, people are
+turning their heads and
+
+saying, hey, something's
+happening there.
+
+I heard on the radio this
+morning that in terms of
+
+economic prowess, that China
+will outgrow the
+
+United States by--
+
+well, maybe not in my lifetime,
+but in yours.
+
+By the 2020s, or thereabouts.
+
+That's significant moment.
+
+Big shift.
+
+Whether it happens is
+another question.
+
+Who knows?
+
+But in any case, that moment
+in 1851 indicates why there
+
+was this feeling that these are
+really interesting times.
+
+These are the best of times
+from an engineering and
+
+technology point of view.
+
+The economy is moving, and
+it's moving very fast.
+
+There was only one
+damper on this.
+
+It was a panic that took place
+in 1857 that slowed--
+
+it actually slowed production
+for a while, but it never
+
+stopped it.
+
+And other than that, this was
+a moment of great change in
+
+the United States.
+
+Now, compare that with the theme
+of the worst of times.
+
+What's going on in
+the same period.
+
+And this is pretty much very
+similar to what you-- if you
+
+read that chapter I wrote on the
+1850s in the textbook, you
+
+get the drift.
+
+I don't need to go into great
+detail about it, but it's all
+
+about the slavery issue in the
+United States and the sort of
+
+sectional divisions that
+are taking places
+
+as a result of this.
+
+And it begins--
+
+if you're to talk about, well,
+when does the big debate about
+
+slavery take place and when
+does it originate?
+
+It was being discussed as early
+as the 1780s when the US
+
+Constitution was
+being debated.
+
+How are slaves going to be
+counted in terms of voting and
+
+things like that?
+
+And then later, in 1820, the
+first big political issue
+
+concerning slavery came up
+with reference to the
+
+admission of Missouri into the
+Union as a slave state.
+
+And the great compromise that
+was achieved at that time was,
+
+OK, you bring in Missouri as a
+slave state, we'll bring in
+
+Maine as a free state.
+
+And that sort of tit for tat
+sort of balance maintained
+
+itself up until 1850, when
+California was brought into a
+
+Union as a free state
+and nothing came
+
+in as a slave state.
+
+Why is that significant?
+
+Because it gave free states the
+edge in the US Senate in
+
+terms of voting.
+
+Each state got two
+US senators.
+
+So that meant the Senate now was
+under the control of free
+
+state politicians.
+
+That's a big deal.
+
+But between the Missouri
+Compromise and 1861, when the
+
+war comes, there are a series
+of cascading crises that I
+
+would say create a psychology
+of crisis by the 1850s that
+
+make things worse, and
+worse, and worse.
+
+And more tension and more
+division, so much so that you
+
+have South Carolina seceding
+from the Union in December of
+
+1860, right after Lincoln's
+election as president.
+
+Why Lincoln?
+
+Why was Lincoln such
+a feared figure?
+
+Well, he represented the
+Republican Party.
+
+This is the same party we have
+today, Republican Party.
+
+It was created an 1854,
+the origins of it.
+
+And the Republican Party started
+out, one of its chief
+
+points was no expansion of
+slavery into new territories.
+
+It wasn't, let's get
+rid of slavery.
+
+It was just, we're against the
+expansion of slavery into new
+
+territories that would
+come into the
+
+United States as states.
+
+But Lincoln stood for that.
+
+He was not an abolitionist
+in the sense of immediate
+
+abolition of slavery
+everywhere.
+
+He was not that.
+
+He eventually would come to that
+during the war, but not
+
+at the beginning of the war.
+
+And just to talk about Lincoln
+in this context is extremely
+
+interesting.
+
+Because he is--
+
+you're bringing me flowers?
+
+How thoughtful?
+
+Anyway, he's a masterful
+politician, who really--
+
+in many ways, sort of skirts
+around the slavery issue and
+
+uses it when he has to, to make
+policy with reference to
+
+pursuit of the Civil War.
+
+But prior to the Civil War, you
+have a series of crises
+
+that really bring it on.
+
+And I would say if you were to
+ask me, well, what were they?
+
+I'll give you my
+three top ones.
+
+I'm not going to relay
+every one of them.
+
+You can look them up.
+
+But one is definitely the famous
+Wilmot Proviso of 1846.
+
+This was a bill that was put up
+in Congress by a Free Soil
+
+Democratic, congressman
+from Pennsylvania.
+
+Actually, from my hometown.
+
+I'm very proud of David Wilmot
+because he was the initiator
+
+of this Wilmot Proviso.
+
+And what did that say?
+
+Well, it said-- basically, it
+was attached to an army
+
+appropriations bill for the
+Mexican war, which said that
+
+if the United States is to
+secure any territory from
+
+Mexico as a result of this
+war, that territory, if
+
+organized into states,
+has to come into the
+
+Union as free states.
+
+Well, you can understand why
+Southerners got very upset
+
+about that.
+
+And that issued a heated debate
+that continued right up
+
+until 1861.
+
+After the Wilmot Proviso, it
+seemed that every Congress
+
+there was something brought to
+the forefront that was about
+
+the extension or non-extension
+of slavery.
+
+Another moment that was very,
+I think, had a great deal of
+
+influence was the publication
+of Harriet Beecher Stowe's
+
+novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
+
+That appeared in 1851, the
+same year that I just
+
+mentioned with reference to the
+best of times, the great
+
+London Crystal Palace
+exhibition.
+
+That got a huge readership.
+
+And as a result of her critique
+really, in this novel
+
+of slavery and how evil it was,
+turned a lot of people
+
+against the idea of
+slavery and it's
+
+being a righteous cause.
+
+So that had a lot of feedback.
+
+There was actually reward put
+on her head in the South.
+
+I think it's in South Carolina,
+which is one of the
+
+more hard line states
+at that time.
+
+But she was not a
+person who was--
+
+she dared not travel South of
+the Mason-Dixon line because
+
+anyone could shoot
+her or whatever.
+
+She was a woman that
+was wanted.
+
+And so her book, which started
+out as newspaper articles,
+
+eventually got a huge
+readership.
+
+I think next to the Bible, it
+was the largest-selling book
+
+of the 19th century.
+
+That's how big this thing was.
+
+Huge.
+
+And then finally, I think the
+third point I would say that
+
+really, probably was the straw
+that broke the camel's back,
+
+was when the abolitionist
+John Brown raided
+
+Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
+
+Now, Harpers Ferry today is
+located in the panhandle of
+
+West Virginia.
+
+It's about 60 miles west
+of Washington, DC,
+
+on the Potomac River.
+
+But at that time, Harpers Ferry
+had one of the two large
+
+national armories,
+
+government-owned armories there.
+
+And the reason he raided Harpers
+Ferry was that he
+
+wanted to seize firearms that
+were being stored there.
+
+Some 10,000 guns were
+in storage there.
+
+And arm slaves, and start a
+slave rebellion against slave
+
+masters because they were right
+on the Virginia border.
+
+Literally, you cross the river
+and you were in Virginia.
+
+And the Brown Raid really sent
+the fear of the Lord
+
+throughout the South.
+
+I mean, I've written a book
+about Harpers Ferry, and I
+
+know what the local
+reaction was.
+
+People became totally
+paranoid.
+
+As far as they were concerned
+after that raid, there was an
+
+abolitionist lurking
+behind every tree.
+
+And they organized militias and
+they did runaway hunts.
+
+And it was very much like a
+vigilante moment in the sense
+
+that the whole South became
+
+vigilantitized, if that's a word.
+
+It's not a word.
+
+What would it be?
+
+Vigilant--
+
+vigilized?
+
+No, I don't know.
+
+Anyway, I will just change the
+sentence and say, vigilante
+
+groups grew by leaps and
+bounds after that raid.
+
+AUDIENCE: Vigilant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Vigilant.
+
+There you go.
+
+Paranoid vigilance.
+
+Anyway, following that, of
+course, that took place in
+
+October of 1859.
+
+The following year was
+an election year.
+
+And that's when Lincoln
+gets elected.
+
+Well, you can imagine why this
+became such a heated election.
+
+There were, what?
+
+There were at least three or
+four candidates in that
+
+election, and Lincoln wins not
+with the majority vote.
+
+But he gets him enough to get
+himself elected in the
+
+electoral college.
+
+And then you have, within a
+month of Lincoln's election,
+
+you have that secession
+crisis.
+
+South Carolina goes out on
+December 20, and it's followed
+
+by around seven other deep
+Southern states.
+
+Interestingly, the northern tier
+of Southern states, like
+
+Virginia, do not go
+out until later.
+
+Virginia and Tennessee,
+they don't secede
+
+until at least April.
+
+I think it's April that
+Virginia secedes.
+
+But by then, within
+days, war comes.
+
+And the irony of all this
+is that the war--
+
+the Sumter--
+
+the attack on Fort Sumter, which
+signals the beginning of
+
+the American Civil War, is four
+days after William Barton
+
+Rogers got his charter from the
+state of Massachusetts to
+
+establish the Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology.
+
+Not a good time to be getting
+into the education business
+
+because all eyes were shifted
+on the secession crisis.
+
+All budgets were being shifted
+toward getting ready in
+
+preparation for war.
+
+And all of a sudden, there's
+this big, national crisis in
+
+which this new fledgling
+institution is supposed to be
+
+taking root.
+
+And it doesn't really take root
+until the war ends when
+
+students are admitted.
+
+And I think it's the
+spring of 1860--
+
+early 1865.
+
+So literally, MIT is
+established in the
+
+midst of civil war.
+
+And just to follow that out--
+
+well, no, I won't follow
+it out anymore.
+
+Those are basically--
+
+that's the good and the bad
+story of the 1850s.
+
+It's a very complex time.
+
+And it's one of those historical
+moments that is
+
+filled with tension, and change,
+and reorientation.
+
+It's just a critical
+moment in history.
+
+And then, it's capped by the
+outbreak of the Civil War,
+
+right at the moment when this
+place is being founded.
+
+I really wonder sometimes how
+in the world Rogers held it
+
+all together.
+
+He must have worked very hard
+to try to just keep things
+
+together enough so that the
+Institution itself could
+
+survive through that
+war, and then
+
+open up to a few students.
+
+Not a huge number, I
+forget the number.
+
+It's under a hundred when
+they first open up.
+
+One thing to note, however,
+is that he's a
+
+progressive in many ways.
+
+He's very much in favor of women
+coming to the Institute
+
+at a time when most colleges
+were not in favor of that.
+
+It was still an institution that
+was dominated by males,
+
+there's no doubt about that.
+
+Women tended to be part-time
+students, or they were called
+
+"special students." That term
+is still used today,
+
+"specials." And it's not until,
+I would say the 1970s
+
+or thereabouts, that women began
+to grow in proportion to
+
+the number of men at MIT.
+
+But William Barton Rogers was
+always in favor of allowing
+
+women to come to the Institute,
+which in itself was
+
+sort of innovative.
+
+He tended to be on the right
+side of a lot of issues.
+
+For example, when Darwin
+announced--
+
+I'm giving away my bias
+against Darwin.
+
+But when Darwin published The
+Origins of Species, of course
+
+he got a lot of flack from
+scientists around the world.
+
+One of whom was Louis--
+
+I never pronounce
+his name right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Agassiz.
+
+PROFESSOR: Aggasiz.
+
+I want to say "Ah-ga-zay."
+It's Aggasiz.
+
+There's a school that used to be
+called the Agassiz School.
+
+You'd think I'd remember it.
+
+But he was at Harvard, and he
+was a big critic of Darwin's.
+
+Our friend Rogers, on the
+other hand, stood up and
+
+debated, and really defended
+the Darwinian idea in the
+
+United States.
+
+He was one of the primary
+defenders in this area.
+
+So that counts in his
+favor, I think.
+
+A man who pioneered the field
+of geology in the United
+
+States, we'll talk a little bit
+more about that next week.
+
+But he's an important
+intellectual force.
+
+And he had this vision for a new
+type of institution that
+
+he wanted to see established,
+which eventually became the
+
+place that we're sitting
+in today.
+
+So I must tell you that I didn't
+know much about William
+
+Barton Rogers four years ago.
+
+I knew he was the founder
+of MIT, and I
+
+didn't know much else.
+
+And then, there was a book that
+was being published for
+
+the 150th anniversary of MIT by
+one of my colleagues and he
+
+asked me to write an
+essay about Rogers.
+
+And my answer primarily
+was, crap.
+
+Why do I have to do that?
+
+Because I didn't know anything
+about the subject.
+
+And I thought, somebody
+else should do this.
+
+But I agreed, primarily because
+he's a good colleague,
+
+and a friend, and it's
+hard to say no.
+
+And at that point, I started
+reading up on
+
+the history of MIT.
+
+And the more I read about this
+place, the more amazed I am
+
+about what it is, what it stands
+for, how it developed.
+
+It's an amazing story.
+
+So I'm hoping that during the
+term you'll get bits and
+
+pieces of this story, and kind
+of pull them together.
+
+We don't have a history
+of MIT.
+
+There is no single book that you
+can pull off the bookshelf
+
+and say, this is the
+history of MIT.
+
+That doesn't exist.
+
+There are lots of bits and
+pieces of history of MIT, but
+
+no one book that does that.
+
+And somebody should do it, I
+think, because it's really--
+
+it's an important institution.
+
+I know I'm proud to be here
+and I think you are, too.
+
+I know you work very hard.
+
+And you probably bitch and
+moan about that a lot.
+
+For good reason, but it's worth
+it when you get the
+
+education, get the Brass
+Rat and leave here.
+
+You've got something you can
+be proud of, too, I think.
+
+It's quite a place.
+
+And just, the more I learn about
+it, the more amazed I am
+
+about all that's
+happened here.
+
+And the story even gets more
+dramatic the further we come
+
+to the present.
+
+And David Mindell knows a lot
+about that part of the
+
+Institute's history.
+
+So that's where we are for
+today's talk or lecture.
+
+Now, you want to take a break
+for a few minutes and I will
+
+collaborate with my colleague
+about the discussion.
+
+We'll have a little discussion
+about this and
+
+move on from there.
+
+OK?
+
+Huge numbers.
+
+By my count, roughly
+750,000 died.
+
+Now, that's not necessarily
+battlefield deaths, it's
+
+including people whose wounds
+killed them after the war was
+
+over, things like that.
+
+So it's a really bloody war.
+
+And I don't know what percentage
+of the population
+
+that is, but it's a significant
+number.
+
+It would be like losing--
+
+say, if we were to have a
+similar war today, it would
+
+probably be in the order of
+losing maybe 1, 1.5 million
+
+soldiers in the war.
+
+Would we stand for that today?
+
+That's pretty bad.
+
+It's bad enough when you're
+losing thousands, but when
+
+you're losing over a million,
+that's getting into a whole
+
+different realm.
+
+As you say, it's one of these
+moments that is not apparently
+
+the best time.
+
+And yet, you see it coming.
+
+What are the earmarks
+of knowing that it
+
+was the right moment?
+
+What was Roger's thinking when
+he was thinking about trying
+
+to establish a polytechnic
+institute?
+
+As I said earlier, he starts
+thinking about this as early
+
+as the late 1820s.
+
+He's very close to his
+brother, Henry.
+
+Interestingly, Henry's full name
+was Henry Darwin Rogers.
+
+Their father was an
+immigrant from--
+
+I believe they came
+from Scotland.
+
+Or maybe Northern Ireland,
+I'm not sure.
+
+But he clearly was familiar with
+the Darwin family, which
+
+was not just-- this would have
+been Charles' father, I
+
+suspect, or someone like that.
+
+But in any case, here are these
+two brothers talking
+
+about the need for a polytechnic
+institute.
+
+They're not engineers.
+
+They're scientists.
+
+William Barton Rogers, I guess
+if you would have asked him in
+
+1825, what are you?
+
+He would have probably
+called himself--
+
+what would be the word for
+physicist in those days?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Natural
+philosopher.
+
+PROFESSOR: Natural philosopher,
+yeah.
+
+When he first established the
+Institute, one of the courses
+
+he thought was basically
+the physics course.
+
+That didn't last for long
+because his obligations were
+
+so many that he had to hire
+somebody to do it.
+
+And then he made the shift
+during the 1820s and '30s into
+
+the field of geology.
+
+He was one of the early
+geologists in this country.
+
+And really makes his name in
+that area that we can talk
+
+more about next week.
+
+But when you look at the period,
+there's a lot of stuff
+
+going on that would have
+indicated, yes,
+
+we need these places.
+
+But we're right in the middle
+of an Industrial Revolution.
+
+We'll see from the essay that
+I've written-- did you read
+
+the essay I wrote yet?
+
+That's next week, I think.
+
+You'll see in there that he
+conducts a geological survey
+
+of the state of Virginia, which
+proved to be a political
+
+nightmare for him because of the
+fighting that went on over
+
+what should be his
+primary mission.
+
+That state is divided between
+Eastern and Western interests,
+
+and they were vying with one
+another about, what should
+
+this survey really be about?
+
+He got caught in the
+middle of that.
+
+And in the process of trying
+to make everyone happy, he
+
+doesn't have enough assistance
+of people who are technically
+
+competent to do the surveys,
+and the note-taking, and
+
+things like that.
+
+Clearly that's one impetus to
+him, was starting to think
+
+about, boy, do we need people
+who are trained to be able to
+
+do the sort of work that's
+necessary to explore our
+
+industrial resources, or
+actually go into these
+
+industrial areas and
+actually run them.
+
+That's one of the sources of
+his idea about MIT were--
+
+he wasn't calling it
+MIT in those days.
+
+The name MIT for him doesn't
+emerge until the late 1850s.
+
+Much later.
+
+He's teaching in Virginia
+this time.
+
+He's born and raised
+in Virginia.
+
+His dad taught at William
+and Mary College.
+
+And so he's raised in
+the slave society.
+
+And yet, surely-- well, he
+marries a woman from Boston,
+
+but he's never--
+
+I've never seen anything in his
+writings that indicated
+
+that he was pro-slavery.
+
+Quite the opposite.
+
+He was opposed to slavery.
+
+And so he found Boston a much
+more acceptable climate to be
+
+living in once he moved
+up here in the 1850s.
+
+But this business about why
+did he do it during--
+
+he gets the idea and starts
+pushing for it around 1859.
+
+Why then?
+
+Clearly, there are needs,
+no doubt about it.
+
+But you got to ask yourself,
+well, to what extent was he
+
+aware of the degree
+of the political
+
+tensions in the crisis?
+
+It was two years before
+the war came.
+
+And that slavery issue
+had been going on
+
+for how many years?
+
+20, 30?
+
+You can count back as many
+as 60 years, or more.
+
+So I could well imagine that
+someone like Rogers would be
+
+thinking, well, yeah.
+
+There's a lot of tension
+here, but it's not
+
+going to happen now.
+
+He was probably taken by
+surprise would be my guess.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Really?
+
+There's another way
+to read it where--
+
+PROFESSOR: Did I ask you?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I told
+you I was going to
+
+sit here and listen.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, he's going to
+sit over there like a jaybird.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Where he's
+married to an abolitionist.
+
+Boston, in general in New
+England society, is--
+
+there's a lot of abolitionist
+fervor.
+
+People are extremely political
+active-- that's one thing he
+
+likes about New England.
+
+He goes on vacation with Emma
+Savage's family and they have
+
+all these political
+discussions.
+
+So then you could say, maybe he
+sees the founding of MIT as
+
+a political act.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's interesting.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: And it's
+interesting then to think
+
+about what kind of political act
+it might be if it was one.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's interesting.
+
+So a political act in the sense
+that it would be a place
+
+that was doing a new style of
+education to be sure, coupling
+
+it with reform sentiment that
+is so rampant in Boston--
+
+Boston is the center the
+abolitionist movement.
+
+William Lloyd Garrison's paper
+was centered here in Boston,
+
+so he's pushing at a button here
+that's very interesting.
+
+I hadn't thought about that.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Or Rogers has
+a vision of a world where
+
+technology is important.
+
+The people who engineer and deal
+with it are important,
+
+which wasn't really
+the case then.
+
+And that that's a world that
+he sees as a counter to the
+
+world that he left in the South
+where it's agrarian.
+
+It's much more political in
+different kinds of ways.
+
+And he wants to educate a cadre
+of technical experts who
+
+can run the world in a more,
+maybe dispassionate way than
+
+he found in the South.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, god.
+
+That's really interesting.
+
+You should be leading
+this discussion.
+
+That's very interesting now,
+educating a cadre of
+
+individuals who would be capable
+of sort of leading the
+
+world in a different way.
+
+What does that mean to
+educate this cadre?
+
+What kind of individual would
+you want to be educating?
+
+We know that MIT was founded to
+try to combine the useful
+
+arts, or what we would describe
+as engineering today,
+
+with science, the pursuit of
+science, trying to bring them
+
+together, have them interact,
+and produce something--
+
+a student is a special
+product in a way.
+
+But what about that ultimate
+vision of creating a cadre of
+
+graduates that are going to go
+out and shape or reshape the
+
+world to a new way of thinking
+about things?
+
+That's very interesting.
+
+Let me push it a little bit
+further and say this.
+
+Up until the founding of MIT in
+1861, there had been this
+
+process of industrialization,
+which was centered around
+
+transportation, building
+railroads, and creating
+
+factories for producing
+everything from boots and
+
+shoes, to cotton textiles,
+to sewing machines.
+
+And these things were
+accompanied not only by the
+
+machinery, and the labor forces,
+and things like that,
+
+but they were also accompanied
+by an attempt to try to learn
+
+how to manage them.
+
+So many of them were
+big enterprises.
+
+Railroads are employing
+thousands of people.
+
+Pennsylvania Railroad employed
+1,200 people by
+
+1859 I would say.
+
+And factories, like the Lowell
+Mills, are employing 200 or
+
+300 in each building, let alone
+the whole town, which
+
+would be well over 1,000.
+
+If you're seeing management
+emerging alongside of this
+
+educational process, it would
+mean to me that Rogers has got
+
+to be interested not just
+in teaching science and
+
+engineering, but also trying
+to get students to think
+
+about, how do you manage these
+enterprises once you go out to
+
+work in them?
+
+And what is that all about?
+
+What is management really about
+when you talk about
+
+managing things?
+
+Coordination and control.
+
+It's trying to control things.
+
+That's an important part
+of this business.
+
+That brings a different
+dimension to the--
+
+now, they're not teaching that
+in liberal arts colleges or
+
+the classical curriculum
+colleges.
+
+They're creating "gentlemen."
+They're not creating ladies
+
+because there were very few
+ladies in any schools, but
+
+they are creating gentleman
+to go on to law school,
+
+or stuff like that.
+
+So there's a different
+breed of cat being
+
+made in these schools.
+
+If what David says is true, it's
+as much about learning
+
+how to control things
+as it is learning
+
+about how to do things.
+
+Learning and doing also involves
+learning how to
+
+impose some control over that.
+
+What are the problems that might
+arise with that sort of
+
+enterprise?
+
+I think it's an interesting
+question because if you look
+
+at it from, say labor.
+
+What's the labor management?
+
+That's the dichotomy is
+labor management.
+
+MIT ends up on the management
+side, I would say, more than
+
+on the labor side of things.
+
+This is right at the moment when
+you're beginning to see
+
+serious labor management
+divisions.
+
+I didn't talk about that in
+my lecture, but definitely
+
+happening during these years.
+
+So MIT is sort of adding to the
+strength of the managerial
+
+side of technological change
+and science then to the
+
+so-called labor-oriented
+rank and file side.
+
+That, in itself, is a very
+interesting statement about
+
+what the Institute is about.
+
+Openly about.
+
+Don't need to apologize
+for it, but need to be
+
+aware of it I think.
+
+That in establishing that sort
+of school, you're going to be
+
+more interested in those
+managerial sides of
+
+controlling and coordinating
+large enterprises.
+
+Where are the early graduates
+going from MIT?
+
+Now, you haven't read
+about this, so
+
+I'll answer the question.
+
+Many of them are going to large
+railroad companies.
+
+They're sending a lot of their
+young graduates off to work as
+
+engineers on railroads.
+
+Not running locomotives, but to
+build lines, coordinating
+
+control of the operation of the
+railroad, stuff like that.
+
+That's where a lot of these
+young men are going.
+
+So it's an interesting
+thought about that.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: One of the words
+that caught me in the
+
+conversation, and in the
+responses, was the sense that
+
+the founding of MIT was
+inevitable in any way.
+
+And maybe we made it seem that
+way with some of the material
+
+we've been looking at, but if
+you zoom out one level--
+
+and even, the industrialization
+of America
+
+maybe looks inevitable
+in some way.
+
+But it was not inevitable,
+and was incredibly
+
+fraught with conflict.
+
+There was nothing like the kind
+of presumption today that
+
+technological development
+equals economic progress
+
+equals social progress.
+
+And it's not too much of an
+exaggeration to say the entire
+
+American Civil War was fought
+over different visions of what
+
+America might be.
+
+One being an agrarian, rural,
+essentially non-industrialized
+
+economy with the kind of social
+order of slavery and
+
+racial divisions.
+
+And also, very much a
+traditional class structure
+
+around that.
+
+And the other being much more
+represented by the North,
+
+industrialized, very
+managerial, very
+
+technological, heavily
+railroads.
+
+No small number of the leading
+Union generals were railroad
+
+executives before the war,
+including McClellan.
+
+And so if you look at
+the war in that--
+
+and all of the tensions leading
+up to the war, and it
+
+was pretty explicit
+at the time.
+
+Thomas Jefferson very
+much viewed--
+
+this is 40, 50 years before, but
+viewed the country in this
+
+kind of agrarian way.
+
+We weren't going to make the
+same kind of mistakes that
+
+England made and have a dirty
+industrial economy.
+
+If you look at the war in that
+way, then the founding of MIT
+
+is very much almost like a move
+in a chess board for one
+
+side, which is obviously the
+one toward, this is what an
+
+ordered industrial,
+Northern-dominated
+
+economy could be.
+
+And it happens to be the side
+that won, but it was 3/4 of
+
+million people had to die
+between here and there, much
+
+the less another half century
+of conflict over--
+
+Roe's books about how half the
+problem was just trying to get
+
+people to come to work at the
+same time every day, and work
+
+through the planting season.
+
+Because you couldn't have a
+factory unless you get people
+
+to do that.
+
+And that was 30 years of
+conflict just to get
+
+people to do that.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a phrase
+about when you start making
+
+machinery and putting them
+in things that are called
+
+factories, which are new.
+
+We're familiar with them, but
+people in the age had never
+
+seen these things before.
+
+They just knew that there was
+good money to be made.
+
+You could make cash wages
+by working in
+
+one of these places.
+
+It was inviting in that sense.
+
+But on the other hand, going in
+there to work and having to
+
+work to regimented hours, and be
+expected to produce so much
+
+stuff during the day.
+
+One of the managers of an early
+textile operation said,
+
+this is like trying to put
+a deer in a harness.
+
+Imagine that.
+
+Just think about putting
+a deer in a harness.
+
+That just doesn't work.
+
+There's going to be a lot of
+bucking and resistance, and
+
+going nowhere sort of.
+
+And so it's a tricky business,
+no doubt about it.
+
+David mentions just getting
+workers to work according to
+
+clocked hours.
+
+We're so used to--
+
+I mean, either we're wearing
+watches, or you've got it on
+
+your cell phones, all
+of us are very
+
+time-oriented in this age.
+
+But 200 years ago, very few
+people, only wealthy people
+
+could afford to own
+a pocket watch.
+
+They were really expensive.
+
+And only the wealthiest
+households had these tall
+
+clocks in their hallways
+and stuff like that.
+
+Most people didn't have
+time-keeping devices.
+
+That comes in with the coming
+of industry, with factories
+
+and things like that.
+
+In fact, it's factories that
+start making the early, cheap
+
+clocks you can buy for
+a couple of dollars.
+
+There's a famous traveler
+who goes in--
+
+it's a British visitor who
+travels in the Southeastern
+
+part of the United States,
+writing in the late '20s,
+
+early '30s thereabouts.
+
+And he's writing about--
+
+I'm going to take that back,
+it's a woman traveler.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Traveling in these areas.
+
+And one of the things she
+notices is that--
+
+and she comes into Arkansas,
+which is pretty much in the
+
+deep recesses of the United
+States at that time.
+
+Well, Arkansas, West of the
+Mississippi, 1832 or
+
+thereabouts, is really
+in the deep recesses.
+
+That's frontier country.
+
+That's what I mean by that.
+
+Are you from Arkansas?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't mean to
+insult Arkansas people.
+
+But in any case, she makes this
+comment about, I travel
+
+around the countryside and I
+enter these cabins with dirt
+
+floors, hardly a stick of
+furniture, and there's a
+
+Connecticut clock sitting
+on the fireplace mantle.
+
+They'd rather own a clock
+than owning furniture.
+
+That was unheard of
+50 years earlier.
+
+You couldn't afford something
+like that.
+
+And yet, boy, they were buying
+them like crazy.
+
+Be it these clocks are being
+made in Connecticut, and then
+
+taken literally, in wagons
+across the country, and sold
+
+off by the thousands to people
+for a couple dollars a piece.
+
+Your grandparents or parents
+may have some of them.
+
+They're old brass works clocks
+that when they strike the
+
+hour, it'd wake the dead.
+
+They're very, very available,
+even today.
+
+But that sense of time and time
+
+orientation as a new dimension.
+
+People are not used to
+it and they go on
+
+strike in many instances.
+
+They try to resist this.
+
+And that's part of that
+management, trying to get that
+
+control that didn't exist.
+
+No one knew about it.
+
+Jefferson refers to the slavery
+issue in the 1820s as
+
+trying to hold a wolf
+by the ears.
+
+He is very concerned about the
+future of slavery in America.
+
+He never remits his slaves
+as far as I know.
+
+But the other wolf that was
+being held by the ears at this
+
+time has to do with labor
+management, the problems that
+
+were going to emerge.
+
+Lowell, a great industrial
+city in the 1820s was
+
+considered to be a utopia.
+
+It was a place that people
+wanted to work at.
+
+But by the 1840s, there are
+all sorts of strikes
+
+going on out there.
+
+Protesting time rules and the
+cost of living in boarding
+
+houses, and stuff like that.
+
+So it gets very complex.
+
+And Rogers is living through
+all of this, and seeing it,
+
+and trying to come to some
+conclusion about, how do I
+
+enter into this educational
+process?
+
+How do I make it better
+supposedly?
+
+So it's a complex, interesting
+era that is the era
+
+that he lives in.
+
+Now, there's another question
+that was raised today, but how
+
+did Rogers get the money
+to find benefactors?
+
+When you graduate from MIT,
+MIT Alumni Association is
+
+going to get your name
+and address.
+
+And several times a year you're
+going to get mailings
+
+from them saying, we need
+your benefaction.
+
+You need to help us keep
+the Institute going for
+
+fellowships, and scholarships,
+and a new swimming pool, or
+
+whatever it may be.
+
+It's through that sort of giving
+that is very important
+
+to the operation of
+any school today.
+
+It was important
+to Rogers then.
+
+When you read my essay next
+week, the title of the essay
+
+is called "Godspeed the
+Institute." It's in
+
+quotations.
+
+That's actually a quote from
+an early benefactor of MIT.
+
+He was a doctor here in Boston,
+Harvard graduate, a
+
+surgeon, made a lot of money
+investing in local
+
+industries--
+
+railroads, textile mills.
+
+Made a lot of money, and
+he had money to give.
+
+And rather than giving it to
+Harvard, he gives it to MIT.
+
+It's like $40,000, quite a lot
+of money for that time.
+
+And I can imagine how people
+at Harvard felt about that.
+
+Because he was turning on a
+different direction here.
+
+But he was interested in sort
+of the practical hands-on
+
+orientation that Rogers was
+trying to develop in the
+
+Institute with reference to
+bringing science and the
+
+useful arts in contact
+with each other.
+
+But that was one form.
+
+Where else would you be getting
+money to run a place
+
+like this early on?
+
+AUDIENCE: From the military?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, military.
+
+Who said military?
+
+OK.
+
+Say a little more.
+
+Military in what way?
+
+How would you imagine that?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's a lot of
+government contracts maybe
+
+back then, I don't know.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, absolutely.
+
+It's not so much military money,
+but it's war-related.
+
+Legislation that's passed by
+the Lincoln administration.
+
+Interestingly, Lincoln is a
+Republican, a member of the
+
+Republican Party.
+
+Early member of the
+Republican Party.
+
+In those days, Republican
+Party was all about big
+
+government, believe it or not.
+
+Today it's just the
+other way around.
+
+What the Democrats were in the
+1860s, the Republicans are
+
+today, and vice versa.
+
+So in Lincoln's day, one of the
+big proposals that was put
+
+up, and you'll read about it
+next week is, trying to get
+
+grants for the establishment
+of state universities that
+
+would emphasize mechanical and
+agricultural pursuits.
+
+Texas A&M. A&M, Agricultural
+Mechanical colleges.
+
+I went to Penn State.
+
+That's a land-grant school.
+
+All of these schools come out
+of a piece of Civil War
+
+legislation called the Morrill
+Land-Grant Act, which
+
+literally put up money--
+
+it gave money to each state
+based on the number of
+
+representatives they had in the
+House of Representatives
+
+and the number of US
+senators they had.
+
+I think it's 30,000 acres
+per representative.
+
+They'd give that land to the
+state legislature, which in
+
+turn could keep the land for as
+long as they want, or they
+
+could turn it into script and
+sell it to investors.
+
+Where was that land located?
+
+This is a sore point for those
+of you who are from the
+
+Midwest, especially places
+like Minnesota,
+
+Iowa, places like that.
+
+Most of the land was from
+out on that area
+
+and not in the East.
+
+There were some plots,
+but not much.
+
+And that land was used by the
+Massachusetts legislature to
+
+parcel out in terms of
+government grants.
+
+Here's government giving out
+money, in effect, to places
+
+like MIT, University of
+Massachusetts are the two main
+
+beneficiaries of that.
+
+MIT is a land-grant college.
+
+Did you know that?
+
+MIT emerges right out of this
+land-grant tradition, and it's
+
+arguably one of the first.
+
+It may be the first land-grant
+college in the United States,
+
+which we kind of don't recognize
+because MIT is a
+
+private corporation
+at the same time.
+
+You would think, this is not
+Penn State or it's not Ohio
+
+State, which are both
+land-grant schools.
+
+Those are state universities.
+
+This is a private corporation.
+
+And yet, its initial funding,
+a big part of it, both the
+
+land over in Boston and money
+from the legislature, came
+
+from the state through this
+piece of national legislation
+
+that's sort of filtered down
+into various states for the
+
+establishment of
+these colleges.
+
+So it's an interesting
+process that happens.
+
+That's important.
+
+So there are moments when
+I can imagine that big
+
+government is a bad thing.
+
+But there are also moments when
+big government can be a
+
+good thing.
+
+In this instance, I think it
+was not just good, it was
+
+extremely important for the
+future of the United States.
+
+Think of the hundreds of
+thousands of graduates who
+
+have come out of
+these colleges.
+
+Not just MIT, but extremely
+important to the development--
+
+the economic development
+of the country.
+
+And that all started with a
+federal piece of legislation.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: We were just
+talking during the break, the
+
+21 names that signed
+the MIT charter.
+
+Rogers is one of them.
+
+We know a little bit about a
+couple of them, Roe and I, but
+
+we don't know that much about
+the rest of them.
+
+They're not all names that you'd
+instantly recognize.
+
+But it's worth asking, in
+addition to the government,
+
+why would these presumably
+prominent, moneyed Boston
+
+people care about founding
+this school?
+
+What are their interest in it?
+
+He wouldn't have been able
+to do it by himself.
+
+He needed this kind of social
+group to support him.
+
+PROFESSOR: Definitely.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: It's a good paper
+topic for someone, but
+
+we should talk about it now.
+
+Who are those 21 people?
+
+PROFESSOR: That would be
+a good topic, just
+
+to look into one.
+
+For example, just here's one
+that I do know about, a guy
+
+named James B Francis.
+
+Has anyone ever heard
+of him before?
+
+I doubt it.
+
+There's no reason you
+should, probably.
+
+But in his day, James B Francis
+was probably the most
+
+important hydraulic engineer,
+surely in the United States,
+
+if not the world.
+
+He was very, very important.
+
+He built the canal system in
+Lowell, which was America's
+
+leading industrial--
+
+surely, leading water-powered
+entity.
+
+You can go up there today and
+still see those power canals
+
+that have been there for what,
+200 years I suppose.
+
+And he was responsible.
+
+He's the guy that
+engineered this.
+
+And he was a close associate
+of Rogers.
+
+Rogers clearly recruited him or
+told him about his vision
+
+for this new polytechnic
+institute.
+
+And Francis immediately
+signed on to it.
+
+Now, Francis's papers exist
+up in Lowell at the Lowell
+
+Historical Society.
+
+But I don't think anyone has
+looked into, what was going on
+
+between him and William
+Rogers?
+
+Were they having a
+correspondence?
+
+Probably they were.
+
+I have no idea exactly.
+
+What were they saying?
+
+Where were they in concert
+with one another?
+
+Did they have disagreements?
+
+I don't know, but he's an
+example of this group of 21
+
+that we don't know much
+about that would be
+
+interesting to know.
+
+Where did that support come
+from because they were
+
+critical in supporting
+the Institute.
+
+So another guy who was involved
+in that group is a
+
+guy named Jacob Bigelow.
+
+And he's the fellow who writes--
+he's a Harvard
+
+faculty member, isn't
+he, for a while?
+
+Interesting how many
+Harvard people are
+
+involved in this place.
+
+Almost all the early faculty
+are Harvard graduates,
+
+believe it or not.
+
+The early physicists are
+Harvard graduates.
+
+The chemists are Harvard
+graduates.
+
+Where else are they going
+to get their staff?
+
+There are some people that are
+coming out of industry.
+
+But the architecture department
+here is founded by
+
+a Harvard graduate,
+a guy named Ware.
+
+You'll read about
+it next week.
+
+But it's interesting that that
+connection, there's this
+
+tension and yet, connection at
+the same time between these
+
+two institutions that one tries
+to take over the other
+
+at least, what?
+
+Five or six times during the
+19th, early 20th centuries.
+
+There's this very interesting
+connection between those two
+
+institutions that still
+exists in many ways.
+
+But it's this ongoing process
+and the connections of Harvard
+
+people joining MIT, being a part
+of this whole process.
+
+Bigelow being a Harvard person
+who supports the
+
+establishment of MIT.
+
+Because they see a need.
+
+Harvard has, supposedly,
+an engineering program.
+
+The Lawrence School was funded
+by a textile magnate here,
+
+local merchant who owned a lot
+of textile mills in the area.
+
+He gave Harvard--
+
+I don't know, quite a big bundle
+of money to try to
+
+introduce an engineering
+curriculum at Harvard.
+
+And it never quite took off.
+
+It was used for a lot of
+different purposes, but it
+
+never succeeded really,
+in doing what Rogers
+
+was doing down here.
+
+And I think that's one of the
+reasons why a lot of these
+
+Harvard folks who had interests
+in the practical
+
+world, if you want to call it
+that, gravitated toward MIT
+
+when it was founded.
+
+It's an interesting development
+there, too.
+
+Well, look, I'm talking.
+
+Somebody's asking questions,
+but I end up
+
+talking about them.
+
+So that's not a discussion.
+
+That's a monologue.
+
+I think from day one, there
+was a research component
+
+introduced into the
+curriculum at MIT.
+
+And that was through
+laboratories.
+
+In the days prior to
+MIT's existence,
+
+laboratories existed.
+
+But they were primarily to--
+
+you would hold demonstrations.
+
+You would do chemical
+experiments in front of the
+
+students, but the students
+were watching.
+
+They weren't at the Bunsen
+burner doing things, or
+
+anything like that.
+
+And with MIT, that changes.
+
+One of Rogers'--
+
+I think it's an innovation, is
+to get students in the lab
+
+doing things, doing research.
+
+There's a fellow, trying
+to remember his name.
+
+He was educated here at MIT
+as an undergraduate as a
+
+physicist, who goes on to
+found the electrical
+
+engineering department at MIT.
+
+Becomes a faculty member
+after he graduates and
+
+does graduate work.
+
+I'm not sure if he does
+it here or not.
+
+Probably not.
+
+Probably went to Germany,
+or somewhere like that.
+
+He founds the electrical
+engineering department.
+
+But it was all about his
+writing a paper as an
+
+undergraduate student in a
+physics laboratory that he got
+
+published that sent him on his
+way toward this interesting
+
+career as an academic
+and as a researcher.
+
+But the research orientation
+of MIT has existed--
+
+well, almost from day one.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: The idea of MIT
+as a research institution
+
+where the professors are doing
+primarily research and then
+
+the students sort of come
+along and participate is
+
+later, and not really until
+the 20th century
+
+does that get going.
+
+I mean, students are always
+working in the laboratories
+
+for their own education.
+
+But the fact that the professors
+are leading these
+
+big research programs,
+that's not so much
+
+there at the beginning.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, yeah.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: There's
+a distinction there.
+
+PROFESSOR: You need to make
+a distinction there.
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+But the guy's name I'm
+thinking of is Cross,
+
+C-R-O-S-S. And he actually did
+research in an undergraduate
+
+lab and resulted in the
+publication of a paper.
+
+That's research at one level.
+
+But you're talking about
+research, what?
+
+Funded by the Air Force?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Or even by
+foundations and things.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Well, that's true.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: If you look
+today, anybody know how much
+
+of MIT's budget is undergraduate
+tuition?
+
+What percentage?
+
+PROFESSOR: I have no idea.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Anybody
+want to guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: 20.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: 20%?
+
+AUDIENCE: 5%.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: 5%?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are we talking about
+sources of money or what we
+
+spend on it?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: How much of
+MIT's total budget--
+
+if you add up the tuition that
+each of you pay, forget about
+
+financial aid for the moment.
+
+Multiply it by the number of
+undergraduates and put that
+
+over the total budget of the
+place, what's the proportion?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like 5%.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: It's
+like 5% or 10%.
+
+It's pretty small.
+
+And compare that to, like a
+Williams College, where it's
+
+close to 100%.
+
+It's a very different place.
+
+So that wasn't so much
+true early on.
+
+And even then, the tuition pays
+a pretty small amount of
+
+what it actually cost to educate
+an undergraduate.
+
+So that gives you some sense
+of the orientation of the
+
+place, where you have hundreds
+of millions of dollars coming
+
+from federal and other kinds of
+
+sources to support research.
+
+And students pay tuition, too.
+
+And they're a big part of it.
+
+And MIT does consider itself
+educational in a big way.
+
+But the research is just huge.
+
+The model that's emerged, and it
+really, in a way, took 100
+
+of the 150 years, is
+research-based education.
+
+Which is a little different from
+the early model of kind
+
+of laboratory-based education.
+
+So we'll see that over the
+course of the next weeks as we
+
+read about it that, you don't
+have MIT professors winning
+
+Nobel Prizes during
+the 19th century.
+
+If people want to get a PhD--
+
+we mentioned this I
+think last time--
+
+in any of the sciences, they're
+going to Germany.
+
+Maybe to England, but
+particularly to Germany to get
+
+it well into the 20th century.
+
+And the whole idea of graduate
+education really comes in
+
+around the turn of
+the 20th century.
+
+So in that sense,
+it's different
+
+from what it is today.
+
+It's more like a kind of
+undergraduate teaching--
+
+maybe like Olin College.
+
+Anybody ever heard of
+Olin College out
+
+in the suburbs here?
+
+That probably is more like
+what early MIT was
+
+like than MIT today.
+
+PROFESSOR: Interesting.
+
+And that all, in many
+ways, was modeled
+
+after MIT, wasn't it?
+
+There were a number of
+MIT consultants.
+
+It was Woodie Flowers,
+and people like that.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I think Olin is
+modeled after a lot of things
+
+that are very hard to do at MIT,
+which is why they were
+
+able to do them.
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe that was it,
+it was the wish list.
+
+Well, that's interesting.
+
+So from a corporate, government
+research sort of
+
+orientation, I guess the
+corporate would be coming
+
+first around World War I
+thereabouts, under Maclaurin.
+
+There was a president here named
+Maclaurin who moved MIT
+
+in a direction, I think, toward
+applied research.
+
+Was it called the technology
+plan or something like that?
+
+And we'll see more
+of that later on.
+
+Yeah, that's different than
+what I'm talking about.
+
+But the idea of getting students
+in laboratories, and
+
+having them literally use the
+equipment, that's a new ball
+
+game there.
+
+Even that was novel.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: One example there
+that's worth looking
+
+into is Alexander Graham Bell,
+who's teaching here on campus.
+
+Anybody know where he physically
+actually invented
+
+the telephone?
+
+AUDIENCE: Wasn't it over
+on Main Street?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Yeah, it was
+downtown in Boston over
+
+where-- basically where
+Government Center is now.
+
+There's a little teeny
+plaque right there.
+
+You can almost not notice it.
+
+It says, this is
+the place where
+
+famous, "Come here, Watson.
+
+I need you now," was.
+
+But he didn't do that as
+part of a lab at MIT.
+
+Today you would think, of
+course, if there was an
+
+instructor here who was doing
+research into telephony, he'd
+
+be doing it on campus in a lab
+with graduate students, and so
+
+on and so forth.
+
+That's not how it worked then.
+
+He was doing it in his
+own laboratory.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's another
+plaque over on Main Street.
+
+Who mentioned Main Street?
+
+Did you, Eric?
+
+Isn't there a plaque on
+Main Street that--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the
+Polaroid one?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+a Polaroid building.
+
+But I think it's a reference
+to Alexander Graham Bell.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Maybe the first
+exchange, which was when he
+
+first got it going.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it could be.
+
+I've forgotten what it is.
+
+But I remember seeing it
+as I was walking by.
+
+AUDIENCE: He was an
+instructor here.
+
+He was teaching.
+
+I'm not sure if he was actually
+teaching at the
+
+moment he made that invention.
+
+I don't know how they
+overlap together.
+
+PROFESSOR: Interesting.
+
+I have not encountered
+that sort of
+
+thought coming from him.
+
+But I have to admit,
+I have not read--
+
+I have not been in the archives
+to read everything
+
+that he wrote at the time.
+
+I suspect there are some
+references there.
+
+What I see, from the literature
+I've been reading,
+
+is primarily a concern about
+just institution building.
+
+I mean, he had a lot on his
+plate just trying to get this
+
+place started.
+
+He was very sympathetic to
+reform groups in Boston, the
+
+abolitionist movement
+being one of them.
+
+There were a bunch of reform
+movements that were underway
+
+during the 1850s, abolitionism
+being the most famous
+
+probably, and the most
+controversial.
+
+But temperance against
+drinking.
+
+Wouldn't that be something if
+William Barton Rogers was a
+
+temperance advocate?
+
+That could totally screw up
+the 150th anniversary.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Or the entire--
+
+PROFESSOR: I say that
+as a house master.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Only a house
+master would raise that issue.
+
+PROFESSOR: Only a house master
+could resonate to that.
+
+I don't know.
+
+But he was surely influenced
+by these reform groups.
+
+But his reform was
+educational, no
+
+question about it.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I think if you
+look at how people like
+
+Nathaniel Hawthorne responded
+to the Civil War, there was
+
+certainly a strain there.
+
+He was a slightly earlier--
+
+anybody ever heard of the
+transcendentalists?
+
+Obviously, Thoreau
+and Emerson.
+
+But then there were all these
+other- Nathaniel Hawthorne,
+
+Bronson Alcott, who was the
+father of Louisa May Alcott,
+
+who wrote Little Women, was a
+very big educational reformer.
+
+This was sort of more
+in the 1830s, 1840s.
+
+You read what these people
+were writing.
+
+They were basically like '60s
+counterculture hippies of the
+
+day in a certain way.
+
+They were pretty radical.
+
+There was free love movements
+among them.
+
+They were starting utopian
+communities, all kinds of
+
+wacky things there.
+
+I don't think Rogers
+really fell into
+
+that category so much.
+
+So people like Hawthorne and
+Herman Melville later,
+
+responded to the Civil War with
+the question you asked
+
+about, gee, is this just too
+much industrialization?
+
+Just leads to war.
+
+Too much machinery, and it's all
+dehumanizing and destroys
+
+the environment.
+
+There certainly were some
+questions raised about that.
+
+But I think William Barton
+Rogers would say, not enough
+
+rationality, not enough
+science leads
+
+people to act crazy.
+
+We need better, more rational
+management in the same way
+
+that Roe was talking
+about before.
+
+PROFESSOR: That was his focus,
+as best I can tell.
+
+After he died, his wife edited
+what she considered to be his
+
+most important correspondence.
+
+And that resulted in
+a two-volume book.
+
+Basically, of his letters.
+
+And I've read a lot of them.
+
+Can't say I've read every
+one of them, but I've
+
+read a lot of them.
+
+And I don't remember
+encountering the sort of
+
+reform-oriented movements that
+were very, very much in
+
+evidence around here, other than
+his distaste for slavery.
+
+He clearly was not in
+favor of slavery.
+
+But on the other hand, I don't
+think he was out there
+
+attending anti-slavery rallies
+and stuff like that.
+
+He had his own vision of what
+he wanted to do from an
+
+educational perspective.
+
+That took a lot of time,
+just doing that.
+
+Thinking about, how do you
+form a curriculum?
+
+Where do you get the money
+to start the school?
+
+How do you get the land?
+
+Those are pretty daunting
+questions when you're starting
+
+from scratch, which he was.
+
+He was not a wealthy man.
+
+The first part of your question
+is easy to answer,
+
+and that is that it happened
+fairly often.
+
+If somebody passed away who
+was a famous engineer,
+
+oftentimes the wife, or a
+cousin, or somebody would edit
+
+the correspondence.
+
+I think, for example, there's
+like a 32-volume set of the
+
+correspondence of Eleuthere
+Irenee du Pont who was the
+
+founder of the DuPont company.
+
+Even earlier than Rogers in
+the 19th century that was
+
+edited by a woman who was a
+descendant of his, but wasn't
+
+one of his daughters
+or even his wife.
+
+But waited for probably 50
+years before she got
+
+interested in doing it.
+
+So it varies about the time.
+
+It may not happen five years
+after a person's life.
+
+It may happen 50 or 60
+years afterwards.
+
+But that happens.
+
+You'll see it fairly often,
+
+especially in the 19th century.
+
+There are a few businesspeople
+that do that.
+
+The Appleton family here in
+Boston are one of the founders
+
+of the big textile mills
+up in Lowell.
+
+And there were several volumes
+edited by their descendants of
+
+their correspondence.
+
+What were they trying
+to achieve?
+
+And clearly, that correspondence
+is selective.
+
+You got to ask yourself, well,
+were they including every
+
+letter in there?
+
+Because most of that
+correspondence is about the
+
+vision they had for
+the institution.
+
+It was very rosy.
+
+We have an obligation to be
+stewards of what we have, and
+
+we use our money to
+promote things.
+
+Very civic-spirited.
+
+But on the other hand, there's
+not a word in that
+
+correspondence about the labor
+management problems that
+
+emerged during his lifetime.
+
+Didn't he write anything
+about that?
+
+If so, where is it?
+
+What happened to it in
+the correspondence?
+
+So those things have to be
+looked at as something that
+
+has been selective.
+
+There's a process of
+interpretation going on there,
+
+as there is in all history.
+
+Even I, when I write a book or
+something, and working in
+
+original archives, you
+select facts to
+
+construct your history.
+
+And there are things that you
+may leave out that David would
+
+say are very important
+that Smith ignored.
+
+And that's one of the reasons
+I became a historian, is I'm
+
+very interested in how
+do these differing
+
+interpretations of
+the past emerge?
+
+And then, how do you
+reconcile them once
+
+those differences exist?
+
+Because they keep getting
+reconciled, and re-reconciled.
+
+And it keeps going on.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: The MIT archives
+probably doesn't have
+
+a collection of people who
+thought William Barton Rogers
+
+was an idiot and it was a
+terrible idea to make this
+
+Institute of Technology.
+
+Those people may well
+have existed.
+
+And there may even be scattered
+around in their
+
+archives, around the
+Massachusetts State Archives
+
+of the Massachusetts Historical
+Society, letters
+
+that they wrote to
+that effect.
+
+But it's not something
+that MIT has gone out
+
+of its way to collect.
+
+And so the archival record
+tends to reflect--
+
+well, it reflects the successes
+and it also helps
+
+make the successes.
+
+So Barton Rogers' wife, by
+compiling his letters,
+
+undoubtedly she thought she was
+doing it because he was a
+
+historically important figure.
+
+But collecting his letters and
+publishing them also helps
+
+make him into a historically
+important figure.
+
+And that's the kind of stuff
+that historians and archivists
+
+deal with all the time as far
+as, what are the biases in
+
+terms of what gets saved and
+what gets thrown out?
+
+And who's considered
+important enough?
+
+And who's not considered
+important?
+
+PROFESSOR: She wanted to
+memorialize him for one thing.
+
+I mean, that's why those two
+volumes were published is as a
+
+memorial to her husband, to
+having done what she felt was
+
+an important life's work.
+
+But in the process, there's all
+this selectivity that goes
+
+on that sort of biases
+the record.
+
+So there's a lot of open
+ends in all of
+
+this study of history.
+
+And especially, history of MIT
+because so little has really
+
+been published about it.
+
+You were mentioning, Michelle,
+
+collections of the MIT archives.
+
+In certain ways, that archive
+is one of the best in the
+
+country for universities,
+I think, if you look at
+
+laboratories, or professors,
+of people like that.
+
+But if you were to ask--
+
+go to the library and try
+to find out much about
+
+Burton-Conner house, or the
+student housing system.
+
+You don't find much there.
+
+At least that's what the
+boss told me one day.
+
+That's been an area that wasn't
+collected that I'm sure
+
+is starting to be
+collected now.
+
+But different people have
+different priorities.
+
+And so there are things that
+get forgotten or left out.
+
+You keep adding, trying
+to add to.
+
+So student life is an important
+element in all that.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Another question
+that you all may
+
+have, especially as we read next
+week is, you look at 1865
+
+when classes begin.
+
+And suddenly there are people
+like you in these rooms.
+
+And the question is, who
+were those people?
+
+Were they children
+of immigrants
+
+who got a lucky break?
+
+Were they children of people
+in Boston with money who
+
+decided that Harvard
+wasn't for them?
+
+Were they people who worked in
+the Lowell mills who wanted to
+
+get a more serious education?
+
+We have very, very poor
+documentation on just, who
+
+were those early students?
+
+Why did they come to this
+place that no one
+
+had ever heard of?
+
+Because at the time, it wasn't
+considered important.
+
+They were considered
+faces that were--
+
+they weren't the president
+and the benefactors.
+
+As an historian, one needs
+to get very creative
+
+to think about it.
+
+Now, some of those people ended
+up becoming famous, and
+
+wealthy, and preserved
+their records, and
+
+then gave them back.
+
+And over time, you can piece
+some of it together.
+
+But there is no--
+
+PROFESSOR: Compared with
+Harvard, not as expensive?
+
+But then, I don't know exactly
+who paid for, say the use of
+
+laboratory equipment.
+
+Because I know the Institute
+had a perennial problem in
+
+trying to keep its laboratories
+
+sufficiently equipped.
+
+Now, did students have to pay
+extra fees for that sort of--
+
+if so, that would've
+raised the tuition.
+
+But I'd have to look that up.
+
+I don't know.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I think we'll see
+it in the reading in the
+
+next couple weeks.
+
+But it was not expensive.
+
+It was not the way that
+undergraduate education is
+
+today where for a middle class
+family it was really like
+
+almost as expensive
+as their house.
+
+It was much more of a kind
+of fee-based thing.
+
+And I don't think it was
+the major barrier.
+
+It was not for poor people for
+sure, but it was not the major
+
+barrier to people coming.
+
+Probably harder for people to
+take those years away from the
+
+workforce than it was
+to pay the tuition.
+
+PROFESSOR: And for many years,
+I think through the 1870s and
+
+in to the 1880s, most of the
+students at MIT were not
+
+full-time students.
+
+They were special students.
+
+And they were paying much
+smaller fees because they were
+
+basically people who were
+working a 10-hour day, or
+
+whatever it would be,
+and then coming to
+
+school at night primarily.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Not
+living on campus.
+
+PROFESSOR: And not living
+on campus, yeah.
+
+I'd have to look.
+
+I'm not sure about Boston
+University.
+
+I don't think Boston University
+was around at that
+
+time, but I'd have to look.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Good question.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: You'd have
+Bowdoin in Maine.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, there are--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Williams
+College I think was--
+
+PROFESSOR: Amherst, Williams.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: We
+mentioned RPI.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Most of the early
+MIT students, there's
+
+not great documentation
+on this.
+
+Most of them are from Boston
+and pretty close by.
+
+People didn't travel
+the way they do
+
+today to go to college.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The one piece of information
+I know exists is there were
+
+surveys done of where did
+students come from, not so
+
+much about their socioeconomic
+backgrounds.
+
+And it's interesting to
+watch that circle.
+
+Initially, strictly MIT
+is a local school.
+
+Most of the students that came
+to it lived within a 20-mile
+
+radius of the campus.
+
+But then you see that
+circumference getting larger,
+
+and larger, and larger over
+the first 30 or 40 years.
+
+By the early 1900s, you have
+students coming here from all
+
+parts of the United States.
+
+By the 1890s, for example, the
+DuPont family were sending
+
+some of their sons up
+here to school.
+
+The most important being a guy
+named Pierre DuPont who became
+
+not only the head of the DuPont
+Company, but the boss
+
+of General Motors
+for many years.
+
+Really, made General Motors into
+the big corporation that
+
+it is, with the help
+of Alfred Sloan.
+
+I think DuPont may have hired
+him, I'm not sure.
+
+But Sloan was a graduate
+of MIT.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Why was a
+chemical company involved in
+
+the auto industry?
+
+That's a question
+you could ask.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Why was the chemical company
+of DuPont involved in the
+
+automobile industry?
+
+Good question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Deals?
+
+Deals in oil--
+
+PROFESSOR: Not really, no.
+
+Think of that.
+
+Who's the chemical engineer
+in the class?
+
+Any chemical engineers,
+chemists?
+
+What do you guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: What part of
+a car was made by DuPont?
+
+That's another way to ask it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Paint.
+
+PROFESSOR: Paint, yeah.
+
+It's the paint.
+
+GM bought all their
+paint from DuPont.
+
+And then, I think got in trouble
+economically, and
+
+DuPont took over the company,
+or a large chunk of the
+
+company in order to resuscitate
+it and get their
+
+investment back out of it.
+
+That's when Pierre went in
+there and basically took
+
+things over.
+
+Yeah, it's all about
+paint for DuPont.
+
+AUDIENCE: I feel like that's a
+non-essential part of a car.
+
+PROFESSOR: But it's
+a big part.
+
+By the 1910s, it's a big
+business and a big account
+
+that you would have.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: It's off-track
+a little bit, but Henry Ford
+
+was famous for saying you can
+have a Model T In any color as
+
+long as it's black.
+
+And one of the ways that
+General Motors then
+
+differentiated itself was both
+an annual model change where
+
+it wasn't so standardized and
+you could get cars in
+
+different colors.
+
+PROFESSOR: And Sloan was right
+in the middle of all that.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+People were very tight with
+their pocketbooks.
+
+You'll see next week in the
+essay that I've written, I
+
+make an argument in there that
+government support was very
+
+important because once potential
+private donors saw
+
+that the state of Massachusetts
+was investing in
+
+MIT with land and money, that
+gave private donors a signal
+
+that this institution
+had a future.
+
+That they took more confidence
+in the possibility of this
+
+actually taking root
+and going forward.
+
+So the guy that wrote that
+letter was the doctor.
+
+I think he gave $40,000
+in 1864.
+
+That was a huge amount
+of money.
+
+And that was partly because--
+
+he gave the money because he saw
+the state of Massachusetts
+
+investing in MIT and
+thought, OK, they
+
+got a chance to survive.
+
+I will help them out.
+
+So that's very important.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: There's a case to
+be made, it came up when we
+
+were making that video.
+
+That even though the war was
+so disruptive to Rogers'
+
+plans, there's a case to be made
+that having four years
+
+kind of hiatus before really
+having to get the place going
+
+gave him the time and the
+background to get it a little
+
+bit more established
+financially and
+
+institutionally before
+teaching classes.
+
+Where you'd think, as soon as
+you get the charter signed,
+
+you admit students
+the next fall.
+
+Well, then you're both running
+the place and planning it at
+
+the same time, and this
+way he was able to.
+
+And then, at some point-- and
+it would be interesting to
+
+look at when this point is--
+
+it became clear the war was
+going to be won at some point
+
+by the North.
+
+And some people probably
+believed
+
+that from the beginning.
+
+And then there was a big
+reconstruction job to be done.
+
+And there was at least some
+kind of sense of optimism.
+
+And that's probably when some of
+the momentum around 1860--
+
+I'm sure the second half of
+1863, 1864 after Gettysburg,
+
+it was not a done deal but
+the tide had turned.
+
+And so there was people
+looking forward
+
+and thinking about--
+
+there's a lot of building
+to be done after a war.
+
+If you're an Iraqi businessman
+in 2002, you'd be investing in
+
+construction equipment,
+because that's
+
+what you got to do.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the Morrill
+Land-Grant Act, which is the
+
+background to all of these state
+universities basically,
+
+that wasn't passed until
+the summer of 1862.
+
+So Rogers, really wouldn't have
+had anything to build on.
+
+If that act hadn't been
+past, he would
+
+have been in big trouble.
+
+Because no one was ponying up
+with free land over in Back
+
+Bay other than the state of
+Massachusetts, who he had to
+
+do a lot of lobbying with.
+
+One of the things that
+suited him well--
+
+I should mention this-- was
+that Rogers was a very
+
+effective small "p" politician,
+in the sense that
+
+he knew how to lobby people.
+
+And how did he learn that?
+
+He learned it through a very
+bitter experience that he had
+
+had in Virginia as the head of
+the state survey in which he
+
+learned how mean-spirited
+politics could be.
+
+And he really became very astute
+at learning how to
+
+approach legislators, people
+like that, to get their
+
+support for voting funds for
+this new institution that he
+
+was trying to establish.
+
+So even though he had a bad
+experience in Virginia with
+
+the geological survey, it served
+him well in the long
+
+run in learning how to negotiate
+the building of a
+
+new educational institute
+here in Boston.
+
+He was a smart man, no
+doubt about that.
+
+It's hard to get a read on what
+kind of person was he.
+
+I mean, we know about his
+intellectual qualities.
+
+Obviously, very smart,
+very bright, capable.
+
+But did people call
+him William?
+
+Did they call him Billy?
+
+They call him Will?
+
+Did he have a nickname?
+
+You see his pictures.
+
+If you were to judge from his
+pictures, you always called
+
+him William, or Mr. Rogers,
+or something like that.
+
+Yeah, Mr. Rogers.
+
+A double entendre there.
+
+But he's a hard person
+to try to get a sense
+
+of, what was he like?
+
+Clearly, very good
+with people.
+
+But at the same time, he
+looks as if he's a
+
+fairly formal person.
+
+He was raised in a Scots Irish
+family, so it was probably a
+
+fairly strict upbringing
+that he had.
+
+Is he a religious person?
+
+I've not seen any references
+to being a deeply religious
+
+person, though probably he was
+maybe a Presbyterian coming
+
+from that sort of background.
+
+I don't know.
+
+It's possible to find that
+out, I just don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: How long was he
+actually active here once
+
+classes started?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, he
+died in 1883.
+
+And he was very active.
+
+I'm trying to remember.
+
+Around-- was it 1873?
+
+I've forgotten.
+
+He serves as president
+twice, basically.
+
+He serves a stint getting
+the thing started.
+
+And then he has a
+health problem.
+
+He starts having health
+problems in the 1870s.
+
+And he backs off and he turns
+over the Institute to one of
+
+his most trusted associates.
+
+And that goes on until
+around 18--
+
+I'm trying to remember
+the dates here.
+
+'79, 80 thereabouts, I think.
+
+AUDIENCE: It says that he
+returned in '78 and continued
+
+until 1881.
+
+PROFESSOR: '81, OK.
+
+And that's sort of the
+interim president.
+
+He was not a well person at that
+time, but he was sort of
+
+filling in until they could find
+a new president and the
+
+new president was Francis
+Amasa Walker?
+
+AUDIENCE: I believe so.
+
+PROFESSOR: Speaking of
+the Civil War, Fran--
+
+now, he did have a nickname.
+
+His name was Frank.
+
+People did call him
+Frank Walker.
+
+But Francis Amasa Walker was
+a Civil War general.
+
+Had earned ribbons and things
+for service during the war.
+
+And then he was--
+
+as I remember, he was educated,
+I believe, at
+
+Amherst and Yale.
+
+He went to Yale as
+a professor.
+
+He would have been by our lights
+today, someone who was
+
+in economics.
+
+He was not an engineer
+or scientist.
+
+And he became very famous for
+running the US Census of 1880,
+
+which was arguably the
+best US Census done
+
+during the 19th century.
+
+Extremely well done.
+
+And even today, you can read
+it and get a lot of good
+
+information out of it about
+all sorts of things, from
+
+cotton harvesting to
+manufacturing processes.
+
+But he was in charge of that.
+
+And then, he came to MIT from
+the Census Office in
+
+Washington, basically.
+
+He'd been on leave at Yale and
+came up here after that.
+
+So he came here in
+'83 did you say?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oops.
+
+I had it up here a second ago.
+
+It has him '81 to
+1897 it seems.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Well, it's right around in there
+because the US Census
+
+was finished by '82,
+or thereabouts.
+
+And Rogers dies on the platform
+of Francis Amasa
+
+Walker's inaugural day.
+
+He's literally giving a speech
+and keels over and passes away
+
+on the platform when he's
+transferring power, in effect,
+
+formally to the new president.
+
+So he dies in '83.
+
+So that would have meant that
+Walker arrived somewhere in
+
+the previous year.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: It's worth
+talking then a little bit
+
+about the postwar years.
+
+The classes start here right at
+the end of the war, but in
+
+terms of the US economy, it
+really takes the better part
+
+of a decade to recover from
+the wounds of the war.
+
+And you can think about 1876,
+which is the centennial year.
+
+There's a big exposition in--
+
+PROFESSOR: Philadelphia.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: --Philadelphia,
+which features a lot of
+
+American technology.
+
+The telegraph makes its first
+sort of public debut there for
+
+the first time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Telephone.
+
+You mean the telephone.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Telephone.
+
+Telephone makes public
+debut there.
+
+Edison's electric light
+is really 1881.
+
+And so the kind of industrial,
+sometimes it's called the
+
+second Industrial Revolution
+after the Civil War, takes a
+
+while to get going.
+
+And it really takes 10 or 15
+years for the country to get
+
+out of the tunnel and the kind
+of malaise of recovering from
+
+this national catastrophe.
+
+And many of those industrialists
+that--
+
+Andrew Carnegie's and even
+Thomas Edison's, these are not
+
+people who served in
+the Civil War.
+
+They're just a little younger
+than that, or they were doing
+
+other things during the war.
+
+And the big US Navy sort of
+turns its attention towards
+
+steel only in 1883.
+
+And those industries,
+it's a while.
+
+In a sense, Rogers is sort of
+a product of the generation
+
+before the war.
+
+It's people like Walker and
+others who really take up the
+
+call after the war.
+
+And it takes a while for
+that era to get going.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I think it's during Walker's
+administration that MIT really
+
+starts to take off as an
+educational institution.
+
+Someone was saying, how many
+students are living on campus?
+
+It's during his administration
+that you go to full-time
+
+students away from
+special students.
+
+It's during his administration
+that the majority of students
+
+then are full-time students.
+
+I don't know about
+dormitories.
+
+I think they did not have dorms
+in those days that I'm
+
+familiar with.
+
+They probably had to find
+rooms in the city
+
+or things like that.
+
+I don't think dormitories appear
+until the new campus is
+
+built over here.
+
+Senior House is the first dorm,
+isn't it, on campus?
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Is it?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think it is.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: MIT doesn't
+become predominantly
+
+residential until
+the '50s really.
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you
+Senior House?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, but
+I [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I think that's
+the oldest of the
+
+dorms, is Senior House.
+
+If that's the case, then we're
+talking around 1917, 1918.
+
+Because I think that's
+built after the
+
+main campus is built.
+
+It's built right around the same
+time that the President's
+
+House is built.
+
+So that's pretty late.
+
+But the shift during
+Walker's years was
+
+important because he gives--
+
+you read it in my essay that
+he gives an annual report.
+
+I think it's in 1894, in which
+he sort of ends the report by
+
+saying the battle of
+the New Education--
+
+and New Education are
+capitalized--
+
+has been won.
+
+And what he means by that
+is that MIT's program of
+
+education was called the New
+Education by none other than
+
+the president of Harvard.
+
+A guy named Charles Eliot, who
+started his teaching career
+
+here at MIT in the chemistry
+department.
+
+And then he was here for about
+two years, and then Harvard
+
+hired him as president of
+Harvard University.
+
+So there's all of this
+back and forth
+
+between Harvard and MIT.
+
+But Eliot coins the phrase--
+
+he writes a two-part essay in
+The Atlantic magazine, which
+
+is still being published, called
+"The New Education." I
+
+think part of it, in fact, you
+have to read for next week.
+
+But it's really about MIT.
+
+This is this new education
+that's so different from all
+
+the old classical curricula
+that's around.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: That's
+30 years.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Which is also
+what about the amount of time
+
+it takes graduates from the
+first classes to rise up
+
+through the ranks of whatever
+field they're in and become
+
+senior people.
+
+And either start giving money
+back, or become prominent
+
+scientists in their fields, or
+whatever kinds of career
+
+success they have.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+an interesting point.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: It's a
+generation, basically.
+
+PROFESSOR: The person to put
+up the money to build this
+
+campus, do you know
+who it was?
+
+Well, you'll encounter
+it in the reading.
+
+George Eastman from Rochester,
+New York.
+
+Eastman Kodak was the guy who
+put up most of the money for
+
+the building of this campus.
+
+But he didn't buy the
+land over here.
+
+Or he didn't give the
+money for the land.
+
+The land had already
+been purchased.
+
+That money came from the du
+Ponts, who were graduates,
+
+former graduates.
+
+And they were all products
+of the 1890s.
+
+They would have been here when
+Walker was president.
+
+By the time of the World War
+I, they had emerged as
+
+business leaders, very wealthy
+people, and were capable of
+
+endowing the Institute
+with land over here.
+
+So it's not just all George
+Eastman though.
+
+Most of it was.
+
+He was amazingly generous with
+President Maclaurin about
+
+giving money to the Institute.
+
+And I think I may have mentioned
+this last time that
+
+there were moments
+when he'd write--
+
+I don't know, huge, huge amount
+of money for the time.
+
+But MIT would discover that it
+wasn't quite enough and they'd
+
+go back to Mr. Eastman
+for more support.
+
+And he would write
+another check.
+
+And he ponied up.
+
+I don't know, at least three
+times, I think, in which
+
+President Maclaurin went back
+and said, we don't quite have
+
+enough Mr. Eastman.
+
+And he would--
+
+and the reason why according to
+the records that exist that
+
+he did that was that he was
+not a graduate of MIT.
+
+He had no personal connection
+with the place, but a lot of
+
+his employees were
+MIT graduates.
+
+And he was so impressed by their
+abilities that he felt
+
+that this was a good
+place to endow.
+
+So it's a very interesting--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: A company like
+Kodak is a second Industrial
+
+Revolution company in a way
+where you can't even have a
+
+company like that
+without trained
+
+chemists and some PhDs.
+
+And the electrical industry
+is the same way.
+
+Even the steel industry
+to some degree.
+
+It was quite different from the
+early railroads and the
+
+Lowell mills where a lot of
+good tinkerers getting
+
+together could really
+make the thing work.
+
+These sort of second wave
+companies are what you would
+
+today call high-tech companies,
+where it's not
+
+something you're going to come
+up with in your garage is the
+
+way to make film.
+
+Rubber is that way.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+that started that Harvard
+tried to buy MIT?
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it wasn't
+so much buying, it was
+
+amalgamating with it.
+
+The first attempt happened
+during the 1870s, I think.
+
+Not long after Charles Eliot
+became president.
+
+See, he was hired here.
+
+Eliot was hired here as a
+professor of chemistry around
+
+1867 if memory serves.
+
+He was here for roughly two
+years, and then he was called
+
+to Harvard as president there.
+
+And he had written this article
+called "The New
+
+Education," which he was,
+in effect, sounding
+
+the glories of MIT.
+
+Saying, this is the
+way, folks.
+
+This is the New Education.
+
+So when he went to Harvard, he
+wanted to try to reconfigure
+
+Harvard's system along the lines
+of MIT. and what better
+
+way to do it than to absorb MIT
+into the Harvard system.
+
+So the first attempt was made
+fairly early in his
+
+presidency.
+
+I would say as early
+as 1873 or '74.
+
+There will be an essay in the
+book that we're reading about
+
+that subject.
+
+It goes through all
+the different--
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Even in 1861,
+I think as the governor is
+
+signing the charter, he looks up
+and he says to Rogers, why
+
+aren't you guys getting together
+with Harvard and
+
+doing this?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+Governor Andrew.
+
+There were efforts even-- yeah,
+even during the charter
+
+phase that the governor of
+Massachusetts who was a
+
+Harvard graduate said,
+wait a minute.
+
+Why do you want to do this
+separately from Harvard?
+
+Why don't you do it in
+concert with Harvard?
+
+And so Rogers was constantly
+being sort of put upon about
+
+trying to nudge up
+against Harvard.
+
+And, of course, his resistance
+was he was fearful that his
+
+vision would not be enacted
+at Harvard.
+
+Plus, he had some intellectual
+enemies there.
+
+Agassiz was one of them.
+
+His primary intellectual
+opponent, and continued to be
+
+one well into the 1870s.
+
+It's an ongoing process.
+
+As I said earlier, it happens
+at least five or six times.
+
+Harvard did not give up
+after one attempt.
+
+They kept doing it.
+
+And Eliot was the most avid of
+all about trying to absorb MIT
+
+into Harvard because
+he had been here.
+
+He had seen what was good about
+the place, and wanted it
+
+moved into Harvard.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: How many of you
+today would vote in favor of a
+
+merger with Harvard?
+
+That's about how it came out
+in the 19th century also.
+
+PROFESSOR: That was
+just about right.
+
+Now, how many of you would
+vote for a merger, say if
+
+somebody gave you $50,000?
+
+Wouldn't do it anyway.
+
+See, this is true believer
+territory here.
+
+Good.
+
+AUDIENCE: The time was
+it that obvious, too?
+
+Or was there more debate?
+
+PROFESSOR: As I recollect in the
+first time around, it was
+
+pretty cut and dry.
+
+People here were saying, no,
+we don't need to do that.
+
+But later on, it came
+very close.
+
+During the early 1900s, there
+was a moment when Harvard and
+
+MIT became very close.
+
+I think it was President
+Pritchard who actually
+
+approved a merger.
+
+And then, that kind of got
+opposition and backed off.
+
+And this will be discussed
+later.
+
+But there was a moment when MIT
+and Harvard were actually
+
+granting joint degrees if
+I'm not mistaken for
+
+a very brief time.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Yeah, it only
+failed because the
+
+Massachusetts Supreme Court
+ruled, however, that they're
+
+not allowed to spend the money
+they were using for it for
+
+that purpose.
+
+PROFESSOR: It came close
+to happening in
+
+the early 20th century.
+
+William Rogers must have rolled
+over on his grave.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I think there
+were moments where it came
+
+down to MIT might close if it
+didn't find itself financially
+
+more support.
+
+And so it was under those
+kind of stresses.
+
+But I think once there's a
+community of alums, they felt
+
+pretty strongly that it
+should stay as it is.
+
+That's in the reading
+for next week.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+interesting, too, that that
+
+discussion of mergers really
+fades after Maclaurin has this
+
+campus built over here, gets
+the Eastman money.
+
+MIT then is pretty well
+defining its own life.
+
+And that sort of fades
+off the screen.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is the merger
+discussion so one-sided?
+
+Why does Harvard want to merge
+with MIT, but MIT not want to
+
+merge with Harvard?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I know the
+Rogers side of the story is
+
+that he was fearful that if
+that merger were to take
+
+place, that the core programs
+that he wanted to see
+
+introduced, like laboratories
+for students, an emphasis on
+
+science interacting with
+practical applications, would
+
+eventually fall by
+the wayside.
+
+Because they were fearful of
+Harvard's emphasis on the
+
+traditional liberal arts.
+
+Harvard is, to this day in
+many ways, controlled by
+
+humanities faculty, or social
+science humanities faculties,
+
+rather than science faculty.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then why would
+Harvard so badly want
+
+to merge with MIT?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because it was MIT
+It was the cutting edge.
+
+It was the New Education.
+
+It was the new way of doing
+science and engineering, which
+
+they felt they wanted
+to incorporate in
+
+to the Harvard system.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Well, sort of the
+opposite problem they had,
+
+which was that they
+couldn't manage to
+
+start it on their own.
+
+They tried in a number
+of different ways.
+
+PROFESSOR: It never worked.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: And their
+attempts to do technical
+
+education were always co-opted
+by the more old school
+
+scientists who saw
+it as natural
+
+philosophy and not so much--
+
+you also got to remember, MIT's
+celebrating its 150th
+
+anniversary this year.
+
+What was the last anniversary
+Harvard celebrated?
+
+Anybody remember?
+
+You probably weren't
+here for it.
+
+Because it was already almost
+10 years ago, I think.
+
+350.
+
+So they have 200 years on MIT.
+
+Big difference.
+
+How many MIT graduates have
+been in the White House?
+
+Zero.
+
+How many Harvard graduates have
+been in the White House?
+
+Quite a number of them.
+
+How many Harvard graduates
+are in Congress?
+
+Lots of them.
+
+Senators?
+
+All over the place.
+
+Very, very different
+sort of social
+
+structure to that school.
+
+PROFESSOR: It is a different
+breed of cat.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Harvard played
+a big role in the American
+
+Revolution.
+
+Harvard graduates played a
+big role in the American
+
+Revolution, which
+we can't claim.
+
+PROFESSOR: But there were
+MIT graduates who fought
+
+in the Civil War.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: There were?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+They came back after the war
+and went to school here.
+
+But they fought in
+the Civil War.
+
+They survived.
+
+They were survivors.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I know this is much
+later, but when did MIT become
+
+a great economic--
+
+[INAUDIBLE], economics--
+
+PROFESSOR: I think that probably
+dates from the
+
+arrival of Paul Samuelson as a
+professor of economics here.
+
+And that would have been
+after World War II.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: Yeah, he came
+during World War II.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're familiar
+with Paul Samuelson?
+
+He just died, what?
+
+About a year ago.
+
+Very famous economist.
+
+Arguably the most--
+
+he wrote a textbook in economics
+that I used as a
+
+college student.
+
+And it was like in its seventh
+edition when I used it.
+
+And it's been used
+over the years in
+
+general economics classes.
+
+So he became very famous
+for his textbook.
+
+That was the leading textbook
+in economics for many years.
+
+And then, he won
+a Nobel Prize.
+
+And that department has won
+a lot of Nobel Prizes.
+
+And so under his leadership
+and others-- he wasn't the
+
+only one there-- but Robert
+Solow is another very famous
+
+economist who is now retired,
+but is very
+
+active around here.
+
+They really brokered that
+department into one of the
+
+best in the world.
+
+And ti still is.
+
+I think it's still considered
+to be one of the top
+
+departments in the
+United States.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: But that's
+post-World War II.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's post-World
+War II.
+
+Yeah, definitely.
+
+DAVID MINDELL: I mean, directly
+post-World War II.
+
+Samuelson came here and
+he worked in the
+
+radiation lab on radar.
+
+PROFESSOR: Did he?
+
+I didn't know that.
+
+Interesting.
+
+Well, good.
+
+Now, we'll stop at this point.
+
+We'll continue talking
+about this era.
+
+I want to really focus
+on Rogers next week.
+
+We focused a lot on him today,
+I don't know there's a whole
+
+lot more to say.
+
+But there will be.
+
+I want you to read the essay
+about him and read some of
+
+those primary documents, just to
+get a sense of what they're
+
+talking about there.
+
+That article about the New
+Education is worthwhile
+
+because it's really making a
+proclamation to the rest of
+
+the country about there's
+something new and different
+
+going on here in Boston,
+and it's MIT.
+
+It's that sort of argument
+that's being made there.
+
+These are not the most
+scintillating papers to read
+
+in the world.
+
+So work through them.
+
+Read them.
+
+You don't have to study
+them closely.
+
+We're just trying to give
+you a taste of what that
+
+formalistic literature looked
+like in those days.
+
+But you got to look at to get
+a sense of, what was it?
+
+Yo don't need to memorize
+it, just get a
+
+sense of what it was.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G5BP8mTzkyk.txt b/G5BP8mTzkyk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce040c9dfd7f18b67e0f91973daf80c40fdc14f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G5BP8mTzkyk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been doing definite integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing definite integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing definite integration
+for the last couple of lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last couple of lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last couple of lectures and
+you've just started with the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just started with the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just started with the fundamental
+theorem of calculus um so that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus um so that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus um so that gives us
+this whole powerful tool to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole powerful tool to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole powerful tool to compute a
+bunch of integrals so with that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integrals so with that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integrals so with that in mind
+I've got a couple questions for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a couple questions for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a couple questions for you so
+compute the definite integrals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the definite integrals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the definite integrals the
+integral from 6 Tok 3 of tan X DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 6 Tok 3 of tan X DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 6 Tok 3 of tan X DX and
+the integral of minus PK 3 Tok 3 of tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of minus PK 3 Tok 3 of tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of minus PK 3 Tok 3 of tan
+X DX so why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX so why don't you pause the video
+take a couple minutes to work on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple minutes to work on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple minutes to work on those
+come back and we'll work on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together all right welcome back so uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back so uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right welcome back so uh as
+we are saying we have a couple definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying we have a couple definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying we have a couple definite
+integrals here so one tool for definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals here so one tool for definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals here so one tool for definite
+integrals is is remon sums so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is is remon sums so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is is remon sums so in
+principle we could write down a remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we could write down a remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we could write down a remon
+sum for say this first integral here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for say this first integral here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for say this first integral here and
+then try and compute it by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and compute it by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and compute it by trying to
+compute the sum and taking a limit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum and taking a limit of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the sum and taking a limit of it
+um but I think it's pretty clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's pretty clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's pretty clear that
+that for a function like Tan x that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a function like Tan x that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a function like Tan x that's
+going to be really really hard to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really really hard to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really really hard to do um
+so we so we want to not use remon sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we so we want to not use remon sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we so we want to not use remon sums
+here and and the way we cannot use remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and the way we cannot use remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and the way we cannot use remon
+sums is using this this great tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums is using this this great tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums is using this this great tool that
+we have which is the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have which is the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have which is the fundamental theorem
+of calculus so the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus so the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus so the fundamental theorem
+of calculus says when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus says when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus says when you have a
+definite integral instead of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral instead of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral instead of computing
+remon sums what you can do is compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sums what you can do is compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sums what you can do is compute an
+anti-derivative and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative and use the
+anti-derivative to to to find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative to to to find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative to to to find out the
+integrals just just compare two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals just just compare two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals just just compare two values
+of the anti-derivative and and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the anti-derivative and and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the anti-derivative and and that'll
+give you the value of the definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the value of the definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the value of the definite
+integral so in particular let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so in particular let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so in particular let's let's do
+this first integral first so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first integral first so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first integral first so we have the
+integral from pi/ 6 to pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from pi/ 6 to pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from pi/ 6 to pi over
+3 of tan X DX well so we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 of tan X DX well so we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 of tan X DX well so we know what the
+anti-derivative of tan X is we we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of tan X is we we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of tan X is we we did
+that in an earlier recitation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in an earlier recitation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in an earlier recitation so that's
+Ln of cosine X or Ln of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of cosine X or Ln of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of cosine X or Ln of the absolute
+value of cosine X um so the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of cosine X um so the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of cosine X um so the fundamental
+theorem of calculus says that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus says that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus says that the value
+of this definite integral in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this definite integral in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this definite integral in order to
+compute it we just take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it we just take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it we just take the difference
+of the that anti-derivative at pi over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that anti-derivative at pi over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that anti-derivative at pi over 3
+and at pi over 6 so by the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at pi over 6 so by the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at pi over 6 so by the fundamental
+theorem of calculus this is equal to Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus this is equal to Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus this is equal to Ln
+of the absolute value of cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X
+between pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 and pi over 3 so okay so this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and pi over 3 so okay so this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and pi over 3 so okay so this you know
+this is this notation that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this notation that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this notation that Professor
+jarrison introduced so what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jarrison introduced so what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jarrison introduced so what what does
+this actually mean it's just a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually mean it's just a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually mean it's just a shorthand
+for Ln of the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ln of the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ln of the absolute value of
+cosine of pi over 3 minus Ln of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi over 3 minus Ln of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi over 3 minus Ln of the
+absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of
+cosine of pi/ 6 now we could leave our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi/ 6 now we could leave our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi/ 6 now we could leave our
+answer like this but we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer like this but we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer like this but we can also
+manipulate it um and put it in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it um and put it in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it um and put it in a little
+nicer form so cosine of pi over 3 is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer form so cosine of pi over 3 is oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer form so cosine of pi over 3 is oh
+I'm sorry I've made a mistake so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I've made a mistake so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I've made a mistake so it's
+not Ln of absolute value of cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Ln of absolute value of cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Ln of absolute value of cosine X
+it's minus Ln of absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus Ln of absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus Ln of absolute value of
+cosine X sorry about that um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X sorry about that um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X sorry about that um so this is
+minus Ln cosine pi over3 plus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ln cosine pi over3 plus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ln cosine pi over3 plus okay so
+minus a minus there is plus all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus there is plus all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus there is plus all right
+sorry about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that um
+okay so good all right but and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good all right but and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good all right but and we can
+pick up where I was in the middle of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up where I was in the middle of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up where I was in the middle of my
+sentence and and okay so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and and okay so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and and okay so we can just
+evaluate this by just evaluating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this by just evaluating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this by just evaluating so
+cosine of pi over 3 that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi over 3 that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of pi over 3 that's going to be
+12 so this is minus Ln an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so this is minus Ln an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so this is minus Ln an absolute value
+of2 is just a half plus cosine of pi/ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of2 is just a half plus cosine of pi/ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of2 is just a half plus cosine of pi/ 6
+is < TK of 3 over2 so plus Ln > 3 over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is < TK of 3 over2 so plus Ln > 3 over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is < TK of 3 over2 so plus Ln > 3 over2
+and now you can use your logarithm rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can use your logarithm rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can use your logarithm rules
+to combine those into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine those into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine those into a single
+expression so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is equal
+to Ln of < TK 3 or you could even use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ln of < TK 3 or you could even use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ln of < TK 3 or you could even use
+one more logarithm rule if you wanted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more logarithm rule if you wanted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more logarithm rule if you wanted so
+this is equal to 12 Ln of 3 so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 12 Ln of 3 so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 12 Ln of 3 so all of
+those are you know equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are you know equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are you know equivalent
+expressions for the same number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the same number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the same number which is
+the value of this definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this definite
+integral okay so for the second integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so for the second integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so for the second integral
+now we can do exactly the same thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do exactly the same thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can do exactly the same thing um
+if we wanted to and and it'll be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to and and it'll be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to and and it'll be a very
+similar process you'll write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar process you'll write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar process you'll write down this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh anti-derivative here you'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti-derivative here you'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti-derivative here you'll take the
+difference of values um we can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of values um we can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of values um we can also do
+something a little bit clever for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit clever for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit clever for this
+one which is definite integrals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is definite integrals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is definite integrals have
+some geometric interpretation right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some geometric interpretation right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some geometric interpretation right and
+if you think about the function Tan x um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the function Tan x um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the function Tan x um
+so we could put up a little graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could put up a little graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could put up a little graph
+here so in between minus pi over 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in between minus pi over 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in between minus pi over 3 and
+pi over 3 Tan x maybe looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like this and you know give or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and you know give or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and you know give or
+take okay so what's what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take okay so what's what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take okay so what's what's important
+about this well Tan x is an odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well Tan x is an odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well Tan x is an odd function
+and this interval from this is minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this interval from this is minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this interval from this is minus pi
+over 3 to pi over 3 and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 to pi over 3 and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 to pi over 3 and this is the
+curve y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve y
+= Tan x so this is an odd function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Tan x so this is an odd function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Tan x so this is an odd function so
+the integral in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral in question
+is the this positive area minus this NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this positive area minus this NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this positive area minus this NE
+area but since it's an odd function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but since it's an odd function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but since it's an odd function it's
+symmetric so those two cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so those two cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so those two cancel out
+perfectly so for the second one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly so for the second one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly so for the second one you
+could do the same process that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same process that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same process that we did
+but you can also use a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use a little bit of
+geometric reasoning to realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric reasoning to realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric reasoning to realize that the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+one is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is just equal to
+zero in either case doing either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in either case doing either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in either case doing either of
+these integrals with with remon sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals with with remon sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals with with remon sums
+would be really atrocious so so in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really atrocious so so in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really atrocious so so in both
+cases what we're really happy about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what we're really happy about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what we're really happy about is
+that we have these these other tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have these these other tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have these these other tools
+that allow us to evaluate definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to evaluate definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow us to evaluate definite
+integrals without going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals without going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals without going back to the
+remon uh definition of of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon uh definition of of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon uh definition of of the of the
+integral so I'm going to stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GAArnLLlFtQ.txt b/GAArnLLlFtQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e81e2f834f149471a72eea6268abe478df840e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GAArnLLlFtQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6552 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so today we're going to
+um continue with our series of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um continue with our series of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um continue with our series of lectures
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um come to a conclusion from the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come to a conclusion from the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um come to a conclusion from the on the
+the section on population and Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section on population and Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section on population and Community
+ecology and last time or three lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and last time or three lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and last time or three lectures
+ago we were talking about the regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we were talking about the regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we were talking about the regulation
+of population growth and this time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population growth and this time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population growth and this time we're
+going to move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the middle yeah okay just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the middle yeah okay just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the middle yeah okay just want to
+make sure the boards were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the boards were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the boards were in
+order Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ecology and as I said in a first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and as I said in a first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and as I said in a first lecture
+this is one of the more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the more difficult
+branches of the ecological Sciences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the ecological Sciences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the ecological Sciences to
+to Really um describe because a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really um describe because a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really um describe because a a
+community an ecological Community is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community an ecological Community is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community an ecological Community is a
+bit of an abstract concept um and uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an abstract concept um and uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an abstract concept um and uh one
+definition is that it's a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species that are linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their feeding relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it has to it it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it has to it it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it has to it it's it's sort of
+like the ecosystem without the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ecosystem without the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ecosystem without the uh
+without the biog geochemistry in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the biog geochemistry in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the biog geochemistry in a sense
+um so really what we're looking at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really what we're looking at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really what we're looking at here
+is the interaction between species in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interaction between species in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interaction between species in a
+in a localized area uh with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a localized area uh with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a localized area uh with respect to
+how they influence each other's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they influence each other's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they influence each other's um
+Fitness in a sense and these these inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness in a sense and these these inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness in a sense and these these inter
+relationships between these species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these species
+govern all of the things that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern all of the things that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern all of the things that we talked
+about in the first half of my uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first half of my uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first half of my uh lecture
+set it's these interactions that shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's these interactions that shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's these interactions that shape
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+biogeochemistry of of those systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemistry of of those systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemistry of of those systems so
+this is the structure of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure of the system and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+biogeochemistry um is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemistry um is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemistry um is the function of
+the system and it's also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and it's also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and it's also these
+interactions so that they AFF they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so that they AFF they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so that they AFF they
+affect the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy which we talked about they affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we talked about they affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we talked about they affect
+the cycling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements they affect the the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements they affect the the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements they affect the the evolution
+the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species within the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species within the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species within the community
+and these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these these
+communities self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assemble in other words if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble in other words if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble in other words if you start
+with a an empty plot of bear land uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a an empty plot of bear land uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a an empty plot of bear land uh we
+talked about this remember the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this remember the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this remember the example
+of the glacier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glacier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glacier
+retreating um and showing the succession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreating um and showing the succession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreating um and showing the succession
+of species as the glacier retreated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of species as the glacier retreated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of species as the glacier retreated you
+start with a a bare rock uh and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a a bare rock uh and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a a bare rock uh and you will
+start getting lyen growing on the Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting lyen growing on the Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting lyen growing on the Rock
+and then that lyen will create uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that lyen will create uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that lyen will create uh a
+little bit of soil allowing plants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of soil allowing plants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of soil allowing plants to
+come in and then the plants uh increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and then the plants uh increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and then the plants uh increase
+the productivity some of them bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity some of them bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the productivity some of them bring
+nitrogen in uh allowing shrubs and trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in uh allowing shrubs and trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen in uh allowing shrubs and trees
+and everything and that's the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and that's the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and that's the self
+assembly of a of a community once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of a of a community once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of a of a community once you
+have plants there you can have insects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plants there you can have insects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plants there you can have insects
+there once you have insects there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once you have insects there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once you have insects there you
+have Birds there um it self assembles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Birds there um it self assembles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Birds there um it self assembles
+and one of the questions uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the questions uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the questions uh that
+ecologist asked is is how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist asked is is how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist asked is is how how
+deterministic is that I mean what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic is that I mean what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic is that I mean what we
+know there are some random components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are some random components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are some random components to
+it and we know there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we know there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we know there are some things
+that will happen because we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will happen because we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will happen because we see it
+happen over and over and over so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over and over and over so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over and over and over so the big
+question is you know what what must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know what what must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know what what must
+happen What could happen and what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen What could happen and what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen What could happen and what might
+not ever happen so that's really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ever happen so that's really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ever happen so that's really one of
+the challenges challenges of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges challenges of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges challenges of of of
+ecologist is to understand the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist is to understand the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist is to understand the assembly
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of communities if there are any now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communities if there are any now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communities if there are any now
+we're not going to really get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to really get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to really get into that
+we're just going to start uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start uh looking at
+at the real fundamentals of of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the real fundamentals of of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the real fundamentals of of community
+ecology which is uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology which is uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology which is uh what are the
+possible interactions between species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible interactions between species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible interactions between species
+that that that shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that shape
+Evolution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so when we talk about species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about species
+interactions and how they structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and how they structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and how they structure
+communities we have to first uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities we have to first uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities we have to first uh Define
+some terms and one is darwinian Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the the fitness of an individual is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the fitness of an individual is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the fitness of an individual is
+the fitness is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness is the
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ability of an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population to survive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reproduce so it's all relative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce so it's all relative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce so it's all relative okay
+within a population and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a population and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a population and we're going to
+Define also uh we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define also uh we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define also uh we'll be talking about
+adaptations and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I know you know what this is uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know you know what this is uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know you know what this is uh but
+let's just make sure that we are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just make sure that we are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just make sure that we are all
+operating uh with the same assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating uh with the same assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating uh with the same assumption
+and an adaptation which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an adaptation which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an adaptation which is something
+that affects the fitness is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heritable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases the fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individual with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual with
+resp with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp with respect
+to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individuals in that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in that population
+okay so these are just some operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are just some operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are just some operating
+assumptions so that when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so that when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so that when we talk about
+species interactions there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species interactions there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species interactions there are several
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+if we have organism one and organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um we can
+have and we ask how does the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and we ask how does the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and we ask how does the the
+presence of organism 2 in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of organism 2 in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of organism 2 in in the
+presence of organism One affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of organism One affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of organism One affect the
+fitness of the two organisms and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness of the two organisms and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness of the two organisms and if if
+the fitness of the both organisms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of the both organisms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of the both organisms is
+increased by being being in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by being being in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by being being in the presence
+of the other that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutualism being together increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutualism being together increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutualism being together increases the
+fitness of both relative to um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness of both relative to um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness of both relative to um when
+they're alone if being together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're alone if being together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're alone if being together
+decreases the fitness of both that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the fitness of both that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the fitness of both that's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+and if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have this
+situation what would we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could be parasitism yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+parasitism what else what's the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitism what else what's the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitism what else what's the ultimate
+form of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of reduced
+Fitness predation yeah being dead is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness predation yeah being dead is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness predation yeah being dead is the
+ultimate reduced Fitness um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate reduced Fitness um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate reduced Fitness um so
+parasitism and predation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there are are some other sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are are some other sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are are some other sort
+of rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rather
+vague interactions where you have where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague interactions where you have where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague interactions where you have where
+when you put two individuals together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put two individuals together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put two individuals together um
+the fitness of one is not influenced but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of one is not influenced but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of one is not influenced but
+the fitness of the other is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of the other is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitness of the other is either
+influenced positively or negatively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced positively or negatively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced positively or negatively and
+we're not going to talk about those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk about those um
+but they're called this one's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commensalism and this one's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amensalism and obviously there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amensalism and obviously there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amensalism and obviously there are
+gradients actually an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients actually an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients actually an example
+of of commensalism is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of commensalism is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of commensalism is something that
+we've talked about can anybody think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about can anybody think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about can anybody think
+think about what that is when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that is when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what that is when we talked
+about food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+webs it's kind of a stretch but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs it's kind of a stretch but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs it's kind of a stretch but um
+Detroit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DET an organism eating detrus in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DET an organism eating detrus in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DET an organism eating detrus in a sense
+is commensalism because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commensalism because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commensalism because it doesn't
+affect the fitness of the Dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the fitness of the Dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the fitness of the Dead
+individual because it's already dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because it's already dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual because it's already dead
+right so but that that gets to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that that gets to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that that gets to not
+having that much meaning um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that much meaning um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that much meaning um so anyway
+but these we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these we're not going
+to spend time on but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend time on but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend time on but they are
+um they are forms of interaction that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are forms of interaction that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are forms of interaction that do
+exist and and there are gradient between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and and there are gradient between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and and there are gradient between
+these obviously it's not all all black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these obviously it's not all all black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these obviously it's not all all black
+and white okay so we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white okay so we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white okay so we're going to start
+by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about
+competition um and just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition um and just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition um and just to remind
+you it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition comes in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms We There is intraspecific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition which means within a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which means within a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition which means within a species
+okay and and that's not what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's not what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's not what we're going
+to be talking about today but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about today but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about today but this is
+we've already talked about this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about this without
+explicitly um remember our logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly um remember our logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly um remember our logistic
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the the the the density dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the density dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the density dependent
+feedback mechanisms in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback mechanisms in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback mechanisms in that
+population that that caused uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that that caused uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that that caused uh the
+population to deviate from exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to deviate from exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to deviate from exponential
+growth was due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth was due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth was due to
+intraspecific competition species within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intraspecific competition species within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intraspecific competition species within
+this I mean organ individuals within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean organ individuals within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean organ individuals within a
+species competing with each other for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species competing with each other for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species competing with each other for a
+resource what we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource what we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource what we're going to be talking
+about now is more or is uh interp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so I want to show you some um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to show you some um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to show you some um some
+slides that just to get you they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that just to get you they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that just to get you they're just
+from your textbook but to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook but to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook but to get you
+um in the mood for a competition so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the mood for a competition so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the mood for a competition so it
+comes in all different uh forms and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in all different uh forms and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in all different uh forms and uh
+and I I don't care whether you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I don't care whether you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I don't care whether you know the
+names of these it doesn't matter this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these it doesn't matter this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of these it doesn't matter this is
+just to give you an idea of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea of the the
+different um types of competition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um types of competition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um types of competition that
+we see in nature this is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in nature this is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in nature this is what's called
+consumptive competition and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptive competition and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptive competition and this is just
+showing the roots of trees uh competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the roots of trees uh competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the roots of trees uh competing
+for nutrients in the soil preemptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nutrients in the soil preemptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nutrients in the soil preemptive
+competition shows um these are barnacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition shows um these are barnacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition shows um these are barnacles
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+about that later uh just totally taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later uh just totally taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later uh just totally taking
+over the substrate so no other organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the substrate so no other organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the substrate so no other organism
+could possibly settle there overgrowth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly settle there overgrowth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly settle there overgrowth
+competition in Plants where this plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in Plants where this plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in Plants where this plant
+would be shading um so other plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be shading um so other plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be shading um so other plants
+other uh that require a lot of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh that require a lot of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh that require a lot of light
+could not grow underneath um chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not grow underneath um chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not grow underneath um chemical
+competition also occurs where one plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition also occurs where one plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition also occurs where one plant
+will actually excrete um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually excrete um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually excrete um certain
+chemicals that create these these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that create these these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that create these these um
+corridors of no growth around them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors of no growth around them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors of no growth around them so
+other plants can't get near to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plants can't get near to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plants can't get near to compete
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+nutrients the classic form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients the classic form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients the classic form of
+competition say in birds and in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition say in birds and in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition say in birds and in a lot of
+um higher organisms is competition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um higher organisms is competition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um higher organisms is competition for
+territory so these are are displays uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory so these are are displays uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory so these are are displays uh
+so that that an individual can keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that an individual can keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that an individual can keep a
+certain territory and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain territory and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain territory and therefore
+make that food available to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that food available to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that food available to itself
+therefore increasing its Fitness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore increasing its Fitness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore increasing its Fitness um
+because it's able to uh feed its young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's able to uh feed its young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's able to uh feed its young
+uh and then this is sort of the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then this is sort of the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then this is sort of the classic
+uh really tooth and Claw competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really tooth and Claw competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really tooth and Claw competition
+where in counter competition where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in counter competition where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in counter competition where all
+these species are competing over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these species are competing over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these species are competing over this
+zebra carcass H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra carcass H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zebra carcass H
+hyena vultures Etc okay now before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyena vultures Etc okay now before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyena vultures Etc okay now before we
+can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk
+more in more detail about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in more detail about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in more detail about um
+competition we need to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we need to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we need to define the
+ecological niche and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological niche and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological niche and this is an
+interesting Concept in ecology that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Concept in ecology that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Concept in ecology that um
+has been around for quite some time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around for quite some time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around for quite some time and
+it kind of went out of popularity for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of went out of popularity for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of went out of popularity for a
+while um and I was I was gratified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um and I was I was gratified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um and I was I was gratified to
+see that it's made it back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's made it back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's made it back into the
+introductory biology textbooks because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology textbooks because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology textbooks because I
+think it's a very profound concept um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very profound concept um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a very profound concept um
+and it it this this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it this this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it this this particular
+particular definition the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular definition the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular definition the fundamental
+ecological niche comes from uh uh G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological niche comes from uh uh G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological niche comes from uh uh G
+Evelyn Hutchinson uh who is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evelyn Hutchinson uh who is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evelyn Hutchinson uh who is one of the
+founders of of modern ecology and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of of modern ecology and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of of modern ecology and he
+defined the fundamental niche of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the fundamental niche of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the fundamental niche of an
+organism as an n-dimensional hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism as an n-dimensional hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism as an n-dimensional hyper
+volume every point on which a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume every point on which a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume every point on which a species
+can survive and reproduce indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survive and reproduce indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survive and reproduce indefinitely
+in the absence of other species okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of other species okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of other species okay so
+this is a this is a abstract concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a abstract concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a abstract concept
+because no species are really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no species are really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no species are really in the
+absence of other species except maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of other species except maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of other species except maybe in
+a test tube um but it defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and and also it it's we can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and also it it's we can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and also it it's we can't even
+think about n Dimensions all right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about n Dimensions all right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about n Dimensions all right we're
+able to think about we can Envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think about we can Envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think about we can Envision
+three dimensions but what he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions but what he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions but what he's talking
+about here um is is every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here um is is every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here um is is every single
+dimension in the environment that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension in the environment that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension in the environment that would
+have any effect effect on the fitness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect effect on the fitness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any effect effect on the fitness of
+an organism so here to to just to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism so here to to just to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism so here to to just to wrap
+our brains around this we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brains around this we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our brains around this we're looking at
+three dimensions for these our organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions for these our organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions for these our organism
+here is a ladybug and this would be food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a ladybug and this would be food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a ladybug and this would be food
+size okay these guys eat little apids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay these guys eat little apids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay these guys eat little apids
+and things I don't know if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things I don't know if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things I don't know if you've ever
+used them on your house plants but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them on your house plants but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them on your house plants but it's
+a good way to keep aphids off your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to keep aphids off your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to keep aphids off your house
+plants if you want to introduce ladybugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants if you want to introduce ladybugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants if you want to introduce ladybugs
+to your dorm room which is maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your dorm room which is maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your dorm room which is maybe you
+don't but um but there's a certain range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but um but there's a certain range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but um but there's a certain range
+of size food size that they can eat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size food size that they can eat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size food size that they can eat uh
+and so that's three dimensions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's three dimensions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's three dimensions there
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+uh there are undoubtedly many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are undoubtedly many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are undoubtedly many many other
+dimensions that we don't even know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that we don't even know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that we don't even know about
+um elements that they require Etc so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elements that they require Etc so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um elements that they require Etc so so
+this would be everywhere in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be everywhere in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be everywhere in this space
+is a space where where this organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space where where this organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a space where where this organism
+could survive and reproduce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive and reproduce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could survive and reproduce in
+definitely and the reason this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely and the reason this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely and the reason this concept
+uh lost favor is it it's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lost favor is it it's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lost favor is it it's something you
+could never ever measure this uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never ever measure this uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never ever measure this uh because
+we we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we
+can't know the end Dimensions well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know the end Dimensions well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know the end Dimensions well you
+can never say you can't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never say you can't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never say you can't know anything
+but it's very difficult to to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very difficult to to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very difficult to to say you
+could know all the dimensions um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know all the dimensions um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know all the dimensions um that
+influence the fitness of an organism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the fitness of an organism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the fitness of an organism but
+it's still a very important concept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a very important concept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a very important concept for
+thinking about it and the niche is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and the niche is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and the niche is not a
+physical place okay the niche of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical place okay the niche of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical place okay the niche of an
+organism it's not a physical place it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it's not a physical place it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism it's not a physical place it's
+a it's an nend dimensional hyper volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an nend dimensional hyper volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's an nend dimensional hyper volume
+uh it's an abstract concept so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's an abstract concept so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's an abstract concept so so this
+is the fundamental Niche and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fundamental Niche and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fundamental Niche and then um
+here's another closely related species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another closely related species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another closely related species
+whose Niche uh has some overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Niche uh has some overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Niche uh has some overlap with
+this one but uh has different ranges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but uh has different ranges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but uh has different ranges for
+temperature humidity and food size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature humidity and food size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature humidity and food size and
+when you have overlapping niches you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have overlapping niches you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have overlapping niches you is
+when you have the possibility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the possibility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the possibility the
+potential for competition and two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for competition and two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for competition and two things
+can happen if they overlap a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen if they overlap a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen if they overlap a lot
+um then those two species cannot coexist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then those two species cannot coexist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then those two species cannot coexist
+in the same environment one will out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same environment one will out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same environment one will out
+compete the other and it it will move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete the other and it it will move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete the other and it it will move on
+to some other place where it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other place where it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other place where it doesn't
+have a strong competitor um but if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong competitor um but if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong competitor um but if they
+overlap a little you can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap a little you can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap a little you can actually have
+Co competitive coexistence and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co competitive coexistence and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co competitive coexistence and we're
+going to talk about the these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the these the
+results of these these degrees of Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of these these degrees of Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of these these degrees of Niche
+overlap as we go on in the lecture so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap as we go on in the lecture so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap as we go on in the lecture so um
+the if if if you can if a species can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if if you can if a species can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if if you can if a species can
+make its realized so this is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its realized so this is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its realized so this is its
+fundamental Niche this one's fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Niche this one's fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Niche this one's fundamental
+Niche and what happens if it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche and what happens if it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche and what happens if it can make
+its realized Niche uh small enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its realized Niche uh small enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its realized Niche uh small enough so
+that there's no Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no Niche
+overlap uh then you can have coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap uh then you can have coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap uh then you can have coexistence
+of of those two species or or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of those two species or or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of those two species or or very
+little niche overlap in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little niche overlap in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little niche overlap in the same
+environment so that's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so that's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so that's the difference
+between the fundamental and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fundamental and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the fundamental and the and the
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+Niche um so just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche um so just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche um so just looking at
+um I think this is from your textbook uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this is from your textbook uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this is from your textbook uh
+just this is just one Niche Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is just one Niche Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is just one Niche Dimension
+seed size um for for say a bird um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed size um for for say a bird um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed size um for for say a bird um
+eating seeds of of this size range we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating seeds of of this size range we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating seeds of of this size range we'll
+be talking about birds a lot in this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about birds a lot in this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about birds a lot in this um
+and here's um partial Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's um partial Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's um partial Niche
+overlap species 2 where they eat some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap species 2 where they eat some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap species 2 where they eat some
+seeds of the same size but by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds of the same size but by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds of the same size but by and large
+the mode is is different you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode is is different you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode is is different you can have
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+coexisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting
+um Can partial Niche overlap can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can partial Niche overlap can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can partial Niche overlap can can
+lead to competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to competitive
+coexistence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence um
+oops and here's a complete overlap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and here's a complete overlap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and here's a complete overlap in
+just this one dimension um which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one dimension um which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one dimension um which would
+leave to competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave to competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave to competitive
+exclusion but obviously it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion but obviously it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion but obviously it matters
+what's happening on all the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on all the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on all the dimensions
+so this is just an oversimplification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an oversimplification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an oversimplification to
+give to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to give you the
+idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so before we go to that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we go to that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we go to that I want to talk
+about a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a classic
+experiment that led to this i g to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that led to this i g to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that led to this i g to put
+this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up screen screen screen screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen can you see or do I need to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen can you see or do I need to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen can you see or do I need to turn
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lights no I do I need to to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights no I do I need to to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights no I do I need to to turn the
+lights on thank you I'm sorry I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on thank you I'm sorry I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights on thank you I'm sorry I always
+ask my questions that way where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask my questions that way where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask my questions that way where there's
+no possible answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there were some classic competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were some classic competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were some classic competition
+experiments um carried out by uh gausa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um carried out by uh gausa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um carried out by uh gausa
+and way back in 1934
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way back in 1934
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way back in 1934
+that I'm just going to use to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just going to use to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just going to use to illustrate
+um the concept of competitive exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the concept of competitive exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the concept of competitive exclusion
+um because these were done with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because these were done with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because these were done with very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protozoa in uh test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protozoa in uh test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protozoa in uh test
+tube uh paramia and and he was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube uh paramia and and he was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube uh paramia and and he was actually
+this was back in the days when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was back in the days when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was back in the days when they were
+developing these theories for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing these theories for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing these theories for for
+population growth and these uh organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth and these uh organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth and these uh organisms
+were growing according to the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were growing according to the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were growing according to the logistic
+equation so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+with and this is the classic experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and this is the classic experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and this is the classic experiment
+actually in your textbook that they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in your textbook that they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in your textbook that they talk
+about in the context of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the context of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the context of the the
+ecological niche so this is um paramia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ these names aren't important don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ these names aren't important don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ these names aren't important don't
+worry about it but we have to call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it but we have to call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it but we have to call them
+something aelia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which when grown alone in a test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when grown alone in a test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when grown alone in a test tube
+grow according to the logistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow according to the logistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow according to the logistic equation
+they grow up and then they level off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow up and then they level off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow up and then they level off at
+a certain level and what gausa did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level and what gausa did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain level and what gausa did is
+that he wanted to see uh look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wanted to see uh look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wanted to see uh look at this
+this phenomenon of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon of of
+competition and he grew them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and he grew them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and he grew them
+together and he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+that or no matter what combination he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or no matter what combination he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or no matter what combination he
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+in Orelia would always win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out in competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusion and he learned through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and he learned through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and he learned through a
+series of experiments we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of experiments we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of experiments we don't have time
+to go into the details but that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the details but that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into the details but that that
+this would always occur if you made uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would always occur if you made uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would always occur if you made uh
+two species compete in a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species compete in a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species compete in a very simple
+environment um and and that the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um and and that the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um and and that the test
+tube with where he was feeding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with where he was feeding these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube with where he was feeding these
+guys exactly the same food some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys exactly the same food some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys exactly the same food some form of
+bacterium in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium in a test
+tube one of them would always or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube one of them would always or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube one of them would always or this
+one would always out compete the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would always out compete the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would always out compete the other
+and there' be competitive exclusion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there' be competitive exclusion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there' be competitive exclusion if
+he made the environment more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made the environment more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made the environment more complex
+where there were layers in it or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were layers in it or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were layers in it or there
+was a sediment in the bottom of the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sediment in the bottom of the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sediment in the bottom of the test
+tube um that allowed more ditch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube um that allowed more ditch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube um that allowed more ditch more
+Niche Dimensions there were conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche Dimensions there were conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche Dimensions there were conditions
+under which uh the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which uh the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which uh the competitive
+coexistence would be allowed and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence would be allowed and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence would be allowed and he
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um developed a set of equations that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um developed a set of equations that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um developed a set of equations that to
+describe this competition that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this competition that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this competition that I'm going
+to write for you um we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write for you um we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write for you um we're not going to
+use them we're not going to analyze them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them we're not going to analyze them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them we're not going to analyze them
+in detail but I'm just going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but I'm just going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but I'm just going to show
+them to you so that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you so that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to you so that you have an
+appreciation for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for um
+for what how population ecologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what how population ecologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what how population ecologists and
+Community ecologists start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community ecologists start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community ecologists start to think
+about these systems um so he said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these systems um so he said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these systems um so he said we
+could model we can model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could model we can model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could model we can model this
+interaction uh using our logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction uh using our logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction uh using our logistic
+equation so he said DN DT would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so he said DN DT would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so he said DN DT would be uh
+the growth rate of let's call the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate of let's call the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate of let's call the top
+one one it doesn't matter which you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one it doesn't matter which you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one it doesn't matter which you call
+which um dndt equals r sub1 N Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um dndt equals r sub1 N Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um dndt equals r sub1 N Sub
+one now here's our our logistic K sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now here's our our logistic K sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now here's our our logistic K sub 1
+minus N Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus N Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus N Sub
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+K but he said I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but he said I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but he said I'm going to I'm going to
+modify this equation so that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this equation so that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this equation so that the actual
+um growth of the organism is is reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um growth of the organism is is reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um growth of the organism is is reduced
+in some to some amount that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some to some amount that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some to some amount that's
+proportional to the the number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the the number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the the number of the
+other organisms are there that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms are there that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organisms are there that are there
+so he called that Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he called that Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he called that Alpha and
+two okay so some some amount that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so some some amount that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so some some amount that's
+proportional to the amount of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of the other
+species that's here and then he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that's here and then he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that's here and then he said
+dn2 DT is equal to R2 n 2 K2 - n 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn2 DT is equal to R2 n 2 K2 - n 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dn2 DT is equal to R2 n 2 K2 - n 2 minus
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+N1 over K this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 over K this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 over K this should be
+K1 over K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 over K2
+so the growth rate of species 2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the growth rate of species 2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the growth rate of species 2 in the
+presence of species one is reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of species one is reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of species one is reduced by
+some amount that's proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount that's proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount that's proportional to the
+abundance of species one and these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of species one and these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of species one and these the
+values of these are these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these are these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these are these are called
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and they measure uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they measure uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they measure uh if you
+you you can actually do experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can actually do experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can actually do experiments and
+put values on these and they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put values on these and they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put values on these and they're a
+measure of how strong a competitor um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how strong a competitor um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how strong a competitor um
+each of these species are with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these species are with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these species are with respect
+to the other one um so you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other one um so you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other one um so you're not going
+to have to deal with these but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with these but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with these but I just
+wanted you to see them and to to to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to see them and to to to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to see them and to to to see
+how population ecologists began to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how population ecologists began to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how population ecologists began to to to
+to model these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model these systems
+um and so it's the value the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's the value the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it's the value the relative
+values of these relative to the carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these relative to the carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of these relative to the carrying
+capacities that will ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities that will ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities that will ultimately
+determine whether species will will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether species will will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether species will will will
+coexist or not when they're competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist or not when they're competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist or not when they're competing
+okay so so that's more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's more theoretical
+analysis now let's look at the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now let's look at the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now let's look at the real
+world um it's very competitive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um it's very competitive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um it's very competitive um
+exclusion that is the exclusion of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion that is the exclusion of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion that is the exclusion of one
+species from a environment because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species from a environment because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species from a environment because of
+strong competition with another it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong competition with another it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong competition with another it's
+very difficult to to study because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to to study because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to to study because if
+it's not there you don't know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there you don't know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there you don't know it was
+excluded right I mean you can't you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded right I mean you can't you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded right I mean you can't you you
+don't go to some place and say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go to some place and say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go to some place and say well this
+I don't see this species here it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see this species here it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see this species here it must
+have been eliminated by competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been eliminated by competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been eliminated by competitive
+exclusion uh it might never have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion uh it might never have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion uh it might never have been
+there so it's kind of so so the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's kind of so so the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's kind of so so the way we
+um learn about the this phenomenon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learn about the this phenomenon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learn about the this phenomenon is
+either through inadvertent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either through inadvertent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either through inadvertent
+experiments and that is the introduc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and that is the introduc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and that is the introduc
+introduction of species to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of species to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of species to new
+environments um and and then see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments um and and then see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments um and and then see what
+happens or actual uh intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or actual uh intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens or actual uh intentional
+ecological experiments so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological experiments so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological experiments so we're going to
+we're going to talk about um both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about um both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about um both of
+those and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and the first
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invasions and competitive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusion and one of the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and one of the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and one of the classic
+examples of this is the zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this is the zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this is the zebra
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+um I don't know what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there it
+is oh I didn't realize this was animated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh I didn't realize this was animated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh I didn't realize this was animated
+cool uh okay that's why there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh okay that's why there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh okay that's why there was
+nothing there um so so the zebra muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there um so so the zebra muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there um so so the zebra muscle
+is a tiny um muscle that was introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tiny um muscle that was introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tiny um muscle that was introduced
+to the United States back in uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States back in uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States back in uh I guess
+1988 um and uh up here introduced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 um and uh up here introduced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 um and uh up here introduced into
+the great into the Great Lakes from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great into the Great Lakes from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great into the Great Lakes from um
+ships just being attached to ships or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships just being attached to ships or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships just being attached to ships or
+may it's possible might have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it's possible might have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it's possible might have been the
+larv and ship ships ballasts um ships go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larv and ship ships ballasts um ships go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larv and ship ships ballasts um ships go
+into Port they take on a water into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Port they take on a water into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Port they take on a water into
+their ballast to stabilize and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ballast to stabilize and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ballast to stabilize and then they
+go to another port and they leave they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to another port and they leave they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to another port and they leave they
+let out and they're filled with larv and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let out and they're filled with larv and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let out and they're filled with larv and
+species so the the entire world oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so the the entire world oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so the the entire world oceans
+are now filled with introduced species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now filled with introduced species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now filled with introduced species
+from ships ballasts um so so here's 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ships ballasts um so so here's 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ships ballasts um so so here's 1988
+the zebra muscle was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra muscle was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zebra muscle was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh 92 94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh 92 94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh 92 94
+90 whatever where are we oh 2001 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 whatever where are we oh 2001 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 whatever where are we oh 2001 um
+spread amazingly fast and um it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread amazingly fast and um it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread amazingly fast and um it's this
+tiny little muscle that seems to thrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little muscle that seems to thrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little muscle that seems to thrive
+everywhere clogs all kinds of pipes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere clogs all kinds of pipes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere clogs all kinds of pipes uh
+settles on top of other native shellfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles on top of other native shellfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles on top of other native shellfish
+and um kills them and has led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um kills them and has led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um kills them and has led to
+extensive competitive exclusion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive competitive exclusion of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive competitive exclusion of of
+native shellfish in a in a number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native shellfish in a in a number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native shellfish in a in a number of of
+ecosystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems
+um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the
+the the effects of these they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effects of these they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effects of these they actually
+in some ecosystems they've actually made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ecosystems they've actually made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ecosystems they've actually made
+cleared up the water they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared up the water they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared up the water they're able to
+filter just an amazing amount of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter just an amazing amount of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter just an amazing amount of water
+um when they're feeding so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're feeding so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they're feeding so they actually
+have increased the clarity of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased the clarity of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased the clarity of the water
+in many ecosystems filtering out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ecosystems filtering out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ecosystems filtering out the
+Plankton which allows the light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plankton which allows the light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plankton which allows the light to
+penetrate deeper in those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate deeper in those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate deeper in those systems
+allowing aquatic plants to grow um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing aquatic plants to grow um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing aquatic plants to grow um from
+the bottom so so the inod introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom so so the inod introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom so so the inod introduction
+of this one species can completely Chang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one species can completely Chang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one species can completely Chang
+the structure of the entire ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the entire ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the entire ecosystem
+um the I just heard a lecture I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the I just heard a lecture I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the I just heard a lecture I was uh
+visiting the institute for ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting the institute for ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting the institute for ecosystem
+studies which is out in U milbrook New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies which is out in U milbrook New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies which is out in U milbrook New
+York by the way if any of you are are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York by the way if any of you are are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York by the way if any of you are are um
+looking for summer internships and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for summer internships and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for summer internships and are
+interested in ecology they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in ecology they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in ecology they have a
+fabulous summer internship program um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous summer internship program um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous summer internship program um
+I've had several students go there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had several students go there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had several students go there that
+have had great experience but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had great experience but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had great experience but there's
+there's somebody there studying the ebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody there studying the ebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody there studying the ebra
+mus muscle invasion in the Hudson River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mus muscle invasion in the Hudson River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mus muscle invasion in the Hudson River
+and um he showed this incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um he showed this incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um he showed this incredibly
+depressing graph of over the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing graph of over the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing graph of over the last 10
+years of the Native muscles in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Native muscles in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Native muscles in that
+River going down to basically Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River going down to basically Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River going down to basically Extinction
+but then this is the weird thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this is the weird thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then this is the weird thing about
+ecosystems just last year it started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems just last year it started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems just last year it started to
+turn around and they haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and they haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and they haven't done
+anything to eradicate the the Zebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to eradicate the the Zebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to eradicate the the Zebra
+muscles but these native uh muscles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles but these native uh muscles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles but these native uh muscles are
+starting to have a comeback and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have a comeback and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have a comeback and nobody
+knows why and nobody knows whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows why and nobody knows whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows why and nobody knows whether it's
+a real comeback um you know because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real comeback um you know because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real comeback um you know because you
+can it come back for a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it come back for a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it come back for a couple of years
+and then uh so it it it it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so it it it it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so it it it it's really
+interesting how how um unpredictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how how um unpredictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how how um unpredictable
+these these complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these complex systems
+are okay but these muscles do cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay but these muscles do cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay but these muscles do cause
+millions and millions of dollars of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of dollars of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of dollars of of
+damage and I also learned in that trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and I also learned in that trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and I also learned in that trip
+that ecologists are trying to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ecologists are trying to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ecologists are trying to get in
+place uh uh a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh uh a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh uh a policy
+that if if an industry for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if an industry for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if an industry for whatever
+reasons uh wants to intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh wants to intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons uh wants to intentionally
+introduce a here's a example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a here's a example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a here's a example of an
+application of fundamental ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of fundamental ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of fundamental ecological
+knowledge the reason people study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the reason people study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the reason people study the
+Ecology of invasive species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of invasive species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology of invasive species
+understanding this competitive exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this competitive exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this competitive exclusion
+and all of that um is that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that um is that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that um is that you want to
+use that understanding to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that understanding to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that understanding to be able to
+predict if you introduce a species a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict if you introduce a species a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict if you introduce a species a new
+species to a new habitat whether whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to a new habitat whether whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to a new habitat whether whether
+it will be an invasive or not there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be an invasive or not there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be an invasive or not there are
+some species you can introduce them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species you can introduce them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some species you can introduce them and
+they will fit right in and not ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will fit right in and not ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will fit right in and not ex
+exclude um every other species and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude um every other species and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude um every other species and so
+what they're trying to put in place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to put in place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to put in place is
+is insurance that a company would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insurance that a company would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insurance that a company would have
+to buy um that was was either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy um that was was either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy um that was was either
+intentionally introducing a a species or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally introducing a a species or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally introducing a a species or
+whatever practice that they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever practice that they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever practice that they were doing
+was likely to introduce the species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was likely to introduce the species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was likely to introduce the species and
+and that in the the the cost of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in the the the cost of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in the the the cost of that
+insurance would be a fun of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance would be a fun of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance would be a fun of the
+probability of that species actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that species actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that species actually uh
+causing competitive exclusion and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing competitive exclusion and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing competitive exclusion and this
+is something that that people are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that people are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that that people are trying
+to put into place um into the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put into place um into the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put into place um into the economic
+system basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system basically uh
+so it puts a new meaning to limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it puts a new meaning to limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it puts a new meaning to limited
+liability company LLC and the um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability company LLC and the um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability company LLC and the um so you
+you you you have to ensure your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have to ensure your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have to ensure your
+liability which I think would would go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability which I think would would go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability which I think would would go a
+long way to to reduce some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way to to reduce some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way to to reduce some of these
+ecological crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological crises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological crises
+um okay so so those are that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so those are that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so those are that's an
+inadvertent experiment now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent experiment now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent experiment now there are
+many many examples of this there's books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many examples of this there's books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many examples of this there's books
+written on invasive species and if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on invasive species and if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on invasive species and if I can
+get this thing to work um I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this thing to work um I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this thing to work um I'll show you
+some clips of of invasive species snakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clips of of invasive species snakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clips of of invasive species snakes
+it Prim the the biggest impact is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Prim the the biggest impact is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Prim the the biggest impact is on
+Islands um because Islands have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands um because Islands have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands um because Islands have been
+isolated ecosystems for so long and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated ecosystems for so long and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated ecosystems for so long and then
+you introduce a a species and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce a a species and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce a a species and you have
+dramatic changes the in Australia a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic changes the in Australia a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic changes the in Australia a big
+example was a prickly pair Cactus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was a prickly pair Cactus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was a prickly pair Cactus which
+was introduced um many years ago to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced um many years ago to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced um many years ago to uh
+create fences like living fences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create fences like living fences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create fences like living fences for
+livestock it completely took over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock it completely took over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock it completely took over all of
+the grass not all of the grasslands but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass not all of the grasslands but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass not all of the grasslands but
+a lot of the the grasslands and and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the the grasslands and and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the the grasslands and and turn
+them into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into um
+thickets okay so now so that's an the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickets okay so now so that's an the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickets okay so now so that's an the
+invasive species are inadvertent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive species are inadvertent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive species are inadvertent
+ecological experiments let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological experiments let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological experiments let's talk about
+uh uh intentional experiment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh intentional experiment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh intentional experiment this is
+also a very classic uh textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very classic uh textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a very classic uh textbook
+experiment that that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that was one of the
+first ecological experiments to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ecological experiments to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ecological experiments to be done
+and it was done with with Barnacles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was done with with Barnacles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was done with with Barnacles uh
+these are Joseph Connell who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Joseph Connell who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Joseph Connell who's a
+professor at um University of California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at um University of California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at um University of California
+Santa Barbara um uh Barnacles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa Barbara um uh Barnacles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa Barbara um uh Barnacles have
+larval stage that floats around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larval stage that floats around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larval stage that floats around in the
+Plankton and then they settle on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plankton and then they settle on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plankton and then they settle on uh
+rocks and so this was a classic uh arle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks and so this was a classic uh arle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks and so this was a classic uh arle
+ecosystem this was done in Scotland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem this was done in Scotland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem this was done in Scotland
+actually in which in the upper inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in which in the upper inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in which in the upper inner
+title um there's a species called thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title um there's a species called thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title um there's a species called thus
+and then the the lower um was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the lower um was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the lower um was this
+dominated by a species of muscle called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by a species of muscle called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by a species of muscle called
+binus so he asked the question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binus so he asked the question is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binus so he asked the question is this
+this um distribution where the two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um distribution where the two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um distribution where the two are
+are exclusive of one another is it due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exclusive of one another is it due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exclusive of one another is it due
+to competition between them or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to competition between them or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to competition between them or is it
+just that this one tolerates desiccation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that this one tolerates desiccation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that this one tolerates desiccation
+longer than this one the the inner tidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than this one the the inner tidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than this one the the inner tidal
+Zone The Tide goes up and down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone The Tide goes up and down so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone The Tide goes up and down so this
+one's going to be exposed to dryness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to be exposed to dryness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to be exposed to dryness a
+lot longer so how do you answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot longer so how do you answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot longer so how do you answer that
+question when you do an experiment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you do an experiment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you do an experiment um
+and so what he did was he took rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what he did was he took rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what he did was he took rocks
+from the upper inner tidle that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper inner tidle that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper inner tidle that had the
+thus on them and he moved them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus on them and he moved them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus on them and he moved them to the
+lower one and he let the binus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower one and he let the binus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower one and he let the binus the
+species that dominates down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that dominates down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that dominates down here
+colonize on those rocks but then he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonize on those rocks but then he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonize on those rocks but then he uh
+divided them in half and removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them in half and removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them in half and removed the
+balonus from half of the Rock and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balonus from half of the Rock and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balonus from half of the Rock and then
+he monitored the survival survivorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he monitored the survival survivorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he monitored the survival survivorship
+of thus and he actually did remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thus and he actually did remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thus and he actually did remember the
+survivorship curves that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivorship curves that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivorship curves that we talked about
+when when we when we created those life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we when we created those life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we when we created those life
+taes he actually measured survivorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taes he actually measured survivorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taes he actually measured survivorship
+curves on these if you go to the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves on these if you go to the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves on these if you go to the if you
+go to the the um original paper you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the the um original paper you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the the um original paper you see
+LX is function of time um so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX is function of time um so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX is function of time um so that's a
+tool that they use um to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that they use um to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that they use um to ask the
+question is the survivorship of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the survivorship of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the survivorship of um
+thus increased in the absence of balanis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus increased in the absence of balanis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus increased in the absence of balanis
+and this is all from your textbook um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all from your textbook um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all from your textbook um
+showing that showing that the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that showing that the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that showing that the percent
+mortality um uh when the competitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality um uh when the competitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality um uh when the competitor is
+present is much higher than when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present is much higher than when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present is much higher than when the
+competitor is absent so he's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is absent so he's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is absent so he's able to
+show um directly that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show um directly that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show um directly that there was
+competition between the two and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between the two and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between the two and in fact
+this was that kind of comp aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that kind of comp aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that kind of comp aggressive
+competition where one just plucks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition where one just plucks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition where one just plucks the
+other one off the The Rock I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one off the The Rock I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one off the The Rock I mean it's
+direct you know you're on my rock get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct you know you're on my rock get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct you know you're on my rock get
+out of here and it pops it off um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here and it pops it off um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here and it pops it off um he
+also was able to show that tolerance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was able to show that tolerance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also was able to show that tolerance to
+desiccation is also a factor in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccation is also a factor in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccation is also a factor in this
+system it's not like it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not like it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not like it's totally
+competition uh but but competition was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh but but competition was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh but but competition was
+playing a role and so I've summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a role and so I've summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a role and so I've summarized
+that in in in this slide showing using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in this slide showing using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in in this slide showing using
+our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our
+terminology he was able to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology he was able to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology he was able to show that the
+fundamental niche of thus in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental niche of thus in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental niche of thus in other words
+the the the region in the interner tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the region in the interner tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the region in the interner tile
+where the larvi could actually settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the larvi could actually settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the larvi could actually settle
+and and live in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and live in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and live in the absence of
+competitors was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors was much
+broader than the realized Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skip this over this is from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this over this is from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this over this is from your
+textbook um and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook um and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook um and we're going
+to just use a I'm going to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use a I'm going to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just use a I'm going to use an
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+lead to character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacement which in turn can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement which in turn can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement which in turn can lead to
+actual competitive coexistence and as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual competitive coexistence and as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual competitive coexistence and as an
+example of this we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this we're going to talk
+about uh Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finches on the galpagos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches on the galpagos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches on the galpagos
+islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands
+um and one of the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ecologists actually measure that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists actually measure that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists actually measure that's a
+bird in case you didn't notice it uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird in case you didn't notice it uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird in case you didn't notice it uh and
+this is beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depth beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the the shape and size of a beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the shape and size of a beak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the shape and size of a beak
+tells you what kinds of seeds a bird can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what kinds of seeds a bird can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what kinds of seeds a bird can
+eat um and so they measure beak depth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat um and so they measure beak depth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat um and so they measure beak depth as
+a as a measure of the the as a niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a measure of the the as a niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a measure of the the as a niche
+Dimension basically of that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension basically of that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension basically of that that um
+because it tells you what size seeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you what size seeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you what size seeds the
+bird can eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird can eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird can eat
+and uh a study was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a study was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a study was
+done we're gonna we're going to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we're gonna we're going to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we're gonna we're going to make up
+some islands here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some islands here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some islands here
+we're just going to call them A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to call them A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to call them A
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+D these are islands and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D these are islands and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D these are islands and there are two
+species of finches which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of finches which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of finches which we're going to
+just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call
+F well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folin
+fig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fig in
+NOA again the name's not important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOA again the name's not important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOA again the name's not important but
+um and the other one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foris so we'll just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foris so we'll just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foris so we'll just call
+them on islands that have both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on islands that have both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on islands that have both of
+them and there's some islands that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's some islands that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there's some islands that have
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so what what was done is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what what was done is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what what was done is they
+measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the
+the the beach dep the beak depth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beach dep the beak depth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beach dep the beak depth of the
+different finches on the islands where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different finches on the islands where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different finches on the islands where
+they were found together versus islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were found together versus islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were found together versus islands
+where they were found alone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were found alone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were found alone in the
+Galapagos Islands and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found and what this is this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and what this is this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and what this is this has been
+shown for many many different um studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown for many many different um studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown for many many different um studies
+if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the
+beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak
+depth distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is percent
+in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+is Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d
+and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a and
+b and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and they found
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when when the species were on islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the species were on islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the species were on islands
+where they lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they lived
+alone uh they had almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh they had almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh they had almost
+complete Niche oh this is this is beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dep they had exactly the sign same siiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep they had exactly the sign same siiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep they had exactly the sign same siiz
+beak distributions in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak distributions in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak distributions in other words they
+were feeding on the same food but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were feeding on the same food but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were feeding on the same food but on the
+islands where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together A and B just making sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together A and B just making sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together A and B just making sure this
+actually holds together uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually holds together uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually holds together uh they
+found what is called character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found what is called character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found what is called character
+displacement and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the the birds that had lar beaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the birds that had lar beaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the birds that had lar beaks and
+smaller beaks were preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller beaks were preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller beaks were preferentially
+selected for such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for such that
+reducing the amount of Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and this leads to competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexistence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence okay
+and that's what we're looking at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're looking at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're looking at here
+this is from your textbooks um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from your textbooks um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from your textbooks um this is
+for African seed crackers showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for African seed crackers showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for African seed crackers showing that
+birds with smaller bills uh consume soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with smaller bills uh consume soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds with smaller bills uh consume soft
+seeds more efficiently birds with larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds more efficiently birds with larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds more efficiently birds with larger
+bills crack hard seeds and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills crack hard seeds and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills crack hard seeds and you can see
+that the the width of the bill here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of the bill here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of the bill here is
+different okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GH7dwoXSD0s.txt b/GH7dwoXSD0s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efe878923acd04ace2d5084468ae4340825cc015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GH7dwoXSD0s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one situation where covariances show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one situation where covariances show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one situation where covariances show up
+is when we try to calculate the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we try to calculate the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we try to calculate the variance
+of a sum of random variables so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of random variables so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of random variables so let us
+look at the variance of the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the variance of the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the variance of the sum of two
+random variables X 1 and X 2 if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables X 1 and X 2 if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables X 1 and X 2 if the two
+random variables are independent then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent then we
+know that the variance of the sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the variance of the sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the variance of the sum is the
+sum of the variances but let us now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the variances but let us now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the variances but let us now look
+at what happens in the case where we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens in the case where we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens in the case where we may
+have dependence by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dependence by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dependence by definition the
+variance is the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the expected value of the
+difference of the random variable were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the random variable were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the random variable were
+interested in from it's expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared and now we rearrange terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now we rearrange terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now we rearrange terms here
+and write what is inside the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write what is inside the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write what is inside the expectation
+as follows we put together X 1 2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we put together X 1 2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we put together X 1 2 with
+the term minus the expected value of X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term minus the expected value of X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term minus the expected value of X 1
+and then X 2 together with negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then X 2 together with negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then X 2 together with negative the
+expected value of X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we have the square of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the square of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the square of the sum of
+two terms we expand the quadratic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms we expand the quadratic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms we expand the quadratic to
+obtain expected value of the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain expected value of the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain expected value of the square of
+the first term plus the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term plus the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term plus the square of the
+second term plus two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term plus two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term plus two times
+a cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do we have here the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have here the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we have here the expected
+value of the first term is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the first term is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the first term is just the
+variance of X 1 the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X 1 the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X 1 the expected value of
+this second term is just the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term is just the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term is just the variance of
+X 2 and finally the cross term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 and finally the cross term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 and finally the cross term the
+expected value of it we recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of it we recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of it we recognize that
+it is the same as the covariance of X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same as the covariance of X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same as the covariance of X 1
+with X 2 and we also have this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X 2 and we also have this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X 2 and we also have this factor of
+2 up here so this is the general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up here so this is the general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up here so this is the general form
+for the variance of the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variance of the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variance of the sum of two
+random variables in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in the case of
+independence the covariance is 0 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence the covariance is 0 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence the covariance is 0 and we
+just have the sum of the two variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the sum of the two variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the sum of the two variances
+but when the random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the random variables are
+dependent it is possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent it is possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent it is possible that the
+covariance will be nonzero and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance will be nonzero and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance will be nonzero and we have
+one additional term let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional term let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional term let us now
+generalize this calculation here is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this calculation here is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this calculation here is for
+reference and comparison the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and comparison the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and comparison the formula for
+the case where we add two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we add two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where we add two random
+variables but now let us look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now let us look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now let us look at the
+variance of the sum of many of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sum of many of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the sum of many of them to
+keep the calculation simple we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the calculation simple we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the calculation simple we are going
+to assume that the means are 0 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the means are 0 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the means are 0 but the
+final conclusion will also be valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conclusion will also be valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conclusion will also be valid for
+the case of non zero means since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of non zero means since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of non zero means since we have
+a song 0 means the variance is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song 0 means the variance is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a song 0 means the variance is the same
+as the expected value of the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the expected value of the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the expected value of the square of
+the random variable involved which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable involved which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable involved which is
+this one and now we expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and now we expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and now we expand this
+quadratic to obtain the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic to obtain the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic to obtain the expected value
+of we will have a bunch of terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we will have a bunch of terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we will have a bunch of terms of this
+kind where I ranges from 1 up to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind where I ranges from 1 up to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind where I ranges from 1 up to n and
+then we will have a bunch of cross terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will have a bunch of cross terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will have a bunch of cross terms
+of the form X I XJ and we obtain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form X I XJ and we obtain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form X I XJ and we obtain one
+cross term for each choice of I from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term for each choice of I from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term for each choice of I from 1
+to N and for each choice of j from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N and for each choice of j from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N and for each choice of j from 1 to
+n as long as i is different from j so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as long as i is different from j so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as long as i is different from j so
+overall here this sum will have N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall here this sum will have N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall here this sum will have N
+squared minus n terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we use linearity to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use linearity to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use linearity to move the
+expectation inside the summation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation inside the summation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation inside the summation and so
+from here we obtain the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we obtain the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we obtain the sum of the
+expected value of X I squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X I squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X I squared which is
+the same as the variance of X I since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the variance of X I since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the variance of X I since we
+assumed zero means and similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed zero means and similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed zero means and similarly here
+we're going to get this double sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get this double sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get this double sum over
+eyes that are different from J of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that are different from J of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that are different from J of the
+expected value of X I XJ and in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X I XJ and in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of X I XJ and in the case
+of zero means again this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero means again this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero means again this is the same as
+the covariance of X I with XJ and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance of X I with XJ and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance of X I with XJ and so we
+have obtained this general formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained this general formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained this general formula that
+gives us the variance of a sum of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the variance of a sum of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the variance of a sum of random
+variables if the random variables have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables if the random variables have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables if the random variables have
+zero covariances then the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero covariances then the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero covariances then the variance of
+the sum is the sum of the variances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is the sum of the variances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is the sum of the variances and
+this happens in particular when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in particular when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in particular when the
+random variables are independent for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are independent for the
+general case where we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case where we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case where we may have
+dependencies and nonzero covariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and nonzero covariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and nonzero covariances
+then the variance of the sum involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variance of the sum involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variance of the sum involves
+also all the possible covariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all the possible covariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also all the possible covariances
+between the different random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different random variables
+and let me finally add that this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me finally add that this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me finally add that this formula
+is also valid for the general case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also valid for the general case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also valid for the general case where
+we do not assume that the means are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not assume that the means are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not assume that the means are zero
+and the derivation is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivation is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivation is very similar
+except that there's a few more symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's a few more symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's a few more symbols
+that are floating around
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G_HS1Dan_x4.txt b/G_HS1Dan_x4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b1ad4d511323858952e8385fb6041e385cc2016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G_HS1Dan_x4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to recitation today what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to recitation today what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to recitation today what I'd
+like us to do is look at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is look at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is look at uh the
+inequality tangent X bigger than X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tangent X bigger than X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tangent X bigger than X for
+the X values between zero and pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X values between zero and pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X values between zero and pi over 2
+we want to show that that is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that that is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that that is that is
+definitely true using the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true using the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true using the mean value
+theorem and I want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and I want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and I want to point out that
+this was actually something that Joel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually something that Joel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually something that Joel
+used when he was graphing tangent X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when he was graphing tangent X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when he was graphing tangent X and
+arctangent X on the same XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent X on the same XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent X on the same XY plane
+he used this fact in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used this fact in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used this fact in order to get the
+right looking graph so what I'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looking graph so what I'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looking graph so what I'd like you
+to do again is I want you to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again is I want you to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do again is I want you to show that
+for any X between 0 and pi/ 2 tangent X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any X between 0 and pi/ 2 tangent X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any X between 0 and pi/ 2 tangent X
+is bigger than x and use the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than x and use the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than x and use the mean value
+theorem to do it I'll give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to do it I'll give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to do it I'll give you a little
+time to think about it to work on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it to work on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it to work on it and
+then I'll be back and we'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together okay welcome back so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay welcome back so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay welcome back so I'm going
+to take us through how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take us through how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take us through how to do this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and what I want to do is I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do is I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do is I want to point
+out a few things initially so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few things initially so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a few things initially so what I'm
+going to do is I'm going to remind us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to remind us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to remind us of
+the form of the mean value theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the mean value theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the mean value theorem that
+we need and the form that we need will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and the form that we need will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and the form that we need will
+be f ofx is equal to F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be f ofx is equal to F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be f ofx is equal to F of
+a plus frime of C * x - A and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus frime of C * x - A and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus frime of C * x - A and here
+remember C has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember C has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember C has to be
+between a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and
+X so in this case what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this case what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this case what we want to
+consider is the region from zero up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the region from zero up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the region from zero up to
+some x value so always this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x value so always this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x value so always this is if you
+think about it the A and the X well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the A and the X well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the A and the X well a
+will be zero and X will be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero and X will be the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero and X will be the right
+hand region always less than pi/ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand region always less than pi/ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand region always less than pi/ 2 so
+what we need to check is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to check is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to check is I'm going to
+consider FX equal tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider FX equal tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider FX equal tangent
+X and what I need to consider is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what I need to consider is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what I need to consider is does
+tangent X satisfy the hypothesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent X satisfy the hypothesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent X satisfy the hypothesis of the
+mean value theorem the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value theorem the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value theorem the region of
+interest and so our region of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so our region of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so our region of interest
+will always be AAL 0 and B is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be AAL 0 and B is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be AAL 0 and B is equal to X
+Which is less than some pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than some pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than some pi over
+two and it is true tangent X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it is true tangent X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it is true tangent X is
+continuous between zero and any value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous between zero and any value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous between zero and any value
+less than pi over 2 and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than pi over 2 and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than pi over 2 and it's also
+differentiable between zero and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable between zero and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable between zero and any
+value less than pi/ two so I can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value less than pi/ two so I can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value less than pi/ two so I can apply
+the mean value theorem to tangent X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean value theorem to tangent X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean value theorem to tangent X so
+in order to do this now what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this now what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this now what I'd like to
+see is what kind of things I need for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is what kind of things I need for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is what kind of things I need for uh
+for the for the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the right hand side of this
+equation so I obviously need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I obviously need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I obviously need to know
+what the output is at a which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output is at a which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output is at a which is equal
+to zero so let's recall F of 0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so let's recall F of 0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so let's recall F of 0 well
+tangent 0 is 0 It's s of 0 divid cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent 0 is 0 It's s of 0 divid cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent 0 is 0 It's s of 0 divid cosine
+of 0 and then I need to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and then I need to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 and then I need to evaluate the
+derivative somewhere between a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative somewhere between a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative somewhere between a which is
+zero and pi/ 2 x can be any value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pi/ 2 x can be any value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pi/ 2 x can be any value less
+than pi over 2 so let's evaluate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pi over 2 so let's evaluate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pi over 2 so let's evaluate what
+the derivative is in terms of X we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is in terms of X we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is in terms of X we did
+this actually in another recitation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually in another recitation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually in another recitation the
+derivative of tangent x is^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of tangent x is^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of tangent x is^ 2
+x and so now let's plug in what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and so now let's plug in what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and so now let's plug in what we know
+and then see what else we need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what else we need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what else we need to do in
+order to finish solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay so what we have F ofx I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so what we have F ofx I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so what we have F ofx I'm
+actually going to write tangent X so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to write tangent X so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to write tangent X so we
+can see what's What's Happening Here f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what's What's Happening Here f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what's What's Happening Here f
+ofx is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is tangent
+X and then I have that that equals well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I have that that equals well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I have that that equals well
+F of a is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a is zero
+plus F Prime evaluated at C so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F Prime evaluated at C so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F Prime evaluated at C so that's
+going to be secant squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c times x - a well a here is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times x - a well a here is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times x - a well a here is zero so
+this is just times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just times
+x so we're very close we're very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so we're very close we're very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so we're very close we're very close
+to showing tangent X is always bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to showing tangent X is always bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to showing tangent X is always bigger
+than x in fact you can see very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x in fact you can see very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x in fact you can see very very
+easily what ultimately we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily what ultimately we need to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily what ultimately we need to show
+we just need to show that secant squ C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to show that secant squ C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to show that secant squ C
+is bigger than one and region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than one and region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than one and region of
+interest and that would do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and that would do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and that would do it because
+then this would be bigger than 1 time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be bigger than 1 time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be bigger than 1 time x
+the right hand side would be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side would be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side would be bigger than
+1 time x so that would be sufficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 time x so that would be sufficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 time x so that would be sufficient so
+let's make sure we understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we understand what
+secant squ c can look like or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ c can look like or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ c can look like or what the
+values can be so we have C is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can be so we have C is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can be so we have C is between
+zero and pi and X Which is less than pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pi and X Which is less than pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pi and X Which is less than pi/
+2 right that's where C is so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right that's where C is so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right that's where C is so that we
+always need to remember what values of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to remember what values of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to remember what values of c
+could possibly have and then let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly have and then let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly have and then let's think
+about what we know about secant of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know about secant of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know about secant of C
+there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well
+secant of C is equal to 1/ cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of C is equal to 1/ cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of C is equal to 1/ cosine of
+C so if you can't remember what secant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if you can't remember what secant's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if you can't remember what secant's
+values are think about the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are think about the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are think about the values of
+cosine in that region so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in that region so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in that region so I'm going to
+draw a rough sketch of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a rough sketch of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a rough sketch of the value of
+cosine between 0o and pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two the value of cosine does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the value of cosine does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the value of cosine does something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this this is zero this is Pi / two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is zero this is Pi / two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is zero this is Pi / two this
+a very rough sketch but this output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rough sketch but this output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rough sketch but this output is
+one so between 0 and Pi / 2 cosine of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so between 0 and Pi / 2 cosine of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so between 0 and Pi / 2 cosine of C
+is always less than one so one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one so one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than one so one over
+cosine of C is always bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of C is always bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of C is always bigger than
+one okay because we're taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because we're taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because we're taking that
+reciprocal value so again cosine of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal value so again cosine of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal value so again cosine of C
+from 0 to pi/ 2 not including zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to pi/ 2 not including zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to pi/ 2 not including zero is
+always strictly less than one and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always strictly less than one and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always strictly less than one and so one
+over cosine C is always strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine C is always strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine C is always strictly greater
+than one and so now I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and so now I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and so now I have the
+information I need to come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I need to come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I need to come back and
+finish the problem so again we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the problem so again we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the problem so again we were
+looking at the expression we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the expression we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the expression we have
+tangent X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent X is equal
+to^ C * X well now I know secant C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to^ C * X well now I know secant C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to^ C * X well now I know secant C is
+bigger than one so now I know this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so now I know this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so now I know this whole
+thing is bigger than 1 * X which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bigger than 1 * X which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bigger than 1 * X which is just
+equal to X so if you notice on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so if you notice on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so if you notice on the left
+hand side we have a tangent x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we have a tangent x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we have a tangent x equals
+something which is bigger than x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is bigger than x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is bigger than x so
+we've just shown that for any value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just shown that for any value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just shown that for any value of x
+between zero and pi over two tangent X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and pi over two tangent X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and pi over two tangent X
+is bigger than x and I think we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than x and I think we'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than x and I think we'll stop
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H2zauvCW-to.txt b/H2zauvCW-to.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a547d060c722c7e9eca4453b620764d3188cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H2zauvCW-to.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the world's expert in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's expert in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's expert in
+understanding wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding wavelengths
+uh no he's been he's been has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no he's been he's been has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no he's been he's been has been a
+collaborative group and he's done a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative group and he's done a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative group and he's done a lot
+of work in the space he's built all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in the space he's built all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in the space he's built all
+kinds of interesting cameras also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interesting cameras also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interesting cameras also
+compressive sensing and now he's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive sensing and now he's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive sensing and now he's working
+for an organization called minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an organization called minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an organization called minor
+m-i-t-r-e correct and he's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m-i-t-r-e correct and he's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m-i-t-r-e correct and he's going to tell
+us he did this really beautiful study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us he did this really beautiful study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us he did this really beautiful study of
+different ways of capturing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of capturing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of capturing different
+way of capturing multispectral images so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of capturing multispectral images so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of capturing multispectral images so
+his uh we're delighted to have him here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh we're delighted to have him here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh we're delighted to have him here
+he's going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to tell us
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um by wave introduction I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by wave introduction I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by wave introduction I'm going to
+talk about this a moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an interesting thing I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting thing I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting thing I think in
+this uh computational photography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh computational photography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh computational photography or
+computational Imaging community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Imaging community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Imaging community
+I think it's a new enough discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a new enough discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a new enough discipline
+that very very few people actually study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very few people actually study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very very few people actually study
+it most of the people who have come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most of the people who have come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most of the people who have come to
+this community have come either from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community have come either from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community have come either from a
+computer vision or Graphics or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision or Graphics or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision or Graphics or other
+sort of computer background and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of computer background and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of computer background and others
+have come from sort of the Optics e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come from sort of the Optics e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come from sort of the Optics e
+physics background and I've come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics background and I've come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics background and I've come from
+the other side of it which which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of it which which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of it which which may
+shine through and some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine through and some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine through and some of the things
+that I I say to you today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I say to you today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I say to you today so
+I'm going to talk in general about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk in general about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk in general about uh
+this spectral Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral Imaging
+and this is a talk that I put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a talk that I put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a talk that I put together
+not exactly for a group like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly for a group like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly for a group like this so
+it's a little bit short on introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit short on introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit short on introductory
+slides it kind of just Dives right in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it kind of just Dives right in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it kind of just Dives right in so
+I'm going to chat for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to chat for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to chat for a moment
+um and I'm also going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm also going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm also going to talk a little
+bit uh these guys provided me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh these guys provided me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh these guys provided me some
+background sites since you guys haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sites since you guys haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background sites since you guys haven't
+talked about tomography yet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about tomography yet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about tomography yet which is
+going to come up at some point in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up at some point in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up at some point in my
+talk so this is going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk so this is going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk so this is going to be a little
+disjointed but consider this background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed but consider this background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjointed but consider this background
+before I get into uh into the body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into uh into the body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into uh into the body of
+the talk overall so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk overall so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk overall so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some of the the techniques that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the techniques that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the techniques that I'm
+going to talk about rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about rely on
+tomography which most likely everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography which most likely everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography which most likely everybody
+has heard about uh like that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has heard about uh like that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has heard about uh like that that's the
+T in a CAT scan or CT scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in a CAT scan or CT scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in a CAT scan or CT scan
+it's also a major part of how MRI scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a major part of how MRI scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a major part of how MRI scans
+work and the basic idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the basic idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the basic idea behind
+filmography is that you you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmography is that you you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmography is that you you take a
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+where you're integrating something along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're integrating something along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're integrating something along
+a path through some object and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through some object and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through some object and then you
+measure for example the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for example the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for example the intensity of
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+so you you end up with this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you end up with this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you end up with this basically
+line integrals through this thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals through this thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals through this thing of
+some property in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property in this case it's the
+effectively the density of an object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the density of an object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the density of an object and
+then you measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measure that
+at the bottom on the other side you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom on the other side you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom on the other side you do
+that for a bunch of different angles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a bunch of different angles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a bunch of different angles as
+you rotate your source and your detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate your source and your detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rotate your source and your detector
+around the object and from that as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the object and from that as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the object and from that as we'll
+talk about in a minute you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute you can
+reconstruct the the object that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the the object that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the the object that you're
+interested in now this slide is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in now this slide is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in now this slide is just
+demonstrating that there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating that there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating that there are a few
+different geometries for doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometries for doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometries for doing this in
+one case you have this this parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you have this this parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you have this this parallel
+beam tomography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam tomography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam tomography
+in other cases you have this fan beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases you have this fan beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases you have this fan beam
+tomography that is to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography that is to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography that is to a large extent
+a choice made purely on the convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice made purely on the convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice made purely on the convenience
+of your of your physical system so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your of your physical system so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your of your physical system so for
+example here if if you are if your beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here if if you are if your beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here if if you are if your beams
+are X-rays or something then generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X-rays or something then generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X-rays or something then generating
+a whole bunch of parallel x-rays is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of parallel x-rays is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of parallel x-rays is kind
+of a pain whereas generating a creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pain whereas generating a creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pain whereas generating a creating
+a point source of x-rays that just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point source of x-rays that just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point source of x-rays that just go
+off radially and then you detect over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off radially and then you detect over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off radially and then you detect over
+here that's that's quite a bit easier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that's quite a bit easier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that's quite a bit easier so
+you just have some rearranging of rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have some rearranging of rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have some rearranging of rays
+to deal with on the other but that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with on the other but that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with on the other but that but
+that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea
+so again go two slides forward uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again go two slides forward uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again go two slides forward uh well
+no that's the the second one is fun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's the the second one is fun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's the the second one is fun so
+it's gonna be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be bad
+um so so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so here's an example of
+looking at the computer tomography for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the computer tomography for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the computer tomography for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or ahead apparently so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ahead apparently so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ahead apparently so this is the
+density function and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function and if you look at the
+parallel beam projections uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel beam projections uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel beam projections uh this this
+is mathematically this is called a radon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mathematically this is called a radon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mathematically this is called a radon
+transform but if you look this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but if you look this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but if you look this is in the
+angled uh that the parallel beams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angled uh that the parallel beams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angled uh that the parallel beams are
+going through that edge in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that edge in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that edge in this case
+and this axis is which of those many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this axis is which of those many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this axis is which of those many
+parallel beams uh you're looking at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel beams uh you're looking at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel beams uh you're looking at so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you see this it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this it's really hard to
+describe without some familiarity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe without some familiarity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe without some familiarity with
+this problem but uh this is the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but uh this is the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but uh this is the the sort
+of pattern that you get and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern that you get and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern that you get and basically
+there is enough information here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is enough information here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is enough information here to
+reconstruct this you can think of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct this you can think of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct this you can think of each
+vertical slice as one image taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice as one image taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice as one image taken from
+each direction there's one yeah so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each direction there's one yeah so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each direction there's one yeah so for
+example if you were if you were to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you were if you were to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you were if you were to just
+take a standard x-ray like like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a standard x-ray like like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a standard x-ray like like you're
+sort of looking at here like your doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking at here like your doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looking at here like your doctor
+puts up on the wall uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts up on the wall uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts up on the wall uh
+if a vertical slice is a 1D version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a vertical slice is a 1D version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a vertical slice is a 1D version of
+that sort of X-ray right so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of X-ray right so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of X-ray right so you take
+that same kind of X-ray but looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of X-ray but looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same kind of X-ray but looking
+through in a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a whole bunch of different
+directions and this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and this is what you get
+the same thing here except that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here except that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here except that they're
+just kind of rearranged a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of rearranged a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of rearranged a little bit
+instead of a vertical slice now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a vertical slice now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a vertical slice now it's
+sort of a curved surface is that normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a curved surface is that normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a curved surface is that normal
+thing that is you get all of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is you get all of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is you get all of the same
+parallel arrays they just don't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel arrays they just don't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel arrays they just don't happen
+all at the same time anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time anymore and
+one now so now the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now so now the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now so now the question is how do
+you turn this back into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn this back into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn this back into uh
+into the image that you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the image that you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the image that you're looking for
+and as it turns out basically the uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it turns out basically the uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it turns out basically the uh and
+it's been a while since I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since I thought about
+this so I might get the details around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I might get the details around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I might get the details around
+feel free to help me out here if I screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to help me out here if I screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to help me out here if I screw
+this up so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up so if you are
+projecting through this way then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting through this way then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting through this way then that
+vertical slice is what you get for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice is what you get for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slice is what you get for a
+single angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single angle
+and that vertical slice basically is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vertical slice basically is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vertical slice basically is a
+line through the 2d48 transform of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through the 2d48 transform of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through the 2d48 transform of your
+image okay so you take all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image okay so you take all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image okay so you take all of those
+vertical slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical slices
+and instead of plotting them as a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of plotting them as a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of plotting them as a nice
+rectangular thing you take each one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular thing you take each one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular thing you take each one and
+lay it out at the angle that was taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it out at the angle that was taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay it out at the angle that was taken
+and it's going to give you an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to give you an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to give you an estimate
+of the Fourier transform of your object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fourier transform of your object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fourier transform of your object
+except you're going to have samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're going to have samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're going to have samples
+along these radial lines based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these radial lines based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these radial lines based on how
+you scanned all right quickly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scanned all right quickly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scanned all right quickly yeah
+that's a very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+so here's my here's my Fourier space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my here's my Fourier space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my here's my Fourier space
+Here's my uh physical space all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's my uh physical space all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's my uh physical space all right
+start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out
+with my parallel rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parallel rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parallel rays
+I measured the result with my detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measured the result with my detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measured the result with my detector
+over here and that tells me the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and that tells me the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and that tells me the Fourier
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+so this is a 2d 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I now know
+the Fourier transform sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform sampled
+along that line okay so now I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line okay so now I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line okay so now I do it
+again in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this direction
+and now I know the 2D Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I know the 2D Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I know the 2D Fourier transform
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's great so one might only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's great so one might only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's great so one might only
+slightly naively think that hey if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly naively think that hey if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly naively think that hey if I
+know the Fourier transform of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Fourier transform of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Fourier transform of this thing
+then I know the thing itself all I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know the thing itself all I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know the thing itself all I got
+to do is for you to transform back all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is for you to transform back all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is for you to transform back all
+right that's almost completely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's almost completely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's almost completely true
+except that you realize that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you realize that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you realize that the the
+pattern you have this thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you have this thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you have this thing for a
+transformed in is not a rectangular grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in is not a rectangular grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in is not a rectangular grid
+so you can't just pop it into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't just pop it into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't just pop it into your
+standard 2g48 transform algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard 2g48 transform algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard 2g48 transform algorithm and
+and get the the Fourier transform back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the the Fourier transform back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the the Fourier transform back
+for the the direct function back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the direct function back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the direct function back
+there are lots of crazy interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of crazy interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of crazy interpolation
+problems and it gets a little bit ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and it gets a little bit ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and it gets a little bit ugly
+so there's a and I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a and I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a and I don't know if you
+have yeah so there is I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah so there is I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah so there is I'm not going to
+talk about how it works but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how it works but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how it works but there is
+this other algorithm that's very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other algorithm that's very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other algorithm that's very popular
+for this sort of thing called filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of thing called filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of thing called filtered
+back projection really it it messes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back projection really it it messes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back projection really it it messes with
+where you do the interpolation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do the interpolation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do the interpolation and
+in general gets past a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general gets past a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general gets past a lot of the
+artifacts that you by the way see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts that you by the way see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts that you by the way see the
+the bottom line the thing to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line the thing to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line the thing to take away
+from this little uh pre-talk talk uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this little uh pre-talk talk uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this little uh pre-talk talk uh is
+is the basic concept of tomography that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic concept of tomography that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic concept of tomography that
+is you you perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you perform
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+through some object from a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some object from a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some object from a bunch of
+different angles and then it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and then it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and then it gives you
+all you need to know in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to know in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to know in order to figure
+out the full structure of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the full structure of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the full structure of the object
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+is that clear any questions so extrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear any questions so extrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear any questions so extrator
+tomography you have put the X-ray with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography you have put the X-ray with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography you have put the X-ray with
+the sensor take multiple projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor take multiple projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor take multiple projections
+from the reconfigure of what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reconfigure of what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reconfigure of what's inside
+and we're going to use that same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use that same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use that same exact
+principle now to think about wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle now to think about wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle now to think about wavelength
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we're going to stop looking at heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stop looking at heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stop looking at heads and
+look at data cubes go ahead so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at data cubes go ahead so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at data cubes go ahead so you have
+to have some kind of object that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of object that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of object that's
+spherically symmetrical but if you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetrical but if you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetrical but if you cut
+it actually has different layers how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually has different layers how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually has different layers how do
+you get the layers out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the layers out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the layers out
+how do you mean it's spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you mean it's spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you mean it's spherically
+symmetrical uh so let's say the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical uh so let's say the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical uh so let's say the density
+or whatever you're measuring is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you're measuring is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you're measuring is exactly
+the same from every direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same from every direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same from every direction but
+internally it's actually heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally it's actually heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally it's actually heterogeneous
+instead of like homogeneous like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like homogeneous like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like homogeneous like the
+hair well that's not perfectly spirit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair well that's not perfectly spirit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair well that's not perfectly spirit so
+so far are you saying like it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far are you saying like it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far are you saying like it's got
+layers yeah but like perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers yeah but like perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers yeah but like perfectly
+symmetrical layers like okay circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so a spherical shell of glass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a spherical shell of glass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so a spherical shell of glass a
+spherical shell of metal like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell of metal like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell of metal like that yeah
+built up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up uh
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that every measurement you take every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every measurement you take every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every measurement you take every
+image that you take is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that you take is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that you take is going to look
+exactly the same right I get it now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right I get it now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right I get it now but
+the object really does look exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object really does look exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object really does look exactly the
+same from every direction so that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well that's that's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's that's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's that's a good way of
+thinking about these problems because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems because
+absolutely if it looks the same from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely if it looks the same from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely if it looks the same from the
+other side in a traditional camera it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side in a traditional camera it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side in a traditional camera it
+must be a sphere right but in the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a sphere right but in the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a sphere right but in the extra
+tomography or tomography in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography or tomography in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography or tomography in general if
+it looks the same from every projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks the same from every projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks the same from every projection
+then it must be spherically concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it must be spherically concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it must be spherically concentric
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I'm a big fan of some Charities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big fan of some Charities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big fan of some Charities
+okay so so this talk is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this talk is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this talk is basically a
+comparison uh it was put together for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison uh it was put together for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison uh it was put together for a
+customer who wanted sort of a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer who wanted sort of a survey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer who wanted sort of a survey of
+hyperspectral Imaging techniques and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspectral Imaging techniques and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspectral Imaging techniques and the
+trade-offs between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there's not a whole lot of intro here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a whole lot of intro here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a whole lot of intro here
+but uh so what we're trying to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so what we're trying to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so what we're trying to do I'm
+going to talk about a data Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a data Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a data Cube
+which is x y and Lambda and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x y and Lambda and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is x y and Lambda and we've got
+some resolution in in all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resolution in in all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resolution in in all three of those
+in general I'm just going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'm just going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'm just going to call that
+NX and Y and L so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NX and Y and L so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NX and Y and L so the number of
+resolution elements in Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution elements in Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution elements in Lambda
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what else was I going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else was I going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else was I going to say
+okay that's the reason why introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason why introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the reason why introduction
+uh so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are all
+I don't think any of these are well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think any of these are well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think any of these are well some
+of these have sort of become commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have sort of become commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have sort of become commercial
+products but these are all basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but these are all basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products but these are all basically
+research uh level devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh level devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh level devices
+um nominally looking at the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominally looking at the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominally looking at the same thing
+except for the last couple uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the last couple uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the last couple uh one of
+which is rameshes uh and uh pockets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rameshes uh and uh pockets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rameshes uh and uh pockets and
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+uh all well it doesn't matter what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all well it doesn't matter what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all well it doesn't matter what's
+coming from but it's another one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it's another one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it's another one that's
+not exactly a spectral imager a one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a spectral imager a one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a spectral imager a one one
+more thing by way of terminology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing by way of terminology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing by way of terminology uh
+spectral imager means you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager means you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager means you get some
+spectral channels a few five ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral channels a few five ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral channels a few five ten
+multi-spectral generally means you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral generally means you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral generally means you get a
+bunch dozens hyperspectral generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch dozens hyperspectral generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch dozens hyperspectral generally
+means you get like a thousand so I tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you get like a thousand so I tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you get like a thousand so I tend
+to be very sloppy with those terms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very sloppy with those terms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very sloppy with those terms but
+you know that's really all of me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's really all of me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's really all of me because
+some people who make multi spectral as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who make multi spectral as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who make multi spectral as
+visible and have perspectful as going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and have perspectful as going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and have perspectful as going
+out surface that's that's right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out surface that's that's right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out surface that's that's right people
+use you know yeah so I I I basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know yeah so I I I basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know yeah so I I I basically I'm
+just caught into the fact that I'm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just caught into the fact that I'm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just caught into the fact that I'm as
+sloppy with these terms as everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy with these terms as everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy with these terms as everybody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+uh okay so go ahead we'll we'll uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so go ahead we'll we'll uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so go ahead we'll we'll uh get
+started so the the points of comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the the points of comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the the points of comparison
+that I'm going to talk about here uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to talk about here uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to talk about here uh are
+the data volume uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data volume uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data volume uh
+of the the scene that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the scene that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the scene that we're looking at
+for almost all of these this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of these this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost all of these this is going to
+be NX times n y times L the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be NX times n y times L the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be NX times n y times L the number of
+spectral channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral channels
+um the physical volume just how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the physical volume just how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the physical volume just how big is
+the physical device the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical device the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical device the architectural
+impact on acquisition time some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on acquisition time some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on acquisition time some of these
+are devices that you point at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are devices that you point at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are devices that you point at something
+push a button and you know everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a button and you know everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a button and you know everything's
+acquired in an instant other things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired in an instant other things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired in an instant other things have
+to be scanned the another one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be scanned the another one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be scanned the another one is the
+computational Reconstruction and scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Reconstruction and scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Reconstruction and scaling
+you guys are pretty comfy at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are pretty comfy at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are pretty comfy at this point
+that sometimes data has to be processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes data has to be processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes data has to be processed
+after you acquire it the the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you acquire it the the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you acquire it the the photon
+efficiency this is sort of a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency this is sort of a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency this is sort of a big one
+that that Ramesh was alluding to earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Ramesh was alluding to earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Ramesh was alluding to earlier
+that in a lot of these devices you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of these devices you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of these devices you end
+up throwing away a lot of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up throwing away a lot of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up throwing away a lot of light that
+actually comes through your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes through your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes through your your
+aperture but never gets used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture but never gets used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture but never gets used
+and then compression is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compression is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compression is an interesting
+one have you guys talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one have you guys talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one have you guys talked about
+compressive sensing at all no not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive sensing at all no not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive sensing at all no not yet
+okay so compressive sensing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so compressive sensing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so compressive sensing is this
+basically the idea that if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea that if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea that if I'm trying to
+measure a data volume at NX times n y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a data volume at NX times n y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a data volume at NX times n y
+times L I might take some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L I might take some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times L I might take some number of
+measurements that is smaller than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that is smaller than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that is smaller than that
+and based on some assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on some assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on some assumptions about the
+space I might try to reconstruct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I might try to reconstruct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I might try to reconstruct that
+full data volume there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full data volume there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full data volume there might be
+artifacts involved but but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts involved but but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts involved but but that's the
+general idea so a couple of caveats uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea so a couple of caveats uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea so a couple of caveats uh
+some of these quantities are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these quantities are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these quantities are basically
+rough and the the I'm not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough and the the I'm not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough and the the I'm not talking about
+the data quality here because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data quality here because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data quality here because that's
+very very dependent on the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very dependent on the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very dependent on the specific
+device and the way that you operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and the way that you operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and the way that you operate
+all right first and easiest by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right first and easiest by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right first and easiest by way of
+introduction is uh the this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction is uh the this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction is uh the this we're
+calling that a baseline camera where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that a baseline camera where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that a baseline camera where we
+you just have a scanning filter and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a scanning filter and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a scanning filter and this
+is one that uh Anka talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that uh Anka talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that uh Anka talked about earlier
+as well you just have a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you just have a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you just have a lens
+if you're Imaging a scene onto a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Imaging a scene onto a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Imaging a scene onto a sensor
+but before you do that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you do that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you do that you have some
+tunable wavelength filter in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable wavelength filter in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable wavelength filter in place
+and so just to sort of get you familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to sort of get you familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to sort of get you familiar
+with the the language that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the language that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the language that I'm going to
+be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using
+data cube in this case really is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cube in this case really is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cube in this case really is uh this
+the standard thing the volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard thing the volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard thing the volume is
+basically just however big your lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just however big your lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just however big your lens is
+and whatever its focal length is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever its focal length is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever its focal length is uh
+acquisition time the impact here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition time the impact here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition time the impact here is that
+you have to scan this filter so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to scan this filter so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to scan this filter so you have
+to you know point the camera at a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know point the camera at a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know point the camera at a scene
+and scan the filter and wait while that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scan the filter and wait while that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scan the filter and wait while that
+happens Photon efficiency here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens Photon efficiency here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens Photon efficiency here is
+probably one of the more relevant uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the more relevant uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the more relevant uh or
+more interesting points and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting points and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting points and this is what
+Ramesh was talking about earlier it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh was talking about earlier it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh was talking about earlier it's
+one over L all right when you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L all right when you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over L all right when you're talking
+about visible light one over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visible light one over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visible light one over three
+doesn't seem like such a big deal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like such a big deal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like such a big deal one
+over a thousand that becomes a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a thousand that becomes a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a thousand that becomes a problem
+right even more to explain how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even more to explain how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even more to explain how the
+tunable Filter Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable Filter Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable Filter Works
+um or whatever it does yeah so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or whatever it does yeah so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or whatever it does yeah so so the
+tournament so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament so so
+um as Ankit was talking about here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as Ankit was talking about here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as Ankit was talking about here this
+might be a color wheel so this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a color wheel so this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a color wheel so this might be
+a wheel that that has different uh parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel that that has different uh parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel that that has different uh parts
+of it with different spectral filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with different spectral filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it with different spectral filters
+and each of the spectral filters and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of the spectral filters and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of the spectral filters and a
+device like this is going to be a notch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device like this is going to be a notch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device like this is going to be a notch
+filter effectively it's going to block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter effectively it's going to block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter effectively it's going to block
+everything but some narrow range you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but some narrow range you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but some narrow range you
+know maybe 5 10 20 nanometers or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe 5 10 20 nanometers or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe 5 10 20 nanometers or it
+could that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that there are
+I don't even know how to describe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know how to describe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know how to describe them
+that cavity based tuna boat filters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cavity based tuna boat filters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cavity based tuna boat filters that
+are electrically tunable so they got no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically tunable so they got no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically tunable so they got no
+real moving Parts exactly but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real moving Parts exactly but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real moving Parts exactly but you can
+dial in the the filter I said it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in the the filter I said it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in the the filter I said it can
+change the its color response Yeah by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the its color response Yeah by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the its color response Yeah by
+usually changing the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually changing the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually changing the distance between
+the plates and if the the soap bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates and if the the soap bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plates and if the the soap bubbles
+were floating you realize that depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were floating you realize that depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were floating you realize that depending
+on the thickness of the bubble it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thickness of the bubble it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thickness of the bubble it has a
+different color also right or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color also right or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color also right or if you
+spill oil on top of water then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill oil on top of water then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill oil on top of water then the
+depending on thickness of the oil water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on thickness of the oil water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on thickness of the oil water
+layer there you go yeah so but by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there you go yeah so but by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer there you go yeah so but by way of
+analogy if any anytime you you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy if any anytime you you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy if any anytime you you've got uh
+these two layers you're creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two layers you're creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two layers you're creating a
+cavity which sort of acts like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity which sort of acts like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity which sort of acts like a a
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you can think of that as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of that as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of that as sort of
+this is a loose analogy don't take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a loose analogy don't take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a loose analogy don't take this
+too literally as like a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too literally as like a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too literally as like a in the
+electronic domain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add
+itional layers and you get to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itional layers and you get to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itional layers and you get to something
+like a brag grating if that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brag grating if that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a brag grating if that sounds
+familiar to you guys or a multi-layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you guys or a multi-layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you guys or a multi-layer
+dielectric stack if that works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric stack if that works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric stack if that works better
+where you you can get even sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you can get even sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you can get even sharper
+cutoffs and you know narrower resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoffs and you know narrower resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoffs and you know narrower resolution
+and larger stop bands on the sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger stop bands on the sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger stop bands on the sides so
+you can end up getting very extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can end up getting very extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can end up getting very extremely
+selective filters in situations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters in situations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters in situations like
+this yeah unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah unfortunately
+typically not that way yeah they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not that way yeah they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not that way yeah they're
+typically like a just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like a just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like a just a single
+yeah so what's an Acosta optic filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what's an Acosta optic filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what's an Acosta optic filter
+how does it work pardon me okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work pardon me okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it work pardon me okay oh
+that's that's what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what uh
+oh boy oh yeah okay acoustic object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy oh yeah okay acoustic object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy oh yeah okay acoustic object so
+it's one of my favorite devices um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of my favorite devices um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of my favorite devices um yeah
+I'm gonna try to keep myself from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to keep myself from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to keep myself from going
+too crazy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too crazy here
+um because let's go back next week yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because let's go back next week yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because let's go back next week yeah
+in fact I will be back next week but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I will be back next week but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I will be back next week but I
+hadn't planned from talking I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't planned from talking I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't planned from talking I don't want
+to say no Robbie's time okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no Robbie's time okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no Robbie's time okay that's a
+better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh acousteo Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh acousteo Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh acousteo Optics
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you've got some Physics some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got some Physics some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got some Physics some some
+piece of glass or it's usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass or it's usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass or it's usually not
+exactly glass but glass like substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly glass but glass like substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly glass but glass like substance
+uh and you you generally have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you you generally have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you you generally have uh
+piezoelectric transducer here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piezoelectric transducer here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piezoelectric transducer here so you
+know turns electrical into mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turns electrical into mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know turns electrical into mechanical
+motion or vice versa in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or vice versa in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or vice versa in this case we're
+going to do the the former we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the the former we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the the former we're going
+to drive it with some typically RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive it with some typically RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive it with some typically RF
+signal so you know 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so you know 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so you know 100
+megahertz if you work with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz if you work with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz if you work with one of these
+in the lab and try to listen to an FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab and try to listen to an FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab and try to listen to an FM
+radio it gets really annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio it gets really annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio it gets really annoying
+and what this thing does if you drive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this thing does if you drive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this thing does if you drive it
+with some some frequency is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some some frequency is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some some frequency is it will
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+a traveling wave which and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traveling wave which and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traveling wave which and this thing is
+usually built to dump it on the end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually built to dump it on the end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually built to dump it on the end it
+will generate a traveling wave of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate a traveling wave of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate a traveling wave of a
+pressure wave a sound wave inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure wave a sound wave inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure wave a sound wave inside your
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any
+if you you pass light through this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you pass light through this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you pass light through this it
+will scatter off of that thing just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will scatter off of that thing just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will scatter off of that thing just like
+any other diffraction grating right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other diffraction grating right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other diffraction grating right I
+honestly do not know how you do this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly do not know how you do this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly do not know how you do this I'm
+familiar with these in like the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these in like the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these in like the laser
+setting how it's a standing wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting how it's a standing wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting how it's a standing wave then
+you yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's generally traveling it has adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally traveling it has adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally traveling it has adoption
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+uh so the way you can select wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way you can select wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way you can select wavelengths
+with these things is that it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things is that it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things is that it's basically
+a grading right so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grading right so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grading right so if you imagine
+one wavelength coming in will go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength coming in will go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wavelength coming in will go this
+way a different wavelength will go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a different wavelength will go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a different wavelength will go that
+way and so on I mean it's just like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so on I mean it's just like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so on I mean it's just like any
+other grading and then you can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other grading and then you can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other grading and then you can simply
+put an aperture out here okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an aperture out here okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an aperture out here okay and then
+by changing the frequency that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the frequency that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the frequency that you're
+modeling modulating with you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling modulating with you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling modulating with you can change
+the grading period and align different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading period and align different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grading period and align different
+uh different wavelengths with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different wavelengths with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different wavelengths with uh with
+your hole in your aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hole in your aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hole in your aperture
+so it's basically like a it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically like a it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically like a it's basically
+like your standard grading except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your standard grading except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your standard grading except you
+can tune the uh the period in in object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tune the uh the period in in object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tune the uh the period in in object
+in object-based media in my group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in object-based media in my group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in object-based media in my group the
+bad smiley he's actually building these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad smiley he's actually building these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad smiley he's actually building these
+to make uh Holograms so if you guys want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh Holograms so if you guys want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh Holograms so if you guys want
+to see it's like a little thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it's like a little thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it's like a little thing like
+that full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full of
+ways to get to get trans frequencies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get to get trans frequencies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get to get trans frequencies for
+steering the lasers yeah yeah one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering the lasers yeah yeah one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering the lasers yeah yeah one of my
+favorite devices they're really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite devices they're really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite devices they're really awesome
+I'm going to say one more thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say one more thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say one more thing just
+because I I have to because it's so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I have to because it's so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I have to because it's so cool
+uh as a physicist like myself you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a physicist like myself you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a physicist like myself you can
+think of exactly you know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of exactly you know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of exactly you know exactly how
+these things work in terms of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work in terms of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work in terms of how much
+angle you get and it actually shifts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get and it actually shifts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get and it actually shifts the
+wavelength of the light as it does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light as it does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light as it does this
+so what comes out is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what comes out is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what comes out is not the same as
+what goes in and you can figure out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in and you can figure out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in and you can figure out all
+of that if you simply conserve energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you simply conserve energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you simply conserve energy
+and momentum and treat the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum and treat the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum and treat the incoming
+light as photons with known energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as photons with known energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as photons with known energy
+momentum and treat the sound wave as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and treat the sound wave as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and treat the sound wave as
+phonons with known energy and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons with known energy and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons with known energy and momentum
+you do that then it's all just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that then it's all just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that then it's all just you know
+the standard physics 101 billiard ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard physics 101 billiard ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard physics 101 billiard ball
+type stuff it's very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type stuff it's very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type stuff it's very cool
+okay back on back on the path here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back on back on the path here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back on back on the path here
+uh yeah so that's that's pretty much our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so that's that's pretty much our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so that's that's pretty much our
+Baseline scanning filter thing any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline scanning filter thing any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline scanning filter thing any any
+other questions on on this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on on this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on on this guy
+if you have any responsible yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any responsible yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any responsible yeah if
+you're lost now you're you're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lost now you're you're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lost now you're you're in trouble
+so speak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speak up
+okay all right next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right next one
+so our second Baseline um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our second Baseline um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our second Baseline um
+Ankit also talked about this one uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ankit also talked about this one uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ankit also talked about this one uh this
+is the the standard push broom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the standard push broom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the standard push broom
+this is basically uh very similar to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically uh very similar to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically uh very similar to it
+just a standard spectrometer in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a standard spectrometer in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a standard spectrometer in fact
+that the thing that you're passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing that you're passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing that you're passing
+around here in the little box is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here in the little box is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here in the little box is pretty
+much exactly this I mean there's slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly this I mean there's slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly this I mean there's slight
+differences in How It's Made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in How It's Made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in How It's Made
+in here yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here yeah so
+in that in that box as you were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that box as you were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that box as you were looking
+through it yeah great uh is good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it yeah great uh is good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it yeah great uh is good as
+you're as you're looking through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're as you're looking through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're as you're looking through this
+hole uh you see that there is this slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole uh you see that there is this slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole uh you see that there is this slit
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay we'll put in the wrong place I slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll put in the wrong place I slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll put in the wrong place I slit
+there and you can see it uh right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see it uh right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see it uh right there
+and the Slit basically the the slit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Slit basically the the slit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Slit basically the the slit is
+the light is in this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is in this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is in this sort of
+architecture light is imaged onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture light is imaged onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture light is imaged onto the
+slit the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit the uh
+that light is then made sort of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is then made sort of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is then made sort of parallel
+again as it hits the greeting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as it hits the greeting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as it hits the greeting it's
+spread in different directions now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread in different directions now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread in different directions now so
+the direction of the light is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the light is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the light is related
+uniquely to its wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely to its wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely to its wavelength
+uh and then that is refocused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then that is refocused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then that is refocused on the
+sensor so now if we have some flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so now if we have some flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so now if we have some flat
+uniform scene what we're going to see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform scene what we're going to see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform scene what we're going to see on
+the sensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor is
+vertical stripes right exactly like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical stripes right exactly like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical stripes right exactly like you
+saw through this thing it and where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw through this thing it and where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw through this thing it and where each
+stripe corresponds to the wavelength all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripe corresponds to the wavelength all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripe corresponds to the wavelength all
+right so if you measure how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you measure how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you measure how much
+intensity you get in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you get in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you get in each of those
+stripes you know how much intensity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes you know how much intensity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes you know how much intensity or
+how much power you have in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power you have in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power you have in each
+wavelength now if the scene has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now if the scene has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength now if the scene has some
+structure vertically then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically then the
+the structure along a vertical line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure along a vertical line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure along a vertical line is
+related to the object's physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the object's physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the object's physical
+structure vertically if the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically if the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically if the object is
+uniformly dark at the top and right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly dark at the top and right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly dark at the top and right at
+the bottom then that's what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom then that's what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom then that's what you're going
+to see on the sensor and the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on the sensor and the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on the sensor and the horizontal
+structure of what you get on the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what you get on the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of what you get on the sensor
+is directly related to the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the wavelength
+that's completely it so you get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely it so you get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely it so you get what
+this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you
+if you have this 3D data cube a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this 3D data cube a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this 3D data cube a single
+frame of the sensor will give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the sensor will give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the sensor will give you one
+solid plane through that data Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid plane through that data Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid plane through that data Cube
+except instead of X and Y like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except instead of X and Y like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except instead of X and Y like a normal
+camera it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it gives you
+X and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Lambda
+okay so Y is lost Y is lost or average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Y is lost Y is lost or average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Y is lost Y is lost or average
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh no it's it's uh it's not averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no it's it's uh it's not averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no it's it's uh it's not averaged
+it's uh it's one point right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's one point right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's one point right because
+exactly and so normally what you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and so normally what you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and so normally what you do in
+this case is you you scan it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you you scan it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you you scan it all right
+so you either move the the camera uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either move the the camera uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either move the the camera uh and
+take multiple frames at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple frames at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple frames at different
+locations or uh I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations or uh I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations or uh I think it was
+completely correct a lot of these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct a lot of these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct a lot of these the
+standard applications are airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard applications are airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard applications are airborne
+either for military purposes or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for military purposes or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for military purposes or for
+agricultural surveys or whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural surveys or whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural surveys or whatever so
+you're flying on an airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying on an airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying on an airplane and
+basically you kind of get the scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you kind of get the scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you kind of get the scanning
+for free you just use the airplane to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you just use the airplane to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you just use the airplane to do
+the scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanning
+uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the volume's a little bit bigger you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume's a little bit bigger you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume's a little bit bigger you got
+more Optics uh there's no reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Optics uh there's no reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Optics uh there's no reconstruction
+here you're building the data Cube up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're building the data Cube up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're building the data Cube up
+directly uh and the other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly uh and the other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly uh and the other interesting
+note is this is also not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is this is also not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is this is also not particularly
+Photon efficient because uh you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon efficient because uh you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon efficient because uh you you are
+getting light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting light from
+other locations other uh other X values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other locations other uh other X values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other locations other uh other X values
+they're simply being dumped by this slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're simply being dumped by this slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're simply being dumped by this slit
+that is if they don't hit the the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if they don't hit the the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if they don't hit the the slit
+but hit to other side of the slit we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hit to other side of the slit we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hit to other side of the slit we're
+throwing the light away so so that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing the light away so so that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing the light away so so that light
+is all getting wasted and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all getting wasted and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all getting wasted and so this is
+also not particularly Photon efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we get into the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we get into the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we get into the first
+wacky version of this it is also perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacky version of this it is also perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wacky version of this it is also perhaps
+the most complicated uh so sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated uh so sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most complicated uh so sorry the
+graceful introduction is over uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful introduction is over uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graceful introduction is over uh so this
+architecturally uh is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecturally uh is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecturally uh is completely
+identical to the thing that you just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the thing that you just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the thing that you just saw
+except we have now replaced the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we have now replaced the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we have now replaced the slit
+with some sort of code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of code okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+uh all of the light that that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the light that that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of the light that that gets
+imaged onto this thing uh it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged onto this thing uh it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaged onto this thing uh it will be
+modulated by the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by the code
+but then everything else is the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then everything else is the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then everything else is the same so
+the leg gets modulated by the code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg gets modulated by the code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg gets modulated by the code you
+can think of if you prefer by the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of if you prefer by the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of if you prefer by the way if
+this helps you you can think of the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps you you can think of the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps you you can think of the slit
+as a particularly boring code right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particularly boring code right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particularly boring code right it's
+a perfectly legitimate code it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly legitimate code it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly legitimate code it's just a
+really boring one so this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring one so this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring one so this is a more
+interesting code in general they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting code in general they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting code in general they're
+going to be a half filled and half block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a half filled and half block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a half filled and half block
+but then all of the usual stuff happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then all of the usual stuff happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then all of the usual stuff happens
+we we recolumate go through the grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recolumate go through the grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recolumate go through the grading
+and the bits get separated and fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bits get separated and fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bits get separated and fall on
+our sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplexing where we talked about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing where we talked about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing where we talked about if
+you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take
+be sure to measure nine bags we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to measure nine bags we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to measure nine bags we can
+measure them one at a time or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them one at a time or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them one at a time or we can
+take random linear combinations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random linear combinations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random linear combinations and then
+invert so this is the same concept again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert so this is the same concept again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert so this is the same concept again
+done from like right so this device was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from like right so this device was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done from like right so this device was
+originally built to be a spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally built to be a spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally built to be a spectrometer
+just like this all right so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this all right so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this all right so we will
+conceptually step back for a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually step back for a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually step back for a moment and
+think about it in that context don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in that context don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in that context don't
+worry about Imaging don't worry about X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about Imaging don't worry about X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about Imaging don't worry about X
+and Y in fact you can assume that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y in fact you can assume that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y in fact you can assume that all of
+the light is maybe hitting a diffuser in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is maybe hitting a diffuser in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is maybe hitting a diffuser in
+front of this thing for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this thing for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of this thing for example so
+there's no there's no uh structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no uh structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no uh structure here
+so imagine for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine for a moment
+that this were just some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this were just some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this were just some some
+interesting Spectrum you know maybe come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Spectrum you know maybe come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Spectrum you know maybe come
+from one of these fluorescent lights or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of these fluorescent lights or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of these fluorescent lights or
+whatever else but uh spatially uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else but uh spatially uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else but uh spatially uniform
+right the benefit of that is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the benefit of that is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the benefit of that is that now
+instead of just the single slit through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the single slit through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just the single slit through
+the middle of this thing now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this thing now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this thing now we're
+collecting a lot more light we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting a lot more light we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting a lot more light we've gone
+from a factor of uh of you know one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a factor of uh of you know one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a factor of uh of you know one over
+n or one over sorry one over n y to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or one over sorry one over n y to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or one over sorry one over n y to uh
+uh half one over two effectively all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half one over two effectively all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half one over two effectively all
+right so uh we we modulate this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh we we modulate this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh we we modulate this guy
+and then now we have this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we have this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now we have this problem
+okay this is this is the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is this is the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is this is the problem in
+general with the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with the slit
+um I'm going to back up one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to back up one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to back up one more time
+what why don't we just make the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why don't we just make the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why don't we just make the slit
+bigger if we want to collect more light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any takers on that go for it uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any takers on that go for it uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any takers on that go for it uh because
+then you're probably not sampling just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably not sampling just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably not sampling just
+one light source that you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one light source that you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one light source that you're interested
+in you're probably just having a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're probably just having a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're probably just having a larger
+portion of the scene which won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the scene which won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the scene which won't give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+some information you're looking for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information you're looking for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information you're looking for yeah
+so so so if if we look at our sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so if if we look at our sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so if if we look at our sensor
+uh if we look at our sensor plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at our sensor plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we look at our sensor plane
+and and we look at one column of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we look at one column of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we look at one column of pixels
+along here if we have an infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here if we have an infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here if we have an infinitely
+narrow slit we know that this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slit we know that this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slit we know that this physical
+location on the sensor is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the sensor is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location on the sensor is associated
+with one wavelength okay if we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one wavelength okay if we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one wavelength okay if we now have
+a wider slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wider slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wider slit
+then this is associated with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is associated with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is associated with one
+wavelength from the left half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength from the left half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength from the left half of the
+slit but a different wavelength from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit but a different wavelength from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit but a different wavelength from the
+right half of the slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the slit
+so now we have this uh mixing of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this uh mixing of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this uh mixing of spatial
+and spectral information that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spectral information that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spectral information that that is
+problematic now the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic now the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic now the assumption that the
+whole scene especially uniform helps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole scene especially uniform helps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole scene especially uniform helps but
+that's not generally a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not generally a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not generally a realistic
+assumption so what this does is help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what this does is help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what this does is help us
+get around that so now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that so now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that so now what we have
+because we've coded this is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've coded this is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've coded this is we have a
+way of disambiguating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of disambiguating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of disambiguating
+uh this otherwise ambiguous spatial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this otherwise ambiguous spatial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this otherwise ambiguous spatial and
+spectral mixing so now let's let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral mixing so now let's let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral mixing so now let's let's go
+back we have this single line on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we have this single line on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we have this single line on our
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+we we really do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really do have
+a different spatial locations uh on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spatial locations uh on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spatial locations uh on our
+code on our aperture uh mixing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on our aperture uh mixing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code on our aperture uh mixing they're
+all combining on this column of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combining on this column of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all combining on this column of pixels
+except that this one over here has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that this one over here has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that this one over here has one
+wavelength contribution and because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength contribution and because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength contribution and because that
+bends say less and this one over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends say less and this one over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends say less and this one over here is
+compute contributing with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute contributing with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute contributing with a different
+wavelength because that one bends a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because that one bends a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because that one bends a lot
+right so what do we do we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we do we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do we do we take our
+measured values here and we take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured values here and we take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured values here and we take the dot
+product with the appropriate code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with the appropriate code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with the appropriate code and
+these codes if you've talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these codes if you've talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these codes if you've talked about how
+to Mark codes for example are designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mark codes for example are designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mark codes for example are designed
+so that the dot product of any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the dot product of any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the dot product of any two
+mismatched codes will just be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatched codes will just be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatched codes will just be zero
+and the dot product with the the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dot product with the the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dot product with the the single
+lonely correct code is some large value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely correct code is some large value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonely correct code is some large value
+so what we do is for this we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is for this we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is for this we take the
+the dot product with each of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product with each of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product with each of these and
+that tells us how much light came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how much light came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how much light came
+through this part of the aperture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this part of the aperture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this part of the aperture and
+landed in this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in this place
+and you do that for all of those and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that for all of those and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do that for all of those and you
+get to figure out what each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to figure out what each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to figure out what each of those
+contributions is and you can reassemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions is and you can reassemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions is and you can reassemble
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's how this thing works as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how this thing works as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how this thing works as a as a
+spectrometer now turning it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer now turning it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer now turning it into a
+spectral imager is just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager is just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager is just a little bit
+different now we've only got one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now we've only got one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now we've only got one we're
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+trying to make this a push boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make this a push boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make this a push boom
+spectrometer so we've only got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer so we've only got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer so we've only got one
+spatial degree of Freedom that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial degree of Freedom that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial degree of Freedom that we're
+trying to recover and in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recover and in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recover and in this case we're
+going to actually make that the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually make that the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually make that the vertical
+Direction that's that right did I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's that right did I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's that right did I get
+that right uh scanning my note we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right uh scanning my note we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right uh scanning my note we're
+going to make that the the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that the the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make that the the horizontal
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know
+how much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much uh
+we've now figured out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now figured out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now figured out exactly
+how much light of each wavelength came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light of each wavelength came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light of each wavelength came
+through each of these vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these vertical
+columns so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so we know
+how much you know how much light came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know how much light came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know how much light came
+from that location and and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that location and and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that location and and what the
+wavelength of each contribution was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of each contribution was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of each contribution was so
+we're almost there there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost there there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost there there's only one
+remaining problem and that is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining problem and that is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining problem and that is if the
+scene has structure then that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has structure then that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has structure then that's a
+problem right our the hadamard code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right our the hadamard code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right our the hadamard code
+assumes that the the underlying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the the underlying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes that the the underlying thing
+we're trying to reconstruct is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to reconstruct is smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to reconstruct is smooth
+it's flat it's unstructured so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat it's unstructured so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat it's unstructured so the
+cleverness here comes from the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness here comes from the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness here comes from the following
+we can slide the code vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can slide the code vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can slide the code vertically
+and wrap it around at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrap it around at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrap it around at the bottom
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+each of those versions where we slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those versions where we slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those versions where we slide it
+one take a frame slide it again take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take a frame slide it again take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take a frame slide it again take a
+frame and reassemble them at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and reassemble them at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and reassemble them at the end
+so that you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can say
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+this pick it right here this spot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pick it right here this spot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pick it right here this spot in
+this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code
+and looked what looked at what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked what looked at what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked what looked at what happened
+when it was here and then look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was here and then look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was here and then look at what
+happened when it was here and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when it was here and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when it was here and look at
+what happened when it was here and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when it was here and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when it was here and so on
+or equivalently you can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently you can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently you can look at this
+spot on the image and say what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the image and say what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot on the image and say what happened
+when this part of the code was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this part of the code was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this part of the code was there
+then this part of the code is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this part of the code is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this part of the code is there and
+this part of the code is there and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the code is there and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the code is there and so on
+and you can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can synthesize
+a full ver a full frame version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full ver a full frame version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full ver a full frame version of this
+that is actually using only this row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually using only this row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually using only this row of
+data over and over and over again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over and over and over again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over and over and over again right
+that's horribly unclear and I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horribly unclear and I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horribly unclear and I apologize
+but that's just about the best I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just about the best I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just about the best I can do
+the the point is that you can get past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that you can get past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that you can get past
+the limitations on spatial structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations on spatial structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations on spatial structure
+that this spectrometer generally has by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this spectrometer generally has by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this spectrometer generally has by
+scanning this thing and the the the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning this thing and the the the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning this thing and the the the y
+direction in this case and that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case and that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case and that's okay
+because we're planning on doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're planning on doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're planning on doing that
+anyway uh in these uh push broom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh in these uh push broom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh in these uh push broom
+architectures so we do that we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures so we do that we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures so we do that we get the
+uh the vertical direction we already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vertical direction we already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vertical direction we already had
+the horizontal Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal Direction
+and so you get the the two spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get the the two spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get the the two spatial
+degrees of freedom and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and you have your
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+the the upshot of this guy is it's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upshot of this guy is it's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upshot of this guy is it's uh it
+only throws away half the photons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only throws away half the photons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only throws away half the photons which
+for these things is actually pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things is actually pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things is actually pretty good
+uh and and that's pretty much it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's pretty much it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's pretty much it there
+is a little bit of reconstruction every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of reconstruction every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of reconstruction every
+point on this thing is actually created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on this thing is actually created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on this thing is actually created
+by taking a DOT product with the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking a DOT product with the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking a DOT product with the code
+but that's actually not that bad so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's actually not that bad so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's actually not that bad so so
+this thing's actually a pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's actually a pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's actually a pretty cool
+system this is in some sense kind of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is in some sense kind of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is in some sense kind of my
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+and and again going back to the comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again going back to the comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again going back to the comment
+that Mike made you know this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mike made you know this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mike made you know this can be
+thought of just as the simplest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of just as the simplest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of just as the simplest the
+previous one of a line which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one of a line which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one of a line which is just a
+boring chord that's right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring chord that's right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring chord that's right and the
+operation would be identical you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation would be identical you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation would be identical you would
+assume as if you didn't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume as if you didn't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume as if you didn't know what the
+code was I mean you didn't know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was I mean you didn't know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was I mean you didn't know that the
+code was so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was so simple
+and you would still do all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would still do all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would still do all the same
+operations except now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations except now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations except now instead of
+measuring multiple quantities at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring multiple quantities at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring multiple quantities at the
+same time we're actually measuring only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we're actually measuring only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we're actually measuring only
+one row I guess yeah so one row at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row I guess yeah so one row at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row I guess yeah so one row at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+yeah let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me let me
+let me try one more time this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try one more time this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try one more time this way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+if this thing were if every column had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing were if every column had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing were if every column had a
+uniform value here we're all pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform value here we're all pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform value here we're all pretty
+confident that this would work right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that this would work right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that this would work right the
+the head of our code does a good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of our code does a good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of our code does a good job of
+of allowing us to distinguish how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowing us to distinguish how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowing us to distinguish how much
+each column contributed to each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column contributed to each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each column contributed to each column
+on the sensor right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor right so
+that that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells us
+for a given column uh what came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given column uh what came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given column uh what came from
+what place in the code and what had what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what place in the code and what had what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what place in the code and what had what
+wavelength in the code so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in the code so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in the code so all right
+that's pretty straightforward the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward the only
+real trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real trick
+is what happens when it's not vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when it's not vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when it's not vertically
+uniform and that we can fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and that we can fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and that we can fake
+we can fake by sliding the in fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fake by sliding the in fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fake by sliding the in fact let's
+do it this way this is a much easier way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way this is a much easier way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it this way this is a much easier way
+to say this we've got some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this we've got some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this we've got some structure
+thing here and we're going to fake just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and we're going to fake just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and we're going to fake just
+a single frame that has uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single frame that has uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single frame that has uniform
+structure vertically how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure vertically how we're going to
+do that is I'm going to say that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is I'm going to say that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is I'm going to say that we are
+only interested in this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in this line
+as we're scanning the object past this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're scanning the object past this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're scanning the object past this
+thing when this line is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when this line is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when this line is here
+I'm going to collect this row and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to collect this row and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to collect this row and I'm
+going to ignore everything else a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore everything else a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ignore everything else a moment
+later when that line is up here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when that line is up here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when that line is up here I'm
+going to click this row and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to click this row and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to click this row and I'm going to
+ignore everything else and so on do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore everything else and so on do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore everything else and so on do that
+all the way up and one step at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up and one step at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up and one step at a time
+you construct exactly the frame that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct exactly the frame that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct exactly the frame that you
+would have if if the whole thing were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have if if the whole thing were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have if if the whole thing were
+uniform with with this line so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform with with this line so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform with with this line so that's
+how we fake it except we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we fake it except we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we fake it except we're not doing
+one line at a time we're doing the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line at a time we're doing the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line at a time we're doing the whole
+thing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this uh this guy does a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this uh this guy does a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this uh this guy does a pretty
+good job and it's pretty and as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job and it's pretty and as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job and it's pretty and as you'll
+see over over and over again this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over over and over again this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over over and over again this trick
+is constantly being used of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly being used of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constantly being used of taking
+linear combination of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of multiple
+quantities right because we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right because we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right because we want to make
+the photon efficiency go as close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon efficiency go as close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon efficiency go as close to
+half as well this is a big factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as well this is a big factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as well this is a big factor here
+the photon efficiency because the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon efficiency because the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon efficiency because the main
+problem with those two baselines is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with those two baselines is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with those two baselines is they
+both have lousy Photon efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have lousy Photon efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have lousy Photon efficiency
+all right uh yeah so that's it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh yeah so that's it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh yeah so that's it I think
+I've already talked about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already talked about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already talked about all this stuff
+so uh this is the Reconstruction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is the Reconstruction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is the Reconstruction the
+scanning options by the way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning options by the way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning options by the way we can
+either uh move the move the scene over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh move the move the scene over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh move the move the scene over
+the code like with the airplane moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code like with the airplane moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code like with the airplane moving
+or we can circularly scan the code uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can circularly scan the code uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can circularly scan the code uh
+and in a certain snapshotty kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a certain snapshotty kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a certain snapshotty kind of way
+and then it's just point the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's just point the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's just point the camera
+nothing moves but the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is uh out of the same group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh out of the same group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh out of the same group
+so by the way my my notation here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way my my notation here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way my my notation here is the
+person in parentheses is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in parentheses is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in parentheses is the the
+professor in the group and the the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the group and the the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the group and the the name
+in front is the person who did all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front is the person who did all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front is the person who did all the
+work okay that's right that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that's right that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that's right that's right so
+it's you know for the real person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know for the real person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know for the real person and
+then parenthetically don't forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then parenthetically don't forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then parenthetically don't forget about
+this gift uh he paid for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gift uh he paid for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gift uh he paid for it so
+um so so this is a sort of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this is a sort of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this is a sort of a similar
+architecture in some ways uh in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in some ways uh in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in some ways uh in in this
+case we do the same thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I thought I was on the wrong one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I was on the wrong one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I was on the wrong one so so
+this is exactly the same piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the same piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the same piece of
+Hardware all right so I'm it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware all right so I'm it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware all right so I'm it's this is
+going to take much less time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take much less time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take much less time because
+everything I told you about before uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I told you about before uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I told you about before uh is
+completely true here except for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true here except for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true here except for one
+thing uh we're not going to move it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we're not going to move it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we're not going to move it one
+line at a time and take every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at a time and take every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at a time and take every
+measurement we're going to take fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we're going to take fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we're going to take fewer
+measurements how many fewer it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements how many fewer it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements how many fewer it's up to
+you so in this case we know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in this case we know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so in this case we know that we
+don't have enough information to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information to fully
+reconstruct all of the the full data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct all of the the full data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct all of the the full data
+queue so we're going to use some clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue so we're going to use some clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue so we're going to use some clever
+algorithmic tricks and that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic tricks and that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic tricks and that's where this
+horrible scaling comes in to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible scaling comes in to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible scaling comes in to try to
+reconstruct that full data queue all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct that full data queue all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct that full data queue all
+right so you you guys haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you guys haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you guys haven't talked
+about compressive sensing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about compressive sensing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about compressive sensing I'm going to
+give you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my
+one minute version of compressive sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute version of compressive sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute version of compressive sensor
+you have some linear algebra problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some linear algebra problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some linear algebra problem
+here where you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you've got
+some big 1G vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big 1G vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big 1G vector
+and you're going to operate on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to operate on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to operate on it
+with some non-square Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some non-square Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some non-square Matrix
+that would be handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be handy
+cool I can't erase very well either so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I can't erase very well either so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I can't erase very well either so
+okay apologies for that let me try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh all right so so this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh all right so so this is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh all right so so this is as
+complicated as my little diagram gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as my little diagram gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as my little diagram gets
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have some number of parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some number of parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some number of parameters that
+describe a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a scene
+and we have some Matrix that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some Matrix that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some Matrix that is
+performing an operation on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing an operation on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing an operation on that
+and as a result we have some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result we have some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result we have some number of
+measurements if this guy is not square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if this guy is not square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if this guy is not square
+and in particular if it is wider than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if it is wider than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if it is wider than it
+is tall then the number of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tall then the number of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tall then the number of measurements
+we have is smaller than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is smaller than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is smaller than the number of
+object or number of parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or number of parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or number of parameters that
+fully describe the scene so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully describe the scene so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully describe the scene so this you
+know so so what what does this tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so so what what does this tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so so what what does this tell us
+in a traditional difference it's exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional difference it's exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional difference it's exact
+Square Matrix right the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Matrix right the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Matrix right the number of
+unknowns the number of knowns is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns the number of knowns is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns the number of knowns is equal
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and now we are fewer fewer measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are fewer fewer measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we are fewer fewer measurements
+than others so even if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I enter a linear algebra and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enter a linear algebra and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enter a linear algebra and of course
+that's right uh yeah it's an underton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right uh yeah it's an underton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right uh yeah it's an underton
+under the constraint or under determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the constraint or under determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the constraint or under determined
+right I know the thing you're capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know the thing you're capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I know the thing you're capturing
+on the right what's that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right what's that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right what's that you know the
+thing you're already captured we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're already captured we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're already captured we do not
+know it that's why we're doing this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it that's why we're doing this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it that's why we're doing this all
+right it's the unknown yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the unknown yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the unknown yeah so this is
+the scene this is the world and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene this is the world and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene this is the world and this is
+the data that our camera in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that our camera in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that our camera in this case
+fits out so our goal is to from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits out so our goal is to from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits out so our goal is to from these
+measurements figure out what this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements figure out what this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements figure out what this thing
+was we do know this Matrix I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we do know this Matrix I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we do know this Matrix I mean I'm
+not it doesn't matter what the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't matter what the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't matter what the structure
+is at the moment but in general doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the moment but in general doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the moment but in general doing
+these problems you do know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you do know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you do know what this
+Matrix is and you have your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is and you have your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is and you have your measurement
+but you're trying to to get back at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're trying to to get back at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're trying to to get back at this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+all right so this is an underdetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is an underdetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is an underdetermined
+problem right and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right and there are many
+algorithmic approaches to estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic approaches to estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic approaches to estimating
+this uh and you know there's anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and you know there's anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and you know there's anybody
+who's ever used like a uh more Penrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever used like a uh more Penrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever used like a uh more Penrose
+uh pseudo-inverse you can you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pseudo-inverse you can you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pseudo-inverse you can you can try
+and invert this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invert this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invert this thing and
+then with that this guy will give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that this guy will give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that this guy will give you an
+estimate of this in general it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of this in general it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of this in general it won't be
+that good it depends on the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good it depends on the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good it depends on the details
+but there's this and this that's as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this and this that's as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's this and this that's as much
+detail as I'm really going to go into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as I'm really going to go into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as I'm really going to go into uh
+there's a relatively new discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively new discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively new discipline
+called compressive sensing compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compressive sensing compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compressive sensing compressive
+sensing which is devoted to finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing which is devoted to finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing which is devoted to finding
+better ways to to to do this in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways to to to do this in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways to to to do this in general
+they assume you have control over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assume you have control over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assume you have control over the
+nature of this Matrix but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this Matrix but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this Matrix but the idea is
+that you're going to collect far fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to collect far fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to collect far fewer
+measurements than what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements than what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements than what you're trying to
+reconstruct and the the basic way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct and the the basic way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct and the the basic way that
+they do that is by using algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that is by using algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that is by using algorithms that
+assume something about the object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume something about the object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume something about the object and
+the thing that they generally assume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that they generally assume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that they generally assume is
+sparsity in some domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity in some domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity in some domain
+so for example if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you're looking at
+stars at night you can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars at night you can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars at night you can assume that
+compared to the number of pixels we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of pixels we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of pixels we
+don't have that many stocks most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that many stocks most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that many stocks most of the
+pixels are black only a few of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels are black only a few of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels are black only a few of them are
+going to be white so if you get lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be white so if you get lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be white so if you get lots of
+blurry stuff you can generally assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry stuff you can generally assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry stuff you can generally assume
+that you know in a very simple case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a very simple case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a very simple case in
+the center of each floor you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of each floor you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of each floor you've got a
+single star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single star
+in in more General Imaging applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in more General Imaging applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in more General Imaging applications
+you can assume that the object is far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that the object is far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that the object is far to
+say in the wavelet domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the wavelet domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the wavelet domain
+we don't have white noise but we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have white noise but we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have white noise but we've got
+you know nice round faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice round faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nice round faces and
+eyes and hair and that sort of thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and hair and that sort of thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and hair and that sort of thing and
+if wavelets didn't work so well then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if wavelets didn't work so well then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if wavelets didn't work so well then we
+wouldn't using them for 2000 and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't using them for 2000 and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't using them for 2000 and other
+other things like that so if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that so if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that so if you assume
+the thing is sparse in some domain then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is sparse in some domain then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is sparse in some domain then
+you can generally do quite a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generally do quite a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generally do quite a lot better
+in terms of reconstructing this guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reconstructing this guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of reconstructing this guy so
+that's the basic idea you design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea you design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea you design this
+thing well and then you reconstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well and then you reconstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well and then you reconstructed
+these clever algorithms assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clever algorithms assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clever algorithms assuming
+sparsity to get the original object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity to get the original object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity to get the original object
+any questions on that really really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that really really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that really really fast
+intro that was good compressive sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro that was good compressive sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro that was good compressive sensing
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+so that's where this lousy scaling comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this lousy scaling comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this lousy scaling comes
+from unfortunately the the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from unfortunately the the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from unfortunately the the algorithms
+typically used for compressive sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically used for compressive sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically used for compressive sensing
+are not especially fast uh they scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not especially fast uh they scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not especially fast uh they scale
+badly with a number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly with a number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly with a number of points
+so what this guy does is it it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this guy does is it it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this guy does is it it using the
+same Hardware we were just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hardware we were just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hardware we were just talking about
+we can take a compressive measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take a compressive measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take a compressive measurement
+where we simply don't scan as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we simply don't scan as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we simply don't scan as much as we
+might like to the signals get mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like to the signals get mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like to the signals get mixed
+together in a way that we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that we cannot
+uniquely unscramble them but using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely unscramble them but using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely unscramble them but using these
+approaches assuming sparsity and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches assuming sparsity and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches assuming sparsity and whatnot
+we can we can do a pretty decent job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can do a pretty decent job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can do a pretty decent job
+um again this is a good example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is a good example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is a good example where
+I'm not talking about image quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about image quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about image quality
+because you know there are problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there are problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there are problems with
+it but there's no easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there's no easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but there's no easy way to
+characterize it and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it and compare
+okay uh let's move on so this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on so this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on so this is a this
+is a similar one of the same group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar one of the same group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar one of the same group uh
+I'm not going to dwell on this too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to dwell on this too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to dwell on this too much
+the architecture is uh will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture is uh will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture is uh will feel
+familiar in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar in this case we
+image let me make sure I get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image let me make sure I get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image let me make sure I get this right
+now so so we go through like a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so we go through like a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so we go through like a standard
+spectrometer except put our now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer except put our now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer except put our now we have
+our code here and then we go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code here and then we go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code here and then we go through a
+completely identical grading and lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identical grading and lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely identical grading and lens
+formation to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to basically
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+this wavelength smearing that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength smearing that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavelength smearing that we had
+before so it'll be good optically so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it'll be good optically so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it'll be good optically so for
+example if we just removed this coated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we just removed this coated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we just removed this coated
+aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+and just left it open left you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just left it open left you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just left it open left you know
+nothing in that space then what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in that space then what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in that space then what we would
+get at the end here would just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end here would just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the end here would just be a
+normal picture that is this this grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal picture that is this this grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal picture that is this this grading
+separates the wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates the wavelengths
+and this grating puts them back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this grating puts them back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this grating puts them back together
+again all right this would do absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right this would do absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right this would do absolutely
+nothing but take a nice normal grayscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but take a nice normal grayscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but take a nice normal grayscale
+picture what changes things up is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what changes things up is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what changes things up is that
+we have this coated aperture in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this coated aperture in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this coated aperture in there
+and it's there it's in there in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there it's in there in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's there it's in there in an
+interesting place it's in there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place it's in there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting place it's in there where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the spatial and spectral information has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial and spectral information has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial and spectral information has
+been mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mixed
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+some wavelengths have been shifted more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wavelengths have been shifted more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wavelengths have been shifted more
+than others and so things get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and so things get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and so things get all
+scrambled up and then put back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled up and then put back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled up and then put back together
+so what happens is and again maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is and again maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is and again maybe we
+can kill those fluorescents again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill those fluorescents again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill those fluorescents again
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+thank you we so this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you we so this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you we so this is a little bit
+hard to see but you have what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but you have what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but you have what looks like
+a relatively normal picture here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively normal picture here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively normal picture here except
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+at different pixels you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different pixels you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different pixels you have different
+uh codes that have been applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh codes that have been applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh codes that have been applied to the
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+so uh yeah so so you can and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah so so you can and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah so so you can and again
+decode uh on the back end to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode uh on the back end to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode uh on the back end to reconstruct
+the image this is also a compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image this is also a compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image this is also a compressive
+sensing problem uh it's half Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing problem uh it's half Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing problem uh it's half Photon
+efficient and again which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and again which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and again which is going to
+sound familiar if you hear more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar if you hear more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar if you hear more about
+this coded aperture stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coded aperture stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coded aperture stuff uh
+because you you know roughly half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know roughly half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know roughly half of
+these guys are closed it's compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are closed it's compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are closed it's compressive
+in that you take a single spatial shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you take a single spatial shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you take a single spatial shot
+and that's got all of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got all of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's got all of the information
+you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in
+so we can compare these guys a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compare these guys a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compare these guys a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+um in terms of how they work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of how they work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of how they work for
+if we look at the same scene for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the same scene for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the same scene for both of
+these and this is intended to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and this is intended to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and this is intended to be three
+colors uh some red color some green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh some red color some green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh some red color some green
+color and some blue color with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and some blue color with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and some blue color with a little
+bit of overlap in between uh as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of overlap in between uh as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of overlap in between uh as uh
+the in the single disperser uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the single disperser uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the single disperser uh this
+thing gets modulated by The Mask before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets modulated by The Mask before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets modulated by The Mask before
+any shifting in the Dual disperser you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shifting in the Dual disperser you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shifting in the Dual disperser you
+shift first and then modulate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift first and then modulate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift first and then modulate and then
+in the Dual disperser you put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dual disperser you put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dual disperser you put things
+back together and the single disperser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and the single disperser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together and the single disperser
+you modulate and then and then shift so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modulate and then and then shift so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modulate and then and then shift so
+this is just sort of giving you a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sort of giving you a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sort of giving you a feel
+for how things are mixed together go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how things are mixed together go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how things are mixed together go on
+to the next one some of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one some of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one some of this the
+implications of that are if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that are if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that are if you have
+three white uh sources in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three white uh sources in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three white uh sources in this case
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the Dual disperser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual disperser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dual disperser
+because you split them up first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you split them up first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you split them up first and then
+modulate you might lose some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate you might lose some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate you might lose some of the
+color bands associated with the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color bands associated with the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color bands associated with the single
+point source right so so the the red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source right so so the the red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source right so so the the red and
+green for this point source surgery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green for this point source surgery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green for this point source surgery is
+gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+but the odds are that when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the odds are that when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the odds are that when you put
+something back together all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something back together all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something back together all three of
+those Point sources will be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Point sources will be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Point sources will be represented
+for the single disperser on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the single disperser on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the single disperser on the other
+hand because the modulation happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because the modulation happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because the modulation happens
+first in this uh in the image domain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in this uh in the image domain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in this uh in the image domain if
+if a point source happens to fall on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a point source happens to fall on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a point source happens to fall on a
+closed point in The Mask it's just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed point in The Mask it's just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed point in The Mask it's just gone
+tough luck the good news is you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough luck the good news is you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough luck the good news is you do
+retain better spectral information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain better spectral information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain better spectral information about
+the locations you do see so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations you do see so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations you do see so it's really
+just kind of a trade-off in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a trade-off in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a trade-off in terms of
+what information is higher priority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information is higher priority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information is higher priority to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and what works better for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what works better for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what works better for your
+application the last example same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the last example same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the last example same basic
+thing you lose spatial structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you lose spatial structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you lose spatial structure here
+but you get good spectral information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get good spectral information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get good spectral information
+here less spectral information but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here less spectral information but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here less spectral information but you
+still have a better idea of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a better idea of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a better idea of what the
+what the spatial structure looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spatial structure looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spatial structure looks like
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+what's next okay good so here's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's next okay good so here's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's next okay good so here's where
+the uh the tomography comes in so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the tomography comes in so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the tomography comes in so this
+is a another architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a another architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a another architecture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that works in a completely different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in a completely different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in a completely different way
+the the way this guy works is uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way this guy works is uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way this guy works is uh we're
+gonna have some sort of uh some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some sort of uh some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some sort of uh some sort of
+lens come through our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens come through our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens come through our uh
+our Imaging system collimate the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Imaging system collimate the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Imaging system collimate the light
+and then go through a diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go through a diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go through a diffraction
+grating okay now this is a specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating okay now this is a specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating okay now this is a specially
+created uh diffraction grating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh diffraction grating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created uh diffraction grating that
+scatters in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatters in many different
+two-dimensional directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional directions so
+uh yeah so well yes and no it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so well yes and no it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so well yes and no it's um
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+wow yeah it's hard to say exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow yeah it's hard to say exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow yeah it's hard to say exactly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+six directions but then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six directions but then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six directions but then you get
+combinations so this this is a this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so this this is a this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so this this is a this one
+here is a combination of this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a combination of this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a combination of this and that
+and this this is two orders of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is two orders of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is two orders of this
+thing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this
+one these six around here are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these six around here are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these six around here are the first
+orders of diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of diffraction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're gonna show those Services okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna show those Services okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna show those Services okay
+yeah so so think of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so think of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so think of one of these
+as this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this guy here
+see if we shine light at this you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we shine light at this you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we shine light at this you'll get
+a smear and as you rotate this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smear and as you rotate this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smear and as you rotate this guy
+this guy's other guys will show and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's other guys will show and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's other guys will show and
+actually orientation this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually orientation this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually orientation this one but
+imagine if there are final gratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if there are final gratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if there are final gratings
+that will smear even though actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will smear even though actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will smear even though actually
+what so I think what this is physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I think what this is physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so I think what this is physically
+is to take yeah I'll pass this around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take yeah I'll pass this around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take yeah I'll pass this around in
+just a moment if you took three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment if you took three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment if you took three of these
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+rotated them each 120 degrees from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated them each 120 degrees from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated them each 120 degrees from each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+this is basically what you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what you would get
+right so this is the scattering off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the scattering off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the scattering off of
+one of them go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them go for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them go for it
+we have a oh hey good oh I can I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a oh hey good oh I can I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a oh hey good oh I can I can do
+better than that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody just have a moment yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody just have a moment yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody just have a moment yeah that's
+true but you can get the idea okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but you can get the idea okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but you can get the idea okay good
+multiple orders here okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple orders here okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple orders here okay right so
+um so one of these that one is my zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one of these that one is my zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one of these that one is my zero
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+uh beam through this diffraction grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beam through this diffraction grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beam through this diffraction grading
+the middle one here yeah and and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one here yeah and and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one here yeah and and each of
+them going from one two three minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them going from one two three minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them going from one two three minus one
+minus two minus two right so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two minus two right so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two minus two right so what we're
+looking at here if we just had one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here if we just had one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here if we just had one of
+these guys we'd have zero one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we'd have zero one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we'd have zero one two and
+that the one and two are just nudging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one and two are just nudging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one and two are just nudging
+into each other that's it looks like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other that's it looks like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other that's it looks like one
+long one but it's actually two so zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long one but it's actually two so zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long one but it's actually two so zero
+one two negative one negative two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two negative one negative two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two negative one negative two so
+this is one two from a grading at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one two from a grading at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one two from a grading at this
+kind of angle uh this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of angle uh this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of angle uh this is almost
+certainly uh one from this and one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh one from this and one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh one from this and one from
+gradient that's at this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's at this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's at this angle
+so you get these uh these multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get these uh these multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get these uh these multiple
+gradings all on the same material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradings all on the same material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradings all on the same material and
+you get this sort of scattering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of scattering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sort of scattering in
+different angles we can pass that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles we can pass that around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles we can pass that around
+if people care to look at it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people care to look at it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people care to look at it again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and again if you just look at the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you just look at the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you just look at the world
+through this and it's zero rotate you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and it's zero rotate you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and it's zero rotate you'll
+see that the copies are shifted that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the copies are shifted that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the copies are shifted that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so all right now here's where the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right now here's where the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right now here's where the magic
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+what good does this do us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good does this do us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what good does this do us right
+so what think about what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what think about what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what think about what it means to
+smear these wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smear these wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smear these wavelengths
+and then let that life fall on a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let that life fall on a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let that life fall on a camera
+or on a sensor right we don't have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a sensor right we don't have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a sensor right we don't have just
+a single uh you know unidirectional beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single uh you know unidirectional beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single uh you know unidirectional beam
+here but we have an image right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we have an image right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we have an image right we have
+we have a scene that's being propagated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a scene that's being propagated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a scene that's being propagated
+through this thing and if we imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this thing and if we imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this thing and if we imagine the
+scene has multiple colors or multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has multiple colors or multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has multiple colors or multiple
+wavelengths it's you know it must if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths it's you know it must if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths it's you know it must if
+we're interested in it then what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in it then what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in it then what's going
+to happen is say a blue wavelength part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is say a blue wavelength part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is say a blue wavelength part
+of the scene and a red wavelength part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene and a red wavelength part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene and a red wavelength part
+of the scene which started out on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene which started out on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene which started out on top of
+each other are going to get shifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other are going to get shifted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other are going to get shifted and
+added together on the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together on the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together on the sensor
+okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+if we imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine
+uh the red let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the red let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the red let me
+okay we can maybe turn the lights back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can maybe turn the lights back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can maybe turn the lights back
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+imagine this is a red layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a red layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a red layer
+and now I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to take the
+blue layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue layer
+it's going to be shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and add it together right these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it together right these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it together right these two
+things are going to be shifted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be shifted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be shifted with
+respect to each other and added together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other and added together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other and added together
+that's another way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way to think about that
+um I'm going to draw my data Cube here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to draw my data Cube here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to draw my data Cube here
+which I've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I love to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love to draw
+there we go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is X
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda
+what is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a normal
+monochrome camera do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrome camera do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrome camera do
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it gives us a value so I'm representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a value so I'm representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a value so I'm representing
+the scene here right a normal monochrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene here right a normal monochrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene here right a normal monochrome
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+gives us the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the integral
+vertically through Lambda of that scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically through Lambda of that scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically through Lambda of that scene
+okay it just takes up takes all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just takes up takes all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just takes up takes all of the
+different values at every different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values at every different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values at every different
+Lambda adds them all together just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda adds them all together just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda adds them all together just gives
+us the total amount of power for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the total amount of power for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the total amount of power for all
+wavelengths in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the scene
+what our shift now does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our shift now does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our shift now does
+is it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integral along some line at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral along some line at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral along some line at some
+non-vertical angle which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-vertical angle which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-vertical angle which is the same
+concept as the light field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept as the light field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept as the light field for
+assignment yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment yeah
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+so for a single so if we measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a single so if we measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a single so if we measure this
+out here for example what we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here for example what we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here for example what we're getting
+is a full image made by many line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a full image made by many line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a full image made by many line
+integrals at some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals at some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals at some angle
+through this data queue right and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this data queue right and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this data queue right and now if
+we measure this one way out here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this one way out here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure this one way out here on the
+edge where things have been shipped a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge where things have been shipped a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge where things have been shipped a
+lot in the other direction that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the other direction that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the other direction that we get
+some very steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very steep
+line integrals in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals in the other direction
+okay and if this is starting to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if this is starting to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if this is starting to feel
+like tomography it should right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tomography it should right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tomography it should right because
+that's effectively exactly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's effectively exactly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's effectively exactly what we're
+doing here we are taking many line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here we are taking many line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here we are taking many line
+integrals through this through this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals through this through this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals through this through this data
+Cube at many different angles and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube at many different angles and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube at many different angles and we can
+use standard tomographic techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use standard tomographic techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use standard tomographic techniques to
+to reconstruct them let's just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct them let's just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct them let's just make sure
+everybody's um with that one yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's um with that one yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's um with that one yeah you
+see the analogy between x-ray tomography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the analogy between x-ray tomography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the analogy between x-ray tomography
+and what we have done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have done here
+the wacky thing is that this is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wacky thing is that this is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wacky thing is that this is no
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ahead or some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead or some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead or some physical
+three-dimensional object right it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional object right it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional object right it's no
+longer X Y and Z that are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer X Y and Z that are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer X Y and Z that are three
+dimensions in this case it's x y That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in this case it's x y That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in this case it's x y That's
+x y and Lambda okay and our path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and Lambda okay and our path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and Lambda okay and our path
+integrals are no longer density but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are no longer density but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are no longer density but
+they're just the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just the amount of energy
+represented by that x y and Lambda voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by that x y and Lambda voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by that x y and Lambda voxel
+all right mathematically completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right mathematically completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right mathematically completely
+identical right we're just taking PATH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right we're just taking PATH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right we're just taking PATH
+integrals through at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals through at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals through at a bunch of
+different angles we get enough of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles we get enough of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles we get enough of them
+we can reconstruct that entire data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reconstruct that entire data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reconstruct that entire data
+queue and if you have say you forgot how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and if you have say you forgot how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and if you have say you forgot how
+many was it 25 here roughly oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many was it 25 here roughly oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many was it 25 here roughly oh yeah
+let's say you have 25 such arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have 25 such arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have 25 such arrows here
+that corresponds to what in in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to what in in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to what in in an
+extraternography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goals it goes from 25 angles as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals it goes from 25 angles as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals it goes from 25 angles as if you
+put x-ray position one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put x-ray position one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put x-ray position one two three four
+five six one two three four whatever one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six one two three four whatever one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six one two three four whatever one
+two three four five one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five one two three four
+five one two three four five and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one two three four five and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one two three four five and you
+basically took those 25 projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took those 25 projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took those 25 projections
+that's exactly what this is which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what this is which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what this is which also
+means in terms of resolution what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of resolution what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of resolution what's
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+in terms of your sensor resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your sensor resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of your sensor resolution
+you're losing resolution by at least by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing resolution by at least by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing resolution by at least by
+a factor of 25 usually much more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 25 usually much more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 25 usually much more because
+you cannot back this guy's very tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot back this guy's very tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot back this guy's very tightly
+right yeah so that's that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so that's that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so that's that's one of the
+problems with this architecture is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this architecture is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this architecture is this
+is the sensor right this square box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sensor right this square box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sensor right this square box is
+the sensor uh and you can get some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor uh and you can get some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor uh and you can get some you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+12 14 megapixel sensor throw a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 14 megapixel sensor throw a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 14 megapixel sensor throw a lot of
+pixels at this thing but you're wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels at this thing but you're wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels at this thing but you're wasting
+a lot of them no lights ever falling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them no lights ever falling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them no lights ever falling on
+them and that's because you got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's because you got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's because you got to make
+sure that these don't overlap with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these don't overlap with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these don't overlap with each
+other that's a real problem so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's a real problem so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's a real problem so as a
+result you end up with dead space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you end up with dead space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you end up with dead space in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+uh well it's a very clever scheme it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's a very clever scheme it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's a very clever scheme it's a
+very Eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Eclipse
+when you think about how the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about how the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about how the world is
+being used for hyperspective Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for hyperspective Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for hyperspective Dimension
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do me a favor just flip through remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do me a favor just flip through remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do me a favor just flip through remind
+me what's left and I'll see if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what's left and I'll see if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what's left and I'll see if I don't
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+comments I'm not going to talk too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I'm not going to talk too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I'm not going to talk too much
+about yours right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yours right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the only one we didn't get to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only one we didn't get to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only one we didn't get to was
+Isis so there's yeah this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis so there's yeah this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis so there's yeah this is very
+similar to Cedars so that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Cedars so that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Cedars so that's not so
+interesting Isis and then the agile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Isis and then the agile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Isis and then the agile
+Spectrum which uh Anka talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum which uh Anka talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum which uh Anka talked about a
+little bit yeah but a lot actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yeah but a lot actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yeah but a lot actually more
+than I will I'm going to talk about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I will I'm going to talk about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I will I'm going to talk about it a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+so these I'll just say these two aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these I'll just say these two aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these I'll just say these two aren't
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+hyperspective or spectral imagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspective or spectral imagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspective or spectral imagers
+the gold there is not measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold there is not measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold there is not measuring
+the cube traditional Cube that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube traditional Cube that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube traditional Cube that's right
+so all of these are the images that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are the images that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are the images that your
+company developed or no no no this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company developed or no no no this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company developed or no no no this is a
+survey of uh academic literature okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of uh academic literature okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of uh academic literature okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we did uh Rourke did work on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did uh Rourke did work on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did uh Rourke did work on something
+that sort of could be a light field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of could be a light field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of could be a light field
+architecture that could be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that could be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that could be used as a
+spectral imager that didn't even get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager that didn't even get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral imager that didn't even get in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+I presented it a couple weeks ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I presented it a couple weeks ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I presented it a couple weeks ago so
+yeah you've seen it other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've seen it other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've seen it other ways
+so your assignment number four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your assignment number four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your assignment number four is
+multifactual Imaging and uh we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifactual Imaging and uh we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifactual Imaging and uh we won't be
+building Hardware because that takes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Hardware because that takes too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Hardware because that takes too
+long uh but we'll give you a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh but we'll give you a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long uh but we'll give you a data set
+that has 32 channels 10 Micro 10 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 32 channels 10 Micro 10 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 32 channels 10 Micro 10 microns
+each for flowers and people and beer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each for flowers and people and beer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each for flowers and people and beer and
+so on and then we'll do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and then we'll do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and then we'll do something like
+what Ankit was saying where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Ankit was saying where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Ankit was saying where this
+refusing standard RGB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing standard RGB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing standard RGB
+a color response you will be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color response you will be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color response you will be allowed to
+mix and match those spectrums and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match those spectrums and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match those spectrums and create
+interesting images so this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting images so this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting images so this should be a
+little simple assignment because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple assignment because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple assignment because you're
+simply adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply adding up
+statute images and creating the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute images and creating the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute images and creating the free
+Channel image at the end but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel image at the end but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel image at the end but hopefully
+it'll get you uh intrigued about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get you uh intrigued about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get you uh intrigued about how
+different things look in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things look in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things look in different
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+so uh the assignment number four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the assignment number four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the assignment number four is
+actually open ended this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually open ended this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually open ended this is just a
+suggestion if you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion if you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion if you want to do something
+very simple something that takes no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple something that takes no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple something that takes no more
+than six hours to do proposed to me as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six hours to do proposed to me as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six hours to do proposed to me as
+well we we can support that as your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we can support that as your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we can support that as your work
+assignment or if you don't want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or if you don't want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or if you don't want to think
+too much then you can just do this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much then you can just do this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much then you can just do this well
+and focus your Creative Energy towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus your Creative Energy towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus your Creative Energy towards
+the final project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project
+so next week we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next week we have a
+we'll be talking more about scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about scientific
+Imaging microscopy tomography we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging microscopy tomography we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging microscopy tomography we did it
+with a slightly opposite sequence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slightly opposite sequence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slightly opposite sequence we
+wanted to do the tomography first but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do the tomography first but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do the tomography first but
+hopefully now you already have some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now you already have some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now you already have some idea
+uh the convolution and so on uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the convolution and so on uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the convolution and so on uh that's
+what we'll talk about next week and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about next week and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about next week and we
+also have a a guest speaker and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a a guest speaker and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a a guest speaker and then
+we'll do very brief overview for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do very brief overview for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do very brief overview for the
+exam of the 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam of the 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam of the 13th
+which is open book open laptop open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is open book open laptop open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is open book open laptop open
+everything so you're not going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you're not going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so you're not going to study
+for it you should really be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you should really be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you should really be focusing on
+your final project right now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HAajO6u2of4.txt b/HAajO6u2of4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46756e49952b2ad34a0ea97959b9dccd6e9ef9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HAajO6u2of4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would begin my analysis or approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would begin my analysis or approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would begin my analysis or approach
+from the perspective of power rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of power rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of power rather
+than deliberation or negotiation per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than deliberation or negotiation per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than deliberation or negotiation per se
+from there I would ask how deliberation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there I would ask how deliberation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there I would ask how deliberation
+might be related to the power structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be related to the power structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be related to the power structure
+of the metropolitan area itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metropolitan area itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metropolitan area itself a
+product of unequal power relations among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of unequal power relations among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of unequal power relations among
+different socioeconomic groups Rich from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different socioeconomic groups Rich from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different socioeconomic groups Rich from
+Rich to poor so would not expect an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich to poor so would not expect an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich to poor so would not expect an
+alternative dispute resolution process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative dispute resolution process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative dispute resolution process
+to be able to do much outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do much outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do much outside of the
+Exton distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exton distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exton distribution of
+power employed by the uh Metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power employed by the uh Metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power employed by the uh Metropolitan
+Authority representing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority representing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority representing this
+configuration of power the mediator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of power the mediator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of power the mediator's
+options would be politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options would be politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options would be politically
+constrained you must go where they live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained you must go where they live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained you must go where they live
+so they do the meeting in their places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do the meeting in their places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do the meeting in their places
+where they feel a tease and you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they feel a tease and you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they feel a tease and you feel
+unease and you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unease and you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unease and you feel
+embarrassed because you can stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed because you can stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed because you can stand
+feeling embarrassed well they cannot if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling embarrassed well they cannot if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling embarrassed well they cannot if
+they come in an office everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in an office everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in an office everything is
+very strange the power is all in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange the power is all in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange the power is all in your
+hands so you must that is the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so you must that is the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so you must that is the first step
+it is very simple but it is not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very simple but it is not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very simple but it is not done
+usually so the civil servants and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so the civil servants and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so the civil servants and people
+who work in the public administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the public administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the public administration
+must learn that they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must learn that they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must learn that they can do
+meetings in those neighborhood those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in those neighborhood those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in those neighborhood those
+places where these people live and drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where these people live and drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where these people live and drink
+coffee with them and be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee with them and be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee with them and be their
+guests because that starts to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests because that starts to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests because that starts to create
+possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of
+trust so this is the first thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust so this is the first thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust so this is the first thing which
+is very important it would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important it would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important it would change
+completely the way the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the way the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the way the public
+administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+works I think think that the right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I think think that the right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I think think that the right here
+is extremely important the fair share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important the fair share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely important the fair share
+law creates the right that creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law creates the right that creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law creates the right that creates a
+conflict or the occasion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict or the occasion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict or the occasion for
+deliberation otherwise without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation otherwise without that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation otherwise without that
+right you just have Injustice without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just have Injustice without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just have Injustice without
+conflict and no occasion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and no occasion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and no occasion for
+deliberation so I think the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation so I think the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation so I think the easiest
+thing you can do to equalize things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do to equalize things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do to equalize things is
+strengthen the ability of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the ability of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the ability of these people
+to sue Suburban governments
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HJGwmvpZOyI.txt b/HJGwmvpZOyI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e3f97b02e4bdc299513043e6e98d0887908c78e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HJGwmvpZOyI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will see how we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will see how we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will see how we can add
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+that we want to add a variable to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to add a variable to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to add a variable to our
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+if the food has higher sodium than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the food has higher sodium than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the food has higher sodium than
+average and zero if the food has lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and zero if the food has lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and zero if the food has lower
+sodium than average let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium than average let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium than average let's do this
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+sodium compared to the average we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium compared to the average we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium compared to the average we can
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+in the sodium vector using the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sodium vector using the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sodium vector using the square
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+forget to remove the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+50th food well let's go back using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50th food well let's go back using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50th food well let's go back using the
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+that the first food has higher sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first food has higher sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first food has higher sodium
+content than average and the 50th food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average and the 50th food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average and the 50th food
+has lower sodium content than average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower sodium content than average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower sodium content than average
+now we can write the same command but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the same command but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the same command but on
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+about instead we just save the output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead we just save the output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead we just save the output to
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+sodium and now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and now let's look at the
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+indeed has all these values true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed has all these values true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed has all these values true and
+false which are called logicals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false which are called logicals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false which are called logicals so
+basically the type of the high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type of the high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type of the high sodium
+vector is logical but remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is logical but remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is logical but remember we said
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+instead of true we want one and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of true we want one and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of true we want one and instead
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+do this we need to change the data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we need to change the data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we need to change the data type
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+this using the as the numeric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the as the numeric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the as the numeric function
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+in close this logical expression by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close this logical expression by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close this logical expression by the
+as the numeric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numeric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numeric function
+so as numeric and now look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as numeric and now look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as numeric and now look up the
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+that we turned it into a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we turned it into a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we turned it into a numerical
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+this vector high sodium is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector high sodium is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector high sodium is not
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+data frame well simply we need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame well simply we need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame well simply we need to use
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+twice to the command where we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to the command where we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to the command where we created
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+right now instead of just calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now instead of just calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now instead of just calling it
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+pressing enter and going and checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter and going and checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter and going and checking
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+see that we just added the high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we just added the high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we just added the high sodium
+variable that was not present before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was not present before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was not present before and
+it's a numerical variable with values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a numerical variable with values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a numerical variable with values
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+and add the variables high protein high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add the variables high protein high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add the variables high protein high
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+here sodium is replaced by protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sodium is replaced by protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sodium is replaced by protein and
+then we're going to call this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call this new
+variable high protein and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable high protein and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable high protein and do the same
+with total fat so instead of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total fat so instead of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total fat so instead of protein
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+place it here again and the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here again and the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here again and the variable
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+last variable that we want to add is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last variable that we want to add is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last variable that we want to add is
+called high carbs and now looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high carbs and now looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high carbs and now looking at
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+see that we successfully added these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we successfully added these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we successfully added these
+three new variables which are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new variables which are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new variables which are high
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+high fat and high carbs in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat and high carbs in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fat and high carbs in addition to
+the high sodium variable that we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium variable that we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium variable that we added
+previously so how can we now find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so how can we now find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so how can we now find
+relationships between these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these variables
+and also the original variables that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the original variables that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the original variables that we
+had in the USDA data frame well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the USDA data frame well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the USDA data frame well we're
+going to be using the table and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using the table and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using the table and the T
+apply functions in our next video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HaOHUfymsuk.txt b/HaOHUfymsuk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85e8fb2a4941059e6dd0379a3ccab51b0023b3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HaOHUfymsuk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation and this
+video what we'd like to do is to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video what we'd like to do is to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video what we'd like to do is to solve a
+certain differential equation and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain differential equation and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain differential equation and I'm
+not even giving you initial condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even giving you initial condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even giving you initial condition so
+we just want to find a y such that x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to find a y such that x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to find a y such that x *
+dydx is equal to x^2 + x * y^2 + 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is equal to x^2 + x * y^2 + 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx is equal to x^2 + x * y^2 + 1 so
+I'll give you a minute to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a minute to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a minute to think about it
+and then I'll be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I'm going to use the
+technique of separation of variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of separation of variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of separation of variables to
+solve this differential equation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this differential equation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this differential equation problem
+hopefully you thought about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you thought about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you thought about doing that
+as well because it's really set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because it's really set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because it's really set up
+nicely for a separation of variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely for a separation of variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely for a separation of variables so
+let me let me first get all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me first get all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me first get all of the
+values or all of the terms that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or all of the terms that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or all of the terms that involve
+y on the left hand side and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y on the left hand side and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y on the left hand side and then I'm
+going to move the DX to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move the DX to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move the DX to the right hand
+side and get all the terms that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and get all the terms that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and get all the terms that that
+involve x to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve x to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve x to the right hand side
+so I'm going to write Dy / y^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write Dy / y^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write Dy / y^2 +
+1 is equal to so I'm going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to so I'm going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to so I'm going to to
+multiply through by DX / X so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by DX / X so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by DX / X so I'm going
+to get x^2 + x overx DX now if x is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get x^2 + x overx DX now if x is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get x^2 + x overx DX now if x is zero
+I have a little problem but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little problem but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a little problem but we're going
+to ignore that for the moment so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore that for the moment so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore that for the moment so I can
+rewrite this as x + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as x + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as x + 1
+DX and now I'm totally set up with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm totally set up with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and now I'm totally set up with my
+with my next step in separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my next step in separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my next step in separation of
+variables and so I can integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so I can integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so I can integrate both
+sides so let's see what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so let's see what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so let's see what happens when I
+integrate the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the left hand
+side okay what is an anti-derivative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay what is an anti-derivative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay what is an anti-derivative to
+1 over y^2 + 1 well that's arctangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over y^2 + 1 well that's arctangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over y^2 + 1 well that's arctangent
+that's arctangent of Y so the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arctangent of Y so the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arctangent of Y so the derivative
+of arctangent of Y is 1 over y^2 + 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arctangent of Y is 1 over y^2 + 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arctangent of Y is 1 over y^2 + 1 and
+so on the left hand side I get arctan y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you if you wrote tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wrote tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you wrote tangent to the
+minus1 Y that's the same thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 Y that's the same thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 Y that's the same thing the
+inverse tangent of Y that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse tangent of Y that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse tangent of Y that's the same
+thing and on the right hand side what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and on the right hand side what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and on the right hand side what do
+I get well this is a nice easy easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get well this is a nice easy easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get well this is a nice easy easy
+thing to integrate and when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to integrate and when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to integrate and when I integrate
+x I get x^2 over two and here I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I get x^2 over two and here I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I get x^2 over two and here I just get
+an X and then I should add in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and then I should add in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and then I should add in my
+constant right so x^2 over 2 + x plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so x^2 over 2 + x plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so x^2 over 2 + x plus a
+constant so this is so far I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is so far I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this is so far I'm doing
+everything okay now I need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay now I need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay now I need to figure out
+how to isolate the Y well arctan Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to isolate the Y well arctan Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to isolate the Y well arctan Y is
+the inverse of the tangent function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the tangent function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the tangent function so
+if I want to isolate y I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to isolate y I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to isolate y I have to take
+the tangent of both sides so when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of both sides so when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of both sides so when I take
+tangent of arctangent of Y I just get Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of arctangent of Y I just get Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of arctangent of Y I just get Y
+and over here I get tangent of x^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here I get tangent of x^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here I get tangent of x^2 over
+2 + x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + x +
+C and now because I didn't give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now because I didn't give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now because I didn't give you any
+initial conditions we can't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions we can't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions we can't say anything
+about C but if I gave you some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C but if I gave you some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C but if I gave you some initial
+conditions then we could evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we could evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions then we could evaluate and
+solve for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for C
+now how do I go about checking to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I go about checking to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I go about checking to make
+sure that this works well what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this works well what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this works well what I do is I
+actually take the derivative so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the derivative so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the derivative so you may
+want to take the derivative of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the derivative of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the derivative of of the
+right hand side take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side take
+dydx evaluate what that is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx evaluate what that is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx evaluate what that is when you have
+when you have y equal tangent of X2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have y equal tangent of X2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have y equal tangent of X2 over
+2 plus X plus C and see if you in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus X plus C and see if you in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus X plus C and see if you in fact
+get the relationship you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the relationship you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the relationship you're supposed to
+get but I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ICMbb5ZIY1I.txt b/ICMbb5ZIY1I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd990c44552b516b4f19577c45c4310c666d102f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ICMbb5ZIY1I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents induced in a conducting shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents induced in a conducting shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents induced in a conducting shell
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+that tends to crush the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shell here again is edan's Boomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell here again is edan's Boomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell here again is edan's Boomer
+apparatus composed of the driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil and large capacitor bank with total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and large capacitor bank with total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and large capacitor bank with total
+capacitance of 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of 48
+microfarads the capacitor bank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarads the capacitor bank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarads the capacitor bank is
+charged to 4 kilovolt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discharging the capacitor into the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor into the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor into the coil
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+trigger generates a large transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger generates a large transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger generates a large transient
+current in the coil which in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the coil which in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the coil which in turn
+generates a large magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field currents induced in the thin foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field currents induced in the thin foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field currents induced in the thin foil
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field cause a radial inwards force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field cause a radial inwards force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field cause a radial inwards force on
+the cylinder but tends to crush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it let's see that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this time constant in mind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this time constant in mind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this time constant in mind let's
+see what the actual fields are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the actual fields are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the actual fields are because
+this is a single shot experiment we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single shot experiment we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single shot experiment we use
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+store measured wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store measured wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store measured wave
+forms we use this current probe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we use this current probe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we use this current probe to
+record the current in the coil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the current in the coil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the current in the coil in the
+upper oscilloscope Trace its gain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper oscilloscope Trace its gain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper oscilloscope Trace its gain has
+been adjusted to 500 amps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted to 500 amps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted to 500 amps per
+centimeter this small 200 turn coil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter this small 200 turn coil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter this small 200 turn coil is
+placed just above the driver coil to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed just above the driver coil to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed just above the driver coil to
+record the time derivative of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the time derivative of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the time derivative of magnetic
+flux on the lower oscilloscope Trace we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux on the lower oscilloscope Trace we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux on the lower oscilloscope Trace we
+charge the capacitor to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kts as we discharge the capacitor Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kts as we discharge the capacitor Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kts as we discharge the capacitor Bank
+we record the current oscillations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we record the current oscillations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we record the current oscillations in
+the driver coil on the upper scope trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver coil on the upper scope trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver coil on the upper scope trace
+and the time derivative of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time derivative of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time derivative of the magnetic
+flux on the lower scope Trace we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux on the lower scope Trace we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux on the lower scope Trace we see
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+an RLC circuit for our circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RLC circuit for our circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RLC circuit for our circuit
+parameters the frequency of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the frequency of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the frequency of oscillation
+is about 4 khz we store these waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 4 khz we store these waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 4 khz we store these waveforms
+and reset the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reset the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reset the scope
+trigger we now place the foil cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger we now place the foil cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger we now place the foil cylinder
+around the magnetic flux sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil remember the upper Trace records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil remember the upper Trace records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil remember the upper Trace records
+the driver coil current which imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver coil current which imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver coil current which imposes
+the magnetic field while the lower Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field while the lower Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field while the lower Trace
+records the sensing coil signal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the sensing coil signal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the sensing coil signal now
+inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the
+cylinder we see that to drive a coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder we see that to drive a coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder we see that to drive a coil
+current waveform has diminished somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform has diminished somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current waveform has diminished somewhat
+but that the sensing coil waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the sensing coil waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that the sensing coil waveform
+within the foil cylinder has decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the foil cylinder has decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the foil cylinder has decreased
+even more the magnetic field has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more the magnetic field has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more the magnetic field has been
+shielded out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cylinder let's measure the field inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder let's measure the field inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder let's measure the field inside
+another aluminum cylinder that is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aluminum cylinder that is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aluminum cylinder that is about
+100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 times
+thicker the bottom scope Trace shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker the bottom scope Trace shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker the bottom scope Trace shows the
+field without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field without the
+cylinder let's reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder let's reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder let's reset the
+scope and put the thick cylinder around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and put the thick cylinder around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and put the thick cylinder around
+the sensing coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing coil
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the new lower Trace is essentially zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new lower Trace is essentially zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new lower Trace is essentially zero
+for a mega toam of order 100 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mega toam of order 100 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mega toam of order 100 the
+magnetic field inside the cylinder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field inside the cylinder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field inside the cylinder is
+greatly reduced
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ICNNwjUcc-E.txt b/ICNNwjUcc-E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fc9f1759e04dea93a11faca7691ad9f394a8e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ICNNwjUcc-E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay I had told some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I had told some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I had told some of you
+that there would be a quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today I I won't give the quiz because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I I won't give the quiz because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I I won't give the quiz because I
+didn't announce it online but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't announce it online but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't announce it online but I would
+like you to take it anyway take uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to take it anyway take uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to take it anyway take uh and
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+own benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own benefit
+uh so I won't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I won't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I won't count
+uh I just want you to see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just want you to see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just want you to see if you can
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+down the names of the 12 traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the names of the 12 traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the names of the 12 traditionally
+named cranial nerves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named cranial nerves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named cranial nerves for
+human I want you to see if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human I want you to see if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human I want you to see if what you
+remember just number them 1 through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just number them 1 through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just number them 1 through 12
+and see if you remember their names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you remember their names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you remember their names
+and see if you know which ones are mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you know which ones are mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you know which ones are mixed
+nerve which ones are purely motor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve which ones are purely motor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve which ones are purely motor which
+ones are purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are purely
+sensory just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory just try
+it just take a few minutes try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you're not in class and you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not in class and you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not in class and you're at
+home listening to this I would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home listening to this I would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home listening to this I would still
+like you to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you're home you can let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're home you can let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're home you can let me know
+by email how many of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got do you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pneumonic on on Old Olympus towering top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonic on on Old Olympus towering top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonic on on Old Olympus towering top
+a Finn and German viewed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hops I don't know why but I can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops I don't know why but I can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops I don't know why but I can remember
+that pneumonic better than I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pneumonic better than I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pneumonic better than I can
+remember at least when I was learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at least when I was learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at least when I was learning
+them I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that on Old Olympus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Old Olympus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Old Olympus
+towering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towering
+top a Finn and German viewed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hops so use all the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what write it yeah just write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what write it yeah just write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what write it yeah just write these
+first letters on Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Olympus oh oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympus oh oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olympus oh oh oh
+then towering talk so o o o t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then towering talk so o o o t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then towering talk so o o o t
+t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t a
+fin so a and f a fin and ger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin so a and f a fin and ger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin so a and f a fin and ger and
+German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German
+viewed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a there is a table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a there is a table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a there is a table in
+the book which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book which you can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+uh obviously that occurs in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously that occurs in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously that occurs in those
+earlier chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier chapters
+but I keep referring to cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep referring to cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep referring to cranial
+nerves throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book how many of them how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book how many of them how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book how many of them how many of you
+think you could name all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could name all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could name all of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh factory optic ocula motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh factory optic ocula motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh factory optic ocula motor
+trolear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trigeminal abducent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal abducent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal abducent
+it's a it's an ocular motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nerve say give 10 11 and 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+first Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vegas
+nerve spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve spinal
+accessory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessory okay
+excellent now you need to know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent now you need to know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent now you need to know just
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+there there are a few purely motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few purely motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a few purely motor
+ones somatic motor the ocular motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones somatic motor the ocular motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones somatic motor the ocular motor
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+nerves and the the one controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and the the one controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and the the one controlling the
+tongue glossal nerve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue glossal nerve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue glossal nerve and
+the sorry not the glossal but the uh pip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course there's several purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's several purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's several purely
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+nerves the others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the others are
+mixed and the mixed nerves always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and the mixed nerves always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and the mixed nerves always
+have they're they're ATT where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they're they're ATT where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they're they're ATT where they come
+in join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in join the
+brain sort of in that middle region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain sort of in that middle region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain sort of in that middle region
+whereas the purely sensory ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the purely sensory ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the purely sensory ones in the
+hind brain are like dorsal Roots they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain are like dorsal Roots they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain are like dorsal Roots they
+come in dorsally purely motor ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in dorsally purely motor ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in dorsally purely motor ones are
+like ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roots except the trolear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots except the trolear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots except the trolear
+actually doesn't actually leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't actually leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't actually leave the
+cranium eventually it it it comes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranium eventually it it it comes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranium eventually it it it comes around
+comes up between the cerebellum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up between the cerebellum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up between the cerebellum and the
+inferior calculus and exits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's very useful to know these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very useful to know these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very useful to know these and
+the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuroanatomy all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh throughout the book I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout the book I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughout the book I've
+emphasized these two structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized these two structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized these two structures the
+medial Pion and Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial Pion and Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial Pion and Corpus
+striatum the early striatum was mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum the early striatum was mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum the early striatum was mainly
+an old factory structure but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old factory structure but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old factory structure but the
+striatum provided the link to motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems and that's still true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's still true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that's still true of the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+striatum except it's not just old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum except it's not just old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum except it's not just old
+factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+anymore the other system was the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the other system was the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the other system was the medial
+pallum which as you probably remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum which as you probably remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum which as you probably remember is
+the hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal
+formation uh but what did I suggest was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation uh but what did I suggest was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation uh but what did I suggest was
+even very early was the the role the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very early was the the role the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very early was the the role the
+major role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major role of
+these they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they both
+concern learning but different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern learning but different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern learning but different types of
+learning and you could see the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and you could see the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and you could see the entire
+neocortex organized around these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex organized around these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex organized around these two
+systems two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems two types of
+learning because cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because cortical
+areas many cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas many cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas many cortical
+areas have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas have
+projections that go to towards one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections that go to towards one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections that go to towards one or
+the other of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures so what is this Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so what is this Statum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so what is this Statum
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning it's always sensory motor kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's always sensory motor kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's always sensory motor kinds
+of sensory motor habits of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensory motor habits of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensory motor habits of various
+sorts but now we think it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts but now we think it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts but now we think it's much more
+than sensory motor in higher primates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sensory motor in higher primates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sensory motor in higher primates I
+think it's probably habits of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably habits of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably habits of thought
+habits of even feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a habit of feeling is something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a habit of feeling is something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a habit of feeling is something like a
+Prejudice so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice so your
+prejudices probably depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prejudices probably depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prejudices probably depend on
+connections that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that have been
+learned and the changes occurred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and the changes occurred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and the changes occurred in
+that parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parts of this
+trium and what about the medial pum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium and what about the medial pum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium and what about the medial pum or
+hpoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoc
+campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus
+originally a type of memory though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a type of memory though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a type of memory though
+because what we just talked about is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we just talked about is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we just talked about is all
+memory too habit memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory spatial memories where we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory spatial memories where we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory spatial memories where we are in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment episodic memory came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment episodic memory came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment episodic memory came out of
+this and yes it's become important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and yes it's become important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and yes it's become important for
+navigating our cognitive space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating our cognitive space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating our cognitive space
+our social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our social
+space our imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space our imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space our imaginary
+spaces but that's not how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces but that's not how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces but that's not how it
+originated it all evolved out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated it all evolved out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated it all evolved out of the
+system for navigating the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for navigating the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for navigating the world and
+remembering the good being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering the good being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering the good being able to
+remember good places and bad places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember good places and bad places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember good places and bad places and
+that required a somewhat different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required a somewhat different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required a somewhat different kind
+of learning different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning different kinds of
+algorithms had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms had to
+evolve to underly those two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve to underly those two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve to underly those two kinds of
+memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+okay and then why did dorsal and ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then why did dorsal and ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then why did dorsal and ventral
+parts of the Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+segregate what was the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event I said it was a factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+originally and that became ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stri so that should tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stri so that should tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stri so that should tell you what
+happened other sens other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened other sens other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened other sens other
+senses projected mostly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses projected mostly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses projected mostly through the
+thalamus into the Statum also and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus into the Statum also and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus into the Statum also and they
+took advantage of that ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form to change connections that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to change connections that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to change connections that became
+habits obviously we don't just form old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits obviously we don't just form old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits obviously we don't just form old
+factory habits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form visual motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form visual motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form visual motor
+habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits
+think of the sports you learn think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the sports you learn think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the sports you learn think of
+simpler things like riding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bicycle various things you learn when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle various things you learn when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle various things you learn when
+you're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing
+up learning how to throw a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up learning how to throw a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up learning how to throw a baseball
+properly learning how to hit a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly learning how to hit a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly learning how to hit a baseball
+all these things in sports but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things in sports but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things in sports but many
+things that we don't even think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't even think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't even think about
+they're not Sports there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Sports there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not Sports there are things that
+we learn part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn part of our
+lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+those habits depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those habits depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those habits depend on the
+striatum and we call that kind of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum and we call that kind of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum and we call that kind of memory
+implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit
+memory they are not we don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they are not we don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they are not we don't remember
+individual events if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual events if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual events if you're talking
+about your memory for an event where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your memory for an event where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your memory for an event where you
+learned how to ride a bike that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to ride a bike that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to ride a bike that's
+different that's not a stotle memory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's not a stotle memory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's not a stotle memory but
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning we say oh I I know how to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we say oh I I know how to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we say oh I I know how to type
+I I remember in my fingers you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I remember in my fingers you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I remember in my fingers you know well
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+stotle all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I go through this I call it a scenar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go through this I call it a scenar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go through this I call it a scenar
+a likely scenario for the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a likely scenario for the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a likely scenario for the origins of
+corpest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpest
+Statum and I'm just going to go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum and I'm just going to go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum and I'm just going to go to this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is summarizes that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is summarizes that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is summarizes that whole
+scenario so if you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so if you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario so if you go through
+this I describe it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I describe it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I describe it in the
+book with the beginnings is the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with the beginnings is the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with the beginnings is the link
+between old factory input and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control this is slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this is slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this is slide
+37 and that became the vent Tri in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and that became the vent Tri in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and that became the vent Tri in that
+early length and then I said well uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early length and then I said well uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early length and then I said well uh the
+outputs went to the hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs went to the hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs went to the hypothalamus and
+epithalamus and as you see them drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus and as you see them drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus and as you see them drawn
+here and A Primitive brain and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and A Primitive brain and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and A Primitive brain and then the
+major point that I added was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major point that I added was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major point that I added was
+these modifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modifiable
+links and that was a big innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links and that was a big innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links and that was a big innovation
+different from spinal cord you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from spinal cord you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from spinal cord you know you
+have a little bit of learning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of learning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of learning in the
+spinal cord but nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the types of learning you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the types of learning you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the types of learning you get in
+spinal cord rather short term this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord rather short term this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord rather short term this is
+longterm okay these are the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm okay these are the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm okay these are the formation of
+habits and then I talk about the non old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and then I talk about the non old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and then I talk about the non old
+well I talk about the feedback you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I talk about the feedback you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I talk about the feedback you need
+for learning we know that it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning we know that it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning we know that it involves
+the dopamine Pathways pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine Pathways pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine Pathways pretty
+heavily we know that very early taste as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily we know that very early taste as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily we know that very early taste as
+well as old faction were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as old faction were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as old faction were
+important uh sources of feedback that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh sources of feedback that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh sources of feedback that
+affected that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected that system
+and then I talk about the non Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I talk about the non Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I talk about the non Factory
+inputs that resulted in a dorsal Statum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that resulted in a dorsal Statum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that resulted in a dorsal Statum
+as well as ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Statum and then I talk about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum and then I talk about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statum and then I talk about the early
+expansions of the inin and it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions of the inin and it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions of the inin and it wasn't
+just the Statum but it was the pallum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Statum but it was the pallum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Statum but it was the pallum as
+well originally the pallum was O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well originally the pallum was O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well originally the pallum was O
+factory factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex but very very early the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but very very early the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but very very early the the
+medial pallum began to evolve and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we will look more about at that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we will look more about at that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we will look more about at that I'll
+I'll show you pictures of the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you pictures of the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you pictures of the way that
+looks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in
+non-mammals you'll see for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mammals you'll see for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mammals you'll see for example in
+the Frog the major paleo structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frog the major paleo structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frog the major paleo structures that
+Med medial P they have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med medial P they have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med medial P they have a little
+bit structures of adjacent to it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit structures of adjacent to it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit structures of adjacent to it but
+they're just they provide input to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just they provide input to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just they provide input to that
+mediality it's called the dorsal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediality it's called the dorsal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediality it's called the dorsal cortex
+and yes the neocortex did evolve out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay and then you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and then you had the
+expansions of both the CTIC and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trium but the major change that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium but the major change that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trium but the major change that occurred
+in mammals was that a major output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals was that a major output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mammals was that a major output of
+the Statum went to the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it projected to the phalus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it projected to the phalus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it projected to the phalus so
+you'll see that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we get a good idea about Origins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a good idea about Origins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a good idea about Origins and
+the the relationship of different major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the relationship of different major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the relationship of different major
+segments of the in brain and other brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the in brain and other brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the in brain and other brain
+regions by looking at gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions by looking at gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions by looking at gene expression
+and uh this was one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this was one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this was one of the earliest
+early studies that did yet it showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early studies that did yet it showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early studies that did yet it showed
+that genes expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genes expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genes expressed
+in neocortex as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neocortex as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neocortex as well as
+adjacent areas like camp area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent areas like camp area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent areas like camp area and
+Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory
+cortex you can find closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you can find closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you can find closely related
+genes in the hyp palum of birds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the hyp palum of birds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the hyp palum of birds in the
+dorsal cortex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal cortex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal cortex of
+reptiles including Turtles and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles including Turtles and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles including Turtles and in this
+dorsal cortex the Frog and that thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal cortex the Frog and that thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal cortex the Frog and that thick
+part there is the medial Pion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part there is the medial Pion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part there is the medial Pion of the
+frog that is the hippocamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog that is the hippocamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog that is the hippocamp
+formation and then you can see the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then you can see the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then you can see the other
+genes are expressed in the stle regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are expressed in the stle regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are expressed in the stle regions
+in the adjoining septum notice that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the adjoining septum notice that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the adjoining septum notice that it
+goes all the way down to the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way down to the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way down to the base of the
+brain where the old factory inputs come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain where the old factory inputs come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain where the old factory inputs come
+in even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in
+Ms and there is a corresponding stotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms and there is a corresponding stotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms and there is a corresponding stotal
+area in the birds reptiles and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the birds reptiles and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the birds reptiles and in the
+amphibians and then there are additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibians and then there are additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibians and then there are additional
+region that aren't expressing the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that aren't expressing the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that aren't expressing the genes
+of those two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two major
+regions and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and that
+includes this in the The Reptilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes this in the The Reptilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes this in the The Reptilian
+dorsal ventricular Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal ventricular Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal ventricular Ridge
+area and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and in
+Birds there is also a dorsal ventricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds there is also a dorsal ventricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds there is also a dorsal ventricular
+Ridge area that does isn't called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge area that does isn't called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge area that does isn't called that
+anymore in the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in the adult
+bird it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird it's but
+its connections are pale likee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its connections are pale likee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its connections are pale likee and
+that's true in the reptiles too but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in the reptiles too but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in the reptiles too but if
+you look at mammals you don't find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at mammals you don't find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at mammals you don't find that
+Gene expressed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene expressed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene expressed in the
+neocortex you find it mainly here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex you find it mainly here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex you find it mainly here in the
+amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala
+but we know now that the amydala does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know now that the amydala does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know now that the amydala does
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+projections of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of various
+senses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses uh
+somewhat like cortex and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like cortex and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like cortex and we also
+know that from these subcortical regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from these subcortical regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from these subcortical regions
+there can there are cells migrate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can there are cells migrate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can there are cells migrate into
+the neocortex and this just shows more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex and this just shows more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex and this just shows more
+from more recent studies the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more recent studies the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more recent studies the same
+picture holds but it shows how com this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture holds but it shows how com this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture holds but it shows how com this
+is just to give you an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to give you an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to give you an idea of the
+complexity of these gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of these gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of these gene expression
+studies and because the gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and because the gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and because the gene expression
+studies don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies don't
+always they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they don't
+always they're sometimes hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they're sometimes hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they're sometimes hard to
+interpret because of the number of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret because of the number of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret because of the number of genes
+involved and the relative degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and the relative degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and the relative degree of
+expression I still like the studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I still like the studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I still like the studies that
+depend more on connections and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend more on connections and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend more on connections and the
+reason for that is that the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that the connections
+are what underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what underlies
+Behavior and the behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the behavior is
+what is really critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really critical in
+evolution brains change in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution brains change in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution brains change in order to
+change function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of course includes Behavior this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course includes Behavior this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course includes Behavior this
+just gives you another view one based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you another view one based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you another view one based on
+connections this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections this is uh
+Carton and one of his students published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carton and one of his students published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carton and one of his students published
+back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in
+1989 carton was the guy that who was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 carton was the guy that who was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 carton was the guy that who was at
+MIT with NAA and it was the first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT with NAA and it was the first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT with NAA and it was the first to
+discover these Pathways in birds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover these Pathways in birds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover these Pathways in birds from
+thamus uh caring Visual and auditor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thamus uh caring Visual and auditor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thamus uh caring Visual and auditor
+information to that big subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to that big subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to that big subcortical
+region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+birds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area this was more like neocortex up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area this was more like neocortex up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area this was more like neocortex up
+here the hyper but this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the hyper but this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the hyper but this region
+here also got had connections just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all
+right so he related the specific kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he related the specific kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he related the specific kinds
+of Connections in mammals to similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Connections in mammals to similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Connections in mammals to similar
+Connections in birds and Order where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in birds and Order where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in birds and Order where
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+located so then I discussed the medalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located so then I discussed the medalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located so then I discussed the medalian
+a little bit we we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit we we've already done
+that but I wanted to point out this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I wanted to point out this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I wanted to point out this one
+rather interesting study it's a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather interesting study it's a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather interesting study it's a highly
+cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited
+study this was was a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this was was a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this was was a group of
+investigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+who realized that in one genus of birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who realized that in one genus of birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who realized that in one genus of birds
+there were some birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some birds
+that formed food caches they stored food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formed food caches they stored food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formed food caches they stored food
+when food was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when food was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when food was
+plentiful and then they had to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful and then they had to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful and then they had to remember
+where they put it they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they put it they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they put it they had to
+remember well above chance levels for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember well above chance levels for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember well above chance levels for it
+to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really
+adapted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted uh
+whereas other members of the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas other members of the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas other members of the very same
+genus didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so these people studied the brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these people studied the brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these people studied the brains
+of these two groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two groups of
+birds and uh other song birds as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds and uh other song birds as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds and uh other song birds as well
+that form these food storage locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form these food storage locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form these food storage locations
+the food caches and those that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food caches and those that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food caches and those that didn't
+and this is a plot of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a plot of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a plot of the size of the
+hpoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoc
+campus versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus versus
+the volume of the whole Keon the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the whole Keon the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the whole Keon the whole
+emban and you can see here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emban and you can see here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emban and you can see here this is the
+dimension you want to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you want to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you want to pay attention to
+okay how far they are from that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how far they are from that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how far they are from that diagonal
+line and you can see there's no overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you can see there's no overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you can see there's no overlap
+the birds that form the food caches had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds that form the food caches had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds that form the food caches had
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+okay so the correlations AR aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the correlations AR aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the correlations AR aren't
+just statistically reliable they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just statistically reliable they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just statistically reliable they're
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+okay animals need that structure spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay animals need that structure spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay animals need that structure spatial
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry difference in oh these the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry difference in oh these the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry difference in oh these the members
+of the one group that these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one group that these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one group that these are all the
+same genus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same genus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same genus the
+triangles the others are not members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the others are not members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles the others are not members of
+that genus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genus
+I did reproduce This I Believe In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did reproduce This I Believe In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did reproduce This I Believe In the
+book so can you can find the source in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so can you can find the source in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so can you can find the source in
+the I probably spelled some of that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I probably spelled some of that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I probably spelled some of that out
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+Legend all right uh and then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend all right uh and then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legend all right uh and then there was a
+parallel evolution of the palal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel evolution of the palal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel evolution of the palal and
+subpal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpal
+structures expansion of both although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures expansion of both although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures expansion of both although we
+know that it was the palal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it was the palal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it was the palal structures
+that expanded the most especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded the most especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded the most especially in
+mamals with the evolution of neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I pretty much answered answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I pretty much answered answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I pretty much answered answered
+question eight part of the Primitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question eight part of the Primitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question eight part of the Primitive and
+brain that the neocortex evolved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that the neocortex evolved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that the neocortex evolved from
+was that dorsal cortex it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that dorsal cortex it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that dorsal cortex it's a
+parahippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region and uh it's supported by gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh it's supported by gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and uh it's supported by gene
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data and I you should know that some man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I you should know that some man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I you should know that some man
+mamals have a very small neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamals have a very small neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamals have a very small neocortex
+although having a neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although having a neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although having a neocortex
+is fundamental to being a mammal not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fundamental to being a mammal not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fundamental to being a mammal not
+just having mamory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having mamory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having mamory
+glands several other characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands several other characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands several other characteristics
+hair on the skin and so forth but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair on the skin and so forth but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair on the skin and so forth but uh I
+redrew uh the gross views here of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redrew uh the gross views here of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redrew uh the gross views here of a
+couple of hedgehogs European Hedgehog is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hedgehogs European Hedgehog is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hedgehogs European Hedgehog is
+just got a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got a really small
+neocortex smaller than the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex smaller than the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex smaller than the h
+West African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West African
+hedgehog aasum Prairie B they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog aasum Prairie B they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog aasum Prairie B they're all
+fairly similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar to a
+hamster and then Rel relatively slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster and then Rel relatively slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster and then Rel relatively slightly
+larger are animals like the V and mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger are animals like the V and mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger are animals like the V and mouse
+other voles and mouse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voles and mouse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voles and mouse and
+rat and these are what crosssections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat and these are what crosssections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat and these are what crosssections
+look like here's a and here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like here's a and here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like here's a and here we have a
+tenra who has a it's another animal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenra who has a it's another animal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenra who has a it's another animal that
+like the European Hedgehog is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the European Hedgehog is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the European Hedgehog is a
+tenra has I think relatively speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenra has I think relatively speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenra has I think relatively speaking
+the smallest neocortex of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest neocortex of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest neocortex of all the
+mammals and that's shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and that's shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals and that's shown in
+this section through the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section through the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section through the middle of the
+brain this is a mid frontal section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain this is a mid frontal section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain this is a mid frontal section
+through the middle of the hemisphere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the hemisphere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the hemisphere you
+see the neocortex is even smaller at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the neocortex is even smaller at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the neocortex is even smaller at
+least no bigger than the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least no bigger than the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least no bigger than the whole
+hippocampus did and this is all olda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the the apos and the Hedgehogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the apos and the Hedgehogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the apos and the Hedgehogs
+also have relatively pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have relatively pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have relatively pretty small
+cour okay then we went through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures and now we want to do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and now we want to do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and now we want to do this I
+want to get started with talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get started with talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get started with talking about
+the lyic system and this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyic system and this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyic system and this will be the
+first session on that stressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first session on that stressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first session on that stressing the
+hypothalamus at the beginning and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus at the beginning and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus at the beginning and then
+we'll talk about stum and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so this is actually called class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually called class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually called class
+28 I'm putting when I put the slides up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 I'm putting when I put the slides up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 I'm putting when I put the slides up
+after the class I call them sessions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the class I call them sessions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the class I call them sessions so
+they will start with the slides we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+covered on the orbr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on the orbr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on the orbr
+introduction okay so what is that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction okay so what is that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction okay so what is that where
+does it come from why do we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come from why do we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come from why do we call it
+liming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yeah The Fringe Fringe or border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah The Fringe Fringe or border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah The Fringe Fringe or border
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+came well I must have brought that up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came well I must have brought that up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came well I must have brought that up a
+little bit later let's come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later let's come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later let's come back to that
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+minute and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and talk
+about the structure that is Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure that is Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure that is Central to
+any discussion of lyic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any discussion of lyic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any discussion of lyic system
+hypothalamus and why it became important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and why it became important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and why it became important
+to separate out of an end brain system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out of an end brain system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate out of an end brain system
+that was closely connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was closely connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was closely connected with
+it all the nbran structures that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the nbran structures that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the nbran structures that we call
+limic system or limic and brain system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic system or limic and brain system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic system or limic and brain system
+are all closely connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all closely connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all closely connected to the
+hypothal sharington remember called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal sharington remember called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal sharington remember called it
+the head gangion of the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head gangion of the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head gangion of the autonomic
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+system uh it's much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh it's much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh it's much more than
+that uh because it controls motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because it controls motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because it controls motivated
+Behavior including eating defending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior including eating defending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior including eating defending
+attacking structures there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking structures there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking structures there
+underly motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly motivational
+States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the
+drives and of course they're associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives and of course they're associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives and of course they're associated
+with strong feelings so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strong feelings so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strong feelings so we also
+associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with
+emotion and we called them when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and we called them when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and we called them when we
+talked about motor system we called them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about motor system we called them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about motor system we called them
+Central pattern generators this uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central pattern generators this uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central pattern generators this uh is
+the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+shows the local motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the local motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the local motor
+hierarchy with the pattern generators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy with the pattern generators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy with the pattern generators in
+the spinal cord here's the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord here's the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord here's the motor
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+and then in the midbrain and tween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the midbrain and tween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the midbrain and tween
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+Swanson called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson called the
+structures that initiated Locomotion he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that initiated Locomotion he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that initiated Locomotion he
+called them the locomoter pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them the locomoter pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them the locomoter pattern
+initiator the midbrain locomoter region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator the midbrain locomoter region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator the midbrain locomoter region
+and the locomoter pattern controller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the locomoter pattern controller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the locomoter pattern controller the
+hypothalamic locomotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locomotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locomotor
+region and when we're in hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and when we're in hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and when we're in hypothalamus
+we're we're concerned with structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're concerned with structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're concerned with structures
+that underly what we call the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underly what we call the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underly what we call the biological
+drives so why is there a locom motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives so why is there a locom motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives so why is there a locom motor
+pattern generator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothal it doesn't directly control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal it doesn't directly control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal it doesn't directly control
+Locomotion it it controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion it it controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locomotion it it controls the
+structures in the midbrain and hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the midbrain and hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the midbrain and hindbrain
+and spinal cord that underly locomotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movements but with every Drive think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements but with every Drive think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements but with every Drive think of
+hunger Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger Drive
+local motion is always involved if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local motion is always involved if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local motion is always involved if an
+animal is has high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is has high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is has high level of
+hunger he will move more unless he's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger he will move more unless he's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger he will move more unless he's so
+hungry he's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry he's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry he's getting
+weak but that comes rather late you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but that comes rather late you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but that comes rather late you know
+we're talking about just in the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about just in the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about just in the normal
+State when you're hungrier you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State when you're hungrier you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State when you're hungrier you're more
+likely to loc out to the refrigerator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to loc out to the refrigerator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to loc out to the refrigerator or
+to the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or but think of animals who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but think of animals who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or but think of animals who are
+motivated to forage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to forage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to forage
+or if they're food storing animals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they're food storing animals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they're food storing animals like
+a hungry hamster will only forage at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hungry hamster will only forage at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hungry hamster will only forage at
+certain times of day when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain times of day when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain times of day when he's
+safest and the lights the sun is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest and the lights the sun is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest and the lights the sun is very
+low in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low in the
+sky but other times when he's hungry he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky but other times when he's hungry he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky but other times when he's hungry he
+will generate Locomotion to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate Locomotion to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate Locomotion to get to the
+places where he stored food and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where he stored food and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where he stored food and he has
+elaborate in elaborate tunnel and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate in elaborate tunnel and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate in elaborate tunnel and we'll
+go to various places in this tet to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to various places in this tet to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to various places in this tet to do
+that so local motion is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so local motion is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so local motion is associated with
+all the drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the drives
+okay so it is connected to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it is connected to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it is connected to the other
+neurons in the hypothalamus that underly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the hypothalamus that underly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the hypothalamus that underly
+underly the various motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly the various motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underly the various motivational
+States okay so now the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so now the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so now the cortical
+areas that are we call limic in braan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that are we call limic in braan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that are we call limic in braan
+structures they're closely connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they're closely connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they're closely connected to
+the hypothalamus where are they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus where are they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus where are they found
+and that tells you the origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you the origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you the origin of the
+term limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term limic
+system we already discuss the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we already discuss the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we already discuss the meaning
+the term came from Paul broa Pierre Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term came from Paul broa Pierre Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term came from Paul broa Pierre Paul
+broa who used this phrase the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broa who used this phrase the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broa who used this phrase the great
+limic loobe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic loobe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic loobe in
+French uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh
+1878 for the human brain but I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1878 for the human brain but I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1878 for the human brain but I have to
+point out that that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that that doesn't mean that
+vka understood the functions okay or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vka understood the functions okay or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vka understood the functions okay or the
+connections because the methods simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because the methods simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because the methods simply
+weren't good enough to for him to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it wasn't until 20th century that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't until 20th century that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't until 20th century that
+we began to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to realize
+that but what broa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what broa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what broa
+called the Great limic lobe if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Great limic lobe if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Great limic lobe if you look
+you have to look at a human hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at a human hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at a human hemisphere
+from the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the medial
+site and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and in this
+particular picture of the human brain on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular picture of the human brain on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular picture of the human brain on
+top and rodent brains down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and rodent brains down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and rodent brains down
+below um I've divided it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um I've divided it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um I've divided it according to
+major functions and I say that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major functions and I say that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major functions and I say that these are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+structures closely tied to motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures closely tied to motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures closely tied to motivational
+States because they're closely linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because they're closely linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because they're closely linked to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hypothalamus and notice that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and notice that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and notice that they're
+always around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always around
+this edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge of the
+hemisphere so if you start just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere so if you start just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere so if you start just at the
+corpus kosum just above it you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus kosum just above it you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus kosum just above it you're in
+limic areas the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic areas the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limic areas the singular
+cortex these are the paril factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex these are the paril factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex these are the paril factory
+regions the orbital frontal region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the orbital frontal region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the orbital frontal region is
+closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+these broka area would not be included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these broka area would not be included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these broka area would not be included
+these are this would be broker's area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this would be broker's area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this would be broker's area
+here and this would be the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this would be the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this would be the area
+controlling the movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the movement of
+speaking just behind broker's area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking just behind broker's area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking just behind broker's area but
+in the motor in the motor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex but that doesn't mean that broka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but that doesn't mean that broka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but that doesn't mean that broka
+area is not connected to these areas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is not connected to these areas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is not connected to these areas it
+is the various multi- sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the various multi- sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the various multi- sensory
+association areas of Cortex are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of Cortex are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas of Cortex are the
+areas most closely tied to these lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas most closely tied to these lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas most closely tied to these lyic
+structures we often call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we often call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we often call them
+paralimbic and reserve the term lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralimbic and reserve the term lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralimbic and reserve the term lyic
+structures to the subcortical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to the subcortical structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to the subcortical structures
+that are closely tied to the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are closely tied to the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are closely tied to the brain stem
+but the paral structures of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the paral structures of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the paral structures of these
+structures that are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are near
+that okay but that's the great limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but that's the great limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay but that's the great limic
+loob that forms this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loob that forms this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loob that forms this whole
+ring the medial edge of the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the medial edge of the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the medial edge of the brain and
+here you see them in a Rodin brain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see them in a Rodin brain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see them in a Rodin brain some
+of this would be connected to the MD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this would be connected to the MD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this would be connected to the MD
+which means it's prefrontal neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's prefrontal neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's prefrontal neocortex
+but in the rodent those areas get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the rodent those areas get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the rodent those areas get
+connections with the to the uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with the to the uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections with the to the uh from the
+anterior nuclei too which connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior nuclei too which connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior nuclei too which connect the
+singular we'll be going over that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular we'll be going over that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular we'll be going over that so
+I've shown that that ring of cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that that ring of cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that that ring of cortical
+areas there indicated by the arrow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there indicated by the arrow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there indicated by the arrow here
+just on the medial view but we include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the medial view but we include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the medial view but we include
+with it the old factory area so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it the old factory area so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it the old factory area so here you
+see a marodin I've used that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a marodin I've used that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a marodin I've used that same
+designation because the factory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation because the factory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation because the factory areas
+are paralic too in that sense they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paralic too in that sense they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paralic too in that sense they are
+closely length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topus and then I continue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topus and then I continue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topus and then I continue that
+designation here and the brain stem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation here and the brain stem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation here and the brain stem I
+show the hypothalamus and epithalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the hypothalamus and epithalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the hypothalamus and epithalamus
+Mark that word and I show it continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark that word and I show it continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark that word and I show it continuing
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+midbrain as NAA described in his work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain as NAA described in his work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain as NAA described in his work on
+the cats and monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primarily okay now you can there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay now you can there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay now you can there are
+various types of studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of studies that
+separate limbic system areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate limbic system areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate limbic system areas
+from what we've been calling sematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've been calling sematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've been calling sematic
+areas non-limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas and one way was done a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and one way was done a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and one way was done a number of
+years ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in
+describing systems in the brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing systems in the brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing systems in the brain that
+cause arousal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause arousal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause arousal in
+electrical and electrical stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and electrical stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and electrical stimulation
+studies and in Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and in Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and in Behavioral
+Studies rst animals are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies rst animals are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies rst animals are very different
+from un animals and uh so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from un animals and uh so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from un animals and uh so let's just go
+through that a little bit talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that a little bit talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that a little bit talk about the
+two arousal systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arousal systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arousal systems in the
+midr one of them we associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midr one of them we associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midr one of them we associated with the
+midbrain reticular formation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation it's
+somatic the other is associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic the other is associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic the other is associated with the
+lmic areas okay and uh so we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lmic areas okay and uh so we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lmic areas okay and uh so we've already
+you've already seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen this
+picture where I when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where I when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where I when we talked about
+midbrain and and dlon and those chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and and dlon and those chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and and dlon and those chapters
+was introducing all the various levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introducing all the various levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introducing all the various levels
+of the brain so there are the limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain so there are the limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain so there are the limic
+midbrain areas of not the central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain areas of not the central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain areas of not the central gray
+area and the vental pigmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the vental pigmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the vental pigmental
+area and the rest are all sematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the rest are all sematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and the rest are all sematic and
+the part with the horizontal black lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part with the horizontal black lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part with the horizontal black lines
+here in the midbrain picture is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the midbrain picture is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the midbrain picture is called
+the midbrain reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain reticular
+formation okay and that's the area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation okay and that's the area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation okay and that's the area you
+can get a Rouser from stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a Rouser from stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a Rouser from stimulating
+anywhere in the midbrain but it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the midbrain but it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the midbrain but it's that
+that region where you primarily get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region where you primarily get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region where you primarily get you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+arousal uh and you get it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal uh and you get it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal uh and you get it from
+stimulating those limic areas too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating those limic areas too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating those limic areas too but
+then I'm asking this question I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm asking this question I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm asking this question I want you
+to compare the two arousal systems what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the two arousal systems what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare the two arousal systems what
+structures are involved well we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are involved well we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are involved well we just
+mention that what are the major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that what are the major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that what are the major types of
+connections of these structures what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections of these structures what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections of these structures what are
+the effects of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of electrical
+stimulation is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation is their
+habituation when you use electrical s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation when you use electrical s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation when you use electrical s
+simulation you just keep the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you just keep the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation you just keep the simulation
+in one point and stimulate again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one point and stimulate again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one point and stimulate again and
+again you keep getting the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you keep getting the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you keep getting the same effect
+or do you get habituation it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you get habituation it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you get habituation it's very
+different for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for the two
+systems just like they get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems just like they get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems just like they get different
+inputs effects of electrical stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs effects of electrical stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs effects of electrical stimulation
+are different what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different what are the
+differences it's a it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences it's a it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences it's a it's a complex
+question okay does anybody want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+mean physical manifestations of Ros the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-limbic okay so you're saying limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-limbic okay so you're saying limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-limbic okay so you're saying limic
+is associated with ATHC Felix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with ATHC Felix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with ATHC Felix
+positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative
+feelings pleasurable or not pleasurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings pleasurable or not pleasurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings pleasurable or not pleasurable
+the opposite unpleasant are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite unpleasant are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite unpleasant are very
+pleasant and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant and that's all
+correct what kind of inputs do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what kind of inputs do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what kind of inputs do they
+get they get different kinds of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they get different kinds of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they get different kinds of inputs
+those lyic areas what kind of in inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lyic areas what kind of in inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lyic areas what kind of in inputs
+are they getting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below they they're the inputs that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below they they're the inputs that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below they they're the inputs that come
+in mainly through the Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mainly through the Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mainly through the Vegas
+nerve from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve from the
+viscera visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera visceral
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+okay visceral sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inputs from above they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from above they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from above they come from
+hypothalamus and and lyic embran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and and lyic embran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and and lyic embran
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+okay now the nonlimbic areas get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the nonlimbic areas get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the nonlimbic areas get all the
+sense the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the various
+inputs from the various sensories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the various sensories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the various sensories
+systems and also from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and also from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and also from the
+cerebellum that is from motor system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum that is from motor system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum that is from motor system and
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so there these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so there these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so there these big
+differences and we know we we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and we know we we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and we know we we've shown
+how they're located in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're located in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're located in different places
+the types of inputs and the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of inputs and the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of inputs and the types of
+outputs are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are different
+too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now
+electrical stimulation you both systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical stimulation you both systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical stimulation you both systems
+cause the arousal patterns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the arousal patterns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the arousal patterns in the
+electro that is you're recording with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro that is you're recording with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro that is you're recording with
+large electrodes you're recording from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large electrodes you're recording from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large electrodes you're recording from
+the scalp of a human you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalp of a human you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalp of a human you get this
+fast high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pattern very different from the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern very different from the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern very different from the pattern
+of a drowsy person or a sleeping person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a drowsy person or a sleeping person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a drowsy person or a sleeping person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you stimulate repeatedly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stimulate repeatedly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stimulate repeatedly in the
+same place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place in the
+midbrain the effects decrease you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the effects decrease you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain the effects decrease you get
+habituation if you move the site where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation if you move the site where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation if you move the site where
+you're stimulating a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stimulating a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stimulating a little bit the
+arousal comes back okay so that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal comes back okay so that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal comes back okay so that just
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+behavioral behavioral effects of Novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral behavioral effects of Novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral behavioral effects of Novel
+stimulation that habituate as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation that habituate as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation that habituate as the
+stimulus becomes more familiar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you do the same thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you do the same thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you do the same thing in the
+lming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lming
+structures you get the EEG arousal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you get the EEG arousal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you get the EEG arousal all
+right but it doesn't go away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it doesn't go away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it doesn't go away with
+repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimulation it's a little bit more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation it's a little bit more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation it's a little bit more like
+someone calling your name repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone calling your name repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone calling your name repeatedly
+that's stimulating the limic system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stimulating the limic system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stimulating the limic system a
+lot more we tend to be pretty attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more we tend to be pretty attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more we tend to be pretty attached
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+our our name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our name
+we we don't habituate readily at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all just like we don't habituate readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just like we don't habituate readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just like we don't habituate readily
+to good taste in food if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to good taste in food if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to good taste in food if we're
+hungry we're not hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry we're not hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry we're not hungry
+sure but that's some that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but that's some that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but that's some that's something
+else you just keep everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you just keep everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you just keep everything else
+constant hunger is constant you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant hunger is constant you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant hunger is constant you keep
+responding you're are in the bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding you're are in the bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding you're are in the bit at
+least not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not very
+much okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when you you said Pleasant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you you said Pleasant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you you said Pleasant and
+unpleasant okay if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant okay if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant okay if you're in the
+non-limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas there is a very mild rewarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there is a very mild rewarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there is a very mild rewarding
+effect of being stimulated but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of being stimulated but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of being stimulated but if
+someone's very sleepy it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's very sleepy it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's very sleepy it's probably
+nonrewarding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrewarding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrewarding you
+know but if you're in those lyic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but if you're in those lyic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but if you're in those lyic areas
+and you're up in the around the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're up in the around the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're up in the around the central
+gray it's generally negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray it's generally negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray it's generally negatively
+rewarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding
+if you stimulate an animal there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate an animal there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate an animal there they
+generally will work in order to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally will work in order to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally will work in order to be able
+to they'll do something take some action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they'll do something take some action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they'll do something take some action
+if they've learned how to turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've learned how to turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've learned how to turn it off
+and they will work be able to turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will work be able to turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will work be able to turn it
+off they don't like to be stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they don't like to be stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they don't like to be stimulated
+there whereas if you're in those ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whereas if you're in those ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whereas if you're in those ventral
+regions the vental tal area we say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the vental tal area we say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions the vental tal area we say you
+get high levels of self-stimulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get high levels of self-stimulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get high levels of self-stimulation that
+is they will turn the stimulus on by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they will turn the stimulus on by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they will turn the stimulus on by
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+they very quickly learn it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they very quickly learn it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they very quickly learn it's a very
+effective way to train animals to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to train animals to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to train animals to do
+things if they have if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if they have if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if they have if you have the
+electrics placed in those areas can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimulate okay and then I just talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate okay and then I just talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate okay and then I just talk a
+little bit about ascending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about ascending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about ascending and
+descending connections I do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections I do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections I do the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here for the second type of arousal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the second type of arousal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the second type of arousal that
+you can call it limic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and notice here I mentioned besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice here I mentioned besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice here I mentioned besides the
+hypothalamus connections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus connections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus connections to the
+lyic uh midbrain area these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyic uh midbrain area these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyic uh midbrain area these are the
+other major forbrain systems besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other major forbrain systems besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other major forbrain systems besides
+hypothalamus I didn't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I didn't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus I didn't mention
+epithalamus that should be included but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus that should be included but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithalamus that should be included but
+in the embran sepal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the embran sepal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the embran sepal
+area in front of the thalamus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in front of the thalamus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in front of the thalamus right
+between the hemispheres there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hemispheres there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hemispheres there's the
+structure right on the midline it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right on the midline it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right on the midline it's
+called the septo area and then below it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the septo area and then below it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the septo area and then below it
+the basil cor brain in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basil cor brain in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basil cor brain in front of the
+hypothalamus between the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus between the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus between the hypothalamus
+and the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the factory
+bulbs you'll see that picture the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs you'll see that picture the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs you'll see that picture the number
+of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+in next five classes then hippoc cample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next five classes then hippoc cample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next five classes then hippoc cample
+formation we talked about the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we talked about the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we talked about the medial
+palion being important in spatial memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palion being important in spatial memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palion being important in spatial memory
+but it is part of the lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is part of the lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is part of the lyic
+system and there's a good reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there's a good reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there's a good reason why it
+evolved that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved that way
+and then the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the amydala
+which you probably know very well by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably know very well by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you probably know very well by now
+is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with Pleasant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pleasant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pleasant and
+unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+feelings towards things that we perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings towards things that we perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings towards things that we perceive
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's talk about the
+hypothalamus here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus here and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+does besides controlling the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does besides controlling the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does besides controlling the autonomic
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+system it controls the endocrine system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it controls the endocrine system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it controls the endocrine system
+by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of the
+pituitary pituitary is attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary pituitary is attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary pituitary is attached to
+hypothalamus so how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so how does the
+hypothalamus how do hypothalamic neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus how do hypothalamic neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus how do hypothalamic neurons
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+secretions from the two major parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions from the two major parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions from the two major parts of
+the pituitary one that's directly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pituitary one that's directly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pituitary one that's directly that's
+really part of the CNS and one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really part of the CNS and one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really part of the CNS and one that's a
+gland right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland right next to the
+Cs those two parts of the pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cs those two parts of the pituitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cs those two parts of the pituitary
+they're called anterior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called anterior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called anterior and
+posterior because of how they're placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior because of how they're placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior because of how they're placed
+in humans in the Roden the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans in the Roden the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans in the Roden the posterior
+pituitary is above the glandular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary is above the glandular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary is above the glandular
+pituitary and I've drawn it here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and I've drawn it here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and I've drawn it here from
+studies fairly recent studies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies fairly recent studies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies fairly recent studies of the
+rodent and these are pictures that NAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent and these are pictures that NAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent and these are pictures that NAA
+did of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did of
+the these structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these structures in the
+human okay let's look at the rodent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay let's look at the rodent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human okay let's look at the rodent here
+you see the posterior pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the posterior pituitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the posterior pituitary
+or neural hypothesis that is the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neural hypothesis that is the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neural hypothesis that is the neural
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pituitary receiving axons from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary receiving axons from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary receiving axons from these two
+cell groups in the hypothalamus they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups in the hypothalamus they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups in the hypothalamus they
+ventricular nucleus dropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus C the Aon comes coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus C the Aon comes coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus C the Aon comes coming in and
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+axons that are ending in the in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons that are ending in the in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons that are ending in the in that
+posterior the neurop pituitary the neuro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior the neurop pituitary the neuro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior the neurop pituitary the neuro
+hypothesis aren't ending on neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis aren't ending on neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis aren't ending on neurons
+they're ending on blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ending on blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ending on blood
+vessels okay so yes they secrete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels okay so yes they secrete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels okay so yes they secrete a
+transmitter but the neurotransmitter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter but the neurotransmitter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter but the neurotransmitter now
+enters blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vessels it doesn't do that to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels it doesn't do that to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels it doesn't do that to distribute
+throughout the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the body
+though I'm sorry it does that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm sorry it does that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm sorry it does that because
+it's a hormone distributed throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hormone distributed throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hormone distributed throughout
+the body mix up the two pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here they come from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons both of them but they give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons both of them but they give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons both of them but they give rise
+to two hormones do you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two hormones do you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two hormones do you remember what
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxycoin and ADH which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxycoin and ADH which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxycoin and ADH which means
+anti-diuretic hormone and what's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diuretic hormone and what's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-diuretic hormone and what's the the
+other name for anti-diuretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name for anti-diuretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name for anti-diuretic
+hormone vas oppressive okay because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone vas oppressive okay because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone vas oppressive okay because it
+causes vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constriction and can affect blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction and can affect blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction and can affect blood
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and anti-diuretic hormone of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and anti-diuretic hormone of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and anti-diuretic hormone of course
+is involved in fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in fluid
+retention so if someone suffers a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention so if someone suffers a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention so if someone suffers a tumor
+that's in this region affects this stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this region affects this stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this region affects this stock
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+pituitary and blocks these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and blocks these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and blocks these
+hormones so they're not they're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones so they're not they're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones so they're not they're no
+longer secreted into the bloodstream a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer secreted into the bloodstream a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer secreted into the bloodstream a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets has a pathology called diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets has a pathology called diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets has a pathology called diabetes
+insipidus it's called diabetes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipidus it's called diabetes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insipidus it's called diabetes because
+the symptoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symptoms are
+they actually they're the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually they're the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually they're the same as the
+acute onset of diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute onset of diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute onset of diabetes
+meltis when a person lacks the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltis when a person lacks the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltis when a person lacks the ability
+to secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to secrete
+insulin because when the person can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin because when the person can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin because when the person can't
+secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrete
+insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin
+uh he uses different metabolic pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he uses different metabolic pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he uses different metabolic pathways
+to get energy can't get glucose into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get energy can't get glucose into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get energy can't get glucose into the
+cells of the body because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the body because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the body because you need
+insulin for that so he uses other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin for that so he uses other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin for that so he uses other
+metabolic pathways and starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways and starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways and starts
+stabilizing his muscle tissue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing his muscle tissue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing his muscle tissue that
+produces Ketone bodies which in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces Ketone bodies which in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces Ketone bodies which in the
+blood which raise blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood which raise blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood which raise blood
+acidity and that can kill of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity and that can kill of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity and that can kill of course it
+goes on too long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on too long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on too long and
+sorry the Ketone bodies are what cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the Ketone bodies are what cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the Ketone bodies are what cause
+The Thirst to get so high in a in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Thirst to get so high in a in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Thirst to get so high in a in in
+acute onset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute onset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute onset
+diabetes I experienced that for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes I experienced that for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes I experienced that for a little
+while when I got diabetes and felt very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when I got diabetes and felt very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while when I got diabetes and felt very
+thirsty was drinking a lot of fluid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty was drinking a lot of fluid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirsty was drinking a lot of fluid to
+come to basically get rid of the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to basically get rid of the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to basically get rid of the acid
+and so you have the symptoms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have the symptoms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have the symptoms of uh
+polyurea polydipsia polydipsia meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyurea polydipsia polydipsia meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyurea polydipsia polydipsia meaning
+drinking all the time thirsty all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking all the time thirsty all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking all the time thirsty all the
+time polyurea causes a lot of urination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time polyurea causes a lot of urination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time polyurea causes a lot of urination
+and of course you're getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you're getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you're getting rid of the
+acid you're also getting rid of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you're also getting rid of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you're also getting rid of a lot of
+sugar because the blood sugar levels get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar because the blood sugar levels get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar because the blood sugar levels get
+high okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay
+normally keto acidosis that effect does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally keto acidosis that effect does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally keto acidosis that effect does
+not occur like if I just get high blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur like if I just get high blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur like if I just get high blood
+sugar today it would take a long time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar today it would take a long time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar today it would take a long time a
+lot of insulin deficiency for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insulin deficiency for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insulin deficiency for me to
+develop enough Ketone bodies to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop enough Ketone bodies to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop enough Ketone bodies to cause
+that kind of problem but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of problem but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of problem but that's what
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+kills in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diabetes unfortunately the high blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes unfortunately the high blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes unfortunately the high blood
+sugar has a lot of other bad effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar has a lot of other bad effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar has a lot of other bad effects
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we call it diabetes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we call it diabetes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we call it diabetes and
+CPUs because you get the same symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs because you get the same symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs because you get the same symptoms
+polyura polyura poly dipsia but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyura polyura poly dipsia but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyura polyura poly dipsia but now it's
+because of the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of
+ADH okay they don't have normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADH okay they don't have normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADH okay they don't have normal
+regulation of fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels so people with that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so people with that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so people with that just like
+insulin uh diabetics need to be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin uh diabetics need to be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin uh diabetics need to be treated
+with insulin people with diabetes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with insulin people with diabetes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with insulin people with diabetes and
+CPUs need to be treated these hor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs need to be treated these hor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs need to be treated these hor
+hormones and of course more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and of course more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and of course more importantly
+you have to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to deal with the
+tumor sometimes they can reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor sometimes they can reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor sometimes they can reverse the
+effects just by getting the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects just by getting the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects just by getting the tumor
+removed very difficult surgery because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed very difficult surgery because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed very difficult surgery because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+location okay but Sur Civ ways to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay but Sur Civ ways to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay but Sur Civ ways to get it
+you can actually go through the roof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go through the roof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go through the roof of
+the mouth to get aary above it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth to get aary above it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth to get aary above it all right
+what about the other part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the other part of the
+pituitary I call it here the adino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary I call it here the adino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary I call it here the adino
+hypothesis adino means glandular tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis adino means glandular tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis adino means glandular tissue
+okay the glandular pituitary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the glandular pituitary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the glandular pituitary or
+glandular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis it's also being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it's also being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it's also being the
+secretions from the adino hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions from the adino hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions from the adino hypothesis
+secretions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretions
+like this the hormones that affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the hormones that affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the hormones that affect the
+gonet hormones the affect the adrenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonet hormones the affect the adrenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonet hormones the affect the adrenal
+glands adrenal corticotrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands adrenal corticotrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands adrenal corticotrophic
+hormone okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gonadotropins they don't secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonadotropins they don't secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonadotropins they don't secrete
+directly testosterone and estrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly testosterone and estrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly testosterone and estrogens
+those are secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are secreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are secreted
+peripherally okay by the testes and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripherally okay by the testes and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripherally okay by the testes and by
+the ovaries primarily and also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ovaries primarily and also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ovaries primarily and also by
+somewhat by the adrenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat by the adrenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat by the adrenal
+okay but the hormones from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the hormones from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the hormones from the
+hypothesis here the adino hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis here the adino hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis here the adino hypothesis
+stimulate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate those
+hormones and their secretion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and their secretion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones and their secretion is is
+affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the
+hypothal from neurons like those here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal from neurons like those here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal from neurons like those here in
+the median Eminence region this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median Eminence region this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median Eminence region this
+region of the hypothalamus the aru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the hypothalamus the aru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the hypothalamus the aru
+nucleus where I show you here cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where I show you here cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where I show you here cells in
+that region with axons that are going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region with axons that are going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region with axons that are going in
+to the proximal part here of the Adena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proximal part here of the Adena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proximal part here of the Adena
+of the neuro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neuro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neuro
+hypothesis and also ending on blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and also ending on blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and also ending on blood
+vessels but now they're ending on blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels but now they're ending on blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels but now they're ending on blood
+vessels that end enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels that end enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels that end enter
+this hypothal artery which then has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothal artery which then has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothal artery which then has many
+branches into the Adeno hypothesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches into the Adeno hypothesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches into the Adeno hypothesis so
+those those factors they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those factors they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those factors they're called
+releasing factors get to the Adeno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing factors get to the Adeno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing factors get to the Adeno
+hypothesis also through a vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis also through a vascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis also through a vascular
+system we call it a portal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we call it a portal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we call it a portal system
+because there are capillaries that pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are capillaries that pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are capillaries that pick
+them up and then they go through larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and then they go through larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and then they go through larger
+vessel a portal vessel and gets them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel a portal vessel and gets them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel a portal vessel and gets them
+over to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the the
+hypothesis which PL then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which PL then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which PL then you have
+another capillary bed where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+released and that's showing here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and that's showing here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and that's showing here in
+humans in now he shows the vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans in now he shows the vascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans in now he shows the vascular
+system sort of a cartoon of that here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of a cartoon of that here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of a cartoon of that here so
+a capillary bed the portal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capillary bed the portal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capillary bed the portal
+vessel and then another capillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and then another capillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and then another capillary
+bed I tried to change it in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed I tried to change it in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed I tried to change it in the text
+from portal vein to portal vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from portal vein to portal vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from portal vein to portal vessel
+because I thought there was a you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought there was a you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought there was a you might
+want to call it a portal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it a portal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it a portal
+artery but the uh it's so traditional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery but the uh it's so traditional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery but the uh it's so traditional to
+call it a portal vein that the copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a portal vein that the copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a portal vein that the copy
+editor changed it back to portal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor changed it back to portal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor changed it back to portal
+vein so I did try to correct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein so I did try to correct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein so I did try to correct the
+language but anyway that's the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but anyway that's the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but anyway that's the way the
+system works it's important to know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works it's important to know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works it's important to know it
+it's very important and understand human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies
+so what are I already mentioned I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are I already mentioned I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are I already mentioned I think
+the major answer to question four and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major answer to question four and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major answer to question four and I
+talked about question five diabetes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about question five diabetes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about question five diabetes and
+CPUs so what are the homeostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs so what are the homeostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPUs so what are the homeostatic
+mechanisms associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms associated with
+hypothalamus are we all already Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus are we all already Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus are we all already Way
+Beyond time I guess we are so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond time I guess we are so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond time I guess we are so we will
+stop and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and we'll come
+back we finished right here we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we finished right here we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we finished right here we'll come
+back to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to question
+six and it shouldn't take too long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and it shouldn't take too long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and it shouldn't take too long to
+review that if you've read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that if you've read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that if you've read the chapter
+okay so then we'll continue with lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we'll continue with lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we'll continue with lyic
+system and we'll begin talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we'll begin talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we'll begin talking about
+connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus some of them by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus some of them by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus some of them by way of the
+phalus to the lyic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalus to the lyic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalus to the lyic system
+structures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IgN5JQSh8w4.txt b/IgN5JQSh8w4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b6bebe44c274e46fbc073e58d3de7a6f800237e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IgN5JQSh8w4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3656 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: The AEP is probably
+one of the most difficult
+
+concepts we talk about
+in this course.
+
+It seems simple to start with.
+
+As I said before, it's one of
+those things where you think
+
+you understand it, and
+then you think you
+
+don't understand it.
+
+When Shannon first came out with
+this theory, there were a
+
+lot of very, very good
+professional mathematicians
+
+who spent a long time trying
+to understand this.
+
+And who, in fact, blew it.
+
+Because, in fact, they were
+trying to look at it strictly
+
+in terms of mathematics.
+
+They were looking for strict
+mathematical theorems, they
+
+weren't looking to try to
+get the insight from it.
+
+Because of that they
+couldn't absorb it.
+
+There were a lot of engineers
+who looked at it, and couldn't
+
+absorb it because they couldn't
+match it with any of
+
+the mathematics, and therefore
+they started thinking there
+
+was more there then there really
+was so, so this is, in
+
+fact, tricky.
+
+What we're looking at is a
+sequence of chance variables
+
+coming from a discrete
+memoryless source.
+
+In other words, a discrete
+memoryless source is something
+
+that spits out symbols and each
+symbol is independent of
+
+each other symbol, each symbol
+has the same probability mass
+
+function as every
+other symbol.
+
+We said it's a neat thing to
+look at this log pmf random
+
+variable, and a log pmf random
+variable is minus log of the
+
+probability of the particular
+symbol.
+
+So we have a sequence now
+of random variables.
+
+And the expected value of that
+random variable, for each of
+
+the random variables, is the
+expected value of the log pmf
+
+which is, as we said before, is
+this thing we've called the
+
+entropy, which we're trying
+to get some insight into.
+
+So we have this log pmf random
+variable, we have the entropy,
+
+which is the expected
+value of it.
+
+We then talked about
+the sequence of
+
+these random variables.
+
+We talked about the sample
+average of them, and the whole
+
+reason you want to look at this
+random variable is the
+
+sample average of a lot of these
+pmf's, since logs add
+
+when the thing you're taking
+the log of multiplies.
+
+What you wind up with is the sum
+of these log pmf's is, in
+
+fact, equal to minus the lof
+of the probability of the
+
+whole sequence.
+
+In other words, you look at this
+whole sequence as a big,
+
+giant chance variable, which
+has capital X to the n
+
+different possible values.
+
+Namely, every possible
+sequence of length n.
+
+When you're talking about source
+coding, you have to
+
+find the code word for
+each of those m to
+
+the n different sequences.
+
+So what you're doing here
+is trying to look at the
+
+probability of each of those
+m to the n sequences.
+
+We can then use Huffman coding,
+or whatever we choose
+
+to use, to try to encode
+those things.
+
+OK, the weak law of large
+numbers applies here, and says
+
+that the probability that this
+sample average of the log pmf
+
+is close to the expected
+value of the log pmf.
+
+The probability that that's
+greater than or equal to
+
+epsilon is less than or equal to
+the variance of the log pmf
+
+random variable, divided by
+n times epsilon squared.
+
+Now, we are going to take the
+viewpoint that n epsilon
+
+squared, is very small.
+
+Excuse me, it's very large.
+
+Epsilon we're thinking as a
+small number, and we're
+
+thinking of as a large number,
+but the game we always play
+
+here is to first pick some
+epsilong, as small as you want
+
+to make it, and then you make
+n larger and larger.
+
+And as n gets bigger and bigger,
+eventually this number
+
+gets very small.
+
+So that's the game that
+we're playing.
+
+It's y n times epsilon squared,
+we're thinking of it
+
+is a large number.
+
+So what this says is the
+probability that this log pmf
+
+of the entire sequence, well the
+sample value of it, namely
+
+the log pmf divided by n,
+us close to H of X. The
+
+probability of that is less
+than or equal to this.
+
+We then define the typical
+set, T sub epsilon of n.
+
+This is the set of all typical
+sequences out of the source.
+
+So we're defining typical
+sequences in this way.
+
+It's a set of all sequences
+which are
+
+what we put into there.
+
+Well, it's what we put into
+there, but we're looking at
+
+the compliment of this set.
+
+These are the exceptional
+things.
+
+These are the typical things.
+
+We're saying that the
+exceptional things here have a
+
+small probability when you
+make n big enough.
+
+This is saying that the
+exceptional things don't
+
+amount to anything, and the
+typical things fill up the
+
+entire probability space.
+
+So what were saying is the
+probability that this sequence
+
+is actually typical is greater
+than or equal to 1 minus
+
+something small.
+
+It says when n gets big enough
+the probability that you get a
+
+typical sequence out of the
+source is going to wan.
+
+OK.
+
+We drew this in terms of a
+probability distribution,
+
+which I hope makes things look a
+little more straightforward.
+
+This is the distribution
+function of the sample average
+
+of this log pmf random
+variable.
+
+And what we're saying is that
+as n gets larger and larger,
+
+the thing that's going to happen
+because of the fact
+
+that the variance of the sample
+average -- the sample
+
+average is always a
+random variable.
+
+The average is not a random
+variable, it's a fixed number.
+
+And what this is saying is
+that as n gets larger and
+
+larger, this distribution
+function here gets closer and
+
+closer to a stack.
+
+In other words, the thing that's
+happening is that as n
+
+gets big, you go along here,
+nothing happens suddenly you
+
+move up here and suddenly
+you move across there.
+
+That's what happens in the
+limit, mainly the sample
+
+average is, at that point,
+always equal to the average.
+
+So as n goes to infinity,
+a typical set approaches
+
+probability 1.
+
+We express that in terms of the
+Chebyshev inequality in
+
+this way, but the picture says
+you can interpret it in any
+
+one of a hundred
+different ways.
+
+Because the real essence of
+this is not the Chebyshev
+
+inequality, the real essence of
+it is saying that as n gets
+
+bigger and bigger,
+this distribution
+
+function becomes a stack.
+
+So that's a nice way of
+thinking about it.
+
+Let's summarized what
+we did with that.
+
+All of the major results
+about typical sets.
+
+The first of them,
+is this one.
+
+It's a bound on the number of
+elements in a typical set, I'm
+
+not going to rederive that
+again, but it comes from
+
+looking at the fact that all of
+the typical elements have
+
+roughly the same probability.
+
+All of them collectively fill
+up the whole space, and
+
+therefore you can find the
+probability of each of them by
+
+taking one and dividing by the
+probability of each of them.
+
+When you do that, you
+get two bounds.
+
+One of them says that this
+magnitude is less than 2 to
+
+the n times H of
+X plus epsilon.
+
+The other one says it's greater
+than 2 to the n H of X
+
+minus epsilon.
+
+And you have to throw in this
+little fudge factor here
+
+because of the fact that the
+typical set doesn't quite fill
+
+up the whole space.
+
+What that all says is when n
+gets large the number of
+
+typical elements is
+approximately equal to 2 to
+
+the n times H of X.
+Again, think hard
+
+about what this means.
+
+This number here really isn't
+all like 2 to the n H of X.
+
+This n times epsilon, is going
+to be a big number.
+
+As n gets bigger, it gets
+bigger and bigger.
+
+But, at the same time, when you
+look at 2 to the n times H
+
+of X plus epsilon, and you know
+that H of X is something
+
+substantial and you know that
+epsilon is very small, in some
+
+sense it still says this.
+
+And in source coding terms,
+it very much says this.
+
+Because in source coding terms,
+what you're always
+
+looking at is these exponents.
+
+Because if you have n different
+things you're trying
+
+to encode, it takes you log
+of n bits to encode them.
+
+So when you take the log of
+this, you see that the number
+
+of extra bits you needs to
+encode these sequences is on
+
+the order of n times epsilon.
+
+Which is some number of bits,
+but the real number bits
+
+you're looking at is n times
+H of X. So that's the major
+
+term, and this is just fiddly.
+
+The next thing we found is that
+the probability of an
+
+element in a typical set is
+between 2 the minus n times H
+
+of X plus epsilon and 2
+to the minus n times
+
+H of X minus epsilon.
+
+Which is saying almost the same
+thing as this is saying.
+
+And again, there's this
+approximation which says this
+
+is about equal to 2 to the minus
+n of H of X. And this is
+
+an approximation in exactly the
+same sense that that's an
+
+approximation.
+
+Finally, the last statement is
+that the probability that
+
+this typical --
+
+the probability that you get a
+typical sequence is greater
+
+than or equal to 1 minus this
+variance divided by n times
+
+epsilon squared, with the same
+kind of approximation.
+
+The probability that
+you get the typical
+
+sequence is about 1.
+
+So what this is saying is
+there are hardly any
+
+exceptions in terms
+of probability.
+
+There are a huge number
+of exceptions.
+
+But they're all extraordinarily
+small in
+
+probability.
+
+So most of the space is all
+tucked into this typical set.
+
+Most of these, all of these
+typical sequences, have about
+
+the same probability.
+
+And the number of typical
+sequences is about 2 to the n
+
+times H of X.
+
+Does that say that the entropy
+has any significance?
+
+It sure does.
+
+Because the entropy is really
+what's determining everything
+
+about this distribution,
+as far as
+
+probabilities are concerned.
+
+There's nothing left
+beyond that.
+
+If you're going to look at very
+long sequences, and in
+
+source coding we want
+to look at long
+
+sequences, that's the story.
+
+So the entropy tells a story.
+
+Despite what Huffman said.
+
+Huffman totally ignored the idea
+of entropy and because of
+
+that he came up with the optimal
+algorithm, but his
+
+optimal algorithm didn't
+tell him anything about
+
+what was going on.
+
+This is not the [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+Huffman, I think his algorithm
+is one of the neatest things
+
+I've ever seen, because
+he came up
+
+with it out of nowhere.
+
+Just pure thought,
+which is nice.
+
+We then start to talk about
+fixed lenght to fized length
+
+source coding.
+
+This is not a practical thing.
+
+This is not something I would
+advise trying to do.
+
+It's something which is
+conceptually useful, because
+
+it's talks about anything you
+can do eventually, when you
+
+look at an almost infinite
+sequence of symbols from the
+
+source and you look at how
+many bits it takes you to
+
+represent them.
+
+Ultimately you need to turn that
+encoder on, at some point
+
+in pre-history, and pre-history
+in our present day
+
+is about one year ago.
+
+And you have to turn it off
+sometime in the distant
+
+future, which is maybe
+six months from now.
+
+During that time you have to
+encode all these bits.
+
+So, in fact, when you get it
+all done and look at the
+
+overall picture, it's fixed
+length to fixed length.
+
+And all of these algorithms
+are just ways of doing the
+
+fixed length to fixed length
+without too much delay
+
+involved in them.
+
+I didn't say everything there.
+
+What this typical set picture
+gives us there, is you can
+
+achieve an expected number of
+bits per source symbol, which
+
+is about n times H of X, with
+very rare failures.
+
+And if you try to achieve H of
+X minus epsilon bits per
+
+symbol, the interesting thing
+we found last time, was that
+
+the fraction of sequences you
+can encode was zilch.
+
+In other words, there is a very
+rapid transition here.
+
+If you try to get by with too
+few bits per symbol, you die
+
+very, very quickly.
+
+It's not that your error
+probability is large, your
+
+error probability is
+asymptotically equal to 1.
+
+You always screw up.
+
+So that's the picture.
+
+We want to go onto
+Markow sources.
+
+Let me explain why I want
+to do this first.
+
+When we're talking about the
+discrete memoryless sources,
+
+it should be obvious that that's
+totally a toy problem.
+
+There aren't any sources I can
+imagine where you would want
+
+to encode their output where
+you can reasonably conclude
+
+that they were discrete
+and memoryless.
+
+Namely, that each symbol
+was independent
+
+of each other symbol.
+
+The only possibility I can
+think of is where you're
+
+trying to report the results
+of gambling or something.
+
+And gambling is so dishonest
+that they probably aren't
+
+independent anyway.
+
+You could use this is a way
+of showing they aren't
+
+independent, but it's not
+a very useful thing.
+
+So somehow we want to be able
+to talk about how do you
+
+encode sources with memory.
+
+Well Markow sources are
+the easiest kind of
+
+sources with memory.
+
+And they have the nice property
+that you can include
+
+as much statistics in
+them as you want to.
+
+You can make them include as
+much of the structure you can
+
+find as anything else will do.
+
+So that people talk about much
+more general classes of
+
+sources, but these are
+really sufficient.
+
+These are sufficient to talk
+about everything useful.
+
+Not necessarily the nicest way
+to think about useful things
+
+but it's sufficient.
+
+So a finite state in Markov
+chain, I assume you're
+
+somewhat familiar with Markov
+chaings from taking a
+
+probability courses.
+
+If not, you should probably
+review it there, because the
+
+notes go through it
+pretty quickly.
+
+There's nothing terribly
+complicated there, but a
+
+finite state in a Markov chain
+is a sequence of discrete
+
+chance variables, in that sense
+it's exactly like the
+
+discrete memoryless sources
+we were looking at.
+
+The letters come from some
+finite alphabet, so in that
+
+sense it's like the discrete
+memoryless sources.
+
+But here the difference is that
+each letter depends on
+
+the letter before.
+
+Namely, before the Markov chain
+changes from one state
+
+to another state in one of these
+steps, it looks at the
+
+state it's in and decides where
+it's going to go next.
+
+So we have a transition
+probability matrix, you can
+
+think of this as a matrix,
+it's something which has
+
+values for every S in the state
+space, and for everys S
+
+prime in the state space.
+
+Which represents the probability
+that the state at
+
+time n is equal the this state
+S, and the state of time n
+
+minus 1 is equal to the
+states S prime.
+
+So this tells you what's the
+probabilities are of going
+
+from one state to another.
+
+The important thing here is
+that this single step
+
+transition incorporates all of
+the statistical knowledge.
+
+In other words, this is also
+equal to the probability that
+
+S n is equal to this state S,
+given that S n minus 1 is
+
+equal to the state S prime, and
+also that S n minus 2 is
+
+equal to any given state of time
+n minus 2, and all the
+
+way back to S minus zero being
+any old state at time S zero.
+
+So it says that this source
+loses memory, except for the
+
+first thing back.
+
+I like to think of this as a
+blind frog who has very good
+
+sensory perception, jumping
+around on lily pads.
+
+In other words, he can't see
+the lily pad, he can only
+
+sense the nearby lily pads.
+
+So he jumps from one lily pad
+to the next and when he gets
+
+to the next lily pad, he then
+decides which lily pad he's
+
+going go to go to next.
+
+That'll wake you up, anyway.
+
+And we also want to define
+some initial pmf on the
+
+initial state.
+
+So you like to think of Markov
+chains as starting at some
+
+time and then proceeding forever
+into the future.
+
+That seems to indicate that all
+we've done is to replace
+
+one trivial problem with another
+trivial problem.
+
+In other words, on step memory
+is not enough to deal with
+
+things like English text
+and things like that.
+
+Or any other language
+that you like.
+
+So the idea of a Markov source
+is that you create whatever
+
+set of states that you want,
+you can have a very large
+
+state space, but you associate
+the output of the source not
+
+with the states, but with
+the transitions from
+
+one state to another.
+
+So this gives an example of it,
+it's easier to explain the
+
+idea by simply looking
+at an example.
+
+In this particular example,
+which I think is the same as
+
+the one in the notes, what
+you're looking at is a memory
+
+of the two previous states.
+
+So this is a binary source, it
+produces binary digits, just
+
+either zero or 1.
+
+If the previous two digits were
+zero zero, it says that
+
+the next digit is going to be
+a 1 with probability 0.1 and
+
+the next is going to be a zero
+with probability 0.9.
+
+If you're in states 0,0 and the
+next thing that comes out
+
+is a zero, then at that point,
+namely at that point one
+
+advanced into the future, you
+have a zero as your last
+
+digit, a zero as a previous
+digit, and a zero as the digit
+
+before that.
+
+So your state has move from xn
+minus 2 and xn minus 1, to xn
+
+minus 1 and xn.
+
+In other words, any time you
+make a transition, this digit
+
+here, which is the previous
+digit, has to always become
+
+that digit.
+
+You'll notice the same thing
+in all of these.
+
+When you go from here to there,
+this last digit becomes
+
+the first digit.
+
+When you go from here to here,
+the last digit because the
+
+first digit, and so forth.
+
+And that's a characteristic of
+this particular structure of
+
+having the memory represented
+by the last two digits.
+
+So the kind of output you can
+get from this source --
+
+I mean you see that it doesn't
+do anything very interesting.
+
+When you have two zeroes in the
+past, it tends to produce
+
+a lot more zeroes, it tends to
+get stuck with lots of zeroes.
+
+If you got a single 1 that goes
+over into this state, and
+
+from there it can either
+go there or there.
+
+Once it gets here, it tends to
+produce a large number of 1's.
+
+So what's happening here is you
+have a Markov chain which
+
+goes from long sequences of
+zeroes, to transition regions
+
+where there are a bunch of zeros
+and 1's, and finally
+
+gets trapped into either the all
+zero state again, or the
+
+all 1 state again.
+
+And moves on from there.
+
+So the letter is what's in this
+case the source output.
+
+If you know the old state, the
+source output specifies in
+
+this state.
+
+If you know the old state and
+the new state, that specifies
+
+the letter.
+
+In other words, one of the
+curious things about this
+
+chain is I've arranged it so
+that, since we have a binary
+
+output, they're only
+two possible
+
+transitions from each state.
+
+Which says that the state plus
+the sequence of source outputs
+
+specifies the state at every
+point in time, the stayed at
+
+every point in time specifies
+the source sequence.
+
+In other words, the two are
+isomorphic to each other.
+
+One specifies the other.
+
+Since one specifies the other,
+you can pretty much forget
+
+about the sequence and
+look at the state
+
+chain, if you want to.
+
+And therefore everything you
+know about Markov chains is
+
+useful here.
+
+Or if you like to think about
+the real source, you can think
+
+about the real source as
+producing these letters.
+
+So either way is fine
+because either one
+
+specifies the other.
+
+When you don't have that
+property, and you look at a
+
+sequence of letters from this
+source, these are called
+
+partially specified
+Markov chains.
+
+And they're awful things
+to deal with.
+
+You can write theses about, but
+you don't get any insight
+
+about them.
+
+There's hardly anything that
+you would like to be true
+
+which is true.
+
+And these are just awful
+things to look at.
+
+So we won't look them.
+
+One of the nice things about
+engineering is you can create
+
+your own models.
+
+Mathematicians have to look
+at the crazy models that
+
+engineers suggest to them.
+
+They have no choice.
+
+That's their job.
+
+But as an engineer, we can only
+look at the nice models.
+
+We can play and the
+mathematicians have to work.
+
+So it's nicer to be an
+engineer, I think.
+
+Although famous mathematicians
+only look at the engineering
+
+problems that appeal to them,
+so in fact, when they become
+
+famous the two groups come
+back together again.
+
+Because the good engineers are
+also good mathematician, so
+
+they become sort of
+the same group.
+
+These transitions, mainly the
+transition lines that we draw
+
+on a graph like this, always
+indicate positive probability.
+
+In other words, that there's
+zero probability from going to
+
+here to here.
+
+You don't clutter up the diagram
+by putting a line in,
+
+which allows you to just look at
+these transitions to figure
+
+out what's going on.
+
+One of the things that you
+learned when you study finite
+
+state Markov chains, is that a
+state s is accessible from
+
+some other state s prime, if the
+graph has some path from s
+
+prime to s.
+
+In other words, it's not
+saying you can go
+
+there in one step.
+
+It's saying that there's some
+way you can get there if you
+
+go long enough.
+
+Which means there's some
+probability of getting there.
+
+And the fact that there's a
+probability of getting there
+
+pretty much means that you're
+going to get there eventually.
+
+That's not an obvious statement
+but let's see what
+
+that means here.
+
+This state is accessible from
+this state, in the sense that
+
+you can get from here to there
+by going over here and then
+
+going to here.
+
+If we look at the states which
+are accessible from each
+
+other, you get some set of
+states, and if you're in that
+
+set of states, you can
+never get out of it.
+
+Therefore, every one of those
+states remains with positive
+
+probability and you keep
+rotating back and forth
+
+between them in some way, but
+you never get out of them.
+
+In other words, a Markov chain
+which doesn't have this
+
+property would be the following
+Markov chain.
+
+That's the simplest one
+I can think of.
+
+If you start out in this
+state you stay there.
+
+If you start out in this state,
+you stay there, That's
+
+not a very nice chain.
+
+Is this a decent model for
+an engineering study?
+
+No.
+
+Because when you're looking at
+engineering, the thing that
+
+you're interested in, is you're
+looking at something
+
+that happens over a long
+period of time.
+
+Back at time infinity you can
+decide whether you're here, or
+
+whether you're here, and you
+might as well not worry a
+
+whole lot about what happened
+back at time minus infinity,
+
+as far as building your model.
+
+You may as well just build a
+model for this, or build a
+
+model for that.
+
+There's another thing here,
+which is periodicity.
+
+In some chains, you can go from
+this state to this state
+
+in one step, well
+one, two steps.
+
+Or you can go there in one,
+two, three, four steps.
+
+Or you can go there in one, two,
+three steps and so forth.
+
+Which says, in terms of m the
+period of s is the greatest
+
+common denominator
+of path lengths
+
+from s back to s again.
+
+If that period is equal to 1,
+mainly if there's not some
+
+periodic structure which says
+the only way you can get back
+
+to a state is by coming back
+every two steps or every three
+
+steps or something, then
+again it's not a
+
+very nice Markov chain.
+
+Because if you're modeling it,
+you might as well just model
+
+things over two states instead
+of over single states.
+
+So the upshot of that is you
+define these nice Markov
+
+chains, which are aperiodic,
+which don't have any of this
+
+periodic structure, and every
+state is accessible from every
+
+other state.
+
+And you call them ergodic
+Markov chains.
+
+And what ergodic means, sort
+of and as a more general
+
+principle, is that the
+probabilities of things are
+
+equal to the relative
+frequency of things.
+
+Namely, if you look at a very
+long sequence of things out of
+
+a Markov chain, what you see
+in that very long sequence
+
+should be representative of the
+probabilities of that very
+
+long sequence.
+
+The probabilities of transitions
+at various times
+
+should be the same from
+one time to another.
+
+And that's whate ergodicity
+means.
+
+It means that the thing
+is stationery.
+
+You look at it at one time, it
+behaves the same way as at
+
+another time.
+
+It doesn't have any periodic
+structure, which means if you
+
+look at it at even times, it
+behaves differently from
+
+looking at it at odd times.
+
+That's the kind of Markov chain
+you would think you
+
+would have, unless you look at
+these odd ball examples of
+
+other things.
+
+Everything we do is going to
+be based on the idea of
+
+ergodic Markov chains,
+because they're the
+
+nicest models to use.
+
+A Markov source then is
+a sequence of labeled
+
+transitions on an and ergodic
+Markov chain.
+
+Those are the only things
+we want to look at.
+
+But that's general enough
+to do most of the
+
+things we want to do.
+
+And once you have ergodic Markov
+chains, there are a lot
+
+of nice things that happen.
+
+Mainly, if you try to solve this
+set of equations, namely
+
+if you want to say, well suppose
+there is some pmf
+
+function which gives
+me the relative
+
+frequency of a given state.
+
+Namely, if I look at an enormous
+number of states, I
+
+would like the state little
+s to come up with
+
+some relative frequency.
+
+All the time that I do it.
+
+Namely, I wouldn't like to have
+one sample path which
+
+comes up with a relative
+frequency 1/2, and another
+
+sample path of almost infinite
+length which comes up with a
+
+different relative frequency.
+
+Because it would mean that
+different sequences of states
+
+are not typical of
+the Markov chain.
+
+That's another way of looking
+at what ergodicity means.
+
+It means that infinite
+length sequences
+
+are not typical anymore.
+
+It depends on when they
+start, when they stop.
+
+It depends on whether
+you start at an even
+
+time or an odd time.
+
+Depends on all of these things,
+that -- all of these
+
+things that real sources
+shouldn't depend on.
+
+So, if you have relative
+frequencies then you should
+
+have those relative frequencies
+at time n and at
+
+time n minus 1.
+
+And probability of a particular
+symbol s, if the
+
+probabilities of the previous
+symbol s prime were the same
+
+values, q of s prime.
+
+We know the transition
+probabilities, that's q of s
+
+given s prime.
+
+The sum over s prime, of q of s
+prime, given capital Q of s
+
+given s prime, what is that?
+
+That's the probability of x.
+
+In other words, if you start
+out at time n minus 1 with
+
+something pmf function on the
+states at time n minus 1, this
+
+is the formula you would use to
+calculate the probability
+
+the pmf function for
+states at time s.
+
+This is the probability mass
+function for the states at the
+
+next unit of time, time n.
+
+If this probability distribution
+is the same as
+
+this probability distribution,
+then you say that you're in
+
+steady state, because you do
+this again, you plug this into
+
+here, it's the same thing.
+
+You get the same answer
+at time n plus 1.
+
+You plug it in again you got the
+same answer at time n plus
+
+2, and so on forever.
+
+So you stay in steady state.
+
+The question is, if you have a
+matrix here, can you solve
+
+this equation?
+
+Is it easy to solve?
+
+And what's the solution?
+
+There's a nice theorem that
+says, if the chain is ergodic,
+
+namely if it has these nice
+properties of transition
+
+probabilities, that corresponds
+to a particular
+
+kind of matrix here.
+
+If you have that kind of matrix,
+this is just a vector
+
+matrix equation.
+
+That vector matrix equation has
+a unique solution then for
+
+this probability little q, in
+terms of this transition
+
+probability.
+
+It also has the nice property
+that if you start out with any
+
+old distribution, and you grind
+this thing away for a
+
+number of times, this q of x
+is going to approach the
+
+steady state solution.
+
+Which means if you start a
+Markov chain out in some known
+
+state, after awhile the
+probability that you're in
+
+state s is going to become this
+steady state probability.
+
+It gets closer and closer
+to it exponentially
+
+as time goes on.
+
+So that's just arithmetic.
+
+These steady state probabilities
+are approached
+
+asymptotically from any starting
+state, i.e. for all s
+
+and s prime and s.
+
+The limit of the probability
+that s sub n, the state at
+
+time n, is equal to a given
+state s, given that the state
+
+at time zero was equal
+to s prime.
+
+This probability is equal to q
+of s and the limit as n goes
+
+to infinity.
+
+All of you know those things
+from studying Markov chains.
+
+I hope, because those
+are the main facts
+
+about Markov chains.
+
+Incidentally I'm not
+interested in
+
+Markov chains here.
+
+We're not going to do anything
+with them, the only thing I
+
+want to do with them is to show
+you that there are ways
+
+of modeling real sources, and
+coming as close to good models
+
+for real sources as
+you want to come.
+
+That's the whole
+approach here.
+
+How do you do coding
+for Markov sources?
+
+The simplest approach, which
+doesn't work very well, is to
+
+use a separate prefix-free code
+for each prior state.
+
+Namely, if I look at this Markov
+chain that I had, it
+
+says that when I'm in the state
+I want to somehow encode
+
+the next state that I go to, or
+the next letter that comes
+
+out of the Markov source.
+
+The things that can come out
+of the Markov source are
+
+either a 1 or a zero.
+
+Now you see the whole problem
+with this approach.
+
+As soon as you look at an
+example, it sort of blows the
+
+cover on this.
+
+What's the best prefix-free code
+to encode a 1 and a zero?
+
+Where one appears with
+probability 0.9 and the other
+
+one appears with probability
+0.1.
+
+What's the Huffman encoder do?
+
+It assigns one of those symols
+to 1 and one of them to zero.
+
+You might as well encode
+1 to this one, and
+
+zero to that one.
+
+Which means that all of the
+theory, all it does is
+
+generate the same symbols
+that you had before.
+
+You're not doing any
+compression at all.
+
+It's a nice thing
+to think about.
+
+In other words, by thinking
+about these things you then
+
+see the solution.
+
+And our solution before to these
+problems was that if you
+
+don't get anywhere by using a
+prefix-free code on a single
+
+digit, take a block of n digits
+and use a prefix-free
+
+code there.
+
+So that's the approach
+we will take here.
+
+The general idea for single
+letters is this prefix-free
+
+code we're going to generate
+satisfies a Kraft inequality,
+
+you can use the Huffman
+algorithm, you get this
+
+property here.
+
+And this entropy, which is now
+a function of the particular
+
+state that we were in to
+start with, is just
+
+this entropy here.
+
+So this is a conditional
+entropy, which we get a
+
+different conditional
+entropy for each
+
+possible previous state.
+
+And that conditional entropy
+for each possible previous
+
+state, is what tells us exactly
+what we can do as far
+
+as generating a Huffman code
+for that next state.
+
+This would work fine if you had
+a symbol alphabet of size
+
+10,000 or something.
+
+It just doesn't work
+well when your
+
+symbol alphabet is binary.
+
+If we start out in a steady
+state, then all of these
+
+probability stay in
+steady state.
+
+When we look at the number of
+binary digits per source
+
+symbol and we average them
+over all of the initial
+
+states, the initial states
+occur with these
+
+probabilities q of s.
+
+We have these best
+Huffman code.
+
+So the number of binary digits
+we're using per source symbol
+
+is really this average here.
+
+Because this is averaging
+over all the states
+
+you're going to go into.
+
+And the entropy of the source
+output, conditional on the
+
+chance variable s, is now,
+in fact, defined
+
+just as that average.
+
+So they encoder transmits s
+zero, followed by the code
+
+word for s 1 using s zero.
+
+That specifies s 1, and
+then you encode x 2,
+
+using s 1 and so forth.
+
+And the decoder is sitting there
+and the decoder does
+
+exactly the same thing.
+
+Namely, the decoder first sees
+what s zero is, then it uses
+
+the code for s zero to decide
+what x 1 was, then it uses the
+
+code for s 1, which is
+determined by s 1, s one is
+
+determined by x 1, and it goes
+on and on like that.
+
+Let me review a little bit about
+conditional entropy.
+
+I'm going pretty fast here and
+I'm not deriving these things
+
+because they're in the notes.
+
+And it's almost as if I want
+you to get some kind of a
+
+pattern sensitivity to these
+things, without the idea that
+
+we're going to use them a lot.
+
+You ought to have a general idea
+of waht the results are.
+
+We're not going to spend a lot
+of time on this because, as I
+
+said before, the only thing I
+want you to recognize is that
+
+if you ever want to model a
+source, this, in fact, gives
+
+you a general way of doing it.
+
+So this general entropy then is
+using what we had before.
+
+It's the sum over all the
+states, and the sum over all
+
+of the source outputs of these
+log pmf probabilities.
+
+This general entropy of both a
+symbol and a state is equal to
+
+this combined thing.
+
+Which is equal, not
+surprisingly, to the entropy
+
+of the state.
+
+Namely, first you want to know
+what the state is that has
+
+this entropy.
+
+And then given the state, this
+is the entropy of the next
+
+letter, conditional
+on the state.
+
+Since this joint entropy is less
+than or equal to H of s
+
+plus H of x, I think you just
+proved that in the homework,
+
+didn't you?
+
+I hope so.
+
+That says that the entropy of
+x conditional on s, is less
+
+than or equal to the entropy of
+x, which is not surprising.
+
+It says that if you use the
+previous state in trying to do
+
+source encoding, you're going
+to do better than if
+
+you don't use it.
+
+I mean the whole theory
+would be pretty
+
+stupid if you didn't.
+
+That's what that says.
+
+As I told you before, the only
+way we can make all of this
+
+work is to use
+n-to-variable-length codes for
+
+each state.
+
+In other words, you encode n
+letters at the same time.
+
+If you look at the entropy of
+the first n states given a
+
+starting state, turns out to
+be n times H of x given s.
+
+By the same kind of rule that
+you were using before.
+
+The same argument that you
+used to show that this is
+
+equal to that, you can use to
+show that this is equal to H
+
+of S 1, given S zero, plus H of
+S 2, given S 1, plus H of S
+
+3, given S 2 and so forth.
+
+And by the stationarity that
+we have here, these are all
+
+equal, so you wind up
+with n times times
+
+this conditional entropy.
+
+And since the source outputs
+specified the states, and the
+
+states specified the source
+outputs, you can then convince
+
+yourself that this entropy is
+also equal to n times H of X,
+
+given S. And once you do that,
+you're back in the same
+
+position we were in when we
+looked at n-to-variable-length
+
+coding when we were looking at
+discrete memoryless sources.
+
+Namely, the only thing that
+happens when you're looking at
+
+n-to-variable length coding,
+is it that one fudge factor
+
+becomes a 1 over n.
+
+When you have a small symbol
+space by going two blocks, you
+
+get rid of this, you can make
+the expected length close to H
+
+of X, given S. Which means, in
+fact, that all of the memory
+
+is taking into account and it
+still is this one parameter,
+
+the entropy, that
+says everything.
+
+The AEP holds --
+
+I mean if you want to, you can
+sit down and just see that it
+
+holds, once you see what these
+entropies are, I mean the
+
+entropy you're using log pmf's,
+you're just looking at
+
+products of probabilities, which
+are sums of log pmf's,
+
+and everything is the
+same as before.
+
+And again, if you're using
+n-to-variable-length codes,
+
+you just can't achieve an
+expected length less than H of
+
+X, given S. So H of X, given
+S gives the whole story.
+
+You should read those notes,
+because I've gone through that
+
+very, very fast, partly because
+some of you are
+
+already very familiar with
+Markov chains some of you are
+
+probably less familiar with it,
+so you should check that
+
+out a little bit on your own.
+
+I want to talk about the
+Lempel Ziv universal
+
+algorithm, which was rather
+surprising to many people.
+
+Jacob Ziv is one of the
+great theorists
+
+of information theory.
+
+Before this time, he wrote
+a lot of very,
+
+very powerful papers.
+
+Which were quite hard to
+read in many cases.
+
+So it was a real surprise to
+people when he came up with
+
+this beautiful idea, which was
+a lovely, simple algorithm.
+
+Some people, because of that,
+thought it was Abe Lempel, who
+
+spends part of his year at
+Brandeis, who was really the
+
+genius behind it.
+
+In fact, it wasn't Abe Lempel,
+it was Jacob Ziv who was the
+
+genius behind it.
+
+Abe Lempel was pretty much the
+one who really implemented it,
+
+because once you see what the
+algorithm is, it's still not
+
+trivial to try to find how
+to implement it in a
+
+simple, easy way.
+
+If you look at all the articles
+about it, the authors
+
+are Ziv and Lempel, instead of
+Lempel and Ziv, so why it got
+
+called Lempel Ziv is a
+mystery to everyone.
+
+Anyway, they came up with
+two algorithms.
+
+One which they came up with in
+1977, and people looked at
+
+their 1977 algorithm and said,
+oh that's much too complicated
+
+to implement.
+
+So they went back to the drawing
+board, came up with
+
+another one in 1978, which
+people said, ah, we can
+
+implement that.
+
+So people started implementing
+the LZ78 and of course, by
+
+that time, all the technology
+was much better.
+
+You could do things faster and
+cheaper then you could before,
+
+and what happened then is that
+a few years after that people
+
+were implementing LZ77,
+which turned out
+
+to work much better.
+
+Which is often the way
+this field works.
+
+People do something interesting
+theoretically,
+
+people say, no you can't do
+it, so they simplify it,
+
+thereby destroying some of
+its best characteristics.
+
+And then a few years later
+people are doing the more
+
+sophisticated thing, which they
+should have started out
+
+doing at the beginning.
+
+What is a Universal Data
+Compression algorithm?
+
+A Universal Data Compression
+algorithm, is an algorithm
+
+which doesn't have any
+probabilities tucked into it.
+
+In other words, the algorithm
+itself simply looks at a
+
+sequence of letters from
+an alphabet, and
+
+encodes it in some way.
+
+And what you would like to be
+able to do is somehow measure
+
+what the statistics are, and
+at the same time as you're
+
+measuring the statistics, you
+want to encode the digits.
+
+You don't care too
+much about delay.
+
+In fact, one way to do this --
+
+I mean, if you're surprised
+that you can build a good
+
+universal encoder,
+you shouldn't be.
+
+Because you could just take the
+first million letters out
+
+of the source, go through all
+the statistical analysis you
+
+want to, model the source in
+whatever way makes the best
+
+sense to you, and then build a
+Huffman encoder, which, in
+
+fact, encodes things according
+to that model that you have.
+
+Of course you then have to send
+the decoder the first
+
+million digits, and the decoder
+goes through the same
+
+statistical analysis, and
+therefore finds out what code
+
+you're going to use, and then
+the encoder encodes, the
+
+decoder decodes and you have
+this million symbols of
+
+overhead in the algorithm, that
+if you use the algorithm
+
+for a billion letters instead of
+a million letters, then it
+
+all works pretty well.
+
+So there's a little bit of
+that flavor here, but the
+
+other part of it is, it's
+a neat algorithm.
+
+And the algorithm measures
+things in a faster way then
+
+you would believe.
+
+And as you look at it later
+you say, gee, this makes a
+
+great deal of sense even if
+there isn't much statistical
+
+structure here.
+
+In other words, you can show
+that if the source really is a
+
+Markov source, then this
+algorithm will behave just as
+
+well, asymptotically, as the
+best algorithm you can design
+
+for that Markov source.
+
+Namely, it's so good that it
+will in fact measure the
+
+statistics in that Markov model
+and implement them.
+
+But it does something
+better than that.
+
+And the thing which is better
+is that, if you're going to
+
+look at this first million
+symbols and your objective
+
+then is to build a Markov model,
+after you build the
+
+Markov model for that million
+symbols, one of the things
+
+that you always question about
+is, should I have used a
+
+Markov model or should I have
+used some other kind of model?
+
+And that's a difficult
+question to ask.
+
+You go through all of the
+different possibilities, and
+
+one of the nice things about the
+Lempel Ziv algorithm is,
+
+in a sense, it just does
+this automatically.
+
+If there's some kind of
+statistical structure there,
+
+it's going to find it.
+
+If it's not Markov, if it's some
+other kind of structure,
+
+it will find it.
+
+The question is how does it
+find this statistical
+
+structure without knowing what
+kind of model you should use
+
+to start with?
+
+And that's the genius of things
+which are universal,
+
+because they don't assume that
+you have to measure particular
+
+things in some model that
+you believe in.
+
+It just does the whole
+thing all at once.
+
+If it's running along and the
+statistics change, bing, it
+
+changes, too.
+
+And suddenly it will start
+producing more binary digits
+
+per source symbol, or fewer,
+because that's
+
+what it has to do.
+
+And that's just the
+way it works.
+
+But it does have all these
+nice properties.
+
+It has instantaneous
+decodability.
+
+In a sense, it is a prefix-free
+code, although you
+
+have to interpret
+pretty carefully
+
+what you mean by that.
+
+We'll understand that
+in a little bit.
+
+But in fact, it does do all
+of these neat things.
+
+And there are better algorithms
+out there now,
+
+whether they're better in terms
+of the trade-off between
+
+complexity and compressability,
+I don't know.
+
+But anyway, the people who do
+research on these things have
+
+to have something to
+keep them busy.
+
+And they have to have some kind
+of results to get money
+
+for, and therefore they claim
+that the new algorithms are
+
+better than the old
+algorithms.
+
+And they probably are,
+but I'm not sure.
+
+Anyway, this is a very
+cute algorithm.
+
+So what you're trying to do
+here, the objective, one
+
+objective which is achieved, is
+if you observe the output
+
+from the given probability
+model, say a Markov source,
+
+and I build the best code I can
+for that Markov source,
+
+then we know how many bits
+we need per symbol.
+
+Number of bits we need per
+symbol is this entropy of a
+
+letter of a symbol
+given the state.
+
+That's the best we can do.
+
+How well does the Lempel
+Ziv algorithm do?
+
+Asymptotically, when you make
+everything large it will
+
+encode using a number of bits
+per symbol, which is H of X,
+
+given S. So it'll do just as
+well as the best thing does
+
+which happens to know the
+model to start with.
+
+As I said before the algorithm
+also compresses in the absence
+
+of any ordinary kind of
+statistical structure.
+
+Whatever kind of structure
+is there, this
+
+algorithm sorts it out.
+
+It should deal with gradually
+changing statistics.
+
+It does that also, but perhaps
+not in the best way.
+
+We'll talk about that later.
+
+Let's describe it
+a little bit.
+
+If we let x 1, x 2 blah blah
+blah, be the output of the
+
+source, and the alphabet is some
+alphabet capital X, which
+
+has size m, let's just as
+notation, let x sub m super n
+
+denote the string xm,
+xm plus 1, up to xn.
+
+In other words, in describing
+this algorithm we are, all the
+
+time talking about strings of
+letters taken out of this
+
+infinite length string that
+comes out of the source.
+
+We want to have a nice notation
+for talking about a
+
+sub string of the
+actual sequence.
+
+We're going to use a window
+in this algorithm.
+
+We want the window to have a
+size with the power of 2.
+
+Typical values for the window
+range from about a thousand up
+
+to about a million.
+
+Maybe they're even bigger
+now, I don't know.
+
+But as we'll see later, there's
+
+some constraints there.
+
+What the Lempel Ziv algorithm
+does, this LZ77 algorithm, is
+
+it matches the longest string
+of yet unencoded -- this is
+
+unencoded also, isn't it,
+that's simple enough --
+
+of yet unencoded symbols
+by using strings
+
+starting in the window.
+
+So it takes this sequence of
+stuff we haven't observed yet,
+
+it tries to find the longest
+string starting there which it
+
+can match with something that's
+already in the window.
+
+If it can find something which
+matches with something in the
+
+window, what does it do?
+
+It's going to first say how long
+the match was, and then
+
+it's going to say where in
+the window it found it.
+
+And the decoder is sitting
+there, the decoder has this
+
+window which it observes also,
+so the decoder can find the
+
+same match which is
+in the window.
+
+Why does it work?
+
+Well, it works because with all
+of these AEP properties
+
+that we're thinking of, you tend
+to have typical sequences
+
+sitting there in the window.
+
+And you tend to have typical
+sequences which come out of
+
+the source.
+
+So the thing we're trying to
+encode is some typical
+
+sequence --
+
+well you can you can think of
+short typical sequences and
+
+longer typical sequences.
+
+We try to find the longest
+typical sequence that we can.
+
+And we're looking back into
+this window, and there are
+
+enormous number of typical
+sequences there.
+
+If we make the typical sequences
+short enough, there
+
+aren't too many of them, and
+most of them are sitting there
+
+in the window.
+
+This'll become clearer
+as we go.
+
+Let's go on and actually
+explain what
+
+the algorithm does.
+
+So here's the algorithm.
+
+First, you take this large W,
+this large window size, and
+
+we're going to encode the
+first thought W symbols.
+
+We're not even going to use any
+compression, that's just
+
+lost stuff.
+
+So we encode this first million
+symbols, we grin and
+
+bear it, and then the decoder
+has this window
+
+of a million symbols.
+
+We at the encoder have this
+window of a million symbols,
+
+and we proceed from there.
+
+So it gets amortized,
+so we don't care.
+
+So we then have a pointer, and
+we set the pointer to W.
+
+So the pointer is the last
+thing that we encoded.
+
+So we have all this encoded
+stuff starting at time P,
+
+everything beyond there
+is as yet unencoded.
+
+That's the first step
+in the algorithm.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+The next step is to find the
+largest n, greater than or
+
+equal to 2, I'll explain why
+greater than or equal to 2
+
+later, such that the string x
+sub p plus 1 up to p plus n,
+
+what is that?
+
+It's the string which starts
+right beyond the pointer,
+
+namely the string that starts
+here, what we're trying to do
+
+is find the largest n, in other
+words the longest string
+
+starting here, which we can
+match with something that's in
+
+the window.
+
+Now we look at a, a is in the
+window, we look at a b, a b as
+
+in the window.
+
+We look at a b a, a b a as in
+the window. a b a b, a b a b
+
+is not in the window.
+
+At least I hope it's not in the
+window or I screwed up.
+
+Yeah, it's not in the window.
+
+So the longest thing we can find
+which matches with what's
+
+in the window is this match
+of length three.
+
+So this is finding the longest
+match which matches with
+
+something here.
+
+This next example, I think
+the only way I can regard
+
+that is as a hack.
+
+It's a kind of hack that
+programmers like.
+
+It's very mysterious, but it's
+also the kind of hack that
+
+mathematicians like because in
+this case this particular hack
+
+makes the analysis
+much easier.
+
+So this is another
+kind of match.
+
+It's looking for the longest
+string here,
+
+starting at this pointer.
+
+a b a b so forth, which matches
+things starting here.
+
+Starting somewhere
+in the window.
+
+So it finds a match a
+b here. a b a here.
+
+But now it looks for a b
+a b, a match of four.
+
+Where do we find it?
+
+We can start back here, which
+is still in the window, and
+
+what we see is a b a b.
+
+So these four digits match
+these four digits.
+
+Well you might say foul ball,
+because if I tell you there's
+
+a match of four and I tell you
+where it is, in fact, all the
+
+poor decoder knows is this.
+
+If I tell you there's a match
+of four and it starts here,
+
+what's the poor decoder
+going to do?
+
+The poor decoder says, ok, so
+a is that digit two digits
+
+ago, so that gives me the a.
+
+So I know there's an a
+there. b is the next
+
+digit, so b is there.
+
+And then I know the first two
+digits beyond the window, and
+
+therefore this third digit is a,
+so that must be that digit.
+
+The fourth digit is
+this digit, which
+
+must be that digit.
+
+OK?
+
+If you didn't catch that, you
+can just think about it, it'll
+
+become clear.
+
+I mean it really is a hack.
+
+It's not very important.
+
+It won't change the way
+this thing bahaves.
+
+But it does change the
+way you analyze it
+
+So that's the first
+thing you do, you
+
+look for these matches.
+
+Next thing we're going to do
+is we're going to try to
+
+encode the matches.
+
+Namely, we're going to try to
+encode the thing the we found
+
+in the window.
+
+How do we encode what we
+found in the window?
+
+Well the first thing we
+have to do -- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you don't
+find any matches?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm going to
+talk about that later.
+
+If you don't find any matches,
+I mean what I was looking for
+
+was matches of two or more.
+
+If you don't find any matches of
+two or more, what you do is
+
+you just take the first letter
+in the window and you encode
+
+that without any compression.
+
+I mean our strategy here is to
+always send the length of the
+
+match first.
+
+If you say the length of the
+match is one, than the decoder
+
+knows to look for uncompressed
+symbols, instead of looking
+
+for something in the window.
+
+So it takes care of the case
+where there haven't been any
+
+occurrences of symbol anywhere
+in the window.
+
+So you only look for matches
+of length two or more.
+
+So then you use something called
+a unary-binary code.
+
+Theoriticians always copy
+everybody else's work.
+
+The unary-binary code was due
+to Peter Elias, who was the
+
+head of this department
+for a long time.
+
+He just died about
+six months ago.
+
+He was here up until
+his death.
+
+He used to organize department
+colloquia.
+
+He was so essential that since
+he died, nobody's taken over
+
+the department colloquia.
+
+He was my thesis adviser, so I
+tend to think very kindly of
+
+him And he was lots
+of other things.
+
+But anyway, he invented this
+unary-binary code, which is a
+
+way of encoding the integers,
+which has a lot of nice
+
+properties.
+
+And they're universal
+properties, as you will see.
+
+The idea is to encode the
+integers, there are infinite
+
+number of integers.
+
+What you'd like to do, somehow
+or other, is have shorter code
+
+words for lower integers,
+and longer code
+
+words for longer integers.
+
+In this particular Lempel Ziv
+algorithm, it's particularly
+
+important to have the lenght of
+the code words growing as
+
+the logarithm of n.
+
+Because then anytime you find
+a really long match, and you
+
+got a very large n, you're
+encoding a whole lot of
+
+letters, and therefore you
+don't care if there's an
+
+overhead which is proportional
+to log n.
+
+So you don't mind that.
+
+And if there's a very small
+number of letters encoded, you
+
+want something very
+efficient then.
+
+So it does that.
+
+And the way it does it is, first
+you generate a prefix,
+
+and then you have a
+representation in base 2.
+
+Namely base 2 expansion.
+
+So the number n, the prefix
+here, I think I said it here,
+
+the positive integer n is
+encoded into the binary
+
+representation of n, preceded by
+a prefix of integer part of
+
+log to the base 2 of n zero.
+
+Now what's the integer part
+of log to the base 2 of 1?
+
+Log to the base 2
+of 1 is zero.
+
+It was a prefix of zero zeros.
+
+So zero zeros is nothing.
+
+So the prefix is nothing, the
+expansion of 1, in a base 2
+
+expansion or any other
+expansion, is 1.
+
+So the code word for 1 is 1.
+
+If you have the number 2, log
+to the base 2 of 2 is 1.
+
+The integer part of 1 is 1, so
+you start out with a single
+
+zero and then you have
+the expansion, 2 is
+
+expanded as 1 zero.
+
+And so forth.
+
+Oh and then 3 is expanded as 1
+1, again with a prefix of 1.
+
+Four is encoded as
+1 zero zero, blah
+
+blah blah and so forth.
+
+Why don't you just leave
+the prefix out?
+
+Anybody figure out why I
+need the prefix there?
+
+AUDIENCE: If without those
+prefixes, you don't a
+
+prefix-free code.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah Right.
+
+If I left them out, everything
+would start with 1.
+
+I would get to the 1, I would
+say, gee, is that the end of
+
+it or isn't it the end of it?
+
+I wouldn't know.
+
+But with this, if I see 1, the
+only code word that starts
+
+with 1 is this one.
+
+If it's 2 or 3, it starts with
+zero and then there's a 1,
+
+which says it's on that next
+branch which has probably 1/4.
+
+I have a 1 0, 1 1, a prefix of
+0 0, followed by a 1, put me
+
+off on another branch.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So, yes, this is a
+prefix-free code.
+
+And it's a prefix-free code
+which has this nice property
+
+that the number of digits in the
+code word is approximately
+
+2 times log n.
+
+Namely, it goes up
+both ways here.
+
+The number of zeros I need is
+log to the base 2 of n.
+
+The number of digits in the base
+2 expansion, is also the
+
+integer part of log to
+the base 2 of n.
+
+So it works both ways.
+
+And there's always this
+1 in the middle.
+
+Again, it's a hack.
+
+It's a hack that works
+very nicely when you
+
+try to analyze this.
+
+OK so if the size of the match
+is bigger than one, we're
+
+going to encode the positive
+integer u.
+
+u was where the match
+occurred.
+
+How far back do you have
+to count before
+
+you find this match?
+
+You're going to encode that
+integer u into a fixed length
+
+code of length log of w bits.
+
+In other words, you
+have a window of
+
+size 2 to the twentieth.
+
+You can encode any point in
+there with 20 binary digits.
+
+The 20 binary digits say how far
+do you have to go back to
+
+find this code word.
+
+So first we're encoding n, by
+this unary-binary code, then
+
+we're encoding w just with
+this simple minded way of
+
+encoding log w bits.
+
+And that tells us where
+the match is.
+
+The decoder goes back, there
+finds the match, pumps it out
+
+if n is equal to 1, here's the
+answer to your question, you
+
+encode the single letter
+without compression.
+
+And that takes care of the case,
+either where you have a
+
+match to that single letter,
+or there isn't any match to
+
+the single letter.
+
+The next thing, as you might
+imagine, is you set the
+
+pointer to P plus n, because
+you've encoded n digits, and
+
+you go to step two.
+
+Namely, you keep iterating
+forever.
+
+Until the source wears out, or
+until the encoder wears out,
+
+or until the decoder
+wears out.
+
+You just keep going.
+
+That's all the algorithm is.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you throw out
+the first n bits, when you
+
+reset the pointer, because you
+only have w bits that say
+
+where n was for the
+next iteration?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I throw out the
+n oldest bits in the window.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, those are
+the first n bits.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes the first n bits
+out of the window and I
+
+keep all of the more
+recent bits.
+
+I tend to think of the first
+ones as the things closest to
+
+the pointer, but you think of it
+either way, which is fine.
+
+So as you do it, the window
+keeps sliding along.
+
+That's what it does.
+
+Why do you think this works?
+/ There's a half
+
+analysis in the notes.
+
+i'd like to say a little bit
+about how that analysis is
+
+cheating, because it's not
+quite a fair analysis.
+
+If you look at the window, there
+are w different starting
+
+points in the window.
+
+So let's write this down.
+
+w starting points.
+
+So for any given n, there
+are there are w
+
+springs of length n.
+
+We don't know how long this
+match is going to be, but what
+
+I would like to do, if I'm
+thinking of a Markov source,
+
+is to say, OK, let's make n
+large enough so that the size
+
+of the typical set is about w.
+
+ok
+
+So choose n to be about w
+divided by H of X given S. And
+
+the size of the typical set is
+then going to be 2 to the n,
+
+wait a minute.
+
+n is equal to log w.
+
+So the size of the typical set
+then is T sub epsilon, is
+
+going to be roughly from what we
+said 2 to the n times H of
+
+X given S. So what I'm going to
+do is to set w equal to T
+
+of epsilon.
+
+I'm going to focus on a match
+length which I'm hoping to
+
+achieve, of log w over H of X
+given S. The typical set,
+
+then, is a size 2 to the n times
+H of x give S. And if
+
+the typical set is of this size,
+and I look at these w
+
+strings in the window, yeah,
+I'm going to have some
+
+duplicates but roughly I'm going
+to have a large enough
+
+number of things in the window
+to represent all of these
+
+typical strings.
+
+Or most of them.
+
+If I try to choose an n which is
+a little bigger than that,
+
+let's call this n star.
+
+If I try to make n a little bit
+bigger than this typical
+
+match size, I don't have a
+prayer of a chance, because
+
+the typical set then is just
+very much larger than w, so
+
+I'd be very, very lucky if I
+found anything in the window.
+
+So that can't work.
+
+If I make n a good deal smaller,
+then I'm going to
+
+succeed with great probability
+it seems, because I'm even
+
+allowing for many, many
+duplicates of each of these
+
+typical sets to be
+in the window.
+
+So what this is saying is
+there ought to be some
+
+critical length when the
+window was very large,
+
+critical match length, and most
+of the time the match is
+
+going to be somewhere around
+this value here.
+
+And as w becomes truly
+humongous, and as the match
+
+size becomes large --
+
+you remember for these typical
+sets to make any sense, this
+
+number has to be large.
+
+And when this number gets large,
+the size of the typical
+
+set it humongous.
+
+Which says, that for this
+asymptotic analysis, a window
+
+of 2 to the twentieth, probably
+
+isn't nearly big enough.
+
+So the asymptotic analysis is
+really saying, when you have
+
+really humongous windows
+this is going to work.
+
+You don't make windows that
+large, so you have to have
+
+some faith that this theoretical
+argument is going
+
+to work here.
+
+But that tells you roughly what
+the size of these matches
+
+is going to be.
+
+If the size of the matches is
+that, and you use log w bits
+
+plus 2 log n bits, to encode
+each match, what happens?
+
+Encode match.
+
+You use log w, plus
+2 log n star.
+
+That's the number of bits it
+takes you, this is the number
+
+of bits it takes you to encode
+what the match size is.
+
+You still have to encode that.
+
+This is the number of bits it
+takes you to encode where the
+
+match occurs.
+
+Now how big is this
+relative to this?
+
+Well n star is on the order of
+log w, so we're taking log w
+
+plus 2 times log of log of w.
+
+So in an approximate analysis,
+you say, I don't even care
+
+about that.
+
+You wind up with encoding
+a match with log w bits.
+
+So you encode n star bits, you
+use log w bits to do it, how
+
+many bits are you using
+per symbol?
+
+H of X given S. That's roughly
+the idea of why the Lempel Ziv
+
+algorithm works.
+
+Can anybody spot any problems
+with that analysis?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You don't know the
+probabilities beforehand, so
+
+how do you pick w?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good one.
+
+You picked w by saying, I have
+a computer which will go at a
+
+certain speed.
+
+My data rate is coming in at a
+certain speed, and I'm going
+
+to pick w as large as
+I can keep up with.
+
+With the best algorithm
+I can think of for
+
+doing string matching.
+
+And string matching a hard thing
+to do, but it's not a
+
+terribly easy thing
+to do either.
+
+So you make w as large
+as you can.
+
+And if it's not large
+enough, tough.
+
+You got matches which are
+somewhat smaller -- all this
+
+argument about typical sets
+still work except for the
+
+epsilon and deltas that
+are tucked into there.
+
+So it's just that the epsilons
+and the deltas get too big
+
+when you're strings are
+not long enough.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So your w is just
+make your processing time
+
+equal the time [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's what the determines w.
+
+It's how fast you can do a
+string search over this long,
+
+long window.
+
+You're not going to just search
+everything one by one,
+
+you're going to build some kind
+of data structure there
+
+that makes these searches
+run fast.
+
+Can anybody think of why
+you might not want
+
+to make w too large?
+
+This isn't a theoretical
+reason, this is
+
+more practical thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it if the
+probabilities change, it's
+
+slow to react to
+those changes?
+
+PROFESSOR: If the probabilities
+change, it's
+
+slow to react to them, because
+it's got this humongous window
+
+here, and it's not until the
+window fills up with all of
+
+this new stuff, that it
+starts to work well.
+
+And before it fills up, you're
+using an effective small
+
+window, but you're using a
+number of bits which is
+
+proportionate to log of a large
+window, and therefore
+
+you're wasting bits.
+
+So another thing that that
+determines how big you
+
+want w to be --
+
+I mean the main thing that's
+determines it is just that you
+
+can't run that fast.
+
+Because you'd like to
+make it pretty big.
+
+Another question.
+
+How about this matter of wasting
+w symbols at the
+
+beginning to fill
+up the window?
+
+what do you do about that?
+
+I mean, that's a pretty
+stupid thing, right?
+
+Anybody suggest a solution
+to that?
+
+If you're building this
+yourself, how
+
+would you handle it?
+
+It's the same argument as if
+the statistics change in
+
+mid-stream.
+
+I mean, you don't measure that
+the statistics have changed,
+
+and throw out what's
+in the window.
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you not assume
+that you already have a
+
+typical sequence?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, and you
+don't care whether
+
+it's right or wrong.
+
+You could assume that the
+typical sequence is all zeros,
+
+so you fill up the window
+with all zeros.
+
+The decoder also fills it up
+with all zeros, because this
+
+is the way you always start.
+
+And then you just start running
+a log, looking for
+
+matches and encoding things.
+
+And as w builds up, you
+start matching things.
+
+You could even be smarter, and
+know that you're window wasn't
+
+very big and let your
+window grow also.
+
+If you wanted to really
+be fancy about this.
+
+So if you want to encode this
+you can have a lot of fun, and
+
+a lot of people over the years
+have had a lot of fun trying
+
+to encode these things.
+
+It's a neat thing to do.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J09o6QRVsfw.txt b/J09o6QRVsfw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..011ceb70a700123c4a4a3d796b9cc912c942564a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J09o6QRVsfw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+PROFESSOR: Today I'd like to
+talk to you about some
+
+techniques that you can add to
+basic search to enable your
+
+systems to make more intelligent
+decisions and save
+
+computation time.
+
+Last time, we introduced basic
+search and the basic idea of
+
+how to encode search so that our
+system can use search when
+
+encountering an unknown
+territory or state space.
+
+And today, we're going to review
+some things you can do
+
+in terms of using the
+information that you know and
+
+also using estimations of the
+information that you would
+
+like to know to improve your
+chances of discovering the
+
+path that you're interested
+in the fastest.
+
+The first thing that we can do
+in order to improve our search
+
+is use dynamic programming.
+
+Dynamic programming refers to
+the idea is that once you've
+
+done a computation for a
+particular kind of problem,
+
+you can save that computation
+and use it later, as opposed
+
+to having to engage in that
+computation a second time.
+
+The way this manifests in
+search is that once you
+
+visited a particular state, you
+don't have to visit that
+
+state again.
+
+Because the way your agenda's
+set up, you found the fastest
+
+way to that particular state,
+as far as you're concerned.
+
+So the general idea is that once
+you visit a particular
+
+state, you don't have
+to visit it again.
+
+If you're building a normal
+search tree, it can be
+
+difficult to keep track of where
+you've been, especially
+
+if you're doing something like
+that depth-first search.
+
+To get around this and to enable
+dynamic programming,
+
+the easiest thing to do is just
+keep a list of the states
+
+that you visited as a
+consequence of this particular
+
+run of search.
+
+I'm going to demonstrate dynamic
+programming by running
+
+depth-first search on
+our state transition
+
+diagram from last time.
+
+The first two steps are the
+same, except for the fact that
+
+we're going to keep track of the
+fact that we visited both
+
+A, B, and C as a consequence
+of the first two
+
+iterations of search.
+
+If I'm running depth-first
+search, my agenda acts as a
+
+stack, which means I'm going to
+take the partial path that
+
+I added most recently to the
+agenda, pop it off, and expand
+
+the last node in the
+partial path.
+
+When I expand C, I'm going to
+visit B and D. However, B is
+
+already in my list of states
+that I visited, because it's
+
+already in one of the partial
+paths in my agenda.
+
+So I'm not going to
+visit B again.
+
+Instead, I'm only going to add
+one new partial path to my
+
+agenda, ACD.
+
+I'm also going to add D to my
+list of visited states.
+
+If I run another iteration
+of depth-first
+
+search, I find my goal.
+
+For completeness, E is added
+to list of visited states.
+
+This took even fewer iterations
+that the original
+
+depth-first search.
+
+We didn't waste time expanding
+different nodes.
+
+We also used less space.
+
+In the general sense, the
+concept of dynamic programming
+
+is great to use whatever
+you can.
+
+And in search, it can save you
+a lot of time and energy.
+
+Another way we can intelligently
+improve our
+
+search technique is by making
+considerations for costs that
+
+we know that are associated with
+particular transitions.
+
+In this state transition
+diagram, I've indicated some
+
+costs associated with
+the transitions
+
+between particular states.
+
+If we know the costs associated
+with transitions,
+
+then we can use a cumulation
+of the weights accumulated
+
+through traversing a particular
+partial path to
+
+prioritize which paths we're
+going to explore first in an
+
+effort to reduce the amount
+of cost associated
+
+with our final actions.
+
+In order to do that, we can
+keep track of the value
+
+associated with that cumulation,
+and sort the
+
+agenda at every iteration
+based on that cost.
+
+If we're using dynamic
+programming, while making
+
+considerations for both cost and
+heuristics, and also when
+
+we're running the goal test when
+making considerations for
+
+cost and heuristics, we're
+actually going to make our
+
+considerations when we expand
+the node as opposed to when we
+
+visit the node.
+
+This difference is very
+important because it provides
+
+us with the most optimal
+solution.
+
+If it's possible for us to visit
+the goal node, but it's
+
+100 cost units away, It may be
+worth our while to search for
+
+alternatives that provide
+a much shorter
+
+path to the goal node.
+
+That's why we switch from
+considering when we visit to
+
+considering when we expand.
+
+Let's look at uniform cost
+search run with dynamic
+
+programming.
+
+In my first step, I expand
+A and add two
+
+partial paths to my queue.
+
+I'm also going to keep track
+of the cumulative cost
+
+associated with that
+partial path.
+
+When I expand A, I add
+A to the agenda.
+
+Note that I haven't talked
+about stacks or queues or
+
+depth first or bread
+first or anything.
+
+We're working with
+a priority queue.
+
+And what that means is that
+things with a higher priority
+
+float to the top.
+
+Or things with the lowest cost
+associated with them we're
+
+going to consider first.
+
+This means that I'm going
+to expand B in the
+
+partial path AB first.
+
+I'll add it to my list.
+
+When I expand B, B has two child
+nodes, D and C. ABC has
+
+partial path cost 3 associated
+with it.
+
+And ABD has partial path cost
+11 associated with it.
+
+That means when I reprioritize
+my queue, I'm going to end up
+
+sorting everything such that
+AC comes first, ABC come
+
+second, And ABD comes third.
+
+Previously, with our strategy
+for dynamic programming, C
+
+would not have been added to
+this partial path, because
+
+we've already visited
+it with path AC.
+
+At this step, we're going to
+expand the path AC, add C to
+
+the list, and any other time
+that we end up visiting C, we
+
+will not add it to our paths.
+
+If I expand C, I have a
+transition to B, which is
+
+already in my list, and
+a transition to D
+
+that has cost 7.
+
+ABC is going to float to the
+top of my priority queue.
+
+ACB is not going to be
+considered, because B is
+
+already part of my list.
+
+And ABD is going to remain
+with cost 11.
+
+At this point, you might say,
+but Kendra, why am I
+
+considering partial path ABC
+when C is in my list--
+
+or C should be in my
+list, excuse me--
+
+as a consequence of expanding
+the partial path AC?
+
+Even though we've expanded the
+partial path AC, if we have
+
+not made any considerations to
+weed out our list at every
+
+iteration, this is still going
+to float to the top.
+
+And we're still going to have
+to deal with it, even though
+
+we've already expanded C. Since
+we've already expanded
+
+C, we're going to ignore this
+partial path and just move ACD
+
+7 and ABD 11 up to the front.
+
+D is not in our expanded list.
+
+When we expand D, we have one
+child node E. Because we're
+
+working with cost and
+heuristics, we do not actually
+
+evaluate the goal test
+when we visit a node.
+
+We evaluate it when
+we expand a node.
+
+So I am going to add
+ACDE to my agenda.
+
+It's going to have cost 8.
+
+And ABD11 is still going to hang
+out here at the back of
+
+the priority queue.
+
+At this point, I get to expand
+E. I skipped adding D to the
+
+expanded list when I expanded
+it from ACD to ACDE.
+
+At this point, I'm going to
+expand E. And the first thing
+
+I'm going to do is test and see
+whether or not it passes
+
+the goal test.
+
+At that point, I stop search,
+return that I successfully
+
+completed the search, and
+that my partial path
+
+is going to be ACDE.
+
+That covers uniform
+cost search.
+
+At this point, you might say,
+Kendra, this is bearing a lot
+
+of similarity to things
+like maps.
+
+And I would really like to be
+able to use my knowledge of
+
+things like the Euclidean
+in order to make more
+
+intelligent, even more
+intelligent decisions about
+
+where it is that I
+go with myself.
+
+And I would say yes, you
+should be able to.
+
+In fact, people do.
+
+In fact, people do
+all the time.
+
+They say well, some
+thing's this far
+
+away as the crow flies.
+
+So I know that if I've gone
+further than that at any
+
+point, then I've wasted
+some amount of time.
+
+But it represents a good
+underestimate of the distance
+
+that I'm going to cover.
+
+This is the basic concept
+of heuristics.
+
+If you're attempting to find a
+goal, and you have an estimate
+
+for the remaining cost, but
+you know it's not exactly
+
+right, you can still use that
+information to attempt to save
+
+you an amount of computation
+or amount of search.
+
+In particular, you probably
+shouldn't be using a
+
+heuristic, if you know
+it's perfect.
+
+Because if you know the
+heuristic is perfect, then you
+
+should be using the heuristic
+to solve your problems,
+
+instead of doing search
+in the first place.
+
+Or if the heuristic already
+tells you how long it's going
+
+to take to find something, then
+it probably also has the
+
+path that represents how
+long or that represents
+
+that amount of cost.
+
+If you want to use a heuristic
+effectively, you have to make
+
+sure that your heuristic
+represents a non-strict
+
+underestimate of the amount
+of cost that is left over.
+
+And what do I mean by that?
+
+I mean that if you have a
+heuristic, and you're using it
+
+as a thing to tell you whether
+or not you're wasting your
+
+time, if your heuristic
+represents information that is
+
+bogus or says this particular
+path has more cost associated
+
+with it than it actually does,
+then it will lead you astray.
+
+Or you don't want to use a
+heuristic that will prevent
+
+you from using a path that
+actually costs less than the
+
+heuristic advertises.
+
+This is what's known as an
+admissible heuristic.
+
+An admissible heuristic always
+underestimates if it makes an
+
+error in estimation about your
+total distance to the goal.
+
+All right.
+
+So at this point, I've covered
+dynamic programming.
+
+I've covered costs.
+
+I've covered heuristics.
+
+And it turns out, you
+can use all of these
+
+techniques at the same time.
+
+When you use both cost and
+heuristics, in combination,
+
+while evaluating your priority
+queue, that's known as an
+
+A-Star search.
+
+And you'll see a decent amount
+of literature on A-Star.
+
+This covers all of the
+intelligent improvements to
+
+basic search that I will talk
+about in this course.
+
+We hope you enjoyed 6.01.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JSlXpd9zm6Q.txt b/JSlXpd9zm6Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05c6ab9a53ed7207751eba32bfeacb3dfde4ee9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JSlXpd9zm6Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so again we have now all tools in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have now all tools in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have now all tools in place
+to do a next round of cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a next round of cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a next round of cross-section
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+we have seen how to set up a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen how to set up a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen how to set up a matrix
+element we have seen how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we have seen how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we have seen how to build
+spin averaged or to treat the spin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin averaged or to treat the spin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin averaged or to treat the spin and
+then specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then specifically
+to calculate spin averaged amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate spin averaged amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate spin averaged amplitudes
+uh using cardiomyostic all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using cardiomyostic all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using cardiomyostic all right
+i'm not saying that this is all easy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that this is all easy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that this is all easy now
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+you have seen all necessarily elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen all necessarily elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen all necessarily elements
+to calculate a cross section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a cross section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate a cross section for
+qrd process so let's summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qrd process so let's summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qrd process so let's summarize
+so we have seen that we can set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have seen that we can set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have seen that we can set up the
+matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element
+using final primary rules for qd we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using final primary rules for qd we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using final primary rules for qd we have
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+how to set up the spin average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set up the spin average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set up the spin average
+matrix element squared using the traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element squared using the traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element squared using the traces
+now we would have to evaluate the traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we would have to evaluate the traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we would have to evaluate the traces
+in order to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to drive
+this formula here so i spare you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here so i spare you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula here so i spare you a
+precise discussion of this step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise discussion of this step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise discussion of this step here
+but you can actually follow this quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually follow this quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually follow this quite
+straightforwardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just step back a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just step back a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just step back a little bit
+before we proceed my goal for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we proceed my goal for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we proceed my goal for the class
+is not to have you calculate all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to have you calculate all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to have you calculate all kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cross-section processes but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section processes but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section processes but to
+understand how you would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you would do it
+um for the purpose of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the purpose of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the purpose of really
+understanding where dependencies come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where dependencies come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding where dependencies come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+and where this kind of calculation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where this kind of calculation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where this kind of calculation has
+its limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its limitations
+the first part is you want to need see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is you want to need see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is you want to need see
+you know what are the dependencies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the dependencies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the dependencies on
+the number on the cotton the couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number on the cotton the couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number on the cotton the couplings
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+you know you see this g square for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see this g square for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see this g square for
+example that's a rather important effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's a rather important effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's a rather important effect
+we also want to see so fermi's golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to see so fermi's golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to see so fermi's golden
+rule how we get actually then to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule how we get actually then to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule how we get actually then to the
+cross section from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section from the
+matrix element calculation so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element calculation so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element calculation so if you
+ever had to calculate a matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had to calculate a matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had to calculate a matrix element
+i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+going to ask you to do this once maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do this once maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do this once maybe
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+as part of the homework set um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the homework set um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the homework set um i
+encourage you to open a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to open a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to open a book
+follow the rules look up tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the rules look up tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the rules look up tricks
+how to work with traces and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to work with traces and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to work with traces and then you
+should get to a reasonable solution in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get to a reasonable solution in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get to a reasonable solution in a
+reasonable amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but here for for the purpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for for the purpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here for for the purpose of this
+discussion we want to just have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we want to just have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we want to just have a look
+at a few specific cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a few specific cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a few specific cases
+where we make assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we make assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we make assumptions and
+simplifications to the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications to the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications to the discussion
+so the first one is called mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is called mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one is called mod
+scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+so here again we are at this example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again we are at this example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here again we are at this example of
+a spin half particle scattering with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin half particle scattering with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin half particle scattering with a
+spin half particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin half particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin half particle
+different spin half particle so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spin half particle so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spin half particle so the
+exchange of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of a photon
+so we used the example of an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we used the example of an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we used the example of an electron
+muon scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muon scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muon scattering
+but this muon here could also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this muon here could also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this muon here could also be a
+proton or any other nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or any other nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or any other nuclei
+with spin half the assumption for scots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin half the assumption for scots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin half the assumption for scots
+from what scattering we're using is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what scattering we're using is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what scattering we're using is that
+the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+of this particle the muon is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particle the muon is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particle the muon is much
+heavier than the mass of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the mass of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the mass of the electron
+and you know it's true that the muon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's true that the muon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's true that the muon is
+200 times heavier than an electron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 times heavier than an electron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 times heavier than an electron a
+proton is even heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is even heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is even heavier
+any heavier nuclei obviously is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any heavier nuclei obviously is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any heavier nuclei obviously is even
+heavier than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than this
+in mod scattering we also make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mod scattering we also make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mod scattering we also make the
+assumption that the momentum involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the momentum involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the momentum involved
+are lower than the mass of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower than the mass of the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lower than the mass of the heavy
+particle and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that the
+recoil of the heavy nuclei or the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil of the heavy nuclei or the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil of the heavy nuclei or the neuron
+can be neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be neglected
+if we do that we can write then write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that we can write then write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that we can write then write
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+differential cross section using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross section using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential cross section using
+firmness golden rule as a spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmness golden rule as a spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmness golden rule as a spin
+average matrix element squared divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average matrix element squared divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average matrix element squared divided
+by two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two pi
+m squared okay if you then use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared okay if you then use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared okay if you then use this
+kinematic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic information
+right you basically start from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you basically start from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you basically start from this
+matrix element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element here
+and then you use those vectors those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use those vectors those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use those vectors those
+four vectors for your momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vectors for your momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vectors for your momentum of the
+first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second
+third and fourth particle you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourth particle you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourth particle you find that
+many of the factors are simplifying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the factors are simplifying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the factors are simplifying to
+me so p2 times p3 is me and so are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so p2 times p3 is me and so are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so p2 times p3 is me and so are many
+of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the others
+and there's a few important factors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a few important factors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a few important factors for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+p1 minus p3 square is minus 4p square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 minus p3 square is minus 4p square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 minus p3 square is minus 4p square
+sine square theta half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta half
+and similarly p1 times p3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly p1 times p3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly p1 times p3
+so you put this all in you know again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put this all in you know again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put this all in you know again
+starting from this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from this very
+formula we just had discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we just had discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we just had discussed before
+and you put all the simplifications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put all the simplifications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put all the simplifications and
+you get this matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this matrix element
+which already that look that looks much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already that look that looks much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already that look that looks much
+more manageable right there's an m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable right there's an m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable right there's an m
+square there's a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there's a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there's a p
+square there's a cosine square theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there's a cosine square theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there's a cosine square theta
+half term and some factor which depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half term and some factor which depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half term and some factor which depends
+on the momentum and the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the momentum and the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the momentum and the mass
+okay and if you then add this to fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you then add this to fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you then add this to fermi's
+golden rule you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule you find
+this equation for your mod scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for your mod scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for your mod scattering
+again this is the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the scattering
+of two spin half different spin half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two spin half different spin half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two spin half different spin half
+particles where one is much heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles where one is much heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles where one is much heavier
+the outgoing momentum are small and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing momentum are small and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing momentum are small and the
+recoil of the heavier particles can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil of the heavier particles can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil of the heavier particles can be
+neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected
+so this mods formula describes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mods formula describes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mods formula describes for
+example the coulomb scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the coulomb scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the coulomb scattering
+so the scattering this photon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the scattering this photon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the scattering this photon on the
+electric charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric charge
+of a nuclei and the scattering particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclei and the scattering particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nuclei and the scattering particle
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+too heavy and not too energetic like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too heavy and not too energetic like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too heavy and not too energetic like an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+we also assume that everything involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also assume that everything involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also assume that everything involved
+here is point like we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is point like we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is point like we haven't
+had any discussion on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any discussion on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any discussion on on the
+charge distribution of the nuclei or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution of the nuclei or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution of the nuclei or
+anything we assume that this is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we assume that this is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we assume that this is a point
+like particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like particle
+okay we can further discuss now the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can further discuss now the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can further discuss now the case
+where the initial state particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the initial state particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the initial state particles are
+non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic
+so here our momentum formulas simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here our momentum formulas simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here our momentum formulas simplify
+this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply
+m square p square is 2 m e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m square p square is 2 m e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m square p square is 2 m e
+and alpha is q 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha is q 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha is q 1 times
+q 2. those are the electric charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q 2. those are the electric charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q 2. those are the electric charges
+and so then our differential cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then our differential cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then our differential cross
+section further simplifies to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section further simplifies to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section further simplifies to something
+you have already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already seen
+the differential cross section is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential cross section is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential cross section is equal
+to q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to q1
+times q2 divided by 4 times the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q2 divided by 4 times the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q2 divided by 4 times the energy
+sine square theta half squared and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta half squared and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine square theta half squared and we
+have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that
+as already the the rather fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as already the the rather fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as already the the rather fault
+scattering cross section when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross section when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross section when we
+discuss cross-section measurements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss cross-section measurements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss cross-section measurements in a
+geometrical kind of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical kind of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical kind of sense
+so this kind of closes closes the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of closes closes the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of closes closes the loop
+here in our cross-sectional discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our cross-sectional discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our cross-sectional discussion
+and how we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can think about
+those things the rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things the rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things the rutherford
+cross-section is nothing else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is nothing else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is nothing else but
+a big billiard ball being hit by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big billiard ball being hit by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big billiard ball being hit by a small
+billiard wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard wall
+and looking at how the the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at how the the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at how the the cross-section
+actually how the or the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how the or the cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how the or the cross section
+differentially kind of evolves out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially kind of evolves out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially kind of evolves out of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+out of the setup all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the setup all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the setup all right
+um in this sequence we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this sequence we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this sequence we have a little bit
+more of a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a discussion
+what happens now if we introduce higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now if we introduce higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now if we introduce higher
+order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+and how can we think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how can we think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how can we think about those
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+and then i have two extra lectures where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have two extra lectures where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have two extra lectures where
+we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back
+and discuss spin and also how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss spin and also how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discuss spin and also how we can
+actually understand this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this in the
+lagrangian setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian setup
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KqqOXndnvic.txt b/KqqOXndnvic.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5502a4b3314edd4abf101d842da725b9c8c337b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KqqOXndnvic.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right let's get started
+good morning everyone I see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone I see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone I see a lot of
+tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+faces I'm not tired why are you tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I'm not tired why are you tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I'm not tired why are you tired
+I only lecture half the time you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only lecture half the time you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only lecture half the time you guys
+take the class all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the class all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the class all the
+time um so uh today's lecture is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so uh today's lecture is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so uh today's lecture is is
+about uh hash functions and um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh hash functions and um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh hash functions and um uh you
+may think that you know a lot about hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think that you know a lot about hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think that you know a lot about hash
+functions and you probably do but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you probably do but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you probably do but what
+we're going to do today is talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today is talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today is talk about
+really a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a completely different
+application of hash functions and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of hash functions and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of hash functions and a new
+set of properties that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of properties that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of properties that we're going to
+require of hash functions that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of hash functions that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of hash functions that I'll
+elaborate on and we're going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on and we're going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on and we're going to see a
+bunch of different applications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different applications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different applications to
+things like password protection checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like password protection checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like password protection checking
+the Integrity of files uh auctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of files uh auctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Integrity of files uh auctions and
+so on and so forth so a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so a little bit of a
+different lecture both today and uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture both today and uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture both today and uh on
+Thursday uh we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh we're going to be doing
+cryptography and applications not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and applications not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and applications not too
+much of algorithms but we will do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of algorithms but we will do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of algorithms but we will do a
+little bit of analysis with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of analysis with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of analysis with respect to
+whether properties are satisfied in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether properties are satisfied in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether properties are satisfied in this
+case by hash functions or not so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by hash functions or not so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by hash functions or not so let's
+just Dive Right In uh you all know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Dive Right In uh you all know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Dive Right In uh you all know what
+hash functions are um there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions are um there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions are um there's no real
+change in the definition but the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the definition but the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the definition but the kinds
+of hash functions that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hash functions that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hash functions that we're going to be
+looking at today are quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today are quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at today are quite different
+from the simple hash functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simple hash functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simple hash functions like
+taking a mod with the prime number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a mod with the prime number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a mod with the prime number that
+we've looked at in the past um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at in the past um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at in the past um and the
+notion of collisions is going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of collisions is going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of collisions is going to come up
+again except that again we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again except that again we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again except that again we're going to
+raise the stakes a little bit so a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the stakes a little bit so a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the stakes a little bit so a hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maps arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings let me do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you're not making a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're not making a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're not making a statement
+about U the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U the length of the
+string uh you will break it up uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string uh you will break it up uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string uh you will break it up uh even
+if you had a string of uh length 512 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a string of uh length 512 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a string of uh length 512 or
+maybe it was 27 you do want to get um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was 27 you do want to get um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was 27 you do want to get um a
+number out of it in a specific range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out of it in a specific range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out of it in a specific range
+there's going to be a number of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a number of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a number of bits
+associated with our hash functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with our hash functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with our hash functions and
+previously we had a number of slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we had a number of slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we had a number of slots
+associated with the output of the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the output of the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the output of the hash
+function but the input could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but the input could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but the input could be
+arbitrary and these arbitrary strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data um are going to get mapped as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um are going to get mapped as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um are going to get mapped as I
+just said to a fixed length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output and we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we're going to think about
+this fixed length as being a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fixed length as being a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fixed length as being a number of
+bits uh today um as opposed to slots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits uh today um as opposed to slots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits uh today um as opposed to slots in
+the hash table because we really aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table because we really aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table because we really aren't
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+storing a dictionary or a hash table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing a dictionary or a hash table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing a dictionary or a hash table in
+the applications we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications we're going to look at
+today it's simply a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's simply a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's simply a question of
+computing a hash and because the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a hash and because the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a hash and because the fixed
+length output is going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length output is going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length output is going to be something
+of the order of 160 bits or 256 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 160 bits or 256 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 160 bits or 256 bits
+there's no way that you could store two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that you could store two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that you could store two
+raised to 160 elements in a a hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 160 elements in a a hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 160 elements in a a hash table
+or even two R to 64 really and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even two R to 64 really and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even two R to 64 really and
+so we're going to just assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to just assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to just assume that we
+Computing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing these
+hashes uh and using them for uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes uh and using them for uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes uh and using them for uh certain
+applications I just wrote output twice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I just wrote output twice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I just wrote output twice I
+guess uh so map it to a fixed length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh so map it to a fixed length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh so map it to a fixed length
+output you want to do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you want to do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you want to do this in a
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+fashion so once we've computed the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so once we've computed the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion so once we've computed the hash
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+particular arbitrary string that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular arbitrary string that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular arbitrary string that is
+given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to
+us we want to be able to repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we want to be able to repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we want to be able to repeat that
+process to get the same hash every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to get the same hash every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to get the same hash every time
+we want to do this in a public fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do this in a public fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do this in a public fashion
+so everything is public there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is public there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is public there's no
+secrecy there's keyed hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy there's keyed hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy there's keyed hash functions
+that we won't actually look at today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't actually look at today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't actually look at today but
+maybe in passing I'll mention it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in passing I'll mention it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in passing I'll mention it next
+time we're not looking at Key hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not looking at Key hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not looking at Key hash
+functions here there's no secrets in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here there's no secrets in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here there's no secrets in any
+of the descrip descriptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the descrip descriptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the descrip descriptions of
+algorithms or techniques I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or techniques I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or techniques I'm going to be
+describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+today and we want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we want this to be
+random we want it to look random uh true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we want it to look random uh true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we want it to look random uh true
+Randomness is going to be impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness is going to be impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness is going to be impossible to
+achieve given our other constraints but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve given our other constraints but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve given our other constraints but
+we're going to try and approximate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and approximate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and approximate it
+with Pudo Randomness but we'd want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pudo Randomness but we'd want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Pudo Randomness but we'd want it to
+look random because we are interested as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look random because we are interested as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look random because we are interested as
+we wear in the case of dictionaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wear in the case of dictionaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wear in the case of dictionaries and
+the regular application of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular application of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular application of hash
+functions we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we are interested in
+minimizing collisions and in fact we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing collisions and in fact we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing collisions and in fact we're
+going to raise the stakes really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise the stakes really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise the stakes really high
+with respect to collisions we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to collisions we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to collisions we want it to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+impossible for you or anyone else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you or anyone else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you or anyone else to
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+collisions and that's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and that's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and that's going to be an
+important property of collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of collision
+resistance that obviously is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that obviously is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that obviously is going to
+require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+Randomness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness um
+and those are the three things we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the three things we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the three things we want
+deterministic public and random and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic public and random and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic public and random and so
+just from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a
+function description standpoint you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function description standpoint you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function description standpoint you have
+01 star here which implies that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 star here which implies that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 star here which implies that it's an
+arbitrary length string and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary length string and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary length string and we want to
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+01 D and this is a string of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D so that means that you're getting D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that means that you're getting D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so that means that you're getting D
+bits out from your hash function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits out from your hash function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits out from your hash function and
+here the length is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the length is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the length is greater than or equal
+to zero right um so so that's it uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero right um so so that's it uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero right um so so that's it uh not
+a lot that's new here uh but u a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that's new here uh but u a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that's new here uh but u a few
+things that are going to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be a little bit
+different and and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and there's some
+subtleties here that we'll get to um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties here that we'll get to um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties here that we'll get to um I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+emphasize two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize two
+things one of which I just said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of which I just said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of which I just said uh
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+secrecy no secret Keys here in the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy no secret Keys here in the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy no secret Keys here in the hash
+functions that we're describing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're describing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we're describing all
+operations are public so just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are public so just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are public so just like you
+had your hash function which was K mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your hash function which was K mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your hash function which was K mod
+P and uh P was a prime and and P was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and uh P was a prime and and P was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and uh P was a prime and and P was
+public and known to everyone who used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and known to everyone who used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and known to everyone who used
+the dictionary everything here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary everything here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary everything here we're
+going to be talking about is public so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is public so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is public so
+anyone can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and we're going to assume that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and we're going to assume that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and we're going to assume that this is
+poly time computation not too surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time computation not too surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time computation not too surprising
+but I'm being quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm being quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm being quite
+uh flexible here um when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flexible here um when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flexible here um when you look at
+dictionaries and you think about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and you think about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and you think about using
+dictionaries and using it to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and using it to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and using it to implement
+efficient algorithms what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithms what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithms what is the
+Assumption we kind of implicitly made or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption we kind of implicitly made or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption we kind of implicitly made or
+perhaps explicitly in some cases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps explicitly in some cases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps explicitly in some cases with
+respect to Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Computing the
+hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody yeah constant time we assumed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah constant time we assumed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah constant time we assumed so
+this is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order one right so that's important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one right so that's important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one right so that's important so
+if we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to we're going to
+um uh want to make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh want to make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh want to make sure you're
+watching so we're going to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching so we're going to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching so we're going to raise the
+stakes even with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes even with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes even with respect to the
+complexity of the hash and as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the hash and as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the hash and as you'll see
+because of the desirable properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the desirable properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the desirable properties
+we're going to have to do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to do that we're
+going to ask for really a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask for really a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask for really a lot with
+respect to these hash functions nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these hash functions nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these hash functions nobody
+can find a collision right and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a collision right and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a collision right and if you
+have something as simple as K mod P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something as simple as K mod P I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something as simple as K mod P I
+it's going to be trivial to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be trivial to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be trivial to find a
+collision uh and so these order one hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh and so these order one hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision uh and so these order one hash
+functions that you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're familiar with
+aren't going to make the grade uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to make the grade uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to make the grade uh with
+respect to any of the properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to any of the properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to any of the properties that
+we'll discuss in a few minutes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss in a few minutes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss in a few minutes right so
+remember this is polytime computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is polytime computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is polytime computation
+and there's lots of examples of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of examples of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of examples of these
+hash functions and for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions and for those of you who
+are kind of into computer security and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of into computer security and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of into computer security and
+cryptography already uh you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography already uh you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography already uh you might have
+heard of U examples like md4 and md5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of U examples like md4 and md5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of U examples like md4 and md5
+these are versions MD stands for message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are versions MD stands for message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are versions MD stands for message
+digest these were functions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest these were functions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest these were functions that were
+invented by Professor reest um and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by Professor reest um and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by Professor reest um and um uh
+they had D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had D equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had D equal
+128 uh way back when uh 1992 if I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 uh way back when uh 1992 if I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 uh way back when uh 1992 if I recall
+when they were proposed uh and these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were proposed uh and these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were proposed uh and these uh
+uh algorithms have since been broken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithms have since been broken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithms have since been broken in
+the sense that it was conjectured that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it was conjectured that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it was conjectured that
+they had particular properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had particular properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had particular properties of
+collision resistance that it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision resistance that it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision resistance that it would take
+exponential time uh for anybody to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time uh for anybody to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time uh for anybody to find
+collisions and it still kind of takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and it still kind of takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and it still kind of takes
+exponential time but uh you know 2 ra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time but uh you know 2 ra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time but uh you know 2 ra to
+37 uh is exponential in one at one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 uh is exponential in one at one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 uh is exponential in one at one level
+but you know constant in another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know constant in another level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know constant in another level
+right so uh you can kind of do it in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh you can kind of do it in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh you can kind of do it in uh
+in a few seconds now so um a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few seconds now so um a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few seconds now so um a little bit
+of History I'm not going to spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of History I'm not going to spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of History I'm not going to spend a lot
+of time on this I md5 was used to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on this I md5 was used to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on this I md5 was used to create
+what was called the secure hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called the secure hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was called the secure hash
+algorithm um this is uh at 160 bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um this is uh at 160 bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um this is uh at 160 bits and
+uh this is know not quite broken at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is know not quite broken at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is know not quite broken at this
+point uh but uh people consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh but uh people consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh but uh people consider it
+broken or soon to be broken uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken or soon to be broken uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken or soon to be broken uh right
+right now at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at the
+recommended algorithm is called sha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended algorithm is called sha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended algorithm is called sha 3
+secure hash algorithm version three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure hash algorithm version three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure hash algorithm version three and
+there was a contest that ran for like 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a contest that ran for like 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a contest that ran for like 18
+months or maybe even longer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or maybe even longer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or maybe even longer that
+eventually Was Won by what turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Was Won by what turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually Was Won by what turned into
+the Sha 3 and they had a different name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sha 3 and they had a different name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sha 3 and they had a different name
+for it that uh I can't recall uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it that uh I can't recall uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it that uh I can't recall uh but it
+turned into into sha 3 and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into into sha 3 and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into into sha 3 and what happened
+along the way as we went from md4 md5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way as we went from md4 md5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way as we went from md4 md5
+Sha 1 to sha 3 is that this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sha 1 to sha 3 is that this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sha 1 to sha 3 is that this amount of
+computation that you had to do increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you had to do increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that you had to do increased
+and the complexity of operations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complexity of operations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complexity of operations that
+you had to do in order to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do in order to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do in order to compute the
+hash of an arbitrary string increased uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of an arbitrary string increased uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of an arbitrary string increased uh
+to the point where you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you want to think
+about this as a 100 rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a 100 rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a 100 rounds of
+computation uh and uh certainly order D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh and uh certainly order D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh and uh certainly order D
+computation where D is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation where D is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation where D is the number of
+bits and perhaps even more right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and perhaps even more right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and perhaps even more right so it's
+definitely not order one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not order one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not order one um
+so as I said a little bit of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said a little bit of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said a little bit of context
+with respect to the things that are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the things that are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the things that are out
+there um at the end of the lecture I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um at the end of the lecture I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um at the end of the lecture I'll
+give you a sense for how these hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense for how these hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense for how these hash
+functions are built we not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are built we not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are built we not going to
+spend a lot of time on creating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on creating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on creating these
+hash functions it's really a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions it's really a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions it's really a research
+topic onto itself not really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic onto itself not really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic onto itself not really in the
+scope of 6046 what is in the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of 6046 what is in the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of 6046 what is in the scope of
+6046 and what I think is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 and what I think is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 and what I think is more
+interesting which is what we'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is what we'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is what we'll focus
+our energy and time on um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy and time on um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our energy and time on um is the
+properties of these hash functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these hash functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these hash functions and
+why these properties are useful in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these properties are useful in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why these properties are useful in a
+bunch of different apps um so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different apps um so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different apps um so what is it
+that we want we want a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want we want a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want we want a random
+Oracle right we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle right we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle right we want
+to essentially build something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially build something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially build something that uh
+looks like that deterministic public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that deterministic public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that deterministic public
+random and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and we're going to
+claim that what we want is this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that what we want is this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that what we want is this random
+Oracle which has all of these wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle which has all of these wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle which has all of these wonderful
+properties that I'm going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that I'm going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that I'm going to describe
+I'm going to describe the random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe the random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe the random Oracle
+to you and then I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and then I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and then I'm going to tell you
+about what the properties are and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the properties are and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the properties are and then
+unfortunately this is ideal world and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this is ideal world and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this is ideal world and we
+can't build this in the real world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build this in the real world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build this in the real world um
+and so we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have to
+approximate it and that's where the md4s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it and that's where the md4s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it and that's where the md4s
+and the MD fs and the Sha ons came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MD fs and the Sha ons came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the MD fs and the Sha ons came in
+okay so this is not achievable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not achievable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not achievable in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this
+Oracle this Oracle is on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle this Oracle is on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle this Oracle is on an
+input X belonging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X belonging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X belonging to
+01 star so that could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 star so that could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 star so that could be an
+arbitrary uh string if x not in book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh string if x not in book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh string if x not in book so
+there's this the book all right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this the book all right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this the book all right and this
+is this infinite capacity book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this infinite capacity book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this infinite capacity book
+that uh has all of the computations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has all of the computations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has all of the computations that
+were ever done uh prior and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ever done uh prior and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ever done uh prior and they're
+always stored in the book and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stored in the book and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stored in the book and that's how
+we're going to get determinism because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get determinism because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get determinism because
+this book initially gets filled in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book initially gets filled in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book initially gets filled in all
+of the entries in the book are filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries in the book are filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entries in the book are filled in
+using pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pure
+Randomness so you flip a coin D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so you flip a coin D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so you flip a coin D
+times to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to
+determine h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine h of
+X so that's basically it and uh you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's basically it and uh you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's basically it and uh you just
+keep flopping you have to flip D times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep flopping you have to flip D times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep flopping you have to flip D times
+and so if x was Zero you flip D times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if x was Zero you flip D times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if x was Zero you flip D times D
+was 160 you flip the CLI 160 times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 160 you flip the CLI 160 times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 160 you flip the CLI 160 times and
+got a string if x were one flip 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a string if x were one flip 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a string if x were one flip 160
+times get a different string with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times get a different string with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times get a different string with very
+high probability obviously and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability obviously and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability obviously and so on and
+so forth but what you do is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but what you do is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but what you do is you have
+this book so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book so you're going to
+record x h of X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record x h of X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record x h of X in the
+book okay okay so at some level your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay okay so at some level your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book okay okay so at some level your
+hash function is this giant lookup table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function is this giant lookup table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function is this giant lookup table
+in the sky right well actually not giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky right well actually not giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky right well actually not giant
+infinite capacity lookup table in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite capacity lookup table in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite capacity lookup table in the
+sky because uh you can put arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky because uh you can put arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky because uh you can put arbitrary
+strings into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings into this
+and if it's in the book well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's in the book well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's in the book well this is
+obviously the important part that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the important part that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the important part that gives
+you determinism where you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determinism where you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determinism where you return
+Y where X and Y are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where X and Y are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y where X and Y are in the
+book okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you get a random answer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a random answer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a random answer every
+time except as required for consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time except as required for consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time except as required for consistency
+with previous answers right so the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with previous answers right so the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with previous answers right so the very
+first time you see a string or and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you see a string or and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you see a string or and and
+the whole world can query this book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world can query this book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world can query this book is
+public so if I quered the book at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so if I quered the book at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public so if I quered the book at first
+with a particular string let's say Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular string let's say Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular string let's say Eric
+I was a string and I I'm the one who put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a string and I I'm the one who put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a string and I I'm the one who put
+the entry x equal Eric and H of x h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry x equal Eric and H of x h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry x equal Eric and H of x h of
+Eric equals some random 160 bit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric equals some random 160 bit string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric equals some random 160 bit string
+into the book I get credit for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the book I get credit for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the book I get credit for that
+right but um if you come a nanc later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um if you come a nanc later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um if you come a nanc later
+and ask for H of Eric you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask for H of Eric you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask for H of Eric you should get
+exactly what got put into the book when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what got put into the book when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what got put into the book when
+uh I asked for H of Eric right and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I asked for H of Eric right and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I asked for H of Eric right and so on
+and so forth so this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so this is true for
+everybody so this is like I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this is like I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this is like I mean
+basically impossible to get because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically impossible to get because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically impossible to get because um
+not only can anybody and everybody query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can anybody and everybody query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can anybody and everybody query
+you have to have this uh ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have this uh ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have this uh ordering
+associated with u uh people uh querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with u uh people uh querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with u uh people uh querying
+the book and you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and you have to have
+consistency all right so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency all right so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency all right so everyone
+convinced that we can't build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that we can't build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that we can't build
+this all right if you took anything out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right if you took anything out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right if you took anything out
+of this lecture that's what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture that's what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture that's what you should
+take no no there's a lot more um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take no no there's a lot more um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take no no there's a lot more um so we
+want to approximate the random Oracle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to approximate the random Oracle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to approximate the random Oracle uh
+and uh we're going to get to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're going to get to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're going to get to that uh
+obviously we're going to have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're going to have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're going to have to do this
+in uh in poly space as well right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in poly space as well right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in poly space as well right so
+what's wrong with this of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this of course this
+picture is I didn't actually say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is I didn't actually say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is I didn't actually say this
+but you'd like things to be poly time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd like things to be poly time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd like things to be poly time in
+terms of space you don't want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of space you don't want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of space you don't want to store
+um an infinite number uh this is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an infinite number uh this is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an infinite number uh this is worse
+than poly time worse than exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poly time worse than exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poly time worse than exponential
+time uh because it's arbitrary strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh because it's arbitrary strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh because it's arbitrary strings
+we're talking about here right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here right so you
+can't possibly do that so we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly do that so we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly do that so we have to do
+something uh better but uh before I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh better but uh before I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh better but uh before I get
+into how we'd actually build this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how we'd actually build this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how we'd actually build this and
+and give you a sense of U of how sha one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a sense of U of how sha one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a sense of U of how sha one
+and md5 were built and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and md5 were built and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and md5 were built and that's going to
+come a little bit later I want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a little bit later I want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a little bit later I want to spend
+u a a lot of time on the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a a lot of time on the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a a lot of time on the what is
+interesting which are the desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which are the desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which are the desirable
+properties which you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which you can kind of see
+using the random Oracle so what is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the random Oracle so what is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the random Oracle so what is cool
+about the random Oracle is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the random Oracle is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the random Oracle is that it's a
+simple algorithm you can understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm you can understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algorithm you can understand it
+you can't implement it but now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't implement it but now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't implement it but now you can
+see what wonderful properties it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what wonderful properties it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what wonderful properties it gives
+you and these proper properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and these proper properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and these proper properties are
+going to be important for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for our
+applications okay and so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay and so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay and so let's get
+started with a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a bunch of different
+properties and these are all properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and these are all properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and these are all properties
+that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+for verification or computer security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for verification or computer security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for verification or computer security
+applications the first one it's not Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the first one it's not Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the first one it's not Al
+it's ow W um it's a one-wayness right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ow W um it's a one-wayness right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ow W um it's a one-wayness right a
+oneway or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway or
+one-wayness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's also called U we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also called U we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also called U we're not going to
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this but perhaps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but perhaps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but perhaps this
+is a a more technical term more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a more technical term more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a more technical term more precise
+term pre-image resistance and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term pre-image resistance and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term pre-image resistance and so what
+does this mean well this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well this is a very
+strong requirement I mean a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong requirement I mean a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong requirement I mean a couple of
+other ones are also going to be perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are also going to be perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are also going to be perhaps
+stronger but this is a pretty strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger but this is a pretty strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger but this is a pretty strong
+requirement which says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement which says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement which says it's
+infeasible given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible given
+why um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um which
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+the it's basically a dbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's basically a dbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's basically a dbit
+vector uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X such that h of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X such that h of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X such that h of x equals
+y right and so this is uh X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pre-image of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-image of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-image of Y
+right so what does this say it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this say it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this say it says that
+I want to create a hash function such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to create a hash function such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to create a hash function such
+that if I give you a specific we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I give you a specific we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I give you a specific we'll call
+it a 160 bit string because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a 160 bit string because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a 160 bit string because we're
+talking shaan here and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking shaan here and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking shaan here and that's the
+hash um I'm going to have it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash um I'm going to have it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash um I'm going to have it's going to
+have to be impossible for me to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be impossible for me to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be impossible for me to discover
+an X that produce That 160 bit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X that produce That 160 bit string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X that produce That 160 bit string
+okay now if you go look at a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you go look at a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you go look at a random
+Oracle you you realize that if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle you you realize that if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle you you realize that if you had a
+160 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 bit
+string and uh perhaps you have uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and uh perhaps you have uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and uh perhaps you have uh you
+have the entire book and you could read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire book and you could read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire book and you could read
+the entire book uh it's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire book uh it's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire book uh it's an infinite
+capacity book it's got a a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity book it's got a a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity book it's got a a bunch of
+stuff in it and know that anytime anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in it and know that anytime anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in it and know that anytime anyone
+queried the book the first time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried the book the first time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried the book the first time for a
+given X that there was this random 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X that there was this random 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X that there was this random 160
+bit number that was generated and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit number that was generated and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit number that was generated and put
+into the book right and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the book right and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the book right and there's a whole
+lot of these numbers right so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these numbers right so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these numbers right so what's
+going to happen is you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is you're going to have
+to look through the entire book this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through the entire book this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through the entire book this
+entire potentially infinite capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire potentially infinite capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire potentially infinite capacity
+book in order to figure out if um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in order to figure out if um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in order to figure out if um uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+particular y um is uh is is in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y um is uh is is in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular y um is uh is is in the book
+or not right and that's going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right and that's going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right and that's going to take a
+long time to do potentially okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to do potentially okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to do potentially okay so um
+in the case where you have a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where you have a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where you have a random
+Oracle uh you'd have to go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle uh you'd have to go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle uh you'd have to go through and
+find looking at the output hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find looking at the output hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find looking at the output hash
+corresponding to each of the the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each of the the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each of the the entries
+in the random Oracle you got to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the random Oracle you got to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the random Oracle you got to start
+matching match match match match match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching match match match match match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching match match match match match
+it's going to take you exponential time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take you exponential time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take you exponential time
+well actually worse than that given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually worse than that given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually worse than that given the
+infinite capacity of the book right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite capacity of the book right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite capacity of the book right so
+this clearly gives you that now you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clearly gives you that now you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clearly gives you that now you may
+not be completely satisfied with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be completely satisfied with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be completely satisfied with that
+answer because you say well you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because you say well you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because you say well you can't
+Implement that but we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that but we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement that but we'll talk a little
+bit as I said about how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as I said about how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as I said about how you could
+actually get this but what's I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this but what's I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this but what's I should be
+clear is that the simple hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that the simple hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that the simple hash
+functions that we've looked at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we've looked at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we've looked at in the
+past just to build dictionaries do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past just to build dictionaries do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past just to build dictionaries do not
+satisfy this right so suppose I had um h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this right so suppose I had um h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this right so suppose I had um h
+of x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x equal
+x² mod P is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² mod P is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² mod P is this one
+way given a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way given a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way given a public
+p no of course not right because I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p no of course not right because I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p no of course not right because I I'm
+going to be simp it's going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simp it's going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simp it's going to be easy
+for me to uh do something even if though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to uh do something even if though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to uh do something even if though
+this is discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is discret
+arithmetic um I could do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic um I could do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic um I could do something like
+well I know that uh what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know that uh what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I know that uh what I have here
+actually let's do something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do something that's
+simpler and then I'll talk about the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and then I'll talk about the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and then I'll talk about the x
+square if I had something as simple as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if I had something as simple as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if I had something as simple as X
+mod P I mean that's trivially broken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P I mean that's trivially broken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P I mean that's trivially broken in
+terms of one-wayness because I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of one-wayness because I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of one-wayness because I know that
+h of X could be viewed as the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X could be viewed as the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X could be viewed as the remainder
+so so anything uh uh if this is H of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so anything uh uh if this is H of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so anything uh uh if this is H of X
+and let's just call that y for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just call that y for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just call that y for a second
+because that's what we had it out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we had it out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we had it out there
+um something that's a multiple of Y Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that's a multiple of Y Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that's a multiple of Y Plus
+plus uh the remainder so I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the remainder so I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the remainder so I could have a
+uh is that right is that what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that right is that what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that right is that what I want
+yeah uh no plus y so I want a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well since I can't figure it out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well since I can't figure it out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well since I can't figure it out why
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+you what do I need to put in there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what do I need to put in there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what do I need to put in there in
+order to discover an x uh that uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to discover an x uh that uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to discover an x uh that uh would
+uh produce a y can I write an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh produce a y can I write an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh produce a y can I write an equation
+yeah just y itself that's right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just y itself that's right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just y itself that's right good
+point just why itself in this case good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just why itself in this case good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just why itself in this case good
+I I I knew you guys were smarter than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I knew you guys were smarter than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I knew you guys were smarter than me
+this proves it so if you just take Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proves it so if you just take Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proves it so if you just take Y and
+and Y remember uh is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y remember uh is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y remember uh is going to be
+something that's 0 to P minus one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's 0 to P minus one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's 0 to P minus one right
+and uh that's it you just goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's it you just goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's it you just goes through
+right so that's a trivial example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a trivial example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a trivial example right
+now if I put x square in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I put x square in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I put x square in here right
+obviously it's not it's not why but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's not it's not why but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's not it's not why but I
+could start looking at uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what I have here is I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I have here is I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I have here is I'm going to get
+y that looks like x square but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that looks like x square but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that looks like x square but I could
+take the uh the Y that I have take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh the Y that I have take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh the Y that I have take the
+square root of that and then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that and then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of that and then start
+looking for X's that uh that give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for X's that uh that give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for X's that uh that give me the
+Y that I have right so it's not a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that I have right so it's not a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that I have right so it's not a a a a
+complicated process to try and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process to try and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated process to try and figure
+out through trial and error potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through trial and error potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through trial and error potentially
+what an X is that produces a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an X is that produces a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an X is that produces a particular
+Y for the kinds of hash functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for the kinds of hash functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for the kinds of hash functions that
+we've looked at all right now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at all right now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at all right now as you
+complicate this equation it gets harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate this equation it gets harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate this equation it gets harder
+because you have to invert this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to invert this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to invert this set of
+equations and that's what the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that's what the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and that's what the game is
+going to be when you go create oneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when you go create oneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when you go create oneway
+hash functions the amount of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions the amount of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions the amount of computation
+that you do in order to compute the Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do in order to compute the Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do in order to compute the Y is
+going to increase to the point where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase to the point where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase to the point where as
+I mentioned you have 80 100 rounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned you have 80 100 rounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned you have 80 100 rounds of
+computation things getting mixed in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation things getting mixed in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation things getting mixed in and
+the hope is that you create this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope is that you create this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope is that you create this circuit
+if you will that has all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that has all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that has all this
+computation in it going forwards is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in it going forwards is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in it going forwards is easy
+because you you specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you specify the
+multiplication in the mods and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the mods and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in the mods and so on and
+so forth but not all of these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but not all of these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but not all of these operations
+have simple inverses and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simple inverses and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simple inverses and going
+backwards uh which is what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh which is what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh which is what you need to
+do in order to break one-wayness or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to break one-wayness or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to break one-wayness or to
+discover the x given a y is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the x given a y is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the x given a y is going to be
+harder and harder as the computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and harder as the computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and harder as the computations
+get more complex okay so everyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complex okay so everyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complex okay so everyone have a
+sense of what one Wess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what one Wess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what one Wess is
+yep all right so that's one way is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep all right so that's one way is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep all right so that's one way is uh
+there's a four other properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a four other properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a four other properties
+two of which are very related CR and TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of which are very related CR and TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of which are very related CR and TCR
+so CR is Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infeasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible
+Define x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define x and x
+Prime such that X not equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that X not equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that X not equal to X
+Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+h of x equals h of X Prime which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x equals h of X Prime which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x equals h of X Prime which is of
+course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collision okay and uh that just says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision okay and uh that just says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision okay and uh that just says you
+have this uh crazy hash function where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh crazy hash function where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh crazy hash function where
+you can't discover collisions right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't discover collisions right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't discover collisions right that
+would be absolutely wonderful in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be absolutely wonderful in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be absolutely wonderful in fact
+that's what we wanted when we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we wanted when we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we wanted when we built
+dictionaries but why don't we use sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries but why don't we use sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries but why don't we use sha
+three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dictionaries why don't we use shot three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries why don't we use shot three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries why don't we use shot three
+in dictionaries yeah because it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dictionaries yeah because it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dictionaries yeah because it's more
+complicated than we need yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than we need yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than we need yeah it's
+horribly slow right it would be uh it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly slow right it would be uh it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly slow right it would be uh it it
+would take longer to compute the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take longer to compute the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take longer to compute the hash
+than access the dictionary when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than access the dictionary when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than access the dictionary when you
+actually had a reasonable dictionary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a reasonable dictionary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a reasonable dictionary uh
+that uh maybe had some collisions I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe had some collisions I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh maybe had some collisions I mean
+you just go off and you have a link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go off and you have a link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go off and you have a link list
+you can afford a few collisions what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford a few collisions what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford a few collisions what's
+the big deal right so it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big deal right so it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big deal right so it just doesn't
+make any sense to use this level um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense to use this level um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense to use this level um of
+uh a heavyweight hash function even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a heavyweight hash function even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a heavyweight hash function even if
+it uh satisfies Collision resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh satisfies Collision resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh satisfies Collision resistance
+which some of these are conjectured to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of these are conjectured to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of these are conjectured to
+do for the applications we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the applications we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the applications we've looked at
+right but there'll be other apps where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there'll be other apps where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there'll be other apps where
+Collision resistance is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance is going to be
+important right so that's Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right so that's Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right so that's Collision
+resistance and then there's a TCR is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and then there's a TCR is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and then there's a TCR is a
+target Collision resistance it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target Collision resistance it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target Collision resistance it's a
+weaker form so sometimes people call CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker form so sometimes people call CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker form so sometimes people call CR
+strong Collision resistance and uh TCR a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Collision resistance and uh TCR a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Collision resistance and uh TCR a
+weak Collision resistance we'll use CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Collision resistance we'll use CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Collision resistance we'll use CR
+and TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TCR
+here and this says um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infeasible um given X so this's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible um given X so this's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infeasible um given X so this's a
+specific x that you want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific x that you want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific x that you want to find a
+collision for as opposed to just finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision for as opposed to just finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision for as opposed to just finding
+a pair that corresponds to x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair that corresponds to x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair that corresponds to x and x Prime
+and any pair would suffice to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any pair would suffice to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any pair would suffice to break the
+Collision resistance property but U TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance property but U TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance property but U TCR
+says I'm going to give you a specific X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to give you a specific X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to give you a specific X
+and I want you to find an X Prime whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find an X Prime whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find an X Prime whose
+hash Ides with the hash of X okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TCR okay that's TCR for you and U just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR okay that's TCR for you and U just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR okay that's TCR for you and U just
+to be clear I think you probably all got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear I think you probably all got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear I think you probably all got
+this um obviously we want this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um obviously we want this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um obviously we want this here
+because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a
+deterministic hash function and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic hash function and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic hash function and it's a
+trivial thing to say that uh if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing to say that uh if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing to say that uh if you had
+X and you had X again that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you had X again that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you had X again that you get the
+same hash back from it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hash back from it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hash back from it that's a
+requirement really so if you want two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement really so if you want two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement really so if you want two
+distinct x and x primes that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct x and x primes that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct x and x primes that are not
+equal that end up colliding that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that end up colliding that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that end up colliding that's
+really what a collision is and so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what a collision is and so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what a collision is and so see
+the difference between CR and TCR yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um so the question was given an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so the question was given an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so the question was given an X
+it's poly time computation to get H of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's poly time computation to get H of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's poly time computation to get H of X
+absolutely public polytime computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely public polytime computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely public polytime computation
+given an X to get H of X so going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is
+easy going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy going this
+way uh R out of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh R out of room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh R out of room
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+okay does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thatc no no no absolutely not we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatc no no no absolutely not we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thatc no no no absolutely not we'll
+we'll TCR says um you it's okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll TCR says um you it's okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll TCR says um you it's okay you can
+compute this you can get X and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this you can get X and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this you can get X and you can
+get H of X so so given X you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get H of X so so given X you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get H of X so so given X you know that
+you can get H of X so I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get H of X so I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get H of X so I didn't actually
+put that in the definition and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in the definition and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in the definition and maybe I
+should have right so given X you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have right so given X you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have right so given X you can
+always get H of X remember that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get H of X remember that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get H of X remember that right
+it's easy to get H of X so anytime I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get H of X so anytime I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get H of X so anytime I say
+given X you can always add it saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X you can always add it saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X you can always add it saying
+given X and H of X all right so um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and H of X all right so um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and H of X all right so um I'm
+given X I'm given h of X I obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X I'm given h of X I obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X I'm given h of X I obviously
+need to map um uh I need to discover an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to map um uh I need to discover an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to map um uh I need to discover an
+X Prime such that h of X Prime equals h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime such that h of X Prime equals h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime such that h of X Prime equals h
+of X okay um now now you um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay um now now you um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X okay um now now you um have
+situations where um for it may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where um for it may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where um for it may be the
+case that for particular ex's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that for particular ex's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that for particular ex's you can
+actually do this and that's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this and that's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this and that's enough to
+break TCR okay uh it's uh so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break TCR okay uh it's uh so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break TCR okay uh it's uh so you have to
+have this strong property uh that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this strong property uh that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this strong property uh that uh you
+really don't want to find collisions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to find collisions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to find collisions or
+for some even if there's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some even if there's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some even if there's a constant
+fraction of x's that uh break the TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of x's that uh break the TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of x's that uh break the TCR
+property you don't like like your hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you don't like like your hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you don't like like your hash
+function okay because you might end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay because you might end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay because you might end up
+picking those and go build security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking those and go build security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking those and go build security
+applications using those properties all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications using those properties all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications using those properties all
+right I want to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to talk a little bit about
+the relationship between um ow CR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between um ow CR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between um ow CR and
+TCR so I'm going to get back to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR so I'm going to get back to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR so I'm going to get back to that and
+we're going to talk about hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about hash functions
+that satisfy one property but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy one property but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy one property but don't
+satisfy the other and I think uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the other and I think uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the other and I think uh your
+question will probably be answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will probably be answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will probably be answered
+better okay thanks for the question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay thanks for the question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay thanks for the question so
+uh those are the main ones um and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are the main ones um and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are the main ones um and really
+quickly have you want to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly have you want to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly have you want to spend a lot of
+time on this uh but uh I do want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this uh but uh I do want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this uh but uh I do want to put
+up I think I leave these properties up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think I leave these properties up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think I leave these properties up
+here for the duration because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the duration because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the duration because it's
+important for you to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to see these
+definitions as we look at uh uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions as we look at uh uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions as we look at uh uh look at
+the applications where we requir these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications where we requir these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications where we requir these
+properties or a subset of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or a subset of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or a subset of these
+properties uh but uh we have pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh but uh we have pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh but uh we have pseudo
+Randomness and this is uh simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and this is uh simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and this is uh simply a
+function of the fact that uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fact that uh so this is
+prf um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prf um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prf um
+we we know we can't build a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know we can't build a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know we can't build a random
+Oracle and so we're going to have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and so we're going to have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and so we're going to have to uh
+do something that's suro random and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's suro random and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's suro random and uh
+basically what we're saying here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're saying here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're saying here is the
+behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indistinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random so we're going to have to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we're going to have to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we're going to have to use um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+nonlinearity uh things that are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh things that are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh things that are called
+nonlinear feedback shift regist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear feedback shift regist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear feedback shift regist
+resistors to create Pudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors to create Pudo random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors to create Pudo random
+functions there's many ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there's many ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there's many ways that you can
+create Pudo random functions we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Pudo random functions we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create Pudo random functions we won't
+really get into that but obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get into that but obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get into that but obviously
+that's what we want and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want and then the last
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+uh um a bit tricky and we will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a bit tricky and we will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a bit tricky and we will have an
+app that requires this way at the end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that requires this way at the end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that requires this way at the end uh
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+says um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infusible given h ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusible given h ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infusible given h ofx
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+produce um h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce um h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce um h of X
+Prime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime where
+X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and X
+Prime are and it gets a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime are and it gets a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime are and it gets a little bit uh
+fuzzy here I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy here I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy here I are
+related in some fashion right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in some fashion right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in some fashion right so a
+concrete example of this is uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of this is uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of this is uh let's say
+that X Prime is x + one so this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X Prime is x + one so this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X Prime is x + one so this is a a
+reasonable example of this so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable example of this so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable example of this so what this
+says is you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is you're just
+given h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given h of
+X um doesn't actually say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um doesn't actually say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um doesn't actually say anything about
+one way yet but you could assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way yet but you could assume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way yet but you could assume for
+example that if this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if this was a
+one-way hash function that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way hash function that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way hash function that it would be
+impossible to get X from h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to get X from h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to get X from h of x
+correct um so and we let let's keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um so and we let let's keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um so and we let let's keep that
+thought hold that thought all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought hold that thought all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought hold that thought all right
+we're going to get back to it so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to it so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get back to it so if I'm
+just given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given the
+hash through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash through some
+computation it may be possible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it may be possible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation it may be possible for me to
+create another hash h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another hash h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another hash h of X
+Prime such that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that there's some
+relationship that I can prove or argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that I can prove or argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that I can prove or argue
+for between the strings that created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for between the strings that created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for between the strings that created the
+hashes namely x and x Prime okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes namely x and x Prime okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes namely x and x Prime okay that's
+what malleability is right now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what malleability is right now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what malleability is right now you might
+just go off and say Here's an X here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go off and say Here's an X here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go off and say Here's an X here's a
+y here's h of X and here's h of Y these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here's h of X and here's h of Y these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y here's h of X and here's h of Y these
+look completely random and and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look completely random and and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look completely random and and you might
+go off and I'm being fous here I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and I'm being fous here I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and I'm being fous here I say
+that you know Y is X's third cousin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Y is X's third cousin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know Y is X's third cousin's
+roommates brother-in-law or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates brother-in-law or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roommates brother-in-law or something
+right I mean just mix something up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean just mix something up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean just mix something up right
+so so clearly there's got to be a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so clearly there's got to be a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so clearly there's got to be a a a
+strong uh precise relationship between X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh precise relationship between X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh precise relationship between X
+and Y if in fact you could do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y if in fact you could do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y if in fact you could do this and
+get um Y = X + 1 that'd be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um Y = X + 1 that'd be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um Y = X + 1 that'd be a problem
+right uh but if uh you're and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but if uh you're and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but if uh you're and then you
+could do this sort of consistently for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this sort of consistently for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this sort of consistently for
+different um x's and y's that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um x's and y's that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um x's and y's that would
+absolutely be a problem right uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely be a problem right uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely be a problem right uh but uh
+what you're really asking for uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really asking for uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really asking for uh and
+typically when you want non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you want non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you want non-
+malleability it's things where uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability it's things where uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability it's things where uh you
+have auctions for example where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have auctions for example where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have auctions for example where you are
+to be careful about uh making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful about uh making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful about uh making sure that
+that you don't want to expose your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to expose your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to expose your uh
+your bid and so maybe what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bid and so maybe what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bid and so maybe what you're doing
+is exposing H ofx you don't want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exposing H ofx you don't want um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exposing H ofx you don't want um
+somebody to look at your hfx and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to look at your hfx and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to look at your hfx and figure
+out how they can beat your bid by just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how they can beat your bid by just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how they can beat your bid by just a
+little bit um or in case of Victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um or in case of Victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um or in case of Victory
+auctions where the second highest bidder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions where the second highest bidder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions where the second highest bidder
+wins you know just be a little bit below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins you know just be a little bit below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins you know just be a little bit below
+you right so that's the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so that's the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so that's the kind of thing
+that you want to think about when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to think about when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to think about when it
+comes to non-malleability uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to non-malleability uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to non-malleability uh or
+malleability where you want a strong Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability where you want a strong Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability where you want a strong Rel
+relationship between two strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between two strings that
+are related in some ordered fashion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related in some ordered fashion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related in some ordered fashion like
+x equals x Prime equal x + 1 or just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals x Prime equal x + 1 or just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals x Prime equal x + 1 or just X
+Prime = 2 * X and you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime = 2 * X and you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime = 2 * X and you don't want to be
+able to um as a as an you don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um as a as an you don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um as a as an you don't want the
+adversary to be able to discover these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary to be able to discover these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary to be able to discover these
+uh new strings because that would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new strings because that would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new strings because that would uh
+beat the system all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the system all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat the system all
+right cool so any questions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool so any questions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool so any questions about uh
+properties are we all good on on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are we all good on on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are we all good on on these
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+all right because I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because I'm going to start
+asking you how to use them for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you how to use them for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you how to use them for uh for
+particular applications or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular applications or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular applications or what
+properties are required for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are required for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are required for certain
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+okay um one last thing before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um one last thing before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um one last thing before we get
+there I promised to it's slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I promised to it's slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I promised to it's slightly more
+detailed analysis of the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed analysis of the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed analysis of the relationships
+between these properties so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now if you just look at it iBall it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you just look at it iBall it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you just look at it iBall it
+and you look at Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at Collision
+resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and
+uh TCR what can I say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh TCR what can I say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh TCR what can I say about the
+relationship between CR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between CR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between CR and
+TCR if H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR if H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR if H is
+CR it's it's going to be TCR right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR it's it's going to be TCR right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR it's it's going to be TCR right it's
+got to be TCR it's a strictly stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be TCR it's a strictly stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be TCR it's a strictly stronger
+requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but not reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can actually give a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually give a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually give a concrete
+example of uh of a particular hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh of a particular hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh of a particular hash
+function that is TCR I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is TCR I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is TCR I'm not going to go
+there it's it's actually a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's actually a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's it's actually a little more
+involved than you might think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than you might think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than you might think it is
+where a TCR hash function is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a TCR hash function is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a TCR hash function is not
+Collision resistant but you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant but you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant but you can see that
+that examples such as these should exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that examples such as these should exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that examples such as these should exist
+simply because I have a more stringent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because I have a more stringent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because I have a more stringent
+property corresponding to Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property corresponding to Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property corresponding to Collision
+resistance as opposed to TCR right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance as opposed to TCR right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance as opposed to TCR right so if
+you're interested in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in that particular
+example you're not respons for it uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're not respons for it uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're not respons for it uh get
+in touch with me and I'll point you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me and I'll point you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with me and I'll point you to
+like a three-page description of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three-page description of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three-page description of an
+example so I didn't really want to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I didn't really want to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I didn't really want to go in
+there but uh what I do want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but uh what I do want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but uh what I do want to do is
+talk about one-wayness and collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about one-wayness and collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about one-wayness and collision
+resistance because I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance because I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance because I think that's
+actually much more interesting right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more interesting right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more interesting right so
+um if H is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um any conjectures as to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any conjectures as to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any conjectures as to what the
+question mark is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark is in the
+middle um can I make strong statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle um can I make strong statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle um can I make strong statements
+about the Collision resistance of a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Collision resistance of a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Collision resistance of a hash
+function if I'm guaranteed that the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I'm guaranteed that the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I'm guaranteed that the hash
+function I have is a one-way hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I have is a one-way hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I have is a one-way hash
+function or vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa um another way of putting it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa um another way of putting it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa um another way of putting it is
+can you give me an example of uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me an example of uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me an example of uh just to
+start with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with um
+a a hash function which is one way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a hash function which is one way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a hash function which is one way but
+not TCR not Target Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not TCR not Target Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not TCR not Target Collision
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+right so I'm going to try and extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to try and extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to try and extract
+this out of you it this is uh somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of you it this is uh somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of you it this is uh somewhat
+subtle but the way you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but the way you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but the way you want to think
+about this is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is let's
+say that h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that h of
+X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is
+O and TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O and TCR
+okay and so I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I have a bunch of
+inputs and this is the output and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and this is the output and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and this is the output and I get
+dbits out and I got X1 X2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbits out and I got X1 X2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbits out and I got X1 X2 to
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+okay now I've given the this H I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I've given the this H I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I've given the this H I've been
+given this H which is one way and TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this H which is one way and TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this H which is one way and TCR
+satisfies those properties that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies those properties that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies those properties that you have
+up there in the case of one way I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in the case of one way I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in the case of one way I give
+you an arbitrary dbit string you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an arbitrary dbit string you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an arbitrary dbit string you can't
+go backwards and find a bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards and find a bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards and find a bunch of the
+exis that produce exactly that dbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exis that produce exactly that dbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exis that produce exactly that dbit
+string all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string all
+right um so it's going to be hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so it's going to be hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so it's going to be hard to get
+here but you're allowed now to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you're allowed now to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you're allowed now to give me
+an example so this is some hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so this is some hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so this is some hash function
+that you can create which may use H as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can create which may use H as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can create which may use H as
+well and H is kind of nice because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and H is kind of nice because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and H is kind of nice because it
+has this oneway property so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this oneway property so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this oneway property so let's say
+that we want to discover something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to discover something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to discover something where
+one way does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way does not imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way does not imply
+TCR so I want to cook up a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR so I want to cook up a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR so I want to cook up a hash function
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+Prime such that H Prime is one way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that H Prime is one way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime such that H Prime is one way but
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+TCR okay uh the way you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR okay uh the way you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR okay uh the way you want to think
+about this is you want to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you want to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is you want to add to
+H and you want to add something to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and you want to add something to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and you want to add something to H
+such that it's still hard if you add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's still hard if you add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's still hard if you add to
+H it's still hard to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's still hard to go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's still hard to go from here to
+there because you got to go deeper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you got to go deeper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you got to go deeper if
+you add to for example the inputs of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add to for example the inputs of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add to for example the inputs of H
+or you could add to the outputs of H as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could add to the outputs of H as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could add to the outputs of H as
+well or outputs of the current h but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or outputs of the current h but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or outputs of the current h but um
+you can uh basically go uh deeper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh basically go uh deeper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh basically go uh deeper or
+need to go deeper uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go deeper uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go deeper uh in order to
+find the uh the break one-wayness in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the break one-wayness in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the break one-wayness in in
+order to find an X or what whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find an X or what whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find an X or what whatever you
+have that produces the dbit string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that produces the dbit string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that produces the dbit string that
+you have right so what's the simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have right so what's the simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have right so what's the simple way
+of creating an H Prime such that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating an H Prime such that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating an H Prime such that it's
+going to be pretty easy to find targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty easy to find targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty easy to find targeted
+collisions even not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions even not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions even not necessarily
+collisions it's pretty easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions it's pretty easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions it's pretty easy to find
+targeted collisions without breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted collisions without breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted collisions without breaking the
+one-way property of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can't go backward you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go backward you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go backward you can't go
+backwards yeah that's good that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah that's good that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah that's good that's good
+um I'm going to do uh something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to do uh something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to do uh something that's
+almost exactly what you said but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly what you said but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly what you said but I'm
+going to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw it
+pictorially um and uh what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially um and uh what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially um and uh what you can do
+Ian you can do a parody like odd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian you can do a parody like odd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian you can do a parody like odd and
+even that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+described um and all I do is add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um and all I do is add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um and all I do is add a
+little um exclusive or gate which is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um exclusive or gate which is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um exclusive or gate which is a a
+parody gate uh to one of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody gate uh to one of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody gate uh to one of the inputs
+right so you have a and b here so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a and b here so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have a and b here so I've
+taken X1 and I have a and b here so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken X1 and I have a and b here so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken X1 and I have a and b here so I've
+added I I'm I can have as many inputs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added I I'm I can have as many inputs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added I I'm I can have as many inputs as
+I want to this function oh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to this function oh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to this function oh I should
+mention by the way uh h of X is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention by the way uh h of X is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention by the way uh h of X is working
+on arbitrary strings and obviously I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on arbitrary strings and obviously I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on arbitrary strings and obviously I put
+in some number here that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some number here that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some number here that corresponds to
+n which was a fixed number so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which was a fixed number so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which was a fixed number so you might
+ask what the heck happened here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what the heck happened here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what the heck happened here with
+respect to arbitrary strings and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to arbitrary strings and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to arbitrary strings and there's
+two answers um the first answer is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two answers um the first answer is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two answers um the first answer is well
+ignore arbitrary and assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore arbitrary and assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore arbitrary and assume that you
+only have n bit strings and N is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have n bit strings and N is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have n bit strings and N is this
+really large number right and that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number right and that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large number right and that may
+not be particularly satisfying the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be particularly satisfying the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be particularly satisfying the other
+answer is which is more practical which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is which is more practical which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is which is more practical which
+is what's used in practice is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's used in practice is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's used in practice is that uh
+typically what happens is you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what happens is you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what happens is you do have
+particular implementations of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular implementations of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular implementations of hash
+functions that obviously need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that obviously need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that obviously need to have
+fixed inputs uh n for example and N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed inputs uh n for example and N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed inputs uh n for example and N is
+typically 512 It's usually the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 512 It's usually the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 512 It's usually the block
+size and you chunk the input up into 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and you chunk the input up into 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and you chunk the input up into 512
+bit blocks and typically what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit blocks and typically what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit blocks and typically what you do is
+you take the first 512 bits compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the first 512 bits compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the first 512 bits compute the
+hash for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash for it
+and then um you uh um you can do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um you uh um you can do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um you uh um you can do it for
+the remaining blocks and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining blocks and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining blocks and then you can
+hash all of them together right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash all of them together right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash all of them together right so
+there's typically more invocations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically more invocations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically more invocations I
+don't really want to get into it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to get into it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to get into it but
+there's typically more invocations of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically more invocations of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically more invocations of H
+when the input would be two times n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input would be two times n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input would be two times n or
+three times n right so we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times n right so we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times n right so we don't really
+need to go there for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go there for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go there for the purposes of
+this lecture but keep that in mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but keep that in mind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture but keep that in mind so
+we'll still stick with our arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll still stick with our arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll still stick with our arbitrary
+string requirement right so having said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string requirement right so having said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string requirement right so having said
+that take a look at this picture and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take a look at this picture and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take a look at this picture and uh
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+what this picture implies right I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this picture implies right I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this picture implies right I have
+an H Prime that I've constructed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H Prime that I've constructed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H Prime that I've constructed right
+now if I look at H Prime and I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I look at H Prime and I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I look at H Prime and I give you
+an output for H Prime so H Prime now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output for H Prime so H Prime now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output for H Prime so H Prime now has
+it's a function of a and b and X2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of a and b and X2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of a and b and X2 all
+the way to xn right so it's got an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to xn right so it's got an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to xn right so it's got an extra
+input if I look at H Prime and I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input if I look at H Prime and I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input if I look at H Prime and I look at
+the output of H Prime that is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of H Prime that is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of H Prime that is given to
+me and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I need to
+discover uh something that uh produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover uh something that uh produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover uh something that uh produces
+that it is pretty clear that uh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is pretty clear that uh I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is pretty clear that uh I need
+to figure out what these values are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these values are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these values are all
+right and I need to know what the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I need to know what the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I need to know what the parity
+of A and B is and uh maybe I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B is and uh maybe I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B is and uh maybe I don't need
+to know exactly what A and B are but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what A and B are but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what A and B are but I
+absolutely need to know what the parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely need to know what the parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely need to know what the parody
+of A and B are because that's X1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B are because that's X1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A and B are because that's X1 and the
+one way break would require me to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way break would require me to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way break would require me to tell
+you what the value of X1 is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the value of X1 is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the value of X1 is and the
+value of X2 and so on and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X2 and so on and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of X2 and so on and so forth so
+it's pretty clear that H Prime is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that H Prime is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear that H Prime is one
+way right everybody buy that H Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right everybody buy that H Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right everybody buy that H Prime is
+is is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one way
+but you know what and I got a Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what and I got a Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what and I got a Target
+collisions Galore right all I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions Galore right all I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions Galore right all I have to do
+is flip I have AAL 1 and b equals 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flip I have AAL 1 and b equals 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flip I have AAL 1 and b equals 1 and
+I have a equals 0 and b equals 0 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a equals 0 and b equals 0 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a equals 0 and b equals 0 they're
+going to give me the same hash right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the same hash right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the same hash right so
+trivial example but that gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial example but that gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial example but that gets to the
+essence of the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of the difference between
+Collision resistance uh and one-wayness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance uh and one-wayness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance uh and one-wayness
+Target Collision resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target Collision resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target Collision resistance and
+one-wayness all right so this is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-wayness all right so this is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-wayness all right so this is one way
+but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not
+TCR simply because um AAL 0 b equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR simply because um AAL 0 b equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR simply because um AAL 0 b equals 0
+for arbitrary X's produce the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arbitrary X's produce the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arbitrary X's produce the same thing
+as a = 1 and Bal 1 right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a = 1 and Bal 1 right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a = 1 and Bal 1 right so those are
+collisions um so admittedly contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions um so admittedly contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions um so admittedly contrived
+but uh it's a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's a counter
+example counter examples can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example counter examples can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example counter examples can be
+contrived it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived it's
+okay all right so uh so that was uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so uh so that was uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so uh so that was uh what
+happened with that um let's look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with that um let's look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with that um let's look at one
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting
+thing uh that corresponds to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh that corresponds to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh that corresponds to um the
+other way right so um what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way right so um what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way right so um what I want to
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a
+TCR does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one-wayness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want an example where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want an example where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want an example where it
+is clear that I have Target Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear that I have Target Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear that I have Target Collision
+resistance because I can just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance because I can just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance because I can just assume
+that and we're going to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're going to use the same
+strategy I'm just going to assume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I'm just going to assume that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy I'm just going to assume that I
+have an H that's Target Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an H that's Target Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an H that's Target Collision
+resistant and I'm going to try and cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and I'm going to try and cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant and I'm going to try and cook
+up an H Prime that is not one way so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an H Prime that is not one way so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an H Prime that is not one way so I'm
+going to assume that in fact H is TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that in fact H is TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that in fact H is TCR
+and O and I'm going to take away one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O and I'm going to take away one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O and I'm going to take away one of
+the properties and if I take away one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties and if I take away one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties and if I take away one of
+the properties I have a contr example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties I have a contr example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties I have a contr example
+right so uh think about how you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh think about how you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh think about how you could do
+this um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you
+have H as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and I want to add some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to add some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to add some stuff
+around it such that uh it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it such that uh it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it such that uh it's going to be
+easy to discover for a large for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to discover for a large for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to discover for a large for a
+constant fraction of hashes that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of hashes that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fraction of hashes that I'm
+giving to me I'm not for any old hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to me I'm not for any old hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to me I'm not for any old hash
+because you can always claim that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always claim that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always claim that one
+way s is broken by saying I have x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way s is broken by saying I have x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way s is broken by saying I have x i
+computed h of X oh now I know what given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed h of X oh now I know what given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed h of X oh now I know what given
+h of X I know what x is I mean you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X I know what x is I mean you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X I know what x is I mean you can't
+do that right uh so so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right uh so so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right uh so so that's not
+breaking the one Wess of it uh it's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the one Wess of it uh it's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the one Wess of it uh it's when
+you have an H of X and this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an H of X and this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an H of X and this is the first
+time you've seen it you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've seen it you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've seen it you're trying to
+find what x is right so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what x is right so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what x is right so how would you
+how would you set it up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you set it up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you set it up so you
+break uh the one way of H without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh the one way of H without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh the one way of H without
+necessarily breaking the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily breaking the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily breaking the target
+Collision resistance of U uh of the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance of U uh of the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistance of U uh of the over
+overall hash function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall hash function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall hash function that you're
+creating and you have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and you have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and you have to do something
+with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the
+outputs okay you have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs okay you have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs okay you have to do something
+this is a little more involved it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more involved it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more involved it's not
+as easy as this example it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy as this example it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy as this example it's a little
+more involved but uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved but uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved but uh any
+ideas it's yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas it's yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas it's yeah go
+ahead so X is less than return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so X is less than return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so X is less than return
+beautiful right what color did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful right what color did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful right what color did you get
+last time you got a blue last time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you got a blue last time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you got a blue last time all
+right well you get a purple you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you get a purple you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you get a purple you have a
+set actually we have these red ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set actually we have these red ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set actually we have these red ones that
+are precious that are no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are precious that are no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are precious that are no we
+don't we we we chose not to do red I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we we we chose not to do red I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we we we chose not to do red I
+don't know there was some subliminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there was some subliminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there was some subliminal
+message I think with throwing red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message I think with throwing red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message I think with throwing red
+frisbees that we didn't like um but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbees that we didn't like um but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbees that we didn't like um but okay
+so thank you uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you uh and
+um h ofx um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is simply uh something where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply uh something where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply uh something where I'm going
+to concatenate a zero to the x value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate a zero to the x value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate a zero to the x value and
+just put it out and clearly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it out and clearly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it out and clearly this is
+breaking one-wayness because I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking one-wayness because I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking one-wayness because I'm just
+taking the input I'm adding a zero to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the input I'm adding a zero to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the input I'm adding a zero to it
+and shipping it out so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shipping it out so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shipping it out so it's going to be
+easy to go backwards right and this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to go backwards right and this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to go backwards right and this only
+happens if u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if u
+x uh is less than n as um gentleman just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh is less than n as um gentleman just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh is less than n as um gentleman just
+said less than or equal to n in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said less than or equal to n in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said less than or equal to n in terms of
+the input length okay otherwise I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input length okay otherwise I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input length okay otherwise I'm
+going to do h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do h of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+otherwise right so this is good news uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise right so this is good news uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise right so this is good news uh
+because uh I I I'm actually using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I I I'm actually using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I I I'm actually using the
+hash function uh in the case where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function uh in the case where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function uh in the case where I
+have a longer input string this is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a longer input string this is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a longer input string this is bad
+news for one-wayness because I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for one-wayness because I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for one-wayness because I'm just
+typing out the input and so if I get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing out the input and so if I get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing out the input and so if I get uh
+an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X
+and uh and I see what the x is out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I see what the x is out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I see what the x is out here
+uh and let's just say for argument sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's just say for argument sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's just say for argument sake
+that U uh you can even say that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh you can even say that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U uh you can even say that uh that
+the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that
+n is going to be something that uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be something that uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be something that uh is
+less than less than D which uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less than D which uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less than D which uh which is
+the final output which has dbits and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final output which has dbits and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final output which has dbits and so
+if you see something that H Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see something that H Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see something that H Prime
+produces that's less than dbits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that's less than dbits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that's less than dbits you
+instantly know that you can go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know that you can go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know that you can go backwards
+and discover what input produced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discover what input produced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discover what input produced that
+for the h Prime right because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the h Prime right because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the h Prime right because you just
+go off and you go backwards this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and you go backwards this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and you go backwards this is what
+it tells you now the other hand if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you now the other hand if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you now the other hand if it's
+larger obviously you can't do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger obviously you can't do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger obviously you can't do that but
+there's a whole lot of combinations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot of combinations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole lot of combinations uh
+that you can do that for so this breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that for so this breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do that for so this breaks
+one Wess okay um now you think about TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Wess okay um now you think about TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Wess okay um now you think about TCR
+and what you want to show of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to show of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to show of course is
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+maintains TCR so that's the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains TCR so that's the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains TCR so that's the last thing
+that we have to show we know that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to show we know that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to show we know that it
+breaks one way this but if it broke TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks one way this but if it broke TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks one way this but if it broke TCR
+we don't quite have our example so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't quite have our example so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't quite have our example so we
+want to show that it actually maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that it actually maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that it actually maintains
+TCR which is a kind of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR which is a kind of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR which is a kind of a you know
+weakish property that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakish property that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakish property that we need to
+maintain uh and the reason is maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh and the reason is maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh and the reason is maintains
+TCR is that there's really only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR is that there's really only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR is that there's really only you know
+two cases here obviously corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases here obviously corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases here obviously corresponding
+to the if statement and um it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the if statement and um it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the if statement and um it's pretty
+clear that if x is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that if x is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that if x is less than or equal to
+n um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+X's produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different H Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different H Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different H Prime
+X's correct because I'm just passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's correct because I'm just passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's correct because I'm just passing
+along the X Out to the output so if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the X Out to the output so if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the X Out to the output so if x is
+less than N I am going to get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than N I am going to get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than N I am going to get different
+hashes at the output I'm just passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes at the output I'm just passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes at the output I'm just passing
+them out right so so that's easy and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out right so so that's easy and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out right so so that's easy and for
+the other case well I assume that h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case well I assume that h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case well I assume that h of X
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+TCR correct because that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR correct because that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCR correct because that was the
+original assumption that I had the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original assumption that I had the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original assumption that I had the H
+which was TCR so in both cases TCR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was TCR so in both cases TCR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was TCR so in both cases TCR is
+maintained because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained because uh
+else h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else h of X
+maintains TCR all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains TCR all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains TCR all
+right so again a bit of a contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again a bit of a contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so again a bit of a contrived
+example to show you the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to show you the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to show you the difference
+between these different properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different properties so
+you know not to mix them up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not to mix them up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not to mix them up you know
+what you want to ask for what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to ask for what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to ask for what is
+required when you actually Implement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required when you actually Implement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required when you actually Implement an
+application that depends on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that depends on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that depends on particular
+properties all right um any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties all right um any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties all right um any questions so
+far about Properties or any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far about Properties or any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far about Properties or any of these
+examples if you going to dive into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples if you going to dive into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples if you going to dive into uh
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so um think start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so um think start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so um think start thinking
+computer security start start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer security start start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer security start start thinking
+um hackers uh protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hackers uh protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hackers uh protecting
+yourself uh against bad guys that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh against bad guys that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh against bad guys that are
+out there to trying to discover your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to trying to discover your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to trying to discover your
+passwords trying to corrupt your files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords trying to corrupt your files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords trying to corrupt your files
+generally make your life miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh we'll start up with uh from kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll start up with uh from kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll start up with uh from kind
+of fairly simple examples where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairly simple examples where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairly simple examples where the
+properties are somewhat obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are somewhat obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are somewhat obvious and
+graduate to this auction bidding example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate to this auction bidding example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate to this auction bidding example
+which uh should be sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh should be sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh should be sort of the
+culmination of at least this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of at least this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of at least this part of the
+lecture and depending on how much time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and depending on how much time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and depending on how much time I
+have I'll tell you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'll tell you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'll tell you a little bit about
+how to implement hash functions but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement hash functions but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement hash functions but I
+think these things are more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these things are more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these things are more important
+from a standpoint of uh giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of uh giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of uh giving you a
+sense of cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of cryptographic
+hashes all right password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes all right password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes all right password
+storage how many of you write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage how many of you write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage how many of you write your
+password in a unencrypted text file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in a unencrypted text file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in a unencrypted text file and
+store it in a readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in a readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in a readable
+location there you go man right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there you go man right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location there you go man right thank
+you for being honest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being honest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for being honest uh
+and I I do worse um not only I do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I do worse um not only I do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I do worse um not only I do I do
+that I use my first daughter's name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use my first daughter's name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use my first daughter's name for
+uh for passwords I I won't tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for passwords I I won't tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for passwords I I won't tell you what
+the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name
+is um but um so so that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um but um so so that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um but um so so that's something that
+we'd like to fix right so what do real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to fix right so what do real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to fix right so what do real
+systems do real systems cannot protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do real systems cannot protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do real systems cannot protect
+against me using my first daughter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me using my first daughter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me using my first daughter's
+name as a password right so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name as a password right so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name as a password right so there's no
+way you can protect against that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can protect against that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can protect against that but if
+I had a reasonable password which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a reasonable password which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a reasonable password which had
+reasonable entropy in it so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable entropy in it so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable entropy in it so let's assume
+here that we have reasonable entropy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we have reasonable entropy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we have reasonable entropy in
+the password and you can just say 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password and you can just say 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password and you can just say 128
+bits and it's not a lot right if 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and it's not a lot right if 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and it's not a lot right if 128
+bits is 16 characters okay and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits is 16 characters okay and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits is 16 characters okay and you don't
+have to answer this how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to answer this how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to answer this how many of you have
+16 characters in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 characters in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 characters in your
+password oh I'm impressed okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password oh I'm impressed okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password oh I'm impressed okay so you
+got 128 bits of entropy but the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 128 bits of entropy but the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 128 bits of entropy but the rest of
+you forget it um this is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget it um this is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget it um this is not going to
+help you okay and and but what I want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you okay and and but what I want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you okay and and but what I want is
+isum ass uming you have significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isum ass uming you have significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isum ass uming you have significant
+entropy in your password because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in your password because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in your password because
+otherwise if if there's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if if there's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if if there's not enough
+entropy you can just enumerate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you can just enumerate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you can just enumerate all
+possible passwords of eight letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible passwords of eight letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible passwords of eight letters and
+it's not that much as you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much as you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that much as you know two
+raised to 50 what have you and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 50 what have you and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 50 what have you and you can
+just go off and none of these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go off and none of these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go off and none of these properties
+matter you just you have your hfx it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you just you have your hfx it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you just you have your hfx it's
+it's uh it's it's it's it's it's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's it's it's it's it's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's it's it's it's it's public
+we'll talk about how we use that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how we use that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how we use that in a
+second but clearly if the r the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but clearly if the r the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but clearly if the r the domain
+is small you can just enumerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small you can just enumerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small you can just enumerate the
+domain right so keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right so keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right so keep that in mind
+I talked about H ofx and it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about H ofx and it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about H ofx and it's obviously
+going to be relevant here but suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relevant here but suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relevant here but suppose I
+wanted to build a system and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a system and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to build a system and this is how
+systems are built Etc password file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are built Etc password file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are built Etc password file
+assuming you have long passwords uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you have long passwords uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you have long passwords uh does
+it this way uh otherwise it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way uh otherwise it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way uh otherwise it needs
+something that's called ass salt but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called ass salt but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called ass salt but uh
+that's 6857 and we won't go there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 6857 and we won't go there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 6857 and we won't go there so
+we'll just assume a large entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just assume a large entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just assume a large entropy uh
+what is it that a system can do uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that a system can do uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that a system can do uh what
+can it store in order to let you in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it store in order to let you in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it store in order to let you in uh
+and only let you in when you type your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only let you in when you type your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only let you in when you type your
+password and not let some bogus password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and not let some bogus password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and not let some bogus password
+uh into the system or somebody with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the system or somebody with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the system or somebody with a
+bogus password into the system yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's exactly right that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right that's exactly
+right so it's a really simple uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a really simple uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a really simple uh idea
+very powerful idea uh it as I said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful idea uh it as I said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful idea uh it as I said um
+assume that the entropy and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the entropy and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the entropy and I'm
+belaboring the obvious now but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belaboring the obvious now but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belaboring the obvious now but it is
+important when you talk about security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you talk about security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you talk about security
+to State your assumptions but you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to State your assumptions but you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to State your assumptions but you do not
+Store password on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Store password on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Store password on your
+computer uh and you store the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh and you store the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh and you store the hash of
+the password now why do I store my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password now why do I store my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password now why do I store my
+password on the computer because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password on the computer because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password on the computer because this is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+inconvenient right so uh this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient right so uh this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient right so uh this is what
+the system does for me but uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does for me but uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does for me but uh the fact
+of the matter is if I lose my password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is if I lose my password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matter is if I lose my password
+this doesn't help me uh because what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't help me uh because what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't help me uh because what the
+system wants you to do is uh choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wants you to do is uh choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wants you to do is uh choose a
+password that's long enough and the H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that's long enough and the H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that's long enough and the H is
+one way so anybody who discovers h of PW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way so anybody who discovers h of PW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way so anybody who discovers h of PW
+that is publicly readable cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is publicly readable cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is publicly readable cannot
+discover PW all right that's what's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover PW all right that's what's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover PW all right that's what's cool
+about this um how do you let the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um how do you let the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this um how do you let the person
+log in use h of PW to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in use h of PW to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in use h of PW to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+against h of PW Prime which is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against h of PW Prime which is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against h of PW Prime which is what is
+entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered
+where PW Prime is the typed password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and clearly what we need is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly what we need is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly what we need is that the
+disclosure of H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure of H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure of H of
+PW should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW should
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+reveal PW so we definitely need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal PW so we definitely need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal PW so we definitely need one
+way um what about uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um what about uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um what about uh what about
+Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+resistance or our Target Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or our Target Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or our Target Collision
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think as a think practitioner now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a think practitioner now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a think practitioner now right
+are we interested in this hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we interested in this hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we interested in this hash function
+being Collision resistant what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Collision resistant what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Collision resistant what does that
+mean in this case give me the context in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case give me the context in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case give me the context in
+this particular application yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular application yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular application yeah go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me exactly so it means that uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me exactly so it means that uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me exactly so it means that uh what you
+have is um uh is a situation where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is um uh is a situation where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is um uh is a situation where um
+you do not reveal uh and so what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not reveal uh and so what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not reveal uh and so what might
+happen is that if h of PW Prime equals h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if h of PW Prime equals h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if h of PW Prime equals h
+of PW but uh h of PW equals h of PW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PW but uh h of PW equals h of PW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PW but uh h of PW equals h of PW
+Prime uh but PW is not equal to PW Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh but PW is not equal to PW Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh but PW is not equal to PW Prime
+what you have is a false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a false positive
+someone who didn't know your password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who didn't know your password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who didn't know your password
+but guessed right and this is 128bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guessed right and this is 128bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guessed right and this is 128bit
+value and they guessed right uh is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and they guessed right uh is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and they guessed right uh is going
+to get in right um You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in right um You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in right um You don't
+particularly care if the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly care if the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly care if the probability of
+this occurrence is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurrence is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this occurrence is really small
+typically you're going to have systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you're going to have systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you're going to have systems
+that lock you out uh if you try 10 tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lock you out uh if you try 10 tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lock you out uh if you try 10 tries
+uh that correspond to uh wrong passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that correspond to uh wrong passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that correspond to uh wrong passwords
+right so really in systems you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really in systems you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really in systems you do not
+require you do want to build systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you do want to build systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you do want to build systems
+that have minimal properties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have minimal properties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have minimal properties with
+respect to The Primitives that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to The Primitives that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to The Primitives that are used
+so from a system building standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a system building standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a system building standpoint
+just require ow don't go overboard don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just require ow don't go overboard don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just require ow don't go overboard don't
+require Collision resistance or or TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require Collision resistance or or TCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require Collision resistance or or TCR
+okay um let's do a a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's do a a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's do a a slightly different
+examples also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples also
+uh bit of a warmup for what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit of a warmup for what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit of a warmup for what's coming
+next which is a file modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so for each
+file f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file f
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+store h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store h of
+F and as securely so you you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and as securely so you you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and as securely so you you assume that
+this means that h of f cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that h of f cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that h of f cannot be
+modified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by
+anybody h of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself and now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and now we want to
+check if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified by
+by recomputing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh h of f which you know could be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of f which you know could be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of f which you know could be this
+this could be modified so this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be modified so this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be modified so this could
+actually be F Prime you don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be F Prime you don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be F Prime you don't know that
+you you uh you have a file it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you have a file it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you have a file it's a
+gigabyte and um somebody might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte and um somebody might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte and um somebody might have
+tampered with one of the bits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with one of the bits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with one of the bits in the
+file uh all you have is a is a dbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file uh all you have is a is a dbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file uh all you have is a is a dbit
+digest that corresponds to HF that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest that corresponds to HF that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest that corresponds to HF that you
+stored in a secure location um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in a secure location um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in a secure location um and you
+want to check to see by recomputing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check to see by recomputing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check to see by recomputing
+HFF the the file that is given to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HFF the the file that is given to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HFF the the file that is given to you uh
+and comparing it with what you've stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comparing it with what you've stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comparing it with what you've stored
+the hfff that you stored um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hfff that you stored um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hfff that you stored um and
+so what property do we need uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what property do we need uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what property do we need uh in order
+to pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull this
+off of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of hash
+functions what precisely do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what precisely do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what precisely do we need to
+pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this
+off what is the adversary trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what is the adversary trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what is the adversary trying to
+do what is a successful break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what is a successful break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what is a successful break a
+successful break is if an adversary can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful break is if an adversary can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful break is if an adversary can
+modify the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the file
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+keep h of the same right right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep h of the same right right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep h of the same right right that
+would be a successful break right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a successful break right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a successful break right
+yep yeah go ahead TCR TCR yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah go ahead TCR TCR yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah go ahead TCR TCR yeah
+absolutely you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you need
+TCR um so want to modify the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're given uh the uh the file the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're given uh the uh the file the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're given uh the uh the file the
+adversary is given the file which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary is given the file which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary is given the file which is the
+input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the
+hash and is going to try and modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and is going to try and modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash and is going to try and modify
+modify the file all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the file all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the file all
+right um so let's do a a a a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so let's do a a a a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so let's do a a a a couple more
+and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to
+advance our requirements here a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our requirements here a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance our requirements here a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those two
+are basic properties oh I want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basic properties oh I want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basic properties oh I want to leave
+this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we're going to do something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're going to do something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're going to do something that's
+corresponds to digital signatures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to digital signatures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to digital signatures so
+digital signatures are this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures are this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signatures are this wonderful
+invention that came out of um MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention that came out of um MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention that came out of um MIT in
+computer science laboratory again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science laboratory again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science laboratory again uh
+round reeveston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round reeveston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round reeveston
+collaborators which are a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators which are a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators which are a way of
+digitally signing a document using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally signing a document using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally signing a document using a
+secret uh key private key but anybody uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret uh key private key but anybody uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret uh key private key but anybody uh
+who's has access to a public key so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's has access to a public key so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's has access to a public key so it
+could be pretty much anybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pretty much anybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be pretty much anybody could
+verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the
+authenticity of that signature right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of that signature right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of that signature right so
+that's what a digital signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um so we're going to talk about
+public cryptography on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public cryptography on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public cryptography on
+Thursday uh in terms of how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh in terms of how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh in terms of how you could
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+systems or encryption algorithms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or encryption algorithms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or encryption algorithms there
+are public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are public key
+algorithms but here I'll just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but here I'll just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but here I'll just tell you
+what we want out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want out of
+them uh essentially what uh we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh essentially what uh we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh essentially what uh we have here
+in the case of signatures we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of signatures we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of signatures we actually
+want to talk about encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about encryption
+here are there there's two keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are there there's two keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are there there's two keys
+associated with the public Key System uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the public Key System uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the public Key System uh
+anybody uh and everybody in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh and everybody in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody uh and everybody in the the
+system would have a public key that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would have a public key that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would have a public key that you
+can put on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put on your
+website and you also have a secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and you also have a secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and you also have a secret key
+that's like your password uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like your password uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like your password uh that you
+don't want to write down you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write down you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to write down you don't want
+to give away because that's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give away because that's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give away because that's effectively
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+identity and what uh uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what uh uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what uh uh digital
+signatures correspond to are that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures correspond to are that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures correspond to are that you
+have two operations you have signing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two operations you have signing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two operations you have signing and
+verification so signing means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so signing means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so signing means that you
+create a signature Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a signature Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a signature Sigma
+that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the
+sign using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign using
+your your private key your secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your private key your secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your private key your secret key
+off a message M so you're saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a message M so you're saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a message M so you're saying this is
+this message it came from me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message it came from me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message it came from me right
+that's what signing means you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what signing means you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what signing means you have this
+long message and you sign it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long message and you sign it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long message and you sign it at the
+bottom you're taking responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you're taking responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you're taking responsibility for
+the contents of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of that
+message and then verification is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then verification is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then verification is you
+have M Sigma and a public key and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M Sigma and a public key and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M Sigma and a public key and this
+is simply going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply going to
+Output true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output true or
+false right um and so the public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false right um and so the public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false right um and so the public key
+should not reveal any information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not reveal any information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not reveal any information about
+the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and that's the challenge of Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and that's the challenge of Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and that's the challenge of Building
+pki Systems that we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pki Systems that we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pki Systems that we'll talk about in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+detail uh next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh next time
+but we don't need to uh think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need to uh think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need to uh think about that
+uh other than uh acknowledging it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than uh acknowledging it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than uh acknowledging it uh
+today so uh the public key and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh the public key and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so uh the public key and private
+key are two distinct things neither one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key are two distinct things neither one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key are two distinct things neither one
+of which reveals anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which reveals anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which reveals anything about the
+other think of them as completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other think of them as completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other think of them as completely
+distinct passwords but they happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct passwords but they happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct passwords but they happen to be
+mathematically related that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically related that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically related that's why this
+whole thing works and that mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing works and that mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing works and that mathematical
+relationship we'll look at uh in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we'll look at uh in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we'll look at uh in some
+some detail on on Thursday but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail on on Thursday but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail on on Thursday but having
+said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+take a look at what this app is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what this app is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what this app is doing
+for us right this is a Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us right this is a Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us right this is a Security
+application and I haven't quite got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I haven't quite got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I haven't quite got into
+hash functions yet but uh I'll get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions yet but uh I'll get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash functions yet but uh I'll get to it
+in just a minute but what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute but what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a minute but what I want to do
+is emphasize that there's two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emphasize that there's two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emphasize that there's two operations
+going on one of which is a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one of which is a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one of which is a signature
+which is a private signature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a private signature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a private signature in the
+sense that it's private to me if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's private to me if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's private to me if I'm
+Alice or private to Alice and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or private to Alice and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or private to Alice and you're
+using secret information on this public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using secret information on this public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using secret information on this public
+message M because that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M because that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M because that's going to be
+publicized uh and you're going to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicized uh and you're going to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicized uh and you're going to sign
+that public message um and then anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that public message um and then anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that public message um and then anybody
+in the world uh has access to alysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world uh has access to alysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world uh has access to alysis
+public key is going to be able to say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is going to be able to say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is going to be able to say oh
+I'm looking at the signature which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the signature which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the signature which is a
+bunch of bits I'm looking at the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bits I'm looking at the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bits I'm looking at the message
+which is a whole lot of bits and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a whole lot of bits and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a whole lot of bits and I have
+this public key which is a bunch of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this public key which is a bunch of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this public key which is a bunch of bits
+and I'm going to be able to tell uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be able to tell uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to be able to tell uh for
+sure that uh either Alice signed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh either Alice signed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh either Alice signed this
+message or Alice did not sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or Alice did not sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or Alice did not sign this
+message okay and um the Assumption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay and um the Assumption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay and um the Assumption here
+is that is that Alice kept her private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that Alice kept her private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that Alice kept her private
+key secret and of course what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key secret and of course what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key secret and of course what I just
+wrote there that the public key does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote there that the public key does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote there that the public key does not
+reveal anything about the secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal anything about the secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal anything about the secret key
+okay so that's digital signatures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's digital signatures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's digital signatures for
+you in a nutshell and when you do MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a nutshell and when you do MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a nutshell and when you do MIT
+certificates you're using digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates you're using digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates you're using digital
+signatures Allah dest Shamir Adelman the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures Allah dest Shamir Adelman the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures Allah dest Shamir Adelman the
+RSA algorithm so you're using this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA algorithm so you're using this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA algorithm so you're using this all
+the time right when you when you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right when you when you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right when you when you click
+on 6046 links for example and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 6046 links for example and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 6046 links for example and what
+happens is um m is typically large I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is um m is typically large I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is um m is typically large I
+mean it could be a file right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it could be a file right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it could be a file right it could
+be a large file and um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large file and um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large file and um you don't
+necessarily want to compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to compute these
+operations on large files so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on large files so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on large files so for
+convenience what happens is you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience what happens is you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience what happens is you end up
+hashing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing the
+file uh and uh for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M uh you end up you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh you end up you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh you end up you it's
+easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+sign h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign h of
+M and so replace the M's that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and so replace the M's that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and so replace the M's that you see
+here uh with with h ofm all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh with with h ofm all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh with with h ofm all right so now
+that we've give we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've give we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've give we
+given I we given that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I we given that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given I we given that we're going to be
+doing H ofm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing H ofm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing H ofm in
+here think about what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think about what we wanted to
+accomplish with M right I told you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish with M right I told you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish with M right I told you what
+we wanted to accomplish with M there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to accomplish with M there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to accomplish with M there's a
+particular message I'm Alice I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular message I'm Alice I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular message I'm Alice I'm going
+to keep my secret key secret uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep my secret key secret uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep my secret key secret uh but I
+want to commit to signing the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to commit to signing the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to commit to signing the this
+message M all right and I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M all right and I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M all right and I want to make
+sure that nobody can pretend to be me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that nobody can pretend to be me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that nobody can pretend to be me
+who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't
+know uh my my secret key and nobody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh my my secret key and nobody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh my my secret key and nobody does
+uh so if I'm going to be signing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I'm going to be signing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if I'm going to be signing the
+hash of the message now it comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the message now it comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the message now it comes down to
+today's lecture I'm signing the hash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture I'm signing the hash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture I'm signing the hash of
+the message H ofm what property do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message H ofm what property do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message H ofm what property do I
+require of H in order for this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of H in order for this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of H in order for this whole
+thing to work out yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to work out yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to work out yeah go ahead
+um non- maniability but even before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um non- maniability but even before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um non- maniability but even before that
+suppose uh uh absolutely but non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh uh absolutely but non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh uh absolutely but non-
+maniability is is kind of uh Beyond you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniability is is kind of uh Beyond you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maniability is is kind of uh Beyond you
+know one of these properties over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these properties over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these properties over on the
+right you're on the right track right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're on the right track right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're on the right track right um
+uh so do you want to you want to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so do you want to you want to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so do you want to you want to give me
+a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+answer you can give me a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+okay what yeah back there you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what yeah back there you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what yeah back there you want to do
+one way could take that sign and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way could take that sign and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way could take that sign and another
+message that uh I can make M public I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that uh I can make M public I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that uh I can make M public I I
+I I I can make m m can be public and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I can make m m can be public and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I can make m m can be public and H
+of M is public so uh you know one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is public so uh you know one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is public so uh you know one way is
+uh is is is is not interesting for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is is is not interesting for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is is is not interesting for this
+example if m is public and we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if m is public and we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if m is public and we can assume
+that M eventually gets public because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M eventually gets public because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M eventually gets public because
+that's the message I'm signing right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the message I'm signing right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the message I'm signing right uh
+I can also put M out so I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also put M out so I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also put M out so I want the
+relationship I want you to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I want you to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I want you to focus on the
+relationship between h of M and M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between h of M and M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between h of M and M and
+tell me what would break this system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what would break this system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what would break this system and
+you're on the right track uh yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right track uh yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the right track uh yeah go
+ahead our way back there yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead our way back there yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead our way back there yeah sorry
+about that yeah TCR TCR why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah TCR TCR why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah TCR TCR why
+TCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so uh so I have M so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh so I have M so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh so I have M so what happens
+here I should write this out um I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should write this out um I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I should write this out um I I'm
+given as an adversary I have uh M and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as an adversary I have uh M and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as an adversary I have uh M and H
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it is
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+if if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if uh
+Alice signs H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice signs H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice signs H
+ofm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm but
+Bob claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alice
+s m Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s m Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s m Prime
+because h of m equals h of M Prime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because h of m equals h of M Prime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because h of m equals h of M Prime right
+that is bad um so the m is m is public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bad um so the m is m is public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bad um so the m is m is public
+could you stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up cool um m is given there's a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up cool um m is given there's a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up cool um m is given there's a specific
+M and and a specific h of M in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and and a specific h of M in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and and a specific h of M in
+particular that uh has been exposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that uh has been exposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that uh has been exposed and
+H ofm is what was used for the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H ofm is what was used for the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H ofm is what was used for the signature
+so you want to keep H ofm the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to keep H ofm the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to keep H ofm the same it's
+a specific one so it's not Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific one so it's not Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific one so it's not Collision
+resistance it's Target Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance it's Target Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance it's Target Collision
+resistance uh because that's given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh because that's given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh because that's given to
+you and you want to keep that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you want to keep that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you want to keep that the same
+but you want to claim that oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to claim that oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to claim that oh you
+promised me $10,000 not 20 bucks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised me $10,000 not 20 bucks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised me $10,000 not 20 bucks right
+if if you can do that you sign saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you can do that you sign saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you can do that you sign saying
+you want to pay $10,000 not 20 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pay $10,000 not 20 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pay $10,000 not 20 bucks
+then you got a problem so your thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got a problem so your thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got a problem so your thing is
+very close it's just that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close it's just that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close it's just that it doesn't
+need to a strong relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to a strong relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to a strong relationship between
+the 10,000 or the 20 I mean I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10,000 or the 20 I mean I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10,000 or the 20 I mean I give you a
+concrete example of that but uh uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of that but uh uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of that but uh uh but
+it could be more it could be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be more it could be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be more it could be less
+anything that is different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is different from what you
+sign be it with a numeric relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign be it with a numeric relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign be it with a numeric relationship
+or not would cause a problem and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not would cause a problem and break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not would cause a problem and break
+the scheme all right are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme all right are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme all right are we
+good all right one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right one last
+example uh the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh the most interesting
+one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as I guest I'm probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I guest I'm probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I guest I'm probably not going to
+get to saying very much about uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to saying very much about uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to saying very much about uh how
+cache functions are implemented but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache functions are implemented but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache functions are implemented but
+maybe I'll spend a minute or two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so let's do this example that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do this example that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do this example that has to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commitments commitment is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments commitment is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments commitment is important
+right you want to commit to doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to commit to doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to commit to doing things
+you want to keep your promises and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep your promises and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep your promises and in
+this case we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have a
+legal requirement uh that uh you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal requirement uh that uh you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal requirement uh that uh you want to
+be uh able to make people honor their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh able to make people honor their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh able to make people honor their
+commitments and not weasle their way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments and not weasle their way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments and not weasle their way out
+of commitments right and we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commitments right and we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commitments right and we want to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+computationally and uh let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally and uh let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally and uh let's think about
+auctions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions so
+Alice has value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice has value
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+EG and auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bid um Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computes what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call C of X which is a commitment of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C of X which is a commitment of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C of X which is a commitment of X
+and submits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x c of X is uh let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that Au the auction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Au the auction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Au the auction here
+and perhaps other uh auction as well c c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other uh auction as well c c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other uh auction as well c c
+of X me you have to submit it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X me you have to submit it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X me you have to submit it to
+somebody right so you can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody right so you can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody right so you can assume that
+that's exposed and I what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exposed and I what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exposed and I what's going to
+happen is uh when bidding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over Alice is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alice is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alice is going to
+open so this is c ofx can be thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so this is c ofx can be thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open so this is c ofx can be thought of
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+sealing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing the
+bed so that's the commitment you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed so that's the commitment you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed so that's the commitment you're
+sealing the you're making a bed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing the you're making a bed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing the you're making a bed and
+you're sealing it in an envelope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sealing it in an envelope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sealing it in an envelope you
+committed to that that's obviously what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to that that's obviously what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to that that's obviously what
+happens in uh real life without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in uh real life without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in uh real life without
+cryptography but we want to do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography but we want to do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography but we want to do this with
+cryptography with hash functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography with hash functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography with hash functions and so
+now Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Alice
+opens uh C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens uh C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens uh C of
+x to reveal X so you has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to reveal X so you has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to reveal X so you has to
+prove uh that uh in fact X was our bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh that uh in fact X was our bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh that uh in fact X was our bid
+uh and it uh matches uh what she sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it uh matches uh what she sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it uh matches uh what she sealed
+when you open it up uh think about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you open it up uh think about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you open it up uh think about it uh
+conceptually from a standpoint of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually from a standpoint of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually from a standpoint of what
+happens with paper and uh uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with paper and uh uh then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with paper and uh uh then we
+have to think about computationally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about computationally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about computationally what
+this implies right so again I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies right so again I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies right so again I'll do a
+little bit of setup and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of setup and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of setup and then we have to
+start talking about the properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the properties that
+we want for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want for this particular
+application so there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so there are a bunch of
+people who are doing uh bidding for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing uh bidding for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing uh bidding for this
+auction um I don't I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um I don't I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction um I don't I want to I want to
+be the first I I don't want to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first I I don't want to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first I I don't want to spend a
+lot of money but I want to win all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money but I want to win all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money but I want to win all of us
+are like that right if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that right if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like that right if I know
+information about your bid that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about your bid that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about your bid that is
+obviously a tremendous Advantage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a tremendous Advantage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a tremendous Advantage so
+clearly that can happen right um I if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that can happen right um I if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that can happen right um I if if
+I know one other person's bid I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know one other person's bid I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know one other person's bid I just do
+plus one on that if I know everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on that if I know everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on that if I know everybody
+else's I'll just do plus one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's I'll just do plus one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's I'll just do plus one on the
+maximum so clearly there's some secrecy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so clearly there's some secrecy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so clearly there's some secrecy
+that's required here correct so C ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required here correct so C ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required here correct so C ofx is
+going to have to do two things it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do two things it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do two things it can't
+reveal X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal X
+uh because then even maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because then even maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because then even maybe the
+auctioneer is bad or other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioneer is bad or other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioneer is bad or other people are
+are looking at this uh and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this uh and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at this uh and you can just
+assume that c ofx is uh the C of XS are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that c ofx is uh the C of XS are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that c ofx is uh the C of XS are
+all public uh but uh I also need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all public uh but uh I also need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all public uh but uh I also need a
+constraint that's associated with C ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's associated with C ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's associated with C ofx
+that corresponds to making sure Alice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to making sure Alice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to making sure Alice is
+honest correct uh so I I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest correct uh so I I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest correct uh so I I need to make
+Alice commit to something right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice commit to something right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice commit to something right so what
+are the different properties of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different properties of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different properties of uh the
+hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function
+that I if I use h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that I'd want H to satisfy in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'd want H to satisfy in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'd want H to satisfy in order
+for this whole process to work like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this whole process to work like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this whole process to work like it's
+supposed to work with paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to work with paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to work with paper and
+envelopes right yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead it it has to be one way and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it it has to be one way and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it it has to be one way and and
+explain to me uh so I want I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to me uh so I want I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to me uh so I want I want a
+description of it has to be one way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of it has to be one way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of it has to be one way uh
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why right um C ofx should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right um C ofx should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right um C ofx should
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+reveal X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal X all
+right all right that's good do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right that's good do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right that's good do you have
+more Collis resistance it has to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Collis resistance it has to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Collis resistance it has to be uh
+Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant okay
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+guess um a little bit more I mean you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um a little bit more I mean you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um a little bit more I mean you're
+you're you're getting there um what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're getting there um what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're getting there um what uh
+uh why is it Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistant that's exactly right so um CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant that's exactly right so um CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant that's exactly right so um CR
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+Alice um should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice um should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice um should not
+be able to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this in multiple ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in multiple ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in multiple ways
+right and in this case uh it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case uh it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case uh it's not it's
+not TCR in the sense that Alice controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not TCR in the sense that Alice controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not TCR in the sense that Alice controls
+what her bids are and so she might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what her bids are and so she might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what her bids are and so she might find
+a pair of bids that uh are Collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of bids that uh are Collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of bids that uh are Collide
+correct she might realize that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct she might realize that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct she might realize that uh in
+this particular hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular hash function
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+$10,000 and u a billion dollars Collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 and u a billion dollars Collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 and u a billion dollars Collide
+right and so she figures uh depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so she figures uh depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so she figures uh depending on
+uh what happens she's uh a billionaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happens she's uh a billionaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happens she's uh a billionaire
+let's assume uh um she's going to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume uh um she's going to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume uh um she's going to open
+the right thing she's a billionaire but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing she's a billionaire but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing she's a billionaire but
+she doesn't want to necessarily spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't want to necessarily spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't want to necessarily spend
+the billion okay um so that's that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion okay um so that's that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the billion okay um so that's that right
+I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want
+more right go ahead you don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right go ahead you don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right go ahead you don't want it to
+beable assuming that the auctioner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beable assuming that the auctioner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beable assuming that the auctioner is
+not honest because you don't want write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not honest because you don't want write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not honest because you don't want write
+from someone and then might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone and then might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone and then might change
+everyone else's B to like square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else's B to like square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else's B to like square root of
+whatever uh that's exactly right or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh that's exactly right or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh that's exactly right or plus
+one which is which is a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is which is a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is which is a great example
+right so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there you
+go I ran out of Frisbees you can get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I ran out of Frisbees you can get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I ran out of Frisbees you can get one
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+um so uh yeah I don't need this anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yeah I don't need this anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yeah I don't need this anymore
+uh you're exactly right there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're exactly right there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're exactly right there's another
+it turns out it's even more subtle than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's even more subtle than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it's even more subtle than
+what you just described and uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described and uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described and uh I think
+I'm going to be able to point that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be able to point that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be able to point that out
+to you uh but let me just first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you uh but let me just first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you uh but let me just first uh
+describe this answer uh which gives uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this answer uh which gives uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this answer uh which gives uh
+gives us uh non- maniability so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us uh non- maniability so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us uh non- maniability so the
+claim is that you also want non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that you also want non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that you also want non
+malleability in your hash function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability in your hash function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleability in your hash function and
+the simple reason is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple reason is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple reason is um
+given C ofx and let's assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C ofx and let's assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C ofx and let's assume that this
+is public it's certainly public to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is public it's certainly public to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is public it's certainly public to the
+auctioner and it could be public to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioner and it could be public to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioner and it could be public to the
+other biders as well right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other biders as well right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other biders as well right because the
+notion of sealing is that uh uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sealing is that uh uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of sealing is that uh uh is that
+you've sealed it using C of X but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sealed it using C of X but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've sealed it using C of X but people
+can see the outside of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the outside of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the outside of the envelope
+which is C of X right so everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is C of X right so everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is C of X right so everyone can
+see C of X you still want this to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see C of X you still want this to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see C of X you still want this to work
+even though all the other biders can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though all the other biders can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though all the other biders can see
+C ofx so given C ofx should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ofx so given C ofx should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ofx so given C ofx should
+not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produce C of x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce C of x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce C of x +
+1 right you don't know what x is but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right you don't know what x is but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 right you don't know what x is but if
+you can produce C of x + one you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce C of x + one you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce C of x + one you win
+right um and so so that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so so that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so so that that that's
+that's a problem um now it turns out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem um now it turns out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem um now it turns out um
+you now say okay am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now say okay am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now say okay am I
+done I want these three properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I want these three properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I want these three properties and
+I'm done right um there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done right um there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done right um there's a little
+subtlety here which uh these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety here which uh these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety here which uh these properties
+don't capture so that's why I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't capture so that's why I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't capture so that's why I you know
+there's more here and uh I I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more here and uh I I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more here and uh I I don't mean
+to titillate because I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to titillate because I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to titillate because I'll tell you what
+uh is missing here but let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is missing here but let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is missing here but let's say that
+I have a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a hash
+function that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh
+non-malleable it is Collision resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-malleable it is Collision resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-malleable it is Collision resistant
+and it's one way right so h of X is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one way right so h of X is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one way right so h of X is has
+all these wonderful properties all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these wonderful properties all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these wonderful properties all right
+um I'm creating an H Prime X that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm creating an H Prime X that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm creating an H Prime X that looks
+like this which is a concatenation of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is a concatenation of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this which is a concatenation of H
+of x X and giving away the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x X and giving away the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x X and giving away the most
+significant bit of X which is my bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit of X which is my bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit of X which is my bit
+right I'm just giving that away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just giving that away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm just giving that away right
+the problem here is that we uh haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that we uh haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that we uh haven't
+really uh made our properties broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh made our properties broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh made our properties broad
+enough to solve this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to solve this particular
+application to the extent that U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to the extent that U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to the extent that U uh
+there's contrived cases where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's contrived cases where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's contrived cases where these
+properties Aren't Enough okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties Aren't Enough okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties Aren't Enough okay and the
+reason is simple H Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is simple H Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is simple H Prime
+X is arguably NM CR and O and I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is arguably NM CR and O and I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is arguably NM CR and O and I won't go
+into each of those arguments but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each of those arguments but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each of those arguments but you can
+think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it
+right if I'm just giving you one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm just giving you one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm just giving you one bit
+there's 159 others there's a couple 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 159 others there's a couple 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 159 others there's a couple 100
+others whatever it is that I have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others whatever it is that I have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others whatever it is that I have in the
+domain it's not going to be invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's not going to be invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's not going to be invertible
+uh h of H Prime X is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of H Prime X is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of H Prime X is not going to be
+invertible if h of X is not invertible H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if h of X is not invertible H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if h of X is not invertible H
+Prime X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime X is
+not going to be U uh uh breakable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be U uh uh breakable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be U uh uh breakable in
+terms of collision resistance if h of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of collision resistance if h of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of collision resistance if h of X
+is not breakable and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not breakable and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not breakable and so on and so forth
+but if I had a hash function like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I had a hash function like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I had a hash function like that
+is it a good hash function for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good hash function for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good hash function for my
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+application no obviously not because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application no obviously not because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application no obviously not because if
+I publicize this hash function remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I publicize this hash function remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I publicize this hash function remember
+everything is public here with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is public here with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is public here with respect
+to H and H Prime uh you are giving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H and H Prime uh you are giving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H and H Prime uh you are giving away
+the most significant bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant bit that
+corresponds to your bid in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to your bid in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to your bid in this
+particular hash function right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hash function right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hash function right so you
+really need a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a little bit more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secrecy for true true secrecy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy for true true secrecy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy for true true secrecy
+okay but in the context of this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in the context of this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in the context of this example
+I mean it's common sense that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's common sense that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's common sense that you would
+not use a hash function like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use a hash function like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use a hash function like that right
+so it's it's not that that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not that that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not that that there's
+anything really profound here it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything really profound here it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything really profound here it's just
+that I want to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to make sure that you
+understand the nuances of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the nuances of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the nuances of the properties
+that we're requiring we had all the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're requiring we had all the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're requiring we had all the uh
+the requ requirements corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requ requirements corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requ requirements corresponding to
+the definitions of NM NC and ow and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions of NM NC and ow and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitions of NM NC and ow and you
+need a little bit more for this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit more for this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit more for this example
+where you have to say something perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to say something perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to say something perhaps
+informally like uh uh your uh the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally like uh uh your uh the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally like uh uh your uh the bits
+of your auction are scrambled uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your auction are scrambled uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your auction are scrambled uh in the
+final hash output which most hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final hash output which most hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final hash output which most hash
+functions should do anyway and H ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions should do anyway and H ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions should do anyway and H ofx
+would definitely do but you've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely do but you've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely do but you've kind of
+unscrambled it by adding this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscrambled it by adding this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscrambled it by adding this little
+thing in here corresponding to the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in here corresponding to the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in here corresponding to the most
+significant bit all right so um I'll top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit all right so um I'll top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit all right so um I'll top
+of that uh let me just say that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh let me just say that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that uh let me just say that uh the
+operation or sorry the work involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation or sorry the work involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation or sorry the work involved in
+creating hash functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating hash functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating hash functions that are
+polytime computable is uh research work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polytime computable is uh research work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polytime computable is uh research work
+um people put up hash functions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people put up hash functions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people put up hash functions and they
+get broken like md4 was put up in ' 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get broken like md4 was put up in ' 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get broken like md4 was put up in ' 92
+and then got broken sha one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got broken sha one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then got broken sha one and so on
+and so forth and so I just encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so I just encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so I just encourage you
+to look up sha 3 and just take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up sha 3 and just take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up sha 3 and just take a quick
+scan at what the complexity of sha 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan at what the complexity of sha 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan at what the complexity of sha 3 is
+uh with respect to computing the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to computing the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with respect to computing the hash
+given an opportunity string right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an opportunity string right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an opportunity string right I'll
+Stick Around for questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L0xWTa8D_bw.txt b/L0xWTa8D_bw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8e4692637edbf98aeee9cf437fce4be5ea6f796
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L0xWTa8D_bw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the field and inductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the field and inductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the field and inductance of
+a spherical coil illustrate the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spherical coil illustrate the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spherical coil illustrate the model of
+a distributed surface current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distributed surface current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distributed surface current
+density and the associated llan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+sphere here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+sphere that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere that is
+uniform outside the field is that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside the field is that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside the field is that of a
+pole because these fields are so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole because these fields are so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole because these fields are so simple
+this flux ball example is a valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux ball example is a valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flux ball example is a valuable
+resource for dealing with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for dealing with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for dealing with other
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+straight such as how to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight such as how to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight such as how to compute the
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+links a different amount of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux here's the coil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux here's the coil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux here's the coil in
+cross-section with the neglect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section with the neglect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section with the neglect of the
+slight pitch in the the turns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight pitch in the the turns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight pitch in the the turns the
+winding is uniformly distributed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding is uniformly distributed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding is uniformly distributed from
+north to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north to
+south the diameter is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south the diameter is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south the diameter is 2
+R with each turn carrying the current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R with each turn carrying the current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R with each turn carrying the current I
+the surface current density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface current density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface current density is
+sinusoidally distributed with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta on the surface of the
+sphere the surface current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the surface current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the surface current density
+varies with the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with the S of
+theta and is proportional to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns the magnetic field that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the magnetic field that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the magnetic field that results
+from this surface current density looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this surface current density looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this surface current density looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this inside the sphere it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside the sphere it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside the sphere it should be
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uniform outside it should be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it should be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it should be the same as
+would be produced by magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be produced by magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be produced by magnetic
+dipole located here at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere at the North Pole the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere at the North Pole the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere at the North Pole the field
+should be radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be radially
+outward at the equator it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward at the equator it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward at the equator it should be
+tangential at the South Pole the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential at the South Pole the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential at the South Pole the field
+should be radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inward a hall magnetometer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward a hall magnetometer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward a hall magnetometer with a
+transverse probe make it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse probe make it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse probe make it possible to
+probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+the output of the hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the hall
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+current the lower is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe here at the North Pole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe here at the North Pole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe here at the North Pole the
+magnetic flux density should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density should be
+perpendicular to the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface the probe detects the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the probe detects the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the probe detects the field
+perpendicular to its flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to its flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to its flat
+face so we can see that the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so we can see that the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so we can see that the field is
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pole at the equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole at the equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole at the equator
+the field is tangential and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is tangential and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is tangential and in the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction by watching the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by watching the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by watching the phase of the
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+as at the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pole the phase is the same at the Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole the phase is the same at the Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole the phase is the same at the Two
+Poles so the field is Upward at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles watch the vertical component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles watch the vertical component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles watch the vertical component of
+the field as we go from the north to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+South we have a hole from the south to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South we have a hole from the south to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South we have a hole from the south to
+the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pole we can insert another Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+probe this axial probe measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this axial probe measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this axial probe measures the
+magnetic field along its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis the magnetic flux density inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the magnetic flux density inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the magnetic flux density inside
+the sphere is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside we measure 5.4 gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RMS theoretically this is the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS theoretically this is the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS theoretically this is the flux
+density inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density inside the
+sphere we have a total of 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere we have a total of 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere we have a total of 61
+turns a current of 1 ampere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a current of 1 ampere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a current of 1 ampere
+RMS and a radius of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS and a radius of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS and a radius of 5
+cm so the predicted flux density is 5.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm so the predicted flux density is 5.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm so the predicted flux density is 5.1
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+RMS remember what we measured was 5.4 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RMS let's measure the inductance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS let's measure the inductance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS let's measure the inductance of the
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ball its inductance is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball its inductance is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball its inductance is determined by
+measuring the voltage and current of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage and current of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage and current of the
+coil the lower trace of the oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the lower trace of the oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the lower trace of the oscilloscope
+gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the
+voltage the current is the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trace is the frequency high enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the frequency high enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is the frequency high enough that
+the resistance of the coil plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of the coil plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of the coil plays a
+negligible role in the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impedance we can see that it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance we can see that it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance we can see that it is the
+voltage and current are 90° out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current are 90° out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current are 90° out of phase
+as they should be for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductor the frequency is high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor the frequency is high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor the frequency is high enough
+that the ratio of the peak voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio of the peak voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio of the peak voltage the
+lower Trace to the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace to the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace to the peak
+current is the inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants at a frequency of 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at a frequency of 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants at a frequency of 40
+khz a voltage of 13 volts Peak gives 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz a voltage of 13 volts Peak gives 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz a voltage of 13 volts Peak gives 3
+amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps
+Peak so the measured inductance is 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak so the measured inductance is 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak so the measured inductance is 172
+micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+henries theoretically this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries theoretically this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries theoretically this is the
+inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for our 61 turns and 5 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our 61 turns and 5 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our 61 turns and 5 cm
+radius we predict L equal 163
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microhenry what we measured was 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microhenry the flux ball is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry the flux ball is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry the flux ball is a classic
+example where the fields are simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the fields are simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the fields are simple to
+represent a uniform field inside and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a uniform field inside and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a uniform field inside and a
+dipole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole field
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+give insight into more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insight into more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insight into more complex
+situations for example the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations for example the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations for example the vertical
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+what it is at the equator
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L3LMbpZIKhQ.txt b/L3LMbpZIKhQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08c85987166734825ca214b84ce3bf185e604133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L3LMbpZIKhQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7112 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu who can tell me what a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu who can tell me what a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu who can tell me what a proof
+is any ideas of what is a proof anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any ideas of what is a proof anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any ideas of what is a proof anyway
+any any thoughts yeah it's a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any thoughts yeah it's a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any thoughts yeah it's a chain of
+statements each logically supported by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements each logically supported by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements each logically supported by
+the previous ones that get you from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous ones that get you from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous ones that get you from a
+set of assumptions to a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions to a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions to a set of
+conclusions very good I like that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions very good I like that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions very good I like that that's
+that's very close to what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to what we're going to
+do here yeah um now that's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here yeah um now that's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here yeah um now that's a special
+kind of proof though that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proof though that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proof though that's a
+mathematical proof and I'll I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proof and I'll I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proof and I'll I'm going to
+write a definition very close to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a definition very close to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a definition very close to that in
+a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few
+minutes but proofs exist Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but proofs exist Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but proofs exist Beyond
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+can anybody think of a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody think of a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody think of a higher level
+notion of what a proof is that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what a proof is that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what a proof is that's correct
+what you said but there's a higher metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said but there's a higher metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said but there's a higher metal
+level notion of what a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level notion of what a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level notion of what a proof
+is beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond
+that they have no logical deductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have no logical deductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have no logical deductions
+potentially they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially they have no
+assumptions any thoughts better a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions any thoughts better a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions any thoughts better a
+proof okay well I think generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay well I think generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay well I think generally a
+proof is considered across multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is considered across multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is considered across multiple
+Fields as a method for ascertaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+truth and you described one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method Now by ascertaining I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method Now by ascertaining I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method Now by ascertaining I mean
+establishing truth verifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing truth verifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing truth verifying
+truth and there's lots of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there's lots of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there's lots of ways to
+ascertain truth in society even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascertain truth in society even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascertain truth in society even within
+science what are some examples of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what are some examples of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science what are some examples of ways
+that we ascertain truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+yeah like seeing that a piece of chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like seeing that a piece of chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like seeing that a piece of chalk
+will fall to the ground observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall to the ground observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall to the ground observation
+experiment and observation excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and observation excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and observation excellent
+that's that's the uh Bedrock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the uh Bedrock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the uh Bedrock of
+physics I mean who really knows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I mean who really knows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I mean who really knows if
+there's gravity out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity out
+there well we observe it and so we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well we observe it and so we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well we observe it and so we then
+conclude that's the truth there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that's the truth there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that's the truth there's
+gravity and we have laws about it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and we have laws about it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and we have laws about it that's
+one good way what's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good way what's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good way what's another way of
+ascertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Truth across scientific disciplines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth across scientific disciplines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth across scientific disciplines or
+or in or in sci Beyond science just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in or in sci Beyond science just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in or in sci Beyond science just in
+society how is truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society how is truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society how is truth
+established what are the ways yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established what are the ways yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established what are the ways yeah well
+establishing what's false if if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing what's false if if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing what's false if if you know
+what things aren't true then that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things aren't true then that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things aren't true then that helps
+you narrow down what is true yes truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you narrow down what is true yes truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you narrow down what is true yes truth
+yeah that's great truth is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's great truth is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's great truth is the opposite
+of falsehood how do we establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falsehood how do we establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of falsehood how do we establish
+falsehood what are the ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsehood what are the ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsehood what are the ways of doing
+that how do you decide something is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you decide something is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you decide something is not
+true in everyday yeah counter find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in everyday yeah counter find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in everyday yeah counter find
+counter examples yeah that's good so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter examples yeah that's good so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter examples yeah that's good so in
+fact even a step more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling counter examples our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways you know if you do something an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you know if you do something an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you know if you do something an
+experiment 10 times and every time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment 10 times and every time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment 10 times and every time it
+comes out one way that's truth maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out one way that's truth maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out one way that's truth maybe but
+there's fields that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fields that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fields that becomes
+truth what about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth what about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth what about other
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+uh how are we going to decide if Roger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are we going to decide if Roger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how are we going to decide if Roger
+Clemens is guilty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clemens is guilty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clemens is guilty of
+perjury for lying about steroids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perjury for lying about steroids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perjury for lying about steroids to
+Congress he did it or he didn't how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress he did it or he didn't how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress he did it or he didn't how are
+we going to decide that what's the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to decide that what's the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to decide that what's the truth
+behind how is that truth going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind how is that truth going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind how is that truth going to be
+ascertained yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examining evidence and who makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining evidence and who makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining evidence and who makes the
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+there the jury truth is established by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the jury truth is established by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the jury truth is established by
+juries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+judges you know black go I can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges you know black go I can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges you know black go I can never
+pronounce his name the Illinois governor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce his name the Illinois governor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce his name the Illinois governor
+black oich he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black oich he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black oich he's
+guilty that's the truth okay of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty that's the truth okay of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty that's the truth okay of you know
+not of conspiracy trying to sell Obama's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of conspiracy trying to sell Obama's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of conspiracy trying to sell Obama's
+senate seat but of lying to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senate seat but of lying to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senate seat but of lying to the
+authorities about campaign Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities about campaign Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities about campaign Finance
+financing OJ is guilty not of killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing OJ is guilty not of killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing OJ is guilty not of killing
+his wife but of breaking into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife but of breaking into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife but of breaking into an
+apartment to steal back some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment to steal back some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment to steal back some of his
+merchandise okay so judges and juries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchandise okay so judges and juries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchandise okay so judges and juries
+make decisions on truth what are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions on truth what are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions on truth what are other
+truths bigger truths even than judges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths bigger truths even than judges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths bigger truths even than judges
+and juries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+society there's one really big one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there's one really big one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there's one really big one that
+causes a lot of issues yeah ReliOn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of issues yeah ReliOn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of issues yeah ReliOn what
+is it religion religion the word of God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it religion religion the word of God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it religion religion the word of God
+broadly construed here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly construed here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly construed here or
+religion you know now that one's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion you know now that one's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion you know now that one's really
+hard to argue about you know because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to argue about you know because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to argue about you know because you
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+it you know and it's especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know and it's especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know and it's especially if
+you're not talking to God regularly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not talking to God regularly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not talking to God regularly and
+somebody is well it's hard to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is well it's hard to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is well it's hard to argue
+about you know the truth so you rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the truth so you rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the truth so you rely on
+others to interpret it for you often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to interpret it for you often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to interpret it for you often you
+know a priest or minister or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a priest or minister or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a priest or minister or
+Rabbi okay now it gets complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbi okay now it gets complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbi okay now it gets complicated
+because you can end up with conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can end up with conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can end up with conflicting
+truths based on you know who you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths based on you know who you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths based on you know who you think
+you're talking to or who your represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to or who your represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to or who your represent
+translator is for you you know another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator is for you you know another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translator is for you you know another
+one is the word of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the word of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the word of your
+boss whatever the boss says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss whatever the boss says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss whatever the boss says is
+Right often in business the customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right often in business the customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right often in business the customer is
+always right that's the truth whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right that's the truth whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right that's the truth whatever
+the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer
+says all right you know with Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right you know with Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all right you know with Donald
+Trump is your boss you better agree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump is your boss you better agree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump is your boss you better agree or
+you're fired right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fired right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fired right you
+know um often in classes the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um often in classes the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um often in classes the professor
+says it it is true because the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it it is true because the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it it is true because the authority
+said it that's not true here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it that's not true here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it that's not true here all right
+that will not hold and one of the nicest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not hold and one of the nicest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not hold and one of the nicest
+thing about math that I like a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about math that I like a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about math that I like a lot is
+that the youngest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the youngest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the youngest
+student can stand up against the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can stand up against the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can stand up against the most
+oldest most experienced professor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest most experienced professor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest most experienced professor and
+win an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win an
+argument on mathematics in fact I am you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument on mathematics in fact I am you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument on mathematics in fact I am you
+know I really I do get pleasure when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I really I do get pleasure when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I really I do get pleasure when a
+student comes up and proves me wrong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student comes up and proves me wrong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student comes up and proves me wrong I
+loved it when that student came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it when that student came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it when that student came in and
+she showed me what I said really wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed me what I said really wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed me what I said really wasn't
+right when you looked at it carefully or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you looked at it carefully or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you looked at it carefully or
+In a Different Light you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a Different Light you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a Different Light you know now
+sometimes if I do it on the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if I do it on the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if I do it on the board here
+and it's in class well you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in class well you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in class well you know that's
+fun I feel a little embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I feel a little embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I feel a little embarrassed
+afterwards but uh but it's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but uh but it's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but uh but it's a good thing
+about mathematics is that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematics is that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematics is that you can have
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+dialogue okay um another one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue okay um another one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue okay um another one which is
+related to the word of God sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the word of God sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the word of God sometimes is
+inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner
+conviction very popular in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction very popular in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction very popular in computer
+science believe it or not you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science believe it or not you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science believe it or not you know with
+the the Mantra there are no bugs in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Mantra there are no bugs in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Mantra there are no bugs in my
+program can't tell you how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can't tell you how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can't tell you how many times
+you know you he that closely related is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you he that closely related is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you he that closely related is
+I don't see why not something is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see why not something is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see why not something is true
+now that's a good one because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good one because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good one because that
+transfers the burden of proof to anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers the burden of proof to anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers the burden of proof to anybody
+who disagrees with you right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who disagrees with you right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who disagrees with you right you don't
+have to prove it you say I don't see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prove it you say I don't see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prove it you say I don't see why
+it's not true all of a sudden the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true all of a sudden the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true all of a sudden the other
+person who's questioning you becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's questioning you becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's questioning you becomes
+their job to disprove you which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job to disprove you which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job to disprove you which is not
+not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+good okay now in mathematics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay now in mathematics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay now in mathematics there's
+this higher level and someone uh stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this higher level and someone uh stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this higher level and someone uh stated
+it very clearly up there let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clearly up there let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clearly up there let me write it
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+here in mathematics we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in mathematics we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in mathematics we have a
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verification of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition by a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deductions from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axioms now that's a bit of a mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms now that's a bit of a mouthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms now that's a bit of a mouthful
+there's three important components here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three important components here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three important components here
+uh propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh propositions
+logical deductions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deductions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deductions and
+axioms and we're going to spend the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and we're going to spend the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and we're going to spend the rest
+of the class today talking about each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class today talking about each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class today talking about each of
+these and then give an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then give an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and then give an example of a
+proof we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propositions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that is
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false you may not know which one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you may not know which one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you may not know which one but
+it's one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the
+other simple example 2 + 3 = 5 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other simple example 2 + 3 = 5 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other simple example 2 + 3 = 5 now
+that's a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true
+proposition here's one that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here's one that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here's one that's a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for all n
+in the set of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of natural
+numbers n^2 + n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers n^2 + n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers n^2 + n +
+41 is a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number right now I've used some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right now I've used some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right now I've used some notation
+here this is the upside down a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the upside down a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the upside down a is the
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symbol how many people have not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol how many people have not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol how many people have not seen
+that symbol before all right a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symbol before all right a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symbol before all right a bunch of
+you you're you're going to see a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you're going to see a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're you're going to see a bunch
+of symbols here first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symbols here first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symbols here first
+and that means for every possible choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means for every possible choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means for every possible choice
+of N and this is in the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and this is in the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and this is in the natural numbers
+which is the set 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set 0 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set 0 1 2
+3 and so forth It's the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so forth It's the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so forth It's the natural numbers
+it's basically the integers but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative so we're saying for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we're saying for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we're saying for every
+natural number I.E for zero for one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number I.E for zero for one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number I.E for zero for one for
+two and for three and so forth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and for three and so forth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and for three and so forth this
+expression is a prime now a prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a prime now a prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a prime now a prime number
+is is a number that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a number that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a number that is not
+divisible by any other number besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by any other number besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by any other number besides
+itself and one so 2 3 5 seven or prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and one so 2 3 5 seven or prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and one so 2 3 5 seven or prime
+nine is not because it's three * three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine is not because it's three * three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine is not because it's three * three
+now this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part
+here is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predicate and a predicate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition whose truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depends on the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n all right this is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right this is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all right this is referred to as the
+universe of discourse it's the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of discourse it's the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of discourse it's the space of
+all things we're talking about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things we're talking about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things we're talking about we're
+only talking about natural numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about natural numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about natural numbers here
+this is called a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a quantum
+we'll see more quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later all right now to see if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right now to see if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right now to see if this
+proposition is true we need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition is true we need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition is true we need to make sure
+that this predicate is true for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this predicate is true for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this predicate is true for every
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+n so let's see if we can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's see if we can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's see if we can check
+that let's try some values so we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's try some values so we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's try some values so we'll try
+n is one two three and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is one two three and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is one two three and so forth and
+we'll compute n 2 + n + 41 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compute n 2 + n + 41 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compute n 2 + n + 41 and then
+we'll check is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll check is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll check is it
+Prime so for Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so for Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so for Nal
+0 n^2 + n + 41 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 n^2 + n + 41 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 n^2 + n + 41 is
+41 is 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime yeah nothing divides 41 but itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah nothing divides 41 but itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah nothing divides 41 but itself
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one all right let's try one one 2 + 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right let's try one one 2 + 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right let's try one one 2 + 1+
+41 is 43 it's 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 is 43 it's 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 is 43 it's 43
+prime yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yes
+let's try two we get 4 + 2 is 6 + 41 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try two we get 4 + 2 is 6 + 41 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try two we get 4 + 2 is 6 + 41 47
+is 47 prime yes yes looking good three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 47 prime yes yes looking good three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 47 prime yes yes looking good three I
+got 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 9
+12 uh 53 53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh 53 53
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh 53 53
+prime yeah and I could keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah and I could keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah and I could keep on going
+here I could go down to 20 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could go down to 20 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could go down to 20 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+461 in fact that is a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+461 in fact that is a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+461 in fact that is a prime
+and I could just keep on going here go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could just keep on going here go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could just keep on going here go
+down to 39 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 39 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 39 I get
+16001 you can check that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16001 you can check that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16001 you can check that as a
+prime the first 40 values of n The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime the first 40 values of n The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime the first 40 values of n The
+Proposition is true the predicate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proposition is true the predicate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proposition is true the predicate is
+true it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it is
+prime now this is a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime now this is a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime now this is a great example
+because in a lot of fields physics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a lot of fields physics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a lot of fields physics for
+example statistics often you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example statistics often you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example statistics often you know if
+it's true you checked 40 examples that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you checked 40 examples that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true you checked 40 examples that's
+above and beyond the Call of Duty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond the Call of Duty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond the Call of Duty it's
+it's always true so yeah this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always true so yeah this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always true so yeah this must be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+right no wrong often you'll see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no wrong often you'll see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no wrong often you'll see this in
+a lot of scientific Fields it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of scientific Fields it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of scientific Fields it is not
+true can anybody give me an example of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true can anybody give me an example of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true can anybody give me an example of n
+for which n^2 plus n plus 41 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which n^2 plus n plus 41 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which n^2 plus n plus 41 is not
+prime yeah 40 40 good let's see about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah 40 40 good let's see about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime yeah 40 40 good let's see about
+40 402 plus 40 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 402 plus 40 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 402 plus 40 +
+41 is 1681
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 is 1681
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 is 1681
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+equal 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 41
+squared so it is not prime somebody give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it is not prime somebody give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so it is not prime somebody give
+me an obvious example where it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an obvious example where it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an obvious example where it's not
+prime 41 yeah 41 Square everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 41 yeah 41 Square everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 41 yeah 41 Square everything is
+divided by 41 but 40 is the first break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 41 but 40 is the first break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 41 but 40 is the first break
+point so the first 40 examples work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the first 40 examples work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the first 40 examples work and
+then it fails so this proposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it fails so this proposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it fails so this proposition is
+false even though it was looking pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false even though it was looking pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false even though it was looking pretty
+good there's a the reason I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there's a the reason I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there's a the reason I'm doing this
+in fact I'm going to do it some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I'm going to do it some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I'm going to do it some more
+here I'm going to beat you over the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to beat you over the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to beat you over the head
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+it uh here's a famous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh here's a famous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh here's a famous in
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+statement a to 4th plus b to 4th plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement a to 4th plus b to 4th plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement a to 4th plus b to 4th plus C
+to 4th equal D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4th equal D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4th equal D
+4th has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th has no
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+integer solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a proposition now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a proposition now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a proposition now this
+proposition was conjectured to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition was conjectured to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition was conjectured to be true
+by Oiler in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Oiler in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Oiler in
+1769 Oiler is a big honcho in math you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1769 Oiler is a big honcho in math you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1769 Oiler is a big honcho in math you
+know we still talk about him a lot even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we still talk about him a lot even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we still talk about him a lot even
+though he's been dead for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he's been dead for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he's been dead for
+centuries it was unsolved for over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it was unsolved for over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it was unsolved for over two
+centuries mathematicians worked on it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries mathematicians worked on it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries mathematicians worked on it it
+was finally disproved by very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finally disproved by very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finally disproved by very clever
+fellow named gnome Elis um 218 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow named gnome Elis um 218 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow named gnome Elis um 218 years
+later after it was conjectured he works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after it was conjectured he works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after it was conjectured he works
+at that other school uh down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that other school uh down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that other school uh down the
+street and uh he came up with this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and uh he came up with this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and uh he came up with this a
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+95,00 b equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95,00 b equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95,00 b equal
+27,5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27,5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27,5
+19 Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+41456 you don't have to remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41456 you don't have to remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41456 you don't have to remember these
+numbers we're not going to quiz you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we're not going to quiz you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we're not going to quiz you on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+42248 now he claims I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42248 now he claims I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42248 now he claims I've never
+personally checked it but presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally checked it but presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally checked it but presumably
+people have you plug those in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have you plug those in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have you plug those in here and
+you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+equality so he says so in fact correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so he says so in fact correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so he says so in fact correct
+true proposition is there do exist a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true proposition is there do exist a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true proposition is there do exist a b c
+d in the positive natural numbers such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d in the positive natural numbers such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d in the positive natural numbers such
+that a 4th plus b 4th plus C 4th = D 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 4th plus b 4th plus C 4th = D 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a 4th plus b 4th plus C 4th = D 4th
+all right I used a new quantifier here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I used a new quantifier here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I used a new quantifier here
+called there exists instead of an up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called there exists instead of an up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called there exists instead of an up
+upside down a it's a backwards e don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down a it's a backwards e don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down a it's a backwards e don't
+ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me
+why that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's what it
+is the plus means you can't have zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the plus means you can't have zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the plus means you can't have zero or
+negative numbers so the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers so the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers so the these are the
+positive natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predicate which of course the truth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate which of course the truth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate which of course the truth of
+this depends on the values of a b c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depends on the values of a b c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depends on the values of a b c and
+d all right took a long time to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d all right took a long time to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d all right took a long time to figure
+out that actually there was a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that actually there was a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that actually there was a solution
+here obviously everything they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously everything they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here obviously everything they tried
+till that time failed let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till that time failed let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till that time failed let me give you
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+313 X Cub + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+313 X Cub + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+313 X Cub + y
+Cub = z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub = z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub = z
+cubed has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+integer Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this turns out to be false but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be false but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be false but the
+shortest smallest counter example has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest smallest counter example has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest smallest counter example has
+over a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a thousand
+digits this one was easy they only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits this one was easy they only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits this one was easy they only has
+six digits so there's no way ever you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six digits so there's no way ever you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six digits so there's no way ever you'd
+use a computer to exhaustively search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer to exhaustively search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer to exhaustively search
+thousand digit numbers here to show it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand digit numbers here to show it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand digit numbers here to show it's
+false now of course some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now of course some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now of course some of you are
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+thinking why on Earth would I care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking why on Earth would I care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking why on Earth would I care if
+313 * XB + y Cub equal z cubed has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+313 * XB + y Cub equal z cubed has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+313 * XB + y Cub equal z cubed has a
+solution now that probably won't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now that probably won't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now that probably won't be the
+last time that thought occurs to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that thought occurs to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time that thought occurs to you
+during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the
+term and why on Earth would anybody ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and why on Earth would anybody ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and why on Earth would anybody ever
+try to even find a solution to that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to even find a solution to that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to even find a solution to that you
+know I mean mathematicians are sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean mathematicians are sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean mathematicians are sort of a
+rare breed now actually in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare breed now actually in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare breed now actually in this case
+that's really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important in
+practice okay this equation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice okay this equation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice okay this equation is an
+example of what's called an elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what's called an elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what's called an elliptic
+curve elliptic curve and you study these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve elliptic curve and you study these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve elliptic curve and you study these
+and if you're really a specialist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're really a specialist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're really a specialist in
+mathematics and graduate school or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and graduate school or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and graduate school or if
+you work for certain three-letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work for certain three-letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work for certain three-letter
+agencies because it's Central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies because it's Central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies because it's Central to the
+understanding of how to factor large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to factor large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to factor large
+integers that means you know factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that means you know factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that means you know factoring
+showing that uh what was it 1681 is 41 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that uh what was it 1681 is 41 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that uh what was it 1681 is 41 *
+41 I say okay who cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 I say okay who cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 I say okay who cares about
+factoring well factoring is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring well factoring is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring well factoring is the way to
+break crypto systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break crypto systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break crypto systems like
+RSA which are used for everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA which are used for everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA which are used for everything that
+we do electronically today you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do electronically today you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do electronically today you you have
+a PayPal account you buy something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PayPal account you buy something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PayPal account you buy something on
+online you're using SSL they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you're using SSL they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you're using SSL they're all
+using crypto systems most of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using crypto systems most of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using crypto systems most of which are
+almost all of which are based on number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of which are based on number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of which are based on number
+Theory and in particular they're based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and in particular they're based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and in particular they're based
+on factoring and if you can find good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on factoring and if you can find good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on factoring and if you can find good
+solutions to things like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to things like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to things like this or
+solutions to things like this all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to things like this all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to things like this all of a
+sudden you can get a an angle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you can get a an angle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden you can get a an angle and a
+wedge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge on
+factoring and it's because of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring and it's because of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring and it's because of that that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+RSA uses thousand digigit modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA uses thousand digigit modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA uses thousand digigit modulus
+instead of 100 digigit modulus like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 100 digigit modulus like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 100 digigit modulus like they
+used to use because people figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use because people figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use because people figured out
+how to factor them how to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to factor them how to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to factor them how to break the
+crypto system if you can break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system if you can break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system if you can break those
+crypto systems well you can't rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto systems well you can't rule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto systems well you can't rule the
+world but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it's
+close all right so you'll learn we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right so you'll learn we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right so you'll learn we talk
+more about this uh the week after next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this uh the week after next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this uh the week after next
+when we do number Theory and we work up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do number Theory and we work up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do number Theory and we work up
+to RSA and how that crypto system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RSA and how that crypto system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to RSA and how that crypto system works
+and why factoring is so important all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why factoring is so important all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why factoring is so important all
+right so yeah you all don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah you all don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah you all don't have to
+worry about really have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about really have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about really have to worry about
+this but these things are important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but these things are important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but these things are important and
+and the bigger message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bigger message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bigger message
+is that you don't just try a few cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't just try a few cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't just try a few cases
+and if it works you think it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it works you think it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it works you think it's done
+that's not that's not how the game works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's not how the game works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's not how the game works
+in mathematics you can get an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics you can get an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics you can get an idea of
+maybe it's true but doesn't doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's true but doesn't doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's true but doesn't doesn't tell
+you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+answer all right let me give it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right let me give it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right let me give it another
+one this is another very famous one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is another very famous one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is another very famous one that
+probably most you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most you have heard
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+regions in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map can be colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four
+colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so
+that adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions have different colors you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions have different colors you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions have different colors you know
+like a map of the United States every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a map of the United States every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a map of the United States every
+state gets a color if two states share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state gets a color if two states share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state gets a color if two states share a
+border they have different colors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border they have different colors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border they have different colors you
+know so you can distinguish them this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you can distinguish them this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you can distinguish them this is
+known as the four color theorem and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the four color theorem and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the four color theorem and it's
+it's very famous in the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very famous in the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very famous in the popular
+literature how many people have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature how many people have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature how many people have heard of
+this theorem before yeah okay so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem before yeah okay so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem before yeah okay so you've
+all heard of it as a long history was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heard of it as a long history was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all heard of it as a long history was
+conjectured by somebody named Guthrie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured by somebody named Guthrie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectured by somebody named Guthrie in
+1853 he's the first person to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1853 he's the first person to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1853 he's the first person to say this
+ought to be possible and there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be possible and there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be possible and there were many
+false proofs over the ensuing Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false proofs over the ensuing Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false proofs over the ensuing Century
+one of the most convincing was a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most convincing was a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most convincing was a proof
+using pictures by Kempy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pictures by Kempy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pictures by Kempy in
+1879 you know 26 years later and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1879 you know 26 years later and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1879 you know 26 years later and this
+proof was believed for over a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was believed for over a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof was believed for over a decade
+mathematicians thought the proof was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians thought the proof was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians thought the proof was
+right until another mathematician named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right until another mathematician named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right until another mathematician named
+hewwood found a fatal flaw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hewwood found a fatal flaw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hewwood found a fatal flaw in the
+argument now this proof by kmy consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument now this proof by kmy consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument now this proof by kmy consisted
+of drawing pictures of what maps have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing pictures of what maps have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing pictures of what maps have to
+look like he start by saying a map has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like he start by saying a map has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like he start by saying a map has
+to look like one of these types he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like one of these types he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like one of these types he would
+draw pictures of them and then he argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of them and then he argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of them and then he argued
+that those types that he drew pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those types that he drew pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those types that he drew pictures
+of it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it worked
+for um proofs by picture are often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um proofs by picture are often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um proofs by picture are often very
+convincing Ing and very wrong and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing Ing and very wrong and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing Ing and very wrong and I'm
+going to give you one to start lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you one to start lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you one to start lecture
+next time be proof by PowerPoint which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time be proof by PowerPoint which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time be proof by PowerPoint which
+is even worse than proof by picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even worse than proof by picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even worse than proof by picture uh
+and it is compelling you know uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is compelling you know uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is compelling you know uh and the
+point will be to show you proofs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will be to show you proofs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will be to show you proofs by
+picture are generally not a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture are generally not a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture are generally not a good thing
+because your brain just locks in oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your brain just locks in oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your brain just locks in oh
+that's what it has to look like and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it has to look like and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it has to look like and you
+don't think about other ways that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about other ways that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about other ways that it
+might look like now the four-color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like now the four-color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like now the four-color
+theorem was finally proved by Opel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem was finally proved by Opel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem was finally proved by Opel and
+hackin in 1977
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackin in 1977
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackin in 1977
+but they had to use a computer to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had to use a computer to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had to use a computer to check
+thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of
+cases now this was a little disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now this was a little disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now this was a little disturbing
+to mathematicians because how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mathematicians because how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mathematicians because how do they
+know the computer did the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the computer did the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the computer did the right
+thing you know you can your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you can your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you can your colleague
+writes a proof on the board you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a proof on the board you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a proof on the board you can
+check it but how do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it but how do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it but how do you know the
+computer didn't mess up or not do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer didn't mess up or not do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer didn't mess up or not do some
+cases um now everybody believes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um now everybody believes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um now everybody believes it's
+true now but it's unsatisfying a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now but it's unsatisfying a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now but it's unsatisfying a few
+years ago a 12-page human proof was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a 12-page human proof was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a 12-page human proof was
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+uh but it's not been verified and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not been verified and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not been verified and people
+are very suspicious of it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very suspicious of it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very suspicious of it because the
+proof of the main Lemma says quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the main Lemma says quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the main Lemma says quote
+details of this Lemma is left to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this Lemma is left to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this Lemma is left to the
+reader see figure seven that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader see figure seven that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader see figure seven that's what the
+main Lemma the proof is but people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main Lemma the proof is but people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main Lemma the proof is but people think
+there maybe were some good ideas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe were some good ideas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe were some good ideas there
+but very suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very suspicious
+proof all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof all
+right let's do another one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do another one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do another one another
+proposition also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition also very
+famous every even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but
+two actually positive integer but two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually positive integer but two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two actually positive integer but two is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes for
+example 24 is the sum of 11 and 13 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 24 is the sum of 11 and 13 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 24 is the sum of 11 and 13 which
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime anybody know is this true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime anybody know is this true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime anybody know is this true or false
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition yeah yeah that's right me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition yeah yeah that's right me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition yeah yeah that's right me
+too uh nobody knows if this is true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh nobody knows if this is true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh nobody knows if this is true or
+false this is called goldbach's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this is called goldbach's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this is called goldbach's
+conjecture uh was conjectured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture uh was conjectured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture uh was conjectured by
+Christian goldbach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian goldbach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christian goldbach in
+1742 this is a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1742 this is a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1742 this is a really simple
+proposition and it you know is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and it you know is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and it you know is it's
+amazing it's not known in fact I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's not known in fact I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing it's not known in fact I spent
+you know couple years working on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know couple years working on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know couple years working on I
+thought oh well this has to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh well this has to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh well this has to be easy
+enough to prove when I was a younger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove when I was a younger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove when I was a younger and
+uh didn't get very far so people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh didn't get very far so people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh didn't get very far so people still
+don't know if it's true and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true and in fact it
+was listed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listed by the
+globe uh as one of the great Unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe uh as one of the great Unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe uh as one of the great Unsolved
+Mysteries so if you get out this Globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries so if you get out this Globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries so if you get out this Globe
+article here one the handout does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here one the handout does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here one the handout does
+everybody have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have this
+handout you don't we'll get it past out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you don't we'll get it past out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you don't we'll get it past out
+somebody missing that handout up up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody missing that handout up up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody missing that handout up up over
+there and over here all right if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and over here all right if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and over here all right if we get
+those passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those passed
+out um now at list of three conjectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um now at list of three conjectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um now at list of three conjectures
+do you see goldbox conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see goldbox conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see goldbox conjecture
+there now can anybody point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now can anybody point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now can anybody point out
+something that's a little disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a little disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a little disturbing
+about what the globe says about goldbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjecture yeah it gives the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture yeah it gives the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture yeah it gives the example
+like instead of 24 is 11 + 13 it says 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of 24 is 11 + 13 it says 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of 24 is 11 + 13 it says 20
+is the sum of 9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of 9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of 9 and
+11 now if we're allowed to use things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 now if we're allowed to use things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 now if we're allowed to use things
+like nine as primes gold bash can is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nine as primes gold bash can is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nine as primes gold bash can is
+pretty easy to prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true all right this won't be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right this won't be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right this won't be the last
+time we we get examples from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we get examples from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we get examples from the
+literature fact we're going to do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature fact we're going to do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature fact we're going to do this a
+lot along this theme of you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot along this theme of you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot along this theme of you cannot
+believe everything you read and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe everything you read and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe everything you read and now the
+globe is easy pickings but we'll do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe is easy pickings but we'll do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe is easy pickings but we'll do some
+more interesting ones later uh now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting ones later uh now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting ones later uh now this
+article lists two other famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article lists two other famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article lists two other famous
+conjectures which most people believe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures which most people believe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures which most people believe to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+true um the reman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um the reman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um the reman
+hypothesis um after a 1859 paper written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um after a 1859 paper written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um after a 1859 paper written
+by Bernard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bernard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Bernard
+reman suggests that zeros in an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman suggests that zeros in an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reman suggests that zeros in an infinite
+series of numbers known as a zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of numbers known as a zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of numbers known as a zeta
+function form along a straight line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function form along a straight line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function form along a straight line in
+the complex plane the hypothesis has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane the hypothesis has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane the hypothesis has
+been proved to 1.5 billion zeros not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proved to 1.5 billion zeros not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proved to 1.5 billion zeros not far
+enough to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove it
+completely now if if they did 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely now if if they did 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely now if if they did 1.5
+trillion zeros it wouldn't be far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion zeros it wouldn't be far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion zeros it wouldn't be far enough
+to prove it completely of course um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it completely of course um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it completely of course um and
+then uh the Panka no actually the REM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the Panka no actually the REM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the Panka no actually the REM
+hypothesis a couple years ago somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis a couple years ago somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis a couple years ago somebody
+credible claimed who have proved it pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible claimed who have proved it pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible claimed who have proved it pro
+turned out not to be right then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out not to be right then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out not to be right then there's
+the panare conjecture now this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panare conjecture now this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panare conjecture now this one was
+finished off it was proved to be true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished off it was proved to be true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished off it was proved to be true in
+2003 by a Russian named Gregor perilman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 by a Russian named Gregor perilman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 by a Russian named Gregor perilman
+the conjecture says roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjecture says roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjecture says roughly speaking
+that 3D objects without holes like not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3D objects without holes like not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3D objects without holes like not a
+donut uh are equivalent to the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut uh are equivalent to the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut uh are equivalent to the sphere
+they can sort of be deformed into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sort of be deformed into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sort of be deformed into a
+sphere this is known to be true in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere this is known to be true in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere this is known to be true in four
+dimensions and higher but nobody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and higher but nobody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and higher but nobody could
+prove it for three dimensions until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for three dimensions until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for three dimensions until
+perilman came along along now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perilman came along along now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perilman came along along now there's a
+bit of a controversy around this guy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a controversy around this guy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a controversy around this guy uh
+he had an 80 page proof but didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an 80 page proof but didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an 80 page proof but didn't have
+all the details so then other teams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details so then other teams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details so then other teams of
+mathematicians got together and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians got together and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians got together and wrote
+350 pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 pages of
+details uh and then most people believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh and then most people believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh and then most people believe
+now that it's right and that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's right and that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's right and that his
+original proof might not have had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proof might not have had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proof might not have had all
+the details but he had the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but he had the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details but he had the right
+structure of the proof so he won prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the proof so he won prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the proof so he won prizes
+for this you know he won the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you know he won the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you know he won the highest
+prize in mathematics the fields medal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in mathematics the fields medal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in mathematics the fields medal
+and uh just earlier this year he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh just earlier this year he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh just earlier this year he was
+awarded the $1 million Millennium prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded the $1 million Millennium prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awarded the $1 million Millennium prize
+and there's about six problems or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's about six problems or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's about six problems or so
+that if you solve one of them the clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you solve one of them the clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you solve one of them the clay
+Institute gives you a million dollar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute gives you a million dollar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute gives you a million dollar and
+he's the first one to win the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the first one to win the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the first one to win the million
+dollars now the guy's a little strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars now the guy's a little strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars now the guy's a little strange
+he rejected the fields medal and refused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rejected the fields medal and refused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rejected the fields medal and refused
+to go to the ceremony where he was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the ceremony where he was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the ceremony where he was being
+honored and he's recently rejected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored and he's recently rejected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored and he's recently rejected the
+Millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium
+prize um and anyway this area is murky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize um and anyway this area is murky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize um and anyway this area is murky
+and we have an expert to explain it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an expert to explain it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an expert to explain it all
+for us on video which I thought I'd show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's do a a simpler one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here for all n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for all n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for all n in
+z n greater than equal to 2 implies n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z n greater than equal to 2 implies n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z n greater than equal to 2 implies n 2
+greater than equal to four now Z we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to four now Z we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to four now Z we use
+for the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that would be 0 1 - one 2 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be 0 1 - one 2 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would be 0 1 - one 2 minus 2
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth and this symbol here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies all right in fact one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies all right in fact one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies all right in fact one thing
+you're going to notice when you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to notice when you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to notice when you read the
+text is we use different notation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is we use different notation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text is we use different notation there
+as the standard that I will use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the standard that I will use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the standard that I will use in
+lecture and there's lots of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and there's lots of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and there's lots of ways of
+doing it you could have a double arrow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it you could have a double arrow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it you could have a double arrow a
+single Arrow you could write out implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Arrow you could write out implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Arrow you could write out implies
+every time as it done in the text and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time as it done in the text and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time as it done in the text and it
+doesn't really matter which one you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one you want
+to use as long as you use one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as long as you use one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as long as you use one of the
+conventions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions for
+implies and let me Define what implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P implies
+Q is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is said to be
+true if p is false or Q is true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if p is false or Q is true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if p is false or Q is true if
+either one so we can write this down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one so we can write this down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one so we can write this down in
+terms of a truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table as follows we have the values of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table as follows we have the values of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table as follows we have the values of p
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Q then I'll give the value of P implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then I'll give the value of P implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then I'll give the value of P implies
+Q if p is q and Q is true sorry p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if p is q and Q is true sorry p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if p is q and Q is true sorry p is
+true and Q is true what about P implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q it's true because Q is true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's true because Q is true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's true because Q is true the
+definition if p is true and Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if p is true and Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if p is true and Q is
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+false uh p is false Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh p is false Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh p is false Q is
+true true what about false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true true what about false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true true what about false and
+false is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is
+true even though this is false as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even though this is false as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even though this is false as long
+as p is false P implies Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p is false P implies Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as p is false P implies Q is
+true all right so this is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right so this is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right so this is important to
+remember false implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember false implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember false implies
+anything is true which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is true which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is true which is a little
+strange there's a famous expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there's a famous expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there's a famous expression uh
+if pigs could fly I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if pigs could fly I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if pigs could fly I would be
+king is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in fact this
+statement pigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement pigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement pigs
+fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly
+implies I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+king that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king that's
+true because pigs don't fly doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because pigs don't fly doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because pigs don't fly doesn't
+matter whether or not I'm King which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether or not I'm King which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether or not I'm King which I'm
+not since pigs don't fly even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not since pigs don't fly even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not since pigs don't fly even though
+that's false the implication is true now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false the implication is true now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false the implication is true now
+some of you you worked on these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you worked on these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you worked on these things
+before second nature if you haven't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before second nature if you haven't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before second nature if you haven't want
+to start getting familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting familiar with
+that uh all right let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example all right what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right what about this
+proposition for all n for all integers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition for all n for all integers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition for all n for all integers n
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+z n greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z n greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z n greater than equal to
+to this is if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is if and only
+if n^2 greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n^2 greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n^2 greater than equal to
+4 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true is n bigger than true if bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is n bigger than true if bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is n bigger than true if bigger
+than two if and only if n squ is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two if and only if n squ is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two if and only if n squ is bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+four it's false what's an example of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's false what's an example of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's false what's an example of n
+for which that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which that's
+false negative all right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negative all right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negative all right so it's
+false n equals -3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false n equals -3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false n equals -3
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right -32 is bigger than equal to 4 but3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right -32 is bigger than equal to 4 but3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right -32 is bigger than equal to 4 but3
+is not bigger than equal to two and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bigger than equal to two and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not bigger than equal to two and in
+fact this if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this if and only if
+means you have to have an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to have an implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have to have an implication
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ways so you got to check both ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you got to check both ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you got to check both ways for
+it so let's do the truth table extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do the truth table extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's do the truth table extend
+this truth table out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here do the truth table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do the truth table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do the truth table for
+p uh if and only if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here are p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here are p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here are p and Q
+um is Q implies P true for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is Q implies P true for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is Q implies P true for this
+row does q imply true imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row does q imply true imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row does q imply true imply
+true yeah false implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah false implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah false implies
+true that's true true does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's true true does not imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's true true does not imply
+false that's false and false implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's false and false implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that's false and false implies
+false and so now we can see where p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so now we can see where p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so now we can see where p is
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+Q if they're both true then it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if they're both true then it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if they're both true then it's true
+here what about here does is p true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what about here does is p true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what about here does is p true if
+and only if Q is true in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case no because P implies Q is false but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no because P implies Q is false but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no because P implies Q is false but
+Q implies p is true so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q implies p is true so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q implies p is true so it's
+false false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false false
+here uh I made a mistake there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I made a mistake there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I made a mistake there right
+that was true oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true oops
+y uh and true if only have true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh and true if only have true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y uh and true if only have true okay
+they're both true so we're okay so P if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both true so we're okay so P if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both true so we're okay so P if
+and only if Q is true when they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if Q is true when they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if Q is true when they're both
+true or both false that's it if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or both false that's it if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or both false that's it if they're
+different then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then it's not
+true the key here is to always check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the key here is to always check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the key here is to always check
+both ways so if you're asked to prove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways so if you're asked to prove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways so if you're asked to prove an
+if and only if you got to prove that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if you got to prove that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if you got to prove that way
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way all right we've just done about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right we've just done about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right we've just done about 15
+propositions is every sentence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition yes no no what's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition yes no no what's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition yes no no what's an example
+something that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition a what this statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition a what this statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition a what this statement is
+false this statement is false that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this statement is false that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this statement is false that's
+true well that is true it a it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well that is true it a it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well that is true it a it's not a
+proposition because if it were true it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition because if it were true it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition because if it were true it
+wouldn't be false and if it was false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be false and if it was false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be false and if it was false
+then it would be true and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be true and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be true and you have a
+contradiction so it's neither true nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so it's neither true nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so it's neither true nor
+false what's a more simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false what's a more simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false what's a more simple example of
+something that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition boy I would have said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition boy I would have said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition boy I would have said that's
+true in some some world you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some some world you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some some world you know because
+that yeah that's a tissue so it's a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's a tissue so it's a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's a tissue so it's a true
+statement um I'm hello that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um I'm hello that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um I'm hello that's good
+that's neither true nor false yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neither true nor false yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's neither true nor false yeah a
+question who are you neither true nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who are you neither true nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who are you neither true nor
+false so not everything is a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so not everything is a proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so not everything is a proposition
+but this course pretty much everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this course pretty much everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this course pretty much everything
+we deal with will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with will be a
+proposition all right so that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition all right so that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition all right so that's it for
+propositions any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propositions all right next we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions all right next we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions all right next we're going
+to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axioms now the good news is that axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms now the good news is that axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms now the good news is that axioms
+are the same thing really as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing really as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same thing really as
+propositions the only difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions the only difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions the only difference is that
+axioms are propositions that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms are propositions that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms are propositions that we just
+assume are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+axiom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true there's no proof that an axium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there's no proof that an axium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there's no proof that an axium is
+true you just assume it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you just assume it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you just assume it because you
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+reasonable in fact the word axium comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable in fact the word axium comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable in fact the word axium comes
+from Greek it doesn't mean to be true it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Greek it doesn't mean to be true it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Greek it doesn't mean to be true it
+means to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to think
+worthy something you think is worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy something you think is worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy something you think is worthy
+enough to be assumed to be true now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be assumed to be true now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be assumed to be true now a
+lot of times you he'll people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times you he'll people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times you he'll people say
+sometimes we'll even say it to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'll even say it to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'll even say it to you you
+know don't make assumptions when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't make assumptions when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't make assumptions when you're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+math no that's not true you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math no that's not true you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math no that's not true you have to make
+assumptions when you do math otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions when you do math otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions when you do math otherwise
+you can't do anything because you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything because you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do anything because you got to
+start with some axioms the key in math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some axioms the key in math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some axioms the key in math
+is to I to identify what your ass are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to I to identify what your ass are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to I to identify what your ass are so
+people can see them and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see them and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see them and the idea is that
+when you do a proof anybody who agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a proof anybody who agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a proof anybody who agrees
+with your assumptions or your aums can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your assumptions or your aums can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your assumptions or your aums can
+follow your proof then they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow your proof then they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow your proof then they have to
+agree with your conclusion now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with your conclusion now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with your conclusion now they
+might disagree with your axioms in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might disagree with your axioms in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might disagree with your axioms in which
+case they're not going to buy your proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're not going to buy your proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they're not going to buy your proof
+now there are lots of axioms used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are lots of axioms used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are lots of axioms used in
+math uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example if a equals b and b equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if a equals b and b equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if a equals b and b equals c
+then a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a equals
+c there is no proof of that but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c there is no proof of that but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c there is no proof of that but it seems
+pretty good and so we just throw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good and so we just throw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good and so we just throw it in
+the bucket of axioms and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket of axioms and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket of axioms and use
+it now axioms can be contradictory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now axioms can be contradictory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now axioms can be contradictory in
+different contexts here's a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts here's a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts here's a good example
+in ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Geometry there's a central axium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry there's a central axium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry there's a central axium that
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+line L and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and a
+point P not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L there is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+line through P parallel to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all saw this in geometry in middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all saw this in geometry in middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all saw this in geometry in middle
+school right got a point in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school right got a point in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school right got a point in a line
+there's exactly one line another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one line another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one line another line
+through the point that's parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point that's parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point that's parallel to the
+line now there's also a field called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now there's also a field called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now there's also a field called
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry and there you have an axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and there you have an axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and there you have an axiom
+that contradicts this it says given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contradicts this it says given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contradicts this it says given a
+line L and a point P not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and a point P not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and a point P not on
+L there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L there is
+no line through p parallel to L on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no line through p parallel to L on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no line through p parallel to L on the
+sphere there's a field called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there's a field called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere there's a field called
+hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic
+geometry and there there's an axum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and there there's an axum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and there there's an axum that
+says given a line L and a point P not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says given a line L and a point P not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says given a line L and a point P not on
+L there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L there
+are infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many lines through P parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines through P parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines through P parallel to
+L so how can this does that mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so how can this does that mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so how can this does that mean one of
+these fields is totally bogus or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fields is totally bogus or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fields is totally bogus or two of
+them are because they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are because they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are because they've got
+contradictory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory
+axioms that's okay just whatever field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that's okay just whatever field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that's okay just whatever field
+you're in state your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in state your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in state your
+axioms and they do make sense in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and they do make sense in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and they do make sense in their
+various Fields you know this is pler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Fields you know this is pler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Fields you know this is pler
+geometry this is on the sphere and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is on the sphere and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry this is on the sphere and this
+is on you know H hyperbolic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on you know H hyperbolic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on you know H hyperbolic geometry
+they make sense in those contexts so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make sense in those contexts so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make sense in those contexts so you
+can have more or less whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more or less whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have more or less whatever whatever
+axioms you want there are sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms you want there are sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms you want there are sort of two
+guiding principles to axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axium should be it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axium should be it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axium should be it's called
+consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete now
+a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axioms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proposition can be proved to be both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition can be proved to be both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition can be proved to be both
+true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false and you can see why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and you can see why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and you can see why that's
+important you know if you spend 3 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know if you spend 3 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know if you spend 3 weeks
+proving something's true and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something's true and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something's true and the next
+day somebody proves it's also false I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day somebody proves it's also false I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day somebody proves it's also false I
+mean the whole thing was pointless so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole thing was pointless so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole thing was pointless so it
+only makes sense if your axioms as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense if your axioms as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense if your axioms as a
+group are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group are
+consistent a set of axioms is said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete if it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+prove every proposition is either true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove every proposition is either true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove every proposition is either true
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+false all right now this is desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false all right now this is desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false all right now this is desirable
+because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it
+means well you can solve every problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means well you can solve every problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means well you can solve every problem
+all right everything is you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everything is you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everything is you can prove
+it's true or you can prove it's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true or you can prove it's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true or you can prove it's false
+false you can get to the to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you'd think it shouldn't be too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'd think it shouldn't be too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'd think it shouldn't be too hard
+to get a set of axioms that satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a set of axioms that satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a set of axioms that satisfies
+these two basic properties you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two basic properties you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two basic properties you're
+allowed to choose whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to choose whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to choose whatever you want
+really just you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just you don't want to be
+creating contradictions and you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating contradictions and you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating contradictions and you want a
+set that's powerful enough that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's powerful enough that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that's powerful enough that allows
+you to prove everything is true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove everything is true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove everything is true or false
+one of the two turned out not to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two turned out not to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two turned out not to be so
+easy to do this and in fact many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do this and in fact many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do this and in fact many
+logicians spent their careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicians spent their careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicians spent their careers
+famous logicians trying to find a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous logicians trying to find a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous logicians trying to find a set of
+axioms just one set that was consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms just one set that was consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms just one set that was consistent
+and complete in fact Russell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complete in fact Russell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complete in fact Russell and
+Whitehead are probably the two most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitehead are probably the two most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitehead are probably the two most
+famous they spent their entire careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous they spent their entire careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous they spent their entire careers
+doing this and they they never got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and they they never got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and they they never got there
+then one day this guy named Kurt girdle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one day this guy named Kurt girdle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one day this guy named Kurt girdle
+showed up and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up and in the
+1930s he proved it's not possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s he proved it's not possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s he proved it's not possible that
+there exists any set of axioms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists any set of axioms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists any set of axioms that are
+both consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both consistent and
+complete now this discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete now this discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete now this discover
+devastated the field it was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated the field it was a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated the field it was a huge
+Discovery you know imagine poor Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery you know imagine poor Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery you know imagine poor Russell
+and Whitehead they spent their entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whitehead they spent their entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whitehead they spent their entire
+careers going after this Holy Grail then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers going after this Holy Grail then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers going after this Holy Grail then
+Kurt shows up and said hey guys there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurt shows up and said hey guys there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurt shows up and said hey guys there's
+no Grail doesn't exist that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Grail doesn't exist that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Grail doesn't exist that's a little
+little depressing pretty bad day when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depressing pretty bad day when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depressing pretty bad day when
+that happened now it's an amazing result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened now it's an amazing result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened now it's an amazing result
+because it says if you want consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says if you want consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says if you want consistency
+and that's a must there will be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a must there will be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a must there will be true
+facts that you will never be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that you will never be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts that you will never be able to
+prove we're not going to prove that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove we're not going to prove that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove we're not going to prove that here
+it's proved in a logic course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proved in a logic course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proved in a logic course for
+example maybe goldbach's conjecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe goldbach's conjecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe goldbach's conjecture is
+true and it is impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it is impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it is impossible to
+prove now we're going to try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove now we're going to try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove now we're going to try not to
+assign any of those problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign any of those problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign any of those problems for
+homework um and in fact people they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework um and in fact people they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework um and in fact people they do
+exist you can it's complicated you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist you can it's complicated you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist you can it's complicated you can
+State a problem that you can't prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a problem that you can't prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a problem that you can't prove is
+true or false uh and you may be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false uh and you may be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false uh and you may be thinking
+that from time to time hey it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from time to time hey it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from time to time hey it's one of
+those you know um it's remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know um it's remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know um it's remember your
+parents told you if you work hard enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents told you if you work hard enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents told you if you work hard enough
+you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+anything they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything they were
+wrong all right that's enough for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right that's enough for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right that's enough for now
+we'll we'll do more of this next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L5uBeAGJV1k.txt b/L5uBeAGJV1k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f36208b069719fa41b75a3dcc3585a2287cdd5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L5uBeAGJV1k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this final segment on predicate logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final segment on predicate logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final segment on predicate logic
+there are two issues that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two issues that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two issues that I'm going to
+talk about the first is some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the first is some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the first is some problems
+with translating AE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with translating AE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with translating AE
+quantifiers and ei quantifiers into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and ei quantifiers into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and ei quantifiers into
+English rather from English into logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English rather from English into logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English rather from English into logic
+we've seen examples in class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen examples in class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen examples in class that
+English is ambiguous and I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is ambiguous and I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is ambiguous and I want to show
+you two there I think interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two there I think interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two there I think interesting and
+provocative just as a warning that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative just as a warning that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative just as a warning that the
+translation is not always routine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is not always routine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is not always routine and
+then the second topic is an optional one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second topic is an optional one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second topic is an optional one
+just to kind of make some comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of make some comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to kind of make some comments about
+the amazing results in meta mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amazing results in meta mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amazing results in meta mathematics
+the mathematics of mathematics or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of mathematics or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics of mathematics or more
+precisely the the mathematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the the mathematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the the mathematics of
+mathematical logic and two fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic and two fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic and two fundamental
+theorems about properties of predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about properties of predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about properties of predicate
+calculus which go beyond this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus which go beyond this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus which go beyond this class and
+are optional I would suggest it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are optional I would suggest it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are optional I would suggest it's worth
+listening to the AE in English example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the AE in English example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the AE in English example
+and if you want to skip the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to skip the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to skip the short
+discussion of the meta theorems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the meta theorems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the meta theorems that's
+fine because it's never going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because it's never going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because it's never going to come up
+again in this class okay so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this class okay so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this class okay so let's look
+at this phrase in English where the poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this phrase in English where the poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this phrase in English where the poet
+says all that glitters is not gold well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all that glitters is not gold well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all that glitters is not gold well
+a literal translation of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a literal translation of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a literal translation of that would be
+that if we let G be glitters and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we let G be glitters and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we let G be glitters and I can't
+use G again so we'll say au is gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use G again so we'll say au is gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use G again so we'll say au is gold
+then this translated literally would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this translated literally would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this translated literally would say
+for every X G of X if X is gold implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every X G of X if X is gold implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every X G of X if X is gold implies
+that not gold of X all right so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not gold of X all right so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not gold of X all right so is that
+a sensible translation well it's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensible translation well it's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensible translation well it's clearly
+false because gold glitters like gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because gold glitters like gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because gold glitters like gold
+and you can't say that gold is not gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't say that gold is not gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't say that gold is not gold
+so this is not what's meant it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not what's meant it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not what's meant it's not a
+good translation it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good translation it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good translation it doesn't make sense
+well what is meant well when the poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is meant well when the poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is meant well when the poet
+says all that glitters is not gold he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all that glitters is not gold he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says all that glitters is not gold he's
+really leaving out a key word to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leaving out a key word to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leaving out a key word to be
+understood from context all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from context all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from context all that
+glitters is not necessarily gold he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitters is not necessarily gold he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitters is not necessarily gold he's
+using poetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using poetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using poetic
+license you're supposed to fill in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license you're supposed to fill in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license you're supposed to fill in and
+understand this meaning and the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this meaning and the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this meaning and the proper
+translation would be that it is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation would be that it is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation would be that it is not true
+that everything that's gold but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything that's gold but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything that's gold but
+everything that glitters is gold it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that glitters is gold it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that glitters is gold it is
+not the case that for all X if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that for all X if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that for all X if X
+glitters then X is gold so it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitters then X is gold so it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitters then X is gold so it's just an
+example where a literal translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where a literal translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where a literal translation
+without thinking about what the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about what the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about what the sentence
+means and what the the poet who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and what the the poet who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and what the the poet who
+articulated the sentence intended will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the sentence intended will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the sentence intended will
+get you something that's nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you something that's nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you something that's nonsense
+it's one of the problems with machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the problems with machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the problems with machine
+translation from natural language into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from natural language into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from natural language into
+precise formal language okay let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise formal language okay let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise formal language okay let's look
+at another example that of the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another example that of the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another example that of the same kind
+the poet says this time there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet says this time there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet says this time there is a
+season to every purpose under heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season to every purpose under heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season to every purpose under heaven
+this is a variant of a biblical phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a variant of a biblical phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a variant of a biblical phrase
+so what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean
+well the literal translation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the literal translation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the literal translation would be
+there exists an S that's a season such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an S that's a season such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an S that's a season such
+that for every P that's a purpose S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every P that's a purpose S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every P that's a purpose S is
+for P well that from the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P well that from the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P well that from the way that
+quantifies work means that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifies work means that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifies work means that there's some
+season say summer that's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season say summer that's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season say summer that's supposed to be
+good for all purposes well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for all purposes well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for all purposes well that's not
+right because summer is not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because summer is not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because summer is not good for
+snow shoveling and if your purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow shoveling and if your purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow shoveling and if your purpose is to
+shovel snow then summer will not do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel snow then summer will not do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel snow then summer will not do for
+you as a season so even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a season so even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a season so even though it's
+phrased there is a season to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased there is a season to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrased there is a season to every
+purpose under heaven it's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose under heaven it's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose under heaven it's not the case
+that the intended translation is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intended translation is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intended translation is there
+is a season for every purpose in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a season for every purpose in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a season for every purpose in fact
+the poet really means to flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet really means to flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poet really means to flip the
+quantifiers which is what's shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers which is what's shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers which is what's shown here
+we're going to switch him around so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch him around so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch him around so that
+we are really saying for every purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are really saying for every purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are really saying for every purpose
+there is a season such that s is for P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a season such that s is for P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a season such that s is for P
+for snow shoveling winters good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for snow shoveling winters good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for snow shoveling winters good for
+planting spring is good for leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting spring is good for leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting spring is good for leaf
+watching fall is good and that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching fall is good and that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching fall is good and that is in
+fact the intended translation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the intended translation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the intended translation here
+although I remind you that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I remind you that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I remind you that there's a
+famous historical man Sir Thomas Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous historical man Sir Thomas Moore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous historical man Sir Thomas Moore
+who was described as a man for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was described as a man for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was described as a man for all
+seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasons
+that would be a case where there was man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a case where there was man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a case where there was man
+a one man who was good for all seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one man who was good for all seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one man who was good for all seasons
+he was a polymath a writer a cleric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a polymath a writer a cleric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a polymath a writer a cleric and
+the Chancellor of England for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chancellor of England for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chancellor of England for many years
+until he had a falling out with Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until he had a falling out with Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until he had a falling out with Henry
+the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+which served him ill okay that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which served him ill okay that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which served him ill okay that's the end
+of those two examples whose point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two examples whose point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two examples whose point is
+just to warn you that translation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to warn you that translation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to warn you that translation from
+English from into math is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English from into math is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English from into math is not something
+that can be done in a mindless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done in a mindless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done in a mindless
+mechanical way sometimes the quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way sometimes the quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way sometimes the quantifiers
+really are meant to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are meant to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are meant to go the other way
+from the way that they literally appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way that they literally appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way that they literally appear
+now we're gonna shift to another topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna shift to another topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna shift to another topic
+which is just too profound theorems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just too profound theorems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just too profound theorems from
+mathematical logic about the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic about the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic about the properties
+of predicate calculus that are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicate calculus that are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicate calculus that are worth
+knowing about and describe sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about and describe sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about and describe sort of the
+power and limits of logic so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and limits of logic so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and limits of logic so these are
+called meta theorems because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meta theorems because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meta theorems because they're
+theorems about theorems they're theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about theorems they're theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about theorems they're theorems
+about systems for proving theorems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems for proving theorems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems for proving theorems and
+that phrase meta means you know going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase meta means you know going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phrase meta means you know going up
+a level alright so the first theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level alright so the first theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level alright so the first theorem is
+a good-news theorem it says that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good-news theorem it says that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good-news theorem it says that if you
+want to be able to prove every valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to prove every valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to prove every valid
+assertion of predicate calculus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion of predicate calculus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion of predicate calculus there
+really is only a few axioms and rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is only a few axioms and rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is only a few axioms and rules
+that will do the job as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will do the job as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will do the job as a matter of fact
+the rules that you need are just rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that you need are just rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules that you need are just rules
+that you've seen already namely modus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen already namely modus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen already namely modus
+ponens and universal generalization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponens and universal generalization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponens and universal generalization and
+a few valid axioms which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few valid axioms which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few valid axioms which we've seen
+already so let's go back a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so let's go back a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so let's go back a little bit so
+there's a little mark here that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little mark here that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little mark here that says
+that in practice if you're really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in practice if you're really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in practice if you're really going
+to try to do automatic theorem proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do automatic theorem proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do automatic theorem proving
+you need much more than this minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need much more than this minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need much more than this minimal
+system but it's intellectually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's intellectually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's intellectually
+interesting and satisfying that a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and satisfying that a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and satisfying that a fairly
+economical set of axioms and inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical set of axioms and inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical set of axioms and inference
+rules are in theory sufficient to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are in theory sufficient to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are in theory sufficient to prove
+every logically valid sentence this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every logically valid sentence this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every logically valid sentence this is
+known as girdle's completeness theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as girdle's completeness theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as girdle's completeness theorem
+girdle was the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdle was the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdle was the great
+mathematician German mathematician who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician German mathematician who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician German mathematician who
+spent the latter part of his life at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the latter part of his life at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the latter part of his life at the
+Institute for Advanced Study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Advanced Study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute for Advanced Study in
+Princeton as an émigré and he has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton as an émigré and he has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton as an émigré and he has two
+major theorems at least that are results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major theorems at least that are results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major theorems at least that are results
+of his one is the completeness theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his one is the completeness theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his one is the completeness theorem
+this one there's an incompleteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one there's an incompleteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one there's an incompleteness
+theorem which maybe we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which maybe we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which maybe we'll talk about in
+a few lectures but for now the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures but for now the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures but for now the good news
+is you can prove everything that's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can prove everything that's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can prove everything that's valid
+using a few simple rules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a few simple rules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a few simple rules okay
+now the bad news is that there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bad news is that there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the bad news is that there's no way
+to tell whether your attempt to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether your attempt to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell whether your attempt to find a
+proof for something that you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for something that you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for something that you think is
+valid is going to succeed there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid is going to succeed there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid is going to succeed there's no way
+to test whether or not a quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test whether or not a quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test whether or not a quantified
+formula is valid this is in contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid this is in contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is valid this is in contrast to
+the case of propositional formulas where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of propositional formulas where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of propositional formulas where
+you can do with the truth table truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the truth table truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the truth table truth
+table may blow up so it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table may blow up so it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table may blow up so it becomes
+pragmatically infeasible but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatically infeasible but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatically infeasible but at least
+theoretically there's an exhaustive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically there's an exhaustive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically there's an exhaustive
+search that will enable you to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that will enable you to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that will enable you to figure
+out whether a propositional formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether a propositional formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether a propositional formula is
+valid that's not the case with predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid that's not the case with predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid that's not the case with predicate
+calculus predicate calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus predicate calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus predicate calculus is
+undecidable meaning that it's logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable meaning that it's logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable meaning that it's logically
+impossible to write a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to write a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to write a computer program
+that will take an arbitrary predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take an arbitrary predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take an arbitrary predicate
+calculus formula in and print out true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus formula in and print out true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus formula in and print out true
+or false depending on whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false depending on whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false depending on whether or not
+it's valid can't be done now as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valid can't be done now as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valid can't be done now as I said
+we're not going to go further into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go further into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go further into these
+theorems they these are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems they these are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems they these are the kind of
+basic results that would be proved in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic results that would be proved in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic results that would be proved in an
+introductory course in logic usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in logic usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in logic usually
+they take about a half a term to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take about a half a term to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take about a half a term to do
+maybe a little less and it goes beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little less and it goes beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little less and it goes beyond
+our course you can look over in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course you can look over in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course you can look over in the math
+department for introductory courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department for introductory courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department for introductory courses in
+logic and you will learn about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and you will learn about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and you will learn about these two
+profound meta theorems about logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound meta theorems about logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound meta theorems about logic and
+math
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lgqpoct9kk8.txt b/Lgqpoct9kk8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a57a514ef116f1743313a85a0bcf518ec9d60be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lgqpoct9kk8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3031 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: The last topic
+we discussed on Monday it
+
+was the situation of the
+Landau-Zener transition
+
+that you sweep for resonance.
+
+You've all seen the
+Landau-Zener formula,
+
+you all know that in crossing
+turns into an avoided crossing.
+
+But I tried to at least
+provide you additional insight
+
+by emphasizing that the whole
+process is absolute coherent.
+
+That it's full-phase
+coherent throughout.
+
+And what happens is there is a
+coherent transfer of amplitude
+
+from the state 1 to the state 2.
+
+This is nothing else than
+Schrodinger's equation.
+
+But I want to point out
+that for the short times
+
+you sweep through, there
+is no T2 independence here.
+
+In other words, when
+I discussed what
+
+is the effective
+time during which
+
+the transfer of
+population takes place,
+
+at the time here is so
+short that the detuning
+
+doesn't matter.
+
+Actually, the
+criterion which leads
+
+to this effective time during
+which the transfer takes place
+
+is actually exactly
+the time window
+
+where the detuning
+is small enough
+
+that-- to say it
+loosely, it doesn't
+
+make a difference whether your
+in resonance or slightly away.
+
+The atom experiences
+the same tri field.
+
+And so based on
+this criterion, we
+
+discussed that we can understand
+the Landau-Zener probability
+
+in the perturbative limit
+as a coherent process
+
+where we transfer population,
+we transfer amplitude
+
+with a Rabi frequency during
+this effective time, delta t.
+
+It's not the only way
+how we can look at it,
+
+but it's one way which
+I think is insightful.
+
+Any questions about this or
+what we discussed on Monday?
+
+If not, I would like to take
+the topic one step further
+
+and discuss the density
+matrix formalism.
+
+So we have so far
+discussed purely
+
+Hamiltonian unitary evolution.
+
+Namely, the
+Schrodinger equation.
+
+And of course, unitary
+evolution leaves the system
+
+which is in a pure
+state in a pure state.
+
+It's just that the
+quantum state evolves.
+
+However, that means we cannot
+describe processes like
+
+decoherence or some losses
+away from the two levels we are
+
+focusing on.
+
+And so now we want to
+use the density operator,
+
+the density operator
+formalism to have
+
+a description of two-level
+system which goes beyond that.
+
+So let me just-- so Schrodinger
+equation deals only with pure
+
+states, cannot describe loss
+of particles, loss of photons,
+
+and decoherence.
+
+Well, there is one exception.
+
+If the decoherence process is
+merely a state-dependent loss
+
+of atoms to a third
+state, then you
+
+can still use the wave
+function formalism.
+
+So this is the exception.
+
+If you have two states,
+that's the excited state.
+
+If you have two states
+and all of what happens
+
+is that you have some
+loss to some other levels
+
+and their rate
+coefficients, then one
+
+can still use a
+Hamiltonain description,
+
+but you have to replace the
+eigenvalues by complex numbers.
+
+In other words, you have to add
+an imaginary part to the energy
+
+levels.
+
+And that means
+the time evolution
+
+is exponentially dent.
+
+So that's as much as you
+can incorporate decoherence
+
+and losses into a wave
+function formalism.
+
+However, many other processes
+require the formalism
+
+of the density matrix.
+
+And the simplest process
+where wave function formalism
+
+is absolutely inadequate
+is the process
+
+of spontaneous emission.
+
+When you have a loss
+in the excited state,
+
+you could still describe
+the excited state
+
+with a complex
+energy eigenvalue.
+
+But the fact that whatever is
+lost from the excited state
+
+is added to the ground state.
+
+There is no wave
+function formalism
+
+which can describe that.
+
+So for those processes and
+for decoherence in general,
+
+we require the use of
+the density operator.
+
+So I know that most
+of you have seen
+
+the density operator in
+statistical mechanics
+
+or some advanced course
+in quantum mechanics.
+
+So therefore, I only spend
+about five minutes on it.
+
+So I want to kind of just
+remind you or give you
+
+a very short introduction.
+
+So for those of you who
+have never heard about it,
+
+I probably say enough
+that you understand
+
+the following discussion.
+
+And for those of you who know
+already everything about it,
+
+five minutes of recapitulation
+is hopefully not too boring.
+
+So my way of introducing
+the density operator
+
+is first introduce it formally.
+
+Write down a few
+equations for pure state.
+
+But then in a moment,
+add something to it.
+
+So if you have a time-dependent
+wave function, which
+
+we expand into eigenfunctions,
+then we can, in these spaces,
+
+define arbitrary
+operators by matrices.
+
+We want to describe our
+system by finding out
+
+measurable observables,
+expectation
+
+values of operators, which
+of course, depend on time.
+
+And this is, of course, nothing
+else than the expectation value
+
+taken with a time-dependent
+wave function.
+
+But now we can expand
+it into the bases m, n
+
+and we can then rewrite
+it as a matrix, which
+
+is a density matrix.
+
+Or, simply as the
+trace of the density
+
+matrix with the operator.
+
+And what I introduced here
+as the density matrix can
+
+be written as psi
+of t, psi of t.
+
+And the matrix element
+given by this combination
+
+of amplitudes when we
+expand the wave function
+
+psi into its basis.
+
+So this density matrix his
+diagonal and off-diagonal
+
+matrix elements.
+
+The diagram matrix elements
+are called the populations,
+
+the populations in state n
+and the off-diagonal matrix
+
+elements are called coherences.
+
+OK, so this is just rewriting
+Schrodinger's equation
+
+expectation value in
+a matrix formalism.
+
+Yes, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why are you
+starring the coefficients?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, there's
+one star too many.
+
+Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: That makes sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: But the
+reason why I wrote it
+
+is that we want to now add
+some probability to it.
+
+We do not know for sure that
+the system is in a pure state.
+
+We have probabilities
+P i that the system
+
+is in a quantum state psi i.
+
+So we add another index to it.
+
+And when we perform
+the expectation value--
+
+there's also one star too many.
+
+When we perform the
+expectation value,
+
+we sort of do it for
+each quantum state
+
+with a probability P i.
+
+So we are actually-- and this
+is what I wanted to point out.
+
+This was the purpose of
+this short discussion,
+
+that we are now actually
+performing two averages.
+
+One can be regarded
+as the normal quantum
+
+mechanical average when
+you find the average value
+
+or the expectation
+value for quantum state.
+
+So this is sort of the
+statistics or the averaging,
+
+which is inherent
+in quantum physics.
+
+But then in addition,
+there may simply
+
+be another probabilistic
+average because you have not
+
+prepared the system
+in a pure state,
+
+or the system may undergo
+some stochastic forces
+
+and wind up in different states.
+
+So there are two kinds of
+averages which are performed.
+
+And the advantage of the
+density matrix formalism
+
+is that both kinds of averages
+can be done simultaneously
+
+in a very compact formalism.
+
+So therefore, I put this
+probabilistic average in now
+
+into the definition
+of the density matrix.
+
+Or I can write the density
+matrix in this way.
+
+And with this extended
+definition of the density
+
+matrix, both kinds
+of averages are
+
+done when I determine the
+expectation value and operator
+
+by performing the trace
+with the density matrix.
+
+A lot of properties
+of the density matrix,
+
+I think are-- you're
+familiar with many of those.
+
+For instance, that Schrodinger's
+equation for the density matrix
+
+becomes this following equation.
+
+You can derive that by-- if you
+take the Schrodinger equation
+
+and you apply the Schrodinger
+equation to each state psi i.
+
+And then you do the averaging
+with a probability P i.
+
+You find that the Schrodinger
+equation for each state
+
+psi i turns into this equation
+for the density matrix.
+
+Let me just write down
+that the purpose now
+
+is we have two averages here.
+
+One is the quantum
+mechanic average and one
+
+is sort of an ensemble average
+with the probabilities P i.
+
+I want to discuss
+in a few moments
+
+the density matrix
+for two-level system.
+
+So I have to remind
+you of two properties,
+
+that the density matrix
+is normalized to unity.
+
+So there's probability of
+unity to find the system
+
+in one of the states.
+
+When we look at the
+square of the density
+
+matrix, a trace of
+rho square, this
+
+is simply the probability-- the
+sum of the probability squared.
+
+And this is smaller than 1.
+
+And the only way that it
+is one is for pure state.
+
+So pure state is
+characterized by the fact
+
+that there is only-- that
+we can find the basis where
+
+only one of the probabilities,
+P i is non-vanishing.
+
+And then, of course, almost
+trivially the trace rho is 1
+
+and the trace rho square is 1.
+
+So, so far I've presented
+you the density matrix
+
+just as an elegant way
+of integrating the two
+
+averages into one formalism.
+
+And in essence,
+this is what it is.
+
+But you can now also
+use the density matrix
+
+if the whole system undergoes
+a time evolution, which
+
+is no longer unitary.
+
+No longer described by
+a Hamilton operator.
+
+Because you're
+interested in the time
+
+evolution or a
+small system which
+
+is part of a bigger system.
+
+The bigger system is always
+described by unitary time
+
+evolution, but a smaller
+system is usually not described
+
+by unitary time evolution.
+
+And that's when the density
+matrix becomes crucial.
+
+Of course, you can see this is
+just you describe the smaller
+
+system and you do some
+probabilistic average what
+
+the other part of
+the system does.
+
+And therefore, it's just another
+version of doing two averages.
+
+But this is sort of why
+we want to use the density
+
+matrix in general.
+
+So we want to use the density
+matrix for non-unitary time
+
+evolution.
+
+And the keyword here
+is that this is often
+
+the situation for
+open systems where
+
+we are interested
+in a small system,
+
+but it is open to
+a bigger system.
+
+Like, we're interested
+to describe an atom,
+
+but the atom can
+spontaneously emit photons
+
+into other parts of
+[INAUDIBLE] space.
+
+And we're not interested
+in those other parts
+
+of [INAUDIBLE] space.
+
+So an open system
+for this purpose
+
+is where we limit
+our description
+
+to a small part of
+a larger system.
+
+Again, an atom interacting
+with all the modes
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field, but we simply
+
+want to describe the atom.
+
+And then, we cannot use
+a wave function anymore.
+
+We have to use the
+density matrix.
+
+OK
+
+After these
+preliminaries, I want
+
+to now use the density
+matrix formalism
+
+for arbitrary two-level systems.
+
+So what is the most
+general Hamiltonian
+
+for the most general
+two-level system?
+
+Well, the most
+general Hamiltonian
+
+is the most general
+Hamiltonian we
+
+can construct with
+2 by 2 matrices.
+
+And the base is
+set to expand the 2
+
+by 2 matrices are
+the Pauli matrices.
+
+So if you expand the Hamiltonian
+into the unity matrix, sigma x,
+
+sigma y, and sigma z, we
+have four coefficients,
+
+four amplitudes, which are
+complex in general-- omega
+
+1, omega 2, omega 3.
+
+And here is something which
+I've called omega bar.
+
+By appropriately shifting
+what is the 0 point of energy,
+
+we can always get rid of this.
+
+So this is just this
+definitional character.
+
+So therefore, the most
+general Hamiltonian
+
+for any two-level system
+can be written in this very
+
+compact way that it is the
+scalar product of the vector
+
+omega-- omega 1, omega 2,
+omega 3-- with the vector
+
+sigma of the three Pauli
+matrices-- sigma x, sigma y,
+
+sigma z.
+
+OK, so this is a
+way to write down
+
+the most general Hamiltonian
+for a two-level system.
+
+Now, we describe two-level
+systems by a density matrix,
+
+by statistical operator,
+which is also a 2 by 2 matrix.
+
+And the most general
+density matrix
+
+can also be expanded into
+the its four components.
+
+Sort of the basis
+set of matrices
+
+is the unitary matrix and
+the three Pauli matrices.
+
+So 1, 2, 3.
+
+Of course, this time we cannot
+throw away the unity matrix
+
+because otherwise the density
+matrix would have no trace
+
+and there would be no
+probability to find
+
+the particle.
+
+But we can, again, write
+it in a compact form
+
+that it is 1/2-- yes,
+I'm using the fact now
+
+that the trace of rho is r0.
+
+And this is, by definition, or
+by conservation of probability,
+
+is 1.
+
+So therefore, r0 is
+not a free parameter.
+
+It's just the sum of
+all the probabilities
+
+to find the system in any state.
+
+And the non-trivial part
+is then the scalar product
+
+of this vector r-- rx, ry, rz--
+with the vector of the three
+
+Pauli matrices.
+
+Well, so we have our
+most general Hamiltonian.
+
+We have our most
+general density matrix.
+
+And now we can insert
+this into the equation
+
+of motion for the
+density matrix.
+
+Which, as I said before,
+is just a reformulation
+
+of Schrodinger's equation.
+
+And if you insert the
+Hamiltonian and the density
+
+matrix into this
+equation, we find actually
+
+something which is very simple.
+
+It says that this
+vector r, which
+
+we call the Bloch vector-- the
+derivative of the Bloch vector
+
+is given by the cross product
+of the vector omega, which
+
+were the coefficients with which
+we parametrized the Hamiltonian
+
+cross r.
+
+The derivation is
+straightforward.
+
+And you will be asked to do
+that on your homework assignment
+
+number 1.
+
+But it has a very
+powerful meaning.
+
+It tells us that an
+arbitrary two-level system
+
+with an arbitrary
+Hamiltonian can
+
+be regarded as a system
+where we have a vector
+
+R which undergoes precession.
+
+This is the time
+evolution of the system.
+
+So this is a powerful
+generalization
+
+from the result we
+discussed previously
+
+where we found that if
+you have an arbitrary
+
+quantum-mechanical spin,
+the time derivative can
+
+be written in that way.
+
+So previously, we found
+it for a pure state,
+
+but now we find
+it-- that it's even
+
+valid for a general density
+matrix and its time evolution.
+
+So what I've derived for
+you is-- Classroom Files.
+
+Is a famous theorem,
+which is traced back
+
+to Feynman, Vernon,
+and Hellwarth.
+
+It's sort of a
+famous paper which--
+
+So this famous
+theorem-- and I've
+
+summarized it here
+for you-- says
+
+that the time evolution of the
+density matrix for the most
+
+general two-level system is
+isomorphic to pure precession.
+
+And that means it's
+isomorphic to the behavior
+
+of a classical moment,
+classical magnetic moment,
+
+in a suitable time-dependent
+magnetic field.
+
+So when you have a
+Hamiltonian, which
+
+is characterized by-- the
+most general Hamiltonian
+
+is characterized by the three
+coefficients-- w1, w2, w3.
+
+But if you would create
+a classical system
+
+where w1, w2, and w3 are the
+time-dependent components,
+
+xyz-component of a
+magnetic field, then
+
+the precession of
+a magnetic moment
+
+would be exactly the same
+as the time evolution
+
+of a quantum-mechanical
+density matrix.
+
+Any question?
+
+So in other words,
+we've started out
+
+with rotating
+frames and rotation
+
+and now we've gone
+as far as I will go.
+
+Namely, I've in a
+way told you that
+
+an arbitrary quantum-mechanical
+two-level system, the time
+
+evolution is just precession.
+
+It's rotation.
+
+There is nothing more
+complicated possible.
+
+Well, unless we talk
+about decoherence.
+
+If we have such a Hamiltonian,
+we know, of course,
+
+that a pure state will
+stay pure forever.
+
+And you can immediately
+verify that if you
+
+look at the trace of rho square.
+
+If the trace of rho square
+is 1, we have a pure state.
+
+And now we have parametrized
+the density matrix
+
+with the Bloch vector
+component-- r1, r2, r3.
+
+So in those components,
+the trace of rho square
+
+can be written in this way.
+
+And of course, r0
+square was constant.
+
+This was our normalization of 1.
+
+So the question is now when
+we have an arbitrary time
+
+evolution, which we
+know now according
+
+to the Feynman, Vernon,
+Hellwarth theorem.
+
+The arbitrary time evolution
+of the Bloch vector
+
+can be written as omega cross r.
+
+So this equation
+tells us immediately
+
+that the length of the
+vector r is constant
+
+because r dot is
+always orthogonal to r.
+
+And therefore, the lengths of
+the vector r is not changing.
+
+So what we have derived says
+that with the most general
+
+Hamiltonian, the lengths of
+the vector r will be constant.
+
+And therefore, the trace of
+rho square will be constant.
+
+This is constant because r
+dot is perpendicular to r.
+
+So this will tell us that
+a pure state will just
+
+precess with the constant
+lengths of its Bloch vector
+
+forever.
+
+However, we know that in real
+life some coherences are lost
+
+and now we have to
+introduce something else.
+
+So this does not describe
+loss of coherence.
+
+So now we are just
+one tiny step away
+
+from introducing
+the Bloch equations.
+
+We will fully feature the
+optical Bloch equations
+
+in 8.422.
+
+but since we have discussed
+two-level systems to quite some
+
+extent, I cannot resist
+to show you now in three,
+
+four minutes what the
+Bloch equations are.
+
+And then when you take the
+second part of the course,
+
+you will already be
+familiar with it.
+
+So let me just now
+tell you what has
+
+to be added to do this step
+from the previous formalism
+
+to the Bloch equations.
+
+And this is the one
+step you have to do.
+
+We have to include relaxation
+processes into the description.
+
+So my less than five-minute
+way to now derive the Bloch
+
+equations for you
+goes as follows.
+
+I first remind you
+that everything
+
+has to come to
+thermal equilibrium.
+
+In other words, if you
+have an atomic system,
+
+if you have a quantum
+computer, whatever system you
+
+have and you prepared
+in a pure state,
+
+you know if you
+will wait forever,
+
+the system will be described
+by a density matrix, which
+
+is the density matrix of
+thermal equilibrium, which
+
+has only diagonal
+matrix elements.
+
+The populations follow
+the [INAUDIBLE] factor.
+
+And everything is normalized
+by the partition function.
+
+So we know that this will
+happen after long, long times.
+
+So no matter with what
+density matrix we start out,
+
+if we start with a
+density matrix rho
+
+pure state, for instance,
+there will be inevitably
+
+some relaxation process which
+will restore rho to rho t,
+
+to the thermal equilibrium.
+
+Now, how this happens
+can be formulated
+
+in a microscopic way.
+
+And we will go through
+a beautiful derivation
+
+of a master equation
+and really provide
+
+some insight what
+causes relaxation.
+
+But here for the
+purpose of this course,
+
+I want to say, well,
+there is relaxation.
+
+And I want to introduce now,
+in a phenomenological way,
+
+damping and damping times.
+
+So the phenomenological
+way to introduce damping
+
+goes as follows.
+
+Our equation of motion
+for the density matrix
+
+was that this is a unitary
+evolution described
+
+by-- the Schrodinger
+equation was that the density
+
+matrix evolves according
+to the commutative
+
+with the Hamiltonian.
+
+But now-- and I have to pick
+big quotation marks around it
+
+because this is not a
+mathematically exact way
+
+of writing it.
+
+But now I want to
+introduce some term which
+
+will damp the density matrix to
+the thermal equilibrium density
+
+matrix with some
+equilibration time, Te.
+
+I mean, this is
+what you can always
+
+do if you know the
+system is damped.
+
+You have some
+coherent evolution,
+
+but eventually you
+added a damping term
+
+and you make the damping term--
+you formulate in such a way
+
+that asymptotically
+the system will
+
+be damped to the
+thermal equilibrium.
+
+In other words, the
+damping term will
+
+have no effect on the
+dynamics once you've
+
+reached equilibrium.
+
+So it does all the right things.
+
+Of course, we have to
+be a little bit careful
+
+because everything is either
+an operator or matrix.
+
+And I was just adding
+the damping term
+
+as you would probably do it
+to a one-dimensional equation.
+
+So therefore, let me be a
+little bit more specific.
+
+In many cases, you
+will find that there
+
+are two distinctly
+different relaxation times.
+
+In other words, the system
+will have usually at least two
+
+physically distinct
+relaxation times.
+
+They are traditionally
+called T1 and T2.
+
+T1 is the damping time for
+population differences.
+
+So this is the damping
+time to shovel population
+
+from some inverted state
+or some other state
+
+into the equilibrium state.
+
+That usually
+involves the removal
+
+of energy out of the system.
+
+So it's an energy decay time.
+
+And if you would inspect our
+parameterization of the Bloch
+
+vector, population or
+population differences
+
+are described by
+the z-component,
+
+the third component
+of the Bloch vector.
+
+Well, we have other
+components of the Bloch vector
+
+which correspond to coherences.
+
+The off-diagonal matrix
+element of the density matrix.
+
+And they're only nonzero if
+you have two states populated
+
+with a value-defined
+relative phase.
+
+When the system, quantum
+mechanical system,
+
+loses its memory of the
+phase, the r1 and r2 component
+
+of the Bloch vector go to 0.
+
+So therefore, the
+time T2 is a time
+
+which describes the loss of
+coherences, the dephasing
+
+times.
+
+And in most situations,
+well, if you lose energy,
+
+you've also lost--
+if you lose energy
+
+because you quench
+a quantum state,
+
+you've also lost the phase.
+
+So therefore in general,
+T2 is smaller than T1.
+
+Often by a lot.
+
+So with those remarks about
+the two damping times,
+
+I can now go back to the
+equation at the top, which
+
+was sort of written
+with quotation marks,
+
+and write it in a more accurate
+way as a matrix equation
+
+for the damping of the
+components of the density
+
+matrix expressed by
+the Bloch vector.
+
+In other words, the
+equation of motion
+
+for the z-component
+of the Bloch vector,
+
+which is describing
+the population,
+
+has a coherent part, which is
+this generalized precession.
+
+And then, it has a damping part,
+which damps the populations
+
+to the equilibrium value
+with a damping time T1.
+
+And then we have the
+corresponding equations
+
+for the x and y, or the 1 or 2
+component of the optical Bloch
+
+vector.
+
+We just replace the z index by
+x and y from the equation above,
+
+but then we divide by a
+different relaxation time, T2.
+
+So what we have
+found here, these
+
+are the famous Bloch
+equations, which
+
+were introduced
+by Bloch in 1946.
+
+Introduced first for
+magnetic resonance,
+
+but they're also valid
+in the optical domain.
+
+For magnetic resonance, you
+have a two-level system,
+
+spin up and spin down.
+
+In the optical domain, you have
+a ground and excited state.
+
+In the latter
+case, they're often
+
+referred to as the
+optical Bloch equations.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Yes, please.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what
+determines [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, that's
+a long discussion.
+
+We spent a long time in 8.422
+discussing various processes.
+
+But just to give you an example,
+if you have a gas of atoms
+
+and there are slightly
+inhomogeneous magnetic field,
+
+that would mean that each atom,
+if you look at it as precession
+
+motion, precesses at
+slightly differently rates.
+
+And the atoms will decohere.
+
+They all will eventually wind
+up with a different phase,
+
+that if you look at the average
+of coherence, it's equal to 0.
+
+So any form of
+inhomogeneity, which
+
+is not quenching a quantum
+state, which is not
+
+creating any form of
+de-activation of the excited
+
+state, can actually
+decohere the phase.
+
+And these are
+contributions to T2.
+
+So often, contributions
+to T2 come
+
+from inhomogeneous
+environment, but they are not
+
+changing the
+population of states.
+
+Whereas, what contributes
+to T1 are often collisions.
+
+Collisions which, when an
+atom in an excited state
+
+collides with the
+buffer gas atom,
+
+it undergoes a transition
+from the excited to the ground
+
+state.
+
+So these are two distinctly
+different processes.
+
+One is really a collision
+and energy transfer.
+
+Each atom has to change
+its quantum state.
+
+Whereas, decoherence
+can simply happen
+
+that there is a small
+pertubation of the energy
+
+levels due to external fields.
+
+And then, the system as an
+ensemble loses its phase.
+
+In the simplest
+way, you can assume
+
+inhomogeneous broadening.
+
+But you can also assume,
+if the whole ensemble
+
+is subject to
+fluctuating fields,
+
+then since you don't know
+how the fields exactly
+
+fluctuate after characteristic
+time, you no longer have
+
+a phased coherent system.
+
+Rather, phase at a later time
+is deterministically related
+
+to the phase at which
+you prepared it.
+
+And that would mean the
+system has dephased.
+
+And this dephasing time
+is called the T2 time.
+
+Nancy.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+I have two things.
+
+First, you said that
+it's generally true
+
+that T2 is less than T1.
+
+Is it ever true that
+it's not the case?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+There is one exception.
+
+And that's the following.
+
+Let me put it this way, every
+process which contributes to T1
+
+will also contribute to T2.
+
+But there are lots of processes
+which only contribute to T2.
+
+So therefore, in general,
+T2 is much faster
+
+because many more processes
+can contribute to it.
+
+However, now if you ask
+me, is it always true?
+
+Well, there is one glitch.
+
+And this is the following.
+
+T1 is the time to
+damp populations.
+
+And that's the
+damping of psi square.
+
+T2 is due to the
+damping of the phase.
+
+And this is actually more
+a damping time of the wave
+
+function itself.
+
+And if you have a wave
+function psi which
+
+is damped with a
+damping time tau.
+
+Psi square is damped with
+twice the damping time.
+
+So if the only process
+you have is, for instance,
+
+spontaneous emission,
+then you find out
+
+that the damping rate
+for population is gamma.
+
+This is the definition of the
+spontaneous emission rate.
+
+But the damping rate 1
+over T2 is 1/2 gamma.
+
+But because simply the way
+how we have defined it,
+
+one involves the square
+of the wave function.
+
+The other one involves
+simply the wave function.
+
+So there is this
+factor of 2 which
+
+can make-- by just a factor
+of 2-- T1 faster than T2.
+
+But apart from this
+factor of 2, if T2
+
+would be defined in a way
+which would incorporate
+
+the factor of 2, then T2 would
+always be faster than T1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, it
+makes sense [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I can't imagine if the
+system has a smaller T1,
+
+then it still has any
+coherence left in it.
+
+PROFESSOR: So maybe to
+be absolutely correct,
+
+I should say this.
+
+T1 is much larger than-- is
+larger or equal than T2 over 2.
+
+In general, we have
+even the situation
+
+that T1 is much,
+much larger than T2.
+
+But with this factor
+of 2, I've incorporated
+
+this subtlety of the definition.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a question
+about real motivation
+
+of using Bloch
+equation [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I understand that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But you mentioned
+before that you
+
+can't describe spontaneous
+emission with a Hamiltonian
+
+formalism.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But couldn't
+you use-- [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Don't you still get spontaneous
+emission out of the coupling
+
+into the continuum?
+
+The emission into
+the different modes?
+
+You don't necessarily
+need [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, but let me
+kind of remind you of this.
+
+If you are interested in
+a quantum state and it
+
+decays to a level.
+
+But we're not really
+interested what this level is
+
+and we're not keeping
+track of the population
+
+here, when we can describe the
+time evolution of the excited
+
+state with a Hamiltonian
+because of the imaginary part,
+
+the Hamiltonian is
+no longer imaginary.
+
+And this is what Victor
+Weisskopf theory does.
+
+It looks at a system
+in the excited state
+
+and looks at the time
+evolution of the excited state.
+
+But if you want to include
+in this description what
+
+happens in the ground state, you
+are not having this situation.
+
+You have this situation.
+
+And what eventually
+will happen is
+
+you can look at a pure
+state which decays.
+
+And this is what is done
+in Victor Weisskopf theory.
+
+But if you want to know now what
+happens in the ground state,
+
+well, I'm speaking loosely,
+but that's what really happens.
+
+Every spontaneous emission adds
+something to the ground state,
+
+but in incoherent way.
+
+So what is being built
+up in the ground state
+
+is not a wave function.
+
+It's just population which has
+to be described with a density
+
+matrix.
+
+Or in other words, if you have
+a coherent superposition between
+
+excited and ground state, you
+cannot just say spontaneous
+
+emission is now increasing the
+amplitude to be in the ground
+
+state.
+
+It really does something
+fundamentally different.
+
+It puts population into the
+ground state with-- I'm loosely
+
+speaking now, but
+with a random phase.
+
+And this can only be
+described probabilistically
+
+by using the density matrix.
+
+But what you are talking
+about is actually,
+
+for the Victor Weisskopf
+theory, is pretty much
+
+this part of the diagram.
+
+We prepare an excited
+state, and we study it
+
+with all its glorious
+details, with the many modes
+
+of the electromagnetic field
+how the excited state decays.
+
+OK.
+
+Actually with that, we have
+finished one big chapter
+
+of our course, which is
+the general discussion
+
+of resonance, classical
+resonance, and our discussion
+
+of two-level systems.
+
+AUDIENCE: But
+[INAUDIBLE], wouldn't you
+
+have to do a sum over every
+single mode [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Which would be the
+exact same thing
+
+you do when you do a partial
+trace over the environment.
+
+Isn't the end result
+sort of the same thing
+
+that you have to do some
+[INAUDIBLE] infinite
+
+sum and integral or
+all the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You need a sum, but--
+
+AUDIENCE: That's where the
+decoherence comes from?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+But if you're interested in only
+the decay of an excited state,
+
+it can decay in
+many, many modes,
+
+but all these different
+modes provide a contribution
+
+to the decay rate gamma.
+
+So at the end of the day, you
+have a Hamiltonian evolution
+
+with a damping time gamma.
+
+And this damping time gamma is
+the sum of the other states.
+
+So in other words, the loss
+of population from the excited
+
+state, you just incorporate
+it by adding a damping time
+
+to the Schrodinger
+equation because you're not
+
+keeping track of the other
+modes where the population goes.
+
+You're not keeping track.
+
+You just say, excited
+state is lost.
+
+You're not interested
+whether the atoms are now
+
+in the ground state
+or some other state.
+
+All you are describing the loss
+rate from the excited state.
+
+And this is possible
+by simply doing--
+
+by adding damping terms to
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+In other words, what I'm saying
+is actually fairly simple.
+
+If you have a coherent
+state and you lose it,
+
+you just lose amplitude.
+
+what is left is coherent.
+
+When it's gone, it's gone.
+
+You have a smaller amplitude,
+smaller probability.
+
+And that's simple to describe.
+
+What is harder to describe
+is if you accumulate
+
+population in the ground
+state and the population
+
+arrives in incoherent pieces.
+
+How to treat that, this
+is more complicated.
+
+But simply the decay
+of a pure state,
+
+it's just-- you have e
+to the i omega t, which
+
+is a coherent evolution, and
+then you add an imaginary part
+
+and this is a damping time.
+
+So what I'm saying,
+it's sort of subtle
+
+but it's also very trivial.
+
+I don't know if this
+addresses your question.
+
+In the end, in general
+you need a density matrix.
+
+I just wanted to
+sort of emphasize
+
+that there is a little bit of
+decoherence where you can still
+
+get away with a wave
+function description.
+
+And actually, Victor
+Weisskopf theory
+
+is the wonderful example.
+
+OK, so we have
+discussed resonance.
+
+Arizonans have discussed in
+particular two-level systems.
+
+And if I wanted, we could now
+continue with two-level systems
+
+and talk about the
+wonderful things
+
+you can do with
+two-level systems.
+
+Absorbing photons, emitting
+photons, and all that.
+
+But let's put that on
+hold for a few weeks.
+
+And I think what
+we should first do
+
+is realize, where do
+those levels come from?
+
+And we discuss where
+those levels come form
+
+in our discussion of atoms.
+
+So our big next chapter is
+now atoms or atomic structure.
+
+And we build it up
+in several stages.
+
+Well, first things first.
+
+And the first things are
+the big chunks of energy
+
+which define the
+electronic structure.
+
+We discuss electronic structure
+for one electron and two
+
+electron atoms,
+hydrogen and helium.
+
+We don't go higher in
+the periodic table.
+
+But then we talk about
+other contributions
+
+to the energy of atoms, other
+contributions to the level
+
+structure of atoms.
+
+And this will start with fine
+structure, the Lamb shift.
+
+We bring in properties
+of the nucleus
+
+by discussing
+hyperfine structure.
+
+And then as a next
+big chapter, we
+
+will learn how external
+fields, magnetic fields,
+
+electric fields, and
+electromagnetic fields
+
+will modify the level
+structure of atoms.
+
+So by going through all
+those different layers,
+
+we will arrive at a rather
+complete description.
+
+If you have an atom
+in the laboratory,
+
+what determines its energy
+level and the transitions
+
+between those energy levels?
+
+So this is our agenda for
+the next few lectures.
+
+Today, we start with single
+electron atom with a hydrogen
+
+atom.
+
+And I cannot resist to start
+with some quotes from Dan
+
+Kleppner, who I sometimes
+call Mr. Hydrogen.
+
+So there is some beautiful
+piece of writing in a reference
+
+frame in Physics Today, "The
+Yin and Yang of Hydrogen."
+
+I mean, those of you who
+know Dan Kleppner know
+
+that he's always said hydrogen
+is the only atom, other atom he
+
+wants to work with.
+
+Other atoms are too complicated.
+
+And he studied--
+actually, hydrogen
+
+was-- he did a little bit
+on alkali atoms, of course,
+
+but hydrogen was
+really the central part
+
+of his scientific work.
+
+Whether he studied
+Rydberg states
+
+in hydrogen or Bose-Einstein
+condensation in hydrogen.
+
+And this column in
+Physics Today, he
+
+talks about the yin and yang.
+
+The simplicity of hydrogen.
+
+It's the simplest atom.
+
+But if you want to
+work with hydrogen,
+
+you need vacuum UV
+because the step
+
+from the 1s to the 2p
+transition is-- Lyman-alpha
+
+is vacuum UV at 121 nanometer.
+
+So it's simple, but challenging.
+
+And hydrogen is the
+most pristine atom.
+
+But for those of you who do
+Bose-Einstein condensation,
+
+it's the hardest atom
+to Bose condense.
+
+Because the physical
+properties of hydrogen,
+
+it's simple in its structure.
+
+But the properties
+of hydrogen, in
+
+particular the
+collision cross-section,
+
+which is important for
+evaporative cooling,
+
+is very, very unfavorable.
+
+So that's why he talks about the
+yin and the yang of hydrogen.
+
+Let me just show you the
+first sentence of this paper,
+
+of this reference frame.
+
+Oops.
+
+Just a technical problem to
+make this fit the screen.
+
+I think I select it.
+
+What's going on?
+
+Yep.
+
+So now it's smaller.
+
+I can move it over there.
+
+Well, why don't we
+read it together?
+
+It's a tribute to hydrogen,
+a tribute to famous people.
+
+Viki Weisskopf was on
+the faculty at MIT.
+
+I met him, but he was already
+retired at this point.
+
+But then, Kleppner
+interacted with him.
+
+And you see the first quote,
+"To understand hydrogen
+
+is to understand
+all of physics."
+
+Well, it simply says
+that if you understand
+
+some of this paradigmatic
+systems in physics,
+
+you understand all of physics.
+
+I would actually
+say, well, you really
+
+have to understand the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+the two-level
+system, and hydrogen.
+
+And maybe a little bit
+about three-level systems.
+
+But if you understand,
+really, those simple systems--
+
+they're not so simple.
+
+But if you understand those
+so-called simple system
+
+very well in all
+its glorious detail,
+
+then you have really
+understood, maybe
+
+not all of physics, but a
+hell of a lot of physics.
+
+And this quote goes on that,
+"To understand hydrogen
+
+is to understand
+all of physics."
+
+But then Viki Weisskopf
+said, "Well, I
+
+wish I had understood
+all of hydrogen."
+
+And this is sort of Dan's
+Kleppner's wise words.
+
+For me, hydrogen holds an
+almost mystical attraction.
+
+Probably because I'm among
+the small band of physicists
+
+who actually confront
+it, more or less, daily.
+
+So that's what we are starting
+out now to talk about hydrogen.
+
+I know that a discussion of
+the hydrogen atom, the solution
+
+of the Schrodinger equation
+for the hydrogen atom
+
+is in all quantum
+mechanics textbooks.
+
+I'm not doing it here.
+
+I rather want to give you
+a few insightful comments
+
+about the structure of hydrogen,
+some scaling of length scales
+
+and energy levels,
+because this is
+
+something we need
+later in the course.
+
+So in other words, I want to
+highlight a few things which
+
+are often not emphasized
+in the textbook.
+
+So let's talk about
+the hydrogen atom.
+
+So the energy levels
+of the hydrogen atom
+
+are described by
+the Rydberg formula.
+
+This actually follows already
+from the simple Bohr model.
+
+But of course, also from
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+And it says that
+the energy levels--
+
+let me write it in
+the following way.
+
+It depends on the electron
+mass, the electron charge, h bar
+
+square.
+
+It has a reduced
+mass correction.
+
+And then, n is the
+principal quantum number.
+
+It scales as 1 over n squared.
+
+So this here is the
+reduced mass factor.
+
+This here is called the
+Rydberg constant R, sometimes
+
+with the index infinity
+because it is the Rydberg
+
+constant which describes the
+spectrum of a hydrogen atom
+
+where the nucleus
+has infinite mass.
+
+If you include the
+reduced mass correction
+
+for the mass of the
+proton, then this factor
+
+which determines the
+spectrum of hydrogen
+
+is called the Rydberg constant
+with an index H for hydrogen.
+
+You find the electronic
+eigenfunctions
+
+as the solution of
+Schrodinger's equation.
+
+And the eigenfunctions
+have a simple angular part,
+
+which are the
+spherical harmonics.
+
+We are not talking about that.
+
+But there is a radial
+part, radial wave function.
+
+So if you solve it, if you
+find those wave functions,
+
+there are a number of
+noteworthy results.
+
+One is in short form the
+spectrum is the Rydberg
+
+constant divided by n squared.
+
+I want to talk to you
+about your intuition
+
+for the size of
+the hydrogen atom,
+
+or for the size of
+hydrogen-like atoms.
+
+So what I want to discuss
+is several important aspects
+
+about the radius or
+the expectation value
+
+of the position of the electron.
+
+And it's important
+to distinguish
+
+between the expectation
+value for the radius
+
+and the inverse radius.
+
+The expectation
+value for the radius
+
+is, well, a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+1/2 1 minus l times l
+plus 1 over n squared.
+
+Whereas, the result for the
+inverse radius is very simple.
+
+What I've introduced here
+is the natural length scale
+
+for the hydrogen atom
+which is the Bohr radius.
+
+And just to be general,
+mu is the reduced mass.
+
+So it's close to
+the electron mass.
+
+Well, the one thing I
+want to discuss with you--
+
+we will need leader for the
+discussion of quantum defects,
+
+for field ionization
+and other processes,
+
+we have to know what the
+size of the wave function is.
+
+And so usually, if
+you wave your hands,
+
+you would say the
+expectation value of 1/r
+
+is 1 over the
+expectation value or r.
+
+But there are now some
+important differences.
+
+I first want to
+sort of ask you, why
+
+is the expectation
+value of 1/r, why
+
+does it have this
+very, very simple form?
+
+AUDIENCE: Virial theorem?
+
+PROFESSOR: The Virial theorem.
+
+Yes.
+
+We know that there is a fairly
+simple form for the energy
+
+eigenvalues.
+
+It's 1 over n squared.
+
+Well, Coulomb energy
+e square over r.
+
+So if the only energy
+of the hydrogen atom
+
+were Coulomb energy,
+it's very clear
+
+that 1/r, which is proportional
+to the Coulomb energy,
+
+has to have the same simple
+form as the energy eigenvalue.
+
+Well, there is a
+second contribution
+
+to the energy in addition
+to Coulomb energy.
+
+This is kinetic energy.
+
+But due to the Virial
+theorem, the kinetic energy
+
+is actually proportional
+to the Coulomb energy.
+
+And therefore, the total
+energy is proportional to 1/r.
+
+And therefore, 1/r has to
+scale exactly as the energy.
+
+Since the energy until we
+introduce fine structure is
+
+independent of l, only depends
+on the principal quantum number
+
+n, we find there's
+only an n-dependence.
+
+But if you would ask, what
+is the expectation value
+
+for the radius?
+
+You find an l-dependence
+because you're
+
+talking about a very
+different quantity.
+
+So let me just summarize
+what we just discussed.
+
+We have the Virial
+theorem, which
+
+in general is of
+the following form.
+
+If you have potential
+energy which
+
+is proportional to
+radius to the n,
+
+then the expectation value
+for the kinetic energy
+
+is n/2 times the expectation
+value for the potential energy.
+
+The most famous
+example is n equals
+
+2, the harmonic oscillator.
+
+You have an equal contribution
+to potential energy
+
+of the spring and
+kinetic energy.
+
+Well, here for the
+Coulomb problem,
+
+we discuss n equals minus 1.
+
+And therefore,
+the kinetic energy
+
+is minus 1/2 times
+the potential energy.
+
+So this factor of 2 appears
+now in a number of relations
+
+and that's as follows.
+
+If you take the
+Rydberg constant,
+
+the Rydberg constant
+in CGS units
+
+is-- well, that's the Coulomb
+energy at the Bohr radius.
+
+But the Rydberg
+constant is 1/2 of it.
+
+So the Rydberg constant is
+1/2 of another quantity,
+
+which is called 1 Hartree.
+
+We'll talk, probably
+not , today,
+
+but on Monday
+about atomic units,
+
+about sort of fundamental
+system of units.
+
+And the fundamental way--
+the fundamental energy
+
+of the hydrogen atom, the
+fundamental unit of energy
+
+is whatever energy
+you can construct
+
+using the electron mass, the
+electron charge, and h bar.
+
+And what you get is 1 Hartree.
+
+If you ever wondered why the
+Rydberg is 1/2 Hartree, what
+
+happens is in the ground
+state of hydrogen,
+
+you have 1 Hartree
+worth of Coulomb energy.
+
+But then because of the Virial
+theorem, you have minus 1/2
+
+of it as kinetic energy.
+
+And therefore, the
+binding energy in the n
+
+equals 1 ground state,
+which is 1 Rydberg,
+
+is 1/2 of the Hartree.
+
+So this factor of 1/2
+of the Virial theorem
+
+is responsible for this factor
+of 2 for those two energies.
+
+I usually prefer SI units
+for all calculations,
+
+but there's certain relations
+where we should use CGS units.
+
+Just as a side remark, if
+you want to go to SI units,
+
+you simply replace
+the electron charge e
+
+squared by e squared
+divided by 4 pi epsilon0.
+
+OK.
+
+So I've discussed
+the hydrogen atom.
+
+It's also insightful
+and you should actually
+
+remember that or be able to
+re-derive it for yourself.
+
+How do things depend on
+the nuclear charge z?
+
+Well, if you have
+a nuclear charge z,
+
+the Coulomb energy
+goes up by-- well,
+
+if you have a
+stronger attraction.
+
+If you would go to helium
+nucleus or even more
+
+highly-charged nucleus and
+put one electron in it.
+
+Because of the stronger
+Coulomb attraction,
+
+all the length scales
+are divided by z.
+
+So everything is smaller
+by a factor of z.
+
+So what does that now
+imply for the energy?
+
+Well, you have a Coulomb field
+which is z times stronger,
+
+but you probe it now at
+a z times smaller radius.
+
+So therefore, the energies
+scale with z squared.
+
+Let me formulate a question
+because we need that later on.
+
+So if you have a
+hydrogen-like atom
+
+and the electron is in a state
+with principal quantum number
+
+n.
+
+And let's assume there
+is no angular momentum.
+
+So what I'm writing down
+for you is the probability
+
+for the electron to
+be at the nucleus.
+
+This will be very
+important later on
+
+when ewe discuss hyperfine
+structure because hyperfine
+
+is responsible-- for
+hyperfine structure, what
+
+is responsible is the fact
+that the electron can overlap
+
+with the nucleus.
+
+So this factor will
+appear in our discussion
+
+of hyperfine structure.
+
+And what I want to ask you is,
+how does this quantity depend
+
+on the principal quantum
+number n and on z?
+
+And I want to give
+you four choices.
+
+Of course, for
+dimensional reasons,
+
+everything is 1
+over the Bohr radius
+
+cubed because it's a density.
+
+But you cannot use
+dimensional analysis to guess,
+
+how do things scale
+with z and with n?
+
+So here are your four choices.
+
+Does it scale with z,
+z squared, z cubed?
+
+Does it scale with n
+squared, n cubed, n to the 6?
+
+If you don't know it,
+just make your best guess.
+
+OK, one part should be
+relatively straightforward.
+
+And this is the scaling with z.
+
+Let me just stop it.
+
+So the exact answer is that z n
+00 at the origin squared is pi
+
+a0 cubed.
+
+And its c cubed over n cubed.
+
+So the correct
+answer is this one.
+
+Let me first say-- OK,
+I gave you four choices
+
+and it's difficult to
+distinguish all of them.
+
+But the first one you should
+have gotten rather simply,
+
+and this is the z-scaling.
+
+Because the scaling
+with z is the following,
+
+that everything-- if you write
+down the Schrodinger equation,
+
+if you have z, you replace
+e squared by z e squared.
+
+And I actually just mentioned
+it five minutes ago,
+
+that all length scales, the
+Bohr radius is h bar squared
+
+over electron mass
+times e squared.
+
+It actually scales with 1/z.
+
+So if all length
+scales go as 1/z,
+
+the density goes with z cubed.
+
+So therefore, one should
+have immediately narrowed
+
+down the choice.
+
+It should be A or
+C because they have
+
+the correct scaling with z.
+
+The scaling with
+n is more subtle
+
+and there was something
+surprising I learned about it.
+
+And this is what
+I want to present
+
+to you in the last
+three or four minutes.
+
+So the z-scaling, just remember
+that the length scaling
+
+is the length scales as 1/z.
+
+Therefore, density
+scale was z cubed.
+
+The interesting thing
+about the length scaling
+
+is-- and I just want to draw
+your attention to it because it
+
+can be confusing,
+that in high torsion
+
+we have not only one length
+scale, but two length scales.
+
+We have mentioned
+one of it already,
+
+which is the energetic
+length scale 1/r.
+
+1/r is the Coulomb energy.
+
+Because of the
+Virial theorem, it's
+
+proportional to
+the total energy.
+
+And that's what you know, what
+you remember when you wake up
+
+in the middle of the
+night out of deep sleep,
+
+that the energy of high
+torsion is 1 over n squared.
+
+So therefore, this
+is a0 over n squared.
+
+However, if you look at the
+wave function of hydrogen,
+
+you factor out.
+
+When you solve the
+radial equation,
+
+you factor out an exponential.
+
+There's sort of
+polynomial and then
+
+there is an exponential decay.
+
+And the characteristic lengths
+in the exponential decay
+
+of the wave function
+is n e0 over z.
+
+So therefore, when we
+talk about wave functions
+
+with principal quantum number
+n, there are two length scale.
+
+1 over r n l scales
+with n squared.
+
+But the characteristic
+length scale
+
+in the exponential
+part of the radial wave
+
+function scales with n
+and not with n squared.
+
+And it is this exponential
+part of the wave function
+
+which scales with n which is
+responsible for the probability
+
+to find the electron
+as the nucleus.
+
+Which, as I said before,
+the z-scaling is simple
+
+but the n-scaling
+is not n to the 6.
+
+It's n cubed.
+
+And this is really important.
+
+And this describes the
+scaling with n for everything
+
+which depends on the presence
+of the electron as a nucleus.
+
+One is the quantum
+defect and the other one
+
+is the hyperfine structure.
+
+Let me just give you
+one more scaling.
+
+I've discussed now what
+happens for 0 angular
+
+momentum, for finite
+angular momentum states,
+
+psi is proportional
+to r to the l.
+
+So therefore, if you
+ask, what is psi square,
+
+it scales with 2l.
+
+And at least for
+large n, the n-scaling
+
+is, again, 1 over n cubed.
+
+OK, that's what I wanted
+to present you today.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, so we meet again
+on Wednesday next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M3615Gbd6-8.txt b/M3615Gbd6-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a81bee465a32a38e82672f15958bfe2bc699a758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M3615Gbd6-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this video, we're going
+to do some approximate
+
+calculations using the central
+limit theorem.
+
+We're given that Xn is the
+number of gadgets produced on
+
+day n by a factory.
+
+And it has a normal distribution
+with mean 5 and
+
+variance 9.
+
+And they're all independent and
+identically distributed.
+
+We're looking for the
+probability that the total
+
+number of gadgets in 100
+days is less than 440.
+
+To start, we can first write
+this as the probability of the
+
+sum of the gadgets produced
+on each of 100 days
+
+being less than 440.
+
+Notice that this is a sum of a
+large number of independent
+
+random variables.
+
+So we can use the central limit
+theorem and approximate
+
+the sum as a normal
+random variable.
+
+And then, basically, in order
+to compute this probability,
+
+we'd basically need to
+standardize this and then use
+
+the standard normal table.
+
+So let's first compute
+the expectation and
+
+variance of the sum.
+
+So I'm going to actually sum up
+from 1 to n instead of 100,
+
+to do it more generally.
+
+So the linearity is preserved
+for the expectation operator.
+
+So this is the sum of
+the expected value.
+
+And since they're all
+identically distributed, they
+
+all have the same expectation,
+and there are n of them.
+
+And so we have this
+being n times 5.
+
+For the variance of the sum is
+also the sum of the variances
+
+because the independents.
+
+And so they're identically
+distributed to the -- so we
+
+have n times the variance of
+Xi, and this is n times 9.
+
+So now, we can standardize
+it, or make it 0 mean
+
+and variance 1.
+
+So to do that we would
+take these Xi's,
+
+subtract by their mean.
+
+So it's going to be 5 times 100
+of them, so it's 500 over
+
+the square root of the variance,
+which is going to be
+
+9 times 100 of them, so
+it's going to be 900.
+
+So that's going to be less than
+440 minus 500 over square
+
+root of 900.
+
+So notice what we're trying
+to do here is--
+
+notice that the sum of Xi's
+is a discrete quantity.
+
+So it's a discrete random
+variable, so it may
+
+have a PMF like this.
+
+ 
+
+And we're trying to
+approximate it
+
+with a normal density.
+
+So this is not drawn to scale,
+but let's say that this is 440
+
+and this is 439.
+
+Basically, we're trying to say
+what's the probability of this
+
+being less than 440, so it's the
+probability that it's 439,
+
+or 438, or 437.
+
+But in the continuous case, a
+good approximation to this
+
+would be to take the middle,
+say, 439.5, and compute the
+
+area below that.
+
+So in this case, when we do the
+normal approximation, it
+
+works out better if we use
+this half correction.
+
+And so, this, in this case,
+probability, let's call Z the
+
+standard normal.
+
+And so this is approximately
+equal to a standard normal
+
+with the probability of standard
+normal being less
+
+than whatever that is.
+
+And if you plug that into
+your calculator, you
+
+get negative 2.02.
+
+So now, if we try to figure
+out what this--
+
+from the table, we'll
+find that negative
+
+values are not tabulated.
+
+But we know that the normal,
+the center of normal is
+
+symmetric, and so if we want
+to compute the area in this
+
+region, it's the same
+as the area in this
+
+region, above 2.02.
+
+So this is the same as the
+probability that Z
+
+is bigger than 2.02.
+
+That's just 1 minus the
+probability that Z is less
+
+than or equal to 2.02,
+and so that's, by
+
+definition, phi of 2.02.
+
+And if we look it up on the
+table, 2.02 has probability
+
+here of 0.9783.
+
+And we can just write that in.
+
+That's the answer for Part A.
+
+So now for Part B.
+
+We're asked what's the largest
+n, approximately, so that it
+
+satisfies this.
+
+So again, we can use the
+central limit theorem.
+
+Use similar steps here so that
+we have, in this case, n
+
+greater than or equal
+to 200 plus 5n.
+
+And standardized.
+
+So we have n and the mean here--
+this is where this
+
+comes handy.
+
+It's going to be 5n and
+the variance is 9n.
+
+It's greater than or equal to.
+
+5n's will cancel and
+you subtract.
+
+And then you get 200 over
+the square root of 9n.
+
+And we can, again, use the half
+approximation here, half
+
+correction here.
+
+But I'm not going to do it, to
+keep the problem simple.
+
+And so in this case, this is
+approximately equal to the
+
+standard normal being greater
+than probability of the center
+
+of normal being greater than
+or equal to 200 over square
+
+root of 9n.
+
+And so same sort
+of thing here.
+
+This is just 1 minus this.
+
+The equal sign doesn't matter
+because Z is a continuous
+
+random variable.
+
+And so we have this here.
+
+And we want this to be less
+than or equal 0.05.
+
+So that means that phi of 200
+over square root of 9 has to
+
+be greater than or
+equal to 0.95.
+
+So we're basically looking for
+something here that ensures
+
+that this region's
+at least 0.95.
+
+So if you look at the table,
+0.95 lies somewhere in between
+
+1.64 and 1.65.
+
+And I'm going to use 1.65 to
+be conservative, because we
+
+want this region to
+be at least 0.95.
+
+So 1.65 works better here.
+
+And so we want this thing, this
+here, which is going to
+
+be 200 over square root of n--
+
+square root of 9n, to be bigger
+than or equal to 1.65.
+
+So n here is going to be less
+than or equal to 200 over 1.65
+
+squared, 1 over 9.
+
+If you plug this into your
+calculator, you might have a
+
+decimal in there.
+
+Then we just pick n,
+the largest integer
+
+that satisfies this.
+
+So we can plug that into your
+calculator, you'll find that
+
+it's going to be 1,632.
+
+That's
+
+part B. Last part.
+
+Let n be the first day when the
+total number of gadgets is
+
+greater than 1,000.
+
+What's the probability
+that n is greater
+
+than or equal to 220?
+
+Again, we want to use the
+central limit theorem, but the
+
+trick here is to recognize that
+this is actually equal to
+
+the probability that the sum
+from i equals 1 to 219 of Xi,
+
+is less than or equal
+to 1,000.
+
+So let's look at both directions
+to check this.
+
+If n is greater than or
+equal to 220, then
+
+this has to be true.
+
+Because if it weren't true, and
+if this were greater than
+
+1,000, then n would have been
+less than or equal to 219.
+
+So this direction works.
+
+The other direction.
+
+If this were the case, it has
+to be the case that n is
+
+greater than or equal to 220,
+because up till 219 it hasn't
+
+exceeded 1,000.
+
+And so, at some point beyond
+that, it's going to exceed
+
+1,000 and n is going to be
+greater than or equal to 220.
+
+So this is the key trick here.
+
+And once you see this, you
+realize that this is very easy
+
+because we do the same steps
+as we did before.
+
+So you're looking for this, this
+is equal to, again, you
+
+do your standardization.
+
+ 
+
+So this is from 219, and you get
+5 times 219 for the mean,
+
+and 9 times 219 for the
+variance, less than or equal
+
+to 1,000 minus 5 times
+219 over square
+
+root of 9 times 219.
+
+Again, you can do the half
+correction here, make it
+
+1,000.5, but I'm not going to
+do that in this case, for
+
+simplicity.
+
+So this is approximately equal
+to Z being less than
+
+whatever this is.
+
+And if you plug it in,
+you'll find that
+
+this is negative 2.14.
+
+So in this case, we have this
+is the probability that Z--
+
+again, we do the same thing--
+
+is greater than or
+equal to 2.14.
+
+And this is 1 minus the
+probability that Z is less
+
+than or equal to 2.14.
+
+And that's just phi of 2.14--
+
+1 minus Z of 2.14.
+
+And that's--
+
+if you look it up on the
+table, it's 2.14.
+
+It's 0.9838.
+
+So here's your answer.
+
+So we're done with
+Part C as well.
+
+So in this exercise, we did
+a lot of approximate
+
+calculations using
+the central--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M7zTtKAbRn4.txt b/M7zTtKAbRn4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fbbdf1fb79ec6e32747548ecb1c12bb5cb77e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M7zTtKAbRn4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was that going to be we going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that going to be we going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that going to be we going to do that
+session after you do this no we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session after you do this no we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session after you do this no we'll do
+we'll we'll get your questions first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get your questions first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get your questions first
+okay that way I I can't time how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that way I I can't time how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that way I I can't time how how
+quickly or how slowly to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or how slowly to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly or how slowly to go through this
+lecture so I just ass soon start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I just ass soon start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I just ass soon start
+off I have a question yes I wonder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I have a question yes I wonder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off I have a question yes I wonder you
+can explain in more depth how so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain in more depth how so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain in more depth how so when
+you're um when you're simulating stral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um when you're simulating stral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um when you're simulating stral
+models and there's OB distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and there's OB distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and there's OB distinction
+between strual models and people are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between strual models and people are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between strual models and people are for
+looking and which people AR makes easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and which people AR makes easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and which people AR makes easier
+people AR it's not not as realistic so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people AR it's not not as realistic so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people AR it's not not as realistic so I
+wonder you can kind of explain like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder you can kind of explain like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder you can kind of explain like what
+the tradeoffs in making people forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradeoffs in making people forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradeoffs in making people forward
+looking and um how you I think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and um how you I think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking and um how you I think there was
+a like a Bera paper about how he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a Bera paper about how he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a Bera paper about how he was
+able for the first time to like get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able for the first time to like get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able for the first time to like get at
+the transition and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steady yeah okay so there's like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady yeah okay so there's like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady yeah okay so there's like three
+four different things things in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different things things in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different things things in there
+the uh good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh good question
+questions uh first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh first of all this
+forward-looking or not forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking or not forward-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking or not forward-looking
+part of it is just tractability the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is just tractability the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is just tractability the the
+first generation of these models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation of these models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation of these models you
+know half of them basically assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half of them basically assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half of them basically assumed
+what's called Warm Glow bequest motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Warm Glow bequest motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Warm Glow bequest motive
+so you you just sort of feel warmly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you just sort of feel warmly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you just sort of feel warmly
+about passing your money on to your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about passing your money on to your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about passing your money on to your kids
+but actually it's you and you are reborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it's you and you are reborn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it's you and you are reborn
+The Next Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Period
+uh you know we went through Leb which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we went through Leb which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we went through Leb which is
+Lloyd Ellison burnhard which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Ellison burnhard which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Ellison burnhard which is a
+simple sort of bequest motive so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of bequest motive so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple sort of bequest motive so you
+don't take into account the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take into account the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take into account the utility
+that's generated by the bequest you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by the bequest you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by the bequest you just
+model it as a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it as a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it as a reduced
+form it's a bit like overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it's a bit like overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it's a bit like overlapping
+generations and that's why overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and that's why overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and that's why overlapping
+Generations models are still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations models are still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations models are still you know
+widely used we had another there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used we had another there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used we had another there was a
+QJ paper on financial volatility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ paper on financial volatility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QJ paper on financial volatility which
+was just was overlapping Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just was overlapping Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just was overlapping Generations
+another one on China and savings rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one on China and savings rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one on China and savings rates
+which was overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was overlapping
+Generations uh just far easier to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations uh just far easier to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations uh just far easier to solve
+a two or three period problem and splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two or three period problem and splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two or three period problem and splice
+together these overlapping Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these overlapping Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these overlapping Generations
+than it is to have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to have you know
+forward-looking Behavior so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking Behavior so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking Behavior so it's a
+judgment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment now
+pacco uh way back to his dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacco uh way back to his dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacco uh way back to his dissertation
+but also then subsequent papers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also then subsequent papers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also then subsequent papers with
+kabosi and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabosi and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabosi and so
+on have this forward-looking aspect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have this forward-looking aspect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have this forward-looking aspect to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh not only do you have to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only do you have to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not only do you have to kind
+of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work
+backwards on your own decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards on your own decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards on your own decision problem
+but to the extent that prices and wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the extent that prices and wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to the extent that prices and wages
+are endogenous you've kind of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are endogenous you've kind of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are endogenous you've kind of have to
+forecast those too and in rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast those too and in rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast those too and in rational
+expectations you would require that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations you would require that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations you would require that the
+forecast be be rational that households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast be be rational that households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast be be rational that households
+are kind of getting it right on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of getting it right on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of getting it right on average
+actually that reminds me to say that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that reminds me to say that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that reminds me to say that one
+of those flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those flow of funds
+papers we reviewed briefly was Monica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers we reviewed briefly was Monica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers we reviewed briefly was Monica
+pazi and Martin Snider and although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pazi and Martin Snider and although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pazi and Martin Snider and although they
+were using us data uh they were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using us data uh they were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using us data uh they were looking
+at the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the effect
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh various things including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various things including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various things including a
+demographic shift sort of baby boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic shift sort of baby boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic shift sort of baby boom
+generation having young people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation having young people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation having young people in the
+population relatively speaking than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population relatively speaking than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population relatively speaking than
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh and they did not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they did not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they did not have the
+forward-looking behavior because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking behavior because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking behavior because they
+they basically assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically assumed that the
+expectations you see in the Michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations you see in the Michigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations you see in the Michigan
+surveys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys are
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+so what were the expectations of prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were the expectations of prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were the expectations of prices
+they inflation rates so it wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inflation rates so it wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inflation rates so it wasn't like
+solving for an endogenous price in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for an endogenous price in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for an endogenous price in the
+model and then having people forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then having people forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then having people forecast
+that they just short circuited the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just short circuited the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just short circuited the whole
+algorithm by assuming that people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm by assuming that people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm by assuming that people's
+expectations in the models were as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations in the models were as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations in the models were as
+measured in the data even if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the data even if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the data even if those
+decisions that got generated might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that got generated might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that got generated might be
+inconsistent with those inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with those inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with those inflation
+forecasts and it was a reminder to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and it was a reminder to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts and it was a reminder to many
+of us how straight jacketed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us how straight jacketed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us how straight jacketed we
+become in a good and a bad way with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become in a good and a bad way with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become in a good and a bad way with the
+rational expectations because once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations because once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational expectations because once you
+have a way of pinning down the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of pinning down the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of pinning down the future
+via these measured expectations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via these measured expectations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via these measured expectations you can
+expand the heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the heterogeneity in the
+model uh and deal you know with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and deal you know with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh and deal you know with with a
+lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more
+realism uh so that inflation how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism uh so that inflation how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism uh so that inflation how far
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+foration I think it was just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration I think it was just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration I think it was just the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year now the last thing you asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year now the last thing you asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year now the last thing you asked about
+was you know were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know were the
+transitions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I didn't hear you oh I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't hear you oh I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't hear you oh I was just
+telling they measured for differentes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+um they were concerned with consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were concerned with consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they were concerned with consumer
+durables and housing you know purchases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durables and housing you know purchases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durables and housing you know purchases
+and so on so you'd want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you'd want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you'd want to have
+expectations of of some of those asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of of some of those asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of of some of those asset
+prices um the transitions are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um the transitions are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um the transitions are the
+hardest thing to do you can have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing to do you can have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing to do you can have a model
+which is forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is forward-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is forward-looking
+and and solve for the steady state it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and solve for the steady state it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and solve for the steady state it's
+like taking little T's off of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking little T's off of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking little T's off of all the
+variables uh so you know things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so you know things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so you know things will
+settle down to one interest rate and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down to one interest rate and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down to one interest rate and one
+wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+rate that doesn't mean the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that doesn't mean the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that doesn't mean the decision
+problems are static people are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are static people are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are static people are still
+forward looking but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward looking but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward looking but they're they're
+looking forward at those prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward at those prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward at those prices and
+other in the steady state there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the steady state there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the steady state there's always
+these offsetting fractions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these offsetting fractions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these offsetting fractions of the
+population so some fraction become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so some fraction become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so some fraction become
+urgent the rest become patient there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent the rest become patient there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent the rest become patient there's
+always a fixed fraction and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fixed fraction and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fixed fraction and there's
+always a fixed demand and supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fixed demand and supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fixed demand and supply of
+funds and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and so you get
+these and you can almost analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you can almost analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you can almost analytically
+sometimes get the steady state of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get the steady state of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get the steady state of some
+of these models or even if not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models or even if not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models or even if not you can
+compute them much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them much more
+readily whereas the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily whereas the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily whereas the you know the
+transitions by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions by definition
+you have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole
+path and you have a path of guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and you have a path of guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and you have a path of guest
+interest rates and wages and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and wages and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and wages and so on and
+and people take that path as given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people take that path as given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people take that path as given and
+optimize and then you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and then you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and then you have to look at
+the excess demand and supply for labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess demand and supply for labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess demand and supply for labor
+and for Capital not only in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Capital not only in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Capital not only in the current
+period but all these future periods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but all these future periods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but all these future periods for
+which they've already made a guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they've already made a guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they've already made a guess and
+then have this algorithm to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have this algorithm to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have this algorithm to somehow
+adjust the guest path and hope somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the guest path and hope somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the guest path and hope somehow
+it will converge so B and shin did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will converge so B and shin did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will converge so B and shin did that
+originally and uh have modified the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally and uh have modified the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally and uh have modified the code
+uh Yan you've played around with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yan you've played around with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yan you've played around with that
+code um other people have as well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um other people have as well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um other people have as well you
+know it seems to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it seems to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it seems to work but
+it you take it to a new application you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you take it to a new application you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you take it to a new application you
+got to kick it and push it around a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to kick it and push it around a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to kick it and push it around a bit
+and get scared that it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get scared that it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get scared that it's not going to
+work at all and so it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all and so it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all and so it's uh it's
+certainly not a silver bullet but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not a silver bullet but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not a silver bullet but it
+does seem to work for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applications and I answering all yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and I answering all yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and I answering all yeah
+okay so I actually have a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I actually have a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I actually have a related
+question so I I remember when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I I remember when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I I remember when we were
+talking about the computation issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the computation issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the computation issues in
+one of the extra sessions we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the extra sessions we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the extra sessions we were
+talking about having myopic agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about having myopic agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about having myopic agents and
+um and saying well you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and saying well you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and saying well you know in the
+profession we're not that interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession we're not that interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession we're not that interested in
+my opic agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opic agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opic agent
+but sort of there I feel like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of there I feel like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of there I feel like there
+there's like potentially some Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like potentially some Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like potentially some Middle
+Ground between saying well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground between saying well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground between saying well I have to
+have an agent that looks to the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an agent that looks to the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an agent that looks to the infinite
+future or I have to have an agent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or I have to have an agent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or I have to have an agent that
+you know is totally myopic and I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is totally myopic and I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is totally myopic and I I feel
+like it's actually not more sensible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's actually not more sensible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's actually not more sensible to
+say this agent looks to period Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this agent looks to period Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this agent looks to period Infinity
+than to say this agent doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to say this agent doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to say this agent doesn't look
+forward at all so I'm wondering like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward at all so I'm wondering like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward at all so I'm wondering like
+where you see like is there a reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see like is there a reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see like is there a reason I'm
+not understanding why one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understanding why one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understanding why one is more
+ridiculous than the other or like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than the other or like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than the other or like people
+take positions there's no question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take positions there's no question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take positions there's no question
+you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get
+opinions uh some people would dismiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions uh some people would dismiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions uh some people would dismiss
+the myopia out of hand as as outdated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myopia out of hand as as outdated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myopia out of hand as as outdated uh
+other people are convinced there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are convinced there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are convinced there's a lot
+of irrationality and behavioral things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrationality and behavioral things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrationality and behavioral things
+and I do think that taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think that taking the
+expectations as measured in the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations as measured in the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations as measured in the data is
+is quite reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite reasonable thing to
+do uh and some overlapping Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and some overlapping Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and some overlapping Generations
+models are with realistic lifetimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are with realistic lifetimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are with realistic lifetimes and
+mortality and all of that are really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and all of that are really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and all of that are really in
+some sense the most realistic of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the most realistic of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the most realistic of all uh
+granted you still have to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted you still have to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted you still have to deal with this
+bequest motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bequest motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bequest motive
+but um but I you know I'm practical I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but I you know I'm practical I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but I you know I'm practical I I
+think it depends on the question at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends on the question at hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends on the question at hand
+and uh it's nice to be fully rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's nice to be fully rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's nice to be fully rational
+and forward-looking and all of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward-looking and all of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward-looking and all of that but
+computational dimensional issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational dimensional issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational dimensional issues
+will will limit the model you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will limit the model you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will limit the model you want to
+analyze and sometimes it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and sometimes it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and sometimes it seems
+unreasonably so I mean for example in IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonably so I mean for example in IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonably so I mean for example in IO
+I'm not sure if we'll get to this today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if we'll get to this today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if we'll get to this today
+you know the state spaces just uh expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the state spaces just uh expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the state spaces just uh expand
+dramatically when you start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically when you start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically when you start thinking
+about strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about strategic
+Behavior Uh and then you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh and then you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh and then you can actually
+show if you wanted to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show if you wanted to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show if you wanted to keep track of
+where all Financial providers are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all Financial providers are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all Financial providers are going
+to locate with a finite number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate with a finite number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate with a finite number of nodes
+kind of working backwards and having you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of working backwards and having you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of working backwards and having you
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+that becomes a very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a very you know
+computationally intensive problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive problem and it
+seems reasonable to say well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable to say well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable to say well let's just
+have them forward looking for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them forward looking for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them forward looking for you know
+two three periods or something a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three periods or something a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three periods or something a finite
+number of periods as as an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of periods as as an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of periods as as an approximation
+I think it's so interesting because from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's so interesting because from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's so interesting because from
+outside the profession a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the profession a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the profession a lot of the
+criticism we get is are you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism we get is are you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism we get is are you assume that
+these agents are totally forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agents are totally forward-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agents are totally forward-looking
+and perfectly rational you guys should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perfectly rational you guys should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perfectly rational you guys should
+see what happens in your models if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens in your models if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens in your models if you
+don't assume that but then within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assume that but then within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assume that but then within the
+profession if you were trying to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession if you were trying to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession if you were trying to assume
+that people would be like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would be like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would be like this is a
+waste of my time be alert well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of my time be alert well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of my time be alert well the
+profession comes and goes in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession comes and goes in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession comes and goes in terms of
+its you know rational expectations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its you know rational expectations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its you know rational expectations was
+kind of invented by MTH in 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of invented by MTH in 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of invented by MTH in 1960
+something uh I think late 60s you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh I think late 60s you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh I think late 60s you know
+and then it took over macro with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it took over macro with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it took over macro with a
+Vengeance well in the sense that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vengeance well in the sense that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vengeance well in the sense that there
+were a lot of unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of unhappy
+campers so so people you know had stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers so so people you know had stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campers so so people you know had stakes
+in doing certain you know one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing certain you know one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing certain you know one way or the
+other uh and then you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and then you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh and then you know you need to
+start putting back ingredients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting back ingredients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting back ingredients in the
+models to explain rigidities and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to explain rigidities and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to explain rigidities and slow
+moving Behavior I mean personally I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Behavior I mean personally I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Behavior I mean personally I'm
+not so sure sticky prices and is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure sticky prices and is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure sticky prices and is any
+more compelling to me than you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compelling to me than you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compelling to me than you know sort
+of some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some fixed
+expectation so those are you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so those are you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so those are you'll just
+have to develop your own judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to develop your own judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to develop your own judgment
+somehow but there isn't a single right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but there isn't a single right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow but there isn't a single right
+way to look at it I think it really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it I think it really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it I think it really does
+depend on the applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the applications and
+especially as I said if you if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as I said if you if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as I said if you if you want
+to break new ground and explore you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break new ground and explore you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break new ground and explore you know
+a different kind of model you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of model you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of model you may have
+to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximations yes do I have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations yes do I have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations yes do I have a more
+general question um sort of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question um sort of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general question um sort of how to
+interpret one of the class of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret one of the class of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret one of the class of models
+that we saw so it made a lot of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw so it made a lot of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw so it made a lot of the like
+the last the last part of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the last part of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the last part of the of the
+course where we you know looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we you know looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where we you know looked at
+insurance and um and how to fit data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and um and how to fit data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and um and how to fit data
+with different models um but there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different models um but there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different models um but there was
+that one leure lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one leure lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one leure lecture on
+tfp that I am kind of not clear exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp that I am kind of not clear exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp that I am kind of not clear exactly
+how to think about it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about it in the context of
+this class so the the you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the the you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so the the you know the the
+paper uh by zti and other people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by zti and other people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by zti and other people on
+China uh how do we yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China uh how do we yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China uh how do we yeah
+how shall you think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall you think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how shall you think about it in
+abundance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance of this
+class well the way I think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class well the way I think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class well the way I think about it
+is uh you know we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know we're interested in
+development and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and development
+issues uh we're interested in the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh we're interested in the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh we're interested in the impact
+of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial
+programs and uh and for both those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and uh and for both those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and uh and for both those
+reasons it seems like we have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons it seems like we have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons it seems like we have to take
+into account how the entire economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account how the entire economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account how the entire economy is
+evolving um people don't narrowly stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving um people don't narrowly stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving um people don't narrowly stay
+in their Village they can migrate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their Village they can migrate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their Village they can migrate you
+know they're forward-looking there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're forward-looking there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're forward-looking there
+potentially there's urbanization going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially there's urbanization going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially there's urbanization going
+on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh the starting point and I put it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the starting point and I put it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the starting point and I put it at
+the beginning rather the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning rather the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning rather the end of the
+course you know was what models do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know was what models do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know was what models do we
+have let's take an inventory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's take an inventory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's take an inventory of the
+different kinds of models we have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of models we have to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of models we have to try
+to deal with some of the puzzles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with some of the puzzles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with some of the puzzles like
+why is money leaving China while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is money leaving China while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is money leaving China while the
+rates of return are so high in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of return are so high in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of return are so high in that in
+that paper that you mentioned growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper that you mentioned growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper that you mentioned growing
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China
+uh it is true for example that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is true for example that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is true for example that a lot of
+macro guys are happy sort of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro guys are happy sort of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro guys are happy sort of modeling
+you know tfp as a as a process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tfp as a as a process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tfp as a as a process the
+business cycle literature following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle literature following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle literature following the
+lead of Prescott and kidland is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead of Prescott and kidland is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead of Prescott and kidland is is very
+much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like
+that um the development literature still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the development literature still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the development literature still
+has those ingredients in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has those ingredients in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has those ingredients in the sense of
+allowing individual talent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing individual talent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing individual talent and
+productivity to vary but part of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity to vary but part of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity to vary but part of what we
+see in the aggregate data is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the aggregate data is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the aggregate data is an
+equilibrium phenomenon TF has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium phenomenon TF has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium phenomenon TF has to do with
+a potentially improving allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potentially improving allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potentially improving allocation of
+resources across individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources across individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources across individuals and
+households so that brings us back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households so that brings us back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households so that brings us back to the
+Micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro
+Data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Data
+and and the way I see the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the way I see the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the way I see the inter
+relationship is you know I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is you know I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is you know I could have
+equally well started with the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well started with the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally well started with the micro
+underpinnings and built up to the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and built up to the macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and built up to the macro
+rather than starting with the macro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than starting with the macro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than starting with the macro and
+then getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then getting into the
+micro it is true I think that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro it is true I think that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro it is true I think that you need
+to iterate back and forth you you tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate back and forth you you tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate back and forth you you tend
+to lose you know the perspective when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose you know the perspective when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose you know the perspective when
+you're just reading macro development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reading macro development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reading macro development
+papers you know so what does this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you know so what does this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you know so what does this have
+to do with a poor people in in an Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a poor people in in an Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a poor people in in an Indian
+village or you know vice versa when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village or you know vice versa when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village or you know vice versa when
+you're trapped in a village you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trapped in a village you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trapped in a village you can't
+see what's going on in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on in the rest of the
+economy I mean it's just my firm belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy I mean it's just my firm belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy I mean it's just my firm belief
+that we absolutely have to do both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we absolutely have to do both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we absolutely have to do both and
+the although how much of One Versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the although how much of One Versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the although how much of One Versus the
+other depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other depends on the
+application but this is a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but this is a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but this is a macro
+development class so it really has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development class so it really has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development class so it really has to
+get us all up to speed and ter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us all up to speed and ter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us all up to speed and ter and
+comfortable with sort of uh macro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with sort of uh macro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with sort of uh macro and
+the cool thing about macro development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing about macro development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing about macro development
+is this whole generation of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole generation of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole generation of models
+that's coming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming along
+that are explicit about micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are explicit about micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are explicit about micro
+underpinnings and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and potentially
+testable whereas so much of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable whereas so much of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable whereas so much of the of the
+macro literature real business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro literature real business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro literature real business cycle
+literature new Keynesian and so on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature new Keynesian and so on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature new Keynesian and so on just
+make assumptions about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assumptions about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assumptions about what's going on
+at the individual micro level and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual micro level and never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the individual micro level and never
+test markets institutions the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test markets institutions the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test markets institutions the nature of
+financial contracts are all primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial contracts are all primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial contracts are all primarily
+just assumed and taken as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed and taken as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed and taken as given
+in the more standard macro literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more standard macro literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more standard macro literature
+whereas development is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas development is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas development is kind of a
+wonderful playground if you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful playground if you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful playground if you want to put
+it that way for seeeing just whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way for seeeing just whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way for seeeing just whether
+you're going from Urban to rural areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from Urban to rural areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from Urban to rural areas
+or one country to the to the next you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one country to the to the next you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one country to the to the next you
+can see these constraints being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these constraints being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these constraints being
+estimated and and varying and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and and varying and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and and varying and and the
+work we did in the class shows that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we did in the class shows that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we did in the class shows that that
+matters for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for the
+macro yes so I guess my point maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro yes so I guess my point maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro yes so I guess my point maybe
+maybe also because of my background but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe also because of my background but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe also because of my background but
+um it seemed to me that the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seemed to me that the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seemed to me that the the last
+part you know we we really wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you know we we really wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you know we we really wearing
+Villages like doing you know seeing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages like doing you know seeing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages like doing you know seeing how
+people do risk sharing and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do risk sharing and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do risk sharing and stuff like
+that um and and your paper with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and and your paper with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and and your paper with with
+kabosi about you know with million B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabosi about you know with million B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabosi about you know with million B uh
+program but then uh it maybe we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but then uh it maybe we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but then uh it maybe we didn't
+do that much on Urban or you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that much on Urban or you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that much on Urban or you know most
+of the emphasis was on the rural side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the emphasis was on the rural side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the emphasis was on the rural side I
+we said some of the of the model and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said some of the of the model and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said some of the of the model and how
+the data do in the urban setting so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data do in the urban setting so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data do in the urban setting so it's
+kind of a little hard to me to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little hard to me to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little hard to me to you know
+to go back to that macro where we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to that macro where we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to that macro where we kind
+of don't have uh you know firms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of don't have uh you know firms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of don't have uh you know firms like
+it's it's unclear to me exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's unclear to me exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's unclear to me exactly what
+we're doing when we're doing when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing when we're doing when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing when we're doing when we're
+talking about individuals having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about individuals having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about individuals having
+projects and you know oh they might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and you know oh they might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and you know oh they might uh
+self like employ some other people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self like employ some other people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self like employ some other people in
+the village but that still sounds to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village but that still sounds to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the village but that still sounds to me
+as like little things and then how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like little things and then how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like little things and then how do we
+translate that into you know if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that into you know if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that into you know if we think
+more about it micro perspective into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it micro perspective into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it micro perspective into the
+kaboski paper it's true used the annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaboski paper it's true used the annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaboski paper it's true used the annual
+rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural
+resurvey so it's about Village and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurvey so it's about Village and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurvey so it's about Village and
+Village size but you know before we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village size but you know before we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village size but you know before we did
+that we did the paper with Alex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did the paper with Alex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did the paper with Alex and
+that's about obstacles and there we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about obstacles and there we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about obstacles and there we use
+the annual data for both the rural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual data for both the rural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annual data for both the rural and
+the urban and uh or the annualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban and uh or the annualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban and uh or the annualized
+version of the of the rural but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the of the rural but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the of the rural but anyway
+half of the estimation was about Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the estimation was about Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the estimation was about Urban
+households yeah I that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households yeah I that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households yeah I that and
+so was very important but it's it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was very important but it's it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so was very important but it's it still
+kind of don't resonate with me like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of don't resonate with me like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of don't resonate with me like how
+uh like what what are we thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like what what are we thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like what what are we thinking about
+when we think when we think about rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think when we think about rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think when we think about rural
+are we thinking about firms are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we thinking about firms are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we thinking about firms are we
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resellers there's a whole spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resellers there's a whole spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resellers there's a whole spectrum of
+size and scale of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and scale of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and scale of firms
+in these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these countries
+uh and uh it's true that in the rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh it's true that in the rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh it's true that in the rural
+areas you know they tend to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you know they tend to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you know they tend to be small
+small or medium Enterprise household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or medium Enterprise household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or medium Enterprise household
+enterpris that's actually true as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterpris that's actually true as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterpris that's actually true as well
+in the urban areas most of the firms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urban areas most of the firms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the urban areas most of the firms in
+these countries are small most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries are small most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries are small most of them
+don't even hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even hire
+employees uh now when we're doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees uh now when we're doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees uh now when we're doing you
+know macro proper we want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know macro proper we want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know macro proper we want to make sure
+that we also include the the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also include the the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also include the the you know
+medium large firms if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large firms if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large firms if we have the
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+data uh on them but I I'm I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh on them but I I'm I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh on them but I I'm I'm not sure I
+see so much of a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so much of a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so much of a difference between
+urban and rural for example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban and rural for example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban and rural for example there are
+very active money markets in the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active money markets in the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active money markets in the urban
+areas credit constraints in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas credit constraints in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas credit constraints in some
+respects seem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects seem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects seem as
+severe uh or at least constrained very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe uh or at least constrained very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe uh or at least constrained very
+high interest rates money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high interest rates money
+lending um despite the proximity of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending um despite the proximity of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending um despite the proximity of uh
+Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+infrastructure uh so yeah you can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure uh so yeah you can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure uh so yeah you can study
+Urban neighborhoods I I once did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban neighborhoods I I once did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban neighborhoods I I once did this in
+Chicago I started looking at Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I started looking at Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago I started looking at Urban
+neighborhoods Mex a Mexican neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods Mex a Mexican neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods Mex a Mexican neighborhood
+a Korean neighborhood an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Korean neighborhood an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Korean neighborhood an
+African-American neighborhood and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American neighborhood and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American neighborhood and just
+you know seeing the the differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seeing the the differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seeing the the differences and
+whether the institutions and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the institutions and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the institutions and the data
+seemed consistent with you know certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed consistent with you know certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed consistent with you know certain
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+so as far as the method goes you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as far as the method goes you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as far as the method goes you know I
+I don't see a big difference it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see a big difference it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see a big difference it's true
+you know that you're often persuaded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you're often persuaded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you're often persuaded by
+the data you have and this monthly data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have and this monthly data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have and this monthly data
+is rather unique to the rural areas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather unique to the rural areas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather unique to the rural areas you
+know so we've done more with that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we've done more with that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we've done more with that but
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+constraint it's not some we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's not some we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's not some we're thinking
+about God willing we will gather these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about God willing we will gather these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about God willing we will gather these
+monthly Financial accounts data in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly Financial accounts data in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly Financial accounts data in urban
+areas soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so from my perspective I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from my perspective I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so from my perspective I think that
+in when you prob about rural and urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when you prob about rural and urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when you prob about rural and urban
+right if it's not Bangkok Urban isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's not Bangkok Urban isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's not Bangkok Urban isn't
+really like Urban here you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like Urban here you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like Urban here you know it's
+just like small town so I wouldn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like small town so I wouldn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like small town so I wouldn't think
+that like I would think that result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I would think that result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I would think that result from
+the rural data versus house has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rural data versus house has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rural data versus house has
+generalize to urban area but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to urban area but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to urban area but when you
+think about you I think your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you I think your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you I think your question is
+more about like big big firms or big for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about like big big firms or big for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about like big big firms or big for
+developing country my my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country my my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country my my point is that
+sometimes most of the times I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes most of the times I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes most of the times I think
+think about tfb like in t like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about tfb like in t like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about tfb like in t like in
+studies about tfb um they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies about tfb um they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies about tfb um they have this
+concept about tfb growth in it's like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept about tfb growth in it's like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept about tfb growth in it's like in
+a c which is possibly unclear exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c which is possibly unclear exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c which is possibly unclear exactly
+what it means but it's like how how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but it's like how how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but it's like how how much
+of what we're doing at the micro level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing at the micro level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're doing at the micro level
+then translates into that this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then translates into that this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then translates into that this like
+super aggregate measure and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super aggregate measure and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super aggregate measure and you think
+that most of this may be coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of this may be coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of this may be coming from the
+large perm I don't know I mean I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large perm I don't know I mean I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large perm I don't know I mean I just
+again like China is different but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like China is different but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like China is different but like
+that one paper was about state-owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one paper was about state-owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one paper was about state-owned
+Enterprises which I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises which I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises which I'm assuming
+like that one you know made sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one you know made sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one you know made sense and
+was sort of which is why I kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of which is why I kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of which is why I kind of the
+uh reconcile to the Jun Townsen paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconcile to the Jun Townsen paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconcile to the Jun Townsen paper is
+about uh tfp at the macro level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh tfp at the macro level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh tfp at the macro level in
+Thailand and and there we we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and and there we we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand and and there we we use
+socioeconomic survey data which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic survey data which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic survey data which includes
+some data on larger firms I suspect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on larger firms I suspect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data on larger firms I suspect it's
+uh dramatically under sampling larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatically under sampling larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatically under sampling larger
+larger firms and nevertheless we explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger firms and nevertheless we explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger firms and nevertheless we explain
+something like 72% of tfp movements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 72% of tfp movements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 72% of tfp movements at
+the aggregate level so I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level so I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level so I mean that's a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+eyeopener that that development in micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeopener that that development in micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeopener that that development in micro
+is all about largely about macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about largely about macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about largely about macro
+tfp it's just efficiency it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp it's just efficiency it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp it's just efficiency it's you know
+tfp literally means nothing more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp literally means nothing more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp literally means nothing more than
+how much or changing tfp how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much or changing tfp how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much or changing tfp how much more
+output can you get period after period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output can you get period after period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output can you get period after period
+even holding the level of capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even holding the level of capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even holding the level of capital and
+labor and so on fixed so to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and so on fixed so to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and so on fixed so to the extent
+that intermediation allows a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediation allows a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermediation allows a better
+allocation of resources based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of resources based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of resources based on
+individual Talent you should expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Talent you should expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Talent you should expect it
+to show up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in in
+tfp you do have a new survey right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp you do have a new survey right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfp you do have a new survey right that
+focus on big do you have any work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on big do you have any work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on big do you have any work
+progress that maybe the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress that maybe the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress that maybe the result is
+different well it turns out the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well it turns out the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well it turns out the big
+firms are harder to find in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are harder to find in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are harder to find in some sense
+they're harder to get into the this te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're harder to get into the this te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're harder to get into the this te
+survey in Thailand ends up looking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey in Thailand ends up looking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey in Thailand ends up looking a lot
+like the urban survey even though was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the urban survey even though was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the urban survey even though was
+designed to try to pick up the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to try to pick up the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to try to pick up the larger
+ones I mean there is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean there is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I mean there is something called
+The Missing middle and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Missing middle and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Missing middle and I don't know
+whether it's missing because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's missing because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's missing because of the
+survey design techniques that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey design techniques that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey design techniques that are used
+or just missing because it doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just missing because it doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just missing because it doesn't exist
+but the missing midle middle refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the missing midle middle refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the missing midle middle refers to
+you know the sort of life cycle of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of life cycle of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of life cycle of firms
+and the fact that we tend to see either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we tend to see either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we tend to see either
+the very big ones as in surveys census
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very big ones as in surveys census
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very big ones as in surveys census
+of Manufacturers or the very small ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Manufacturers or the very small ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Manufacturers or the very small ones
+as in household old survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in household old survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in household old survey
+data uh and and the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and and the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and and the interesting thing is
+where did the big ones come from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the big ones come from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the big ones come from you
+know what is their history go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is their history go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is their history go back in
+time did people move out of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time did people move out of villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time did people move out of villages
+into the town and set up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the town and set up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the town and set up their
+businesses there and that's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses there and that's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses there and that's something we
+don't know as much about as as we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as much about as as we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as much about as as we would
+like to know it's even hard actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know it's even hard actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know it's even hard actually to
+imagine what how to sample to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what how to sample to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what how to sample to figure it
+out because everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because everything is
+endogenous you know you can Comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous you know you can Comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous you know you can Comfort
+yourself when you have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself when you have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself when you have a fixed
+enumeration of households as in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumeration of households as in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumeration of households as in a
+population census then you just sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population census then you just sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population census then you just sample
+it random and or you have an official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it random and or you have an official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it random and or you have an official
+registry of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry of large
+businesses and then you sample them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and then you sample them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and then you sample them at
+random so we can take comfort that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we can take comfort that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so we can take comfort that we
+you know have a unbiased stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have a unbiased stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have a unbiased stratified
+random sample but that doesn't get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample but that doesn't get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample but that doesn't get at
+this missing middle if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing middle if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing middle if you know
+if yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes um so I have another very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so I have another very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um so I have another very general
+question about structure model so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about structure model so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about structure model so we've
+seen a lot of models that with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of models that with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of models that with with
+heterogeneous agent so obviously there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous agent so obviously there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous agent so obviously there
+are all kind of sources City and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of sources City and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of sources City and your
+model you can only choose to model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can only choose to model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you can only choose to model you
+cannot model all of them and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot model all of them and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot model all of them and what you're
+going to model is what you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model is what you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model is what you think is
+playing key ingredients in driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing key ingredients in driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing key ingredients in driving the
+mechanism of the model so so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of the model so so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of the model so so for the
+other hity is what what like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hity is what what like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hity is what what like in the
+paper with kosi you just know filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with kosi you just know filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with kosi you just know filter
+adust data by filter during the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adust data by filter during the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adust data by filter during the other
+hogties um I'm just wondering whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogties um I'm just wondering whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogties um I'm just wondering whether
+like for example people think think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example people think think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example people think think that
+there are you know three or four key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you know three or four key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you know three or four key
+hogties that driving the decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogties that driving the decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hogties that driving the decision making
+at the household level but you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the household level but you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the household level but you're only
+modeling one of them and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling one of them and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling one of them and you're
+filtering out the others we be getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering out the others we be getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering out the others we be getting a
+lot of push integrating up I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of push integrating up I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of push integrating up I would say
+rather than filtering out there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than filtering out there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than filtering out there is a
+question of the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the dimension of the
+unobserved heterogenity that's that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved heterogenity that's that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved heterogenity that's that's in
+that model and in what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and in what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model and in what we're going to
+talk about momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about momentarily
+you know you you have like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you have like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you have like an
+econometrician it's very similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician it's very similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician it's very similar in
+spirit you have the observed covariant X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit you have the observed covariant X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit you have the observed covariant X
+on the right hand side and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and then you have
+some unobserved you know household or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unobserved you know household or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unobserved you know household or
+other fixed effects on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fixed effects on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fixed effects on the right hand
+side and you consume all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you consume all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you consume all kinds of things
+about that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that those
+unobserved heterogeneities but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved heterogeneities but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved heterogeneities but you have
+to assume something basically it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume something basically it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume something basically it's it's
+hard to do something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do something completely
+non-parametric so you're making a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric so you're making a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric so you're making a I'm
+not denying that at all and it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not denying that at all and it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not denying that at all and it matters
+what you assume but it's not as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assume but it's not as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assume but it's not as though
+the heterogenity isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogenity isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogenity isn't
+there so it's not about so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's not about so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's not about so for example
+household so in that paper you the hogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so in that paper you the hogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so in that paper you the hogen
+is in permanent income and wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in permanent income and wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in permanent income and wealth
+liquidity wealth and permanent income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity wealth and permanent income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity wealth and permanent income
+yeah wealth might be observed permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wealth might be observed permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wealth might be observed permanent
+income is not observed like household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is not observed like household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is not observed like household
+composition is observed but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is observed but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is observed but it's not
+modeled um but oh now that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled um but oh now that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled um but oh now that's something
+we did for the data yeah and that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for the data yeah and that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for the data yeah and that's more
+a tradeoff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradeoff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tradeoff in
+methods uh let me draw an analogy if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh let me draw an analogy if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh let me draw an analogy if you
+did real business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did real business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did real business cycle
+modeling uh you would basically take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh you would basically take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh you would basically take a
+trend out of the data I mean in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend out of the data I mean in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend out of the data I mean in the US
+there's just this huge Trend I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this huge Trend I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this huge Trend I mean if
+you looked at the business Cycles around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the business Cycles around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at the business Cycles around
+the trend you'd like what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend you'd like what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend you'd like what is this
+subject called business cycle of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject called business cycle of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject called business cycle of course
+when you're in a recession it seems real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a recession it seems real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in a recession it seems real
+enough so people have a filter you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so people have a filter you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so people have a filter you could
+take a linear trend out you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear trend out you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear trend out you could use
+this hodri Prescott filter and take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hodri Prescott filter and take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hodri Prescott filter and take out
+some kind of smooth uh moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of smooth uh moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of smooth uh moving average
+and then having taken it out you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then having taken it out you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then having taken it out you just
+focus on the deviations around the trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the deviations around the trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the deviations around the trend
+so what we did was take out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did was take out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did was take out all the
+demographics which is not pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics which is not pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics which is not pleasant
+either but I mean it at least it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but I mean it at least it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but I mean it at least it at
+least the other thing to do is to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the other thing to do is to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the other thing to do is to leave
+it in the data and use a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the data and use a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the data and use a model that
+doesn't have it and that seems weird too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it and that seems weird too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it and that seems weird too
+that's like doing business cycle model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like doing business cycle model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like doing business cycle model
+modeling and leaving the trend in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and leaving the trend in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and leaving the trend in so
+yeah yeah so if you don't for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if you don't for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so if you don't for example
+but if the question that you're like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the question that you're like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the question that you're like the
+model like if people think that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like if people think that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like if people think that you know
+household composition or demographics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household composition or demographics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household composition or demographics is
+playing some sort of key role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing some sort of key role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing some sort of key role in the
+household decision making but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household decision making but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household decision making but you know
+there but you have fter out that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you have fter out that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you have fter out that's a
+fair criticism so criticism like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair criticism so criticism like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair criticism so criticism like that
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+absolutely yeah well it's not like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah well it's not like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yeah well it's not like all
+the research got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research got
+done oh well we'll see you on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done oh well we'll see you on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done oh well we'll see you on Thursday
+no no that's those are those are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's those are those are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no that's those are those are good
+productive thoughts which is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive thoughts which is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive thoughts which is it's not
+like you can be sort of uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can be sort of uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can be sort of uncomfortable
+with research in general and apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with research in general and apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with research in general and apparent
+arbitrary way in which different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary way in which different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary way in which different
+researchers make assumptions but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers make assumptions but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers make assumptions but where
+research kicks in in a very positive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research kicks in in a very positive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research kicks in in a very positive way
+is to say no I I don't believe that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say no I I don't believe that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say no I I don't believe that is a
+reasonable assumption I think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption I think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption I think it would
+matter a lot let me try to incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot let me try to incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a lot let me try to incorporate
+it maybe leave out some other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe leave out some other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe leave out some other things and
+see what difference it makes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what difference it makes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what difference it makes that's
+where good research is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely yes um so a lot of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yes um so a lot of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely yes um so a lot of the models
+um that we cover has a uh W as a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we cover has a uh W as a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we cover has a uh W as a key
+parameter but um in um like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but um in um like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but um in um like some
+researches include if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches include if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches include if I remember
+correctly your paper inet C doesn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly your paper inet C doesn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly your paper inet C doesn't find
+the effect on way at the short time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on way at the short time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect on way at the short time and
+also like es umet paper didn't also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like es umet paper didn't also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like es umet paper didn't also find
+W like effect on W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W like effect on W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W like effect on W of
+micro Joe and I did find an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Joe and I did find an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Joe and I did find an effect on
+the wage in the a structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage in the a structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage in the a structural
+model okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so that's
+yeah yeah yeah but again that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah but again that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah but again that's a good
+example again of these tradeoffs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again of these tradeoffs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again of these tradeoffs which
+is you have a sort of a search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a sort of a search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a sort of a search algorithm
+through the lens of a somewhat reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of a somewhat reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of a somewhat reduced
+form you know maybe instrumented you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you know maybe instrumented you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you know maybe instrumented you
+know variables to see what's big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know variables to see what's big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know variables to see what's big and
+what's small and we found effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small and we found effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small and we found effect on the
+wage now it is true that in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage now it is true that in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage now it is true that in that model
+the structural econometrica paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural econometrica paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural econometrica paper with
+Joe we did not try to make wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe we did not try to make wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe we did not try to make wages
+endogenous in fact we allowed investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous in fact we allowed investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous in fact we allowed investment
+but we moved away from IND occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we moved away from IND occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we moved away from IND occupation
+choice and these key ingredients of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and these key ingredients of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and these key ingredients of a
+lot of these macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these macro
+models uh it's not like it couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh it's not like it couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh it's not like it couldn't be
+done it was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it was it's
+just just something we chose not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just something we chose not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just something we chose not to
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um I guess um my point is um so there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um my point is um so there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess um my point is um so there I
+don't think there are a lot of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there are a lot of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there are a lot of evidence
+especially treating endogen of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially treating endogen of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially treating endogen of financial
+development but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but
+um it seemed to me that at least like RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seemed to me that at least like RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seemed to me that at least like RC
+of like um mfi entry and they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um mfi entry and they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like um mfi entry and they usually
+didn't find I only on two papers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find I only on two papers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find I only on two papers but
+they didn't find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't find like
+W so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wondering what's your I think if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what's your I think if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what's your I think if you if
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+about you have to think about the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to think about the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you have to think about the scale
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+intervention right so if you have an RCT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention right so if you have an RCT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention right so if you have an RCT
+even with a fairly big sample in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a fairly big sample in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a fairly big sample in a small
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+economy you know it's arguably true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you know it's arguably true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you know it's arguably true that
+you wouldn't necessarily expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't necessarily expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't necessarily expect to see
+anything with a wage but if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a wage but if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with a wage but if you were
+scaling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up
+that same experiment up to the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same experiment up to the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same experiment up to the National
+level then you know you probably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you know you probably would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you know you probably would
+see it actually that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it actually that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it actually that's a very good
+argument for doing both basically and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for doing both basically and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for doing both basically and in
+particular not getting misled by program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular not getting misled by program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular not getting misled by program
+impact Esther's thesis was that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Esther's thesis was that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Esther's thesis was that in
+Indonesia was about education reform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia was about education reform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia was about education reform and
+she was worried about whether the wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was worried about whether the wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was worried about whether the wages
+would uh sort of would go down as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh sort of would go down as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh sort of would go down as you
+had more educated cohorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more educated cohorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more educated cohorts
+so people have worried about this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have worried about this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have worried about this kind
+of thing for for quite a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing for for quite a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing for for quite a long time
+there's some work in Canada rcts are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some work in Canada rcts are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some work in Canada rcts are a
+bit sort of like they look you know new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sort of like they look you know new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sort of like they look you know new
+like people maybe haven't been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people maybe haven't been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people maybe haven't been doing
+them much but it's not true actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them much but it's not true actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them much but it's not true actually if
+you can go back into the 60s and70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back into the 60s and70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back into the 60s and70s
+there was work in Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was work in Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was work in Canada
+on I think it was either a pension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think it was either a pension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think it was either a pension or
+Social Security reform where they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security reform where they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security reform where they they
+did exactly what I was saying they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exactly what I was saying they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did exactly what I was saying they kind
+of backed out impact locals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backed out impact locals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of backed out impact locals and then
+they extract related to what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they extract related to what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they extract related to what would
+happen to the rest of the country if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the rest of the country if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the rest of the country if it
+were implemented nationally with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implemented nationally with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implemented nationally with the
+structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model yes so this is a very question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yes so this is a very question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yes so this is a very question but
+something about the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the financial
+infrastructure especially corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure especially corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure especially corporate
+Financial structure like Equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial structure like Equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial structure like Equity markets
+Market yeah so so these markets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market yeah so so these markets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market yeah so so these markets of
+course affect the way economic surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course affect the way economic surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course affect the way economic surface
+divided into different people different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into different people different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into different people different
+organization so as a result of that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so as a result of that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so as a result of that they
+impacts H how for example new projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts H how for example new projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts H how for example new projects
+and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new
+policies uh benefit different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies uh benefit different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies uh benefit different types of
+groups or organizations so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or organizations so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or organizations so there are
+some political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some political
+economy issues related to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy issues related to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy issues related to uh the
+imperfection of the corporate Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection of the corporate Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection of the corporate Financial
+infrastructure right uh impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure right uh impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure right uh impact of the
+corporate finance on uh structure on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate finance on uh structure on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate finance on uh structure on so
+political economic concerns about uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic concerns about uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economic concerns about uh who
+benefit from new polies or new well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from new polies or new well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from new polies or new well
+there's two things on almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things on almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two things on almost anything
+we've done there's sort of the winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done there's sort of the winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done there's sort of the winners
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+losers and that in principle has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers and that in principle has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers and that in principle has nothing
+to do with political economy that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with political economy that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with political economy that's just
+mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+out who's going to get the benefits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's going to get the benefits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's going to get the benefits and
+now the next step is if you think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is if you think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is if you think there
+are barriers it may be that the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are barriers it may be that the losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are barriers it may be that the losers
+are blocking right you know reforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blocking right you know reforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blocking right you know reforms and
+that's definitely a political economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a political economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely a political economy
+issue the seriously investigated second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just I mean derone has occupation Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean derone has occupation Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean derone has occupation Choice
+models where basically the oligopolists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where basically the oligopolists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where basically the oligopolists
+are the ones sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones sort of
+dictating the uh the outcome and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictating the uh the outcome and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictating the uh the outcome and they
+are a force for financial repression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a force for financial repression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a force for financial repression
+because they want to keep the weight AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to keep the weight AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to keep the weight AG
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+low I mean that's at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low I mean that's at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low I mean that's at least a
+step uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh you know
+we in this class let me trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in this class let me trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in this class let me trying to think
+if we actually covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we actually covered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we actually covered it
+um a bit yeah you saw one version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bit yeah you saw one version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bit yeah you saw one version of
+that we can model how financial service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can model how financial service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can model how financial service
+providers ought to be behaving if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers ought to be behaving if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers ought to be behaving if we
+believe the structure of the model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the structure of the model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the structure of the model then
+we look at the data and we discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the data and we discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the data and we discover that
+you know there are Gap in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are Gap in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are Gap in some places
+and too many you know banks in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and too many you know banks in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and too many you know banks in other
+places and so through the lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and so through the lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and so through the lens of the
+model you sort of get suspicious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you sort of get suspicious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you sort of get suspicious that
+develop a null hypothesis that there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a null hypothesis that there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a null hypothesis that there may
+be political considerations at work now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be political considerations at work now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be political considerations at work now
+how explicit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how explicit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how explicit or
+evil uh or well- intended it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil uh or well- intended it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil uh or well- intended it is that's
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to
+be go in there with your eyes open but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be go in there with your eyes open but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be go in there with your eyes open but
+not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume question okay um so anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume question okay um so anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume question okay um so anything but
+the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture
+huh this is this so I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is this so I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh this is this so I'm kind of
+embarrassed to ask this question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed to ask this question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed to ask this question because
+it seems like it's something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it's something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it's something that I
+should have been able to figure out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been able to figure out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been able to figure out on
+my own but you see a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own but you see a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own but you see a lot of people
+throwing around the word structural in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing around the word structural in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing around the word structural in
+ways that are confusing yeah and in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are confusing yeah and in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are confusing yeah and in ways
+that sometimes so sort of I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes so sort of I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes so sort of I guess the
+natural and and from what we've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and and from what we've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and and from what we've looked
+at at and and a lot of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at and and a lot of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at and and a lot of your
+papers I guess I'd sort of be inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I guess I'd sort of be inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I guess I'd sort of be inclined
+to say your models only structural if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say your models only structural if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say your models only structural if
+you're if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you are
+identifying like underlying parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying like underlying parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying like underlying parameters
+that are in a model of Interest using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in a model of Interest using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in a model of Interest using
+econom metrics or using calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom metrics or using calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom metrics or using calibrated
+simulation but I see a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but I see a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but I see a lot of people
+calling stuff structural that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling stuff structural that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling stuff structural that doesn't
+necessarily actually identify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actually identify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actually identify those
+parameters have I got the wrong end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have I got the wrong end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have I got the wrong end of
+the stick or is there like a Nuance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick or is there like a Nuance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick or is there like a Nuance that
+I kind of don't see I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of don't see I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of don't see I don't I don't
+actually know for sure depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know for sure depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know for sure depending on
+who's using the words what they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's using the words what they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's using the words what they have in
+mind yeah I think I think the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind yeah I think I think the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind yeah I think I think the uh
+legitimately uh many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately uh many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately uh many people are
+worried that assumptions are being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that assumptions are being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that assumptions are being made
+in structural models which are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in structural models which are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in structural models which are never
+tested and that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested and that you're
+seeing the observables through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the observables through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the observables through these
+auxiliary assumptions and if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary assumptions and if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary assumptions and if they were
+sort of totally off and totally wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of totally off and totally wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of totally off and totally wrong
+then you're not learning anything so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not learning anything so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're not learning anything so you
+know that tends to push you toward data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that tends to push you toward data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that tends to push you toward data
+summaries it tends to push you toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries it tends to push you toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries it tends to push you toward
+not assuming things but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming things but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming things but then there's a
+flip side which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side which is actually the
+lecture um which is this notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um which is this notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um which is this notion that
+there's Theory free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Theory free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Theory free
+tests it it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests it it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests it it's just not
+true even the rcts and are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even the rcts and are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true even the rcts and are you know
+they're all assuming some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all assuming some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all assuming some things that
+you might think are rather innocuous but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think are rather innocuous but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think are rather innocuous but
+when you start to think about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start to think about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start to think about this the
+structure of decision making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of decision making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of decision making that
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+there's content there and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's content there and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's content there and those
+assumptions could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions could be
+wrong so so I view the tension that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so I view the tension that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so I view the tension that way
+which is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying
+to you know assume as little as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know assume as little as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know assume as little as possible
+if you can get away with it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get away with it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get away with it in terms of
+the underlying distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying distributions of
+unobservables and so on but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables and so on but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables and so on but at the same
+time mindful that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mindful that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mindful that uh that
+uh that data work without theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that data work without theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that data work without theory
+has big limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has big limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has big limitations
+um and that's that's a debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's that's a debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's that's a debate
+philosophical and otherwise that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and otherwise that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and otherwise that goes
+way back I mean back to business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back I mean back to business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back I mean back to business cycle
+you know Burns and Mitchells Burns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Burns and Mitchells Burns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Burns and Mitchells Burns and
+Mitchell have you know this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell have you know this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell have you know this business
+cycle measurement the NBR dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle measurement the NBR dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle measurement the NBR dates
+actually uh and cmans came along and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh and cmans came along and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh and cmans came along and he
+said it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's just
+crap and there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap and there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap and there was a lot of
+fighting you know so how can you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you know so how can you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting you know so how can you measure
+something something if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something if you don't have a
+model in mind Etc so I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in mind Etc so I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in mind Etc so I'm not saying
+there aren't good answers to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't good answers to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't good answers to that but
+you know this is not just a debate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not just a debate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not just a debate in
+development economics this is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics this is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics this is again a
+kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a
+judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+yeah so it's a kind of big question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a kind of big question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a kind of big question but
+we've seen in the lecture um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the lecture um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the lecture um a lot of
+models and evidence um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and evidence um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and evidence um that
+Financial um FR exist or like what fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial um FR exist or like what fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial um FR exist or like what fin
+development as to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as to the real
+economy um how would you compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy um how would you compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy um how would you compare that to
+the situation in developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in developed
+country what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country what's
+like what is like what is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is like what is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is like what is the difference
+because like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a lot of
+models at least model wise you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models at least model wise you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models at least model wise you can apply
+to developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to developed
+countries and at first glance like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and at first glance like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and at first glance like for
+example like for consumption like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like for consumption like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like for consumption like people
+are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+know risk sharing quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know risk sharing quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know risk sharing quite well
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+um like it's quite close to the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like it's quite close to the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like it's quite close to the you know
+this situation where like Market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation where like Market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation where like Market is
+complete on the other hand like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete on the other hand like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete on the other hand like if you
+look at macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at macro
+level as we saw in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as we saw in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as we saw in the first lecture
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+there's or like people tend to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's or like people tend to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's or like people tend to think
+that um like Financial development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um like Financial development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um like Financial development
+isff is you know varies over countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isff is you know varies over countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isff is you know varies over countries
+and you know I well we've used the us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I well we've used the us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I well we've used the us as
+some of those papers use the us as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those papers use the us as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those papers use the us as like
+The Benchmark standard as if it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Benchmark standard as if it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Benchmark standard as if it had
+perfect and complete financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and complete financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and complete financial markets
+but I think we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we all know
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh just how how badly the Us and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just how how badly the Us and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just how how badly the Us and other
+Advanced countries have done over the LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced countries have done over the LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced countries have done over the LA
+you know since 0809 and so on so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since 0809 and so on so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since 0809 and so on so so
+actually what's going on in macro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's going on in macro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's going on in macro is
+this huge you know Rebirth of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge you know Rebirth of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge you know Rebirth of interest
+in modeling the financial sector there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modeling the financial sector there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modeling the financial sector there's
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+consensus on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus on how to do
+it and I think that literature would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think that literature would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think that literature would
+benefit from the advances that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the advances that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from the advances that have been
+made in macro development but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in macro development but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in macro development but there's no
+reason why I mean the same issues will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I mean the same issues will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I mean the same issues will
+come up when thinking about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up when thinking about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up when thinking about you know the
+us or Spain I mean Spain is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or Spain I mean Spain is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or Spain I mean Spain is an example
+for examp for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp for good
+example depending on whether you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example depending on whether you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example depending on whether you think
+it's an advanced industrialized country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an advanced industrialized country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an advanced industrialized country
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+uh Spain liberalized its Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spain liberalized its Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spain liberalized its Financial
+system in the in the late 80s with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the in the late 80s with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the in the late 80s with the
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+reforms and uh you know on interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms and uh you know on interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms and uh you know on interest
+rates and the nature of business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the nature of business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the nature of business of
+savings and loans and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and loans and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and loans and all these
+providers so these little Regional Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers so these little Regional Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers so these little Regional Banks
+like santand up there in the north and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like santand up there in the north and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like santand up there in the north and
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+basically along with many of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically along with many of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically along with many of the others
+uh expanded their financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expanded their financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expanded their financial
+infrastructure establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure establishing
+branches you know spreading throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches you know spreading throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches you know spreading throughout
+the rest of Spain and eventually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of Spain and eventually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of Spain and eventually of
+course onto Latin America uh so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course onto Latin America uh so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course onto Latin America uh so and then
+now we have this mess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this mess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this mess right
+so what went wrong or what went wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what went wrong or what went wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what went wrong or what went wrong in
+the US mortgage crisis and so so on so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US mortgage crisis and so so on so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US mortgage crisis and so so on so I
+I you know I I think those are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I I think those are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I I think those are there's
+hardly a consensus as I said but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly a consensus as I said but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly a consensus as I said but those
+are really important topics this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important topics this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important topics this is
+haunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haunting
+countries as well as the IMF and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as well as the IMF and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries as well as the IMF and the
+World Bank and so on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank and so on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank and so on now
+because uh countries want to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh countries want to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh countries want to grow
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+poverty uh a lot of inequality and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty uh a lot of inequality and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty uh a lot of inequality and there
+is this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notion
+that uh expand anding Financial systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh expand anding Financial systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh expand anding Financial systems
+Finance can cause growth and growth can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance can cause growth and growth can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance can cause growth and growth can
+trickle down and uh you know help reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickle down and uh you know help reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickle down and uh you know help reduce
+poverty and so on so so there is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and so on so so there is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty and so on so so there is a sort
+of development view that Finance ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development view that Finance ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development view that Finance ought
+to expand in some way and cause growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in some way and cause growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand in some way and cause growth
+and at the same time there's this worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time there's this worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time there's this worry
+that expanded deeper Financial systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded deeper Financial systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expanded deeper Financial systems
+are going to be prone to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be prone to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be prone to to
+instability and that's a force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability and that's a force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability and that's a force for
+repression you know and and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression you know and and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression you know and and that was the
+first lecture of the class actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture of the class actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture of the class actually was
+how do we deal with you know both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we deal with you know both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we deal with you know both these
+get both these things on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both these things on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both these things on the same page
+but for sure today in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sure today in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sure today in the world
+throughout Africa and Asia and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Africa and Asia and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Africa and Asia and so on
+people are sort of wanting to expand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of wanting to expand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are sort of wanting to expand and
+at the same time quite scared as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time quite scared as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time quite scared as
+Regulators that they're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators that they're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators that they're going to take
+the blame in the future when something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blame in the future when something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blame in the future when something
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong all right so I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right so I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right so I'm going to give you
+you a uh 30 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+fortunately some of these themes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately some of these themes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately some of these themes have
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+up and as always the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as always the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as always the lecture notes
+are are uh on the Stellar website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh on the Stellar website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh on the Stellar website so
+it's okay if we don't cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if we don't cover everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if we don't cover everything
+in in enormous detail oh by the way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in enormous detail oh by the way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in enormous detail oh by the way one
+last thing which is I did write out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing which is I did write out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing which is I did write out uh
+for those of you who are worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are worried about
+the generals uh sort of a reader Guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generals uh sort of a reader Guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generals uh sort of a reader Guide
+to the not a reader got a summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the not a reader got a summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the not a reader got a summary of the
+questions that we've been addressing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we've been addressing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we've been addressing in
+the class it's just kind of a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class it's just kind of a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class it's just kind of a way to
+organize the material and I'll post that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the material and I'll post that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the material and I'll post that
+on stellar and with who's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and with who's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stellar and with who's also going to
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+sessions not I think there's only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions not I think there's only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions not I think there's only four
+or five of you that are actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five of you that are actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five of you that are actually going
+to take the generals but but if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the generals but but if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the generals but but if you are
+it's easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get
+lost in all this material so uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in all this material so uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in all this material so uh so I
+wrote up this sort of summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well by then research will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well by then research will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well by then research will have
+advanced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and
+we'll okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll okay
+so um so this is about this structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this is about this structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so this is about this structural
+versus reduced form stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus reduced form stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus reduced form stuff
+um and the the topic is the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the topic is the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the topic is the impact of
+expanding Financial systems so it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Financial systems so it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding Financial systems so it's both
+a methods and uh and a and a topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a methods and uh and a and a topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a methods and uh and a and a topic that
+basically is the Hallmark of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the Hallmark of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the Hallmark of the class
+the there's there's three things I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's there's three things I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's there's three things I'll
+probably only barely get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only barely get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only barely get through the
+first one is sort of IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is sort of IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is sort of IV
+versus uh structural analysis all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh structural analysis all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh structural analysis all in the
+same model basically the second is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model basically the second is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model basically the second is this
+expansion of banks in Spain which I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of banks in Spain which I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of banks in Spain which I was
+already mentioning using what the io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioning using what the io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioning using what the io
+guys do the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys do the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys do the way they
+avoid having to spell out the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid having to spell out the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid having to spell out the entire
+structure of the equilibrium by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the equilibrium by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the equilibrium by using
+reduced form mark mark off processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form mark mark off processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form mark mark off processes and
+then finally if I were to have time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally if I were to have time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally if I were to have time I
+could tell you about the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you about the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you about the limitations of
+that the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the point is
+there there's no one thing but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no one thing but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no one thing but you need
+to be aware of the strengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of the strengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of the strengths and
+limitations so this is a paper I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations so this is a paper I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations so this is a paper I wrote
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+usura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usura
+uh and it's about occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's about occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's about occupation
+Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um and about unobserved productiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and about unobserved productiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and about unobserved productiv
+heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity
+so so so a lot of this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so a lot of this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so a lot of this is already
+familiar uh you've got sort of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh you've got sort of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh you've got sort of your
+wealth if you're a wage earner your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth if you're a wage earner your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth if you're a wage earner your
+wealth if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth if you're an
+entrepreneur instead of having just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur instead of having just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur instead of having just a
+flat wage for everyone there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat wage for everyone there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat wage for everyone there's sort of
+this productivity shifter which varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this productivity shifter which varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this productivity shifter which varies
+with households or you can run a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with households or you can run a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with households or you can run a firm
+there's some setup costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some setup costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some setup costs
+unobserved uh again in bearing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved uh again in bearing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved uh again in bearing with
+households eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the profits come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profits come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profits come from
+maximizing Revenue less the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing Revenue less the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing Revenue less the cost of
+inputs in this case there's no financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in this case there's no financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs in this case there's no financial
+sector ironically I'll get there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector ironically I'll get there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector ironically I'll get there and you
+just have to finance the setup costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to finance the setup costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to finance the setup costs and
+your Capital with your initial wealth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Capital with your initial wealth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Capital with your initial wealth so
+you saw this this is day two this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this this is day two this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this this is day two this was
+the Lloyd Ellis and burnhard model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lloyd Ellis and burnhard model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lloyd Ellis and burnhard model you
+know versions of which we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know versions of which we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know versions of which we took
+into or modified in some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into or modified in some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into or modified in some of the other
+papers in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in the literature
+um so you get to choose one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you get to choose one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you get to choose one or the other
+um so we can create this decision rule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can create this decision rule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can create this decision rule a
+dummy D for do profits dominate wages if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy D for do profits dominate wages if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy D for do profits dominate wages if
+so do it and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do it and otherwise
+don't okay say an indicator note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay say an indicator note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay say an indicator note that
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+observables the way economy-wide wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables the way economy-wide wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables the way economy-wide wage
+and the wealth which varies across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wealth which varies across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wealth which varies across
+households and these unobservables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and these unobservables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and these unobservables which
+are these setup cost their talent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these setup cost their talent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these setup cost their talent for
+both being a wage earner and being a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both being a wage earner and being a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both being a wage earner and being a an
+entrepreneur we don't we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur we don't we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur we don't we're not going to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+um so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as you
+know sort of Na you know incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of Na you know incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of Na you know incredibly
+simple but in some respects powerful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but in some respects powerful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but in some respects powerful way
+to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the
+observable depends on which thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable depends on which thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable depends on which thing you do
+if D equals 1 then 1 minus D is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if D equals 1 then 1 minus D is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if D equals 1 then 1 minus D is zero and
+you have the profits and earnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the profits and earnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the profits and earnings of
+being being a firm versus if D is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being being a firm versus if D is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being being a firm versus if D is zero
+you're going to have the wage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the wage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the wage uh
+earnings from being a wage laborer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from being a wage laborer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings from being a wage laborer so
+you can write down you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down you know if you're
+running a regression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a regression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a regression of
+earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings
+um you could let that regression have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could let that regression have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could let that regression have
+you know wealth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wealth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wealth in
+there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+wages and then you'd have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and then you'd have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and then you'd have this sort of
+dummy um which is a 01 binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy um which is a 01 binary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy um which is a 01 binary variable
+plus some Epsilon term you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some Epsilon term you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some Epsilon term you know as
+regressions tend to have however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions tend to have however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions tend to have however you
+know following the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know following the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know following the structure of this
+model we know exactly what the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we know exactly what the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we know exactly what the Epsilon
+is it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's this
+dweed average of the of the talent now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dweed average of the of the talent now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dweed average of the of the talent now
+you don't change your talent when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change your talent when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change your talent when you
+make an O you have your talent in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an O you have your talent in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an O you have your talent in both
+of those occupations and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those occupations and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those occupations and that's what's
+driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the
+choice okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically the worry correctly is that D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the worry correctly is that D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the worry correctly is that D
+on the right hand side is correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is correlated
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+epsilonc that's self-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilonc that's self-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilonc that's self-
+selection okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection okay you
+choose the occupation with which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the occupation with which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the occupation with which you're
+most productive and part of that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most productive and part of that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most productive and part of that choice
+is based on unobservables so we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on unobservables so we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on unobservables so we see it
+both in the choice and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+Okay so so we need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so we need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so so we need an
+instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument
+um let's imagine in this economy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's imagine in this economy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's imagine in this economy there's
+uh some subsidy or tax and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some subsidy or tax and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some subsidy or tax and it's
+lumpsum and administered say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpsum and administered say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpsum and administered say
+randomly uh well then clearly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh well then clearly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh well then clearly you know
+the decision variable which has a fee in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision variable which has a fee in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision variable which has a fee in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+now uh is influenced by that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh is influenced by that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh is influenced by that and the
+higher is the subsidy the more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is the subsidy the more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher is the subsidy the more likely
+you are to be running a firm other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to be running a firm other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to be running a firm other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+equal right but because it's Lum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suum this instrument this subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suum this instrument this subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suum this instrument this subsidy
+affects the choice of what occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the choice of what occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the choice of what occupation
+you're in but it does not influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in but it does not influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in but it does not influence the
+outcome conditioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome conditioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome conditioned on
+choosing you know if you choose to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know if you choose to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know if you choose to be a
+firm you're going to get that subsidy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you're going to get that subsidy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm you're going to get that subsidy or
+not and that leaves all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that leaves all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and that leaves all the other
+decisions about Labor to hire Etc ET and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about Labor to hire Etc ET and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about Labor to hire Etc ET and
+none of those decisions none of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those decisions none of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those decisions none of those
+outcomes depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes depend
+on on the subsidy because that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the subsidy because that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the subsidy because that's sort of
+bygones are bygones you can't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bygones are bygones you can't do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bygones are bygones you can't do much
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we could imagine running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we could imagine running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we could imagine running that
+regression but we you know regress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but we you know regress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but we you know regress the
+decision to be airm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be airm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be airm in the
+data onto observables like the wage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data onto observables like the wage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data onto observables like the wage and
+wealth but also onto this subsidy as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth but also onto this subsidy as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth but also onto this subsidy as an
+instrument that's called the IV the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that's called the IV the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that's called the IV the
+instrumented version of of the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented version of of the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented version of of the decision
+and then we run the outcome function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run the outcome function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run the outcome function you
+know with the instrumented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the instrumented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the instrumented
+version okay so hopefully this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so hopefully this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so hopefully this is a
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+um and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy
+outcome the coefficient on D after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome the coefficient on D after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome the coefficient on D after
+instrumenting it is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumenting it is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumenting it is supposed to
+be the gain to being a firm as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the gain to being a firm as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the gain to being a firm as opposed
+being treated quote and being a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated quote and being a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated quote and being a firm
+rather than being a wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being a wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being a wage
+earner but it isn't exactly that or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earner but it isn't exactly that or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earner but it isn't exactly that or at
+least put on your thinking cap it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least put on your thinking cap it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least put on your thinking cap it's the
+local average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average treatment
+effect it is it is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it is it is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it is it is the average
+gain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in
+income for were those people induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for were those people induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for were those people induced by
+the subsidy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsidy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsidy to
+switch from being wage earners to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entrepreneurs so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting you're not getting other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you're not getting other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you're not getting other things
+which are easily similarly sounding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are easily similarly sounding like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are easily similarly sounding like
+treatment on the treated you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated you know
+treatment on the treated sounds like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated sounds like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated sounds like oh
+well people became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well people became
+firms what was their profits relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms what was their profits relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms what was their profits relative to
+the earnings they would have had if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earnings they would have had if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earnings they would have had if they
+were wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wage
+earners that's what this says right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earners that's what this says right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earners that's what this says right what
+is the average in the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average in the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average in the population of
+profits less uh with the thetas in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits less uh with the thetas in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits less uh with the thetas in there
+less wages given that they made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less wages given that they made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less wages given that they made the
+decision to be a firm and their wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be a firm and their wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be a firm and their wealth
+is basically B so I'm doing this wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically B so I'm doing this wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically B so I'm doing this wealth
+category by wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category by wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category by wealth
+category and and this is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and and this is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and and this is the average
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+effect this is what the average would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is what the average would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is what the average would be
+if the whole population became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the whole population became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the whole population became
+firms taking wages as given and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms taking wages as given and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms taking wages as given and so
+on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so
+basically be careful because late is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be careful because late is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be careful because late is not
+necessarily equal to which you get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal to which you get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal to which you get with
+the IV is not necessarily equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV is not necessarily equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IV is not necessarily equal to
+treatment on the treated and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment on the treated and not
+necessarily equal to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equal to the average
+treatment effect is this a review for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is this a review for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is this a review for
+you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys
+or okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so you can put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you can put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you can put more
+structure as a way to back out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as a way to back out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as a way to back out you know
+the average treatment effect and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect and so on
+now this is like assuming that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is like assuming that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is like assuming that those
+error terms are multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error terms are multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error terms are multivariant
+normal and then you know you run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and then you know you run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and then you know you run this
+Logistics regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics regression
+basically binary you know yes no be firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically binary you know yes no be firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically binary you know yes no be firm
+or not and you can back out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance
+terms um assuming that there's no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um assuming that there's no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um assuming that there's no that
+the other that the talent things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that the talent things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that the talent things have
+say zero mean or you could adjust for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero mean or you could adjust for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero mean or you could adjust for
+that um and then you can get expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for so then you want to basically run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so then you want to basically run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so then you want to basically run
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+regression of profits onto those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of profits onto those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of profits onto those people
+who have chosen to be firms controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have chosen to be firms controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have chosen to be firms controlling
+for their wealth and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their wealth and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their wealth and their
+subsidy uh and if you didn't if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy uh and if you didn't if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy uh and if you didn't if you
+weren't careful and did OLS you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't careful and did OLS you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't careful and did OLS you'd have a
+bias but you basically use that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias but you basically use that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias but you basically use that first
+stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+probit to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probit to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probit to get a
+propensity the structural model tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity the structural model tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity the structural model tells
+you what the exact formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the exact formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the exact formula
+is for the selection based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the selection based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the selection based on the
+unobservables and you put that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables and you put that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservables and you put that into the
+regression you literally put this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you literally put this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you literally put this into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+regression and run it and it quote sols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and run it and it quote sols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and run it and it quote sols
+for the elction bias yes um how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elction bias yes um how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elction bias yes um how much
+more computationally difficult is it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computationally difficult is it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computationally difficult is it to
+use some kind of beta distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some kind of beta distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some kind of beta distribution or
+some other kind of because Normal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of because Normal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of because Normal is a
+bit of a stretch as an assumption for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a stretch as an assumption for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a stretch as an assumption for a
+talent distribution oh I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent distribution oh I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent distribution oh I think that's
+quite doable this is just a meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doable this is just a meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite doable this is just a meant to be
+an example a classic example but cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a classic example but cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a classic example but cool so
+it's not too okay yeah but I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too okay yeah but I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too okay yeah but I mean you
+know this question that you guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this question that you guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this question that you guys were
+asking you know so here you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you know so here you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you know so here you made
+you you're able to get average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're able to get average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're able to get average treatment
+effect and treatment on the treated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and treatment on the treated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and treatment on the treated but
+only if you make some assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you make some assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you make some assumptions and
+some people don't like that they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people don't like that they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people don't like that they'll say
+oh you know it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know it's too
+structural but you know in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural but you know in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural but you know in order to get
+answers sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers sometimes you
+need okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay
+now I mean the most powerful way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean the most powerful way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean the most powerful way to say
+this is we actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we actually see the
+counterfactual through the lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual through the lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual through the lens of the
+model we can see what the wages would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we can see what the wages would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we can see what the wages would
+have been for people who chose to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been for people who chose to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been for people who chose to be
+terms by definition they're not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and this is a generalized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a generalized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a generalized version
+and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just
+say that this is like local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is like local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this is like local average
+treatment effect but really local like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but really local like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but really local like
+just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking
+derivatives uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uh of
+how that difference between profits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that difference between profits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that difference between profits and
+wages is going to move holding wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages is going to move holding wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages is going to move holding wealth
+constant as you vary something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as you vary something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as you vary something like a
+propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity
+score and the propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and the propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and the propensity
+score has not too surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score has not too surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score has not too surprisingly
+everything to do with those unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with those unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to do with those unobservable
+talents so this is hard to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents so this is hard to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents so this is hard to implement
+this one is really not easy Josh doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is really not easy Josh doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is really not easy Josh doesn't
+like it uh among other things uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it uh among other things uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it uh among other things uh but
+he's not disagreeing that it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not disagreeing that it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not disagreeing that it's wrong
+he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just
+thinking it's just not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's just not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's just not as
+operational um now the nice thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational um now the nice thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational um now the nice thing you
+know if you could back this out then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you could back this out then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you could back this out then you
+know you can ignore this page but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can ignore this page but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can ignore this page but
+basically treatment on the treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treatment on the treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically treatment on the treatment and
+the average treatment effect are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average treatment effect are just
+sort of integrals of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of integrals of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of integrals of these
+marginal uh marginal treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh marginal treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal uh marginal treatment
+effects yes so Jos sometimes recommends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yes so Jos sometimes recommends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects yes so Jos sometimes recommends
+to apply L to non compliance based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply L to non compliance based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply L to non compliance based on
+observable characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable characteristics
+the typical data set in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical data set in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical data set in the context of
+Occupational Choice what uh can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupational Choice what uh can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupational Choice what uh can we
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+characteristics so here the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so here the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so here the model is
+taking a stand that we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a stand that we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a stand that we're going to see
+their initial weals we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their initial weals we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their initial weals we're going to see
+the factor prices that they face we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor prices that they face we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor prices that they face we're
+going to see the profits that they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the profits that they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the profits that they make
+and we're not going to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to see these
+unobserved things that are driving fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved things that are driving fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved things that are driving fixed
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+around this is not the only model around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is not the only model around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is not the only model around
+we're going to use the model to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the model to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the model to make
+these examples I haven't gotten sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples I haven't gotten sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples I haven't gotten sort of
+to the punchline I'm happy if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the punchline I'm happy if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the punchline I'm happy if it's a
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we have the model right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have the model right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have the model right so if you
+don't believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe this
+miracle let's simulate the data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle let's simulate the data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle let's simulate the data from the
+model instead of looking at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model instead of looking at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model instead of looking at some of the
+cross-section that got treated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that got treated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that got treated with the
+subsidy and others that didn't let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy and others that didn't let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy and others that didn't let's
+take a particular individual in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular individual in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular individual in the
+model at given parameters and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model at given parameters and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model at given parameters and see what
+the behavior is in terms of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior is in terms of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior is in terms of switching
+occupation and so on as you turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and so on as you turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation and so on as you turn the
+subsidy on and then average up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy on and then average up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy on and then average up you know
+in that wealth category so believing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that wealth category so believing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that wealth category so believing in
+the miracle is basically the math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle is basically the math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miracle is basically the math that
+you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see
+uh the average of this model generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average of this model generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average of this model generated
+simulation of impact will be the IV it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of impact will be the IV it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of impact will be the IV it's
+going to be late under under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late under under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be late under under these
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here is the IV estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here is the IV estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here is the IV estimate and
+roughly averaging over wealth Etc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly averaging over wealth Etc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly averaging over wealth Etc it's
+point4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+OS is by the way OS is terrible but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS is by the way OS is terrible but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS is by the way OS is terrible but I
+guess you don't need to be to know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you don't need to be to know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you don't need to be to know why
+there's nothing productive about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing productive about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing productive about the
+subsidy the subsidy is just inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy the subsidy is just inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy the subsidy is just inducing
+people who should be wage earners to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should be wage earners to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should be wage earners to be
+firms of course the impact is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms of course the impact is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms of course the impact is negative
+and OSS estimates it to be positive why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and OSS estimates it to be positive why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and OSS estimates it to be positive why
+because in the observables it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the observables it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the observables it's a
+talented people who are firms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented people who are firms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented people who are firms but
+they're not being induced by the subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being induced by the subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being induced by the subsidy
+they're already firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right couldn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+okay and and this is the model generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and this is the model generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and this is the model generated
+treatment you know where we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment you know where we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment you know where we actually
+have the panel and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the panel and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the panel and you can see
+numerically it's it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically it's it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically it's it's quite
+close all right so that's reassuring now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right so that's reassuring now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close all right so that's reassuring now
+uh let's go back to the topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back to the topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back to the topic which is
+what is the impact of expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact of expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact of expanding
+Financial infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's invent a village fund let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's invent a village fund let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's invent a village fund let's let
+Banks establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks establish
+branches forgive me for the moment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches forgive me for the moment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches forgive me for the moment at
+random like maybe the government told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random like maybe the government told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random like maybe the government told
+them something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them something
+or you you I'll get to that but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you I'll get to that but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you I'll get to that but for now
+random so if we observe these travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so if we observe these travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so if we observe these travel
+times or the effectiveness of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or the effectiveness of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or the effectiveness of local
+Financial infrastructure we can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial infrastructure we can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial infrastructure we can call
+this this cost here to be an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cost here to be an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this cost here to be an instrument
+right so yeah so the idea is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah so the idea is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah so the idea is just like
+the subsidy the lower is this number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsidy the lower is this number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsidy the lower is this number the
+more inclined you are to incur the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inclined you are to incur the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inclined you are to incur the cost
+to be able to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+banking okay we rewrite the problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking okay we rewrite the problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking okay we rewrite the problem this
+is the part of the model with financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the model with financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the model with financial
+infrastructure they get to borrow money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they get to borrow money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they get to borrow money
+uh to cover the capitalization and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to cover the capitalization and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to cover the capitalization and the
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+cost uh wage earners by the way also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh wage earners by the way also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh wage earners by the way also get
+to put their their wealth in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put their their wealth in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put their their wealth in the bank
+and earn money interest rate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earn money interest rate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earn money interest rate on the
+savings you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings you've seen this
+model so this again the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this again the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this again the the second
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and uh and now we have the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and now we have the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and now we have the observed
+outcome if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you're
+in if you chose to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you chose to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you chose to be in the
+intermediated sector you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector you have another
+occupation Choice problem within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation Choice problem within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation Choice problem within that
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+you can be a firm or a wage earner these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a firm or a wage earner these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a firm or a wage earner these
+D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's
+denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that
+choice notationally it's got a w and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice notationally it's got a w and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice notationally it's got a w and R
+in there that R is a clue that we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that R is a clue that we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that R is a clue that we're in
+the intermediated sector because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediated sector because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediated sector because there's
+an interest rate because if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate because if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate because if you're in
+the autarchy sector there's no borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autarchy sector there's no borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autarchy sector there's no borrowing
+and lending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funds and of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and of course this
+is the occupation choice we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the occupation choice we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the occupation choice we had before
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediation so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation so we're going to get
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+The observed earnings in the autarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The observed earnings in the autarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The observed earnings in the autarchy
+sector and observed in earnings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and observed in earnings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and observed in earnings in the
+intermediated sector and within both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector and within both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector and within both
+sector there's this other margin going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector there's this other margin going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector there's this other margin going
+on which is the occupation Choice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is the occupation Choice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is the occupation Choice all
+right now we're reaching the point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're reaching the point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're reaching the point here
+we have a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+margin there are two things people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin there are two things people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin there are two things people are
+choosing from whether or not to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing from whether or not to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing from whether or not to go to
+the bank and what occupation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and what occupation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and what occupation to
+have sounds like it shouldn't cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sounds like it shouldn't cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sounds like it shouldn't cause a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically I I'm sorry this is so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I I'm sorry this is so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I I'm sorry this is so hard to
+see and it must be even harder for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and it must be even harder for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and it must be even harder for you
+than me I'm right next to it this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me I'm right next to it this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me I'm right next to it this sort
+of symmetric Y is like an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetric Y is like an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetric Y is like an indicator
+variable choosing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable choosing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable choosing to be
+intermediated these y's with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated these y's with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated these y's with a little
+bit of tail off to the right are incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of tail off to the right are incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of tail off to the right are incomes
+under intermediation and Anarchy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under intermediation and Anarchy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under intermediation and Anarchy it's
+this way in the paper and somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in the paper and somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in the paper and somehow the
+slides got created this way but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides got created this way but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides got created this way but uh
+anyway so the the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh let's skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so what can I say it's a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what can I say it's a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what can I say it's a double
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+margin so you get to choose whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin so you get to choose whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin so you get to choose whether or
+not to go to the bank you and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go to the bank you and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go to the bank you and within
+that each category you get to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each category you get to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each category you get to choose
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+occupation we can linearize the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation we can linearize the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation we can linearize the profits
+functions to be a functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be a functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be a functions of the
+observables and the unobservables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and the unobservables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and the unobservables
+substitute in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in those
+decisions and write out the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and write out the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and write out the expression
+you know for what you see in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for what you see in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for what you see in the data
+namely you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you know this this
+income but it's just a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but it's just a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but it's just a weighted average
+of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices you know depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you know depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you know depending on whether
+these D's are zero and ones or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D's are zero and ones or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D's are zero and ones or these
+symmetric y's are zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric y's are zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric y's are zero or
+ones that was a bit of a rush but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that was a bit of a rush but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that was a bit of a rush but I mean
+I think conceptually you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think conceptually you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think conceptually you understand
+where where this is coming from but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this is coming from but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this is coming from but not
+only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that
+you know look at this error term oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look at this error term oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look at this error term oh my
+God the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God the error
+term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is
+complicated and it also has all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it also has all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it also has all these
+decisions but note it's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but note it's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions but note it's got the
+occupation decisions in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation decisions in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation decisions in both
+sectors depending on what you do certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors depending on what you do certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors depending on what you do certain
+terms are going to kick in and kick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are going to kick in and kick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are going to kick in and kick out
+there's massive selection going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's massive selection going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's massive selection going
+on about whether or not to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about whether or not to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on about whether or not to go to the
+bank based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank based on
+what occupation you're going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what occupation you're going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what occupation you're going to choose
+conditioned on going to the bank or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on going to the bank or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on going to the bank or not
+going to the bank and we don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the bank and we don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the bank and we don't see any
+of this we just see the choices we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we just see the choices we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we just see the choices we don't
+see these error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so what
+can an instrumented version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can an instrumented version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can an instrumented version of
+intermediation give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation give
+you it can give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average
+treatment the income gains that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the income gains that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment the income gains that are a
+consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence
+of a lowered cost that allows you makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lowered cost that allows you makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lowered cost that allows you makes
+you want to go to the bank as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go to the bank as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go to the bank as opposed to
+what you would do if those costs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do if those costs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do if those costs have
+been higher and you're not going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been higher and you're not going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been higher and you're not going to the
+bank so the local average treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so the local average treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so the local average treatment is
+the impact on earnings that have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on earnings that have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on earnings that have to do
+with those people who are induced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those people who are induced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those people who are induced to
+join the banking system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the banking system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the banking system
+as a consequence of the placement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of the placement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of the placement of
+branches or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches or
+varied costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+um now you have to be careful in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you have to be careful in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you have to be careful in terms
+of what this isn't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this isn't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this isn't for
+example do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example do we want to
+look what do we mean when we say we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what do we mean when we say we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what do we mean when we say we want
+to measure the impact of improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the impact of improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the impact of improved
+Financial access on the profits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entrepreneurs you want to do an IV for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs you want to do an IV for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs you want to do an IV for
+that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luck now what what can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck now what what can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck now what what can go
+wrong remember monotonicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong remember monotonicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong remember monotonicity and
+Independence okay so monotonicity means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence okay so monotonicity means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence okay so monotonicity means
+that more people are inclined to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more people are inclined to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more people are inclined to do
+something as a consequence of the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as a consequence of the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as a consequence of the policy
+variation are more people inclined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are more people inclined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation are more people inclined to be
+firms as a function of having reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as a function of having reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as a function of having reduced
+cost of financial access maybe if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of financial access maybe if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of financial access maybe if they
+were credit constrained and then make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were credit constrained and then make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were credit constrained and then make a
+lot of money in business but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in business but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in business but there's
+another subset of the population those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another subset of the population those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another subset of the population those
+not so talented people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so talented people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so talented people who are in
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+autarchy who would be actually induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy who would be actually induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy who would be actually induced
+to leave business and put their money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave business and put their money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave business and put their money in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bank so it's not monotonic the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so it's not monotonic the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so it's not monotonic the effect of
+improved Financial access is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved Financial access is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved Financial access is not
+monotonic on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic on things
+like the income of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the income of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the income of
+entrepreneurs you can if you're careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs you can if you're careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs you can if you're careful
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+about what is the impact on profits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the impact on profits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the impact on profits of
+entrepreneurs of those people whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs of those people whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs of those people whose
+decision to be an entrepreneur is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be an entrepreneur is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to be an entrepreneur is not
+affected by Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by Financial
+intermediation now that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation now that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation now that's an interesting
+question but it is NE not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it is NE not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it is NE not necessarily
+the one that we had in mind to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we had in mind to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we had in mind to begin
+with and and who are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and who are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and who are those
+people well it kind of depends on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well it kind of depends on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well it kind of depends on their
+talent right so you're making statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent right so you're making statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent right so you're making statements
+about where these Talent cut offs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where these Talent cut offs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where these Talent cut offs are
+when you're conditioning on quote things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're conditioning on quote things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're conditioning on quote things
+like people who were not making their if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people who were not making their if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people who were not making their if
+you just run an IV in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just run an IV in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just run an IV in this
+crosssection just you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mindful of what you want to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of what you want to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of what you want to do with the
+occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation
+categories now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories now you
+know this is where you know the rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where you know the rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is where you know the rubber
+hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the
+road am I just you know talking fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road am I just you know talking fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road am I just you know talking fancy
+theoretical models here I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical models here I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical models here I don't think so
+this is just the most innocuous kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the most innocuous kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the most innocuous kind of
+unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved
+heterogeneity and yet it tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and yet it tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity and yet it tells you that
+you know IV is not a Panacea you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know IV is not a Panacea you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know IV is not a Panacea you have to
+be very qu careful when you use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very qu careful when you use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very qu careful when you use it to
+think about the question you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump so you know again we have the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so you know again we have the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so you know again we have the model
+fortunately so we can generate any data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately so we can generate any data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately so we can generate any data
+that we want from the model and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want from the model and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want from the model and uh and
+talk about occupation choice and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about occupation choice and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about occupation choice and talk
+about financial intermediation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial intermediation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial intermediation so you
+know at the parameters we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the parameters we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the parameters we put
+in which have to do with that Leb thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which have to do with that Leb thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which have to do with that Leb thing
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+saw in the second lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the second lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the second lecture
+roughly uh we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about moving people in the model from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving people in the model from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moving people in the model from
+autarchy to Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy to Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy to Financial
+intermediation in other words changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation in other words changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation in other words changing
+their choice problem damning them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice problem damning them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice problem damning them to
+autarchy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy or
+or allowing them to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allowing them to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or allowing them to be in the
+intermediated sector that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated sector that's the
+conceptual experiment and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual experiment and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual experiment and looking at
+what happens to people by occupation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to people by occupation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to people by occupation so
+we've got guys who are wage earners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got guys who are wage earners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got guys who are wage earners
+before and after they're not moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after they're not moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after they're not moving and
+we kind of get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of get their
+gains uh we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains uh we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains uh we've got
+people who move from the wage earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who move from the wage earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who move from the wage earning
+category under autarchy to entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category under autarchy to entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category under autarchy to entrepreneurs
+under Financial intermediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and you like to think about those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you like to think about those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you like to think about those as
+The Talented poor people who now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Talented poor people who now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Talented poor people who now are
+able to borrow and and then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow and and then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow and and then there's this
+negative number I looked at this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number I looked at this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number I looked at this this
+morning and I'm like uh what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and I'm like uh what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and I'm like uh what's wrong
+negative and then I remembered oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then I remembered oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then I remembered oh yeah
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+subsidy so the subsidy is in place here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy so the subsidy is in place here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy so the subsidy is in place here
+so you can actually get adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually get adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually get adverse
+selection if you want to call it that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection if you want to call it that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection if you want to call it that uh
+of people who really shouldn't be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who really shouldn't be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who really shouldn't be moving
+from wage earner to the entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wage earner to the entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wage earner to the entrepreneurial
+category and it's precise though those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and it's precise though those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and it's precise though those
+people that get impacted on the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get impacted on the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that get impacted on the margin
+the these are local average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are local average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are local average treatment
+effects these are people who are induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects these are people who are induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects these are people who are induced
+to change their behavior as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change their behavior as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change their behavior as a
+consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the
+program then we've got people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program then we've got people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program then we've got people who are
+firms no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms no matter
+what and uh they gain and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are from entrepreneur under autarchy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from entrepreneur under autarchy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from entrepreneur under autarchy to
+werer under intermediation so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+werer under intermediation so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+werer under intermediation so these
+These are the not so talented guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the not so talented guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the not so talented guys who
+basically do switch and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do switch and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do switch and do
+gain uh as a result of the program so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh as a result of the program so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain uh as a result of the program so I
+mean so you might think that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you might think that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so you might think that at
+plausible parameter values you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible parameter values you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible parameter values you wouldn't
+see any of these occupation switchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any of these occupation switchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any of these occupation switchers
+but you do and again the models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do and again the models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do and again the models that
+we've been talking about sort of assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about sort of assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about sort of assume
+something like that's going on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that's going on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that's going on that's
+where the tfp is coming from except we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tfp is coming from except we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tfp is coming from except we
+didn't have a subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a subsidy
+well maybe China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe China
+did maybe we were removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did maybe we were removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did maybe we were removing the
+subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy
+um okay this will be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this will be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay this will be even
+shorter but it's a a nice review in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter but it's a a nice review in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter but it's a a nice review in a
+way you remember that uh Greenwood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you remember that uh Greenwood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you remember that uh Greenwood and
+javanovich the forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model people solve stochastic Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people solve stochastic Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model people solve stochastic Dynamic
+decision problems to maximize expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problems to maximize expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problems to maximize expected
+utility choosing how much to save and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility choosing how much to save and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility choosing how much to save and
+where to put their money in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put their money in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to put their money in terms of
+safe or risky activities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe or risky activities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe or risky activities or
+assets okay we're going to put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets okay we're going to put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets okay we're going to put a little
+heterogeneity in this discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in this discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in this discount
+rate could be other places now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate could be other places now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate could be other places now we're
+just going to experiment and see so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to experiment and see so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to experiment and see so here
+let beta I be equals to some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let beta I be equals to some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let beta I be equals to some common
+average beta bar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average beta bar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average beta bar and then
+some some heterogeneity unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some heterogeneity unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some heterogeneity unobserved
+heterogeneity that that Mak makes beta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity that that Mak makes beta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity that that Mak makes beta I
+different from beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and then we solve this optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and then we solve this optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and then we solve this optimization
+problem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have
+savings fractions of wealth to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings fractions of wealth to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings fractions of wealth to put
+in sort of safer risky or in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of safer risky or in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of safer risky or in this case I
+generalized it to entrepreneurial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized it to entrepreneurial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized it to entrepreneurial and
+wage earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage earning
+activities you have aggregate shocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you have aggregate shocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities you have aggregate shocks in
+both you have idiosyncratic shocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you have idiosyncratic shocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you have idiosyncratic shocks in
+both you have a law of motion for wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you have a law of motion for wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you have a law of motion for wealth
+you know wealth today fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wealth today fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wealth today fraction
+saved fraction put into risky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved fraction put into risky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved fraction put into risky and
+safe get you wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe get you wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe get you wealth
+tomorrow we have two sectors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we have two sectors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we have two sectors here
+intermediated and non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated and non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated and non-
+intermediated the non- intermediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated the non- intermediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediated the non- intermediated
+sector is like this financial autarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is like this financial autarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is like this financial autarchy
+sector so we have we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so we have we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so we have we're going to look
+for this value function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w0 if you're in the intermediated sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 if you're in the intermediated sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w0 if you're in the intermediated sector
+oh sorry well I'll do the next one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry well I'll do the next one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry well I'll do the next one if
+you're in the intermediated sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the intermediated sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the intermediated sector
+you're looking for another value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for another value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for another value
+function that solves Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that solves Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that solves Dynamic
+optimization now for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization now for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization now for each one of
+these you can you know if if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you can you know if if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you can you know if if you were
+there and destined to be there forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and destined to be there forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and destined to be there forever
+with these constant relative risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these constant relative risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these constant relative risk averse
+utility functions you have some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions you have some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions you have some simple
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+facts like the savings rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like the savings rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like the savings rates are
+constant savings rates depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant savings rates depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant savings rates depend on
+beta but give me the beta I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but give me the beta I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but give me the beta I'll give you
+the savings rate and that's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings rate and that's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings rate and that's true in
+alarch and it's true as well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarch and it's true as well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarch and it's true as well in the
+financial intermediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediated
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but because it affects the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but because it affects the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but because it affects the savings
+rate it's going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it's going to affect
+income and so part of the unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and so part of the unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and so part of the unobserved
+error is going to be the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to be the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is going to be the product of
+income with this Theta I but Theta I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income with this Theta I but Theta I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income with this Theta I but Theta I was
+that preference parameter we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you with me hopefully you can at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you with me hopefully you can at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you with me hopefully you can at
+least conceptually see where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least conceptually see where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least conceptually see where we're
+going okay and so there's similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay and so there's similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay and so there's similarly
+there's a savings rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a savings rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a savings rate and
+consumption for the intermediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for the intermediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for the intermediated
+guys and then you have the big Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then you have the big Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and then you have the big Choice
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is Greenwood and javanovich so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Greenwood and javanovich so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Greenwood and javanovich so
+there's this cost Z of joining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this cost Z of joining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this cost Z of joining the
+financial system and if this this cost Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system and if this this cost Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system and if this this cost Z
+is sort of a random variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a random variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a random variable in the
+population it's going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it's going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it's going to affect the
+choice the issue is whether V is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the issue is whether V is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the issue is whether V is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+so if all of this choosing were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all of this choosing were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all of this choosing were
+happening only in the initial period at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening only in the initial period at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening only in the initial period at
+T equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 0
+then I've got a valid instrument I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got a valid instrument I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got a valid instrument I have
+something that affects the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that affects the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that affects the choice of
+intermediation even in this Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation even in this Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation even in this Dynamic
+model and then you're in one sector or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then you're in one sector or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then you're in one sector or
+the other the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the savings
+rates depend on the error term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates depend on the error term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates depend on the error term which
+depends on Theta but this occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Theta but this occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Theta but this occupation
+Choice here sorry this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice here sorry this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice here sorry this this
+participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+Choice uh is instrumented with z and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice uh is instrumented with z and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice uh is instrumented with z and Z
+has nothing to do with the unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the unobserved
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+heterogenity so I have a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogenity so I have a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogenity so I have a valid
+instrument I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument I have
+monotonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonicity
+okay however that was not the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however that was not the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however that was not the way we
+dealt with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with that
+model in the lecture we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the lecture we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the lecture we talked about
+endogenous Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous Financial
+deepening that makes households forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening that makes households forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepening that makes households forward
+looking planning potentially to join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking planning potentially to join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking planning potentially to join the
+financial system at some future date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system at some future date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system at some future date
+well now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we're in
+trouble even with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble even with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble even with the same
+instrument because what we see prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument because what we see prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument because what we see prior to
+the selection is the endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection is the endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection is the endogenous
+evolution of wealth and these guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of wealth and these guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of wealth and these guys will
+be saving up to cover those fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saving up to cover those fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saving up to cover those fixed costs
+it's no longer true that the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer true that the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer true that the savings
+rates are just constant fractions of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are just constant fractions of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are just constant fractions of uh
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+income what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income what does it mean for
+rcts it means you should try to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcts it means you should try to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcts it means you should try to keep the
+control population in the dark about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control population in the dark about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control population in the dark about the
+program because if they know it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because if they know it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because if they know it's coming
+and they'll eventually get treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll eventually get treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll eventually get treated
+they're going to change their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to change their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to change their behavior
+if they behave the way they do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they behave the way they do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they behave the way they do in the
+model so Ben you know surprises people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so Ben you know surprises people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so Ben you know surprises people
+with the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the road
+construction uh when he dug up the dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction uh when he dug up the dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction uh when he dug up the dirt
+to see what the pavement was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the pavement was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the pavement was made
+of that happened after the fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happened after the fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happened after the fact he
+didn't tell them he was going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell them he was going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell them he was going to do that
+beforehand for obvious reasons but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand for obvious reasons but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand for obvious reasons but it's
+very hard in the field to maintain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard in the field to maintain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard in the field to maintain this
+because people want to know why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people want to know why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people want to know why they're
+answering all the questions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering all the questions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering all the questions and the
+question a and not getting the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a and not getting the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a and not getting the program
+they not even supposed to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not even supposed to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not even supposed to know about the
+program you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you
+know there are ways to try to fix it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are ways to try to fix it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are ways to try to fix it now
+it's true that if you had like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that if you had like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that if you had like a
+surprise even though they're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise even though they're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise even though they're following
+this Dynamic model you say oh today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dynamic model you say oh today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Dynamic model you say oh today is
+we got a special deal it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a special deal it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a special deal it's not going to
+be repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeated
+tomorrow then you have this one time off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then you have this one time off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow then you have this one time off
+experiment you have this Z that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you have this Z that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you have this Z that's
+lowered you know they got surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered you know they got surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered you know they got surprised that
+prior behavior isn't influenced by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior behavior isn't influenced by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior behavior isn't influenced by it
+that will induce selection and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will induce selection and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will induce selection and so on
+well what am I doing I'm just reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what am I doing I'm just reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what am I doing I'm just reviewing
+in a way what we've already done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way what we've already done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way what we've already done with
+these kinds of models this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of models this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of models this one is
+dynamic but putting it in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic but putting it in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic but putting it in the language
+of you know when rcts and instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know when rcts and instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know when rcts and instruments
+will work and what to be kind of leery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and what to be kind of leery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and what to be kind of leery
+about I honestly don't see how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I honestly don't see how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I honestly don't see how you can
+talk about IV or rcts random as they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about IV or rcts random as they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about IV or rcts random as they may
+be without having some framework in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be without having some framework in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be without having some framework in your
+head to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model and the restile Skip it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the restile Skip it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the restile Skip it's about
+that Financial expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Financial expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Financial expansion in
+Spain I'll tell you the key Insight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain I'll tell you the key Insight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain I'll tell you the key Insight the
+iio guys had which is basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iio guys had which is basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iio guys had which is basically you know
+you worry about an equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worry about an equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worry about an equilibrium where
+everyone's anticipating everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's anticipating everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's anticipating everybody else
+you say well hey if you believe it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well hey if you believe it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well hey if you believe it's an
+equilibrium then it ought to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then it ought to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then it ought to be in the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+so you start running reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start running reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start running reduced form
+regressions of how your competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions of how your competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions of how your competitors
+behave as a function of what you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a function of what you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a function of what you did and
+and that's kind of the forecasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the forecasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the forecasting
+aspect which you can bring into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect which you can bring into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect which you can bring into the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+problems I know it sounds a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I know it sounds a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I know it sounds a bit
+counterintuitive but basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive but basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive but basically the
+reason it works is because everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it works is because everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it works is because everyone's
+getting these shocks so no node you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these shocks so no node you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these shocks so no node you know
+you can be at any node and go to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be at any node and go to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be at any node and go to any
+other node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other node
+because there's always a shock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a shock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a shock that's
+going to rationalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rationalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rationalize that
+choice uh it's like huts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh it's like huts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice uh it's like huts and
+settler way back when and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settler way back when and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settler way back when and it's the
+foundation of you know these discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of you know these discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of you know these discreet
+Choice models now you know that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice models now you know that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice models now you know that doesn't
+always work and the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work and the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work and the last thing I
+wouldn't even tell you is a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even tell you is a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't even tell you is a situation
+where it might fail so the point was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it might fail so the point was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it might fail so the point was not
+you know to drive Nails in the coffin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to drive Nails in the coffin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to drive Nails in the coffin of
+one way of doing business the point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of doing business the point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of doing business the point was
+to have an open convers ation and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an open convers ation and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an open convers ation and have
+everything on the table and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the table and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the table and sort of
+increase our sensitivity if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase our sensitivity if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase our sensitivity if you if you
+don't think heterogeneity is unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think heterogeneity is unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think heterogeneity is unobserved
+heterogene is is a big deal that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogene is is a big deal that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogene is is a big deal that would
+help you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you a
+lot but when we looked at the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but when we looked at the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but when we looked at the impact of
+microcredit we saw a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcredit we saw a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcredit we saw a lot of
+heterogeneity in outcomes whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in outcomes whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity in outcomes whether it was
+hydrabad or Thailand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrabad or Thailand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrabad or Thailand or
+Morocco that that seems to suggest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco that that seems to suggest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morocco that that seems to suggest the
+selection on observables is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection on observables is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection on observables is is quite
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+okay good so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MVOJloovd18.txt b/MVOJloovd18.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..175050d193726fb3cbdae5efc759a0fd9c218945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MVOJloovd18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2756 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Back to cavity QED, back to
+the fully quantized radiation
+
+field, back to vacuum
+Rabi oscillation.
+
+Let me just recapitulate and
+sort of make the transition
+
+from this intense
+discussion about homework
+
+to the intellectually
+stimulating discussion
+
+about atoms and photons.
+
+So in the semiclassical
+description
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field, photons
+
+can only be emitted
+because we have
+
+a Hamiltonian with the
+semiclassical electric field.
+
+So if you don't drive the
+system with an electric field,
+
+you cannot stimulate
+the emission of photons.
+
+But we know this is
+not what happens.
+
+Photons are emitted
+into empty space,
+
+photons are emitted
+into a vacuum.
+
+And for that we needed
+a quantized description
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+We did field
+quantization, and we
+
+have now our
+quantized Hamiltonian.
+
+And on Monday I
+started to discuss
+
+what is sort of the
+paradigmatic situation,
+
+the paradigmatic example,
+for how you should think
+
+about the vacuum and how you
+should think about emission
+
+of photons into the vacuum.
+
+And these are the
+vacuum Rabi oscillation
+
+described by the
+Jaynes-Cummings model.
+
+So the situation
+which I have in mind,
+
+or which you should
+have in mind,
+
+is an idealized
+situation, but it
+
+has been realized
+experimentally.
+
+And some of those
+idealized experiments
+
+were recognized
+with the Nobel Prize
+
+research of Haroche
+and Dave Wineland.
+
+So the situation
+is we have an atom,
+
+but it only talks to one mode
+of the electromagnetic field,
+
+and we make sure
+that the atom only
+
+talks to one mode of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+not by eliminating
+other modes; they exist.
+
+I mean, an atom can emit
+upwards and downwards.
+
+But we surround it with a cavity
+which has such a small mode
+
+volume, it has such a small
+volume, that the single photon
+
+Rabi frequency is
+huge, and therefore
+
+the emission into
+this one single mode
+
+dominates over the emission
+into all other modes.
+
+So this is a condition that the
+single photon Rabi frequency
+
+has to be larger than gamma.
+
+And, of course, we
+also have to make sure
+
+that the system is idealized
+so the loss of photons because
+
+of losses in the mirror,
+or finite reflectivity
+
+in the mirror, also
+has to be smaller.
+
+So that means for
+several Rabi periods
+
+we have a system which has only
+two parts, a two-level atom
+
+and one single
+mode of the cavity.
+
+So that's the system
+we have in mind,
+
+and we discussed
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+We saw that the Hilbert
+space of the atom
+
+is excited in ground state, the
+Hilbert space of the photons
+
+is spent by the
+[? flux ?] states,
+
+but what happens is-- so there's
+an infinite number of states,
+
+because of the infinite number
+of states of the photon field--
+
+but what happens is the
+Hamiltonian couples only
+
+an excited state with n photons
+to a ground state with n
+
+plus 1 photons.
+
+So the whole Hilbert
+space is segmented now
+
+into just pairs of states
+labeled by the index n.
+
+So after so much work, we are
+back to a two-level system.
+
+And here is our
+two-level Hamiltonian.
+
+And, well, a
+two-level system does
+
+oscillations between
+the two levels.
+
+Rabi oscillations, no surprise.
+
+And this is what I
+want to discuss now.
+
+But the new feature is that
+these are really, well,
+
+these are now really two levels.
+
+Each of them is
+the combined state
+
+of the atom and the
+quantized radiation field.
+
+So now we have included in
+our two-level description
+
+the quantum state of the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+So first you should realize that
+this Hamiltonian is absolutely
+
+identical to spn 1/2
+in magnetic fields.
+
+And you can recognize
+by [? comparing ?]
+
+this Hamiltonian, this
+matrix, to the matrices
+
+we discussed for spn 1/2
+in the magnetic field,
+
+that this corresponds
+to the situation
+
+where this spn 1/2
+had a transverse field
+
+in the x direction which
+caused a precession from spn
+
+up to spn down.
+
+And this x component
+of the field
+
+corresponds now to the single
+photon Rabi frequency times
+
+n plus 1.
+
+That's the off diagonal
+matrix element in this matrix.
+
+The thing which we
+have to discuss,
+
+and I will focus later,
+is that it depends on n.
+
+So for each pairs of state
+labeled by n, the photon
+
+number, we have a different
+off diagonal matrix element.
+
+But let's discuss first the most
+important and simplest case.
+
+Let's assume we
+are on resonance,
+
+and we want to assume
+that we have a vacuum.
+
+Then our Hamiltonian
+is simply this.
+
+And when we prepare the system
+in an initial state, which
+
+is an excited state with
+no photon in the vacuum,
+
+then we'll have
+oscillations to the ground
+
+state with one photon.
+
+These oscillations are
+exactly the oscillations
+
+we saw on the spn 1/2 system.
+
+We can just map the solution.
+
+I'm not really
+writing anything here.
+
+So what we obtain is the famous
+vacuum Rabi oscillations.
+
+where the probability to
+be in the excited state
+
+oscillates with the single
+photon Rabi frequency omega 1.
+
+I think there's a little bit
+of an ambiguity in language.
+
+Is it the single
+photon Rabi frequency?
+
+or is it the vacuum
+Rabi frequency?
+
+Because there's always
+the question about plus
+
+minus one photon because
+we start in the excited
+
+state without photon
+so you want to say
+
+it's a vacuum Rabi frequency.
+
+But then you have the ground
+state with one photon,
+
+and this photon is
+reabsorbed and then
+
+you may want to call it the
+one photon Rabi frequency.
+
+So I leave it to you, but it's
+called vacuum Rabi oscillation
+
+and this Rabi frequency is
+usually referred to as the one
+
+photon Rabi frequency
+because we obtained the Rabi
+
+frequency by calculating
+the electric field
+
+of a single photon.
+
+So the Rabi oscillations
+which we are observing now
+
+correspond to the periodic
+spontaneous emission
+
+and re-absorption
+of the same photon.
+
+There's only one photon
+which is spontaneously
+
+emitted and reabsorbed in
+a completely reversible
+
+coherent way, and the
+time evolution is unitary.
+
+So it's a periodic
+spontaneous emission
+
+and re-absorption
+of the same photon.
+
+This has been
+experimentally observed.
+
+Actually, let me back up.
+
+Experiments are done in
+the microwave regime.
+
+The leading groups are,
+well, in the older days,
+
+Dan Kleppner, Herbert
+[? Weidner, ?]
+
+and Serge Haroche.
+
+And this involves Rydberg atoms.
+
+Rydberg atoms in
+superconducting high q cavities.
+
+And those Rydberg
+atoms, because things
+
+scale with n and n squared,
+the principal quantum number,
+
+have a fantastically
+strong coupling
+
+to the electromagnetic field.
+
+And there is a
+homework assignment
+
+on Rydberg atoms
+in such cavities.
+
+The other example is
+in the optical domain.
+
+And this really involves
+the D line of alkali atoms.
+
+You drive them on the D line.
+
+rubidium and caesium
+are often used,
+
+and the work is enabled
+by the development
+
+of so-called supermirrors
+which have an extremely
+
+high reflectivity, and you can
+realize an excellent q factor.
+
+And the leaders in this field
+are Jeff Kimble and Gerhard
+
+Rempe at the Max
+Planck Institute.
+
+So let me just
+discuss an example
+
+taken from the optical domain.
+
+So the generic
+situation is that you
+
+have two mirrors which
+define a single mode cavity.
+
+Usually, you have
+a stream of atoms.
+
+Traditionally in
+atomic beams, then
+
+in some experiments in slowed
+atomic beams, more recently
+
+in atoms which are
+falling out off the mode,
+
+and only very recently
+single atoms with the help
+
+of other laser beams that are
+trapped inside the cavity.
+
+So they are streamed
+in such a way
+
+that only one or a few atoms
+are in the mode volume interact
+
+with a single mode of the
+cavity at a given time.
+
+And then you want to figure
+out what is now happening,
+
+and you have the probe laser,
+you send it through the cavity,
+
+and then you record the
+transmission with a photodiode.
+
+Yanosh?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is the mirror
+made of for the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: The mirror is
+made of a glass substrate,
+
+but then you would
+[INAUDIBLE] the coating.
+
+And the mastering is
+really to put coatings
+
+on which are very
+pure, but then also I
+
+think using ion
+sputtering, you make
+
+sure that the coating
+is extremely smooth
+
+and does not have any
+surface irregularities which
+
+would scatter a tiny
+fraction of the light.
+
+I know there are some people
+in Ike's group and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+group who work with
+high q mirrors.
+
+What is a typical example
+for the reflectivity?
+
+Or the q factor you can reach?
+
+AUDIENCE: 5 [INAUDIBLE] and
+a finesse of, maybe, 500,000.
+
+And they're called
+superpolished mirrors.
+
+PROFESSOR: So finesse of
+about a million, and that
+
+means the mirrors have
+99.9999% reflectivity.
+
+And the superpolishing, I
+think, that was the last step.
+
+People had controlled
+the materials,
+
+but then they found ways
+to make a super polish
+
+and avoid these even
+one part per million
+
+scattering by surface roughness.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you do that experiment,
+what would you expect?
+
+Well, it's a
+[INAUDIBLE] experiment
+
+so if you would scan
+the probe laser,
+
+and there is nothing
+in it, what you
+
+would expect is you would
+just expect a transmission
+
+peak at the cavity resonance.
+
+And if you tune
+much further, you
+
+get the next peak at
+the free spectral range.
+
+Let me just indicate that.
+
+So this is a case for
+0 atoms in the cavity.
+
+If you put 1 photon
+in the cavity,
+
+you no longer-- sorry,
+1 atom in the cavity,
+
+you're no longer
+probing a cavity,
+
+you're really probing
+a system, which
+
+is no longer the
+cavity by itself.
+
+It's an atom-photon system.
+
+It's a couple system.
+
+And we know it's described by
+our two-by-two Hamiltonian,
+
+and this Hamiltonian
+has two solutions.
+
+And the two solutions are
+split by the one photon Rabi
+
+frequency.
+
+So the two eigenvalues
+of our Hamiltonian
+
+are at plus minus
+omega 1 photon.
+
+So therefore, for n equals
+1, we have a situation
+
+that we have two peaks split
+by the single photon Rabi
+
+frequency.
+
+Of course, I have assumed
+that great care has
+
+been spent to make sure that
+the cavity resonance is right
+
+where the atomic resonance is.
+
+So this is now for 1.
+
+If you have 10 atoms, remember
+the two-by-two Hamiltonian
+
+looks the same, but it has the
+square root n plus 1 factor.
+
+So neglecting the 1 roughly when
+we have 10 atoms in the cavity,
+
+it's square root 10
+larger Rabi frequency.
+
+And therefore, we
+would expect that we
+
+have now a splitting
+of the two modes, which
+
+is square root 10 plus 1 larger.
+
+Actually, I didn't-- sorry,
+I have to collect myself now.
+
+I showed you that
+the Rabi frequency
+
+scales with square root n
+plus 1 in the photon field.
+
+But you should realize
+that everything
+
+is [? isometric ?]
+between photons and atoms.
+
+It's the complete coupling
+between photons and atoms.
+
+And if you would now look--
+but I don't want to do it now--
+
+if you would now look what
+happens if several atoms are
+
+present in the mode
+volume, you would also
+
+get a scaling which is n
+plus 1 in the atom number,
+
+because the atom
+coupled coherently.
+
+It is actually an effect
+of super-radiance,
+
+which we'll discussed later.
+
+So just take my word.
+
+You have the same scaling
+with the atom number.
+
+But I have to give you my word
+now, because in the experiment
+
+this is what people varied.
+
+AUDIENCE: If they had varied
+power or number of photons
+
+instead, like, we couldn't
+have drawn these same diagrams,
+
+right?
+
+Because then the top part
+of the Lorentzian changes.
+
+If you're changing the photon
+number then Lorentzians change.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again?
+
+AUDIENCE: So, like,
+right now, yes, we
+
+are varying the
+number of atoms so we
+
+can talk about the splitting.
+
+But if we were varying the
+power or the number of photons
+
+instead, then each
+of the Lorentzians,
+
+their height would change.
+
+How would you draw
+this observation
+
+if you were changing
+the photon numbers?
+
+PROFESSOR: You know, I don't
+want to go into line shape.
+
+I would probably
+be a Lorentzian.
+
+I mean, all I want
+to discuss here
+
+is that we have a two-by-two
+Hamiltonian, which is split.
+
+And if we have one
+atom and one photon,
+
+it is split by the single
+photon Rabi frequency.
+
+If we have one atom
+and 10 photons,
+
+the atom can of course
+absorb and emit only one.
+
+As I derived on
+the previous page,
+
+we would have now a Rabi
+splitting, which is square root
+
+n plus 1, n being the
+number of photons.
+
+But if you would start
+in an empty cavity
+
+with 10 atoms in
+the excited state,
+
+because all the
+atoms are identical,
+
+they would spontaneously
+emit together,
+
+and then you would have 10
+atoms in the ground state,
+
+and then you would
+have 10 photons.
+
+And so maybe this helps you.
+
+If you start with 10 atoms
+in the excited state,
+
+they do everything together.
+
+If you have 10 atoms in the
+ground state with 10 photons,
+
+and now you have 10
+photons and it's clear
+
+the 10 photons lead
+to a Rabi frequency,
+
+which is proportional
+to the square root of 10
+
+or to the square root of 11.
+
+So therefore, what
+you will observe
+
+is you will now observe a
+splitting of the single mode
+
+of the cavity which goes by
+the square root of n plus 1.
+
+I don't want to discuss the line
+shape and the [? strings, ?]
+
+I just want to sort of discuss,
+in a way, the eigenvalues
+
+of the Hamiltonian,
+and the eigenvalues
+
+are the positions
+of the transmission
+
+peaks with a cavity.
+
+And that has been observed.
+
+I mentioned the two
+leaders of the field
+
+are Gerhard Rempe
+and Jeff Kimble.
+
+Well, Gerhard Rempe,
+he did his Ph.D.
+
+In the same group
+at the same time
+
+as I did so I know
+him very well.
+
+Then he went and did post
+doc work with Jeff Kimble,
+
+and now is the Director of
+the Max Planck Institute.
+
+He has the world leading
+group in cavity QED.
+
+But this is sort of here
+the two leaders have
+
+a joint paper, which is the
+first observation of the vacuum
+
+Rabi splitting in
+an optical cavity.
+
+Of course, you can
+easily observe it
+
+if you have a strong atomic
+bean with many atoms,
+
+because then you
+have a good signal.
+
+And secondly, the splitting
+is large and easily resolved.
+
+So what they managed to do is
+they managed to throttle down
+
+the atomic beam that fewer and
+fewer atoms at the given time
+
+were in the cavity.
+
+And eventually they came down
+to the limit of one atom.
+
+That was an historic experiment.
+
+Of course, it's not
+perfect in the sense
+
+that you do not see the deep
+cut between the two peaks simply
+
+because, when on average you
+have one atom in the cavity,
+
+sometimes you have to
+atom in the cavity,
+
+and then you have a
+peak in the middle.
+
+So those experiments
+in those days
+
+were done only with
+average atom numbers
+
+and not with trapped atoms
+where you know for sure there's
+
+exactly one atom in the cavity.
+
+OK.
+
+So I don't show
+you an experiment,
+
+but let me just state that
+this sort of single photon Rabi
+
+flopping has been observed.
+
+You start with the cavity
+in the vacuum field,
+
+and you sort of see
+this oscillation
+
+to the ground state
+with one photon.
+
+But what I want to discuss
+now is the situation
+
+that we are not starting
+with an empty cavity.
+
+We are starting with
+a coherent field.
+
+You can also start
+with a thermal field
+
+so there are different
+experiments you can do.
+
+What would we expect now?
+
+So now the initial
+photon state is not
+
+the vacuum state, but
+the thermal state.
+
+If you have a microwave
+cavity and you heat it
+
+up a little bit, you have to
+cool it down to below 1 Kelvin.
+
+People use either helium-free
+chrio stats or dilution
+
+refrigerators, but if you
+warm it up a little bit,
+
+you have a few microwave
+photons in the cavity.
+
+Or, that's even more controlled,
+you can make the cavity ice
+
+cold, but then you inject a few
+photons from your synthesizer
+
+into it-- from your
+microwave generator--
+
+and then you have a
+weak coherent field.
+
+But a thermal state
+or a coherent state.
+
+So what we then have is,
+OK, we would expect now
+
+a Rabi oscillation; however, the
+frequency for the Rabi flopping
+
+is now proportional to n plus 1.
+
+And we have our photon
+field in the superposition
+
+of flux states.
+
+So the fact that we have a
+superposition state implies now
+
+that the Rabi oscillations
+have a different oscillation
+
+frequency for the different
+[? tablets ?] of states labeled
+
+by n.
+
+And that leads to a dephasing.
+
+So that would mean that if you
+would look at the probability
+
+to be in the excited
+state-- just think about it.
+
+You have a wave function where
+the atom starts in the excited
+
+state, and the photon field
+is in a superposition.
+
+So now you have a
+two-component wave function
+
+which has different
+parts, and each part
+
+has a specific Rabi frequency.
+
+So you would have oscillations.
+
+Let's say there is a
+certain probability
+
+that the cavity
+is in the vacuum,
+
+and then that means that there
+is a component which oscillates
+
+at the vacuum Rabi
+oscillation frequency.
+
+But if you have a
+component in your coherent
+
+or thermal state which
+has two photons in it,
+
+then you have Rabi
+oscillations which are faster.
+
+And now you have to
+superimpose them all.
+
+And if you all
+superimpose them, and you
+
+find that very soon there
+is a damping and maybe
+
+a little bit of
+vigor, but you see
+
+at damping of the population
+in the excited state.
+
+Q [? 2 ?] dephasing.
+
+I'm just hesitating.
+
+I think I took this
+plot out of my notes,
+
+but I would expect now the
+damping should actually
+
+lead to a probability to be
+in the excited state of 1/2.
+
+So let me just try
+to correct that.
+
+So there is a little
+bit of oscillation,
+
+but then there is
+sort of a damping.
+
+And eventually, if you
+have only a small number
+
+of photon states,
+then there will
+
+be a time where you
+have sort of at least
+
+a partial commensurability.
+
+You have maybe five frequencies.
+
+You know, square root 5,
+square root 4, square root 3,
+
+square root 2.
+
+But then there is
+sort of a time where
+
+all these different frequencies
+have done an integer
+
+number of oscillations
+each, and then you
+
+get what is called a revival.
+
+And if you go to a
+large photon number,
+
+you have square root 100,
+square root 99, square root 88,
+
+the revival will happen
+at a later and later time
+
+and eventually at infinite times
+if you use a microscopic field.
+
+But for small coherent
+states, or thermal states,
+
+which only involve
+a few photons,
+
+you will get a
+revival phenomenon.
+
+And this has indeed
+been observed.
+
+This was actually the PhD
+thesis of Gerhard Rempe,
+
+and it shows the probability
+in the excited state.
+
+They had previously observed
+the Rabi oscillations
+
+at early times, but
+now the experiment
+
+had to be adjusted, I think
+by using slower atoms,
+
+to observe the longer time.
+
+And here, well, 1987 for
+the first time revivals
+
+have been seen.
+
+Let me dwell on that,
+or first are there
+
+any questions about
+what happens now?
+
+Atoms in the cavity
+to Rabi oscillations?
+
+And if the photon field
+is a superposition
+
+of only a few states due to
+this pseudo commensurability,
+
+you find times where
+you have revivals.
+
+I just worked out
+something this morning
+
+which I think is nice,
+because it will highlight
+
+how you should think about
+spontaneous emission.
+
+So let me discuss.
+
+It doesn't really
+matter, but I want
+
+to give you a specific example
+that we have a coherent state.
+
+A lot of you know what a
+coherent photon state is.
+
+For those who don't,
+it doesn't really
+
+matter for what I want
+to explain, and recover
+
+that in [? 8.4.22. ?]
+
+But if you have a laser or if
+you have a microwave generator,
+
+what comes out is a field which
+has a normalized amplitude
+
+of alpha, but your field
+is in a superposition
+
+state or [? flux ?] states.
+
+With these prefactors, I just
+wanted to give you an example.
+
+What I really just
+mean is that we
+
+have a coherent superposition
+of number states.
+
+We have prepared that.
+
+So now we have one atom
+in the excited state,
+
+it enters the cavity
+which has been prepared
+
+with the short pulse
+for a laser or microwave
+
+synthesizer in
+these state alpha.
+
+And now we want to discuss--
+so this is at t equals 0--
+
+and now I want to discuss what
+happens as a function of time.
+
+Well, we know that if
+you have one tablet,
+
+n, we have Rabi oscillations
+between the atoms
+
+in the excited state,
+and we have n photons.
+
+Or it has emitted the
+photon, and then we
+
+have n plus 1 photon
+and the cavity.
+
+But now, we have a
+superposition state,
+
+and we have amplitudes an.
+
+So I mean, that's what we get.
+
+And this includes everything.
+
+It includes everything
+a two-level atom
+
+does in a single
+mode of a cavity.
+
+And this is spontaneous
+emission, stimulated emission,
+
+and reabsorption.
+
+But I want to use
+that now to discuss
+
+with you the misconceptions
+about spontaneous emission.
+
+Colin?
+
+AUDIENCE: We're talking about
+just spontaneous emissions
+
+into the cavity?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I've singled out a single mode.
+
+But what happens is-- and you're
+just two minutes, 30 seconds,
+
+ahead of me-- that we
+had discussed vacuum Rabi
+
+oscillations or Rabi
+oscillations when
+
+we have n photons in the cavity.
+
+This was our two-level system,
+our Hamiltonian, and all
+
+we get is Rabi oscillations
+with the Rabi frequency omega n.
+
+And now we have to
+sort of do averaging.
+
+I'm now discussing that we
+have a coherent superposition
+
+of number states.
+
+Let's say, a pulse of coherent
+radiation, a coherent state,
+
+and this is what we get.
+
+You can now, if you want, put in
+a [? zillion ?] of other modes,
+
+have another sum over all
+the other modes you want.
+
+So I'm just doing the
+first step in discussing
+
+with you what will happen,
+but adding more and more
+
+modes will actually not change
+the structure of the answer
+
+and will be, of course,
+quantitatively a mess
+
+but conceptually not
+more complicated.
+
+So I want you to
+really look at that
+
+and realize where
+is the spontaneity
+
+of spontaneous emission.
+
+Where do you see any form
+of randomness associated
+
+with spontaneous emission
+in this expression?
+
+I don't see it.
+
+This is a wave function, and
+this time evolution is unitary.
+
+Everything is deterministic,
+and depending now
+
+how we choose our coefficient,
+there is even a revival.
+
+It's not dissipative that
+a photon is spontaneously
+
+emitted, and it's done.
+
+We saw in the single
+photon Rabi oscillation
+
+it can be reabsorbed, we saw
+in a slightly more complicated
+
+situation that there are
+at least partial revivals,
+
+and it now depends
+how long we wait
+
+whether revivals will
+take place or whether they
+
+will be complete revivals
+or partial revivals.
+
+But we don't need a revival
+in a coherent evolution,
+
+the coherent evolution can
+just go to a complicated wave
+
+function and it's still a
+single coherent wave function
+
+fully deterministically obtained
+form the Hamilton operator.
+
+Sometimes it pops into our
+eyes through a reversible
+
+oscillation or through revival,
+but we don't need that.
+
+So let me write it down but
+then explain you something.
+
+So it's unitary.
+
+There is no spontaneity at all.
+
+However, eventually we want to
+retrieve the classical limit.
+
+So if we would go
+to this situation
+
+that the average photon
+number is much smaller than 1,
+
+then the fluctuation
+in the photon field
+
+around the mean
+number are very small.
+
+For the coherent state the
+fluctuations are square root n.
+
+And then, we retrieve the
+limit of semiclassical Rabi
+
+flopping with the
+Rabi frequency omega
+
+r, which is-- I'm not consistent
+here with lower and uppercase
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So it's uppercase or
+lowercase omega n,
+
+and this is square root n
+times the single photon Rabi
+
+frequency.
+
+And, of course, for a
+large number of photons,
+
+we can always make
+the approximation
+
+that we do not
+have to distinguish
+
+between n and n plus 1.
+
+So this is the
+ultimate limit if we
+
+would work in the limit
+of large photon numbers.
+
+So the way how you should
+look at it is the following.
+
+This system undergoes
+a time evolution
+
+to a state which is
+rather complicated.
+
+But if you make
+the number n large,
+
+this becomes
+approximately a state
+
+where you have
+simply-- you know what
+
+the rate of the
+semiclassical limit?
+
+In the semiclassical limit,
+we have a constant laser beam
+
+with constant electric
+field amplitude, e,
+
+and then we have driven
+Rabi oscillations
+
+between ground
+and excited state.
+
+So therefore, I don't want
+to show you mathematically,
+
+but in the limit of large
+n, you can approximate
+
+this complicated
+entangled wave function
+
+by the product of
+Rabi oscillations
+
+between ground and excited state
+times a coherent photon field.
+
+And the correction
+between what I just said
+
+and this complicated wave
+function is like 1 over n,
+
+because it's sort of a
+1 over n approximation
+
+where we have
+neglected terms which
+
+the relative importance
+of them is 1 over n.
+
+So therefore, there
+are people who will say
+
+and who will tell
+you when we have
+
+an interaction of an atom
+with a coherent state,
+
+and let's just think in the
+number of n being large,
+
+that n times out of n plus
+1, we have a coherent state.
+
+The atom does Rabi
+oscillation and what
+
+it does is it just emits
+photon into the coherent field
+
+and takes it back, like
+in semiclassical physics.
+
+But in one case out of
+n cases, or the rate
+
+1 over n of the rate of the
+wave function is sort of fuzzy.
+
+It's not a coherent
+state; it's something
+
+much more complicated.
+
+And if you do not keep track
+of this complicated nature
+
+of the wave function and just
+do some simple measurement by,
+
+let's say, just
+measuring the phase
+
+of the electromagnetic
+wave by projecting
+
+onto a coherent
+state, then you would
+
+find that with the
+probability of n
+
+the system was just staying
+in a coherent state.
+
+And with a probability
+which is one part out of n,
+
+something else has happened,
+and your detector cannot capture
+
+the entanglement of that state.
+
+And this last part
+is what some people
+
+associate with
+spontaneous emission.
+
+I don't know.
+
+That's my view where the
+spontaneity in this process is.
+
+It's not a spontaneity
+in the time evolution.
+
+It's more a spontaneity
+if you do not
+
+care to detect this
+complexity, but map it back
+
+to a coherent state.
+
+And then with a precision
+which is 1 over n,
+
+you retrieve the
+semiclassical limit,
+
+but the difference between
+the semiclassical limit
+
+and the entangled wave function,
+this is what some people say
+
+is spontaneous because it's not
+captured by a single picture.
+
+I'm actually expecting some
+people to disagree with me,
+
+but this is sort
+of my view, what
+
+I'm sort of learning from
+the simple examples I've
+
+given to you.
+
+Since Ike is an expert
+on it, maybe, Ike,
+
+can I ask you the question is
+there actually a simple way
+
+to show that if I go
+to a large n limit
+
+that you can sort of really show
+that n parts out of n plus 1
+
+is really described fully
+by the semiclassical limit
+
+and there is only
+a 1 over n fraction
+
+where we have to look at the
+more complicated wave function?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't think
+there's a simple way to do it,
+
+but one can look
+at the equivalence
+
+of a [? and a factor ?]
+state, and they're only
+
+different by one photon number.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's sort of clear.
+
+I mean, everything is if you
+approximate n by n plus 1.
+
+If you don't care about
+the small difference,
+
+everything falls into
+place and is simple.
+
+But I was just
+wondering if one could
+
+show sort of in a more direct
+or more intuitive or maybe
+
+more quantitatively
+what is really
+
+the extra part beyond
+stimulated emission
+
+absorption into
+the coherent state.
+
+So what sort of
+really the nature
+
+of what people call the
+spontaneously emitted photon?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think that I don't
+the question, because I still
+
+argue that it's purely
+[? unitary ?] evolution even--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: For that system,
+and therefore, it's
+
+purely [INAUDIBLE] and
+nothing spontaneous
+
+is happening at all.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+All right.
+
+Good.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+What is next?
+
+I think this finishes our
+discussion on vacuum Rabi
+
+oscillations and revivals.
+
+I have now two
+topics in light atom
+
+interaction which you may
+not find in many textbooks,
+
+but it's my experience that
+they're really relevant.
+
+One is very conceptual.
+
+It's about the rotating
+wave approximation.
+
+And the other one is just
+the opposite, very technical.
+
+It's not really a
+new concept, but this
+
+is about saturation
+intensities and cross-section
+
+of an atom for absorption.
+
+The last things, cross-section
+for absorption and saturation
+
+intensity, that's
+what you need when
+
+you talk to atoms
+in the laboratory.
+
+These are the quantities in
+which we think intuitively
+
+about light atom interaction.
+
+So it's not involving
+any concept.
+
+I want to spend 20 minutes in
+introducing for you saturation,
+
+saturation parameter,
+cross-section,
+
+what's different between
+monochromatic light
+
+and broadband light.
+
+But before I do that,
+I have a few minutes
+
+on the rotating
+wave approximation.
+
+So let's call it rotating
+wave approximation revisited.
+
+Again, rotating
+wave approximation.
+
+And what I want to discuss
+can be discussed in
+
+the fully quantized
+picture, but also
+
+in the semiclassical picture.
+
+In the fully quantized
+picture, just a reminder,
+
+what we discussed
+earlier was that when
+
+we have the atomic
+raising and lowering
+
+operator and the photonic
+raising and blowing operator,
+
+we got four terms.
+
+And two of the terms
+are co-rotating,
+
+two are counter-rotating.
+
+But I can get exactly
+the same number
+
+of four terms in this
+semiclassical picture,
+
+and I want you to see both.
+
+But in the quantized picture,
+it's actually easier,
+
+because when you see a
+and [? a dega, ?] you
+
+know immediately one is
+absorption one is emission.
+
+So therefore let
+me explain to you
+
+what I want to tell you
+about the rotating wave
+
+approximation using the
+semiclassical picture,
+
+because then you
+immediately know
+
+how to apply it to
+the quantized picture.
+
+So what I want to bring in the
+here in addition to what we
+
+have discussed about
+light atom interaction,
+
+we had sort of a
+dipole Hamiltonian,
+
+is the fact that we have
+circular polarized light,
+
+left-handed and
+right-handed light,
+
+and I want to sort of
+use that and combine it
+
+with angular momentum selection
+roles, which as you remember
+
+we discussed after our
+discussion of dipole,
+
+quadrupole, and magnetic
+dipole positions.
+
+So I put now all
+those parts together
+
+and revisit the rotating
+wave approximation.
+
+So what I hope for is it
+tells you a little bit
+
+how selection roles,
+angular momentum,
+
+circular polarization,
+and semiclassical field
+
+which rotate in one direction
+how they are all connected.
+
+So I have to set
+up the situation
+
+by saying that we use as a
+quantization axis the direction
+
+k, which is either the
+direction of the propagation
+
+of the light beam
+or, in general,
+
+it's orthogonal to
+the polarization
+
+of the electric
+and magnetic field.
+
+And I can talk about an
+electric field driving
+
+an electric dipole transition.
+
+I can talk about
+a magnetic field
+
+driving a magnetic transition.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+
+I will use [? Bsc ?]
+amplitude, but you can also
+
+immediately think
+electric dipole,
+
+and this field is
+linearly polarized.
+
+But I want to immediately
+decompose this field
+
+into right-handed and
+left-handed field.
+
+Or a linearly
+polarized field can
+
+be regarded as a superposition
+of a field which circulates
+
+this way plus one which
+circulates the other way.
+
+And ultimately, the
+message we will see
+
+is that if you have
+linearly polarized light,
+
+we always get counter-rotating
+term, we always
+
+have a [INAUDIBLE]
+shift and such.
+
+But if you use rotating fields
+or circularly polarized light,
+
+selection roles may
+actually lead to the result
+
+that there is no
+counter-rotating term at all.
+
+So this is eventually
+what I'm aiming for,
+
+and this will be the final
+point of the discussion.
+
+So the field which rotates
+in the right-handed direction
+
+where the rotating field is
+a superposition of x and y,
+
+or i and j.
+
+And one the rotates
+has a cosine omega t
+
+and one has sine omega t.
+
+I don't need to write
+down the left-handed part,
+
+because there's
+just a minus sign.
+
+Or this will actually
+become very handy.
+
+I do all the discussion
+for the right-handed part,
+
+but I can always
+obtain the expression
+
+for the left-handed part by
+replacing omega by minus omega.
+
+Which will mean that
+some emission process
+
+by the right-handed part
+will be an absorption
+
+process by the left-hand part.
+
+Be we'll see.
+
+You can change angular
+momentum by plus 1
+
+by absorbing a right-handed
+photon or-- you'll see.
+
+We'll get there.
+
+So anyway, those signs
+will become important.
+
+Let me now take the
+above expression
+
+for the right-handed part
+and replace cosine omega t
+
+and sine omega t by
+e to the i omega t.
+
+So this was the i component,
+this was the j component.
+
+We divide by 2.
+
+Just to avoid confusion,
+I want to emphasize
+
+I've started with a real field.
+
+So I'm not using, as you often
+do in e and m complex field
+
+and the real fields
+are the real part,
+
+I have not started
+out by adding,
+
+you know, imaginary
+parts to the field.
+
+I've started out with a
+linearly polarized field
+
+in the x direction
+cosine omega t,
+
+and I've decomposed it
+into two real fields.
+
+One is right-handed,
+one is left-handed.
+
+Complex numbers
+only come because I
+
+want to use a complex
+exponential to replace
+
+cosine omega t and sine omega t.
+
+We are almost done with the
+decomposition of the field.
+
+I just wanted to-- we
+have now four terms,
+
+and I want to [? recoup ?] them.
+
+i minus imaginary unit j.
+
+i plus imaginary unit j.
+
+This is e to the i omega t.
+
+And this is e to
+the minus i omega t.
+
+So what have we done?
+
+Well, we've just started with
+linearly repolarized light,
+
+and I've rewritten
+the expression twice,
+
+and now we are looking only at
+one of the circular components,
+
+and in the end what
+we have is four terms.
+
+Well, that's also what we
+had in the fully quantized
+
+Hamiltonian, and we now want to
+identify what those four terms.
+
+Two will be co-rotating, two
+will be counter-rotating,
+
+but it's very helpful
+to analyze those terms.
+
+But there are two things
+we have to look at now.
+
+One is we have an
+e to the i omega t.
+
+And, well, it's probably
+a sign convention,
+
+but trust me, if you put that
+in the Schrodinger equation,
+
+it mean that you increase
+the energy of the atom
+
+if you drive it with
+e to the i omega t.
+
+You take it from a ground state
+to an excited state, which
+
+differs in frequency by
+omega, and therefore this
+
+means you have increased
+the energy of the system,
+
+and this corresponds
+to absorption.
+
+Whereas this one here
+means we take an atom
+
+from an excited state
+to a ground state,
+
+and this is the situation
+of stimulated emission.
+
+Remember, in selection
+roles we take our field
+
+and we multiply it
+with a dipole moment,
+
+electric, magnetic
+dipole moment whatever.
+
+But now we want to use also the
+spherical tensor decomposition
+
+of those dipole moments.
+
+It's a complicated
+word, but what
+
+it means is those terms are
+dotted with the dipole moment,
+
+and if you do it now
+component-by-component,
+
+we retrieve selection roles
+because this peaks out the--
+
+let me just write it
+down-- the x plus y
+
+tensor component of
+the matrix element.
+
+And this corresponds to
+delta m equals plus 1.
+
+We change the angular
+momentum by one unit,
+
+and of course this term is
+then delta m equals minus 1.
+
+So we have done the work.
+
+What I want to do now is
+just map those terms into
+
+and energy level diagram.
+
+I like sort of pictorial
+representations,
+
+and each term becomes now
+a graphical [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So let us assume we have a
+system, hydrogen is to p state.
+
+But let's say generally we
+go from a j equals 0 to j
+
+equals 1 state, which
+has three components.
+
+Now, I have set it up in
+such a way that-- oops,
+
+we need a little
+bit extra space.
+
+I've set it up in such a way
+that the states here, this
+
+is m equals 0, this
+is m equals plus 1,
+
+and this is m equals minus 1.
+
+So therefore-- let
+me just use color
+
+coding now-- this one here
+is delta m equals plus 1
+
+so this one always
+moves to the right.
+
+It changes angular momentum
+by 1 so it can always
+
+move to the right, whereas
+the other one, delta m
+
+equals minus 1,
+moves to the bank.
+
+Absorption is e to the i
+omega t, always moves up.
+
+And stimulated
+emission moves down.
+
+So with that what
+happens is this term here
+
+transfers one unit of
+angular momentum and energy.
+
+So that would mean
+this term goes up here.
+
+It could go up here, if
+[? there were a ?] state.
+
+The other term-- let me use
+a green color-- is driving
+
+the process in the
+opposite direction.
+
+But now we have to also consider
+that you can go down here,
+
+and you can go down
+to a virtual state.
+
+A virtual state
+is just something
+
+which has the same wave
+function as a state,
+
+it just has an e to
+the i omega t, which
+
+is not-- it's a driven system.
+
+You drive it.
+
+You [INAUDIBLE] a state.
+
+You [INAUDIBLE] a state
+at the drive frequency,
+
+and it just means, in
+this case, this state
+
+has an oscillation e to the i
+omega t, which is very, very
+
+different from what a state
+which is populated would have,
+
+and this is what we
+call a virtual state.
+
+So in other words,
+what is possible is
+
+we have our three states,
+plus minus 1 and 0,
+
+but this is the
+spatial wave function
+
+including angular momentum.
+
+But we can now drive it by
+plus omega and minus omega,
+
+and therefore we can
+have it as virtual states
+
+pretty much at any
+energy we want.
+
+But this process
+here is not possible,
+
+because this would require
+to go to a state which has m
+
+equals 2, which does not exist.
+
+So now what I've
+shown here is if we
+
+would stock in the
+m equals 0 state,
+
+I've shown you the four
+terms, two are co-rotating
+
+and two are counter-rotating.
+
+If you neglect this
+virtual state which
+
+has a detuning of about
+2 omega, or 2 resonance
+
+frequency of the atom,
+this is the rotating wave
+
+approximation.
+
+One term is responsible
+for absorption;
+
+the other term is responsible
+for a stimulated emission.
+
+But if I don't make the
+rotating wave approximation,
+
+I have those two extra terms.
+
+So this is only the
+right-handed light,
+
+and I want to sort of play a
+little bit with this concept.
+
+If I would take the
+left-handed light,
+
+I would add sort of
+four more arrows.
+
+Two more here and two more here.
+
+But let's just
+keep the situation
+
+as simple as possible.
+
+But I really sort
+of like that you
+
+write down right-handed,
+left-handed side,
+
+decompose it into
+its components,
+
+and each component is now
+in this diagram connected
+
+to an arrow where one
+direction is angular momentum,
+
+the other one is energy.
+
+So let me now talk about
+other energy diagrams.
+
+And this will lead
+to the answer.
+
+Well, can we create
+a situation where
+
+we have only two terms,
+which would be the simplest
+
+two-level system, can
+be directly realized
+
+without any rotating
+wave approximation
+
+a two-level system?
+
+So if we had two levels,
+which have only m
+
+equals 0 and m equals 1.
+
+So this would be
+the situation I just
+
+discussed with those two levels.
+
+So the only way how I can fit
+in this arrow is this one,
+
+and the diagonally
+downward arrow is that.
+
+So in this case, rotating
+wave approximation
+
+is not an approximation,
+it is exact.
+
+But some purists will
+actually say, hey,
+
+you can never realize
+that when you have an n
+
+equals plus 1 state.
+
+Then you always have an
+m equals minus 1 state.
+
+And then you have a
+virtual state down there,
+
+and then you get two
+more terms, which
+
+are the counter-rotating terms
+which I just showed above.
+
+So whole I would say if you
+have a neutron star which
+
+makes an infinitely
+high magnetic field,
+
+you can have a huge
+[INAUDIBLE] splitting between m
+
+equals plus 1 and
+m equals minus 1
+
+and completely move one
+of the angular momentum
+
+states out of the picture.
+
+But, of course, in the
+rotating wave approximation
+
+we are neglecting off resonant
+terms at 2 omega, omega
+
+being an electronic
+excitation energy,
+
+so I'm really talking
+about Zeeman shifts
+
+here to eliminate
+the other state which
+
+may be comparable to
+electronic energies.
+
+So in principle, I can say
+this is my Hilbert space,
+
+and in this Hilbert space no
+rotating wave approximations
+
+is needed.
+
+But it's maybe an
+artificial Hilbert space.
+
+When I had a discussion
+with other people,
+
+we came up with the possibility
+of some forbidden transition.
+
+If you go from a doublet
+s to a doublet s state
+
+so all you have is
+a spin system which
+
+has 1/2 angular momentum
+plus 1/2 minus 1/2.
+
+And then you realize
+that the only way how
+
+you can fit in the
+orange arrow is
+
+in this way, and the
+green arrow in this way.
+
+So here you would
+have a situation
+
+where the rotating wave
+approximation is exact.
+
+But, of course, it's not an
+electric dipole transition;
+
+it's some sort of weaker
+conversation, which
+
+may be forbidden.
+
+I need two more minutes.
+
+I have discussed the case
+where we have quantized
+
+along a direction, I
+called it the k direction,
+
+and the polarization of
+the electromagnetic field
+
+was [? i and j ?] was
+perpendicular to it.
+
+So let me now discuss a
+case where we quantize along
+
+the polarization of the
+electromagnetic field,
+
+and you remember from our
+discussion on selection roles
+
+that this is pi light.
+
+So in this case, our
+magnetic or electric field
+
+is polarized along
+the i direction,
+
+and the real cosine omega t gets
+decomposed into e to the plus
+
+e to the minus i omega t.
+
+And we know already one term
+is absorption one is emission.
+
+And now, if I take my j
+equals 0 to j equals 1 system,
+
+pi light has a selection
+role of delta m equals 0.
+
+So now I have an arrow,
+which I want to be orange,
+
+which goes up.
+
+And a green arrow--
+this is a great program.
+
+The only thing is you have
+to be very careful when
+
+you change color
+and press carefully.
+
+That's why sometimes the colors
+are not doing what I want.
+
+But here is green.
+
+But now, of course, with
+linearly polarized light
+
+we can always go down
+to a virtual state.
+
+We have now four terms.
+
+Two are rotating, two
+are counter-rotating.
+
+So therefore the
+quick conclusion
+
+of the last ten minutes is
+that there is the possibility
+
+that counter-rotating
+terms can be
+
+0 for sigma plus sigma minus
+light due to angular momentum
+
+selection roles.
+
+But what we have also learned is
+if you have the m plus 1 state
+
+in there's an m minus state, if
+you have circularly polarized
+
+light and we drive a transition
+between two m states,
+
+the counter-rotating
+term does not
+
+come from the same set of
+two states, m equals 1.
+
+It involves m equals minus 1.
+
+So it's the other state which
+is maybe degenerate or only
+
+slightly [? split ?] by
+a magnetic field which
+
+is responsible for the
+counter-rotating terms.
+
+Anyway we have talked so
+much about rotating wave
+
+approximation and
+those terms, I just
+
+wanted to show you
+how it is modified
+
+if you use degeneracy p
+states and angular momentum.
+
+Any question?
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MyWivgwDPtg.txt b/MyWivgwDPtg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a7ece35eea6368b68f3af28b32a4fa18d23d785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MyWivgwDPtg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let me uh Begin by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let me uh Begin by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let me uh Begin by just
+giving you a little bit of a preview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little bit of a preview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little bit of a preview of
+what's coming up over the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up over the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up over the next couple of
+weeks in terms of calendar uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks in terms of calendar uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks in terms of calendar uh to the
+problem set that's due today you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set that's due today you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set that's due today you'll
+notice is perhaps a little bit long but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is perhaps a little bit long but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is perhaps a little bit long but
+the good news is the next problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is the next problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is the next problem set
+you'll look at and go is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll look at and go is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll look at and go is that all
+because it will look very short part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will look very short part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will look very short part of
+the reason is the problem set that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the problem set that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is the problem set that goes
+out today will be due a week from today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out today will be due a week from today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out today will be due a week from today
+next Tuesday but a week from Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday but a week from Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday but a week from Thursday
+will be our first quiz and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our first quiz and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our first quiz and so the
+upcoming problem set is meant to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming problem set is meant to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming problem set is meant to give
+you some time to go back and re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some time to go back and re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some time to go back and re
+integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and
+redigested so far the material that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redigested so far the material that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redigested so far the material that is
+on this problem set that's going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem set that's going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem set that's going out
+it's going to be a couple more few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a couple more few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a couple more few more
+problems U still related to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems U still related to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems U still related to control
+charting some of the things we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting some of the things we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting some of the things we'll talk
+about today and that will be covered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today and that will be covered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today and that will be covered on
+the quiz so the quiz will be statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz so the quiz will be statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz so the quiz will be statistical
+Bas Basics up through uh uh statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas Basics up through uh uh statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas Basics up through uh uh statistical
+process control and control charting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and control charting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and control charting
+that'll be a week from Thursday this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be a week from Thursday this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be a week from Thursday this
+Thursday I'll be giving uh a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday I'll be giving uh a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday I'll be giving uh a lecture
+that shifts a little bit to yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts a little bit to yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts a little bit to yield
+modeling and that will not be on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and that will not be on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and that will not be on either
+the problem this problem set or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem this problem set or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem this problem set or this
+quiz okay so uh that's the plan uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay so uh that's the plan uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay so uh that's the plan uh we'll
+have more details on the quiz and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more details on the quiz and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more details on the quiz and I I
+think even some example uh quizzes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even some example uh quizzes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even some example uh quizzes that
+you can look at uh uh from the past but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at uh uh from the past but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at uh uh from the past but
+uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other
+quick warnings or or previews on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick warnings or or previews on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick warnings or or previews on on the
+quiz itself is uh the plan is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz itself is uh the plan is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz itself is uh the plan is to make
+that closed book but you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed book but you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed book but you will be able to
+bring a page of notes in so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a page of notes in so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a page of notes in so you can have
+a a single page of cheat sheet or notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single page of cheat sheet or notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a single page of cheat sheet or notes
+uh formulas examples whatever you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formulas examples whatever you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formulas examples whatever you can
+fit for quiz one on the one side of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit for quiz one on the one side of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit for quiz one on the one side of one
+page uh and also bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh and also bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh and also bring a
+calculator uh we will provide for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator uh we will provide for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator uh we will provide for you
+any uh statistics tables that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh statistics tables that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh statistics tables that might be
+needed uh typically out of the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh typically out of the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh typically out of the back of
+Montgomery or uh May Spanos so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery or uh May Spanos so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery or uh May Spanos so we'll
+have those if you need them yes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those if you need them yes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those if you need them yes all the
+formulas all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all the
+inters we're not giving you those so th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inters we're not giving you those so th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inters we're not giving you those so th
+those should go on your on your one page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those should go on your on your one page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those should go on your on your one page
+of notes that you can bring in or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes that you can bring in or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes that you can bring in or you
+can just remember them if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just remember them if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just remember them if you're really
+good you'll give us like a z table we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you'll give us like a z table we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you'll give us like a z table we'll
+give you a z table we'll give you a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a z table we'll give you a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a z table we'll give you a uh
+uh if you need it t Kai squared we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you need it t Kai squared we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you need it t Kai squared we'll
+give you those tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G I'm sure there is a gamma table I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G I'm sure there is a gamma table I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G I'm sure there is a gamma table I'm
+not sure whether or not it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah it arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and that might be a clue if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that might be a clue if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that might be a clue if you don't
+have a gamma table don't try to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gamma table don't try to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gamma table don't try to use the
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we'll we'll try to try to dig up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll we'll try to try to dig up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll we'll try to try to dig up uh
+an example an example exam so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example an example exam so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example an example exam so you can
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+look okay so any question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay so any question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay so any question other
+questions on the quiz any questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the quiz any questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the quiz any questions uh
+from Singapore in the upcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Singapore in the upcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Singapore in the upcoming
+quiz you guys look so eager for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz you guys look so eager for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz you guys look so eager for
+it okay so today what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so today what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so today what I want to do is
+pick up a little bit where uh Dave Hart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a little bit where uh Dave Hart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a little bit where uh Dave Hart
+uh left off so the plan here today will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh left off so the plan here today will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh left off so the plan here today will
+be very brief uh review on control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very brief uh review on control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very brief uh review on control
+charting the basic idea I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting the basic idea I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting the basic idea I want to be
+able to hit now that you've seen what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hit now that you've seen what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hit now that you've seen what he
+described and what you've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and what you've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and what you've been doing
+hopefully on the problem set that's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully on the problem set that's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully on the problem set that's due
+at the end of the day is is reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day is is reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day is is reinforce
+the relationship here between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship here between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship here between a
+hypothesis tests and and control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis tests and and control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis tests and and control chart
+and so I'm going to uh just remind us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to uh just remind us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to uh just remind us a
+little bit about hypothesis tests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about hypothesis tests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about hypothesis tests and
+these different types of Errors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of Errors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different types of Errors the
+probability of false alarm probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of false alarm probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of false alarm probability
+of a Mis alarm alarm Mist alarm or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Mis alarm alarm Mist alarm or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Mis alarm alarm Mist alarm or or or
+beta and how the sample size plays with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and how the sample size plays with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and how the sample size plays with
+that because when you design control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because when you design control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because when you design control
+charts Alpha recall basically sets your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts Alpha recall basically sets your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts Alpha recall basically sets your
+upper control limits and lower control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper control limits and lower control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper control limits and lower control
+limits beta falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits beta falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits beta falls
+out it beta being uh related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it beta being uh related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it beta being uh related to
+essentially the probability again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the probability again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the probability again of
+missing an alarm when the process has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing an alarm when the process has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing an alarm when the process has in
+fact shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact shifted
+and how do you change or affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you change or affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you change or affect
+beta by modifying the sample size so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta by modifying the sample size so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta by modifying the sample size so I
+want to talk a little bit about those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk a little bit about those I
+think you might have touched on them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might have touched on them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you might have touched on them uh
+briefly but I want to touch on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but I want to touch on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but I want to touch on those
+and also uh remind us of the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh remind us of the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh remind us of the definition
+or give you the definition of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give you the definition of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give you the definition of average
+run length and I think you've if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run length and I think you've if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run length and I think you've if you've
+uh gotten to that point in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gotten to that point in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gotten to that point in the problem
+set you've already read about that uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you've already read about that uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you've already read about that uh as
+well so let me start again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let me start again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let me start again with
+with the basic hypothesis test because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the basic hypothesis test because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the basic hypothesis test because
+remember all that a control chart is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all that a control chart is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all that a control chart is is
+a running hypothesis test where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running hypothesis test where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running hypothesis test where every
+new sample comes in you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sample comes in you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sample comes in you're doing a
+hypothesis or you're asking the test on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis or you're asking the test on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis or you're asking the test on
+the hypothesis has the pro process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis has the pro process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis has the pro process
+shifted or is it still my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted or is it still my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted or is it still my
+nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal
+distribution so the basic basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the basic basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the basic basic
+situation with the hypothesis test if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the hypothesis test if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the hypothesis test if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what we have is
+our assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our assumed
+distribution I'm going to assume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm going to assume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'm going to assume here
+that it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a
+gaussian we'll call that H knot it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian we'll call that H knot it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian we'll call that H knot it's got
+some Mew some true process mean and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Mew some true process mean and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Mew some true process mean and what
+we said is we pick control limits or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is we pick control limits or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is we pick control limits or in
+the hypothesis test case acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis test case acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis test case acceptance
+regions but I'm going to sort of use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions but I'm going to sort of use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions but I'm going to sort of use the
+control chart terminology since that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart terminology since that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart terminology since that's
+what we're dealing with here we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with here we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with here we pick
+where these limits are based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these limits are based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these limits are based on a
+probability of false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of false
+alarm seems a little weird right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm seems a little weird right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm seems a little weird right but
+basically what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assign if Alpha is our false alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate we put Alpha over two in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we put Alpha over two in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we put Alpha over two in each of
+the two tails now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on this key idea that if we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this key idea that if we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this key idea that if we're in
+in control most of the time the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control most of the time the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control most of the time the data
+will be in here every now and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in here every now and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in here every now and then just
+by random chance alone even when nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by random chance alone even when nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by random chance alone even when nothing
+has changed we're still in h knot I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed we're still in h knot I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed we're still in h knot I do
+get an unusual point out in the Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an unusual point out in the Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an unusual point out in the Tails
+and if we do three sigma we saw that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do three sigma we saw that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do three sigma we saw that's
+about three uh in a thousand points will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three uh in a thousand points will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three uh in a thousand points will
+fall way outside in the Tails so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall way outside in the Tails so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall way outside in the Tails so when we
+get a point out in the tail we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a point out in the tail we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a point out in the tail we say
+something might be unusual going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be unusual going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be unusual going
+on either something has changed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either something has changed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either something has changed in the
+process or I got unlucky and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or I got unlucky and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or I got unlucky and I just
+pulled a sample from the Tails so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled a sample from the Tails so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled a sample from the Tails so in
+fact there is in a process that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is in a process that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is in a process that's always
+in control there is this false alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control there is this false alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control there is this false alarm
+rate now another way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now another way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now another way of talking about
+this false alarm rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false alarm rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this false alarm rate is
+also the inverse of the false alarm rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the inverse of the false alarm rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the inverse of the false alarm rate
+which is how many runs does it take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how many runs does it take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how many runs does it take on
+average before you get a false alarm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average before you get a false alarm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average before you get a false alarm and
+this is referred to as the average run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is referred to as the average run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is referred to as the average run
+length Okay so here sliding back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so here sliding back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so here sliding back to the
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+uh to the slides can we put uh can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the slides can we put uh can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the slides can we put uh can we
+put the PowerPoint slides on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the PowerPoint slides on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the PowerPoint slides on both
+screens great thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens great thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens great thank you very
+much um so looking back here this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um so looking back here this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um so looking back here this is our
+our nominal probability again 3 out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nominal probability again 3 out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nominal probability again 3 out of a
+th000 but now if I turn it around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 but now if I turn it around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 but now if I turn it around and
+ask the question how often or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question how often or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question how often or what
+is the average number of runs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average number of runs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average number of runs that we
+have to go well it's just one over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go well it's just one over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go well it's just one over that
+probability on any one run of uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on any one run of uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on any one run of uh having
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+point fall in the Tails okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point fall in the Tails okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point fall in the Tails okay so that's
+the definition of our average run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of our average run length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of our average run length
+and actually a notation that I like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually a notation that I like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually a notation that I like in
+Montgomery is we'll Define this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery is we'll Define this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery is we'll Define this as
+average run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length
+Subzero and what that does is remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subzero and what that does is remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subzero and what that does is remind me
+that that's the average run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the average run length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the average run length
+associated with the hot the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the hot the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the hot the default
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay so that's the alpha part where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the alpha part where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the alpha part where does
+beta come in beta comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta come in beta comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta come in beta comes
+in when we actually have a shift so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we actually have a shift so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when we actually have a shift so the
+whole idea is now imagine that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is now imagine that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is now imagine that I've
+got a shift in the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a shift in the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a shift in the distribution
+I've had a shift from mu to Mu plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a shift from mu to Mu plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a shift from mu to Mu plus some
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Delta right I'm going to label that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta right I'm going to label that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta right I'm going to label that the
+alternative hypothesis so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis so the idea is
+for a given Delta I'm now actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Delta I'm now actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Delta I'm now actually
+drawing parts from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing parts from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing parts from a different
+distribution my H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution my H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution my H1
+distribution I've already defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I've already defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I've already defined the
+acceptance region based on my acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance region based on my acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance region based on my acceptable
+average run length or my acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length or my acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length or my acceptable
+false alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false alarm
+rate by the way there's nothing magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by the way there's nothing magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by the way there's nothing magic
+about plusus 3 Sigma if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plusus 3 Sigma if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plusus 3 Sigma if you don't want
+to respond once out of you know three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond once out of you know three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond once out of you know three
+three times out of every thousand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times out of every thousand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times out of every thousand or
+about once every 333 runs you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once every 333 runs you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once every 333 runs you don't want
+to respond to a false alarm rate doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to a false alarm rate doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to a false alarm rate doesn't
+cost you that much to have a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you that much to have a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you that much to have a false
+alarm um or or it costs a a lot to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm um or or it costs a a lot to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm um or or it costs a a lot to have
+a false alarm but it doesn't cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false alarm but it doesn't cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false alarm but it doesn't cost you
+that much to have a bad part then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much to have a bad part then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much to have a bad part then maybe
+you only want to respond 1/10th as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only want to respond 1/10th as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only want to respond 1/10th as as
+much in which case you would change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in which case you would change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in which case you would change your
+your control limits move them out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control limits move them out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control limits move them out a
+little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so
+that uh you set it based on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you set it based on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you set it based on the average
+you know set based on the uh average run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set based on the uh average run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know set based on the uh average run
+length or the probability that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the probability that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the probability that you can
+accept out in the tail so that's set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept out in the tail so that's set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept out in the tail so that's set but
+now we said there is also the type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said there is also the type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said there is also the type two
+error or the beta error which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or the beta error which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or the beta error which is the
+probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mist a mist arm and that's set by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mist a mist arm and that's set by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mist a mist arm and that's set by those
+control limits right so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits right so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits right so now the
+probability that I would have thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I would have thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I would have thought it
+was a good part even though an alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good part even though an alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good part even though an alarm
+occurred is just the other side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred is just the other side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred is just the other side of that
+same control limit but now drawn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same control limit but now drawn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same control limit but now drawn from
+the uh H1 distribution I really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh H1 distribution I really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh H1 distribution I really have a
+shift but the point fell on this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but the point fell on this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift but the point fell on this part of
+the tail of the H1 distribution and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the H1 distribution and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the H1 distribution and I
+declared it good I said there's no alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared it good I said there's no alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared it good I said there's no alarm
+okay and we saw last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we saw last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we saw last time
+basically a couple couple of classes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a couple couple of classes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a couple couple of classes ago
+this is also it's just the tail there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also it's just the tail there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also it's just the tail there in
+that distribution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution it's a
+UCL uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCL uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCL uh
+minus Delta over Sigma over < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta over Sigma over < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta over Sigma over < TK of
+n by the way this is just this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by the way this is just this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by the way this is just this part of
+the tail to be really careful I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail to be really careful I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail to be really careful I should
+also subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also subtract off
+off this tail this part right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this tail this part right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this tail this part right there
+because if I got something way out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I got something way out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I got something way out there
+I would call it a failed part and so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call it a failed part and so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call it a failed part and so my
+Beta is slightly smaller than this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta is slightly smaller than this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta is slightly smaller than this but
+as I've drawn it here I'm really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've drawn it here I'm really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've drawn it here I'm really only
+worried about this part of the tail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this part of the tail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this part of the tail but
+there is the other part A a fee lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the other part A a fee lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the other part A a fee lower
+control limit plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit plus Delta
+minus uh excuse me it's still a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh excuse me it's still a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh excuse me it's still a lower
+control limit still minus Delta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit still minus Delta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit still minus Delta over
+Sigma over root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great there is
+also another definition of average run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another definition of average run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another definition of average run
+length associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length associated with
+this and the question you would pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the question you would pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the question you would pose
+here is what is the average run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what is the average run length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what is the average run length
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect
+shift when it actually occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little tricky here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky here because
+there's actually two steps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two steps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two steps you can
+imagine this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this would be the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+of not missing an alarm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not missing an alarm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not missing an alarm and then
+inverting it just like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting it just like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting it just like we did
+here right so this is the this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is the this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so this is the this little
+tail here is the probability of missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail here is the probability of missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail here is the probability of missing
+alarm there is also a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm there is also a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm there is also a definition
+referred to as the power of a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the power of a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the power of a test
+which is 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus
+beta right and that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right and that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right and that's basically the
+probability of catching an alarm on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of catching an alarm on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of catching an alarm on any
+one run and that's just it's everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one run and that's just it's everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one run and that's just it's everything
+to the right of this so now if if uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of this so now if if uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of this so now if if uh I
+draw from H1 but not in the region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from H1 but not in the region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from H1 but not in the region where
+I would have declared it h that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have declared it h that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have declared it h that's 1
+minus beta and average run length sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta and average run length sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta and average run length sub
+one is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is defined as
+1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 minus
+beta so this is the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this is the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this is the average number of
+runs it takes to detect the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs it takes to detect the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs it takes to detect the shift
+assuming it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurred okay everybody happy with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred okay everybody happy with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred okay everybody happy with this
+so far is it starting to all fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is it starting to all fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is it starting to all fit
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+now how do I change well why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I change well why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I change well why would I
+change Alpha i' change Alpha based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alpha i' change Alpha based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alpha i' change Alpha based on a
+a decision outside on acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision outside on acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision outside on acceptance of
+uh my acceptability of of making a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my acceptability of of making a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my acceptability of of making a false
+alarm how do I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta what if I say it's taking me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta what if I say it's taking me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta what if I say it's taking me too
+long to detect a shift I want it to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to detect a shift I want it to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to detect a shift I want it to take
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+time change in so what what changes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time change in so what what changes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time change in so what what changes when
+I change in does alpha change when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change in does alpha change when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change in does alpha change when I
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+no right Alpha is set AR priori based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right Alpha is set AR priori based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right Alpha is set AR priori based on
+my false alarm rate when I change beta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my false alarm rate when I change beta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my false alarm rate when I change beta I
+or when I change n i do change beta do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when I change n i do change beta do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when I change n i do change beta do I
+change the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits I do change the control limits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits I do change the control limits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits I do change the control limits I
+Chang the control limits because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang the control limits because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang the control limits because my
+sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size
+changed and I move them to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and I move them to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and I move them to maintain the
+same Alpha so let me draw the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Alpha so let me draw the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Alpha so let me draw the picture
+right let's see if I draw it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see if I draw it down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see if I draw it down here
+can people in Singapore still see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people in Singapore still see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people in Singapore still see this
+okay great so so if I increase n what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so so if I increase n what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so so if I increase n what's
+going to happen is my I have a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is my I have a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is my I have a sample
+size that tightens by my sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that tightens by my sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that tightens by my sampling
+distribution for for xar remember H knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for for xar remember H knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for for xar remember H knot
+is really an xar based on and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an xar based on and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an xar based on and so that
+distribution will have the same mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution will have the same mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution will have the same mean but
+it will get tighter so now I have an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get tighter so now I have an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get tighter so now I have an H
+knot but I'm still setting my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot but I'm still setting my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot but I'm still setting my control
+limits based on an acceptable Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the control limits will get tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the control limits will get tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the control limits will get tighter
+because I've got a I've got a tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a I've got a tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a I've got a tighter
+distribution I still have the same Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I still have the same Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I still have the same Alpha
+in the tail and what's cool here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tail and what's cool here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tail and what's cool here is I'm
+still detecting the same mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still detecting the same mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still detecting the same mean
+shift so trying to draw it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so trying to draw it down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so trying to draw it down here
+boom boom boom so now I've got a tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom boom so now I've got a tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom boom so now I've got a tighter
+distribution here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here as
+well here's my H1 I've got a tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's my H1 I've got a tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's my H1 I've got a tighter
+Distribution on H one and I've still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on H one and I've still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution on H one and I've still got
+just a little bit of tiny stuff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of tiny stuff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of tiny stuff over
+here in the tail and that's now my beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tail and that's now my beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tail and that's now my beta
+and it's much smaller if I've increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n right so I can basically pick my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so I can basically pick my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so I can basically pick my
+sample size to give me the acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size to give me the acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size to give me the acceptable
+false or the acceptable misted alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or the acceptable misted alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or the acceptable misted alarm
+rate or the acceptable average run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or the acceptable average run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or the acceptable average run
+length to detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to detect the
+shift and there are tables in uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and there are tables in uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and there are tables in uh both
+Montgomery and man Spanos that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery and man Spanos that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery and man Spanos that are uh
+referred to as uh operating curves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as uh operating curves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as uh operating curves or
+OCS that basically give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCS that basically give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCS that basically give you the
+relationship between sample size size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between sample size size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between sample size size of
+size of shift and the beta or average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of shift and the beta or average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of shift and the beta or average
+run length one that you can uh accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run length one that you can uh accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run length one that you can uh accept
+you could go in and calculate them turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go in and calculate them turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go in and calculate them turns
+out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is
+actually uh a really nasty calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a really nasty calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh a really nasty calculation
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+uh because there's no closed for you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no closed for you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no closed for you're
+you're if you need to find the nend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you need to find the nend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you need to find the nend to
+give you a certain beta you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a certain beta you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a certain beta you have to
+solve it iteratively there's no closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it iteratively there's no closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it iteratively there's no closed
+form for that Q sum or the not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for that Q sum or the not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for that Q sum or the not the
+cumulative probability that's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative probability that's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative probability that's associated
+with beta right so it's uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta right so it's uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta right so it's uh there's no
+formula for it and these tables have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it and these tables have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it and these tables have
+basically or charts have basically uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically or charts have basically uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically or charts have basically uh uh
+you know calculated that for you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know calculated that for you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know calculated that for you you
+could set up Excel or whatever to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up Excel or whatever to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up Excel or whatever to do
+that to solve it iteratively if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to solve it iteratively if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to solve it iteratively if you want
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so the question was we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the question was we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the question was we're
+changing alpha or changing sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing alpha or changing sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing alpha or changing sample size
+the distribution gets tighter why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution gets tighter why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution gets tighter why
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+uh why yeah why doesn't Alpha why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why yeah why doesn't Alpha why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why yeah why doesn't Alpha why
+doesn't Alpha change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Alpha change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't Alpha change
+if we C kept the same lower control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we C kept the same lower control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we C kept the same lower control
+limit and upper control limit and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and upper control limit and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and upper control limit and I
+tightened this so if I kept these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightened this so if I kept these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightened this so if I kept these the
+same but the distribution tightened then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the distribution tightened then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the distribution tightened then
+Alpha would change what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha would change what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha would change what's what's
+interesting about classic control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about classic control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about classic control chart
+design is the upper control limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is the upper control limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is the upper control limit and
+lower control limit are based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control limit are based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control limit are based on the
+statistics so they are based on Alpha we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so they are based on Alpha we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so they are based on Alpha we
+nail down Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail down Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail down Alpha
+first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then
+set the upper and lower control limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the upper and lower control limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the upper and lower control limits
+and there's a really important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a really important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a really important thing
+that we'll get to actually in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get to actually in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get to actually in just a
+second about process capability where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about process capability where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about process capability where
+then we T start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we T start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we T start talking
+about upper and lower spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits which is related to the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which is related to the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which is related to the notion of
+where the parts uh property really needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the parts uh property really needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the parts uh property really needs
+to be for it to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for it to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for it to function
+correctly and those are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and those are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and those are very different
+than control limits but often confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than control limits but often confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than control limits but often confused
+and so nominally your your spec limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nominally your your spec limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nominally your your spec limits
+wouldn't actually change if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't actually change if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't actually change if you're
+changing sample size right uh the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing sample size right uh the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing sample size right uh the part
+still needs to be to function correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to be to function correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to be to function correctly
+within a certain um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a certain um uh
+band okay so in that case you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay so in that case you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay so in that case you change
+sample size your spec limits would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size your spec limits would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size your spec limits would not
+but what people often do is erroneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what people often do is erroneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what people often do is erroneously
+set the control limits to equal the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the control limits to equal the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the control limits to equal the spec
+limits and that's wrong what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and that's wrong what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and that's wrong what you want to
+do is set the control limits based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is set the control limits based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is set the control limits based
+purely on the statistics based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely on the statistics based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely on the statistics based on that
+your false alarm rate chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your false alarm rate chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your false alarm rate chance of
+observing by chance or uh uh by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing by chance or uh uh by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing by chance or uh uh by by
+random probability an unusual event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random probability an unusual event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random probability an unusual event
+follow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up
+question H1 how does that translate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question H1 how does that translate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question H1 how does that translate to
+for example in the problem said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the problem said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the problem said there
+was a question on two gate length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question on two gate length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question on two gate length and
+tracking error them can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking error them can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking error them can we
+treat that in an analogous way to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that in an analogous way to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that in an analogous way to you
+know these two distributions does beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these two distributions does beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these two distributions does beta
+then correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tolerance um I guess I don't want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance um I guess I don't want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance um I guess I don't want to say
+too much about the the the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the the the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the the the problem set
+right now but the you can you can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but the you can you can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but the you can you can often
+relate things back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate things back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate things back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+underlying probabilities and it what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying probabilities and it what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying probabilities and it what you
+should usually do is relate them back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should usually do is relate them back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should usually do is relate them back to
+the underlying probabilities and set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying probabilities and set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying probabilities and set up
+the hypothesis test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis test
+based on shifts uh questions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on shifts uh questions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on shifts uh questions about uh
+you know there can be two-sided shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there can be two-sided shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there can be two-sided shifts
+one-sided shifts um both things could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided shifts um both things could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided shifts um both things could
+shift by a certain amount you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by a certain amount you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by a certain amount you might be
+just worried about what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worried about what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worried about what's happening in
+the tail uh there's other hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail uh there's other hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail uh there's other hypotheses
+these are all for changes in the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all for changes in the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all for changes in the mean
+right if I'm looking at some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm looking at some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I'm looking at some other
+distribution like changes in the variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution like changes in the variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution like changes in the variant
+I could set up a similar hypothesis test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could set up a similar hypothesis test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could set up a similar hypothesis test
+and perhaps other probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps other probability
+distributions of apply uh turns out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of apply uh turns out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions of apply uh turns out with
+the S chart we're really tracking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S chart we're really tracking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S chart we're really tracking the
+mean of standard deviation or the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of standard deviation or the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of standard deviation or the mean
+of the sample standard deviation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample standard deviation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample standard deviation and in
+those cases we typically still are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases we typically still are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases we typically still are
+assuming that the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the distribution of
+standard deviation for large samples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation for large samples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation for large samples is
+gaussian within correction factors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian within correction factors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian within correction factors to
+make it come close in setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it come close in setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it come close in setting the
+control limits right those things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits right those things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits right those things like
+C4s and th those sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4s and th those sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4s and th those sorts of things
+but but going back um it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but going back um it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but going back um it's not always
+exactly the same setup but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same setup but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same setup but you can
+almost always reason it out by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always reason it out by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always reason it out by going
+back and setting up what is my normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and setting up what is my normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and setting up what is my normal
+situation what is the thing I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what is the thing I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what is the thing I'm trying
+to detect and then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect and then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect and then look at the
+probabilities associated with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with those
+cases I I have a question profess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I I have a question profess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I I have a question profess
+question um if I give you a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um if I give you a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um if I give you a control
+chart you can't really tell uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart you can't really tell uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart you can't really tell uh whether
+it's it's a force allow or is a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a force allow or is a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a force allow or is a true
+alarm can you cuz that's correct I me AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm can you cuz that's correct I me AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm can you cuz that's correct I me AB
+so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I
+just like how you use a control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like how you use a control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like how you use a control chart
+then because if I give a control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because if I give a control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because if I give a control chart
+it could be uh with Alpha probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be uh with Alpha probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be uh with Alpha probability of
+a false alarm always one minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false alarm always one minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false alarm always one minus beta
+probability of a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a true
+alarm right so I can tell yeah Ian this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm right so I can tell yeah Ian this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm right so I can tell yeah Ian this
+this is a a fundamental uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a fundamental uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a fundamental uh important
+point about how control char starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about how control char starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about how control char starting
+Works which goes back to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works which goes back to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works which goes back to the idea that
+if nothing changes you do have false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing changes you do have false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing changes you do have false
+alarms and if something changes you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms and if something changes you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms and if something changes you've
+got a real alarm all you've got on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a real alarm all you've got on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a real alarm all you've got on the
+control chart is a point that's lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart is a point that's lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart is a point that's lying
+outside of your normal bounds all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of your normal bounds all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of your normal bounds all by
+itself from the control chart you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from the control chart you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from the control chart you can't
+tell you are exactly right so in SPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you are exactly right so in SPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you are exactly right so in SPC
+methodology what you are supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology what you are supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology what you are supposed to do
+anytime you see an alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you see an alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you see an alarm
+is go and look at the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go and look at the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go and look at the equipment
+investigate the problem and decide was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the problem and decide was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the problem and decide was
+this a false alarm in other words is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a false alarm in other words is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a false alarm in other words is the
+process still operating normally or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process still operating normally or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process still operating normally or has
+something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important
+changed now it turns out that in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed now it turns out that in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed now it turns out that in an
+awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of
+factories people have adapted or uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories people have adapted or uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories people have adapted or uh uh
+to this notion of false alarm in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this notion of false alarm in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this notion of false alarm in a very
+qualitative way which is they see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative way which is they see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative way which is they see one
+alarm point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm point
+they look at it they don't investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at it they don't investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at it they don't investigate
+the process they ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process they ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process they ignore
+it and then they wait they do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then they wait they do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then they wait they do the next
+point if it's also an alarm then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if it's also an alarm then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if it's also an alarm then they
+say ah I think something may really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah I think something may really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah I think something may really be
+wrong and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then they
+investigate what are they doing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate what are they doing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate what are they doing there
+how could you change a control chart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you change a control chart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you change a control chart to
+actually do what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing what essentially they're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what essentially they're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what essentially they're doing is
+saying I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I don't believe
+the evidence the three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence the three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence the three in
+1,000 chance of seeing one point outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 chance of seeing one point outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 chance of seeing one point outside
+of a control limits is not strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a control limits is not strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a control limits is not strong enough
+evidence for me what I what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for me what I what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for me what I what they're
+really doing is looking for a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing is looking for a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing is looking for a smaller
+probability of two points in a row uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two points in a row uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two points in a row uh
+being outside of the control chart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being outside of the control chart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being outside of the control chart as
+much stronger evidence so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger evidence so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger evidence so in this case
+you know roughly it's uh twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly it's uh twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly it's uh twice as
+infrequent or uh or not twice but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent or uh or not twice but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent or uh or not twice but the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the probability of seeing both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability of seeing both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability of seeing both of
+those points outside of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points outside of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points outside of the control
+limit and and again not alarming on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and and again not alarming on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and and again not alarming on the
+first one is the square of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the square of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is the square of that so
+that's a very infrequent thing then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very infrequent thing then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very infrequent thing then they
+say I think there's really something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think there's really something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think there's really something
+wrong now you could actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong now you could actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong now you could actually have
+adapted your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted your control
+chart either by having it only signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart either by having it only signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart either by having it only signal
+alarms once you've got two two alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms once you've got two two alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms once you've got two two alarm
+points or changing the control limits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or changing the control limits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or changing the control limits so
+that basically move the control limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically move the control limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically move the control limits
+out even further so you've got to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out even further so you've got to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out even further so you've got to really
+have an alpha over two that's that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha over two that's that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an alpha over two that's that small
+so maybe you go to four plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you go to four plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you go to four plus or minus
+four Sigma or 4.5 Sigma something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Sigma or 4.5 Sigma something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Sigma or 4.5 Sigma something like
+that in order to to have that that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to to have that that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to to have that that much
+uh that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that much
+evidence what steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence what steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence what steps
+are I'm sorry oh what steps yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm sorry oh what steps yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm sorry oh what steps yeah I mean
+there's a huge machine and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge machine and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge machine and everything
+can be changed I don't know where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be changed I don't know where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be changed I don't know where I
+should start well I think I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start well I think I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start well I think I think the
+steps that you use to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you use to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that you use to actually
+investigate depend completely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate depend completely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate depend completely on the
+process but there's a few rules of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but there's a few rules of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but there's a few rules of thumb
+and many of you have probably had actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you have probably had actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you have probably had actual
+process experience on different tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process experience on different tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process experience on different tools
+different manufacturing lines what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different manufacturing lines what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different manufacturing lines what are
+some things that you would do I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that you would do I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that you would do I'll tell
+you the number one thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number one thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number one thing I would
+do screen look at the screen pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do screen look at the screen pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do screen look at the screen pull the
+power plug plug it back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plug plug it back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plug plug it back in
+no I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I would
+yes yes that's exactly what I would do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes that's exactly what I would do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes that's exactly what I would do I
+would always doubt my measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always doubt my measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always doubt my measurement
+equipment first they also have failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment first they also have failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment first they also have failures
+rather than pull the process you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pull the process you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pull the process you know
+turn the process off and panic with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the process off and panic with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the process off and panic with the
+actual equipment I'd want to verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual equipment I'd want to verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual equipment I'd want to verify the
+measurement first so I'd take it off do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement first so I'd take it off do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement first so I'd take it off do
+a do an independent measurement uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a do an independent measurement uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a do an independent measurement uh of
+those parts and try to understand it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts and try to understand it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts and try to understand it so
+let's say that in indeed I I I see yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that in indeed I I I see yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that in indeed I I I see yes
+that part looks like it's outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part looks like it's outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part looks like it's outside of the
+control limits what's another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits what's another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits what's another thing you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do do you look just at that one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you look just at that one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you look just at that one single
+point what other data do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have exactly so now you can look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly so now you can look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly so now you can look back at
+the control chart data that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control chart data that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control chart data that has been
+plotted either manually in Old systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted either manually in Old systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted either manually in Old systems
+or uh uh in in the computer system track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh uh in in the computer system track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh uh in in the computer system track
+back historically and start to look is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back historically and start to look is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back historically and start to look is
+is there some other evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there some other evidence that
+wasn't triggering an alarm but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't triggering an alarm but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't triggering an alarm but that
+might give you a give you a sense and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a give you a sense and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a give you a sense and a
+a tail taale one might be in fact a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail taale one might be in fact a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail taale one might be in fact a slow
+drift in the points now some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in the points now some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift in the points now some people
+might set up the weo rules the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might set up the weo rules the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might set up the weo rules the Western
+Electric rules to also watch for drifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric rules to also watch for drifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric rules to also watch for drifts
+but that's pretty rare frankly people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's pretty rare frankly people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's pretty rare frankly people
+tend to just use the the the upper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to just use the the the upper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to just use the the the upper and
+lower control limits um and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control limits um and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control limits um and a single
+point outside of them so you might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point outside of them so you might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point outside of them so you might look
+back uh at the rest of the data and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh at the rest of the data and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh at the rest of the data and try
+to see is there any additional evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is there any additional evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is there any additional evidence
+the trends can be incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends can be incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends can be incorporated
+into exactly so we could also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly so we could also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly so we could also have the
+the point was Trends could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was Trends could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point was Trends could be
+incorporated in the control chart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated in the control chart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated in the control chart as
+well either with this and additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either with this and additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either with this and additional
+rules or in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules or in fact
+other control charting approaches we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other control charting approaches we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other control charting approaches we'll
+talk about later uh that are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later uh that are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later uh that are designed to
+track very or detect very subtle Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track very or detect very subtle Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track very or detect very subtle Trends
+um but but again the point would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but again the point would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but again the point would be
+often you are trying to debug the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you are trying to debug the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you are trying to debug the
+process and look back so you are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and look back so you are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and look back so you are a good
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+detector and and you might you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and and you might you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and and you might you might
+detect uh detect a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh detect a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh detect a pattern
+um failing that I think then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um failing that I think then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um failing that I think then you start
+looking uh around to see if maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking uh around to see if maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking uh around to see if maybe
+there's not a systematic Trend what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a systematic Trend what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a systematic Trend what
+you're hypothesizing in fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hypothesizing in fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hypothesizing in fact is that
+there was a shift not a trend and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a shift not a trend and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a shift not a trend and you
+start talking to people looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking to people looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking to people looking at the
+equipment talking with the operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment talking with the operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment talking with the operators and
+ask did something unusual happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask did something unusual happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask did something unusual happen the
+whole idea is you've detected an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is you've detected an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea is you've detected an unusual
+event might that be correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event might that be correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event might that be correlated
+with something else in the operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else in the operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something else in the operation of
+the machine changing so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine changing so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine changing so you start
+investigating and looking for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating and looking for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating and looking for things
+that that might explain explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might explain explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might explain explain a
+shift so you go to talk to the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so you go to talk to the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so you go to talk to the operator
+and it's a new operator you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a new operator you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a new operator you've never
+seen that operator before mhm say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that operator before mhm say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that operator before mhm say when
+did you start they say an hour ago know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you start they say an hour ago know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you start they say an hour ago know
+aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha
+um and then it gets progressively more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then it gets progressively more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then it gets progressively more
+complicated right you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right you're going to have
+to dive into more details on either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into more details on either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into more details on either the
+process the feed stock all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the feed stock all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the feed stock all of those
+sources of variability that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of variability that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of variability that we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+earlier good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier good
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so uh I've sort of flown by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I've sort of flown by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I've sort of flown by these
+These are actually slides again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are actually slides again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are actually slides again that
+were pulled out of last uh uh Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pulled out of last uh uh Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pulled out of last uh uh Thursday's
+lecture but just illustrate this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but just illustrate this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but just illustrate this notion
+of and give give some example numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and give give some example numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and give give some example numbers of
+uh exactly what we're talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly what we're talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly what we're talking about here
+with average run length the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with average run length the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with average run length the example
+plotted here is the same chart but drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here is the same chart but drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here is the same chart but drawn
+a little bit differently for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit differently for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit differently for kind of
+smaller shifts here we have a Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller shifts here we have a Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller shifts here we have a Delta U
+that that uh that that moves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that that moves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that that moves the
+probability under the assumption of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability under the assumption of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability under the assumption of a
+shift and this e down here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and this e down here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and this e down here is basically
+1 minus beta so this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus beta so this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus beta so this is the probability
+of detecting the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detecting the true
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+uh under the control limits again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under the control limits again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under the control limits again that
+were set based on H knot and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set based on H knot and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set based on H knot and so here's
+an example where Again The False Alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where Again The False Alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where Again The False Alarm
+rate was three out of a th000 with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was three out of a th000 with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was three out of a th000 with this
+small one Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one Sigma
+shift now your tail probability there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift now your tail probability there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift now your tail probability there
+only becomes 24 out of a thousand or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only becomes 24 out of a thousand or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only becomes 24 out of a thousand or an
+average run length if I invert that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length if I invert that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average run length if I invert that of
+about 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 42
+samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples are
+required before you can detect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required before you can detect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required before you can detect that
+small one Sigma shift now one Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one Sigma shift now one Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one Sigma shift now one Sigma
+shift doesn't seem all that small to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift doesn't seem all that small to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift doesn't seem all that small to me
+right if that's too long to detect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that's too long to detect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that's too long to detect a
+shift then what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift then what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift then what do you
+do increase increase sample size that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do increase increase sample size that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do increase increase sample size that's
+EXA exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXA exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXA exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so and here's simply the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and here's simply the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and here's simply the definition
+what's going on there if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there if we increase the
+sample size is the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is the the standard
+deviation again of our charts our xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation again of our charts our xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation again of our charts our xar
+chart H knot and H1 uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart H knot and H1 uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart H knot and H1 uh are
+shrinking okay that moves our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking okay that moves our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking okay that moves our three
+sigma uh limits closer together uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma uh limits closer together uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma uh limits closer together uh so
+that you get smaller probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes and so so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was to increase end you got to take more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to increase end you got to take more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to increase end you got to take more
+samples so there is a little bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so there is a little bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so there is a little bit of this
+two level hierarchy in sampling assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two level hierarchy in sampling assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two level hierarchy in sampling assumed
+here when I'm talking about this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I'm talking about this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I'm talking about this we'll
+also talk about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about ways
+to um deal with more continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um deal with more continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um deal with more continuously
+sampled even driving in smaller not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled even driving in smaller not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled even driving in smaller not
+larger so that you can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so that you can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so that you can improve
+detectability uh but but the two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectability uh but but the two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectability uh but but the two two
+level hierarchy that I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level hierarchy that I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level hierarchy that I'm talking about
+here is basically this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you know in in in many lines you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in in in many lines you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in in in many lines you've
+got lots and lots of parts coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots and lots of parts coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots and lots of parts coming off
+very very quickly so in time you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly so in time you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly so in time you've got
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+coming very rapidly and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming very rapidly and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming very rapidly and the basic
+picture here is you're grabbing a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here is you're grabbing a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here is you're grabbing a sample
+of size n at some point in time maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n at some point in time maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n at some point in time maybe
+it's a four fourpoint sample and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four fourpoint sample and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four fourpoint sample and then
+much later I'm grabbing another four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later I'm grabbing another four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later I'm grabbing another four so
+I am sampling from a much what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am sampling from a much what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am sampling from a much what's
+pictured as a much larger group and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured as a much larger group and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured as a much larger group and so
+the idea here is um I actually have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is um I actually have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is um I actually have more
+than one degree of Freedom we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one degree of Freedom we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one degree of Freedom we've been
+talking about I can change just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I can change just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about I can change just the
+sample size but I might still in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size but I might still in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size but I might still in time
+only be sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I could have actually the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could have actually the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could have actually the same time
+period so I'm not actually changing if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so I'm not actually changing if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so I'm not actually changing if I
+if I just modify my sample size here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just modify my sample size here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just modify my sample size here I
+might actually not change the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not change the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually not change the frequency
+at which I draw my size in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which I draw my size in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which I draw my size in
+Sample I might do this once an hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample I might do this once an hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample I might do this once an hour and
+each time and once every hour I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and once every hour I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and once every hour I draw a
+sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay so there's an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so there's an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so there's an additional
+degree of fre that's not kind of in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fre that's not kind of in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fre that's not kind of in here
+which is I could also shorten my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I could also shorten my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I could also shorten my my
+sample time if you will right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time if you will right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time if you will right because
+then I get it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get it takes
+fewer minutes of clock time to get to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer minutes of clock time to get to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer minutes of clock time to get to my
+42 my 42 runs that I sample so I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 my 42 runs that I sample so I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 my 42 runs that I sample so I haven't
+really really talked about sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really talked about sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really talked about sort of the
+trade-off between these two but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between these two but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between these two but this is
+the assumed model now you could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumed model now you could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumed model now you could also do
+things and I think what was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I think what was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and I think what was kind of
+implicit in your your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in your your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in your your question
+is I could continuously sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could continuously sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could continuously sample
+everything in these days of automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in these days of automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in these days of automated
+inspection equipment on the equipment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection equipment on the equipment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection equipment on the equipment on
+the on the manufacturing equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the manufacturing equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the manufacturing equipment
+you're very often sampling and measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very often sampling and measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very often sampling and measuring
+virtually every part in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every part in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every part in which
+case you know it's sort of like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know it's sort of like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know it's sort of like every
+every part gets measured in which case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part gets measured in which case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part gets measured in which case I
+have a very interesting trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very interesting trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very interesting trade-off
+between between n which is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between n which is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between n which is exactly the
+point you were making if I increase n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you were making if I increase n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you were making if I increase n
+then it it takes me longer to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it it takes me longer to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it it takes me longer to get more
+runs that I would each that would form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that I would each that would form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that I would each that would form
+each point on the control chart so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point on the control chart so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point on the control chart so there
+is a little bit of a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a trade-off
+there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+almost because why we don't simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost because why we don't simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost because why we don't simply
+increase because up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because up
+Control Plus 3 Sig over root n so why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Plus 3 Sig over root n so why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Plus 3 Sig over root n so why we
+just don't increase the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't increase the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't increase the coefficient
+instead of five so it's more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of five so it's more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of five so it's more sensitive
+to any change why you should increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any change why you should increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any change why you should increase
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end uh well let's see if you increase go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh well let's see if you increase go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh well let's see if you increase go
+from 3 Sigma to 5 Sigma you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 Sigma to 5 Sigma you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 3 Sigma to 5 Sigma you increase the
+control limits and you make it less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits and you make it less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits and you make it less
+sensitive you have to have even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive you have to have even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive you have to have even more
+extremal points so in that case you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal points so in that case you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal points so in that case you've
+you've increased you decreased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've increased you decreased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've increased you decreased the
+sensitivity of the chart to false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the chart to false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of the chart to false
+alarms so so in that case you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so so in that case you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so so in that case you would want
+to see so Alpha and beta are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see so Alpha and beta are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see so Alpha and beta are different
+and when you play with them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you play with them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you play with them a little bit
+on the on the on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the on the problem set
+reinforce I think a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so again this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so again this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so again this is basically the
+example we just we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we just we just talked
+about okay so I want to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so I want to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so I want to shift
+to kind of this point that I was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of this point that I was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of this point that I was making
+earlier about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier about the difference between
+control limits and spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits and spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits and spec
+limits but I'm I'm going to get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but I'm I'm going to get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but I'm I'm going to get to it
+through this notion of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this notion of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this notion of process
+capability okay and uh CP and CPK if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability okay and uh CP and CPK if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability okay and uh CP and CPK if if
+some of you have run into that or played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have run into that or played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have run into that or played
+with that yet on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yet on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yet on the problem
+set the point here is that once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the point here is that once we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the point here is that once we've
+got a distribution like this we've act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a distribution like this we've act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a distribution like this we've act
+based on historical data that we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on historical data that we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on historical data that we use to
+build our control chart we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our control chart we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our control chart we basically
+have a model of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model of our
+process right it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right it's a very simple
+statistical model that says it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model that says it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model that says it has a
+particular mean and it has a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mean and it has a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mean and it has a particular
+variance in the normal distribution case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the normal distribution case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the normal distribution case
+and an important thing that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important thing that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an important thing that we can do
+with that model is answer a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that model is answer a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that model is answer a couple of
+key questions that really come up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key questions that really come up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key questions that really come up a lot
+like how good is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how good is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how good is the
+process is the mean where we want it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is the mean where we want it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is the mean where we want it is
+the variance where we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance where we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance where we want
+it right and in particular how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and in particular how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and in particular how good is
+it with respect to our requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with respect to our requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with respect to our requirements for
+manufacturing a particular part part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing a particular part part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing a particular part part or
+product okay this is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay this is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay this is the notion of
+process capability and what this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability and what this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability and what this also
+pulls in then for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls in then for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls in then for the first
+time unlike all of this which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unlike all of this which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time unlike all of this which is just
+probabilities on uh a normally operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on uh a normally operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities on uh a normally operating
+or a not normally operating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a not normally operating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a not normally operating process
+process capability pulls in for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability pulls in for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability pulls in for the
+first time the notion of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifications different than control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications different than control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications different than control
+limits okay so the basic way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so the basic way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so the basic way to
+characterize process is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize process is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize process is you have to
+assure yourself that the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure yourself that the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure yourself that the process is
+indeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in
+control right it's operating normally no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control right it's operating normally no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control right it's operating normally no
+common cause uh events when that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cause uh events when that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cause uh events when that's the
+case for a a normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for a a normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for a a normally distributed
+process it's characterized entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's characterized entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's characterized entirely by
+mean and variance or on our control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance or on our control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and variance or on our control
+chart by xar and S so indeed if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart by xar and S so indeed if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart by xar and S so indeed if the
+control limits have been set correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits have been set correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits have been set correctly
+in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to
+known samples sizes and known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known samples sizes and known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known samples sizes and known
+probabilities of error and so on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of error and so on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of error and so on then
+xar and S tells you everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and S tells you everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and S tells you everything about the
+underlying process mean and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process mean and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process mean and variance
+right and now we can start to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we can start to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we can start to use those
+to look at where the process sits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at where the process sits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at where the process sits and
+those statistics sit with respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those statistics sit with respect to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those statistics sit with respect to uh
+tolerances or quality loss functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances or quality loss functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances or quality loss functions
+quality loss functions may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss functions may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss functions may be a little
+less familiar to you everybody has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less familiar to you everybody has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less familiar to you everybody has an
+intuitive idea of a tolerance so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive idea of a tolerance so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive idea of a tolerance so let's
+talk about that first basic idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first basic idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first basic idea of a
+tolerance on say A Part measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance on say A Part measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance on say A Part measurement is
+that there is an upper and lower limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an upper and lower limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an upper and lower limit
+so let's say it's some characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say it's some characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say it's some characteristic
+Dimension we have a nominal Dimension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension we have a nominal Dimension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension we have a nominal Dimension or
+a Target Dimension I'll label that xstar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Target Dimension I'll label that xstar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Target Dimension I'll label that xstar
+and then we have an upper spec limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an upper spec limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an upper spec limit and
+a lower spec limit that we simply say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower spec limit that we simply say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower spec limit that we simply say as
+long as the part is dimension is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the part is dimension is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the part is dimension is within
+those that range we're going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that range we're going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that range we're going to call it
+a good part and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good part and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good part and it
+meets maybe the design requirements it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets maybe the design requirements it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets maybe the design requirements it
+meets our consumer requir ments uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets our consumer requir ments uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets our consumer requir ments uh what
+have you and what we're saying is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and what we're saying is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and what we're saying is in
+essence anything anywhere within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence anything anywhere within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence anything anywhere within those
+spec limits is equally good and equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits is equally good and equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits is equally good and equally
+shippable right so there's no notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shippable right so there's no notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shippable right so there's no notion of
+better or worse it's simply onoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse it's simply onoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse it's simply onoff
+decision it's acceptable or not okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it's acceptable or not okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision it's acceptable or not okay so
+that's a spec limit or not now the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a spec limit or not now the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a spec limit or not now the idea
+of equality loss function is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equality loss function is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equality loss function is a beautiful
+idea that actually conforms a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that actually conforms a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that actually conforms a little bit
+better to what we really care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to what we really care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to what we really care about and
+one can think of a quality loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think of a quality loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think of a quality loss function
+as this penalty function for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this penalty function for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this penalty function for any
+deviation away from our Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation away from our Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation away from our Target
+xstar okay now graphically a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar okay now graphically a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar okay now graphically a typical
+quality loss function that is used is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss function that is used is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss function that is used is a
+quadratic cost for these deviations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost for these deviations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic cost for these deviations okay
+where um the further I get away from xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the further I get away from xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the further I get away from xar
+I penalize more and more not just even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I penalize more and more not just even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I penalize more and more not just even
+in a linear fashion but in a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear fashion but in a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a linear fashion but in a square
+fashion and then I have some normalizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and then I have some normalizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and then I have some normalizer
+or some uh some constant out front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some uh some constant out front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some uh some constant out front and
+what this basically says is you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this basically says is you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this basically says is you really
+want to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on
+target so as many of your parts as are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target so as many of your parts as are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target so as many of your parts as are
+right close to the Target the lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right close to the Target the lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right close to the Target the lower your
+loss function is and then the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function is and then the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function is and then the further
+away you get the worse and worse things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you get the worse and worse things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you get the worse and worse things
+are so this really drives you to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so this really drives you to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so this really drives you to do two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+right to minimize quality loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to minimize quality loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to minimize quality loss function
+what do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to
+do want to Target your process get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to Target your process get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to Target your process get it
+mean- centered and second you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean- centered and second you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean- centered and second you want to
+reduce the deviation reduce the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the deviation reduce the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the deviation reduce the variance
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+process so with one quality loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so with one quality loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so with one quality loss
+function you're really driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're really driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're really driving the
+process towards towards both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process towards towards both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process towards towards both
+goals now there are questions about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals now there are questions about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals now there are questions about you
+know how do you calibrate this um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you calibrate this um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you calibrate this um and
+there there's some rules of thumb for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some rules of thumb for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some rules of thumb for
+example if people take in upper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if people take in upper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if people take in upper and
+lower uh spec limits you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh spec limits you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh spec limits you can start to
+sort of relate these to um you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relate these to um you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relate these to um you know some
+some cost associated with if a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost associated with if a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost associated with if a part
+actually goes out of spec and either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes out of spec and either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes out of spec and either you
+shipped it or not you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped it or not you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipped it or not you know what is the
+cost of throwing away that part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of throwing away that part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of throwing away that part that
+might give you a point on the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a point on the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a point on the curve and
+establish an actual dollar value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish an actual dollar value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish an actual dollar value for
+example right at those spec limits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right at those spec limits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right at those spec limits but
+it actually isn't that important what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually isn't that important what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually isn't that important what
+the what the what the number number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the what the number number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the what the number number is
+it's really that you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that you've got this
+quadratic dependence which drives you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic dependence which drives you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic dependence which drives you uh
+towards uh minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards uh minimizing
+both uh uh being of Target and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh uh being of Target and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh uh being of Target and the
+variance so here's an example on the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so here's an example on the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so here's an example on the use
+of tolerances and now pulling in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tolerances and now pulling in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tolerances and now pulling in both
+our distributions and control charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we're assuming the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're assuming the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're assuming the process is
+normal and what I've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and what I've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and what I've done here is
+drawn first off our in Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn first off our in Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn first off our in Control
+process with its uh mean and it's plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with its uh mean and it's plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with its uh mean and it's plusus
+three sigma points now notice here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sigma points now notice here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sigma points now notice here I've
+superimposed xar so this is the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed xar so this is the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed xar so this is the desired
+Target and not we're off Target a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and not we're off Target a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and not we're off Target a little
+bit right there's a deviation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right there's a deviation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right there's a deviation between
+where our process mean really sits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our process mean really sits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our process mean really sits and
+our Target and I've also drawn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Target and I've also drawn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Target and I've also drawn these
+spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec
+limits okay so now you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so now you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits okay so now you can start to
+evaluate various questions like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate various questions like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate various questions like well
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+probability not of a false alarm but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability not of a false alarm but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability not of a false alarm but the
+probability of a non-conforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a non-conforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a non-conforming
+part right and that's easy you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right and that's easy you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right and that's easy you you're
+just looking at the Tails ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the Tails ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the Tails ah
+so I can actually go in and say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can actually go in and say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can actually go in and say okay the
+probability of a non-conforming part up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a non-conforming part up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a non-conforming part up
+on this side is just that tail to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side is just that tail to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side is just that tail to the
+right based on the actual performance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on the actual performance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on the actual performance I
+need right you can also start to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right you can also start to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right you can also start to ask
+questions of well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of well what's
+the um how does my probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um how does my probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um how does my probability of
+getting non-conforming parts change as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting non-conforming parts change as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting non-conforming parts change as a
+function of how far off Target I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how far off Target I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how far off Target I am
+right and that's just shifting the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's just shifting the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's just shifting the thing
+and it's moving those tails around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving those tails around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving those tails around so
+you can evaluate both of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can evaluate both of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can evaluate both of these and
+essentially a a very nice canonical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a a very nice canonical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a a very nice canonical way
+of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+how uh far apart your spec limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh far apart your spec limits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh far apart your spec limits are
+compared to your distribution how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your distribution how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your distribution how good
+your underlying process is compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your underlying process is compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your underlying process is compared to
+your spec limits is this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spec limits is this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spec limits is this notion of
+process capability or CP and then CPK as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability or CP and then CPK as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability or CP and then CPK as
+we'll see in a minute also pulls in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute also pulls in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute also pulls in the
+idea of of the mean difference so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of the mean difference so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of the mean difference so first
+off definition of CP or process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off definition of CP or process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off definition of CP or process
+capability ratio is simply the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability ratio is simply the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability ratio is simply the distance
+between your upper and spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your upper and spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your upper and spec
+limits and Six Sigma of your underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and Six Sigma of your underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and Six Sigma of your underlying
+process now you start to hear you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now you start to hear you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now you start to hear you know
+the Six Sigma uh kinds of terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Six Sigma uh kinds of terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Six Sigma uh kinds of terminology
+yeah semiconductors for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah semiconductors for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah semiconductors for example if you
+have like 30 or 40 steps in each has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 30 or 40 steps in each has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 30 or 40 steps in each has its
+own CP is there like a system level CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own CP is there like a system level CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own CP is there like a system level CP
+and I guess related second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess related second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess related second question
+was for chips for example have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for chips for example have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for chips for example have this
+scurve structure at the end then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurve structure at the end then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scurve structure at the end then you
+have thousands of parameters U Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thousands of parameters U Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thousands of parameters U Each of
+which has a has a spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a has a spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a has a spec
+so what's I mean what's the quality loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's I mean what's the quality loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's I mean what's the quality loss
+function each of them is you with at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of them is you with at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of them is you with at at
+some point and typically you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and typically you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and typically you just look
+at all of them if something is in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of them if something is in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of them if something is in a way
+out then you worried but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you worried but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you worried but otherwise
+you're not really so you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really so you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not really so you're asking
+really I think two questions I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think two questions I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think two questions I'll give
+you a really quick answer right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really quick answer right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really quick answer right now and
+then we'll we'll defer some of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll defer some of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll defer some of some of
+those so your first question is uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so your first question is uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so your first question is uh for
+example in semiconductor manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in semiconductor manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in semiconductor manufacturing
+or in many processes you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in many processes you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in many processes you have multiple
+process steps and what you can often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps and what you can often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps and what you can often do
+is have control charts for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have control charts for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have control charts for each
+individual one of those you can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual one of those you can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual one of those you can talk
+about the process capability of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process capability of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process capability of each one
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+and yes indeed there is also very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes indeed there is also very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes indeed there is also very often
+the question about sort of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about sort of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about sort of quality
+rollup of how quality loss or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollup of how quality loss or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollup of how quality loss or uh
+deviations either add up or compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations either add up or compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations either add up or compound
+themselves across multiple steps um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves across multiple steps um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves across multiple steps um so
+we'll talk about that but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that but the first
+quick answer there is if each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer there is if each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer there is if each of those
+process steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process steps are
+independent then it's it's simply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then it's it's simply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then it's it's simply an
+additive function where it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive function where it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive function where it gets
+interesting is if those two process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if those two process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if those two process
+steps are not independent so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are not independent so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are not independent so for example
+the second process step May magnify or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second process step May magnify or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second process step May magnify or
+Shrink or in fact even be designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrink or in fact even be designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrink or in fact even be designed to
+compensate for deviations in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for deviations in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for deviations in the first
+process step in which case there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process step in which case there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process step in which case there is
+intentional correlation between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional correlation between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional correlation between the two
+so it's not always a trivial question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not always a trivial question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not always a trivial question of
+how multiple steps interact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how multiple steps interact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how multiple steps interact to
+aggregate the second question is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate the second question is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate the second question is a
+little different which is is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different which is is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different which is is especially
+in today's highly instrumented processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's highly instrumented processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's highly instrumented processes
+there are a zillion parameters that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a zillion parameters that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a zillion parameters that you
+can measure there's ailon control charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure there's ailon control charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure there's ailon control charts
+and what we've been talking about so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've been talking about so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've been talking about so far
+is a single parameter control chart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single parameter control chart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single parameter control chart and
+there's some very important Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very important Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very important Corrections
+one has to make when you've got many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to make when you've got many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to make when you've got many
+many control charts or many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many control charts or many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many control charts or many many
+parameters and just to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and just to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and just to give you the
+intuition if the probability for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition if the probability for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition if the probability for a
+single control chart with plusus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single control chart with plusus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single control chart with plusus three
+sigma control limits of a false alarm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma control limits of a false alarm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma control limits of a false alarm is
+three out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of a
+th000 or an average run length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 or an average run length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 or an average run length of
+333 and you have a th000 independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+333 and you have a th000 independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+333 and you have a th000 independent
+control charts how often do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charts how often do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charts how often do you think
+you're going to see a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see a false
+alarm the all the time right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm the all the time right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm the all the time right so the
+quick answer there is you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer there is you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer there is you actually have
+to think about an aggregate false alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about an aggregate false alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about an aggregate false alarm
+rate not an individual Alpha on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not an individual Alpha on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not an individual Alpha on every
+chart and you really should make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and you really should make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and you really should make an
+adjustment basically spread your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment basically spread your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment basically spread your control
+limits on every one of your independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on every one of your independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on every one of your independent
+individual charts much wider so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual charts much wider so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual charts much wider so that you
+don't drive the engineer nuts chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't drive the engineer nuts chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't drive the engineer nuts chasing
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+alarms so we'll uh I think talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so we'll uh I think talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so we'll uh I think talk about
+multivariate situations also a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate situations also a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate situations also a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+later very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later very good
+questions so the key idea here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the key idea here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the key idea here on the
+process capability is simply talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability is simply talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability is simply talking
+about the spread in your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spread in your process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spread in your process
+compared to your spec limits and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your spec limits and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your spec limits and how
+good that is notice that if I'm offt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that is notice that if I'm offt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that is notice that if I'm offt
+Target this definition CP doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target this definition CP doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target this definition CP doesn't change
+this is purely talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is purely talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is purely talking about the
+inherent variance the inherent spread in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent variance the inherent spread in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent variance the inherent spread in
+your process compared to your spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process compared to your spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process compared to your spec
+limits your inherent Six Sigma spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits your inherent Six Sigma spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits your inherent Six Sigma spread
+compared to your spec limits if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your spec limits if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to your spec limits if you also
+want to worry about mean and you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to worry about mean and you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to worry about mean and you often
+do another measure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another measure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another measure is the
+CPK and what that looks at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK and what that looks at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK and what that looks at is the
+shortest distance either on the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance either on the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance either on the right or
+the left of the chart between your spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the chart between your spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of the chart between your spec
+limit and your mean how many sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and your mean how many sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and your mean how many sigmas
+apart is your mean from one of the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart is your mean from one of the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart is your mean from one of the spec
+limits and divide that by three sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and divide that by three sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and divide that by three sigma
+three sigma on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sigma on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sigma on either
+side right and so now you're penalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right and so now you're penalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right and so now you're penalized
+by for for being uh offset from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by for for being uh offset from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by for for being uh offset from your
+target okay so let's look at this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target okay so let's look at this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target okay so let's look at this graph
+graphically and get a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and get a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and get a little bit of a
+feel here and here I'm just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel here and here I'm just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel here and here I'm just using
+tolerance limits I'm not talking quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance limits I'm not talking quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance limits I'm not talking quality
+loss uh at at this point CP CPK are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss uh at at this point CP CPK are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss uh at at this point CP CPK are
+actually just defined for Pure plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just defined for Pure plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just defined for Pure plus
+minus tolerance limits so what's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus tolerance limits so what's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus tolerance limits so what's drawn
+here is a spec set of spec limits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a spec set of spec limits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a spec set of spec limits that
+go the these are Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the these are Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the these are Sigma
+markings so if I look at first off CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings so if I look at first off CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings so if I look at first off CP
+and CPK my lower spec limit upper spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK my lower spec limit upper spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK my lower spec limit upper spec
+limit those are Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit those are Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit those are Six Sigma
+apart compared to the variance of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart compared to the variance of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart compared to the variance of my
+underlying process that's just a CP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process that's just a CP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process that's just a CP of
+one so qualitatively CP of one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so qualitatively CP of one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so qualitatively CP of one you
+should mesh in your mind just says my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mesh in your mind just says my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mesh in your mind just says my
+spread is such that my plus minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is such that my plus minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is such that my plus minus three
+sigma taals are right at the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma taals are right at the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma taals are right at the spec
+limits if I'm perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if I'm perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits if I'm perfectly
+centered okay and as pictured here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered okay and as pictured here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered okay and as pictured here I am
+perfectly centered so my CPK is also one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly centered so my CPK is also one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly centered so my CPK is also one
+in other words my minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words my minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words my minimum distance
+between mu and my upper spec limit or mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mu and my upper spec limit or mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mu and my upper spec limit or mu
+and my lower spec limit is both three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my lower spec limit is both three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my lower spec limit is both three
+sigma so the minimum of those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so the minimum of those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so the minimum of those two is
+still one so my CPK is one okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one so my CPK is one okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still one so my CPK is one okay now
+let's consider a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a slightly different
+picture here I've have my spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I've have my spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I've have my spec
+limits different from my or basically my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits different from my or basically my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits different from my or basically my
+xbar or X star here and my me are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar or X star here and my me are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar or X star here and my me are very
+different my process spread is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different my process spread is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different my process spread is exactly
+the same as before right I still have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as before right I still have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as before right I still have an
+upper spec limit minus lower spec limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spec limit minus lower spec limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spec limit minus lower spec limit
+equal to 6 Sigma so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 6 Sigma so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 6 Sigma so my
+CP my in some sense my inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP my in some sense my inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP my in some sense my inherent
+capability of the process in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of the process in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of the process in terms of
+spread is is still exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is is still exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is is still exactly the same but
+now because I'm off centered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I'm off centered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I'm off centered the
+distance from uh mu to the lower spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from uh mu to the lower spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from uh mu to the lower spec
+limit is zero so my CPK is zero in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is zero so my CPK is zero in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is zero so my CPK is zero in this
+case right so qualitatively these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so qualitatively these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so qualitatively these are
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+different here's a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here's a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different here's a another
+situation what's changed here now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what's changed here now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what's changed here now in
+this case my spread is much smaller I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case my spread is much smaller I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case my spread is much smaller I've
+got a tighter distribution and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tighter distribution and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tighter distribution and in fact
+my upper spec limit to lower spec limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my upper spec limit to lower spec limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my upper spec limit to lower spec limit
+is basically 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically 12
+Sigma that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma that's great
+right so that's a c P of two now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a c P of two now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's a c P of two now I'm
+still off centered I'm mistargeted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still off centered I'm mistargeted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still off centered I'm mistargeted and
+so in this case my minimum distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case my minimum distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case my minimum distance from
+mean to the lower spec limit that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to the lower spec limit that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to the lower spec limit that is the
+smallest distance and that's still 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest distance and that's still 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest distance and that's still 3
+Sigma so when I divide that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so when I divide that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so when I divide that distance
+there I get the CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I get the CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I get the CPK of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here's one last example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's one last example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's one last example in this
+case now I've reentered got my CP k up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I've reentered got my CP k up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now I've reentered got my CP k up
+to my full theoretical possible CP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my full theoretical possible CP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my full theoretical possible CP of
+two by putting it back on this back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by putting it back on this back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by putting it back on this back on
+the on the target putting my mean back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the target putting my mean back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the target putting my mean back
+on the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the target
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when you're one of the things you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're one of the things you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're one of the things you use
+these CPS and cpks for is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CPS and cpks for is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CPS and cpks for is in
+manufacturing and you also can use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and you also can use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and you also can use it in
+design to get a quick feel for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to get a quick feel for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to get a quick feel for the
+relationship between your manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between your manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between your manufacturing
+capability the inherent spread and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability the inherent spread and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability the inherent spread and and
+and mean to Target uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mean to Target uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mean to Target uh
+centering um compared to your design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centering um compared to your design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centering um compared to your design
+specs so you can characterize your CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs so you can characterize your CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs so you can characterize your CP
+and CPK and then evaluate well if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK and then evaluate well if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK and then evaluate well if I make
+some change in my design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in my design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in my design
+spec what probabilities would that do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec what probabilities would that do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec what probabilities would that do if
+I tightened up my spec limits you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tightened up my spec limits you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tightened up my spec limits you can
+start to say if you just even know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say if you just even know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to say if you just even know just
+a CP and CPK you can back out that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CP and CPK you can back out that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CP and CPK you can back out that's all
+in terms of normalized standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of normalized standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of normalized standard
+deviations you can back out probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations you can back out probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations you can back out probability
+is associated with the number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the number of parts
+that are not going to conform to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not going to conform to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not going to conform to those
+specifications so if I purely tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications so if I purely tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications so if I purely tell you
+CP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP and
+CPK you know probabilities fractions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK you know probabilities fractions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK you know probabilities fractions of
+non-conforming Parts okay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming Parts okay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming Parts okay and then you
+can start to also compare how much would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to also compare how much would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to also compare how much would
+it buy me to move my mean right in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it buy me to move my mean right in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it buy me to move my mean right in terms
+of fraction of non-conforming Parts how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fraction of non-conforming Parts how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fraction of non-conforming Parts how
+much would it buy me May cost a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would it buy me May cost a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much would it buy me May cost a lot of
+energy and time to move the mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and time to move the mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and time to move the mean a
+little bit closer closer to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer closer to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer closer to the center
+of my spec limits is it worth it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my spec limits is it worth it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my spec limits is it worth it or not
+or would my time be better spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would my time be better spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would my time be better spent
+shrinking my variance if I were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking my variance if I were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking my variance if I were looking
+for possible process improvements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for possible process improvements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for possible process improvements you
+can start to make those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to make those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to make those those
+comparisons and the last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and the last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons and the last thing I want to
+do with the CP and CPK is give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the CP and CPK is give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the CP and CPK is give you a
+little bit of a qualitative feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a qualitative feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a qualitative feel for
+these because what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these because what is a
+good value for CP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value for CP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value for CP and
+CPK well the larger the better right A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK well the larger the better right A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK well the larger the better right A
+CP or CPK of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP or CPK of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP or CPK of zero
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+good when you start getting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you start getting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you start getting in the
+ranges of two that's often what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of two that's often what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of two that's often what is
+talked about in manufacturing as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in manufacturing as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in manufacturing as as
+being a goal but it really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a goal but it really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a goal but it really depends on
+your process and what the costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process and what the costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process and what the costs of
+non-conforming parts are right but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming parts are right but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming parts are right but just
+to give you a feel then for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a feel then for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a feel then for these
+probabilities of of non-conforming parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of of non-conforming parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of of non-conforming parts
+and what kind of CPS or cpks those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of CPS or cpks those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of CPS or cpks those
+correspond to just recognize that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to just recognize that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to just recognize that a a
+CPK of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of one
+corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds
+to three sigma tail right at the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three sigma tail right at the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three sigma tail right at the spec
+limit and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and and and and
+being uh three sigma tail off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh three sigma tail off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh three sigma tail off of
+whatever my mean is so I might be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever my mean is so I might be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever my mean is so I might be of
+Target but 3 Sigma out from the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target but 3 Sigma out from the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target but 3 Sigma out from the process
+mean that's 3 Sigma think of this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's 3 Sigma think of this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's 3 Sigma think of this as the
+number of sigmas right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sigmas right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sigmas right and that
+corresponds to about one in a th Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to about one in a th Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to about one in a th Parts
+falling outside of our tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in fact you can ask it upper spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact you can ask it upper spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact you can ask it upper spec
+limit lower spec limit we actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit lower spec limit we actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit lower spec limit we actually know
+the number much more carefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number much more carefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number much more carefully it's
+really you know three out of a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know three out of a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know three out of a thousand
+uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those
+probabilities the if I go to a CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the if I go to a CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the if I go to a CPK of
+about 1.33 that corresponds roughly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.33 that corresponds roughly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.33 that corresponds roughly to a
+z of four four sigmas I'm four sigmas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z of four four sigmas I'm four sigmas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z of four four sigmas I'm four sigmas uh
+away from the spec limit you can see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the spec limit you can see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the spec limit you can see I
+get about 100x reduction in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about 100x reduction in the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about 100x reduction in the number
+of non-conforming Parts if I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-conforming Parts if I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-conforming Parts if I can go
+another standard deviation or a CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another standard deviation or a CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another standard deviation or a CPK of
+about 1.67 I get another 100 factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.67 I get another 100 factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.67 I get another 100 factor of
+100 and similarly I get about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and similarly I get about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and similarly I get about another
+factor of 100 if I can get to a CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 if I can get to a CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 if I can get to a CPK of
+two CPK of 2 means my mean is 6 Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CPK of 2 means my mean is 6 Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CPK of 2 means my mean is 6 Sigma
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+from uh either my uh minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh either my uh minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh either my uh minimum distance
+from my upper lower spec limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my upper lower spec limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my upper lower spec limit and
+that's a very small number that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very small number that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very small number that's really
+Six Sigma away or about one part per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma away or about one part per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six Sigma away or about one part per
+billion 10 Theus 9 okay so why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion 10 Theus 9 okay so why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion 10 Theus 9 okay so why do you
+want something like a CP of two or a CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something like a CP of two or a CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something like a CP of two or a CP
+K of two because one part per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of two because one part per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of two because one part per billion
+seems awfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems awfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems awfully
+small right and the and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right and the and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right and the and the reason
+really is so that you are robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is so that you are robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is so that you are robust to
+small mean shifts to get down to even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mean shifts to get down to even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mean shifts to get down to even if
+you've got that that small mistargeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that that small mistargeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that that small mistargeting
+that you still got enough room in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you still got enough room in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you still got enough room in an
+inherent process with say a CP of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent process with say a CP of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent process with say a CP of two or
+CPK of two um to be able to uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of two um to be able to uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of two um to be able to uh uh uh
+have a very small number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small number of of
+non-conforming parts so whoops what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming parts so whoops what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming parts so whoops what
+happened here so here's uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here so here's uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here so here's uh you know the
+picture where my CPK and CP are both two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where my CPK and CP are both two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where my CPK and CP are both two
+perfectly mean sense entered again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly mean sense entered again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly mean sense entered again
+that's the Six Sigma distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Six Sigma distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Six Sigma distance here
+between the tail and we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the tail and we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the tail and we said the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+having way out here in the tail that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having way out here in the tail that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having way out here in the tail that's
+my my my PE my uh num fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my my PE my uh num fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my my PE my uh num fraction of
+nonconforming and it's about one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconforming and it's about one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconforming and it's about one part
+per billion maybe two parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion maybe two parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion maybe two parts per
+billion but now let's say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but now let's say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but now let's say that I
+actually have a mean shift that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a mean shift that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a mean shift that was a
+little weird uh where I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird uh where I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird uh where I've actually
+shifted by two Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by two Sigma
+okay so recall we said back with control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so recall we said back with control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so recall we said back with control
+charting detecting small mean shifts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting detecting small mean shifts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting detecting small mean shifts of
+one or two signal are actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two signal are actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two signal are actually kind of
+hard you actually have to drive sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you actually have to drive sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you actually have to drive sample
+size way high to have uh uh a very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size way high to have uh uh a very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size way high to have uh uh a very rapid
+detection and what we'd like to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and what we'd like to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and what we'd like to do in
+this case now I've got still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case now I've got still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case now I've got still the same
+inherent variability or a CP of two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent variability or a CP of two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent variability or a CP of two but
+that two Sigma shift still leaves me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two Sigma shift still leaves me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two Sigma shift still leaves me for
+Sigma before my tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma before my tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma before my tail
+uh starts impinging very much on my on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starts impinging very much on my on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starts impinging very much on my on
+my spec limit and so now I'm here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spec limit and so now I'm here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spec limit and so now I'm here at
+about 31 or 32 parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 31 or 32 parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 31 or 32 parts per million
+non-conforming so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming so that's kind of the
+drive towards uh Six Sigma is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive towards uh Six Sigma is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive towards uh Six Sigma is that it
+allows you to accommodate or have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to accommodate or have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to accommodate or have a
+process that is capable enough that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is capable enough that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that is capable enough that it
+can accommodate both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accommodate both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accommodate both the
+variance and Target deviations both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and Target deviations both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and Target deviations both of
+them are hard to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are hard to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are hard to maintain
+you know as as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as as small as
+possible now one can also go back and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now one can also go back and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now one can also go back and if
+you're given the quality loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the quality loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the quality loss function
+you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+um if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have the
+probability so think of this as the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so think of this as the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so think of this as the PDF
+if I have the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the probability distribution
+function I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've
+got my underlying process with some mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my underlying process with some mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my underlying process with some mean
+and variance you can also do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance you can also do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance you can also do that
+integral and ask questions about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and ask questions about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and ask questions about what is
+my expected quality loss and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my expected quality loss and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my expected quality loss and do the same
+kinds of things for mean deviations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things for mean deviations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things for mean deviations or
+variance changes you just have to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance changes you just have to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance changes you just have to go in
+and essentially do the calculation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially do the calculation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially do the calculation one
+thing that's nice is if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's nice is if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's nice is if you look at the
+expectation of that quality loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that quality loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of that quality loss
+function and just go through and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and just go through and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and just go through and do a
+little bit of of of the of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of of of the of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of of of the of the basic
+expectation math on that right where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation math on that right where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation math on that right where you
+split out factor out x - xar do that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split out factor out x - xar do that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split out factor out x - xar do that do
+do that squaring and then um um relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that squaring and then um um relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that squaring and then um um relate
+components of the expansion what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the expansion what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the expansion what you get
+is one component that is clearly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one component that is clearly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one component that is clearly related
+to your variance in the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your variance in the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your variance in the process and
+another component that is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another component that is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another component that is clearly
+related to your mistargeting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your mistargeting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your mistargeting or
+deviation from the mean so in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the mean so in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the mean so in one
+quality loss function again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss function again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality loss function again you can see
+and relate in the normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate in the normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relate in the normal distribution
+sense how both variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense how both variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense how both variance and
+how um uh uh Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um uh uh Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um uh uh Target
+deviation contribute to to Quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loss okay so just to recap a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay so just to recap a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss okay so just to recap a little bit
+on the on process uh capability what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on process uh capability what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on process uh capability what
+you've got is some characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got is some characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got is some characterization
+you've got a model of your real process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a model of your real process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a model of your real process
+right where it's really operating when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it's really operating when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it's really operating when
+in control in the best situation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control in the best situation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control in the best situation right
+um you know it's mean you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's mean you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's mean you know it's
+variance you got the requirements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you got the requirements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you got the requirements the
+spec limits you don't use the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits you don't use the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits you don't use the spec
+limits to set your control limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to set your control limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to set your control limits
+control limits are based on detection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits are based on detection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limits are based on detection of
+unusual events and that's based purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual events and that's based purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual events and that's based purely
+on your model you might superimpose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your model you might superimpose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your model you might superimpose your
+spec limits to be able to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits to be able to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits to be able to quickly
+calculate and think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and think about what the
+probability of non-conforming parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of non-conforming parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of non-conforming parts are
+right but th those are those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but th those are those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but th those are those are
+different things to relate the two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to relate the two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to relate the two a
+good way of thinking about it is the CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of thinking about it is the CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of thinking about it is the CP
+and CPK or a an expected loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK or a an expected loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CPK or a an expected loss function
+what's nice about CP and CPK is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about CP and CPK is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about CP and CPK is we
+basically normalized way so that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically normalized way so that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically normalized way so that if I
+came up to you and and told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up to you and and told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up to you and and told
+you my process has a CP of three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my process has a CP of three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my process has a CP of three and a
+CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK of
+2.5 you'd go wow I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 you'd go wow I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 you'd go wow I'm
+impressed right that's that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed right that's that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed right that's that's a pretty
+good process or awfully awfully loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good process or awfully awfully loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good process or awfully awfully loose
+spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec
+limits one of the two you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know each step is Sigma like you mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each step is Sigma like you mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each step is Sigma like you mention
+M but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M but there is
+no the real determinant of field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the real determinant of field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the real determinant of field is
+tracking I mean you could have Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking I mean you could have Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking I mean you could have Six Sigma
+for everything and you could still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything and you could still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything and you could still have
+zero because the tracking is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the tracking is not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the tracking is not there
+so is there like a CP and CPK of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there like a CP and CPK of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there like a CP and CPK of a
+tracking structure that we could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking structure that we could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking structure that we could create
+well the I'm not quite sure what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the I'm not quite sure what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the I'm not quite sure what what
+you mean by tracking if by that you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by tracking if by that you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by tracking if by that you mean
+for example let's say being on target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say being on target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say being on target
+yeah let's say uh length tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's say uh length tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's say uh length tracking
+between horizontal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between horizontal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between horizontal and
+vertical lens would be very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lens would be very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lens would be very important
+and each step by itself could be Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step by itself could be Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step by itself could be Six
+Sigma and and if the tracking is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and and if the tracking is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and and if the tracking is off
+both could be within that limit but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both could be within that limit but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both could be within that limit but so
+that's again another multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again another multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again another multivariate
+question looking at how important it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question looking at how important it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question looking at how important it is
+for two parameters to be close close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two parameters to be close close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two parameters to be close close to
+each other even if one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other even if one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other even if one or the other
+could deviate it's okay if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deviate it's okay if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deviate it's okay if they
+both and so what I would do is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so what I would do is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and so what I would do is if the
+importance is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is the difference between
+those two dimensions that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two dimensions that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two dimensions that's what I would
+characterize and that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and that's what I would
+chart put a plot on and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart put a plot on and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart put a plot on and that's what I
+would set my spec limits on I might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set my spec limits on I might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set my spec limits on I might also
+still care about say Channel length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still care about say Channel length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still care about say Channel length and
+so I might have another chart on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I might have another chart on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I might have another chart on that
+too I have to be careful because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I have to be careful because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I have to be careful because they're
+not completely independent but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely independent but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completely independent but but
+um what you really want to do is is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really want to do is is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you really want to do is is get
+your your statistical process control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your statistical process control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your statistical process control
+apparatus targeted at or applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus targeted at or applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus targeted at or applied to the
+things that are most critical to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are most critical to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are most critical to you and
+so in your scenario the tracking between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your scenario the tracking between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your scenario the tracking between
+those two parameters that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two parameters that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two parameters that's what I would
+monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+okay um so this is just a recap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is just a recap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is just a recap of the
+xar chart uh with a little that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar chart uh with a little that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar chart uh with a little that's kind
+of ugly a little example I wonder if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly a little example I wonder if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly a little example I wonder if I
+can just get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get rid of all
+those just try to go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I think this is trying to reveal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this is trying to reveal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this is trying to reveal a
+data point one at a time which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point one at a time which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point one at a time which we don't
+really want to do so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do so here's an
+example based on what you've seen about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example based on what you've seen about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example based on what you've seen about
+um an xar chart and assuming here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an xar chart and assuming here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an xar chart and assuming here we've
+really set plusus three sigma control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really set plusus three sigma control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really set plusus three sigma control
+limits on this chart if you were want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on this chart if you were want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on this chart if you were want
+wondering moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering moving
+along um and just triggering just on say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um and just triggering just on say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um and just triggering just on say
+extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal
+points what do you think was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what do you think was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what do you think was this was
+this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alarm well sure how about that one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm well sure how about that one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm well sure how about that one that
+was an alarm do you think they were real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an alarm do you think they were real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an alarm do you think they were real
+was it a false alarm a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it a false alarm a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it a false alarm a real
+alarm why do you think it was real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm why do you think it was real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm why do you think it was real
+because I see drift up everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I see drift up everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I see drift up everything and
+those two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two are
+kind of close as well so I expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close as well so I expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close as well so I expect to
+have more points later up to so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more points later up to so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more points later up to so so the
+real answer is we don't know but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real answer is we don't know but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real answer is we don't know but you're
+doing exactly the right thing going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly the right thing going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly the right thing going back
+to some of the discussion we had earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the discussion we had earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of the discussion we had earlier
+of looking for additional evidence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for additional evidence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for additional evidence so
+your evidence here was saying if I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evidence here was saying if I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evidence here was saying if I got
+this alarm I might look back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alarm I might look back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alarm I might look back and say
+well the previous points H there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the previous points H there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the previous points H there's an
+awful lot of them to one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of them to one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of them to one side of the
+mean and in fact maybe a drift although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and in fact maybe a drift although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and in fact maybe a drift although
+this point sort of looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point sort of looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point sort of looks like it's
+counter to the drift so so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to the drift so so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to the drift so so there's a
+little counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter
+evidence um by the time I get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence um by the time I get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence um by the time I get to this
+point now I'm starting to get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I'm starting to get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now I'm starting to get really
+convinced that uh something is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that uh something is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that uh something is something
+is weird right because now look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weird right because now look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weird right because now look at this
+what's the probability of having all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of having all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of having all of
+those points that almost all except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points that almost all except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points that almost all except for
+for that one or two to one side of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one or two to one side of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one or two to one side of of of
+the mean well you could actually go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean well you could actually go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean well you could actually go and
+calculate that probability right sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that probability right sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that probability right sounds
+like a problem set problem um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a problem set problem um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a problem set problem um but but
+qualitatively you know something looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively you know something looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively you know something looks
+like it's offt Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's offt Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's offt Target
+right so this is the kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the kind of kind of
+thinking that that that that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that that that that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that that that that you would
+want to do now H this is a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now H this is a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now H this is a little tricky
+what do you if you were just eyeballing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you if you were just eyeballing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you if you were just eyeballing
+it what do you think a CP or a CPK would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do you think a CP or a CPK would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do you think a CP or a CPK would
+be for for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process I have no idea I have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I have no idea I have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I have no idea I have done the
+calculation you could go and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you could go and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you could go and do the
+calculation right based on what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation right based on what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation right based on what what
+would you do to actually formally try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do to actually formally try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do to actually formally try to
+calculate a CP or a CPK for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a CP or a CPK for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a CP or a CPK for this
+process standard deviation yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process standard deviation yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process standard deviation yeah you
+you'd calculate the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd calculate the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd calculate the mean and the
+standard deviation first off you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation first off you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation first off you have
+the the true mean and you have the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true mean and you have the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the true mean and you have the true
+uh control limits could you calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control limits could you calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control limits could you calculate a
+CPR or CPK based on mean and standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPR or CPK based on mean and standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPR or CPK based on mean and standard
+deviation I give you those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need upper and lower spe liit you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need upper and lower spe liit you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need upper and lower spe liit you need
+spec limits control chart by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits control chart by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limits control chart by itself
+never gives you spec limits so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gives you spec limits so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gives you spec limits so you don't
+know it may well be I've got really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may well be I've got really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may well be I've got really
+tight spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits my parts really need to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits my parts really need to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits my parts really need to operate
+down in here by the way you also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in here by the way you also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in here by the way you also have to
+be careful because if these are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because if these are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because if these are based on
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+samples the sample distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the sample distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the sample distribution is
+tighter than the underlying process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter than the underlying process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter than the underlying process
+distribution so if you see spec limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you see spec limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if you see spec limits
+also on your control chart that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on your control chart that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on your control chart that's kind
+of a warning because usually a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a warning because usually a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a warning because usually a control
+chart is based on sampling right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is based on sampling right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is based on sampling right so so
+by itself you can't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself you can't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself you can't really know what
+your CP and CPK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CP and CPK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CP and CPK
+are okay and and I would be cautious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and and I would be cautious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and and I would be cautious
+about assuming your spec limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about assuming your spec limits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about assuming your spec limits are
+anywhere near your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near your control
+limits don't assume your spec limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits don't assume your spec limits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits don't assume your spec limits are
+plus minus three sigma you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus three sigma you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus three sigma you're you're
+you're really falling in the Trap of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really falling in the Trap of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really falling in the Trap of of
+sort of basically assuming a CP or a CPK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basically assuming a CP or a CPK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of basically assuming a CP or a CPK
+of one process which is not often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one process which is not often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one process which is not often the
+case wouldn't it normally be safe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case wouldn't it normally be safe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case wouldn't it normally be safe to
+that you want your spec limits outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want your spec limits outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want your spec limits outside
+your control liit absolutely why here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control liit absolutely why here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control liit absolutely why here
+you're you're having a huge fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're having a huge fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're having a huge fraction of
+non-conforming yeah so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming yeah so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conforming yeah so this would be
+that's why that's my point your spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's my point your spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's my point your spec
+limits may be very tight and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits may be very tight and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits may be very tight and your
+process would be horrible this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process would be horrible this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process would be horrible this is not a
+capable process so normally yes what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable process so normally yes what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable process so normally yes what you
+normally want to do is trigger on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally want to do is trigger on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally want to do is trigger on
+alarms much before you have parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms much before you have parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms much before you have parts that
+are falling outside of specs so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling outside of specs so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling outside of specs so that you
+can react to drifts in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can react to drifts in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can react to drifts in the process
+before they cause you disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they cause you disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they cause you disaster
+absolutely that was implicit I'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that was implicit I'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that was implicit I'm glad
+you made it explicit yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made it explicit yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made it explicit yes
+yes okay so I think we've talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so I think we've talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so I think we've talked about a
+lot of these what I'd like to do uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these what I'd like to do uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these what I'd like to do uh is
+give you a little glimp glimpse of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little glimp glimpse of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little glimp glimpse of some
+additional control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional control chart
+ideas that are beyond the xbar uh s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that are beyond the xbar uh s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that are beyond the xbar uh s or
+xbar range uh chart there's some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar range uh chart there's some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar range uh chart there's some very
+good things about the xar chart It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about the xar chart It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things about the xar chart It's
+relatively simple fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple fairly
+transparent meaning you sort of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent meaning you sort of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent meaning you sort of know
+what each data point means you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each data point means you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each data point means you know what
+an alarm means um it relates very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm means um it relates very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm means um it relates very
+closely to assumptions of normality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely to assumptions of normality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely to assumptions of normality and
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fact by the act of sampling you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by the act of sampling you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by the act of sampling you're
+enforced ing some of these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced ing some of these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced ing some of these assumptions
+right by sampling with n larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by sampling with n larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by sampling with n larger than one
+generally you've got the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you've got the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you've got the central limit
+theorem on your side so xar is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem on your side so xar is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem on your side so xar is really
+Trends towards uh a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends towards uh a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends towards uh a normal distribution
+and we'll talk about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about this a little bit
+if I've got long times between samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got long times between samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got long times between samples
+if there's very very short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's very very short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's very very short uh
+correlation short time scale correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation short time scale correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation short time scale correlation
+between sample points these samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sample points these samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sample points these samples are
+truly independent measures of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly independent measures of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly independent measures of of the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+so as long as I've got reasonably long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as I've got reasonably long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as I've got reasonably long
+sampling times um each of my samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling times um each of my samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling times um each of my samples are
+an independent draw from from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent draw from from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent draw from from from the
+process the problems are yes sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the problems are yes sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the problems are yes sample size
+I need to N More than one and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to N More than one and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to N More than one and very often
+I may be measuring everyone so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be measuring everyone so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be measuring everyone so I'd like
+to get to some ideas or control charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to some ideas or control charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to some ideas or control charts
+that that might be able to either react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be able to either react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be able to either react
+faster a shorter average run length or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster a shorter average run length or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster a shorter average run length or
+be able to utilize the fact that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to utilize the fact that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to utilize the fact that you've
+got more data and I can have have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more data and I can have have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more data and I can have have this
+this faster time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this faster time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this faster time
+response so in fact let's think real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so in fact let's think real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so in fact let's think real
+briefly about the limit what if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about the limit what if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about the limit what if your
+sample size is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size is just
+one could you go to that limit there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you go to that limit there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could you go to that limit there's a
+couple of tricky points here right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tricky points here right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tricky points here right um
+the good thing is you have a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is you have a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing is you have a lot of data
+I can look at every part and respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at every part and respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can look at every part and respond
+quickly but now a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but now a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but now a lot of these
+assumptions on the statistics or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the statistics or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the statistics or the the
+calculation of these basic statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of these basic statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of these basic statistics
+don't have meaning anymore for a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have meaning anymore for a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have meaning anymore for a sample
+of size one what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size one what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size one what is the
+average well okay it's just that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average well okay it's just that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average well okay it's just that value
+what's the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the standard
+deviation uh no it's undefined 1/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh no it's undefined 1/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh no it's undefined 1/ n
+minus one in the standard D that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in the standard D that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in the standard D that you
+don't have enough data you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough data you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough data you have no
+estimate of of a variance from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of a variance from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of a variance from that
+sample size of one so an approach here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size of one so an approach here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size of one so an approach here
+is essentially use kind of a variant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially use kind of a variant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially use kind of a variant uh
+refer ref to as a a running control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer ref to as a a running control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer ref to as a a running control
+chart or running average so you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart or running average so you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart or running average so you look
+back not just on the new sample but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back not just on the new sample but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back not just on the new sample but some
+number of previous data points and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of previous data points and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of previous data points and kind
+of have a window that moves along or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have a window that moves along or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have a window that moves along or or
+some calculated average of past history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculated average of past history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some calculated average of past history
+where I might wait my most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I might wait my most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I might wait my most recent
+measurement either equally or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement either equally or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement either equally or more
+importantly than my past measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly than my past measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly than my past measurements
+and use that as an estimate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that as an estimate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that as an estimate for the
+process average and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process average and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process average and the process
+variance that violate the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that violate the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that violate the independent
+absolutely it does violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it does violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it does violate the
+independent assumption um if however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent assumption um if however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent assumption um if however
+they truly are independent you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they truly are independent you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they truly are independent you can still
+formulate statistics and probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate statistics and probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate statistics and probabilities
+associated with that in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that in other words if
+you're if your process data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if your process data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if your process data was
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+um what you've got is from any one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you've got is from any one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you've got is from any one point
+in time I can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time I can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time I can calculate the
+probabilities associated with that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with that but
+if I then calulated that for my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then calulated that for my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I then calulated that for my next
+point in time using some of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time using some of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time using some of the same
+data I would never use some of the weo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I would never use some of the weo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I would never use some of the weo
+rules like the probability of two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules like the probability of two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules like the probability of two points
+in a row falling above because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row falling above because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row falling above because they're
+no longer independent I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer independent I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer independent I can't just
+multiply those two those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two those two
+probabilities so it would get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so it would get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so it would get really
+messy trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy trying to
+calculate sequence probabilities um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate sequence probabilities um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate sequence probabilities um uh
+using a an a running average now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a an a running average now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a an a running average now that's
+different for we'll see this notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for we'll see this notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for we'll see this notion of a
+cumulative sum chart where actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative sum chart where actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative sum chart where actually you
+want to use the fact that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the fact that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the fact that there is
+dependence to aggregate deviations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to aggregate deviations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence to aggregate deviations and
+detect them even faster so you you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them even faster so you you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them even faster so you you use
+that very notion of lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very notion of lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very notion of lack of
+Independence so let's talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so let's talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so let's talk about these
+sort of running average or an N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of running average or an N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of running average or an N equals
+one kind of design what you'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of design what you'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of design what you'd like to do
+is have increased sensitivity you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have increased sensitivity you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have increased sensitivity you want
+to detect small changes um especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect small changes um especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect small changes um especially
+small Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta
+changes so small shifts are one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so small shifts are one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so small shifts are one class
+there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also
+Al cases where you'd want to detect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al cases where you'd want to detect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al cases where you'd want to detect a
+small shift we'll come to that chart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shift we'll come to that chart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shift we'll come to that chart uh
+a little bit later you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later you could also have
+uh the desire to not have too many false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the desire to not have too many false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the desire to not have too many false
+alarms so you still want noise rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so you still want noise rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarms so you still want noise rejection
+and one of the problems with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems with some of
+these are you might in fact actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are you might in fact actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are you might in fact actually
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+higher uh higher variance estimators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh higher variance estimators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh higher variance estimators and
+and you got to be very careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to be very careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got to be very careful because
+you can get uh larger false alarm rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh larger false alarm rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh larger false alarm rates
+unless you compensate for that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you compensate for that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you compensate for that but the
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+idea and this this almost goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this this almost goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this this almost goes back to
+your your earlier question imagine first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your earlier question imagine first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your earlier question imagine first
+off what we're doing with just a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what we're doing with just a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what we're doing with just a regular
+xar chart but where we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar chart but where we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar chart but where we're measuring
+every part and then just aggregating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part and then just aggregating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part and then just aggregating in
+samples of different size so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of different size so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of different size so what I've
+got here is the Run data and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here is the Run data and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here is the Run data and then in the
+little purple pictures is an xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little purple pictures is an xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little purple pictures is an xar
+calculated for each group of four sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated for each group of four sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated for each group of four sample
+points so every four I calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so every four I calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so every four I calculate the
+average then I move on to the next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average then I move on to the next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average then I move on to the next four
+and calculate the average and so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the average and so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the average and so in a
+typical sort of xar chart with sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of xar chart with sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical sort of xar chart with sample
+size n equals 4 where my sample time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n equals 4 where my sample time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n equals 4 where my sample time is
+also n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n equals
+4 um I've got a smoother curve here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 um I've got a smoother curve here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 um I've got a smoother curve here with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+xar and we didn't explicitly talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and we didn't explicitly talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and we didn't explicitly talk about
+it but one of the advantages of the xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but one of the advantages of the xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but one of the advantages of the xar
+chart what we talked about was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart what we talked about was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart what we talked about was the
+squeezing of the distribution down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing of the distribution down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing of the distribution down and
+another way of looking at it is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at it is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at it is we're
+filtering high frequency deviations down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering high frequency deviations down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering high frequency deviations down
+to try to detect a smoother average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to detect a smoother average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to detect a smoother average uh
+that's more indicative of the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more indicative of the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more indicative of the true mean
+of the process I'm really not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process I'm really not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process I'm really not trying to
+detect variances I just as soon have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect variances I just as soon have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect variances I just as soon have one
+signal that just told me how good my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that just told me how good my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that just told me how good my
+mean is and so an xar really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is and so an xar really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is and so an xar really does
+filtering of your data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering of your data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering of your data okay
+so if you think about it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it from the
+filtering perspective what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering perspective what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering perspective what does the
+filtering do it reduces some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering do it reduces some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering do it reduces some of these
+sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+Peaks right um it Aggregates or hides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks right um it Aggregates or hides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks right um it Aggregates or hides
+some of this intermediate data reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this intermediate data reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this intermediate data reduces
+this high frequency content to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high frequency content to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high frequency content to try to
+get to the low frequency either drift or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the low frequency either drift or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the low frequency either drift or
+a mean shift a single mean shift that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean shift a single mean shift that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean shift a single mean shift that's
+applying to many data points together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to many data points together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to many data points together
+and so you can also think about these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can also think about these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can also think about these as
+as U filtering operations and anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U filtering operations and anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as U filtering operations and anytime
+you've got filtering you do get at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got filtering you do get at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got filtering you do get at some
+of these questions we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions we were kind of
+asking about about how related or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about about how related or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about about how related or how
+independent are samples at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent are samples at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent are samples at different
+points in time so one can actually go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time so one can actually go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time so one can actually go in
+and have a measure of this Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a measure of this Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a measure of this Independence
+and if the process itself within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the process itself within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the process itself within a
+sample are the points are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are the points are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are the points are highly
+correlated you actually have to explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you actually have to explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you actually have to explicit
+L think about this and for control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L think about this and for control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L think about this and for control
+charting spread those data points out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting spread those data points out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting spread those data points out um
+there is a a a an autocorrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a a an autocorrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a a an autocorrelation
+function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this
+rxx as a function of the time separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxx as a function of the time separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxx as a function of the time separation
+or the number of sample points between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the number of sample points between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the number of sample points between
+them uh that has this this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that has this this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh that has this this definition
+here if you think about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about it in terms of
+the time for an autocorrelated function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for an autocorrelated function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for an autocorrelated function
+that is a in fact a inherent in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a in fact a inherent in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a in fact a inherent in a linear
+first order system the autocorrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system the autocorrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system the autocorrelation
+function drops off fairly rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function drops off fairly rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function drops off fairly rapidly
+from uh zero time Gap so if I sample at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh zero time Gap so if I sample at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh zero time Gap so if I sample at
+this point in time and I go some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time and I go some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time and I go some time
+away the similarity of those sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the similarity of those sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the similarity of those sample
+points decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points decays
+away if it were truly uncorrelated any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if it were truly uncorrelated any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if it were truly uncorrelated any
+each and every new data point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every new data point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every new data point is
+completely independent of the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of the other and
+the point is simply here that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is simply here that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is simply here that if you're
+sampling from some physical processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from some physical processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from some physical processes
+there may be an inherent correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be an inherent correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be an inherent correlation
+that isn't the one you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't the one you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't the one you're trying to get
+at you're trying to detect long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're trying to detect long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're trying to detect long term
+Trends and not detect very small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends and not detect very small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends and not detect very small small
+shifts and so you can play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and so you can play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and so you can play around with
+uh the sample time compared to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sample time compared to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sample time compared to uh the
+inherent correlation of the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent correlation of the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent correlation of the process and
+all this is saying is you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying is you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying is you want to pick
+your sample time ultimately such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample time ultimately such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample time ultimately such that if
+I pick this sample here and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick this sample here and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick this sample here and then my
+sample time uh some point later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time uh some point later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time uh some point later this
+underlying sort of short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sort of short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sort of short-term
+correlation uh is not what I'm detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh is not what I'm detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh is not what I'm detecting
+I'm detecting again a big a big mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm detecting again a big a big mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm detecting again a big a big mean a
+big mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mean
+shift so we've been talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so we've been talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so we've been talking about this
+again what you're looking for here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you're looking for here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you're looking for here is
+maybe pulling your small sample out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe pulling your small sample out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe pulling your small sample out
+using in fact some of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in fact some of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in fact some of the correlation
+there to be able to say what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be able to say what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be able to say what the best
+estimate of the mean is right at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the mean is right at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the mean is right at that
+point in time and then have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time and then have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time and then have uh
+uncorrelated samples around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay well what I'm what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well what I'm what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well what I'm what I think
+I'll do is uh probably stop now um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is uh probably stop now um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is uh probably stop now um I
+think I'll pick up next time defer or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll pick up next time defer or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll pick up next time defer or or
+wait a little bit on diving into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit on diving into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit on diving into the
+yield until maybe uh mid time Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield until maybe uh mid time Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield until maybe uh mid time Thursday
+because I do want you to get a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do want you to get a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do want you to get a feel for
+these alternative charts so the charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative charts so the charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative charts so the charts
+we'll talk about next time include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next time include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next time include a
+moving average chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving average chart
+or essentially you aggregate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially you aggregate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially you aggregate your
+data and use that to form estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and use that to form estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and use that to form estimates of
+local mean and variances and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local mean and variances and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local mean and variances and then we'll
+look at other clever ways of using most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at other clever ways of using most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at other clever ways of using most
+more recent data and weight towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent data and weight towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent data and weight towards
+those so we'll talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we'll talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we'll talk about an
+exponentially weighted moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially weighted moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially weighted moving average
+control chart and what that idea is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart and what that idea is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control chart and what that idea is and
+then finally we'll also give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we'll also give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we'll also give you a
+little bit of a feel for a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a feel for a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a feel for a cumulative
+sum chart where we add aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum chart where we add aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum chart where we add aggregate
+deviations from the mean because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean because we're
+really looking for was there a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for was there a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for was there a small
+change or is there a small drift going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or is there a small drift going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or is there a small drift going
+on in the process and how do we increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the process and how do we increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the process and how do we increase
+the sensitivity to detect that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity to detect that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity to detect that small
+small shift as rapidly as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shift as rapidly as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shift as rapidly as possible so
+we'll talk about charts that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about charts that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about charts that are really
+meant to squeeze that average run length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to squeeze that average run length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to squeeze that average run length
+for detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detection
+down so we'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we'll see you on
+Thursday uh and again while you're work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh and again while you're work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh and again while you're work
+working on today's problem set if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on today's problem set if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on today's problem set if you
+want to feel good take a glance as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel good take a glance as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel good take a glance as soon
+as it's released at next week's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's released at next week's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's released at next week's problem
+set it will make you feel much better
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NmntYoB1uJg.txt b/NmntYoB1uJg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3fe64822ed779282d42dd8611d0e003620ce055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NmntYoB1uJg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this is a uh topic I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a uh topic I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is a uh topic I think is
+interesting I like this one it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I like this one it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I like this one it's about
+stability or instability of a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or instability of a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability or instability of a steady
+state so let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so let me show you the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation not it could be linear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not it could be linear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not it could be linear but
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+nonlinear dydt is f of Y I'm going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear dydt is f of Y I'm going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear dydt is f of Y I'm going to uh
+I keep it that right hand side not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep it that right hand side not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep it that right hand side not
+depending on t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on t
+so just a function of Y and when do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a function of Y and when do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a function of Y and when do I
+have a steady state there's a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a steady state there's a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a steady state there's a steady
+state when the derivative is zero so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when the derivative is zero so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when the derivative is zero so if
+the derivative is zero when F of yals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero when F of yals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero when F of yals
+zero let me call those special y's by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me call those special y's by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let me call those special y's by a
+capital letter so capital Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letter so capital Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital letter so capital Y is a
+number a starting value where the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a starting value where the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a starting value where the right
+hand side of the equation is zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the equation is zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the equation is zero and if
+the right hand side of the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the equation is
+zero the left side of the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the left side of the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the left side of the equation is
+zero and Dy DT is zero and we don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Dy DT is zero and we don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Dy DT is zero and we don't go
+anywhere so the solution if F of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so the solution if F of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so the solution if F of Y is
+equal to zero then we have y is stays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we have y is stays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then we have y is stays at
+y it's a constant for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's a constant for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's a constant for all
+time and my question is if we start near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and my question is if we start near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and my question is if we start near
+near capital Y do we approach capital Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near capital Y do we approach capital Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near capital Y do we approach capital Y
+as time goes on is in that case I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time goes on is in that case I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time goes on is in that case I would
+say stable or does the solution when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stable or does the solution when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stable or does the solution when we
+start near y go far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start near y go far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start near y go far away from
+y from capital Y leave the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y from capital Y leave the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y from capital Y leave the steady state
+in that case I would call the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I would call the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I would call the steady
+state unstable so stable or unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state unstable so stable or unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state unstable so stable or unstable and
+it's very important to know which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to know which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to know which it is
+and let me just do some examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just do some examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just do some examples and
+you'll see the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole point
+so here's first starting with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's first starting with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's first starting with a linear
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+when so what's what is capital Y in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so what's what is capital Y in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when so what's what is capital Y in this
+case well this is f of Y here so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well this is f of Y here so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well this is f of Y here so if I
+set that to zero the steady state is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that to zero the steady state is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that to zero the steady state is uh
+is capital y capital equals z in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital y capital equals z in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital y capital equals z in this
+case that that is zero so if I start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that that is zero so if I start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that that is zero so if I start at
+zero I stay at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I stay at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I stay at zero
+okay here is a second example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a second example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a second example the
+logistic equation where I've taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic equation where I've taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic equation where I've taken the
+coefficients to be one what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be one what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be one what are the
+steady States for the logistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States for the logistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States for the logistic equation
+again I set the the right hand side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I set the the right hand side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I set the the right hand side to
+zero I find two possible steady States y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I find two possible steady States y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I find two possible steady States y
+capital y equal 0 or 1 that right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y equal 0 or 1 that right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y equal 0 or 1 that right hand
+side is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is zero
+for both of those so in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those so in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those so in both
+cases those are both constant Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases those are both constant Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases those are both constant Solutions
+steady States if the function if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States if the function if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady States if the function if the
+solution starts at zero it stays there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution starts at zero it stays there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution starts at zero it stays there
+because the derivative is zero has no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative is zero has no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative is zero has no no
+reason to move and finally now I let y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to move and finally now I let y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to move and finally now I let y -
+y Cub equal 0 I solve y = y cubed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Cub equal 0 I solve y = y cubed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Cub equal 0 I solve y = y cubed and I
+find three solutions three steady States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find three solutions three steady States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find three solutions three steady States
+y could be zero again it could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y could be zero again it could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y could be zero again it could be one
+again or it could be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or it could be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or it could be minus
+one y = y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one y = y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one y = y
+cubed then why can be any of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then why can be any of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed then why can be any of those three
+roots and of course these are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and of course these are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and of course these are examples
+the actual problem could have SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual problem could have SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual problem could have SS and
+cosiness and exponentials but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and exponentials but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and exponentials but these are
+three clear cases and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three clear cases and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three clear cases and of
+course the linear case is always the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the linear case is always the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the linear case is always the the
+the good guide okay so in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good guide okay so in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good guide okay so in the linear
+case when does a solution stay near zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when does a solution stay near zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when does a solution stay near zero
+if I start small when do I go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start small when do I go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start small when do I go to zero
+and when do I leave okay so I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do I leave okay so I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when do I leave okay so I'm ready
+for the answer here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay this
+example yal 0 that St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+if well do you see what's coming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well do you see what's coming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well do you see what's coming the
+solution is e to the a t if I start or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is e to the a t if I start or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is e to the a t if I start or
+constant time e to the a t when does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time e to the a t when does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time e to the a t when does
+that go to zero when does it approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to zero when does it approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to zero when does it approach
+the steady state I need a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state I need a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state I need a to be
+negative that's going to be the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's going to be the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's going to be the key to
+everything a that number a should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a that number a should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a that number a should be
+negative now over here we don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now over here we don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative now over here we don't have an
+A we we the key key point will be to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A we we the key key point will be to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A we we the key key point will be to see
+what is it that should be negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that should be negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that should be negative in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+examples and can I tell you the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and can I tell you the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and can I tell you the answer
+so the the thing to look at negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the thing to look at negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the thing to look at negative or
+positive stable or unstable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive stable or unstable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive stable or unstable is the
+derivative look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of that right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at at yal Y at the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at yal Y at the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at yal Y at the steady
+state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the derivative DF d y is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the derivative DF d y is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the derivative DF d y is negative
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable that was correct in this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that was correct in this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that was correct in this linear
+case the Der itive of a y was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Der itive of a y was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Der itive of a y was just
+a and we know that we get St stable when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we know that we get St stable when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we know that we get St stable when
+a is negative because the solution has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is negative because the solution has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is negative because the solution has
+an e to the e to the a t a is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the e to the a t a is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the e to the a t a is negative
+we go to zero what about two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to zero what about two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to zero what about two examples
+two and three so with those two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three so with those two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three so with those two examples
+you'll see the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the whole
+idea so look at the second example y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so look at the second example y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so look at the second example y -
+y^2 is y - y^ 2 we look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is y - y^ 2 we look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is y - y^ 2 we look at its
+derivative its derivative is 1 - 2 y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative its derivative is 1 - 2 y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative its derivative is 1 - 2 y the
+derivative of so I'm looking at 1 - 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of so I'm looking at 1 - 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of so I'm looking at 1 - 2 y
+that's the that's DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's DF
+Dy so what's the story on that if Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so what's the story on that if Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so what's the story on that if Y is
+zero then that derivative is 1 + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that derivative is 1 + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that derivative is 1 + one
+unstable so yal yal 0 is now unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other possibility y = 1 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other possibility y = 1 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other possibility y = 1 I think
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable because one when Y is 1 1 - 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because one when Y is 1 1 - 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because one when Y is 1 1 - 2 y
+that derivative that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative that we
+check 1 - 2 y comes out minus one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check 1 - 2 y comes out minus one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check 1 - 2 y comes out minus one now
+negative and that's the test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that's the test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that's the test for
+stability so y capital y equal 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so y capital y equal 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so y capital y equal 1 you
+remember how those S curves went up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how those S curves went up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how those S curves went up and
+and approached the horizontal line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approached the horizontal line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approached the horizontal line the
+steady state capital y equal 1 so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state capital y equal 1 so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state capital y equal 1 so okay
+with two two different steady states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two two different steady states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two two different steady states
+there one one unstable and one stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one one unstable and one stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there one one unstable and one stable
+and now here we have three steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here we have three steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here we have three steady
+States and in other examples we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in other examples we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in other examples we could
+have other many or or they might be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other many or or they might be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other many or or they might be hard
+to find but here we can see exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find but here we can see exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find but here we can see exactly
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+happening now the I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now the I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now the I look at the
+derivative DF Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y it's the derivative of y - y Cub so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's the derivative of y - y Cub so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's the derivative of y - y Cub so
+that's 1 - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 so again y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so again y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 so again y =
+0 is bad news yal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bad news yal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is bad news yal
+0 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I get
+one positive number unstable so y = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one positive number unstable so y = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one positive number unstable so y = 0
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas y = 1 or minus one those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas y = 1 or minus one those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas y = 1 or minus one those are the
+other two steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two steady
+States then 1 - 3 y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States then 1 - 3 y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States then 1 - 3 y^
+2 y^2 will be 2 will be one in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 y^2 will be 2 will be one in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 y^2 will be 2 will be one in those
+cases so I have 1 - 3 - 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I have 1 - 3 - 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I have 1 - 3 - 2 it's
+negative so those are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you see how easy the test is compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how easy the test is compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how easy the test is compute
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+DFD at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFD at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFD at
+the steady state and just see is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state and just see is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state and just see is it
+stable or is it not stable and if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or is it not stable and if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or is it not stable and if and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+gives see whether is it negative or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives see whether is it negative or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives see whether is it negative or is
+it positive that decides stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it positive that decides stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it positive that decides stable or
+unstable now I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable now I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable now I just want to show
+why briefly and and then show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why briefly and and then show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why briefly and and then show you an
+example by throwing a book in this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by throwing a book in this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by throwing a book in this would
+be an example in three dimensions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example in three dimensions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an example in three dimensions that
+we will get to uh in uh when we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get to uh in uh when we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get to uh in uh when we're doing
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+equations so for for something flying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so for for something flying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so for for something flying in
+three dimensions we'll need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions we'll need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions we'll need three
+differential equations and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and all this
+discussion which is coming to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is coming to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is coming to the end of
+first order one first order order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order one first order order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order one first order order
+equation so this stability is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this stability is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this stability is one of the
+nice topics Okay now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice topics Okay now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice topics Okay now what's the
+reasoning behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning behind
+it behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it behind this
+test this here's our test if Dy if D fdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this here's our test if Dy if D fdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this here's our test if Dy if D fdy
+is zero that's our test and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that's our test and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that's our test and why is that
+our test okay can I can I explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test okay can I can I explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test okay can I can I explain it
+here I want to look at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to look at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to look at the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state and I'm my question is if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and I'm my question is if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and I'm my question is if that
+goes to zero I have something stable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero I have something stable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero I have something stable if
+that blows up if they if y goes further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blows up if they if y goes further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blows up if they if y goes further
+away from the steady state it's unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the steady state it's unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the steady state it's unstable
+okay so dydt is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so dydt is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so dydt is f of
+y d capital Y DT well that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d capital Y DT well that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d capital Y DT well that's actually
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+y capital Y is that constant steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y capital Y is that constant steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y capital Y is that constant steady
+state and at the same time F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y is zero so I'm just put a zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is zero so I'm just put a zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is zero so I'm just put a zero on the
+left side and a zero on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and a zero on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side and a zero on the right side
+remembering that capital Y solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that capital Y solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that capital Y solves the
+equation with no movement at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with no movement at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with no movement at all it's
+just steady now I have F of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steady now I have F of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steady now I have F of Y
+minus F at Capital y I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F at Capital y I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F at Capital y I'm going to use
+calculus the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the difference between the
+function at a point and the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a point and the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a point and the function at
+a nearby point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nearby point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nearby point is
+approximately and the mean value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and the mean value theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately and the mean value theorem
+tells me that it really is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that it really is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that it really is is
+approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the
+derivative DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative DF
+Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+time y - y right that's the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time y - y right that's the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time y - y right that's the whole point
+point of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of calculus
+actually to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to be able to
+estimate the difference between F at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the difference between F at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the difference between F at two
+points this is Delta F if you like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is Delta F if you like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this is Delta F if you like and
+this is Delta Y and Delta F / Delta Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta Y and Delta F / Delta Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Delta Y and Delta F / Delta Y is
+approximately DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately DF
+Dy and approximately means more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and approximately means more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and approximately means more and more
+approximately closer and closer as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately closer and closer as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately closer and closer as these
+points as as little Y and capital Y come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as as little Y and capital Y come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as as little Y and capital Y come
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+so in other words what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what I have is
+approximately the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the linear
+equation the linear equation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the linear equation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the linear equation where the
+test is this is my a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is this is my a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is this is my a here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a well it's only approximate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well it's only approximate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well it's only approximate because
+this isn't a truly linear equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a truly linear equation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a truly linear equation there
+we're allowing more terms but calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing more terms but calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing more terms but calculus
+says it's better and better when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's better and better when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's better and better when we
+close and so our question is do do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and so our question is do do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and so our question is do do we
+get close or do we not get close and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close or do we not get close and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get close or do we not get close and the
+answer is that when that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that when that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that when that a is
+negative then it's just like the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then it's just like the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then it's just like the linear
+equation the exponential of a goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the exponential of a goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the exponential of a goes to
+zero y - capital Y goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y - capital Y goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero y - capital Y goes to zero
+stable when this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable when this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable when this thing is
+positive or maybe even zero zero is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or maybe even zero zero is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or maybe even zero zero is kind
+of the marginal case I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the marginal case I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the marginal case I don't know
+whether I shoot off or go to zero so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I shoot off or go to zero so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I shoot off or go to zero so I'm
+only going to say if that is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to say if that is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to say if that is negative
+it's stable and if it's positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable and if it's positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable and if it's positive then
+I'm then my e to the at blows up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then my e to the at blows up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then my e to the at blows up and the
+and the and that and that e to the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and that and that e to the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and that and that e to the a is
+Yus capital Y it gets bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus capital Y it gets bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus capital Y it gets bigger and bigger
+unstable okay so that's the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so that's the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so that's the reasoning
+behind the beautiful simple easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the beautiful simple easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the beautiful simple easy to
+apply test which is if the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply test which is if the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply test which is if the derivative is
+negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then
+stable okay that's good and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay that's good and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay that's good and now I'm
+ready to show you the example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to show you the example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to show you the example of a
+tumbling box that is I'm more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumbling box that is I'm more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumbling box that is I'm more or less
+ready I'm going to take a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready I'm going to take a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready I'm going to take a copy of the
+book and I'm going to throw it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I'm going to throw it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and I'm going to throw it in the
+air well I have put on a rubber band to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air well I have put on a rubber band to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air well I have put on a rubber band to
+hold it together cuz the book is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it together cuz the book is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it together cuz the book is rather
+precious to be throwing around out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious to be throwing around out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious to be throwing around out and
+let me say here I learned about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say here I learned about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say here I learned about this
+experiment from Professor alar tumy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from Professor alar tumy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from Professor alar tumy and
+just today I've asked him would he like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just today I've asked him would he like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just today I've asked him would he like
+to do the experiment on a video if yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment on a video if yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the experiment on a video if yes
+then he will do it properly if no I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he will do it properly if no I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he will do it properly if no I will
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+more more with it when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more with it when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more with it when we get
+to three equations cuz we're in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three equations cuz we're in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three equations cuz we're in three
+dimensions but let me just show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but let me just show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but let me just show you the
+point so the point is I'm going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the point is I'm going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the point is I'm going to throw
+this book up does it wobble all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book up does it wobble all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book up does it wobble all over the
+place unstable or does it turn nicely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place unstable or does it turn nicely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place unstable or does it turn nicely on
+its axis okay I'm going to throw it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its axis okay I'm going to throw it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its axis okay I'm going to throw it up
+in on the narrow axis here the thin axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the narrow axis here the thin axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the narrow axis here the thin axis
+half an inch or so okay to me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an inch or so okay to me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an inch or so okay to me that's
+stable I'm I'm not as good as Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable I'm I'm not as good as Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable I'm I'm not as good as Professor
+Tumi at catchy but with a band on it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tumi at catchy but with a band on it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tumi at catchy but with a band on it I
+caught it okay now I'm that's one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught it okay now I'm that's one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught it okay now I'm that's one axis
+but I'm in 3D here's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm in 3D here's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm in 3D here's another way to
+throw it is this way and you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it is this way and you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it is this way and you could try
+this on somebody else's book okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on somebody else's book okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on somebody else's book okay I'm
+going to throw it now this way I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw it now this way I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw it now this way I'm going
+to start it this way and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start it this way and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start it this way and the question is
+does it turn steadily this way or not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it turn steadily this way or not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it turn steadily this way or not no
+absolutely not it went all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not it went all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not it went all over the
+place shall I do that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place shall I do that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place shall I do that one
+again you see it tumbles I can I I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see it tumbles I can I I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see it tumbles I can I I not
+so easy to catch so that is unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy to catch so that is unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy to catch so that is unstable and
+then there is a third Direction Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a third Direction Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a third Direction Let's
+see I've done the very narrow one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've done the very narrow one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I've done the very narrow one the
+middle one probably the third direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one probably the third direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one probably the third direction
+is this one and if I do it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one and if I do it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one and if I do it I'm going to
+leave well enough alone it will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave well enough alone it will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave well enough alone it will come out
+stable so two directions stable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so two directions stable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so two directions stable one
+unstable for a tumbling box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable for a tumbling box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable for a tumbling box and the
+website and the book have lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the book have lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the book have lots more
+details and we'll do more one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and we'll do more one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and we'll do more one more thing
+I want to add to this board for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add to this board for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add to this board for these
+three examples can I do that one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples can I do that one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples can I do that one more
+thing I want a picture that shows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want a picture that shows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want a picture that shows so
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+line off to plus infinity and this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line off to plus infinity and this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line off to plus infinity and this way
+to minus infinity and if I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus infinity and if I took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus infinity and if I took this
+example zero in example 1 say for dydt =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example zero in example 1 say for dydt =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example zero in example 1 say for dydt =
+minus y a Nega is stable is stable so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y a Nega is stable is stable so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y a Nega is stable is stable so so
+the solutions here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions here are
+approaching zero this is approaching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching zero this is approaching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching zero this is approaching so
+my first example is y dydt = minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y I draw a line of y's there's y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I draw a line of y's there's y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I draw a line of y's there's y equals
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+and the solution wherever it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution wherever it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution wherever it starts
+approaches zero now I'm ready to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero now I'm ready to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches zero now I'm ready to put on
+to do the uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the uh to do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um logistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um logistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um logistic equation
+dydt = y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt = y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt = y -
+y^2 okay now I have yal 0 is unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay now I have yal 0 is unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay now I have yal 0 is unstable
+now okay yal 0 is now unstable table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay yal 0 is now unstable table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay yal 0 is now unstable table
+those y doesn't approach zero anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those y doesn't approach zero anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those y doesn't approach zero anymore it
+goes away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and what does it go to in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what does it go to in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what does it go to in the other
+steady state if you remember was y = 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state if you remember was y = 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state if you remember was y = 1 1
+- 1 is 0 the derivative is zero that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 is 0 the derivative is zero that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 is 0 the derivative is zero that's a
+steady state let me put it in here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state let me put it in here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state let me put it in here one
+and that was a stable steady state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a stable steady state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a stable steady state so
+that arrow is correct and it goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow is correct and it goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow is correct and it goes to one
+and and it's also going to one from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's also going to one from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's also going to one from from
+above so there is the stability line let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above so there is the stability line let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above so there is the stability line let
+me call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of
+y's that shows in the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's that shows in the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's that shows in the simplest possible
+picture what direction the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what direction the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what direction the uh what
+direction the solution moves which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the solution moves which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the solution moves which is
+the same as showing me the sign of dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as showing me the sign of dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as showing me the sign of dydt
+the S of dydt is positive in this y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of dydt is positive in this y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of dydt is positive in this y -
+y^2 is positive for y between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is positive for y between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 is positive for y between 0 and
+1 between Z and one like a half would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 between Z and one like a half would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 between Z and one like a half would be
+a half minus a quarter positive so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half minus a quarter positive so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half minus a quarter positive so it
+increases but it approaches one and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but it approaches one and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but it approaches one and now
+finally can I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally can I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally can I add
+in can I create the stability line for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in can I create the stability line for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in can I create the stability line for y
+- y cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y cubed
+this is still correct yal 1 is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still correct yal 1 is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still correct yal 1 is still a
+stable point zero is an unstable point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point zero is an unstable point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point zero is an unstable point
+but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I
+have 0 1 or that other possibility minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 1 or that other possibility minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 1 or that other possibility minus
+one so let me put that into the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me put that into the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let me put that into the picture
+minus one that is a stable one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that is a stable one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that is a stable one right so
+for the y - y cubed example I'm stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the y - y cubed example I'm stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the y - y cubed example I'm stable
+unstable you see the arrow is going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable you see the arrow is going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable you see the arrow is going away
+and going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going into
+one and minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one and
+then they go in from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides isn't that a simple picture to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides isn't that a simple picture to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides isn't that a simple picture to put
+together what we discovered from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what we discovered from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what we discovered from the
+derivatives of this thing the 1 - 3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this thing the 1 - 3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this thing the 1 - 3 y^2
+at those three points at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those three points at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those three points at this point the
+derivative was negative we go to it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was negative we go to it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative was negative we go to it at
+this point the derivative 1 - 3 y^2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the derivative 1 - 3 y^2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the derivative 1 - 3 y^2 was
+positive we leave it at this point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we leave it at this point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we leave it at this point this
+is another stable one the derivative DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another stable one the derivative DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another stable one the derivative DF
+Dy is negative there and the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is negative there and the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is negative there and the solution
+approaches y equal 1 and we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches y equal 1 and we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches y equal 1 and we didn't have
+any formula for the solution that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formula for the solution that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formula for the solution that's the
+nice thing we're getting this essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing we're getting this essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing we're getting this essential
+information by just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information by just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information by just taking the
+derivative of of that simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of that simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of that simple function
+and looking to see is it negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking to see is it negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking to see is it negative or
+positive and uh getting that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and uh getting that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and uh getting that picture
+without a formula okay so tumbling book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a formula okay so tumbling book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a formula okay so tumbling book
+uh stability and instability and more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stability and instability and more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stability and instability and more to
+do in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in higher
+Dimensions thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nu8YGneFCWE.txt b/Nu8YGneFCWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd5919f53560ca3b1c6358fd5805cdade289ac5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nu8YGneFCWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the fourth lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the fourth lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the fourth lecture
+of 6006. um today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6006. um today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6006. um today
+we are going to be talking about hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be talking about hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be talking about hashing
+last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture
+on tuesday um professor solomon was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday um professor solomon was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday um professor solomon was
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+uh set data structures right storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set data structures right storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set data structures right storing
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so that you can query items by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can query items by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can query items by
+their key right by what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their key right by what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their key right by what they
+intrinsically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically are
+versus what professor domain was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what professor domain was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what professor domain was talking
+about last week which was sequence data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last week which was sequence data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last week which was sequence data
+structures where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures where
+we impose an external order on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose an external order on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose an external order on these
+items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+and we want you to maintain those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want you to maintain those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want you to maintain those but
+i'm not i don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i don't really
+i'm not supporting operations where i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not supporting operations where i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not supporting operations where i'm
+looking stuff up based on what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking stuff up based on what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking stuff up based on what they are
+right that's what the set interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the set interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the set interface is
+for right so we're going to be talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right so we're going to be talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right so we're going to be talking a
+little bit more about the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the set
+interface today so last on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface today so last on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface today so last on tuesday
+you saw two ways of implementing the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw two ways of implementing the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw two ways of implementing the set
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+right one using just a unsorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one using just a unsorted array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one using just a unsorted array
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+i threw these things in an array and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw these things in an array and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw these things in an array and i
+could do a linear scan of my items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a linear scan of my items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a linear scan of my items
+to support basically any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support basically any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support basically any of these
+operations it's a little exercise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it's a little exercise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it's a little exercise you
+can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+i think they show it to you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they show it to you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they show it to you in the
+recitation notes but if you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes but if you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes but if you'd like to
+implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it
+for yourself that's fine uh in and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself that's fine uh in and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself that's fine uh in and then
+we saw a slightly better data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a slightly better data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a slightly better data structure
+at least for the find operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the find operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for the find operations
+can i look something up whether this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i look something up whether this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i look something up whether this key
+is in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in my
+uh set interface we can do that faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set interface we can do that faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set interface we can do that faster
+we can do that in log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that in log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that in log n time
+with a build overhead that's about n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a build overhead that's about n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a build overhead that's about n log
+n right because we showed you three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right because we showed you three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right because we showed you three ways
+to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+two of them were n squared one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them were n squared one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them were n squared one of them
+was n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was n log n
+which is as good as we showed you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as good as we showed you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as good as we showed you how to
+do yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yesterday
+so the question then becomes can i build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then becomes can i build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then becomes can i build
+that data structure faster that'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure faster that'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure faster that'll be a
+subject of next week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of next week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of next week's
+thursday lecture but this week we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday lecture but this week we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday lecture but this week we're
+going to concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to concentrate on
+this static find right right we got log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this static find right right we got log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this static find right right we got log
+n which is an exponential improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is an exponential improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is an exponential improvement
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+linear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the question here now becomes can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question here now becomes can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question here now becomes can i
+do faster than log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do faster than log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do faster than log n time
+and what we're going to do at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do at the first
+part of this lecture is show you that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this lecture is show you that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this lecture is show you that no
+you what's up what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's up what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's up what no
+okay that you can't do faster than log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that you can't do faster than log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that you can't do faster than log n
+time in the caveat that we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the caveat that we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the caveat that we are in a
+slightly more restricted model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more restricted model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more restricted model of
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+that we were then what we introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were then what we introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were then what we introduced to
+you a couple weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then so if we're not in that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so if we're not in that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so if we're not in that that
+more constrained model of computation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more constrained model of computation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more constrained model of computation we
+can actually do faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do faster
+right and doing faster is i mean log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and doing faster is i mean log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and doing faster is i mean log n
+is already pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already pretty good
+right log n is not going to be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right log n is not going to be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right log n is not going to be larger
+than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like
+30 for any problem that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 for any problem that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 for any problem that you're going to
+be talk talking about uh in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talk talking about uh in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talk talking about uh in the real
+world on real computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world on real computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world on real computers
+but uh a factor of 30 is still bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a factor of 30 is still bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a factor of 30 is still bad
+right i would prefer to do faster with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i would prefer to do faster with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i would prefer to do faster with
+those constant factors when i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constant factors when i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constant factors when i can
+it's not a constant factor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a constant factor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a constant factor it's a
+logarithmic factor but you get what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic factor but you get what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic factor but you get what i'm
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+okay so what we're going to do is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do is first
+prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+you can't do faster for for fine does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do faster for for fine does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do faster for for fine does
+everyone understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand
+remember what find key meant right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what find key meant right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what find key meant right i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a key i have a bunch of items that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key i have a bunch of items that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key i have a bunch of items that have
+keys associated with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys associated with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys associated with them
+and i want to see if one of the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to see if one of the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to see if one of the items
+that i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm storing
+contains a key that is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a key that is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a key that is the same as the
+one that i searched for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i searched for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i searched for right
+the item might contain other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item might contain other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item might contain other things but
+it in particular has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in particular has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in particular has a
+search key that i'm maintaining the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search key that i'm maintaining the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search key that i'm maintaining the set
+on so that it supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that it supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that it supports
+find operation search operations based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find operation search operations based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find operation search operations based
+on that key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that key
+quickly does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly does that make sense so
+there's the find one that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the find one that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the find one that we want to
+improve and we also want to improve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and we also want to improve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve and we also want to improve this
+insert delete we want to be make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert delete we want to be make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert delete we want to be make this
+this data structure dynamic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure dynamic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data structure dynamic right
+because we we might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we might uh
+do those operations quite a bit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those operations quite a bit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those operations quite a bit and so
+this lecture is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is about
+optimizing those three things okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing those three things okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing those three things okay so
+first i'm going to show you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to show you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to show you that we
+can't do faster than log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do faster than log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do faster than log n
+for find which is a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for find which is a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for find which is a little weird
+okay the model of computation i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the model of computation i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the model of computation i'm going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+proving this lower bound on right i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this lower bound on right i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this lower bound on right i'm
+saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+how i'm going to approach this is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i'm going to approach this is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i'm going to approach this is i'm
+going to say that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that any
+way that i store these the items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that i store these the items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that i store these the items that
+i'm storing in this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing in this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing in this data structure
+for any way i store these things any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any way i store these things any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any way i store these things any
+algorithm of this certain type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of this certain type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of this certain type
+is going to require at least logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to require at least logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to require at least logarithmic
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+that's that's what we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what we're going to try to
+prove and the model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and the model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and the model of computation
+that's that's weaker than what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's weaker than what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's weaker than what we've
+been talking about previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about previously
+is what i'm going to call the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i'm going to call the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i'm going to call the comparison
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a comparison model means is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comparison model means is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comparison model means is that the
+items the objects i'm storing i can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items the objects i'm storing i can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items the objects i'm storing i can kind
+of think of them as black boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of them as black boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of them as black boxes
+i don't get to touch these things except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't get to touch these things except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't get to touch these things except
+the only way that i can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that i can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that i can distinguish
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+is to say given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say given a
+key and an item or two items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and an item or two items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and an item or two items
+i'm i can do a comparison on those keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i can do a comparison on those keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i can do a comparison on those keys
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+are these keys the same uh is this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these keys the same uh is this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these keys the same uh is this key
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+than this one is it smaller than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one is it smaller than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one is it smaller than this
+one those are kind of the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those are kind of the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those are kind of the only
+operations i get to do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i get to do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i get to do with them
+i don't get to look at what the say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't get to look at what the say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't get to look at what the say if
+the keys are numbers i don't get to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys are numbers i don't get to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys are numbers i don't get to look
+at what number that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what number that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what number that is
+right i just get to take two keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just get to take two keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just get to take two keys and
+compare them and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them and actually
+all of the search algorithms that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the search algorithms that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the search algorithms that we saw
+on tuesday were comparison sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday were comparison sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday were comparison sort
+algorithms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right
+what you did was you stepped through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did was you stepped through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did was you stepped through the
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+at some point you came to a branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you came to a branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you came to a branch and
+you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at
+two keys and you branched based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys and you branched based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys and you branched based on
+whether one key was bigger than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one key was bigger than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one key was bigger than another
+right that was a comparison and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was a comparison and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was a comparison and then you
+moved some stuff around but that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved some stuff around but that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved some stuff around but that was the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+paradigm those those three sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm those those three sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm those those three sorting
+operations uh lived in this comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh lived in this comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations uh lived in this comparison
+model right you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right you've got
+uh you know comparison operations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know comparison operations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know comparison operations like
+are they equal less than greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they equal less than greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they equal less than greater than
+maybe greater than or equal less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe greater than or equal less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe greater than or equal less than or
+equal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right
+generally you have all these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you have all these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you have all these operations
+that you could do maybe not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do maybe not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do maybe not equal
+right but the key thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the key thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the key thing here
+is that there are only two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are only two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are only two possible
+outputs to each of these comparators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to each of these comparators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to each of these comparators
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's only two things there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two things there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two things there's there's
+only one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one one
+thing that i can branch on it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i can branch on it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i can branch on it's going to
+branch into two different lines right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch into two different lines right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch into two different lines right
+it's either true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either true
+and i do some other computation or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do some other computation or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do some other computation or it's
+false and i'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and i'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and i'll do
+a different set of computation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of computation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of computation right
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+view a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a comparison
+an algorithm in the comparison model as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm in the comparison model as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm in the comparison model as
+what i like to call a decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i like to call a decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i like to call a decision tree
+right so if i specify an algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i specify an algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i specify an algorithm to
+you the first thing it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first thing it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first thing it's going to do
+if i don't compare items at all i'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't compare items at all i'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't compare items at all i'm kind
+of screwed because i'll never be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screwed because i'll never be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screwed because i'll never be able to
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+if my keys and they're not so i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my keys and they're not so i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my keys and they're not so i have to
+do some comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some comparisons
+so you know i'll do some computation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know i'll do some computation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know i'll do some computation you
+know maybe i find out the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe i find out the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe i find out the length of the
+array and i do some constant time stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and i do some constant time stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and i do some constant time stuff
+but at some point i'll do a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point i'll do a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point i'll do a comparison
+and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll
+i'll branch right i'll come to this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll branch right i'll come to this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll branch right i'll come to this node
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if the comparison like maybe a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the comparison like maybe a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the comparison like maybe a less than
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+if it's true i'm going to go this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true i'm going to go this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true i'm going to go this way in
+my computation and if it's false i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computation and if it's false i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computation and if it's false i'm
+going to go this way in my computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go this way in my computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go this way in my computation
+right and i'm going to keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i'm going to keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i'm going to keep doing that
+with various comparisons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+until i get down here to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i get down here to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i get down here to some
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+leaf in which i'm i'm not branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in which i'm i'm not branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf in which i'm i'm not branching
+right the internal nodes here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the internal nodes here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the internal nodes here are
+representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+comparisons but the leaves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons but the leaves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons but the leaves are
+representing i stopped my computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing i stopped my computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing i stopped my computation
+i'm outputting something does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm outputting something does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm outputting something does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+what i'm kind of trying to do i'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm kind of trying to do i'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm kind of trying to do i'm kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+changing my algorithm to be put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing my algorithm to be put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing my algorithm to be put in this
+kind of graphical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graphical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graphical way
+where i'm branching what my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm branching what my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm branching what my program
+could possibly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly do
+based on the comparisons that i do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the comparisons that i do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the comparisons that i do right
+i'm not i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not
+actually counting the rest of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually counting the rest of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually counting the rest of the work
+that the program does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program does
+right i'm really only looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm really only looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm really only looking at the
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+right because i know that i i'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i know that i i'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i know that i i'll need to
+compare some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare some things
+eventually to figure out what my items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to figure out what my items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to figure out what my items
+are and if that's the only way i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and if that's the only way i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and if that's the only way i can
+distinguish items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish items
+then i have to do those comparisons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have to do those comparisons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have to do those comparisons to
+to find out right does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out right does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out right does that make sense
+all right so what i have is a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what i have is a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what i have is a binary
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+that's representing the comparisons done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representing the comparisons done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representing the comparisons done
+by my algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my algorithm
+okay so it starts at one comparison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it starts at one comparison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it starts at one comparison and
+then it branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it branches
+how many leaves must i have in my tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that question mean right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that question mean right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that question mean right like
+in in terms of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's up the number comparison the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up the number comparison the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up the number comparison the
+number of comparisons no that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of comparisons no that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of comparisons no that's the
+number of internal nodes that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of internal nodes that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of internal nodes that i have
+in the algorithm and actually the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the algorithm and actually the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the algorithm and actually the number
+of comparisons that i do in an execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons that i do in an execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparisons that i do in an execution
+of the algorithm is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the algorithm is just
+along a path from here to the to a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a path from here to the to a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a path from here to the to a leaf
+right so what do the leaves actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do the leaves actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what do the leaves actually
+represent those are represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those are represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those are represent
+outputs right i'm going to output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right i'm going to output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs right i'm going to output
+something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here
+and yeah the number of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah the number of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah the number of i
+okay so i need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i need at least
+so what is the output to my search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the output to my search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the output to my search
+algorithm maybe it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe it's the
+an index of an item that contains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index of an item that contains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index of an item that contains this
+key or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or maybe
+i return the item uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i return the item uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i return the item uh
+is the output right the item so the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output right the item so the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output right the item so the of
+the thing i'm storing and i'm storing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm storing and i'm storing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm storing and i'm storing n
+things so i need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so i need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so i need at least
+n outputs right because i need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n outputs right because i need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n outputs right because i need to be
+able to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to return
+any of the items that i'm storing based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the items that i'm storing based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the items that i'm storing based
+on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a different
+search key parameter if it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search key parameter if it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search key parameter if it's going to be
+correct i actually need one more output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct i actually need one more output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct i actually need one more output
+why do i need one more output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's not in there right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in there right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in there right right so
+any correct comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any correct comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any correct comparison
+searching algorithm i've i'm doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching algorithm i've i'm doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching algorithm i've i'm doing some
+comparisons to find this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons to find this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons to find this thing
+needs to have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have at least
+n plus one leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right otherwise it can't be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise it can't be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise it can't be correct
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+i could look up the one that i i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could look up the one that i i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could look up the one that i i'm not
+returning in that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in that set
+and it would never be able to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would never be able to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would never be able to return
+that value does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value does that make sense
+yeah what's n n is always the num in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's n n is always the num in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's n n is always the num in for
+a data structure n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure n is the number of
+things stored in that data structure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stored in that data structure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things stored in that data structure at
+that time right so the number of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time right so the number of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time right so the number of items
+in the data structure that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data structure that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data structure that's what it
+means in all of these tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in all of these tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in all of these tables
+any other questions okay so now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so now we get
+to the fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many comparisons does this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many comparisons does this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many comparisons does this algorithm
+have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah up there what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right your colleague is jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right your colleague is jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right your colleague is jumping
+ahead for a second but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead for a second but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead for a second but really
+i have to do as many comparisons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to do as many comparisons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to do as many comparisons in the
+worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case
+as the longest route to leaf path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the longest route to leaf path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the longest route to leaf path
+in this tree right because as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree right because as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree right because as i'm
+executing this algorithm i'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this algorithm i'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing this algorithm i'll go
+you know down this thing always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know down this thing always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know down this thing always
+branching down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching down
+and at some point i'll get to a leaf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point i'll get to a leaf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point i'll get to a leaf and
+in the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case
+if i happen to need to return this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i happen to need to return this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i happen to need to return this
+particular output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular output
+right then i'll have to walk down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then i'll have to walk down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then i'll have to walk down the
+longest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest thing
+right it's the longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the longest path
+so and the longest path is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the longest path is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the longest path is the same as
+the height of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree
+okay so the question then becomes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question then becomes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question then becomes what
+is the minimum height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of any binary tree that has at least n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any binary tree that has at least n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any binary tree that has at least n
+plus one leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ever understand why we're asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever understand why we're asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever understand why we're asking that
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay so unrest yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why it needs n plus one leads if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it needs n plus one leads if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it needs n plus one leads if it's a
+correct algorithm it needs to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm it needs to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm it needs to return
+it needs to be able to return any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be able to return any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be able to return any of the
+n items that i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items that i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items that i'm storing
+or say that the key that i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say that the key that i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say that the key that i'm looking for
+is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not there
+great question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question okay so
+what is the minimum height of any binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimum height of any binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimum height of any binary
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+that has n plus one at least n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has n plus one at least n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has n plus one at least n plus one
+leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+you'll you can solve that uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can solve that uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you can solve that uh you can
+actually state a recurrence for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually state a recurrence for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually state a recurrence for that and
+solve that you're going to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that you're going to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that you're going to do that in
+your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recitation
+but it's log n right like the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's log n right like the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's log n right like the best you
+can do is if this is a balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if this is a balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is if this is a balanced
+binary tree right so the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree right so the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree right so the min
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log n height right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right where the min height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the min height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the min height is
+logarithmic right so it's actually theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic right so it's actually theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic right so it's actually theta
+right here but but if i just said height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here but but if i just said height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here but but if i just said height
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i would be lower bounding the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would be lower bounding the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would be lower bounding the height
+right if i could have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i could have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i could have a linear
+height right if i just chained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right if i just chained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right if i just chained
+comparisons down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons down
+one by one if i was doing a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one if i was doing a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one if i was doing a linear
+search for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for example
+right all right so this is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is saying that
+if i'm just restricting to comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm just restricting to comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm just restricting to comparisons
+i have to spend at least logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to spend at least logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to spend at least logarithmic
+time to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be able to find
+whether this key is in my set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i don't want logarithmic time i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't want logarithmic time i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't want logarithmic time i want
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+so how can i do that i have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i do that i have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i do that i have one
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+in my model of computation i presented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my model of computation i presented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my model of computation i presented a
+couple weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago
+that allows me to do faster which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows me to do faster which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows me to do faster which allows
+me to do something stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do something stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do something stronger than
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+comparisons have a constant branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons have a constant branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons have a constant branching
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+in particular i can i if i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i can i if i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i can i if i do this
+operation this constant time operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this constant time operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this constant time operation
+i can branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to two different locations right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two different locations right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two different locations right it's
+like an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an if
+kind of situation if or else right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation if or else right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation if or else right
+and in fact if i had constant branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if i had constant branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if i had constant branching
+factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for
+any constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant here
+right if i had three or four if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i had three or four if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i had three or four if it was
+bounded by a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant
+the height of this tree would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this tree would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this tree would still be
+bounded by a log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a log base
+the constant of that number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant of that number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant of that number of leaves
+okay so i need in some sense to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i need in some sense to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i need in some sense to be able
+to branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to branch
+a non-constant amount right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-constant amount right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-constant amount right
+so how can i branch a non-constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i branch a non-constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can i branch a non-constant
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+this is a little tricky right we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little tricky right we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little tricky right we had
+this really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really neat
+operation in the random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in the random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in the random access
+machine that we could randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we could randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we could randomly
+uh go to any place in memory in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to any place in memory in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go to any place in memory in constant
+time based on a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time based on a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time based on a number
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a super powerful thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a super powerful thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a super powerful thing because
+within a single constant time operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a single constant time operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a single constant time operation
+i could go to any space in memory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could go to any space in memory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could go to any space in memory right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's potentially much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potentially much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's potentially much larger than
+linear branching factor depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear branching factor depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear branching factor depending on the
+size of my model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my model
+and the size of my machine right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of my machine right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of my machine right so
+that's a very powerful operation can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very powerful operation can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very powerful operation can we
+use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that
+to find quicker anyone have any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure uh we're going to get to hashing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh we're going to get to hashing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh we're going to get to hashing in
+a second but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second but this is a
+simpler concept a concept in hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler concept a concept in hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler concept a concept in hashing
+hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+something you probably are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you probably are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you probably are familiar with
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+we've kind of been using it implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of been using it implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of been using it implicitly
+in some of our sequence data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of our sequence data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of our sequence data structure
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do is if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is if i have a
+an item that has key 10 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item that has key 10 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item that has key 10 okay
+i'm going to keep an array and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep an array and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep an array and store
+that item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 spaces away from the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 spaces away from the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 spaces away from the front of the
+array right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array right at
+index nine or the tenth index does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index nine or the tenth index does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index nine or the tenth index does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+if i store that item at that location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i store that item at that location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i store that item at that location in
+memory i can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory i can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory i can use this
+random access to that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access to that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access to that location
+and see if there's something there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if there's something there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if there's something there if
+there's something there i return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there i return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there i return that
+item does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item does that make sense
+this is what i call a direct access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i call a direct access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i call a direct access
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really no different than the arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really no different than the arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really no different than the arrays
+that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been
+talking about earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got an array and if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an array and if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an array and if i have
+an item here with key equals 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item here with key equals 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item here with key equals 10
+i'll stick it here in the 10th place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll stick it here in the 10th place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll stick it here in the 10th place
+now i can only now store one item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can only now store one item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can only now store one item
+with the key 10 in my thing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the key 10 in my thing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the key 10 in my thing and that's
+one of the stipulations we had on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the stipulations we had on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the stipulations we had on our
+set data structures right if we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structures right if we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set data structures right if we tried to
+insert something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert something
+with the same key as something already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same key as something already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same key as something already
+stored there we're going to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there we're going to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there we're going to replace the
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+right that's what the semantics of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the semantics of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what the semantics of our
+set interface was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set interface was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set interface was
+but that's okay that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay that's that's that's
+satisfying uh the conditions of our send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying uh the conditions of our send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying uh the conditions of our send
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+so if we store it there that's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we store it there that's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we store it there that's fantastic
+how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how
+long does it take to find if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to find if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to find if we have an
+item with the the key 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item with the the key 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item with the the key 10
+it takes constant time worst case great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes constant time worst case great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes constant time worst case great
+how about inserting or deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about inserting or deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about inserting or deleting
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+what's what's that again constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's that again constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's that again constant time
+we've solved all of our problems this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved all of our problems this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved all of our problems this is
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's not amazing about this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's not amazing about this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's not amazing about this why
+don't we just do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah i don't know how high the numbers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i don't know how high the numbers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah i don't know how high the numbers go
+right so let's say i'm storing i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say i'm storing i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say i'm storing i don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+a number associated with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number associated with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number associated with the the
+three or four hundred of you that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred of you that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred of you that are in
+this classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classroom
+right but i'm storing your mit ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i'm storing your mit ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i'm storing your mit ids
+how big are those numbers those are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are those numbers those are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are those numbers those are like
+nine digit numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine digit numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine digit numbers
+right pretty long numbers so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty long numbers so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pretty long numbers so what i
+would need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do
+in in if i was storing your keys as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in if i was storing your keys as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in if i was storing your keys as
+uh mit ids i would need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mit ids i would need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mit ids i would need an
+array that has indices that span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that has indices that span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that has indices that span the
+entire space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire space
+of nine digit numbers right that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nine digit numbers right that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nine digit numbers right that's like
+10 to the nine or nine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the nine or nine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the nine or nine uh
+10 to the nine thank you ten to the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the nine thank you ten to the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the nine thank you ten to the nine
+is the the size of a direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the size of a direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the size of a direct access array
+i would have to build to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have to build to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have to build to be able to
+use this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this technique to to create a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique to to create a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique to to create a direct
+access array to search on your mit ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array to search on your mit ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array to search on your mit ids
+when there's only really 300 of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's only really 300 of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's only really 300 of you in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right so 300 or 400 is an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 300 or 400 is an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 300 or 400 is an n
+that's much smaller than the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than the size of the
+numbers that i'm trying to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that i'm trying to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that i'm trying to store
+what i'm going to use as a variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to use as a variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to use as a variable to
+to talk about the size of the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the size of the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the size of the numbers
+i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+i'm going to say u is the maximum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say u is the maximum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say u is the maximum size
+of any number that i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any number that i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any number that i'm storing
+okay it's the size of the universe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the size of the universe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the size of the universe of
+space of keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of keys
+that i'm storing does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm storing does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm storing does that make sense
+okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to
+instantiate a direct access array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a direct access array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a direct access array of
+that size i have to allocate that amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size i have to allocate that amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size i have to allocate that amount
+of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space
+and so if that is much bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if that is much bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if that is much bigger than n
+then i'm kind of screwed right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm kind of screwed right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm kind of screwed right because
+i'm using much more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using much more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using much more space
+and these order operations are bad also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these order operations are bad also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these order operations are bad also
+right because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because essentially
+if i am storing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i am storing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i am storing these things
+uh non-continuously i kind of just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-continuously i kind of just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-continuously i kind of just have
+to scan down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scan down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scan down
+the thing to find the next element for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to find the next element for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to find the next element for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+right okay what's your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a direct access array is a set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array is a set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array is a set data
+structure that's why it's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's why it's a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's why it's a set
+interface up there so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface up there so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface up there so uh
+this is uh your colleague is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh your colleague is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh your colleague is asking
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+you can use a direct access array to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a direct access array to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a direct access array to
+implement a set i mean a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a set i mean a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a set i mean a sequence
+and actually i think you'll see in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i think you'll see in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i think you'll see in your
+recitation notes you have code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes you have code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation notes you have code that
+can take a set data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a set data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a set data structure and
+implement a sequence data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a sequence data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a sequence data structure and
+take a sequence data structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sequence data structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sequence data structure and
+implement a set data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a set data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a set data structure
+they just won't necessarily have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just won't necessarily have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just won't necessarily have very
+good run time so this direct access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good run time so this direct access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good run time so this direct access
+array semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array semantics
+is really just good good for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just good good for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just good good for these
+specific set operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set operations
+that make sense yeah what you u is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense yeah what you u is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense yeah what you u is this
+the size of the largest key that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the largest key that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the largest key that i'm
+allowed to store that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to store that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to store that makes sense
+right and the the direct access array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the direct access array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the direct access array is
+supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting
+you up to you size keys does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to you size keys does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to you size keys does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay we're going to move on for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to move on for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to move on for a second
+so what's that that's the problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that that's the problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that that's the problem right
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+when you largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key we are we're assuming integers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we are we're assuming integers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we are we're assuming integers here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+integer keys right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer keys right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer keys right so
+in the comparison model we could store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model we could store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model we could store
+any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary
+objects that that supported a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that that supported a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that that supported a comparison
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we really need to have integer keys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to have integer keys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to have integer keys or
+else we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we're not going to
+be able to use those as addresses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use those as addresses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use those as addresses right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're making a an assumption on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a an assumption on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making a an assumption on the
+inputs that i can only store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that i can only store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that i can only store
+integers now i can't store arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers now i can't store arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers now i can't store arbitrary
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+items with keys and in particular i also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items with keys and in particular i also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items with keys and in particular i also
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+this is a subtlety that's in the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subtlety that's in the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subtlety that's in the word
+ram model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ram model
+how can i be assured that these keys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i be assured that these keys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i be assured that these keys can
+be looked up in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looked up in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looked up in constant time
+how does my seat my this little cpu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does my seat my this little cpu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does my seat my this little cpu
+right it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got some
+number of registers it can act upon how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of registers it can act upon how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of registers it can act upon how
+big is those registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well so they're they're right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well so they're they're right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well so they're they're right now
+they're 64 bits but in general they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 64 bits but in general they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 64 bits but in general they're
+w they're the size of your word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w they're the size of your word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w they're the size of your word
+on your machine that's how many uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your machine that's how many uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your machine that's how many uh two
+to the w is the number of addresses i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the w is the number of addresses i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the w is the number of addresses i
+can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access
+so implicitly i'm kind of if i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implicitly i'm kind of if i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implicitly i'm kind of if i'm going
+to be able to use this direct access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use this direct access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use this direct access
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+i need to make sure that the u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to make sure that the u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to make sure that the u is
+you know less than 2 to the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than 2 to the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than 2 to the w
+right if i want these operations to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i want these operations to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i want these operations to run
+in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time
+right if i have keys that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have keys that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have keys that are much
+larger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than this
+i'm going to need to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to need to do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to need to do something else
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but this is this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is kind of the
+assumption in in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in in this class
+when we give you like an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we give you like an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we give you like an array of
+integers or an array of strings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or an array of strings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or an array of strings or
+something like that on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that on your problem set
+or on an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on an exam
+right the assumption is unless we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the assumption is unless we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the assumption is unless we give
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+bounds on the size of those things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the size of those things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on the size of those things right
+like the number of characters in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of characters in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of characters in your
+string or the size of the number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string or the size of the number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string or the size of the number and
+you can assume that those things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that those things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume that those things will
+fit in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in in
+one word of memory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w is the word size of your machine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is the word size of your machine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is the word size of your machine right
+the number of bits that your machine can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits that your machine can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits that your machine can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+operations on in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on in constant time
+any other questions okay so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so we have this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+we're using way too much space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using way too much space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using way too much space right
+when we have a large universe of keys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we get around that problem any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get around that problem any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get around that problem any
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+okay so what your colleague is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying
+instead of just storing one value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just storing one value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just storing one value at
+each place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each place
+maybe store more than one value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we're using this uh idea right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're using this uh idea right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're using this uh idea right where
+i am storing my key at the index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am storing my key at the index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am storing my key at the index of the
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+that's getting around the us having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting around the us having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting around the us having to
+have unique keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique keys
+in our data structure it's not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data structure it's not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data structure it's not getting
+around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+space usage problem does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space usage problem does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space usage problem does that make sense
+we will end up storing multiple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will end up storing multiple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will end up storing multiple things
+at indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at indices
+but there's an another trick that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an another trick that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an another trick that i'm
+looking for right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for right now
+right we have a lot of space that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a lot of space that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a lot of space that we
+would need to allocate for this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to allocate for this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to allocate for this data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+what's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of allocating a lot of space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of allocating a lot of space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of allocating a lot of space we
+allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less space right let's allocate less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less space right let's allocate less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less space right let's allocate less
+space all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right so
+we have a really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a really like
+this is our space of keys right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our space of keys right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our space of keys right you
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but instead i want to store those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead i want to store those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead i want to store those things
+in a direct access array of maybe size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direct access array of maybe size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direct access array of maybe size
+n right something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right something like
+the order of the things that i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the things that i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the things that i'm going
+to be storing i'm going to relax that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be storing i'm going to relax that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be storing i'm going to relax that
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+we're going to make this a length m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this a length m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this a length m
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+you know around the size of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around the size of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know around the size of the things
+i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+okay and what i'm going to do is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i'm going to do is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i'm going to do is i'm
+going to try to map this space of keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to map this space of keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to map this space of keys
+this large space of keys from like zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large space of keys from like zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large space of keys from like zero
+to u minus one or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u minus one or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u minus one or something like that
+right down to a range that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to a range that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down to a range that's
+zero to m minus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to m minus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to m minus one okay
+right i'm gonna want a function this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm gonna want a function this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm gonna want a function this is
+what i'm going to call h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to call h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to call h
+which maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this range down to a smaller range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense i'm gonna have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense i'm gonna have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense i'm gonna have some
+function that takes that large space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes that large space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes that large space of
+keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys
+sticks them down here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks them down here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks them down here okay
+and instead of storing at an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of storing at an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of storing at an index
+of the key i'm going to put the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key i'm going to put the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key i'm going to put the key
+through this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this function
+the key space into a compressed space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key space into a compressed space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key space into a compressed space
+and store it at that index location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it at that index location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it at that index location
+does that make sense sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh your colleague is comes comes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh your colleague is comes comes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh your colleague is comes comes up with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the question i was going to ask right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question i was going to ask right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question i was going to ask right
+away which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away which was
+what's the problem here the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem here the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem here the problem is
+it's the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the potential
+that we might be story have to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be story have to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be story have to store
+more than one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one thing
+at the same index location right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same index location right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same index location right
+if i have a function that matches this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a function that matches this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a function that matches this
+big space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big space
+down to this small space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i gotta have multiple of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta have multiple of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gotta have multiple of these things
+going to the same places here right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the same places here right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the same places here right it's
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+it can't be injective right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be injective right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be injective right
+but just based on pigeonhole principle i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just based on pigeonhole principle i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just based on pigeonhole principle i
+have more of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more of these things
+at least two of them have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two of them have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two of them have to go to
+something over here in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here in fact
+if i have say u is bigger than n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have say u is bigger than n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have say u is bigger than n squared
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+right there for any function i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there for any function i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there for any function i give you
+that maps this large space down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps this large space down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps this large space down to the
+small space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small space
+n of these things will map to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of these things will map to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of these things will map to the same
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+right so if i choose a bad function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i choose a bad function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i choose a bad function here
+then i'll have to store n things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll have to store n things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll have to store n things at the
+same index location and if i go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same index location and if i go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same index location and if i go there
+i have to kind of check to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to kind of check to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to kind of check to see whether
+any of those are the things that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those are the things that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those are the things that i'm
+looking for i haven't gained anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for i haven't gained anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for i haven't gained anything
+right i really want a hash function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i really want a hash function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i really want a hash function that
+will evenly distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evenly distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evenly distribute
+keys over this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys over this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys over this space
+right does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense
+but we have a problem here if we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a problem here if we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a problem here if we need to
+store multiple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store multiple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store multiple things
+at a given location in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given location in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given location in memory
+can't do that i have one thing i can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that i have one thing i can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that i have one thing i can put
+there so i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so i have two
+options on how to deal what what i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options on how to deal what what i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options on how to deal what what i call
+collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+right if i have two items here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have two items here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have two items here like
+a and b these are different keys right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b these are different keys right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b these are different keys right
+in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my
+universe of space but it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of space but it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of space but it's possible
+that they both map down to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they both map down to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they both map down to some
+hash that has the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that has the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash that has the same value
+right so where do i if i if i first hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where do i if i if i first hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where do i if i if i first hash
+a and a is i put put a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a is i put put a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a is i put put a there
+where do i put b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are kind of two options um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kind of two options um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are kind of two options um
+is the second data structure a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second data structure a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second data structure a linked
+list so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that
+um it can store me okay so what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can store me okay so what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can store me okay so what your
+colleague was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying
+can i store this one as a linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i store this one as a linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i store this one as a linked list
+and then i can just insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can just insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can just insert
+a guy right next to where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy right next to where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy right next to where it was
+what's the problem there is linked lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem there is linked lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem there is linked lists
+are linked lists good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linked lists good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linked lists good with
+direct accessing by an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct accessing by an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct accessing by an index
+no they're terrible with get at and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're terrible with get at and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're terrible with get at and set
+at right they take linear time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right they take linear time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right they take linear time there
+right so really the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really the whole point of
+direct access array is that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array is that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array is that there is an
+array underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array underneath
+and i can do this index from arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can do this index from arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can do this index from arithmetic
+and go down to the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go down to the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go down to the next thing
+so i really don't want to replace a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i really don't want to replace a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i really don't want to replace a
+linked list as this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list as this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list as this data structure
+yeah what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's up
+we can make it really unlikely sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it really unlikely sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it really unlikely sure
+i don't know what likely means because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what likely means because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what likely means because
+i'm giving you a hash function one hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm giving you a hash function one hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm giving you a hash function one hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and i don't know what the inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know what the inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know what the inputs are
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so there are actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there are actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there are actually two
+solutions here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions here one is
+i i maybe if i choose m to be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i maybe if i choose m to be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i maybe if i choose m to be larger
+than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n
+right there's going to be extra space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be extra space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be extra space in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i'll just stick it somewhere else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just stick it somewhere else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just stick it somewhere else in the
+existing array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing array
+right how i find an open space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how i find an open space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how i find an open space is a
+little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated
+but this is a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a technique
+called open addressing which is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called open addressing which is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called open addressing which is much
+more common than the technique we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common than the technique we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common than the technique we're
+going to be talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about today
+in implementations python uses an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in implementations python uses an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in implementations python uses an open
+addressing scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing scheme
+which is essentially find another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially find another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially find another place
+in the array to to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array to to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array to to put this
+collision but it's open addressing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision but it's open addressing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision but it's open addressing is
+notoriously difficult to analyze so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously difficult to analyze so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously difficult to analyze so
+we're not going to do that in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do that in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do that in this class
+there's a much easier technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much easier technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a much easier technique
+that we have an implementation for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an implementation for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an implementation for you
+in the recitation handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation handouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation handouts
+it's what your colleague up here i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what your colleague up here i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what your colleague up here i can't
+find him over there was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find him over there was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find him over there was saying
+was instead of storing it somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of storing it somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of storing it somewhere else
+in the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the existing
+direct access array down here which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array down here which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array down here which we
+usually call the hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually call the hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually call the hash table
+right instead of storing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right instead of storing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right instead of storing it
+somewhere else in that hash table we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in that hash table we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in that hash table we'll
+instead add that key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead add that key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead add that key
+store a pointer to another data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a pointer to another data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a pointer to another data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+right some other data structure that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some other data structure that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some other data structure that can
+store a bunch of things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a bunch of things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a bunch of things just
+like any sequence data structure like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any sequence data structure like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any sequence data structure like a
+dynamic array or a linked list or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array or a linked list or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array or a linked list or
+anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right
+all i need to do is be able to stick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i need to do is be able to stick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i need to do is be able to stick a
+bunch of things on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things on there
+uh when there are collisions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when there are collisions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when there are collisions and then
+when i go up to look for that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i go up to look for that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i go up to look for that thing
+i'll just look through all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just look through all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just look through all of the things
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+data structure and see if my key exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure and see if my key exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure and see if my key exists
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+now we want to make sure that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to make sure that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to make sure that those
+additional data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional data structure
+structures which i'll call chains right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which i'll call chains right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which i'll call chains right
+we want to make sure that those chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that those chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that those chains
+are short right they don't i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are short right they don't i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are short right they don't i don't want
+them to be long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be long
+right so what i'm going to do is when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do is when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do is when i
+have this collision here instead i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this collision here instead i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this collision here instead i'll
+have a pointer to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pointer to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pointer to some
+i don't know maybe make it a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know maybe make it a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know maybe make it a dynamic
+array or a linked list or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array or a linked list or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array or a linked list or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and i'll put a here and i'll put b here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll put a here and i'll put b here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll put a here and i'll put b here
+and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later
+when i look up key k right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i look up key k right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i look up key k right
+or look up key a or b let's look up key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look up key a or b let's look up key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look up key a or b let's look up key
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+i'll go to this hashed value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go to this hashed value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go to this hashed value here
+i'll put it through the hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put it through the hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put it through the hash function
+i'll go to this index i'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go to this index i'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go to this index i'll go to the
+data structure the chain associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure the chain associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure the chain associated with
+that index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index
+and i'll look at all of these items i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll look at all of these items i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll look at all of these items i'm
+just going to do a linear find i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do a linear find i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do a linear find i'm going
+to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i could put any data structure here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could put any data structure here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could put any data structure here but
+i'm going to look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at this one
+see if it's b it's not b look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's b it's not b look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's b it's not b look at this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+it is b i return yes does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is b i return yes does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is b i return yes does that make
+sense this is an idea called chaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is an idea called chaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is an idea called chaining
+i can put anything i want there commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put anything i want there commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put anything i want there commonly
+we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about
+putting a linked list there but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a linked list there but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a linked list there but you can
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+you know a dynamic array there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a dynamic array there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a dynamic array there you can
+put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a
+sorted array there to make it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array there to make it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted array there to make it easier to
+check whether the key is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the key is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the key is there
+you can put anything you want there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put anything you want there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put anything you want there the
+point of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this lecture
+is going to try to show that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try to show that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try to show that there's a
+choice of hash function i can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of hash function i can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of hash function i can make
+that make sure that these chains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that these chains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that these chains are
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+that it really doesn't matter how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really doesn't matter how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really doesn't matter how i
+store them there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them there right
+because i can just i have i have time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can just i have i have time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can just i have i have time if
+there's a constant number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of things
+stored there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there
+i can just look at all of them and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just look at all of them and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just look at all of them and do
+whatever i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i want
+and still get constant time yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and like let's just say like for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like let's just say like for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like let's just say like for some
+reason the number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the number of things
+is that most of them get like multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what your your colleague is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what your your colleague is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what your your colleague is
+saying is kind of at initialization what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is kind of at initialization what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is kind of at initialization what
+is stored here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored here
+right initially it points to an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially it points to an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially it points to an empty
+data structure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure right
+i'm just going to initialize all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to initialize all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to initialize all of
+these things to have now you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to have now you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to have now you get some
+overhead here right we're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead here right we're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead here right we're paying
+something for this some extra space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for this some extra space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for this some extra space in
+having pointer and another data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having pointer and another data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having pointer and another data
+structure at all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at all of these things
+or you could have the semantics where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have the semantics where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have the semantics where if
+i only have one thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only have one thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only have one thing here
+i'm going to store that thing at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to store that thing at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to store that thing at this
+location but if i have multiple it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but if i have multiple it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but if i have multiple it
+points to a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to a data structure
+these are kind of complicated you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of complicated you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of complicated you know
+implementation details but you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation details but you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation details but you get the
+basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea
+right if i just have a zero size data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just have a zero size data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just have a zero size data
+structure at all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at all of these things
+i'm still going to have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to have a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to have a constant
+factor overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor overhead
+right it's still going to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be a linear
+size data structure as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size data structure as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size data structure as long as
+m is linear in n does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is linear in n does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is linear in n does that make sense
+okay so how do we pick a good hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we pick a good hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we pick a good hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+i already told you that any fixed hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already told you that any fixed hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already told you that any fixed hash
+function i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i give you
+is going to experience collisions and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to experience collisions and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to experience collisions and if
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+is large right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large right
+then there is the possibility that i for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the possibility that i for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is the possibility that i for
+some input all of the things in my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some input all of the things in my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some input all of the things in my set
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+directly to the same hashed index value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the same hashed index value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the same hashed index value
+so that ain't great let's ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that ain't great let's ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that ain't great let's ignore that
+for a second what's the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second what's the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second what's the easiest way
+to get down from this large space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get down from this large space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get down from this large space of
+keys down to a small one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys down to a small one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys down to a small one
+what's the easiest thing you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the easiest thing you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the easiest thing you could do
+yeah modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah modulus
+great this is called the division method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what it's the function is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's the function is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's the function is is
+essentially it's going to take a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's going to take a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's going to take a key
+and it's going to set it equal to b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+m okay i'm going to take something of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay i'm going to take something of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay i'm going to take something of a
+large space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large space
+i'm going to mod it so that it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to mod it so that it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to mod it so that it kind of
+just wraps around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wraps around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wraps around
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfectly valid thing to do it satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly valid thing to do it satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly valid thing to do it satisfies
+what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+doing in a hash table and if my keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a hash table and if my keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a hash table and if my keys are
+completely uniformly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uniformly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uniformly distributed
+ran like if if when i use my hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran like if if when i use my hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran like if if when i use my hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+all of the keys here are uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the keys here are uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the keys here are uniformly
+distributed over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over this
+this larger space then actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger space then actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger space then actually this
+isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a
+such a bad thing right but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a bad thing right but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a bad thing right but that's
+imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing
+some kind of distribution requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of distribution requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of distribution requirements
+on the type of inputs i'm allowed to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the type of inputs i'm allowed to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the type of inputs i'm allowed to use
+with this hash function for it to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hash function for it to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hash function for it to be of
+have good performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good performance
+right but this plus a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this plus a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this plus a little bit of
+extra you know mixing and bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra you know mixing and bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra you know mixing and bit
+manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation
+is essentially what python does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially what python does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially what python does
+it essentially all it does is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it essentially all it does is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it essentially all it does is kind of
+jumbles up that key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbles up that key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbles up that key
+for some fixed amount of jumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some fixed amount of jumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some fixed amount of jumbling
+and then mods it m and sticks it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mods it m and sticks it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mods it m and sticks it there
+but there are some it's it's hard-coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some it's it's hard-coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some it's it's hard-coded
+in the the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the python
+library what this hash function is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library what this hash function is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library what this hash function is and
+so there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists
+some sequences of inserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequences of inserts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sequences of inserts
+into a hash table in python which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hash table in python which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hash table in python which
+will be really bad in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really bad in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really bad in terms of
+performance because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because these
+these chain lengths or the amount number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chain lengths or the amount number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chain lengths or the amount number
+of collisions that i'll get at a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collisions that i'll get at a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collisions that i'll get at a single
+hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+is going to be large right but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be large right but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be large right but they do
+that for other reasons they want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for other reasons they want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for other reasons they want a
+deterministic hash function they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic hash function they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic hash function they want
+something that i do the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i do the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that i do the program
+again it's going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's going to do the same thing
+underneath right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath right
+but sometimes python gets it wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes python gets it wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes python gets it wrong but
+if your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your data
+that you're storing is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're storing is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're storing is sufficiently
+uncorrelated to the hash function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to the hash function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated to the hash function that
+they've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've chosen
+which usually it is this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which usually it is this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which usually it is this is a pretty
+good performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance
+okay but this is not a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is not a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is not a uh
+practical class well it is a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical class well it is a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical class well it is a practical
+class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but
+one of the things that we are uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we are uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we are uh that's
+the emphasis of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emphasis of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emphasis of this class
+is making sure we can prove that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure we can prove that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure we can prove that this is
+good in theory as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in theory as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in theory as well
+right i don't want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't want to know that
+sometimes this will be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this will be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this will be good
+i really want to know that if i choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really want to know that if i choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really want to know that if i choose
+if i if i make this data structure and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i make this data structure and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i make this data structure and i
+put some inputs on it i want a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some inputs on it i want a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some inputs on it i want a running
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+that is independent on what inputs i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent on what inputs i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent on what inputs i
+decided to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to use
+independent of what keys i decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what keys i decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what keys i decided to
+store does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store does that make sense
+right in some sense i want but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense i want but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some sense i want but it's
+impossible for me to pick a fixed hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to pick a fixed hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to pick a fixed hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that will achieve this right because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will achieve this right because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will achieve this right because i
+just told you that if u is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you that if u is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you that if u is large
+right this is if u is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is if u is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is if u is large
+then there exists inputs that map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists inputs that map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists inputs that map
+everything to one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one place
+so i feel i'm screwed right i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i feel i'm screwed right i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i feel i'm screwed right i can't
+there's no way to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true if i want a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true if i want a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true if i want a deterministic
+hash function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function right
+i want the thing to be repeatable to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the thing to be repeatable to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the thing to be repeatable to do
+the same thing over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing over and over again
+for any set of inputs what can i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any set of inputs what can i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any set of inputs what can i do
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+weaken my notion of what constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken my notion of what constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken my notion of what constant time
+is to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay use a non-deterministic what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay use a non-deterministic what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay use a non-deterministic what does
+not what does non-deterministic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what does non-deterministic mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what does non-deterministic mean
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it means don't choose a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means don't choose a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means don't choose a hash function
+up front choose one randomly later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front choose one randomly later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front choose one randomly later
+right so have the user they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have the user they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have the user they pick
+whatever inputs they're gonna do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever inputs they're gonna do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever inputs they're gonna do and
+then i'm gonna pick a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna pick a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm gonna pick a hash function
+randomly they don't know which hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly they don't know which hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly they don't know which hash
+function i'm gonna pick so it's hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i'm gonna pick so it's hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i'm gonna pick so it's hard for
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+to give me an input that's bad right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me an input that's bad right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me an input that's bad right
+okay so how do i'm going to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do i'm going to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do i'm going to choose a
+random hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random hash function
+how do i choose a random can i choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i choose a random can i choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i choose a random can i choose a
+a hash function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function from the
+space of all hash functions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all hash functions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of all hash functions what is the
+space of all hash functions of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right for every one of these values i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for every one of these values i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for every one of these values i
+give a value in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a value in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a value in here
+right that would be a completely like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a completely like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a completely like i
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+for each one of these independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these independently
+random number between this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number between this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number between this range
+how many such hash functions are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m m to the this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m m to the this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m m to the this number
+that's a lot of things right so i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of things right so i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of things right so i can't
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+what i can do is fix a family of hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can do is fix a family of hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can do is fix a family of hash
+functions where if i choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where if i choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where if i choose
+one from randomly i get good performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from randomly i get good performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from randomly i get good performance
+and so the hash function i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hash function i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hash function i'm going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+and we're going to spend the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to spend the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to spend the rest of the
+time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on
+is what i call a universal hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i call a universal hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i call a universal hash function
+it has it satisfies what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has it satisfies what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has it satisfies what we call a
+universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal
+hash property so universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash property so universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash property so universal
+hash function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and
+this is a little bit of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a weird
+nomenclature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature because
+i'm defining this to you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm defining this to you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm defining this to you as the
+universal hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal hash function
+but actually universal is a uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually universal is a uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually universal is a uh you know
+a descriptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a descriptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a descriptor
+right there exists many universal hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there exists many universal hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there exists many universal hash
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+this just happens to be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just happens to be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just happens to be an example of
+one of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them okay
+so the hash function uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hash function uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hash function uh or
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't look actually all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look actually all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look actually all that
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodness gracious how many parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness gracious how many parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness gracious how many parentheses
+are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod p mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p mod
+m okay so it's kind of doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay so it's kind of doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay so it's kind of doing the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+as what's happening up here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what's happening up here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what's happening up here right
+but before modding by m i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before modding by m i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before modding by m i'm
+multiplying it by a number i'm adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a number i'm adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by a number i'm adding a
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+i'm taking it mod another number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking it mod another number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking it mod another number and
+then i'm modding by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm modding by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm modding by m
+okay this is a little weird and not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a little weird and not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a little weird and not only
+that this is still a fixed hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is still a fixed hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is still a fixed hash function
+i don't want that i want to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want that i want to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want that i want to generalize
+this to be a family of hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which are this h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this h a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are this h a
+b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some random choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some random choice
+of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this larger range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation here essentially what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here essentially what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here essentially what this is
+saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is
+i have a hash family okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a hash family okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a hash family okay it's
+parameterized by the length of my hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by the length of my hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by the length of my hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and some fixed large random prime that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fixed large random prime that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some fixed large random prime that's
+bigger than u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than u
+just i'm going to pick some large prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i'm going to pick some large prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i'm going to pick some large prime
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+okay and that's going to be fixed when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's going to be fixed when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's going to be fixed when i
+make the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the hash
+table okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when i instantiate the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i instantiate the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i instantiate the hash
+table i'm going to choose randomly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table i'm going to choose randomly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table i'm going to choose randomly one
+of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+by choosing a random a and a random b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing a random a and a random b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing a random a and a random b
+from this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this range
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+this is a not equal to zero right if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a not equal to zero right if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a not equal to zero right if i
+had zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had zero here
+i kind of lose the key information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of lose the key information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of lose the key information and
+that's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does this make sense so what this is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense so what this is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense so what this is do
+is multiplying this key by some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplying this key by some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplying this key by some random
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+adding some random number modding by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some random number modding by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some random number modding by
+this prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prime
+and then modding by the size of my thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then modding by the size of my thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then modding by the size of my thing
+okay so it's doing a bunch of jumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's doing a bunch of jumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's doing a bunch of jumbling
+and there's some randomness involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some randomness involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some randomness involved
+here i'm choosing the hash function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm choosing the hash function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm choosing the hash function by
+choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+an a b randomly from this thing so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a b randomly from this thing so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a b randomly from this thing so when
+i start up my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i start up my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i start up my program
+right i'm going to instantiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm going to instantiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm going to instantiate this
+thing with some random a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with some random a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with some random a
+and b not deterministically right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b not deterministically right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b not deterministically right the
+user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user
+when they're using this thing doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're using this thing doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're using this thing doesn't
+know which a and b i picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which a and b i picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which a and b i picked
+right so it's really hard for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really hard for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's really hard for them to
+give me a bad example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a bad example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a bad example
+right and this universal hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this universal hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this universal hash function
+this universal hash family shall we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal hash family shall we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal hash family shall we say
+really this is a family of functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is a family of functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is a family of functions and
+i'm choosing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm choosing one
+randomly within that family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is universal and universality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that what is it what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that what is it what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that what is it what is the
+property of universality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of universality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of universality
+it means that the probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the probability by
+choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+a hash function from this hash family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a certain key collides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain key collides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain key collides
+with another key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to one over m
+for all any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all any
+uh different two keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different two keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different two keys
+in my universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so if i
+basically this thing has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing has the property
+that if i randomly pick or if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i randomly pick or if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i randomly pick or if i
+for any two keys right that i pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two keys right that i pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two keys right that i pick
+in my universe space if i randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my universe space if i randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my universe space if i randomly
+choose a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a hash function
+the probability that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that these things
+collide is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide is less than
+one over m why is that good this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m why is that good this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m why is that good this is in
+some sense a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense a measure
+of how well distributed these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well distributed these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well distributed these things are
+i want these things to collide with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want these things to collide with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want these things to collide with one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+m probability so that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m probability so that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m probability so that these things
+don't collide very likely it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't collide very likely it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't collide very likely it's not very
+likely for these things to collide does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for these things to collide does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for these things to collide does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+so we won't prove that this hash family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't prove that this hash family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't prove that this hash family
+satisfies this universality property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this universality property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this universality property
+you'll do that no four six but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do that no four six but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do that no four six but we can
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+this result to show that if we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result to show that if we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result to show that if we use a
+universal ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal ha
+this universal hash family that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal hash family that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universal hash family that
+the length of our change chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our change chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of our change chains
+is expected to be constant length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to be constant length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to be constant length
+okay so we're going to use this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to use this property
+to prove that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that okay
+how do we prove that we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we prove that we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we prove that we're going to do a
+little probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little probability
+okay so how are we going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how are we going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how are we going to prove that
+i'm going to define a random variable an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to define a random variable an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to define a random variable an
+indicator random variable does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variable does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variable does anyone
+remember what an indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what an indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what an indicator random
+variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is
+yeah it's a it's a variable that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a it's a variable that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a it's a variable that with
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+amount of probability is one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of probability is one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of probability is one and one
+minus that probability is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that probability is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that probability is zero
+right so i'm going to define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to define this
+indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator
+random variable i x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable i x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable i x i j
+is a random variable over my choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable over my choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable over my choice
+over choice of a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over choice of a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over choice of a hash function
+in my hash family and what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hash family and what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hash family and what does this
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+it means x i j equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means x i j equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means x i j equals one
+if hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if hash
+ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals hkj these things collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals hkj these things collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals hkj these things collide
+right and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm choosing randomly over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm choosing randomly over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm choosing randomly over this
+hash family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash family
+if for two keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for two keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for two keys
+i and j key i and key j if these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j key i and key j if these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j key i and key j if these things
+collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide
+that's going to be one if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be one if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be one if they don't
+then it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's zero
+okay then how can we write a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then how can we write a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then how can we write a formula
+for the length of a a chain in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of a a chain in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the length of a a chain in this
+model right so the size of a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so the size of a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so the size of a chain
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or let's put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's put it here
+the size of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at i
+right at i in my hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at i in my hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at i in my hash table
+is going to equal i'm going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal i'm going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal i'm going to call that
+the random variable x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable x
+i that's going to equal the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's going to equal the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's going to equal the sum over
+j equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals 0 to
+is it over i think u minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it over i think u minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it over i think u minus 1
+of summation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summation or
+sorry of x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry of x i j
+right so basically if i fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically if i fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically if i fix
+this uh this location i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this location i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this location i
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i fix this location i this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i fix this location i this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i fix this location i this is where
+this key goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key goes
+right so i'm looking at sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm looking at sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm looking at sorry this is
+the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of
+chain at h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain at h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain at h of
+k i sorry so i look at wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i sorry so i look at wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i sorry so i look at wherever
+k i goes is hashed right and i see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i goes is hashed right and i see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i goes is hashed right and i see how
+many things collide with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things collide with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things collide with it
+right i'm just summing over all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just summing over all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just summing over all of these
+things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+because this is one if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one if there's a
+collision and zero if there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and zero if there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision and zero if there's not
+does that make sense so this is the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so this is the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so this is the size
+of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chain
+at the index location mapped to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the index location mapped to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the index location mapped to by
+ki okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ki okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ki okay
+so here's where your probability comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's where your probability comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's where your probability comes
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+what's the expected value of this chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected value of this chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected value of this chain
+length over my random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length over my random choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length over my random choice
+okay expected value over choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay expected value over choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay expected value over choosing
+a hash function from this universal hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function from this universal hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function from this universal hash
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+of this chain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's just i can put in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just i can put in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just i can put in my
+definition here that's the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here that's the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here that's the expected
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+of the summation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation over
+j of x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do i know about expectations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i know about expectations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i know about expectations and
+summations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if these variables are independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these variables are independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these variables are independent from
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say what
+linearity of expectation right basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectation right basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectation right basically
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+expectation of the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the sum of these
+independent random variables is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables is the same
+as the summation of their expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the summation of their expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the summation of their expectations
+right so this is equal to the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is equal to the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is equal to the summation
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+j of the expectations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of the expectations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of the expectations of these
+individual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual ones
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of these j's is the same as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these j's is the same as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these j's is the same as i
+right j j loops over all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right j j loops over all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right j j loops over all of the things
+from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero
+to u minus one right one of them is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u minus one right one of them is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u minus one right one of them is i
+right so when x h i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when x h i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when x h i
+is h j what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h j what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h j what is
+what is the expected value that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected value that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected value that they
+collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide
+one right so i'm going to refactor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so i'm going to refactor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so i'm going to refactor this
+as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+this where j does not equal i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where j does not equal i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where j does not equal i
+plus one are people okay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one are people okay with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one are people okay with that
+because if i equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i equals
+if if if j and i are equal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if j and i are equal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if j and i are equal they
+definitely collide right they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely collide right they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely collide right they're the
+same key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same key
+right so i'm expected to have one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm expected to have one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm expected to have one guy
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+which was the original key x i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the original key x i right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the original key x i right
+but otherwise we can use this universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise we can use this universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise we can use this universal
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+right that says if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that says if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that says if they're not
+equal and they collide which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and they collide which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and they collide which is exactly
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+right the probability that that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability that that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability that that happens
+is 1 over m right and since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over m right and since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over m right and since it's
+an indicator random variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator random variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator random variable the
+expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is
+their outcomes times their probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their outcomes times their probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their outcomes times their probabilities
+right so 1 times that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 1 times that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 1 times that probability
+plus 0 times 1 minus that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 times 1 minus that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 times 1 minus that probability
+right which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is just
+1 over m right so now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m right so now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over m right so now we get
+the summation of one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation of one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation of one over m
+for j not equal to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for j not equal to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for j not equal to i
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+oh and this sorry i did this wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and this sorry i did this wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and this sorry i did this wrong
+this isn't u this is n we're storing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't u this is n we're storing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't u this is n we're storing n
+keys right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys right okay
+so now i'm looping over j this over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm looping over j this over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm looping over j this over all
+of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+how many things are there and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things are there and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things are there and minus one
+things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+so this should equal one plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should equal one plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should equal one plus n
+minus one over m okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over m okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over m okay so that's what
+universality gives us so as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality gives us so as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality gives us so as long as we
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+m to be like larger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be like larger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be like larger than n
+or at least linear in n then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least linear in n then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least linear in n then we're
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+to have our chain lengths be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our chain lengths be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our chain lengths be constant
+right because this thing becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this thing becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this thing becomes a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+if m is at least order n does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is at least order n does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is at least order n does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay the last thing i'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing i'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing i'm going to leave
+you with is how do we make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with is how do we make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with is how do we make this thing
+dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+if we're growing the number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're growing the number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're growing the number of things
+we're storing in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing in this thing
+it's possible that as we grow n for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that as we grow n for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that as we grow n for a
+fixed m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed m
+this thing will stop being m will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will stop being m will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing will stop being m will stop
+being linear in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear in n
+right well then all we have to do is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then all we have to do is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then all we have to do is if
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+too far we rebuild the entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far we rebuild the entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far we rebuild the entire thing
+the entire hash table with the new m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire hash table with the new m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire hash table with the new m
+right just like we did with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like we did with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like we did with a
+dynamic array and you can prove we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array and you can prove we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array and you can prove we're
+not going to do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that here
+but you can prove that you won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can prove that you won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can prove that you won't do that
+operation too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation too
+often if you're resizing in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often if you're resizing in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often if you're resizing in the right
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and so you just rebuild completely after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you just rebuild completely after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you just rebuild completely after
+a certain number of operations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of operations okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of operations okay so
+that's hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hashing
+next week we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to be talking
+about doing a faster sort
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O5YwAGe8rmk.txt b/O5YwAGe8rmk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f0d23dcbb13d6d51c7c26433efe913f89ea8627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O5YwAGe8rmk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10904 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at this schedule so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this schedule so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this schedule so we're
+going to do the second of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the second of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the second of two
+applications in trade today focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in trade today focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in trade today focusing on
+the US and and data issues so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and and data issues so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and and data issues so that's
+where we are in terms of the schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in terms of the schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are in terms of the schedule
+in terms of the reading list we're again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the reading list we're again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the reading list we're again
+down to lecture 15 there's two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to lecture 15 there's two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to lecture 15 there's two papers
+that are starred here and I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are starred here and I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are starred here and I have a few
+slides on each of these one this Raj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on each of these one this Raj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on each of these one this Raj
+Chetty at Owl paper having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chetty at Owl paper having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chetty at Owl paper having to do with
+the impact of covid-19 and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of covid-19 and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of covid-19 and you'll see
+today how that fits in to what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how that fits in to what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how that fits in to what we're
+trying to accomplish and relatedly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish and relatedly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish and relatedly is
+this paper by Scott Baker and co-authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by Scott Baker and co-authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by Scott Baker and co-authors
+again on the impact of the virus so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the impact of the virus so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the impact of the virus so you
+know that I am very conservative about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I am very conservative about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I am very conservative about
+starring material but today those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring material but today those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring material but today those two
+things are start and I'm given import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are start and I'm given import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are start and I'm given import
+obvious importance surrounding us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious importance surrounding us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious importance surrounding us of
+this topic you might find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic you might find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic you might find them
+particularly interesting and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting and I'll
+introduce that work today and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that work today and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that work today and also
+previous lecture there were two star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture there were two star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture there were two star
+papers as well including Dawkins that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers as well including Dawkins that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers as well including Dawkins that we
+didn't we didn't cover in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't cover in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't cover in class so
+that's the reading list and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading list and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading list and then as
+usual we can review a bit of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we can review a bit of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we can review a bit of what we did
+last time gains and losses from trade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time gains and losses from trade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time gains and losses from trade so
+it's lecture 14. so the first one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lecture 14. so the first one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lecture 14. so the first one I
+earmarked there are two key features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earmarked there are two key features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earmarked there are two key features
+that distinguish households even within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguish households even within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguish households even within
+the same Village and I wrote this pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Village and I wrote this pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Village and I wrote this pick
+one of these and be able to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and be able to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and be able to tell a
+classmate about it try to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate about it try to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate about it try to tell a
+compelling story about how households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling story about how households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling story about how households
+differ like imagine you were if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ like imagine you were if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ like imagine you were if you want
+to be a reporter for the news diving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a reporter for the news diving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a reporter for the news diving
+into a community and interviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a community and interviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a community and interviewing
+various types of households so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of households so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of households so let me
+get volunteers on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two key features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two key features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two key features
+we covered two key features I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered two key features I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered two key features I'm asking
+you to pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think the first one is is Talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first one is is Talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first one is is Talent
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and the second one I think maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one I think maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one I think maybe it's
+like a initial initial fixed asset which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a initial initial fixed asset which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a initial initial fixed asset which
+can determine your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine your job
+for example if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if um
+if your initial essay is low maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your initial essay is low maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your initial essay is low maybe you
+are a wage earner and if you initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a wage earner and if you initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a wage earner and if you initial
+fixed assets charge and you you own like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed assets charge and you you own like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed assets charge and you you own like
+a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for talent we have discussed is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talent we have discussed is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talent we have discussed is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this is modality to the sector part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is modality to the sector part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is modality to the sector part
+I remember that um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that um if we
+if we take our capital and labor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take our capital and labor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take our capital and labor which
+is not related to talent and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not related to talent and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not related to talent and we get a
+talent and we have like sort of sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and we have like sort of sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and we have like sort of sector
+average talent and if we also exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average talent and if we also exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average talent and if we also exclude
+that part and we have like household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part and we have like household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part and we have like household
+specificity which will distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity which will distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity which will distinguish
+um houses between each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um houses between each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um houses between each other
+and this this Talent will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this Talent will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this Talent will also
+be related to the to the jobs that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the to the jobs that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the to the jobs that the
+household have and I remember there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household have and I remember there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household have and I remember there's a
+table in in the slides which is um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in in the slides which is um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in in the slides which is um which
+have like a livestock and something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a livestock and something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a livestock and something yeah
+perfect answer that's really terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect answer that's really terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect answer that's really terrific
+it's hard to add to that yeah in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to add to that yeah in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to add to that yeah in a
+village you have rich people and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village you have rich people and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village you have rich people and poor
+people distinguished by assets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguished by assets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguished by assets or
+even real tangible assets and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even real tangible assets and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even real tangible assets and you've got
+people that differ in Talent the talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that differ in Talent the talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that differ in Talent the talent
+is something you don't see directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you don't see directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you don't see directly that
+you can back it out from how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can back it out from how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can back it out from how much
+they're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're producing
+controlling for the capital and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the capital and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the capital and labor
+that they they utilize in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they utilize in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they utilize in production
+and so there was a big dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a big dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a big dispersion
+in that productivity level across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that productivity level across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that productivity level across
+different households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different households
+great answer thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great answer thank you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+next up follow the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up follow the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up follow the lines of
+National level product and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National level product and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National level product and income
+accounts so-called NEPA national income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts so-called NEPA national income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts so-called NEPA national income
+and product accounts essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product accounts essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product accounts essentially this
+question is saying where does GDP come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is saying where does GDP come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is saying where does GDP come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+like what is it and how do we measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is it and how do we measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is it and how do we measure it
+and in particular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular how
+can we use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use the the
+household income account to get to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income account to get to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household income account to get to these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and today I'm in the mood just to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I'm in the mood just to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I'm in the mood just to take
+volunteers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers so
+someone like it take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like it take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like it take a
+crack it excuse me at that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I know that um GDP is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I know that um GDP is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I know that um GDP is the
+it's like the sum of the uh final goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the sum of the uh final goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the sum of the uh final goods
+that are sold so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sold so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sold so it
+um it doesn't include anything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't include anything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't include anything that is
+going to be used as an input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used as an input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used as an input for
+producing something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so
+so GDP is is we have to avoid double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GDP is is we have to avoid double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GDP is is we have to avoid double
+counting so if a firm is producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so if a firm is producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so if a firm is producing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+using capital and labor and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital and labor and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital and labor and and so on
+then it uh sells that to another firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uh sells that to another firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uh sells that to another firm
+that becomes an input in the other firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes an input in the other firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes an input in the other firm
+so the danger is double Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the danger is double Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the danger is double Counting
+what is the input in one firm as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the input in one firm as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the input in one firm as the
+output in the other one so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the other one so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the other one so what you're
+referring to is value added so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to is value added so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to is value added so we take
+output and we subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and we subtract off
+payments to factors of uh sorry subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments to factors of uh sorry subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments to factors of uh sorry subtract
+off intermediate Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off intermediate Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off intermediate Goods
+and the rest of it is like net product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is like net product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is like net product
+being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way to put that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put that is
+that quote net product at the level of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quote net product at the level of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quote net product at the level of a
+given household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given household
+should add up to factor payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to factor payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to factor payments
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+namely wages paid interest on Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely wages paid interest on Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely wages paid interest on Capital
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+rent or interest if borrowed and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent or interest if borrowed and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent or interest if borrowed and uh and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+so I think you know the the hard part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you know the the hard part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you know the the hard part of
+this question given that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question given that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question given that you
+thank you for volunteering Armando
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for volunteering Armando
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for volunteering Armando
+um is is it's hard to describe in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is it's hard to describe in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is it's hard to describe in words
+or even remember the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even remember the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even remember the details of the
+financial accounts we started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounts we started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounts we started in the
+lecture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with
+the income statement of the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement of the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement of the household
+which had revenues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had revenues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had revenues and
+and costs and then we added and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and costs and then we added and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and costs and then we added and
+subtracted across the various line items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted across the various line items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted across the various line items
+to produce what we called Product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce what we called Product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce what we called Product
+so you can go back and review that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go back and review that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go back and review that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that that's kind of the harder part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's kind of the harder part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's kind of the harder part
+to put into words I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put into words I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put into words I'm not even
+doing that well myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that well myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that well myself
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I also question in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I also question in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I also question in this
+yeah can you give some specific details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you give some specific details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you give some specific details
+about it the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the difference between the
+inventories and the Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories and the Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories and the Imports
+sometimes maybe inventories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe inventories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes maybe inventories
+when we calculate the inventories when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate the inventories when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we calculate the inventories when
+we calculate the Nipa but we sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the Nipa but we sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the Nipa but we sub
+structure the inputs but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the inputs but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the inputs but I mean
+sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we
+maybe some inventors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some inventors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some inventors
+could be the impulse in The Next Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the impulse in The Next Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the impulse in The Next Period
+in this paradise they may they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paradise they may they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paradise they may they are they
+uh we buy something and we do not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we buy something and we do not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we buy something and we do not use
+them and so they are not impacts but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so they are not impacts but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so they are not impacts but in
+the next period they will be the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period they will be the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next period they will be the input
+then in the next period when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next period when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next period when we
+recalculated the Nipa we should subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculated the Nipa we should subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculated the Nipa we should subtract
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+we share some extracted these Event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share some extracted these Event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share some extracted these Event
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon
+or yes so you've almost given the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yes so you've almost given the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yes so you've almost given the answer
+what we want to we want to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to we want to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to we want to keep track of
+the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between
+buying and holding versus using so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and holding versus using so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and holding versus using so so in
+the Productions you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Productions you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Productions you know uh
+the income statement and so on we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement and so on we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement and so on we have
+the cost of producing something so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing something so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing something so if
+they take something out of inventory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take something out of inventory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take something out of inventory or
+buy it on the market we value it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it on the market we value it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it on the market we value it at the
+cost and and have it as part of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and and have it as part of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and and have it as part of the cost
+of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+so that's kind of the flow input now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the flow input now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the flow input now if
+they bought something on the market but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought something on the market but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought something on the market but
+didn't utilize it yet as in your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't utilize it yet as in your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't utilize it yet as in your example
+then they accumulated as inventory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they accumulated as inventory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they accumulated as inventory and
+and that part is an asset that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that part is an asset that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that part is an asset that appears
+on the balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a relation here between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a relation here between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a relation here between the
+stocks and the flows the the stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and the flows the the stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and the flows the the stock and
+then indeed in the Thai data we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed in the Thai data we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed in the Thai data we have all
+kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+inventory accounts we have the rice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory accounts we have the rice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory accounts we have the rice that
+they produce and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce and didn't
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and didn't actually sell so we have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't actually sell so we have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't actually sell so we have like
+an output inventory account we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output inventory account we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output inventory account we have
+fertilizer that they buy but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer that they buy but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer that they buy but they
+haven't put on the field yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put on the field yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't put on the field yet
+um so that's an input inventory account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's an input inventory account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's an input inventory account
+and those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things are
+are not trivial but it but the inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not trivial but it but the inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not trivial but it but the inventory
+per se is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se is a way of
+carrying value over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much do Villages differ from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do Villages differ from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do Villages differ from one
+another in terms of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in terms of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in terms of production
+and in particular new Villages vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular new Villages vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular new Villages vary
+in the shares of payments to factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shares of payments to factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shares of payments to factors of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and again today I'm just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again today I'm just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again today I'm just taking
+volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers
+uh sure I can take this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure I can take this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure I can take this one
+um so I think we have that the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think we have that the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think we have that the ones that
+were near the Urban Air I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were near the Urban Air I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were near the Urban Air I think that was
+the center tended to have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center tended to have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center tended to have a lot more
+output than the ones that were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output than the ones that were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output than the ones that were in the
+Northeast the more like Rural and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast the more like Rural and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast the more like Rural and like
+farming Villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming Villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming Villages
+um whereas like the central was more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas like the central was more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas like the central was more in
+manufacturing and we saw this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and we saw this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and we saw this difference
+I guess not only in the like value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess not only in the like value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess not only in the like value of
+their output but also in where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output but also in where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output but also in where their
+income went to so I think we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income went to so I think we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income went to so I think we had that
+Moore went to Capital in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore went to Capital in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore went to Capital in the
+manufacturing center areas and more went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing center areas and more went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing center areas and more went
+to wages in the rural farming areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's right we we had wages being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right we we had wages being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right we we had wages being
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+uh low where wage where labor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh low where wage where labor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh low where wage where labor is
+abundant that's in the agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant that's in the agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant that's in the agricultural
+Northeast part of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast part of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast part of the country
+uh and if you look at the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you look at the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you look at the share
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh it's a bit tricky because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a bit tricky because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a bit tricky because there's a
+lot of laborers but the wage is low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of laborers but the wage is low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of laborers but the wage is low so
+you have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to multiply
+price times quantity and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price times quantity and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price times quantity and then you get
+the share of total income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of total income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of total income
+in the village which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village which is you know
+attributable to labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributable to labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributable to labor
+but you're right about the factor prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also about the the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also about the the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also about the the difference in
+levels those villages in Regions near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels those villages in Regions near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels those villages in Regions near
+North near this Bangkok have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North near this Bangkok have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North near this Bangkok have very high
+output levels or GDP levels relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output levels or GDP levels relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output levels or GDP levels relative to
+villages in the Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway in the Northeast You know despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the Northeast You know despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in the Northeast You know despite
+the lower wages the share of Labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower wages the share of Labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower wages the share of Labor and
+income was higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was higher
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then then in the central region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just ask about the balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just ask about the balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just ask about the balance of
+payments is someone to remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments is someone to remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments is someone to remember what the
+balance of payments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payments is
+or a village or a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would I just be like just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I just be like just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I just be like just like the
+various analysis of like ask no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various analysis of like ask no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various analysis of like ask no that
+would be the balance sheets no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the balance sheets no um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the balance sheets no um
+it's not thicker of the accumulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not thicker of the accumulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not thicker of the accumulated
+um assets and like liabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assets and like liabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assets and like liabilities of
+everyone that added together is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that added together is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone that added together is that it
+has to do with trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with trade
+is it a kernel account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a kernel account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a kernel account
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+then yeah it's just uh sum of uh trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah it's just uh sum of uh trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah it's just uh sum of uh trade
+patterns and net income transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and net income transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and net income transfers
+that's right so the balance of payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the balance of payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the balance of payments
+is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the
+current account which is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current account which is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current account which is the sum of the
+trade balance exports minus Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance exports minus Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance exports minus Imports
+plus you know Factor payments coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know Factor payments coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know Factor payments coming
+from abroad incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abroad incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abroad incoming
+remittances and gifts and so on so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances and gifts and so on so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances and gifts and so on so so
+those are the two components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two components of the
+flows on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows on the left hand side
+um of the so-called balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the so-called balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the so-called balance equation
+balance of payments equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payments equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of payments equation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the right hand side
+I mean the two sides add up and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the two sides add up and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the two sides add up and are
+equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if a village
+is exporting a lot and importing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exporting a lot and importing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exporting a lot and importing
+relatively little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little
+uh where's the money going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial
+yeah it's in the financial account so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's in the financial account so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's in the financial account so
+essentially they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they're a
+uh they're accumulating deposits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're accumulating deposits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're accumulating deposits in
+commercial Banks outside the village or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Banks outside the village or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Banks outside the village or
+accumulating currency as cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating currency as cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating currency as cash
+or essentially accumulating claims on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially accumulating claims on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or essentially accumulating claims on
+foreigners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners
+so if you export a lot and import little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you export a lot and import little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you export a lot and import little
+you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have an advantage what did you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage what did you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage what did you do with
+the money you know you've got to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you know you've got to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money you know you've got to put it
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you could have been indebted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have been indebted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have been indebted and
+externally and then you're gonna you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally and then you're gonna you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally and then you're gonna you
+know repay some of that debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know repay some of that debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know repay some of that debt
+so the claims that foreigners have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claims that foreigners have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claims that foreigners have on
+you would be diminished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we're gonna revisit uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna revisit uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna revisit uh some of these
+Concepts today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts today
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+start doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that
+so lecture today 15 data and policy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lecture today 15 data and policy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lecture today 15 data and policy in
+the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S
+and I've mentioned this before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've mentioned this before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've mentioned this before is
+motivation but here we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but here we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but here we actually have
+the slides something called the China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides something called the China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides something called the China
+shock from the standpoint of the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock from the standpoint of the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock from the standpoint of the U.S
+and it has to do with international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to do with international
+trade and the welfare gains and losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and the welfare gains and losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and the welfare gains and losses
+so economists argue that trade is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so economists argue that trade is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so economists argue that trade is a good
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+that it improves welfare but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it improves welfare but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it improves welfare but we know
+from two lectures now the two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two lectures now the two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two lectures now the two by two
+Theory lecture as well as the Thai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory lecture as well as the Thai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory lecture as well as the Thai
+lecture that trade May uh redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that trade May uh redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that trade May uh redistribute
+income the idea would be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the idea would be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the idea would be that the
+winners gain more than the losers lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners gain more than the losers lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners gain more than the losers lose
+so effectively if you were to try to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively if you were to try to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively if you were to try to add
+it all up it may appear somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all up it may appear somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all up it may appear somehow that
+free trade is a good thing but beneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade is a good thing but beneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade is a good thing but beneath
+the surface there are winners and losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface there are winners and losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface there are winners and losers
+from increasing foreign competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from increasing foreign competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from increasing foreign competition
+in some respects this slide is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some respects this slide is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some respects this slide is a
+introduction to something we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to something we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to something we're going to
+do two or three lectures from now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two or three lectures from now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two or three lectures from now which
+is to talk about aggregation when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about aggregation when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about aggregation when we
+draw those pictures we look like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those pictures we look like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those pictures we look like we have
+a production possibilities Frontier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production possibilities Frontier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production possibilities Frontier we
+have one consumer with indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one consumer with indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one consumer with indifference
+curves it looks like as you move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves it looks like as you move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves it looks like as you move from
+autarkee to free trade the consumer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarkee to free trade the consumer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarkee to free trade the consumer is
+better off but that picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off but that picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off but that picture is
+implicitly assuming that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that we can
+aggregate households up so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate households up so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate households up so that it
+appears that there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears that there's just one
+representative household in fact beneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative household in fact beneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative household in fact beneath
+the surface income is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface income is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface income is getting
+redistributed and some people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed and some people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributed and some people will be
+losing from trade so it's the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing from trade so it's the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing from trade so it's the movement
+from autarky to free trade is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from autarky to free trade is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from autarky to free trade is not
+necessarily Pareto improving unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily Pareto improving unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily Pareto improving unless you
+compensate the losers so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate the losers so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate the losers so here's the
+hector Olean theorem again owners of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hector Olean theorem again owners of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hector Olean theorem again owners of a
+country's abundant factors gained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's abundant factors gained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's abundant factors gained from
+trade but owners of a country's scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade but owners of a country's scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade but owners of a country's scarce
+factors lose so you may remember if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors lose so you may remember if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors lose so you may remember if the
+the country is abundant in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country is abundant in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country is abundant in one of the
+factors then the price of that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then the price of that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then the price of that factor
+tends to be low in turkey and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be low in turkey and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be low in turkey and that's
+good for producing especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for producing especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for producing especially for
+sectors that are relatively intensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that are relatively intensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors that are relatively intensive in
+that factor so when you open the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor so when you open the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor so when you open the country
+up for trade that low price will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for trade that low price will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for trade that low price will be
+attractive to foreigners the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to foreigners the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to foreigners the country
+will be exporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exporting
+and uh that other stall for Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that other stall for Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that other stall for Samuelson
+will raise the price of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will raise the price of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will raise the price of the factor
+that's relatively intensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively intensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively intensive in
+production but you know the flip side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but you know the flip side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but you know the flip side is
+the other Factor the scarce Factor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Factor the scarce Factor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Factor the scarce Factor will
+be losing as a result of free trade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losing as a result of free trade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losing as a result of free trade the
+U.S is abundant in skilled labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S is abundant in skilled labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S is abundant in skilled labor
+low-skilled labor is relatively scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-skilled labor is relatively scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-skilled labor is relatively scarce
+although not non-existent obviously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not non-existent obviously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not non-existent obviously so
+when the U.S opens up the trade with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the U.S opens up the trade with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the U.S opens up the trade with
+Mexico and China and so on low skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and China and so on low skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and China and so on low skilled
+workers in the U.S are made worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in the U.S are made worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in the U.S are made worse off
+and I can't help but say you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't help but say you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't help but say you know we're
+in the in the midst of the U.S elections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the midst of the U.S elections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the midst of the U.S elections
+and these are you know big issues what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are you know big issues what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are you know big issues what
+what happened in the midwest in Michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the midwest in Michigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in the midwest in Michigan
+Wisconsin Pennsylvania Ohio and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin Pennsylvania Ohio and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin Pennsylvania Ohio and so on
+referred to as the Rust Belt means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the Rust Belt means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the Rust Belt means they
+were doing a lot of manufacturing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing a lot of manufacturing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing a lot of manufacturing and so
+on and and the view is that many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and the view is that many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and the view is that many of the
+households were hurt by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households were hurt by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households were hurt by
+the rise of trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise of trade
+China in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China in particular
+emerged as a great international power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged as a great international power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged as a great international power
+and made very clear the relevance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made very clear the relevance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made very clear the relevance of
+Hector Olean and still protamosin and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hector Olean and still protamosin and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hector Olean and still protamosin and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+actually this slide is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this slide is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this slide is a bit of a
+rambling because uh it didn't look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rambling because uh it didn't look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rambling because uh it didn't look for a
+long time as if people were being heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time as if people were being heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time as if people were being heard
+from trade and people were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trade and people were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trade and people were you know
+reconsidering the consensus but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsidering the consensus but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsidering the consensus but now we
+went right back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right back to the original
+underpinnings of of the theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of of the theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of of the theory in
+particular these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular these
+tray shocks that originate in China have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray shocks that originate in China have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray shocks that originate in China have
+impacted Industries plants and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted Industries plants and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted Industries plants and local
+labor markets across the U.S I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets across the U.S I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor markets across the U.S I'll show
+you a picture momentarily so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a picture momentarily so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a picture momentarily so we want to
+estimate the gain some trade we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the gain some trade we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the gain some trade we also
+want to document the losses that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to document the losses that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to document the losses that also
+arise under free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise under free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise under free trade
+and we want to quantify who's winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to quantify who's winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to quantify who's winning
+and who's losing that was the theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's losing that was the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's losing that was the theme of
+the Thai lecture last time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thai lecture last time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thai lecture last time to
+distinguish labor from capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish labor from capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish labor from capital
+one Village from another changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Village from another changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Village from another changing the
+prices the relative prices of goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the relative prices of goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the relative prices of goods and
+we did counter factuals you know what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did counter factuals you know what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did counter factuals you know what if
+they hadn't become more liberal what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't become more liberal what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't become more liberal what if
+we impose a tax on Imports and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose a tax on Imports and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we impose a tax on Imports and so on and
+we were documenting how the incidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were documenting how the incidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were documenting how the incidents
+could be good or bad depending on wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be good or bad depending on wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be good or bad depending on wealth
+and talent of the households so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talent of the households so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talent of the households so we're
+going to try to do something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do something like that
+momentarily for the U.S here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily for the U.S here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily for the U.S here is a
+picture of China share of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of China share of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of China share of world
+manufacturing value added talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing value added talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing value added talked about
+value added a minute ago the blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added a minute ago the blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added a minute ago the blue line
+going up steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up steadily
+over the decades 20 years approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decades 20 years approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decades 20 years approximately
+and China's share of world manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China's share of world manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China's share of world manufacturing
+exports so not only are they producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so not only are they producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so not only are they producing
+more they're exporting it also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they're exporting it also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they're exporting it also on the
+steady rise and here's a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rise and here's a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rise and here's a picture of the
+U.S current account we reviewed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S current account we reviewed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S current account we reviewed the
+definition of this just a moment ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this just a moment ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this just a moment ago the
+trade balance plus from incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance plus from incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance plus from incoming
+remittances the current account in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances the current account in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances the current account in the
+U.S is negative and got increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S is negative and got increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S is negative and got increasingly
+negative at exactly the same time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative at exactly the same time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative at exactly the same time that
+China's current count was positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's current count was positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's current count was positive and
+increasing you know peaking say in 2005.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing you know peaking say in 2005.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing you know peaking say in 2005.
+now this picture probably includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this picture probably includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this picture probably includes the
+overall U.S current account not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall U.S current account not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall U.S current account not only
+with China but with other countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with China but with other countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with China but with other countries and
+likewise for China but for all the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for China but for all the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for China but for all the world
+it looks very bilateral here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very bilateral here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very bilateral here you know
+obviously a big part of what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a big part of what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a big part of what's happening
+to the trade balance in the U.S has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trade balance in the U.S has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trade balance in the U.S has to
+do with China and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with China and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with China and vice versa
+okay and then here's a picture of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then here's a picture of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then here's a picture of the US
+by state and this is from that otterdorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by state and this is from that otterdorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by state and this is from that otterdorn
+and Hanson reference about four slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hanson reference about four slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hanson reference about four slides
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+so they looked at the composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at the composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at the composition of
+Chinese Imports into the U.S by sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese Imports into the U.S by sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese Imports into the U.S by sector
+and looked at where those goods had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at where those goods had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at where those goods had been
+produced previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced previously
+by county in the U.S and these dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by county in the U.S and these dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by county in the U.S and these dark
+areas are the areas that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are the areas that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are the areas that are most
+vulnerable in the sense that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable in the sense that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable in the sense that they had
+been producing things that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been producing things that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been producing things that are now
+imported from China that doesn't mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported from China that doesn't mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported from China that doesn't mean in
+that state it means for the U.S in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state it means for the U.S in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state it means for the U.S in
+general so Chinese Imports are bought by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so Chinese Imports are bought by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so Chinese Imports are bought by
+consumers all over the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers all over the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers all over the United States
+which means that the state like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the state like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the state like a big
+chunk of Tennessee if you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of Tennessee if you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of Tennessee if you can see it
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+which had been producing manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been producing manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been producing manufactured
+goods now being imported from China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now being imported from China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now being imported from China
+itself would be exporting less to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be exporting less to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be exporting less to other
+states in the United States because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the United States because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the United States because it's
+not producing those other states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not producing those other states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not producing those other states are
+buying it directly from China anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it directly from China anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying it directly from China anyway
+it's kind of spotty but you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of spotty but you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of spotty but you can see it's
+certainly not Universal and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not Universal and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not Universal and here's a
+measure of the current account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the current account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the current account
+the trade balances Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade balances Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade balances Plus
+net remittances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net remittances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net remittances
+but this treats a state in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this treats a state in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this treats a state in the United
+States as a whole country or another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States as a whole country or another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States as a whole country or another way
+to put it it treats the state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it it treats the state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it it treats the state in the
+United States The Way We Were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States The Way We Were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States The Way We Were
+considering villages in Thailand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering villages in Thailand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering villages in Thailand so you
+can see here that the current account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that the current account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that the current account
+the scale is down here is positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale is down here is positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale is down here is positive so
+these are sort of net exporting States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of net exporting States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of net exporting States
+and the red dark orange colors are quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red dark orange colors are quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red dark orange colors are quote
+net importing States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net importing States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net importing States
+so here's a review of those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a review of those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a review of those equations
+again the current account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the current account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the current account
+consists of the trade balance and net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the trade balance and net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of the trade balance and net
+incoming transfers of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming transfers of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming transfers of income
+the trade balance is itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade balance is itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade balance is itself the
+difference between exports and imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between exports and imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between exports and imports
+net income transfers consist of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net income transfers consist of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net income transfers consist of private
+and public transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public transfers
+so in the US for example there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the US for example there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the US for example there's a lot
+of taxes and a lot of welfare programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taxes and a lot of welfare programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taxes and a lot of welfare programs
+so actually a big part of the State's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually a big part of the State's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually a big part of the State's
+income is attributable to to net public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is attributable to to net public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is attributable to to net public
+transfers but it that's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers but it that's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers but it that's not the only
+source of transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of transfers
+there are gifts and remittances across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gifts and remittances across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gifts and remittances across
+States now how does one get at that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now how does one get at that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now how does one get at that well
+there's Gross State income versus growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Gross State income versus growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Gross State income versus growth
+State product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State product
+the product we talked about earlier 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product we talked about earlier 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product we talked about earlier 10
+minutes ago means that it is produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago means that it is produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago means that it is produced in
+the state hiring capital and labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state hiring capital and labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state hiring capital and labor and
+so on but their growth state income on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but their growth state income on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but their growth state income on
+the income statement of households would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement of households would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement of households would
+include income that they earned in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include income that they earned in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include income that they earned in other
+states or that other household members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or that other household members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or that other household members
+earned in other states sent back home to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned in other states sent back home to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned in other states sent back home to
+the home state fortunately the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home state fortunately the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home state fortunately the U.S
+measures the Bureau of economic analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the Bureau of economic analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the Bureau of economic analysis
+measures both growth state income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures both growth state income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures both growth state income and
+growth State product we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth State product we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth State product we take the
+difference of those and we have net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those and we have net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those and we have net
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+uh and then finally the current account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then finally the current account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then finally the current account
+which is again the trade balance and net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again the trade balance and net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again the trade balance and net
+income transfers on the left is balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income transfers on the left is balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income transfers on the left is balanced
+by claims on other states so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by claims on other states so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by claims on other states so this is
+what I asked about now I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I asked about now I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I asked about now I'm going to show
+you a lot of data momentarily but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of data momentarily but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of data momentarily but but
+this equation is kind of making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is kind of making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is kind of making some
+assumptions namely it's assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions namely it's assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions namely it's assuming that
+the financial part of the adjustment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial part of the adjustment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial part of the adjustment has
+to do with the transaction of the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the transaction of the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the transaction of the given
+state with other states for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with other states for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with other states for example
+trading in stocks and bonds and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in stocks and bonds and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in stocks and bonds and so on so
+that's the part we want what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part we want what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part we want what we don't
+want is State investment in the Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is State investment in the Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is State investment in the Capital
+stock or housing investment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock or housing investment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock or housing investment because
+those are internal with this within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are internal with this within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are internal with this within the
+state so to get the change on claims in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so to get the change on claims in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so to get the change on claims in
+foreigners we take the change in net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners we take the change in net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreigners we take the change in net
+worth and then subtract off how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and then subtract off how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and then subtract off how much of
+that shows up as increased investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up as increased investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up as increased investment in
+capital and housing and assume the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and housing and assume the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and housing and assume the rest
+of it is an increase in Financial claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is an increase in Financial claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is an increase in Financial claims
+on foreign I want to say foreign States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on foreign I want to say foreign States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on foreign I want to say foreign States
+on other states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other states
+and we'll see how well this works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how well this works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how well this works out
+momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily
+so what data well in the U.S you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what data well in the U.S you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what data well in the U.S you have to
+be diligent and creative to begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diligent and creative to begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diligent and creative to begin to
+measure the various components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the various components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the various components
+so I won't dwell on this but fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't dwell on this but fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I won't dwell on this but fortunately
+there is something called the commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something called the commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something called the commodity
+flow survey which measures trade flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow survey which measures trade flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow survey which measures trade flows
+across states in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states in the United States
+interstate trade the growth state income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate trade the growth state income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate trade the growth state income
+and product comes from Bea Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product comes from Bea Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and product comes from Bea Regional
+accounts as does public transfers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts as does public transfers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts as does public transfers these
+measures of the incidence of the China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of the incidence of the China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of the incidence of the China
+shock I already showed you from autodorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock I already showed you from autodorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock I already showed you from autodorn
+and Hansen and we have those from David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hansen and we have those from David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hansen and we have those from David
+housing stock comes from American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing stock comes from American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing stock comes from American
+Community survey we have a price index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community survey we have a price index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community survey we have a price index
+the stocks and bonds transactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks and bonds transactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks and bonds transactions are
+tough to get we have indirect access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to get we have indirect access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to get we have indirect access to
+IRS data where people report dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS data where people report dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS data where people report dividends
+and so on and you can kind of back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you can kind of back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you can kind of back out
+what their ownership is of the assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their ownership is of the assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their ownership is of the assets
+from how much interest earnings and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how much interest earnings and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how much interest earnings and so
+on that they report Capital stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that they report Capital stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that they report Capital stock is
+also hard to get I'll not say much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hard to get I'll not say much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also hard to get I'll not say much about
+it household debt is pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it household debt is pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it household debt is pretty well
+measured in the New York fed CCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the New York fed CCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the New York fed CCP
+Consumer Credit panel which is Equifax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer Credit panel which is Equifax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer Credit panel which is Equifax
+credit card type data so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card type data so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card type data so what is this
+not it's not like Thailand and I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not like Thailand and I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not like Thailand and I'll keep
+coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to this
+it's not like we're on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we're on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we're on the ground
+measuring the income statement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the income statement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the income statement the
+balance sheet cash flow and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet cash flow and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet cash flow and so on
+instead we have to use the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have to use the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have to use the best
+available data in the US which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data in the US which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available data in the US which is
+different variables coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables coming from
+different sources although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources although the
+accounting equations should still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations should still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting equations should still be
+true the way that we're measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the way that we're measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the way that we're measuring the
+variables is different okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is different okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is different okay so what's
+the impact of the China shock we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of the China shock we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of the China shock we use the
+accounting identity I just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity I just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity I just showed you
+technically called seemingly unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically called seemingly unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically called seemingly unrelated
+regressions we could regress the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions we could regress the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions we could regress the trade
+balance on the China shock we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance on the China shock we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance on the China shock we can
+regress gifts and remittances on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress gifts and remittances on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress gifts and remittances on the
+China shock if that accounting identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China shock if that accounting identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China shock if that accounting identity
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+there is some relationship across those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some relationship across those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some relationship across those
+seemingly separately estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly separately estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly separately estimated
+regressions and so this technique is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and so this technique is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and so this technique is a
+way to do it jointly and take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it jointly and take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it jointly and take into
+account the accounting identity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the accounting identity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the accounting identity so we
+take say let me skip down here a 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take say let me skip down here a 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take say let me skip down here a 10-year
+difference you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you can think of this
+conceptually as comparing States hit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually as comparing States hit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually as comparing States hit by
+the China shock states which have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the China shock states which have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the China shock states which have not
+been hit by the China shock and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hit by the China shock and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hit by the China shock and then
+comparing what's going on with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what's going on with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what's going on with their
+trade balance the impact on the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance the impact on the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade balance the impact on the trade
+balance is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is negative
+uh that is to say it's an adverse shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is to say it's an adverse shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is to say it's an adverse shock
+the impact on the current account is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the current account is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on the current account is
+negative also an adverse shock import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative also an adverse shock import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative also an adverse shock import
+impact on transfers is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on transfers is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on transfers is positive
+but not enough to overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not enough to overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not enough to overcome the
+difference in the trade balance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the trade balance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the trade balance and we
+can break it down further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it down further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it down further
+exports estate specialized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports estate specialized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports estate specialized in
+manufactured goods now competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured goods now competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured goods now competing with
+China exports of that state to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China exports of that state to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China exports of that state to other
+states goes down Imports don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states goes down Imports don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states goes down Imports don't seem to
+move very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move very much
+they're not importing less public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not importing less public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not importing less public
+transfers ironically over a 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers ironically over a 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers ironically over a 10-year
+period don't move much but private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period don't move much but private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period don't move much but private
+transfers quite interestingly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers quite interestingly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers quite interestingly are
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+so this is a pretty new finding we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty new finding we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty new finding we
+haven't published it yet but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't published it yet but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't published it yet but it is
+should remind you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you a little bit about
+gift giving in Thai villages we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift giving in Thai villages we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift giving in Thai villages we talked
+about them helping each other out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them helping each other out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them helping each other out from
+various shocks these states obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various shocks these states obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various shocks these states obviously
+quote unquote help each other out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote help each other out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote help each other out in the
+sense that they get incoming gifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they get incoming gifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they get incoming gifts and
+remittances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances
+and Factor payments precisely when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Factor payments precisely when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Factor payments precisely when they
+need it when they're in trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it when they're in trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it when they're in trouble because
+they've been hit by a long-term adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been hit by a long-term adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been hit by a long-term adverse
+shock so that's kind of the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock so that's kind of the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock so that's kind of the quote
+unquote left-hand side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote left-hand side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote left-hand side of the equation
+now we can turn to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can turn to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can turn to the right hand side
+which is you know adjustments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know adjustments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know adjustments and
+physical and financial capital and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and financial capital and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and financial capital and we
+don't find much housing actually went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find much housing actually went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find much housing actually went up
+which is counter-intuitive and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is counter-intuitive and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is counter-intuitive and the rest
+of the variables are insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables are insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables are insignificant
+now this violates the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this violates the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this violates the accounting
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+something on the right hand side has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the right hand side has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the right hand side has to
+move that because we've been using data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that because we've been using data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that because we've been using data
+from all these different sources as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these different sources as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these different sources as well
+as assuming that we have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as assuming that we have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as assuming that we have a way of
+measuring decreased claims on for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring decreased claims on for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring decreased claims on for other
+states we're just not doing good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states we're just not doing good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states we're just not doing good enough
+it's not a comment on our techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a comment on our techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a comment on our techniques
+it's a comment on both the data sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a comment on both the data sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a comment on both the data sources
+as well as this assumption and I'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as this assumption and I'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as this assumption and I'll keep
+coming back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that
+in particular how do we measure wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular how do we measure wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular how do we measure wealth
+and income in the U.S our measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and income in the U.S our measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and income in the U.S our measure of
+wealth on the right hand side isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth on the right hand side isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth on the right hand side isn't
+working very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very well
+it is supposed to be aggregated up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is supposed to be aggregated up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is supposed to be aggregated up at
+the state level but within a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state level but within a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state level but within a state
+there's arguably a lot of heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's arguably a lot of heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's arguably a lot of heterogeneity
+which is kind of why we reviewed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of why we reviewed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of why we reviewed what
+way Villages differ from one another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Villages differ from one another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Villages differ from one another and
+households within Villages differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households within Villages differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households within Villages differ from
+one another and surely within state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and surely within state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and surely within state in
+the U.S you see rich people and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S you see rich people and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S you see rich people and poor
+people you see a lot of different wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you see a lot of different wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you see a lot of different wealth
+groups so the low wealth group would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so the low wealth group would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so the low wealth group would
+correspond with low-wealth workers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond with low-wealth workers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond with low-wealth workers who
+rely on wages and hopefully on pensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on wages and hopefully on pensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on wages and hopefully on pensions
+versus the higher wealth people within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the higher wealth people within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the higher wealth people within a
+state which typically have income from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which typically have income from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which typically have income from
+their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business
+so when we aggregate up to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we aggregate up to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we aggregate up to the whole
+state we're not able to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we're not able to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we're not able to make this
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+so that's one potential problem some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one potential problem some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one potential problem some
+households Financial assets are going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households Financial assets are going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households Financial assets are going in
+One Direction as they're benefited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction as they're benefited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Direction as they're benefited
+others going in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others going in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others going in the opposite direction
+as they're harmed and we take the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're harmed and we take the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're harmed and we take the net
+difference and we're having trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we're having trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we're having trouble
+finding something that's one plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding something that's one plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding something that's one plausible
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation
+the other is the way the data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the way the data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the way the data are
+collected to begin with the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected to begin with the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected to begin with the Federal
+Reserve is instructing flow of funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve is instructing flow of funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve is instructing flow of funds
+change in the balance sheet and using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the balance sheet and using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the balance sheet and using a
+survey called the survey of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey called the survey of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey called the survey of consumer
+finances and it does a really wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances and it does a really wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances and it does a really wonderful
+job these are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job these are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job these are really important
+measurements people use the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements people use the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements people use the flow of
+funds and the survey of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and the survey of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and the survey of consumer
+finances all the time for U.S data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances all the time for U.S data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances all the time for U.S data
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+it's not really available at a regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really available at a regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really available at a regional
+level and certainly not at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and certainly not at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and certainly not at the level of
+States they don't gather it that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they don't gather it that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they don't gather it that way and
+they won't release it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't release it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't release it
+and believe me I've tried the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me I've tried the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me I've tried the other the
+flip side are the flows from the Bureau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side are the flows from the Bureau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side are the flows from the Bureau
+of economic analysis and they do a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic analysis and they do a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic analysis and they do a great
+job too as I've already said measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job too as I've already said measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job too as I've already said measuring
+income and product not only at the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and product not only at the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and product not only at the state
+level but at the level of municipalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but at the level of municipalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but at the level of municipalities
+and centers districts and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and centers districts and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and centers districts and so on the
+problem is these different agencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these different agencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these different agencies are
+doing a good job with the thing under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job with the thing under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job with the thing under
+their domain but they have no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their domain but they have no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their domain but they have no the
+Federal Reserve is not collecting income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve is not collecting income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve is not collecting income
+data and the Bea is not collecting asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the Bea is not collecting asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the Bea is not collecting asset
+or wealth data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wealth data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wealth data so
+the wealth changes and the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth changes and the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth changes and the income
+changes are not consistent with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes are not consistent with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes are not consistent with one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+they're they're not using the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not using the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not using the logic of
+the accounting identities that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accounting identities that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accounting identities that we've
+been emphasizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emphasizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emphasizing
+what identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what identity
+namely when you have say positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when you have say positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when you have say positive
+savings that's a flow what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings that's a flow what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings that's a flow what are they
+doing with that saving that should show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with that saving that should show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with that saving that should show
+up as a change in wealth a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a change in wealth a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a change in wealth a change in
+real or financial Assets in the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or financial Assets in the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or financial Assets in the balance
+sheet at least adjusting for capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet at least adjusting for capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet at least adjusting for capital
+gains you know the balance sheet can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains you know the balance sheet can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains you know the balance sheet can go
+up or down with the stock market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down with the stock market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down with the stock market you
+don't want that so you take out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that so you take out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that so you take out those
+price movements and you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price movements and you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price movements and you're left with
+sort of real balance sheet items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real balance sheet items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real balance sheet items that
+have to move in in the sense of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move in in the sense of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move in in the sense of an
+accounting identity with savings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity with savings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity with savings but
+they don't in the data because the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't in the data because the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't in the data because the data
+aren't measured through the lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't measured through the lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't measured through the lens of the
+accounting identity unlike what we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity unlike what we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting identity unlike what we I
+showed you for Thailand where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you for Thailand where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you for Thailand where we
+collected the data at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the data at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the data at the level of
+individual households and firms where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual households and firms where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual households and firms where we
+have the income the balance sheet and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the income the balance sheet and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the income the balance sheet and so
+on for each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for each one of them
+then you know the income and balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the income and balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the income and balance
+sheet have to be consistent with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet have to be consistent with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet have to be consistent with one
+another in the U.S we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the U.S we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the U.S we have these
+well-known surveys I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known surveys I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known surveys I've already
+mentioned the survey of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the survey of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the survey of consumer
+finances from the Federal Reserve board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances from the Federal Reserve board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances from the Federal Reserve board
+we have the consumer expenditure survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the consumer expenditure survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the consumer expenditure survey
+the panel study of income Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel study of income Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel study of income Dynamics and
+others so I'm showing you a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I'm showing you a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so I'm showing you a balance
+sheet constructed by each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet constructed by each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet constructed by each one of these
+surveys these items should start to seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys these items should start to seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys these items should start to seem
+familiar you've got current assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you've got current assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar you've got current assets
+namely cash bank accounts certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely cash bank accounts certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely cash bank accounts certificates
+of deposit and so on so say the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deposit and so on so say the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deposit and so on so say the median
+level 422
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 422
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 422
+000 depending on the survey it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 depending on the survey it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 depending on the survey it's only
+226 000 in the survey of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+226 000 in the survey of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+226 000 in the survey of consumer
+finances it's uh six hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances it's uh six hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances it's uh six hundred thousand
+the different surveys measure different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different surveys measure different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different surveys measure different
+things so these that's one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so these that's one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so these that's one problem
+but also we have physical Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we have physical Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we have physical Investments
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+business assets housing assets and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business assets housing assets and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business assets housing assets and so on
+so this should be reminding you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be reminding you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be reminding you of the
+balance sheets for the Thai households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheets for the Thai households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheets for the Thai households
+after all the concept of a balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the concept of a balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the concept of a balance sheet
+is quite General it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite General it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite General it's just a matter of
+where you're applying it however this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're applying it however this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're applying it however this is
+not one particular household this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one particular household this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one particular household this is the
+median or average level that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median or average level that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median or average level that you sort of
+synthesize or synthetic balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize or synthetic balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize or synthetic balance sheet
+that's created for each and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created for each and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created for each and all of these
+surveys individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys individually
+and you can get the income statement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the income statement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the income statement an
+aggregate version from the PSID the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate version from the PSID the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate version from the PSID the
+consumer expenditure survey and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer expenditure survey and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer expenditure survey and so on
+median income in the U.S you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income in the U.S you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income in the U.S you know
+roughly 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 67
+000 65 83 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 65 83 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 65 83 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+coming from labor income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from labor income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from labor income
+production income other income including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production income other income including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production income other income including
+interest dividends government transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest dividends government transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest dividends government transfers
+and we have expenditures so expenditures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have expenditures so expenditures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have expenditures so expenditures
+would not only be depreciation and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not only be depreciation and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not only be depreciation and so on
+but it would include taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would include taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would include taxes
+and the way we do the accounting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we do the accounting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we do the accounting in
+Thailand we have consumption over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand we have consumption over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand we have consumption over here
+so basically that's an outflow you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's an outflow you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's an outflow you we
+had net profits taking Revenue minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had net profits taking Revenue minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had net profits taking Revenue minus
+expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+and from the net profits if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the net profits if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the net profits if it were
+positive we would have savings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we would have savings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we would have savings and
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+the consumption is not included that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is not included that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumption is not included that's
+why it's in red here that it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's in red here that it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's in red here that it is in the
+statement of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of cash flows
+and here's the statement of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the statement of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the statement of cash flows
+for each one of those surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of those surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of those surveys
+cash flow from production cash flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow from production cash flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow from production cash flow from
+consumption from investment cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption from investment cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption from investment cash flow
+from financing we introduced a cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from financing we introduced a cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from financing we introduced a cash flow
+statement way back when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement way back when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement way back when we talked about
+Bitcoin we had transfer of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin we had transfer of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin we had transfer of Bitcoin
+accounts I made the point that both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts I made the point that both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts I made the point that both a
+balance sheet and the cash flow were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and the cash flow were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and the cash flow were
+being represented in the same Ledger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being represented in the same Ledger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being represented in the same Ledger you
+had to own it before you could buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to own it before you could buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to own it before you could buy it
+use it to buy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to buy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to buy things
+relatedly the change in cash flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatedly the change in cash flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatedly the change in cash flow in
+Bitcoin should be if it's outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin should be if it's outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin should be if it's outgoing
+should be associated with a decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be associated with a decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be associated with a decrease in
+the ownership of the coin or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ownership of the coin or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ownership of the coin or more
+generally in the accounting sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in the accounting sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in the accounting sense the
+change in cash in the statement of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cash in the statement of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cash in the statement of cash
+flow should be the same as the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow should be the same as the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow should be the same as the change in
+cash holding in the balance sheet seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash holding in the balance sheet seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash holding in the balance sheet seems
+pretty natural and if you collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty natural and if you collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty natural and if you collect the
+data from scratch each entity one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from scratch each entity one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from scratch each entity one of a
+time you can run this check and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can run this check and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can run this check and make
+sure it's true if you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's true if you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's true if you're using the
+accounting framework if not that one did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting framework if not that one did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting framework if not that one did
+something wrong and you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong and you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong and you have to start
+over the US data are not collected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the US data are not collected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the US data are not collected in
+that way nobody ever ran this check so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way nobody ever ran this check so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way nobody ever ran this check so I
+did it with Scott shoe and Chris and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with Scott shoe and Chris and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it with Scott shoe and Chris and
+here you can see a big discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a big discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a big discrepancy
+between the change in the cash flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the change in the cash flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the change in the cash flow from
+the statement of cash flow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of cash flow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of cash flow and the
+change in cash as measured on the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cash as measured on the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cash as measured on the change
+in the balance sheet how big is it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the balance sheet how big is it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the balance sheet how big is it are
+these numbers well the percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers well the percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers well the percent
+normalized by current assets is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by current assets is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by current assets is you know
+anywhere from 16 to 37 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 16 to 37 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 16 to 37 percent
+huge in other words something is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in other words something is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in other words something is wrong
+the flows aren't measured properly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows aren't measured properly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flows aren't measured properly or
+the assets are not measured properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets are not measured properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets are not measured properly
+does it really matter can we wave our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really matter can we wave our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really matter can we wave our
+hands well we try to use the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands well we try to use the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands well we try to use the data that
+we have but we could be off by as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have but we could be off by as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have but we could be off by as much
+as 37 percent on the balance sheet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 37 percent on the balance sheet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 37 percent on the balance sheet okay
+so this is the sad State of Affairs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sad State of Affairs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sad State of Affairs for
+U.S data although I must say each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S data although I must say each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S data although I must say each one of
+these surveys is really fantastic it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surveys is really fantastic it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surveys is really fantastic it was
+never designed with the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never designed with the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never designed with the accounting
+framework in mind and they're very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in mind and they're very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in mind and they're very good
+at measuring what they intended to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at measuring what they intended to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at measuring what they intended to do
+but they now on the other hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they now on the other hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they now on the other hand they
+never ran this check okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ran this check okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ran this check okay
+so the notion that the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notion that the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the notion that the change in the
+balance sheet and the income statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and the income statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and the income statement
+ought to be consistent is not new it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be consistent is not new it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be consistent is not new it
+comes with the accounts and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the accounts and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the accounts and there is
+something in the US called integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the US called integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the US called integrated
+macro accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro accounts
+which is exactly what it is accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what it is accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what it is accounts
+integrated with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with each other
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+unusual cooperation between the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual cooperation between the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual cooperation between the Federal
+Reserve board and the and the Bea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve board and the and the Bea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve board and the and the Bea
+tried to pool the data that each has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to pool the data that each has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to pool the data that each has
+that each is good at collecting but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each is good at collecting but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each is good at collecting but they
+didn't change the way they're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the way they're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the way they're collecting
+the data so there's an errors an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so there's an errors an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so there's an errors an
+Omission line that shows up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omission line that shows up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omission line that shows up in the
+accounts which is a way they reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts which is a way they reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts which is a way they reconcile
+the the two systems together and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two systems together and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two systems together and again
+that error and omissions line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and omissions line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and omissions line is
+sometimes quite substantial here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes quite substantial here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes quite substantial here's a
+picture for these integrated Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for these integrated Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for these integrated Financial
+accounts which is really a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts which is really a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts which is really a review of
+what you already know you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already know you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already know you start with
+production and then you have inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and then you have inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and then you have inputs
+outputs profits and so on producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs profits and so on producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs profits and so on producing
+income and savings if they didn't eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and savings if they didn't eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and savings if they didn't eat
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+the savings has to show up somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings has to show up somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings has to show up somewhere
+it's showing up in physical fixed inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing up in physical fixed inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's showing up in physical fixed inputs
+Capital inputs or it's showing up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital inputs or it's showing up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital inputs or it's showing up in
+financial inputs net lending or asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial inputs net lending or asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial inputs net lending or asset
+acquisition if positive or decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition if positive or decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition if positive or decrease in
+borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+assuming the profits over here were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the profits over here were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the profits over here were
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+then you adjust for capital gains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you adjust for capital gains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you adjust for capital gains and
+losses as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses as I said
+on the balance sheet and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the balance sheet and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the balance sheet and you end up with
+sort of a net balance sheet position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a net balance sheet position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a net balance sheet position
+so you see you're going from flows into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you're going from flows into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you're going from flows into
+changes in the stocks into the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the stocks into the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the stocks into the new
+balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet
+you have assets you use Assets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have assets you use Assets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have assets you use Assets in
+production you get the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you get the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you get the flow
+Etc inventory that was asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc inventory that was asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc inventory that was asked about
+earlier is an example again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier is an example again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier is an example again of
+distinguishing inputs in production from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing inputs in production from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing inputs in production from
+ways of savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of savings
+so this is the integrated Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the integrated Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the integrated Financial
+accounts unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts unfortunately
+it is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is again
+not available it's not it has errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available it's not it has errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available it's not it has errors and
+omissions and it's not available at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omissions and it's not available at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omissions and it's not available at the
+state or local level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or local level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or local level
+so now I want to take you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to take you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to take you through a
+series of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of examples
+of other things you that are always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things you that are always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things you that are always in
+the news that you've heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news that you've heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news that you've heard about
+and I'll present those facts to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll present those facts to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll present those facts to you and
+then explain how the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then explain how the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then explain how the measurement
+underlying those quote well-known facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying those quote well-known facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying those quote well-known facts
+is problematic so one inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problematic so one inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problematic so one inequality
+and here I'm drawing on this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm drawing on this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm drawing on this paper
+pickity size and zuckman and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickity size and zuckman and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickity size and zuckman and they're
+obviously not the only ones you've you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not the only ones you've you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not the only ones you've you
+know the story here is the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story here is the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the story here is the top one
+percent of the population own you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population own you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population own you know
+sixty percent of the wealth you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty percent of the wealth you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty percent of the wealth you hear
+that over and over again okay so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and over again okay so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and over again okay so where
+are these numbers coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these numbers coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these numbers coming from
+well what we have is quite limited these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we have is quite limited these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we have is quite limited these
+guys start with GDP as measured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys start with GDP as measured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys start with GDP as measured by the
+Bea and so on and then they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bea and so on and then they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bea and so on and then they're saying
+well who actually has part of it who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who actually has part of it who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who actually has part of it who has
+the shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shares
+how big are the shares of GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are the shares of GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big are the shares of GDP
+so they want to create something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to create something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they want to create something new
+arguably called distributional accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably called distributional accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably called distributional accounts
+which is the way GDP is distributed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way GDP is distributed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way GDP is distributed in
+the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population
+saying GDP is fine for totals for growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying GDP is fine for totals for growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying GDP is fine for totals for growth
+and so on but for inequality it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but for inequality it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but for inequality it doesn't
+the Aggregates don't tell us the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aggregates don't tell us the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aggregates don't tell us the degree
+of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inequality
+so people have used different surveys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have used different surveys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have used different surveys to
+measure inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure inequality
+and there's there's a discrepancy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a discrepancy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a discrepancy so
+they're saying that we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying that we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying that we really need
+better distributional accounts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better distributional accounts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better distributional accounts what
+fraction of economic growth accrues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of economic growth accrues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of economic growth accrues to
+the bottom 50 percent of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom 50 percent of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom 50 percent of the population
+or the top 10 percent of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top 10 percent of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top 10 percent of the population
+how much of the rise in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the rise in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the rise in income
+inequality is due to the change in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is due to the change in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is due to the change in labor
+share of output versus Capital shares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of output versus Capital shares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of output versus Capital shares of
+output and even within labor what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and even within labor what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and even within labor what's the
+dispersion in labor earnings across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in labor earnings across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion in labor earnings across
+different households with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different households with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different households with respect to
+Capital what's the rate of return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital what's the rate of return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital what's the rate of return on
+Capital they're complaining here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital they're complaining here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital they're complaining here that we
+don't have answers to these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have answers to these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have answers to these questions
+actually we don't even have good answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't even have good answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't even have good answers
+to the questions about how much wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the questions about how much wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the questions about how much wealth
+is being redistributed through taxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being redistributed through taxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being redistributed through taxes and
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+so what did they do they make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did they do they make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did they do they make an
+estimate and these guys Smith zidar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and these guys Smith zidar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate and these guys Smith zidar and
+zwick complain about the estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwick complain about the estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwick complain about the estimate and
+they try to do better so why are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to do better so why are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to do better so why are the
+estimates unreliable because as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates unreliable because as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates unreliable because as in the
+theme of this lecture wealth and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of this lecture wealth and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of this lecture wealth and income
+are not independently measured they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independently measured they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independently measured they're
+consistent with one another but only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with one another but only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with one another but only in
+a mechanical way how wealthy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical way how wealthy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical way how wealthy is a
+household we don't have the wealth let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household we don't have the wealth let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household we don't have the wealth let's
+look at the flows let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the flows let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the flows let's look at the
+income flows over time the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income flows over time the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income flows over time the way we did
+for that life cycle model for Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that life cycle model for Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that life cycle model for Thailand
+or for example or what we you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example or what we you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example or what we you know I
+showed you one slide for the U.S if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one slide for the U.S if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one slide for the U.S if you
+had income over time and say they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had income over time and say they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had income over time and say they could
+put it in the bank then you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the bank then you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the bank then you might want
+to Discount the income and get the Net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Discount the income and get the Net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Discount the income and get the Net
+Present Value today of future labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Present Value today of future labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Present Value today of future labor
+earnings like human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings like human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings like human capital
+or flows from assets the problem is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flows from assets the problem is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flows from assets the problem is how
+do you discount it what discount rate do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you discount it what discount rate do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you discount it what discount rate do
+you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use
+tickety at Al are assuming a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickety at Al are assuming a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickety at Al are assuming a constant
+discount rate across all the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate across all the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate across all the households
+despite the obvious heterogeneity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the obvious heterogeneity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the obvious heterogeneity and
+households in particular despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in particular despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in particular despite the
+fact that some wealthier households get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some wealthier households get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some wealthier households get
+income from business and poorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from business and poorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from business and poorer
+households don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households don't
+at best they have income Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at best they have income Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at best they have income Financial
+income but it's usually wages and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but it's usually wages and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income but it's usually wages and so on
+so zwick basically adjusts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zwick basically adjusts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zwick basically adjusts
+the discount rate and there they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate and there they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate and there they start
+changing the numbers basically the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the numbers basically the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the numbers basically the share
+of wealth of the top one percent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth of the top one percent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth of the top one percent is
+different from what you commonly hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you commonly hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you commonly hear
+the share of wealth of the top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of wealth of the top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of wealth of the top 10
+percent of the population is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the population is a bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+from uh what you typically hear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh what you typically hear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh what you typically hear because
+they've allowed for heterogeneity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've allowed for heterogeneity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've allowed for heterogeneity in
+this discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discount rate
+so there are estimates of net worth are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are estimates of net worth are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are estimates of net worth are
+different across these different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different across these different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different across these different groups
+okay so that's one illustration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one illustration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one illustration of the
+problems with very important topical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with very important topical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with very important topical
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+so much policy work and politics based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much policy work and politics based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much policy work and politics based
+on you know perceived measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know perceived measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know perceived measures of
+inequality that are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that are actually not
+terribly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly reliable
+I'm not saying people on poor and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying people on poor and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying people on poor and I'm
+not saying there's no inequality I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying there's no inequality I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying there's no inequality I just
+wish we had better quantitative measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish we had better quantitative measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish we had better quantitative measures
+of it okay second application in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay second application in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay second application in this
+terrible World we're living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible World we're living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible World we're living in
+19. so what is the impact of covid-19 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19. so what is the impact of covid-19 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19. so what is the impact of covid-19 on
+individuals on groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals on groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals on groups
+on the entire economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the entire economy
+again the problem we face in the U.S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the problem we face in the U.S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the problem we face in the U.S the
+data are coming from different sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are coming from different sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are coming from different sources
+there's a lot of creativity I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of creativity I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of creativity I'll show
+you what people have done but the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what people have done but the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what people have done but the bottom
+line is going to be again the data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to be again the data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to be again the data are
+not integrated uh in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integrated uh in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not integrated uh in the sense that the
+income flows are not are measured but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income flows are not are measured but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income flows are not are measured but
+are not measured in a way that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not measured in a way that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not measured in a way that would be
+consistent with a balance sheet in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a balance sheet in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a balance sheet in fact
+typically we don't do not have both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we don't do not have both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we don't do not have both an
+income statement a balance sheet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement a balance sheet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement a balance sheet for
+anybody in the U.S okay so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the U.S okay so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the U.S okay so here's a
+great paper Shetty and co-authors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great paper Shetty and co-authors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great paper Shetty and co-authors which
+is the starred paper on the reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starred paper on the reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starred paper on the reading list
+how did covid-19 and stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did covid-19 and stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did covid-19 and stabilization
+policies affect spending and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies affect spending and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies affect spending and employment
+and then subheader a new real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subheader a new real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subheader a new real-time
+economic data tracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic data tracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic data tracker
+if you look at the paper you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the paper you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the paper you'll see the
+www dot you can click on it and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www dot you can click on it and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www dot you can click on it and you'll
+start seeing a lot of geography so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing a lot of geography so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing a lot of geography so this
+is a summary of what they're finding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a summary of what they're finding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a summary of what they're finding and
+I should tell you this and all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should tell you this and all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should tell you this and all the other
+slides are kind of based on what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are kind of based on what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are kind of based on what was
+going on in the U.S you know post March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the U.S you know post March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the U.S you know post March
+April the first Surge and and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April the first Surge and and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April the first Surge and and not the
+surge that took place early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge that took place early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge that took place early in the
+summer and not the current mess so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and not the current mess so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and not the current mess so what
+they find is that high income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find is that high income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find is that high income
+individuals reduce spending in mid-march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals reduce spending in mid-march
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals reduce spending in mid-march
+particularly in areas that had high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in areas that had high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in areas that had high
+covet infection rates and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet infection rates and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet infection rates and particularly
+in sectors associated with physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sectors associated with physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sectors associated with physical
+interaction so the reduction in spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so the reduction in spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so the reduction in spending
+of the individuals hurt businesses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals hurt businesses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals hurt businesses that
+catered to high-income individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catered to high-income individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catered to high-income individuals
+namely small businesses in affluent zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely small businesses in affluent zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely small businesses in affluent zip
+codes like restaurants and so on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes like restaurants and so on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes like restaurants and so on they
+laid off their employees who tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid off their employees who tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid off their employees who tend to be
+low-income individuals which is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income individuals which is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income individuals which is where we
+got the surge in unemployment initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the surge in unemployment initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the surge in unemployment initially
+in half fluent areas you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half fluent areas you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half fluent areas you can see the
+local diversity here so they go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local diversity here so they go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local diversity here so they go on to
+use an event study to then estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an event study to then estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an event study to then estimate the
+impact of policies that were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of policies that were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of policies that were supposed to
+mitigate the adverse impact states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the adverse impact states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the adverse impact states
+buried in reopening as you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in reopening as you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in reopening as you know and
+nevertheless it didn't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it didn't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it didn't have a lot of
+impact on local employment stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on local employment stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on local employment stimulus
+payments to households were made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments to households were made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments to households were made that
+did increase consumer spending but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did increase consumer spending but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did increase consumer spending but again
+had very little impact on employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little impact on employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little impact on employment
+because obviously you don't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you don't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you don't take the
+check and go buy something at risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and go buy something at risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and go buy something at risk in
+you know a shop that may be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a shop that may be closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a shop that may be closed
+at best you're going to spend it on I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at best you're going to spend it on I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at best you're going to spend it on I'll
+get to the spending and saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the spending and saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the spending and saving
+momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily
+in particular this paycheck Protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this paycheck Protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this paycheck Protection
+Program which is in the news again today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Program which is in the news again today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Program which is in the news again today
+because the Bea is under SBA is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bea is under SBA is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bea is under SBA is under
+scrutiny those loans had little impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny those loans had little impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny those loans had little impact
+on employment in small businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on employment in small businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on employment in small businesses
+so I don't know if you're macro oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if you're macro oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if you're macro oriented
+you might think that's an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that's an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think that's an increase in
+spending it should affect aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending it should affect aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending it should affect aggregate
+demand it should have shown up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand it should have shown up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand it should have shown up as
+increased employment but it didn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased employment but it didn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased employment but it didn't this
+is study from the Philadelphia fed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is study from the Philadelphia fed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is study from the Philadelphia fed and
+they use payments transaction data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use payments transaction data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use payments transaction data
+called Fiserv so this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Fiserv so this is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Fiserv so this is related to
+credit debit card transactions but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit debit card transactions but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit debit card transactions but it's
+not Visa data it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Visa data it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Visa data it's actually the
+Processing Company that puts devices out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Processing Company that puts devices out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Processing Company that puts devices out
+there so you can swipe your credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can swipe your credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can swipe your credit card
+and send the communication from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send the communication from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send the communication from the
+store to the bank those transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store to the bank those transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store to the bank those transactions
+data are available on fiveserve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are available on fiveserve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are available on fiveserve in the
+U.S and the Philadelphia fed study is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and the Philadelphia fed study is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and the Philadelphia fed study is
+consistent with Chetty and so on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Chetty and so on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Chetty and so on in the
+sense that spending on restaurants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that spending on restaurants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that spending on restaurants and
+lodgings went down and instead people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lodgings went down and instead people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lodgings went down and instead people
+started spending money at home on Home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spending money at home on Home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spending money at home on Home
+Improvement some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement some people
+so this is again the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again the story of
+heterogeneity some people were able as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity some people were able as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity some people were able as
+essential workers to keep working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential workers to keep working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential workers to keep working on
+site not much shows up for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site not much shows up for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site not much shows up for their
+spending differences some start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending differences some start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending differences some start working
+remotely but they're still working their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely but they're still working their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely but they're still working their
+expenditures are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are pretty much
+proportional to their income not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to their income not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to their income not
+terribly surprisingly you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly surprisingly you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly surprisingly you have people
+who are laid off and furloughed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are laid off and furloughed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are laid off and furloughed they're
+not getting income anymore and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting income anymore and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting income anymore and they're
+the expenditures drop more for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditures drop more for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenditures drop more for the
+people who had been earning the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been earning the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been earning the least
+income so there's a big drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so there's a big drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so there's a big drop in
+expenditures to vulnerable people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures to vulnerable people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures to vulnerable people
+who had low income to begin with more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had low income to begin with more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had low income to begin with more on
+the balance sheet momentarily now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet momentarily now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet momentarily now one
+potential limitation of these data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential limitation of these data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential limitation of these data is
+their electronic transactions obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electronic transactions obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electronic transactions obviously
+what about currency well you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about currency well you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about currency well you might think
+oh come on that's not a big deal it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh come on that's not a big deal it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh come on that's not a big deal it is a
+big deal in the U.S you know roughly 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal in the U.S you know roughly 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal in the U.S you know roughly 25
+percent of transactions are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of transactions are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of transactions are still
+accounted for by paper currency and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for by paper currency and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for by paper currency and then
+mystery of all Mysteries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery of all Mysteries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery of all Mysteries it's
+skyrocketed upwards and that's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketed upwards and that's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketed upwards and that's not just
+a U.S phenomenon so I mean it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a U.S phenomenon so I mean it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a U.S phenomenon so I mean it's kind of
+like perplexing you would think paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perplexing you would think paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perplexing you would think paper
+currency is pretty dirty stuff you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is pretty dirty stuff you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is pretty dirty stuff you're
+exposed to the virus handling other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the virus handling other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the virus handling other
+people's you eventually get their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's you eventually get their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's you eventually get their money
+and so on some people take it home at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on some people take it home at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on some people take it home at
+night and wash it because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and wash it because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and wash it because they don't
+want to be infected by it but they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be infected by it but they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be infected by it but they seem
+to be doing stuff you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing stuff you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing stuff you know that's
+requiring more of it because currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring more of it because currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring more of it because currency
+outstanding is measured by the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding is measured by the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding is measured by the Federal
+Reserve has gone way up and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve has gone way up and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve has gone way up and there's a
+shortage of coins in the US right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of coins in the US right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of coins in the US right now so
+we don't know why and it also makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know why and it also makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know why and it also makes the
+measurement under five server little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement under five server little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement under five server little
+trickier this would not be true with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier this would not be true with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier this would not be true with
+alipay in China because they got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay in China because they got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alipay in China because they got all the
+transactions data yeah okay maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions data yeah okay maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions data yeah okay maybe we'll
+get back to that later okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that later okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that later okay what about
+lower income households so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income households so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income households so here's
+another study by Baker and co-authors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another study by Baker and co-authors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another study by Baker and co-authors on
+income and liquidity now this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and liquidity now this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and liquidity now this is kind of
+interesting they're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they're looking at the
+marginal propensity to consume out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal propensity to consume out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal propensity to consume out of
+the stimulus payments they made friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus payments they made friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus payments they made friends
+with a not-for-profit company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a not-for-profit company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a not-for-profit company called
+saver life helping Working Families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saver life helping Working Families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saver life helping Working Families
+previously for the virus helping those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously for the virus helping those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously for the virus helping those
+families to develop better savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families to develop better savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families to develop better savings
+habits and to meet financial goals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and to meet financial goals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and to meet financial goals this
+reminds me a lot of what we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me a lot of what we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me a lot of what we were doing
+in Thailand they in particular they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thailand they in particular they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thailand they in particular they had
+individuals link there voluntarily if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals link there voluntarily if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals link there voluntarily if
+they chose to do it link their accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose to do it link their accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose to do it link their accounts
+to saver life so now saberlife has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saver life so now saberlife has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saver life so now saberlife has
+access to their bank account information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their bank account information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their bank account information
+to see the transaction and the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the transaction and the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the transaction and the balance
+sheets you see where I'm going with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets you see where I'm going with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets you see where I'm going with this
+so now you can finally for this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can finally for this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can finally for this special
+subset of households see inflows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of households see inflows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of households see inflows and
+outflows I guess I misspoke a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflows I guess I misspoke a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outflows I guess I misspoke a minute ago
+when I said it's never done this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it's never done this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it's never done this is an
+instance where we have a version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where we have a version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where we have a version of the
+income statement and a version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement and a version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement and a version of the
+balance sheet at least for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet at least for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet at least for some of the
+line items what happened with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line items what happened with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line items what happened with the
+stimulus payments as soon as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus payments as soon as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus payments as soon as they get
+the money they spend it within 10 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they spend it within 10 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they spend it within 10 days
+and they spend it on food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they spend it on food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they spend it on food and
+non-durables pay the rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-durables pay the rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-durables pay the rent
+that's in the news again lately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the news again lately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the news again lately
+so so you get a picture of relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you get a picture of relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you get a picture of relatively
+poor households not only that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor households not only that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor households not only that they
+looked at the balance sheet and to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the balance sheet and to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the balance sheet and to see
+how much quote liquidity households had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much quote liquidity households had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much quote liquidity households had
+and the lower the liquid stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower the liquid stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower the liquid stuff in the
+balance sheet the larger their marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet the larger their marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet the larger their marginal
+propensity to consume out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to consume out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to consume out of the
+stimulus payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus payment
+so this looks like households that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like households that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like households that have
+a pretty lean balance sheet they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty lean balance sheet they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty lean balance sheet they do not
+have a lot of assets they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of assets they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of assets they certainly
+don't have liquid assets so then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have liquid assets so then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have liquid assets so then they
+haven't been saving very much and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been saving very much and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been saving very much and when
+they get that stimulus payment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get that stimulus payment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get that stimulus payment they
+spend it so they must have been cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend it so they must have been cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend it so they must have been cutting
+back on expenditures at least before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on expenditures at least before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on expenditures at least before
+they got the stimulus payment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the stimulus payment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the stimulus payment and
+likewise they didn't seem to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise they didn't seem to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise they didn't seem to save it
+they could have taken the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have taken the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have taken the income
+transfer and put it into the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and put it into the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and put it into the savings
+account but they didn't by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but they didn't by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account but they didn't by and large
+they spent it well it makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent it well it makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent it well it makes sense right
+you're poor and you don't have liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor and you don't have liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor and you don't have liquid
+assets and you've lost your income but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and you've lost your income but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and you've lost your income but
+then you come to this other study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come to this other study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come to this other study this
+is JP Morgan the bank using their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is JP Morgan the bank using their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is JP Morgan the bank using their own
+internal data on household accounts held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal data on household accounts held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal data on household accounts held
+by JP Morgan and they have an Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by JP Morgan and they have an Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by JP Morgan and they have an Institute
+that does research so they're reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does research so they're reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does research so they're reporting
+here on the spending of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the spending of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the spending of various
+households including low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households including low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households including low-income
+households and they find large increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and they find large increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and they find large increases
+in liquid assets for almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid assets for almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in liquid assets for almost all
+households including these low-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households including these low-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households including these low-income
+households that's exactly the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that's exactly the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that's exactly the opposite
+of what Baker found so it's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what Baker found so it's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what Baker found so it's a bit of a
+puzzle now granted it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle now granted it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle now granted it's a different
+sample doesn't mean that one is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample doesn't mean that one is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample doesn't mean that one is wrong
+and the other is right but it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is right but it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is right but it certainly
+shows you that we're getting very mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that we're getting very mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that we're getting very mixed
+pictures here because these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here because these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here because these are the
+among the very few ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the very few ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the very few ways that you can
+join the stocks and flows you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the stocks and flows you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the stocks and flows you can get
+the income and balance sheet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income and balance sheet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income and balance sheet for
+customers of JP Morgan if you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers of JP Morgan if you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers of JP Morgan if you construct
+it as these guys did and you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as these guys did and you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as these guys did and you can get it
+for Save life which is the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Save life which is the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Save life which is the data that
+Baker and Company were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker and Company were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker and Company were using
+they also looked at small businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also looked at small businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also looked at small businesses and
+they find cash balances in JPMorgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find cash balances in JPMorgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find cash balances in JPMorgan
+accounts so small businesses decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts so small businesses decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts so small businesses decreased
+when covet arrived and decreased more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when covet arrived and decreased more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when covet arrived and decreased more in
+some cities than others and decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cities than others and decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cities than others and decreased
+more for certain sectors and for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for certain sectors and for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for certain sectors and for certain
+ethnicities so again restaurants it hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicities so again restaurants it hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicities so again restaurants it hard
+Asian owned firms actually hugely hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian owned firms actually hugely hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian owned firms actually hugely hit
+even more than black firms which in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than black firms which in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than black firms which in turn
+were hit harder than weight operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hit harder than weight operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hit harder than weight operated
+businesses so businesses are hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so businesses are hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so businesses are hurting
+some people think small businesses small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people think small businesses small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people think small businesses small
+and medium Enterprises the backbone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medium Enterprises the backbone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medium Enterprises the backbone of
+the US and many economies and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and many economies and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and many economies and so the
+adverse impact of covet is it's hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse impact of covet is it's hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse impact of covet is it's hard on
+the economy when it hits these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy when it hits these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy when it hits these
+businesses so then you would hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so then you would hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so then you would hope this
+paycheck Protection Program would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck Protection Program would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paycheck Protection Program would have
+helped so the paycheck PPP program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped so the paycheck PPP program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped so the paycheck PPP program
+passed by Congress allowed the treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by Congress allowed the treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by Congress allowed the treasury
+to fund loans through the small small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund loans through the small small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fund loans through the small small
+business administration SBA Loans in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business administration SBA Loans in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business administration SBA Loans in the
+US are for small businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US are for small businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US are for small businesses
+they're 85 percent guaranteed loans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 85 percent guaranteed loans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 85 percent guaranteed loans but
+they're initiated by commercial Banks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're initiated by commercial Banks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're initiated by commercial Banks so
+in order to get access to PVP you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get access to PVP you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get access to PVP you
+essentially already had to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially already had to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially already had to have some
+relationship with the bank so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the bank so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the bank so in the end
+you know who got the money people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who got the money people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who got the money people that
+had bank accounts in relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had bank accounts in relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had bank accounts in relationship
+banking now this picture struck me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking now this picture struck me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking now this picture struck me this
+morning when I was reviewing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning when I was reviewing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning when I was reviewing before
+class because you know these red areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because you know these red areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because you know these red areas
+in March and April were pretty much low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in March and April were pretty much low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in March and April were pretty much low
+virus areas of course nowadays today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus areas of course nowadays today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus areas of course nowadays today
+everything is reversed and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reversed and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reversed and and these
+this is where the current surge is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the current surge is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the current surge is but
+it was not like this in March instead it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not like this in March instead it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not like this in March instead it
+was New York remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was New York remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was New York remember
+well New York didn't get very many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well New York didn't get very many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well New York didn't get very many of
+these PPP loans so the loans went so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these PPP loans so the loans went so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these PPP loans so the loans went so I
+mean it's it's a complaint yes it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's a complaint yes it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's a complaint yes it's also
+a comment on that on the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment on that on the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment on that on the physical
+infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure
+because we don't have good measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have good measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have good measurement
+we also didn't have a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also didn't have a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also didn't have a good way of
+getting purchasing power into the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting purchasing power into the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting purchasing power into the hands
+of those small businesses that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those small businesses that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those small businesses that really
+needed the liquidity so to bring all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the liquidity so to bring all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the liquidity so to bring all
+these pieces together we need better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces together we need better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces together we need better
+data in the U.S us doesn't have surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the U.S us doesn't have surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the U.S us doesn't have surveys
+like what I had shown you for Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I had shown you for Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I had shown you for Thailand
+and likewise there is payments data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise there is payments data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise there is payments data I
+was alluding to it Scott shoe was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to it Scott shoe was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to it Scott shoe was at the
+Boston fed and they were collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston fed and they were collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston fed and they were collecting
+surveys that's how we know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys that's how we know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys that's how we know how many
+people use currency in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use currency in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use currency in the US
+so I teamed up with Scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I teamed up with Scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I teamed up with Scott
+and we're making plans to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making plans to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're making plans to basically
+collect data like we collected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data like we collected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data like we collected in
+Thailand Scott moved from Boston to West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand Scott moved from Boston to West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand Scott moved from Boston to West
+Virginia he's at the University of West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia he's at the University of West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia he's at the University of West
+Virginia that was that's a deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia that was that's a deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia that was that's a deliberate
+choice because that's an obvious error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because that's an obvious error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because that's an obvious error
+you know West Virginia being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know West Virginia being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know West Virginia being a
+relatively poor state in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor state in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively poor state in the United
+States and uh and that you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and uh and that you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and uh and that you know that's
+basically what we hope will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we hope will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we hope will be the
+starting point so we haven't in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point so we haven't in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point so we haven't in mind
+here an ambitious multi-year research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an ambitious multi-year research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here an ambitious multi-year research
+program where we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we're going to be
+collecting data according to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data according to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data according to best
+practices part of it is going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices part of it is going to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices part of it is going to combine
+the Boston fed payment surveys with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston fed payment surveys with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston fed payment surveys with with
+my surveys from Thailand but part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my surveys from Thailand but part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my surveys from Thailand but part of it
+is we're not going to collect it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're not going to collect it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're not going to collect it all
+with physical surveys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with physical surveys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with physical surveys
+we want to get the electronic data so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the electronic data so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the electronic data so we
+will go to the households and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the households and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the households and so on and
+try to get permission the way Baker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get permission the way Baker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get permission the way Baker at
+Al did to access electronic data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al did to access electronic data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al did to access electronic data for
+bank account and payroll information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account and payroll information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account and payroll information
+assuming that's the way they get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that's the way they get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that's the way they get paid
+so we'll run a survey to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll run a survey to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll run a survey to see whether
+households are willing to share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households are willing to share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households are willing to share this
+data with us or not and figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with us or not and figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with us or not and figure out the
+best method and then collect it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best method and then collect it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best method and then collect it very
+mindful of the financial account so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of the financial account so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of the financial account so
+we'll be using the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the framework of
+integrated Financial accounts linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated Financial accounts linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated Financial accounts linking
+the balance sheet to the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet to the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance sheet to the income
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+uh in running checks all the while so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in running checks all the while so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in running checks all the while so
+that we have as good of a survey with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have as good of a survey with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have as good of a survey with as
+few errors as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few errors as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few errors as possible
+I wish we were a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish we were a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish we were a little bit further
+along with this but I'll just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this but I'll just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this but I'll just say that
+if if any of you are interested let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if any of you are interested let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if any of you are interested let me
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+and uh because there is a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh because there is a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh because there is a lot of work to
+do but actually nowadays traveling isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but actually nowadays traveling isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but actually nowadays traveling isn't
+very easy either but my heart is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy either but my heart is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy either but my heart is in this
+Enterprise so that's all for today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so that's all for today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so that's all for today you
+know this is kind of the state of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is kind of the state of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is kind of the state of data
+in the US and I've chosen to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and I've chosen to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and I've chosen to do this by
+looking at three topics one what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three topics one what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three topics one what we did
+in Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Thailand
+which is uh local economies in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh local economies in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh local economies in this case
+states in the U.S looking at it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the U.S looking at it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the U.S looking at it through
+the lens of balance sheets and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens of balance sheets and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens of balance sheets and income
+statements if possible although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements if possible although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements if possible although
+struggling because we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling because we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling because we don't have the
+data collected that way and then looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collected that way and then looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collected that way and then looking
+at the impact of trade shocks and state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the impact of trade shocks and state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the impact of trade shocks and state
+level balance of payments the second was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level balance of payments the second was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level balance of payments the second was
+measures of inequality and how we wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of inequality and how we wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of inequality and how we wish
+they were better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were better
+and the third the impact of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third the impact of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third the impact of the virus
+which again runs into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again runs into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again runs into the same
+limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that completes the second of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that completes the second of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that completes the second of the
+two applications of trade for Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two applications of trade for Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two applications of trade for Thailand
+and the US and back to the two by two by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US and back to the two by two by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US and back to the two by two by
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and then we'll we'll gear up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll gear up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll gear up for a
+review of uh the material that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of uh the material that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of uh the material that we've
+covered since the last midterm we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered since the last midterm we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered since the last midterm we'll do
+that next Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next Tuesday and
+and you can start on Friday with Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can start on Friday with Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can start on Friday with Michael
+so that's all for today thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all for today thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all for today thank you so
+much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O6HHjiNKsco.txt b/O6HHjiNKsco.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68c04bc86cb8b34813ed65c15e6011f3447d6e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O6HHjiNKsco.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today I'd like to talk to about
+a new module called
+
+Signals and Systems.
+
+Our previous module on
+programming, we focused on
+
+object-oriented programming
+and state machines as
+
+different methods by which
+we could model
+
+the physical world.
+
+In this module we're going to
+talk about a new way to model
+
+the physical world called
+the discrete linear
+
+time-invariant system.
+
+You might say, Kendra, why do
+I need to do that, or why
+
+would I move away from
+state machines.
+
+I seem to be able to model
+
+everything using state machines.
+
+The short answer is, you want
+to be able to move away from
+
+state machines, because
+you want to be able
+
+to predict the future.
+
+But I'm not really going to be
+able to get to how you're
+
+going to be able to predict
+the future until
+
+two videos from now.
+
+So for now we'll introduce
+discrete linear time-invariant
+
+systems and also talk about
+different knowledge
+
+representations you might
+encounter them in, so that you
+
+recognize them when you see them
+and can manipulate them
+
+as needed to talk to other
+people about them.
+
+Let's go to the board.
+
+Last time we talked about
+state machines.
+
+We're able to use them to model
+pretty much any system.
+
+We can model the evolution of a
+particular process over time
+
+using a record of all previous
+inputs and outputs and
+
+possibly previous states, if we
+
+included that in our output.
+
+But the problem with state
+machines is that they, like
+
+most programming, encounter
+the halting problem.
+
+At some point your program can
+reach a little complexity at
+
+which you cannot determine what
+it's going to do without
+
+actually just running it and
+seeing what happens.
+
+This is great for researchers.
+
+This is the method by which
+people go out and have to find
+
+something or discover something
+instead of being
+
+able to like, simulate
+it using a machine.
+
+But if you want to be able to
+promise things to other people
+
+or predict what's going to
+happen, then it helps if you
+
+can model something that has a
+high level of complexity by
+
+abstracting away the complexity
+and interacting
+
+with it as though it has
+features that indicate that
+
+it's going to behave in
+a particular way.
+
+So if you want to make a control
+system that does a
+
+particular thing, or look at
+an existing system and say,
+
+well, I know that your power
+plant's going to blow up in
+
+five years, because of this,
+it helps if you have some
+
+understanding of particular
+classes of systems and what
+
+kind of long term behaviors
+those particular classes of
+
+systems generate.
+
+And that's why we look
+at discrete LTI.
+
+It's a particular class
+of system --
+
+in particular discrete LTI is
+what we're going to look at in
+
+6.01 because it's
+fairly simple.
+
+But once you've learned how to
+deal with the system in that
+
+manner, you can use the skills
+that you've learned there to
+
+approach more complex feedback
+problems or more complex
+
+control problems.
+
+First, an incredibly brief
+review of linear
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+When you're talking about a
+linear time-invariant system,
+
+both the inputs and the outputs
+are going to be real.
+
+We're not going to deal with
+the complex plane at all.
+
+If you were to model your LTI
+system using a state machine,
+
+that state machine would be
+dependent on a fixed amount of
+
+previous inputs, outputs
+or states.
+
+You give some amount of leeway
+for start state or the fixed
+
+number of states before you get
+to your fixed amount of
+
+data structure that represents
+your current state.
+
+But if you're running a linear
+time-invariant system, the
+
+amount of information that you
+need to figure out your state
+
+in a long term sense is always
+finite and fixed.
+
+In terms of functional
+expressions, you've probably
+
+seen these associated with
+linear time-invariant systems.
+
+Know that this also means that
+you can represent linear
+
+time-invariant systems as
+additions or scalar
+
+multiplications of your
+existing function.
+
+So that's out of the way.
+
+These are all true of LTI.
+
+We're going to focus
+on discrete LTI.
+
+One, because we can use
+a discrete state
+
+machine to model it.
+
+And two, because it
+makes it easier to
+
+represent using computers.
+
+Once you've got that digital
+abstraction, you don't have to
+
+worry about having access to a
+truly continuous function.
+
+All right.
+
+Now that you know what we're
+going to talk about, how do
+
+you talk about it
+to other people?
+
+Here are the different
+representations that you might
+
+see a discrete linear
+time-invariant system in.
+
+One of them is called a
+difference equation.
+
+And you've probably encountered
+this in one of
+
+your math classes.
+
+It says that you're going to
+take a sample from a signal y
+
+at some sort of given time
+step, typically n.
+
+And when you're writing out
+a difference equation that
+
+represents an entire system, you
+usually see y of n on one
+
+side on the left, and then
+everything that represents the
+
+functional component on the
+system on the right, which in
+
+this case determines what
+determines the output
+
+at every time step.
+
+In this very particular case,
+we're talking about an
+
+accumulator, which means that at
+every time step the output
+
+is determined by the input
+plus the previous output.
+
+So at every time step we take
+the input and whatever it is
+
+we were outputting before
+and output it again.
+
+Pretty straightforward.
+
+If somebody described to you a
+difference equation in words,
+
+you could probably turn it into
+a equation at this point.
+
+Note that even though there are
+variables associated with
+
+these samples, they are still
+very particular samples.
+
+And the thing that you're
+interested in is probably not
+
+even the samples at all.
+
+It's the relationship between
+the samples, when they were
+
+sampled, and relative to one
+another, and how that relates
+
+to the output at a
+given time step.
+
+If you then want to talk about
+an entire signal, then you can
+
+use an operator equation.
+
+And you'll probably see these
+things when you do any sort of
+
+research on control theory
+or feedback.
+
+Instead of representing the
+sample of the signal y at a
+
+given time n, we're just going
+to talk about the overall
+
+signal capital Y. Likewise,
+instead of talking about x at
+
+a given time n, we're going to
+talk about the signal capital
+
+X.
+
+Remember that I said that the
+most important part of this
+
+equation is the fact that
+there's a different
+
+relationship between these two
+signals and when you were
+
+sampling from them.
+
+When we want to represent this
+relative delay, we represent
+
+it using an R. And in
+particular, I want to note the
+
+fact that the degree of R
+represents the amount of delay
+
+associated with the sample
+from a particular signal.
+
+So if I wanted to make this n
+minus 2, I would reflect that
+
+change in my operator equation
+by changing the degree of R.
+
+And because we're working with
+a linear time-invariant
+
+system, if we wanted to scale
+this by 2, it'd be the same as
+
+scaling this by 2, et cetera.
+
+Now I can talk about signals.
+
+What if I want to talk about a
+physical manifestation of the
+
+relationship between these
+signals, and/or what if I want
+
+to use something kind of like
+circuit diagrams to talk about
+
+what kind of signal manipulation
+I'm going to do?
+
+This is where block
+diagrams come in.
+
+Block diagrams are incredibly
+PowerPoint-friendly.
+
+Block diagrams mean that
+everybody is on the same page,
+
+because all you have to do
+is trace out the arrows.
+
+Block diagrams mean you're going
+to do a combination of
+
+gains, delays and adders to
+visually represent the
+
+relationship between your output
+signal and any input
+
+signals that you have.
+
+Up here I have actually
+drawn an accumulator.
+
+And it's got a box around
+it, which will be
+
+relevant in two minutes.
+
+But right now you
+can ignore it.
+
+I've got my input signal,
+or my input signals, are
+
+typically on the left.
+
+And the progression of gains,
+delays and adders associated
+
+with the block diagram represent
+the relationship
+
+between the input signals
+and the output signal.
+
+And then I'll have my output
+signal on the right.
+
+Most people indicate flow with
+arrows, in part to make things
+
+easier to read.
+
+But typically, you only need
+the arrow indicating where
+
+you're sampling from and
+what your output's
+
+going to look like.
+
+In this case in order to get Y,
+and in the general sense, I
+
+can backtrace from the signal
+that I'm interested in through
+
+my diagram and figure
+out what values I'm
+
+actually interested in.
+
+So in this particular case, Y
+is a linear combination of X
+
+and whatever this represents,
+which is RY.
+
+If I did want to put a 2 here,
+I've been talking about gains,
+
+delays and adders, but
+this diagram doesn't
+
+contain a gain yet.
+
+So let me show you how you
+would include a gain.
+
+Gains are typically represented
+by the value of
+
+the gain inside an arrow.
+
+It looks like an op-amp from
+schematic diagrams.
+
+We'll get to those later
+in circuits.
+
+It's not essential that the
+arrow point in the direction
+
+of flow, but people might look
+at you funny if you don't put
+
+it in the direction of flow.
+
+And the other thing that I think
+I want to note here is
+
+that if you see a minus sign
+here, it means X minus 2RY,
+
+which is the same as putting a
+negative value on your gain.
+
+So right now, we're back
+to X plus 2RY.
+
+OK.
+
+We've got to block diagrams.
+
+You might be saying at this
+point, Kendra, what are block
+
+diagrams good for other than
+PowerPoint presentations and
+
+possibly arguing with my friends
+over what's going on.
+
+And I say, they're really
+good for abstraction.
+
+I could draw a box around this
+and abstract it away into a
+
+function and say, if I put
+something into this box, and I
+
+want to get something out where
+the action that happens
+
+in here is identical to this
+schematic, then I can find an
+
+equation that actually
+represents that operation.
+
+And the way I do that is I'm
+going to take my operator
+
+equation and solve in particular
+for Y over X. In
+
+this case, with the 2, Y
+over X is going to be 1
+
+over (1 minus 2R).
+
+Note that if H is equal to the
+expression Y over X, and I
+
+multiply H by X, I get out Y.
+
+This concludes my coverage of
+motivations for learning about
+
+discrete LTI systems and also
+the different representations
+
+that we will want to use when
+talking to other people about
+
+discrete LTI.
+
+At this point we can also start
+talking about how we get
+
+to the point where we can start
+predicting the future.
+
+And then in the video after
+that I'll actually start
+
+talking about poles.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OJPqzP54KiY.txt b/OJPqzP54KiY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dcf5b92d0f325f251ac3406c140fe90d4340621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OJPqzP54KiY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't have anything very structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have anything very structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have anything very structured
+but I just want to get the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to get the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to get the conversation
+going the first question I have for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the first question I have for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the first question I have for you
+guys is tell me about a time you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is tell me about a time you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is tell me about a time you had to
+problem solve so I want you to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solve so I want you to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solve so I want you to talk to
+the person next to you and discuss when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person next to you and discuss when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person next to you and discuss when
+you had to problem solve today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls
+who do I have any volunteers for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I have any volunteers for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I have any volunteers for some
+good examples how about on the rest okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples how about on the rest okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples how about on the rest okay
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+errors what did you do today to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors what did you do today to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors what did you do today to figure
+out where exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where exactly
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+nice what about you it's not very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice what about you it's not very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice what about you it's not very like
+an intricate problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intricate problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intricate problem but
+everybody in my family has an iPhone we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in my family has an iPhone we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in my family has an iPhone we
+all like take each other's charges if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like take each other's charges if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like take each other's charges if we
+use our own so to solve that problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our own so to solve that problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our own so to solve that problem I
+got Sharpie and I drew a heart from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Sharpie and I drew a heart from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Sharpie and I drew a heart from my
+charger oh nice and I knew it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger oh nice and I knew it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger oh nice and I knew it was
+fine they couldn't take it anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine they couldn't take it anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine they couldn't take it anymore it
+was that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's a good
+idea anyone else anyone uh how about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea anyone else anyone uh how about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea anyone else anyone uh how about for
+the Raspberry Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Raspberry Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Raspberry Pi
+activity did everything work flawlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity did everything work flawlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity did everything work flawlessly
+yeah um if I brought that picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um if I brought that picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um if I brought that picture of the
+camera up on the camera it was up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera up on the camera it was up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera up on the camera it was up
+backward fig out how to F right oh nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward fig out how to F right oh nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward fig out how to F right oh nice
+was it hard figuring out where to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it hard figuring out where to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it hard figuring out where to put
+that lineup code kind of figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lineup code kind of figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lineup code kind of figured out
+like which SE was on the camera and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer how about for processing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how about for processing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how about for processing any
+good examples yeah in the back I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples yeah in the back I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples yeah in the back I have to
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out how did you figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+great um my next question is how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um my next question is how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um my next question is how would
+you improve the camera that you built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve the camera that you built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve the camera that you built
+today so this time turn to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this time turn to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this time turn to someone
+behind you or in front of you and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you or in front of you and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you or in front of you and tell
+them what you would do differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who do I have any volunteers from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I have any volunteers from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I have any volunteers from the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+row yes we said that we make the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row yes we said that we make the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row yes we said that we make the camera
+more durable because ours broke is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more durable because ours broke is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more durable because ours broke is so
+theirs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theas nice what what kind of material do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas nice what what kind of material do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas nice what what kind of material do
+you think you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you would
+use or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or
+plas did any of you guys play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plas did any of you guys play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plas did any of you guys play with
+Alex's lenses do you see how protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex's lenses do you see how protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex's lenses do you see how protective
+they were and a lot of professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were and a lot of professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were and a lot of professional
+photographers they break them all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers they break them all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers they break them all the
+time so yeah there are ways to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so yeah there are ways to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so yeah there are ways to make it
+more structured um prevent it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more structured um prevent it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more structured um prevent it from
+breaking any other ideas besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking any other ideas besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking any other ideas besides the
+case yeah well the speed like it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah well the speed like it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah well the speed like it would
+take a photo like a couple seconds after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo like a couple seconds after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo like a couple seconds after
+you press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press the
+button a lot easier to take photos like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button a lot easier to take photos like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button a lot easier to take photos like
+the moment you see like the the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you see like the the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment you see like the the image
+you want you took the photo it would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you took the photo it would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you took the photo it would get
+that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact
+in like 2 seconds after yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 2 seconds after yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 2 seconds after yeah that's a
+really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+point anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else yeah I um try to make it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah I um try to make it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah I um try to make it so that
+when you are moving the camera around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are moving the camera around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are moving the camera around
+and looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the
+image on the screen it moves more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the screen it moves more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the screen it moves more
+smoothly so that it's not jerky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly so that it's not jerky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly so that it's not jerky
+images as you're moving camera do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images as you're moving camera do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images as you're moving camera do you
+guys remember how in the code it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember how in the code it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys remember how in the code it said
+you had code for displaying that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had code for displaying that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had code for displaying that image
+and then you had code for displaying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had code for displaying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you had code for displaying the
+um or capturing the picture that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or capturing the picture that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or capturing the picture that you
+took when you press the button so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took when you press the button so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took when you press the button so when
+you have that code for capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that code for capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that code for capturing the
+image when it's displaying on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image when it's displaying on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image when it's displaying on the screen
+it's actually taking that image and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually taking that image and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually taking that image and then
+displaying it to you so that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying it to you so that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying it to you so that's a lot of
+work for a computer to do versus just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a computer to do versus just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a computer to do versus just um
+I think Gavin actually had looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Gavin actually had looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Gavin actually had looked at
+that I was trying to make it faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was trying to make it faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was trying to make it faster
+what were your ideas what would you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were your ideas what would you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were your ideas what would you have
+done um so there's a way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um so there's a way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um so there's a way that you can
+just write to memory instead of instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write to memory instead of instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write to memory instead of instead
+of so there different types of mem ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so there different types of mem ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so there different types of mem ram
+versus your per storage on the SD card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your per storage on the SD card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your per storage on the SD card
+the S card is a lot slower so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S card is a lot slower so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S card is a lot slower so you can
+save it into your vocal memory C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it into your vocal memory C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it into your vocal memory C and
+then throw that on the screen without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then throw that on the screen without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then throw that on the screen without
+inter files that should be faster I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter files that should be faster I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter files that should be faster I
+didn't get great the volunteers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get great the volunteers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get great the volunteers were
+thinking about this stuff too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the last question I have for you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last question I have for you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last question I have for you is
+tell me about an Instagram filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about an Instagram filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about an Instagram filter that
+you changed from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you changed from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you changed from the original
+instructions so this time turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so this time turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so this time turn to
+someone next to you but someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone next to you but someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone next to you but someone
+different that you haven't talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yet girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet girls
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+who okay how about from the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay how about from the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay how about from the third row
+what did you guys change with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you guys change with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you guys change with your
+filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any volunteers did you guys just keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any volunteers did you guys just keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any volunteers did you guys just keep it
+the same the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the whole
+time no what' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no what' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no what' you
+do oh you can both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh you can both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do oh you can both
+go oh uh I did one where like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh uh I did one where like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh uh I did one where like you could
+click it and then put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the oh nice did anyone else do the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh nice did anyone else do the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh nice did anyone else do the image
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+change oh nice one person back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh nice one person back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh nice one person back
+there um what about from over here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um what about from over here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um what about from over here what
+did you guys do with the um Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys do with the um Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you guys do with the um Instagram
+filters yeah um well I don't this be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters yeah um well I don't this be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters yeah um well I don't this be a
+changing the original instructions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the original instructions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the original instructions we
+changed the color on the first one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the color on the first one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the color on the first one from
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+aishen lavender oh neat cool the RGB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aishen lavender oh neat cool the RGB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aishen lavender oh neat cool the RGB
+values yeah yeah you too I messed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah yeah you too I messed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah yeah you too I messed with
+the turn everything except the color you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn everything except the color you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn everything except the color you
+clicked on into gray scale one to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on into gray scale one to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked on into gray scale one to turn
+it into turn just the color you clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into turn just the color you clicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into turn just the color you clicked
+on into black oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into black oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into black oh
+nice those are all really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice those are all really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice those are all really great
+ideas um so so this concludes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um so so this concludes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um so so this concludes the
+program I hope you guys had a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I hope you guys had a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I hope you guys had a wonderful
+time and learned about things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and learned about things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and learned about things that you
+wouldn't normally think about when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't normally think about when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't normally think about when you
+think of computer coding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of computer coding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of computer coding and
+Engineering there were a ton of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering there were a ton of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering there were a ton of people
+all the volunteers in the morning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the volunteers in the morning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the volunteers in the morning and
+then the ones in the afternoon and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones in the afternoon and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones in the afternoon and our
+keynote speakers so they are in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keynote speakers so they are in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keynote speakers so they are in the room
+next door but let's give them a round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door but let's give them a round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door but let's give them a round of
+applause so they can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and you guys probably caught on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you guys probably caught on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you guys probably caught on to
+this but most of us work at MIT Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but most of us work at MIT Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but most of us work at MIT Lincoln
+laboratory I do ocean robotics there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory I do ocean robotics there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory I do ocean robotics there and
+I hope you got a chance to talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you got a chance to talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you got a chance to talk to your
+volunteers and hear about what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and hear about what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and hear about what they do
+at the lab uh we do all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lab uh we do all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lab uh we do all sorts of things
+and solid works also sponsored this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid works also sponsored this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid works also sponsored this and
+MIT open courseware have any of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware have any of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware have any of you guys
+heard of that raise your hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that raise your hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that raise your hand if you
+have oh not too many of you good so MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh not too many of you good so MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh not too many of you good so MIT
+open courseware is online curriculum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware is online curriculum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware is online curriculum so
+if you guys want to get this code we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to get this code we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to get this code we're
+publishing it online so you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing it online so you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing it online so you can play
+more with it and get the software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with it and get the software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with it and get the software and
+all the instructions we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instructions we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instructions we also have a
+curriculum in wearable technology so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum in wearable technology so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum in wearable technology so you
+can check that out too and um all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that out too and um all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that out too and um all this
+information will be sent to you in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will be sent to you in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will be sent to you in an
+email and we also have a Facebook page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and we also have a Facebook page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and we also have a Facebook page
+it's just girls who build and a Twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just girls who build and a Twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just girls who build and a Twitter
+account and I'll be posting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and I'll be posting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and I'll be posting all the
+material and photos from this workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and photos from this workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and photos from this workshop
+on those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those um
+websites so with that I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites so with that I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites so with that I have a bunch of
+fun demos for you guys we have 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun demos for you guys we have 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun demos for you guys we have 3D
+scanning and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and um uh
+photogrammetry and a light field camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogrammetry and a light field camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogrammetry and a light field camera
+in the research area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the research area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the research area
+so you can um rotate around the stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can um rotate around the stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can um rotate around the stations
+and ask questions and talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask questions and talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask questions and talk to the
+volunteers um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers um we
+also have the computer still set up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the computer still set up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the computer still set up so
+you have a little bit of time to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little bit of time to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little bit of time to keep
+playing with the code and the cameras so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with the code and the cameras so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with the code and the cameras so
+in conclusion thank you all for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion thank you all for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion thank you all for coming
+and feel free to come up to me and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel free to come up to me and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feel free to come up to me and um
+ask me more about camera technology we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me more about camera technology we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me more about camera technology we'd
+happy to tell you about other fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to tell you about other fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to tell you about other fun
+projects you can do thank you guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OUAMdi281mQ.txt b/OUAMdi281mQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ddca195c1229c099676cc962d10061377d11611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OUAMdi281mQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15144 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to talk a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk a little bit about how
+i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see
+financial technology in a stack we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology in a stack we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology in a stack we did a
+little bit of this in our last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this in our last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this in our last two
+classes but just really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but just really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but just really thinking about
+the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance
+technology stack and then turned back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack and then turned back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack and then turned back
+into ai and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ai and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ai and machine learning
+in finance we reviewed this a bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance we reviewed this a bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance we reviewed this a bit in the
+last class but i just want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but i just want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but i just want to go back to
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and
+and talk a little bit more about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk a little bit more about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk a little bit more about it a
+little bit more granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more granular
+uh this time around and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this time around and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this time around and then
+uh take the bulk of the class around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the bulk of the class around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the bulk of the class around
+public policy frameworks and how ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy frameworks and how ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy frameworks and how ai
+fits into that artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into that artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into that artificial intelligence
+machine learning chatbots and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning chatbots and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning chatbots and the like
+so that's sort of the run a show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the run a show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the run a show
+and romaine if you let me know when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and romaine if you let me know when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and romaine if you let me know when we
+have either 15 or 10 minutes to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either 15 or 10 minutes to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either 15 or 10 minutes to go
+because i don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't have a
+clock here on this zoom um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock here on this zoom um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock here on this zoom um
+so the three readings really uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three readings really uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three readings really uh sort of
+built upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built upon
+last classes readings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last classes readings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last classes readings um
+and but they had a little bit of a tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they had a little bit of a tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they had a little bit of a tone
+towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+the regulatory side and oliver wyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory side and oliver wyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory side and oliver wyman
+and uh the mayor braille mayor brown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the mayor braille mayor brown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the mayor braille mayor brown is
+a law firm allen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law firm allen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law firm allen
+wyman thinks about risk management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wyman thinks about risk management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wyman thinks about risk management and
+consultant risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant risk
+um but each were with a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but each were with a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but each were with a little bit of a
+gloss on how to manage if you're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss on how to manage if you're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss on how to manage if you're at a
+board level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board level
+and and uh the oliver wyman really went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the oliver wyman really went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the oliver wyman really went
+through the lines of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lines of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lines of business
+how machine learning and artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning and artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning and artificial
+intelligence is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is being used
+and the mayor brown went through sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mayor brown went through sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mayor brown went through sort of
+the laws and we'll come back to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws and we'll come back to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws and we'll come back to that but
+that's why i sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i sort of
+i sort of reached out and had that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of reached out and had that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sort of reached out and had that now
+the the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the short
+one or two pager from julie stack from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two pager from julie stack from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two pager from julie stack from
+the federal reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal reserve
+i thought it was just interesting to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was just interesting to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was just interesting to say
+all right here's here's a senior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's here's a senior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here's here's a senior and
+julie's very well respected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julie's very well respected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julie's very well respected in the
+community a senior career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community a senior career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community a senior career
+person at the u.s federal reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at the u.s federal reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at the u.s federal reserve
+writing about fintech what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about fintech what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about fintech what are they
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+and just like i did earlier and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like i did earlier and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like i did earlier and we
+shared sometimes what is the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared sometimes what is the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared sometimes what is the official
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+thinking as we shared the share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as we shared the share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking as we shared the share of the
+fdic's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdic's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdic's
+speech earlier and i will throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech earlier and i will throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech earlier and i will throughout
+this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester
+i think it's helpful if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's helpful if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's helpful if you're thinking
+about this to sometimes think all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this to sometimes think all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this to sometimes think all right
+what's the official sector saying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the official sector saying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the official sector saying in
+their speeches and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their speeches and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their speeches and so forth
+um but that was kind of why i put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that was kind of why i put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that was kind of why i put those
+readings out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings out there
+i'm looking at romaine to see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at romaine to see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at romaine to see if there's
+anything but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but um
+probably not yet um and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not yet um and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not yet um and then uh the
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+questions this is where it gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this is where it gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this is where it gets a little
+bit more fun and i see if we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more fun and i see if we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more fun and i see if we can get a
+little engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little engagement
+and again we spoke a great deal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we spoke a great deal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we spoke a great deal about
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+uh already but if anybody just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh already but if anybody just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh already but if anybody just really
+quickly want to give an articulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly want to give an articulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly want to give an articulation of
+of this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this question
+why are these new forms of ai enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these new forms of ai enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these new forms of ai enabled
+data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics
+pattern recognition speech recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition speech recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition speech recognition
+so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do they fit into the other trends as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they fit into the other trends as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they fit into the other trends as
+you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it
+as we've talked about in financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about in financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about in financial
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+luke this is your fun time to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke this is your fun time to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke this is your fun time to either
+call on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on people
+uh as they volunteered or otherwise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they volunteered or otherwise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they volunteered or otherwise but
+we've discussed this i'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed this i'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed this i'm just trying to
+get it a little going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it a little going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it a little going here
+we can start with luke so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with luke so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with luke so the
+commonality among the industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality among the industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality among the industries
+um so agnostic agnostically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so agnostic agnostically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so agnostic agnostically
+is the fact that all the companies who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that all the companies who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that all the companies who
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+deploy this ai to their operation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this ai to their operation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this ai to their operation system
+is to save money save costs so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to save money save costs so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to save money save costs so that the
+bottom line is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is better
+and so one thing that luke's raising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one thing that luke's raising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one thing that luke's raising is
+saving costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving costs
+uh others want to sort of chime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh others want to sort of chime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh others want to sort of chime in
+um and and and i'm kind of also curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and i'm kind of also curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and i'm kind of also curious
+as others chime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as others chime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as others chime in
+how you see it fitting in with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you see it fitting in with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you see it fitting in with other
+emerging trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging trends
+uh we had the trends that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had the trends that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had the trends that we've already
+lived through uh but we're building upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through uh but we're building upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through uh but we're building upon
+like the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the internet
+and mobile and cloud we have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile and cloud we have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile and cloud we have some other
+trends that we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that we'll get to
+in future classes like open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes like open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes like open api
+just kind of curious to see if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of curious to see if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of curious to see if if
+somebody wants to take a crack at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to take a crack at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to take a crack at
+connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the
+this piece of the technology with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of the technology with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of the technology with some
+of these other trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other trends
+lighter yeah i think what we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter yeah i think what we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter yeah i think what we discussed
+extensively in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively in the last lecture
+was um the um erica being one of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um the um erica being one of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um the um erica being one of uh
+really good examples of how the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good examples of how the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good examples of how the new
+forms of ais emerging with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of ais emerging with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of ais emerging with what's
+already existing and making it not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing and making it not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing and making it not just
+cheaper for the firms to answer mundane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for the firms to answer mundane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for the firms to answer mundane
+questions that customers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that customers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that customers have
+but also making it more user-friendly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also making it more user-friendly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also making it more user-friendly so
+i think in terms of erica just a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in terms of erica just a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in terms of erica just a great
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+to show how this exam how this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how this exam how this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show how this exam how this question
+kind of flows through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flows through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flows through
+all right so so a lot is just racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so a lot is just racing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so a lot is just racing
+there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there
+and sometimes i just break these down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes i just break these down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes i just break these down
+simplistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistically
+in the in the artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the artificial intelligence
+world there's the consumer customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's the consumer customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's the consumer customer
+interface erica back america is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface erica back america is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface erica back america is an
+example and chat bots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and chat bots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and chat bots
+and and the various ways we communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the various ways we communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the various ways we communicate
+with customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with customers
+tying into customers builds on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying into customers builds on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying into customers builds on uh
+uh what technology what what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what technology what what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what technology what what is it that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+use and might even be using right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and might even be using right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and might even be using right now
+when you're watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching this
+uh course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eric you also had your hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i was going to talk about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was going to talk about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was going to talk about something
+else i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else i was
+going to say that i don't know i'll tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that i don't know i'll tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that i don't know i'll tie
+them all together don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all together don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all together don't worry
+i'll i'll answer my questions too i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll answer my questions too i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll answer my questions too i'm
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+i was saying that ai is being used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying that ai is being used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was saying that ai is being used uh
+by fintechs to for better underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fintechs to for better underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fintechs to for better underwriting
+purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes
+like using alternative data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using alternative data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using alternative data to
+you know better assess people's credits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know better assess people's credits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know better assess people's credits
+absolutely so it's the data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so it's the data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so it's the data analytics
+it's the customer interface the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the customer interface the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the customer interface the data
+analytics of predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics of predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics of predictive
+underwriting whether it's in insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting whether it's in insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting whether it's in insurance
+whether it's in lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in lending
+predictive underwriting it's also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive underwriting it's also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive underwriting it's also on the
+customer side where we use natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer side where we use natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer side where we use natural
+language processing and we interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing and we interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing and we interface
+with the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the customers
+um remain why don't we take one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remain why don't we take one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remain why don't we take one or two
+more i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more i'm looking for
+somebody wants to tie it to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to tie it to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants to tie it to the other
+technological trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological trends
+that we see so let's go with nikhil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see so let's go with nikhil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see so let's go with nikhil and
+then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with
+way all right and then we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right and then we'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right and then we'll move on
+um i think uh the alignment reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think uh the alignment reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think uh the alignment reading
+talks about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how
+companies that have uh been using ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have uh been using ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have uh been using ai and
+machine learning have done better i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning have done better i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning have done better i
+think it was asset management was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was asset management was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was asset management was a
+specific example they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example they took
+i think it also ties to um like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it also ties to um like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it also ties to um like another
+class i'm taking with simon johnson on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i'm taking with simon johnson on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i'm taking with simon johnson on
+ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai
+talks about david otter's report that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about david otter's report that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about david otter's report that
+says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there's a
+superstar effect where firms that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstar effect where firms that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstar effect where firms that have
+access to this data and are using ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this data and are using ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this data and are using ai
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+tend to perform better in the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to perform better in the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to perform better in the market and
+i think that's that's a significant sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's that's a significant sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's that's a significant sign
+and it's probably even more accentuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably even more accentuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably even more accentuated
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+infant type specifically so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant type specifically so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant type specifically so let's just
+pause for a second it's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for a second it's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause for a second it's data
+data what we've had is this remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what we've had is this remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what we've had is this remarkable
+advancement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement
+in data analytic tools artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data analytic tools artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data analytic tools artificial
+intelligence but we've also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but we've also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but we've also had a
+remarkable advancement of the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable advancement of the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable advancement of the ability to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+and process data through the cloud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and process data through the cloud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and process data through the cloud and
+just through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just through
+the emergence of much faster computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of much faster computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of much faster computers
+and much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much uh
+more connected communications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected communications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected communications so
+that data piece the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data piece the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data piece the artificial
+intelligence and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning
+trend might not have been able to do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend might not have been able to do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend might not have been able to do as
+well if it weren't for everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it weren't for everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it weren't for everything that's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+broadly speaking whether it's in cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking whether it's in cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking whether it's in cloud
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+computing and remain the last person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and remain the last person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and remain the last person
+that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was
+yep so um i also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so um i also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so um i also want to
+maybe make a mention that and also help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make a mention that and also help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make a mention that and also help
+with a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of times
+either collecting the analytics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either collecting the analytics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either collecting the analytics or
+cleaning the data analytic analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the data analytic analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the data analytic analytics
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+a lot of time that um you know um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time that um you know um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time that um you know um in the
+old world um there's a lot of data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old world um there's a lot of data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old world um there's a lot of data you
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+collect or first of all it can help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect or first of all it can help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect or first of all it can help to
+better collect unstructured data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better collect unstructured data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better collect unstructured data and the
+second round that it helps to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second round that it helps to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second round that it helps to clean
+a lot of data you collected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data you collected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data you collected so
+uh absolutely agreed and and often it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely agreed and and often it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely agreed and and often it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes 90 percent more of a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes 90 percent more of a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes 90 percent more of a computer
+science group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science group
+is in the cleaning up of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the cleaning up of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the cleaning up of data and
+standardizing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing data
+and and we'll come back to this but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll come back to this but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll come back to this but a
+lot of fintech disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fintech disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fintech disruptors
+a lot of startups have actually created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of startups have actually created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of startups have actually created
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+more around data than anything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more around data than anything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more around data than anything else and
+i will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say
+not just about data but standardizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about data but standardizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about data but standardizing
+data and later in this class we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and later in this class we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and later in this class we're going
+to talk about plaid and credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about plaid and credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about plaid and credit karma
+both of which were earlier this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which were earlier this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which were earlier this year
+acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired
+plaid by visa credit karma by intuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid by visa credit karma by intuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid by visa credit karma by intuit
+uh for five to seven billion dollars big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for five to seven billion dollars big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for five to seven billion dollars big
+big acquisitions uh and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big acquisitions uh and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big acquisitions uh and we're going to
+talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how
+what was the value proposition for visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the value proposition for visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the value proposition for visa
+into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+why were they paying five or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were they paying five or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were they paying five or seven
+billion dollars a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars a lot of it
+not all of it but a lot of it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it but a lot of it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it but a lot of it relates to
+data but also having standardized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but also having standardized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but also having standardized that
+uh that data particularly in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that data particularly in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that data particularly in the case of
+plaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how it's affecting the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's affecting the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's affecting the competitive
+landscape we've talked a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we've talked a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape we've talked a great deal
+hopefully this will continue to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this will continue to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this will continue to be
+a theme throughout the semester about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme throughout the semester about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme throughout the semester about
+big incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big incumbents
+big tech and fintech startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and fintech startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and fintech startups
+i will contend in this and throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will contend in this and throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will contend in this and throughout
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+that ai and machine learning is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ai and machine learning is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ai and machine learning is now
+moving into the technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into the technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into the technology stack
+if we think of the stack as layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the stack as layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the stack as layers of
+technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that
+incumbents incorporate and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents incorporate and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents incorporate and frankly
+will not survive if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not survive if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not survive if they don't
+incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate
+that ai machine learning is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ai machine learning is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ai machine learning is being
+incorporated quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated quickly
+into the financial incumbent technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the financial incumbent technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the financial incumbent technology
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+we're not fully there yet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not fully there yet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not fully there yet um
+and and that the competitive landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that the competitive landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that the competitive landscape
+is such that the fintech startups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that the fintech startups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that the fintech startups and
+disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+have been able to find cracks in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to find cracks in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to find cracks in the old
+business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models
+and using machine learning they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using machine learning they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using machine learning they've been
+able to break in and we'll talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to break in and we'll talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to break in and we'll talk a bit
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+the big tech firms of course we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tech firms of course we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big tech firms of course we've
+already talked about that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about that they
+are really about networks networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about networks networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really about networks networks that
+they then layer more activities upon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then layer more activities upon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then layer more activities upon and
+there's more activities bring them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more activities bring them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more activities bring them more
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we're going to
+talk a fair amount about public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a fair amount about public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a fair amount about public policy
+but anybody who sort of dug into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anybody who sort of dug into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anybody who sort of dug into the
+mayor brown uh reading want to just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor brown uh reading want to just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor brown uh reading want to just give
+it you know two or three thoughts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know two or three thoughts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know two or three thoughts on the
+broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad
+what what are the i i'll later call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the i i'll later call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the i i'll later call them
+the the big three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big three
+but what what what um it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what um it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what um it's almost
+written right in the question for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right in the question for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written right in the question for you
+but romaine you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but romaine you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but romaine you want to
+call anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the reading kind of did touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the reading kind of did touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the reading kind of did touch
+upon bias a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon bias a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon bias a lot
+it's potential i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's potential i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's potential i guess
+just on natural factors that i guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on natural factors that i guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on natural factors that i guess a
+machine learning algorithm would kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm would kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm would kind of
+trace so one of the things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace so one of the things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace so one of the things about
+art machine learning and deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art machine learning and deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art machine learning and deep learning
+is that it's remarkably successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's remarkably successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's remarkably successful
+in extracting correlations correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extracting correlations correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in extracting correlations correlations
+from data sometimes that we didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data sometimes that we didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data sometimes that we didn't see
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+that didn't come just from a linear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't come just from a linear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't come just from a linear uh
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+a linear relationship a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear relationship a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear relationship a linear
+relationship that we might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that we might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that we might be able to
+identify just in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify just in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify just in classical
+statistics but in those remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but in those remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics but in those remarkable
+abilities to extract correlations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities to extract correlations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities to extract correlations you
+might see biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see biases
+if the data itself has a bias in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the data itself has a bias in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the data itself has a bias in it
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+people of certain gender certain race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of certain gender certain race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of certain gender certain race
+certain ethnic backgrounds certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ethnic backgrounds certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ethnic backgrounds certain
+geographies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographies
+are more likely to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to uh
+in the data's mine in the data's mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data's mine in the data's mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data's mine in the data's mine
+are more likely to have lower income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to have lower income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to have lower income and
+in the data might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data might have
+more likely to be a lower credit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be a lower credit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to be a lower credit uh
+quality then you might be you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality then you might be you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality then you might be you might be
+embedding certain biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding certain biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding certain biases
+in inside the data and many nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the data and many nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inside the data and many nations
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+not just the us have said to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the us have said to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the us have said to uh
+the credit card companies and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card companies and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card companies and the other
+financial firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms
+that you shouldn't have biases around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't have biases around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't have biases around
+race gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race gender
+ethnic background geographies sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic background geographies sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic background geographies sometimes
+in the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the like
+so one is biases when i consider like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is biases when i consider like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is biases when i consider like
+the three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three big
+uh buckets here anybody wanna uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh buckets here anybody wanna uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh buckets here anybody wanna uh just
+talk about the other two romaine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the other two romaine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the other two romaine
+alessia hi i think we talked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alessia hi i think we talked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alessia hi i think we talked this
+last class i think um ai derives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class i think um ai derives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class i think um ai derives
+conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+or correlations without explaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correlations without explaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correlations without explaining the
+why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so
+humans cannot understand why some guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans cannot understand why some guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans cannot understand why some guy
+has a better quality rating than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a better quality rating than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a better quality rating than other
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+has an issue with the law basically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an issue with the law basically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an issue with the law basically yeah
+and why why why as societies have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why why why as societies have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why why why as societies have we
+embedded in laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in laws
+and we'll talk about this but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about this but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about this but if you
+have a point of view why is societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point of view why is societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point of view why is societies
+have we embedded in laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we embedded in laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we embedded in laws
+that you need to be able to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to be able to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to be able to explain the
+why when you deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when you deny
+somebody credit or deny somebody a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody credit or deny somebody a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody credit or deny somebody a
+financial product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial product
+we did this in the united states 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this in the united states 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this in the united states 50
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+in something called the the fair credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called the the fair credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called the the fair credit
+reporting act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act
+um data analytics was was a big wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data analytics was was a big wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um data analytics was was a big wave in
+the 1960s believe it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s believe it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s believe it or not
+when credit cards were invented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when credit cards were invented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when credit cards were invented in the
+1940s and 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s and 50s
+by the 1960s data analytics were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 1960s data analytics were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 1960s data analytics were going
+and the fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fair
+isaac company which became fico had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isaac company which became fico had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isaac company which became fico had
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+and we embedded in law that you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we embedded in law that you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we embedded in law that you you had
+to answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer this question
+explain why you denied credit but why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why you denied credit but why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why you denied credit but why do
+you think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think we
+we embed that in country after country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we embed that in country after country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we embed that in country after country
+in our laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our laws
+daniele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think it's um to prevent going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's um to prevent going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it's um to prevent going back
+to the bias question to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bias question to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bias question to prevent
+bias in the people who are extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in the people who are extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in the people who are extending
+credit uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit uh i
+i think you're right i don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're right i don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're right i don't think it's
+the only reason but i think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason but i think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason but i think it's a
+dominant reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant reason
+we also in the u.s pass something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also in the u.s pass something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also in the u.s pass something called
+the equal credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal credit
+opportunity act or what generally goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act or what generally goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act or what generally goes
+by the terms e co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the terms e co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the terms e co-op
+but those two laws and another law in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those two laws and another law in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those two laws and another law in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+truth and lending act for transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and lending act for transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and lending act for transparency
+were kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of this
+bedrock out of the 1960s data analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrock out of the 1960s data analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedrock out of the 1960s data analytic
+credit card boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card boom
+by the early 70s we had those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the early 70s we had those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the early 70s we had those three
+sort of anti-bias fairness you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anti-bias fairness you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anti-bias fairness you might say
+explainability these are two bedrocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability these are two bedrocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability these are two bedrocks in
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+uh in europe in the u.s country after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in europe in the u.s country after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in europe in the u.s country after
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+what's the third challenge uh that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the third challenge uh that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the third challenge uh that comes
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with
+data analytics or ai that often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics or ai that often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics or ai that often uh
+we uh we find ourselves and if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we find ourselves and if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh we find ourselves and if you're if
+you're starting a fintech startup you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a fintech startup you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a fintech startup you
+you'd have to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remain any hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain any hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain any hands
+not yet we have luke again we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet we have luke again we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet we have luke again we're gonna
+pass on luke unless somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on luke unless somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on luke unless somebody else
+we have danielle again yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have danielle again yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have danielle again yeah
+all right uh either one whoever's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh either one whoever's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh either one whoever's got
+their mic off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so privacy is the last one sure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so privacy is the last one sure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so privacy is the last one sure um
+for example companies have demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example companies have demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example companies have demonstrated
+the ability to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to predict
+when consumers have certain health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when consumers have certain health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when consumers have certain health
+conditions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or
+you know take pregnancy for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take pregnancy for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take pregnancy for example um
+there's a really famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really famous
+case where a company knew that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a company knew that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a company knew that a
+consumer was pregnant based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer was pregnant based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer was pregnant based on
+how their shopping patterns changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how their shopping patterns changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how their shopping patterns changed and
+there are reasons we've precluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reasons we've precluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reasons we've precluded
+um employers or credit uh extenders from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employers or credit uh extenders from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employers or credit uh extenders from
+asking about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about certain
+parts of people's lives but we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of people's lives but we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of people's lives but we may be
+unexpectedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly
+exposing parts of those lives if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing parts of those lives if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing parts of those lives if we're
+capturing data using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing data using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing data using it
+so this trade-off of privacy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this trade-off of privacy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this trade-off of privacy versus
+uh financial services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh financial services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh financial services
+though it's not as old as sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not as old as sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not as old as sort of the
+fairness and the explainability which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and the explainability which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and the explainability which is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+us and then later in other countries was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and then later in other countries was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and then later in other countries was
+embedded and many lost 30 to 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and many lost 30 to 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and many lost 30 to 50 years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+privacy has picked up a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy has picked up a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy has picked up a little bit more
+of a stream by the late 1990s in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stream by the late 1990s in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stream by the late 1990s in the u.s
+there was modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was modest
+financial privacy protections that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial privacy protections that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial privacy protections that were
+embedded in a law in 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a law in 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in a law in 1999
+i actually helped work on that with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually helped work on that with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually helped work on that with with
+uh then congressman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then congressman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then congressman
+ed markey now senator at market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed markey now senator at market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed markey now senator at market
+massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts
+um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but
+in europe they went quite a bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they went quite a bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they went quite a bit further
+in something called the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something called the general
+uh the gdpr which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the gdpr which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the gdpr which we'll talk about
+a little later but the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later but the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later but the general
+directive uh it doesn't p doesn't stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive uh it doesn't p doesn't stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive uh it doesn't p doesn't stand
+for privacy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for privacy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for privacy but
+uh uh i think it's protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh i think it's protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh i think it's protection
+uh regulation um so those three buckets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regulation um so those three buckets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regulation um so those three buckets
+those three buckets are the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three buckets are the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three buckets are the important
+ones so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so again
+ai machine learning fits into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai machine learning fits into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai machine learning fits into these
+other trends that we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trends that we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trends that we think about
+and i'm going to walk through that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to walk through that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to walk through that in
+this class of cloud and internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of cloud and internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of cloud and internet
+mobile and data fintech startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and data fintech startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and data fintech startups
+big tech and incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech and incumbents
+i believe are all embedding it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe are all embedding it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe are all embedding it in their
+technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack
+and you're really challenged if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're really challenged if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're really challenged if you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+and then the big three challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the big three challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the big three challenges in
+public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy
+explainability bias and privacy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability bias and privacy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability bias and privacy there
+are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other
+challenges as well but those are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well but those are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as well but those are the big
+three in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a sense
+so what do i mean by technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by technology stack
+well i think that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i think that three
+things are already embedded the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are already embedded the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are already embedded the internet
+mobile and the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and the cloud
+if this class were being taught at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this class were being taught at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this class were being taught at mit
+in the 1980s none of them would be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s none of them would be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s none of them would be there
+and by the 1990s we would have said wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the 1990s we would have said wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the 1990s we would have said wow
+that internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internet
+that that's the word fintech didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the word fintech didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the word fintech didn't
+really come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come about
+in the 1990s but if we had applied it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s but if we had applied it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s but if we had applied it to
+the 1990s with the internet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s with the internet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1990s with the internet was
+dramatically changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically changing
+mobile into the naughts and the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile into the naughts and the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile into the naughts and the cloud
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+i would contend you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would contend you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would contend you cannot really
+survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive
+in the finance space giving customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finance space giving customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finance space giving customers
+what they need whether it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need whether it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need whether it's in the
+wholesale markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale markets
+of capital markets and payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital markets and payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital markets and payments
+or in the retail markets if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the retail markets if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the retail markets if you haven't
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+embedded this in your your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded this in your your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded this in your your technology
+stack now i will note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack now i will note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack now i will note that
+many large financial companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many large financial companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many large financial companies are
+slow to use the cloud the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to use the cloud the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to use the cloud the largest
+amongst them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst them
+tend to want to still have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to want to still have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to want to still have their own
+data centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data centers
+i think you're going to see that shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're going to see that shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're going to see that shift
+dramatically in the 2020s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically in the 2020s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically in the 2020s
+but i'm certainly telling you that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm certainly telling you that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm certainly telling you that if
+you start us start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start us start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start us start off
+you cannot survive if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot survive if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot survive if you're trying to
+do your own data center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your own data center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your own data center
+that you're going to already embed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to already embed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to already embed these
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+what i'll call financial staff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll call financial staff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll call financial staff the
+internet for connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet for connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet for connectivity
+mobile in a sense for ubiquity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile in a sense for ubiquity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile in a sense for ubiquity
+meaning that folks can be out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that folks can be out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that folks can be out there
+cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud
+you're sort of renting somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of renting somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of renting somebody else's
+storage and often their software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and often their software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and often their software
+but then the things that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the things that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the things that we're talking
+about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this
+time in the 2020s that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the 2020s that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the 2020s that are being
+embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded
+into the classic standard companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the classic standard companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the classic standard companies
+stack is ai machine learning and natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is ai machine learning and natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is ai machine learning and natural
+language processing and what we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing and what we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing and what we'll talk
+about in the next class a lot about open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the next class a lot about open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the next class a lot about open
+api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api
+now we're in a transition mode not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in a transition mode not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're in a transition mode not every
+company has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has really
+embedded it in their stack and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded it in their stack and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded it in their stack and these are
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+opportunities really existed in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities really existed in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities really existed in the last
+dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen
+years in fintech fintech startups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in fintech fintech startups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in fintech fintech startups that
+were savvy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were savvy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were savvy enough to
+brill build this into their product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brill build this into their product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brill build this into their product
+offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings
+faster than the incumbents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the incumbents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the incumbents or
+better yet in a more refined targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yet in a more refined targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yet in a more refined targeted
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and we'll talk a fair amount that now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a fair amount that now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a fair amount that now of
+course there's other things in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's other things in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's other things in the stack
+and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm
+this is not what this class is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what this class is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what this class is even
+money itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money itself
+in accounting and ledgers and joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accounting and ledgers and joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accounting and ledgers and joint
+stock companies we're all in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock companies we're all in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock companies we're all in a sense
+we just take them completely for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take them completely for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take them completely for granted
+by the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're
+in a master's program in mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a master's program in mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a master's program in mit
+masters finance or mba or other graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters finance or mba or other graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters finance or mba or other graduate
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+you're quite familiar and you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite familiar and you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite familiar and you almost
+just take these for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take these for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take these for granted
+but i can assure you at earlier decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can assure you at earlier decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can assure you at earlier decades
+they couldn't be taken for granted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't be taken for granted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't be taken for granted and
+some of them like securitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them like securitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them like securitization
+and derivatives will dramatically shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derivatives will dramatically shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derivatives will dramatically shift
+your ability if you're doing a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability if you're doing a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability if you're doing a startup
+to compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete
+i see some things in the chat remain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see some things in the chat remain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see some things in the chat remain are
+there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right oh good gary all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh good gary all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh good gary all right and
+then the question i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question i
+sort of still have and i've i've i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of still have and i've i've i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of still have and i've i've i've
+teach this quite a bit at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this quite a bit at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this quite a bit at mit
+is blockchain technology will that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blockchain technology will that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blockchain technology will that move
+into the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the stack
+i would contend it's not really yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would contend it's not really yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would contend it's not really yet
+there you can be an incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can be an incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can be an incumbent
+you can be a big finance uh firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a big finance uh firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a big finance uh firm
+a big tech or a startup and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big tech or a startup and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big tech or a startup and say
+i'm not going to compete right there i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to compete right there i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to compete right there i'm
+not quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sure
+though again we look at facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though again we look at facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though again we look at facebook
+we look at telegram big tech companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at telegram big tech companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at telegram big tech companies
+messaging companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in korea who are sort of pulling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in korea who are sort of pulling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in korea who are sort of pulling in
+um uh some some blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some some blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some some blockchain technology
+and looking at it we see trade finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at it we see trade finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at it we see trade finance
+consortiums and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortiums and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortiums and we'll talk more about
+this next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week
+but i would say that you you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say that you you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i would say that you you will not
+survive if you're not bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive if you're not bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive if you're not bringing
+machine learning into your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning into your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning into your technology
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+you probably won't survive that long if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't survive that long if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't survive that long if
+you don't really have a strategy around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have a strategy around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really have a strategy around
+open api and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remain i pause a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain i pause a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain i pause a little bit
+we talked last session about artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last session about artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last session about artificial
+intelligence and machine learning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning we're
+not going to dive back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to dive back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to dive back
+in i'm just going to open it if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i'm just going to open it if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i'm just going to open it if there's
+any questions about what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what we talked about
+that of course machine learning is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course machine learning is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course machine learning is just
+a part of artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of artificial intelligence
+you narrow it down to deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you narrow it down to deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you narrow it down to deep learning
+fundamentally as a business school i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally as a business school i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally as a business school i'm
+not asking each of you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking each of you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking each of you to be able to
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+or with tensorflow and run a tensorflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with tensorflow and run a tensorflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with tensorflow and run a tensorflow
+project even though many of you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project even though many of you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project even though many of you know how
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um i'm sort of just saying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm sort of just saying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm sort of just saying to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+from a business side it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a business side it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a business side it's about
+extracting from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting from data
+cleaning up that data standardizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up that data standardizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning up that data standardizing that
+data and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and often
+labeling it labeling it because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it labeling it because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it labeling it because you can
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+faster that's called structured learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's called structured learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's called structured learning
+rather than unstructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than unstructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than unstructured
+but labeling that data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but labeling that data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but labeling that data and then
+extracting correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting correlations
+and decision algorithms that come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision algorithms that come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decision algorithms that come out of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+remain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luke has raised his hand again i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke has raised his hand again i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke has raised his hand again i'm going
+to pull off a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull off a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull off a question
+the other question yeah yeah no question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question yeah yeah no question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question yeah yeah no question
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how can a country that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can a country that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can a country that is
+developing fintech out of not because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing fintech out of not because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing fintech out of not because it
+was underbanked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underbanked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underbanked but
+rather overbanked but looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather overbanked but looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather overbanked but looking for
+alternative investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative investment
+so the likes of south korea develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the likes of south korea develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the likes of south korea develop a
+bunch of coders or those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of coders or those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of coders or those with
+actually better yet those people who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better yet those people who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better yet those people who can
+draw conclusion and draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw conclusion and draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw conclusion and draw
+extract hypothesis and build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract hypothesis and build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract hypothesis and build up
+you know better ways to build uh nlp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know better ways to build uh nlp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know better ways to build uh nlp
+and ai how can a government really step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai how can a government really step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai how can a government really step
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to encourage that and make an ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage that and make an ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage that and make an ecosystem
+somebody's got to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to do something
+instead unless you're america and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead unless you're america and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead unless you're america and have a
+bunch of good great quarters and great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of good great quarters and great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of good great quarters and great
+minds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds and
+it's a it's a melting pot so you invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a melting pot so you invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a melting pot so you invite
+a bunch of geniuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of geniuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of geniuses in
+yeah i'm not sure i follow the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure i follow the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure i follow the question
+when i'm i'm going to take it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm i'm going to take it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm i'm going to take it and then
+move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on
+i think what you're saying is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what you're saying is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what you're saying is in a
+country that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is
+has a very advanced banking system how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very advanced banking system how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very advanced banking system how
+can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a
+government encourage us i mean you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government encourage us i mean you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government encourage us i mean you do it
+through the education system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the education system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the education system
+you do it through just as we do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it through just as we do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it through just as we do in the
+u.s promoting stem education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s promoting stem education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s promoting stem education
+and programs like at mit i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programs like at mit i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programs like at mit i think
+over time you there's a challenge of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you there's a challenge of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time you there's a challenge of how
+you adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust
+laws and regulations finance is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and regulations finance is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and regulations finance is a highly
+regulated space in every country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated space in every country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated space in every country
+we're dealing with trust we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with trust we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with trust we're dealing
+with people's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people's money
+we're dealing with inherent conflicts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with inherent conflicts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with inherent conflicts of
+interest that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that you can't
+escape in the world of finance and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape in the world of finance and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape in the world of finance and so
+uh trying to deal with that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to deal with that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to deal with that with
+regulation but how we adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation but how we adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation but how we adjust
+with these new tools uh that are in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new tools uh that are in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new tools uh that are in in
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+um but that would be how i'd answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that would be how i'd answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that would be how i'd answer it
+so let's go back to what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to what we talked about
+and just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of
+do a little bit more granular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more granular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more granular
+i contend at its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i contend at its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i contend at its core
+that that these technologies machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that these technologies machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that these technologies machine
+learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and
+natural language processing and ai need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing and ai need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing and ai need
+to be brought into the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brought into the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brought into the finance
+stack in the technology staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in the technology staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in the technology staff
+and so every type of company whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every type of company whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so every type of company whether
+you're in payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in payments
+or you're in lending whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in lending whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in lending whether you're
+insurance or not you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or not you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or not you want to think about
+how you bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you bring it in
+whether you're a disruptor or not and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're a disruptor or not and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're a disruptor or not and so
+that's why i think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i think about it
+down the line in each of these fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line in each of these fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line in each of these fields
+and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just
+about disruptors and we and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptors and we and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disruptors and we and we talked
+about each of these in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these in the past
+but uh i paused just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i paused just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i paused just again
+it's a little repetitive just if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little repetitive just if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little repetitive just if there's
+any questions about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about some of these
+slices and then remember we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and then remember we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and then remember we're going to
+be digging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be digging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be digging
+quite a bit into this in the next five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit into this in the next five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit into this in the next five
+weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+as well in each of these areas remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well in each of these areas remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well in each of these areas remain
+i don't see anyone yet all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anyone yet all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anyone yet all right
+um but what i've said is all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what i've said is all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what i've said is all right so
+ai is a tool and this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai is a tool and this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai is a tool and this is really an
+interesting debate that people can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting debate that people can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting debate that people can have
+at mit and i've been in rooms full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit and i've been in rooms full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit and i've been in rooms full of
+five to ten faculty sometimes sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten faculty sometimes sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten faculty sometimes sometimes
+one-on-one where we debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one where we debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one where we debate
+is ai a service or is ai at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ai a service or is ai at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ai a service or is ai at
+all and i would say that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and i would say that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and i would say that it's an
+interesting debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting debate
+most most the time we land on that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most the time we land on that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most the time we land on that it's
+more a tool than a service but every new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a tool than a service but every new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a tool than a service but every new
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+every new new technology comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new new technology comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new new technology comes along
+whether it was whether it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was whether it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was whether it was the
+telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+whether it was the railroads whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was the railroads whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was the railroads whether it
+was airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was airplanes
+every new technology that comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new technology that comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every new technology that comes along
+has some attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some attributes
+of being a new industry a new tool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being a new industry a new tool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being a new industry a new tool the
+railroad industry for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad industry for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad industry for instance
+and yet many businesses use the railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet many businesses use the railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet many businesses use the railroad
+to do their shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do their shipping
+ai and machine learning is more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning is more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai and machine learning is more sort of
+like a tool than it is a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tool than it is a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tool than it is a service
+but it doesn't mean it's always just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mean it's always just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't mean it's always just a
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+i i did some research over the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i did some research over the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i did some research over the last few
+days just to list where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days just to list where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days just to list where
+we could go through any one of these ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go through any one of these ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go through any one of these ai
+is a service here i've listed 10 or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a service here i've listed 10 or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a service here i've listed 10 or 12
+companies in finance that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in finance that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in finance that are actually
+doing ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ai
+sort of as a service alpha sense was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a service alpha sense was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a service alpha sense was
+started in 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2011
+before the whole rage of ai but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the whole rage of ai but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the whole rage of ai but they
+were data analytics as a search engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were data analytics as a search engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were data analytics as a search engine
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+finance firms to search key terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance firms to search key terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance firms to search key terms and
+keywords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords
+in registration statements and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in registration statements and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in registration statements and other
+statements that are filed with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that are filed with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that are filed with these
+various securities regulators around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various securities regulators around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various securities regulators around the
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+sort of think of it as the google for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of it as the google for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of it as the google for
+financial documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial documents
+well google certainly has moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well google certainly has moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well google certainly has moved
+dramatically into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically into
+ai space alpha sense did as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai space alpha sense did as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai space alpha sense did as well
+there's a number of these in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of these in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of these in the
+insurance sector who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance sector who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance sector who really
+are around taking photographs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around taking photographs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around taking photographs of
+automobiles at an accident scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles at an accident scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles at an accident scene
+and then based upon those automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based upon those automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based upon those automobile
+photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs
+or accident data to use machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accident data to use machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or accident data to use machine
+learning and so cape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and so cape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and so cape
+analytics uh tractable are both firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics uh tractable are both firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics uh tractable are both firms
+that are in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in essence
+providing services to insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing services to insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing services to insurance
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+they have not yet is to the best of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have not yet is to the best of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have not yet is to the best of my
+knowledge cape analytics retractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge cape analytics retractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge cape analytics retractable
+decided to have direct consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have direct consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have direct consumer
+interface they're not selling insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface they're not selling insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface they're not selling insurance
+they're selling a software analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling a software analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're selling a software analytics
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+to insurance companies and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insurance companies and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insurance companies and similarly
+like comply advantage in the any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comply advantage in the any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comply advantage in the any money
+laundering space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundering space
+or feature space and any fraud they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or feature space and any fraud they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or feature space and any fraud they're
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+we can we can build something for fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can build something for fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can build something for fraud
+detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+we can build something for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build something for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build something for this this
+world of any money laundering compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of any money laundering compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of any money laundering compliance
+we can build the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build the software
+and we'll put ourselves our product out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put ourselves our product out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put ourselves our product out
+there for the banking sector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the banking sector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for the banking sector to
+basically uh rent us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh rent us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh rent us
+rather than building their own system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than building their own system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than building their own system
+and you see others document processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see others document processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see others document processing
+and the like and even zest i ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and even zest i ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and even zest i ai
+zest i ai founded in 2009 before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zest i ai founded in 2009 before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zest i ai founded in 2009 before
+this conceptual framework and their big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conceptual framework and their big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conceptual framework and their big
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+but zest ai and credit underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but zest ai and credit underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but zest ai and credit underwriting
+software basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software basically
+providing broadly speaking i'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing broadly speaking i'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing broadly speaking i'm calling
+it ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ai
+in finance as a service rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance as a service rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance as a service rather than
+building it right into the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it right into the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it right into the stack
+uh romaine i'm gonna pause uh for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have any questions please raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions please raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions please raise
+the blue little hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue little hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue little hand
+as you probably know by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't see anything gary and i'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anything gary and i'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anything gary and i'd say
+this that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that each of these
+go back to some of the sectors back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to some of the sectors back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to some of the sectors back here
+so asset management we have sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so asset management we have sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so asset management we have sentiment
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not going to pronounce their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to pronounce their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to pronounce their their
+the company's name right but data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's name right but data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company's name right but data
+miner data miner which can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner data miner which can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner data miner which can actually do
+market sentiment analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market sentiment analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market sentiment analysis
+and if you're a hedge fund you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're a hedge fund you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're a hedge fund you might
+sort of rent into data minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rent into data minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rent into data minor
+and and get that sentiment analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get that sentiment analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get that sentiment analysis
+you have several services that are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have several services that are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have several services that are doing
+fraud detection and regulatory the any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection and regulatory the any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection and regulatory the any
+money laundering slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering slices
+credited insurance i picked three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited insurance i picked three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited insurance i picked three that
+are doing insurance underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing insurance underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing insurance underwriting
+but if your bank of america at jp morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if your bank of america at jp morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if your bank of america at jp morgan
+you're really or cap one in the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really or cap one in the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really or cap one in the credit
+card business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card business
+you're going to be embedding this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be embedding this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be embedding this right
+into your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your business
+buy and loads not always not always but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and loads not always not always but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and loads not always not always but
+by and large you're embedding it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large you're embedding it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large you're embedding it right
+into your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your business
+we have a question from gita please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from gita please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a question from gita please
+hey um gary gita here i work for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey um gary gita here i work for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey um gary gita here i work for uh
+capital one i'm in the credit lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital one i'm in the credit lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital one i'm in the credit lending
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um you're gonna correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're gonna correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're gonna correct
+anything i say about cap one please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i say about cap one please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i say about cap one please
+now um one thing that i find really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one thing that i find really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one thing that i find really
+surprising with the regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising with the regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising with the regulations
+is that um if we develop our own ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um if we develop our own ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um if we develop our own ai
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+regulations uh anybody like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations uh anybody like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations uh anybody like when
+auditing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing happens
+they are very specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very specific about
+explainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability
+interpretability but if you were to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability but if you were to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability but if you were to use
+a vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vendor
+shape security akamai they don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape security akamai they don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape security akamai they don't care
+too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about
+explainability i always found surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability i always found surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability i always found surprising
+why is it that within the realms of bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that within the realms of bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that within the realms of bank
+they're so specific about regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so specific about regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so specific about regulations
+but when we use a vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we use a vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we use a vendor
+the the extent to which they care is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the extent to which they care is oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the extent to which they care is oh
+you use acma you use shape and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use acma you use shape and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use acma you use shape and that's it
+gita i'm so glad that you raised this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gita i'm so glad that you raised this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gita i'm so glad that you raised this i
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i think i i earlier had said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i earlier had said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i earlier had said
+in in our introductory class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our introductory class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in our introductory class
+that one of the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh advantages of disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages of disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advantages of disruptors
+is that they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have uh
+certain asymmetries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain asymmetries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain asymmetries uh
+incumbents like cap one and if if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents like cap one and if if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents like cap one and if if i
+might say you were working for cap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say you were working for cap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say you were working for cap one
+which is one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the big
+seven firms in credit cards it's truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven firms in credit cards it's truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven firms in credit cards it's truly
+one of the incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the incumbents
+incumbents tend to need to protect their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents tend to need to protect their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents tend to need to protect their
+business models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models and
+part of what they're protecting is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what they're protecting is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what they're protecting is also
+the reputational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reputational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reputational
+and regulatory risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulatory risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulatory risks
+but the disruptors have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the disruptors have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the disruptors have a little bit
+of uh of a different uh perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of a different uh perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of a different uh perspective
+they're not generally protecting any in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not generally protecting any in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not generally protecting any in
+inherent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent or
+incumbent business model and yes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent business model and yes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent business model and yes they're
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+willing to take more risk with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take more risk with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take more risk with the
+regulators i'm not saying whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators i'm not saying whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators i'm not saying whether they
+should or shouldn't i'm just saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or shouldn't i'm just saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or shouldn't i'm just saying this
+kind of the facts on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the facts on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the facts on the ground
+the disrupters are a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disrupters are a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disrupters are a little bit more
+towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically begging for forgiveness rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically begging for forgiveness rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically begging for forgiveness rather
+than asking for permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than asking for permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than asking for permission
+if you if you sort of remember how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you sort of remember how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you sort of remember how you
+might have been with your parents or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been with your parents or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been with your parents or if
+any of you have children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have children
+and and incumbents are more into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and incumbents are more into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and incumbents are more into like
+asking for permission of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for permission of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for permission of your
+at least internal gc your general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least internal gc your general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least internal gc your general
+counsel can we do this can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel can we do this can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counsel can we do this can we do that
+and so i think the vendors in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think the vendors in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think the vendors in that case
+the vendors are a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vendors are a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vendors are a little bit more
+willing to take risk on explainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take risk on explainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take risk on explainability
+and the explainability that's inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explainability that's inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explainability that's inherent
+in u.s law and the fair credit reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s law and the fair credit reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s law and the fair credit reporting
+act and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and the like
+and it doesn't mean that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't mean that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't mean that it's more
+illegal for a disruptor to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal for a disruptor to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal for a disruptor to do it
+than for cap one to do it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for cap one to do it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for cap one to do it it's just
+their business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business model
+uh tends to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tends to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tends to be a little bit more
+uh accepting of that regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting of that regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accepting of that regulatory
+compliance risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance risk
+secondly and i think this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly and i think this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly and i think this is probably
+a bit of a misreading of the risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a misreading of the risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a misreading of the risks
+but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the the thought is if the vendor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the thought is if the vendor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the thought is if the vendor
+does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something
+it sort of insulates the big firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of insulates the big firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of insulates the big firm
+now my understanding again i'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my understanding again i'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my understanding again i'm not a
+lawyer but my understanding it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer but my understanding it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer but my understanding it doesn't
+really insulate cap one or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insulate cap one or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insulate cap one or it doesn't
+really insulate bank of america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insulate bank of america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really insulate bank of america
+if their vendor does something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if their vendor does something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if their vendor does something that's
+blatantly a violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly a violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly a violation
+um i i don't think it does but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i don't think it does but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i don't think it does but but
+sometimes there's a bit of that mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a bit of that mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a bit of that mindset
+as well does that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well does that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well does that help
+yeah yeah and the last thing is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and the last thing is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and the last thing is without
+taking too much time just to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too much time just to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too much time just to comment
+uh one other thing i find very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one other thing i find very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one other thing i find very
+intriguing with vendors is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing with vendors is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing with vendors is that
+they often get the data of incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often get the data of incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often get the data of incumbents
+like maybe bank of america capital one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe bank of america capital one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe bank of america capital one
+and they charge us back for that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they charge us back for that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they charge us back for that data
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the other thing i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right so here this is about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so here this is about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so here this is about how
+companies can cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can cap
+can capture data we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture data we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture data we're going to talk a
+lot about this one open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this one open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about this one open api
+just to go to get to the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to go to get to the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to go to get to the intersection
+and this is one of the key things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the key things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the key things to
+to take from from these series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take from from these series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take from from these series of
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+machine learning is nowhere if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is nowhere if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is nowhere if it
+doesn't have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have data
+data is facilitated by a lot of startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is facilitated by a lot of startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is facilitated by a lot of startups
+getting access to that which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting access to that which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting access to that which the
+incumbents already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents already have
+so around the globe in the in europe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the globe in the in europe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the globe in the in europe in
+the uk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uk
+and brazil and canada us australia there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brazil and canada us australia there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brazil and canada us australia there
+is significant effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant effort
+to promote what's called open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote what's called open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote what's called open api
+application program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application program
+interface in essence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface in essence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface in essence that
+is you or i permissioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you or i permissioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you or i permissioning
+a company to get my or your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company to get my or your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company to get my or your data
+from a incumbent financial firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a incumbent financial firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a incumbent financial firm
+and so we permissioned somebody to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we permissioned somebody to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we permissioned somebody to get
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+in gita's example from cap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gita's example from cap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gita's example from cap one
+then they use that data the startup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they use that data the startup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they use that data the startup and
+then gita saying the cap1 then has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gita saying the cap1 then has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gita saying the cap1 then has to
+pay a fee to some startup even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a fee to some startup even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a fee to some startup even though
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+data had initially come from cap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data had initially come from cap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data had initially come from cap one
+and that's a perfect setup to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a perfect setup to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a perfect setup to two
+examples i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples i just want to
+talk about i want to talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about i want to talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about i want to talk about two
+large mergers that were announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mergers that were announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mergers that were announced
+in 2020 and the first one is credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 and the first one is credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 and the first one is credit
+carmo now i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmo now i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carmo now i don't know
+if we could do by show of hands but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could do by show of hands but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could do by show of hands but but
+how many how many just raising the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many just raising the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many just raising the blue
+hands in the in the in the windows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands in the in the in the windows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands in the in the in the windows how
+many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people
+if you can go into participant buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can go into participant buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can go into participant buttons
+have actually used credit karma that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used credit karma that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used credit karma that you
+would consider yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider yourself
+one of these members and romaine you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these members and romaine you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these members and romaine you'll
+tell me what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have at least 10 students so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at least 10 students so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have at least 10 students so far
+no but if you scroll down so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but if you scroll down so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but if you scroll down so all right
+so it's not it's not as big a percent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's not as big a percent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's not as big a percent as
+i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me go back all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+credit karma started in 2007.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma started in 2007.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma started in 2007.
+the entrepreneur who started it couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrepreneur who started it couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrepreneur who started it couldn't
+get a free credit report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a free credit report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a free credit report
+so they say why don't i start a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say why don't i start a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say why don't i start a credit
+report platform 13 years later they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report platform 13 years later they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report platform 13 years later they're
+able to sell for seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sell for seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sell for seven
+billion dollars so into it now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars so into it now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars so into it now you might
+not be familiar with intuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be familiar with intuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be familiar with intuit
+they their main products and intuit are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their main products and intuit are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their main products and intuit are
+tax software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax software
+turbo tax they also have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo tax they also have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo tax they also have something
+called quicken books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called quicken books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called quicken books
+and i believe it's possible they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe it's possible they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe it's possible they have a
+third product they might even have mint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third product they might even have mint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third product they might even have mint
+um but intuit saw they wanted to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but intuit saw they wanted to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but intuit saw they wanted to buy
+credit karma that had never gone public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma that had never gone public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma that had never gone public
+credit karma apparently had nearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma apparently had nearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma apparently had nearly a
+billion dollars in revenues last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in revenues last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars in revenues last year
+and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+credit karma is still a free app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma is still a free app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma is still a free app
+how is it that something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that something that doesn't
+charge anything and have a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge anything and have a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge anything and have a billion
+dollars in revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue
+it's that they're commercializing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that they're commercializing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that they're commercializing data
+and remarkably 106 million members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remarkably 106 million members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remarkably 106 million members
+106 million members 8 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 million members 8 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 million members 8 billion
+daily 8 billion daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily 8 billion daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily 8 billion daily
+um decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decisions
+credit decisions or other analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions or other analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions or other analytic
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+uh that they have and so intuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they have and so intuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they have and so intuit is
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+why are they buying credit karma even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they buying credit karma even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they buying credit karma even
+even at seven times revenue that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at seven times revenue that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at seven times revenue that's a
+healthy price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy price
+they're buying it largely around data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying it largely around data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying it largely around data
+and data analytics and credit card has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data analytics and credit card has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data analytics and credit card has
+figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to
+basically commercialize that flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically commercialize that flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically commercialize that flow of
+data on over 100 million accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on over 100 million accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on over 100 million accounts
+and how do they do that they do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they do that they do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they do that they do it by
+cross-marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-marketing
+so they're marketing not just to us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're marketing not just to us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're marketing not just to us but
+then they're also with many financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're also with many financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're also with many financial
+firms they're going back and say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms they're going back and say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms they're going back and say this
+this account here this this is a worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account here this this is a worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account here this this is a worthy
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so they they make arrangements they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they make arrangements they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they make arrangements they
+enter into contractual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into contractual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into contractual
+arrangements with financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements with financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements with financial institutions
+and then market to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then market to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then market to us
+to take a mortgage to take an auto loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a mortgage to take an auto loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a mortgage to take an auto loan
+to take a personal loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um plaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plaid
+plaid's an interesting company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid's an interesting company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaid's an interesting company that
+we'll talk a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about
+uh when we talk about open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about open api
+this was software that started just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was software that started just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was software that started just
+seven years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years ago
+two developers but it's straight like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two developers but it's straight like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two developers but it's straight like
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+hardcore computer scientist who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore computer scientist who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore computer scientist who had
+worked went to work for bain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked went to work for bain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked went to work for bain
+and for anybody who's thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for anybody who's thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for anybody who's thinking about
+working for a consulting firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a consulting firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a consulting firm
+this is not a vote against bain or bcg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a vote against bain or bcg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a vote against bain or bcg
+or others but they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or others but they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or others but they basically
+decided after a year at bain to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided after a year at bain to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided after a year at bain to go out
+and do their own startup and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do their own startup and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do their own startup and it was a
+startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup
+to facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate
+financial disruptors or fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial disruptors or fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial disruptors or fintech
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+accessing data at banks and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing data at banks and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing data at banks and there was
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+standard there was not a standard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard there was not a standard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard there was not a standard for
+this open api so they created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open api so they created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open api so they created
+at a hackathon at a hackathon that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hackathon at a hackathon that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a hackathon at a hackathon that they
+actually won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually won
+back i think in 2012 or 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back i think in 2012 or 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back i think in 2012 or 2013
+they were in their late 20s at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in their late 20s at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in their late 20s at the time
+by the way if you're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you're just trying to
+figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+seven years later in their mid to late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years later in their mid to late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years later in their mid to late
+30s they sell their business for 5.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s they sell their business for 5.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s they sell their business for 5.3
+billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion
+but it all starts at bain computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all starts at bain computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all starts at bain computer
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+creating open api software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating open api software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating open api software
+well what happened over those seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened over those seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened over those seven
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+eleven thousand financial companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven thousand financial companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven thousand financial companies
+signed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed up
+to use that standard protocol to do open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that standard protocol to do open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that standard protocol to do open
+api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api
+and on the other side 2600 fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other side 2600 fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other side 2600 fintech
+developers and if anyone in here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and if anyone in here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and if anyone in here has
+taken michael cosimano's class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken michael cosimano's class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken michael cosimano's class on
+platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+this is the classic sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the classic sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the classic sweet spot
+of creating a platform company when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a platform company when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating a platform company when you
+have this two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this two-sided
+many-to-many market many fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many-to-many market many fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many-to-many market many fintech
+developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+want to access financial data at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access financial data at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access financial data at
+financial firms many financial firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms many financial firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firms many financial firms
+don't want to deal with thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with thousands of
+fintech developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech developers
+and so inside of this many to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so inside of this many to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so inside of this many to many
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+cloud creates a software standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud creates a software standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud creates a software standard
+software for that to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for that to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software for that to happen
+but what do they build on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do they build on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do they build on top of that
+they build data aggregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build data aggregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build data aggregation
+they announced a 5.3 billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced a 5.3 billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they announced a 5.3 billion dollar
+merger to visa there's a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger to visa there's a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merger to visa there's a lot of people
+that debate whether it was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debate whether it was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that debate whether it was a good
+idea because the estimate by forbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because the estimate by forbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea because the estimate by forbes
+is there was only about 110 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there was only about 110 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there was only about 110 million
+dollars of revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of revenue
+i mean now we're talking we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean now we're talking we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean now we're talking we're talking
+40 or 50 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or 50 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or 50 times
+revenue but 200 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but 200 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but 200 million
+accounts are linked we'll chat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts are linked we'll chat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts are linked we'll chat about
+this more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more because
+those 11 000 financial firms could all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 11 000 financial firms could all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 11 000 financial firms could all
+stop using plaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop using plaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop using plaid
+and go to one of cloud's competitors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to one of cloud's competitors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to one of cloud's competitors now
+that plaid's bought by visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plaid's bought by visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plaid's bought by visa
+but this gives you the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives you the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives you the sense of the
+power of and the value the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of and the value the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of and the value the economic
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+of data machine learning and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data machine learning and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data machine learning and the like
+romaine questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none so far it seems like the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far it seems like the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so far it seems like the class is
+quiet today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet today
+all right um so i'm going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so i'm going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um so i'm going to talk a
+little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about
+financial policy how's this all fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial policy how's this all fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial policy how's this all fit in
+in the next half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next half hour
+um broadly first is just a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um broadly first is just a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um broadly first is just a sense of
+of i'm trying to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm trying to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i'm trying to get rid of this
+participant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant
+window here for a minute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here for a minute um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window here for a minute um
+so broad public policy frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so broad public policy frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so broad public policy frameworks
+have been around for thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around for thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around for thousands of years
+since the hammurabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the hammurabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the hammurabi
+code since roman and greek times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code since roman and greek times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code since roman and greek times
+sometimes embedded even in religious law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes embedded even in religious law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes embedded even in religious law
+that's that's the nature of money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the nature of money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the nature of money but
+four slip streams and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slip streams and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slip streams and all
+four will be relevant for fintech as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four will be relevant for fintech as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four will be relevant for fintech as we
+talk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk through
+not just ai but all sectors one is money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just ai but all sectors one is money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just ai but all sectors one is money
+and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending
+we we've over centuries often get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've over centuries often get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've over centuries often get uh
+official sector as a point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector as a point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector as a point of view
+sometimes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even
+limiting interest rates in the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting interest rates in the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting interest rates in the like
+two is financial stability we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is financial stability we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is financial stability we think
+about a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a crisis
+we're living through this corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living through this corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living through this corona crisis
+right now central banks around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now central banks around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now central banks around the globe
+are with an eye towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with an eye towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with an eye towards
+promoting the economy also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the economy also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the economy also thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+how to insure for financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to insure for financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to insure for financial stability
+the reverse of financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse of financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse of financial stability
+was happening in 2008 crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in 2008 crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in 2008 crisis
+that that crisis where banks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that crisis where banks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that crisis where banks were
+faltering and closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faltering and closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faltering and closing
+up and then that led to millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then that led to millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then that led to millions of
+people losing their jobs millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people losing their jobs millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people losing their jobs millions of
+people losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people losing
+their homes and the like so financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homes and the like so financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homes and the like so financial
+stability i grab a couple pictures here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability i grab a couple pictures here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability i grab a couple pictures here
+uh out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of the
+great depression an earlier period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great depression an earlier period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great depression an earlier period of
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+but what we'll talk a lot about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we'll talk a lot about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we'll talk a lot about is the
+third and fourth bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourth bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and fourth bucket
+the third bucket of protecting consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third bucket of protecting consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third bucket of protecting consumers
+and investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investors
+consumer protection we can think of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection we can think of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection we can think of even
+just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of
+uh ensuring that if we buy a crib for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ensuring that if we buy a crib for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ensuring that if we buy a crib for
+our children that it's safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children that it's safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children that it's safe
+if we buy a car that it actually is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we buy a car that it actually is safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we buy a car that it actually is safe
+on the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road
+so consumer protection rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumer protection rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumer protection rely
+refers to things much broader than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to things much broader than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to things much broader than
+finance investor protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance investor protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance investor protection
+is the concept that yes we can take risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept that yes we can take risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the concept that yes we can take risk
+in markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in markets
+we're all allowed to take risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all allowed to take risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all allowed to take risk in
+markets but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets but that
+the markets themselves and the issuers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets themselves and the issuers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets themselves and the issuers
+the people raising money should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people raising money should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people raising money should
+explain to us at least the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to us at least the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to us at least the material
+pieces of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information
+upon which we would take those risks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which we would take those risks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which we would take those risks and
+that the markets themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the markets themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the markets themselves
+have a certain transparency and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain transparency and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain transparency and we
+protect against fraud and manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against fraud and manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against fraud and manipulation
+and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+and then guarding against the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then guarding against the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then guarding against the list of
+activity this is one that we've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity this is one that we've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity this is one that we've really
+layered over the financial sector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered over the financial sector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered over the financial sector in the
+last 40 odd years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 40 odd years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 40 odd years
+um in an earlier era 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in an earlier era 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in an earlier era 19th century
+earlier 20th century we didn't have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier 20th century we didn't have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier 20th century we didn't have as
+much about this even though of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about this even though of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about this even though of course we
+did guard against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did guard against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did guard against
+bank robbers but i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank robbers but i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank robbers but i'm talking about
+illicit activity outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity outside of the
+financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector
+money laundering terrorism and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering terrorism and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering terrorism and even
+sanctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions
+so these four slip streams in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four slip streams in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these four slip streams in a sense
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+so where how does it fit back to ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where how does it fit back to ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where how does it fit back to ai and
+policy in finance so i talked about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy in finance so i talked about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy in finance so i talked about what
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i've come to call the big three biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've come to call the big three biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've come to call the big three biases
+fairness and inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and inclusion
+explainability and privacy and what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability and privacy and what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explainability and privacy and what what
+we mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by that is
+if you take a whole data set millions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a whole data set millions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a whole data set millions or
+tens of millions of pieces of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of pieces of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of millions of pieces of data and
+extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+correlations and you find patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and you find patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and you find patterns
+some of those patterns might have biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those patterns might have biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those patterns might have biases
+and those biases could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those biases could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those biases could
+exist because we as a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist because we as a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist because we as a society
+we as a society are not perfect we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as a society are not perfect we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as a society are not perfect we have
+biases even in what we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases even in what we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases even in what we've already done
+and and so now you're extracting and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so now you're extracting and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so now you're extracting and you
+might be embedding some of those biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be embedding some of those biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be embedding some of those biases
+secondly sometimes sometimes it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly sometimes sometimes it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly sometimes sometimes it will
+happen just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen just
+out of how you build your protocols how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of how you build your protocols how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of how you build your protocols how
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+build your actual questions and query on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your actual questions and query on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your actual questions and query on
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+but i assure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that most data sets have some biases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most data sets have some biases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most data sets have some biases in
+them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you
+might not be aware of them and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be aware of them and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be aware of them and even if
+you have a perfect data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfect data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a perfect data set
+the protocols themselves might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocols themselves might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocols themselves might sort of
+build some biases on top of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some biases on top of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some biases on top of them
+and we're finding this in ai policy not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're finding this in ai policy not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're finding this in ai policy not
+just in finance it's true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in finance it's true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in finance it's true in the
+criminal justice system it's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal justice system it's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal justice system it's true in
+hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring
+that using machine learning you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using machine learning you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using machine learning you have to
+sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say
+wait is there bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is there bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait is there bias
+and the laws here in the u.s that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laws here in the u.s that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laws here in the u.s that are
+most relevant in finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant in finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most relevant in finance
+started with something called the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with something called the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with something called the equal
+credit opportunity act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunity act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunity act
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit more about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um explainability and transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explainability and transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explainability and transparency
+as we talked about earlier is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about earlier is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about earlier is sort of
+like a cousin or a sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cousin or a sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cousin or a sister
+to the bias issue and in the u.s it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bias issue and in the u.s it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bias issue and in the u.s it was
+50 years ago that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago that we
+passed these twin laws within four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed these twin laws within four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed these twin laws within four years
+the second law was the fair credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law was the fair credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law was the fair credit
+reporting act and this was the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act and this was the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting act and this was the concept
+about holding that data but also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about holding that data but also being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about holding that data but also being
+able to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain it
+remain i see the chat button we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain i see the chat button we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain i see the chat button we have a
+question from jorge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from jorge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from jorge
+please yes professor thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes professor thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes professor thank you so much
+i just wanna to to have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanna to to have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just wanna to to have a little bit
+more cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cover
+on financial inclusion uh specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on financial inclusion uh specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on financial inclusion uh specifically
+on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on
+what type of data what models are used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of data what models are used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of data what models are used a
+what's the forefront of of data modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the forefront of of data modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the forefront of of data modeling
+for a using ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a using ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a using ai and
+to help financial inclusion thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help financial inclusion thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help financial inclusion thank you
+well i'm not sure jorge i follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not sure jorge i follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm not sure jorge i follow the
+question let me let me see if i do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me let me see if i do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me let me see if i do it
+but please keep your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please keep your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but please keep your uh
+uh uh audio ones that we can engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh audio ones that we can engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh audio ones that we can engage
+here biases are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here biases are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here biases are sort of the
+reverse of inclusion so financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of inclusion so financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of inclusion so financial
+inclusion is the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion is the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion is the concept that
+everyone in society has fair access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in society has fair access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in society has fair access and
+open equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open equal
+access in some way to the extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in some way to the extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in some way to the extension of
+credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+to insurance to financial advice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insurance to financial advice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insurance to financial advice to
+investment products and savings products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment products and savings products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment products and savings products
+that they wish to or payment products as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wish to or payment products as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wish to or payment products as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and the reverse of inclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reverse of inclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reverse of inclusion is
+sometimes that somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that somebody is
+excluded and excluding someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded and excluding someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded and excluding someone
+uh could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh excluding them on something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excluding them on something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excluding them on something that is
+allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed
+like i might exclude somebody only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i might exclude somebody only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i might exclude somebody only
+earning 50 000 a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning 50 000 a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning 50 000 a year
+from an investment product which is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an investment product which is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an investment product which is for
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+high risk investors depending upon how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk investors depending upon how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk investors depending upon how
+uh the country is arranged but in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the country is arranged but in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the country is arranged but in the us
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+a little bit of this concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of this concept that
+sophisticated investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors
+can be investing in products of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be investing in products of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be investing in products of higher
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+or at least they get less disclosure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they get less disclosure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they get less disclosure but
+that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+inclusion and bias are kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and bias are kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and bias are kind of the the
+they complement each other the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complement each other the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complement each other the greater
+inclusion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion you
+you can get to greater inclusion if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to greater inclusion if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to greater inclusion if you
+have fewer biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer biases
+and a sense fairness but yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sense fairness but yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sense fairness but yeah okay
+you know i i was just i totally get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i was just i totally get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i was just i totally get that
+i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just
+trying to to understand what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to understand what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to understand what type of
+models what type of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models what type of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models what type of data
+what is the forefront of ai currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the forefront of ai currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the forefront of ai currently
+because i totally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i totally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i totally get
+is gathering data and finding patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gathering data and finding patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gathering data and finding patterns
+but but then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but then what is
+digging a little bit more on that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging a little bit more on that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging a little bit more on that what
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+so so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say that
+one pattern that we know about already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pattern that we know about already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pattern that we know about already
+this just this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just this is a
+a classic pattern in credit extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic pattern in credit extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic pattern in credit extension
+is um i don't know how many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um i don't know how many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um i don't know how many of you know
+what it what a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it what a uh
+retreading attire is but retread means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading attire is but retread means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading attire is but retread means
+that you're putting rubber on your tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're putting rubber on your tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're putting rubber on your tire
+instead of replacing your tire on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of replacing your tire on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of replacing your tire on your
+automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile
+you're actually paying to put new rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually paying to put new rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually paying to put new rubber
+on the tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tire
+tire retreading it's been known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire retreading it's been known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire retreading it's been known for
+decades that people who retread their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that people who retread their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that people who retread their
+tires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires
+are a little lower income generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little lower income generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little lower income generally
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+and and actually there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually there's uh
+uh research i don't mean academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research i don't mean academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh research i don't mean academic
+research but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but there's
+research in the in the credit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the in the credit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in the in the credit in
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+that retreading tires uh means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retreading tires uh means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retreading tires uh means that
+you're probably a little higher credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably a little higher credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably a little higher credit
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+okay now bring it forward to now bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now bring it forward to now bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now bring it forward to now bring
+it forward to the 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forward to the 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forward to the 2020
+environment and let's say that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and let's say that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and let's say that you can
+follow that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that those
+people who bought tire retreading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought tire retreading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who bought tire retreading or
+even if you went to a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you went to a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you went to a website
+on your on your laptop about tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your laptop about tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your laptop about tire
+retreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading
+let's say that's built in to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's built in to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that's built in to an
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+that's going to give you lower extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you lower extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you lower extension
+of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that might be allowed or it might embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be allowed or it might embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be allowed or it might embed
+a different bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different bias
+it might be the tire retreading shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be the tire retreading shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be the tire retreading shops
+are perfectly acceptable in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly acceptable in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly acceptable in certain
+communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities
+either communities uh ethnic communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either communities uh ethnic communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either communities uh ethnic communities
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+or gender based or racial communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gender based or racial communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gender based or racial communities
+that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just
+perfectly you know it's not about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly you know it's not about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly you know it's not about it's
+not about credit worthiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about credit worthiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about credit worthiness
+so it's how you extract certain patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how you extract certain patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how you extract certain patterns
+that are about credit extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are about credit extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are about credit extension
+but not about race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not about race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not about race
+ethnicity cultural backgrounds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity cultural backgrounds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity cultural backgrounds and the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+okay and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and um
+if you hold just for a second we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hold just for a second we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hold just for a second we're
+going to talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit more about
+this because i'm going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because i'm going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because i'm going to talk about the
+equal credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal credit
+opportunity act um thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romain we good oh good gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain we good oh good gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romain we good oh good gary
+so beyond what i'm sort of calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beyond what i'm sort of calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beyond what i'm sort of calling the
+big three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big three
+i list four other things but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i list four other things but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i list four other things but they're all
+really relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relevant
+they're relevant to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relevant to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relevant to uh uh
+broadly speaking the official sector but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking the official sector but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking the official sector but
+they're also relevant as you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also relevant as you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also relevant as you think about
+going into these businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these businesses
+the use of alternative data and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of alternative data and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of alternative data and we'll
+come back to that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that these
+basically we've had data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've had data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've had data analytics
+consumer finance since the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer finance since the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer finance since the 1960s
+we have in 30 plus countries use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in 30 plus countries use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in 30 plus countries use these
+fico scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fico scores
+but beyond what is built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond what is built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond what is built into
+the classical data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical data sets
+what about new data we have issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about new data we have issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about new data we have issues about
+whether the algorithms themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the algorithms themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the algorithms themselves
+will be correlated or even collude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be correlated or even collude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be correlated or even collude
+and this is absolutely the case that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is absolutely the case that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is absolutely the case that one
+machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm
+and another machine learning organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another machine learning organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another machine learning organism
+can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+train against each other we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train against each other we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train against each other we've already
+seen this in high frequency trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in high frequency trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in high frequency trading
+even if the humans aren't talking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the humans aren't talking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the humans aren't talking the
+machines will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines will start to
+actually have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a sense of
+of cooperation and when is cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooperation and when is cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooperation and when is cooperation
+collusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusion
+when is it that they're spoofing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is it that they're spoofing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is it that they're spoofing each
+other or doing something against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or doing something against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or doing something against each
+other in the high frequency world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the high frequency world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the high frequency world
+i deeply this is one of the areas i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i deeply this is one of the areas i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i deeply this is one of the areas i want
+to research more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to research more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to research more
+with colleagues i deeply am concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues i deeply am concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colleagues i deeply am concerned
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that a future crisis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a future crisis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a future crisis it's
+remarkable i mean we're in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable i mean we're in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable i mean we're in the middle of
+the corona crisis but a future crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis but a future crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corona crisis but a future crisis
+will find algorithmic correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find algorithmic correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find algorithmic correlation
+and this is certainly the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is certainly the case in
+smaller developing countries where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller developing countries where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller developing countries where
+a baidu from china or google from the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baidu from china or google from the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baidu from china or google from the us
+might come in and they might come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come in and they might come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come in and they might come in
+with their their approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their their approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their their approach to
+artificial intelligence or a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence or a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence or a large
+financial firm it could be a european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firm it could be a european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial firm it could be a european
+asian or u.s financial firm comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian or u.s financial firm comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian or u.s financial firm comes into
+that smaller country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smaller country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that smaller country
+and they kind of dominate the thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of dominate the thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of dominate the thinking
+about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to do
+underwriting and they're the big network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and they're the big network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and they're the big network
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+and all of a sudden the crisis of 2037
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the crisis of 2037
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the crisis of 2037
+might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that
+everybody is extending credit kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is extending credit kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is extending credit kind of
+consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+in the same way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way um
+so it's basically less resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically less resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically less resilient
+we're living through a moment of crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living through a moment of crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living through a moment of crisis
+right now where we're testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now where we're testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now where we're testing the
+resiliency of humankind through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency of humankind through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency of humankind through the
+corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona crisis
+but i'm talking one in financial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm talking one in financial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm talking one in financial in the
+financial side then the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial side then the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial side then the question is how
+does machine learning fit into current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does machine learning fit into current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does machine learning fit into current
+regulatory frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory frameworks
+around the globe a lot's been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe a lot's been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe a lot's been written
+but it's all at a very high level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all at a very high level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all at a very high level and
+it's non-binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-binding
+but it's these top three as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's these top three as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's these top three as i've
+mentioned so the alternatives this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so the alternatives this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so the alternatives this was a
+question earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question earlier is
+the official sector can stay neutral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector can stay neutral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector can stay neutral and
+say listen this is just a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say listen this is just a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say listen this is just a tool
+we're still going to regulate lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still going to regulate lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still going to regulate lending
+we're going to regulate capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to regulate capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to regulate capital markets
+we're going to regulate everything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to regulate everything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to regulate everything the
+way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we did
+and new activities will just come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new activities will just come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new activities will just come into
+those frameworks maybe we'll clarify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those frameworks maybe we'll clarify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those frameworks maybe we'll clarify a
+little bit around the fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around the fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around the fringes
+secondly you can adjust turn the dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly you can adjust turn the dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly you can adjust turn the dial
+when the internet came along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the internet came along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the internet came along in the
+1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s
+at first it was like technology neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it was like technology neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it was like technology neutral
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+pretty much every regulator around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every regulator around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every regulator around the
+globe had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe had to
+to adjust what what did it mean if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust what what did it mean if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust what what did it mean if there
+was an online bulletin board that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an online bulletin board that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an online bulletin board that was
+trading stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading stocks
+where buyers and sellers can meet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where buyers and sellers can meet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where buyers and sellers can meet was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+what's called an exchange should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an exchange should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an exchange should it be
+regulated like the new york stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated like the new york stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated like the new york stock
+exchange or london stock exchange or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange or london stock exchange or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange or london stock exchange or
+regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+maybe a little differently where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little differently where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little differently where our
+securities regulator where the europeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities regulator where the europeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities regulator where the europeans
+ended up in the 1990s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in the 1990s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in the 1990s was
+to regulate these online platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate these online platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate these online platforms
+like exchanges were not identical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exchanges were not identical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exchanges were not identical so
+then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had
+a regime of fully regulated exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime of fully regulated exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime of fully regulated exchanges
+and these online electronic trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these online electronic trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these online electronic trading
+platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms
+and that was then later adopted in asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was then later adopted in asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was then later adopted in asia
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+with some variations um the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some variations um the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some variations um the other thing
+is that the official sector often tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the official sector often tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the official sector often tries
+to promote this promote the innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote this promote the innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote this promote the innovations
+promote the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the technologies
+or promote open banking as i've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or promote open banking as i've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or promote open banking as i've said
+but an interesting piece of this all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting piece of this all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an interesting piece of this all is
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+should we think about machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we think about machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we think about machine learning
+as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tool
+like a hammer that everybody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hammer that everybody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hammer that everybody's going to
+be using like electricity like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using like electricity like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using like electricity like the
+telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone
+that everybody is using or should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is using or should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is using or should we
+think about it as i said earlier some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as i said earlier some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as i said earlier some
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+are providing ai as a service you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing ai as a service you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are providing ai as a service you know
+activities of technology a tool and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of technology a tool and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of technology a tool and the
+official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector
+grapples with this sometimes to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapples with this sometimes to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapples with this sometimes to date
+mostly they've stayed technology neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they've stayed technology neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they've stayed technology neutral
+with a little bit of promoting early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of promoting early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of promoting early
+stage activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage activity
+and the promoting of the open banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the promoting of the open banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the promoting of the open banking
+romaine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine
+questions we have 15 minutes left okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we have 15 minutes left okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we have 15 minutes left okay
+um alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternative data
+this is data that you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is data that you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is data that you can extract
+whether it's banking and checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's banking and checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's banking and checking
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+or as alibaba does in china taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as alibaba does in china taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as alibaba does in china taking a
+whole cash flow approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cash flow approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cash flow approach
+saying i can see everything about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i can see everything about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i can see everything about your
+business it's called cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's called cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business it's called cash flow
+underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+here in the u.s a payment company toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s a payment company toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s a payment company toast
+was able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to do
+until restaurants close down able do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until restaurants close down able do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until restaurants close down able do
+cash flow underwriting around their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow underwriting around their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow underwriting around their
+restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+because they had that payment data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had that payment data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had that payment data
+all the way down to your app usage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to your app usage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to your app usage and
+browsing history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing history
+i believe this is a trend that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe this is a trend that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe this is a trend that we've
+been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on
+that will be accelerated by the corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be accelerated by the corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be accelerated by the corona
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+that this crisis we're finding whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this crisis we're finding whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this crisis we're finding whether
+it's the large firms like google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the large firms like google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the large firms like google
+or even smaller ones want to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even smaller ones want to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even smaller ones want to contribute
+to trying to thwart the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to thwart the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to thwart the virus
+by following us on our on our location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following us on our on our location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by following us on our on our location
+devices our location devices of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices our location devices of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices our location devices of course
+are called cell phones and smartphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called cell phones and smartphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called cell phones and smartphones
+but such vast parts of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but such vast parts of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but such vast parts of the population
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+that with location tracking we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with location tracking we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with location tracking we can
+possibly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thwart or even contain this virus by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwart or even contain this virus by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwart or even contain this virus by
+watching how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching how we
+track ourselves i think that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track ourselves i think that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track ourselves i think that we will
+shift a little bit further into data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift a little bit further into data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift a little bit further into data
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+uh and that we'll look back in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that we'll look back in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that we'll look back in 2020
+we'll maybe be in 2021
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll maybe be in 2021
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll maybe be in 2021
+a pivot point but what it does mean even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot point but what it does mean even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot point but what it does mean even
+in finance that a lot of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance that a lot of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance that a lot of this data
+is going to be available somewhere even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be available somewhere even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be available somewhere even
+more maybe than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maybe than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maybe than
+currently is available so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently is available so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently is available so there are
+actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all
+alternative data fintech companies cb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data fintech companies cb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data fintech companies cb
+insights which is a leader in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights which is a leader in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights which is a leader in in
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+fintech puts together this chart and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech puts together this chart and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech puts together this chart and we
+don't have time to go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go through these
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+but these are companies that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are companies that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are companies that are sort of
+marketing themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing themselves
+in this alternative data set almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this alternative data set almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this alternative data set almost like
+capturing the data and then data and ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the data and then data and ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the data and then data and ai
+as a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service
+um i want to just talk about apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to just talk about apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to just talk about apple
+credit card for a second because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card for a second because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card for a second because it's
+where you can also stub your toe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can also stub your toe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can also stub your toe
+apple credit card with a big roll out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card with a big roll out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple credit card with a big roll out in
+conjunction with goldman sachs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with goldman sachs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with goldman sachs is
+marcus and mastercard so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcus and mastercard so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marcus and mastercard so it's a it's a
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+interesting combination of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting combination of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting combination of of
+big tech big finance together rolls out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech big finance together rolls out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech big finance together rolls out
+a credit card product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credit card product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credit card product
+i think it was in november uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was in november uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was in november uh yeah
+november of this past year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+november of this past year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+november of this past year
+and in rolling it out uh in a very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in rolling it out uh in a very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in rolling it out uh in a very proud
+rollout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollout
+uh an entrepreneur uh here going by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entrepreneur uh here going by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entrepreneur uh here going by the
+twitter account dhh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter account dhh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter account dhh
+but you might might might know of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might might might know of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might might might know of this
+goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on
+and finds that he is provided greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finds that he is provided greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finds that he is provided greater
+credit than his wife and he and his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit than his wife and he and his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit than his wife and he and his wife
+are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both
+billionaires like literally worth a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaires like literally worth a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaires like literally worth a lot
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+maybe it was only they were sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was only they were sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was only they were sent to
+millionaires but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaires but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaires but
+worth a lot of money joint tax account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot of money joint tax account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot of money joint tax account
+joint assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint assets
+and he was being provided 10 to 20 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was being provided 10 to 20 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was being provided 10 to 20 times
+more credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more credit
+so he he took to the twitter sphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he took to the twitter sphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he took to the twitter sphere and
+sort of made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of made this
+and he says his wife had spoke to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says his wife had spoke to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says his wife had spoke to two
+apple reps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple reps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple reps
+both very nice but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very nice but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very nice but basically
+saying i don't know why it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i don't know why it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i don't know why it's just the
+algorithm it's just the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's just the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's just the algorithm
+what really hurt apple even more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really hurt apple even more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really hurt apple even more than
+that was within days the next day steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was within days the next day steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was within days the next day steve
+wozniak one of the co-founders of apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wozniak one of the co-founders of apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wozniak one of the co-founders of apple
+put this twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this twitter
+out i'm a current apple employee and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i'm a current apple employee and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i'm a current apple employee and the
+founder and the same thing happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder and the same thing happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder and the same thing happened to
+us 10 times meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 10 times meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 10 times meaning
+steve got 10 times the credit as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steve got 10 times the credit as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steve got 10 times the credit as his
+wife in the same algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in the same algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife in the same algorithm
+some saying to blame goldman sachs etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some saying to blame goldman sachs etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some saying to blame goldman sachs etc
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+but apple shares the responsibility not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apple shares the responsibility not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apple shares the responsibility not
+a good roll out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good roll out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good roll out
+so for apple credit card they'll survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for apple credit card they'll survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for apple credit card they'll survive
+apple's a big company they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple's a big company they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple's a big company they'll
+they'll probably fix these biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably fix these biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably fix these biases
+but not a particularly good rollout as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a particularly good rollout as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a particularly good rollout as
+you can well imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can well imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can well imagine
+in their models romain alita has her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their models romain alita has her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their models romain alita has her
+hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up
+where is a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes you mentioned um cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes you mentioned um cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes you mentioned um cash flow
+lending earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending earlier
+um and that really falls under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that really falls under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that really falls under the
+merchant cash advance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant cash advance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant cash advance um
+kind of business there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business there's been a lot of
+debate about that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about that being
+um it's not very regulated right now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not very regulated right now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not very regulated right now but
+that becoming more regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becoming more regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becoming more regulated
+is an entrant um entry point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an entrant um entry point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an entrant um entry point like
+um toast and other companies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um toast and other companies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um toast and other companies that have
+just launched these new products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just launched these new products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just launched these new products
+do you think they'll speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they'll speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they'll speed up the
+regular regulations around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular regulations around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular regulations around
+that business so i i romaine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business so i i romaine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business so i i romaine or
+elita uh i missed a word which company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elita uh i missed a word which company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elita uh i missed a word which company
+did you say in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say in there
+um toast or toast okay so toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um toast or toast okay so toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um toast or toast okay so toast
+so for people to be familiar toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for people to be familiar toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for people to be familiar toast
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+in the restaurant payment space and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the restaurant payment space and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the restaurant payment space and it
+was basically trying to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically trying to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically trying to provide
+hardware tablets they they thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware tablets they they thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware tablets they they thought that
+the point of sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of sale
+would be facilitated if servers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be facilitated if servers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be facilitated if servers had
+a tablet and so they were sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tablet and so they were sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tablet and so they were sort of in the
+hardware software space they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware software space they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware software space they found
+themselves getting into the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves getting into the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves getting into the payment
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+very quickly and then of course data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and then of course data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and then of course data and
+with that data they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that data they could do
+a whole cash flow underwriting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole cash flow underwriting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole cash flow underwriting and then
+they started toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started toast
+capital where they would make loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital where they would make loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital where they would make loans
+small business loans to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business loans to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business loans to these
+restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+and i think they have 25 or 30 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they have 25 or 30 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they have 25 or 30 000
+restaurants that are in their client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that are in their client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that are in their client
+list and they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and they did a
+round c funding earlier this year at 4.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round c funding earlier this year at 4.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round c funding earlier this year at 4.9
+billion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion so
+this is working of course until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is working of course until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is working of course until the
+crisis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and
+and so then the question is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is about
+regulation about cash flow underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation about cash flow underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation about cash flow underwriting
+i'm not uh familiar enough with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not uh familiar enough with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not uh familiar enough with how
+toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast
+feels even though i've met the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels even though i've met the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels even though i've met the founders
+and things like that their boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that their boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that their boston
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+but i think they're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think they're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think they're dealing with the
+same set of regulations that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of regulations that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of regulations that everyone
+is which i'm going to turn to right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which i'm going to turn to right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which i'm going to turn to right now
+in the last eight minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last eight minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last eight minutes
+um but cash flow underwriting at leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but cash flow underwriting at leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but cash flow underwriting at leader
+are you worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you worried about
+something specifically about cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically about cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically about cash flow
+underwriting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting because
+um maybe i'll i'll learn from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe i'll i'll learn from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe i'll i'll learn from your
+concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern
+if you look at i would consider that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at i would consider that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at i would consider that to
+be like a merchant cash advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a merchant cash advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a merchant cash advance
+um product and those are not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um product and those are not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um product and those are not actually
+considered loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered loans
+um in the regular regulations now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the regular regulations now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the regular regulations now
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+move uh movement towards having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh movement towards having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh movement towards having those
+types of products being considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of products being considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of products being considered
+loans and then falling under um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and then falling under um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and then falling under um
+different regulate regulatory standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regulate regulatory standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regulate regulatory standards
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know whether whatever whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether whatever whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether whatever whatever is
+raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising
+i'm sorry what elise is raising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry what elise is raising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry what elise is raising is
+again in every political and regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in every political and regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in every political and regulatory
+process there's some definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there's some definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there's some definition of what
+falls within a regulation what falls out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls within a regulation what falls out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls within a regulation what falls out
+you might think where are the borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think where are the borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think where are the borders
+and boundaries of a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundaries of a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundaries of a regulatory
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+what's defined really as a security in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's defined really as a security in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's defined really as a security in
+the cryptocurrency space what's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryptocurrency space what's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryptocurrency space what's defined
+as an exchange in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exchange in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exchange in
+exchange regulation and here elita say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange regulation and here elita say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange regulation and here elita say
+what's defined as a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's defined as a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's defined as a loan
+and in toast case doing cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in toast case doing cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in toast case doing cash flow
+underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting
+it might be considered a cash advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be considered a cash advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be considered a cash advance
+rather than a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a loan
+um so let me do a little research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me do a little research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me do a little research on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and we'll come back to that maybe enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that maybe enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that maybe enough
+in a future class when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future class when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future class when we talk about
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+um but in terms of the consumer credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in terms of the consumer credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in terms of the consumer credit
+law environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law environment
+we talked about the equal credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the equal credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the equal credit
+opportunity act the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity act the
+key thing is not only whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is not only whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is not only whether you have
+disparate treatment but whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate treatment but whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate treatment but whether you have
+disparate impact so back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate impact so back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate impact so back to my
+retreading analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreading analysis
+if for some reason you've been reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason you've been reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for some reason you've been reviewing
+and your machine algorithms say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your machine algorithms say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your machine algorithms say
+aha all these folks that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha all these folks that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha all these folks that are getting
+retreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreads
+should have lower credit that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have lower credit that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have lower credit that might be
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+unless you find that you're treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you find that you're treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you find that you're treating
+different protected classes differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different protected classes differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different protected classes differently
+are you treating people of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you treating people of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you treating people of different
+backgrounds differently different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds differently different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds differently different
+genders differently as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genders differently as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genders differently as
+apple certainly was in steve wozniak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple certainly was in steve wozniak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple certainly was in steve wozniak and
+his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife
+fair housing act their credit reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair housing act their credit reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair housing act their credit reporting
+act the fair housing act has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the fair housing act has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act the fair housing act has a lot of
+these same protected class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same protected class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same protected class
+perspectives fair credit reporting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives fair credit reporting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives fair credit reporting and
+you read this in the mayor brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read this in the mayor brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read this in the mayor brown
+piece the fair credit reporting act you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the fair credit reporting act you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece the fair credit reporting act you
+can find yourself as a fintech company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find yourself as a fintech company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find yourself as a fintech company
+or a data aggregator the plaids and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a data aggregator the plaids and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a data aggregator the plaids and the
+other data aggregators could find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data aggregators could find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data aggregators could find that
+they were in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in fact
+coming under the fair credit reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming under the fair credit reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming under the fair credit reporting
+act they were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act they were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act they were those
+vendors that cap1 might be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors that cap1 might be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors that cap1 might be using
+and they the vendor might become fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they the vendor might become fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they the vendor might become fair
+credit reporting act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit reporting act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit reporting act
+companies and there's usually a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there's usually a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and there's usually a boundary
+there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again
+this is not a law class but these are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a law class but these are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a law class but these are to
+highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+states also have unfair and deceptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states also have unfair and deceptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states also have unfair and deceptive
+acts and practices act when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts and practices act when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts and practices act when i was
+chairman of the maryland consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the maryland consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the maryland consumer
+financial protection commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial protection commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial protection commission
+we went to the state legislature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to the state legislature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to the state legislature in
+maryland this is a year and a half ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland this is a year and a half ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland this is a year and a half ago
+and said the maryland's unfair deceptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said the maryland's unfair deceptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said the maryland's unfair deceptive
+acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+practices act udap should be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices act udap should be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices act udap should be updated
+to include abusive so we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include abusive so we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include abusive so we sort of
+broadened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadened it
+a little bit um and then privacy laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and then privacy laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and then privacy laws
+general uh this should say general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh this should say general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh this should say general
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+general uh i'll correct the gdpr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh i'll correct the gdpr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh i'll correct the gdpr
+but uh protection regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh protection regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh protection regulation
+and then in the u.s and those those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the u.s and those those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the u.s and those those are
+the buckets that really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buckets that really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buckets that really matter
+sort of trying to close out ai finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to close out ai finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to close out ai finance
+and geopolitics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geopolitics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geopolitics
+got to nearly 200 countries and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to nearly 200 countries and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to nearly 200 countries and those
+200 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 countries
+we're interconnected we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interconnected we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interconnected we're very
+interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+globally and we've got a lot of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and we've got a lot of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and we've got a lot of standard
+setters but those standard setters do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setters but those standard setters do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setters but those standard setters do
+not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have
+the authority of lawmakers so whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority of lawmakers so whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority of lawmakers so whether
+it's the organization of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the organization of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the organization of economic
+uh oecd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oecd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oecd
+or the guidelines of things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the guidelines of things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the guidelines of things like the
+securities regulators and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities regulators and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities regulators and the
+any crime regulators or the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any crime regulators or the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any crime regulators or the banking
+regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators
+these are not enforceable standards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not enforceable standards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not enforceable standards so
+what we have is competing models for ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is competing models for ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is competing models for ai
+finance and policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and policy
+and i note that because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i note that because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i note that because if you're
+thinking about starting a company or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about starting a company or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about starting a company or you
+operate globally sometimes the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate globally sometimes the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate globally sometimes the global
+law will affect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law will affect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law will affect you
+gdpr from europe has already affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr from europe has already affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr from europe has already affected
+how we deal with privacy in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we deal with privacy in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we deal with privacy in the us
+california institutes the california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california institutes the california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california institutes the california
+consumer protection act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection act
+it influences the whole country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it influences the whole country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it influences the whole country so
+sometimes that works that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that works that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that works that way
+romaine we have a question from akshay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine we have a question from akshay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine we have a question from akshay
+where's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's actually
+hi professor so uh the gender biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi professor so uh the gender biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi professor so uh the gender biased
+algorithm that you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you mentioned
+about the apple credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the apple credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the apple credit card
+so uh the only thing that we can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the only thing that we can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the only thing that we can control
+here is the the data that we're using if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the the data that we're using if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the the data that we're using if
+you're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using
+any gender data and if algorithm turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any gender data and if algorithm turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any gender data and if algorithm turns
+out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and
+is creating biases without even using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating biases without even using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating biases without even using
+a particular data which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular data which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular data which which is
+considered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh
+like racist or sexist so would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like racist or sexist so would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like racist or sexist so would that be
+counted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted as
+um like kind of breaking the breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like kind of breaking the breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like kind of breaking the breaking
+the laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws
+so here it's a great question actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's a great question actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's a great question actually
+and and again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again i
+caution that this is not a legal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution that this is not a legal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution that this is not a legal class
+but embedded in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but embedded in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but embedded in the u.s
+law and often in other laws is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and often in other laws is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and often in other laws is this
+concept about disparate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept about disparate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept about disparate
+treatment and desperate impact and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and desperate impact and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and desperate impact and what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+asking is what if what if you you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is what if what if you you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is what if what if you you didn't
+mean to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to do it
+what if you there was no intent and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you there was no intent and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you there was no intent and and
+it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just
+well you've extracted this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've extracted this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've extracted this correlation
+and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden
+there's district impact you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's district impact you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's district impact you could have a
+problem in the court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the court
+and and it's a very established 50 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a very established 50 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a very established 50 year
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+you know there's a lot of of case law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of of case law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of of case law
+around when would a disparate impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when would a disparate impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when would a disparate impact
+cause you those headaches and anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you those headaches and anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you those headaches and anxiety
+and it relates a lot to explainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it relates a lot to explainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it relates a lot to explainability
+if you can come back to explainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can come back to explainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can come back to explainability
+and you can truly lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can truly lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can truly lay out
+this is why and it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why and it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why and it has nothing to do
+with gender nothing to do with race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gender nothing to do with race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gender nothing to do with race
+sexual orientation and backgrounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual orientation and backgrounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual orientation and backgrounds and
+so forth the protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth the protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth the protected
+class you're going to be better in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're going to be better in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're going to be better in that
+court case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it would be far better to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be far better to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be far better to have no
+disparate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate
+impact than than you're you're in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than than you're you're in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than than you're you're in a in a
+much broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broadly
+more safe area thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more safe area thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more safe area thank you um
+romaine other questions perhaps one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine other questions perhaps one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine other questions perhaps one last
+question from luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from luke
+oh my god luke you're always in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god luke you're always in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god luke you're always in there
+oh those are the questions before luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those are the questions before luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those are the questions before luke
+goes is there anybody else just i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes is there anybody else just i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes is there anybody else just i want
+to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+okay luke you can go it was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay luke you can go it was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay luke you can go it was not a
+question it was a comment to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it was a comment to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it was a comment to actually
+um question i'm sure he doesn't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question i'm sure he doesn't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um question i'm sure he doesn't support
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+but what he asked is isn't it same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he asked is isn't it same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he asked is isn't it same thing
+if a person gives a racist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a person gives a racist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a person gives a racist
+or misogynist comment or hate crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or misogynist comment or hate crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or misogynist comment or hate crime
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+and if he didn't know about it is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he didn't know about it is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he didn't know about it is he
+liable for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for it
+shouldn't corporate be held responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't corporate be held responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't corporate be held responsible
+in the same way a human would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way a human would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way a human would be
+well i i don't know if that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i don't know if that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i don't know if that's really
+where actually i was going but i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually i was going but i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually i was going but i see
+your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+is that that basically and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that basically and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that basically and it depends on
+the country actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country actually
+and luke it really does have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luke it really does have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luke it really does have known
+country but here in the us we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but here in the us we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but here in the us we have this
+conceptual framework of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework of just
+just for treatment desperate impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for treatment desperate impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for treatment desperate impact
+and then explainability is from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then explainability is from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then explainability is from another
+law but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law but
+um it really should be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it really should be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it really should be based on
+fairness and inclusion everybody's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and inclusion everybody's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and inclusion everybody's got
+the same fair shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fair shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same fair shot
+uh regardless of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regardless of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regardless of of
+where the data comes from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data comes from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data comes from uh
+at all so i think that's sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so i think that's sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so i think that's sort of where
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P03PfYgNjmw.txt b/P03PfYgNjmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a86a5917968e2b1fd005833229e417a753aa91f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P03PfYgNjmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh any questions from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh any questions from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh any questions from last
+uh uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh last
+lecture where we left off last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where we left off last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where we left off last time was
+the Adaptive markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Adaptive markets
+hypothesis the fact that markets are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the fact that markets are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the fact that markets are not
+always and everywhere efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and everywhere efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and everywhere efficient but
+rather they satisfy the following six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they satisfy the following six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they satisfy the following six
+properties that I listed at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that I listed at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that I listed at the end of
+last lecture individuals act in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture individuals act in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture individuals act in their
+own self-interest but they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own self-interest but they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own self-interest but they make
+mistakes however they learn and adapt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes however they learn and adapt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes however they learn and adapt uh
+and competition drives that adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competition drives that adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competition drives that adaptation
+and Innovation natural selection uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Innovation natural selection uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Innovation natural selection uh
+essentially is the mechanism that shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the mechanism that shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is the mechanism that shapes
+the survival of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the survival of the
+urtic and in the end the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urtic and in the end the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urtic and in the end the only thing that
+matters is survival now I Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is survival now I Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is survival now I Illustrated
+how urtic develop by giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how urtic develop by giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how urtic develop by giving you an
+example of uh the uh problem of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh the uh problem of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh the uh problem of getting
+dressed in the morning and I pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in the morning and I pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in the morning and I pointed out
+that each of us have our own urtic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of us have our own urtic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of us have our own urtic that
+have been developed over many many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed over many many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed over many many years
+of selection of various different sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selection of various different sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selection of various different sorts
+so when you take this all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take this all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take this all together and
+you put them into a framework uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into a framework uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into a framework uh that
+tries to focus on understanding market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to focus on understanding market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to focus on understanding market
+dynamics you get a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you get a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you get a number of
+implications that are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that are actually quite
+different from that of efficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that of efficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that of efficient markets
+let me tell you what they are I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what they are I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what they are I give you
+some examples one of the implications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples one of the implications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples one of the implications is
+that the risk reward tradeoff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk reward tradeoff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk reward tradeoff the
+relationship between risk and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between risk and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between risk and expected
+rate of return like the capm security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return like the capm security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of return like the capm security
+Market line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market line
+that's not stable over time or over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not stable over time or over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not stable over time or over
+circumstances because individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances because individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances because individual
+preferences are not stable over time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are not stable over time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are not stable over time or
+over circumstances I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over circumstances I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over circumstances I'll give you an
+example of that anybody know uh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that anybody know uh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that anybody know uh somebody
+who's lived through the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's lived through the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's lived through the Great
+Depression right okay so grandparents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression right okay so grandparents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression right okay so grandparents or
+great-grandparents my guess is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparents my guess is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparents my guess is that if
+you talk to them or if you even observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to them or if you even observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to them or if you even observe
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+habits they're actually quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits they're actually quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits they're actually quite different
+from your parents and yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your parents and yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your parents and yourself
+in terms of how Frugal they are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how Frugal they are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how Frugal they are how
+careful they are with money uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful they are with money uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful they are with money uh with
+resources even something as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources even something as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources even something as simple as
+turning off the lights um a friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off the lights um a friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off the lights um a friend of
+mine uh is a uh uh comes from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh is a uh uh comes from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh is a uh uh comes from a very
+wealthy family um they uh they own a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy family um they uh they own a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy family um they uh they own a uh
+a private business and so their family's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private business and so their family's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private business and so their family's
+net worth today is probably in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth today is probably in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net worth today is probably in the order
+of $300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $300
+million which even in today's economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which even in today's economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million which even in today's economy is
+worth a lot actually it's worth more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot actually it's worth more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot actually it's worth more
+than what it used to be worth now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what it used to be worth now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what it used to be worth now
+and um so this family um the patriarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so this family um the patriarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so this family um the patriarch
+The Matriarch is their grandmother who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matriarch is their grandmother who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matriarch is their grandmother who
+lived through the Great Depression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through the Great Depression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through the Great Depression and
+uh she lives in lower Manhattan in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she lives in lower Manhattan in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she lives in lower Manhattan in a
+relatively small non-descript apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small non-descript apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small non-descript apartment
+despite the fact that the the family um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the the family um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that the the family um
+you know my my friend's parents live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my my friend's parents live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my my friend's parents live in
+a beautiful uh Penthouse apartment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful uh Penthouse apartment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful uh Penthouse apartment on
+Park Avenue and they keep asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park Avenue and they keep asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park Avenue and they keep asking the
+grandmother to move in with them and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother to move in with them and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother to move in with them and she
+refuses she just thinks it's a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses she just thinks it's a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses she just thinks it's a waste
+it's embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's embarrassing
+and when she comes to visit them she'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when she comes to visit them she'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when she comes to visit them she'll
+take the bus she refuses to take taxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the bus she refuses to take taxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the bus she refuses to take taxis
+just from from from Lower Manhattan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from from from Lower Manhattan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from from from Lower Manhattan to
+Midtown and uh so you know my my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midtown and uh so you know my my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midtown and uh so you know my my friend
+you know pleads with her you know Nana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pleads with her you know Nana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pleads with her you know Nana
+why are you doing this you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you doing this you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you doing this you know we have
+more money than we'll ever be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than we'll ever be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than we'll ever be able to
+use you can afford to take a taxi let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you can afford to take a taxi let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you can afford to take a taxi let us
+send a car for you why do you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a car for you why do you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a car for you why do you do this
+it's it's dangerous for you to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's dangerous for you to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's dangerous for you to take the
+Subway or uh or the the bus no she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway or uh or the the bus no she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway or uh or the the bus no she's
+like 95 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 95 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 95 years old
+and she she says she says to to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she she says she says to to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she she says she says to to him
+listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen
+Sunny you don't remember the days that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny you don't remember the days that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny you don't remember the days that I
+do when I had to stand in line and wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when I had to stand in line and wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when I had to stand in line and wait
+for my dinner not knowing whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my dinner not knowing whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my dinner not knowing whether or not
+I was going to get me by the time I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to get me by the time I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to get me by the time I got
+to that end of that line so don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that end of that line so don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that end of that line so don't you
+tell me that we have more money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that we have more money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that we have more money than
+we'll ever be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever be able to
+spend I'm sure you've heard that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend I'm sure you've heard that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend I'm sure you've heard that those
+of you who know people who Liv through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who know people who Liv through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who know people who Liv through
+depression you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression you've heard
+that these these individuals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these individuals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these individuals were
+indelibly altered by their experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indelibly altered by their experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indelibly altered by their experiences
+they're not the same person before as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same person before as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same person before as
+after living through such difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after living through such difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after living through such difficult
+times and you're not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you're not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you're not going to change
+them so my friend has stopped trying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so my friend has stopped trying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so my friend has stopped trying and
+so he just does what he can uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he just does what he can uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he just does what he can uh in order
+to make her life easier but realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make her life easier but realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make her life easier but realizing
+that she simply can't enjoy the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she simply can't enjoy the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she simply can't enjoy the same
+kinds of things that he does because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that he does because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that he does because she
+lived through such traumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through such traumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived through such traumatic
+times so if you if you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so if you if you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so if you if you understand that
+if you acknowledge that there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you acknowledge that there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you acknowledge that there are people
+that are indelibly altered by tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are indelibly altered by tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are indelibly altered by tough
+times then in the same way people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then in the same way people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then in the same way people can be
+in indelibly altered by really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indelibly altered by really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indelibly altered by really good
+times as well as I said last time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as well as I said last time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as well as I said last time you
+learn nothing from your successes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn nothing from your successes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn nothing from your successes right
+because you succeeded what's there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you succeeded what's there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you succeeded what's there to
+learn do more of the same but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn do more of the same but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn do more of the same but that
+affects the way you think as well and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the way you think as well and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the way you think as well and so
+what we think of as this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as this beautiful
+mathematical Rel relationship this risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Rel relationship this risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Rel relationship this risk
+reward trade-off the capm the capm works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward trade-off the capm the capm works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward trade-off the capm the capm works
+if all of the assumptions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the assumptions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the assumptions that I
+specified are true but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified are true but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified are true but those
+assumptions uh are pre predicated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions uh are pre predicated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions uh are pre predicated on
+people acting rationally if people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people acting rationally if people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people acting rationally if people don't
+act rationally for whatever reason if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act rationally for whatever reason if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act rationally for whatever reason if
+they if they're emotionally traumatized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if they're emotionally traumatized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if they're emotionally traumatized
+if the balance between emotion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the balance between emotion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the balance between emotion and
+logical deliberation has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deliberation has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deliberation has been
+permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently
+altered then the theory is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered then the theory is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered then the theory is not going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+so you have to understand that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to understand that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to understand that when
+you're looking at markets you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at markets you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at markets you're looking
+at the complexities of the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the complexities of the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the complexities of the interactions
+among various different people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among various different people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among various different people with
+different balances of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balances of logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balances of logical
+deliberation and emotional response so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation and emotional response so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation and emotional response so
+one of the things that that says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that that says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that that says is that
+risk Premia the expected return on risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk Premia the expected return on risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk Premia the expected return on risky
+assets as a whole is not a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as a whole is not a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as a whole is not a universal
+constant like you know gravity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant like you know gravity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant like you know gravity it
+changes over time and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time and over
+circumstances it was going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it was going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it was going to be quite
+different if we had had continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if we had had continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if we had had continuing
+Prosperity over the next 5 years as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosperity over the next 5 years as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosperity over the next 5 years as to
+where we're likely to be headed now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're likely to be headed now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're likely to be headed now it's
+it's just different we have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just different we have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just different we have a different
+path that we're going to follow and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that we're going to follow and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that we're going to follow and so
+as things change market dynamics will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things change market dynamics will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things change market dynamics will
+change with them okay yeah see so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with them okay yeah see so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with them okay yeah see so um
+last time we had talked about when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we had talked about when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we had talked about when you
+give somebody pain that that blood you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give somebody pain that that blood you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give somebody pain that that blood you
+know rushes somewhere and it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rushes somewhere and it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rushes somewhere and it affects
+person's ability to do math and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ability to do math and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ability to do math and so on
+and you said that last for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you said that last for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you said that last for a couple of
+hours yes so with combined with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours yes so with combined with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours yes so with combined with what
+you're saying today are you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying today are you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying today are you are you
+connecting the two and suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the two and suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the two and suggesting that
+such huge uh events actually change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such huge uh events actually change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such huge uh events actually change our
+biology permanently for years or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology permanently for years or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology permanently for years or do you
+think that there's a different reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a different reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a different reason
+behind that sort of learning I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that sort of learning I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that sort of learning I'm saying
+that it can change not so much our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can change not so much our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can change not so much our
+biology but rather it can change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology but rather it can change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology but rather it can change our
+decision- making abilities for years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making abilities for years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making abilities for years to
+come in the same way that you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the same way that you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the same way that you know your
+grandmother or great-grandmother was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother or great-grandmother was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother or great-grandmother was
+indel indelibly affected by living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indel indelibly affected by living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indel indelibly affected by living
+through the Great Depression or through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Great Depression or through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Great Depression or through
+the Holocaust or through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holocaust or through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holocaust or through some
+extraordinary emotional trauma in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary emotional trauma in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary emotional trauma in the
+same way we will be affected by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we will be affected by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we will be affected by these
+sets of circumstances for years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of circumstances for years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of circumstances for years to
+come right that's it ingred I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right that's it ingred I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come right that's it ingred I was really
+impressed about two weeks ago that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed about two weeks ago that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed about two weeks ago that I
+heard in three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard in three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard in three different
+networks the journalist trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the journalist trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the journalist trying to
+convince people not to getting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people not to getting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince people not to getting them to
+buy Christmas presents and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Christmas presents and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Christmas presents and people
+calling to complain because saying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling to complain because saying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling to complain because saying they
+could not not buy gifts to their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not not buy gifts to their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not not buy gifts to their kids
+and where I come from if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where I come from if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where I come from if you don't have
+money you don't have money and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you don't have money and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you don't have money and you don't
+consume so it was really surprising to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume so it was really surprising to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume so it was really surprising to
+see how how the that consumption mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how the that consumption mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how how the that consumption mindset
+was so so strong here that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so so strong here that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so so strong here that's right and
+you know that's a very unusual mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a very unusual mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a very unusual mindset
+for the United States because we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the United States because we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the United States because we are the
+land of consumers right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of consumers right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of consumers right I mean
+consumption is what drives this economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is what drives this economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is what drives this economy
+uh For Better or For Worse you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh For Better or For Worse you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh For Better or For Worse you know that
+is what has made this country as wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what has made this country as wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what has made this country as wealthy
+as it has and so it is a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it has and so it is a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it has and so it is a very difficult
+time when we actually have to all pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we actually have to all pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we actually have to all pull
+back and you know there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you know there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you know there are some
+individuals that would argue that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that would argue that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that would argue that you
+shouldn't pull back you should keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't pull back you should keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't pull back you should keep on
+spending because if everybody keeps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending because if everybody keeps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending because if everybody keeps on
+spending then somehow magically we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending then somehow magically we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending then somehow magically we will
+be stay richer that doesn't quite work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stay richer that doesn't quite work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stay richer that doesn't quite work
+there's there's a adding up constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a adding up constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a adding up constraint
+somewhere so wealth if it's lost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so wealth if it's lost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so wealth if it's lost you
+know it's lost in a certain sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's lost in a certain sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's lost in a certain sense and
+you can't create something out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create something out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create something out of
+nothing uh but I think there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh but I think there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh but I think there are some
+issues about government's role in being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about government's role in being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about government's role in being
+able to maintain a certain degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maintain a certain degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to maintain a certain degree of
+spending so we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so we're going to get to that
+in a few minutes but but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes but but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes but but you're
+absolutely right this is a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this is a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this is a very big
+change from uh you know where we were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from uh you know where we were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from uh you know where we were uh
+just even a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even a few months
+ago other implications of adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago other implications of adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago other implications of adaptive
+markets is that limited Arbitrage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is that limited Arbitrage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is that limited Arbitrage the
+so-call free lunches that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-call free lunches that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-call free lunches that we talked
+about that can exist from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that can exist from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that can exist from time to time
+there are free lunches on occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are free lunches on occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are free lunches on occasion
+because you can think of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of the free
+lunches as opportunities that a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunches as opportunities that a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunches as opportunities that a certain
+group of individuals in the economy have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of individuals in the economy have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of individuals in the economy have
+identified which may not last and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified which may not last and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified which may not last and so
+over time those arbitrages end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time those arbitrages end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time those arbitrages end up
+getting uh eaten Away by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh eaten Away by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh eaten Away by the
+arbitrageur but uh they still do exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrageur but uh they still do exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrageur but uh they still do exist
+from time to time free lunch programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time free lunch programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time to time free lunch programs
+may not exist in other words consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not exist in other words consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not exist in other words consistent
+arbitrages time and again that is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrages time and again that is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrages time and again that is much
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+difficult to come by but as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to come by but as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to come by but as a result
+strategies strategies will wax and weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies strategies will wax and weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies strategies will wax and weigh
+through different cycles and the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different cycles and the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different cycles and the way it
+does so is exactly the same way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so is exactly the same way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so is exactly the same way that a
+beautiful green pasture can come and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful green pasture can come and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful green pasture can come and go
+based upon ecological Dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon ecological Dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon ecological Dynamics in
+particular a green pasture becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a green pasture becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a green pasture becomes a
+favorite spot for sheep to graze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite spot for sheep to graze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite spot for sheep to graze
+on and after a while as the sheep graze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and after a while as the sheep graze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and after a while as the sheep graze
+and get fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get fat and
+multiply they have more and more effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply they have more and more effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply they have more and more effect
+on that pasture pretty soon with so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that pasture pretty soon with so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that pasture pretty soon with so many
+sheep grazing on that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep grazing on that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep grazing on that same
+pasture the pasture is depleted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasture the pasture is depleted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasture the pasture is depleted and
+after it's depleted what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's depleted what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's depleted what happens to the
+Sheep population it declines and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheep population it declines and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheep population it declines and after
+the Sheep population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sheep population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sheep population
+declines the pasture grows back and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines the pasture grows back and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines the pasture grows back and the
+cycle begins all over again well I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle begins all over again well I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle begins all over again well I have
+news for you that pasture you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for you that pasture you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for you that pasture you can think
+of as profits and the Sheep you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as profits and the Sheep you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as profits and the Sheep you can
+think of as all of you your the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as all of you your the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as all of you your the
+investors and if it's profitable for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and if it's profitable for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and if it's profitable for you
+to invest in something you will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in something you will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in something you will keep
+doing it and doing it and doing it until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and doing it and doing it until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and doing it and doing it until
+there's no more pasture that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more pasture that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more pasture that's what
+happened with mortgage back Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with mortgage back Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with mortgage back Securities
+there there's no more pasture now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no more pasture now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no more pasture now it's
+pretty much gone it's going to be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much gone it's going to be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much gone it's going to be hard
+to make money in that market for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money in that market for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money in that market for a while
+so all the Sheep they're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the Sheep they're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the Sheep they're going to go
+away now and over time it will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now and over time it will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now and over time it will come back
+it may take a while but it will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may take a while but it will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may take a while but it will come
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+and that's where Cycles come from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where Cycles come from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where Cycles come from it's
+the exact same mechanism this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same mechanism this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same mechanism this is not an
+analogy or a metaphor I'm describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy or a metaphor I'm describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy or a metaphor I'm describing
+exactly the mechanism by which certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the mechanism by which certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the mechanism by which certain
+biological entities uh interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological entities uh interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological entities uh interact with
+their environment and we are biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment and we are biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment and we are biological
+entities we're creatures and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities we're creatures and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities we're creatures and uh we
+interact in our environment the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in our environment the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in our environment the only
+difference between us and sheep is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between us and sheep is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between us and sheep is that
+we consume dollars instead of grass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consume dollars instead of grass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consume dollars instead of grass and
+so the uh uh the Dynamics are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh uh the Dynamics are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh uh the Dynamics are really
+much very very much the same and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much very very much the same and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much very very much the same and the
+bottom line I said is that survival is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line I said is that survival is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line I said is that survival is
+all that matters what any business cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters what any business cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters what any business cares
+about in general is surviving and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in general is surviving and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in general is surviving and as you
+push for survival a lot of the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push for survival a lot of the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push for survival a lot of the effects
+that you see in typical evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in typical evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in typical evolutionary
+systems will emerge uh in economies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will emerge uh in economies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems will emerge uh in economies so
+let me talk specifically about some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk specifically about some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk specifically about some very
+very concrete examples of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concrete examples of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concrete examples of these kinds of
+Dynamics I'll give you I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I'll give you I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I'll give you I'll give you
+just a couple the first example comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple the first example comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple the first example comes
+from the hedge fund industry and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hedge fund industry and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hedge fund industry and in
+particular from very very simple uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from very very simple uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from very very simple uh a
+simple observation about the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple observation about the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple observation about the efficiency
+of the stock market when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock market when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock market when we talked about
+the random walk hypothesis a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk hypothesis a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk hypothesis a few weeks
+ago we mentioned that the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we mentioned that the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we mentioned that the idea behind
+the random walk is that if prices fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk is that if prices fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk is that if prices fully
+reflect all available information then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all available information then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all available information then
+certainly you shouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you shouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you shouldn't be able to
+predict what's going to happen to prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going to happen to prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's going to happen to prices
+tomorrow based upon what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow based upon what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow based upon what happened to
+prices last week right in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices last week right in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices last week right in other words
+just because we had a positive return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we had a positive return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we had a positive return
+over the last 5 days that positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 5 days that positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 5 days that positive
+return shouldn't give you any hint as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return shouldn't give you any hint as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return shouldn't give you any hint as to
+whether or not the next 5 days will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the next 5 days will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the next 5 days will be
+positive or negative because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative because all the
+information of the last five days has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the last five days has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the last five days has
+been incorporated into today's price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been incorporated into today's price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been incorporated into today's price so
+at every point in time it's a fair game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in time it's a fair game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in time it's a fair game
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+Martingale well if you believe that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale well if you believe that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale well if you believe that then
+what that says is that the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says is that the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says is that the first order
+autocorrelation of monthly stock returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation of monthly stock returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation of monthly stock returns
+should be about zero in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about zero in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about zero in other words the
+correlation between last month's return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between last month's return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between last month's return
+and this month's return should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this month's return should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this month's return should be
+statistically indistinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically indistinguishable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically indistinguishable from
+zero because if it weren't if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it weren't if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because if it weren't if it were
+statistically positive or negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically positive or negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically positive or negative then
+you'd have information to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have information to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have information to be able to
+base a St a trading strategy on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a St a trading strategy on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a St a trading strategy on right
+for example if it were positive then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it were positive then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it were positive then if
+last month's return were positive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last month's return were positive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last month's return were positive you
+can bet the next month's return will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet the next month's return will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bet the next month's return will
+continue to be positive so you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be positive so you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be positive so you make a
+bigger bet on the stock market you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bet on the stock market you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bet on the stock market you'll
+develop a trading strategy that can beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a trading strategy that can beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a trading strategy that can beat
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Market efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market efficient
+markets hyp the hypothesis would say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets hyp the hypothesis would say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets hyp the hypothesis would say you
+can't do that you can't come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that you can't come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that you can't come up with
+these kind of trading strategies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of trading strategies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of trading strategies in
+other words stock prices follow random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words stock prices follow random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words stock prices follow random
+walks autocorrelation should be zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks autocorrelation should be zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks autocorrelation should be zero all
+right well let's take a look this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's take a look this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's take a look this is the
+rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling
+fiveyear serial correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveyear serial correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveyear serial correlation coefficient
+first order autocorrelation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order autocorrelation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order autocorrelation coefficient
+for stock Returns on a monthly basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stock Returns on a monthly basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stock Returns on a monthly basis for
+the S&P Composite Index from January of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P Composite Index from January of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P Composite Index from January of
+1871 to uh April of 2003 that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1871 to uh April of 2003 that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1871 to uh April of 2003 that's a lot of
+data right and these are fiveyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right and these are fiveyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right and these are fiveyear
+rolling window correlation so every five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling window correlation so every five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling window correlation so every five
+every five years I'm going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five years I'm going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five years I'm going to calculate
+this correlation coefficient between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation coefficient between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correlation coefficient between
+month T and month T minus one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month T and month T minus one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month T and month T minus one and it
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+zero but let's take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's take a look at what
+happens in the 1800s the late 1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the 1800s the late 1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the 1800s the late 1800s
+there was a fair bit of POS positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a fair bit of POS positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a fair bit of POS positive
+correlation correlation around 40 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation correlation around 40 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation correlation around 40 or
+50% and then towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% and then towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% and then towards the end of the
+century the correlation goes down then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the correlation goes down then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the correlation goes down then
+it goes up then it goes way down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up then it goes way down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up then it goes way down in the
+early 1900s then it goes up then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1900s then it goes up then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1900s then it goes up then it goes
+down then it goes up during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then it goes up during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then it goes up during the
+1970s here there's a bit of a per where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s here there's a bit of a per where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s here there's a bit of a per where
+it goes down then it goes up then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down then it goes up then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down then it goes up then it
+goes down then it goes way up it shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down then it goes way up it shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down then it goes way up it shoots
+way up in the 1990s and then since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up in the 1990s and then since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up in the 1990s and then since the
+1990s it's been relatively low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s it's been relatively low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s it's been relatively low and
+actually if you extended it to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you extended it to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you extended it to the last
+few years you'd see that it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you'd see that it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you'd see that it's still
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+low this diagram shows that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low this diagram shows that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low this diagram shows that market
+efficiency as measured by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as measured by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as measured by the first
+order Auto correlation first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Auto correlation first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Auto correlation first of all is
+not zero but more importantly it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero but more importantly it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero but more importantly it does
+not decline monotonically over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not decline monotonically over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not decline monotonically over time
+markets are not getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are not getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are not getting more and more
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+efficient there's a cycle of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient there's a cycle of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient there's a cycle of efficiency
+there are periods where the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are periods where the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are periods where the market is
+very efficient and there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and there are periods
+where it's not and these periods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not and these periods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not and these periods are
+determined by the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the population of
+investors that are interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that are interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that are interacting with each
+other there are periods where markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there are periods where markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there are periods where markets
+are extremely efficient because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely efficient because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely efficient because you've
+got very sophisticated investors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very sophisticated investors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very sophisticated investors in the
+market but during the 1990s that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but during the 1990s that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but during the 1990s that wasn't
+one of them because what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them because what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them because what was happening
+during the 1990s who was trading here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 1990s who was trading here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 1990s who was trading here
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+who Tech but who were the Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Tech but who were the Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Tech but who were the Traders
+everybody exactly retail investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody exactly retail investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody exactly retail investors
+everybody you know the librarian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you know the librarian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you know the librarian the
+pharmacist mom and pop Grandma they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacist mom and pop Grandma they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacist mom and pop Grandma they were
+all trading on erade on on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trading on erade on on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trading on erade on on all of these
+uh various different trading sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various different trading sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various different trading sites and
+as a result the market became relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the market became relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the market became relatively
+inefficient and you can see this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient and you can see this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient and you can see this you can
+see this as clear as day by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as clear as day by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as clear as day by the way
+right around here was where some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here was where some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here was where some of the
+equity Market neutral hedge funds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity Market neutral hedge funds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity Market neutral hedge funds like
+de Shaw decided to go into business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Shaw decided to go into business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Shaw decided to go into business and
+made a lot of money you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lot of money you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lot of money you know in this
+period it's gotten a lot harder now no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's gotten a lot harder now no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it's gotten a lot harder now no
+doubt but my guess is that over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt but my guess is that over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt but my guess is that over the next
+few years you may see markets becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you may see markets becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years you may see markets becoming
+more inefficient why is that why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inefficient why is that why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inefficient why is that why might
+that be over the next couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be over the next couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be over the next couple of years
+any guesses yeah people are P out Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses yeah people are P out Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses yeah people are P out Market
+exactly people particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people particularly
+sophisticated investors like hedge funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors like hedge funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors like hedge funds
+are pulling out of the market because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulling out of the market because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pulling out of the market because
+they're getting blown out of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting blown out of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting blown out of the water
+they're losing a lot of money they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're losing a lot of money they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're losing a lot of money they don't
+have enough to run their businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to run their businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to run their businesses
+they're pulling out and so whatever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling out and so whatever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling out and so whatever's
+left may not be as efficient as it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left may not be as efficient as it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left may not be as efficient as it once
+was that's adaptive markets that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's adaptive markets that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that's adaptive markets that's all
+economic systems are not like physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic systems are not like physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic systems are not like physical
+systems we're not approaching uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're not approaching uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're not approaching uh any
+kind of steady state limit we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of steady state limit we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of steady state limit we're
+interacting with each other and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other and during
+certain time periods we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time periods we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time periods we're going to be
+very efficient and then by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and then by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and then by the way
+Finance theory is going to work quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance theory is going to work quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance theory is going to work quite
+well but then there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then there are going to be
+periods that are crazy and during those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods that are crazy and during those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods that are crazy and during those
+crazy periods market prices may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy periods market prices may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy periods market prices may not
+fully reflect all available information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflect all available information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflect all available information
+in which case markets will not be as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case markets will not be as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case markets will not be as uh
+reliable as Finance Theory makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable as Finance Theory makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable as Finance Theory makes them
+out to be so when you apply your 401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be so when you apply your 401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be so when you apply your 401
+techniques you got to start by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you got to start by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you got to start by asking
+the question do those assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question do those assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question do those assumptions that
+we made do they hold is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made do they hold is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made do they hold is this a
+reasonable period of time for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable period of time for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable period of time for which
+Finance Theory will dictate what prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Theory will dictate what prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance Theory will dictate what prices
+should be let me okay if the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be let me okay if the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be let me okay if the expected
+Return of the stock market let's say 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the stock market let's say 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the stock market let's say 10%
+then the auto correlation shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the auto correlation shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the auto correlation shouldn't be
+zero it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it should be
+around there's supposed to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's supposed to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's supposed to be some
+correlation when the market is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation when the market is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation when the market is is
+efficient between the next no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient between the next no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient between the next no because
+remember the correlation is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the correlation is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the correlation is uh the
+covariance divided by the variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance divided by the variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance divided by the variance in
+excess of the mean these are deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of the mean these are deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess of the mean these are deviations
+from mean right so it doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mean right so it doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mean right so it doesn't matter if
+it's 10% or % or 5% right if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10% or % or 5% right if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 10% or % or 5% right if there's a
+trend the mean basically subtracts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the mean basically subtracts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the mean basically subtracts that
+Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend
+off yes there are a few dips like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off yes there are a few dips like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off yes there are a few dips like in the
+Cur quite dramatic like audit there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur quite dramatic like audit there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur quite dramatic like audit there's a
+dip like do you have an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip like do you have an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip like do you have an explanation
+about like why that happened well uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like why that happened well uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like why that happened well uh the
+explanation uh at least during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh at least during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh at least during the
+recent periods I have uh I have one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent periods I have uh I have one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent periods I have uh I have one for
+you uh I don't know about going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I don't know about going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh I don't know about going back
+here I can conjecture but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can conjecture but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can conjecture but there are a
+lot of other things going on here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things going on here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things going on here that I
+can't say that I've really uh researched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that I've really uh researched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that I've really uh researched
+but over here I can tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here I can tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here I can tell you what
+happened which is that the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened which is that the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened which is that the internet
+Bubble Burst and then retail investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubble Burst and then retail investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubble Burst and then retail investors
+they left the market and who has left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left the market and who has left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left the market and who has left
+but sophisticated institutional Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sophisticated institutional Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sophisticated institutional Traders
+and they took advantage of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took advantage of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took advantage of whatever
+correlation there might be and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation there might be and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation there might be and that
+basically bid away any other profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bid away any other profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically bid away any other profits
+that might have remained so over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have remained so over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have remained so over the
+last I don't know maybe five to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last I don't know maybe five to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last I don't know maybe five to eight
+years long short Equity Market neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years long short Equity Market neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years long short Equity Market neutral
+and uh and long short Equity strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and long short Equity strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and long short Equity strategies
+that are the basis for taking advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the basis for taking advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the basis for taking advantage
+of these kind of correlations have grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of correlations have grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of correlations have grown
+dramatically and the profits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and the profits have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and the profits have
+declined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined
+significantly markets have gotten more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly markets have gotten more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly markets have gotten more
+efficient and you know I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and you know I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and you know I would argue
+that during certain periods of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during certain periods of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that during certain periods of time for
+example during the 1950s during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example during the 1950s during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example during the 1950s during this
+period there were situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there were situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there were situations where
+markets got more efficient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets got more efficient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets got more efficient because
+certain institutional investors came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain institutional investors came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain institutional investors came in
+and Retail investors left so by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Retail investors left so by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Retail investors left so by looking
+at the population Dam dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the population Dam dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the population Dam dynamics of the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ecology you see I mean that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology you see I mean that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology you see I mean that that
+language that I just used is language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that I just used is language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that I just used is language
+that a evolutionary biologist would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a evolutionary biologist would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a evolutionary biologist would use
+it's not something that economists would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that economists would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something that economists would
+ever say how many of you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever say how many of you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever say how many of you have actually
+heard of an economist utter the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of an economist utter the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of an economist utter the words
+that I just uttered I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just uttered I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just uttered I don't think you
+have you'll never hear it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you'll never hear it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you'll never hear it in
+microeconomics right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics right because
+microeconomics they treat all consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics they treat all consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomics they treat all consumers
+as the same maximize expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same maximize expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same maximize expected utility
+subject to a budget constraint or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a budget constraint or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a budget constraint or they
+treat all producers as the same you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat all producers as the same you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat all producers as the same you're
+going to maximize profits subject to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize profits subject to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize profits subject to our
+production function and resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and resource
+constraint what economists don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint what economists don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint what economists don't
+recognize is that there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that there are different
+populations of consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of consumers and
+producers and these populations arise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and these populations arise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and these populations arise in
+different ways they're different species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways they're different species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways they're different species
+and different species have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different species have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different species have different
+characteristics and so by studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so by studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so by studying the
+different species you will come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species you will come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species you will come up with
+different insights but the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different insights but the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different insights but the reason that
+that we don't have very many insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have very many insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have very many insights
+yet is because we don't even speak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is because we don't even speak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet is because we don't even speak in
+these terms and therefore we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and therefore we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms and therefore we don't
+measure the data in this way for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the data in this way for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the data in this way for example
+if I wanted to know today the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to know today the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to know today the number of
+retail investors versus institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail investors versus institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail investors versus institutional
+investors versus broker dealers versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors versus broker dealers versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors versus broker dealers versus
+hedge funds if I want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds if I want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds if I want to know the
+biomass of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass of the different
+species I wouldn't know where to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I wouldn't know where to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species I wouldn't know where to look
+there's no database that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no database that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no database that has this
+information because we're not collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because we're not collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because we're not collecting
+it we don't even collect the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't even collect the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't even collect the information
+in the way that would be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that would be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that would be the most
+amendable for analysis because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendable for analysis because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendable for analysis because this is
+such a new framework so you you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a new framework so you you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a new framework so you you got to
+have the framework first to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the framework first to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the framework first to figure out
+what questions you want to ask and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what questions you want to ask and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what questions you want to ask and what
+data you want to collect and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you want to collect and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you want to collect and ultimately
+after you do that over time you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that over time you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that over time you'll be
+able to see these kind of patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see these kind of patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see these kind of patterns
+emerging Yeah question you agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Yeah question you agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Yeah question you agree that
+this contradicts the view of Market I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contradicts the view of Market I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contradicts the view of Market I
+mean the theal wisdom of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the theal wisdom of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the theal wisdom of market
+economies that say bigger the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that say bigger the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that say bigger the market the
+more information the more absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information the more absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information the more absolutely
+absolutely it does contradict that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it does contradict that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely it does contradict that yeah
+it that this is why I leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that this is why I leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that this is why I leave this
+material to the last lecture because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to the last lecture because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to the last lecture because you
+know it's I feel that it's inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's I feel that it's inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's I feel that it's inappropriate
+for me to spend an entire course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to spend an entire course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to spend an entire course in
+introductory Finance teaching you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory Finance teaching you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory Finance teaching you what
+my pet theories are as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pet theories are as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pet theories are as opposed to the
+mainstream you need to know the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream you need to know the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream you need to know the basics
+of what's out there and how people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's out there and how people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's out there and how people use
+the tools so that's what we did for 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools so that's what we did for 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools so that's what we did for 90%
+of the course but I also would feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course but I also would feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course but I also would feel it
+inappropriate for me to perpetuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate for me to perpetuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate for me to perpetuate
+certain myths and let you leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain myths and let you leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain myths and let you leave this
+class without at least understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class without at least understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class without at least understanding
+that there's a debate going on and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a debate going on and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a debate going on and that
+there's some uncertainty about exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some uncertainty about exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some uncertainty about exactly
+what theories apply when so you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theories apply when so you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theories apply when so you're right
+this does contradict the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does contradict the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does contradict the conventional
+wisdom yeah all right so understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom yeah all right so understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom yeah all right so understand
+correctly the points of peakness yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the points of peakness yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the points of peakness yes
+much function of irrational investors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much function of irrational investors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much function of irrational investors so
+right now if they the market what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if they the market what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if they the market what's
+wrong with that I mean up we on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that I mean up we on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that I mean up we on the path
+to efficient market again right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficient market again right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficient market again right there's
+not there's nothing wrong with any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's nothing wrong with any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's nothing wrong with any of
+this you know you you have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you you have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you you have to keep in
+mind that I'm not making any value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that I'm not making any value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that I'm not making any value
+judgments whatsoever what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments whatsoever what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments whatsoever what I'm trying to
+explain to you is a way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you is a way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you is a way of thinking
+right so I'm trying to give you a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm trying to give you a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm trying to give you a way to
+reconcile the various different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile the various different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile the various different kinds of
+Market theories that have been proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market theories that have been proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market theories that have been proposed
+the the behavioral versus the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the behavioral versus the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the behavioral versus the rational
+and what I'm arguing is that neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm arguing is that neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm arguing is that neither of
+these theories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theories are
+complete they each focus on one aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete they each focus on one aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete they each focus on one aspect
+of the market during one period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market during one period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market during one period of
+time and what you need to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what you need to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what you need to do in order to
+put it all together is to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together is to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together is to develop a
+super theory that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super theory that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super theory that allows you to
+understand how both of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how both of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how both of these sub
+theories are integrated with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are integrated with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories are integrated with each other
+and I think this is what it what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is what it what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is what it what it does
+okay no because you said that moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no because you said that moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no because you said that moving
+into the future yeah right I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future yeah right I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future yeah right I mean this
+this chat will much show us pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chat will much show us pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chat will much show us pretty much
+signs of problems right because hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of problems right because hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of problems right because hedge
+funds are pretty much pulling out result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds are pretty much pulling out result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds are pretty much pulling out result
+yeah but there's nothing wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's nothing wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's nothing wrong with that
+hedge funds are pulling out and markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds are pulling out and markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds are pulling out and markets
+will become less efficient over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become less efficient over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become less efficient over the next
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+years I thought it would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I thought it would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I thought it would be more
+efficient because people have to much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because people have to much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because people have to much
+bubble out of the market right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble out of the market right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble out of the market right so that
+depends on who's left that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on who's left that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on who's left that depends on
+who's left in the market if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's left in the market if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's left in the market if it's
+institutional investors and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors and other
+sophisticated investors you may be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors you may be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors you may be right
+but I would argue that there are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that there are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would argue that there are going
+to be regular investors like you and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be regular investors like you and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be regular investors like you and me
+that are going to be left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be left in the
+marketplace and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and we're going to be
+running for the hills or running for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running for the hills or running for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running for the hills or running for uh
+the the big returns and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big returns and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big returns and that's going to
+what that's going to be what drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be what drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be what drives the
+market for the next year or two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for the next year or two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for the next year or two okay
+that's going to be different than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be different than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be different than other
+periods where you see inefficiencies OCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where you see inefficiencies OCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where you see inefficiencies OCC
+because the smart money stayed in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the smart money stayed in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the smart money stayed in and
+the dumb money pulled out I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumb money pulled out I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumb money pulled out I shouldn't
+say dumb money that's kind of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say dumb money that's kind of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say dumb money that's kind of value
+judgment the the naive money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment the the naive money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment the the naive money the
+inexperienced money uh the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexperienced money uh the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexperienced money uh the retail
+investors right they're the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors right they're the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors right they're the ones that
+pulled out uh you know here and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out uh you know here and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out uh you know here and so you
+know here you had tremendous amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here you had tremendous amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here you had tremendous amounts of
+retail money being applied but retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail money being applied but retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail money being applied but retail
+investors they ended up losing a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors they ended up losing a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors they ended up losing a fair
+bit of money going uh going forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money going uh going forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money going uh going forward and
+what was left here is the hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was left here is the hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was left here is the hedge fund
+money what I'm arguing is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what I'm arguing is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money what I'm arguing is going to
+happen over the next year what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next year what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next year what has
+already happened over the last year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happened over the last year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happened over the last year is
+that hedge funds have pulled out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hedge funds have pulled out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hedge funds have pulled out a lot
+of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their
+money so who's left ask yourself who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so who's left ask yourself who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so who's left ask yourself who's
+left when you think about analyzing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when you think about analyzing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when you think about analyzing a
+market don't just look at it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market don't just look at it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market don't just look at it as a
+mathematical object and say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object and say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object and say I'm going to
+write down the capm and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the capm and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the capm and this is what
+it's going to tell me if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to tell me if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to tell me if you do that
+you're thinking like a physicist not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking like a physicist not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking like a physicist not
+like a biologist a biologist would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a biologist a biologist would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a biologist a biologist would say
+what are the species that are here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the species that are here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the species that are here in
+this ecology and once you tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ecology and once you tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ecology and once you tell me that
+I'll tell you what things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you what things are going to
+happen over the next year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next year or
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so let me go to now how how all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go to now how how all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go to now how how all of this
+applies to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the current
+crisis I'm not going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I'm not going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis I'm not going to talk about the
+details of it we've already spent a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of it we've already spent a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of it we've already spent a fair
+bit of time this semester talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time this semester talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time this semester talking about
+the crisis talking about subprime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis talking about subprime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis talking about subprime
+mortgages securitization the role of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages securitization the role of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages securitization the role of all
+of the various different folks that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various different folks that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various different folks that were
+participating but I want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating but I want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating but I want to make the
+following Point based upon the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Point based upon the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Point based upon the material
+that we covered last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we covered last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we covered last
+time and that is the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that is the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that is the fact that that
+pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain
+protects this is a very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects this is a very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects this is a very important but
+rather obvious point that I suspect many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather obvious point that I suspect many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather obvious point that I suspect many
+of you may have overlooked and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have overlooked and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have overlooked and let me
+just describe to you a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe to you a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe to you a very simple
+illustration of it have uh have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of it have uh have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of it have uh have any of
+you run across uh people that have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run across uh people that have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run across uh people that have had
+like temporary nerve damage you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temporary nerve damage you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temporary nerve damage you know
+their arm goes numb for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arm goes numb for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their arm goes numb for whatever
+reason anybody see what happens to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anybody see what happens to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason anybody see what happens to that
+arm you know over the course of a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm you know over the course of a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm you know over the course of a couple
+of weeks after the the nerve damage sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks after the the nerve damage sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks after the the nerve damage sets
+in anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anybody
+know you ever seen situations where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you ever seen situations where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you ever seen situations where that
+happens yeah Mike some was a little girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens yeah Mike some was a little girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens yeah Mike some was a little girl
+who couldn't feel pain at all and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who couldn't feel pain at all and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who couldn't feel pain at all and she
+had the she kept clawing her eyes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the she kept clawing her eyes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the she kept clawing her eyes out
+and she was completely bruised and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was completely bruised and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was completely bruised and yeah
+because she just bumped into everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she just bumped into everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she just bumped into everything
+that's right it's interesting when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's interesting when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right it's interesting when you
+see these individuals they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these individuals they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these individuals they look like
+they've been you know in a uh in a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been you know in a uh in a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been you know in a uh in a cat
+fight with a with a tiger you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight with a with a tiger you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight with a with a tiger you know
+they're scratched bruised you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scratched bruised you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're scratched bruised you know
+they've got these incredible wounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got these incredible wounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got these incredible wounds and
+you ask them you know what happened did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them you know what happened did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them you know what happened did
+you get mugged did you get beaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get mugged did you get beaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get mugged did you get beaten
+up and they'll say no just walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they'll say no just walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they'll say no just walking
+around it turns out that if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it turns out that if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it turns out that if you can't
+feel in your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in your left
+arm if there's no if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm if there's no if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm if there's no if it's
+numb then you won't know to pull away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numb then you won't know to pull away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numb then you won't know to pull away
+when you scrape it on the edge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you scrape it on the edge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you scrape it on the edge of a
+Sharp chair or you get pricked by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp chair or you get pricked by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp chair or you get pricked by you
+know some kind of uh tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some kind of uh tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some kind of uh tool
+you won't know to pull back you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't know to pull back you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't know to pull back you might
+just keep pushing forward and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep pushing forward and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep pushing forward and you know
+there goes a a scratch and a cut and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goes a a scratch and a cut and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goes a a scratch and a cut and a
+puncture if you can't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puncture if you can't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puncture if you can't feel
+pain you can't protect yourself pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain you can't protect yourself pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain you can't protect yourself pain
+protects if you think about any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects if you think about any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects if you think about any kind of
+measure you have ever taken that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you have ever taken that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you have ever taken that has
+protected you whether it's pulling money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected you whether it's pulling money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected you whether it's pulling money
+out of the stock market whether it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the stock market whether it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the stock market whether it's uh
+getting out of a burning house whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of a burning house whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of a burning house whether
+it's uh avoiding a certain situation CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh avoiding a certain situation CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh avoiding a certain situation CU
+you know that it was likely turn into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it was likely turn into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it was likely turn into a
+very bad accident like drinking after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad accident like drinking after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad accident like drinking after
+you're uh driving after you've had too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh driving after you've had too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh driving after you've had too
+much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to
+drink if you've ever done anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink if you've ever done anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink if you've ever done anything that
+involves pulling back from taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pulling back from taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pulling back from taking a
+risk it's because you have felt pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's because you have felt pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's because you have felt pain
+either current pain or you have felt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either current pain or you have felt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either current pain or you have felt the
+memory of previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of previous
+pain now let me ask you a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain now let me ask you a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain now let me ask you a question
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+none of you are feeling any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you are feeling any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you are feeling any
+pain will you actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain will you actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain will you actually be able to
+control yourself from taking on certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control yourself from taking on certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control yourself from taking on certain
+risks so this gets back to the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so this gets back to the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so this gets back to the crisis
+that we're in right now if in 2004 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in right now if in 2004 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're in right now if in 2004 or
+2005 you were at one of these financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 you were at one of these financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 you were at one of these financial
+institutions that invested in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that invested in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that invested in these
+kinds of Securities or these strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Securities or these strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Securities or these strategies
+and not everyone did so I don't mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not everyone did so I don't mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not everyone did so I don't mean to
+uh to make a sweeping generalization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make a sweeping generalization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make a sweeping generalization but
+a number of very large institutions seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of very large institutions seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of very large institutions seem
+to have overextended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves what I want to argue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what I want to argue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what I want to argue is that
+this is not something that's very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that's very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that's very easily
+preventable uh unless we impose certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable uh unless we impose certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventable uh unless we impose certain
+restrictions in advance unless we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions in advance unless we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions in advance unless we decide
+before we ever enter that situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we ever enter that situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we ever enter that situation that
+we're not going to do something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do something uh
+because otherwise it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise it's going to be
+impossible for us to avoid doing it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for us to avoid doing it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for us to avoid doing it when
+it feels so good when we are in no pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels so good when we are in no pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels so good when we are in no pain
+I want to be even more specific it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be even more specific it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be even more specific it turns
+out that financial gain monetary reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that financial gain monetary reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that financial gain monetary reward
+actually stimulates the same reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stimulates the same reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stimulates the same reward
+circuitry that cocaine does I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry that cocaine does I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry that cocaine does I'm not
+kidding this is not an analogy or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding this is not an analogy or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding this is not an analogy or a
+metaphor it's a physiological fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor it's a physiological fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor it's a physiological fact
+neuroscientists using fmri machines had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists using fmri machines had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists using fmri machines had
+individuals play games involving real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals play games involving real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals play games involving real
+money not a lot of money but enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money not a lot of money but enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money not a lot of money but enough so
+that it actually registered and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually registered and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually registered and it turns
+out that they found that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that they found that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that they found that when people
+made money in the MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in the MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made money in the MRI
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+that their brain released dopamine into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their brain released dopamine into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their brain released dopamine into
+a region of the brain called the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of the brain called the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of the brain called the nucleus
+accumbens this is exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumbens this is exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumbens this is exactly the same thing
+that happens when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you take
+cocaine some people have said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine some people have said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine some people have said that
+making money is better than sex uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money is better than sex uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money is better than sex uh you
+know what that's actually not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that's actually not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that's actually not an
+exaggeration uh that it it stimulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration uh that it it stimulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration uh that it it stimulates
+the same kind of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of neural
+circuitry and when you are in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry and when you are in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry and when you are in this kind
+of a mode of reaction when your nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mode of reaction when your nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mode of reaction when your nucleus
+accumbens is being hyper stimulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumbens is being hyper stimulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumbens is being hyper stimulated by
+dopamine it will be very hard almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine it will be very hard almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine it will be very hard almost
+impossible for you to pull back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you to pull back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you to pull back and say
+no I don't want to that's what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want to that's what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want to that's what an
+addiction is frankly and for extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction is frankly and for extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addiction is frankly and for extended
+periods of Prosperity which we have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of Prosperity which we have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of Prosperity which we have had
+over the last 10 years it's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years it's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years it's become
+virtually impossible I'm not condoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible I'm not condoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually impossible I'm not condoning
+it don't get me wrong I'm not arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't get me wrong I'm not arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't get me wrong I'm not arguing
+that these excesses are just fine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these excesses are just fine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these excesses are just fine and we
+should excuse them I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should excuse them I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should excuse them I'm actually
+explaining a biological fact about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining a biological fact about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining a biological fact about how
+all of us are hardwired when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are hardwired when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are hardwired when we're
+making money it's very hard for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money it's very hard for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money it's very hard for us to
+pull back so much so that as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull back so much so that as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull back so much so that as a as a
+society it is possible for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it is possible for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it is possible for us to
+overextend our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overextend our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overextend our
+ourselves and this actually is one role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and this actually is one role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and this actually is one role
+that regulation can play you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulation can play you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulation can play you know
+economists have argued that government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have argued that government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have argued that government
+should be involved because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be involved because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be involved because we have
+public goods we have externalities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public goods we have externalities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public goods we have externalities we
+have incomplete markets but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incomplete markets but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have incomplete markets but I think that
+Economist have missed the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist have missed the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist have missed the most obvious
+motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for
+regulation which is regulation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation which is regulation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation which is regulation is a
+means by which society prevents itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by which society prevents itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by which society prevents itself
+from doing the things that it knows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing the things that it knows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing the things that it knows it
+doesn't want to do during those periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do during those periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do during those periods
+where it is incapable of stopping itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is incapable of stopping itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is incapable of stopping itself
+from doing it right this is why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing it right this is why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing it right this is why some
+people put their potato chips on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put their potato chips on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put their potato chips on the
+very top shelf in their kitchen they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top shelf in their kitchen they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top shelf in their kitchen they
+know that they shouldn't be having too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they shouldn't be having too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they shouldn't be having too
+many so they make it harder to get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so they make it harder to get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so they make it harder to get it so
+that when they get it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they get it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they get it you know it
+provides some kind of distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides some kind of distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides some kind of distance that
+doesn't work so well I can attest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well I can attest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well I can attest to
+that uh but I'll give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but I'll give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but I'll give you another
+example I'll give you another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give you another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll give you another example
+that's a little bit more direct in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more direct in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit more direct in every
+state in the United States we impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the United States we impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the United States we impose
+fire codes on builders right fire codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire codes on builders right fire codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire codes on builders right fire codes
+that require you to have a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require you to have a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require you to have a minimum
+number of exits to have well-lit exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exits to have well-lit exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exits to have well-lit exit
+signs right so that you can see to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs right so that you can see to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs right so that you can see to have
+visible fire alarms to have sprinkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible fire alarms to have sprinkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible fire alarms to have sprinkler
+systems in the ceiling all of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the ceiling all of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the ceiling all of this stuff
+costs money it's actually very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs money it's actually very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs money it's actually very expensive
+to put in do you ever wonder why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in do you ever wonder why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in do you ever wonder why we have
+those in other words why not let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in other words why not let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in other words why not let the
+free market work let people be free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market work let people be free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market work let people be free to
+choose those of you that are nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose those of you that are nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose those of you that are nervous
+Nellies that are worried about a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nellies that are worried about a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nellies that are worried about a fire
+you will simply pay more for buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will simply pay more for buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will simply pay more for buildings
+that have all these goodies and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have all these goodies and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have all these goodies and then we
+can have other buildings that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have other buildings that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have other buildings that don't have
+any of these protections and let people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these protections and let people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these protections and let people
+be free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be free to
+choose why don't we do that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose why don't we do that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose why don't we do that that's a
+perfect equilibrium from an economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect equilibrium from an economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect equilibrium from an economist
+point of view well you know why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view well you know why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view well you know why it's
+because in that free to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that free to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that free to choose
+World none of you will choose the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World none of you will choose the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World none of you will choose the more
+expensive building and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive building and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive building and the reason is
+simple it's because when you assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's because when you assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's because when you assess the
+probability of a fire on any given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a fire on any given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a fire on any given day
+you put a weight of zero to that event I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a weight of zero to that event I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a weight of zero to that event I
+don't think any of you came into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think any of you came into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think any of you came into this
+classroom today thinking hm there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom today thinking hm there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom today thinking hm there's a
+fire who am I going to have to step over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire who am I going to have to step over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire who am I going to have to step over
+to get out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of that
+exit maybe you were thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit maybe you were thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit maybe you were thinking about that
+that's why you guys sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you guys sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you guys sitting
+here but we don't think about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we don't think about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we don't think about it because
+it's not part of our cognitive processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not part of our cognitive processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not part of our cognitive processes
+to focus on every possible eventuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on every possible eventuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on every possible eventuality
+we don't have an infinite Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an infinite Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an infinite Computing
+machine uh on our heads so we assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh on our heads so we assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh on our heads so we assign
+certain events zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain events zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain events zero probability
+and when you do you will pay nothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do you will pay nothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do you will pay nothing for
+it so there will be nobody that will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so there will be nobody that will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so there will be nobody that will pay
+for sprinklers in which case it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sprinklers in which case it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sprinklers in which case it won't
+get done and as we know when it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done and as we know when it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done and as we know when it doesn't
+get done eventually you have a fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done eventually you have a fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done eventually you have a fire and
+during that fire you you really wish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that fire you you really wish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that fire you you really wish you
+had those Sprinklers and it'll be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had those Sprinklers and it'll be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had those Sprinklers and it'll be too
+late to put them in at that time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to put them in at that time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to put them in at that time so we
+regulate we regulate because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate we regulate because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate we regulate because we know
+ourselves and we know that during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and we know that during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and we know that during
+certain situations we will not act in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations we will not act in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations we will not act in a
+way that we would like ourselves to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we would like ourselves to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we would like ourselves to act
+so we prevent ourselves from doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we prevent ourselves from doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we prevent ourselves from doing that
+by developing these laws that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by developing these laws that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by developing these laws that we just
+simply have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to
+follow well that can be done as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow well that can be done as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow well that can be done as well for
+problems like uh leverage credit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like uh leverage credit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like uh leverage credit and so
+on so the point is that risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the point is that risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the point is that risk management
+doesn't work unless we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work unless we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work unless we are able to
+experience pain and fear and profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience pain and fear and profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience pain and fear and profits are
+a very potent anesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very potent anesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very potent anesthetic
+they're like a drug and the more profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a drug and the more profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a drug and the more profits
+you have for a long enough period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for a long enough period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for a long enough period of
+time you become a lot less anxious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you become a lot less anxious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you become a lot less anxious about
+asking questions because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions because you're not
+feeling any pain you're not feeling pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling any pain you're not feeling pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling any pain you're not feeling pain
+so you won't ask the tough questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't ask the tough questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't ask the tough questions and
+you won't scale back the risks while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't scale back the risks while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't scale back the risks while
+everybody else seems to be doing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else seems to be doing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else seems to be doing just
+fine so the point is that proper balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so the point is that proper balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so the point is that proper balance
+is the key we have to have a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key we have to have a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key we have to have a proper
+balance of fear greed and logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of fear greed and logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of fear greed and logical
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and if we know that there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we know that there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we know that there are periods
+where that proper balance will be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that proper balance will be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that proper balance will be out of
+kilter that's the role that regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilter that's the role that regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilter that's the role that regulation
+can play during those periods okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play during those periods okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play during those periods okay so
+what do we uh what do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we uh what do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we uh what do we think about
+going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward
+well clearly the fear of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly the fear of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clearly the fear of the
+unknown uh magnifies the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown uh magnifies the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown uh magnifies the problems that
+we're in flight to liquidity is likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in flight to liquidity is likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in flight to liquidity is likely
+to persist and we really are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist and we really are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist and we really are going to
+have to think more carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think more carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think more carefully about
+developing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing better
+analytics and ultimately what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and ultimately what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and ultimately what we're
+going to see over the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see over the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see over the next couple of
+years is a tremendous period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is a tremendous period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is a tremendous period of
+innovation uh some some of it good some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation uh some some of it good some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation uh some some of it good some
+of it bad but we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it bad but we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it bad but we're going to use the
+current situation to really uh improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation to really uh improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation to really uh improve
+and expand the current infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand the current infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand the current infrastructure
+for the coming decades so as uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coming decades so as uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coming decades so as uh one of
+the uh Obama uh transition managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Obama uh transition managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Obama uh transition managers
+mentioned crisis is a terrible thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned crisis is a terrible thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned crisis is a terrible thing to
+waste the next year or two is a golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the next year or two is a golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the next year or two is a golden
+opportunity for us to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to take advantage of
+the crisis by motivating ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis by motivating ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis by motivating ourselves to
+change the regulatory infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the regulatory infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the regulatory infrastructure
+right if things are going well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if things are going well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if things are going well then
+there's no point in trying to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in trying to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in trying to change
+anything right don't mess with success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right don't mess with success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right don't mess with success
+you've heard that before the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard that before the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard that before the point is
+that right now we're in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now we're in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now we're in a situation
+where we can actually change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually change something
+and so the Adaptive markets would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Adaptive markets would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Adaptive markets would tell
+us that this is our way of creating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this is our way of creating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this is our way of creating that
+infrastructure to build for the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to build for the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to build for the coming
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+growth so uh in conclusion I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so uh in conclusion I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so uh in conclusion I would argue
+that finance and economics are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finance and economics are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finance and economics are a lot
+more like evolutionary biology than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like evolutionary biology than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like evolutionary biology than they
+are like physics uh we really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like physics uh we really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like physics uh we really have to
+take a look at the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the evolutionary
+perspective and the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and the bottom line is
+whether or not you are going to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you are going to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you are going to survive
+that's what what we all care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what we all care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what we all care about
+that's what we ultimately strive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we ultimately strive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we ultimately strive to do
+and if you understand this about markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you understand this about markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you understand this about markets
+you'll have a much better chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a much better chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a much better chance of
+surviving so from the perspective of 401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving so from the perspective of 401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving so from the perspective of 401
+the material we've learned in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material we've learned in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material we've learned in this
+course we've gone over the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've gone over the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've gone over the rational
+approach to analyzing value uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to analyzing value uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to analyzing value uh and
+various kinds of Market interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of Market interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of Market interactions and
+just be aware that for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be aware that for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be aware that for the most part
+that may work reasonably well but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may work reasonably well but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may work reasonably well but for
+extreme circumstances periods of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme circumstances periods of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme circumstances periods of extreme
+wealth as well as periods of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth as well as periods of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth as well as periods of extreme
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+distress prices may not be in line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress prices may not be in line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress prices may not be in line with
+what our analytical framework suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our analytical framework suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our analytical framework suggests
+and at that point you need to reassess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point you need to reassess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point you need to reassess
+and try to come up with Alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to come up with Alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to come up with Alternatives
+what those are uh we currently don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are uh we currently don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are uh we currently don't
+know we don't have a good theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't have a good theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't have a good theory for
+what happens when the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the traditional
+analytics break down because up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics break down because up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics break down because up until
+recently nobody would be even willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently nobody would be even willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently nobody would be even willing to
+consider that the tra traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that the tra traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that the tra traditional
+analytics would ever breakdown okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics would ever breakdown okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics would ever breakdown okay so
+this whole area is relatively new and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area is relatively new and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area is relatively new and as
+I mentioned at the beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned at the beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned at the beginning of this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+if you do a search for adaptive markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a search for adaptive markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a search for adaptive markets
+you're going to only find my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to only find my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to only find my name
+attached to that at this point it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that at this point it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that at this point it's not
+really a theory that's uh comeon to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a theory that's uh comeon to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a theory that's uh comeon to even
+common Parlin never mind General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Parlin never mind General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Parlin never mind General
+acceptance It's a conjecture at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance It's a conjecture at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance It's a conjecture at this
+point that's an alternative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's an alternative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's an alternative to the
+current received wisdom but the hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current received wisdom but the hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current received wisdom but the hope is
+that over time as we understand more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time as we understand more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over time as we understand more and
+more about these interactions we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these interactions we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these interactions we'll be
+able to develop Alternatives so then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to develop Alternatives so then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to develop Alternatives so then I'm
+hoping that a few years from now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that a few years from now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that a few years from now I will
+be able to tell all of you this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell all of you this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell all of you this is a
+theory for markets when they are normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for markets when they are normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for markets when they are normal
+and this is a theory for markets under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a theory for markets under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a theory for markets under
+certain kinds of distress and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of distress and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of distress and at that
+point we will have a complete theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we will have a complete theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we will have a complete theory of
+markets under all circumstances but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets under all circumstances but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets under all circumstances but
+we're still a few years away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still a few years away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still a few years away from that
+what there are a number of e Economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there are a number of e Economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there are a number of e Economist
+that argue that the financial sector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argue that the financial sector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argue that the financial sector in
+the US was already among the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US was already among the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US was already among the most
+regulated sectors yes that partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated sectors yes that partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated sectors yes that partially
+this regulation go things like fny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regulation go things like fny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regulation go things like fny and
+Freddy ma yeah so that actually argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy ma yeah so that actually argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy ma yeah so that actually argue
+for the opposite yeah and do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opposite yeah and do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opposite yeah and do you think
+that the regulation should be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regulation should be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the regulation should be fixed
+because it's wrong or you we should add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's wrong or you we should add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's wrong or you we should add
+more well I I I don't think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well I I I don't think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well I I I don't think we should
+add more uh I I would argue that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more uh I I would argue that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more uh I I would argue that we
+don't need more regulation we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need more regulation we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need more regulation we need
+better regulation smarter more adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better regulation smarter more adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better regulation smarter more adaptive
+regulation so to your point the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so to your point the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so to your point the banking
+sector which is where the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector which is where the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector which is where the majority of
+these problems uh are are sit today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems uh are are sit today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems uh are are sit today
+the banking sector is the most regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banking sector is the most regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banking sector is the most regulated
+sector of all in all of the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of all in all of the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of all in all of the financial
+world and the next most regulated sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the next most regulated sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the next most regulated sector
+is the insurance sector and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the insurance sector and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the insurance sector and you have
+problems there too so on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there too so on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems there too so on the one hand
+you could argue that gee it's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that gee it's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that gee it's all this
+regulation that's created it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation that's created it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation that's created it I don't
+believe that either and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that either and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that either and the reason is
+that a lot of these problems started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of these problems started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of these problems started in
+1999 and after when we we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and after when we we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and after when we we actually
+dismantled some of the regulation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled some of the regulation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled some of the regulation in
+particular the glass deagle act we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the glass deagle act we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the glass deagle act we
+dismantled that in 1999 and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled that in 1999 and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled that in 1999 and by the way
+that wasn't done by the Republicans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't done by the Republicans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't done by the Republicans that
+was Bill Clinton signed that so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bill Clinton signed that so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bill Clinton signed that so there's
+there's blame to share across both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's blame to share across both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's blame to share across both
+political parties this is not a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties this is not a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties this is not a a
+political problem per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political problem per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political problem per
+se so we reduced regulation we allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se so we reduced regulation we allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se so we reduced regulation we allowed
+Banks to be more like hedge funds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks to be more like hedge funds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks to be more like hedge funds we
+allow allowed hedge funds to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow allowed hedge funds to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow allowed hedge funds to be more
+like Banks and we got ourselves into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Banks and we got ourselves into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Banks and we got ourselves into uh
+uh the problem that we face today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem that we face today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem that we face today so
+it's not more regulation we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not more regulation we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not more regulation we have to be
+smarter about what we're regulating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter about what we're regulating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter about what we're regulating and
+that's what I'm hoping that we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm hoping that we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm hoping that we will do
+over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few
+years okay well um that's it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay well um that's it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay well um that's it that's
+that's it for introductory Finance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for introductory Finance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for introductory Finance um
+what I want to do now uh in just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now uh in just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now uh in just the
+last 15 or 20 minutes I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or 20 minutes I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 or 20 minutes I'm going to give
+you a a near-death experience because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a near-death experience because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a a near-death experience because
+you're going to see the entire course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see the entire course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see the entire course
+Flash before your very eyes I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash before your very eyes I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash before your very eyes I want to go
+over uh what we've done to date and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh what we've done to date and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh what we've done to date and try
+to make sense of it all uh and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of it all uh and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of it all uh and then I'll
+tell you a little bit about uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about uh you know
+what you might be in store for with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might be in store for with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might be in store for with uh
+classes in the future so um let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in the future so um let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes in the future so um let's start
+at the very beginning I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning I started with
+this motivation mathematics plus money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this motivation mathematics plus money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this motivation mathematics plus money
+is equal to finance and I hope that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to finance and I hope that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to finance and I hope that I've
+delivered on that in other words we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered on that in other words we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered on that in other words we've
+got very different approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very different approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very different approaches to
+Investments at one end of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments at one end of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments at one end of the spectrum
+James Simons at the other uh Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Simons at the other uh Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Simons at the other uh Warren
+Buffett and of course Jack Welch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett and of course Jack Welch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett and of course Jack Welch in
+between and each of these individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and each of these individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and each of these individuals
+brings unique skills and insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings unique skills and insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings unique skills and insights into
+the investment process and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment process and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment process and what we
+wanted to do in this course was to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do in this course was to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do in this course was to try
+to distill some of the basic principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distill some of the basic principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distill some of the basic principles
+and the language of finance that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of finance that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of finance that all
+three of these individuals would agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these individuals would agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these individuals would agree
+are sort of the building blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the building blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the building blocks of
+understanding market dynamics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding market dynamics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding market dynamics and you
+know as we started at the beginning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we started at the beginning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as we started at the beginning with
+this flow model of the economy we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow model of the economy we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow model of the economy we said
+that we were going to study four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to study four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to study four
+components households Capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components households Capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components households Capital markets
+financial intermediaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediaries and
+non-financial corporations that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations that's the
+non that's the the financial system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non that's the the financial system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non that's the the financial system as
+we know it and we began with those six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it and we began with those six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it and we began with those six
+principles of modern Finance now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of modern Finance now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of modern Finance now I think
+you have a deeper appreciation for it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a deeper appreciation for it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a deeper appreciation for it as
+I said we were only going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we were only going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we were only going to be able to
+focus on the first few and the latter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first few and the latter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first few and the latter uh
+principles were going to be underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles were going to be underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles were going to be underlying
+much of the theories that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the theories that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the theories that you would
+study Beyond this course there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Beyond this course there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Beyond this course there's no such
+thing as a free lunch that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a free lunch that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a free lunch that's a very
+basic principle that we used time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle that we used time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principle that we used time and
+again in coming up with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in coming up with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in coming up with various
+different pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pricing
+implications and P2 is the behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and P2 is the behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and P2 is the behavioral
+assumption that I argued we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that I argued we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that I argued we need for
+much of the theories that we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the theories that we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the theories that we developed
+but what I just told you in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I just told you in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I just told you in the last
+lecture is that there are occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is that there are occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is that there are occasions
+where those behavioral assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those behavioral assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those behavioral assumptions
+ultimately are suspended or replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately are suspended or replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately are suspended or replaced
+with this kind of overwhelming emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of overwhelming emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of overwhelming emotional
+component we prefer more money to less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we prefer more money to less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we prefer more money to less
+prefer money now to money later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer money now to money later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer money now to money later and
+prefer to avoid risk P3 all agents act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid risk P3 all agents act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid risk P3 all agents act
+to further their own self-interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further their own self-interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further their own self-interest
+that's pretty straightforward P4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward P4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward P4
+Financial market prices shift to equate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial market prices shift to equate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial market prices shift to equate
+supply and demand uh and then P5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand uh and then P5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand uh and then P5
+financial markets highly adapt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets highly adapt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets highly adapt and
+competitive and that risk sharing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and that risk sharing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive and that risk sharing and
+frictions are Central to financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions are Central to financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions are Central to financial
+Innovation I hope that throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation I hope that throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation I hope that throughout the
+entire course you've got an appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course you've got an appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course you've got an appreciation
+for all six of these principles it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all six of these principles it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all six of these principles it's
+remarkable how such relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable how such relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable how such relatively simple
+ideas can have such dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas can have such dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas can have such dramatic
+implications as we've developed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications as we've developed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications as we've developed over the
+last 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 13
+weeks okay so there are four sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks okay so there are four sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks okay so there are four sections
+that we focused on the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on the introduction
+valuation risk uh and corporate finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation risk uh and corporate finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation risk uh and corporate finance
+and then the final lecture of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final lecture of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final lecture of trying to
+put it all together for present value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together for present value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together for present value uh
+the focus really was defining what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus really was defining what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus really was defining what an
+asset is a package a sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is a package a sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is a package a sequence of cash
+flows right and the time value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows right and the time value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows right and the time value of money
+uh looking at present value versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking at present value versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking at present value versus
+future value and focusing on exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value and focusing on exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future value and focusing on exchange
+rates between today tomorrow tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates between today tomorrow tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates between today tomorrow tomorrow
+and other dates that was the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other dates that was the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other dates that was the sort of the
+key insight and once you understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key insight and once you understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key insight and once you understand how
+to visualize the cash flows and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize the cash flows and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize the cash flows and move
+money through time you understand a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money through time you understand a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money through time you understand a very
+significant portion of uh financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of uh financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of uh financial
+analysis and then we talked about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and then we talked about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and then we talked about some
+special cash flows perpetuities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cash flows perpetuities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cash flows perpetuities and
+annuities which we use for virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities which we use for virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities which we use for virtually
+everything in terms of valuation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of valuation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of valuation very
+important ideas uh and then we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ideas uh and then we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ideas uh and then we talked a
+bit about compounding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about compounding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about compounding and
+inflation fixed income securities well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation fixed income securities well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation fixed income securities well
+we talked about applying the very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about applying the very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about applying the very basic
+mathematics of uh present value to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of uh present value to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of uh present value to these
+pure discount bonds and coupon bonds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds and coupon bonds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds and coupon bonds uh
+the relationship between coupon bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between coupon bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between coupon bonds
+and discount bonds of course is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discount bonds of course is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discount bonds of course is through
+Arbitrage uh and we also found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage uh and we also found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbitrage uh and we also found that
+current bond prices contain enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current bond prices contain enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current bond prices contain enormous
+amounts of information about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of information about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of information about what's
+going to happen in the future uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future uh we
+talked about spot rates forward rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about spot rates forward rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about spot rates forward rates
+yield to maturity yield curve interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to maturity yield curve interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to maturity yield curve interest
+rate risk and then we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate risk and then we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate risk and then we focused on
+corporate bonds and I spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate bonds and I spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate bonds and I spent some time
+giving you the examp example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the examp example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the examp example of how
+repackaging Corporate bonds uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackaging Corporate bonds uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repackaging Corporate bonds uh and
+things like mortgages auto loans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like mortgages auto loans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like mortgages auto loans and
+other Securities could actually lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Securities could actually lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Securities could actually lead to
+some very very uh attractive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very very uh attractive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very very uh attractive uh
+Securities for a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities for a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities for a variety of different
+clientele for Equity Securities we appli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele for Equity Securities we appli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele for Equity Securities we appli
+exact same framework to trying to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same framework to trying to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same framework to trying to come
+up with a value of a future stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a value of a future stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a value of a future stream of
+dividends and here while the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and here while the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends and here while the mathematics
+was pretty similar the interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty similar the interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty similar the interpretation
+differed in an important way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed in an important way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed in an important way because
+Dividends are random whereas in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dividends are random whereas in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dividends are random whereas in the case
+of bond prices uh the coupons are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bond prices uh the coupons are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bond prices uh the coupons are known
+in advance so that's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so that's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so that's the difference
+between fixed income securities where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fixed income securities where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fixed income securities where
+the the incomes are fixed in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the incomes are fixed in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the incomes are fixed in advance
+versus Equity Securities where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Equity Securities where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Equity Securities where there's
+Randomness what that Randomness does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness what that Randomness does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness what that Randomness does is
+to make the volatility of these pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the volatility of these pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the volatility of these pricing
+models much greater in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models much greater in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models much greater in other words it's
+harder to pin down what the price of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pin down what the price of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pin down what the price of an
+equity security is because in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity security is because in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity security is because in addition
+to all of the risks that a bond will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the risks that a bond will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of the risks that a bond will
+face in other words the risk of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in other words the risk of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in other words the risk of future
+changes in interest rates you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in interest rates you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in interest rates you get the
+risks of changes in dividends earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of changes in dividends earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks of changes in dividends earnings
+cash flows and so on we also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows and so on we also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows and so on we also talked
+about uh valuing companies using various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh valuing companies using various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh valuing companies using various
+different formulas and then the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas and then the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas and then the idea
+behind pvgo the present value of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind pvgo the present value of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind pvgo the present value of growth
+opportunities and how that can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and how that can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and how that can actually
+lead to some tremendous valuation swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to some tremendous valuation swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to some tremendous valuation swings
+in a company that's based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a company that's based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a company that's based upon
+intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual
+property we then talked about a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we then talked about a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we then talked about a whole
+another set of Securities that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Securities that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Securities that most of
+you probably haven't come into contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably haven't come into contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably haven't come into contact
+with Futures versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Futures versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Futures versus
+forwards these are weird Securities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards these are weird Securities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards these are weird Securities in
+the sense that they're worth nothing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they're worth nothing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they're worth nothing on
+the day that you agree to uh uh enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that you agree to uh uh enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that you agree to uh uh enter
+into one of these contracts but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these contracts but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these contracts but the
+reason they're worth nothing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're worth nothing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're worth nothing is that
+these are bilateral agreements between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bilateral agreements between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bilateral agreements between
+two counterparties and so both of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counterparties and so both of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counterparties and so both of you
+are willing to enter into this uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to enter into this uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to enter into this uh in a
+in a willing exchange of cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a willing exchange of cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a willing exchange of cash flow
+payments sometime in the future the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments sometime in the future the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments sometime in the future the only
+reason you're willing to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're willing to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you're willing to do that is
+because the contract from an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the contract from an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the contract from an objective
+standpoint uh doesn't have any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint uh doesn't have any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint uh doesn't have any uh
+npv and we see that the marking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv and we see that the marking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv and we see that the marking to
+Market of Futures makes a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market of Futures makes a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market of Futures makes a very big
+difference in terms of the liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of the liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of the liquidity
+characteristics of that contract we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of that contract we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of that contract we see
+that today with what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today with what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today with what's going on in
+financial markets and that using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and that using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and that using these
+contracts both for hedging purposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts both for hedging purposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts both for hedging purposes and
+for speculation is uh a very key aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for speculation is uh a very key aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for speculation is uh a very key aspect
+of uh this uh this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this uh this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh this uh this whole
+industry question Z no okay then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry question Z no okay then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry question Z no okay then the
+last set of Securities that we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last set of Securities that we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last set of Securities that we spent
+time on in this course is options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on in this course is options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on in this course is options
+options are different from uh anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are different from uh anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are different from uh anything
+else we've looked at up until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we've looked at up until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we've looked at up until now
+because first of all their payoffs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all their payoffs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all their payoffs are
+asymmetric uh they're kinked and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric uh they're kinked and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric uh they're kinked and by
+putting together portfolios of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together portfolios of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together portfolios of options
+we can get all sorts of weird payoffs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get all sorts of weird payoffs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get all sorts of weird payoffs in
+fact in uh in the various different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in uh in the various different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in uh in the various different uh
+exam questions that you might get uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions that you might get uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam questions that you might get uh you
+will uh be asked to try to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh be asked to try to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh be asked to try to come up with
+different kinds of of payoff structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of of payoff structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of of payoff structures
+so you need to know a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know a little bit about
+how to put these things together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put these things together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put these things together and
+what the various different payoffs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the various different payoffs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the various different payoffs uh
+imply under different circumstances we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply under different circumstances we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply under different circumstances we
+also gave you a very simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gave you a very simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gave you a very simple example of
+an option pricing strategy a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option pricing strategy a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option pricing strategy a model
+namely the binomial pricing model very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the binomial pricing model very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the binomial pricing model very
+simple but it's actually one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's actually one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's actually one of the most
+heavily used in industry uh and it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily used in industry uh and it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily used in industry uh and it's um
+you know extraordinarily flexible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know extraordinarily flexible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know extraordinarily flexible and
+Powerful method again based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful method again based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerful method again based on this
+principle of Arbitrage or no free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Arbitrage or no free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Arbitrage or no free
+lunch we then started introducing risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch we then started introducing risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch we then started introducing risk
+into the pict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pict
+explicitly we talked about the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we talked about the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we talked about the size
+effect January effect value line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect January effect value line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect January effect value line
+momentum acrs and pointed out that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum acrs and pointed out that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum acrs and pointed out that all
+of these uh effects can lead to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh effects can lead to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh effects can lead to certain
+investment strategies whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment strategies whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment strategies whether or not the
+strategies are good or bad really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies are good or bad really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies are good or bad really
+requires a framework we didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a framework we didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a framework we didn't have a
+framework at the time but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework at the time but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework at the time but I wanted to
+point out these anomalies to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out these anomalies to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out these anomalies to just
+mention that uh they are the basis for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that uh they are the basis for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that uh they are the basis for a
+number of investment products and ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of investment products and ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of investment products and ideas
+over the years and so it we we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years and so it we we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years and so it we we really
+need to have a systematic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a systematic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a systematic way of
+thinking about how to evaluate not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to evaluate not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to evaluate not only
+these strategies but the managers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies but the managers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strategies but the managers that
+tout them you know are they adding value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tout them you know are they adding value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tout them you know are they adding value
+or is this something that really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this something that really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this something that really you
+could do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for
+yourself so we developed this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so we developed this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so we developed this notion of
+not so much picking a stock or a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much picking a stock or a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much picking a stock or a good
+two or three stocks but putting together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three stocks but putting together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three stocks but putting together
+a whole collection of stocks a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole collection of stocks a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole collection of stocks a good
+portfolio and we uh zeroed in on mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and we uh zeroed in on mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and we uh zeroed in on mean
+and variance as the key Concepts to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance as the key Concepts to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance as the key Concepts to uh
+evaluate what is good and what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what is good and what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what is good and what is not
+good and we deduced the main result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we deduced the main result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and we deduced the main result of
+uh Finance Theory under uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Finance Theory under uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Finance Theory under uncertainty
+which is the capital asset pricing model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the capital asset pricing model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the capital asset pricing model
+in two forms the Capital Market line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two forms the Capital Market line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two forms the Capital Market line for
+efficient portfolios and the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient portfolios and the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient portfolios and the security
+Market line for any kind of security or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market line for any kind of security or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market line for any kind of security or
+portfolio whether it's efficient or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio whether it's efficient or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio whether it's efficient or not
+and this allows us to resolve the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to resolve the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to resolve the open
+question that we started with which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we started with which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we started with which is
+how do we determine what the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine what the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we determine what the appropriate
+risk adjusted discount R is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjusted discount R is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk adjusted discount R is you know
+I've said at the very beginning let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said at the very beginning let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said at the very beginning let the
+market determine it this allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determine it this allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market determine it this allows us to
+explicate how it is that the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicate how it is that the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicate how it is that the market
+might go about doing so assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go about doing so assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go about doing so assuming
+rationality if people aren't rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality if people aren't rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality if people aren't rational
+this goes out the window but assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes out the window but assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes out the window but assuming
+that they are this is a complete theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are this is a complete theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are this is a complete theory
+for how you determine risk and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you determine risk and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you determine risk and expected
+return and using risk and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and using risk and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and using risk and expected
+return we now have a complete theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we now have a complete theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we now have a complete theory for
+Capital budgeting for how to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting for how to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting for how to evaluate
+whether or not you ought to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you ought to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you ought to take a
+project or not take a project okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or not take a project okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or not take a project okay and
+last and certainly not least we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and certainly not least we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and certainly not least we talked
+about the idea behind market efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea behind market efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea behind market efficiency
+the idea that you can actually trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you can actually trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you can actually trust
+market prices market rates of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices market rates of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices market rates of return
+Market betas all of the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market betas all of the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market betas all of the information that
+you glean from Market data and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you glean from Market data and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you glean from Market data and apply
+them to your decisions can you trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to your decisions can you trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to your decisions can you trust
+them and the answer is sometimes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the answer is sometimes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the answer is sometimes when
+markets are efficient when pric fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are efficient when pric fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are efficient when pric fully
+reflect all available information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all available information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect all available information the
+power and the wisdom of crowds is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the wisdom of crowds is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the wisdom of crowds is very
+very compelling but there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling but there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling but there are periods
+where the crowd uh is not a wise crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the crowd uh is not a wise crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the crowd uh is not a wise crowd
+but an angry mob uh like right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an angry mob uh like right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an angry mob uh like right now so
+you want to be careful and not talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be careful and not talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be careful and not talk to
+the market about uh you know evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market about uh you know evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market about uh you know evaluating
+your project when they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project when they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project when they're trying to
+Lynch somebody or some financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch somebody or some financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lynch somebody or some financial
+institution that's out there okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that's out there okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that's out there okay and in
+order to reconcile efficient markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reconcile efficient markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reconcile efficient markets
+with these periods of Inc sanity uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these periods of Inc sanity uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these periods of Inc sanity uh I
+propose this notion of adaptive markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose this notion of adaptive markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose this notion of adaptive markets
+and at least it provides a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least it provides a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least it provides a consistent
+framework for thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for thinking about these
+periods of craziness uh as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of craziness uh as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of craziness uh as well as
+periods of Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of Market
+calm so that's it that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm so that's it that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm so that's it that's it for
+1541 where you go from here depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1541 where you go from here depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1541 where you go from here depends upon
+what your career objectives are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your career objectives are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your career objectives are if
+you're interested in pursuing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in pursuing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in pursuing uh
+Investments uh if you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments uh if you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments uh if you want to be a
+Trader a portfolio manager or uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader a portfolio manager or uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trader a portfolio manager or uh get
+involved in pension Asset Management uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in pension Asset Management uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in pension Asset Management uh
+what you want to do is to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is to focus on the
+Investments Direction things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments Direction things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments Direction things like
+15433 uh Investments or 15437 options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15433 uh Investments or 15437 options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15433 uh Investments or 15437 options
+and Futures and we have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Futures and we have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Futures and we have a number of
+practical Pro seminars that are taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical Pro seminars that are taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical Pro seminars that are taught
+by practitioners like Seth Alexander uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by practitioners like Seth Alexander uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by practitioners like Seth Alexander uh
+the current chief investment officer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current chief investment officer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current chief investment officer of
+the MIT endowment or Phil Cooper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT endowment or Phil Cooper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT endowment or Phil Cooper a
+former partner of Goldman Sachs who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former partner of Goldman Sachs who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former partner of Goldman Sachs who has
+his own private Equity company there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own private Equity company there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own private Equity company there are
+a number of these practitioner uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these practitioner uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of these practitioner uh
+courses as well as the theoretical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as well as the theoretical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as well as the theoretical uh
+courses that we offer that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we offer that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we offer that I would
+encourage you to take if on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take if on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take if on the other
+hand you're looking for uh something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you're looking for uh something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you're looking for uh something um
+on the on the corporate financial side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the corporate financial side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the corporate financial side
+uh project Finance corporate financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh project Finance corporate financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh project Finance corporate financial
+management uh uh that kind of approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh uh that kind of approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh uh that kind of approach
+requires that you learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that you learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that you learn more about
+Capital budgeting uh merges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting uh merges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital budgeting uh merges and
+Acquisitions Corporate Finance so 15434
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acquisitions Corporate Finance so 15434
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acquisitions Corporate Finance so 15434
+is a good course uh and uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good course uh and uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good course uh and uh certain
+accounting courses you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting courses you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting courses you might want to
+take Financial Accounting uh those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Financial Accounting uh those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Financial Accounting uh those are
+the directions that you may want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directions that you may want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directions that you may want to take
+uh if you're interested in pursuing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're interested in pursuing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're interested in pursuing that
+career path um so both of them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career path um so both of them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career path um so both of them I think
+are are extraordinarily exciting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are extraordinarily exciting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are extraordinarily exciting they
+all rely on the material that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rely on the material that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all rely on the material that we've
+covered in this course and uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in this course and uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in this course and uh so you
+know you now have the uh background to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you now have the uh background to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you now have the uh background to
+be able to handle any and all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to handle any and all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to handle any and all of that
+material
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PY-R-7tkjSc.txt b/PY-R-7tkjSc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84adbe56c5ec9fc8f884df3f90a42a31cb3e3857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PY-R-7tkjSc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm going to be
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration I
+like to call mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call mirror
+mirror in this demo mit's Dr John Dolan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in this demo mit's Dr John Dolan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in this demo mit's Dr John Dolan
+will demonstrate talin's test a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will demonstrate talin's test a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will demonstrate talin's test a chemical
+test created by this man Bernard tlins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test created by this man Bernard tlins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test created by this man Bernard tlins a
+German chemist born in the late 1800s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German chemist born in the late 1800s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German chemist born in the late 1800s so
+let's watch Dr Dolan perform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch Dr Dolan perform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch Dr Dolan perform this
+demonstration here at MIT as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration here at MIT as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration here at MIT as part of the
+Cambridge Science Festival okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival okay so I'm
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+careful and I'm going to pour my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and I'm going to pour my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and I'm going to pour my
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+substance into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask my second substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drop and my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance and we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and we're going to do
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+shaky we're mixing some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so what did Dr Dolan do well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what did Dr Dolan do well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what did Dr Dolan do well he
+added three solutions to the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added three solutions to the flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added three solutions to the flask
+solution one was glucose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one was glucose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one was glucose in
+water solution two was a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water solution two was a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water solution two was a mixture of
+silver nitrate and ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver nitrate and ammonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver nitrate and ammonium
+nitrate and solution three was sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and solution three was sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and solution three was sodium
+Hydrox oxide which is a base so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydrox oxide which is a base so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydrox oxide which is a base so let's
+focus on the second two solutions first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the second two solutions first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the second two solutions first
+when you mix Solutions 2 and three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mix Solutions 2 and three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mix Solutions 2 and three two
+things happen first you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ag2o which is insoluble in water so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag2o which is insoluble in water so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag2o which is insoluble in water so it
+precipitates out as a brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid the sodium hydroxide reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the sodium hydroxide reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid the sodium hydroxide reacts with
+ammonium nh4+ to produce ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium nh4+ to produce ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium nh4+ to produce ammonia
+NH3 this dissolves the precipitate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 this dissolves the precipitate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3 this dissolves the precipitate and
+you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with
+ag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag
+nh32 which all has a positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh32 which all has a positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh32 which all has a positive charge
+this is soluble in water and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is soluble in water and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is soluble in water and it's called
+talin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reagent now the positive charge is born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent now the positive charge is born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent now the positive charge is born
+by the silver so what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the silver so what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the silver so what we have in
+solution is essentially silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is essentially silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is essentially silver
+ions now looking at Solution One glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions now looking at Solution One glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions now looking at Solution One glucose
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't really care about this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care about this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care about this whole
+part of the molecule so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the molecule so we're going to
+call it R for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rest so glucose is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and this part of the glucose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this part of the glucose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this part of the glucose is
+going to start reacting with the silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start reacting with the silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start reacting with the silver
+ions let's watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions let's watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions let's watch what
+happens I don't think see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I don't think see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I don't think see anything
+happening to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay still working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still working on
+it I'm getting tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening oh my goodness I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a real
+workout I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so what what we've created here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what what we've created here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what what we've created here is a
+beautiful silver mirrored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask so look at that Dr Dolan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask so look at that Dr Dolan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask so look at that Dr Dolan has
+created a beautiful silver mirror it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a beautiful silver mirror it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a beautiful silver mirror it
+almost looks like a Christmas tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost looks like a Christmas tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost looks like a Christmas tree
+ornament and a silver ornament could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornament and a silver ornament could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornament and a silver ornament could in
+fact be made this way so here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be made this way so here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact be made this way so here's what's
+happening electrons from here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening electrons from here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening electrons from here the
+glucose get transferred to the silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose get transferred to the silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose get transferred to the silver
+reducing it to Silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero silver zero is insoluble in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero silver zero is insoluble in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero silver zero is insoluble in water
+it's just silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just silver
+metal and it's precipitating out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it's precipitating out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it's precipitating out on the
+inside of the flask forming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the flask forming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the flask forming the
+beautiful silver mirror that we see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful silver mirror that we see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful silver mirror that we see now
+this process is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is called
+reduction and whenever something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and whenever something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and whenever something is
+reduced something else is oxidized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced something else is oxidized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced something else is oxidized so
+the glucose must be getting oxidized it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose must be getting oxidized it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose must be getting oxidized it
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and oxygen was added here now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oxygen was added here now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and oxygen was added here now this
+process is similar to metabolism in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is similar to metabolism in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is similar to metabolism in our
+bodies we remove electrons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we remove electrons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we remove electrons from the
+sugar we eat and transfer them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar we eat and transfer them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar we eat and transfer them to the
+oxygen that we breathe in a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that we breathe in a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that we breathe in a reduction
+reaction like mirror mirror there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction like mirror mirror there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction like mirror mirror there might
+be energy released in your body this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be energy released in your body this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be energy released in your body this
+energy is harnessed in chemical bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is harnessed in chemical bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is harnessed in chemical bonds
+stored for later the point of talin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored for later the point of talin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored for later the point of talin's
+test was not to produce silver mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was not to produce silver mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was not to produce silver mirrors
+although a similar reaction is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a similar reaction is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a similar reaction is used for
+that today the point was to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today the point was to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today the point was to distinguish
+between two types of sugars ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two types of sugars ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two types of sugars ones
+containing aldah and ones containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing aldah and ones containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing aldah and ones containing
+ketones let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those the difference is that in an alahh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the difference is that in an alahh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the difference is that in an alahh
+the carbon is connected to a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon is connected to a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon is connected to a hydrogen
+and in a ketone the carbon is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a ketone the carbon is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a ketone the carbon is connected
+to another carbon aldhy are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another carbon aldhy are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another carbon aldhy are more
+reactive than ketones so they will react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive than ketones so they will react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive than ketones so they will react
+with the silver ions while the ketones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silver ions while the ketones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silver ions while the ketones
+will not that's it for me hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not that's it for me hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not that's it for me hopefully you
+enjoyed this video and I will see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed this video and I will see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed this video and I will see you
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q6i-gekn__8.txt b/Q6i-gekn__8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..625b7a4eb8a54cfccab313f1245331e5f0887b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q6i-gekn__8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+discussion portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion portion
+just to give a little context to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give a little context to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give a little context to the
+reading that we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i am a big fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of
+having designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having designers
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+artifacts through the lens of criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts through the lens of criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts through the lens of criticism
+uh every now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every now and then
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i have a background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a background in
+games criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games criticism
+uh i did that for about 10 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i did that for about 10 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i did that for about 10 weeks
+in parallel with my industrious academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with my industrious academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with my industrious academic
+career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career
+when i was still in sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was still in sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was still in sweden
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i also teach games criticism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also teach games criticism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also teach games criticism to
+unrelated students here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated students here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated students here at mit
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when it comes to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do critiques of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do critiques of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do critiques of the
+interactive artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive artifacts
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+a lot of uncertainty about how to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uncertainty about how to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uncertainty about how to best
+do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and
+how and why it needs to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and why it needs to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and why it needs to be different
+from criticism of film or literature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from criticism of film or literature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from criticism of film or literature or
+any of these things that we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things that we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these things that we've we've
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+doing analysis of four things forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing analysis of four things forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing analysis of four things forever
+and one of the approaches is method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the approaches is method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the approaches is method
+called interaction criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called interaction criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called interaction criticism
+it's not specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not specifically
+designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for
+games or playful interactive experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or playful interactive experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or playful interactive experiences
+but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just
+interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production related uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production related uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production related uh
+artifacts in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts in general
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the text we've been reading today is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text we've been reading today is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text we've been reading today is one
+from the originator himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the originator himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the originator himself
+jeff parcell so we're trying to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff parcell so we're trying to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff parcell so we're trying to give an
+introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+the method and the theory behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method and the theory behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method and the theory behind it
+and the other one is him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is him
+and to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to other
+uh interaction design and media studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction design and media studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction design and media studies
+scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars
+trying to apply interaction criticism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply interaction criticism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply interaction criticism to
+a particular cultural artifact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cultural artifact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cultural artifact
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+through different lenses and seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses and seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses and seeing what
+they come up with and whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with and whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with and whether that's
+interesting and fruitful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and fruitful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and fruitful
+um so with that said let's start with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with that said let's start with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so with that said let's start with uh
+the one called interaction criticism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one called interaction criticism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one called interaction criticism and
+introduction to the practice and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the practice and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the practice and put
+keywords on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+we want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to start
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+it doesn't matter which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which one of these
+it's over but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over but uh
+subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective
+we'll put that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put that there
+okay hello okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hello okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hello okay so um
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+interesting things from this paper i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things from this paper i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things from this paper i
+noticed is that you know when you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed is that you know when you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed is that you know when you talk
+about criticism it's someone's judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about criticism it's someone's judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about criticism it's someone's judgment
+on the thing and that judgment can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing and that judgment can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing and that judgment can often
+be subjected and so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subjected and so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be subjected and so a lot of the
+discussion in this paper is reconciling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this paper is reconciling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this paper is reconciling
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+clearly subjective nature of criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly subjective nature of criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly subjective nature of criticism
+but in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a way that
+they say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is
+judgments that are subjective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments that are subjective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments that are subjective but
+non-perspective perspectival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think they probably just made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they probably just made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they probably just made it
+afterwards so it's your call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so it's your call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so it's your call
+i know what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what they mean
+um which ties into perspectives but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which ties into perspectives but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which ties into perspectives but the
+idea is that you know the judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you know the judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you know the judgment
+itself comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself comes from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they focus on critics that are experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they focus on critics that are experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they focus on critics that are experts
+in their fields and the judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their fields and the judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their fields and the judgments
+themselves come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves come from
+experts who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts who
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+about many similar um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many similar um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many similar um
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+types of interactions i would say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interactions i would say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of interactions i would say i
+don't want to say games because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say games because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say games because it
+doesn't say games yeah no he clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say games yeah no he clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say games yeah no he clearly
+sort of skirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of skirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of skirts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh just just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just just to
+interrupt a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt a little bit uh
+specifically lev leno is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically lev leno is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically lev leno is one of the
+people who are applying it in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are applying it in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are applying it in the second
+paper i said that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper i said that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper i said that the only
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+professional practice of interaction
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+professional practice of interaction
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+ align:start position:0%
+criticism is games criticism
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+criticism is games criticism
+uh we don't have any other sort of
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+uh we don't have any other sort of
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+uh we don't have any other sort of
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+strong enough to have people get paid to
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+do this kind of criticism so for better
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+or worse
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+that's kind of what we have to look to
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+especially barcelo i think is very
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+especially barcelo i think is very
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+and thinks that there's a lot to learn
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+and thinks that there's a lot to learn
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+from other critical practices and he
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+comes from a background in
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's he's not gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's he's not gonna talk about
+games but they're sort of hovering in
+
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+games but they're sort of hovering in
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+
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+games but they're sort of hovering in
+there
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+there
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+mentions i guess also the
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+mentions i guess also the
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+mentions i guess also the
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+that they're not talking about amateur
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+that they're not talking about amateur
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+
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+critics like the people who go on amazon
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+
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+critics like the people who go on amazon
+or on steam and rate whatever they want
+
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+or on steam and rate whatever they want
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+
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+or on steam and rate whatever they want
+to rate um because that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rate um because that could be
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+to rate um because that could be
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+
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+that person's own experience without
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+that person's own experience without
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+so to begin with what what do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to begin with what what do we think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to begin with what what do we think
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+ align:start position:0%
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+some
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+some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+reflections are on that
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+yes
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+ align:start position:0%
+yes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+i put aesthetics and so it's kind of
+
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+i put aesthetics and so it's kind of
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+it's very similar what we're talking
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+about right now
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right now
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+ align:start position:0%
+which um
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+
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+which um
+i find that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find that like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find that like
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+ align:start position:0%
+in
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+
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+throughout the readings that we've been
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+throughout the readings that we've been
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the readings that we've been
+doing like design is like in the middle
+
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+doing like design is like in the middle
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like design is like in the middle
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
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+of
+like science and art so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science and art so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like science and art so
+a lot of times there's like a temptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there's like a temptation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there's like a temptation
+to do things very scientifically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things very scientifically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things very scientifically but
+like that fails when aesthetics come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fails when aesthetics come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fails when aesthetics come
+into play because they're very
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+ align:start position:0%
+into play because they're very
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+into play because they're very
+subjective
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+ align:start position:0%
+subjective
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective
+and so that's like that's why um we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's like that's why um we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's like that's why um we need
+criticism like that's why that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism like that's why that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism like that's why that's what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+father was kind of saying right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father was kind of saying right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father was kind of saying right so we
+don't have the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the choice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the choice
+but to rely on our subjectivity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to rely on our subjectivity because
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to rely on our subjectivity because
+there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other
+rules given to us for how to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules given to us for how to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules given to us for how to evaluate
+this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff
+it's uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's not
+just describable that misses some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describable that misses some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describable that misses some
+important point by the way i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point by the way i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point by the way i would say
+that barcelo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barcelo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that barcelo
+doesn't think of design as something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't think of design as something in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+science and art but rather something
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+science and art but rather something
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+
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+science and art but rather something
+distinctly different from both
+
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+distinctly different from both
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly different from both
+so he wants it to be its own thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he wants it to be its own thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he wants it to be its own thing
+uh but yes clearly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yes clearly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but yes clearly all
+the sources that he is borrowing on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources that he is borrowing on when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources that he is borrowing on when
+he's creating this this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's creating this this method
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's creating this this method
+come from one or the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from one or the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from one or the other so
+so there's that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah
+yes i don't know those were the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i don't know those were the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i don't know those were the the the
+sort of word pair i was thinking of when
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of word pair i was thinking of when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of word pair i was thinking of when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+then what goes into this expertise that
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+ align:start position:0%
+then what goes into this expertise that
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+then what goes into this expertise that
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+he talks about how do we justify that
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+he talks about how do we justify that
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+
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+someone's
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+subjective opinion of something is more
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+
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+a very broad experience and i guess the
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+
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+a very broad experience and i guess the
+people who you're critiquing who are
+
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+people who you're critiquing who are
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+
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+reading the critiques knowing that you
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+have that broad experience
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+someone that got an espresso machine off
+
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+someone that got an espresso machine off
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+
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+someone that got an espresso machine off
+amazon might leave a terrible review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon might leave a terrible review
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+
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+being like oh it did it didn't just
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+ align:start position:0%
+being like oh it did it didn't just
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+
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+being like oh it did it didn't just
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+different like grades might be or how
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+things that are often highlighted in
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+
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+things that are often highlighted in
+design education so i probably have said
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+there's nothing that
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+you know about this and that and
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+
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+you're going to get the job or not
+uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+
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+uh
+do you know the history yes
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+
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+games criticism what do you think could
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+games criticism what do you think could
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+ 
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+right but yeah they actually expect you
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+ align:start position:0%
+right but yeah they actually expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but yeah they actually expect you
+to not just know it but have played it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not just know it but have played it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not just know it but have played it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the most well played if we can use make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most well played if we can use make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most well played if we can use make
+up a word based on well read um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a word based on well read um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a word based on well read um so the
+most well-played people tend to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well-played people tend to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well-played people tend to get the
+the jobs as critics but is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs as critics but is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs as critics but is there a
+problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that
+and what would that be we're never sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would that be we're never sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would that be we're never sort
+of off the paper already but we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off the paper already but we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off the paper already but we'll get
+back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there
+there's sort of a disconnect between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a disconnect between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a disconnect between
+someone who has played a lot of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has played a lot of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has played a lot of games
+and someone who has played no games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who has played no games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who has played no games
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+yes well i mean it's all it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well i mean it's all it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well i mean it's all it would be
+difficult for the folks who've played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the folks who've played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the folks who've played
+a lot of games to be able to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of games to be able to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of games to be able to even
+translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+their thoughts to someone who's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts to someone who's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts to someone who's never
+played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those
+that's gameplay you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gameplay you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gameplay you were saying
+right so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes
+uh you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will be
+a little bit like let's say a jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like let's say a jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like let's say a jazz
+critic that just listens to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic that just listens to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic that just listens to a
+culture yeah well not even co-training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture yeah well not even co-training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture yeah well not even co-training
+is for the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the masses
+they're beyond culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beyond culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beyond culture
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be
+talking about the heads of most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the heads of most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the heads of most people
+so there's a disconnect with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a disconnect with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a disconnect with the
+audience that's so that might just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience that's so that might just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience that's so that might just make
+the criticism very insular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criticism very insular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criticism very insular
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+really sort of reach the audience who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of reach the audience who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of reach the audience who
+might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in
+evaluation of these cultural artifacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of these cultural artifacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of these cultural artifacts
+so that's i think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's i think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's i think it's a very
+uh very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good point
+anything else along those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else along those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else along those lines
+so what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what a
+fix to to accommodate for that these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to to accommodate for that these do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to to accommodate for that these do
+you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like
+for a writing sample and actually judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a writing sample and actually judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a writing sample and actually judge
+whether or not that person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not that person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not that person can
+communicate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to
+people at multiple levels of an audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at multiple levels of an audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at multiple levels of an audience
+actually the most important skill is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most important skill is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most important skill is not
+being a very knowledgeable gamer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very knowledgeable gamer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very knowledgeable gamer but
+being a good writer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good writer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good writer because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+without that skill you you get nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that skill you you get nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that skill you you get nowhere
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+no one's going to read you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's going to read you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one's going to read you basically
+because you write like like a robot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you write like like a robot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you write like like a robot or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+actually i want to say even the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i want to say even the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i want to say even the the
+converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse
+might actually be true of trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be true of trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be true of trying to look
+for people who don't sort of hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who don't sort of hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who don't sort of hold the
+line of traditional gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of traditional gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of traditional gameplay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folks who
+are expressly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressly
+stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating
+opinions from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions from or
+or analyzing games that are coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or analyzing games that are coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or analyzing games that are coming out
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+from the lengths of something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lengths of something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lengths of something that's not
+like traditional games crazy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traditional games crazy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traditional games crazy that
+seems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems in this
+click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+hungry media landscape seems actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry media landscape seems actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry media landscape seems actually um
+to be a lot more interesting to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot more interesting to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot more interesting to read
+right so the good writers and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the good writers and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the good writers and they're
+bringing a new perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a new perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a new perspective
+and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+for among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for among other things
+one important reason is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important reason is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important reason is that there is
+an existing hegemony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing hegemony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing hegemony
+around the field of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the field of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the field of what
+a good game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good game is
+should be that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that may be
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+assumptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about
+gender and culture that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and culture that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and culture that should be
+questioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioned
+it might be white men writing for white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be white men writing for white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be white men writing for white
+men basically of a certain age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men basically of a certain age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men basically of a certain age
+and if we think especially back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think especially back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think especially back in time
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+playing video games having grown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing video games having grown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing video games having grown up
+playing all these games on all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing all these games on all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing all these games on all these
+consoles implies a very strong privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consoles implies a very strong privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consoles implies a very strong privilege
+when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+finance your family's finances for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance your family's finances for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance your family's finances for
+instance consoles used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance consoles used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance consoles used to be
+i mean they used to cost the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they used to cost the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they used to cost the same as
+they cost today games used to cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cost today games used to cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cost today games used to cost the
+same as they cost today but that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as they cost today but that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as they cost today but that was a
+lot more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more money
+in the 80s and 90s than it is now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s and 90s than it is now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 80s and 90s than it is now so
+someone who had access to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had access to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had access to all of the
+existing home consoles were probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing home consoles were probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing home consoles were probably a
+rich game yeah so those were the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich game yeah so those were the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich game yeah so those were the ones
+who became reviewers and decided what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who became reviewers and decided what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who became reviewers and decided what a
+good thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing so
+there's something about you know looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about you know looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about you know looking
+to those good examples that could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those good examples that could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those good examples that could also
+needs some questioning and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some questioning and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some questioning and we might
+need to break with those traditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to break with those traditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to break with those traditions and
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+other potential values in interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other potential values in interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other potential values in interactive
+artifacts as the ones that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts as the ones that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts as the ones that we are
+creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+those that are maybe more inclusive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are maybe more inclusive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that are maybe more inclusive or
+taking other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking other
+skill sets uh too hard rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets uh too hard rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill sets uh too hard rather than just
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+excellent hand-eye coordination or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent hand-eye coordination or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent hand-eye coordination or
+whatever it is that makes you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that makes you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that makes you a good
+gamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you were expressly looking for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were expressly looking for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were expressly looking for people
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+state that they have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that they have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that they have a long
+history with games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with games
+and can bring out this catalog like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can bring out this catalog like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can bring out this catalog like
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+which history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which history
+right because it's games or even digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's games or even digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's games or even digital
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay extend that out to non-digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay extend that out to non-digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay extend that out to non-digital
+games to include board games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to include board games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to include board games and
+tabletop and sports then it's like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop and sports then it's like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop and sports then it's like each
+country each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country each
+region has its own history and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region has its own history and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region has its own history and people
+consider different things canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider different things canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider different things canonical
+so you know a lot of american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a lot of american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know a lot of american
+white men writing for white for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white men writing for white for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white men writing for white for for
+white boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white boys
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much
+you know have a fairly lacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have a fairly lacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have a fairly lacking
+experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of
+eastern block games um you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern block games um you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eastern block games um you know even
+games that were released in asia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were released in asia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were released in asia for
+instance um only the few japanese games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um only the few japanese games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um only the few japanese games
+are sort of like a really recent america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like a really recent america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like a really recent america
+and they think that's all of japan right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think that's all of japan right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think that's all of japan right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like no that's not yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like no that's not yeah that's
+that's part of japan and not even all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of japan and not even all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of japan and not even all of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia yeah so so that would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asia yeah so so that would be an example
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another problem is that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that a long history implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that a long history implies a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive history but no one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive history but no one really
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+
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+history with the entire world's
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+history with the entire world's
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+design studies as well i mean we are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+design studies as well i mean we are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading three white men of his somewhat
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+reading three white men of his somewhat
+certain age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain age
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+ align:start position:0%
+certain age
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here today so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+myopic as well when it comes to
+ 
+
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+myopic as well when it comes to
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+ align:start position:0%
+cultural values in these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural values in these uh
+in these artifacts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these artifacts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these artifacts and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking maybe we can get back on
+ 
+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+uh
+inviting whoever put perspectives uh on
+
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+inviting whoever put perspectives uh on
+ 
+
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+there
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+there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article about
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+
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+like the four perspectives of like
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+before it's like someone who is very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's like someone who is very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction with the artifact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the artifact but
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to someone who does not play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to someone who does not play a
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+
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+lot of games just you have to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of games just you have to consider a
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+
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+ 
+
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+very easy to get stuck in and the idea
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+
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+ 
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+
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+like a creator can't see their own
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+problems a lot of the time which is why
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+problems a lot of the time which is why
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+criticizer doesn't have the perspective
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+criticizer doesn't have the perspective
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+
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+criticizer doesn't have the perspective
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+that the um
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+creator does
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+
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+so that's i mean that's one one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's i mean that's one one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's i mean that's one one of the
+reason we have criticism is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have criticism is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we have criticism is to try to
+improve whatever field we are critiquing
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+improve whatever field we are critiquing
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+
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+improve whatever field we are critiquing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be a help for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+see themselves as well
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+see themselves as well
+what i would do if this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would do if this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would do if this was a
+longer class i would have you write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer class i would have you write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer class i would have you write up
+critiques of each other's work but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of each other's work but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of each other's work but we're
+just we have so much work to do so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we have so much work to do so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we have so much work to do so we
+don't quite have time for it so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite have time for it so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite have time for it so i don't
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+sort of burden you with that but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of burden you with that but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of burden you with that but it is a
+very interesting exercise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exercise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exercise because
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+instantly see that people see things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly see that people see things in
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you've been making that you
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+
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+didn't see yourself and you thought you
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+
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+didn't see yourself and you thought you
+saw all of it because you're so engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+this is also
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+something that
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+breaks with tradition of
+old school
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+old school
+ 
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+used to be very heavily focused on
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+artifacts so
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+artifacts so
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+what the meaning of the text really is
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+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from religious studies of
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+trying to figure out you know what the
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+bible is telling us to do or something
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+ align:start position:0%
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+of literature used to be as well what
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+uh
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+engineer that
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+all kinds of artifacts as texts it seems
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+game of text for instance but if you
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+game of text for instance but if you
+think of the latin uh
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+think of the latin uh
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+
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+think of the latin uh
+origin of the word which textedit makes
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+origin of the word which textedit makes
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+means more like a texture like something
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+ 
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+when we interpret texts now
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+instance we very much take into account
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+instance we very much take into account
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+instance we very much take into account
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+the
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+context it is used in because we think
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+context it is used in because we think
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+ align:start position:0%
+cultural artifact it actually changes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural artifact it actually changes
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+meaning depending on who is interacting
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+the the idea of um
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+
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+
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+which you can hear in the name of
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+ align:start position:0%
+reader response theory for instance
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+which is it's not
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+
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+which is it's not
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+shakespeare meant when he wrote the text
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+shakespeare meant when he wrote the text
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+it's about how a reader now can respond
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+it's about how a reader now can respond
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+to a text like hamlet that that is of
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+ 
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+okay so what you have left
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+okay so what you have left
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
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+um
+so i put out that up there and it was
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+so i put out that up there and it was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+somewhat of trying to strike this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat of trying to strike this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and uh
+with the between like historical context
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+ align:start position:0%
+with the between like historical context
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the between like historical context
+uh cultural significance and being like
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+uh cultural significance and being like
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh cultural significance and being like
+technical descriptions and like
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+ align:start position:0%
+technical descriptions and like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical descriptions and like
+um how do you so how do you balance the
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+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you so how do you balance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you so how do you balance the
+the different elements that you should
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+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different elements that you should
+be looking at because these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at because these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at because these are all
+different lenses that a different person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lenses that a different person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lenses that a different person
+might evaluate through differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might evaluate through differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might evaluate through differently
+especially based on what field they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially based on what field they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially based on what field they're
+in that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that is not
+interaction design interaction criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction design interaction criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction design interaction criticism
+for design but like scientific design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design but like scientific design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design but like scientific design is
+very much of the how this was done or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much of the how this was done or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much of the how this was done or
+chris and how this was done empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris and how this was done empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chris and how this was done empirical
+facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so there's a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a lot about
+different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to
+focus those designs uh to focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus those designs uh to focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus those designs uh to focus the
+criticism based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism based on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different aspects that you can be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects that you can be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects that you can be trying
+to evaluate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate through
+and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is what
+i think for parts of that is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for parts of that is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for parts of that is one of the
+things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that
+creates the need for interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the need for interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the need for interaction
+criticism because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism because that's
+somewhat alien to someone who is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat alien to someone who is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat alien to someone who is doing
+criticism of movies or literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of movies or literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of movies or literature
+to them it's perfectly fine to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them it's perfectly fine to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them it's perfectly fine to look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just something that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that that is
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+evaluated for its aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated for its aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated for its aesthetics
+and the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story
+well when we evaluate the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we evaluate the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when we evaluate the game
+let's say you're driving a car in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're driving a car in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're driving a car in the
+game and the steering works very poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the steering works very poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the steering works very poorly
+it's just there's a usability issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just there's a usability issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just there's a usability issue
+there that's very similar to when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's very similar to when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's very similar to when we
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate
+cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if the steering is bad that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the steering is bad that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the steering is bad that's gonna
+affect the quality of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the quality of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the quality of this kind of
+artwork thing but it's a very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork thing but it's a very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork thing but it's a very sort of
+usability center thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability center thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability center thing so
+games and interactive artifacts live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and interactive artifacts live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and interactive artifacts live in
+this weird space where these things come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird space where these things come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird space where these things come
+together and all of them matter so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and all of them matter so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and all of them matter so some
+of it is just matter of fact like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is just matter of fact like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is just matter of fact like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this steering wheel is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steering wheel is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steering wheel is bad
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well while some of it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while some of it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while some of it is like
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the scenery of the car ride in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenery of the car ride in this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenery of the car ride in this game
+evokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evokes
+emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it to me it's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me it's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me it's what makes
+uh interaction design cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction design cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interaction design cool
+because it has all of these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of these very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+qualities to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities to it and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they can be foregrounded or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be foregrounded or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be foregrounded or or or
+sort of be more part of the periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be more part of the periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be more part of the periphery
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they all have to work in concert for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to work in concert for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to work in concert for an
+interaction design for the unity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction design for the unity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction design for the unity or
+organic unity of it those parcels has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic unity of it those parcels has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic unity of it those parcels has to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+okay so i guess we just have framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i guess we just have framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i guess we just have framework
+so let's do that one as well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that one as well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that one as well so you
+don't feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i put framework because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i put framework because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i put framework because
+this article is like a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article is like a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article is like a lot about
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing
+like a way to criticize interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a way to criticize interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a way to criticize interactive
+material and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and like
+i think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um
+it mentions how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mentions how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mentions how like
+it's about developing skills that enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about developing skills that enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about developing skills that enable
+people to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to think
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+that's why i thought pretty much was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i thought pretty much was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i thought pretty much was a
+good way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way right
+yeah i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean that's
+that's what he's he's doing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he's he's doing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he's he's doing here so
+uh it's a somewhat ambitious project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a somewhat ambitious project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a somewhat ambitious project to
+to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish
+being starting the establishment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being starting the establishment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being starting the establishment of a
+framework that goes outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that goes outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that goes outside of the
+traditional hci which is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional hci which is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional hci which is much more
+usability focused and and without losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability focused and and without losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability focused and and without losing
+those qualities still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those qualities still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those qualities still
+capturing the things that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the things that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the things that sort of
+fall through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall through the
+uh the net of what what that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the net of what what that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the net of what what that type of
+criticism or that type of evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism or that type of evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism or that type of evaluation
+captures in an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures in an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures in an experience
+okay are you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are you ready
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+paper number two looking at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper number two looking at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper number two looking at the actual
+application of interaction creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of interaction creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of interaction creation
+yes what's the difference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's the difference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what's the difference um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+practical there are car critics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical there are car critics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical there are car critics right
+there yes people who review cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes people who review cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yes people who review cars
+professionally yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally yes
+what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference
+would that be considered a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be considered a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be considered a form of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+i i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think
+that to board cell it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to board cell it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to board cell it doesn't
+it's not no okay it's because the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not no okay it's because the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not no okay it's because the focus
+is so much on the usability aspects not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much on the usability aspects not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much on the usability aspects not
+unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike
+the interiors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interiors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interiors
+right i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean
+yes we we do sometimes see that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we we do sometimes see that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we we do sometimes see that kind of
+approach where someone is sort of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where someone is sort of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where someone is sort of trying
+to focus more on the experience of a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus more on the experience of a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus more on the experience of a car
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something like that and that's when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that's when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and that's when it
+starts coming closer to that line so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts coming closer to that line so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts coming closer to that line so he
+he he talks about not in this paper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he talks about not in this paper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he talks about not in this paper but
+in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+sort of parallel paper he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parallel paper he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parallel paper he talks about
+interior design and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior design and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior design and things like that
+that there's definitely touch points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's definitely touch points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's definitely touch points and
+when we start talking about stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start talking about stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start talking about stuff like
+the sound design of you know what sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound design of you know what sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound design of you know what sound
+the corridor makes when it closes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corridor makes when it closes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corridor makes when it closes
+that's very carefully designed nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very carefully designed nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very carefully designed nowadays
+and that is part of the ecstatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is part of the ecstatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is part of the ecstatic
+experience so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so it's like
+going back to balance there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to balance there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to balance there could be
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+two-dimensional one-conventional might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional one-conventional might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional one-conventional might
+be too too few dimensions but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too few dimensions but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too few dimensions but like
+there's aesthetics on one side and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aesthetics on one side and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aesthetics on one side and like
+usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability
+technical details on the other and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details on the other and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details on the other and like
+car critics fall much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car critics fall much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car critics fall much closer to the
+technical usability side interior design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical usability side interior design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical usability side interior design
+falls much more towards the aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls much more towards the aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls much more towards the aesthetic
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but it's terrible science maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's terrible science maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's terrible science maybe it's not
+aligned because interior design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned because interior design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned because interior design is
+in interior design critique is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interior design critique is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interior design critique is still
+very far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from
+traditional literary theory okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional literary theory okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional literary theory okay
+so maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's
+some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+weird polygon i don't think it's even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird polygon i don't think it's even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird polygon i don't think it's even a
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+but but yeah it's a field where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but yeah it's a field where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but yeah it's a field where he
+sort of tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tries to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+visualize some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize some of the
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but but maybe not maybe not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe not maybe not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe not maybe not necessarily
+like all of them i don't think he tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of them i don't think he tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of them i don't think he tries
+to be comprehensive of what that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be comprehensive of what that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be comprehensive of what that space
+looks like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but
+it's i think i feel like the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i think i feel like the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i think i feel like the paper is
+still written as the critique of hdi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still written as the critique of hdi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still written as the critique of hdi
+studies so if that's the one he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies so if that's the one he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies so if that's the one he wants to
+focus on like you guys are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on like you guys are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on like you guys are missing
+things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when
+when when you decide what gets accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you decide what gets accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you decide what gets accepted
+to kai or something but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kai or something but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kai or something but that's the
+context of where he's publishing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of where he's publishing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of where he's publishing it
+right he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's
+interacting with computers and partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with computers and partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with computers and partners
+uh as the magazine yeah it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the magazine yeah it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the magazine yeah it is the
+journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and i'm curious about that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i'm curious about that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i'm curious about that other
+people that you're describing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you're describing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you're describing because
+you're talking about your design i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about your design i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about your design i'm
+thinking there's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking there's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking there's got to be
+architectural criticism that's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism that's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism that's a fairly
+well established field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well established field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well established field
+and right the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right the only difference
+that i see between what he's arguing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i see between what he's arguing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i see between what he's arguing and
+architectural criticism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism is
+the use of computers in his right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of computers in his right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of computers in his right what's
+he describing you know we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he describing you know we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he describing you know we're talking
+about concrete and steel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about concrete and steel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about concrete and steel and
+wood and other kinds of materials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and other kinds of materials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and other kinds of materials but
+all everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all everything else
+architectures are just as interactive as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures are just as interactive as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures are just as interactive as
+anything built-in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything built-in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything built-in right
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the outside of academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outside of academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outside of academia
+uh professional core of architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professional core of architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professional core of architectural
+critics is very small though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics is very small though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics is very small though
+so i don't think it reaches so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't think it reaches so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't think it reaches so it was
+levianous that is only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levianous that is only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levianous that is only the
+games that really have an established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that really have an established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that really have an established
+core of professional critics outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of professional critics outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of professional critics outside of
+academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia
+and i think it means he's thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it means he's thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it means he's thinking that
+the architectural critics of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architectural critics of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architectural critics of machine
+i mean that's that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's that's perfectly fine
+right so to argue that it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to argue that it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to argue that it should be a
+larger right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger right so
+and i also think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also think that
+when we look towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look towards
+architecture we're also seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we're also seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we're also seeing this
+transition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where
+where they try to focus more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to focus more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they try to focus more on
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+different perspectives rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives rather than
+saying that the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the quality of the
+architecture is in the artifact itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is in the artifact itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is in the artifact itself
+it used to be if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be if you look at
+architecture education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture education
+the good examples was very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good examples was very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good examples was very much about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this is good because this and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good because this and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good because this and this and
+this rather than talking about it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather than talking about it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rather than talking about it's good
+from this perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this perspective
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um there is that movement within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is that movement within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is that movement within
+architectural criticism as well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism as well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural criticism as well to
+go maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i usually have architecture students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually have architecture students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually have architecture students in
+like the other classes and they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other classes and they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other classes and they always
+giggle when i mention gary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giggle when i mention gary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giggle when i mention gary because
+within architecture he's seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within architecture he's seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within architecture he's seen as
+kind of a fad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fad and
+we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a
+big wonky example of that here on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big wonky example of that here on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big wonky example of that here on campus
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that sort of focus on the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of focus on the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of focus on the beautiful
+shapes and all of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and all of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and all of that is
+it's a little old school now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little old school now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little old school now in
+architecture and now it's more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and now it's more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and now it's more about
+this how livable is this or how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how livable is this or how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how livable is this or how you know
+how well can you work in that weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well can you work in that weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well can you work in that weird
+bubble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and
+it turns out not very well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out not very well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out not very well because
+it's just as literary criticism and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as literary criticism and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just as literary criticism and no
+doubt interactive design criticism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt interactive design criticism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt interactive design criticism is
+going to go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through these
+these waves right of different styles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves right of different styles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves right of different styles of
+criticism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and
+they don't invalidate the old ones they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't invalidate the old ones they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't invalidate the old ones they
+just add to how we look at the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add to how we look at the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add to how we look at the same the
+same one right but they might invalidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one right but they might invalidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one right but they might invalidate
+decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to
+hire certain architects to do certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire certain architects to do certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire certain architects to do certain
+flagship buildings on campus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagship buildings on campus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagship buildings on campus or
+something like that i don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i don't think that
+choice would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would be my
+based on criticism yeah well based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on criticism yeah well based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on criticism yeah well based on uh
+sort of oh yeah that was maybe cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oh yeah that was maybe cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of oh yeah that was maybe cool
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the methods were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods were
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+and they're not so new anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not so new anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not so new anymore so
+yeah it's a little bit of that hype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a little bit of that hype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a little bit of that hype
+thing has gone away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has gone away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has gone away from
+oh we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can actually
+have computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computers
+design curves that we couldn't calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design curves that we couldn't calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design curves that we couldn't calculate
+before if they would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if they would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if they would be you know
+load-bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load-bearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load-bearing
+so certainly mit because we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly mit because we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly mit because we have an
+architecture department and architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture department and architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture department and architecture
+faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+criticism must influence the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism must influence the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism must influence the choice of
+architects yeah yeah i mean i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects yeah yeah i mean i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects yeah yeah i mean i think
+for one thing the mit campus has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing the mit campus has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing the mit campus has a lot
+more examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples of
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+profile architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile architectural
+drawn buildings than almost any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn buildings than almost any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn buildings than almost any other
+campus because we have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus because we have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus because we have such a
+prominent architecture department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent architecture department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent architecture department
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+through a series of styles that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of styles that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of styles that don't
+necessarily always fit together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always fit together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always fit together they
+they don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the scrapbook yeah it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway that's a little bit of a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a little bit of a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a little bit of a tangent
+to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on
+on the versailles paper though before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the versailles paper though before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the versailles paper though before we
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+it's very good okay now let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good okay now let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good okay now let's let's do
+keywords for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm tempted to
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+we had perspectives in the last paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had perspectives in the last paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had perspectives in the last paper
+and now we have lenses so maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have lenses so maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have lenses so maybe we can
+start with lenses and they can uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with lenses and they can uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with lenses and they can uh just
+grab what the difference between a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab what the difference between a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab what the difference between a lens
+and a prism um so i specifically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a prism um so i specifically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a prism um so i specifically said
+lenses because perspectives can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses because perspectives can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses because perspectives can mean
+like you know personal perspectives like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know personal perspectives like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know personal perspectives like
+you might have a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a very different
+perspective of the game than i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the game than i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the game than i do
+because of our personal like backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our personal like backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our personal like backgrounds
+and likes and whatnot but the lenses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likes and whatnot but the lenses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likes and whatnot but the lenses are
+more you're doing this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're doing this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're doing this through
+a performance-based lens you're viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a performance-based lens you're viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a performance-based lens you're viewing
+this through an interaction-based lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through an interaction-based lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through an interaction-based lens
+you're viewing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're viewing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're viewing this
+through the context of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the context of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the context of a particular
+thing not through the cons so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not through the cons so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not through the cons so it's
+perspectives can be that but it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives can be that but it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives can be that but it can also
+be through yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through yourself
+or through how a user or like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through how a user or like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or through how a user or like how
+through certain people might feel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain people might feel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain people might feel which
+is why i specifically said lenses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why i specifically said lenses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why i specifically said lenses right
+yeah and i think yeah that's that's spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and i think yeah that's that's spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and i think yeah that's that's spot
+on what they mean as well it's more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they mean as well it's more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they mean as well it's more like
+i as a person choose to put on this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i as a person choose to put on this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i as a person choose to put on this lens
+a little bit like you might switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like you might switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like you might switch the
+lens for your camera for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens for your camera for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens for your camera for a particular
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+okay so what um uh did you have more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what um uh did you have more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what um uh did you have more to
+say about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about your
+your word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your word
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+like a big one of the big like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big one of the big like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big one of the big like things
+that he's talking about in this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's talking about in this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's talking about in this paper is
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+through different lenses the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different lenses the same thing
+can be viewed in like very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed in like very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed in like very different
+lights or very different ways really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights or very different ways really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights or very different ways really
+come out very differently in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out very differently in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out very differently in the
+criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism
+um so he has like you know the the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he has like you know the the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he has like you know the the three
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+criticism points of maeve and his saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism points of maeve and his saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism points of maeve and his saying
+at the end about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end about
+um how just because of these lenses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how just because of these lenses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how just because of these lenses the
+criticism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of
+the intel of like either they like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intel of like either they like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intel of like either they like the
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+the performance or the users um comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance or the users um comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance or the users um comes
+through differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think we should be able to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think we should be able to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think we should be able to jump
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+almost any of the words from there let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any of the words from there let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any of the words from there let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do
+interface first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface first
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+one of my favorite sentences in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite sentences in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite sentences in this
+article is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is uh that
+form and content in from interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and content in from interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and content in from interface and
+information are inseparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are inseparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are inseparable
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+interfaces is how describes how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces is how describes how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces is how describes how you
+interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+information that's being presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being presented to
+you and can greatly influence how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and can greatly influence how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and can greatly influence how you
+interpret the information that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the information that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the information that is
+presented to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented to you
+they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use
+as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example
+the um i think it was like a java applet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um i think it was like a java applet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um i think it was like a java applet
+the the word synonym finder this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word synonym finder this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the word synonym finder this visual
+synonym finder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym finder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym finder
+i actually have a memory of using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have a memory of using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have a memory of using this
+way back in the in the day the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in the in the day the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back in the in the day the early
+internet days of having it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet days of having it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet days of having it like this
+bubble on the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble on the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble on the screen and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well earlier
+worldwide websites yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide websites yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide websites yeah
+the internet is very wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is very wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is very wrong
+that's true excuse me that is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true excuse me that is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true excuse me that is what i
+meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back in the days when dial-up was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the days when dial-up was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the days when dial-up was a
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that i remembered that experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i remembered that experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i remembered that experience and
+so that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way that they frame it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that experience of seeing words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that experience of seeing words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that experience of seeing words and
+connection to other words and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to other words and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to other words and how they
+relate to each other and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other and being able to
+make these hops these may be small pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these hops these may be small pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these hops these may be small pops
+but end up very far away from the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but end up very far away from the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but end up very far away from the word
+that you started makes language more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started makes language more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started makes language more
+fluid instead of like when you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid instead of like when you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid instead of like when you read a
+dictionary which has basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary which has basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary which has basically the same
+information it contains words and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it contains words and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it contains words and what
+they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean
+but it's presented in this very logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's presented in this very logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's presented in this very logical
+strict manner um and similarly with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict manner um and similarly with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict manner um and similarly with um
+this mave project you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mave project you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mave project you can think of it as
+oh you just have a collection of files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you just have a collection of files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you just have a collection of files
+on different i think it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different i think it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different i think it's like an
+architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural
+um this architectural project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this architectural project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this architectural project
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you could like click through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could like click through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could like click through the
+files or something have it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files or something have it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files or something have it on your
+computer screen but now they've turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen but now they've turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer screen but now they've turned
+it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into
+basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+users of the system are performers what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users of the system are performers what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users of the system are performers what
+they choose to view gets presented on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to view gets presented on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to view gets presented on a
+larger screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger screen
+and they also get to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also get to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also get to see
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the cards that they choose relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cards that they choose relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cards that they choose relate
+to things that other users are choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that other users are choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that other users are choosing
+and this adds like a social element a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this adds like a social element a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this adds like a social element a
+performative element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performative element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performative element
+and greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greatly
+changes the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the way
+users can see how each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users can see how each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users can see how each of these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are like they can actually see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like they can actually see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like they can actually see more
+direct comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+yeah that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a pretty
+powerful idea i think that it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful idea i think that it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful idea i think that it's not just
+sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a
+quantitative difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative difference between
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+interfaces like another example would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces like another example would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces like another example would be
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+the physical typewriter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical typewriter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical typewriter
+versus a word processor it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a word processor it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a word processor it's not just
+that the word poses or makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word poses or makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word poses or makes it
+easier or faster to produce text we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier or faster to produce text we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier or faster to produce text we
+actually write different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write different things
+we think differently because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think differently because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think differently because of this
+word processor working in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word processor working in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word processor working in a certain way
+than we used to think when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we used to think when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we used to think when we had
+typewriters it's somehow changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriters it's somehow changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typewriters it's somehow changed
+the world and not just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and not just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and not just you know
+again quantitatively but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again quantitatively but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again quantitatively but but
+qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+texts and themselves differently because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and themselves differently because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and themselves differently because
+of this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this change of
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+and this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a
+an extension of that where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of that where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of that where we can
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+uh another data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another data set
+completely differently depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely differently depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely differently depending on how
+it is not just presented to us but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not just presented to us but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not just presented to us but how
+we are allowed to interact with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are allowed to interact with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are allowed to interact with it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we will get back a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being able to interacting with ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to interacting with ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to interacting with ideas
+next week when we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week when we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week when we're going to start
+thinking about how to disseminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to disseminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to disseminate the
+knowledge that we're generating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that we're generating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that we're generating in this
+class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but
+i'll leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave that
+there for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm just going to keep going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to keep going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to keep going here
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+that was me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was me
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article was talking a lot about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article was talking a lot about how
+increasingly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly we're
+splitting like form and function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting like form and function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting like form and function
+and the idea is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you want to convey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you want to convey to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and the way that you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and the way that you do that
+are considered differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considered differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considered differently and
+that's not a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a good thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the idea of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the idea of using the
+like lenses in the interface the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lenses in the interface the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the two because it's often more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix the two because it's often more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the
+like i'm just going to use a video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm just going to use a video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm just going to use a video game
+like you want to get plot information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you want to get plot information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you want to get plot information
+across to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to the
+player because it's a story but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player because it's a story but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player because it's a story but you also
+want them to have like fun while doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to have like fun while doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to have like fun while doing
+it and interact with the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and interact with the story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and interact with the story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like they were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like they were talking about the
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+um performative experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that goes very much along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes very much along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes very much along the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lines of what we were talking about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lines of what we were talking about
+with the interfaces i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the interfaces i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the interfaces i think
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's keep on going the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep on going the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep on going the information
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um the reason i put that down was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason i put that down was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the reason i put that down was also
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+of the way um the paper said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way um the paper said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way um the paper said that
+interface and information are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and information are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and information are
+inseparable it's not as you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable it's not as you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable it's not as you're all
+caught on to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught on to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught on to the same
+i guess that is the big takeaway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess that is the big takeaway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess that is the big takeaway from
+from this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper
+uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's
+it's all i think the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all i think the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all i think the same sort of
+criticism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism of
+maybe specifically in software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe specifically in software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe specifically in software
+engineering we before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we before
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+reasons of dealing with complexity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of dealing with complexity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of dealing with complexity we
+divided different aspects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided different aspects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided different aspects of these
+artifacts into different roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts into different roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts into different roles in
+different teams and it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different teams and it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different teams and it turns out it's
+kind of a sub-optimization because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sub-optimization because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sub-optimization because
+it all has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all has to
+work in concert or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in concert or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in concert or
+it's not going to be successful and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be successful and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be successful and sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+trying to
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+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way back to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ideas of the the designer and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of the the designer and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of the the designer and the the
+the one actually manufacturing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one actually manufacturing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one actually manufacturing something
+being the same person where they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same person where they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same person where they you
+know have full control over all aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have full control over all aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have full control over all aspects
+of it to how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to how can we
+how can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we have
+complex uh development with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh development with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh development with
+a lot of people involved and still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people involved and still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people involved and still not
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+touch of the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch of the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch of the organic
+unity of the thing how it all relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity of the thing how it all relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity of the thing how it all relates to
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+did performance have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did performance have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did performance have anything
+else to add that hasn't come up already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to add that hasn't come up already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to add that hasn't come up already
+i feel like we're beating this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like we're beating this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like we're beating this to
+to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground
+or information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or information
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+if there was something that you felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was something that you felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was something that you felt
+hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we didn't talk about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about like the
+communication aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication aspect
+that was in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the paper
+like about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about how
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the users in the loop of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users in the loop of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users in the loop of like
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+but also now with like social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also now with like social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also now with like social media
+you're also communicating things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also communicating things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also communicating things to
+other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't know if i have much more to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i have much more to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i have much more to add
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh but i just thought it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i just thought it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i just thought it was really
+interesting because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because i
+release what i'm designing i think of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release what i'm designing i think of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release what i'm designing i think of my
+users like in a vacuum kind of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users like in a vacuum kind of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users like in a vacuum kind of or
+something if it's like a multi-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if it's like a multi-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if it's like a multi-player
+experience then i think of them working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience then i think of them working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience then i think of them working
+together but like i had never thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but like i had never thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but like i had never thought of
+someone being performant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone being performant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone being performant or
+as a user right and so i just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a user right and so i just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a user right and so i just thought
+that was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was interesting
+like an interesting takeaway for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interesting takeaway for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interesting takeaway for me and
+my design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my design
+endeavors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endeavors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endeavors right
+i i don't think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i don't think it's just
+pointing towards the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing towards the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing towards the importance of
+user testing but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user testing but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user testing but also
+trying to challenge your own assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to challenge your own assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to challenge your own assumptions
+as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're
+having people test your your artifact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people test your your artifact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having people test your your artifact
+again we're it's the the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're it's the the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're it's the the things we
+create are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create are or
+our babies and we tend to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our babies and we tend to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our babies and we tend to sort of
+uh cradle them a little sort of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cradle them a little sort of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cradle them a little sort of hard
+sometimes and we don't want we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and we don't want we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and we don't want we want
+people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to
+get how we intended them to be used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how we intended them to be used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get how we intended them to be used and
+then we might be less open to seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might be less open to seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might be less open to seeing
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the the users or the participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the users or the participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the users or the participants
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+subvert our intentions but still make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert our intentions but still make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert our intentions but still make
+interesting use of the artifacts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting use of the artifacts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting use of the artifacts and
+that is something that we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that we could actually
+benefit from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from from
+from allowing and allowing ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from allowing and allowing ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from allowing and allowing ourselves to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+one just one example was when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just one example was when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just one example was when i was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+talking to game designers here in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to game designers here in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to game designers here in boston
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+designing co-op games and i was making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing co-op games and i was making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing co-op games and i was making a
+case that they often make a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they often make a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they often make a less
+interesting experience for player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience for player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience for player two
+than for player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for player one
+uh i had a guy come up to me afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i had a guy come up to me afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i had a guy come up to me afterwards
+saying i've made co-op games for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i've made co-op games for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i've made co-op games for 10
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and never thought of myself as anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never thought of myself as anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and never thought of myself as anything
+other than player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than player one
+so you know if you're making those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're making those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're making those kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+experiences at least try out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences at least try out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences at least try out the
+different roles that you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different roles that you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different roles that you're designing
+for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just
+not make assumptions that well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make assumptions that well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make assumptions that well the
+expert or the highly skilled person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert or the highly skilled person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert or the highly skilled person is
+always going to be in this role and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be in this role and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be in this role and that
+fits me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits me so
+i'm always going to try out that role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm always going to try out that role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm always going to try out that role
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+when you try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try out
+the role of player 2 you might find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of player 2 you might find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of player 2 you might find that
+it's much less fun or interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less fun or interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less fun or interesting
+than you intended it for it to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you intended it for it to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you intended it for it to be just
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+one brief example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brief example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brief example
+i also found it really interesting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also found it really interesting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also found it really interesting how
+they connected performance to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connected performance to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connected performance to social
+media um platforms because that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media um platforms because that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media um platforms because that is an
+interactive experience that isn't a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive experience that isn't a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive experience that isn't a game
+yeah uh some people think it's a game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh some people think it's a game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh some people think it's a game um
+how many likes do you have yeah it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many likes do you have yeah it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many likes do you have yeah it can
+be games for sure yeah or or like world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be games for sure yeah or or like world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be games for sure yeah or or like world
+of warcraft where you create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of warcraft where you create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of warcraft where you create this
+alternate persona where you put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate persona where you put on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate persona where you put on this
+you perform you perform the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform you perform the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform you perform the role of
+night elf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night elf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night elf
+priest or whatever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priest or whatever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priest or whatever or
+you perform the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perform the role of
+a popular figure on twitter who talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular figure on twitter who talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular figure on twitter who talks
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+puppies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies
+um and that sort of thing and i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that sort of thing and i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that sort of thing and i thought
+i hadn't thought of it as performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't thought of it as performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't thought of it as performance
+before but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but it
+immediately comes down to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately comes down to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately comes down to that and
+depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how
+much community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much community
+aspect you have inside of your whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect you have inside of your whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect you have inside of your whatever
+you're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're developing
+it seems like there's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like there's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like there's more of a
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of
+opportunity for designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for designing
+your own role or identity online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own role or identity online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own role or identity online
+than you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you have in
+offline performance i mean we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline performance i mean we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline performance i mean we're still
+performing a certain role when we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a certain role when we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a certain role when we're at
+work or versus at home and so on but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or versus at home and so on but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work or versus at home and so on but but
+you have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot more
+variables to tweak i think online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to tweak i think online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to tweak i think online and
+it's just something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just something that's
+inherently new it's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently new it's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently new it's not something that
+we have any experience from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any experience from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any experience from
+before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+century we just didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century we just didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century we just didn't have
+massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively
+multi-experienced virtual environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-experienced virtual environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-experienced virtual environments
+and now we do so we're struggling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we do so we're struggling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we do so we're struggling a
+little bit with how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with how to
+design for them and make sense of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for them and make sense of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for them and make sense of them
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+no one else is going to do it for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else is going to do it for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else is going to do it for us so
+you are the ones to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the ones to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the ones to to
+to solve these issues congratulations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QTg7040uSc0.txt b/QTg7040uSc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d49a94c8543ae72f5bdbf7c7b999eef858e073ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QTg7040uSc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12592 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh today
+we're going to apply functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to apply functional analysis
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+simple the original a problem I.E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the original a problem I.E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the original a problem I.E and
+ordinary differential equation on line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation on line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation on line
+uh with conditions at the boundary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with conditions at the boundary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with conditions at the boundary okay
+typically when you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you encounter
+Odes for the first time say in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odes for the first time say in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odes for the first time say in your
+ordinary differential equations class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations class
+you always have an equation you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have an equation you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have an equation you want to
+solve and then you specify uh maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and then you specify uh maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and then you specify uh maybe the
+the function at a point and its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at a point and its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at a point and its first
+derivative if it's a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if it's a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if it's a second order
+derivative or just for second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative or just for second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative or just for second order
+differential equation or just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or just the
+function evaluated at that point but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at that point but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function evaluated at that point but now
+this originally problem you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this originally problem you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this originally problem you're going to
+be specifying the function at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifying the function at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifying the function at two
+endpoints so what's the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints so what's the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints so what's the problem we're
+going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let uh b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous uh real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and we will consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will call the dirichlet problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+plus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G of x
+U of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x equals
+f of x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and zero one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and zero one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and zero one and
+um with boundary conditions U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with boundary conditions U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with boundary conditions U of zero
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do we want to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to do with this
+uh so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+so what's the input you may think of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the input you may think of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the input you may think of f
+as being kind of a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being kind of a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being kind of a force
+um so you're given a force and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're given a force and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're given a force and you would
+like to compute the solution or show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to compute the solution or show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to compute the solution or show
+there exist a solution on the interval 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a solution on the interval 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a solution on the interval 0
+1 satisfying the equation okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 satisfying the equation okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 satisfying the equation okay and we'll
+say a classical solution meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a classical solution meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a classical solution meaning it's
+twice continuously differentiable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice continuously differentiable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice continuously differentiable so
+this equation makes sense at every X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation makes sense at every X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation makes sense at every X so
+given F continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given F continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given F continuous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does there exist
+a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c201 so the two c two meaning two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c201 so the two c two meaning two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c201 so the two c two meaning two
+continuous diff uh derivatives okay C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous diff uh derivatives okay C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous diff uh derivatives okay C2
+means two continuous derivatives so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means two continuous derivatives so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means two continuous derivatives so does
+there exist a unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a unique solution
+to the originally problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the originally problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the originally problem
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay it doesn't exist a unique solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't exist a unique solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't exist a unique solution
+to this ode with these boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ode with these boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this ode with these boundary
+conditions at zero and one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at zero and one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at zero and one and the
+purpose of this section is to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this section is to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this section is to apply
+functional analysis that we've done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis that we've done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis that we've done uh
+to say the answer is yes if B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the answer is yes if B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the answer is yes if B is
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if B is not if B is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is not if B is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is not if B is uh
+um not necessarily non-negative then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily non-negative then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily non-negative then the
+answer is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is uh
+it depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right but given any F does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but given any F does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but given any F does there
+exist a unique solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a unique solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a unique solution to
+uh the dirichlet problem when B is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the dirichlet problem when B is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the dirichlet problem when B is not
+negative the answer is yes okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the answer is yes okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the answer is yes okay and this
+is what we're going to prove all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to prove all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to prove all right
+this is the main goal of this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main goal of this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main goal of this section
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so and I'll State you know kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'll State you know kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'll State you know kind of this
+answer as two theorems one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as two theorems one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as two theorems one thing that
+there exists a unique solution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique solution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique solution and the
+other will be uh or I should say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other will be uh or I should say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other will be uh or I should say that
+a solution to this is unique and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to this is unique and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to this is unique and then
+the second part the more involved part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part the more involved part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part the more involved part
+will be that there does exist at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that there does exist at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be that there does exist at least
+one solution to this problem assuming V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution to this problem assuming V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution to this problem assuming V
+is non-negative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-negative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-negative okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the first thing we'll prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we'll prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we'll prove is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+any solution to the dirichlet problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution to the dirichlet problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any solution to the dirichlet problem is
+unique okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a continuous uh function on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous uh function on zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous uh function on zero one
+U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are twice continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice continuously differentiable
+functions that solve uh that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+originally problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should say we are now working under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say we are now working under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say we are now working under
+the assumption that b is non-negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that b is non-negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that b is non-negative so
+I should also put that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close V is not negative we won't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close V is not negative we won't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close V is not negative we won't always
+have to assume V is not negative in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume V is not negative in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume V is not negative in some
+of these uh theorems that will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh theorems that will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh theorems that will prove
+about this problem or about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem or about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem or about certain
+operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so
+it would be good if I specify when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be good if I specify when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be good if I specify when I'm
+assuming B is non-negative so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming B is non-negative so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming B is non-negative so let's
+suppose V is not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose V is not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose V is not negative
+and F is a continuous function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is a continuous function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is a continuous function and I
+have two solutions to the dirichlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two solutions to the dirichlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two solutions to the dirichlet
+problem then they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then they must be
+the same okay now's approved I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay now's approved I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay now's approved I think
+I've given this as an assignment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given this as an assignment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given this as an assignment uh
+has a problem in an assignment in past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a problem in an assignment in past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a problem in an assignment in past
+classes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but
+when in doubt integrate by Parts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt integrate by Parts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt integrate by Parts okay
+um so by subtracting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you be one minus B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you be one minus B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you be one minus B2
+then U is a twice continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U is a twice continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then U is a twice continuously
+differentiable function which satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q of X Plus V of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times U of x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U of x equals zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you have 0 equals U of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 0 equals U of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 0 equals U of one
+okay now what we'd like to conclude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we'd like to conclude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we'd like to conclude is
+that U is zero and how we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is zero and how we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is zero and how we're going to do
+this is we're going to integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to integrate by
+parts so then or multiply this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so then or multiply this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so then or multiply this equation
+by something in integrate by part so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something in integrate by part so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something in integrate by part so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to
+the integral from zero to one of minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from zero to one of minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from zero to one of minus u
+double Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime of x
+plus b of x U of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a complex conjugate of U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex conjugate of U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex conjugate of U of x
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is equal to the interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to the interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is equal to the interval from
+zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one
+in prime of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from 0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number from 0 to 1.
+B of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B of x times
+absolute value of U of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of U of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of U of x squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and now we integrate by part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now we integrate by part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now we integrate by part so
+integration by part says that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part says that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part says that if I have
+a derivative on a function I can move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative on a function I can move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative on a function I can move it
+to the other function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other function uh
+and then plus boundary terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus boundary terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus boundary terms and
+changing this minus triangle plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this minus triangle plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this minus triangle plus sign
+so this is equal to U Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to U Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to U Prime of x
+bar X evaluated at 0 of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X evaluated at 0 of 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar X evaluated at 0 of 1.
+minus uh minus uh with this minus gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh minus uh with this minus gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh minus uh with this minus gives
+me a plus I'm going to go from 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a plus I'm going to go from 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a plus I'm going to go from 0 to 1
+you prime the vets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prime the vets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prime the vets
+uh the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the derivative of
+uh complex conjugate of U to DX Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we use the boundary conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use the boundary conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use the boundary conditions that
+at 0 and that one U of X is zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 and that one U of X is zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 and that one U of X is zero so it's
+complex conjugate is zero so these go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is zero so these go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate is zero so these go
+away and what I'm left with is integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and what I'm left with is integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and what I'm left with is integral
+from 0 to 1 and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 and I'm not going to
+uh keep writing the X part so integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep writing the X part so integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep writing the X part so integral
+from zero one of U Prime squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero one of U Prime squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero one of U Prime squared plus
+integral from 0 1 B times U prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 1 B times U prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 1 B times U prime or
+times the magnitude of U squared now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of U squared now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of U squared now
+since V is not negative V times uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since V is not negative V times uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since V is not negative V times uh the
+absolute value of U squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of U squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of U squared is
+non-negative so this is certainly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so this is certainly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so this is certainly bigger
+than 0 1 U Prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 1 U Prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 1 U Prime squared
+okay and remember what I started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remember what I started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remember what I started off
+with was zero so I showed zero is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was zero so I showed zero is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was zero so I showed zero is bigger
+than or equal to this non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this non-negative
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now view is
+quite continuously differentiable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite continuously differentiable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite continuously differentiable so
+that U Prime that's a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U Prime that's a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U Prime that's a continuous
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh non-negative continuous function so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-negative continuous function so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-negative continuous function so I
+get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this equals zero I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this equals zero I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this equals zero I get that
+U Prime is identically zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime is identically zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime is identically zero which
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+U is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because U is constant and U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because U is constant and U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because U is constant and U of zero
+equals zero I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U is identically zero zero function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is identically zero zero function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is identically zero zero function
+which is what I wanted to show U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I wanted to show U equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I wanted to show U equals
+zero means U1 equals U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means U1 equals U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means U1 equals U2
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's uniqueness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uniqueness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uniqueness
+that's half of what we wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half of what we wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half of what we wanted to show
+which was if B is non-negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was if B is non-negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was if B is non-negative then
+there exists a unique solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a unique solution to the
+dirichlet problem uh given any F any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet problem uh given any F any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirichlet problem uh given any F any
+input uh to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh to the right hand side
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we're going to turn to Unique existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn to Unique existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to turn to Unique existence
+which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+interesting and harder part so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to
+existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know if you don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't know how to do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+try and do something easier so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and do something easier so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and do something easier so let's
+start off with the V equals zero case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with the V equals zero case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with the V equals zero case
+okay so we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh we have the following theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have the following theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have the following theorem that
+says we can uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can uniquely
+solve the uh directly problem when b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the uh directly problem when b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the uh directly problem when b
+equals zero so that just means we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so that just means we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so that just means we want
+to solve minus u double Prime equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve minus u double Prime equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve minus u double Prime equals f
+of x with these boundary conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x with these boundary conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x with these boundary conditions and
+we can actually write down explicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually write down explicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually write down explicitly in
+the solution in terms of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in terms of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in terms of f
+as a compact self-adjoined operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a compact self-adjoined operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a compact self-adjoined operator
+which I have alluded to maybe at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have alluded to maybe at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have alluded to maybe at a
+couple of points during the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of points during the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of points during the class so
+let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's why we need the function given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 times y here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're equal to X is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're equal to X is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're equal to X is less than or equal
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so it's piecewise defined uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's piecewise defined uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's piecewise defined uh uh
+across the diagonal and it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal and it's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal and it's continuous
+across the diagonal when Y equals X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal when Y equals X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the diagonal when Y equals X I
+get the same thing so this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing so this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing so this thing is
+check is a continuous function on 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is a continuous function on 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is a continuous function on 0 1
+cross 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Define an operator a f x would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define an operator a f x would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define an operator a f x would be
+integral K of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral K of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral K of x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Y to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a is a bounded linear operator on L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and in fact it's a self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact it's a self-adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact it's a self-adjoint
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to help the joint operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh basically a times f is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh basically a times f is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh basically a times f is the
+inverse of u double prime or a times F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of u double prime or a times F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of u double prime or a times F
+solves the dirichlet problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is c01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+equals a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a yeah
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ink solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the dirichlet problem with v equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dirichlet problem with v equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dirichlet problem with v equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm not writing out all the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not writing out all the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not writing out all the argument
+of X but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X but uh
+they understood U of 0 equals U of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understood U of 0 equals U of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understood U of 0 equals U of one
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+okay so when V equals zero we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when V equals zero we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when V equals zero we can write
+down the explicit solution in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the explicit solution in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the explicit solution in terms of
+this uh what's called an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what's called an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what's called an integral
+operator because you take a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because you take a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because you take a function
+multiply it by another function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by another function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by another function and
+integrate uh this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh this thing here
+is usually referred to as the greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually referred to as the greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually referred to as the greens
+function for this differential operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this differential operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this differential operator
+and what this theorem says is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this theorem says is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this theorem says is that the
+solution to your differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to your differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to your differential equation
+your the rich light problem uh is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rich light problem uh is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rich light problem uh is given
+by an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an integral
+operator which is a compact self-adjoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is a compact self-adjoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is a compact self-adjoin
+operator on L2 okay so it shouldn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L2 okay so it shouldn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L2 okay so it shouldn't come
+too much of a surprise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a surprise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a surprise that
+um the solution to a dirichlet problem U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the solution to a dirichlet problem U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the solution to a dirichlet problem U
+can be written as an integral operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as an integral operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as an integral operator
+right because the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the fundamental theorem of
+calculus uh integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh integration and
+differentiation are inverses of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation are inverses of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation are inverses of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+let's let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see the
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over zero one cross zero one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero one cross zero one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero one cross zero one of the
+absolute value of K so I'm not writing X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of K so I'm not writing X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of K so I'm not writing X
+Y uh but uh so this is uh the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh but uh so this is uh the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y uh but uh so this is uh the supremum
+of K Over the square of 0 1 across 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Over the square of 0 1 across 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Over the square of 0 1 across 0 1
+which is finite since K is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by koshy Schwartz inequality we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by koshy Schwartz inequality we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by koshy Schwartz inequality we get
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a times f of x a f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times f of x a f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times f of x a f of x
+is equal to the interval from 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the interval from 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the interval from 0 1
+a x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F of y d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of y d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of y d y
+it's less than or equal to now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to now if I
+bring the absolute value inside and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the absolute value inside and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the absolute value inside and then
+bound K by C uh my name is Casey is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound K by C uh my name is Casey is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound K by C uh my name is Casey is uh
+bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+c times the integral from 0 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the integral from 0 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times the integral from 0 1 of
+y p y and now I apply koshy Schwartz to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y p y and now I apply koshy Schwartz to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y p y and now I apply koshy Schwartz to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh this I can think of as this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this I can think of as this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this I can think of as this quantity
+times one so this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one so this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one so this is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c times 0 1 1 squared minus the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times 0 1 1 squared minus the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c times 0 1 1 squared minus the one half
+power uh it's certain points that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh it's certain points that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh it's certain points that will
+stop writing of X DX or up y d y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop writing of X DX or up y d y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop writing of X DX or up y d y and the
+meaning should be clear interval 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning should be clear interval 0 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning should be clear interval 0 1.
+s squared one half and I get c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the L2 Norm of f so what have I done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of f so what have I done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 Norm of f so what have I done I
+bounded for every x uh in 0 1 a f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded for every x uh in 0 1 a f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded for every x uh in 0 1 a f of x
+by constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by constant times
+F and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and L2
+I also have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I look at a f of x minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at a f of x minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at a f of x minus a
+F of Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of Z so
+I can just Again by applying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just Again by applying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just Again by applying uh
+bringing the absolute value inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the absolute value inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the absolute value inside the
+integral bounded and so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral bounded and so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral bounded and so the difference
+here is going to be K of X Y minus K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be K of X Y minus K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be K of X Y minus K of
+XZ times F of Y and integrated so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ times F of Y and integrated so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ times F of Y and integrated so what I
+get is that this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that this is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sue
+Y and zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and zero one
+K of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of x
+y minus k o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+times yield to Norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times yield to Norm of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times yield to Norm of f
+okay so I'm not going to give all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to give all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not going to give all the
+details because I've actually assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details because I've actually assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details because I've actually assigned
+this problem before that if K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem before that if K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem before that if K is a
+continuous function then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function then this is a
+bounded compact operator on L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded compact operator on L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded compact operator on L2
+so but so maybe you haven't done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but so maybe you haven't done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but so maybe you haven't done the
+exercises yet but in any case I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises yet but in any case I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises yet but in any case I'll just
+sketch out from here that just based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch out from here that just based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch out from here that just based on
+these two estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+garzella Scully theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garzella Scully theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garzella Scully theorem
+which tells you when uh or gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you when uh or gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you when uh or gives you
+sufficient conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conditions that
+um a sequence of continuous functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a sequence of continuous functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a sequence of continuous functions uh
+has a conversion subsequence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a conversion subsequence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a conversion subsequence in the
+space of continuous functions You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of continuous functions You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of continuous functions You can
+conclude that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now so that shows a is a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that shows a is a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that shows a is a compact
+operator on L2 why is itself a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+then if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I look at
+a times f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times f
+aired with G this is in the L2 pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aired with G this is in the L2 pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aired with G this is in the L2 pairing
+this is equal to the interval 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the interval 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the interval 0 1
+integral 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral 0 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral 0 1.
+K of X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Y
+F of y d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of y d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of y d y
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+T of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of X DX
+now I have a double integral involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a double integral involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a double integral involving
+nothing but continuous function so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but continuous function so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but continuous function so I can
+apply for beanie's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for beanie's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for beanie's theorem
+to Interchange the integration right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Interchange the integration right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Interchange the integration right so
+this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes
+0 1 integral 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 integral 0 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 integral 0 1.
+I can write it this way up to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it this way up to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write it this way up to y
+so I haven't done anything yet I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't done anything yet I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't done anything yet I'm just
+Distributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing
+bringing this GX inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this GX inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this GX inside
+and stating that this integral is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stating that this integral is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stating that this integral is equal
+to this uh double integral d y d x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh double integral d y d x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh double integral d y d x I
+guess I'm using uh Houdini's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm using uh Houdini's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm using uh Houdini's theorem
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and obedience theorem says if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obedience theorem says if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obedience theorem says if you're
+integrating continuous functions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating continuous functions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating continuous functions over
+you know a box then it doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a box then it doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a box then it doesn't matter if
+you integrate d y d x Barse or d x d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate d y d x Barse or d x d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate d y d x Barse or d x d y
+uh would be y first or DX first so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be y first or DX first so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be y first or DX first so then
+I can just undo this and oh the pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just undo this and oh the pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just undo this and oh the pairing
+should have a complex conjugate over G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a complex conjugate over G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a complex conjugate over G
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if I just integrate DX first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I just integrate DX first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I just integrate DX first and
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+undo things I can write this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo things I can write this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo things I can write this as the
+integral of f of Y times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of Y times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of Y times the integral
+from 0 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 1 of
+K of X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of X Y
+T of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of x
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+now complex conjugate over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now complex conjugate over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now complex conjugate over k
+all of this complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this complex conjugate
+d y okay again you can check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y okay again you can check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y okay again you can check that this
+is equal to this previous Thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this previous Thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this previous Thing by
+fubini because in this iterated integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubini because in this iterated integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubini because in this iterated integral
+becomes just a integral d x d y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just a integral d x d y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just a integral d x d y which
+Again by fabini doesn't matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by fabini doesn't matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by fabini doesn't matter what the
+order is and the complex conjugate hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is and the complex conjugate hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is and the complex conjugate hits
+this complex conjugate I get back K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex conjugate I get back K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex conjugate I get back K this
+complex conjugate hits G and I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate hits G and I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate hits G and I get that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this says that AF uh paired with G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that AF uh paired with G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that AF uh paired with G is
+equal to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f
+paired with B times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where b g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where b g
+of X now Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X now Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X now Okay so
+I got out a function of Y integrating X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got out a function of Y integrating X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got out a function of Y integrating X
+so let me if I switch the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me if I switch the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me if I switch the uh the
+variables the dummy variables I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the dummy variables I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the dummy variables I can
+write this as k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as k
+y x complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y x complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y x complex conjugate
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now the thing to note is that K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the thing to note is that K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the thing to note is that K this
+what is K so K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K so K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K so K is
+this function here it's a real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here it's a real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here it's a real value
+function okay so the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so the complex conjugate
+just doesn't matter all right the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't matter all right the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't matter all right the it's
+real value so the complex constitute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real value so the complex constitute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real value so the complex constitute of
+Z equal to the original function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to the original function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to the original function and
+it's symmetric in X and Y if I switch X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric in X and Y if I switch X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric in X and Y if I switch X
+and Y I get kxy back right so K of y x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y I get kxy back right so K of y x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y I get kxy back right so K of y x
+is equal to K of X Y so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K of X Y so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to K of X Y so this is equal to
+0 to 1. a of X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1. a of X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1. a of X Y
+U of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of Y
+but this is just by definition equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just by definition equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just by definition equal to
+a times G so we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a f g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a f g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a f g equals
+a f paired with a G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f paired with a G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f paired with a G
+now for all f g which are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember is a subset of 0 1. but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is a subset of 0 1. but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is a subset of 0 1. but
+not just a subset it's a dense subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since uh continuous functions on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh continuous functions on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh continuous functions on zero
+one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the density argument implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the density argument implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the density argument implies that
+this relation has to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation has to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation has to hold
+for every f and g and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every f and g and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every f and g and L2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals
+that's aged not just for all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aged not just for all continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aged not just for all continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+but for all functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that proves that a is self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and so the last part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so the last part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so the last part which is
+verifying that in fact defining U to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that in fact defining U to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that in fact defining U to be
+AF gives you a twice continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF gives you a twice continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF gives you a twice continuously
+differentiable function which satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function which satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function which satisfies
+the originally problem with b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originally problem with b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originally problem with b equals
+zero it just follows from direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it just follows from direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it just follows from direct
+computation so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so uh
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+by defining U of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining U of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining U of x to be
+a f of x and I actually write out uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f of x and I actually write out uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f of x and I actually write out uh the
+integral you know over the various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you know over the various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you know over the various uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+domains on how it's defined this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains on how it's defined this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains on how it's defined this is
+first I pick up an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 to X of x minus 1 times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X of x minus 1 times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X of x minus 1 times y
+y g y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y g y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y g y
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x times 0 1 of Y minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d y and now I can just apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y and now I can just apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y and now I can just apply the
+fundamental theorem of calculus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus to
+show that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a fundamental theorem of calculus
+that U is twice continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is twice continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U is twice continuously
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+U minus u double Prime gives me half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and use given by AF this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and use given by AF this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and use given by AF this is the
+unique solution to that problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to that problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to that problem because
+we've already proven that when V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already proven that when V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already proven that when V is
+non-negative there exists only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative there exists only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative there exists only one
+solution to the originally problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the originally problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the originally problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the case v equals zero we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case v equals zero we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case v equals zero we can write
+down uh an explicit or the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh an explicit or the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh an explicit or the explicit
+solution in terms of this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in terms of this interval
+operator okay which on L2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay which on L2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay which on L2 is a
+self-adjoint compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for V not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the plan is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the plan is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the plan is this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have
+minus u double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime
+plus b times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times U
+so this is just uh kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just uh kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just uh kind of you know
+formal stuff and then we'll actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal stuff and then we'll actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal stuff and then we'll actually you
+know prove rigorous statements and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove rigorous statements and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove rigorous statements and prove
+that there exists a solution in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a solution in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a solution in the end
+we already have uniqueness like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have uniqueness like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have uniqueness like I said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how do we solve this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we solve this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we solve this differential
+equation with again the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with again the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with again the boundary
+conditions which I'm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which I'm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which I'm uh
+uh I'm not going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just write it down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that implies that minus u double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that minus u double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that minus u double
+Prime equals F minus v u right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals F minus v u right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals F minus v u right and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals F minus v u now think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F minus v u now think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F minus v u now think of this as
+just the fixed function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fixed function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fixed function G
+and therefore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uniqueness uh or this existence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness uh or this existence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness uh or this existence a
+uniqueness result that we have for the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness result that we have for the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness result that we have for the V
+equals zero case so think of this as G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero case so think of this as G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero case so think of this as G
+so now I have minus u double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have minus u double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have minus u double Prime
+equals g so this uh implies that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a applied to F minus b e right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to F minus b e right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to F minus b e right so the
+unique solution to minus u double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to minus u double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to minus u double Prime
+is equal to a applied to g g is f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a applied to g g is f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a applied to g g is f minus
+v u so I have this right so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u so I have this right so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u so I have this right so I get
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this position only if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which if I
+distribute this through is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute this through is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute this through is the same as
+saying the identity plus the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the identity plus the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the identity plus the operator
+given by a applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by a applied to
+multiplication by B so when I write B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by B so when I write B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by B so when I write B
+here I mean multiplication by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean multiplication by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean multiplication by B
+applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to U
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+a applied to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a applied to f
+right and now this is good because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now this is good because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now this is good because we've
+kind of gotten rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gotten rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gotten rid of this
+differentiation and now we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and now we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and now we're talking
+about solving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solving uh
+an equation that involves bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that involves bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that involves bounded
+operators right the identity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators right the identity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators right the identity is a
+bounded operator uh multiplication by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded operator uh multiplication by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded operator uh multiplication by a
+continuous function is the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function is the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function is the bounded
+operator on L2 and a is a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L2 and a is a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on L2 and a is a compact
+self-adjoined operator on L2 so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined operator on L2 so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined operator on L2 so you know
+now we're solving uh the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're solving uh the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're solving uh the equation
+involving bounded operators on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving bounded operators on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving bounded operators on the
+Hilbert space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert space
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what would make it even better is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make it even better is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make it even better is if
+this thing was uh so we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was uh so we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was uh so we already know
+it's a compact operator because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a compact operator because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a compact operator because a is
+compact if we knew this was self a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact if we knew this was self a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact if we knew this was self a joint
+but that doesn't necessarily hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily hold
+because the adjoint of a b will be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the adjoint of a b will be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the adjoint of a b will be V
+times a okay so these don't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a okay so these don't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a okay so these don't exactly
+commute but we can get around that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute but we can get around that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute but we can get around that and
+reduce ourselves to studying a equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce ourselves to studying a equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce ourselves to studying a equation
+that or an equation that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or an equation that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or an equation that involves
+compact cell to Joint operators by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact cell to Joint operators by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact cell to Joint operators by a
+nice little trick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little trick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little trick so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'll say a to the one half V A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll say a to the one half V A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll say a to the one half V A to
+the one half meaning it's Square gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one half meaning it's Square gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one half meaning it's Square gives
+me a the fact that such a thing exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a the fact that such a thing exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a the fact that such a thing exists
+uh is not clear right now but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not clear right now but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not clear right now but we will
+show in in fact exist again formal stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in in fact exist again formal stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in in fact exist again formal stuff
+so write U as uh a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so write U as uh a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so write U as uh a to the one half
+applied to V where now V is the thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to V where now V is the thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to V where now V is the thing we
+solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+and if we stick this into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we stick this into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we stick this into this equation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+get a and pull out the a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a and pull out the a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a and pull out the a to the one-half
+apply it to I plus a to the one half b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to I plus a to the one half b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to I plus a to the one half b a
+to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+y to b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y to b equals
+a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this should be little B not this cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be little B not this cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be little B not this cat
+will be and therefore if I can believe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and therefore if I can believe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be and therefore if I can believe I
+can kind of cancel uh one-half powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of cancel uh one-half powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of cancel uh one-half powers
+I've reduced myself to studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reduced myself to studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reduced myself to studying the
+equation a to the one half of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a to the one half of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a to the one half of B
+times a to the one-half applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a to the one-half applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a to the one-half applies to
+Little D equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little D equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little D equals
+makes the one half F remember f is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the one half F remember f is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the one half F remember f is given
+okay so whatever this thing is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whatever this thing is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whatever this thing is on the
+right side uh we'll know that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side uh we'll know that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side uh we'll know that we know
+that ahead of time so our problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time so our problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ahead of time so our problem is to
+solve this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation here
+Okay now what's the great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now what's the great thing
+uh the great thing is is that because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great thing is is that because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great thing is is that because a
+is Compact self-adjoint and in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Compact self-adjoint and in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Compact self-adjoint and in fact a
+non-negative operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative operator
+um a to the one half exists is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a to the one half exists is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a to the one half exists is also a
+compact operator and there's also self a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator and there's also self a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator and there's also self a
+joint so then we have this self-adjoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint so then we have this self-adjoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint so then we have this self-adjoin
+operator on both sides of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on both sides of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on both sides of V
+both of them are compact so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are compact so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are compact so this whole
+thing will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be a
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself a joint operator so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a joint operator so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a joint operator so if we want to
+be able to solve for V I.E invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve for V I.E invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve for V I.E invert this
+thing on the left side this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the left side this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the left side this is just a
+compact self-adjoined operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact self-adjoined operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact self-adjoined operator
+plus the identity which you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the identity which you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the identity which you can think of
+as a compact self-adjoint itself a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a compact self-adjoint itself a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a compact self-adjoint itself a joint
+operator minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator minus
+minus one times the identity so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times the identity so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times the identity so now uh
+that's an equation we know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an equation we know how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an equation we know how to solve
+right we have to fret home alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to fret home alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to fret home alternative
+that says we can invert this operator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says we can invert this operator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says we can invert this operator if
+and only if uh this entire operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if uh this entire operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if uh this entire operator
+doesn't have a null space or doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a null space or doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a null space or doesn't
+have a non-trivial null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-trivial null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non-trivial null space so
+that's the plan is we will reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plan is we will reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plan is we will reduce
+ourselves to studying or we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to studying or we will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to studying or we will prove
+that we can invert this operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can invert this operator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can invert this operator here
+first we have to prove that uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to prove that uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to prove that uh we can
+find such a h to the one-half meaning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find such a h to the one-half meaning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find such a h to the one-half meaning an
+operator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's
+Square gives me a uh prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square gives me a uh prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square gives me a uh prove the
+properties we need and then also show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we need and then also show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we need and then also show
+that this operator is convertible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator is convertible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator is convertible to
+find V as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse of this times this U as a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this times this U as a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this times this U as a to the
+one half times V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half times V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half times V and
+um conclude that U solves our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conclude that U solves our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conclude that U solves our problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's where we're headed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're headed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're headed so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay now to get this plant off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now to get this plant off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now to get this plant off the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to show that we can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show that we can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show that we can come up with
+such a compact self-ajoint operator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a compact self-ajoint operator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a compact self-ajoint operator uh
+whose square gives me a okay so uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose square gives me a okay so uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose square gives me a okay so uh as a
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step in this direction we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this direction we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this direction we are going to
+compute the spectrum of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the spectrum of uh
+of the operator a which again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operator a which again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operator a which again is the
+inverse of this dirichlet problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this dirichlet problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this dirichlet problem okay
+it's the unique uh function which twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unique uh function which twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the unique uh function which twice
+is the unique okay so when f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unique okay so when f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unique okay so when f is
+continuous it's the unique twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous it's the unique twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous it's the unique twice
+continuously differential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differential function
+that's a second derivative gives me f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a second derivative gives me f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a second derivative gives me f
+and a zero at the end points but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero at the end points but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a zero at the end points but in
+general it's this integral operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's this integral operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's this integral operator so
+first theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to prove is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a
+is uh the zero vector or the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the zero vector or the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the zero vector or the zero
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so it has no non-trivial null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has no non-trivial null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has no non-trivial null space
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenvectors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UK of x equals square root 2 sine a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK of x equals square root 2 sine a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UK of x equals square root 2 sine a five
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+here a is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have associated eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have associated eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have associated eigenvalues
+Lambda k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda k equals
+1 over K squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just make a brief remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a brief remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just make a brief remark
+we have via the spectral theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have via the spectral theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have via the spectral theorem that we
+proved last time that for a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time that for a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time that for a compact
+self-adjoin operator we can find or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoin operator we can find or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoin operator we can find or that
+the eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the eigenvectors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigenvectors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the eigenvectors uh
+form an orthonormal basis for the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an orthonormal basis for the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an orthonormal basis for the range
+of the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null space of a
+and then to complete it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to complete it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to complete it to an
+orthonormal basis of all of the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis of all of the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis of all of the over
+space in this case L2 we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in this case L2 we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in this case L2 we just need to
+take in order to normal basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in order to normal basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in order to normal basis of the
+null specific name but the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null specific name but the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null specific name but the null space of
+a is the zero Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the zero Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the zero Vector so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the spectral theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for compact self-adjoined operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+square root of two sine K by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two sine K by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two sine K by X
+Infinity so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or
+um so we use the spectral theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we use the spectral theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we use the spectral theorem to
+conclude that this is an orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this is an orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that this is an orthonormal
+basis for L2 you can also prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for L2 you can also prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for L2 you can also prove it
+directly using what we know about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly using what we know about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly using what we know about each
+bi index being an orthonormal basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi index being an orthonormal basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi index being an orthonormal basis for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh minus pi to Pi just by rescaling e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus pi to Pi just by rescaling e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus pi to Pi just by rescaling e to
+the i n pi x as an orthonormal basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i n pi x as an orthonormal basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i n pi x as an orthonormal basis for
+L2 to minus one to one now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 to minus one to one now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 to minus one to one now we have
+functions here defined on zero one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here defined on zero one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here defined on zero one uh
+which we can extend by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can extend by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can extend by
+odd parity to minus one to one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd parity to minus one to one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd parity to minus one to one and the
+only parts of the e to the i in pi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only parts of the e to the i in pi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only parts of the e to the i in pi x
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+in the expansion for an odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expansion for an odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the expansion for an odd function
+that come out are only involved the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out are only involved the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out are only involved the the
+sign these guys okay so that's without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign these guys okay so that's without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign these guys okay so that's without
+knowing these are the eigen functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these are the eigen functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these are the eigen functions or
+eigenvectors for this operator a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors for this operator a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors for this operator a you
+could also conclude that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also conclude that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also conclude that this is an
+orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do to prove that
+the null space of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivial is we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you go about it a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go about it a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go about it a couple of different
+ways we'll show that the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we'll show that the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we'll show that the range
+of a is in fact um dense and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first thing we're showing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we're showing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we're showing is that
+the null spaces trivial so let you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null spaces trivial so let you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null spaces trivial so let you uh
+will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enclosure equals all of L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this is equal to the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is equal to the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is equal to the orthogonal
+complement of the null space so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the null space so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the null space so if the
+orthogonal complement is the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement is the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement is the entire
+space then that means the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then that means the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then that means the null space of
+a is just a trivial vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is just a trivial vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is just a trivial vector
+so I need to be able to show that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to be able to show that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to be able to show that a
+dense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense uh
+Subspace of L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of L2
+can be solved for uh by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved for uh by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved for uh by a
+okay so let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero one
+and f equals minus u double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f equals minus u double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f equals minus u double Prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now by the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+zero equals z of one equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the previous theorem by the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem by the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem by the previous
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+a applies to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unique solution to the dericho like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to the dericho like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to the dericho like
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function V being 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but remember you so f i e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write it this way IE F apply to u double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way IE F apply to u double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way IE F apply to u double
+Prime should give me f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime should give me f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime should give me f and
+A F of 0 equals a f is one equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how do we Define f f is minus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we Define f f is minus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we Define f f is minus u
+double Prime use a polynomial on zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime use a polynomial on zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime use a polynomial on zero
+one that's zero at the endpoints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's zero at the endpoints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's zero at the endpoints and
+therefore I conclude that a half equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I conclude that a half equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I conclude that a half equals
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hope this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vanishing at x equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at x equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at x equals zero
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dance
+an L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L2
+now why is this this is because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this this is because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this this is because we know
+that continuous functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continuous functions that are
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints are dense
+and L2 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 right and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by the virus drops approximation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the virus drops approximation theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the virus drops approximation theorem
+every continuous function on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function on zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function on zero one
+can be approximated by a polynomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be approximated by a polynomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be approximated by a polynomial and
+it's not too difficult to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too difficult to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too difficult to convince
+yourself that if that's the case then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that if that's the case then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that if that's the case then I
+can also approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also approximate
+um every continuous function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every continuous function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every continuous function that's
+Vanishing at the two endpoints by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the two endpoints by a
+polynomial that's Vanishing at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that's Vanishing at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that's Vanishing at the two
+inputs okay so since I can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs okay so since I can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs okay so since I can approximate
+every continuous function on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function on zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every continuous function on zero one
+Vanishing at the endpoints by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the endpoints by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanishing at the endpoints by a
+polynomial banishing at the endpoints uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial banishing at the endpoints uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial banishing at the endpoints uh
+then those polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then those polynomials
+zero one so I will just say here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one so I will just say here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one so I will just say here that
+this follows from like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows from like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this follows from like I said
+density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero one and I'll put a zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and I'll put a zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and I'll put a zero here
+meaning it's zero at the two endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's zero at the two endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's zero at the two endpoints
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fire shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation theorem
+okay since so we've been able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since so we've been able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay since so we've been able to solve
+for every U that's dense in L2 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every U that's dense in L2 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every U that's dense in L2 right so
+every polynomial that zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every polynomial that zero at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every polynomial that zero at the
+endpoints is in the range of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bell201
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell201
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell201
+and therefore the closure has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the closure has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the closure has to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then since
+null space today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space today
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+orthogonal complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal complement
+or I should say the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say the orthogonal
+complement of the null space of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the null space of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the null space of a is
+equal to the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the range
+the closure of the range then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the range then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the range then this
+equals L2 of 0 1 uh I conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L2 of 0 1 uh I conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L2 of 0 1 uh I conclude that
+result space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and trivial vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trivial vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trivial vector
+okay so a has no null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a has no null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a has no null space so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I said by the spectral theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said by the spectral theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said by the spectral theorem and
+orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1 is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1 is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1 is given
+by the eigenvectors of a so now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the eigenvectors of a so now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the eigenvectors of a so now we'll
+prove the eigenvectors are given by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the eigenvectors are given by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the eigenvectors are given by uh
+this form now it's I'll just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form now it's I'll just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form now it's I'll just give you a
+brief sketch of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief sketch of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief sketch of this
+so let's solve for the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's solve for the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's solve for the eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors suppose
+Lambda is not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U is an element of L2 that has unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is an element of L2 that has unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is an element of L2 that has unit
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+or unit norm and a applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unit norm and a applied to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unit norm and a applied to U
+equals Lambda times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Lambda times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Lambda times U
+okay now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+see write that a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the new equals one over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new equals one over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new equals one over Lambda
+times a u which is fine because Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a u which is fine because Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a u which is fine because Lambda
+is non-zero so I can divide by that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero so I can divide by that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero so I can divide by that now
+um I didn't say this when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't say this when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I didn't say this when I was
+discussing let's see if we still have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing let's see if we still have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing let's see if we still have it
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for any function in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for any function in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for any function in L2
+buy this estimate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this estimate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy this estimate here
+this also proves that a applied to F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also proves that a applied to F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also proves that a applied to F is
+a continuous function so this also shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function so this also shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function so this also shows
+that a applied to F is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I hope that's that's clear right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that's that's clear right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that's that's clear right because
+why is this so I need to make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so I need to make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so I need to make this thing
+on the left hand side small if x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side small if x and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side small if x and z
+are close together now that only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close together now that only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close together now that only depends
+on some number the L2 Norm of f times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some number the L2 Norm of f times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some number the L2 Norm of f times
+this quantity here K is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here K is a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here K is a continuous
+function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on
+uh zero one cross zero one so as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero one cross zero one so as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero one cross zero one so as long as
+I make x and z close then x y and z y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make x and z close then x y and z y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make x and z close then x y and z y
+will be close and since K is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be close and since K is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be close and since K is continuous
+this quantity here will be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here will be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here will be small
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and therefore the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore the thing that's
+smaller than that will be small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that will be small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that will be small so
+um okay so that's why if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's why if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's why if I take a
+function which is an L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is an L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is an L2
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and hit it by a I get a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it by a I get a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it by a I get a continuous
+function so U equals 1 over Lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so U equals 1 over Lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so U equals 1 over Lambda times
+this continuous continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous continuous function
+implies that mu is continuous but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that mu is continuous but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that mu is continuous but now
+we're going to feed that back in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to feed that back in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to feed that back in because
+if U is continuous then a applied to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if U is continuous then a applied to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if U is continuous then a applied to U
+is twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice
+continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable
+right which implies that U equals 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which implies that U equals 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which implies that U equals 1 over
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+a u is twice continuously differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u is twice continuously differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u is twice continuously differential
+okay this is what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what's called a
+bootstrap argument I guess or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap argument I guess or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap argument I guess or
+is that the right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh anyways
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that doesn't sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we conclude that a eigenfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we conclude that a eigenfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we conclude that a eigenfunction
+of A is twice continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A is twice continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A is twice continuously
+differentiable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you as a twice continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you as a twice continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you as a twice continuously
+differentiable function which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable function which is equal
+to one over Lambda times a u right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over Lambda times a u right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over Lambda times a u right
+a times U is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times U is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times U is uh
+so that okay so another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that okay so another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that okay so another way to
+write this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+over Lambda because a is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda because a is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda because a is a linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+now a applied to something is a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a applied to something is a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a applied to something is a unique
+function whose second derivatives times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose second derivatives times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose second derivatives times
+minus one gives me that thing inside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one gives me that thing inside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one gives me that thing inside so
+I conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conclude that
+minus u double Prime equals 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime equals 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u double Prime equals 1 over
+Lambda apply to U and along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda apply to U and along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda apply to U and along with the
+boundary conditions U equals U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions U equals U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions U equals U of zero
+equals U of one equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U of one equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals U of one equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now I know how to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I know how to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I know how to solve this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a superposition of two uh has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of two uh has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of two uh has to be
+a superposition of two uh functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of two uh functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of two uh functions
+and I get that so U of X must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that so U of X must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that so U of X must be equal
+to a times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a times sine
+1 over square root of Lambda times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over square root of Lambda times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over square root of Lambda times x
+plus b times cosine one over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times cosine one over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times cosine one over square root
+of Lambda times x and now since U of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda times x and now since U of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lambda times x and now since U of 0
+has to give me zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that tells me that b equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that b equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that b equals zero
+which tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me
+U of x equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of x equals a
+times sine 1 over Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine 1 over Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine 1 over Lambda X
+and since a Since U has unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since a Since U has unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since a Since U has unit length
+with a not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a not equal to zero
+now U of one equals 0 implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now U of one equals 0 implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now U of one equals 0 implies that
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+Lambda square root of Lambda has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda square root of Lambda has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda square root of Lambda has to be
+an integer multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer multiple
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you have X is to be non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have X is to be non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have X is to be non-zero
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+U of X is equal to a times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X is equal to a times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X is equal to a times sine
+a pi x for some K and the uh fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pi x for some K and the uh fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pi x for some K and the uh fact that
+we get square root of two uh comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get square root of two uh comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get square root of two uh comes from
+the normalization condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+implies that U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that U of x
+square root of P sine K pi x for some k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P sine K pi x for some k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P sine K pi x for some k
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this
+so uh square root of two times sine K pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh square root of two times sine K pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh square root of two times sine K pi
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+K varies over the natural numbers gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K varies over the natural numbers gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K varies over the natural numbers gives
+me an orthonormal basis for L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that consists of item vectors of a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of item vectors of a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consists of item vectors of a the
+eigenvalues are 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over K squared pi squared so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared so I can
+think of a as simply multiplying each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a as simply multiplying each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a as simply multiplying each
+eigenvector by one over K squared pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector by one over K squared pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector by one over K squared pi
+squared and if I want to define a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if I want to define a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and if I want to define a to the
+one half which is what I wanted to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half which is what I wanted to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half which is what I wanted to well
+I'm doing all this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing all this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing all this then
+we'll Define an operator so that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll Define an operator so that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll Define an operator so that uh it
+takes uh something in a in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh something in a in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh something in a in that's
+orthonormal basis and simply multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis and simply multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis and simply multiplies
+by 1 over K PI right which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over K PI right which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 over K PI right which is you know
+half of what a would do or a half power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what a would do or a half power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of what a would do or a half power
+of what a would do this is also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a would do this is also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a would do this is also you know
+how one could Define what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one could Define what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one could Define what's called a
+functional calculus for a self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional calculus for a self-adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional calculus for a self-adjoint
+compact operators which you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators which you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operators which you can then
+extend to self-join operators as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend to self-join operators as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend to self-join operators as well
+um so let's make this a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if f is in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if f is in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if f is in L2
+zero one with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+this Fourier expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with CK given by interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CK given by interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CK given by interval
+0 to 1 f of x square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 f of x square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 f of x square root of two
+sine K by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K by X
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an operator which we call a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator which we call a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator which we call a to the
+one-half although I haven't I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half although I haven't I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half although I haven't I'm not
+saying that it's you know it's square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's you know it's square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's you know it's square is
+a just yet we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator a
+a f of x equals sum from K plus 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f of x equals sum from K plus 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f of x equals sum from K plus 1 to
+Infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+K Pi c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Pi c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Pi c k
+square root of 2 sine K 5X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um right now I just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right now I just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right now I just have this
+expression for given a function in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for given a function in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for given a function in L2
+with this expansion in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expansion in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expansion in terms of this
+orthonormal basis I do this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis I do this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis I do this to the
+coefficients I take the coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I take the coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I take the coefficients and
+multiply them by 1 over K Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by 1 over K Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by 1 over K Pi
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and my claim is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-adjoined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined
+operator on L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this notation is not just for show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this notation is not just for show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this notation is not just for show
+I take a to the one half and compose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a to the one half and compose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a to the one half and compose it
+with itself meaning I Square it I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself meaning I Square it I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself meaning I Square it I get
+the operator a which remember was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator a which remember was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator a which remember was
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this integral operator involving K right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral operator involving K right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral operator involving K right
+um if you like though so let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember a when it hits each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a when it hits each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a when it hits each of these
+sine K Pi X's spits out uh one over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K Pi X's spits out uh one over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K Pi X's spits out uh one over K
+squared times pi squared right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times pi squared right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times pi squared right so a
+applied to F would be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to F would be this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to F would be this thing
+multiplied by 1 over K squared pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over K squared pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over K squared pi
+squared and so it makes sense that H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so it makes sense that H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so it makes sense that H the
+one half should be something that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half should be something that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half should be something that when I
+apply it again I get back a since I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it again I get back a since I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it again I get back a since I have
+1 over K squared pi squared when I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared when I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared when I hit
+with a i it's my multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a i it's my multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a i it's my multiply the
+coefficients by 1 over K Pi then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients by 1 over K Pi then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients by 1 over K Pi then this
+should give me what I want and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give me what I want and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give me what I want and now it's
+just a process of confirming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a process of confirming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a process of confirming these
+of facts that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you may think of a as this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may think of a as this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may think of a as this integral
+operator you can think of a as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you can think of a as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you can think of a as the
+solution operator for this diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution operator for this diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution operator for this diversity
+problem or you may simply think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or you may simply think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or you may simply think of it as
+I take a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand it in terms of sine K pi x which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it in terms of sine K pi x which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it in terms of sine K pi x which
+is an orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthonormal basis for L2 of 0 1
+and I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I simply
+multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+1 over K squared pi squared okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K squared pi squared okay how
+does this drive with what I just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this drive with what I just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this drive with what I just uh
+you know said about a also being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know said about a also being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know said about a also being the
+solution operator well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution operator well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution operator well
+if I have a applied to this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a applied to this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a applied to this quantity
+then I have sine K pi x over K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have sine K pi x over K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have sine K pi x over K squared
+pi squared now let's say I take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared now let's say I take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared now let's say I take two
+derivatives of that then I get K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that then I get K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of that then I get K squared
+pi squared over K squared pi squared I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared over K squared pi squared I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared over K squared pi squared I
+get 1 so I get back out F right with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 so I get back out F right with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 so I get back out F right with a
+minus sign so all of those things Jive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh proof of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+take two functions in L2 expanded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay so first thing I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so first thing I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so first thing I would like to
+show is that this operator is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator so
+I want the L2 Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the L2 Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the L2 Norm
+uh of at a to the one half F squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of at a to the one half F squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of at a to the one half F squared so
+this is the L2 Norm squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L2 Norm squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L2 Norm squared of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh coefficients uh given by K Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients uh given by K Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients uh given by K Phi
+square root of two sine K times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two sine K times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two sine K times
+EXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+so the L2 Norm of this function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the L2 Norm of this function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the L2 Norm of this function this
+function given by this Fourier expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given by this Fourier expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given by this Fourier expansion
+here is just the sum of the squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just the sum of the squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just the sum of the squares of
+the coefficients appearing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients appearing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients appearing in front of
+the square root of 2 times sine K pi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 times sine K pi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 times sine K pi x
+so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+by percival's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by percival's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by percival's identity
+K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squared
+or k squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or k squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or k squared
+pi squared and uh you know 1 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared and uh you know 1 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared and uh you know 1 over K
+squared pi squared as K goes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pi squared as K goes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pi squared as K goes from 1 to
+Infinity is bounded by number pi squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is bounded by number pi squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is bounded by number pi squared
+equals 1 to Infinity a c k Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to Infinity a c k Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to Infinity a c k Square
+equals one over five squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one over five squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one over five squared
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Again by percival's identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by percival's identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again by percival's identity
+or completeness of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completeness of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completeness of uh
+just eigenbase is the it is gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eigenbase is the it is gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eigenbase is the it is gives me
+back the L2 morphography okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the L2 morphography okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the L2 morphography okay
+so that proves boundedness what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves boundedness what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves boundedness what about
+self-in jointness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a to the one half f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a to the one half f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a to the one half f
+but I think it's inner product with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's inner product with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's inner product with G
+again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how these things are defined and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are defined and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are defined and the
+fact that the inner product between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inner product between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inner product between a
+function uh two functions is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh two functions is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh two functions is given by
+just the little L2 pairing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the little L2 pairing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the little L2 pairing of the
+coefficients set up here in front of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients set up here in front of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients set up here in front of uh
+the square root of two sine K Phi X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two sine K Phi X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of two sine K Phi X this
+is c k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is c k over
+K times pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times pi
+DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+we just move this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are real numbers so I can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are real numbers so I can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are real numbers so I can move
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over on the d uh without taking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the d uh without taking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the d uh without taking their
+complex conjugate and that's just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate and that's just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate and that's just equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+F inner product a to the one half G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inner product a to the one half G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F inner product a to the one half G
+so that proves that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves that uh
+a itself a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we show that a to the one half squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show that a to the one half squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show that a to the one half squared
+uh gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay so I already wrote that part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so I already wrote that part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so I already wrote that part I
+don't need to write it again if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to write it again if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to write it again if I look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+H to the one half F this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half F this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half F this is by
+definition equal to a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition equal to a to the one half
+applied to now the function given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to now the function given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to now the function given in
+this eigen basis by or this orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigen basis by or this orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigen basis by or this orthonormal
+basis by c k over K Phi square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis by c k over K Phi square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis by c k over K Phi square root of
+two sine k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sine k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sine k
+i x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i x
+again how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how do I
+apply a to the one-half I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a to the one-half I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a to the one-half I take the
+coefficients in front of the uh basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in front of the uh basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in front of the uh basis
+function and divide by K Pi so then k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and divide by K Pi so then k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and divide by K Pi so then k
+equals one to Infinity of c k over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one to Infinity of c k over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one to Infinity of c k over a
+squared pi squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pi squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pi squared
+uh square root of two sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root of two sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh square root of two sine
+K by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's leave it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it here
+now going from here to what we have next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going from here to what we have next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going from here to what we have next
+since each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh an eigen function of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an eigen function of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an eigen function of a with
+eigenvalue one over K squared pi squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue one over K squared pi squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue one over K squared pi squared
+this is also equal to a applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to a applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also equal to a applied to
+function sine the square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sine the square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sine the square root of two
+sine K by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K by X
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+it's perfectly legitimate to pull this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly legitimate to pull this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly legitimate to pull this a
+out of the infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+basis for L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for L2
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or really by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really by
+quality in any case I can pull the A out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in any case I can pull the A out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in any case I can pull the A out
+and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the root of two sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the root of two sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the root of two sine
+a Phi X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why can I do this it's because as so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I do this it's because as so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can I do this it's because as so if
+I put a finite in here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a finite in here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a finite in here then
+sum from k equals 1 to n converges in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n converges in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k equals 1 to n converges in L2
+Norm to uh this quantity here with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm to uh this quantity here with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm to uh this quantity here with an
+Infinity okay uh so since a is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay uh so since a is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay uh so since a is a bounded
+linear operator a applied to the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator a applied to the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator a applied to the finite
+sum is equal to a applied to or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is equal to a applied to or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is equal to a applied to or the
+limit as n goes to Infinity of a applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of a applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to Infinity of a applied
+to the finite sum is equal to K applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite sum is equal to K applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the finite sum is equal to K applied
+to the infinite sum now a applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the infinite sum now a applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the infinite sum now a applied to a
+finite sum is given by this letting n Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sum is given by this letting n Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sum is given by this letting n Go
+to Infinity again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we can we can take the a in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this was just the expansion of f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was just the expansion of f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was just the expansion of f so
+this is equal to AF so we have proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to AF so we have proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to AF so we have proven
+that a to the one-half squared meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a to the one-half squared meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a to the one-half squared meaning a
+to the one half applied to a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half applied to a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half applied to a to the
+one-half of f gives me that a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh let me give a brief sketch on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let me give a brief sketch on why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let me give a brief sketch on why
+this is a compact operator we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a compact operator we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a compact operator we've shown
+it's a bound itself a joint operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bound itself a joint operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bound itself a joint operator
+whose square gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it is compact compact operator will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is compact compact operator will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is compact compact operator will
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the image of the unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the unit ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the unit ball
+has Equis small Tails okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Equis small Tails okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Equis small Tails okay
+I will just say here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprises to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises to show that
+a client to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the fact that this has actually small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this has actually small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this has actually small
+Tails then implies that the closure also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails then implies that the closure also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails then implies that the closure also
+has actually small tails and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually small tails and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually small tails and therefore
+by this theorem we proved about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theorem we proved about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theorem we proved about uh
+characterizing compact set subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing compact set subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing compact set subsets of
+Hilbert spaces we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert spaces we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hilbert spaces we conclude that
+um the closure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the closure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the closure of this
+set is compact I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is compact I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is compact I should have
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore a to the one half is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a to the one half is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a to the one half is a
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon B positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon B positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon B positive
+and choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in at the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the number
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+Over N squared is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N squared is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N squared is less than
+Epsilon squared we can do that because 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon squared we can do that because 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon squared we can do that because 1
+over capital N squared goes to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital N squared goes to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital N squared goes to zero as
+capital N goes to Infinity so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N goes to Infinity so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N goes to Infinity so I can
+always find such an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find such an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find such an n
+okay and now a claim that this n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now a claim that this n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now a claim that this n is the
+one that works for showing uh this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works for showing uh this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works for showing uh this set
+as Equity small tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ml2 with a norm less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml2 with a norm less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml2 with a norm less than or equal to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if I look at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the sum of the Fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the Fourier coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the Fourier coefficients
+given in this basis of square root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in this basis of square root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in this basis of square root 2
+sine K pi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K pi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine K pi x
+okay for one half f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to by definition of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to by definition of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to by definition of how
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a operates this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a operates this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a operates this is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+of f squared over a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f squared over a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f squared over a squared
+I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared
+and this is less than or equal to K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to K is
+bigger than n so this is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n so this is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n so this is one over
+less than or equal to 1 over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 1 over N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 1 over N squared
+with a pi squared but that's I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pi squared but that's I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pi squared but that's I don't
+know something like 9 so I can leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like 9 so I can leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like 9 so I can leave it
+and still be less than or equal to sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be less than or equal to sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still be less than or equal to sums
+then okay uh I can now take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be all CK's and this is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all CK's and this is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all CK's and this is equal to one
+over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 squared Which is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 squared Which is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 squared Which is less than or equal to
+one over N squared and then we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over N squared and then we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over N squared and then we've chosen
+n so that one over N squared is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that one over N squared is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that one over N squared is less
+than Epsilon squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon squared
+so that's less than Epsilon squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's less than Epsilon squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's less than Epsilon squared
+therefore showing that the set has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore showing that the set has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore showing that the set has
+Equity small tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity small tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity small tails
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the closure of this set is compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had this a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this a to the one-half
+operator which we needed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which we needed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which we needed um
+to carry out this plan that we sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out this plan that we sketched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out this plan that we sketched
+at the beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+solving the duration problem so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the duration problem so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the duration problem so now we
+just kind of need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of need to check
+that that operator I had before which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that operator I had before which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that operator I had before which is
+H to the one-half composed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one-half composed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one-half composed with
+multiplication by V composed with h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V composed with h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V composed with h of
+one half is a compact self between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half is a compact self between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half is a compact self between the
+operator so first let's uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so first let's uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so first let's uh let me just
+State a theorem about multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a theorem about multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a theorem about multiplying by a
+continuous function let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function let's see
+real values continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+M sub b as in multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sub b as in multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sub b as in multiplication
+f of x to be this G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x to be this G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x to be this G of x
+f x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is they found this in your operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L2 and itself the joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I'm actually going to leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm actually going to leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm actually going to leave this
+as an exercise it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exercise it's not
+uh too difficult to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too difficult to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too difficult to prove
+um again you know just multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you know just multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again you know just multiplying by
+this function which is continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which is continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which is continuous and
+bounded uh gives you boundedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh gives you boundedness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh gives you boundedness
+automatically and the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and the fact that it's
+real valuable people to self-adjointness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valuable people to self-adjointness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real valuable people to self-adjointness
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this
+You can conclude the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+from your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your function
+in real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the operator T equals a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator T equals a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator T equals a to the one-half
+composed with multiplication by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with multiplication by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with multiplication by V
+composed with a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed with a to the one half
+satisfies the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the joints compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one extra condition is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded so in fact he is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded so in fact he is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded so in fact he is a bounded
+operator from L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean if I take an L2 function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I take an L2 function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I take an L2 function and
+stick it into this function I get out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into this function I get out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into this function I get out a
+continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function
+in a bounded way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one follows immediately from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one follows immediately from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one follows immediately from what
+we've proven already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this exercise of the theorem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this exercise of the theorem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this exercise of the theorem that I
+gave right uh multiplication by B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave right uh multiplication by B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave right uh multiplication by B is a
+self-adjoined operator a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined operator a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-adjoined operator a to the one half
+is a self-adjoined operator a to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a self-adjoined operator a to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a self-adjoined operator a to the one
+half is the self joint operator so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is the self joint operator so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is the self joint operator so when
+I take the adjoint of this quantity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the adjoint of this quantity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the adjoint of this quantity I
+will get the adjoint of a to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the adjoint of a to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the adjoint of a to the one
+half in front adjoint MV adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in front adjoint MV adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in front adjoint MV adjoint
+available one-half they all equal each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available one-half they all equal each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available one-half they all equal each
+other the themselves so I get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the themselves so I get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the themselves so I get out
+something self a joint this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something self a joint this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something self a joint this is the
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+of if you like a bounded operator with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you like a bounded operator with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you like a bounded operator with a
+compact operator so I get a compact dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator so I get a compact dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator so I get a compact dot
+breaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker
+so that proves it's a self-adjoined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves it's a self-adjoined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves it's a self-adjoined
+compact operator on L2 why is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator on L2 why is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator on L2 why is this a
+bounded operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded operator
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from L2 to continuous functions well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from L2 to continuous functions well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from L2 to continuous functions well it
+suffices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+this a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a to the one-half
+is a bounded operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as that because if I take an L2 function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that because if I take an L2 function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that because if I take an L2 function
+and feed it into this operator T then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feed it into this operator T then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feed it into this operator T then a
+to the one half would be a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half would be a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half would be a continuous
+function multiplication by V will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplication by V will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiplication by V will be a
+continuous function again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function again because
+multiplication by B is continuous so V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by B is continuous so V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by B is continuous so V
+is continuous and then a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and then a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and then a to the one half
+applied to a continuous function again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a continuous function again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a continuous function again
+spits out a continuous function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out a continuous function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out a continuous function so
+advice is to show that a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is to show that a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is to show that a to the one-half
+is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your operator from L2 to continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operator from L2 to continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operator from L2 to continuous
+function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fourier expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier expansion
+in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+sine K Pi X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h a to the one half and f of x this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a to the one half and f of x this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a to the one half and f of x this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right square root of 2 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right square root of 2 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right square root of 2 sine
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and now to show that a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to show that a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to show that a to the one half
+applied to F is a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to F is a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to F is a continuous function
+we'll apply the virus cross M text right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply the virus cross M text right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply the virus cross M text right
+so this is an infinite sum of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an infinite sum of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an infinite sum of functions
+of continuous functions so to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions so to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous functions so to apply the
+barstross m test I have to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barstross m test I have to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barstross m test I have to say that I
+can bound this thing by something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bound this thing by something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bound this thing by something which
+is summable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this
+and then I also if I take the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also if I take the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also if I take the absolute
+for the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's less than or equal to c k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to c k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to c k over
+K pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K pi
+square root of 2 Which is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 Which is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 Which is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+DK over okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK over okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK over okay
+and I claim this is sumable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by Sum from K from one to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sum from K from one to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sum from K from one to Infinity
+CK over K by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK over K by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK over K by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+koshy Schwartz this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshy Schwartz this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshy Schwartz this is less than or
+equal to sum over K one over K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum over K one over K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum over K one over K squared
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+sum a c k squared to place the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a c k squared to place the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum a c k squared to place the one-half
+and remember this is just the L2 Norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is just the L2 Norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember this is just the L2 Norm of
+f right because the sine K Pi X's are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right because the sine K Pi X's are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right because the sine K Pi X's are an
+ultra basis so that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra basis so that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra basis so that equals
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like pi squared over six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pi squared over six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pi squared over six
+let's say it is this thing here times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+uh each of these continuous functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these continuous functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these continuous functions in
+this infinite sum is bounded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum is bounded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum is bounded by a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and those constants are summable by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those constants are summable by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those constants are summable by this
+computation so thus that implies that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so thus that implies that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so thus that implies that a
+to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half
+f is continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is continuous function
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+firestross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firestross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firestross
+m-test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m-test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m-test
+not only that this computation week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that this computation week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that this computation week
+did shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a to the one-half applied to f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one-half applied to f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one-half applied to f of x is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+pi squared over six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared over six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi squared over six
+basically one half times the L to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and your operator from L2 to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your operator from L2 to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your operator from L2 to the space
+of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have all the pieces we need in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the pieces we need in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the pieces we need in place
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrist plate problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ingredients already we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients already we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients already we just need to
+cook them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I was mentioning the fire truck Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was mentioning the fire truck Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was mentioning the fire truck Sim
+test that should have been covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that should have been covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that should have been covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+an infinite sum of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum of continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite sum of continuous functions
+in each of those continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those continuous functions
+bounded by a constant which is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant which is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a constant which is those
+constants are sumable then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are sumable then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are sumable then you get a
+continuous function out in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function out in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function out in the end
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that
+concludes the existence part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the existence part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the existence part of the
+dirichlet problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see zero one continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see zero one continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see zero one continuous function
+B uh non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's real valuation or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to continue this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue this function
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a
+unique twice continuously differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique twice continuously differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique twice continuously differential
+function on zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on zero one
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the wrist leg problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus e double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e double Prime
+plus b multiplied by U equals F on 0 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the boundary conditions U of zero equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions U of zero equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions U of zero equals
+0 to 1 equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+again the the plan was to Define u as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the plan was to Define u as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the plan was to Define u as a
+to the one half applied to uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half applied to uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half applied to uh so
+call for you the plan was to Define u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for you the plan was to Define u to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for you the plan was to Define u to
+be a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a to the one half
+I plus a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus a to the one half
+V eight to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V eight to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V eight to the one-half
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+H to the one half applied to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half applied to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half applied to f
+now we just need to say why this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just need to say why this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just need to say why this thing
+exists right why is this operator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists right why is this operator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists right why is this operator in the
+middle invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle invertible
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then we'll get what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get what we need
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the threat home alternative right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the threat home alternative right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the threat home alternative right uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+by the previous bit so let me not skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous bit so let me not skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous bit so let me not skip
+ahead by previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this operator can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator can be
+a sandwich between a to the one half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sandwich between a to the one half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sandwich between a to the one half is
+a self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compact operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the threat home alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the up the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh something in the null space and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something in the null space and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something in the null space and we'll
+show that it has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if I pair this with uh helped with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I pair this with uh helped with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I pair this with uh helped with
+so G is an element in L2 if I pair it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G is an element in L2 if I pair it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G is an element in L2 if I pair it
+with G so I get that 0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with G so I get that 0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with G so I get that 0 is equal to
+I Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+plot of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now carrying this G through and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now carrying this G through and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now carrying this G through and it'll
+get inner product with itself so I get G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inner product with itself so I get G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inner product with itself so I get G
+squared plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus uh
+a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half
+multiplication by V of H one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V of H one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V of H one half
+applied to G and the product G now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to G and the product G now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to G and the product G now since
+a to the one half itself a joint I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half itself a joint I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one half itself a joint I can
+move it over to uh the second entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write this out this is equal to GL2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out this is equal to GL2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out this is equal to GL2 plus
+the inner Row from zero to one of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner Row from zero to one of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner Row from zero to one of B
+times H to the one half G times so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H to the one half G times so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H to the one half G times so this
+is all multiplication pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all multiplication pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all multiplication pointwise
+multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications
+times eight to the one-half G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times eight to the one-half G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times eight to the one-half G
+complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+this gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me
+H to the one half G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to the one half G
+on squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on squared
+okay now V is non-negative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now V is non-negative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now V is non-negative so this
+quantity here is non-negative so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is non-negative so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is non-negative so this is
+bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+G squared L2 Norm of G and we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G squared L2 Norm of G and we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G squared L2 Norm of G and we started
+out with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I get that g is 0 and therefore the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that g is 0 and therefore the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that g is 0 and therefore the null
+space of I plus this self-adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of I plus this self-adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of I plus this self-adjoint
+compact operator uh is Trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator uh is Trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact operator uh is Trivial and
+therefore this Compact and therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this Compact and therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this Compact and therefore I
+plus this compact silver drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this compact silver drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this compact silver drawing
+operator is inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is inverted
+home alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this inverse exists and I Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you to be uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be uh what
+a to the one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it this way I'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it this way I'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it this way I'll Define
+B to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I plus a to the one half multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus a to the one half multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus a to the one half multiplication
+by B makes it one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B makes it one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B makes it one half
+inverse uh apply to the cases of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh apply to the cases of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh apply to the cases of one
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+and U to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one half of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of be
+okay so then what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a
+applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to
+multiplication by V of so if I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V of so if I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by V of so if I say a
+b u this is equal to uh by definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u this is equal to uh by definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u this is equal to uh by definition a
+to the one half B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half B plus
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a to the one-half simply because a uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one-half simply because a uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the one-half simply because a uh is
+equal to a to the one half squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to B
+so I get a to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a to the one-half
+I plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engage in one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b h one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b h one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b h one half
+of B and now V is given by this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and now V is given by this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and now V is given by this thing so
+I just get when it hits that I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get when it hits that I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get when it hits that I just get
+back a to the one half F multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a to the one half F multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a to the one half F multiply by a
+to the one half you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one half you get a
+f
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qg7pQ_CYaIQ.txt b/Qg7pQ_CYaIQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd1f8b36122ef4b61b025f12498edda6de9d14db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qg7pQ_CYaIQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7925 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay we're going to take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay does someone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay does someone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay does someone want to
+explain how they got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how they got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how they got the
+answer we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we have
+a faculty of a thousand research bag for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them do you want to hand that up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do you want to hand that up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do you want to hand that up in the
+bag too we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just so the beam of light um gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so the beam of light um gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so the beam of light um gives
+enough energy for the electron to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy for the electron to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy for the electron to be
+injected and the amount of energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected and the amount of energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected and the amount of energy for
+that is 4.3 EV and then and then it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 4.3 EV and then and then it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 4.3 EV and then and then it also
+has kinetic energy of 7.9 EV so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kinetic energy of 7.9 EV so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kinetic energy of 7.9 EV so you just
+add the two so 4.3 plus 7.9 is 12.2 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the two so 4.3 plus 7.9 is 12.2 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the two so 4.3 plus 7.9 is 12.2 EV
+so yep okay just bring it back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep okay just bring it back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep okay just bring it back okay
+thank you all right we'll have lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all right we'll have lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all right we'll have lots more
+practice uh with this um today and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh with this um today and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice uh with this um today and we'll
+get the hang of doing these problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the hang of doing these problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the hang of doing these problems so
+let's uh just kind of jump in and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh just kind of jump in and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh just kind of jump in and get
+started we're still continuing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're still continuing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're still continuing to think
+about the photoelectric effect and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the photoelectric effect and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the photoelectric effect and think
+about light as a particle so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a particle so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a particle so we're going
+to finish up with the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish up with the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish up with the photoelectric
+effect and we're going to have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and we're going to have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and we're going to have a little
+demo on that in a few minutes um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo on that in a few minutes um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo on that in a few minutes um then
+we're going to go on if if uh if light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go on if if uh if light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go on if if uh if light
+is in fact uh you know is is quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh you know is is quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh you know is is quantized
+and you have these photons then photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these photons then photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these photons then photons
+should have momentum and so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have momentum and so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have momentum and so we'll talk
+about that then um we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that then um we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that then um we've talked about
+white as a particle and most of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white as a particle and most of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white as a particle and most of you uh
+are probably pretty okay with matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably pretty okay with matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably pretty okay with matter
+being a particle but what about matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a particle but what about matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a particle but what about matter
+being a wave so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a wave so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a wave so we're going to talk
+about matter being a wave and if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matter being a wave and if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matter being a wave and if we have
+time at the and we're going to start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the and we're going to start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at the and we're going to start on
+the schinger equation which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schinger equation which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schinger equation which we're going
+to continue with on Friday so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with on Friday so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with on Friday so I'll just
+say that um I'm sometimes I I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that um I'm sometimes I I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that um I'm sometimes I I am a
+little overly ambitious and I put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overly ambitious and I put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overly ambitious and I put things
+on the handout that I'm not really sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout that I'm not really sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout that I'm not really sure
+I'm going to get to um just because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get to um just because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get to um just because I've
+never gotten into it before doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gotten into it before doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gotten into it before doesn't mean
+that I won't get it to it this time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won't get it to it this time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won't get it to it this time um
+so if I don't finish everything on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I don't finish everything on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I don't finish everything on a
+handout bring your handout to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout bring your handout to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout bring your handout to the next
+class and we'll just continue from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we'll just continue from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we'll just continue from there
+and there'll be a new handout uh then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a new handout uh then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a new handout uh then as
+well so just uh heads up on that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so just uh heads up on that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so just uh heads up on that all
+right so um Let's uh continue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um Let's uh continue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um Let's uh continue with the
+photoelectric effect and get good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and get good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and get good at
+doing these kinds of problems so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these kinds of problems so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these kinds of problems so um
+let's look at these particular examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at these particular examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at these particular examples
+we have three different examples here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different examples here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three different examples here we
+have the energy of an incoming Photon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the energy of an incoming Photon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the energy of an incoming Photon um
+must be equal or greater to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal or greater to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal or greater to that
+threshold um energy or that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold um energy or that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold um energy or that work
+function in order for an electron to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in order for an electron to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in order for an electron to be
+ejected so in this case the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected so in this case the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected so in this case the energy is
+greater uh than the work function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uh than the work function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uh than the work function so
+tell me whether an electron uh will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me whether an electron uh will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me whether an electron uh will be
+ejected or will not be ejected you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected or will not be ejected you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected or will not be ejected you can
+just yell it out what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yell it out what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yell it out what do you
+think yeah so an electron is ejected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so an electron is ejected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so an electron is ejected it
+will be ejected what about this scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ejected what about this scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ejected what about this scenario
+over here where the energy is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here where the energy is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here where the energy is less than
+that threshold energy um is or is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold energy um is or is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold energy um is or is not
+ejected yes okay now we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected yes okay now we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected yes okay now we have another
+scenario we have three photons Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we have three photons Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we have three photons Each of
+which have half of the energy needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have half of the energy needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have half of the energy needed
+half of that threshold energy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that threshold energy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that threshold energy but you
+have three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three of them
+so will an electron is or is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ejected is not okay so three photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected is not okay so three photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected is not okay so three photons
+each that have half the energy does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that have half the energy does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each that have half the energy does not
+add up you cannot add it it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up you cannot add it it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up you cannot add it it will not
+eject an electron so let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject an electron so let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject an electron so let's just think
+about it for a minute suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a minute suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a minute suppose the
+threshold knowledge for pass an exam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold knowledge for pass an exam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold knowledge for pass an exam is
+answering three specific questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering three specific questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering three specific questions
+correctly suppose over here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly suppose over here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly suppose over here we have the
+answer to one of the questions but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to one of the questions but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to one of the questions but not
+to the other two over here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other two over here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other two over here we have an
+answer to the middle one but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the middle one but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the middle one but not the
+first or the second and over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the second and over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the second and over here we
+have the answer to the third but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the answer to the third but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the answer to the third but not the
+first or the second so everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the second so everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the second so everyone knows
+the answer to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to a different
+question will there be the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will there be the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will there be the threshold
+energy a threshold knowledge to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a threshold knowledge to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a threshold knowledge to pass
+this test no every everyone needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test no every everyone needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test no every everyone needs to
+have the threshold knowledge themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the threshold knowledge themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the threshold knowledge themselves
+to be able to pass everyone has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to pass everyone has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to pass everyone has to
+overcome that critical amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that critical amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that critical amount of
+knowledge to be able to pass the test so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to be able to pass the test so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to be able to pass the test so
+that's the same thing here you can't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing here you can't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing here you can't add
+it up now with the test here at MIT if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up now with the test here at MIT if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up now with the test here at MIT if
+everyone has that threshold knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has that threshold knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has that threshold knowledge
+and a really high level of the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really high level of the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really high level of the threshold
+knowledge everyone can get an A so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge everyone can get an A so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge everyone can get an A so the
+more people with the threshold knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people with the threshold knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people with the threshold knowledge
+the more tests that are passed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more tests that are passed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more tests that are passed and the
+more the course is passed by people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the course is passed by people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the course is passed by people so
+the more photons coming in with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more photons coming in with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more photons coming in with this
+with that threshold energy the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that threshold energy the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that threshold energy the more
+electrons being ejected but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being ejected but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being ejected but you can't
+add up if you have photons that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up if you have photons that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up if you have photons that don't
+have enough if not greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough if not greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough if not greater than the
+threshold energy you won't eject an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy you won't eject an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy you won't eject an
+electron so everyone needs to have meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so everyone needs to have meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so everyone needs to have meet
+that threshold criteria you can't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold criteria you can't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold criteria you can't add
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay so here's just some kind of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's just some kind of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's just some kind of useful
+terminology for solving problem problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for solving problem problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for solving problem problems
+on this problem set and there will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem set and there will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem set and there will also
+be problems on problem set two related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems on problem set two related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems on problem set two related
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+topic so photons also called light also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so photons also called light also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so photons also called light also
+called electromagnetic radiation may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electromagnetic radiation may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called electromagnetic radiation may be
+described by their energy by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by their energy by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by their energy by their
+wavelength or by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or by their
+frequency whereas electrons which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency whereas electrons which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency whereas electrons which are
+sometimes also called photo electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes also called photo electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes also called photo electrons
+may be described by their kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be described by their kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be described by their kinetic energy
+their velocity and as you'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their velocity and as you'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their velocity and as you'll see later
+by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+wavelength so you'll be given problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you'll be given problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you'll be given problems
+where you're given different pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given different pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're given different pieces of
+information you have to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have to think about how
+you're going to convert it you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to convert it you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to convert it you got to
+think about am I talking about a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about am I talking about a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about am I talking about a photon
+am I talking about an electron and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I talking about an electron and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I talking about an electron and you
+also want to think about units um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to think about units um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to think about units um you
+will sometimes be told about energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes be told about energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes be told about energy in
+EVs and sometimes be told about energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVs and sometimes be told about energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVs and sometimes be told about energies
+in Jewels so this is a conversion factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jewels so this is a conversion factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jewels so this is a conversion factor
+all conversion factors are given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all conversion factors are given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all conversion factors are given to you
+on the exam you do not need to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam you do not need to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exam you do not need to memorize
+any kind of conversion factor but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of conversion factor but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of conversion factor but you
+need to be aware when someone you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware when someone you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be aware when someone you said
+Jewels what's that a unit for or EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels what's that a unit for or EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels what's that a unit for or EV
+what's that a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that a unit
+for all right so now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right so now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right so now we're going to do
+an inclass demonstration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclass demonstration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclass demonstration of the
+photoelectric effect but before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect but before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect but before we
+actually do the experiment we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the experiment we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the experiment we're going
+to predict what the experiment will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what the experiment will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what the experiment will show
+it's always dangerous to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always dangerous to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always dangerous to do that so
+we'll hope it works after we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hope it works after we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hope it works after we do the
+prediction all right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction all right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction all right so we're going to
+be looking at whether we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at whether we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at whether we're going to get
+an ejection of an electron from a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ejection of an electron from a zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ejection of an electron from a zinc
+surface and we're uh given the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we're uh given the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and we're uh given the uh the
+threshold energy or the work function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy or the work function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy or the work function of
+that of of zinc every metal this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of of zinc every metal this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of of zinc every metal this is a
+property of of metals they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of of metals they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of of metals they're different
+as we saw last time so this is 6.9 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw last time so this is 6.9 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw last time so this is 6.9 *
+10-19 juw and we're going to use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-19 juw and we're going to use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-19 juw and we're going to use two
+different light sources that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different light sources that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different light sources that are going
+to have different wavelength lengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different wavelength lengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different wavelength lengths and
+we'll predict whether they have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll predict whether they have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll predict whether they have enough
+energy to meet this threshold to uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to meet this threshold to uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to meet this threshold to uh go
+over the threshold and inject an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the threshold and inject an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the threshold and inject an
+electron so the two different uh sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so the two different uh sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so the two different uh sources
+we have a UV lamp with a wave length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a UV lamp with a wave length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a UV lamp with a wave length of
+254 nanometers and a red laser pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+254 nanometers and a red laser pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+254 nanometers and a red laser pointer
+with a wavelength of about 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wavelength of about 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wavelength of about 700
+nanometers okay so before we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers okay so before we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers okay so before we do the
+experiment let's do some calculations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's do some calculations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's do some calculations to
+see what we expect so so first we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we expect so so first we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we expect so so first we want
+to see what the energy or calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the energy or calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what the energy or calculate what
+the energy of the photon um will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the photon um will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the photon um will be
+that's EV emitted by the UV lamp and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EV emitted by the UV lamp and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EV emitted by the UV lamp and uh
+I will write this down so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will write this down so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will write this down so what do we
+know we know a bunch of things already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know a bunch of things already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know a bunch of things already
+we know that energy is equal to Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that energy is equal to Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that energy is equal to Plank's
+constant uh times the frequency we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh times the frequency we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh times the frequency we also
+know that the frequency is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the frequency is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the frequency is related to
+wavelength by C the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by C the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by C the speed of light
+and then we can put those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can put those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can put those two things
+together to say the energy then is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to say the energy then is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to say the energy then is also
+um the Plank's constant times the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Plank's constant times the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Plank's constant times the speed
+of light divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light divided by the
+wavelength so we can use that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we can use that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we can use that last
+equation to do a calculation and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to do a calculation and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to do a calculation and figure
+out the energy that's associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the energy that's associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the energy that's associated with
+that particular wavelength of light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular wavelength of light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular wavelength of light so
+here we have energy we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have energy we're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have energy we're going to write
+in Plank's constant 6.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Plank's constant 6.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Plank's constant 6.6
+26 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 *
+10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-
+34 and the units are Jewels time seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 and the units are Jewels time seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 and the units are Jewels time seconds
+and the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2998 * 10 to the 8 m/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2998 * 10 to the 8 m/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2998 * 10 to the 8 m/
+Second and we want to divide this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second and we want to divide this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second and we want to divide this then
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+wavelength so we have the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we have the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so we have the wavelength
+here um we're using first is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we're using first is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we're using first is um a
+254 * 10 to the-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+254 * 10 to the-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+254 * 10 to the-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters oh sorry
+9 nine meters thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 nine meters thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 nine meters thank
+you I wrote down 19 I'm like wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I wrote down 19 I'm like wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I wrote down 19 I'm like wait a
+minute that's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's not right
+okay okay so then we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so then we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so then we can do the
+calculation out and here is where I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation out and here is where I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation out and here is where I got
+excited about 19 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7.82 time 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.82 time 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.82 time 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and if we look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and if we look at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and if we look at the equation
+we'll see that the meters are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that the meters are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that the meters are going to
+cancel the seconds cancel and we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the seconds cancel and we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the seconds cancel and we're left
+with jewels which is good because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jewels which is good because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jewels which is good because we
+want an energy so Jewels is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an energy so Jewels is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want an energy so Jewels is a good thing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+have so there we can do a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so there we can do a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so there we can do a simple
+calculation and we can look and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and we can look and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and we can look and say okay
+if the energy then associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the energy then associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the energy then associated with that
+wavelength is 7.82 * 10us 19 jewles then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is 7.82 * 10us 19 jewles then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is 7.82 * 10us 19 jewles then
+we ask is this greater or less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask is this greater or less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask is this greater or less than the
+uh threshold energy and it's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh threshold energy and it's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh threshold energy and it's greater
+than that so it does have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so it does have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so it does have enough energy
+it should eject an electron so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should eject an electron so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should eject an electron so we can
+try that out and see now we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that out and see now we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that out and see now we can look at
+what happens with the red laser pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the red laser pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the red laser pointer
+and see whether that should have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether that should have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether that should have the
+energy that's needed and so I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed and so I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed and so I will just
+put write these things down here instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put write these things down here instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put write these things down here instead
+of writing it again so that was our UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it again so that was our UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing it again so that was our UV
+um so now our red light we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now our red light we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now our red light we have
+700 * 10 - 9 M or 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 * 10 - 9 M or 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 * 10 - 9 M or 700
+nanom and so here's our answer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom and so here's our answer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom and so here's our answer for the
+UV and our answer for the red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and our answer for the red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and our answer for the red light
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+84 * 10 -19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 * 10 -19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 * 10 -19
+jewels and I'll move this up a little so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and I'll move this up a little so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and I'll move this up a little so
+people can see that so does that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see that so does that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can see that so does that have
+enough energy to eject an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron no that should not work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron no that should not work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron no that should not work because
+that's less than the threshold energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than the threshold energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than the threshold energy
+that's needed all right so we'll do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's needed all right so we'll do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's needed all right so we'll do one
+more calculation just for fun and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more calculation just for fun and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more calculation just for fun and then
+we'll do the experiment so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the experiment so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the experiment so the last
+calculation we'll do is we'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we'll do is we'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we'll do is we'll think
+about the number of photons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of photons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of photons that are
+emitted by a laser in 60 seconds um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by a laser in 60 seconds um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by a laser in 60 seconds um if
+you have a um an intensity of 1 M Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a um an intensity of 1 M Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a um an intensity of 1 M Watt
+and a mwatt is equal to 10^ Theus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mwatt is equal to 10^ Theus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mwatt is equal to 10^ Theus 3
+jewles per second so we can just uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles per second so we can just uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles per second so we can just uh do
+that calculation over here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculation over here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calculation over here so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+00 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+00 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+00 *
+10-3 jw/ second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-3 jw/ second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-3 jw/ second
+second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+Photon and here this is for the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and here this is for the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and here this is for the red
+laser so we'll use the number that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so we'll use the number that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser so we'll use the number that we
+just calculated over here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculated over here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculated over here so we have
+2.84 * 10 the -19th jewles for the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.84 * 10 the -19th jewles for the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.84 * 10 the -19th jewles for the red
+laser and times 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and times 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and times 60
+seconds and we should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and we should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and we should get
+2.1 * 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 * 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 * 10 to the
+17 photons so that's how much photons if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 photons so that's how much photons if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 photons so that's how much photons if
+we hold it for 60 seconds that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hold it for 60 seconds that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hold it for 60 seconds that we're
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+shooting um at our our metal surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting um at our our metal surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting um at our our metal surface so
+these are the kind of calculations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of calculations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of calculations that
+you'll be doing um on these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing um on these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing um on these kind of
+problems and now let's see how well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and now let's see how well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and now let's see how well the
+experiment works so we're going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment works so we're going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment works so we're going to bring
+out our demo Tas who are going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our demo Tas who are going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our demo Tas who are going to tell
+you about this demo and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this demo and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about this demo and we're going to
+try to do some fancy stuff with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do some fancy stuff with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do some fancy stuff with this
+document camera to project it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document camera to project it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document camera to project it on the
+screen so this is all very exciting oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so this is all very exciting oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so this is all very exciting oh I
+guess I should put that down the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should put that down the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should put that down the number
+in case you couldn't see it 2.1 * 10^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you couldn't see it 2.1 * 10^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you couldn't see it 2.1 * 10^
+17 all right so let's spring you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mic Okay so we've got our metal plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic Okay so we've got our metal plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic Okay so we've got our metal plate
+here that Eric's got in his hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Eric's got in his hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Eric's got in his hand and
+what he's doing right now is he's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing right now is he's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing right now is he's uh
+rubbing it with a little bit of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbing it with a little bit of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbing it with a little bit of what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+actually it's Steel W oh okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's Steel W oh okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's Steel W oh okay so that's
+just going to get the aluminum oxide off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get the aluminum oxide off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get the aluminum oxide off
+cuz sometimes you guys will get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz sometimes you guys will get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz sometimes you guys will get to it
+but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's
+sometimes you can get a reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can get a reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can get a reaction of
+aluminum with uh the moisture in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum with uh the moisture in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum with uh the moisture in the in
+the air and that's going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and that's going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and that's going to cause
+alumium oxide so he's getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumium oxide so he's getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumium oxide so he's getting rid of
+that and now we've put this on a what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now we've put this on a what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now we've put this on a what is
+this what do you call it a detector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you call it a detector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do you call it a detector of
+some kind so basically this when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind so basically this when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind so basically this when he
+charges this what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges this what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges this what's going to happen is
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+have this plate and you have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this plate and you have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this plate and you have this uh
+this joint and they're both going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint and they're both going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this joint and they're both going to be
+electrically uh negative right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically uh negative right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically uh negative right because
+you've introduced some electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've introduced some electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've introduced some electrons and
+they're going to repel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to repel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to repel each other
+because they're both negative two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both negative two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both negative two
+negative charges repel each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges repel each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges repel each other so
+you're going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see some
+space develop as Eric's done now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space develop as Eric's done now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space develop as Eric's done now what
+he's doing is he's got a plastic rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is he's got a plastic rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is he's got a plastic rod
+here that he's charging with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that he's charging with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that he's charging with the with
+the fur and he's introducing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fur and he's introducing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fur and he's introducing those
+electrons onto the plate uh so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onto the plate uh so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onto the plate uh so now we've
+got a negatively charged plate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a negatively charged plate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a negatively charged plate and you
+can see that by the fact that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that by the fact that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that by the fact that you see
+some repulsion between that rod and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repulsion between that rod and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repulsion between that rod and the
+rest of the detector which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the detector which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the detector which is actually
+working out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out pretty
+nicely um so on say this experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely um so on say this experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely um so on say this experiment is
+very weather dependent if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weather dependent if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weather dependent if it's really
+humid um or too dry it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid um or too dry it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humid um or too dry it doesn't work
+nearly as well but today today good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as well but today today good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as well but today today good
+weather today's good weather for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather today's good weather for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather today's good weather for this
+experiment not so much good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment not so much good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment not so much good for
+sunbathing outside but good good weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunbathing outside but good good weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunbathing outside but good good weather
+for this experiment although we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this experiment although we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this experiment although we have a
+UV lamp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV lamp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV lamp so
+maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's
+true okay so now we've got a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so now we've got a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so now we've got a charge
+that's the green laser pointer let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the green laser pointer let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the green laser pointer let's get
+the the red it's underneath here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red it's underneath here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red it's underneath here I think
+oh y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh y
+okay so now we could do the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we could do the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we could do the calculation
+for the green if you want to if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green if you want to if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green if you want to if you want
+to do the calculation for the green we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the calculation for the green we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the calculation for the green we
+can try it later Eric's got a red laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try it later Eric's got a red laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try it later Eric's got a red laser
+pointer in his hand he's going to shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in his hand he's going to shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in his hand he's going to shine
+it and we're going to see that nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to see that nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to see that nothing
+happens because as we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because as we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because as we calculated the
+energy of these photons is not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of these photons is not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of these photons is not enough to
+get over the threshold of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over the threshold of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over the threshold of this
+particular metal so if the if electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular metal so if the if electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular metal so if the if electrons
+were being ejected you should see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being ejected you should see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being ejected you should see it
+move and we'll do one more time maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and we'll do one more time maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and we'll do one more time maybe
+the green one will work it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green one will work it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green one will work it doesn't
+all right well now we have to see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well now we have to see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well now we have to see if the
+U built it up the UV should work let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so oh
+maybe oh oh I guess it worked it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh oh I guess it worked it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh oh I guess it worked it did
+work could sort of see that so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work could sort of see that so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work could sort of see that so maybe we
+can charge it up again while I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge it up again while I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge it up again while I talk
+about it so Char the UV lamp um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so Char the UV lamp um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so Char the UV lamp um
+obviously has enough uh energy in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has enough uh energy in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has enough uh energy in each
+of these photons so when you shine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these photons so when you shine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these photons so when you shine that
+light at the uh metal you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at the uh metal you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at the uh metal you have the
+electron on the surface which are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on the surface which are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on the surface which are being
+ejected and if those electrons get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected and if those electrons get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected and if those electrons get
+ejected then the whole system becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected then the whole system becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected then the whole system becomes
+neutral if the systems become neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral if the systems become neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral if the systems become neutral
+then that Rod can go back and is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that Rod can go back and is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that Rod can go back and is no
+longer being rep uh has it feels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer being rep uh has it feels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer being rep uh has it feels a
+repulsion because the two parts are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion because the two parts are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion because the two parts are no
+longer negative so once we charge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer negative so once we charge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer negative so once we charge this
+up again maybe we can go to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again maybe we can go to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again maybe we can go to the other
+side and I think it's good it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I think it's good it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I think it's good it's good
+yeah that's good oh it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine okay now's gonna try to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yay we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay all right great we can just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay all right great we can just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay all right great we can just kind
+of leave this here all right so um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leave this here all right so um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leave this here all right so um and I
+think he held it for 60 seconds you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he held it for 60 seconds you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he held it for 60 seconds you sort
+of know how many uh photons were coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know how many uh photons were coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know how many uh photons were coming
+off to if you want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to if you want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to if you want to do that
+calculation so again um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so again um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so again um the
+photoelectric effect was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect was really
+important um in at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um in at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um in at this time
+understanding the properties that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the properties that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the properties that were
+that were being observed to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being observed to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being observed to help us
+understand that about this quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that about this quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that about this quantized
+energy of particles that light had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of particles that light had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of particles that light had this
+particle like property it had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like property it had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like property it had this
+quantized energy and you needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized energy and you needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized energy and you needed a
+certain amount of it for to eject an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of it for to eject an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of it for to eject an
+electron from a metal surface so we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from a metal surface so we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from a metal surface so we all
+know that that light is a wave um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that light is a wave um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that light is a wave um but
+now there's this evidence that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this evidence that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this evidence that even
+though it's pretty much this massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's pretty much this massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's pretty much this massless
+this massless particle that it still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this massless particle that it still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this massless particle that it still has
+particle like properties so um so light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties so um so light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties so um so light
+is a is a really amazing thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a really amazing thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a really amazing thing this
+doesn't really show up very well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really show up very well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really show up very well as a
+view with a sta Center St Center always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view with a sta Center St Center always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view with a sta Center St Center always
+has some really spectacular uh sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some really spectacular uh sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some really spectacular uh sunlight
+coming around it sometimes all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around it sometimes all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around it sometimes all right so
+now if this is true that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this is true that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if this is true that means that
+photons that have these Quant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that have these Quant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that have these Quant this
+quantized energy should have momentum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized energy should have momentum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized energy should have momentum as
+well and so Einstein was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so Einstein was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so Einstein was thinking about
+that and so he uh he reasoned that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so he uh he reasoned that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so he uh he reasoned that this
+to be true there had to be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true there had to be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true there had to be some kind of
+momentum associated with them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum associated with them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum associated with them and so
+momentum or P here is equal to Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or P here is equal to Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or P here is equal to Plank's
+constant times the frequency divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the frequency divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the frequency divided by
+uh the speed of light C and since uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the speed of light C and since uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the speed of light C and since uh the
+speed of light is equal to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light is equal to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light is equal to the frequency
+times the wavelength of the light then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wavelength of the light then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wavelength of the light then
+the momentum should be equal to Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum should be equal to Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum should be equal to Plank's
+constant divided by the wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by the wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by the wavelength so
+this is really you know we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really you know we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really you know we're talking
+about momentum in terms of wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum in terms of wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum in terms of wavelength
+this inverse uh relationship here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse uh relationship here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse uh relationship here this
+was just kind of a crazy idea to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of a crazy idea to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of a crazy idea to be
+thinking about momentum when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about momentum when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about momentum when you're
+talking about light um and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about light um and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about light um and and this
+really kind of came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of came out of the
+photoelectric effect and also there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and also there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect and also there were
+some experiment experiments done by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiment experiments done by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiment experiments done by some
+by um by Arthur Compton that also showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um by Arthur Compton that also showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um by Arthur Compton that also showed
+that you could sort of transfer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sort of transfer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could sort of transfer this
+momentum and so that's again the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so that's again the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so that's again the sort of
+particle like property so it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like property so it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like property so it's a really
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+time okay so going to uh now move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so going to uh now move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so going to uh now move to
+matter so we've been talking about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we've been talking about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we've been talking about light
+and how light has this dual particle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how light has this dual particle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how light has this dual particle uh
+wav like properties but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like properties but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like properties but what about
+matter so we accept that that matter has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we accept that that matter has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so we accept that that matter has
+particle like properties but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties but what about
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave so enter um de brogle into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so enter um de brogle into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so enter um de brogle into uh into
+this uh this area and so um he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this area and so um he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this area and so um he was
+following sort of what Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sort of what Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sort of what Einstein was
+thinking about and he said okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and he said okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and he said okay so
+that's pretty cool uh if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool uh if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool uh if you have a
+momentum is equal to Plank's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is equal to Plank's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is equal to Plank's constant
+divided by wavelength if you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by wavelength if you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by wavelength if you could think
+of things that have wavelengths as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that have wavelengths as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that have wavelengths as
+having momentum and he said or I can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having momentum and he said or I can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having momentum and he said or I can uh
+rewrite this equation that wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation that wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation that wavelength
+equals Plank's constant divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Plank's constant divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Plank's constant divided by
+momentum and we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and we know something about
+momentum we know that momentum is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we know that momentum is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we know that momentum is often
+associated with something's mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with something's mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with something's mass times
+its velocity so therefore I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its velocity so therefore I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its velocity so therefore I should be
+able to rewrite this equation again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rewrite this equation again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to rewrite this equation again um
+in terms of wavelength being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of wavelength being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of wavelength being equal to
+Plank's constant divided by a mass and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's constant divided by a mass and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's constant divided by a mass and a
+velocity and you know here we expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you know here we expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you know here we expressing
+wavelengths in terms of masses so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in terms of masses so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in terms of masses so this
+was really something and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really something and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really something and this was
+basically his PhD thesis I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically his PhD thesis I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically his PhD thesis I think it
+maybe it had more pages than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it had more pages than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it had more pages than that but
+this would have probably been enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have probably been enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have probably been enough uh
+this sort of uh cover page this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh cover page this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh cover page this is my
+PhD thesis and uh and Einstein uh said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis and uh and Einstein uh said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis and uh and Einstein uh said
+that he had he had lifted the corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had he had lifted the corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had he had lifted the corner of
+a great veil with really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great veil with really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great veil with really just
+manipulating what was known at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating what was known at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating what was known at the time
+and rearranging these equations and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranging these equations and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranging these equations and and
+and presenting relationships that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presenting relationships that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presenting relationships that people
+hadn't really put together before so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't really put together before so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't really put together before so he
+ended up winning a Nobel Prize basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up winning a Nobel Prize basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up winning a Nobel Prize basically
+for his PhD thesis which is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his PhD thesis which is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his PhD thesis which is a fairly
+rare thing to um have happened but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare thing to um have happened but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare thing to um have happened but this
+was really an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really an incredible
+time okay so if this is true if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if this is true if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so if this is true if if if
+you have equations that relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equations that relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have equations that relate
+wavelengths to mass and particles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths to mass and particles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths to mass and particles have
+wavelike properties how come we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike properties how come we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike properties how come we're not
+we don't see this how come this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see this how come this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see this how come this isn't
+part how come no one noticed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part how come no one noticed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part how come no one noticed the
+particle going by and sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle going by and sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle going by and sort of this
+wavelength associated with it so why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength associated with it so why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength associated with it so why why
+don't we observe this wav like Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we observe this wav like Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we observe this wav like Behavior
+if in fact it is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it is associated with
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+so let's think about this a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about this a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about this a minute and
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+consider um why when you go to Fenway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider um why when you go to Fenway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider um why when you go to Fenway
+Park and you should because it's fun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park and you should because it's fun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park and you should because it's fun um
+and you watch someone throw a fast ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you watch someone throw a fast ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you watch someone throw a fast ball
+why you don't see a wave associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't see a wave associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you don't see a wave associated with
+that fast ball so we can consider a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fast ball so we can consider a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fast ball so we can consider a fast
+ball and uh that the mass of a baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and uh that the mass of a baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and uh that the mass of a baseball
+is about 5 o or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 5 o or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 5 o or
+.42 kg um and a velocity of a fast ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.42 kg um and a velocity of a fast ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.42 kg um and a velocity of a fast ball
+is around 94 milph or 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 94 milph or 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 94 milph or 42
+m/s and so we can do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s and so we can do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s and so we can do a little
+calculation and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and figure out what the
+wavelength Associated um with that ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Associated um with that ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Associated um with that ball
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be so wavelength should be Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so wavelength should be Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so wavelength should be Plank's
+constant over the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over the mass times the
+velocity of the ball and we can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ball and we can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ball and we can plug in
+these values and here's Plank's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and here's Plank's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values and here's Plank's constant
+again and now you'll note I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now you'll note I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now you'll note I did
+something with the units um so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with the units um so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with the units um so instead
+instead of Jewel seconds I substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Jewel seconds I substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Jewel seconds I substituted
+Jewels with kilogram met per uh me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels with kilogram met per uh me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewels with kilogram met per uh me
+squared uh seconds to the minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh seconds to the minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh seconds to the minus two and
+that's what's equal to a jewel and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's equal to a jewel and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's equal to a jewel and I'm
+going to do that so I can cancel out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so I can cancel out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so I can cancel out my
+units and again all of this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and again all of this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and again all of this will be
+provided on an equation sheet you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided on an equation sheet you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided on an equation sheet you do not
+need to remember all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember all of these
+conversions um and so over the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions um and so over the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions um and so over the mass of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+baseball and the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and the velocity of the
+baseball and we're going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and we're going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and we're going to put the
+Velocity in meters per second so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity in meters per second so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity in meters per second so our
+units can cancel out and so I'll just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units can cancel out and so I'll just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units can cancel out and so I'll just uh
+cancel units out so we're canceling our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel units out so we're canceling our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel units out so we're canceling our
+kilograms we're canceling one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms we're canceling one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms we're canceling one of the
+meters um and canceling all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters um and canceling all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters um and canceling all of the
+seconds and we have a meter one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and we have a meter one meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and we have a meter one meter
+left which is good because we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which is good because we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which is good because we're talking
+about wavelength so that's the unit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wavelength so that's the unit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wavelength so that's the unit we
+should have um and the uh wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um and the uh wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um and the uh wavelength is
+1.1 * 10us 34 M that is a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 * 10us 34 M that is a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 * 10us 34 M that is a really small
+number time 10 34 and it is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number time 10 34 and it is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number time 10 34 and it is in fact
+undetectably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectably
+small okay so now uh why don't you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so now uh why don't you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so now uh why don't you try
+your hand at this and we'll try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand at this and we'll try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand at this and we'll try a
+clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's take uh just 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds oh or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+went away that's okay so uh there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went away that's okay so uh there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went away that's okay so uh there yeah
+97% I like 97% that's a good number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97% I like 97% that's a good number um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97% I like 97% that's a good number um
+so again you want to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to think about this
+and just realize the relationship the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize the relationship the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just realize the relationship the
+equation involved and so thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involved and so thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation involved and so thinking about
+um oops I switched pointers I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops I switched pointers I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops I switched pointers I like the
+green better um so think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green better um so think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green better um so think about the
+relationship between the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the velocity of the
+ball and the wavel length and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and the wavel length and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and the wavel length and so
+Wakefield who was a knuckle baller um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wakefield who was a knuckle baller um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wakefield who was a knuckle baller um is
+uh is the winner um here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the winner um here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the winner um here with the
+longest wavelength but still the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest wavelength but still the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest wavelength but still the number
+for this is 1.4 * 10us 34 and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is 1.4 * 10us 34 and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is 1.4 * 10us 34 and so this is
+still undetectably small so of course no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still undetectably small so of course no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still undetectably small so of course no
+one had noticed uh this property before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had noticed uh this property before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had noticed uh this property before
+but it still it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still it still
+exists so when you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so when you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so when you're talking about a
+baseball you know the wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball you know the wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball you know the wavelength is
+really not very very very relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very very very relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very very very relevant to
+you because it is this incredibly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because it is this incredibly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because it is this incredibly small
+undetectable number but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable number but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable number but if you're
+talking about an electron it's entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an electron it's entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an electron it's entirely
+different so now if we think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so now if we think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so now if we think about a
+gaseous electron traveling at 4 * 10^ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous electron traveling at 4 * 10^ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous electron traveling at 4 * 10^ 6
+m per second um and so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m per second um and so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m per second um and so that's kind of
+associated with like an EV of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with like an EV of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with like an EV of about
+54 so we have this electron traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 so we have this electron traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 so we have this electron traveling
+with this velocity and now if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this velocity and now if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this velocity and now if we do this
+calculation so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so if we
+um if we use Plank's constant divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we use Plank's constant divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we use Plank's constant divided by
+the mass of the electron and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the electron and that's
+known in another great experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in another great experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in another great experiment and
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+velocity now we can calculate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity now we can calculate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity now we can calculate out the
+wavelength and it's 2 * 10us 10 um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and it's 2 * 10us 10 um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and it's 2 * 10us 10 um or
+about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two
+angstroms now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms now two
+angstroms is a relevant number when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms is a relevant number when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms is a relevant number when
+you're talking about an electron because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an electron because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an electron because
+an electron is in an atom and atoms tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron is in an atom and atoms tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron is in an atom and atoms tend
+to be have diameters .5 to like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be have diameters .5 to like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be have diameters .5 to like four
+angstroms so now the wavelength is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so now the wavelength is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so now the wavelength is on
+the same scale as the size of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scale as the size of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scale as the size of the object
+you're talking about and so when that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about and so when that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about and so when that's
+true all of a sudden the wavelength the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all of a sudden the wavelength the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all of a sudden the wavelength the
+wavelike property becomes super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike property becomes super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike property becomes super
+important to thinking about this so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to thinking about this so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to thinking about this so for
+an electron that is a particle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that is a particle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that is a particle it's
+really important to think about its wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to think about its wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to think about its wav
+likee properties and so people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likee properties and so people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likee properties and so people were
+saying okay if electrons are waves then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if electrons are waves then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if electrons are waves then
+maybe we should see other wave likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should see other wave likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should see other wave likee
+properties such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties such as
+defraction um defraction we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction um defraction we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction um defraction we talked about
+last time is an important wave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time is an important wave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time is an important wave like
+property of constructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of constructive interference
+destructive interference so people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference so people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference so people look
+to see whether there were defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether there were defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether there were defraction
+like properties and in fact there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like properties and in fact there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like properties and in fact there are um
+so we had uh observed then the first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had uh observed then the first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had uh observed then the first was
+deserving um uh defraction of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserving um uh defraction of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserving um uh defraction of electrons
+from a nickel Crystal and then JP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nickel Crystal and then JP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nickel Crystal and then JP
+Thompson showed that electrons that pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson showed that electrons that pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson showed that electrons that pass
+pass through gold foil again um produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through gold foil again um produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through gold foil again um produced
+a defraction pattern so again this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defraction pattern so again this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defraction pattern so again this was a
+WAV like property so you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WAV like property so you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WAV like property so you might think
+Thompson that sounds a little familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson that sounds a little familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson that sounds a little familiar
+to me didn't she just talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me didn't she just talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me didn't she just talk about that
+last week and yes here there two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and yes here there two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and yes here there two
+important Thompsons in the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Thompsons in the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Thompsons in the story and
+this is a father and son team and so JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a father and son team and so JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a father and son team and so JJ
+Thompson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for
+showing that an electron is a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that an electron is a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that an electron is a particle
+he discovered an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered an electron
+and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in
+1937 his son wins a Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1937 his son wins a Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1937 his son wins a Nobel Prize for
+showing son just had to be like obious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing son just had to be like obious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing son just had to be like obious
+like Dad I'm going to show you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dad I'm going to show you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dad I'm going to show you're wrong
+electron is in fact a wave so um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is in fact a wave so um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is in fact a wave so um but I
+think they were both happy I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were both happy I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were both happy I think they
+both got along no fatherson rivalry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both got along no fatherson rivalry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both got along no fatherson rivalry I
+think this is kind of one of the cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is kind of one of the cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is kind of one of the cooler
+stories in science how the son father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in science how the son father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in science how the son father
+son both had kind of opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son both had kind of opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son both had kind of opposite
+discoveries which were both ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries which were both ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries which were both ended up
+being true and really changed the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true and really changed the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true and really changed the way we
+thought about matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we have light as a particle and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have light as a particle and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have light as a particle and as a
+wave we have matter particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we have matter particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we have matter particularly
+electrons as particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as particles and
+waves and now we are ready for a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and now we are ready for a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and now we are ready for a way to
+sort of think about how to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about how to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about how to put this
+together so before we move on and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so before we move on and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so before we move on and talk
+about the shring J equation I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shring J equation I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the shring J equation I just want
+to take a break from history for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break from history for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a break from history for a
+minute because some of you are like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because some of you are like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because some of you are like okay
+well this is really cool for the Father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is really cool for the Father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is really cool for the Father
+and Son team but what about today what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Son team but what about today what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Son team but what about today what's
+happening today so let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening today so let's take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening today so let's take a break
+from history for a second and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from history for a second and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from history for a second and talk about
+why you should care about small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you should care about small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you should care about small
+particles small particles have special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles small particles have special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles small particles have special
+properties if they're on the subatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if they're on the subatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if they're on the subatomic
+scale their properties are different if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale their properties are different if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale their properties are different if
+you have very very few atoms versus many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very very few atoms versus many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very very few atoms versus many
+atoms the things with very few atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the things with very few atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the things with very few atoms
+have special properties so why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have special properties so why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have special properties so why should
+you care about that why should you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about that why should you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about that why should you care
+about the energies that we can get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energies that we can get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energies that we can get out
+of the shring jur equation so why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shring jur equation so why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shring jur equation so why should
+we care about the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about the Schrodinger equation
+or quantum mechanics so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quantum mechanics so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quantum mechanics so there are many
+reasons but I will share one with you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I will share one with you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I will share one with you um
+and this is a segment in their own words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a segment in their own words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a segment in their own words
+so you're going to hear from um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to hear from um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to hear from um from
+Darcy who was actually a former ta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darcy who was actually a former ta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darcy who was actually a former ta for
+5111 so she is associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 so she is associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5111 so she is associated with this
+class she actually just got her PhD um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class she actually just got her PhD um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class she actually just got her PhD um
+in the spring from MIT and she now works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring from MIT and she now works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring from MIT and she now works
+at Google um and uh but in this uh short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Google um and uh but in this uh short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Google um and uh but in this uh short
+she's going to tell you about research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to tell you about research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to tell you about research
+in Mundy D Wendy's lab and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mundy D Wendy's lab and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mundy D Wendy's lab and why you
+should care about Quantum dots which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about Quantum dots which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about Quantum dots which are
+small collections of atoms so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small collections of atoms so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small collections of atoms so I'm going
+to try to switch over now and hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to switch over now and hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to switch over now and hope that
+our C demo before didn't kind of screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our C demo before didn't kind of screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our C demo before didn't kind of screw
+up the sound but we'll see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the sound but we'll see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the sound but we'll see what we can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and think it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think it should be
+good my name is Darcy Wanger and I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good my name is Darcy Wanger and I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good my name is Darcy Wanger and I work
+as a graduate student in the Bendy Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student in the Bendy Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student in the Bendy Lab
+at MIT I work with Quantum dots in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT I work with Quantum dots in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT I work with Quantum dots in my
+research Quantum dots are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Quantum dots are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Quantum dots are really really
+tiny particles of a semiconductor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny particles of a semiconductor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny particles of a semiconductor so
+we're talking like 4 nanm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking like 4 nanm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking like 4 nanm in
+diameter in a particle that small there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter in a particle that small there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter in a particle that small there
+are only 10,000 or so atoms which seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only 10,000 or so atoms which seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only 10,000 or so atoms which seems
+like a lot of atoms if you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of atoms if you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of atoms if you're comparing
+to something like water which only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like water which only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like water which only has
+three atoms in it but if you compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three atoms in it but if you compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three atoms in it but if you compare it
+to something you could actually hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something you could actually hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something you could actually hold in
+your hand which has a lot of atoms in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand which has a lot of atoms in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand which has a lot of atoms in it
+10,000 is actually a pretty small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 is actually a pretty small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 is actually a pretty small number
+so the particle this small has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particle this small has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particle this small has really
+strange properties different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange properties different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange properties different things
+start to matter when you get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to matter when you get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to matter when you get really
+small just like an atom a quantum dot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just like an atom a quantum dot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just like an atom a quantum dot or
+semiconductor nanocrystal has discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor nanocrystal has discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor nanocrystal has discrete
+energy levels so if an electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels so if an electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels so if an electron is
+sitting at this energy level and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at this energy level and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at this energy level and it
+absorbs light an electron can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs light an electron can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs light an electron can get
+excited to a higher energy level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to a higher energy level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to a higher energy level and
+then when that electron relaxes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when that electron relaxes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when that electron relaxes back
+down to the ground state it emits light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the ground state it emits light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the ground state it emits light
+and the energy of that light is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of that light is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of that light is exactly
+the difference between these two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these two energy
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+levels the difference between the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the difference between the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the difference between the energy
+levels is related to the size of the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is related to the size of the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels is related to the size of the dot
+so in a really small quantum dot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a really small quantum dot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a really small quantum dot the
+energy levels are far apart so the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are far apart so the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are far apart so the light
+it emits is higher energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits is higher energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits is higher energy because
+there's a large energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large energy difference
+between the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy
+levels if we use a larger quantum dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels if we use a larger quantum dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels if we use a larger quantum dot
+the distance between the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the energy levels
+is smaller so the light it emits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller so the light it emits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller so the light it emits is
+lower energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy or
+redder people in our lab are working to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redder people in our lab are working to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redder people in our lab are working to
+make Quantum dots bind to a tumor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Quantum dots bind to a tumor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Quantum dots bind to a tumor so
+when a doctor goes in to remove a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a doctor goes in to remove a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a doctor goes in to remove a tumor
+they can see just shining a UV light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see just shining a UV light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see just shining a UV light on
+it and see whether it's all gone when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and see whether it's all gone when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and see whether it's all gone when
+they've taken out the tumor they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken out the tumor they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken out the tumor they can
+also use quantum dots to label other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use quantum dots to label other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use quantum dots to label other
+things other than tumors like pH or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other than tumors like pH or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other than tumors like pH or
+oxygen level or antibodies or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen level or antibodies or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen level or antibodies or other
+drugs that are treating the cancer tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are treating the cancer tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are treating the cancer tumor
+each of those can be different colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those can be different colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those can be different colors so
+if you shine a light on that whole area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shine a light on that whole area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shine a light on that whole area
+you can see oh that orange spot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see oh that orange spot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see oh that orange spot that's
+some cancer your cells oh and that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cancer your cells oh and that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cancer your cells oh and that green
+tells me that the pH is above 7.4 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the pH is above 7.4 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the pH is above 7.4 it's
+pretty cool that we can use the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool that we can use the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool that we can use the idea of
+energy levels in something so applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in something so applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels in something so applicable
+like surgery where it can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like surgery where it can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like surgery where it can actually be
+used to track things and make it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to track things and make it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to track things and make it easy
+for doctors to see what's going on while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doctors to see what's going on while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doctors to see what's going on while
+they're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a
+surgery okay so that's an example for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery okay so that's an example for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery okay so that's an example for uh
+course course 5 research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see all these credits online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see all these credits online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see all these credits online
+I will mention that some of those nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will mention that some of those nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will mention that some of those nice
+animations uh were done by a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations uh were done by a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations uh were done by a former
+graduate student in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student in the chemistry
+department so um these videos even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so um these videos even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so um these videos even the
+art was done by chemist which is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art was done by chemist which is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art was done by chemist which is a lot
+of fun okay so let's introduce uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun okay so let's introduce uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun okay so let's introduce uh the
+Schrodinger equation and uh we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and uh we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and uh we'll have
+we'll spend some more time on this as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend some more time on this as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend some more time on this as uh
+as we go along um on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we needed now we had learned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we needed now we had learned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we needed now we had learned a lot
+about uh about wave particle duality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about wave particle duality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh about wave particle duality and
+about these subatomic particles and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these subatomic particles and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these subatomic particles and we
+needed to way to think about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to way to think about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to way to think about it we
+needed a theory to describe their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a theory to describe their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a theory to describe their
+behavior and classical mechanics um had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and classical mechanics um had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and classical mechanics um had
+some flaws in this respect so we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flaws in this respect so we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flaws in this respect so we needed
+a new kind of mechanism we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of mechanism we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new kind of mechanism we needed
+quantum mechanics so uh here if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so uh here if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so uh here if we're
+thinking about particles that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about particles that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about particles that are really
+small like electrons we need to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like electrons we need to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like electrons we need to consider
+the wavelength properties it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength properties it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength properties it's really
+important when you have a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you have a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when you have a wavelength
+that is so similar to the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so similar to the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so similar to the size of the
+object that you're thinking about so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you're thinking about so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you're thinking about so the
+schinger equation really became to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger equation really became to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger equation really became to
+Quantum Mechanics like Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Mechanics like Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Mechanics like Newton's
+equations um were to classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um were to classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um were to classical mechanics
+so what is the Stringer equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Stringer equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the Stringer equation so
+here's a picture of schinger and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of schinger and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of schinger and he
+looks so happy um I would be happy too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so happy um I would be happy too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks so happy um I would be happy too
+if if I had come up with this equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I had come up with this equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I had come up with this equation I
+think so here is the simplest uh form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so here is the simplest uh form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so here is the simplest uh form of
+the equation that you will probably ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that you will probably ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that you will probably ever
+see and so we'll just kind of Define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and so we'll just kind of Define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and so we'll just kind of Define uh
+some of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of some of these
+terms um so we have wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um so we have wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um so we have wave function
+s and over here e is The Binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and over here e is The Binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and over here e is The Binding energy
+and that's the energy of binding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the energy of binding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the energy of binding an
+electron to a nucleus and then H with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to a nucleus and then H with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to a nucleus and then H with a
+hat we have our hamiltonian operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat we have our hamiltonian operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat we have our hamiltonian operator and
+in this course you will not be solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course you will not be solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course you will not be solving
+this equation um we're just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation um we're just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation um we're just going to be
+talking about what sorts of things came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what sorts of things came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what sorts of things came
+out of this equation so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this equation so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this equation so I'm going to
+give you a a little bit um longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a a little bit um longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a a little bit um longer
+version of the equation now and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the equation now and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the equation now and so again
+you're thinking about the electron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the electron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the electron it
+has these wav like properties um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these wav like properties um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these wav like properties um and
+it's somewhere uh in the atom not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere uh in the atom not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere uh in the atom not
+crashing into the nucleus and it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into the nucleus and it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing into the nucleus and it needs
+to be defined in three dimensions and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined in three dimensions and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be defined in three dimensions and it
+has momentum so it's moving so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has momentum so it's moving so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has momentum so it's moving so we need
+to think about this as an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this as an equation of
+motion um in a three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um in a three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um in a three-dimensional space
+so and the equation is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the equation is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the equation is going to change
+um the math will change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the math will change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the math will change depending on
+where the electron is located which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron is located which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electron is located which you
+won't know exactly so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know exactly so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know exactly so this is a very
+hard problem but it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem but it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem but it's not totally
+without anything to do with classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without anything to do with classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without anything to do with classical
+mechanics and if we write the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and if we write the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and if we write the longest
+version you'll see of these in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll see of these in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you'll see of these in this
+course uh for the hydrogen atom I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh for the hydrogen atom I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh for the hydrogen atom I just
+want to show this to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show this to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show this to point out that
+there are some terms from classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some terms from classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some terms from classical
+mechanics in here um this is kum's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in here um this is kum's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in here um this is kum's
+energy also sometimes called potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy also sometimes called potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy also sometimes called potential
+energy so we saw kum's Force before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we saw kum's Force before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we saw kum's Force before
+here's kums energy so some of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kums energy so some of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kums energy so some of classical
+mechanics is contained within this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is contained within this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is contained within this but
+it expands from classical mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands from classical mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expands from classical mechanics to
+consider the wavelike properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the wavelike properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the wavelike properties of the
+electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so
+when I whenever I talk about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I whenever I talk about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I whenever I talk about this I
+always feel like I want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always feel like I want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always feel like I want to have
+something better um to say about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better um to say about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better um to say about you
+know really what what this is doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really what what this is doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really what what this is doing and
+and where it came from in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it came from in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it came from in terms of what
+it's doing how is solving this helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing how is solving this helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing how is solving this helping
+you what are you learning from solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are you learning from solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are you learning from solving
+this so one thing you're learning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so one thing you're learning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so one thing you're learning from
+solving this is you're finding e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this is you're finding e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this is you're finding e and
+that's really important The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important The Binding
+energy of the nucleus and the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the nucleus and the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the nucleus and the electron
+and we saw before that if you just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw before that if you just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw before that if you just kind
+of used uh simple uh classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of used uh simple uh classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of used uh simple uh classical mechanics
+you have a positive and negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a positive and negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a positive and negative charge
+that are close to each other why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are close to each other why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are close to each other why don't
+they come and crash into each other we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come and crash into each other we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come and crash into each other we
+want to know how they are um bonded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how they are um bonded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how they are um bonded to
+each other what's the real energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what's the real energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what's the real energy of
+that Association we also saw with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Association we also saw with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Association we also saw with the
+photoelectric effect that it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect that it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect that it's not that
+easy to get an electron to e eject from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get an electron to e eject from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get an electron to e eject from
+a metal surface so it's bound in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal surface so it's bound in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal surface so it's bound in there
+and what is that actual binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is that actual binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is that actual binding energy
+so that comes out of the schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out of the schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out of the schinger
+equation this e here is the bind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this e here is the bind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this e here is the bind the
+bind finding energy and also solving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind finding energy and also solving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind finding energy and also solving it
+will tell you about the wave function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you about the wave function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you about the wave function or
+as chemists like to talk about orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemists like to talk about orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemists like to talk about orbitals
+um where the electrons are in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the electrons are in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the electrons are in what
+orbitals so this is the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so this is the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so this is the information you
+get out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out and
+importantly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it
+works it matches experiment so chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it matches experiment so chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it matches experiment so chemists
+are experimentalists we love experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experimentalists we love experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experimentalists we love experiments
+and we see this data and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see this data and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see this data and we want to
+understand it and the schinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and the schinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and the schinger equation
+helps us understand it directly predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us understand it directly predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us understand it directly predicts
+finding energies and wave functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding energies and wave functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding energies and wave functions and
+it explains why the hydrogen atom is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explains why the hydrogen atom is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it explains why the hydrogen atom is in
+fact stable where you don't have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact stable where you don't have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact stable where you don't have sort of
+crashing and or exploding um of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing and or exploding um of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing and or exploding um of the
+hydrogen atom so where did this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so where did this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so where did this equation
+come from that works so well how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that works so well how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that works so well how did
+Schrodinger come up with this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger come up with this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger come up with this and this
+is always sort of the puzzle when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always sort of the puzzle when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always sort of the puzzle when I
+teach this I feel like I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this I feel like I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this I feel like I should have
+something profound to say about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something profound to say about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something profound to say about where
+this came from and so I've done a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from and so I've done a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came from and so I've done a little
+reading and looked and I thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and looked and I thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and looked and I thought the
+best best explanation for this that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best best explanation for this that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best best explanation for this that I
+ever saw um came from Richard Fineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever saw um came from Richard Fineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever saw um came from Richard Fineman
+and when he was asked how shoninger came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he was asked how shoninger came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he was asked how shoninger came
+up with this equation he said it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this equation he said it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this equation he said it is not
+possible to derive it from anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to derive it from anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to derive it from anything you
+know it came out of the mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it came out of the mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it came out of the mind of
+schinger and I thought that pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger and I thought that pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger and I thought that pretty much
+summed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed it
+up so sometimes after class last week on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so sometimes after class last week on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so sometimes after class last week on
+Wednesday someone came down and said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday someone came down and said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday someone came down and said you
+know the Thompson experiment discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Thompson experiment discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Thompson experiment discovering
+the electron why didn't someone else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron why didn't someone else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron why didn't someone else do
+that experiment like it seemed like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment like it seemed like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment like it seemed like it's
+not the cathode raid you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cathode raid you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cathode raid you have to have a
+little little phosphor screen like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little phosphor screen like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little phosphor screen like why
+didn't someone else discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't someone else discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't someone else discover the
+electron and you know some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you know some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you know some of these
+other de brogle rearranged some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other de brogle rearranged some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other de brogle rearranged some
+equations did in a way that no one else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations did in a way that no one else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations did in a way that no one else
+was thinking but still or you know plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking but still or you know plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking but still or you know plot
+solving the equation of a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the equation of a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the equation of a straight line
+no one else was thinking about it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else was thinking about it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else was thinking about it some
+way using other people's data they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way using other people's data they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way using other people's data they just
+sort of Saw things in data that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Saw things in data that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Saw things in data that other
+people didn't but you think why didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't but you think why didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't but you think why didn't
+some why didn't someone else see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some why didn't someone else see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some why didn't someone else see that
+too when it comes to schinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when it comes to schinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too when it comes to schinger equation
+the question is why didn't someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why didn't someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why didn't someone else
+or lots of people come up with it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lots of people come up with it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lots of people come up with it I
+think the question really is how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question really is how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question really is how did
+Schrodinger come up with it at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger come up with it at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger come up with it at least
+that's the question to me and I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question to me and I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question to me and I I've
+never really that's the best explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really that's the best explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really that's the best explanation
+I have it just came out of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have it just came out of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have it just came out of his
+mind okay so we're many years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay so we're many years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay so we're many years later
+we've had the Schrodinger equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the Schrodinger equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the Schrodinger equation for a
+while so this is you know an old story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so this is you know an old story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so this is you know an old story
+right well maybe for the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well maybe for the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well maybe for the hydrogen atom
+but this is still actually a very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is still actually a very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is still actually a very active
+area of research oh my startup disc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research oh my startup disc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research oh my startup disc is
+full thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full thank you
+let's go back to that all right um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that all right um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to that all right um so I
+just thought I always like to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought I always like to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought I always like to give you
+examples of kind of current research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of kind of current research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of kind of current research on
+these areas and so um I know a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas and so um I know a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas and so um I know a number of
+you are interested in in potential being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in in potential being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in in potential being
+uh chemical engineering Majors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical engineering Majors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical engineering Majors
+undergrads I'll tell you about a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads I'll tell you about a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads I'll tell you about a new
+professor who started about a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who started about a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who started about a year ago
+Heather kulig and her research group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather kulig and her research group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heather kulig and her research group is
+is really interested in using a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really interested in using a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really interested in using a quantum
+mechanical approach to study materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical approach to study materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical approach to study materials
+and to study proteins but when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to study proteins but when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to study proteins but when you get
+to things like proteins there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like proteins there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things like proteins there's
+thousands and thousands of atoms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of atoms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of atoms around
+forget multiple electrons we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget multiple electrons we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget multiple electrons we're talking
+about multiple atoms with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiple atoms with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about multiple atoms with multiple
+electrons huge complexes how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons huge complexes how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons huge complexes how can you
+give a quantum mechanical uh analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quantum mechanical uh analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quantum mechanical uh analysis of
+things that are so large and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are so large and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are so large and this is
+really important I mean I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important I mean I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important I mean I I think that
+one of the big problems moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big problems moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big problems moving forward
+is solving the energy problem and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solving the energy problem and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solving the energy problem and doing
+in a way that doesn't destroy our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that doesn't destroy our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that doesn't destroy our
+environment so new batteries new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so new batteries new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so new batteries new
+electrodes new materials we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes new materials we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes new materials we need to
+understand the properties of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the properties of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the properties of different
+metals to understand what will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals to understand what will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals to understand what will make
+those good electrodes and to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those good electrodes and to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those good electrodes and to really
+understand and we need a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we need a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we need a quantum
+mechanical approach but these are Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical approach but these are Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical approach but these are Big
+areas there's a lot of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there's a lot of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas there's a lot of things to
+consider here so Heather is interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider here so Heather is interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider here so Heather is interested
+in coming up with improving algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coming up with improving algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coming up with improving algorithms
+in improving the computation to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in improving the computation to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in improving the computation to really
+give a quantum mechanical analysis to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quantum mechanical analysis to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quantum mechanical analysis to to
+systems that have a lot of atoms in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have a lot of atoms in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have a lot of atoms in them
+so if you're interested in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in this area
+you're not too late you don't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not too late you don't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not too late you don't have to go
+back to the early 1900s there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the early 1900s there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the early 1900s there's still a
+lot to do um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do um in this
+area Okay so very briefly now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay so very briefly now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay so very briefly now let's just
+look um at the shoing J equation solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um at the shoing J equation solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um at the shoing J equation solved
+from the hydrogen atom so we'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hydrogen atom so we'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hydrogen atom so we'll go back
+to understanding you know quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding you know quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding you know quantum
+mechanical analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical analysis of
+photosynthesis um amazing don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis um amazing don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis um amazing don't
+understand how it works that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it works that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it works that would be
+great if we did that would really solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if we did that would really solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if we did that would really solve
+a lot of energy problems but we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy problems but we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy problems but we'll just
+go to hydrogen atom one electron back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to hydrogen atom one electron back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to hydrogen atom one electron back so
+if you solve the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve the Schrodinger equation
+for this and I think I did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and I think I did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and I think I did this in
+college not in freshman chemistry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college not in freshman chemistry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college not in freshman chemistry but
+somewhere along the line um you'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line um you'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line um you'll come
+up with this term so again this is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this term so again this is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this term so again this is The
+Binding energy we just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy we just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy we just want to know
+about how the electron is being held by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the electron is being held by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the electron is being held by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nucleus and there are some terms in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there are some terms in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there are some terms in here
+we have the electron's mass that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the electron's mass that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the electron's mass that's known
+the electron's charge we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron's charge we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron's charge we have a
+pertivity constant and planks constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertivity constant and planks constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertivity constant and planks constant
+and if you look at this you go wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this you go wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this you go wait a
+minute that's a constant that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's a constant that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that's a constant that's a
+constant that's a constant that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's a constant that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's a constant that's a
+constant we can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we can simplify
+that and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we will
+and that is the ryberg constant 2.18 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the ryberg constant 2.18 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the ryberg constant 2.18 *
+10us 18th jewles so now it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 18th jewles so now it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 18th jewles so now it doesn't look
+quite as scary we can just substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as scary we can just substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as scary we can just substitute
+this by RH that makes us feel a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by RH that makes us feel a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by RH that makes us feel a lot
+better it's one number that'll be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's one number that'll be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's one number that'll be given
+on the equation seat so we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the equation seat so we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the equation seat so we don't even
+have to remember it and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember it and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember it and now we can
+rewrite this in terms of The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this in terms of The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this in terms of The Binding
+energy so again The Binding energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so again The Binding energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so again The Binding energy this
+is a constant so now this turns into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant so now this turns into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant so now this turns into to
+minus RH over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over n
+2 and N what is n n is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and N what is n n is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and N what is n n is a positive
+integer 1 two 3 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer 1 two 3 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer 1 two 3 up to
+infinity and what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and what's its
+name what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what is
+n can yell it out some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can yell it out some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can yell it out some of you
+know yeah principal quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah principal quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah principal quantum number
+that's right so the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the principal quantum
+number comes out of the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes out of the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number comes out of the Schrodinger
+equation and that's how we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's how we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's how we can think
+about it and again here are these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and again here are these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and again here are these ideas
+The Binding energies are quantized these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energies are quantized these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energies are quantized these
+this is this is a constant over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a constant over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a constant over here so
+the principal quantum number comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number comes out
+of the Schrodinger equation all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation all right so
+now next time we're going to think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next time we're going to think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next time we're going to think more
+about the ryber constant and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ryber constant and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ryber constant and we're going
+to do a demonstration next Friday of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a demonstration next Friday of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a demonstration next Friday of the
+hydrogen atom Spectrum to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom Spectrum to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom Spectrum to show that the
+Stringer equation in fact can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stringer equation in fact can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stringer equation in fact can explain
+finding energies so that's on Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding energies so that's on Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding energies so that's on Friday and
+that's our first clicker competition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our first clicker competition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our first clicker competition so
+come be ready with your clickers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come be ready with your clickers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come be ready with your clickers you can
+sit in recitations you can share answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in recitations you can share answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in recitations you can share answers
+before clicking in it's not cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before clicking in it's not cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before clicking in it's not cheating
+it's teamwork okay see you Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qyqcvh7wDH0.txt b/Qyqcvh7wDH0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..295e28dcb16eda9ac80b9f08dfa5f8db8de1a940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qyqcvh7wDH0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now let's pick up with where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's pick up with where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's pick up with where we
+were at last time now what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at last time now what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at last time now what we wanted to
+do if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you recall
+was to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to talk about
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+case in engineering ethics without first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in engineering ethics without first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in engineering ethics without first
+talking about ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ethics
+and without talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without talking about what
+engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is
+okay let's see what it looks like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see what it looks like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see what it looks like to
+have a discussion like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion like that
+then today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then today
+i'm going to talk more about ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk more about ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk more about ethics
+and i will talk about ethics a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will talk about ethics a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will talk about ethics a little
+bit more as we go along throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more as we go along throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more as we go along throughout the
+course actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course actually
+and hopefully what will happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully what will happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully what will happen is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you will have a different point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a different point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a different point of view
+even if you don't change your mind about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't change your mind about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't change your mind about
+your recommendation your ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recommendation your ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recommendation your ethical
+recommendation you will have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation you will have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation you will have a different
+way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+case later i want to so you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case later i want to so you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case later i want to so you'll have to
+see some growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some growth
+so this time is highly speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time is highly speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time is highly speculative
+i mean for it to be pedestrian okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean for it to be pedestrian okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean for it to be pedestrian okay and
+we'll do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that for
+as long as uh it's lively and productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as uh it's lively and productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as uh it's lively and productive
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't we start with a recapitulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start with a recapitulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start with a recapitulation
+of the summary that comes out summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summary that comes out summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summary that comes out summary
+that comes out of the textbook it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of the textbook it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of the textbook it's
+called the bf goodrich case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bf goodrich case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bf goodrich case
+and then we'll take that summary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take that summary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll take that summary and
+we'll talk about it then we'll expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it then we'll expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it then we'll expand
+the summary with facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary with facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary with facts
+and maybe joel this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe joel this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe joel this would be an
+interesting point for you to throw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point for you to throw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point for you to throw in
+some of your experiences with this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your experiences with this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your experiences with this case
+uh we'll expand it and see if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll expand it and see if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll expand it and see if our
+ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+recommendations or judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations or judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations or judgments
+will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+who would like to start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to start off
+with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few
+statements about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about
+the summary give us a little summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary give us a little summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary give us a little summary of
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the summary in the book tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summary in the book tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summary in the book tells us that
+goodrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodrich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodrich
+won a subcontract to design break for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a subcontract to design break for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a subcontract to design break for
+the navy's 87th aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navy's 87th aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navy's 87th aircraft
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+partly won the contract because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly won the contract because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly won the contract because they had
+proposed a full builder brake design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a full builder brake design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed a full builder brake design
+so they designed an engineer named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they designed an engineer named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they designed an engineer named
+claussen to do the testing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claussen to do the testing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claussen to do the testing on the
+quality of design hoping to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of design hoping to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of design hoping to come up with
+results that show that the brakes match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that show that the brakes match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that show that the brakes match
+with military transportation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with military transportation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with military transportation in the
+initial test um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial test um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial test um
+found that the brakes didn't meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the brakes didn't meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the brakes didn't meet
+specifications they overheated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications they overheated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications they overheated it
+but he but they went ahead with flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he but they went ahead with flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he but they went ahead with flight
+testing losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing losses
+after flight testing and finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after flight testing and finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after flight testing and finally you
+break it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+blossom was then told to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom was then told to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blossom was then told to continue
+laboratory testing but with modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory testing but with modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory testing but with modified
+constraints on the testing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the testing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the testing so
+they sort of eased the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of eased the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of eased the conditions of
+testing allowing more time in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing allowing more time in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing allowing more time in between
+tests and breaks and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and breaks and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and breaks and things like that
+still the results were not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+decide to go with the design and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go with the design and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to go with the design and the
+lawson's direct manager decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawson's direct manager decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawson's direct manager decided to
+forward to the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the results
+meanwhile higher management had decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile higher management had decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile higher management had decided
+that before design was a failure to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before design was a failure to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before design was a failure to go
+ahead and buy brother break in line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and buy brother break in line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and buy brother break in line but
+never knew about that so he was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+when his manager said they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his manager said they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his manager said they're going to
+forge the results he and his technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge the results he and his technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forge the results he and his technical
+writer holly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer holly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer holly
+um reported to the fbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want to add something anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add something anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add something anybody want to
+add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let's talk let's add a few i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's talk let's add a few i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's talk let's add a few i want
+to add something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add something um
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+the engineers were asked to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the
+the breaks after each test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaks after each test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaks after each test
+which you don't do in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't do in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't do in the field
+you don't go back and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't go back and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't go back and change
+uh look at the brakes you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the brakes you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the brakes you put in the
+field you put them on you use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you put them on you use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you put them on you use them
+if there's no problem you keep using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no problem you keep using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no problem you keep using
+them then there's a test schedule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then there's a test schedule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then there's a test schedule you
+may go through the test schedule but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go through the test schedule but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may go through the test schedule but
+they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that was uh an issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh an issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh an issue that
+i think we want to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we want to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we want to discuss
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there was the the the issue was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the the the issue was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the the the issue was that
+for uh ltv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh ltv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh ltv
+which who was the subcontractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which who was the subcontractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which who was the subcontractor
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if they passed the test then they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they passed the test then they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they passed the test then they could
+make breaks for the whole line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make breaks for the whole line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make breaks for the whole line of
+aircraft that the military was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that the military was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that the military was going to
+use this was during the vietnam era so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this was during the vietnam era so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this was during the vietnam era so
+they were going to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to use them
+it was not for training it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not for training it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not for training it was just
+actual combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual combat
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+anything else we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we want to
+tell me what do you think is the uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what do you think is the uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what do you think is the uh does
+this does this experience here have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does this experience here have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does this experience here have any
+moral content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you
+and how do you evaluate the behaviors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you evaluate the behaviors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you evaluate the behaviors of
+the various characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various characters
+uh in this scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel comfortable just open up just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable just open up just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable just open up just start
+talking yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking yes
+the engineers look like they're victims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers look like they're victims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers look like they're victims
+but they were also engaging but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were also engaging but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were also engaging but they
+did modify the tests and they knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably wasn't the best thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wasn't the best thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wasn't the best thing to do
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+like you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the lower monitors on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the lower monitors on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the lower monitors on the internet
+was worth trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worth trying to
+guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do you feel comfortable about putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you feel comfortable about putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you feel comfortable about putting
+a name to this moral wrong what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name to this moral wrong what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name to this moral wrong what kind of
+moral wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral wrong
+if not then think about it okay i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then think about it okay i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then think about it okay i think
+it's dishonest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dishonest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dishonest
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should a person be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so we're talking now about both about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking now about both about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking now about both about
+dishonesty lying being a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonesty lying being a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonesty lying being a form of
+dishonesty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah we'll have to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll have to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll have to think about what
+happens if the brakes fail right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the brakes fail right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the brakes fail right
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the few facts that we have lawson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the few facts that we have lawson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the few facts that we have lawson
+wasn't actually dis we don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually dis we don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually dis we don't know that
+he actually said alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually said alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually said alive
+you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+right in fact never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact never
+he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just
+did the modified test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the modified test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the modified test
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i thought it was interesting one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was interesting one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought it was interesting one of the
+things i highlighted was the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i highlighted was the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i highlighted was the fact that
+they mentioned the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in vietnam yes okay it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah because you're going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you're going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you're going to get more
+pilots involved using the brace over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots involved using the brace over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots involved using the brace over
+time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's dangerous uh suppose no pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous uh suppose no pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous uh suppose no pilots
+actually die suppose no planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually die suppose no planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually die suppose no planes are
+actually lost for that reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost for that reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost for that reason uh
+nobody's gonna feel good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna feel good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna feel good
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you put them at risk so it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them at risk so it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them at risk so it's a question
+of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh
+can you defend what you see it now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you defend what you see it now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you defend what you see it now you
+don't you don't want people to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want people to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want people to die
+now i'm going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to be uh
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+bad guy here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guy here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guy here uh
+what is what are what are the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are what are the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are what are the what is
+the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price
+that these two that the engineer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two that the engineer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two that the engineer and the
+technical writer had uh in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical writer had uh in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical writer had uh in um
+in blowing the whistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blowing the whistle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blowing the whistle
+do they have to pay any price for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to pay any price for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to pay any price for all of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh did they put anything at risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did they put anything at risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did they put anything at risk in
+doing all of that does a company can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of that does a company can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of that does a company can a
+company make money if if the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company make money if if the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company make money if if the engineers
+are always blowing the whistle on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always blowing the whistle on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always blowing the whistle on what
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do companies always do these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do companies always do these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do companies always do these sorts of
+things when it comes to winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when it comes to winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when it comes to winning
+contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do
+if they always do it do they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they always do it do they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they always do it do they have to do
+it can a company make stay in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can a company make stay in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can a company make stay in business
+unless it does these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it does these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it does these things
+let's entertain all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's entertain all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's entertain all of that
+and do you think that this that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think that this that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think that this that there's
+any moral content to your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right there's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's another way
+you wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+violations and how they kind of himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations and how they kind of himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations and how they kind of himself
+but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+he drew up a whole new vision for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he drew up a whole new vision for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he drew up a whole new vision for the
+company and said these are all values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and said these are all values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and said these are all values
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+take people out of his business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they want to be more they wanted people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be more they wanted people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be more they wanted people
+um the company is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the company is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the company is not
+forefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think they're an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think they're an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think they're an example of
+not having to be in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we we i'd like to see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we i'd like to see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we i'd like to see um
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+more discussion on that i've i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion on that i've i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion on that i've i've done
+some practical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practical engineering
+before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+uh these issues always come up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these issues always come up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these issues always come up you know
+how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you
+how can you make that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make that money
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh can you always do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you always do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you always do the right thing
+should you always do the quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you always do the quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you always do the quote unquote
+right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing
+let's talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about that
+can you always can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always can
+can you always do engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always do engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always do engineering
+and be obedient to your views about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be obedient to your views about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be obedient to your views about
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+that's not a rhetorical question think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a rhetorical question think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a rhetorical question think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+if you don't want to answer it now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want to answer it now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want to answer it now we're
+going to get into it a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into it a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into it a little bit later
+before the day is out think about it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the day is out think about it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the day is out think about it can
+we always do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me press it again one more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me press it again one more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me press it again one more time and
+then i'll then i'll start with uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll then i'll start with uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll then i'll start with uh some
+some some uh application of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you said what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+a matter of private ethics for you or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of private ethics for you or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of private ethics for you or do
+you think that i should say the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that i should say the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that i should say the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+do you think the rest of us should agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the rest of us should agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the rest of us should agree
+with what you said or do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you said or do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you said or do you think that
+what you said is just merely defensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon that
+discussion yes that was a real question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion yes that was a real question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion yes that was a real question
+i mean are you going to are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean are you going to are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean are you going to are you going to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+coerce the rest of us to think the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coerce the rest of us to think the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coerce the rest of us to think the same
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the moral realm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moral realm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moral realm that
+i commented on when you brought it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i commented on when you brought it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i commented on when you brought it up
+was the endangerment of lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the endangerment of lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the endangerment of lives
+and i feel like that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the code of not putting lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the code of not putting lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the code of not putting lives in
+danger i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger i would
+say that everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that everyone should
+accept so you're going to universalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so you're going to universalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so you're going to universalize
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+all right um then what is what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um then what is what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um then what is what would you
+recommend as behavior for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend as behavior for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend as behavior for these two
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+for lawson and for uh vanderveer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would recommend
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+they had reported the negative test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had reported the negative test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had reported the negative test
+results the overheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results the overheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results the overheating
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+agreeing to represent governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing to represent governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing to represent governments
+well i would impact representatives i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i would impact representatives i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i would impact representatives i
+would recommend that they not agree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend that they not agree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend that they not agree to
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+okay so they were a little bit late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they were a little bit late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they were a little bit late
+and telling everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and telling everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and telling everybody
+that things were not going well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things were not going well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things were not going well
+why do you think they were late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess for two reasons one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess for two reasons one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess for two reasons one is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of testing to happen which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing to happen which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing to happen which was
+cost money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost money
+so they got deeper and deeper and deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got deeper and deeper and deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got deeper and deeper and deeper
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that
+two possible other explanations might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible other explanations might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible other explanations might be
+that as an engineer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manager probably knew about it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager probably knew about it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager probably knew about it as well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it could be pressure from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they might have been able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might have been able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might have been able to do
+they might have been able to go above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have been able to go above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have been able to go above
+immediate management and negotiate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate management and negotiate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate management and negotiate up
+and actually say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually say hey
+um my boss wants me to fabricate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my boss wants me to fabricate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my boss wants me to fabricate this
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+is there something that can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something that can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something that can be done
+about it or what do you think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+not clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a matter of fact uh yes culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact uh yes culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact uh yes culture is
+now a big issue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a big issue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a big issue uh
+for ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ethics
+both in nasa and uh what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in nasa and uh what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in nasa and uh what they call
+corporate culture problems like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate culture problems like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate culture problems like with
+enron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enron
+they're blaming enron as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blaming enron as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blaming enron as having a
+cultural problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural problem
+that was not just here or there that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not just here or there that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not just here or there that it
+started with the top and that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the top and that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the top and that the whole
+culture had this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture had this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture had this problem
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+let me make a few comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make a few comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make a few comments
+what i'm going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to talk about three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about three kinds of
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+one is the kind of ethic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the kind of ethic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the kind of ethic
+where we're in a thing is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're in a thing is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're in a thing is right
+or action is said to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or action is said to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or action is said to be good
+if it tends to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it tends to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it tends to produce
+the right consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that belongs to the big general cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that belongs to the big general cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that belongs to the big general cons
+category of consequentialist ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what you said and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you said and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you said and that's what
+joel said what happens the thing in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joel said what happens the thing in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joel said what happens the thing in and
+of itself was wrong because it tended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself was wrong because it tended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself was wrong because it tended to
+produce tended to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce tended to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce tended to produce
+bad consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences
+now there are different theories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are different theories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are different theories about
+how to carry that out what counts as bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to carry that out what counts as bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to carry that out what counts as bad
+consequences i'll get into that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences i'll get into that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences i'll get into that later
+but we're going to talk about emmanuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to talk about emmanuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to talk about emmanuel
+co i'm sorry we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co i'm sorry we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co i'm sorry we're going to talk about
+john stewart mill and utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john stewart mill and utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john stewart mill and utilitarianism
+as probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as probably
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+talked about method of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about method of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about method of dealing with
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second method
+is a method that says well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a method that says well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a method that says well we don't
+worry too much about consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about consequences
+there's a principle at stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle at stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a principle at stake
+uh the question about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the question about right
+uh behavior and good and bad action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behavior and good and bad action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh behavior and good and bad action
+have to do with conformity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with conformity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with conformity or
+disconformity to the right principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconformity to the right principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconformity to the right principle
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and that's what ms henry said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what ms henry said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what ms henry said
+that really lying is a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really lying is a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really lying is a bad thing
+we shouldn't do we shouldn't be liars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't do we shouldn't be liars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't do we shouldn't be liars
+and she didn't say anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she didn't say anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she didn't say anything about the
+consequences of it that's a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of it that's a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of it that's a legitimate
+way to go and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go and we're going to talk about
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+emmanuel kant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emmanuel kant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emmanuel kant
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+set of ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using reason
+to formulate principles to live by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate principles to live by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate principles to live by
+and there's no reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reference
+in all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of that
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+the third approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third approach
+is generally called virtue ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally called virtue ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally called virtue ethics
+but now is being extended out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now is being extended out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now is being extended out in
+discussions to what's called narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions to what's called narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions to what's called narrative
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+and what it simply says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it simply says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it simply says is
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+should not worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not worry too much about
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+one should not worry so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should not worry so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should not worry so much about
+consequences one should simply do what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences one should simply do what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences one should simply do what a
+righteous person would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a situation what counts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation what counts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation what counts as a
+righteous person can that work in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous person can that work in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous person can that work in all
+situations how do you get it to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations how do you get it to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations how do you get it to work
+those are the details that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the details that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the details that we're going
+to go through as we go along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through as we go along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through as we go along in the
+course and we'll get into some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we'll get into some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we'll get into some of that
+later right now i want to set up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later right now i want to set up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later right now i want to set up now
+those are the set up those ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the set up those ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the set up those ideas
+uh in what i call a world view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what i call a world view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what i call a world view
+so let's get the world view right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get the world view right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get the world view right
+uh and i'm not finished with this a7d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'm not finished with this a7d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'm not finished with this a7d
+case i'm going to come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i'm going to come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i'm going to come back to it
+okay so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen this part before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this part before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this part before but
+joel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joel but
+i'm not going to go through all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through all of it
+i'm just going to go through about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to go through about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to go through about
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+10 15 minutes of presentations over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 minutes of presentations over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 minutes of presentations over here
+okay so we've got uh to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got uh to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got uh to deal with this
+and maybe some lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some lights
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you're
+entirely confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely confused
+as to why i did all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why i did all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why i did all of
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see i want to get oh i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see i want to get oh i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see i want to get oh i want to
+get out of this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what up what i want you to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what up what i want you to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what up what i want you to start with
+is that we're talking about now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're talking about now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're talking about now a
+medieval period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval period
+uh this particular pope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this particular pope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this particular pope
+julius ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julius ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julius ii
+reigned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reigned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reigned from
+sorry 1503-1513
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called the warrior pope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the warrior pope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the warrior pope
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking now about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking now about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking now about the time
+when all that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all that we call
+a university in the western world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university in the western world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university in the western world
+was formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was formed
+and if you went back to that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you went back to that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you went back to that time and
+visited the universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited the universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited the universities
+you would know a university you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know a university you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know a university you would
+know a university when you saw one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a university when you saw one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a university when you saw one you
+could walk down the street you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could walk down the street you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could walk down the street you would say
+i'm not in a university you could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not in a university you could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not in a university you could walk
+down this other street and say i'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this other street and say i'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this other street and say i'm in
+the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe
+and they were doing anybody ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing anybody ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing anybody ever see
+this film called the name of the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film called the name of the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film called the name of the rose
+yeah well that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that was about
+400 years before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 years before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 years before this
+but you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very important book i i read the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important book i i read the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important book i i read the book
+and then i went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i went back
+and traced out all of the movements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traced out all of the movements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and traced out all of the movements in
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+in the in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the library
+and then i saw the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i saw the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i saw the film
+and then i went back to the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because they were reading a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were reading a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were reading a particular
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+what was the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the book
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosophy behind this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy behind this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy behind this is
+aristotle logic changed the western mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle logic changed the western mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle logic changed the western mind
+become reductionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become reductionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become reductionist
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this guy foresaw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy foresaw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy foresaw that
+and didn't like the change that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't like the change that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't like the change that he
+thought was coming okay and he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was coming okay and he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was coming okay and he thought
+people who were going to read this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were going to read this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were going to read this book
+make a devastating change in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a devastating change in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a devastating change in the western
+mind and they should be killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and they should be killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and they should be killed
+because they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might
+propagate this idea and you know what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate this idea and you know what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate this idea and you know what i
+agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now i'm going to make a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sorry we're not up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do i need to toggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do i need to toggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do i need to toggle
+again sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there we go thank you and let's see to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go thank you and let's see to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go thank you and let's see to
+go forward all i need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward all i need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward all i need to do is
+yeah okay i'm in good shape okay i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay i'm in good shape okay i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay i'm in good shape okay i'm
+going to make a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just relax and this all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just relax and this all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just relax and this all of this
+point's going to fall in here together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point's going to fall in here together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point's going to fall in here together
+you can't make deep points just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make deep points just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make deep points just by
+saying there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there it is
+you got to go around all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+place in washington dc called the cosmos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in washington dc called the cosmos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in washington dc called the cosmos
+club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and they have members and you can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have members and you can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have members and you can go in
+there and have lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and have lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and have lunch
+with a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a member
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+dinner with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner with them
+and if you go in to have lunch in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go in to have lunch in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go in to have lunch in this
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the first thing they're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing they're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing they're going to do is
+made a d or a person in charge is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a d or a person in charge is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a d or a person in charge is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+write your name down and ask you to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your name down and ask you to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your name down and ask you to wait
+a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they're not holding you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not holding you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not holding you up
+what they want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want you to do
+is just walk around and see pictures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just walk around and see pictures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just walk around and see pictures on
+the wall of their members pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall of their members pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall of their members pictures of
+their members past living in paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their members past living in paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their members past living in paths
+and when you walk around here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you walk around here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you walk around here you're
+going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see
+uh nobel laureates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobel laureates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobel laureates
+pulitzer prize winners heads of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulitzer prize winners heads of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulitzer prize winners heads of state
+all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+when you walk around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you walk around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you walk around here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then you'll know where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i got a call one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a call one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a call one day
+from a man named bill wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a man named bill wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a man named bill wolf
+and he's president of the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's president of the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's president of the national
+academy of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy of engineering
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+actually it was second to his secretary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was second to his secretary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it was second to his secretary
+caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller
+and said uh dr wolf would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said uh dr wolf would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said uh dr wolf would like to have
+lunch with you he wants to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with you he wants to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch with you he wants to talk to you
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+doing something for in ethics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something for in ethics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something for in ethics for the
+academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy
+i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said
+i said to her fine but in my mind i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said to her fine but in my mind i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said to her fine but in my mind i said
+oh no i don't want to be doing any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no i don't want to be doing any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no i don't want to be doing any more
+codes of ethics i'm through with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics i'm through with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of ethics i'm through with that
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+but you know if he wants me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if he wants me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if he wants me to do
+something like that i will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i will do it
+but then she said i said where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then she said i said where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then she said i said where we're
+going to have lunch she said well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lunch she said well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lunch she said well we're
+going to have lunch in the cosmos club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lunch in the cosmos club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lunch in the cosmos club
+in his club the cosmos club i knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his club the cosmos club i knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his club the cosmos club i knew
+immediately that we weren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that we weren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that we weren't going to
+discuss any codes of ethics in there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss any codes of ethics in there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss any codes of ethics in there we
+were going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to discuss
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the academy joel's members academy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academy joel's members academy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academy joel's members academy what
+the academy has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academy has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the academy has to do
+to properly advise congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly advise congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly advise congress
+automatically just by saying that i knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically just by saying that i knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically just by saying that i knew
+the content and how to prepare for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content and how to prepare for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content and how to prepare for that
+lunch meeting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch meeting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch meeting okay
+i knew about it everybody in washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew about it everybody in washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew about it everybody in washington
+knows about this club but i particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about this club but i particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about this club but i particularly
+knew about it because i was married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it because i was married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it because i was married
+right in that room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that room
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+and it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it
+it's a delight for my to my wife when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delight for my to my wife when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delight for my to my wife when i
+tell her that i talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her that i talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell her that i talk about this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place i could talk about some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place i could talk about some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place i could talk about some other
+restaurant okay this is the vatican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and inside the vatican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside the vatican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside the vatican
+there's a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a room
+called the stanza della signatura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the stanza della signatura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the stanza della signatura
+and that room can you barely you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that room can you barely you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that room can you barely you can
+barely see it it's a beautiful room i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely see it it's a beautiful room i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely see it it's a beautiful room i
+wish i could get better i tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish i could get better i tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish i could get better i tell you what
+i would class this size if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would class this size if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would class this size if you want to
+come down here and look at my laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and look at my laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and look at my laptop
+that actually won't make any difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually won't make any difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually won't make any difference
+really if i turn it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this beautiful place okay i've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful place okay i've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful place okay i've never
+been there but i can't wait to go next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there but i can't wait to go next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there but i can't wait to go next
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+paintings on the wall here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings on the wall here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings on the wall here
+that are supposed to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to do the same thing
+as those pictures in the cosmos club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those pictures in the cosmos club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those pictures in the cosmos club
+tell you where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where you are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh it's the room this room these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the room this room these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the room this room these
+paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+by a patron named raphael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same time that he raphael was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time that he raphael was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time that he raphael was
+making these paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these paintings
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+julius ii had commissioned him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julius ii had commissioned him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+julius ii had commissioned him
+this julius ii the warrior pope had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this julius ii the warrior pope had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this julius ii the warrior pope had
+commissioned rafael to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned rafael to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned rafael to do these
+paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time
+uh guess who was painting the sistine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guess who was painting the sistine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guess who was painting the sistine
+chapel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the agony in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+michelangelo okay michelangelo was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michelangelo okay michelangelo was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michelangelo okay michelangelo was in
+another building in the vatican painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another building in the vatican painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another building in the vatican painting
+the sistine chapel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rafi i didn't know it was secret but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafi i didn't know it was secret but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafi i didn't know it was secret but i
+know that rafael is accused of stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that rafael is accused of stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that rafael is accused of stealing
+some techniques in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i learned too that uh raphael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i learned too that uh raphael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i learned too that uh raphael
+was recommended to the pope by bramante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recommended to the pope by bramante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recommended to the pope by bramante
+who had done the the dome was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had done the the dome was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had done the the dome was the
+architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect
+uh and raphael was his cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and raphael was his cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and raphael was his cousin
+younger you know cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger you know cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger you know cousin
+but anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway um
+and what and this is the room that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and this is the room that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and this is the room that the
+pope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope
+uh uses to sign his major documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses to sign his major documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses to sign his major documents
+this is during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is during the
+uh holy roman empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holy roman empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holy roman empire
+and so the prince the king's charlemagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the prince the king's charlemagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the prince the king's charlemagne
+was the first then you had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first then you had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first then you had a bunch of
+the ottos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ottos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ottos
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh whenever the pope made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever the pope made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever the pope made these
+made a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a signature
+the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king
+and other great dignitaries would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other great dignitaries would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other great dignitaries would be in
+this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+and the pope wanted to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pope wanted to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pope wanted to make you
+understand this is very significant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is very significant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is very significant for
+these days the pope wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days the pope wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days the pope wanted to make
+everybody understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understand
+that the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the credit
+of the vatican is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vatican is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vatican is good
+that you're making a good deal now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making a good deal now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making a good deal now why
+did he want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did he want to do that
+well it goes back to the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the popes had to fight for the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popes had to fight for the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popes had to fight for the life
+of christendom back in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of christendom back in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of christendom back in those days
+we had we had an empire but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we had an empire but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we had an empire but it was
+mainly a feudal society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly a feudal society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly a feudal society
+and the popes had to fight these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the popes had to fight these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the popes had to fight these people
+if the popes actually got into intrigues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the popes actually got into intrigues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the popes actually got into intrigues
+they would they would hire one duke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they would hire one duke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they would hire one duke to
+fight against another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against another one
+the the king would be fighting against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the king would be fighting against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the king would be fighting against a
+duke and the pope would side maybe would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke and the pope would side maybe would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke and the pope would side maybe would
+give with the king and give money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give with the king and give money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give with the king and give money to the
+duke oh it was these people had to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke oh it was these people had to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duke oh it was these people had to fight
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+fight on a daily basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight on a daily basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight on a daily basis
+and now here comes the real issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here comes the real issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here comes the real issue
+1503-1513 that's his reign okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1503-1513 that's his reign okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1503-1513 that's his reign okay what's
+going on in those days well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in those days well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in those days well
+columbus had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbus had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbus had just
+gone to america in 1492.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to america in 1492.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to america in 1492.
+uh the printing press was perfected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the printing press was perfected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the printing press was perfected
+with the movable type in 1492.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the movable type in 1492.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the movable type in 1492.
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+there was this big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this big issue
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science
+everybody wants now to get rich because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants now to get rich because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants now to get rich because
+we have discovered a new world and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discovered a new world and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discovered a new world and we're
+creating a whole new middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a whole new middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a whole new middle class
+right trade so uh people wanted ships to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trade so uh people wanted ships to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trade so uh people wanted ships to
+go faster and hold more they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster and hold more they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster and hold more they wanted to
+have be able to plot through the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be able to plot through the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be able to plot through the stars
+so they wanted to deal more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to deal more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to deal more with
+astronomy there was this whole big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy there was this whole big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy there was this whole big issue
+of bringing science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing science
+into everyday life so that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into everyday life so that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into everyday life so that the person
+who would ordinarily think of him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would ordinarily think of him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would ordinarily think of him or
+herself as average could now make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as average could now make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as average could now make a lot
+of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as dr moses just said this was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dr moses just said this was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dr moses just said this was a time
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+the religious establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the religious establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the religious establishment
+that was really building most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really building most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really building most of the
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+thought that aristotle was a danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that aristotle was a danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that aristotle was a danger
+to religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to religion
+if you don't believe that just ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't believe that just ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't believe that just ask what
+was science and what this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was science and what this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was science and what this in this
+science considered today a danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science considered today a danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science considered today a danger
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+it to to faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to to faith
+right so the pope had to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the pope had to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the pope had to deal with that
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+not only that but let's go just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but let's go just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but let's go just a few
+years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in 1517
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1517
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1517
+four years after the pope died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years after the pope died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years after the pope died
+martin luther posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin luther posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martin luther posted
+his 95 thesis and started the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 95 thesis and started the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 95 thesis and started the uh
+protestant revolution so yes there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant revolution so yes there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant revolution so yes there was
+concern in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern in those days
+that uh the pope's credit might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the pope's credit might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the pope's credit might not be
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a signature in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a signature in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a signature in there
+might not mean much so he was using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not mean much so he was using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not mean much so he was using the
+power of these paintings to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of these paintings to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of these paintings to make the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now i'm just uh i'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm just uh i'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm just uh i'm going to look
+briefly at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly at just
+two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more
+two of these uh paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these uh paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these uh paintings
+and then go back to what i said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to what i said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to what i said about
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+this is one of the paintings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the paintings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the paintings that
+raphael did called the school at atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh looks to me that you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks to me that you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks to me that you can see it
+pretty good up on the screen believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good up on the screen believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good up on the screen believe it
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+and you can probably see that it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably see that it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably see that it even
+looks a little bit better on my screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit better on my screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit better on my screen
+and that my screen is not perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that my screen is not perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that my screen is not perfect but
+this is a beautiful piece you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beautiful piece you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beautiful piece you can you
+probably tell from the colors that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell from the colors that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell from the colors that this
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+that they uh refurbished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they uh refurbished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they uh refurbished
+a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that
+uh to its original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to its original
+now here's what you need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's what you need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's what you need to do to
+appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate
+what uh what i need what i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what i need what i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what i need what i'm trying to
+do in this in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this in this class
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+relax let your mind flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax let your mind flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax let your mind flow
+okay do what they call a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do what they call a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do what they call a free
+association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+just look at this painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what the pope wanted to show was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+greek philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek philosophy
+has a place including aristotle greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place including aristotle greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place including aristotle greek
+philosophy has a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy has a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy has a place
+in the christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the christian
+slash holy roman empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+despite all of the problems that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of the problems that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of the problems that they
+had before now we've got a whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before now we've got a whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before now we've got a whole the
+renaissance has come we've got a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance has come we've got a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance has come we've got a whole
+new day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new day
+the church is not going to fall apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church is not going to fall apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church is not going to fall apart
+there is in fact a place for greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in fact a place for greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in fact a place for greek
+philosophy in the roman holy roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in the roman holy roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in the roman holy roman
+empire he wants to make that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire he wants to make that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire he wants to make that statement
+in these paintings and in this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these paintings and in this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these paintings and in this one this
+particular statement in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular statement in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular statement in this particular
+painting school of athens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting school of athens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting school of athens
+so what the pope did was said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the pope did was said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the pope did was said look
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i want you to paint the great thinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to paint the great thinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to paint the great thinkers
+from greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from greece
+and i know i have friends i know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know i have friends i know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know i have friends i know people
+that i think were like them i know a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think were like them i know a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think were like them i know a man
+that i think was very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think was very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think was very much like
+aristotle so use him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle so use him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle so use him
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a uh as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh as a model
+i know a man that looks very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know a man that looks very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know a man that looks very much like
+that thinks very much and talks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinks very much and talks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinks very much and talks very
+much in like pla plato use him as a mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in like pla plato use him as a mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in like pla plato use him as a mom
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+know a person will go down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a person will go down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a person will go down to this
+village there's this wise old man down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village there's this wise old man down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village there's this wise old man down
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and use him as socrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all around
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+about some of these folks you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these folks you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these folks you want to
+tell one journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all of these people represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these people represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these people represent
+someone of note in greek philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone of note in greek philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone of note in greek philosophy
+except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raphael himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphael himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raphael himself
+and that i think is uh that's i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i think is uh that's i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i think is uh that's i think
+that's him right there looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's him right there looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's him right there looking out
+at the rest of us he paints himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rest of us he paints himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rest of us he paints himself
+looking out at the rest of us as if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out at the rest of us as if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out at the rest of us as if to
+say see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say see
+i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's put aside the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put aside the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put aside the fact
+that not all of these people knew one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not all of these people knew one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not all of these people knew one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+there was no possibility of getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no possibility of getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no possibility of getting all
+of them in one room that's irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in one room that's irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in one room that's irrelevant
+isn't it the story is supposed to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it the story is supposed to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it the story is supposed to tell
+something else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay
+now there's something that i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something that i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something that i don't want
+to put aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+and all of this right here can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this right here can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this right here can you
+that's a roman vaulted ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a roman vaulted ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a roman vaulted ceiling
+none of the ancient greeks ever saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the ancient greeks ever saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the ancient greeks ever saw that
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+so why would he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would he put
+these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first second third and fourth centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second third and fourth centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second third and fourth centuries
+bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+now be careful here just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be careful here just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be careful here just a little bit
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is part of the actual room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the actual room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the actual room
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is part of the painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of the painting
+but still in the painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still in the painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still in the painting
+he has them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has them in
+a roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roman
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is
+that he wants to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to make sure that you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+greek philosophy have a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek philosophy have a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek philosophy have a place
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the holy roman empire in the catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holy roman empire in the catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holy roman empire in the catholic
+church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church
+in christianity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in christianity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in christianity
+but that christianity will decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that christianity will decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that christianity will decide
+what is good and what is bad what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good and what is bad what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good and what is bad what is
+that we're going to use in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to use in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to use in here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so these people are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these people are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these people are in this
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+now what i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i want you to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+is to try to project yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to project yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to project yourself
+in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to see if you can project yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if you can project yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if you can project yourself
+either as one of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as one of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as one of these people
+or as one of yourself or as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as one of yourself or as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as one of yourself or as just
+yourself walking around here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself walking around here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself walking around here and and
+talking to socrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to socrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to socrates
+introducing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing yourself
+uh to um some of the stoics or some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to um some of the stoics or some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to um some of the stoics or some of
+those people and just talking with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people and just talking with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people and just talking with them
+what would it be like to sit in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like to sit in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like to sit in there
+and talk with these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk with these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk with these people
+well i can tell you what i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i can tell you what i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i can tell you what i want you to
+see in terms of a contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in terms of a contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in terms of a contrast
+then we'll come right back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come right back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come right back to this
+another painting on this wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there any contrast that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any contrast that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any contrast that you would
+make between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make between
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+i'm sorry between being in this room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry between being in this room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry between being in this room and
+talking with these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with these people
+and being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being in
+this room and talking with those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and talking with those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and talking with those people
+you can see a lot of them you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a lot of them you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a lot of them you just don't
+know where where i'm going with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where i'm going with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where i'm going with this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right here's what i want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+you have depicted what i think quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have depicted what i think quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have depicted what i think quite
+adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate
+accurately and more than adequately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately and more than adequately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately and more than adequately
+is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic
+world view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world view
+of the ancient greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ancient greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ancient greek
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+the world revolves around the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when you start talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you start talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you start talking about what
+is ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ethical
+you start talking about what is good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about what is good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about what is good or
+bad for individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for individuals
+you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right are you following me now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are you following me now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are you following me now you
+are not talking about what's good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not talking about what's good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not talking about what's good or bad
+for the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i can't emphasize that too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can't emphasize that too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can't emphasize that too much
+that's the reason for me going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for me going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason for me going through
+all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this
+thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here
+that when we start talking about ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we start talking about ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we start talking about ethics
+and i want to talk 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to talk 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to talk 99
+about ethics that we inherited from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethics that we inherited from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethics that we inherited from the
+greeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's almost that is a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost that is a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost that is a hundred percent
+of the ethics that we talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ethics that we talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ethics that we talk about in
+terms in engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in engineering ethics
+i want to talk about it not 100 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about it not 100 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk about it not 100 because
+i want to contrast it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to contrast it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to contrast it with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+religious ethics and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious ethics and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious ethics and other kinds of
+ethics i want to contrast it with law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics i want to contrast it with law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics i want to contrast it with law
+okay i want to contrast it with politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i want to contrast it with politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i want to contrast it with politics
+but then once i've made the contrast i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once i've made the contrast i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once i've made the contrast i
+don't want to deal with the rest of it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with the rest of it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with the rest of it i
+want to come back to ethics the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back to ethics the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back to ethics the name of
+this course is engineering ethics not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is engineering ethics not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is engineering ethics not
+engineering public policy okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering public policy okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering public policy okay that's
+what they deal over in those courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they deal over in those courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they deal over in those courses
+what i want you to see is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to see is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to see is that in this
+painting here you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting here you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting here you are
+you are depicting what is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depicting what is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depicting what is known as a
+well-ordered society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that what is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that what is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that what is good
+is good for society and what is bad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for society and what is bad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for society and what is bad is
+bad for society over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for society over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for society over here
+you're talking about an ill-ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an ill-ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about an ill-ordered
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+people do what they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do what they want to do
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+but the emphasis and and the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the emphasis and and the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the emphasis and and the moral
+agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+with human beings as individuals not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human beings as individuals not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human beings as individuals not
+with organizations and states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with organizations and states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with organizations and states
+that's not true everywhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true everywhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true everywhere in the world
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+it's not true everywhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true everywhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true everywhere in the world
+but when we do ethics from the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we do ethics from the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we do ethics from the greek
+point of view and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and that's what we're
+going to do in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in this class
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+then we're going to say that moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to say that moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to say that moral
+agency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency is
+uh a property of individual human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a property of individual human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a property of individual human beings
+not of organizations not of states i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of organizations not of states i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of organizations not of states i'm
+going to depart with that in my one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depart with that in my one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depart with that in my one
+percent before this class is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but that's what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we're going to talk
+about if you can get yourself projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you can get yourself projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you can get yourself projected
+into this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you have done 50 of all that i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have done 50 of all that i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have done 50 of all that i can do
+in an ethics class just get in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ethics class just get in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ethics class just get in there
+reason dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason dominates
+there's nothing you can't say what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can't say what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can't say what i
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+say what you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what you can prove
+how do you argue it what it how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you argue it what it how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you argue it what it how what
+counts as a systematic argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a systematic argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a systematic argument
+that's what we're going to deal with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to deal with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to deal with in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here and then i'm through i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then i'm through i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and then i'm through i just
+these are the this is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the this is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the this is the this is the
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+
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+and
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+and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
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+pope julius ii the warrior pope
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+
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+that in order to hold a society intact
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+ 
+
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+meet their primary needs i can feed my
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+okay so when you've got this
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+okay so when you've got this
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+these mothers down here with
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+these mothers down here with
+babies and all of these people
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+okay
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+saying to you when you come in in the
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+talking about that that in 410
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+alex
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+alex
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+okay
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+okay
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+or of social order number one principle
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+or of social order number one principle
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+of social order number two
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+commit higher than self-interest i am
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+okay this is not just the roman empire
+
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+okay this is not just the roman empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not just the roman empire
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+but
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+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+
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+so there is this higher cause
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+so there is this higher cause
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+ align:start position:0%
+and
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+it doesn't show too well here but it
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+it doesn't show too well here but it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up here and it's a little bit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up here and it's a little bit
+a little bit shaded down here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shaded down here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shaded down here but you
+get the light you see the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the light you see the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the light you see the light
+the light is shining in from the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is shining in from the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is shining in from the top so
+therefore god is speaking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore god is speaking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore god is speaking to you
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the third principle of social order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third principle of social order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third principle of social order
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+prince is the is the principle of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince is the is the principle of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince is the is the principle of force
+that a society will hold itself together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society will hold itself together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society will hold itself together
+that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will
+that it can be maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be maintained
+intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+by force two kinds of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by force two kinds of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by force two kinds of forces
+one is the kind of force that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the kind of force that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the kind of force that we call
+civil force or police forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil force or police forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil force or police forces
+keep the citizens from disintegrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the citizens from disintegrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the citizens from disintegrating
+society by beating up on one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society by beating up on one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society by beating up on one another
+the other is external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is external
+which we call military forces that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call military forces that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call military forces that the
+society will be held intact because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society will be held intact because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society will be held intact because
+external factors will not disintegrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external factors will not disintegrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external factors will not disintegrate
+by coming in there and tearing the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coming in there and tearing the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coming in there and tearing the place
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so therefore you have in this pope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you have in this pope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you have in this pope the
+symbolism of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism of both
+the high priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high priest
+and the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that concept of bringing the high priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept of bringing the high priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept of bringing the high priest
+and the king into one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is old began with two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old began with two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is old began with two people
+began with moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began with moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began with moses
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but moses came from the mountaintop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but moses came from the mountaintop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but moses came from the mountaintop
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the hebrews had reverted back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hebrews had reverted back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hebrews had reverted back
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+uh paganism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paganism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paganism
+then he moses deposed his brother aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he moses deposed his brother aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he moses deposed his brother aaron
+as high priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high priest
+and he became high priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he became high priest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he became high priest
+and king i'm using the word king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and king i'm using the word king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and king i'm using the word king
+symbolically now as the one who provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically now as the one who provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically now as the one who provides
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the principle of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of force
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh hammurabi was also another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hammurabi was also another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hammurabi was also another one
+and there was a third one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a third one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a third one actually
+they came along uh afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came along uh afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came along uh afterwards
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+named ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came before
+yeah i cannot i'm sorry he came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i cannot i'm sorry he came before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i cannot i'm sorry he came before
+like nothing actually preceded all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing actually preceded all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nothing actually preceded all that
+preceded moses and he i think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded moses and he i think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded moses and he i think he
+invented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monotheism yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he he's he's sometimes forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he's he's sometimes forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he's he's sometimes forgotten
+because he wasn't entirely successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wasn't entirely successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wasn't entirely successful
+there was a revolution and he lost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a revolution and he lost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a revolution and he lost okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay but uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but uh yeah
+akhenaten came uh before but but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akhenaten came uh before but but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akhenaten came uh before but but uh so
+that's this concept here and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this concept here and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this concept here and what we
+will see as we go along in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see as we go along in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see as we go along in this course
+that the universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the universities
+in europe at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe at this time
+there were about 75 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 75 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were about 75 of them
+were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built
+mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh clerics and the ones that weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clerics and the ones that weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clerics and the ones that weren't
+were the practical schools the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the practical schools the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the practical schools the law
+schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools
+the uh medical schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh medical schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh medical schools
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+schools of the theology and the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools of the theology and the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools of the theology and the schools
+of administration or business which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of administration or business which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of administration or business which we
+call business today they were run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call business today they were run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call business today they were run by
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+who practice practitioners but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who practice practitioners but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who practice practitioners but there's a
+very interesting thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting thing about that
+all of the practical schools were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the practical schools were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the practical schools were in
+italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+this practical state of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this practical state of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this practical state of mind
+ruled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the schools that be that taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the schools that be that taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the schools that be that taught
+uh the seven liberal arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the seven liberal arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the seven liberal arts
+uh the um trivium and the quadriview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um trivium and the quadriview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um trivium and the quadriview
+all were further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all were further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all were further away
+started paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started paris
+and then going up into oxford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going up into oxford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going up into oxford and
+cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+priest that taught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priest that taught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priest that taught that
+had to get in get you into this mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get in get you into this mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get in get you into this mindset
+so um this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is very important
+to what i think this class is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what i think this class is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what i think this class is all about
+that in order to do ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to do ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to do ethics
+don't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get into
+their structured mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structured mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structured mindset
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+at the end of the course when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the course when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the course when we start
+talking about codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about codes of ethics
+don't do codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do codes of ethics
+in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+they'll throw you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw you out
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate
+a set of principles or by a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of principles or by a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of principles or by a set of
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+that everybody is has to conform to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is has to conform to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody is has to conform to not
+at that level of specificity there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that level of specificity there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that level of specificity there are
+different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's only one approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+towards the end of the class when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the class when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the class when we
+start talking about codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about codes of ethics
+then we'll start talking about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll start talking about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll start talking about getting
+our bodies in this room and our minds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies in this room and our minds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies in this room and our minds in
+this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we will be talking mainly about greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking mainly about greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking mainly about greek
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now i want to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to say something about
+the a7d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a7d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a7d
+case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point of view
+we'll get to the other point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to the other point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to the other point of view
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any comments
+there's a comment over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's it's my responsibility to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's my responsibility to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's my responsibility to read
+body language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language
+it is not my responsibility to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not my responsibility to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not my responsibility to be right
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+but i have to if there's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have to if there's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have to if there's something that
+i think is going i have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is going i have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is going i have to stop
+try to drag it out of me okay now if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drag it out of me okay now if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drag it out of me okay now if i'm
+wrong about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong about it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now in this in in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this in in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this in in this room
+they're going to be with that a7d case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be with that a7d case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be with that a7d case
+they are going to be concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be concerned about
+the behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors
+but they're going to be concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're going to be concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're going to be concerned about
+a structured argument supporting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structured argument supporting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structured argument supporting those
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the argument begins with a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument begins with a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument begins with a choice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach whether it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach whether it's going to be
+principled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled
+or non-consequential but it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-consequential but it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or non-consequential but it's going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consequential whether it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consequential whether it's going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's how you start off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you start off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you start off your
+argument so when you give an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so when you give an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so when you give an argument
+back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me
+the first thing i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after you have reviewed the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have reviewed the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have reviewed the case
+and when you start your analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you start your analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you start your analysis
+the first thing i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i want you to do
+is to look at the major divisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the major divisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the major divisions of
+philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics
+so the major divisions of the father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the major divisions of the father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the major divisions of the father and
+and the worst part of this what i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst part of this what i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst part of this what i just
+said is the word the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the word the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the word the
+okay we can divide it more than one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can divide it more than one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can divide it more than one way
+right but let's look at the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's look at the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's look at the major
+divisions of philosophy being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epistemology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology
+i'll tell you what these mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you what these mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you what these mean in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to have
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the middle
+is something that is coming along as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is coming along as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is coming along as new
+and which i will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which i will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which i will cover
+uh when we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we start talking about
+engineering and we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and we're going to have two
+lectures on engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on engineering
+we need to schedule you joel to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to schedule you joel to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to schedule you joel to give
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace
+uh so uh in those two discussions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh in those two discussions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh in those two discussions on
+engineering we're gonna have another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we're gonna have another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we're gonna have another one
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+what i'm going to use this term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to use this term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to use this term right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even though we may be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though we may be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though we may be talking about
+something called praxeology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called praxeology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called praxeology
+occasionally maybe we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally maybe we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally maybe we'll be talking
+about other things but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things but there's another
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to talk about
+and when you give a paper to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you give a paper to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you give a paper to me
+or make an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make an argument
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to have the base this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to have the base this basic
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+so in metaphysics i want you to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in metaphysics i want you to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in metaphysics i want you to tell me
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+what method you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what method you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what method you're using
+how this method contrasts with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this method contrasts with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this method contrasts with other
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+and why you're using your method as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you're using your method as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why you're using your method as
+opposed to another method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when you say that i the basic that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say that i the basic that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say that i the basic that i
+know that what i'm going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what i'm going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what i'm going to come out
+with in the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the end is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh what those engineers did was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what those engineers did was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what those engineers did was wrong
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it tended to produce the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tended to produce the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tended to produce the wrong
+consequences i want you to tell me i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences i want you to tell me i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences i want you to tell me i'm
+going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+a utilitarian approach i haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utilitarian approach i haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utilitarian approach i haven't told
+you with the utilitarian i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the utilitarian i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the utilitarian i'm going to
+use the consequences approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the consequences approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the consequences approach
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+principal approach will apply but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal approach will apply but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal approach will apply but i'm
+not i don't want to use that one and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i don't want to use that one and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i don't want to use that one and why
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want you to
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+and after you've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after you've done that
+is tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tell me
+what are the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the facts
+epistemology is theory of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology is theory of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology is theory of knowledge
+okay so after you talked about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after you talked about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after you talked about what are
+the facts that you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts that you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts that you want to talk about
+now look at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the structure
+you've got the case ahead of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the case ahead of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the case ahead of you
+but you're not going to talk about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not going to talk about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not going to talk about all
+facts in the case there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts in the case there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts in the case there's going to be
+some specific things that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific things that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific things that you're going
+to be interested in the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested in the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested in the behavior of
+vanderveer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i want you to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to talk about what
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ethical content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical content
+of their behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their behaviors
+and i want you to contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to contrast
+that content with content that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that content with content that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that content with content that is not
+exactly is not ethical i mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is not ethical i mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is not ethical i mean it's not
+unethical but like legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical but like legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical but like legal
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+you may want to put in a psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to put in a psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to put in a psychological
+motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation
+which will be most important is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be most important is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be most important is that you
+put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in
+a sociological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sociological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sociological
+context that what they did they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that what they did they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that what they did they did in
+the context of employees in a structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of employees in a structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of employees in a structured
+organization that exists primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that exists primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that exists primarily
+for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of
+business profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business profit
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+military people who they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military people who they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military people who they were doing
+business with as opposed to other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with as opposed to other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with as opposed to other kinds
+of organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizations
+like the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the family
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you will in order to to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will in order to to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will in order to to do that
+in before it's all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before it's all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in before it's all over
+you're going to have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to tell me
+if there are any practices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any practices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any practices and
+principles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in
+that business that conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business that conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that business that conflict
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ethical principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly
+i want you to make a statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to make a statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to make a statement about
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+and i want you to decide how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to decide how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to decide how to make
+that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement
+in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words
+sometimes at the end of your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at the end of your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at the end of your uh
+presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+you're going to well we already did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to well we already did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to well we already did it
+when we said that well there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said that well there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said that well there's something
+about the environment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environment here
+before you came in we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you came in we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you came in we talked about how
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+um that uh there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh there's something about
+in order and then we got to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order and then we got to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order and then we got to get out of
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+there's something about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about an
+organizational environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational environment
+that is conducive to unethical behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conducive to unethical behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conducive to unethical behavior
+maybe we need to educate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to educate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to educate people
+okay like they're doing up and boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like they're doing up and boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like they're doing up and boeing
+they at boeing they said 3 500 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they at boeing they said 3 500 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they at boeing they said 3 500 people
+have to be trained in ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be trained in ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be trained in ethics
+all of their employees have to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their employees have to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their employees have to take an
+ethics course they got to offer them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics course they got to offer them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics course they got to offer them at
+bowie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowie
+well not just in seattle but all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not just in seattle but all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not just in seattle but all over
+3 500 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 500 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 500 people
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i am going to say that class is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i am going to say that class is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i am going to say that class is over
+i'm going to turn on the lights i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to turn on the lights i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to turn on the lights i'm
+going to start putting my things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start putting my things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start putting my things
+together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but
+uh and these other people come in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these other people come in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these other people come in but
+talk to me about whatever you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about whatever you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me about whatever you want and
+if it goes on then i can talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes on then i can talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes on then i can talk to you
+outside and i'll be at the brown bag as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and i'll be at the brown bag as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and i'll be at the brown bag as
+soon as i can get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as i can get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as i can get there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+will you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be
+interested in talking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in talking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in talking uh
+thursday this coming thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+next thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thursday
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit more
+about ethics we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethics we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethics we're going to start
+talking about engineering and we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about engineering and we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about engineering and we'll look
+at another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay today is tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ready
+you want to wait till next tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+there's no class next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we do something no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do something no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do something no
+uh okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh
+we'll decide it we got plenty of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll decide it we got plenty of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll decide it we got plenty of time to
+decide but you can see how this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide but you can see how this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide but you can see how this thing is
+going to continue and then we'll start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and then we'll start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue and then we'll start a
+new case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new case
+no nothing to read for thursday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing to read for thursday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing to read for thursday we'll
+start getting you prepared in that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting you prepared in that mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting you prepared in that mode
+later i'm still in the mode where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later i'm still in the mode where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later i'm still in the mode where we're
+going at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at things
+pedestrian okay but you see that but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian okay but you see that but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian okay but you see that but i
+hope you got this down i want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you got this down i want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you got this down i want this
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+okay okay thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SBrCPDC21f4.txt b/SBrCPDC21f4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec70aacca6a32d060177500bb2030e75b7aa6a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SBrCPDC21f4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3091 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good afternoon.
+
+So today we're going to
+talk about learning.
+
+So what can you do now that you
+couldn't do as an infant,
+
+very simply?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Talk, that's
+a good one.
+
+Language, that's pretty
+good, right?
+
+Anything else that you
+couldn't do, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, we don't
+actually know what the
+
+internal mental life of
+an infant's like.
+
+But it doesn't seem like they
+remember many very specific
+
+things about their lives.
+
+You do.
+
+But you know it's a lot more
+than, you know a ton of stuff,
+
+a lot of facts, right, things
+about the world, the values
+
+you hold, about your family,
+your culture, the country or
+
+countries you've grown up in.
+
+You just know a ton compared
+to an infant.
+
+And there's only two ways
+that you know this.
+
+It's either in your genes when
+you're born or you learned it
+
+through life.
+
+And so we're going to talk today
+about how scientific
+
+psychology tries to
+approach learning.
+
+And in a remarkable thing about
+learning is we often
+
+think, well, we're learning
+lessons or whatever.
+
+We're learning material.
+
+But the important part of
+learning the way we think
+
+about it is that it allows us
+to predict the future on the
+
+basis of the past, right?
+
+We want to learn lessons in life
+to know what's desirable,
+
+what's dangerous, what's a
+smart way to do things so
+
+we're more effective.
+
+We choose what we want to do
+better in the future to learn
+
+from the past and predict
+the future.
+
+It imbues our word
+with meaning.
+
+For an infant, not much
+means much, right?
+
+They just look around.
+
+Who knows what anything means.
+
+Words, gestures, facial
+expressions, there's not much
+
+meaning of the world
+out there.
+
+For you, the world is full of
+meaning, history, social
+
+interactions, everything that
+you're thinking about.
+
+So how do we acquire the
+meanings of things in the
+
+world that matter to us?
+
+And it's also had an interesting
+kind of a give and
+
+take with how we learn about
+learning in scientific
+
+psychology and sort
+of historically.
+
+I'll just touch a tiny
+bit on that.
+
+And we'll talk about three
+aspects of learning today:
+
+classical conditioning, operant
+conditioning, and then
+
+various ways in which there are
+limits to conditioning.
+
+Thank you, Todd.
+
+So let's start with sort of one
+of the most famous figures
+
+in all of conditioning or
+learning, Ivan Pavlov, who
+
+actually won a Nobel Prize,
+not for his studies of
+
+learning, but for his sort of
+groundbreaking studies for the
+
+reflexes of digestion.
+
+He worked out a lot of the
+fundamentals of how, in
+
+mammals, your stomach breaks
+down food and that how food in
+
+the mouth provokes specific
+salivation that begins the
+
+process by which food is
+decomposed and then digested
+
+in your stomach, the
+fundamentals of really how we
+
+live, right, eat to live.
+
+And he was very interested in
+salivation reflexes, what is
+
+it that drives that first bit of
+breaking down food in your
+
+mouth with saliva?
+
+And Pavlov was a pretty intense
+researcher, as you
+
+might be used to at MIT.
+
+There's a famous story where a
+graduate student came somewhat
+
+late to the lab and said,
+but Professor, there's a
+
+revolution going on with
+shooting in the streets.
+
+This is in Russia.
+
+And he said, what difference
+does it make when you've got
+
+work to do in the laboratory?
+
+Next time there's a revolution,
+get up earlier; so
+
+anyway, not an easygoing
+supervisor.
+
+He would do experiments a little
+rough in dogs, like cut
+
+the esophagus, the path by which
+food goes from the mouth
+
+to the stomach, to understand
+the role of the esophagus.
+
+And he found that, even in those
+animals, when he placed
+
+food in the dog's mouth, he
+expected, as a fundamental
+
+biologist studying how digestion
+works, that nothing
+
+would happen.
+
+But he noticed not only would
+the dog salivate, even though
+
+the food will never make it to
+the stomach, but furthermore
+
+the stomach juices, the gastric
+juices that break down
+
+food, also were released within
+the stomach even though
+
+the food would never
+get there.
+
+And then he got interested in
+how it is that these things
+
+are driven if they're not driven
+simply as a direct
+
+response to the arrival
+of the food.
+
+How is it that the mere sight
+of the food or the sight of
+
+the person bringing the food
+would drive the salivation and
+
+what he called psychic
+secretions?
+
+Because he was a biologist.
+
+So he expected, basically, you
+put the food in the mouth.
+
+There's some chemistry between
+the food and salivation.
+
+And here he's finding, just
+seeing food, just seeing the
+
+person who would bring the
+food, was driving these
+
+fundamental biological
+functions.
+
+So there's a kind of experiment
+that he would set
+
+up where the dog
+would be there.
+
+And he would be measuring the
+amount of salivation in some
+
+way or another.
+
+And in these kinds of
+experiments-- and I'll go
+
+through this language
+a couple times--
+
+in conditioning they've come up
+with a sort of vocabulary
+
+to describe the pieces of things
+that go into this kind
+
+of learning.
+
+So there's an unconditioned
+stimulus, which is food.
+
+I mean you start with that.
+
+You want to eat food.
+
+And there's an unconditioned
+response, which is you
+
+salivate when you see the food
+or if it's in your mouth.
+
+That's the beginning.
+
+Then you're going to add
+what's initially
+
+a meaningless stimulus.
+
+In this case, it could
+be anything.
+
+But in this case, we'll
+say it's a bell.
+
+You ring a bell before
+the food comes.
+
+And you're going to get to
+a conditioned response.
+
+The animal will say, well, the
+bell predicts the food.
+
+And I'll salivate to
+the bell itself.
+
+Even though I'll never eat the
+bell, I learned that it
+
+predicts the food is coming.
+
+And so you've created
+a new association.
+
+You learned something new about
+the world, that a bell
+
+signals something that
+drives salivation.
+
+So the two things are sort of
+occurring next to each other
+
+in time or what Aristotle talked
+about as the law of
+
+contiguity.
+
+The animal learns that the bell
+predicts the food coming.
+
+And so here's the basic idea.
+
+At first, the tone does not
+drive salivation, right?
+
+There's no reason to salivate
+when you hear tone by itself.
+
+But as the animal discovers
+that the tone predicts the
+
+food, the tone predicts the
+food, the tone predicts the
+
+food, then all of a sudden the
+animal starts to learn that
+
+simply the tone alone will
+drive the salivation.
+
+Now this stimulus
+is conditioned.
+
+And you have a conditioned
+response that wasn't there to
+
+start with.
+
+It's very simple, right?
+
+You learn the two
+are associated.
+
+And now you begin to have a
+biological response to the
+
+tone alone.
+
+And typically what happens is
+here's a learning curve.
+
+Here's how often perhaps
+you salivate.
+
+And across trials you learn
+more and more of that.
+
+And you finally plateau at some
+level of performance.
+
+So a neat thing about Pavlov is,
+although there weren't a
+
+lot of movies at his time, there
+is a little bit of film
+
+of him and his actual dogs.
+
+So here's Pavlov's
+actual dogs.
+
+So we said conditioning is
+going to do two magical
+
+things, right?
+
+It's going to let us predict
+the future on the
+
+basis of the past.
+
+And it is a very simple
+experiment.
+
+Now the bell predicts the food
+coming up and the salivation.
+
+And it imbues the world
+with meaning.
+
+In a sense, the bell now means,
+here's dinner, right?
+
+The bell is not just a bell.
+
+It's something with meaning
+and significance.
+
+These are another example of
+classical conditioning.
+
+And it's got some sophisticated
+properties.
+
+You could go, well, balloons
+popping water in your face,
+
+food for dinner, that's
+pretty basic stuff.
+
+But here are some sophisticated
+properties of
+
+these as learning mechanisms.
+
+So one was already talked about,
+extinction, that, if
+
+the bell continues to ring and
+no food arrives, the learning
+
+gets weakened, weakened,
+and disappears.
+
+So you can learn something.
+
+And you can unlearn something
+because it's no longer an
+
+effective predictor
+of the future.
+
+Generalization is kind
+of cued also.
+
+So imagine the frequency of the
+stimulus is this, just the
+
+specific frequency
+of the tone.
+
+Well, if the tone is a little
+bit different, you might still
+
+think food is coming, right?
+
+So it's not that you learn
+the precise thing.
+
+You'll still respond if it's
+a pretty similar tone.
+
+And as the tone gets more and
+more different, the response
+
+gets weaker and weaker, right?
+
+So that's smart generalization.
+
+I stay pretty close
+to the tone.
+
+I go for it.
+
+I get further away,
+eh, not so sure.
+
+It's not all or none.
+
+It's reasonably graded and
+sensitive to the specifics of
+
+the situation.
+
+There's also one fascinating
+thing, which is your acquired
+
+conditioned response is
+extinguished because you're
+
+only hearing the bell and
+there's no more food coming.
+
+But when you come back in, you
+often have a kind of preserved
+
+recovery function of that CS.
+
+It's like it's lurking
+in you somewhere.
+
+It's like I have a mental note
+that this bell might mean
+
+food, even though it
+was extinguished.
+
+It's still pretty interesting
+stimulus.
+
+So you'd have some easily
+spontaneous recovery of these
+
+kinds of learned conditioning.
+
+It can also be sophisticated
+in other ways.
+
+And let me give you a
+couple of examples.
+
+You can learn to discriminate
+between two things.
+
+We've only talked about one
+thing so far, bell, food.
+
+But what if you have a black
+patch, for example, that
+
+predicts food coming, and a gray
+one that predicts it's
+
+not coming, you can distinguish
+between those two.
+
+You can get second order
+conditioning.
+
+And let me show you that.
+
+The dog learns that the
+bell predicts food.
+
+Now, there's no food presented
+for a while.
+
+But there's a black patch
+presented that you see
+
+presented with the tone.
+
+Because you know the tone
+predicts food, the animal
+
+figures, well, maybe this
+is a pretty good hint
+
+that food is coming.
+
+And after a while, it begins to
+salivate to this one, even
+
+though it was never directly
+paired with the food itself.
+
+So it's learning.
+
+It's a transitive inference
+that it's making.
+
+If the bell predicts it and the
+square goes with the bell,
+
+at some point I'll start
+salivating for the square
+
+because that sounds like a
+pretty good candidate for
+
+predicting the future.
+
+So that's pretty sophisticated,
+too.
+
+You don't even have
+food in this part.
+
+But it's even more sophisticated
+than that.
+
+So look at these two things.
+
+And you can think about, I'm
+going to let you think about
+
+this for a moment.
+
+Here are two groups
+of animals.
+
+Or it could be people.
+
+It would work just
+the same way.
+
+So here's the conditioned
+stimulus and the unconditioned
+
+stimulus, for example, a bell
+and the food, the bell and the
+
+food, the bell and the food.
+
+One group only gets
+bell, food, bell,
+
+food kinds of pairings.
+
+The other group gets
+the same pairings.
+
+But in between, they'll have a
+random food reward, two random
+
+bells, a random food,
+random bell.
+
+Now, the pairings
+are identical.
+
+That's what's shown in orange.
+
+This group will learn better
+and faster, more strongly,
+
+than this group.
+
+Even though they've had the
+identical number of pairings.
+
+Why will this group
+learn more slowly?
+
+Why will, even though they have
+an identical number of
+
+times that they got the
+tone and the food, the
+
+tone and the food--
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a little bit
+of extinction between--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's an idea that
+is an extinction between--
+
+I think that's a good idea.
+
+So that's a very good answer,
+the extinction between--
+
+because, when you get this
+CS alone, you're
+
+fighting the learning.
+
+But it's telling you the
+system is smart, right?
+
+Because what it's kind of doing
+is saying, look, eh, CS
+
+alone, not always a reliable
+predictor.
+
+So I'll learn it.
+
+But I'm not going to believe
+it so strongly, right?
+
+It's basically because you're
+sticking extinction in between
+
+those, right?
+
+You're also having some trials
+with the food that aren't
+
+predicted either, right?
+
+So it's like the animal or you
+are learning what's a really
+
+excellent signal.
+
+And if there's other stuff in
+there that gives the signal
+
+not the same predictive power
+for the future you learn more
+
+slowly unless certainly
+that relationship.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's pretty smart, too.
+
+Here's another way in
+which it's smart.
+
+And I'll tell you
+the phenomenon.
+
+And you think about why you
+think learning might work this
+
+way in animals and people.
+
+So pretend there's a tone that
+predicts food just like we've
+
+been talking about all
+the way through.
+
+Food stops.
+
+And now you get a tone and a
+light, a tone and a light, a
+
+tone and a light.
+
+The tone predicts it's food.
+
+You're getting this
+part, again,
+
+without food being presented.
+
+And now you get the
+light alone.
+
+OK?
+
+Or everything's the same.
+
+But there isn't the initial
+learning with the tone.
+
+And then in the end you're
+tested for the lights.
+
+And what happens is there's less
+conditioning to the light
+
+here than here, even though
+you've seen a light an exact
+
+even number of times.
+
+Why is the conditioning to
+the light weaker here?
+
+Why is it weaker
+here than here?
+
+This is an information problem
+for the brain to solve about
+
+the truth of the world.
+
+Well, our interpretation
+is this.
+
+Tone, food, tone, food, you
+go, good, I got it.
+
+Easy, right?
+
+Now you get tone and light
+together for a while.
+
+And you go, OK, I know the
+tone is really important.
+
+The light, I don't know.
+
+The tone was perfectly good.
+
+The light seems redundant,
+informationally redundant.
+
+So now when it's a light alone,
+you don't have so much
+
+conditioning.
+
+Because you didn't care about
+the light so much.
+
+The food had all the information
+you needed.
+
+The light was informationally
+redundant, right?
+
+It was superfluous.
+
+Here you only got trained with
+the tone and the lights.
+
+So you never made a bet on
+what's the critical thing.
+
+They both predicted evenly.
+
+So when the light comes by
+itself, that was always
+
+something that seemed like a
+pretty good signal equally
+
+good to the tone.
+
+So that's very sophisticated
+that the animal learning it or
+
+the human learning it is
+deciding what's the
+
+information that's diagnostic
+and what's the information
+
+that's redundant.
+
+And it's conditioning
+across that, right?
+
+So it's not just very
+simple reflexes.
+
+It's sophisticated learning.
+
+So now I'm going to
+switch gears.
+
+So we're going to have a
+demonstration that involves
+
+the opposite of fearful things
+like spraying water and
+
+popping balloons.
+
+But I can't tell you too
+much about this.
+
+But I can tell you it'll
+be pretty pleasant.
+
+But I need somebody who's
+willing to step out of the
+
+room for a moment to do this.
+
+OK, thanks.
+
+Yeah, yeah, you can safely
+take off your jacket now.
+
+And what's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm Sam.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sam, OK.
+
+Try not to listen
+if possible, OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you guys are
+going to help me perform
+
+instrumental conditioning.
+
+And then we'll discuss
+what that is.
+
+Our job is to have Sam come over
+here and pick this up.
+
+OK?
+
+Your job, as Sam comes in for
+every action he takes, a step
+
+this way, you played this game
+as a kid, or an arm going in
+
+the right direction, applaud if
+he's doing something that
+
+gets him closer to the goal of
+picking up the brain and
+
+withhold your applause if he's
+doing something that's taking
+
+him away from that.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+All right, OK.
+
+So we're going to discuss what
+instrumental conditioning is.
+
+And then we're going to slightly
+think philosophically
+
+about whether this is how you
+learn to do everything.
+
+You get to choose who the
+applause comes from, your
+
+parents, your family, your
+friends, medical schools and
+
+law schools and graduate
+schools.
+
+You get to choose who the
+applause comes from, about how
+
+much of our lives is responding
+to the applause
+
+that we care about.
+
+So we'll start more simply,
+less philosophically.
+
+Let's think about this.
+
+The examples we talked so far in
+classical conditioning all
+
+build on what feels like a basic
+reflex, salivating for
+
+food, flinching for
+water, right?
+
+So if we ask somebody, why do
+you work hard, there's not to
+
+be very good explanation in
+terms of those initial
+
+reflexes, right?
+
+You're not flinching.
+
+You're not looking for
+food or water.
+
+And yet much of our life is
+involved in endeavors that we
+
+learn where there's no primary
+reflex that we
+
+can see in the story.
+
+And so operant or instrumental
+conditioning, those two words
+
+are interchangeable, is the way
+that psychologists have
+
+tried to understand those
+forms of learning.
+
+And it began something
+like this.
+
+And this is from Thorndike.
+
+He put a cat into
+a puzzle box.
+
+I'll show you what the box looks
+like or a sketch of it.
+
+The cat had to unlatch a door
+by pulling a latch.
+
+So here's, the cat's
+in a box like this.
+
+To get out, which cat wants to
+get out, he or she has to push
+
+this, which will
+push the latch.
+
+Now, that's not obvious
+to a cat.
+
+It wouldn't be necessarily
+obvious to a person but
+
+definitely not obvious
+to a cat.
+
+And the animal learned it by
+trial and error sort of like
+
+Sam did, right?
+
+And where is the unconditioned
+stimulus?
+
+There's no salivation or
+any reward like that.
+
+So Thorndike proposed that
+people and animals learn
+
+things by the consequence
+of their response.
+
+And the Law of Effect says the
+consequence of a response
+
+determines whether it is
+strengthened or weakened.
+
+You can be rewarded.
+
+That will strengthen
+a response.
+
+You can have no reward.
+
+That will weaken it.
+
+You can be punished.
+
+That will greatly weaken
+the response.
+
+So here's the cat.
+
+Here's an example of a cat.
+
+At first, it takes a long time
+for the cat to get out of
+
+there as it tries different
+things.
+
+But over repeated trials,
+the cat can get out
+
+really, really fast.
+
+And how Thorndike, by
+observation and thinking,
+
+thought about it was at the
+beginning the animal
+
+wants to get out.
+
+It has no idea how
+it gets out.
+
+So it does everything it can.
+
+It scratches at the bars.
+
+It pushes at the ceiling.
+
+It digs through the floor.
+
+It howls.
+
+And at some moment, it
+presses a lever.
+
+And that's good, right?
+
+So here's different things the
+animal starts with thinking
+
+might be good ideas.
+
+But because it discovers with
+repeated efforts, repeated
+
+trials, that pressing the lever
+
+works, these get weakened.
+
+This gets strengthened.
+
+So the consequence of a response
+determines whether
+
+it's strengthened or weakened.
+
+And now there's no salivating
+or reflex or
+
+anything like that.
+
+You can learn then
+almost anything.
+
+So this was picked up
+a lot in the US.
+
+John Watson is a famous name.
+
+You'll see kind of a haunting
+film of him performing this
+
+kinds of stuff with infants in
+a kind of a way that we would
+
+never allow ethically now.
+
+It's not horrible.
+
+But it's pretty bad.
+
+But it's a famous thing.
+
+And you'll just get a feeling
+of the power of this.
+
+Behaviorism, that if you study
+behavior, instead of going for
+
+things like unobservable
+thoughts, that you would just
+
+do observable actions.
+
+And you wouldn't make inferences
+about the mind that
+
+you can't measure.
+
+You make a stimulus.
+
+You measure the response.
+
+And that's it.
+
+No fundamental differences
+between animals and humans,
+
+and you make laws that describe
+the relationships
+
+between stimulating the
+environment and physical
+
+behaviors that you can observe
+or responses out in the world
+
+that an organism has.
+
+So I'll come back to
+this a little bit.
+
+But one of the ways he wanted
+to show that anybody could
+
+learn anything, because right
+now, don't forget, the way we
+
+set this up, anybody
+can learn anything.
+
+You can applaud anything,
+right?
+
+So you can teach anybody
+anything by this perspective.
+
+And he wanted to show that
+he could teach an infant
+
+initially, whose name
+was Little Albert.
+
+That was his cover name.
+
+Nobody actually knows his real
+name or what happened to him.
+
+Well, nothing horrible happened
+to this person we
+
+know about.
+
+And now you would never do
+an experiment like this.
+
+You have this in your notes.
+
+This is a long version of the
+movies taken of this actual
+
+sort of experiment that
+we wouldn't do now.
+
+And I'll show you a short
+version in a couple minutes
+
+where he got an infant to become
+afraid of a rabbit that
+
+the infant previously
+was not afraid of.
+
+And then the other huge name
+in this is B.F. Skinner who
+
+worked at Harvard, consequence
+of a response, again, creates
+
+the responses that we
+make in the world.
+
+And his sense response is not
+just the laboratory one but
+
+things we do in the world with
+each other and to each other.
+
+And so the classical
+conditioning, the
+
+CS elicits the CR.
+
+The conditioned stimulus, the
+bell, elicits the conditioned
+
+response, salivation.
+
+But in instrumental conditioning
+CRs are omitted.
+
+And you can do really anything
+that's in the range of what an
+
+organism can do.
+
+And then he could show kind of
+impressively how you might
+
+imagine a chain of these
+things would
+
+lead to complex behaviors.
+
+So he would teach pigeons and
+other animals to first to
+
+click to get a pellet, then
+where to click it, then to
+
+where to face before
+you click it.
+
+And he would just keep adding
+little pieces, shape the
+
+pieces up from the first step
+to the second step, until he
+
+got pretty complex behaviors.
+
+OK, so now I'm going to show a
+slightly longer clip that has
+
+in it these kinds of experiments
+and Little Albert.
+
+It's kind of cool because in the
+sense that we can actually
+
+see films of these sort of
+historical things, which often
+
+we don't get to do in various
+science fields.
+
+So let's talk about that
+for just one moment.
+
+So we can talk about primary
+reinforcers like food, thrist,
+
+or pain, things that go with
+life, right, pain, not being
+
+injured, food, and thirst.
+
+We can talk about secondary
+reinforcers that we know a lot
+
+about, money, attention of
+other people, praise from
+
+other people, admissions to
+places you want to be admitted
+
+to, promotions when you
+want to get them.
+
+There can be positive
+or negative rewards.
+
+And I'm going talk
+about one thing.
+
+But just for a moment the
+behaviorists said anybody can
+
+learn anything, right?
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+So that's been a big debate
+whether anything can be
+
+equally learned with
+any other thing.
+
+And the other thing that's
+striking is B.F. Skinner
+
+particularly said that we have
+an illusion of free will, that
+
+all we are, are learning
+these things.
+
+And we might as well get over
+our illusion of free will.
+
+Scientifically, it's very hard
+for even the best scientific
+
+psychologists to tell
+you whether free
+
+will exists or not.
+
+That's not something that's
+easy for us to begin to
+
+imagine how to measure.
+
+These kinds of learning
+things are very
+
+impressive in many ways.
+
+And we'll talk about
+some of that.
+
+So let me talk to you about one
+way in which, for example,
+
+casinos get people to come back
+often and other things in
+
+life, without giving you
+money every time.
+
+Because then they wouldn't
+make money, right?
+
+So your book talks about a
+number of examples of this.
+
+But I'll just pick one,
+partial reinforcement.
+
+So this means when do you get,
+in these animals, when do you
+
+get a reward?
+
+Every time or only
+1/3 of the time?
+
+So of course, you learn faster
+if you get a reward every time
+
+than if it's 1/3 of the time.
+
+You're not quite as impressed
+and excited.
+
+But here's the interesting
+thing.
+
+If you stop giving the reward,
+these animals will go on for
+
+quite a while before
+they extinguish.
+
+These animals will extinguish
+right away and stop
+
+responding.
+
+Why will these animals keep
+behaving for a time, even
+
+though you've entirely
+stopped the rewards?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Since they only got it
+30% of the time anyway, it
+
+seems plausible to them that
+it would go a couple more
+
+times without them getting it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, since they
+only got, the answer was,
+
+which was right, they only got
+it 30% of the time, so the
+
+first one or two nonpayments,
+right, they're going to go,
+
+well, it's coming up next, OK,
+in a couple more, OK, I'm
+
+coming up soon until they
+finally decide that the whole
+
+thing is over, right?
+
+So that's very interesting, the
+different reinforcement
+
+schedules, how they relate.
+
+You might think, well, you
+always learn better if you
+
+reward more.
+
+But in some cases, if you want
+to get people to keep doing
+
+stuff without direct reward,
+partial reinforcement is
+
+actually more powerful.
+
+Now we're going to move into
+dog experiments and then
+
+directly to sort of
+thinking about
+
+people and our own lives.
+
+So this is a famous, famous
+experiment at the University
+
+of Pennsylvania from Seligman.
+
+In this case, he used dogs.
+
+It's been done with many species
+in many circumstances.
+
+And he put them in a hammock.
+
+So there's two dogs on two sides
+of a thing that they
+
+walked around.
+
+And they don't see each other.
+
+The dog, A, would periodically
+get a shock.
+
+And it could stop the shock by
+pushing a panel near its nose.
+
+As soon as the shock came,
+it could turn its nose
+
+and stop the shock.
+
+Dog B on the other side of the
+divider would get exactly the
+
+same shock.
+
+It would stop at exactly the
+moment that the first dog
+
+stopped it.
+
+But dog B had no direct control,
+equal number of
+
+shocks, equal duration of
+objective pain, if you want to
+
+call it that way.
+
+One animal has the capacity
+to stop it.
+
+The other does not.
+
+So that's the first part
+of the experiment.
+
+And the second part of the
+experiment they're put into a
+
+shuttle box.
+
+It's just a box with a big
+divider in the middle.
+
+And they're just hanging
+out there.
+
+And then they hear a tone.
+
+At first, it means
+nothing to them.
+
+And then comes a shock on
+the grid on the floor.
+
+And at first, they don't
+know what to do.
+
+But then after a while, they
+get smart like the cat.
+
+And they jump over the divider
+to the other side.
+
+And it's all OK.
+
+So you can imagine that when
+they hear the tone pretty
+
+quickly that what do
+they learn to do?
+
+Jump over the divider
+and stop the pain.
+
+And here's the remarkable
+thing.
+
+For the animals who had the
+experience that pushing the
+
+panel stopped the pain, they
+learned that pretty quickly.
+
+For the animals who could not
+stop the pain initially, they
+
+don't learn how to escape
+when they could.
+
+It's as if the animals in group
+B, what they learned
+
+about life, it's painful.
+
+And you can't do anything
+about it.
+
+The animals in group A
+learned pain happens.
+
+But I can do something
+about it.
+
+So here's the animal.
+
+At first, it doesn't
+know what to do.
+
+It's getting the shock.
+
+But with trials, the animal
+learns to jump and jump so
+
+quickly that it doesn't have
+almost any problem.
+
+Here's a tone, boom.
+
+It's out of there.
+
+It learns to avoid the pain.
+
+But what happens to the animals
+who either had the
+
+escapable shock or the ones?
+
+The ones who could poke their
+nose, they also learned this.
+
+The ones who could jump over,
+there's nothing preventing
+
+them from learning that.
+
+They just don't escape.
+
+It's what Seligman called
+learned helplessness, that the
+
+animals learn, from the first
+experience, their conclusion
+
+was pain happens.
+
+And I can't do anything
+about it.
+
+And then when they get in a
+second situation where they
+
+can do a lot about it, they
+continue to feel helpless and
+
+not do something about it.
+
+It's like a deep lesson about
+life, like when do you think
+
+you can make your situation
+better and when do you think
+
+there's nothing I
+can do about it?
+
+It's just bad, bad, bad.
+
+So there's ideas about that some
+of this might be related
+
+to people who struggle with
+depression but also other
+
+things in life.
+
+So here's the idea from Seligman
+as an explanation of
+
+how we have resilience.
+
+The idea is that we all get in
+sometimes in small doses,
+
+sometimes in tragically
+large doses, difficult
+
+things into our lives.
+
+How do we explain those
+difficulties that have
+
+happened to us, the
+setbacks we have?
+
+Do we think they're
+internal to us?
+
+I'm the kind of person
+who has bad luck.
+
+I'm the kind of person that
+these things happen to.
+
+Or is it external?
+
+Somebody gave me a test.
+
+What can I do about that?
+
+But next week the
+test is over.
+
+And life will be better.
+
+Is it global or specific?
+
+Does it just seem miserable
+all over?
+
+Or is it just one specific
+squirt in the face that this
+
+faculty member gave me?
+
+Is it stable or unstable?
+
+Are bad things just seeming
+to happen all the time?
+
+Or is it one occasion?
+
+And you can imagine that people
+who believe that bad
+
+things are internal,
+global, and stable
+
+will learn to be helpless.
+
+Everything seems dark
+and hopeless.
+
+People who believe that things
+are external, specific, and
+
+unstable think, the next
+time I can do better.
+
+I can bounce back from
+this and do better.
+
+And it's not only in terms of
+the sort of spirit of people
+
+and trying to get people to
+bounce back from setbacks.
+
+It's even things like
+job applications.
+
+Seligman did the
+following bet.
+
+I don't even know what
+corresponds to it before.
+
+But there used to be an era when
+people would go knock on
+
+doors and try to sell
+you insurance.
+
+We don't do that
+anymore, right?
+
+Because if somebody comes to our
+door, knocks on our door,
+
+we're calling the police.
+
+But when things were more
+calm, you'd open
+
+the door and talk.
+
+Or they would give you cold
+calls, which you don't get
+
+much more anymore these days.
+
+You guys, have you ever even
+heard that phrase?
+
+You'd work at some insurance
+company.
+
+And you'd go, here's some random
+telephone numbers.
+
+You call them up.
+
+And you try to sell
+them insurance.
+
+Usually, you get abused
+on the phone.
+
+Or somebody slams the doors.
+
+But these salespeople, they
+make commissions.
+
+And they keep going.
+
+And he said, let
+me get my test.
+
+He gave a questionnaire whether
+people interpret the
+
+world one way or the other way,
+the resilient way or the
+
+learned helplessness way.
+
+And you give your usual
+interview way for picking
+
+sales people.
+
+And let me see who picks
+a better salesperson.
+
+And his questionnaire picked
+a better salesperson.
+
+Because if you have a sales job
+where people often kick
+
+you out and hang up on you, you
+better be pretty external,
+
+specific, and unstable in your
+perception on things, right?
+
+Because when you have 100 people
+who hang up on you or
+
+close the door on you for one
+sale, you need to have a thick
+
+resilient skin.
+
+So there's lots of ways in which
+I think this speaks to
+
+how do we respond to the
+setbacks in our lives.
+
+So let me talk about some
+limits to conditioning.
+
+And some of these that I think
+touch also on what are the
+
+values by which we
+lead our lives.
+
+It's not going to be
+telling you that.
+
+But it'll make you think about
+some of the mechanics of what
+
+matters to you.
+
+So let me slide back
+for a moment.
+
+So the behaviorists said
+everybody can learn
+
+everything.
+
+Everybody can learn
+everything.
+
+In that sense, it was seen
+as a very democratic and
+
+egalitarian perspective.
+
+Everybody can learn
+everything.
+
+It's just how you set up the
+contingencies in the
+
+environment.
+
+And then Garcia did a famous
+experiment where he had rats
+
+get shocks or receive
+lithium chloride,
+
+which made them nauseous.
+
+And they either had a bright
+noisy stimulus.
+
+Or they tasted some
+sweet water.
+
+And even though these things
+were arbitrarily combined, the
+
+rats learned, who received
+shocked, learn to fear the
+
+bright noise, the bright
+light and the noise.
+
+And the rats who got the lithium
+chloride that made
+
+them nauseous learned to
+fear the sweet water.
+
+Do you see why?
+
+When we get nauseous, do we
+think like, boy, it was noisy
+
+last night?
+
+Or do you think, when you wake
+up in the morning and you feel
+
+nauseous, what's the first
+thing you think?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, something I
+ate, right, we're prepared for
+
+internal nausea to think
+about food as a risk.
+
+And if it's a shock, we're
+prepared to think of
+
+something out there.
+
+So these animals instinctively,
+not on the
+
+basis of the training,
+instinctively said, if I feel
+
+a shock, it's probably related
+to this bright noisy stimulus
+
+that warns me.
+
+If I feel nauseous, it's related
+to the sugar water.
+
+And they had these opposite
+patterns of learning for the
+
+stimuli as if these animals
+were prepared to fear some
+
+things and not others.
+
+So it wasn't that everything
+could be matched with
+
+everything.
+
+And in fact, with humans,
+they've done things like show
+
+you pictures either of
+snakes and spiders
+
+or flowers and mushrooms.
+
+And then those predicted
+a shock, a
+
+small shock to humans.
+
+And they measured your galvanic
+skin response and
+
+autonomic response.
+
+When you think you're going to
+get a shock, you start to get
+
+a little sweaty.
+
+And what they found was--
+
+and this will not shock you--
+they had better conditioning,
+
+you more quickly and completely
+learned that a
+
+snake or a spider predicts
+a shock than
+
+a flower or a mushroom.
+
+Even though, objectively, they
+were just as predictive.
+
+There's something about snakes
+and spiders that gets us ready
+
+for scary stuff.
+
+And flowers and mushrooms, they
+really have to punish us
+
+before we think they're evil
+signals so, again, a human
+
+example of preparedness.
+
+We don't learn everything
+equally.
+
+We are prepared to learn some
+things and not others.
+
+Same thing with Little Albert,
+the child that you saw, that
+
+kind of a film has
+a funny status.
+
+And we'll talk about a few
+more things this semester
+
+where that experiment,
+why should that
+
+experiment not be done?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Nobody knows what
+happened to Little Albert.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, well, you would
+never terrorize a child,
+
+right, to scare the child.
+
+So weirdly enough, though, these
+studies remain in the
+
+field because since we
+can't do them again.
+
+Because we know they're
+not right to do.
+
+We try to learn lessons
+from them so
+
+that we learn something.
+
+The rat worked.
+
+He got scared of a rat.
+
+And then he got scared
+of a bunny.
+
+He got scared of
+a cat, anything
+
+animal, anything furry.
+
+But if they gave him a wooden
+block, that didn't work.
+
+It's not everything.
+
+It has to be prepared
+from that.
+
+Here's another one that also
+challenges simple ideas of do
+
+we always learn simply
+to get a reward.
+
+What kind of learning might
+exist that's rewardless?
+
+So there's three groups of
+rats in a goal maze.
+
+There's food rewards every
+day for one group.
+
+They're the happy group.
+
+There's no rewards for
+a grumbling group.
+
+There's a third group that gets
+no reward for 10 days.
+
+And then it gets reward.
+
+So reward all the time, reward
+never, no reward for 10 days
+
+and then you start to get
+rewards all the time, and
+
+here's what happens
+to the learning.
+
+If you look at this green line,
+that's the food that
+
+gets rewarded all the time.
+
+So they make fewer errors
+so they can
+
+get to the food faster.
+
+If you look at the group that's
+never rewarded, this
+
+yellow line, it's
+pretty steady.
+
+It's like I'm hanging out,
+no reason to go anywhere.
+
+There's not much going on.
+
+Look at the orange group.
+
+For 10 days, up to here, they
+look like the yellow line,
+
+right, not getting rewarded.
+
+I'm just going to
+saunter around.
+
+There's nothing interesting
+to learn here.
+
+But boom that first day that
+it's rewarded, but just one
+
+day of learning, they're
+all caught up.
+
+They're all caught up.
+
+So people call this latent
+learning, that they were
+
+really learning a lot about
+their environment anyway, even
+
+though it was of no
+use at the moment.
+
+And then the moment it became
+valuable information, boom,
+
+they're all caught up.
+
+It's as if they learned
+all this information.
+
+And it was ready to go.
+
+Latent learning, the information
+is stored up just
+
+because they were in the
+environment, even though it
+
+was unrewarded.
+
+And as we go around, we often
+pick up stuff, even though
+
+there's no direct reward.
+
+And sometimes it turns
+out to be useful.
+
+People also love, humans,
+including infants,
+
+contingency, the idea that
+we feel like we have
+
+control over our world.
+
+So here's a two-month-old
+infant, very young infant, in
+
+a little experiment where they
+put the infant in a crib.
+
+And above is a very colorful
+colored mobile.
+
+And in one version, when the
+infant moves his or her head,
+
+there's a switch
+in the pillow.
+
+The mobile moves.
+
+And the infants are smiling
+and cooing.
+
+They love it.
+
+This is awesome.
+
+They move their head.
+
+The thing moves, pretty
+impressive for a two-month.
+
+All they can do is wiggle
+their head, right?
+
+They're not walking
+or anything.
+
+They put another group of
+infants in who have no switch.
+
+And just periodically, they
+turn on the mobile.
+
+There's no smiling
+and no cooing.
+
+And they equate the number
+of mobile turnings.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, if it's just because you
+like the mobile turning, then
+
+you should have both groups be
+equaling cooing and smiling or
+
+disinterested.
+
+But there's something
+fundamentally rewarding for
+
+humans, even at the age of two,
+to feel like they have
+
+control over their environment
+and their pleasures.
+
+And that's not explained
+by conditioning.
+
+Nobody's getting
+anything more.
+
+They're both seeing the equal
+number of interesting turns.
+
+But one group feels like they're
+controlling their
+
+environment.
+
+Here's another one that I'm
+going to show you in an animal
+
+experiment where you
+can control things.
+
+But you can imagine
+in your own life.
+
+In my life, I see this
+all the time.
+
+It's nice when something
+pleasant happens in your life
+
+and your situation gets better
+in some way, right?
+
+You get a better iPad, right?
+
+But how hard is it emotionally
+when something gets worse?
+
+They take all your iPads away
+or more serious things.
+
+When things get worse, often
+we feel pretty miserable.
+
+And here's a neat
+example of that.
+
+So these are rats in an
+experiment so everything's
+
+controlled.
+
+So here's one group of rats.
+
+This is how quickly
+they're running.
+
+So it's good to be high.
+
+One group of rats is
+constantly getting
+
+one pellet a day.
+
+So they learn what to do.
+
+And they're sort of hanging
+out here doing well.
+
+A second group of rats is the
+luckiest group of all.
+
+They get eight pellets.
+
+And they learn more.
+
+But they flatten out.
+
+So you get more reward.
+
+You drive the behavior more.
+
+That's not unexpected.
+
+The interesting thing are
+the two contrast groups.
+
+The contrast groups start
+off with one or eight.
+
+And then, after a couple days,
+they're flipped around.
+
+So some started with one.
+
+Then they got eight pellets.
+
+Others started with eight.
+
+Then they got one.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So here's the contrast
+group of eight.
+
+They're learning one.
+
+They go eight, woo.
+
+They're happy.
+
+They're getting eight.
+
+Life got good.
+
+Look at the group for
+whom life got worse.
+
+I'm getting eight.
+
+I'm getting eight.
+
+I'm getting eight.
+
+I'm getting one.
+
+I'm getting one.
+
+I'm getting one.
+
+It really stinks.
+
+They're actually worse than the
+groups that got one all
+
+along, right?
+
+This is the lowest
+line of all.
+
+They're protesting.
+
+This stinks.
+
+I was getting eight.
+
+Now I'm getting one.
+
+What a rip off.
+
+What kind of world
+do I live in?
+
+So the learning is
+protesting that.
+
+Now, by purely conditioning
+one, why would
+
+this group be worse?
+
+They're still getting
+a pellet.
+
+But because they're interpreting
+it as a world
+
+that's going downhill, as a
+worsening situation, they're
+
+less prone to learn it.
+
+They're sort of protesting in
+their learning, things having
+
+gotten worse in the world.
+
+A really interesting theme along
+the line of this reward,
+
+an unbelievable one that has
+gotten a lot of attention, is
+
+delayed gratification.
+
+If you think about it, and the
+analysis is not purely
+
+scientific but is a theme,
+delayed gratification is a
+
+spectacular part of your life,
+right, especially if you go
+
+through higher education.
+
+Or maybe everything is
+like this, right?
+
+Do a good job in primary thing
+and you'll get to a good
+
+middle school.
+
+Do a good job in middle school,
+we'll get to a good
+
+high school.
+
+Do a good job in high school,
+you get to MIT.
+
+Do a good job at MIT, you go to
+med school or law school or
+
+become a teacher, whatever
+you want to do.
+
+A good job at that and you'll
+get to this thing.
+
+Do a good job of that, finally,
+thank you very
+
+much, you're 95.
+
+And you're done.
+
+I mean it's kind of like you
+guys are waiting a long time
+
+between the efforts you're
+doing and what you might
+
+consider a palpable reward.
+
+So here's a fantastically
+interesting study from Walter
+
+Mischel done at Stanford
+some years ago.
+
+These children were four
+to five years old.
+
+There were about 600
+that were studied.
+
+They were mostly the children
+of faculty and graduate
+
+students at Stanford.
+
+And they would come
+into a room.
+
+And the experiment, slightly
+varied, was
+
+basically like this.
+
+They would sit in front
+of either a cookie or
+
+marshmallow.
+
+They used different rewards.
+
+But imagine it's
+a marshmallow.
+
+In the movie I'll show you,
+it's Oreo cookies.
+
+And they were told this.
+
+And they tried to make this,
+Walter Mischel who did the
+
+experiment describes how he
+played with kids to try to get
+
+the marshmallow look
+really awesome.
+
+And the kid would sit there,
+the four or five-year-old.
+
+And they were told, I'm going
+to leave the room now.
+
+And there's a bell here.
+
+If you really want to eat that
+marshmallow, ring the bell and
+
+just eat it.
+
+But if you wait a while--
+
+they didn't tell them
+it was 15 minutes.
+
+It was 15 minutes.
+
+I'll come back.
+
+And I'll give you two.
+
+Delayed gratification, I can
+have one marshmallow now.
+
+Or if I hang in there for 15
+minutes and don't touch it, I
+
+can get two.
+
+Let me tell you the results.
+
+And then let me show
+a film of this.
+
+When I was looking on YouTube
+and the internet and stuff,
+
+there's a lot of posed
+movies out there.
+
+This is the only one I found
+from Walter Mischel himself
+
+that's a real movie of real
+kids really doing this.
+
+I don't know why all the ones
+are posed out there.
+
+But here's something
+astounding.
+
+So these are all pretty similar
+
+children, children of faculty.
+
+Children varied how long
+they could wait.
+
+And if they took, for example,
+the children who
+
+didn't wait very long.
+
+They could only wait
+30 seconds until
+
+they ate the cookie.
+
+And they compared them to the
+children who would wait for
+
+the full 15 minutes
+to eat the cookie.
+
+These are four and
+five-year-olds.
+
+When they looked at them at 18
+and their SATs, the children
+
+who would wait 15 minutes scored
+over 200 points higher,
+
+which you know is a lot.
+
+That was in the days we just
+had two SAT tests.
+
+So it was 1,600.
+
+And by many, many measures
+in terms of educational
+
+attainment, in terms of health,
+and many measures, the
+
+longer you waited at age four
+or five, the healthier you
+
+were, the better SAT scores you
+were, the further you went
+
+in school, astounding
+correlations
+
+with real life stuff.
+
+And people are stunned
+by this.
+
+Partly, it's again, who
+knows what goes into
+
+that at four or five.
+
+How much is the influence
+of parents?
+
+How much is the influence
+of cultures and genes?
+
+Who knows?
+
+But that fateful moment when
+the child goes for the
+
+marshmallow or not correlates
+with incredibly important
+
+outcomes in the future.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Here we go.
+
+And you know, right, every
+college I remember personally,
+
+it was always a battle,
+like am I going
+
+to have fun or study?
+
+Am I going to have
+fun or study?
+
+There's so many chances
+to have fun.
+
+And there's so many pressures
+to study, right?
+
+Well, studying can be fun.
+
+Learning is fun.
+
+How about when rewards harm?
+
+Again, these are things that are
+not strictly predicted by
+
+conditioning.
+
+I have three or four
+more minutes.
+
+So rats love to run, if you had
+a hamster or anything like
+
+that, they love running
+wheels.
+
+What if you give them, every
+time they run, a food reward?
+
+Then it turns out rats no
+longer run for fun.
+
+They only run when the
+food is given.
+
+If you start to extinguish,
+they stop running.
+
+So what had been a natural thing
+that seemed like a whole
+
+lot of fun, if it became the
+price you pay for a reward,
+
+all a sudden becomes a chore.
+
+A widely cited experiment
+for Mark Lepper, he took
+
+preschoolers, so four-year-old
+children, who love to draw.
+
+Lots of preschoolers
+love to draw.
+
+Then they started to give
+them, every time they
+
+drew, a gold star.
+
+Every time they got a reward.
+
+What happened when they stopped
+given the gold stars?
+
+The kids stopped drawing.
+
+This is incredibly often cited
+in incredibly interesting
+
+debates about whether children
+in impoverished schools should
+
+be given cash rewards
+for studying hard.
+
+There's lots of debates about
+whether that's a good thing or
+
+not a good thing, an effective
+thing or not
+
+an effective thing.
+
+This study is often cited for
+arguing, if you make something
+
+that you should love, like
+learning, purely rewarded, the
+
+minute the reward stops, it
+becomes a complete chore.
+
+But we don't know how
+that applies.
+
+Because we might read
+about things like
+
+baseball player salaries.
+
+And it seems like there's a
+pretty good relationship
+
+between performance
+and salary.
+
+So it's not simply that
+way in the world.
+
+We know that often rewards
+are associated with high
+
+performance and promote
+high performance.
+
+It's pretty complicated.
+
+The last slide is about a
+fantastic debate that occurred
+
+here in many ways between B.F.
+Skinner at Harvard and Noam
+
+Chomsky at MIT, which is, in
+what sense is language learned
+
+by conditioning?
+
+So here's an example
+against it.
+
+At one month, there's a switch
+inside a rubber nipple hooked
+
+to a tape recorder.
+
+And when the baby sucked,
+the tape plays.
+
+This allows the baby to
+perform, to behave.
+
+And they would play syllables
+from different languages.
+
+And they may or may not be
+in their own languages.
+
+And by four days, babies
+preferred the languages that
+
+they are exposed to.
+
+And one of the questions is,
+people said, well, how do we
+
+get kids to learn language
+from a behaviorist
+
+perspective?
+
+So one of the things that they
+studied children, and they'll
+
+often, young children will say
+wrong things like mama isn't a
+
+boy, he a girl.
+
+That's not good grammar,
+right?
+
+And so there was an intuition
+that parents would then go,
+
+that's not good grammar.
+
+And sometimes parents do that.
+
+But when they did studies
+where they recorded long
+
+sessions with parents
+doing this, parents
+
+almost never corrected.
+
+It was very rare.
+
+You may feel different
+from your own record.
+
+But statistically, it's
+very rare to collect.
+
+They often say that's right
+or something like that.
+
+So how's the child picking up
+language if nobody's giving
+
+them rewards in terms
+of whether
+
+they're right or wrong?
+
+The idea is that we can say an
+infinite number of sentences.
+
+Well, how can we possibly be
+rewarded or conditioned for an
+
+infinite variety of sentences?
+
+How could that work?
+
+And finally, the phenomenon of
+overgeneralizing, you may know
+
+that children will
+overgeneralize things.
+
+Because we usually end E-D to
+make a verb past tense, right?
+
+But some verbs don't
+work that way.
+
+So you would say, my teacher
+held the rabbit.
+
+Children often make these
+overgeneralized rules.
+
+They say, my teacher
+holded the rabbit.
+
+So obviously, they're learning a
+rule and then applying it to
+
+an instance that they
+never hear.
+
+Because almost no
+adult says that.
+
+So they must be producing that,
+not on the basis of
+
+conditioning, but Chomsky argued
+on the basis of sort of
+
+genetically prepotent ways in
+which we learn language, rules
+
+that we develop and figure out
+language in the world.
+
+I will say that, for those of
+you happen to be interested in
+
+this topic, there's been a
+striking pushback on that in
+
+what people call statistical
+learning.
+
+So as much as this seemed like
+a done deal 10 years ago, it
+
+turns out the truth might be
+somewhere in the middle with
+
+some genetic prepotentiziation
+but also a lot of learning
+
+from your environment both.
+
+So you can think, as you leave
+here, what are the applause
+
+that you listen to?
+
+Where's your free will and your
+choice of what goals you
+
+pursue and what matters
+to you?
+
+And how does the world attempt
+to teach you things that you
+
+learn about what you
+want to do and why
+
+you want to do them?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SE4P7IVCunE.txt b/SE4P7IVCunE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d9569698dc05d41b7c6a943b35c08b4fed2dc90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SE4P7IVCunE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8224 @@
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
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+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
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+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone let's get
+ 
+
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+ocw.mit.edu all right everyone let's get
+started so all right good afternoon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so all right good afternoon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so all right good afternoon so
+this is the third lecture of 61 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the third lecture of 61 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the third lecture of 61 and
+600 as always please download slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 as always please download slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 as always please download slides and
+code to follow along so quick recap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to follow along so quick recap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to follow along so quick recap of
+what we did last time last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time last time we
+talked about uh strings as a new object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh strings as a new object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh strings as a new object
+type as sequences of characters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type as sequences of characters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type as sequences of characters and then
+we introduced um uh two new Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced um uh two new Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced um uh two new Concepts
+that allowed us to write slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to write slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to write slightly more
+complicated programs so we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programs so we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programs so we introduced
+branching with these keywords if L if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching with these keywords if L if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching with these keywords if L if
+else and branching allowed us to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and branching allowed us to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and branching allowed us to write
+programs that uh us as programmers could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that uh us as programmers could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that uh us as programmers could
+could introduce decisions into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could introduce decisions into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could introduce decisions into our
+programs and then we introduced two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and then we introduced two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and then we introduced two
+different kinds of Loops y loops and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Loops y loops and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Loops y loops and for
+loops and those also added a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and those also added a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and those also added a little bit
+of complexity to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity to our
+programs today we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs today we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs today we're going to talk a
+little bit more about strings so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about strings so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about strings so we're
+going to see a couple more operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a couple more operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a couple more operations
+that you can do on strings and string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do on strings and string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do on strings and string
+objects and then we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then we're going to talk
+about three different algorithms a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three different algorithms a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three different algorithms a guess
+and check algorithm an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check algorithm an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check algorithm an approximate
+solution algorithm and a bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution algorithm and a bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution algorithm and a bisection
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+algorithm okay so let's Dive Right In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay so let's Dive Right In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay so let's Dive Right In
+we'll talk a little bit about strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about strings
+first so strings we thought of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so strings we thought of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so strings we thought of them as
+sequences of characters right K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of characters right K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of characters right K
+sensitive as we saw in in Pre in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive as we saw in in Pre in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive as we saw in in Pre in
+programs we wrote last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we wrote last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we wrote last
+lecture and strings are objects and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and strings are objects and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and strings are objects and we
+can do all of these uh operations on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all of these uh operations on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all of these uh operations on on
+string objects like test if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string objects like test if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string objects like test if they're
+equal less than greater than and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal less than greater than and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal less than greater than and so on
+turns out we can do more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can do more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can do more than just
+concatenate two strings together or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate two strings together or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate two strings together or do
+these little tests on them so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little tests on them so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little tests on them so we're
+going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start
+introducing the the idea of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the the idea of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the the idea of of a
+function or a procedure and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a procedure and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or a procedure and we're going
+to see more about functions and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more about functions and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more about functions and how you
+can write your own functions next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your own functions next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your own functions next
+lecture but for today you can think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but for today you can think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but for today you can think of a
+function as sort of a procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as sort of a procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as sort of a procedure that
+does something for you okay someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something for you okay someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something for you okay someone
+already wrote this so the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already wrote this so the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already wrote this so the first one
+we're going to look at is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at is a pretty
+popular function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular function
+and when applied on a string this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when applied on a string this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when applied on a string this
+function called Len will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called Len will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called Len will tell you the
+length of a string so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a string so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a string so that's going to
+tell you how many characters are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how many characters are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how many characters are in the
+string and characters are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and characters are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and characters are going to be
+letters digits special characters spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters digits special characters spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters digits special characters spaces
+and so on so it's just going to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's just going to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's just going to count
+how many letter how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many letter how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many letter how many how many
+characters are in their string so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are in their string so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are in their string so if I
+have the string s is equal to ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the string s is equal to ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the string s is equal to ABC
+remember a string is in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a string is in quotation marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a string is in quotation marks
+then if I do this um this if if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I do this um this if if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I do this um this if if I write
+this expression Len s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Len s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression Len s
+here since it's an expression it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since it's an expression it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here since it's an expression it has a
+value so it evaluates to a certain value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it evaluates to a certain value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it evaluates to a certain value
+and by definition it's going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition it's going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition it's going to tell me
+what the length of the string is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the length of the string is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the length of the string is which
+is three characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+okay another thing that we can do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that we can do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that we can do on
+strings is since there a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings is since there a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings is since there a sequence of
+characters I might want to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I might want to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I might want to get what
+character is at a certain position so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is at a certain position so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is at a certain position so we
+do this using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this using this
+uh fancy word called indexing but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fancy word called indexing but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fancy word called indexing but pretty
+much what indexing into a string means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what indexing into a string means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what indexing into a string means
+is you're going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to tell
+python I want to know the character at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python I want to know the character at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python I want to know the character at
+this certain position or at this certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certain position or at this certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certain position or at this certain
+index inside my string okay so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index inside my string okay so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index inside my string okay so once
+again let's use this string s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's use this string s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's use this string s is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ABC and let's index into it so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and let's index into it so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and let's index into it so in
+computer science we start from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science we start from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science we start from zero
+counting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting by
+convention notice we had a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention notice we had a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention notice we had a problem set
+zero in this class Python's no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this class Python's no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this class Python's no different
+so python in Python you start indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so python in Python you start indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so python in Python you start indexing
+at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position
+zero or you start indexing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or you start indexing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or you start indexing at
+zero so the first character in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the first character in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the first character in your
+string we say is at position zero so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string we say is at position zero so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string we say is at position zero so or
+at index zero the next character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at index zero the next character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at index zero the next character in the
+string is at index one and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is at index one and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is at index one and the next
+character in the string is at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two in Python turns out you can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in Python turns out you can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in Python turns out you can also use
+negative numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers to
+index and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and
+if you use if you index into the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use if you index into the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use if you index into the string
+with negative one for example that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative one for example that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative one for example that means
+that you want the last character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want the last character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want the last character in the
+string so the last character in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so the last character in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so the last character in your
+string is always going to be at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is always going to be at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is always going to be at position
+negative one second to last character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one second to last character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one second to last character is
+at -2 third to last character is atg -3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at -2 third to last character is atg -3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at -2 third to last character is atg -3
+and so on and so on okay so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on okay so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on okay so the way you
+index into a string is with these square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into a string is with these square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into a string is with these square
+brackets here and this is the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here and this is the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here and this is the notation
+so if I want the character at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the character at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the character at position
+zero or at index zero I say s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or at index zero I say s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or at index zero I say s which is
+the string I want to index into and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string I want to index into and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string I want to index into and then
+inside the square brackets I say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the square brackets I say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the square brackets I say what
+index I want so s at index zero is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I want so s at index zero is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I want so s at index zero is going
+to be the value a s at index one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the value a s at index one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the value a s at index one is
+going to be the value B and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the value B and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the value B and so on and so
+on and we can also do negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we can also do negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we can also do negative uh
+negative indexing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative indexing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative indexing as
+well if you do try I added this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do try I added this in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you do try I added this in here
+if you do try to index into a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do try to index into a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do try to index into a string
+beyond the limits of the string and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the limits of the string and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the limits of the string and we
+can even try this out just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even try this out just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even try this out just to show you
+that it's not the end of the world if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not the end of the world if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not the end of the world if we
+do that if we have S is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if we have S is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if we have S is equal to
+ABC and we have S at position 20 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and we have S at position 20 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC and we have S at position 20 for
+example obviously my string is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example obviously my string is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example obviously my string is only
+length three so what's at position 20 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three so what's at position 20 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three so what's at position 20 I
+get an error right I call this angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an error right I call this angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an error right I call this angry
+text here in Python but really the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text here in Python but really the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text here in Python but really the most
+relevant thing to note is these last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing to note is these last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant thing to note is these last
+couple of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines
+here this tells you what line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this tells you what line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this tells you what line is
+problematic so s at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so s at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so s at position
+20 has an issue and this last line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 has an issue and this last line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 has an issue and this last line here
+tells me what actual error I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what actual error I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what actual error I have so
+it's an index error which means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an index error which means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an index error which means I'm
+trying to index too far into the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to index too far into the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to index too far into the string
+because it's it only has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters
+okay so it's nice to be able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's nice to be able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's nice to be able to get a
+single character out of my string but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single character out of my string but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single character out of my string but
+sometimes I might want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I might want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I might want to get a
+substring so I want to start at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring so I want to start at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substring so I want to start at you know
+the first character and go halfway into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first character and go halfway into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first character and go halfway into
+the string or I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string or I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string or I want to take
+the a few a few characters in between or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a few a few characters in between or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a few a few characters in between or
+I want to skip every other letter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to skip every other letter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to skip every other letter or
+something like that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in my
+string so if I want to do this slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so if I want to do this slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so if I want to do this slightly
+more complicated um interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated um interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated um interaction with
+strings we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we call that
+slicing slicing into a string okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing slicing into a string okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing slicing into a string okay and
+this notation here should seem a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here should seem a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here should seem a little
+bit familiar because we saw it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit familiar because we saw it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit familiar because we saw it last
+lecture when we did it with range okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we did it with range okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we did it with range okay
+we had a start stop and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a start stop and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a start stop and a
+step the notation was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the notation was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the notation was a little bit
+different because in range we had open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because in range we had open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because in range we had open
+close parentheses and commas in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parentheses and commas in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parentheses and commas in between
+but except for that this sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but except for that this sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but except for that this sort of works
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same the start is the index starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the start is the index starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the start is the index starting
+from zero from where you want to slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero from where you want to slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero from where you want to slice
+into the string the stop is the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the string the stop is the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the string the stop is the stop
+index so you're going to go up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so you're going to go up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index so you're going to go up until
+stop minus one and take that index and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop minus one and take that index and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop minus one and take that index and
+then the step is every house how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the step is every house how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the step is every house how many uh
+letters you wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take so this is the full notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so this is the full notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so this is the full notation here
+but sometimes you can not give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you can not give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you can not give it a
+third um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third um a
+third sort of number in here so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third sort of number in here so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third sort of number in here so if you
+only give it two numbers then that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give it two numbers then that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give it two numbers then that to
+python that represents just the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that represents just the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that represents just the start
+and the stop and by default step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stop and by default step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stop and by default step is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and there's a lot of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there's a lot of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there's a lot of other things
+you can do with um with strings you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with um with strings you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with um with strings you can
+just you can omit numbers and just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can omit numbers and just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can omit numbers and just leave
+colons and python just by the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colons and python just by the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colons and python just by the way that
+uh by by definition the way that whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by definition the way that whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by definition the way that whoever
+wrote slicing had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote slicing had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote slicing had
+decided if you omit numbers then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided if you omit numbers then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided if you omit numbers then it's
+going to be equivalent to these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equivalent to these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equivalent to these things
+here so we slice using square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we slice using square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we slice using square brackets
+just like indexing except now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like indexing except now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like indexing except now that we
+can get now we can give it two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get now we can give it two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get now we can give it two numbers
+okay so with this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this string
+s if we slice into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we slice into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we slice into
+the if we slice into the string s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we slice into the string s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we slice into the string s
+we start from index three and go up up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from index three and go up up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from index three and go up up
+until index six so if we have a b c d e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until index six so if we have a b c d e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until index six so if we have a b c d e
+f g h right this is position zero 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f g h right this is position zero 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f g h right this is position zero 1 2 3
+four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven and you just you just count so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and you just you just count so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and you just you just count so
+s starting from three and going till six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s starting from three and going till six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s starting from three and going till six
+is going to start here three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to start here three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to start here three
+right so it's going to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to come up with
+sorry D and then we're going to take e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry D and then we're going to take e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry D and then we're going to take e
+and then we're going to take F and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to take F and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to take F and since
+we're going until stop minus one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going until stop minus one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going until stop minus one we're
+not going to take G right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take G right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take G right because this
+is position six and we're going until 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is position six and we're going until 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is position six and we're going until 6
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the next one here 362 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next one here 362 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next one here 362 is going
+every other one right so we start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other one right so we start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other one right so we start at
+three and then we skip every other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we skip every other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we skip every other one
+so we go D but not e and then F and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop if you
+do s and then nothing nothing inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do s and then nothing nothing inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do s and then nothing nothing inside
+except colons notice that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except colons notice that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except colons notice that you're going
+to have s and then nothing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have s and then nothing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have s and then nothing and then
+colon nothing colon nothing so nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon nothing colon nothing so nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon nothing colon nothing so nothing
+for start nothing for stop nothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for start nothing for stop nothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for start nothing for stop nothing for
+step and that's just going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that's just going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that's just going to evaluate
+to the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string
+itself it's the same as zero to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the same as zero to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's the same as zero to the
+length s going every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length s going every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length s going every step
+this one might actually be useful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one might actually be useful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one might actually be useful it
+reverses the string automatically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the string automatically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the string automatically for
+you so with this one little line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so with this one little line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so with this one little line here
+you can get the inverse of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the inverse of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the inverse of your
+string and that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and that's equivalent to
+that so the minus one represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the minus one represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the minus one represents
+starting from the end and going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the end and going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the end and going back
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+letter and then this one's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then this one's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then this one's a little bit
+more more complicated but also not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more complicated but also not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more complicated but also not too
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay okay so as we're doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay so as we're doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay so as we're doing with
+the as we're as we're doing these string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we're as we're doing these string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we're as we're doing these string
+slices again if you're unsure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices again if you're unsure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices again if you're unsure what
+something does just type it into spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does just type it into spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does just type it into spider
+and you know you might be surprised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might be surprised you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might be surprised you
+might not be but it's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be but it's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be but it's a good way to
+check yourself to make sure you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself to make sure you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself to make sure you know uh
+you you're understanding what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're understanding what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're understanding what's
+happening okay one thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay one thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening okay one thing I want to
+mention and it's good to keep this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and it's good to keep this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention and it's good to keep this in
+the back of your mind we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your mind we're going to
+come back to this as we as we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this as we as we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this as we as we start
+talking about slightly more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about slightly more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about slightly more complicated
+object types but strings are immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types but strings are immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types but strings are immutable
+so just keep the word in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just keep the word in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just keep the word in the back of
+your mind as we go through this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind as we go through this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind as we go through this class
+and what I mean by this is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by this is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I mean by this is that an
+actual string object once it's created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual string object once it's created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual string object once it's created
+cannot be modified okay this might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be modified okay this might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be modified okay this might not
+mean anything right now but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything right now but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything right now but let me just
+draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a little
+something let's say I have this string s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say I have this string s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say I have this string s
+is equal to hello remember in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to hello remember in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to hello remember in the first
+lecture we drew a diagram sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we drew a diagram sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we drew a diagram sort of like
+this this is my memory I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is my memory I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is my memory I have this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+hello and this object hello is bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and this object hello is bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and this object hello is bound to
+this variable s right so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable s right so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable s right so now I can
+access the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the object
+hello using this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello using this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello using this variable
+s now you might think well since I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now you might think well since I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now you might think well since I can
+index into a string I might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into a string I might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into a string I might be able to
+you know just say something like s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just say something like s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just say something like s at
+position Z is equal to Y right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z is equal to Y right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z is equal to Y right and
+that'll just change the little H into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just change the little H into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just change the little H into a
+y and I'll have a new object well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and I'll have a new object well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and I'll have a new object well
+strings are immutable which means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are immutable which means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are immutable which means in
+Python you're not actually allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python you're not actually allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python you're not actually allowed to do
+this and it gives you an error if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it gives you an error if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it gives you an error if you do
+try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you want the variable s to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want the variable s to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want the variable s to point
+to the string y l o you could just say s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string y l o you could just say s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the string y l o you could just say s
+is equal to Yo or you could do string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Yo or you could do string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Yo or you could do string
+operations like this and this takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like this and this takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like this and this takes the
+Y and it concatenates it to the string s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and it concatenates it to the string s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and it concatenates it to the string s
+all of the elements starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements starting from
+position one which is e l l o so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one which is e l l o so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one which is e l l o so this
+makes y e o now internally what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes y e o now internally what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes y e o now internally what happens
+when I when I write this line is python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I write this line is python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I when I write this line is python
+says okay I'm going to break my bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm going to break my bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm going to break my bond
+with this original object hello I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this original object hello I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this original object hello I'm
+going to bind my new my string variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bind my new my string variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bind my new my string variable
+s to the new object yellow and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the new object yellow and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the new object yellow and this
+other old object still is in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other old object still is in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other old object still is in memory
+somewhere right but it's an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right but it's an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right but it's an entirely
+different object that I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object that I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object that I've created
+here again might not mean anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again might not mean anything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again might not mean anything right
+now but just keep this in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but just keep this in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but just keep this in the back of
+your mind strings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind strings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind strings are
+immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to talk about
+is a little bit of recap of on for loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of recap of on for loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of recap of on for loops
+and we're going to see how we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see how we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see how we can apply
+for Loops very easily to write very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops very easily to write very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops very easily to write very nice
+readable code um when dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable code um when dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable code um when dealing with
+strings okay so remember that for Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay so remember that for Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay so remember that for Loops
+had a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a loop
+variable right my Loop variable being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right my Loop variable being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable right my Loop variable being
+this VAR here in this particular case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this VAR here in this particular case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this VAR here in this particular case it
+could be anything you want and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything you want and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything you want and this
+variable in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this particular case
+iterates iterates over this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates iterates over this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates iterates over this sequence
+sequence of numbers 0 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers 0 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers 0 1 2 3
+4 so the very first time through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the very first time through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the very first time through the
+loop VAR has a value of zero it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop VAR has a value of zero it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop VAR has a value of zero it does the
+expressions in the loop soon as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in the loop soon as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions in the loop soon as they're
+done VAR takes the value one it does all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done VAR takes the value one it does all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done VAR takes the value one it does all
+the expressions in the loop and then VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressions in the loop and then VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressions in the loop and then VAR
+takes the value two and it does that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value two and it does that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value two and it does that all
+the way up until 012 and the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up until 012 and the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up until 012 and the last time
+it goes around is with VAR is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes around is with VAR is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes around is with VAR is equal to
+three and remember we said that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and remember we said that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and remember we said that we can
+customize our range in order to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize our range in order to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize our range in order to start
+from a custom value to end at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a custom value to end at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a custom value to end at different
+value and to skip certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers so so far we've only been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so so far we've only been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so so far we've only been using
+four Loops over a sequence of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Loops over a sequence of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Loops over a sequence of numbers
+but actually for Loops are a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually for Loops are a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually for Loops are a lot more
+powerful than that you can use them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than that you can use them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than that you can use them to
+iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate
+over any sequence of of values not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any sequence of of values not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any sequence of of values not just
+numbers but also strings okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but also strings okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but also strings okay so here
+are two pieces of code this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two pieces of code this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two pieces of code this one and this
+one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+okay these two pieces of code both do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these two pieces of code both do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these two pieces of code both do
+the exact same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing
+okay to me possibly to you this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to me possibly to you this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to me possibly to you this one
+looks a lot more readable than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more readable than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more readable than this one
+right just at a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glance if I were to read this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance if I were to read this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance if I were to read this one just
+using the keywords and and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the keywords and and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the keywords and and and and uh
+variables here it sound it would sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here it sound it would sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here it sound it would sound
+like broken English right but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broken English right but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broken English right but you you
+could decipher what I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decipher what I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decipher what I'm trying to say
+for a Char in a string s if the Char is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Char in a string s if the Char is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Char in a string s if the Char is
+equal to I or a Char is equal to U print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I or a Char is equal to U print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I or a Char is equal to U print
+there is an i or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an i or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an i or a
+u okay sounds weird but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay sounds weird but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay sounds weird but you could
+probably tell what I was trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell what I was trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell what I was trying to do
+here whereas up here it's it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whereas up here it's it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whereas up here it's it's a little
+more complicated to tell what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to tell what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to tell what I'm doing
+right you have to sort of think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to sort of think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to sort of think about it
+a little bit for some index in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit for some index in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit for some index in this
+range of numbers zero through the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of numbers zero through the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of numbers zero through the length
+of the of the string s if s at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the string s if s at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the string s if s at position
+index is an i or s at position index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is an i or s at position index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is an i or s at position index is
+a u print there's an i or a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u print there's an i or a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u print there's an i or a u
+okay both of these codes just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both of these codes just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both of these codes just go through
+the string s and if it encounters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string s and if it encounters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string s and if it encounters a
+letter that's an i or a u it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that's an i or a u it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that's an i or a u it's just
+going to print out this string here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print out this string here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print out this string here but
+this bottom one is a lot more pythonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom one is a lot more pythonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom one is a lot more pythonic
+it's an actual word created by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actual word created by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actual word created by the
+python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+and it just looks pretty right like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just looks pretty right like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just looks pretty right like you
+can you can tell what it what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can tell what it what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can tell what it what this
+code's supposed to do whereas this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code's supposed to do whereas this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code's supposed to do whereas this one
+is a little bit harder to decipher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's sort of an illustration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of an illustration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of an illustration of a
+for Loop over a sequence of characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over a sequence of characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over a sequence of characters
+right so Char is going to be a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Char is going to be a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Char is going to be a loop
+variable still and the loop variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable still and the loop variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable still and the loop variable
+instead of getting instead of iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting instead of iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting instead of iterating
+over a set of numbers it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a set of numbers it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a set of numbers it's going to
+iterate over every character in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over every character in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over every character in s
+directly and Char is going to be a spe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and Char is going to be a spe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and Char is going to be a spe a
+character right it's going to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letter Okay so so here's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Okay so so here's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Okay so so here's a more
+complicated example I wrote this code oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example I wrote this code oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example I wrote this code oh
+a couple years ago and it was my attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago and it was my attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago and it was my attempt
+at creating a robot cheerleaders because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at creating a robot cheerleaders because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at creating a robot cheerleaders because
+I needed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed some
+motivation and um and then you I Googled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and um and then you I Googled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and um and then you I Googled
+last night robot cheerleaders and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night robot cheerleaders and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night robot cheerleaders and was
+not disappointed created this GIF looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disappointed created this GIF looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disappointed created this GIF looks
+pretty cool and it looks like they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and it looks like they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and it looks like they kind
+of stole my idea but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stole my idea but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stole my idea but that's
+fine so let's look at what this code's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so let's look at what this code's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so let's look at what this code's
+supposed to do I'm going to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to run it and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to run it and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to run it and then we'll
+go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all right it prints out I will cheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right it prints out I will cheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right it prints out I will cheer
+for you enter a word you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you enter a word you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you enter a word you know what I
+like robots so I'll put in robots how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robots so I'll put in robots how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robots so I'll put in robots how
+enthusiastic am I about robots let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic am I about robots let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic am I about robots let's say
+six okay so what this is going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so what this is going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so what this is going to print
+is it's a cheerlead right give me an r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cheerlead right give me an r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a cheerlead right give me an r r
+give me an o o give me a b b and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an o o give me a b b and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an o o give me a b b and so on
+and so on what does that spell robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on what does that spell robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on what does that spell robots
+and it's going to print it six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print it six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print it six times
+because I'm six out of 10 enthusiastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm six out of 10 enthusiastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm six out of 10 enthusiastic
+about robots Okay so that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about robots Okay so that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about robots Okay so that's pretty much
+what that code's supposed to do and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that code's supposed to do and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that code's supposed to do and you
+can write it using what we've learned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it using what we've learned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it using what we've learned so
+far now let's go through it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now let's go through it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far now let's go through it a little bit
+and I'm going to show you just how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you just how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you just how how
+easy it is to convert this code um using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to convert this code um using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to convert this code um using
+a for Loop over characters right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for Loop over characters right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for Loop over characters right right
+now what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it asks the user for input so a word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks the user for input so a word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks the user for input so a word and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+number and then it does this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then it does this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then it does this thing here
+right first it uses a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first it uses a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first it uses a while
+loop and second it uses indexing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and second it uses indexing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and second it uses indexing okay
+and the tip here that what tips you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tip here that what tips you off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tip here that what tips you off
+that it's using indexing is right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's using indexing is right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's using indexing is right it's
+using the square bracket here into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word okay and obviously it's using a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay and obviously it's using a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay and obviously it's using a y
+Loop and it has to First create a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and it has to First create a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and it has to First create a a
+counter initialize it and then down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter initialize it and then down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter initialize it and then down here
+it's going to increment it inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increment it inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increment it inside the
+while loop if you remember um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop if you remember um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop if you remember um that's
+sort of what we need to do for while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what we need to do for while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what we need to do for while
+Loops so it's going to start at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so it's going to start at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so it's going to start at zero and
+it's just basically going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just basically going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just basically going to go through
+index I is equal to 0 1 2 3 4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I is equal to 0 1 2 3 4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I is equal to 0 1 2 3 4 which is
+going to go all the way to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way to the end of
+the word whatever the user typed in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word whatever the user typed in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word whatever the user typed in in
+this case robots it's going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case robots it's going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case robots it's going to get the
+character at that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character at that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character at that position
+right word at position I is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word at position I is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word at position I is going to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+character this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character this line
+here is just sort of for pretty uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just sort of for pretty uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just sort of for pretty uh for
+for the cheerleading to make sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cheerleading to make sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cheerleading to make sense it's
+just to take care of letters that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take care of letters that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take care of letters that make
+sense to to use un right so give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to to use un right so give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to to use un right so give me a
+give me unb so give me unb does not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me unb so give me unb does not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me unb so give me unb does not make
+sense right so that's just taking care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right so that's just taking care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right so that's just taking care
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that and I'm using this in keyword to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm using this in keyword to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm using this in keyword to
+check whether the character so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the character so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the character so the
+character R for example in robots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character R for example in robots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character R for example in robots is
+inside unlet and unlet I've defined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside unlet and unlet I've defined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside unlet and unlet I've defined up
+here which is these are all the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is these are all the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is these are all the letters
+that make sense to put an un before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to put an un before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to put an un before the
+letter okay so give me an R for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter okay so give me an R for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter okay so give me an R for example
+here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and so if it makes sense to use un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if it makes sense to use un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if it makes sense to use un
+before the letter use that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the letter use that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the letter use that and
+otherwise use just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise use just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise use just an
+A and after I'm done I say what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and after I'm done I say what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and after I'm done I say what does
+that spell and then it's just a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spell and then it's just a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spell and then it's just a for Loop
+that goes times many times and prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes times many times and prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes times many times and prints
+out the word and the exclamation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um okay so this code might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so this code might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so this code might have been
+a little bit more intuitive if I rewrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more intuitive if I rewrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more intuitive if I rewrote
+it or if I had or orig Al wrot written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if I had or orig Al wrot written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if I had or orig Al wrot written
+it with a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a for Loop
+okay so this part here right the while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this part here right the while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this part here right the while
+loop and indexing and creating my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and indexing and creating my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and indexing and creating my
+original counter we can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original counter we can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original counter we can get rid of
+that and we can replace it with this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can replace it with this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we can replace it with this for
+Char in word okay I'm originally using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char in word okay I'm originally using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char in word okay I'm originally using
+Char so I can use Char as my Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char so I can use Char as my Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char so I can use Char as my Loop
+variable again and simply I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable again and simply I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable again and simply I'm just going
+to iterate over the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over the word
+itself so now instead of having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so now instead of having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so now instead of having this
+mess here I have one liner that says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess here I have one liner that says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess here I have one liner that says for
+every character in my word do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every character in my word do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every character in my word do all this
+stuff here so That Remains the Same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here so That Remains the Same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here so That Remains the Same and
+then I don't even need to increment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't even need to increment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I don't even need to increment a
+counter variable because I'm not using Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter variable because I'm not using Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter variable because I'm not using Y
+Loops anymore I'm just using a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops anymore I'm just using a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops anymore I'm just using a for Loop
+okay so the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the code
+becomes delete that for chart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes delete that for chart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes delete that for chart in
+word and then delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and then delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and then delete
+that and that does the exact same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that does the exact same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that does the exact same thing
+okay and it's a lot more readable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this was our toolbox at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was our toolbox at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was our toolbox at the
+beginning of this course we are two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this course we are two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this course we are two and
+a half I guess lectures in these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I guess lectures in these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I guess lectures in these are the
+things we've added to it we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've added to it we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've added to it we know
+integers float floats booleans we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers float floats booleans we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers float floats booleans we know
+bit of string manipulation math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of string manipulation math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of string manipulation math
+operations we added recently these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we added recently these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we added recently these
+conditionals in branching right to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals in branching right to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals in branching right to write
+slightly more interesting programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more interesting programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more interesting programs and
+now we have loops for and while Loops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have loops for and while Loops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have loops for and while Loops to
+add interesting and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add interesting and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add interesting and more complicated
+programs okay so with these the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so with these the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so with these the second
+part of this lecture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this lecture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this lecture is going to be
+looking at three different algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three different algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three different algorithms
+okay that's the sort of computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the sort of computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the sort of computer science
+part of this of this class introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this of this class introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this of this class introduction
+to computer science and programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to computer science and programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to computer science and programming
+using python don't let the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using python don't let the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using python don't let the word
+algorithms scare you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right they're they're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're they're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're they're not that
+complicated you just have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you just have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you just have to sort of
+think a little bit about them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about them and and
+and you'll be able to get them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to get them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to get them okay so
+we're going to look at three algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at three algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at three algorithms
+all in the context of solving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the context of solving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the context of solving one
+problem which is finding the cube root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is finding the cube root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is finding the cube root
+first algorithm is guess and check then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first algorithm is guess and check then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first algorithm is guess and check then
+we're going to look at an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at an approximation
+algorithm and then a bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and then a bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and then a bisection
+search so the first is the guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so the first is the guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so the first is the guess and
+check method okay you might have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check method okay you might have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check method okay you might have done
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+math uh in high school the guest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math uh in high school the guest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math uh in high school the guest and
+check method is is also sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check method is is also sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check method is is also sometimes called
+exhaustive in numeration and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive in numeration and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive in numeration and you'll see
+why so given a problem let's say find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so given a problem let's say find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so given a problem let's say find
+the cube root of a number let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube root of a number let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube root of a number let's say you
+can guess a starting value for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess a starting value for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess a starting value for a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the guess and check method works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guess and check method works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guess and check method works if
+you're able to check if your solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to check if your solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to check if your solution is
+correct so if your guess is originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if your guess is originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if your guess is originally
+zero you can say is Zer cubed equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can say is Zer cubed equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can say is Zer cubed equal to
+the cube the cube of whatever I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube the cube of whatever I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube the cube of whatever I'm trying
+to find the cube root of so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the cube root of so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the cube root of so if I'm
+trying to find the cube root of 8 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of 8 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of 8 is 0
+cubed equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed equal to
+8 no right so the solution is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 no right so the solution is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 no right so the solution is not
+correct if it's not correct guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if it's not correct guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if it's not correct guess
+another value do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another value do it
+systematically until you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically until you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically until you find the
+solution or you've guessed all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or you've guessed all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or you've guessed all of the
+values Poss in you know all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Poss in you know all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Poss in you know all of the
+possible values you've exhausted all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values you've exhausted all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values you've exhausted all of
+your search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your search
+space so here's very simple guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here's very simple guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so here's very simple guess and
+check code that finds the cube root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check code that finds the cube root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check code that finds the cube root of a
+number so I'm trying to find the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I'm trying to find the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I'm trying to find the cube
+root of eight so my cube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of eight so my cube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of eight so my cube is
+eight I'm going to have a for Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to have a for Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to have a for Loop that
+says I'm going to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to start from
+zero and I'm going to go all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm going to go all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm going to go all the way up
+to so I'm going to start from zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I'm going to start from zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I'm going to start from zero and
+go all the way up to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up to eight
+for every one of these numbers I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these numbers I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these numbers I'm going
+to say is my guest to the power of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is my guest to the power of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is my guest to the power of three
+equal to the Cube 8 and if it is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the Cube 8 and if it is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the Cube 8 and if it is I'm
+going to print out this this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print out this this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print out this this message
+okay pretty simple however this code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pretty simple however this code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pretty simple however this code is
+not very user friendly right if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very user friendly right if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very user friendly right if if the
+user wants to find the cube root of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user wants to find the cube root of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user wants to find the cube root of nine
+they're not going to get any output okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to get any output okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to get any output okay
+because we never print anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never print anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never print anything in the
+case of of the the the guess not being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of the the the guess not being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of of the the the guess not being a
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+Cube or the cube not being a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube or the cube not being a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube or the cube not being a perfect
+Cube okay so we can modify the code a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay so we can modify the code a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube okay so we can modify the code a
+little bit to add two extra features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to add two extra features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to add two extra features
+okay the first is we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first is we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first is we're going to be able
+to deal with negative cubes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with negative cubes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with negative cubes which is
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+cool and the second is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the second is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the second is we're going to
+tell the user if the cube is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the user if the cube is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the user if the cube is not a
+perfect Cube hey this cube is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Cube hey this cube is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Cube hey this cube is not a
+perfect Cube so we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Cube so we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Cube so we're not going to
+silently just fail because then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silently just fail because then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silently just fail because then the
+user has some sort of feedback on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has some sort of feedback on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user has some sort of feedback on their
+on their input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their input
+so let's step through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step through this
+code we have first of all a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we have first of all a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we have first of all a for Loop
+just like before and we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before and we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before and we're going to go
+through zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero
+to eight in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight in this
+case we're using the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using the absolute value
+because we might want to find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we might want to find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we might want to find the the
+cube root of of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of of negative
+numbers first thing we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers first thing we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers first thing we're doing
+is doing this check here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing this check here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing this check here instead of
+guessing if the C instead of uh guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing if the C instead of uh guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing if the C instead of uh guessing
+whether the guess to the power of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the guess to the power of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the guess to the power of three
+is equal to the cube we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the cube we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the cube we're going to
+check if it's greater or equal to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if it's greater or equal to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if it's greater or equal to and
+we're going to do that for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that for the following
+reason so if we're if we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so if we're if we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason so if we're if we're trying to
+find the cube root of eight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cube root of eight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cube root of eight for
+example versus a cube root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example versus a cube root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example versus a cube root of
+n this is eight and this is nine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is eight and this is nine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is eight and this is nine okay
+what is this code going to do it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this code going to do it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this code going to do it's going
+to first guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first guess
+zero 0 cubed is not greater or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0 cubed is not greater or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0 cubed is not greater or equal to
+8 1 cubed is not greater or equal to 8 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 1 cubed is not greater or equal to 8 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 1 cubed is not greater or equal to 8 2
+cubed is greater or equal to 8 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is greater or equal to 8 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is greater or equal to 8 so here
+once we've guessed two we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've guessed two we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've guessed two we're going to
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+because we found a number that works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we found a number that works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we found a number that works and
+there's no need to keep looking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to keep looking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need to keep looking right
+once we found the perfect the per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found the perfect the per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found the perfect the per the
+cubed root of this number eight there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed root of this number eight there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed root of this number eight there's
+no need to keep searching right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to keep searching right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to keep searching right the
+remainder 3 4 5 6 seven eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder 3 4 5 6 seven eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder 3 4 5 6 seven eight
+okay sort of the same idea when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sort of the same idea when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sort of the same idea when we're
+trying to find the cube root of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of nine
+we're going to start with 0o 0 to^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with 0o 0 to^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with 0o 0 to^
+3 is less than 9 1 to the^ 3 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is less than 9 1 to the^ 3 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is less than 9 1 to the^ 3 is less
+than 9 2 to the^ 3 is less than 9 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 9 2 to the^ 3 is less than 9 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 9 2 to the^ 3 is less than 9 when
+we get to 3 to the^ of three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to 3 to the^ of three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to 3 to the^ of three that's
+going to be greater than n so this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than n so this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than n so this code
+tells us once we've picked a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us once we've picked a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us once we've picked a number
+that's beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beyond the
+logical sort of cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical sort of cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical sort of cubes
+of the what's sorry once we've picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what's sorry once we've picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what's sorry once we've picked a
+number that's beyond the reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's beyond the reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's beyond the reasonable
+number of our cubed root of our cube the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of our cubed root of our cube the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of our cubed root of our cube the
+cube root of our Cube then we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of our Cube then we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube root of our Cube then we can we
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+stop because again it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because again it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because again it doesn't make sense
+to keep searching because if 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep searching because if 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep searching because if 3 to the
+power of three is already greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of three is already greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of three is already greater than
+nine four to the power of three is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine four to the power of three is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine four to the power of three is also
+going to be greater than nine and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than nine and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than nine and so on
+okay so once we break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once we break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once we break
+here we either have guess being two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we either have guess being two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we either have guess being two or
+guess being three depending on what Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess being three depending on what Cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess being three depending on what Cube
+we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find and if the guest to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and if the guest to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and if the guest to the power of
+three is not equal to the cube then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is not equal to the cube then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is not equal to the cube then
+obviously the cube was not a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the cube was not a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the cube was not a perfect
+Cube so that's this case here if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube so that's this case here if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube so that's this case here if we were
+looking at three at the cube root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three at the cube root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at three at the cube root of
+N and otherwise this part here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and otherwise this part here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and otherwise this part here just
+looks at whether we should make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at whether we should make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at whether we should make it a
+positive or um or a negative Cube okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or um or a negative Cube okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or um or a negative Cube okay
+so if our original Cube was less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our original Cube was less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if our original Cube was less than
+zero then obviously the cube root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then obviously the cube root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then obviously the cube root of a
+negative number is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number is going to be a
+negative number and otherwise it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number and otherwise it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number and otherwise it's just
+our guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the guess and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the guess and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the guess and check
+method slightly more feature program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method slightly more feature program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method slightly more feature program for
+guessing the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing the cube
+root but that only tells us the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but that only tells us the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but that only tells us the cube
+root of perfect cubes and doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of perfect cubes and doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of perfect cubes and doesn't really
+give us any anything else any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us any anything else any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us any anything else any more
+information so sometimes you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so sometimes you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so sometimes you might
+want to say well I don't care that nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say well I don't care that nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say well I don't care that nine
+is not a perfect Cube just give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a perfect Cube just give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a perfect Cube just give me a
+close enough answer okay so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough answer okay so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough answer okay so that's where
+approximate Solutions come in so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate Solutions come in so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate Solutions come in so this is
+where we're good we're okay with having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're good we're okay with having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're good we're okay with having
+a good enough solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good enough solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good enough solution
+okay so in order to do that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to do that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to do that we're going
+to start with a guess and then increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a guess and then increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a guess and then increment
+that guess by some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guess by some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guess by some small
+value okay start from zero and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay start from zero and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay start from zero and start
+incrementing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing by
+01 and just go upwards from there and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and just go upwards from there and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and just go upwards from there and at
+some point you might find uh a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you might find uh a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you might find uh a good
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+solution in this program we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this program we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this program we're going to
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+guessing as long as we're not close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing as long as we're not close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing as long as we're not close
+enough and close enough is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and close enough is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and close enough is going to be
+given by this Epsilon value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this Epsilon value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this Epsilon value in the
+program okay so as long as the guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so as long as the guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay so as long as the guest
+cubed minus the cube so how far away are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus the cube so how far away are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed minus the cube so how far away are
+we from the actual answer is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we from the actual answer is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we from the actual answer is greater
+than some Epsilon keep guessing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some Epsilon keep guessing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some Epsilon keep guessing right
+because the solution's not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution's not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution's not good enough
+but once this is less than Epsilon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once this is less than Epsilon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once this is less than Epsilon then
+we've reached a good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached a good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached a good enough
+solution so two things to note with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so two things to note with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so two things to note with
+approximate Solutions right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate Solutions right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate Solutions right so you can
+get more accurate answers if your step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more accurate answers if your step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more accurate answers if your step
+size is really really small if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is really really small if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is really really small if you're
+incrementing by 01 you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing by 01 you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing by 01 you're going to get a
+really good approximate solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good approximate solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good approximate solution but
+your program will be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program will be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program will be a lot
+slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+okay same sort of idea with Epsilon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same sort of idea with Epsilon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay same sort of idea with Epsilon you
+can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+Epsilon if you change Epsilon to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you change Epsilon to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you change Epsilon to be a
+bigger Epsilon right you're sacrificing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Epsilon right you're sacrificing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Epsilon right you're sacrificing
+accuracy but you're going to reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy but you're going to reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy but you're going to reach a
+solution a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster so here's the code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so here's the code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so here's the code for the
+approximate solution of a cube root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution of a cube root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution of a cube root
+might look intimidating but look almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look intimidating but look almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look intimidating but look almost
+half this code is just initializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this code is just initializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this code is just initializing
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're
+initializing this is the cube we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this is the cube we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this is the cube we want to
+find the cube root of we pick an Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cube root of we pick an Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cube root of we pick an Epsilon
+of this we start with a guess of zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we start with a guess of zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we start with a guess of zero we
+start with an increment of 01 and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an increment of 01 and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an increment of 01 and just
+for fun let's keep track of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun let's keep track of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun let's keep track of the number
+of guesses that it takes us to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guesses that it takes us to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guesses that it takes us to get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer this is similar to the guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is similar to the guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is similar to the guess and
+check from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before if or it's not so this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if or it's not so this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if or it's not so this part is
+similar to The Guessing check from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to The Guessing check from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to The Guessing check from
+before so if so we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so if so we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so if so we're going to take the
+guest to the power of 3 minus the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest to the power of 3 minus the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest to the power of 3 minus the cube
+right so that's how far away are we from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how far away are we from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how far away are we from
+the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+answer and we're going to say if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we're going to say if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we're going to say if that's
+not good enough so if we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough so if we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough so if we're still
+greater or equal to the Epsilon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to the Epsilon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to the Epsilon then
+keep guessing so we're going to be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep guessing so we're going to be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep guessing so we're going to be stuck
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+Loop where we keep guessing values until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop where we keep guessing values until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop where we keep guessing values until
+we've reached a guess that's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached a guess that's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached a guess that's good enough
+so until we're small we're less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until we're small we're less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until we're small we're less than
+Epsilon and the way we keep guessing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the way we keep guessing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the way we keep guessing is
+just with this line right here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this line right here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this line right here which
+says increment by guess by increment by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says increment by guess by increment by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says increment by guess by increment by
+guess by increment and increment being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess by increment and increment being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess by increment and increment being
+this really small value that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really small value that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really small value that make
+sense okay so I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so I'm going to keep
+incrementing my guess by that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing my guess by that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing my guess by that small
+value before I go on I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value before I go on I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value before I go on I'm going to run
+the code and we're going to discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and we're going to discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and we're going to discover a
+small issue with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so with 27 we're going to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with 27 we're going to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with 27 we're going to run it
+perfect it took me 300 guesses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it took me 300 guesses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect it took me 300 guesses but
+2999999 is close to the cube root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2999999 is close to the cube root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2999999 is close to the cube root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can find the cube root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can find the cube root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can find the cube root of this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+here and it took me 20,000 guesses but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it took me 20,000 guesses but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it took me 20,000 guesses but I
+figured out that 200 9999 so 201 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that 200 9999 so 201 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that 200 9999 so 201 is
+close to the cube root of of that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the cube root of of that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the cube root of of that large
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then I should have done this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should have done this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should have done this this is
+going to be a giveaway you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a giveaway you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a giveaway you guys
+sorry then we're going to have let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then we're going to have let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then we're going to have let's say
+I want to try cube of 10,000 so 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to try cube of 10,000 so 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to try cube of 10,000 so 10,000
+is not a perfect Cube so we can run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a perfect Cube so we can run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a perfect Cube so we can run the
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+and with 8120 601 I had already gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with 8120 601 I had already gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with 8120 601 I had already gotten
+an answer but with 10,000 I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer but with 10,000 I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer but with 10,000 I'm not
+getting an answer yet right so I'm I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an answer yet right so I'm I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an answer yet right so I'm I I'm
+thinking that there might be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there might be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there might be something
+wrong so I'm going to stop my code so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so I'm going to stop my code so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so I'm going to stop my code so I
+just hit contrl C because I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit contrl C because I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit contrl C because I feel like
+I've entered an infinite Loop and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've entered an infinite Loop and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've entered an infinite Loop and in
+fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I
+have so what ended up happening is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what ended up happening is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what ended up happening is this
+problem here so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code I'm going to start from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I'm going to start from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I'm going to start from zero
+and I'm going to increment right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to increment right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to increment right my
+guesses like that with every with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses like that with every with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses like that with every with every
+little increment I'm going to make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little increment I'm going to make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little increment I'm going to make a new
+guess I'm going to take that guess to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to take that guess to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to take that guess to
+the power of three I'm going to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of three I'm going to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of three I'm going to subtract
+the cube and I'm going to figure out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube and I'm going to figure out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube and I'm going to figure out if
+I'm less than Epsilon okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less than Epsilon okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm less than Epsilon okay this is the
+Epsilon that I want to be in okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon that I want to be in okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon that I want to be in okay this
+little bit here so with every new guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here so with every new guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here so with every new guess
+I might be maybe so this is where I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be maybe so this is where I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be maybe so this is where I want
+to be right within this little boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right within this little boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right within this little boundary
+here with every new guess I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with every new guess I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with every new guess I might be
+here with the next guess over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the next guess over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the next guess over here I
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+here when I make another guess I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I make another guess I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I make another guess I might
+be here so I'm getting close to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here so I'm getting close to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here so I'm getting close to being
+with an Epsilon but maybe with my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an Epsilon but maybe with my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an Epsilon but maybe with my next
+guess I'm going to hop over my Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to hop over my Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm going to hop over my Epsilon
+and have made too big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have made too big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have made too big of a
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+okay so just because of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just because of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just because of the way the
+numbers right the numbers were chosen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right the numbers were chosen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right the numbers were chosen in
+this example just to illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example just to illustrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example just to illustrate this
+using an increment of 01 with finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an increment of 01 with finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an increment of 01 with finding
+the cube of 10,000 and Epsilon of 0.1 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube of 10,000 and Epsilon of 0.1 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube of 10,000 and Epsilon of 0.1 it
+turns out that as I'm doing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that as I'm doing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that as I'm doing all these
+calculations I'm going to skip over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'm going to skip over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'm going to skip over this
+perfect bound this perfect sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bound this perfect sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bound this perfect sort of
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+um uh difference so first I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh difference so first I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh difference so first I'm going to
+be too too small and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too small and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too too small and then I'm going to
+be too large and once I've become too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too large and once I've become too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too large and once I've become too
+large or too far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or too far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or too far away from
+Epsilon the guesses I continue to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the guesses I continue to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the guesses I continue to make
+are just going to be even even farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to be even even farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to be even even farther
+away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+Epsilon and I'm not going to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and I'm not going to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and I'm not going to going to
+get to my answer and that's why I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to my answer and that's why I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to my answer and that's why I've
+reached an infinite Loop in this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an infinite Loop in this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached an infinite Loop in this code
+okay all I'm doing in this code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all I'm doing in this code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all I'm doing in this code is
+guessing whether is checking whether my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing whether is checking whether my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing whether is checking whether my
+guest Cube minus cube is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest Cube minus cube is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest Cube minus cube is less than
+Epsilon the only thing I need to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the only thing I need to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the only thing I need to do here
+is sort of add this little Clause here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of add this little Clause here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of add this little Clause here
+that says oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says oh by the
+way also check that I'm less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cube because this is just like we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube because this is just like we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube because this is just like we did in
+the very first program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first program
+when I'm taking I'm checking you know 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm taking I'm checking you know 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm taking I'm checking you know 0
+1 2 3 4 five 6 seven8 right when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 five 6 seven8 right when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 five 6 seven8 right when I'm
+trying to find the cube root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ah what cube root of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what cube root of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what cube root of eight
+right once I've reached eight I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I've reached eight I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I've reached eight I'm going
+to stop and it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I just added this little Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I just added this little Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I just added this little Clause
+that says well while I'm greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well while I'm greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well while I'm greater than
+equal to Epsilon and I'm still less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon and I'm still less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon and I'm still less than
+the actual Cube just keep searching but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Cube just keep searching but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual Cube just keep searching but
+once I've reached the cube then stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've reached the cube then stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I've reached the cube then stop
+searching and with 10,000 you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and with 10,000 you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and with 10,000 you can see
+that I failed to actually find so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I failed to actually find so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I failed to actually find so that's
+what I that's what this part here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that's what this part here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that's what this part here does
+it tells me that I've failed to find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that I've failed to find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that I've failed to find um
+the cube root with those particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube root with those particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube root with those particular
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay last thing we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last thing we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last thing we're going to look at
+is B section search and to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B section search and to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B section search and to illustrate
+this I'm going to need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to need one
+volunteer uh and you're you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer uh and you're you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer uh and you're you're going to
+play a game with me in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game with me in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game with me in front of the
+whole class and there will be a prize ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class and there will be a prize ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class and there will be a prize ah
+there go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there go the
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+um in the blue shirt right there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the blue shirt right there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the blue shirt right there all
+right cool so the prize is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool so the prize is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool so the prize is going to be
+once again this I promise I don't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this I promise I don't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this I promise I don't have I
+don't have millions of these Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have millions of these Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have millions of these Google
+Glasses I also don't work for Google I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasses I also don't work for Google I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasses I also don't work for Google I
+just happen to get a couple okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to get a couple okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to get a couple okay so the
+game is this I'm gonna ask I'm gonna ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is this I'm gonna ask I'm gonna ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is this I'm gonna ask I'm gonna ask
+you to pick a number a whole number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pick a number a whole number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pick a number a whole number
+between zero and 100 okay and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and 100 okay and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and 100 okay and I'm gonna
+try to guess it and you need to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to guess it and you need to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to guess it and you need to make it
+hard for me and you make it so hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me and you make it so hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me and you make it so hard for
+me that I cannot guess it within 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that I cannot guess it within 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that I cannot guess it within 10
+guesses okay and if you can do that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses okay and if you can do that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses okay and if you can do that if I
+cannot guess it within 10 guesses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot guess it within 10 guesses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot guess it within 10 guesses you
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+okay so and I'm going to draw out what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I'm going to draw out what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I'm going to draw out what I
+do as we go along okay so do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as we go along okay so do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as we go along okay so do you have
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+number yes okay perfect um let me erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yes okay perfect um let me erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number yes okay perfect um let me erase
+that actually I should kept that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I should kept that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I should kept that because
+I'll still use it okay there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll still use it okay there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll still use it okay there's the
+numbers 0 to 100 okay is your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 0 to 100 okay is your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 0 to 100 okay is your number
+50 okay 50 was my guess so I've made one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 okay 50 was my guess so I've made one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 okay 50 was my guess so I've made one
+guess uh is is your number higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh is is your number higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh is is your number higher or
+lower than 50 higher okay is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than 50 higher okay is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than 50 higher okay is your
+number my next guess is going to be 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number my next guess is going to be 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number my next guess is going to be 75
+and the guess and the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guess and the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guess and the reason I'm
+guessing 75 is because what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing 75 is because what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing 75 is because what's your name
+what's that Sophie Sophie said said 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Sophie Sophie said said 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Sophie Sophie said said 50
+was too low so I immediately know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too low so I immediately know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too low so I immediately know that
+it cannot be any less than 50 so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be any less than 50 so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be any less than 50 so I've
+already eliminated half of the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already eliminated half of the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already eliminated half of the numbers
+right so my next guess is 75 is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my next guess is 75 is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my next guess is 75 is your
+number 75 okay lower is your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 75 okay lower is your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 75 okay lower is your number
+lower or higher higher is your okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or higher higher is your okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or higher higher is your okay so
+I'm since it's higher I'm eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm since it's higher I'm eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm since it's higher I'm eliminating
+this half here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half here is your
+number between 75 and 100 oh boy you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 75 and 100 oh boy you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 75 and 100 oh boy you're
+putting me on the spot what's that 87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting me on the spot what's that 87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting me on the spot what's that 87
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+87 higher or lower lower lower okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 higher or lower lower lower okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87 higher or lower lower lower okay so
+since it's lower I'm elimin eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's lower I'm elimin eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's lower I'm elimin eliminating
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half is your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+81 higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower okay so she said lower so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay so she said lower so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay so she said lower so I'm
+eliminating that half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating that half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating that half
+um is your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your number
+78 boy that's really hard 78 okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 boy that's really hard 78 okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78 boy that's really hard 78 okay um
+higher or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your number
+76 yay all right perfect 76 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 yay all right perfect 76 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 yay all right perfect 76 was the
+number so how many guesses have I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so how many guesses have I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so how many guesses have I made
+one two three four five six I made six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six I made six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six I made six
+guesses so I did get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses so I did get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses so I did get it
+under under 10 but you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under 10 but you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under 10 but you know what the
+game was rigged so you get so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was rigged so you get so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was rigged so you get so you get
+the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prize
+anyway just because I break the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just because I break the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just because I break the game
+here you go thank you all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go thank you all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go thank you all right so
+notice in bisection search what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in bisection search what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in bisection search what I did
+was I eliminated half the search space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I eliminated half the search space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I eliminated half the search space
+right with every guess I said well she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with every guess I said well she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with every guess I said well she
+said it's higher or lower so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's higher or lower so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's higher or lower so I
+definitely cannot be in the other search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely cannot be in the other search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely cannot be in the other search
+space right if I was doing approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right if I was doing approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right if I was doing approximate
+solution or in this case guess and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or in this case guess and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or in this case guess and check
+I would be I would be asking um Sophie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be I would be asking um Sophie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be I would be asking um Sophie
+is your number zero 1 2 3 4 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your number zero 1 2 3 4 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your number zero 1 2 3 4 and so on
+right so with guess and check it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with guess and check it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with guess and check it would
+have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken
+me 76 guesses to get to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 76 guesses to get to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 76 guesses to get to the number
+whereas with with uh this bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with with uh this bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with with uh this bisection
+search that I just did it only took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that I just did it only took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that I just did it only took me
+six right Isn't that cool so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right Isn't that cool so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right Isn't that cool so that means
+that the larger the space actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the larger the space actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the larger the space actually is
+that I need to search the better it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to search the better it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to search the better it is
+to use bisection search this bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use bisection search this bisection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use bisection search this bisection
+search method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search method
+okay so that's basically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically what I'm
+illustrating here so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating here so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating here so we have our
+original search space we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original search space we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original search space we're going to
+choose a guest halfway eliminate half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a guest halfway eliminate half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a guest halfway eliminate half of
+the guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guest
+then we're going to choose look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to choose look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to choose look in the
+remaining interval eliminate half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining interval eliminate half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining interval eliminate half the
+guesses and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay so then this is the code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so then this is the code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so then this is the code for
+bisection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search also looks intimidating but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search also looks intimidating but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search also looks intimidating but it's
+not so bad so we're initializing a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad so we're initializing a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so bad so we're initializing a bunch
+of stuff up here most important couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff up here most important couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff up here most important couple
+things we're initializing are first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're initializing are first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're initializing are first of
+all this high and this low boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high and this low boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this high and this low boundaries
+Okay so with the guessing game the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so with the guessing game the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so with the guessing game the low
+boundary was zero and the high boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary was zero and the high boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary was zero and the high boundary
+was 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100
+right when we're looking at the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we're looking at the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we're looking at the cube
+root the low boundary is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root the low boundary is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root the low boundary is going to be
+zero right and the high boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and the high boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and the high boundary is
+going to be just my cube right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just my cube right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just my cube right because
+the cube because a guess to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube because a guess to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube because a guess to the power of
+three cannot be any greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cannot be any greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cannot be any greater than
+Cube and then just going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube and then just going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube and then just going to do the same
+procedure that I did the guessing game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that I did the guessing game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that I did the guessing game
+which is I'm going to make my guess be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to make my guess be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to make my guess be
+halfway in between so with this guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between so with this guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between so with this guessing
+game I had to sort of choose if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I had to sort of choose if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I had to sort of choose if if if
+there were three numbers if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were three numbers if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were three numbers if there were
+four numbers in between you know should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers in between you know should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four numbers in between you know should
+I go higher or lower but when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go higher or lower but when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go higher or lower but when we're
+doing bisection bisection search here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bisection bisection search here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing bisection bisection search here we
+don't care about that we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about that we're just going
+to do floating Point division because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do floating Point division because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do floating Point division because we
+want uh um we want decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh um we want decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh um we want decimal
+numbers okay so I have a low boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I have a low boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so I have a low boundary
+and a high boundary and I've figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high boundary and I've figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high boundary and I've figured out
+my halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point then I have this y Loop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then I have this y Loop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then I have this y Loop here
+y Loop is similar to the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Loop is similar to the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Loop is similar to the approximation
+method where as long as I'm not as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method where as long as I'm not as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method where as long as I'm not as long
+as I don't have a guess that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't have a guess that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I don't have a guess that's good
+enough so this depicted by this greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so this depicted by this greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so this depicted by this greater
+or equal to Epsilon as long as my guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Epsilon as long as my guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Epsilon as long as my guess
+is not good enough I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good enough I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good enough I'm going to keep
+guessing Okay that's what this y Loop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing Okay that's what this y Loop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing Okay that's what this y Loop is
+saying so if the guess to the^ 3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so if the guess to the^ 3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so if the guess to the^ 3 minus
+cube is not good enough keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is not good enough keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is not good enough keep
+guessing and the way I keep guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this part here says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part here says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part here says
+my guess was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess was too
+low so if my guess was too low set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so if my guess was too low set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so if my guess was too low set the
+low boundary to be the guess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low boundary to be the guess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low boundary to be the guess right
+because I don't care about all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't care about all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't care about all of the
+other numbers that are much lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers that are much lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers that are much lower than
+me so set the low to be the guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so set the low to be the guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so set the low to be the guess that's
+what that Line's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Line's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Line's
+doing and otherwise my guess was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and otherwise my guess was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and otherwise my guess was too
+high that's what this else is doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that's what this else is doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that's what this else is doing so
+set the high to be the guess because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the high to be the guess because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the high to be the guess because I
+don't care about numbers any higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about numbers any higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about numbers any higher than
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+guess okay once I have these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay once I have these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay once I have these new
+boundaries I make another guess again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries I make another guess again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries I make another guess again
+halfway in between the new boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between the new boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between the new boundary
+points okay so essentially I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so essentially I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so essentially I'm just
+having my interval with every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having my interval with every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having my interval with every single
+guess okay and that's what the while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay and that's what the while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay and that's what the while
+loop is doing and then I print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is doing and then I print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is doing and then I print
+out the remaining part so notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the remaining part so notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the remaining part so notice the
+search space right originally being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space right originally being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search space right originally being
+n we're having it with each guess so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we're having it with each guess so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we're having it with each guess so the
+first guess divides it by two second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess divides it by two second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess divides it by two second
+guess divides it by four and so on so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess divides it by four and so on so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess divides it by four and so on so by
+the time we get to the kith guess n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get to the kith guess n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get to the kith guess n /
+2K right the Ki guess let's say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K right the Ki guess let's say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K right the Ki guess let's say that's
+the actual answer we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual answer we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual answer we're interested in
+there's only one value in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one value in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one value in that little
+interval and that's the answer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that's the answer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that's the answer we
+want so 2 to the K is equal to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so 2 to the K is equal to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so 2 to the K is equal to n and
+then how many guesses did we make K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how many guesses did we make K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how many guesses did we make K is
+equal to log base 2 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log base 2 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log base 2 of n
+okay so when we were playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were playing the
+guessing game of 100 right my n was 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game of 100 right my n was 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game of 100 right my n was 100
+log base 2 of 100 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 100 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of 100 is
+six point something I think so in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six point something I think so in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six point something I think so in fact I
+could have said if I don't guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said if I don't guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said if I don't guess it
+within seven guesses um uh you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within seven guesses um uh you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within seven guesses um uh you would
+have won as well so that's why the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have won as well so that's why the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have won as well so that's why the game
+was riged right so the guess notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was riged right so the guess notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was riged right so the guess notice it
+converges on the order of log base n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges on the order of log base n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges on the order of log base n
+instead of just linearly in terms of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just linearly in terms of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just linearly in terms of n
+so that's why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's so
+powerful one last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one last thing I want to
+mention is the code I showed only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the code I showed only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the code I showed only works
+for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive
+cubes and that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes and that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubes and that's because of the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+so I have this 0 and one let's say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this 0 and one let's say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this 0 and one let's say I'm
+trying to find the cube root of 0.5 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of 0.5 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the cube root of 0.5 when
+I first set my initial boundaries my low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first set my initial boundaries my low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first set my initial boundaries my low
+is this one and my high is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one and my high is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one and my high is this one
+right but what's the cube root of 0.5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's the cube root of 0.5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's the cube root of 0.5 is
+it within this boundary or is it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within this boundary or is it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it within this boundary or is it outside
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+boundary I heard outside it's like seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I heard outside it's like seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I heard outside it's like seven
+something so it's out here so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's out here so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's out here so with this
+particular code I'm going to be having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular code I'm going to be having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular code I'm going to be having
+my interval in between those numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my interval in between those numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my interval in between those numbers but
+I'll never get to an answer because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never get to an answer because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never get to an answer because the
+actual cube root of 0.5 or numbers less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cube root of 0.5 or numbers less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cube root of 0.5 or numbers less
+than one is going to be outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one is going to be outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one is going to be outside that
+boundary so there's a small change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so there's a small change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so there's a small change you
+can make to the program which will fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make to the program which will fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make to the program which will fix
+that and that's in the code I didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's in the code I didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's in the code I didn't put
+it in but it's a very small change small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in but it's a very small change small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in but it's a very small change small
+if statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if statement
+so that's it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it all
+right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SX7B76R8eaQ.txt b/SX7B76R8eaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..302be531676d5f652d32baac1a5348ce1331a754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SX7B76R8eaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu number three on Reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu number three on Reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu number three on Reactor
+kinetics and control and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and control and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics and control and what we're
+going to try to accomplish today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to accomplish today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to accomplish today is
+essentially a review of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a review of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a review of the time
+dependent diffusion equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent diffusion equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent diffusion equation
+look at the impact of prompt and delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impact of prompt and delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impact of prompt and delayed
+neutrons because without delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons because without delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons because without delayed
+neutrons we'll have huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons we'll have huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons we'll have huge amount of
+difficulty controlling the reactor we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty controlling the reactor we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty controlling the reactor we're
+going to develop the point kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop the point kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop the point kinetics
+equation describe some definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describe some definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation describe some definitions of
+reactivity the inour equation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity the inour equation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity the inour equation which is a
+solution the point kinetics equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the point kinetics equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the point kinetics equation
+we'll talk about some feedback effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some feedback effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some feedback effects
+and ultimately reactor control and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reactor control and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately reactor control and how
+all these things interact to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things interact to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things interact to allow the
+reactor to operate in a stable mode but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to operate in a stable mode but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to operate in a stable mode but
+let me talk first about some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk first about some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk first about some key
+Concepts the time dependent diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the time dependent diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the time dependent diffusion
+equation what I'd like to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I'd like to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I'd like to do here is
+quickly go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go back to the
+original diffusion equation that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original diffusion equation that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original diffusion equation that we had
+developed in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the previous
+class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and
+um turn this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turn this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turn this off
+here so that it will link to you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that it will link to you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that it will link to you what we
+did you recall uh our first Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you recall uh our first Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you recall uh our first Neutron
+balance equation was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+production equals absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this was the neutron balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was the neutron balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was the neutron balance
+equation and if if this is equal we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if if this is equal we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if if this is equal we have
+a steady state solution unfortunately in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state solution unfortunately in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state solution unfortunately in
+time dependent world we have the a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent world we have the a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent world we have the a Time
+dependence which if you put a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence which if you put a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence which if you put a minus sign
+here and a minus sign here you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a minus sign here you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a minus sign here you will be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+get a measure of the neutron population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of the neutron population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of the neutron population
+as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time
+and this is in fact the equation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact the equation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact the equation that we
+need to solve and we understand relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve and we understand relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve and we understand relative
+to how the if production does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the if production does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the if production does not
+balance absorption and leakage we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance absorption and leakage we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance absorption and leakage we have a
+change in the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the neutron
+population so if we go back to our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so if we go back to our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so if we go back to our uh
+original diffusion equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original diffusion equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original diffusion equation the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+term was new Sigma F function of r time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term was new Sigma F function of r time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term was new Sigma F function of r time
+the flux at R minus the macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux at R minus the macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux at R minus the macroscopic
+absor abion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absor abion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absor abion
+cross-section again is a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section again is a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section again is a function of r
+and this is again what do we call one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again what do we call one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again what do we call one
+group minus and I'm going to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group minus and I'm going to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group minus and I'm going to simplify
+this and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we can
+develop this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wish the leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so if you go back and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if you go back and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if you go back and look at the
+one group diffusion Theory you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group diffusion Theory you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group diffusion Theory you'll see
+that this breaks down to a leakage term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this breaks down to a leakage term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this breaks down to a leakage term
+don't want to take the class time do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take the class time do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take the class time do
+this but trust me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but trust me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but trust me it
+works if you rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you rearrange this
+term and we write it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we write it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we write it in this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Sigma
+Fus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fus Sigma
+a Time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Time the
+flux I'll save the subscripts over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I'll save the subscripts over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux I'll save the subscripts over
+D equals d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D equals d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D equals d
+n DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is this term if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this term if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this term if you remember
+from your from the when we developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your from the when we developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your from the when we developed the
+S one group diffusion equation what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S one group diffusion equation what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S one group diffusion equation what is
+this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term
+called material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called material
+bu B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu B
+m²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m²
+and we can write this equation in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write this equation in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write this equation in a way
+that allows one to simplify it let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows one to simplify it let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows one to simplify it let me
+just throw it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw it over
+here uh in this way let me just set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in this way let me just set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh in this way let me just set it
+up here for you if we write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here for you if we write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here for you if we write the
+term like this Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s minus material buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus material buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus material buckling
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+squar um for I guess this is now for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar um for I guess this is now for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar um for I guess this is now for a
+critical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and this is where we develop this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we develop this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where we develop this term
+of material buckling as a ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material buckling as a ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material buckling as a ratio of the
+two of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the two
+fluxes so if we take and simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes so if we take and simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes so if we take and simplify this
+even further and we look at the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and we look at the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and we look at the rate of
+change 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change 1 /
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry these two terms are equal is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these two terms are equal is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these two terms are equal is that
+correct the flux divided by the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the flux divided by the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the flux divided by the velocity
+equals the neutron Neutron density so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the neutron Neutron density so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the neutron Neutron density so if
+we take and and work with this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take and and work with this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take and and work with this term
+again and and recall that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and and recall that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and and recall that K
+effective which is the criticality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective which is the criticality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective which is the criticality is
+equal to new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to new Sigma
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+over Sigma A + B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b² we can plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b² we can plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b² we can plug that into
+that equation there and we have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation there and we have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation there and we have defined
+in a sense the term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense the term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense the term of
+reactivity which if let me just go raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity which if let me just go raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity which if let me just go raise
+this up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit so if we go to this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so if we go to this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so if we go to this expression here
+and use that K effective term bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that K effective term bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that K effective term bringing
+it down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry and we Define reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the change in K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the change in K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the change in K Over
+K all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all
+right and that you can relate that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that you can relate that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that you can relate that to
+this term as a function of time we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term as a function of time we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term as a function of time we get
+to a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very simple
+expression relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression relative to
+the here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice where if we take the let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice where if we take the let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice where if we take the let me just
+draw write it up here again so we on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw write it up here again so we on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw write it up here again so we on the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+page um one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f5- Sigma a 5 - VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f5- Sigma a 5 - VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f5- Sigma a 5 - VB
+2 all right now if we rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right now if we rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right now if we rearrange
+and divide everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide everything
+by new new which is 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by new new which is 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by new new which is 1 /
+V new Sigma F just dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay equals I'm going to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay equals I'm going to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay equals I'm going to get to the
+reactivity equation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity equation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity equation in a
+moment this equal 1 - Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this equal 1 - Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this equal 1 - Sigma
+a 1- Sigma a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1- Sigma a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1- Sigma a plus
+d^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+5/ new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/ new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/ new Sigma
+F okay I'm trying to get us to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay I'm trying to get us to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay I'm trying to get us to an
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+here that can be reduced to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that can be reduced to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that can be reduced to the
+following terms 1 over V new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following terms 1 over V new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following terms 1 over V new Sigma
+f d over 5 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K -1 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so we've
+gotten the time dependent diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the time dependent diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the time dependent diffusion
+equation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactivity showing the change in K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity showing the change in K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity showing the change in K is a
+function of time and the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and the ratio of the
+fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is only good for prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is only good for prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is only good for prompt
+neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term
+here equals the reactivity term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row Delta K Over K which is K -1 K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Delta K Over K which is K -1 K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Delta K Over K which is K -1 K and
+we've got that here where this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that here where this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that here where this is now
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what people sometimes call the new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people sometimes call the new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people sometimes call the new Sigma
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+term it is really called a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it is really called a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it is really called a neutron
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-section and it is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and it is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and it is related
+to and I'm going to have to lift this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I'm going to have to lift this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I'm going to have to lift this up
+so people can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people can read it
+another term that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term that we want to
+Define which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define which is called
+lar which is 1 / V new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar which is 1 / V new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar which is 1 / V new Sigma
+F now lar is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now lar is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F now lar is basically the
+um a relationship relative to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a relationship relative to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a relationship relative to the the
+the neutron which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neutron mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and this is going to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is going to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is going to be important
+because depending upon this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depending upon this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depending upon this relationship
+now we're only talking about one groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're only talking about one groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're only talking about one groups
+again one group again is this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one group again is this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one group again is this will
+determine how fast the reactor responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how fast the reactor responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how fast the reactor responds
+to a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactivity and well we'll just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and well we'll just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and well we'll just leave it
+at that so when we take take this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so when we take take this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so when we take take this term
+here and plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation we plug it into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we plug it into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we plug it into this equation
+here or more importantly this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or more importantly this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or more importantly this equation
+here we get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get the following
+expression which is very useful in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is very useful in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is very useful in terms
+of trying to keep keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to keep keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to keep keep track of the
+change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the
+flux as a function of re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a function of re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a function of re
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+lar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar
+DT so we've taken this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so we've taken this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so we've taken this very
+complicated uh Neutron balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh Neutron balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh Neutron balance equation
+and related it to the reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related it to the reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and related it to the reactivity
+insertion as a function of mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion as a function of mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion as a function of mean
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+Ty does that make sense to you in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty does that make sense to you in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty does that make sense to you in terms
+of how we went from the basic production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we went from the basic production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we went from the basic production
+minus absorption minus leakage to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus absorption minus leakage to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus absorption minus leakage to create
+a reactivity term which gives us a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactivity term which gives us a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactivity term which gives us a ratio
+of the how the flux changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+now this solution here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this solution here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this solution here can be
+expressed as a function of time and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of time and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a function of time and as a
+function of the initial condition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the initial condition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the initial condition the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+flux in is an exponent e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in is an exponent e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in is an exponent e to the
+row T over L star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row T over L star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row T over L star
+so what you quickly are able to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you quickly are able to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you quickly are able to see is
+now this is for prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is for prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is for prompt
+neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons
+that the change in Neutron population as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in Neutron population as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in Neutron population as
+a function of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time is
+exponential and the lower the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the lower the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and the lower the mean
+Neutron generation time the faster the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron generation time the faster the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron generation time the faster the
+change in power or the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in power or the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in power or the change in
+flux so this becomes a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so this becomes a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so this becomes a very important
+equation in terms of understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of understanding how
+your reactor is going to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if if it was only for the prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if it was only for the prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if it was only for the prompt
+neutrons we would have a very very tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons we would have a very very tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons we would have a very very tough
+time controlling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time controlling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time controlling this
+reactor do you recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor do you recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor do you recall what
+the what this lar might be for a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reactor with only prompt for any reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor with only prompt for any reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor with only prompt for any reactor
+for PP for prompt Visions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PP for prompt Visions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PP for prompt Visions what is the
+neutron generation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron generation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron generation time
+here 10- 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds so things go pretty fast when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so things go pretty fast when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so things go pretty fast when
+you'd have to change when you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to change when you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to change when you you're
+only accounting for the fast neutrons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accounting for the fast neutrons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accounting for the fast neutrons or
+the prpt neutrons to uh to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prpt neutrons to uh to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prpt neutrons to uh to try to
+control this Reactor with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this Reactor with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this Reactor with this kind of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+scale and the generation time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and the generation time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and the generation time for
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+neutrons is on the order of 10 the -4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons is on the order of 10 the -4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons is on the order of 10 the -4
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation so we need to figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so we need to figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so we need to figure out a
+way for reactive control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for reactive control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for reactive control
+to deal with such a fast time concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with such a fast time concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with such a fast time concept
+the good news is not all the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is not all the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is not all the neutrons
+are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born
+fast and the fact that we have delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the fact that we have delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the fact that we have delayed
+neutrons which we'll talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons which we'll talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons which we'll talk about in a
+second allows us to have some ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second allows us to have some ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second allows us to have some ability to
+respond to very fast types of neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to very fast types of neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to very fast types of neutron
+Productions there's also another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions there's also another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions there's also another term
+that I like to describe it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like to describe it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like to describe it's called a
+period you will hear this mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you will hear this mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you will hear this mentioned a
+lot when we go to the MIT reactor we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when we go to the MIT reactor we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when we go to the MIT reactor we're
+going to try to start up or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to start up or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to start up or at least
+change the power and we'll be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the power and we'll be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the power and we'll be changing
+the power on a certain period and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power on a certain period and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power on a certain period and the
+period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is
+defined basically as the reverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined basically as the reverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined basically as the reverse of the
+gener the reverse of the um the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener the reverse of the um the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gener the reverse of the um the this
+exponential in the sense that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in the sense that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in the sense that it's the
+mean Neutron generation time divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Neutron generation time divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Neutron generation time divided by
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+the reactivity insertion so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactivity insertion so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactivity insertion so this is the
+essentially the time required to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the time required to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the time required to change
+the flux by a factor of e that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux by a factor of e that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux by a factor of e that's what
+the period is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period is about
+so in the prompt world we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the prompt world we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the prompt world we have a
+relatively straightforward event but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward event but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward event but it
+gets much more complicated because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much more complicated because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much more complicated because not
+all of the neutrons are are prompt so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the neutrons are are prompt so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the neutrons are are prompt so in
+the sense that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that we
+have the the time dependent diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the time dependent diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the time dependent diffusion
+equation and we also have the prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we also have the prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we also have the prop
+Neutron K effective described here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron K effective described here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron K effective described here by
+that term on the right we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term on the right we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term on the right we have the
+reactivity term which we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity term which we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity term which we've gone through
+mean Neutron generation time 10- 7 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Neutron generation time 10- 7 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Neutron generation time 10- 7 the
+reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+period and it's also a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's also a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it's also a measure of the
+time to increase the flux by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to increase the flux by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to increase the flux by a factor of
+e now the good news is that not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now the good news is that not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now the good news is that not all the
+the neutrons are prompt and 99% of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons are prompt and 99% of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons are prompt and 99% of them
+are and that's and releas the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that's and releas the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that's and releas the time of
+fion but we also have fision products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fion but we also have fision products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fion but we also have fision products
+which you recall we talked about I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you recall we talked about I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you recall we talked about I think
+in the first lecture where we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture where we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture where we needed to
+um account for how they would affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um account for how they would affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um account for how they would affect
+only the absorption world but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the absorption world but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the absorption world but there are
+precursors and as you can see here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors and as you can see here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors and as you can see here there
+are about 20 precursors that are formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 20 precursors that are formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 20 precursors that are formed
+basically for analysis purposes into six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for analysis purposes into six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for analysis purposes into six
+groups that have half lives that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that have half lives that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that have half lives that range
+from a quarter of a second to about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quarter of a second to about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a quarter of a second to about a
+minute these are the precursors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute these are the precursors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute these are the precursors that
+release the the additional neutrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the the additional neutrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the the additional neutrons to
+allow us to maintain criticality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to maintain criticality okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to maintain criticality okay
+and there's a delayed Neutron fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a delayed Neutron fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a delayed Neutron fraction
+which is each of these six group has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is each of these six group has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is each of these six group has a
+certain delayed Neutron fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain delayed Neutron fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain delayed Neutron fraction
+percentage from the precursor group I as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage from the precursor group I as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage from the precursor group I as
+a function of the number of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the number of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the number of neutrons
+that are produced so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced so that's what the
+beta is and in the next chart you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is and in the next chart you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is and in the next chart you'll see
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+betas and the betas basically are of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas and the betas basically are of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas and the betas basically are of the
+six groups it's a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six groups it's a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six groups it's a function of the
+halflife you can see some are 55 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife you can see some are 55 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife you can see some are 55 seconds
+to roughly a quarter of a second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roughly a quarter of a second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roughly a quarter of a second and the
+delay Neutron fraction which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay Neutron fraction which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay Neutron fraction which is the
+measure of of the total neutrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of of the total neutrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of of the total neutrons you
+you're expecting in in the criticality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expecting in in the criticality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expecting in in the criticality
+how what's the fraction that are delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what's the fraction that are delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what's the fraction that are delayed
+so on average roughly 65% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average roughly 65% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average roughly 65% of the
+neutrons are delayed which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are delayed which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are delayed which allows us to
+control the reactor and because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the reactor and because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the reactor and because of this
+half things are not as the 10us 7 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half things are not as the 10us 7 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half things are not as the 10us 7 would
+indicate relative to the potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate relative to the potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate relative to the potential for
+power escalation so this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power escalation so this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power escalation so this basically
+allows us to keep to keep some control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to keep to keep some control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to keep to keep some control
+over this reactor as we seek to uh seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this reactor as we seek to uh seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this reactor as we seek to uh seek
+to operate so when we look at went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate so when we look at went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate so when we look at went
+backwards when we look at the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards when we look at the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards when we look at the neutron
+balance we have a prompt Source now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance we have a prompt Source now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance we have a prompt Source now that
+prompt source is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt source is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt source is relatively
+straightforward if you just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you just think about
+how that would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a total
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+neutrons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vision that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+Sigma F right that's the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma F right that's the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma F right that's the total number of
+neutrons released per fish per fish now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons released per fish per fish now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons released per fish per fish now
+the prop Source would be what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calling
+beta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one
+lus those are own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus those are own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus those are own
+problems and for the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and for the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and for the delayed
+Source the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have
+six six precursor groups let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six precursor groups let's call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six precursor groups let's call them
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subi and they kind of come out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and they kind of come out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and they kind of come out as a
+function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of
+time each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each one of them
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+halflife Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halflife Lambda
+subi and we need to sum them over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and we need to sum them over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi and we need to sum them over all of
+the eyes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes from 1 to
+six that will tell us when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that will tell us when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that will tell us when this
+precursor decays with this half life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor decays with this half life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor decays with this half life I
+get one Neutron one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Neutron and the cool thing about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and the cool thing about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron and the cool thing about this is
+they don't come out all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't come out all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't come out all at
+once which gives us more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page if we then take and try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same Neutron balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation how would we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay now this is reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now this is reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now this is reactor
+physics 2205 I'm sure this is all review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics 2205 I'm sure this is all review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics 2205 I'm sure this is all review
+but if we start back with this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we start back with this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we start back with this equation
+here how would we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how would we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how would we take the
+neutron the number of neut neutrons as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron the number of neut neutrons as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron the number of neut neutrons as a
+function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can write that as one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write that as one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write that as one over the
+velocity time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as a function of
+time so we have the prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delayed source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the
+usual absorption and leakage right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual absorption and leakage right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual absorption and leakage right so
+the prompt source is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prompt source is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prompt source is nothing
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+term here the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here the delayed
+source is nothing but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is nothing but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is nothing but this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+here minus the usual Happy Family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the usual Happy Family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the usual Happy Family of
+absorption minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leakage you now have essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage you now have essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage you now have essentially the
+full Neutron dependent equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Neutron dependent equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Neutron dependent equation
+considering prompt plus delay neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering prompt plus delay neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering prompt plus delay neutrons
+minus leakage a minus absorption minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus leakage a minus absorption minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus leakage a minus absorption minus
+leakage that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage that's the
+balance now if we were to Simply say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance now if we were to Simply say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance now if we were to Simply say
+okay that's that's all we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's all we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's all we need to know
+we have we're very Rel ly happy so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we're very Rel ly happy so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we're very Rel ly happy so we've
+just written the time dependent Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written the time dependent Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written the time dependent Neutron
+equation now in order to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now in order to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now in order to solve this
+equation it requires some some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it requires some some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it requires some some more
+manipulations and let me see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and let me see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and let me see if I
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that just just as a reminder are we on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just just as a reminder are we on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just just as a reminder are we on
+are we on the same page this is stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we on the same page this is stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we on the same page this is stuff
+you've already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+Point kinetics equations basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point kinetics equations basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point kinetics equations basically take
+the equations that we just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and put them in terms of row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put them in terms of row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put them in terms of row and
+beta let me just describe what I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta let me just describe what I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta let me just describe what I'll just
+write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here as a function of time the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a function of time the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a function of time the neutron
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation row minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation row minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation row minus beta
+ided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided by
+lar number of neutrons is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar number of neutrons is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lar number of neutrons is a function of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+plus summation I = 1 to 6 of Lambda i c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus summation I = 1 to 6 of Lambda i c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus summation I = 1 to 6 of Lambda i c
+sub I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub I of
+T that is the number of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that is the number of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that is the number of neutrons
+produced simplifying or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced simplifying or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced simplifying or at least
+summarizing the equation that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the equation that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the equation that we just
+drew and and the two equations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew and and the two equations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew and and the two equations that we
+developed earlier and the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed earlier and the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed earlier and the concentration
+of the of the precursors as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the precursors as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the precursors as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Time beta sub i l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time beta sub i l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time beta sub i l
+star n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star n of
+T minus Lambda i c i of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus Lambda i c i of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus Lambda i c i of
+T and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is
+for I = 1 to 6 so we have six of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I = 1 to 6 so we have six of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I = 1 to 6 so we have six of these
+equations each one representing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations each one representing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations each one representing a
+different precursor Group which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different precursor Group which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different precursor Group which is a
+collection of the the 20 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of the the 20 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of the the 20 or so
+precursors that can be pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors that can be pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors that can be pretty much
+lumped by the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped by the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped by the Decay
+kons so again repeating this is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kons so again repeating this is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kons so again repeating this is the mean
+Neutron generation time the uh delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron generation time the uh delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron generation time the uh delay
+Neutron fraction number density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction number density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction number density of
+neutrons precursor concentration Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons precursor concentration Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons precursor concentration Decay
+time and the rest I think were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the rest I think were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the rest I think were pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+with now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with now these are
+called the point kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations now if you
+recall when we originally develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we originally develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we originally develop some
+of these Neutron diffusion equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Neutron diffusion equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Neutron diffusion equations we
+did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this in
+multi-groups for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-groups for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-groups for most
+applications even with reactors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications even with reactors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications even with reactors they
+really break it down to a single Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really break it down to a single Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really break it down to a single Energy
+Group Point kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even in more complicated computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in more complicated computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in more complicated computer
+codes it's this seems to be adequate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes it's this seems to be adequate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes it's this seems to be adequate for
+gross power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross power of
+predictions now to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions now to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions now to solve this
+equation and once again I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and once again I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and once again I'm not going to
+solve it the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the solution to this
+equation takes the form and is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation takes the form and is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation takes the form and is a
+function of t as is c as a function of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t as is c as a function of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of t as is c as a function of T
+is in the form of E to the Omega T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of E to the Omega T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the form of E to the Omega T and
+this is like inverse of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like inverse of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like inverse of the of the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+period so if you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so if you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so if you take these
+Solutions and you try to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and you try to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and you try to solve these
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+equations you will be able to collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you will be able to collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you will be able to collapse
+this into an equation that um is the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into an equation that um is the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into an equation that um is the in
+our equation and I'm me see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation and I'm me see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation and I'm me see if I can
+find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+here sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and the inour equation is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and the inour equation is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and the inour equation is really an
+equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+sorry I = 1 to 6 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I = 1 to 6 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I = 1 to 6 of
+Omega beta I Omega +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega beta I Omega +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega beta I Omega +
+lamb this is the hour equation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb this is the hour equation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb this is the hour equation that is
+the solution to these six equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to these six equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to these six equations and
+seven seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven
+equations and is used essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and is used essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and is used essentially to
+determine the reactivity insertion as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the reactivity insertion as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the reactivity insertion as a
+function of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the inverse
+period mean Neutron generation Lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period mean Neutron generation Lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period mean Neutron generation Lifetime
+and the a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a neutron
+fraction uh we could have gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction uh we could have gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction uh we could have gone through
+here moved to these things around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moved to these things around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here moved to these things around and
+solve this equation for reactivity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for reactivity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for reactivity but
+that's what the inour equation is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the inour equation is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the inour equation is is a
+solution to this with the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this with the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this with the assumption
+that the neutron population and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neutron population and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the neutron population and the
+precursor concentration as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor concentration as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor concentration as a function of
+time has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior so that gives you a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so that gives you a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so that gives you a fairly
+decent sense of how how we want to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent sense of how how we want to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent sense of how how we want to um to
+look at the reactor from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the reactor from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the reactor from the standpoint
+of of time dependent Behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of time dependent Behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of time dependent Behavior of the
+neutron population due to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron population due to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron population due to changes in
+reactivity now do you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity now do you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity now do you have any questions
+about that so far you're you're all good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so far you're you're all good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so far you're you're all good
+with that good now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that good now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that good now if
+we if we look at some of the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we look at some of the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we look at some of the delayed
+Neutron fractions from from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fractions from from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fractions from from various
+types of visionable nucleid this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of visionable nucleid this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of visionable nucleid this is
+uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium
+233 uh 235 you can see the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 uh 235 you can see the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 uh 235 you can see the delayed
+Neutron fraction is fairly high for 235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction is fairly high for 235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction is fairly high for 235
+been quite low for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite low for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quite low for
+233 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 and
+plutonium what this basically means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium what this basically means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium what this basically means is
+these are more like the the d235 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are more like the the d235 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are more like the the d235 is
+easier to control it's got a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to control it's got a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to control it's got a higher
+percentage of the L neutrons the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the L neutrons the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the L neutrons the fast
+reactors that use 239 and also 233 could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that use 239 and also 233 could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that use 239 and also 233 could
+it could be a thermal reactor as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a thermal reactor as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a thermal reactor as well
+but it's much more difficult to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much more difficult to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much more difficult to control
+things happen faster this effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen faster this effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen faster this effective
+delayed Neutron faction term is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed Neutron faction term is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed Neutron faction term is really
+because instead of prompt neutrons being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of prompt neutrons being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of prompt neutrons being
+born around 2 me the delayed neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born around 2 me the delayed neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born around 2 me the delayed neutrons
+are about half that energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about half that energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about half that energy so the
+effective effectiveness of this delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective effectiveness of this delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective effectiveness of this delayed
+Neutron fraction is somewhat increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction is somewhat increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron fraction is somewhat increased
+because you've already gone through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already gone through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already gone through some
+fertilization okay so that's that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization okay so that's that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization okay so that's that pretty
+much takes care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much takes care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much takes care
+of the development of the space at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the development of the space at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the development of the space at least
+the the space and time kinetics behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the space and time kinetics behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the space and time kinetics behavior
+of reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactor
+the next area that I think we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next area that I think we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next area that I think we'd like to
+look at a little bit is reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a little bit is reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a little bit is reactivity
+insertions now the reactor will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions now the reactor will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions now the reactor will follow
+the point kinetics equations and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point kinetics equations and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point kinetics equations and as I
+said even though it's a one group model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said even though it's a one group model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said even though it's a one group model
+the reactor generally Works quite fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor generally Works quite fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor generally Works quite fine
+because largely I think the me free path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because largely I think the me free path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because largely I think the me free path
+is large enough such that it operates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough such that it operates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough such that it operates as
+a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homogeneous
+system the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the the
+um we have several things that occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have several things that occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have several things that occur and
+and you might sort of guess that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of guess that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might sort of guess that they
+would there would be that would occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be that would occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be that would occur in
+this way there's a prompt jump why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's a prompt jump why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's a prompt jump why do
+you think there's a prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's a prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's a prompt
+jump what is what is a prompt jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be it's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's okay to
+speak really is okay a prompt jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak really is okay a prompt jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak really is okay a prompt jump
+and how would you explain a prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump let's suppose I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump let's suppose I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump let's suppose I made a
+change in reactivity what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in reactivity what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in reactivity what does that do
+where is my change in reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is my change in reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is my change in reactivity
+expression hopefully it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at this The Prompt Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this The Prompt Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this The Prompt Source
+this happens when a fion occurs you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when a fion occurs you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when a fion occurs you'll
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an
+instantaneous increase in the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous increase in the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous increase in the source of
+neutrons sometime later these will kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons sometime later these will kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons sometime later these will kick
+in but the prom Trump will typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occur quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly after you make your change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after you make your change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after you make your change in
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+and then as the delay neutrons start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the delay neutrons start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as the delay neutrons start
+kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking
+in it may levelize to go to some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it may levelize to go to some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it may levelize to go to some kind of
+an astoic period which is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astoic period which is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astoic period which is really a
+function of how quickly the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how quickly the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how quickly the delayed
+neutrons come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons come into
+play now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play now
+suppose suppose your your let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose your your let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose your your let me see
+suppose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose your
+reactivity was um was a high number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+astoic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoic
+period due to delay neutrons now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period due to delay neutrons now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period due to delay neutrons now suppose
+we we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we were able to
+say let me just do the next chart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let me just do the next chart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let me just do the next chart the
+reactor was prompt critical do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor was prompt critical do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor was prompt critical do you
+recall what that meant or means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what that meant or means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what that meant or means
+The Prompt neutrons were sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Prompt neutrons were sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Prompt neutrons were sufficient to
+um the promp neutrons from one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the promp neutrons from one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the promp neutrons from one cycle
+were more than the cycle from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more than the cycle from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more than the cycle from previous
+the previous cycle of neutrons so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous cycle of neutrons so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous cycle of neutrons so it
+would be your time would be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be your time would be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be your time would be almost
+immediate and R is roughly made yep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and R is roughly made yep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate and R is roughly made yep the
+reactivity from The Prompt jump is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity from The Prompt jump is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity from The Prompt jump is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Beta if it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta if it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta if it's less than
+beta you you you will have not a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta you you you will have not a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta you you you will have not a super
+critical if it's greater than beta you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if it's greater than beta you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical if it's greater than beta you
+will be super critical because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super critical because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super critical because there's a
+lot of activity from the prpt neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of activity from the prpt neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of activity from the prpt neutrons
+overwhelming the ability of the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming the ability of the delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming the ability of the delay
+neutrons to slow it down so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to slow it down so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to slow it down so we also
+have the period of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the period of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the period of a
+reactor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+this this part of the curve when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the curve when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the curve when you
+move a control rod you will get a prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a control rod you will get a prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a control rod you will get a prompt
+jump if you you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if you you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump if you you stop
+it the reactor will continue to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the reactor will continue to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the reactor will continue to increase
+as the delay neutrons are produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the delay neutrons are produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the delay neutrons are produced in
+terms of power so when you approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of power so when you approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of power so when you approach
+critical you slowly move the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you slowly move the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you slowly move the control
+rods out to a point where you can be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods out to a point where you can be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods out to a point where you can be on
+this period such that and if if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period such that and if if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period such that and if if this is
+sort of a measure of flux but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a measure of flux but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a measure of flux but it could
+also be power you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be power you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be power you can
+approach a certain power level that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a certain power level that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a certain power level that you
+want to be at by letting the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be at by letting the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be at by letting the delayed
+neutrons do your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons do your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons do your work
+as opposed to sort of guessing what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to sort of guessing what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to sort of guessing what this
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+do and you have to be very careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you have to be very careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you have to be very careful about
+how much Rod worth which is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Rod worth which is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much Rod worth which is the amount
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reactivity that is contained in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity that is contained in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity that is contained in any
+control rod or any control rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bank this is an example of what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank this is an example of what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank this is an example of what I was
+just speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speaking
+about if you look at let's take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you look at let's take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you look at let's take one
+that's relatively small. 1% Delta k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively small. 1% Delta k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively small. 1% Delta k over
+K and you can see the promp jum and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and you can see the promp jum and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and you can see the promp jum and it
+goes relatively small in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes relatively small in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes relatively small in terms of the
+astoic period the higher the reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoic period the higher the reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoic period the higher the reactivity
+the higher the period this is obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the period this is obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the period this is obviously
+where you have essentially exceeded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have essentially exceeded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have essentially exceeded the
+promp critical condition and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promp critical condition and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promp critical condition and there's the
+neutron lifetime 3 * 10- 5 seconds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron lifetime 3 * 10- 5 seconds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron lifetime 3 * 10- 5 seconds with
+a beta effective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta effective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta effective of
+007 and they measure reactivity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+007 and they measure reactivity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+007 and they measure reactivity in
+percent Delta K Over K which some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent Delta K Over K which some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent Delta K Over K which some people
+at the reactor like to do or in dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reactor like to do or in dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reactor like to do or in dollars
+which is uh the amount of that above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the amount of that above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the amount of that above
+beta so $1 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so $1 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so $1 is one
+Beta And if you also if you shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And if you also if you shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta And if you also if you shut down
+the reactor or choose to shut down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor or choose to shut down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor or choose to shut down on
+the reactor you also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor you also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor you also have a
+prompt drop or jump and it also follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt drop or jump and it also follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt drop or jump and it also follows
+an ASM totic period so the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ASM totic period so the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ASM totic period so the larger the
+reactivity insertion the quicker the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity insertion the quicker the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity insertion the quicker the
+power reduction but it doesn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reduction but it doesn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reduction but it doesn't stop
+because you're still producing delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still producing delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still producing delay
+neutrons over time so are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons over time so are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons over time so are there any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+on this part of the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part of the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part of the reactor
+kinetics that need explanation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics that need explanation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics that need explanation because
+it is again this is just a review but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is again this is just a review but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is again this is just a review but
+the key points are you can develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points are you can develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points are you can develop a
+Time dependent Point kinetics equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time dependent Point kinetics equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time dependent Point kinetics equation
+that's useful for a large reacor using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for a large reacor using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for a large reacor using
+single group you can solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single group you can solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single group you can solve those
+equations and predict reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and predict reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and predict reactor
+performance simply on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance simply on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance simply on the basis of
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change all right let me uh now move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let me uh now move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let me uh now move into
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+feedbacks while I erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks while I erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks while I erase this
+part in addition to the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in addition to the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in addition to the changes in
+Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron
+population based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population based on
+crosssections and neutron lifetimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections and neutron lifetimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssections and neutron lifetimes and
+again remember the macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember the macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remember the macroscopic
+cross-section is the key here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is the key here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is the key here because
+the macroscop top of cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscop top of cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscop top of cross-section
+homogenizes a lot of the material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenizes a lot of the material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenizes a lot of the material in the
+reactor some of which is absorbers some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor some of which is absorbers some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor some of which is absorbers some
+of which is fision fragments and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is fision fragments and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is fision fragments and they
+affect how this reactor will ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how this reactor will ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how this reactor will ultimately
+perform now we have temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform now we have temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform now we have temperature
+feedbacks these are reactivity effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks these are reactivity effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks these are reactivity effects
+determining how this reactor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining how this reactor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining how this reactor will
+respond to various changes the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to various changes the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to various changes the fuel
+temperature the fuel temperature has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the fuel temperature has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the fuel temperature has a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+components obviously as the fuel gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components obviously as the fuel gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components obviously as the fuel gets
+hotter the density of the fuel goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter the density of the fuel goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter the density of the fuel goes down
+and what would you expect relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would you expect relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would you expect relative to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactivity it should go down it less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity it should go down it less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity it should go down it less
+fuel macroscopic I mean the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel macroscopic I mean the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel macroscopic I mean the density of
+the N number goes down per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N number goes down per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N number goes down per
+CC you also have this Doppler effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CC you also have this Doppler effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CC you also have this Doppler effect and
+that's obviously broadening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously broadening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously broadening of
+resonances and and let me I'll I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and and let me I'll I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances and and let me I'll I'll come
+back to that I don't know if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that I don't know if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that I don't know if I have a
+chart on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart on
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+let me go let me just jump to that chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go let me just jump to that chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go let me just jump to that chart
+the dotler broadening and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotler broadening and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotler broadening and this is
+typically important for uranium 238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically important for uranium 238
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically important for uranium 238
+remember uranium 238 is roughly 96% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uranium 238 is roughly 96% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uranium 238 is roughly 96% of
+all the uranium in the core so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uranium in the core so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uranium in the core so and
+remember we had that U that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had that U that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had that U that discussion
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+resonances in in the sort of mid energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances in in the sort of mid energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances in in the sort of mid energy
+range where we went needed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where we went needed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where we went needed to get the
+neutron that was born at high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron that was born at high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron that was born at high energy
+down to thermal energy and they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to thermal energy and they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to thermal energy and they had to
+go over the the U 38 resonance so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the the U 38 resonance so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the the U 38 resonance so if you
+raise the temperature you broaden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the temperature you broaden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the temperature you broaden the
+absorption cross-section to to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section to to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section to to a point
+where the likelihood of a neutron being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the likelihood of a neutron being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the likelihood of a neutron being
+captured in U in u238 increases which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in U in u238 increases which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in U in u238 increases which is
+a negative reactivity effect because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative reactivity effect because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative reactivity effect because you
+reduce the population of neutrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the population of neutrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the population of neutrons that
+are thermalized so Doppler broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thermalized so Doppler broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thermalized so Doppler broadening
+broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening
+and and the um thermal expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the um thermal expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the um thermal expansion of the
+fuel are NE effects now when does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel are NE effects now when does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel are NE effects now when does
+Doppler broadening not help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you not help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not help
+you when the reactor cools down instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the reactor cools down instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the reactor cools down instead
+of you know shutting the reactor down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know shutting the reactor down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know shutting the reactor down as
+both the thermal expansion and the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the thermal expansion and the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the thermal expansion and the fuel
+and the Doppler broadening basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Doppler broadening basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Doppler broadening basically say
+okay I'm adding reactivity to the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm adding reactivity to the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm adding reactivity to the core
+so if I have control rods that need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have control rods that need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have control rods that need to
+shut the reactor down I've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the reactor down I've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut the reactor down I've got to be
+able to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compensate for
+these fuel temperature coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fuel temperature coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fuel temperature coefficients that
+that if the temperature goes up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the temperature goes up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the temperature goes up it's
+good but if the temperature goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if the temperature goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if the temperature goes down
+it's not good because it'll be harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not good because it'll be harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not good because it'll be harder to
+shut down so when I have the scram rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down so when I have the scram rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down so when I have the scram rods
+in I got to make sure I cover the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I got to make sure I cover the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I got to make sure I cover the fuel
+temperature expansion and and as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature expansion and and as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature expansion and and as you'll
+see in the text the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the text the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the text the additional
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity
+Associated that you need to have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated that you need to have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated that you need to have in the
+fuel when you go from hot zero power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel when you go from hot zero power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel when you go from hot zero power
+cold to full power hot is needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold to full power hot is needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold to full power hot is needed in
+terms of the enrichment to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the enrichment to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the enrichment to allow for
+this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative
+feedback of fuel temperature to occur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback of fuel temperature to occur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback of fuel temperature to occur so
+you have to you have to add excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to add excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to add excess
+reactivity defined by those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity defined by those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity defined by those equations
+that we drew the other day we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we drew the other day we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we drew the other day we also have
+moderator coolant moderator temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator coolant moderator temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator coolant moderator temperature
+coefficients and coolant temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and coolant temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and coolant temperature
+coefficients and these are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and these are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and these are basically
+related to the density of the moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the density of the moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the density of the moderator
+now what would you think would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would you think would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would you think would happen if
+the moderator d it went down in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures re you're losing reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures re you're losing reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures re you're losing reactivity
+because you're essentially negating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're essentially negating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're essentially negating the
+effect of scattering you're avoiding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of scattering you're avoiding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of scattering you're avoiding the
+core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+now that's a good thing but again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good thing but again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good thing but again the
+reverse is true suppose you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is true suppose you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse is true suppose you have an
+accident like a steamline brake where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident like a steamline brake where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident like a steamline brake where
+you lose the ability to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the ability to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose the ability to to
+um you lose the ability to remove heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you lose the ability to remove heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you lose the ability to remove heat
+the temperature goes up but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up but you're
+adding cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water now you're adding cold water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now you're adding cold water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now you're adding cold water
+because it's not going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not going through the
+condenser but you're adding like cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser but you're adding like cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser but you're adding like cold
+water you're in fact increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you're in fact increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you're in fact increasing
+reactivity so in a steamline breake you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity so in a steamline breake you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity so in a steamline breake you
+could be adding positive reactivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be adding positive reactivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be adding positive reactivity to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+core fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core fuel
+motion um in fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um in fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um in fast
+reactors the rods can bow and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the rods can bow and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors the rods can bow and that's
+included as a as a good feature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included as a as a good feature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included as a as a good feature because
+it reduces again the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces again the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces again the overall
+concentration of uranium in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uranium in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of uranium in the core
+fuel Bo for fast reactors fuel Bo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel Bo for fast reactors fuel Bo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel Bo for fast reactors fuel Bo and
+light waterer reactors is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waterer reactors is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waterer reactors is not really
+that good because it would be we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good because it would be we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good because it would be we used to
+have control rods we used to have fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control rods we used to have fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control rods we used to have fuel
+assemblies that were preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies that were preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies that were preferentially
+irradiated creating Bo so in in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated creating Bo so in in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated creating Bo so in in places
+where you needed to put a control rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you needed to put a control rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you needed to put a control rod
+through through the fuel assembly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the fuel assembly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the fuel assembly that
+was not necessary easy to do so we from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not necessary easy to do so we from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not necessary easy to do so we from
+time to time we have to rotate the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time we have to rotate the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time we have to rotate the fuel
+pins fuel assemblies to make sure an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins fuel assemblies to make sure an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins fuel assemblies to make sure an
+equal equal burn up equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal equal burn up equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal equal burn up equal the
+radiation and then we also have the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then we also have the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then we also have the sum
+total of all these coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of all these coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of all these coefficients for
+different reactor end up being the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactor end up being the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactor end up being the power
+coefficient so you add all these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so you add all these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so you add all these effects
+and when you combine them all as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you combine them all as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you combine them all as a
+function of temperature you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature you have the
+overall power coefficient some reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall power coefficient some reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall power coefficient some reactors
+have have you know negative fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you know negative fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you know negative fuel
+temperature coefficients but positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature coefficients but positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature coefficients but positive
+moderator temperature coefficients when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator temperature coefficients when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator temperature coefficients when
+you in fact add them all together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in fact add them all together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in fact add them all together you
+will then be able to say the net power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be able to say the net power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be able to say the net power
+coefficient is negative even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is negative even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is negative even though you
+may have elements of moderator or void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have elements of moderator or void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have elements of moderator or void
+where you in fact can have positive most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you in fact can have positive most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you in fact can have positive most
+designers try to make all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers try to make all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers try to make all of these
+negative but it's not always possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's not always possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but it's not always possible
+especially in fast reactors where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in fast reactors where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in fast reactors where this
+void coefficient is listed because as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void coefficient is listed because as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void coefficient is listed because as as
+you void a fast reactor you in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you void a fast reactor you in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you void a fast reactor you in fact
+Harden the Spectrum and you in fact make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harden the Spectrum and you in fact make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harden the Spectrum and you in fact make
+it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more
+reactive so it's it's it's a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so it's it's it's a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so it's it's it's a complicated
+process but the bottom line is they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but the bottom line is they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but the bottom line is they all
+interact in a in an integrated way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in a in an integrated way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in a in an integrated way to
+determine whether or not you're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not you're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not you're adding
+reactivity or um essentially removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity or um essentially removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity or um essentially removing
+it now here's the sort of the big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now here's the sort of the big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now here's the sort of the big big
+picture and how all this stuff fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and how all this stuff fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and how all this stuff fits
+together if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you take
+a a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh a
+particular uh reaction or removal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh reaction or removal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh reaction or removal and
+that's shown on this slide right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown on this slide right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown on this slide right
+here a lot of things happen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lot of things happen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lot of things happen in this
+core the first thing there's a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core the first thing there's a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core the first thing there's a kinetic
+response which we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which we just talked about
+dependent upon mean Neutron lifetime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon mean Neutron lifetime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon mean Neutron lifetime uh
+delayed Neutron fraction half lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed Neutron fraction half lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed Neutron fraction half lives and
+so forth and that will give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and that will give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and that will give you an
+instant power response that will do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant power response that will do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant power response that will do a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+things it will raise the power or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it will raise the power or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it will raise the power or lower
+the power which then does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power which then does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power which then does
+what raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what raises the
+temperature neutrons react faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature neutrons react faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature neutrons react faster than
+physical parameter changes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameter changes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameter changes such as
+temperature but you will see a prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but you will see a prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but you will see a prompt
+change in val which after a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in val which after a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in val which after a period of
+time will create more heat which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will create more heat which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will create more heat which will
+then create some of these feedbacks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create some of these feedbacks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create some of these feedbacks now
+these feedbacks again temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these feedbacks again temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these feedbacks again temperature
+moderator uh change in density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator uh change in density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator uh change in density or
+dimensions and then that feedback let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then that feedback let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then that feedback let's
+just say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say it's
+negative will then go back at some later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will then go back at some later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will then go back at some later
+point in time to affect the reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time to affect the reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time to affect the reactivity
+the net reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net reactivity
+insertion so what you need to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so what you need to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so what you need to consider
+and understand when you make a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand when you make a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand when you make a power
+change it's just not reactivity alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's just not reactivity alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's just not reactivity alone is
+going to determine the future of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine the future of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine the future of this
+particular reactive but it's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reactive but it's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reactive but it's this whole
+feedback loop which in itself is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop which in itself is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop which in itself is time
+dependent you can solve these things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you can solve these things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you can solve these things on
+a on a systems code where you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a systems code where you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a systems code where you get the
+kinetic response and then you you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic response and then you you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic response and then you you bring
+in the feedback effects and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the feedback effects and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the feedback effects and then you'll
+be able to track what the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to track what the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to track what the neutron
+population is as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is as a function of time
+which people do in detailed analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people do in detailed analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people do in detailed analysis of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+systems we're not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're not going to do that
+because right now we do not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we do not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we do not have the
+codes do it what I like to do though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes do it what I like to do though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes do it what I like to do though is
+is is kind of go through a quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of go through a quick example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of go through a quick example
+and this just happens to be for a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just happens to be for a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just happens to be for a gas
+reactor and it shows some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and it shows some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and it shows some of the
+counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive
+behavior and this example basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this example basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this example basically is
+Peach Bottom where they decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peach Bottom where they decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peach Bottom where they decrease the
+helium Inlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium Inlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium Inlet
+temperature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by
+68° and we'll then just follow what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° and we'll then just follow what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68° and we'll then just follow what
+happens the event is let's decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the event is let's decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the event is let's decrease the
+core Inlet temperature one would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Inlet temperature one would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Inlet temperature one would think
+more cooling everything would be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cooling everything would be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cooling everything would be happy
+that's not the way it works what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way it works what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the way it works what happens
+basically is the power as the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the power as the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the power as the percentage
+full power it goes up to roughly 112%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full power it goes up to roughly 112%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full power it goes up to roughly 112%
+power quickly neutrons act faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power quickly neutrons act faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power quickly neutrons act faster than
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+transfer we see that the power goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we see that the power goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we see that the power goes up
+and of course initially the colder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course initially the colder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course initially the colder
+coolant keeps the fuel temperature down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant keeps the fuel temperature down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant keeps the fuel temperature down
+but then as the power goes up the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as the power goes up the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as the power goes up the fuel
+temperature goes back up there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes back up there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes back up there is a
+delay and as the fuel temperature goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and as the fuel temperature goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and as the fuel temperature goes
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+the power in other words this reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power in other words this reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power in other words this reactivity
+would stabilize to a point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stabilize to a point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stabilize to a point where the
+Doppler would sort of come in and kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler would sort of come in and kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler would sort of come in and kick
+in and say okay that's way too high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say okay that's way too high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say okay that's way too high and
+I'm going to try to stabilize it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to stabilize it at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to stabilize it at this
+new power level the moderator obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new power level the moderator obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new power level the moderator obviously
+cools down adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down adding
+reactivity and then as it heats up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and then as it heats up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity and then as it heats up again
+it sort of stabilizes in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of stabilizes in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of stabilizes in terms of the
+feedback effect and the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback effect and the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback effect and the temperature of
+the stabilizes so the new configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stabilizes so the new configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stabilizes so the new configuration
+of a reactor with a coolant decrease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reactor with a coolant decrease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reactor with a coolant decrease is
+a higher power level go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher power level go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher power level go
+figure right so we're now operating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure right so we're now operating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure right so we're now operating in
+this case at 112% Power we've decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case at 112% Power we've decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case at 112% Power we've decreased
+the coolant temperature and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant temperature and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant temperature and we've got
+hotter Fuel and we've got roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter Fuel and we've got roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter Fuel and we've got roughly
+interestingly enough a slow slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough a slow slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough a slow slightly
+lower moderated temperature which you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower moderated temperature which you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower moderated temperature which you'd
+expect but the fuel temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but the fuel temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect but the fuel temperature is
+somewhat hotter and the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat hotter and the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat hotter and the power is
+somewhat larger and the outlet helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger and the outlet helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat larger and the outlet helium
+temperature is uh somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is uh somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is uh somewhat
+large not intuitively obvious and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large not intuitively obvious and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large not intuitively obvious and people
+use the feedback effects to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the feedback effects to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the feedback effects to control
+reactors like in a Boiling Water Reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like in a Boiling Water Reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like in a Boiling Water Reactor
+you increase the temperature the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature the reactor
+wants to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to shut
+down in this case you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this case you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this case you increase the
+temperature and the reactor also wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the reactor also wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the reactor also wants
+to shut down good thing that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shut down good thing that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shut down good thing that's a that's
+a positive but when you decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive but when you decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive but when you decrease the
+temperature you have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you have a different
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result any questions on that so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result any questions on that so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result any questions on that so when you
+start thinking about feedbacks you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about feedbacks you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about feedbacks you need
+you need to be able to put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to put it all
+together it's not just a simple well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's not just a simple well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's not just a simple well the
+Doppler coefficient is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler coefficient is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler coefficient is negative
+therefore everything's all right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore everything's all right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore everything's all right not
+clear okay because it's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay because it's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay because it's a combination of
+all these phenomena and that's why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these phenomena and that's why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these phenomena and that's why that
+was such a good example now so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such a good example now so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such a good example now so for
+reactive control you have these inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive control you have these inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive control you have these inherent
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+mechanisms um and the fast ones are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms um and the fast ones are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms um and the fast ones are the
+fuel the slow ones are the moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the slow ones are the moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel the slow ones are the moderator
+because obviously you things need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you things need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously you things need to
+heat up before you can have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up before you can have a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up before you can have a reaction
+you also have control rods that are uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have control rods that are uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have control rods that are uh a
+feedback method but clearly they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback method but clearly they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback method but clearly they cannot
+act as fast as the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as fast as the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as fast as the fast
+neutrons which is why you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons which is why you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons which is why you need to have
+Rod worth Rod worth is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod worth Rod worth is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod worth Rod worth is basically a
+measure of the reactivity contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the reactivity contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the reactivity contained in a
+single Rod or in a bank of rods you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Rod or in a bank of rods you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Rod or in a bank of rods you do
+not want to have a rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to have a rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to have a rod
+such that a single Rod if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a single Rod if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that a single Rod if it's
+ejected creates a reactivity exursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected creates a reactivity exursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected creates a reactivity exursion
+okay you want to be able to show and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to be able to show and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to be able to show and
+that's what we'll get to the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll get to the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll get to the safety
+analysis section that the rods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis section that the rods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis section that the rods are
+limited by work such that if a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by work such that if a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by work such that if a single
+Rod is ejected you don't fail a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod is ejected you don't fail a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod is ejected you don't fail a lot of
+fuel obviously it's a local phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel obviously it's a local phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel obviously it's a local phenomenon
+but and the fuel design criteria is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the fuel design criteria is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the fuel design criteria is such
+that if you do fail fuel it is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do fail fuel it is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do fail fuel it is within
+certain limit there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain limit there's a certain
+instantaneous huge injection of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous huge injection of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous huge injection of energy
+in a local fuel pin which could rupture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local fuel pin which could rupture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local fuel pin which could rupture
+the fuel clad if you move this Rod too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel clad if you move this Rod too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel clad if you move this Rod too
+fast and or you eject it so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and or you eject it so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and or you eject it so you have
+limits on the the speed at which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on the the speed at which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on the the speed at which these
+rods can be physically withdrawn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods can be physically withdrawn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods can be physically withdrawn that
+will obviously affect your reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obviously affect your reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obviously affect your reactivity
+insertion rate which affects your period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion rate which affects your period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion rate which affects your period
+and you want to keep your period in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep your period in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep your period in a
+level where it doesn't go exponential on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where it doesn't go exponential on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where it doesn't go exponential on
+and you want to also limit the the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to also limit the the rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to also limit the the rod
+worth such that if you eject one rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth such that if you eject one rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth such that if you eject one rod
+which is one of the design basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the design basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the design basis
+accidents it doesn't create significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents it doesn't create significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents it doesn't create significant
+fuel fil in terms of energy deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel fil in terms of energy deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel fil in terms of energy deposition
+the other control mechanism is soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other control mechanism is soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other control mechanism is soluble
+Boron and obviously that is a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and obviously that is a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and obviously that is a slow
+process you're not going to add a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're not going to add a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're not going to add a lot of
+boron into the reactor quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron into the reactor quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron into the reactor quickly because
+it's just hard to do it's it's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just hard to do it's it's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just hard to do it's it's contained
+in the coolant now let's talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coolant now let's talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coolant now let's talk about this
+Sol Boron and its effect on moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol Boron and its effect on moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol Boron and its effect on moderator
+temperature coefficient what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature coefficient what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature coefficient what would you
+guess would happen if we raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would happen if we raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would happen if we raise the
+temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of
+a say a pressurized water reactor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say a pressurized water reactor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say a pressurized water reactor and we
+began to lose density in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to lose density in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to lose density in the
+coolant just give me the phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant just give me the phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant just give me the phenomenon that
+occur a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur a couple
+occur first thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur first thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur first thing that happens
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scatter have less scattering water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter have less scattering water okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter have less scattering water okay
+which is a negative effect right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a negative effect right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a negative effect right right
+you also have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absortion
+so depends on whether or not they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depends on whether or not they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so depends on whether or not they cancel
+each other out exact so in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out exact so in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out exact so in a real
+reactor they limit the amount of boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they limit the amount of boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they limit the amount of boron
+you can have in the B because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have in the B because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have in the B because of that
+balance between how much you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between how much you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between how much you you are
+thinning out the density compared to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning out the density compared to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning out the density compared to how
+much you're reducing the scatter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're reducing the scatter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're reducing the scatter so
+there are there are actually reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are actually reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are actually reactor
+physics issues that determine how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics issues that determine how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics issues that determine how this
+reactor operates and is designed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor operates and is designed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor operates and is designed which
+sometimes forgotten so we we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes forgotten so we we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes forgotten so we we need to be
+very aware now in a Boiling Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aware now in a Boiling Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aware now in a Boiling Water
+Reactor we don't have soluble Boron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor we don't have soluble Boron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor we don't have soluble Boron and
+we don't have to worry about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry about that as
+much but we do have voiding questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but we do have voiding questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but we do have voiding questions
+and the good news about in a boiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news about in a boiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good news about in a boiler
+reactor if you use lose moderator you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor if you use lose moderator you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor if you use lose moderator you in
+fact do decrease the power but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact do decrease the power but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact do decrease the power but in the
+pwr it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear um let me just sort of summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um let me just sort of summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um let me just sort of summarize
+by giving you a homework assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving you a homework assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving you a homework assignment and
+U it's NE chapter 5 which problems 146
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's NE chapter 5 which problems 146
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's NE chapter 5 which problems 146
+and9 and also re chapter six which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and9 and also re chapter six which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and9 and also re chapter six which is on
+depletion effects uh for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion effects uh for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion effects uh for the next
+class and um I guess now we're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and um I guess now we're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and um I guess now we're a little
+early but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early but that's
+okay um any general questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um any general questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um any general questions about what
+we've done so far in reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far in reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far in reactive
+physics okay we started with visions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics okay we started with visions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics okay we started with visions we
+developed the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the diffusion
+equations we understood the basis of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we understood the basis of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we understood the basis of uh
+absorption Neutron balance we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Neutron balance we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Neutron balance we developed
+the the U time dependent diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the U time dependent diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the U time dependent diffusion
+equation we looked at the multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we looked at the multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we looked at the multi
+multi-group diffusion equations we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-group diffusion equations we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-group diffusion equations we we
+now begin to understand how the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now begin to understand how the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now begin to understand how the reactor
+is beginning to take shape and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beginning to take shape and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beginning to take shape and it's and
+it's beginning to take shape because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beginning to take shape because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beginning to take shape because of
+the materials that we put into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials that we put into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials that we put into this
+reactor the reactor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor the reactor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor the reactor has
+when when we start looking at it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we start looking at it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we start looking at it I don't
+know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you
+recall but as we looked at the hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall but as we looked at the hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall but as we looked at the hexagonal
+array of the of the fuel elements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of the of the fuel elements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of the of the fuel elements you
+had a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assembly that had a whole bunch of pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly that had a whole bunch of pins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly that had a whole bunch of pins
+and inside those pins were this Fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside those pins were this Fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside those pins were this Fuel and
+we know that there's coolant flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there's coolant flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there's coolant flowing
+through through the assembly getting hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the assembly getting hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the assembly getting hot
+and the core physics of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the core physics of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the core physics of this is
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+the dist distribution enrichment level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dist distribution enrichment level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dist distribution enrichment level
+of all these pins all the materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these pins all the materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these pins all the materials in
+this reactive for Section such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reactive for Section such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reactive for Section such that we
+can develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a
+macroscopic cross-sections for vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic cross-sections for vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic cross-sections for vision
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption
+scattering and we also know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produce a lot of fion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of fion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of fion
+products that alter the composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that alter the composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that alter the composition of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+core so the reactive physics person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so the reactive physics person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so the reactive physics person has
+to with modeling exactly the type we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with modeling exactly the type we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with modeling exactly the type we did
+in multigroup equations the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multigroup equations the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multigroup equations the time
+dependent behavior of the core based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent behavior of the core based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent behavior of the core based on
+the position of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the control
+rods the amount of soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods the amount of soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods the amount of soluble
+Boron the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron the degree of
+enrichment and or burnable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment and or burnable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment and or burnable
+poison in the core such that the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison in the core such that the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison in the core such that the reactor
+can operate for 18 to 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate for 18 to 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate for 18 to 24
+months and we recall that after that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and we recall that after that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and we recall that after that was
+over we're not going to throw away this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we're not going to throw away this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we're not going to throw away this
+core we're going to take about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core we're going to take about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core we're going to take about a third
+of this core and take it out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this core and take it out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this core and take it out because
+it's been in the reactor for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in the reactor for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in the reactor for three
+cycles and we're going to take what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and we're going to take what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and we're going to take what we
+Now understand to be left which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now understand to be left which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now understand to be left which means we
+will be monitoring the physical Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be monitoring the physical Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be monitoring the physical Behavior
+based on power based on flux of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on power based on flux of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on power based on flux of every
+fuel assembly quote unquote and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel assembly quote unquote and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel assembly quote unquote and say well
+what I want to rearrange this with fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuel once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel once
+burn and then twice burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and then twice burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn and then twice burn
+fuel I want to bring this reactor back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel I want to bring this reactor back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel I want to bring this reactor back
+with a fuel configuration and the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fuel configuration and the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fuel configuration and the fuel
+rearrangement which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement which we'll talk about
+next time that will allow the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that will allow the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that will allow the reactor
+not only to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to be
+critical but also run for another 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but also run for another 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical but also run for another 18
+months so I've got to know fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so I've got to know fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months so I've got to know fairly
+accurately what has gone on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately what has gone on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately what has gone on in this
+reactor as a function of time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor as a function of time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor as a function of time which is
+obviously going to be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously going to be determined by the
+power level I operate if I have to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level I operate if I have to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level I operate if I have to shut
+down for a maintenance outage or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a maintenance outage or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a maintenance outage or if I
+have to put Rea I have to run a 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put Rea I have to run a 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put Rea I have to run a 50%
+power for some regulatory reason or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for some regulatory reason or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for some regulatory reason or I
+have to move control rods to uh to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move control rods to uh to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move control rods to uh to keep
+the reactor you know critical in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor you know critical in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor you know critical in a sense
+that uh in a Boiling Water Reactor since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in a Boiling Water Reactor since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in a Boiling Water Reactor since
+we don't have burnable poison we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have burnable poison we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have burnable poison we have to
+run the the reactor rotted and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the the reactor rotted and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the the reactor rotted and in the
+rotted condition every month they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotted condition every month they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotted condition every month they have
+to change Rod patterns so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change Rod patterns so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change Rod patterns so they'll
+they'll monitor the the neutron and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll monitor the the neutron and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll monitor the the neutron and and
+and the basically core behavior and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically core behavior and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically core behavior and then
+they'll know whether this area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know whether this area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know whether this area is
+depleted or not then when they put rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted or not then when they put rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted or not then when they put rods
+in different locations they'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different locations they'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different locations they'll have to
+reconfigure and recalculate all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure and recalculate all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure and recalculate all of that
+stuff so it's it's complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so it's it's complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so it's it's complicated but
+that's what reactive physics people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what reactive physics people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what reactive physics people do
+because this is all hugely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is all hugely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is all hugely important
+because when we get to the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we get to the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we get to the safety
+analysis we have to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we have to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we have to understand the
+condition of this core and the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of this core and the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of this core and the limiting
+condition of the score for the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the score for the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of the score for the analysis
+and that's how it all comes together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how it all comes together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how it all comes together and
+as we finish the depletion part we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we finish the depletion part we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we finish the depletion part we'll
+then get into some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get into some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get into some of the more
+interesting safety aspects of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting safety aspects of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting safety aspects of this so
+any questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or
+comments you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you're
+good then I'm good thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TDqx8Zv1rRo.txt b/TDqx8Zv1rRo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b063c317e9b659f86192d9a0d326295421309460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TDqx8Zv1rRo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2232 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional material from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last time we
+talked about the zeroth law,
+
+which is the common-sense law,
+which says that if you take a
+
+hot object next to a cold
+object, heat will flow from
+
+the hot to the cold in a way
+that is well defined, and it
+
+allows you to define
+temperature.
+
+It allows you to define the
+concept of a thermometer.
+
+You have three objects, one of
+them could be a thermometer.
+
+You have two of them separated
+at a distance.
+
+You take the third one, and you
+go from one to the other,
+
+and you see whether heat flows,
+when you touch one
+
+object, the middle object,
+between those two objects.
+
+Let me talk to you about
+temperature scales.
+
+We talked about the
+Celsius scale then
+
+the Fahrenheit scale.
+
+The late 1800's were a booming
+time for temperature scales.
+
+People didn't really realize
+how important it was to
+
+properly define the reference
+points: Fahrenheit's
+
+warm-blooded or 96 degrees,
+and Romer's 7.5 degrees.
+
+Romer because he didn't want
+to go below zero degrees
+
+measuring temperature
+outside in Denmark
+
+Those are kind of silly.
+
+But they're the legacy that
+we have today, and
+
+that's what we use.
+
+In science, we use somewhat
+better temperature scales.
+
+And the temperature scale that
+turns out to be well-defined
+
+and ends up giving us the
+concept of an absolute zero is
+
+the ideal gas thermometer.
+
+So, let's talk about that
+briefly today first.
+
+The ideal gas thermometer.
+
+It's based on Boyle's law.
+
+Boyle's law was an empirical law
+that Mr. Boyle discovered
+
+by doing lots of experiments,
+and Boyle's law says that the
+
+limit of the quantity pressure
+times the molar volume, so
+
+this quantity here, pressure
+times the molar volume, as you
+
+let pressure go to zero.
+
+So, you do this measurement, you
+measure with the gas, you
+
+measure the pressure and
+the molar volume.
+
+Then you change the pressure
+again, and you measure the
+
+pressure in the volume, and
+you multiply these two
+
+together, and you keep doing
+this experiment, getting the
+
+pressure smaller and smaller,
+you find that this limit turns
+
+out to be a constant,
+independent of the gas.
+
+It doesn't care where
+the gas is.
+
+You always get to the
+same constant.
+
+And that constant turns out
+to be a function of the
+
+temperature.
+
+The only function it is -- it
+doesn't care where the gas is.
+
+It only cares where the
+temperature is.
+
+All right, so now we have the
+makings of a good thermometer
+
+and a good temperature scale.
+
+We have a substance.
+
+The substance could
+be any gas.
+
+That's pretty straightforward.
+
+So now we have a substance,
+which is
+
+a gas, with a property.
+
+So now the volume of mercury,
+or the color of something
+
+which changes with temperature,
+or the
+
+resistivity.
+
+In this case here, our property
+is the value of the
+
+pressure times the volume,
+times the molar volume.
+
+That's the property.
+
+The property is the limit as p
+goes to zero of pressure times
+
+molar volume.
+
+It's a number.
+
+Measure it.
+
+It's a number.
+
+It's going to come out.
+
+That's the property that's going
+to give us the change in
+
+temperature.
+
+Then we need some reference
+points.
+
+And Celsius first used the
+boiling point of water, and
+
+called that 100 degrees Celsius,
+and the freezing
+
+point of water and called that
+zero degrees Celsius.
+
+And then we need an
+interpolation scale.
+
+How to go from one reference
+point to the
+
+other with this property.
+
+This property, which we're
+going to call f(t).
+
+There are many ways you can
+connect those two dots.
+
+If I draw a graph, and on one
+axis I have this temperature.
+
+The idea of temperature with two
+reference points, zero for
+
+the freezing point of water,
+100 degrees for the boiling
+
+point of water.
+
+And on the y-axis I've got
+the property f(t).
+
+It has some value
+
+corresponding to t equals zero.
+
+So let's get some value
+right here.
+
+There's another value connected
+to this property
+
+here, when t is equal to 100,
+a reference point here.
+
+Now there many ways
+I can connect
+
+these two points together.
+
+The simplest way is to
+draw a straight line.
+
+It's called the linear
+interpolation.
+
+My line is not so straight,
+right here.
+
+You could do a different
+kind of line.
+
+You could do a quadratic,
+let's say.
+
+Something like this.
+
+That would be perfectly
+fine interpolation.
+
+All right, we choose to have
+a linear interpolation.
+
+That's a choice, and that choice
+turns out to be very
+
+interesting and really
+important, because if you
+
+connect these two points
+together, you get a straight
+
+line that has to intercept
+the x-axis at some point.
+
+Now what does it mean to
+intercept the x-axis here?
+
+It means that the value
+of f(t) for this
+
+temperature is zero.
+
+That means that at this point
+right here, f(t)=0.
+
+That means the pressure times
+the volume equals
+
+zero, for that gas.
+
+And if you're below this
+temperature here, this
+
+quantity, p times v it
+would be negative.
+
+Is that possible?
+
+Can we have p v negative?
+
+Yes?
+
+No, it can't be.
+
+Negative pressure doesn't
+make any sense, right?
+
+Negative volume doesn't
+make any sense.
+
+That means that this part
+here, can't happen.
+
+That means that this temperature
+right here is the
+
+absolute lowest temperature you
+can go to that physically
+
+makes any sense.
+
+That's the absolute zero.
+
+So the concept of an absolute
+zero, a temperature below
+
+which you just can't go, that's
+directly out of the
+
+scheme here, this linear
+interpolation scheme with
+
+these two reference points.
+
+If I had taken as my
+interpolation scheme, my white
+
+curve here, I could go to
+infinity and have the
+
+equivalent of absolute
+zero being at
+
+infinity, minus infinity.
+
+So, this temperature, this
+absolute zero here, which is
+
+absolute zero on the
+Kelvin scale.
+
+The lowest possible temperature
+in the Celsius
+
+scale is minus 273.15
+degrees Celsius.
+
+So that begs the notion of
+re-referencing our reference
+
+point, of changing our
+reference points.
+
+To change a reference point
+from this point here being
+
+zero, instead of this point
+here being zero.
+
+And so redefining then the
+temperature scale to the
+
+Kelvin scale, where t in degrees
+Kelvin is equal to t
+
+in degree Celsius,
+plus 273.15.
+
+And then you would get
+the Kelvin scale.
+
+All right, it turned out that
+this thermometer here wasn't
+
+quite perfect either.
+
+Just like Fahrenheit measuring
+96 degrees being a
+
+warm-blooded, healthy
+man, right,
+
+that's not very accurate.
+
+Our temperature probably
+fluctuates during the day a
+
+little bit anyways, it's
+not very accurate.
+
+And similarly, the boiling
+point, defining that at a 100
+
+degrees Celsius, well that
+depends on the pressure.
+
+It depends whether you're in
+Denver or you're in Boston.
+
+Water boils at different
+temperatures, depending on
+
+what the atmospheric pressure
+is; same thing for the
+
+freezing point.
+
+So that means, then, you've
+got to define the pressure
+
+pretty well.
+
+You've got to know where
+the pressure is.
+
+It would be much better if you
+had a reference point that
+
+didn't care where the
+pressure was.
+
+Just like our substance doesn't
+care where the gas is.
+
+It's kind of universal.
+
+And so now, instead of using
+these reference points for the
+
+Kelvin scale, we use the
+absolute zero, which isn't
+
+going to care what
+the pressure is.
+
+It's the lowest number
+you can go to.
+
+And our other reference point
+is the triple point of water
+
+-- reference points become zero
+Kelvin, absolute zero,
+
+and the triple point.
+
+The triple point of water is
+going to be defined as 273.16
+
+degrees Kelvin.
+
+And the triple point of water
+is that temperature and
+
+pressure -- there's a unique
+temperature and pressure where
+
+water exists in equilibrium
+between the liquid phase, the
+
+vapor phase, and the
+solid phase.
+
+So the triple point is liquid,
+solid, gas, all in
+
+equilibrium.
+
+Now you may think, well
+I've seen that before.
+
+You take a glass of ice
+water and set it down.
+
+There's the water phase, there's
+the ice cube is the
+
+solid phase, and there's
+some water, gas, vapor,
+
+and that's one bar.
+
+Where am I going wrong here?
+
+The partial pressure of the
+water, of gaseous water, above
+
+that equilibrium of ice
+and water is not one
+
+bar, it's much less.
+
+So the partial pressure or the
+pressure by which you have
+
+this triple point, happens
+to be 6.1 times 10
+
+to the minus 3 bar.
+
+There's hardly any vapor
+pressure above
+
+your ice water glass.
+
+So this unique temperature and
+unique pressure defines a
+
+triple point everywhere,
+and that's a
+
+great reference point.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Great.
+
+So now we have this ideal gas
+thermometer, and out of this
+
+ideal gas thermometer, also
+comes out the ideal gas law.
+
+Because we can take our
+interpolation here, our linear
+
+interpolation, the slope
+of this line.
+
+Let's draw it in degrees
+Kelvin, instead
+
+of in degrees Celsius.
+
+So we have now temperature
+in degrees Kelvin.
+
+We have the quantity
+f(t) here.
+
+We have an interpolation scheme
+between zero and 273.16
+
+with two values for this
+quantity, and we have a linear
+
+interpolation that defines our
+temperature scale, our Kelvin
+
+temperature scale.
+
+And so the slope of this thing
+is f(t) at the triple point,
+
+which is this point here, this
+is the temperature of the
+
+triple point of water,
+divided by 273.16.
+
+That's the slope of that line.
+
+The quantity here, which is
+f (t of the triple point),
+
+divided by the value
+of the x-axis here.
+
+So that's the slope, and the
+intercept is zero, so the
+
+function f(t), you just
+multiply by t here.
+
+This is the slope. f(t)
+is just the limit.
+
+As p goes to zero of
+p times v bar.
+
+And so now we have this
+quantity, p times v bar, and
+
+the limit of p goes to zero is
+equal to a constant times the
+
+temperature.
+
+That's a universal statement.
+
+It's true of every gas.
+
+I didn't say this is only true
+of hydrogen or nitrogen, This
+
+is any gas because I'm taking
+this limit p equals to zero.
+
+Now this constant is
+just a constant.
+
+I'm going to call it r.
+
+I'm going to call it r.
+
+It's going to be the gas
+constant, and now I have r
+
+times t is equal to the limit,
+p goes to zero of p r.
+
+It's true for any gas, and if I
+remove this limit here, r t
+
+is equal to p v bar, I'm going
+to call that an ideal gas.
+
+See, this is the property
+of an ideal gas.
+
+What does it mean, ideal gas?
+
+It means that the molecules or
+the atoms and the gas don't
+
+know about each other.
+
+They effectively
+have no volume.
+
+They have no interactions
+with each other.
+
+They occupy the same
+volume in space.
+
+They don't care that there
+are other atoms
+
+and molecules around.
+
+So that's basically what
+you do when you
+
+take p goes to zero.
+
+You make the volume infinitely
+large, the density of the gas
+
+infinitely small.
+
+The atoms or molecules in the
+gas don't know that there are
+
+other atoms and molecules in the
+gas, and then you end up
+
+with this universal property.
+
+All right, so gases that have
+this universal property, even
+
+when the pressure is not zero,
+those are the ideal gases.
+
+And for the sake of this class,
+we're going to consider
+
+most gases to be ideal gases.
+
+Questions?
+
+So now, this equation here
+relates three state functions
+
+together: the pressure, the
+volume, and the temperature.
+
+Now, if you remember, we said
+that if you had a substance,
+
+if you knew the number of moles
+and two properties, you
+
+knew everything about the gas.
+
+Which means that you can
+re-write this in the form,
+
+volume, for instance, is equal
+to the function of n, p, t..
+
+In this case, V = (nRT)/P. Have
+two quantities and the
+
+number of moles gives you
+another property.
+
+You don't need to
+know the volume.
+
+All you need to know is the
+pressure and temperature and
+
+the number of moles
+to get the volume.
+
+This is called an equation
+of state.
+
+It relate state properties
+to each other.
+
+In this case it relates the
+volume to the pressure and the
+
+temperature.
+
+Now, if you're an engineer, and
+you use the ideal gas law
+
+to design a chemical plant or
+a boiler or an electrical
+
+plant, you know, a steam plant,
+you're going to be in
+
+big trouble.
+
+Your plant is going to blow up,
+because the ideal gas law
+
+works only in very small range
+of pressures and temperatures
+
+for most gases.
+
+So, we have other equations
+of states for real gases.
+
+This is an equation of state
+for an ideal gases.
+
+For real gases, there's a whole
+bunch of equation the
+
+states that you can find in
+textbooks, and I'm just going
+
+to go through a few of them.
+
+The first one uses something
+called a
+
+compressibility factor, z.
+
+Compressibility factor, z.
+
+And instead of writing PV = RT,
+which would be the ideal
+
+gas law, we put a fudge
+factor in there.
+
+And the fudge factor
+is called z.
+
+Now we can put real instead of
+ideal for our volume. z is the
+
+compressibility factor, and z is
+the ratio of the volume of
+
+the real gas divided
+by what it would be
+
+were it an ideal gas.
+
+So, if z is less than 1, then
+the real gas is more compact
+
+then the ideal gas.
+
+It's a smaller volume.
+
+If z is greater than 1, then
+the real gas means that the
+
+atoms and molecules in the real
+gas are repelling each
+
+other and wants to have
+a bigger volume.
+
+And you can find these
+
+compressibility factors in tables.
+
+If you want to know the
+compressibility factors for
+
+water, for steam, at a certain
+pressure and temperature, you
+
+go to a table and you find it.
+
+So that's one example of a
+real equation of state.
+
+Not a very useful one for our
+purposes in this class here.
+
+Another one is the
+virial expansion.
+
+It's a little bit more useful.
+
+What you do is you take that
+fudge factor, and you expand
+
+it out into a Taylor series.
+
+So, we have the p v real
+over r t is equal to z.
+
+Now, we're going to take z and
+say all right, under most
+
+conditions, it's pretty close to
+1, when it's an ideal gas.
+
+And then we have to add
+corrections to that, and the
+
+corrections are going to
+be more important, the
+
+larger the volume is.
+
+Remember, it's the limit of p
+times v goes to zero, so if
+
+you have a large volume with a
+large pressure, then you're
+
+out of the ideal gas regime.
+
+So let's take Taylor series in
+one over the volume, it's
+
+going to be one over the volume
+squared, etcetera.
+
+And these factors on top, which
+are going to depend on
+
+the temperature, are the virial
+coefficients, and those
+
+depend on the substance.
+
+So you have this p B(t) here.
+
+This is called a second
+virial coefficient.
+
+And then, so you can get,
+you can actually find a
+
+graph of this B(t).
+
+It's going to look something
+like this.
+
+It's the function of
+temperature, as B(t).
+
+There's going to be some
+temperature where B(t) is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+In that case, your gas is
+going to look awfully
+
+like an ideal gas.
+
+Above some temperature is going
+to be positive, below
+
+some temperature is going
+to be negative.
+
+Generally, we ignore the
+high order terms here.
+
+So again, if you do a
+calculation where you're close
+
+enough to the ideal gas, and
+you need to design your, if
+
+you have an engineer designing
+something that's got a bunch
+
+of gases around, this is
+a useful thing to use.
+
+Now, the most interesting one
+for our class, the equation of
+
+state that's the most
+interesting, is the Van der
+
+Waals equation of state,
+developed by Mr. Van
+
+der Waals in 1873.
+
+And the beauty of that equation
+of state is that it
+
+only relies on two parameters.
+
+So let's build it up.
+
+Let's see where it comes from.
+
+Let me just first write it
+down, the Van der Waals
+
+equation of state. p plus a over
+v bar squared times v bar
+
+minus b equals r t.
+
+All right, if you take a equal
+to zero, these are the two
+
+parameters, a and b.
+
+If you take those two equal
+to zero, you have p v
+
+is equal to r t.
+
+That's the ideal gas law.
+
+Let's build this up.
+
+Let's see where this comes from,
+where these parameters a
+
+and b comes from.
+
+So, the first thing we're going
+to do is we're going to
+
+take our gas in our box,
+let's build a box
+
+full of gases here.
+
+We've got a bunch of gas
+molecules or atoms.
+
+OK, there's the volume
+of a box here.
+
+While these gas molecules
+or atoms through first
+
+approximation, are like
+hard spheres.
+
+They occupy a certain volume.
+
+Each atom or molecule occupies
+a particular volume.
+
+And so, we can call b is the
+volume per mole of the hard
+
+spheres, volume per mole that is
+the little sphere that the
+
+molecules are.
+
+So that the volume that is
+available to any one of those
+
+spheres is actually smaller than
+v. Because you've got all
+
+these other little spheres
+around, so the actual volume
+
+seen by any one of those spheres
+is smaller than v. So
+
+when we take our ideal gas law,
+p v bar is equal to r t
+
+we have to replace v bar by the
+actual volume available to
+
+this hard sphere.
+
+So instead of v bar, we write
+p v bar minus b, equal r t.
+
+OK, that's the hard sphere
+volume of the spheres.
+
+Now, those molecules or atoms
+that are in here, also feel
+
+each other.
+
+There are a whole bunch of
+forces that you learn in
+
+5.112, 5.111 like with Van
+der Waals' attractions
+
+and things like this.
+
+So there are attractive forces,
+or repulsive forces
+
+that these molecules feel, and
+that's going to change the
+
+pressure that the
+molecules feel.
+
+For instance, if I have,
+what is pressure?
+
+Pressure is when you have one
+of these hard spheres
+
+colliding against the wall.
+
+There's the hard sphere.
+
+It wants to collide against the
+wall to create a force on
+
+the wall, and I have a couple
+of the hard spheres that are
+
+nearby, right, and in the
+absence of any interactions, I
+
+get a certain pressure.
+
+This thing would but careen
+into the wall, kaboom!
+
+You'd have this little force,
+but in the presence of these
+
+interactions, you've got these
+other molecules here that are
+
+watching this, you know, their
+partner sort of wants to do
+
+damage to themselves, like
+hitting that wall,
+
+and they say, no!
+
+Come back, come back, right?
+
+There is an attractive force.
+
+There are no other molecules
+on that side of the wall.
+
+So there's an attractive force
+that makes the velocity within
+
+not quite as fast.
+
+The force is not quite as strong
+as it was without this
+
+attractive force.
+
+So the real pressure is not
+quite the same because of this
+
+attractive force as it was,
+as it would be without the
+
+attractive forces.
+
+The pressure is a little bit
+less in this case here.
+
+So instead of this p here.
+
+Now if I re-write this equation
+here as p is equal to
+
+r t divided by v bar minus
+b, just re-writing this
+
+equation as it is.
+
+So the pressure is going to
+depend on how strong this
+
+attractive force is.
+
+So the pressure is going to be
+less if there's a strong
+
+attractive force.
+
+And the 1 over v squared is a
+statistical, is basically a
+
+probability of having another
+molecule, a second molecule in
+
+the volume of space.
+
+So, if the molar volume is
+small, then one over v bar is
+
+large, there's a large
+probability of having two
+
+spheres together in
+the same volume.
+
+If the molar volume is large,
+that means that there's a lot
+
+of room for the molecules, and
+they're now going to be close
+
+to each other, and
+so this isn't
+
+going to be as important.
+
+So, a is the strength of the
+interaction, v bar is how
+
+likely they are to be
+close to each other.
+
+And that's going to
+affect the actual
+
+pressure seen by the gas.
+
+And a is greater than zero when
+you have the attraction.
+
+And that gives use the Van der
+Waals' equation of state, with
+
+two parameters, the hard
+sphere volume and the
+
+attraction.
+
+You don't have to go look
+up in tables or books.
+
+You don't have to have all the
+values of the second virial
+
+coefficient, or the fudge
+factor, just two variables
+
+that make physical sense, and
+you get an equation of state
+
+which is a reasonable equation
+of state, and that's the power
+
+of the Van der Waals' equation
+of state, and that's the one
+
+we're going to be using
+later on this class to
+
+describe real gases.
+
+Question?
+
+OK, so we've done
+the zeroth law.
+
+We've done temperature,
+equations of state.
+
+We're ready for the first law.
+
+We're just going to go to
+through these laws pretty
+
+quickly here.
+
+Remember, the first law
+is the upbeat law.
+
+It's the one that says,
+hey, you know,
+
+life is all rosy here.
+
+We can take energy from fossil
+fuels and burn it up and make
+
+it heat, and change that
+energy into work.
+
+And it's the same energy, and
+we probably can do that with
+
+100% efficiency.
+
+We can take heat from the air
+surrounding us and run our car
+
+on it with 100% efficiency.
+
+Is this possible?
+
+That's what the first law says,
+it's possible; work is
+
+heat, and heat is work, and
+they're the same thing.
+
+You can break even, maybe.
+
+So let's go back and
+see what work is.
+
+Let's go back to our
+freshman physics.
+
+Work, work is if you take a
+force, and you push something
+
+a certain distance,
+you do work on it.
+
+So if I take my chalk here and
+I push on it, I'm doing work
+
+to push that chalk.
+
+Force times distance is work.
+
+The applied force times
+the distance.
+
+There are many kinds of work.
+
+There's electrical work, take
+the motor, you plug it into
+
+the wall, electricity makes
+the fan go around, that's
+
+electrical work.
+
+There's magnetic work.
+
+There is work due to gravity.
+
+In this class here, we're going
+to stick to one kind of
+
+work which is expansion work.
+
+So expansion work, for instance,
+or compression work,
+
+is if you have a piston
+with a gas in it.
+
+All right, you put a pressure
+on this piston here, and you
+
+compress the gas down.
+
+This is compression work.
+
+Now the volume gets smaller.
+p external here.
+
+Pressure, the piston goes
+down by some volume l.
+
+The piston has a cross-sectional
+area, a, and
+
+the force -- pressure is
+force per volume area.
+
+So the force that you're pushing
+down on here is the
+
+external pressure
+times the area.
+
+Pressure is force
+per volume area.
+
+That's the force you're
+using to push down.
+
+Now the work that's it is
+calculated when you push down
+
+with the pressure on this piston
+here, that work is
+
+force times distance, f times
+I. f is p external times a,
+
+times the distance l.
+
+So that's p external times
+the change in the volume.
+
+The area times this distance is
+a volume, and that is the
+
+change in volume from going
+to the initial state
+
+to the final state.
+
+Now we need to have
+a convention.
+
+We've got force.
+
+Work is force times distance,
+it's p external times delta v,
+
+and I'm going to be stressing
+a lot that this is the
+
+external pressure.
+
+This is the pressure that you're
+applying against the
+
+piston, not the pressure
+of the gas.
+
+It's the pressure the external
+world is applying on this poor
+
+system here.
+
+OK, but we need a
+convention here.
+
+The convention, and then
+we need to stick to it.
+
+And this convention,
+unfortunately, has changed
+
+over the ages.
+
+But we're going to pick one,
+and we're going to stick to
+
+it, which is that if the
+environment does work on the
+
+system, if we push down on this
+thing and do work on it,
+
+to compress it, then we call
+that work negative work.
+
+No, we call that work
+positive work.
+
+All right, so that means we need
+to put a negative sign
+
+right here, by convention.
+
+So if delta v is negative, in
+this case delta v is negative,
+
+OK, delta v is negative,
+pressure is a positive number,
+
+negative times negative
+is positive, work is
+
+greater than zero.
+
+We're doing work on the
+system, to the system.
+
+In this case here,
+work is positive.
+
+If you have expansion on the
+other side, if the system is
+
+expanding in the other
+direction, if you're going
+
+this way, right, you're going to
+do work to the environment.
+
+There might be a mass here.
+
+This could be a car.
+
+Pistons in the car, right,
+so the piston goes up.
+
+That's going to drive
+the wheels.
+
+The car is going
+to go forward.
+
+You're doing work on
+the environment.
+
+Delta v is going to
+be negative. w
+
+is going to be negative.
+
+Sorry, I got it backwards
+again.
+
+Delta v is positive
+in this direction
+
+here, the work is negative.
+
+So work on the system
+is positive.
+
+Work done by the system
+is negative.
+
+Convention, OK, this negative
+sign is just a pure
+
+convention.
+
+You just got to use
+it all the time.
+
+If you use an old textbook,
+written when I was taking
+
+thermodynamics, they have the
+opposite convention, and it's
+
+very confusing.
+
+But now we've all agreed on this
+convention, and work is
+
+going to be with the
+negative sign here.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+This is an example where the
+external pressure here is kept
+
+fixed as the volume changes,
+but it doesn't
+
+have to be kept fixed.
+
+I could change my external
+pressure through the whole
+
+process, and that's the path.
+
+We talked about the path last
+time being very important.
+
+Defining the path.
+
+So if I have a path where my
+pressure is changing, then I
+
+can't go directly from
+this large volume
+
+to this small volume.
+
+I have to go in little steps,
+infinitely small steps.
+
+So, instead of writing work is
+the negative of p external
+
+times delta v, I'm going to
+write a differential. dw is
+
+minus p external dv, where this
+depends on the path, it
+
+depends on path and is changing
+as v and p change.
+
+Now I'm going to add a
+little thing here.
+
+I'm going to put a little
+bar right here.
+
+And the little bar here means
+that this dw that I'm putting
+
+here is not an exact
+differential.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+I mean that if I take the
+integral of this to find out
+
+how much work I've done
+on the system, I
+
+need to know the path.
+
+That's what this means here.
+
+It's not enough to know the
+initial state and the final
+
+state to find what w is.
+
+You also need to know
+how you got there.
+
+This is very different from the
+functions of state, like
+
+pressure and temperature.
+
+There's a volume, there's
+a temperature, than
+
+the pressure here.
+
+There's other volume,
+temperature and pressure here,
+
+corresponding to this
+system here.
+
+And this volume, temperature and
+pressure doesn't care how
+
+you got there.
+
+It is what it is.
+
+It defines the state
+of the system.
+
+The amount of work you've
+put in to get here
+
+depends on the path.
+
+It's not a function of state.
+
+It's not an exact
+differential.
+
+So the delta v here is an
+exact differential,
+
+but this dw is not.
+
+That's going to be
+really important.
+
+So if you want to find out how
+much work you've done, you
+
+take the integral from the
+initial state to the final
+
+state of dw minus from one to
+two p external dv, and you've
+
+got to know what the path is.
+
+So let's look at this path
+dependence briefly here.
+
+We're going to do two different
+paths, and see how
+
+they're different in terms of
+the work that comes out.
+
+So we're going to take an ideal
+gas, we can assume that
+
+it's ideal.
+
+Let's take argon, for
+instance, a nice,
+
+non-interacting gas.
+
+We're going to do
+a compression.
+
+We're going to take argon, with
+a certain gas, certain
+
+pressure p1, volume V1, and
+we're going to a final state
+
+argon, gas, p2, V2.
+
+Where V1 is greater than V2,
+and p1 is less than p2.
+
+So if I draw this on a p
+v diagram, so there is
+
+volume on this axis.
+
+There's pressure on this axis.
+
+There is V1 here.
+
+There's V2 here.
+
+There's p1 here, and p2 here.
+
+So I'm starting at p1, V1.
+
+I'm starting right here.
+
+And I'm going to
+end right here.
+
+Initial find -- there are many
+ways I can get from one state
+
+to the other.
+
+Draw any sort of line
+to go here, right?
+
+There are a couple obvious ones,
+which we're going to --
+
+we can calculate, which
+we're going to do.
+
+So, the first obvious one
+is to take V1 to V2
+
+first with p constant.
+
+So take this path here.
+
+I take V1 to V2 first, keeping
+the pressure constant at p1,
+
+then I take p1 to p2 keeping
+the volume constant at V2.
+
+Let's call this path 1.
+
+Then you take p1 to p2
+with V constant.
+
+An isobaric process followed by
+a constant volume process.
+
+You could also do a
+different path.
+
+You could do, let me draw p v,
+there's my initial state.
+
+My final state here, I could
+take, first, I could change
+
+the pressure, and then
+change the volume.
+
+So the second process, if you
+take p1 to p2, V constant, and
+
+then you take V1 to V2
+with p constant.
+
+This is path number two.
+
+Both are perfectly fine paths,
+and I'm going to assume that
+
+these paths are also
+reversible.
+
+Let's assume that both are
+reversible, meaning that I'm
+
+doing this pretty slowly, so
+as I change, let's say I'm
+
+changing my volumes here, V1
+to V2, it's happening, I'm
+
+compressing it slowly, slowly,
+slowly so that at any point I
+
+could reverse the process
+without losing energy, right?
+
+It's always an equilibrium.
+
+All right, let's calculate the
+work that's involved with
+
+these two processes.
+
+Remember it's the external
+pressure that's important.
+
+In this case, because it's
+a reversible process, the
+
+external pressure turns out to
+be always the same as the
+
+internal pressure.
+
+It's reversible, that means
+that p external, equals p.
+
+I'm doing it very slowly so that
+I'm always in equilibrium
+
+between the external pressure
+and the internal pressure so I
+
+can go back and forth.
+
+So, let's calculate w1.
+
+The work for path one.
+
+First thing is I change the
+volume from V1 to V2 The
+
+external pressure is kept
+constant, p1, so it's minus
+
+the integral from 1,
+V1 to V2, p1, dv.
+
+And then the next step here is
+I'm going from -- the pressure
+
+is changing.
+
+I'm going from V2 to V2 dv
+-- what do you think this
+
+integral is?
+
+Right, so this is easy
+part, zero here.
+
+This one is also pretty easy.
+
+That's minus p1 times V2 minus
+V1. p1 times V2 minus V1.
+
+What that turns out to be,
+this area right here.
+
+It's V1 minus V2 times p1.
+
+This is w1 here.
+
+OK, I can re-write this as p1
+time V1 minus V2 and get rid
+
+of this negative sign here.
+
+Now V1 is bigger than V2,
+so this is positive.
+
+So I am compressing, I'm doing
+work to the system, positive
+
+work everything follows
+our convention.
+
+Number two here, OK, the first
+thing I do is I change the
+
+pressure under constant volume,
+V1, V1 minus p dv, and
+
+then I change the volume
+from V1 to V2 and
+
+then this is p2, dv.
+
+This first integral is zero V1
+to V1, then I get minus p2
+
+times V2 minus V1 or p2
+times V1 minus V2.
+
+Again, a positive number.
+
+I'm doing work to the system to
+go from the initial state
+
+to the final state.
+
+But it's not the same as w1.
+
+In this case, I have p1 times
+delta V. In this case here, I
+
+have p2 times delta V. And p2
+is bigger than p1. w2 is
+
+bigger than w1.
+
+The amount of work that you're
+doing on the system depends on
+
+the path that you take.
+
+All right, how do
+I, practically
+
+speaking, how do I do this?
+
+Anybody have an idea?
+
+How do I keep p1 constant while
+I'm lowering the volume?
+
+STUDENT: Change the
+temperature?
+
+PROFESSOR: Change the
+temperature, right.
+
+So what I'm doing here is I'm
+cooling, and then when I'm
+
+sitting at a fixed volume and
+I'm increasing the pressure,
+
+what am I doing?
+
+I'm heating, right?
+
+So I'm doing cooling
+and heating cycles.
+
+So in this case here, I
+cool and then I heat.
+
+In this case here, I heat
+and then I cool.
+
+All right, so I'm burning some
+energy, I'm burning some fuel
+
+to do this somehow, to get
+that work to happen.
+
+All right, now suppose that I
+took these two paths, and
+
+coupled them together.
+
+So in this case, it's the amount
+of work is the area
+
+under that curve.
+
+And in this case here, the
+amount of work is bigger, w2
+
+is bigger, and it's the
+area under this curve.
+
+Now, suppose I took this two
+paths, and I took -- couple
+
+them together with one the
+reverse of the other.
+
+So I have my initial state, my
+final state, my initial state,
+
+my final state here.
+
+And I start by taking
+my first path here.
+
+I cool, I heat.
+
+So there's w1.
+
+So the w total that I'm going
+to get, is w1, and then
+
+instead of the path from V1
+to, from 1 to 2 going like
+
+this as we had before, I'm going
+to take it backwards.
+
+If I go backwards, to work --
+everything is symmetric, the
+
+work becomes the negative from
+what I had calculated before,
+
+so this becomes minus what I
+calculated before for w2.
+
+The total work, in this case
+here, is p1 times V1 minus p2
+
+times V1 minus V2, it's p1 minus
+p2 times V1 minus V2.
+
+This is a positive number,
+p1 is smaller than p2.
+
+This is a negative number.
+
+The total work is
+less than zero.
+
+That's the work that the
+system is doing to the
+
+environment.
+
+I'm doing work to
+the environment.
+
+The work is negative, which
+means that work is being done
+
+to the environment.
+
+And that work is the area
+inside the rectangle.
+
+What you've built
+is an engine.
+
+You cool, you heat, you heat,
+you cool, you get back to the
+
+same place, but you've just done
+work to the environment.
+
+You've just built
+a heat engine.
+
+You take fuel, rather you take
+something that's warm, and you
+
+put it in contact with the
+atmosphere, it cools down.
+
+You take your fuel, you
+heat it up again.
+
+It expands.
+
+You change your constraints on
+your system, you heat it up
+
+some more, then you take the
+heat source away, and you put
+
+it back in contact with
+the atmosphere.
+
+And you cool it a little bit,
+change the constraints, cool
+
+it a little bit more, and heat,
+and you've got a closed
+
+cycle engine.
+
+We're going to work
+with some more
+
+complicated engines before.
+
+But the important part here is
+that the work is not zero.
+
+You're starting at one point.
+
+You're going around a cycle and
+you're going back to the
+
+same point.
+
+The pressure, temperature, and
+volume are exactly the same
+
+here as when you started out.
+
+But the w is not zero.
+
+The w, for the closed path, and
+when I put a circle there
+
+on my integral that means a
+closed path, when you start
+
+and end at the same point,
+right, this is not zero.
+
+If you had an exact
+differential, the exact
+
+differential around a closed
+path, you would get zero.
+
+It wouldn't care where
+the path is.
+
+Here this cares where
+the path is.
+
+So, work is not a function
+of state.
+
+Any questions on work before we
+move on to heat, briefly?
+
+So heat is a quantity that
+flows into a substance,
+
+something that flows into a
+substance that changes it's
+
+temperature, very
+broadly defined.
+
+And, again, we have a sign
+convention for heat.
+
+So heat, we're going
+to call that q.
+
+And our sign convention is
+that if we change our
+
+temperature from T1 to T2, where
+T2 it's greater than T1
+
+then heat is going
+to be positive.
+
+Heat needs to go into the
+system to change the
+
+temperature and make it go up.
+
+If the temperature of the system
+goes down, heat flows
+
+down heat flows out of the
+system, and we call that
+
+negative q.
+
+Same convention is
+for w, basically.
+
+Now, you can have a change of
+temperature without any heat
+
+being involved.
+
+I can take an insulated box,
+and I can have a chemical
+
+reaction in that
+insulated box.
+
+I can take a heat pack,
+like the kind
+
+you buy at a pharmacy.
+
+Break it up.
+
+It gets hot.
+
+There's no heat flowing from the
+environment to the system.
+
+I have to define my terms.
+
+My system is whatever's
+inside the box.
+
+It's insulated.
+
+It's a closed system.
+
+In fact, it's an isolated
+system.
+
+There's no energy or
+matter that can go
+
+through that boundary.
+
+Yet, the temperature goes up.
+
+So, I can have a temperature
+change which is an adiabatic
+
+temperature change.
+
+Adiabatic means without heat.
+
+Or I could have a non-adiabatic,
+I could take
+
+the same temperature change, by
+taking a flame, or a heat
+
+source and heating
+up my substance.
+
+So, clearly q is going to
+depend on the path.
+
+I'm going from T1 to T2, and
+I have two ways to go here.
+
+One is non-adiabatic.
+
+One is adiabatic.
+
+All right, now what we're going
+to learn next time, and
+
+Bob Field is going to teach the
+lecture next time, is how
+
+heat and work are related, and
+how they're really the same
+
+thing, and how they're related
+through the first law, through
+
+energy conservation.
+
+OK, I'll see you on
+Wednesday then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tmhe33f9mWA.txt b/Tmhe33f9mWA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5425c77336dd33e2265a31bfbbcfe8a53aeab9a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tmhe33f9mWA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty cool pretty hot nowadays we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool pretty hot nowadays we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool pretty hot nowadays we're
+gonna use this as an example and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use this as an example and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use this as an example and in the
+past we have seen how we can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past we have seen how we can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past we have seen how we can give a
+Thomas vehicle a goal some condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas vehicle a goal some condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas vehicle a goal some condition we
+wanted to reach for example we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reach for example we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to reach for example we might
+have a car that wants to pick up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a car that wants to pick up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a car that wants to pick up some
+passengers along the way get to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers along the way get to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers along the way get to some
+destination and you know maybe navigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and you know maybe navigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and you know maybe navigate
+some world but let's consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some world but let's consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some world but let's consider that
+there's something like a self-driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something like a self-driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something like a self-driving
+car we also have a number of other goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car we also have a number of other goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car we also have a number of other goals
+or requirements that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or requirements that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or requirements that are sort of
+implicit along the way and that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit along the way and that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit along the way and that we want
+our self-driving car to obey the road as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our self-driving car to obey the road as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our self-driving car to obey the road as
+it's driving and these are just goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving and these are just goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving and these are just goal
+conditions which is a sort of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is a sort of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which is a sort of single
+goal that you're trying to reach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you're trying to reach but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you're trying to reach but
+these are sort of goals they trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of goals they trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of goals they trying to
+maintain throughout the path bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain throughout the path bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain throughout the path bigger
+tablet so one example of this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet so one example of this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet so one example of this is a
+traffic light so maybe you guys can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light so maybe you guys can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light so maybe you guys can help
+me out with this just in plain English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out with this just in plain English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out with this just in plain English
+how would you describe the rules of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you describe the rules of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you describe the rules of how
+you would want a car to behave when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want a car to behave when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want a car to behave when it
+comes across the traffic light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across the traffic light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across the traffic light
+very simple slow down hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep yeah so pretty much stop that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so pretty much stop that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah so pretty much stop that you
+see bread go up you see green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see bread go up you see green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see bread go up you see green and
+specifically if you see rather than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you see rather than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you see rather than you
+stop you're going to want to stop until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you're going to want to stop until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you're going to want to stop until
+you see the green at which point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the green at which point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the green at which point that's
+sort of condition that you're stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of condition that you're stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of condition that you're stopping
+goes away to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition to things like paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to things like paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to things like paying
+traffic lights it might also be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic lights it might also be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic lights it might also be some
+other rules of the road that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rules of the road that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rules of the road that we want to
+follow for example we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow for example we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow for example we might want to
+always stay within the speed limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stay within the speed limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stay within the speed limit and
+then there might also be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might also be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might also be some other
+practical conditions of driving down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical conditions of driving down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical conditions of driving down the
+road which is that at some point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road which is that at some point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road which is that at some point we're
+going to need to refuel and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to refuel and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to refuel and if we
+consider a car that might be driving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a car that might be driving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a car that might be driving for
+a really long time one statement logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really long time one statement logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really long time one statement logical
+statement we could say about the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we could say about the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we could say about the path
+that this car takes and the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this car takes and the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this car takes and the sequence of
+states of the coaster is that at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the coaster is that at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the coaster is that at every
+point in time we want the plan to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time we want the plan to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time we want the plan to have
+some future state when we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future state when we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some future state when we are going to
+visit a gas station so this isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit a gas station so this isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit a gas station so this isn't just
+like a single goal that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single goal that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single goal that we're trying to
+reach but over a very long time even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach but over a very long time even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach but over a very long time even you
+know if we consider the park and driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we consider the park and driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we consider the park and driving
+different in the amount of time at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the amount of time at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the amount of time at every
+point in a time we're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a time we're going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a time we're going to need to
+be thinking ahead that there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking ahead that there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking ahead that there's gonna be
+some time when we reach a gas station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these types of conditions things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these types of conditions things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these types of conditions things like
+staying on a red light and military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on a red light and military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on a red light and military
+green always staying within a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green always staying within a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green always staying within a certain
+speed limit or always having some path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limit or always having some path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limit or always having some path
+in the future some statement future when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future some statement future when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future some statement future when
+we reach a gas station right things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reach a gas station right things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reach a gas station right things that
+can express with a type of logic called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express with a type of logic called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express with a type of logic called
+temporal logic and there are two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic and there are two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic and there are two things
+that we hope you're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hope you're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hope you're going to be able to
+do by the time you leave this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by the time you leave this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by the time you leave this lecture
+the first is able to model these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is able to model these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is able to model these
+temporarily extended goals using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily extended goals using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily extended goals using a
+specific type of temporal logic called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of temporal logic called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of temporal logic called
+linear temporal logic where LTL and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear temporal logic where LTL and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear temporal logic where LTL and
+secondly we're gonna hope that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we're gonna hope that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we're gonna hope that you'll be
+able to actually apply this to planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually apply this to planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually apply this to planning
+great plans with these temporally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plans with these temporally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plans with these temporally
+extended goals and in addition to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals and in addition to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals and in addition to just
+sort of regular planning we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regular planning we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regular planning we've been
+dealing with actually incorporating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with actually incorporating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with actually incorporating this
+idea of preferences into your plans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of preferences into your plans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of preferences into your plans so
+preference basically is not a crime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference basically is not a crime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference basically is not a crime or
+required condition but a desiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required condition but a desiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required condition but a desiring
+condition that you can use to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that you can use to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that you can use to select
+between alternative paths so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative paths so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between alternative paths so you know
+you might have many different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have many different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have many different ways that
+you could reach your goal but we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reach your goal but we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could reach your goal but we can use
+some of these template extended goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these template extended goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these template extended goals
+like you know maybe you prefer to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe you prefer to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe you prefer to break
+this view of the rules of the road as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of the rules of the road as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of the rules of the road as
+you can and you can use those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and you can use those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and you can use those as
+preferences to choose between plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences to choose between plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences to choose between plans
+so just as an outline first we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as an outline first we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just as an outline first we're just
+going to do an introduction to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an introduction to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an introduction to linear
+temporal logic we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic we're going to talk about
+what this is what LTL is why do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what LTL is why do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what LTL is why do you want
+to use it and we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it and we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it and we're going to go through
+the syntax and the semantics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax and the semantics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax and the semantics of
+different LTL operators then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different LTL operators then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different LTL operators then we're gonna
+walk you through some example LTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through some example LTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through some example LTL
+problems and actually talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and actually talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and actually talk about it
+applications to planning all high-street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to planning all high-street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to planning all high-street
+plans with this linear temporal logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans with this linear temporal logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans with this linear temporal logic
+temporal goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal goals
+finally we're gonna incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're gonna incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're gonna incorporate
+preferences into this talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences into this talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences into this talk about how you
+express preferences and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express preferences and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express preferences and specifically
+talk a little language called LTP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little language called LTP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little language called LTP that
+allows you to plan with temporal logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to plan with temporal logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to plan with temporal logic
+and preferences so now for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preferences so now for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preferences so now for the sort of
+introduction to linear temporal logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear temporal logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to linear temporal logic
+temporal logic and it's for is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic and it's for is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic and it's for is a
+formalism in specifying properties of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism in specifying properties of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism in specifying properties of a
+system that variable time so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that variable time so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that variable time so these
+aren't just conditions that are true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just conditions that are true at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just conditions that are true at
+a single state which is what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single state which is what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single state which is what we've
+mostly been dealing with prepositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly been dealing with prepositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly been dealing with prepositional
+logic right so we've been we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right so we've been we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic right so we've been we've been
+saying things like you know condition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like you know condition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like you know condition a
+and B but not C are true at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B but not C are true at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B but not C are true at a given
+state and that's propositional logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's propositional logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's propositional logic
+temporal logic is sort of a layer on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic is sort of a layer on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic is sort of a layer on top
+of that when we're dealing not just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that when we're dealing not just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that when we're dealing not just with
+what's true in a single state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true in a single state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true in a single state but
+actually extending that over time as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extending that over time as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extending that over time as a
+system moves through a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system moves through a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system moves through a sequence of
+states and expressing properties on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and expressing properties on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and expressing properties on a
+temporal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you might have a system that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have a system that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have a system that can be
+represented as a state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a state machine
+Tomica and it and go through a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomica and it and go through a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomica and it and go through a sequence
+of different states and well you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different states and well you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different states and well you might
+be able to represent the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to represent the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to represent the whole system
+like this if we actually execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if we actually execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if we actually execute the
+system we're gonna get one pack during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're gonna get one pack during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're gonna get one pack during
+the system we call that that's upping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we call that that's upping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we call that that's upping
+all the traits of the system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the traits of the system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the traits of the system you can
+also think of it as a timeline of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as a timeline of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think of it as a timeline of the
+system so one example time line if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so one example time line if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so one example time line if the
+system is you know it might start state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you know it might start state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is you know it might start state
+a and go to state C think of a D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and go to state C think of a D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and go to state C think of a D and
+keep looping around tigre so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep looping around tigre so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep looping around tigre so that's one
+trace at one time line of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace at one time line of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace at one time line of the system and
+I feel just two sequence states that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel just two sequence states that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel just two sequence states that it
+goes through and in the past I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and in the past I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through and in the past I've seen
+these and some of the problem sets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and some of the problem sets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and some of the problem sets for
+example when we're modeling the warp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we're modeling the warp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we're modeling the warp
+reactor we had the valves like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor we had the valves like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor we had the valves like the
+transition between open and closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between open and closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between open and closed
+States and also be the host system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and also be the host system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and also be the host system the
+starship going through different planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starship going through different planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starship going through different planets
+transitioning through a set of locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning through a set of locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning through a set of locations
+thinking of passengers dropping them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of passengers dropping them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of passengers dropping them off
+so these could be quite complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so as I said previously in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I said previously in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I said previously in our
+problems that we've been modeling we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've been modeling we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've been modeling we've
+been going through a system and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going through a system and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going through a system and we've
+been searching for a single state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been searching for a single state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been searching for a single state that
+satisfies all of our coal conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all of our coal conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all of our coal conditions
+right like maybe we want to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like maybe we want to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like maybe we want to reach
+Lavinia and save a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lavinia and save a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lavinia and save a certain number of
+people but with temporal logic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but with temporal logic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but with temporal logic we can
+actually express goals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually express goals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually express goals that are
+satisfied over a number of states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied over a number of states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied over a number of states and
+this allows us to do some more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to do some more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to do some more work
+expressive goals than we could capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive goals than we could capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive goals than we could capture
+just by looking at a single state at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at a single state at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at a single state at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example what if a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example what if a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example what if a problem
+requires some conditions to be met until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some conditions to be met until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some conditions to be met until
+another condition is recommend for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition is recommend for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another condition is recommend for
+example you know when you see a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know when you see a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know when you see a red
+light that implies that we should stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that implies that we should stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that implies that we should stop
+until we see the green light and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we see the green light and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we see the green light and if we
+look at a timeline or a trace of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a timeline or a trace of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a timeline or a trace of one of
+these systems that might look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that might look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems that might look something
+like this so we're going along through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we're going along through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we're going along through
+our system and at one of the states we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and at one of the states we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and at one of the states we
+see the red light so that adds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the red light so that adds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the red light so that adds this
+condition we should stop and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we should stop and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we should stop and then that
+condition will hold forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will hold forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will hold forever
+until we see a green light at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we see a green light at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we see a green light at which
+point that conditioner stops and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that conditioner stops and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that conditioner stops and moving
+on another example where we might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another example where we might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another example where we might want
+to use temporal logic is what if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use temporal logic is what if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use temporal logic is what if our
+problem requires a condition to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem requires a condition to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem requires a condition to always
+eventually mean that and this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually mean that and this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually mean that and this is what is
+talking about the gas station so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the gas station so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the gas station so we
+won't be going on forever and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be going on forever and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be going on forever and there
+should always be some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be some point in the
+future when we do have a state where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future when we do have a state where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future when we do have a state where
+we're at a gas station so we might start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a gas station so we might start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a gas station so we might start
+at a system start our system at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a system start our system at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a system start our system at certain
+state and our plan says that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and our plan says that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and our plan says that at some
+point you do a gestation so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you do a gestation so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you do a gestation so that's good
+but then one gets in the next day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then one gets in the next day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then one gets in the next day we
+also want it to be true that from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want it to be true that from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want it to be true that from that
+point on we're going to reach another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on we're going to reach another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on we're going to reach another
+gas station and after that going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station and after that going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station and after that going on and
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the future these are things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future these are things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future these are things that you
+can't express very easily with the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't express very easily with the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't express very easily with the types
+of logic that we've been dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic that we've been dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic that we've been dealing with
+before so one important distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so one important distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so one important distinction that
+we should clear up before we really dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should clear up before we really dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should clear up before we really dive
+into the syntax of how these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the syntax of how these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the syntax of how these linear
+temporal logics work is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logics work is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logics work is the difference
+between branching time and linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between branching time and linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between branching time and linear time
+they're really two different types two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really two different types two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really two different types two
+different models of time that we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models of time that we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models of time that we can be
+working with and there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and there's two different
+types of temporal logic that exist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of temporal logic that exist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of temporal logic that exist to
+express these different types of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these different types of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express these different types of time so
+linear time is more similar to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time is more similar to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time is more similar to the world
+that we live in unless you're living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we live in unless you're living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we live in unless you're living in
+some Sakai movie where time is branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sakai movie where time is branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sakai movie where time is branching
+into different realities and all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different realities and all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different realities and all sorts
+of crazy stuff is going on you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy stuff is going on you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy stuff is going on you can think
+of time as just this linear time line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as just this linear time line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as just this linear time line so
+right now there's one future to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's one future to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's one future to say if
+it's going to happen for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to happen for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to happen for me
+and you know regardless of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know regardless of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know regardless of how many
+options I have there's one realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I have there's one realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I have there's one realization
+of the time and what this happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and what this happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and what this happens what
+this lets us do is that it gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lets us do is that it gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lets us do is that it gives us a
+single path for our system and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path for our system and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path for our system and we can
+reason very exactly about the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason very exactly about the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason very exactly about the conditions
+that are met within that app this Alexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are met within that app this Alexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are met within that app this Alexus
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lets us describe what will always happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us describe what will always happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us describe what will always happen
+in system for example nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in system for example nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in system for example nobody can
+guarantee you that we always stop at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you that we always stop at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you that we always stop at a
+red light until we say good night or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light until we say good night or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red light until we say good night or we
+always stay within the speed limit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stay within the speed limit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stay within the speed limit this
+is contrasted with a different model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contrasted with a different model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contrasted with a different model of
+time called branching time and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time called branching time and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time called branching time and in this
+model time at each time instant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model time at each time instant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model time at each time instant we
+consider all possible futures so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all possible futures so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all possible futures so if we
+have multiple actions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple actions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple actions that we can
+perform at a given state we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform at a given state we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform at a given state we're going to
+consider two different timelines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two different timelines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two different timelines that
+branch out for each of those possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch out for each of those possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch out for each of those possibly
+dangers and this results in alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers and this results in alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers and this results in alternate
+courses of time that we can reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses of time that we can reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses of time that we can reason about
+as a set and instead of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a set and instead of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a set and instead of thinking about
+this as always conditions so that police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as always conditions so that police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as always conditions so that police
+does this we can think about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this we can think about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this we can think about this more
+possibilities if we're using branch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities if we're using branch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities if we're using branch in
+time you can say at this state time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can say at this state time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can say at this state time
+there exists a future path in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a future path in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a future path in which we
+will always stay under the speed limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always stay under the speed limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always stay under the speed limit
+or at this point in time all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at this point in time all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at this point in time all of our
+future paths satisfy certain condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future paths satisfy certain condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future paths satisfy certain condition
+so whereas linear temporal logic is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereas linear temporal logic is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereas linear temporal logic is more
+about guaranteeing what will happen on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guaranteeing what will happen on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guaranteeing what will happen on a
+given path branching time allows reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given path branching time allows reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given path branching time allows reason
+about what might possibly happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what might possibly happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what might possibly happen in a
+system so for our purposes of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so for our purposes of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so for our purposes of planning
+in part because it's more tractable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's more tractable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's more tractable and
+in part because it gives us an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it gives us an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it gives us an exact
+analysis of a given task we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of a given task we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of a given task we're going to
+be doing with plenty of time and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing with plenty of time and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing with plenty of time and for
+that reason we use what's called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason we use what's called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason we use what's called linear
+temporal logic there's a different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic there's a different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal logic there's a different type
+of temporal logic there's one pub CTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporal logic there's one pub CTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporal logic there's one pub CTL
+CTL star that deal with branching time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTL star that deal with branching time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTL star that deal with branching time
+and what those are sort of an extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what those are sort of an extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what those are sort of an extension
+of linear temporal logic to add a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear temporal logic to add a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear temporal logic to add a few
+other operators that allow you to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operators that allow you to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operators that allow you to reason
+but for our purposes we're just gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we're just gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we're just gonna be
+using the linear time model so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear time model so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the linear time model so kind of
+as a recap of what linear temporal logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recap of what linear temporal logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recap of what linear temporal logic
+involves we're using this linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves we're using this linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves we're using this linear time
+level another important distinction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level another important distinction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level another important distinction is
+that we're actually gonna be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually gonna be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually gonna be talking
+about infinite sequences of states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infinite sequences of states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infinite sequences of states so
+instead of us just reasoning up until a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of us just reasoning up until a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of us just reasoning up until a
+certain goal condition is met we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain goal condition is met we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain goal condition is met we're
+thinking about systems that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about systems that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about systems that could
+theoretically keep transitioning over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically keep transitioning over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically keep transitioning over
+time over and over and over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over and over and over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over and over and over into the
+future so if you have one of these state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you have one of these state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you have one of these state
+machines you can think at each time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you can think at each time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you can think at each time step
+it's going to visit a new state and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to visit a new state and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to visit a new state and if
+you give it enough time it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it enough time it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it enough time it's just going
+to generate an infinite sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate an infinite sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate an infinite sequence of
+states and we can actually express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and we can actually express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and we can actually express
+properties that can hold over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that can hold over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that can hold over an
+infinite number of states not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of states not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of states not just the
+discrete number of states that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of states that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of states that we might
+usually think of to reach a goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of to reach a goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of to reach a goal and
+linear temporal logic can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear temporal logic can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear temporal logic can actually be
+modified to work with discrete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified to work with discrete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified to work with discrete set of
+states it just requires an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it just requires an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states it just requires an additional
+operator but the ability to reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but the ability to reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but the ability to reason about
+infinite sequences of states gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequences of states gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sequences of states gives us
+own power in talking about guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own power in talking about guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own power in talking about guarantees
+versus good regardless of how much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus good regardless of how much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus good regardless of how much time
+to talk with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally all the operators are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally all the operators are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally all the operators are going to
+be looking at in our logic system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at in our logic system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at in our logic system are
+what we call forward-looking conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call forward-looking conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call forward-looking conditions
+so this is when we're given a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is when we're given a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is when we're given a state
+we're going to be reasoning about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be reasoning about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be reasoning about what's
+going to happen in the future for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in the future for
+potentially infinite time in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite time in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite time in the future
+there's sort of a symmetric version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a symmetric version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a symmetric version of
+this logic that reasons about the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logic that reasons about the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logic that reasons about the past
+so for example we can say talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can say talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we can say talk about
+guarantees that something will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that something will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that something will
+eventually happen in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually happen in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually happen in the future
+there's there's a sort of a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a sort of a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a sort of a symmetric
+version where we could talk about given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where we could talk about given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version where we could talk about given
+a certain state we can guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain state we can guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain state we can guarantee that
+something in the eventually happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the eventually happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the eventually happened in
+the past but for us and that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but for us and that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but for us and that we're going
+to focus on planning we're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on planning we're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on planning we're typically
+planning about what to do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning about what to do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning about what to do in the future
+it makes more sense for us to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense for us to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense for us to use this
+future looking set of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so I guess one little nuance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I guess one little nuance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I guess one little nuance here
+that I sort of pointed out in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of pointed out in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of pointed out in previous
+slide is that because we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that because we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is that because we're using a
+linear model time and not a branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model time and not a branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model time and not a branching
+level of time we're gonna be expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of time we're gonna be expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of time we're gonna be expressing
+properties that happen over a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that happen over a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that happen over a single
+package States and non properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package States and non properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package States and non properties that
+happen of over 7,000 scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so finally I'm just going talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally I'm just going talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally I'm just going talking about
+a couple of the main applications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the main applications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of the main applications for
+linear time to logic before le will dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time to logic before le will dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time to logic before le will dive
+in and actually talk more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and actually talk more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and actually talk more about the
+semantics and the syntax that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics and the syntax that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics and the syntax that we use
+this module so the first thing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module so the first thing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module so the first thing is is
+verification and model checking we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and model checking we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and model checking we can
+use this linear temporal logic to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this linear temporal logic to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this linear temporal logic to create
+guarantees about a system and formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees about a system and formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees about a system and formally
+verify for a couple different properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify for a couple different properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify for a couple different properties
+for example we can talk about the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can talk about the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can talk about the safety
+of the system we can say over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we can say over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we can say over the course
+of the system we guarantee that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we guarantee that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we guarantee that it will
+never enter a state with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never enter a state with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never enter a state with a certain
+condition we can also talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can also talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can also talk about the
+maintenance of properties so over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of properties so over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of properties so over the
+entire lifetime of this system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime of this system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire lifetime of this system we
+guarantee that a certain condition will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that a certain condition will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that a certain condition will
+always hold the other main application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hold the other main application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always hold the other main application
+for temporal logic one that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temporal logic one that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for temporal logic one that we're going
+to be focusing on is for planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focusing on is for planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be focusing on is for planning and
+this is planning using these temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is planning using these temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is planning using these temporarily
+extended goals that I've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals that I've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals that I've been talking
+about and it actually extends nicely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it actually extends nicely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it actually extends nicely to
+talking about temporarily extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about temporarily extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about temporarily extended
+preferences so this is given that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so this is given that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so this is given that we
+have a number of different paths like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of different paths like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of different paths like
+could reach a goal we can actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reach a goal we can actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reach a goal we can actually look
+at all of those and see which apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of those and see which apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of those and see which apps
+satisfy certain certain conditions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain certain conditions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain certain conditions over
+the center over the sequence of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center over the sequence of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center over the sequence of states
+and use those conditions as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those conditions as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those conditions as a way of
+choosing which ones we prefer so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing which ones we prefer so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing which ones we prefer so with
+that Ellie is now we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ellie is now we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ellie is now we're going to talk
+about some of the syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the syntax of LTM so an LTL formula is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax of LTM so an LTL formula is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax of LTM so an LTL formula is a
+series of states and at each state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of states and at each state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of states and at each state you
+can have various propositions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have various propositions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have various propositions that can
+be either true or false so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either true or false so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either true or false so for example
+it okay honey races yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+the income and animation show because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income and animation show because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income and animation show because
+I've seen from states that come on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen from states that come on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen from states that come on to
+infinity and at each state you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and at each state you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and at each state you can have
+propositions that are either true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions that are either true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions that are either true or
+false so I'm gonna traffic like have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so I'm gonna traffic like have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so I'm gonna traffic like have you
+read could be an example for proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read could be an example for proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read could be an example for proposition
+B could be stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's various logical operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's various logical operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's various logical operators
+that we can apply to these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply to these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply to these formulas
+these sets of states and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets of states and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets of states and we can
+determine if these logical operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if these logical operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if these logical operators are
+either true or false above each each set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either true or false above each each set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either true or false above each each set
+of states each formula so things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states each formula so things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states each formula so things are not
+operating the or operator the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the or operator the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the or operator the and the
+applies is ammonia and like I said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies is ammonia and like I said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies is ammonia and like I said to
+speak each proposition that does they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak each proposition that does they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak each proposition that does they
+can either be true or false so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be true or false so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either be true or false so just to
+look at some examples of these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples of these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some examples of these the
+logical operator true says that there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operator true says that there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operator true says that there it
+it's like you what the operator truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you what the operator truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you what the operator truth
+says is it's not saying oh the state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is it's not saying oh the state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is it's not saying oh the state is
+true the operator just chooses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the operator just chooses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the operator just chooses that
+there are states for all infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states for all infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states for all infinity so
+true is always true so no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is always true so no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is always true so no matter what
+you had finger speaks to you the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had finger speaks to you the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had finger speaks to you the logical
+operator truth holes however when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator truth holes however when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator truth holes however when you
+talk about the logical operator true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the logical operator true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the logical operator true
+with respect to a certain state or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a certain state or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a certain state or a
+certain composition I mean then it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain composition I mean then it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain composition I mean then it kind
+of occur false so forget the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occur false so forget the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of occur false so forget the logical
+operators red light is true at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators red light is true at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators red light is true at the first
+state if this was green then the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if this was green then the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if this was green then the logical
+operator red would be false at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator red would be false at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator red would be false at the first
+name does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name does that make sense
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+one important thing to note about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing to note about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing to note about the
+logical operators is that they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operators is that they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operators is that they just
+apply to the very first state in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the very first state in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the very first state in your
+sequence so when we're discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so when we're discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so when we're discussing
+logical operators we haven't gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operators we haven't gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical operators we haven't gotten to
+the point where we can express to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we can express to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we can express to for
+all information about our sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all information about our sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all information about our sequence of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the next operator is not so as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next operator is not so as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next operator is not so as you see
+here the traffic light is ready at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the traffic light is ready at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the traffic light is ready at the
+first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date
+so the traffic light is not green holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traffic light is not green holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traffic light is not green holes
+because the proposition of green is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the proposition of green is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the proposition of green is not
+to integrate straight and the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate straight and the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate straight and the logical
+operator and great at this first date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and great at this first date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and great at this first date
+right the red light and any gas and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the red light and any gas and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the red light and any gas and so
+both that we're at the red light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both that we're at the red light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both that we're at the red light and
+they're getting gas holes minute risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the operator or essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operator or essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operator or essentially
+says a lot of failures operating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a lot of failures operating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a lot of failures operating but
+essentially if you have red or green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you have red or green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you have red or green
+then you could either have chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could either have chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could either have chocolate
+might be bad or the traffic light be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bad or the traffic light be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bad or the traffic light be
+green at the first state and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green at the first state and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green at the first state and as long as
+one of those two bolts or both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two bolts or both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two bolts or both of the
+remotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotes
+then it's true and it's one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's true and it's one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's true and it's one thing to
+note about or lies and if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note about or lies and if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note about or lies and if and only if
+easily do it with lots of operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily do it with lots of operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily do it with lots of operators and
+and not so another way of expressing red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so another way of expressing red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so another way of expressing red
+and green is to say that you can't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green is to say that you can't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green is to say that you can't put
+the scenario or both it's not red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario or both it's not red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario or both it's not red and
+it's not green and I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not green and I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not green and I'm not going to go
+over that fertilize and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that fertilize and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that fertilize and if
+come just for the sake of time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come just for the sake of time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come just for the sake of time so that's
+just a review of the logical operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a review of the logical operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a review of the logical operators
+and now so when we're talking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so when we're talking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so when we're talking about our
+economist card what are some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist card what are some useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist card what are some useful
+temporal operators because up until now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal operators because up until now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal operators because up until now
+we just are describing the first state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just are describing the first state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just are describing the first state
+Lucy but which is really useful as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy but which is really useful as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy but which is really useful as we
+want to talk about the entire set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the entire set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the entire set of
+sequences first I'm going to state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences first I'm going to state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences first I'm going to state so
+what do you guys do here some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys do here some useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys do here some useful
+things that you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to be able to
+describe they don't bend touch on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe they don't bend touch on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe they don't bend touch on some
+of them at the beginning but you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at the beginning but you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at the beginning but you guys
+bigger secret systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so if I'm in the state right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if I'm in the state right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if I'm in the state right now
+might I be concerned about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I be concerned about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I be concerned about the next
+state in that kind of energy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in that kind of energy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in that kind of energy you know
+yeah so next is one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so next is one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so next is one of the things that
+we might be concerned about the next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there any other as always or yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like Ben said you all we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like Ben said you all we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like Ben said you all we want to
+follow this be them we always want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this be them we always want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this be them we always want to be
+under 35 miles network but I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 35 miles network but I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 35 miles network but I've been
+scheming is anything else until yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming is anything else until yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming is anything else until yeah so
+like he said we want to be stopped until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he said we want to be stopped until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he said we want to be stopped until
+the light turns green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light turns green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light turns green
+yes essentially eventually yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes essentially eventually yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes essentially eventually yeah we
+eventually want to get gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+any other necessities is a gift and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other necessities is a gift and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other necessities is a gift and so
+at this state is kind of what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this state is kind of what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this state is kind of what the what
+the operators are doing in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators are doing in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators are doing in the beginning
+but I agree that something you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I agree that something you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I agree that something you have to
+be able to express so that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to express so that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to express so that's not a
+specific company but it's including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific company but it's including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific company but it's including the
+logical as well just write it up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical as well just write it up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical as well just write it up here so
+the logical operators are interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logical operators are interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logical operators are interacting
+so there are two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two first
+they're who they are crispy and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're who they are crispy and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're who they are crispy and so if
+you just wrote the logical operators but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote the logical operators but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote the logical operators but
+just by the definition of LTL it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the definition of LTL it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the definition of LTL it means
+let's just enough a like first peek and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just enough a like first peek and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just enough a like first peek and
+see if it's true and so it warms us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's true and so it warms us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if it's true and so it warms us
+anything about the 3804 state of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the 3804 state of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the 3804 state of a
+second state which is law you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second state which is law you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second state which is law you have to
+look at like the next day so yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at like the next day so yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at like the next day so yeah any
+other questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so you said X is an important one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said X is an important one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said X is an important one so
+right here we consider okay the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we consider okay the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we consider okay the next
+light will be green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Intel's it's the one that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Intel's it's the one that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Intel's it's the one that she
+mentioned so the red is the white will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so the red is the white will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so the red is the white will
+be bread until it becomes green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually so the mic will eventually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so the mic will eventually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually so the mic will eventually at
+some point in the future to trade greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in the future to trade greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in the future to trade greens
+they might be waiting at the red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be waiting at the red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be waiting at the red light
+for a long time but eventually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but eventually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time but eventually it's
+gonna turn green for us like will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna turn green for us like will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna turn green for us like will always
+be ready so I guess you're stuck at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready so I guess you're stuck at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready so I guess you're stuck at the
+traffic light for a long time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light for a long time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light for a long time or
+globally that's nothing for police and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally that's nothing for police and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally that's nothing for police and
+last night is what is a little bit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night is what is a little bit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night is what is a little bit a
+little bit less intuitive so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less intuitive so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less intuitive so what this
+is saying is on the light will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is on the light will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is on the light will always be
+Fred until another circumstance coincide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred until another circumstance coincide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred until another circumstance coincide
+to the same state so the light will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same state so the light will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same state so the light will be
+always dread is how the car gets gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dread is how the car gets gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dread is how the car gets gas and
+then after it gets its gas then the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after it gets its gas then the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after it gets its gas then the red
+is release and the light can be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is release and the light can be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is release and the light can be either
+green or red after that so we have red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red after that so we have red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or red after that so we have red
+red red red until we have both red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red red red until we have both red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red red red until we have both red and
+gas and then it can be reworked me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then it can be reworked me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then it can be reworked me right
+off the vent it it's not constrained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vent it it's not constrained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vent it it's not constrained to
+be ready that make sense I was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready that make sense I was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready that make sense I was a little
+bit less intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I'm going to know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm going to know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm going to know we
+went over just being intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over just being intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over just being intuitive
+understanding of that and then give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of that and then give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of that and then give you
+the actual syntax for that so hence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual syntax for that so hence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual syntax for that so hence if
+you don't be a mentor to us next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't be a mentor to us next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't be a mentor to us next
+so in the first state we don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first state we don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first state we don't care if
+he is true he could be not - if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is true he could be not - if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is true he could be not - if you can
+be true it doesn't matter but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true it doesn't matter but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true it doesn't matter but in the
+second state the next one after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second state the next one after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second state the next one after the
+first date he has to hold in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date he has to hold in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date he has to hold in order for
+XP to be a true statement about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP to be a true statement about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP to be a true statement about our
+simplify things so what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things so what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify things so what do you guys
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I wrote this what was that me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right hello operator equal operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello operator equal operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello operator equal operator
+essentially says like been said we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says like been said we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially says like been said we are
+stopped and how the lightest breeze so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and how the lightest breeze so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and how the lightest breeze so
+if you had some key until value you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had some key until value you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had some key until value you just
+PSU trade every stage until W and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSU trade every stage until W and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PSU trade every stage until W and after
+that point P can be whatever he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point P can be whatever he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point P can be whatever he wants to
+be be eventually or future operator says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be eventually or future operator says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be eventually or future operator says
+that at some point in the future we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point in the future we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point in the future we will
+get gaps power is going to note and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gaps power is going to note and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gaps power is going to note and only
+talked about getting guess who said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about getting guess who said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about getting guess who said oh
+we have to always give gas that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to always give gas that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to always give gas that the
+future eventually operator just it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future eventually operator just it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future eventually operator just it is
+just at one point in the future so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at one point in the future so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at one point in the future so what
+do we got to go picking it again yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we got to go picking it again yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we got to go picking it again yes I'm
+afraid Espada note at the bottom it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid Espada note at the bottom it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid Espada note at the bottom it said
+pub user parchment come true does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub user parchment come true does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pub user parchment come true does that
+mean until operator also implies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean until operator also implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean until operator also implies a
+future operator but it's like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future operator but it's like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future operator but it's like whatever
+use until you say W yeah they even also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use until you say W yeah they even also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use until you say W yeah they even also
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I learned a big possibly system be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned a big possibly system be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned a big possibly system be good
+yeah but then if your system that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then if your system that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then if your system that you
+totally find if you had your sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally find if you had your sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally find if you had your sister
+would just BP but then the operator P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just BP but then the operator P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just BP but then the operator P
+Intel W wouldn't hold unless you had a W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel W wouldn't hold unless you had a W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel W wouldn't hold unless you had a W
+at some point in that sequence and peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is like this is a pine stick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like this is a pine stick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like this is a pine stick and
+you can have whatever you want into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have whatever you want into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have whatever you want into
+shape and we're just analyzing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and we're just analyzing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and we're just analyzing in this
+if a sentence is true about it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a sentence is true about it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a sentence is true about it so this
+statement it's not true I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's not true I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's not true I'm sorry I
+think that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if it's an operator sort of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's an operator sort of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's an operator sort of like an
+official of the week until and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official of the week until and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official of the week until and that's
+sort of saying like P until W or always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying like P until W or always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying like P until W or always
+P so that kind of gets rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so that kind of gets rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so that kind of gets rid of the
+condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that
+the lines won't be good yeah but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines won't be good yeah but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines won't be good yeah but just
+until operator on its own it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until operator on its own it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until operator on its own it's sort of
+like a strong until yeah that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a strong until yeah that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a strong until yeah that's good
+yeah sometime yeah I can't give me those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometime yeah I can't give me those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometime yeah I can't give me those
+really quiet necessarily okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quiet necessarily okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quiet necessarily okay and then
+the global one this is one of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global one this is one of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global one this is one of you to
+subscribe the exactly packet every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe the exactly packet every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe the exactly packet every
+single state to the future and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single state to the future and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single state to the future and then the
+release operators is you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release operators is you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release operators is you have to have
+peace until you have W but pmw also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace until you have W but pmw also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace until you have W but pmw also have
+to do share the same state when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do share the same state when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do share the same state when they
+switch from so it's like it's in until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from so it's like it's in until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from so it's like it's in until
+we don't have to have the key care but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to have the key care but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to have the key care but
+with release you have to have the PM w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with release you have to have the PM w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with release you have to have the PM w
+occur in the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the same state
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just 54 operator can we describe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just 54 operator can we describe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just 54 operator can we describe you
+they're not and an the future remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and an the future remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and an the future remains
+and globally operators can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and globally operators can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and globally operators can also be
+prescribed using other using other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed using other using other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed using other using other
+temporal operators and so just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal operators and so just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal operators and so just doesn't
+exercise can any of you guys tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise can any of you guys tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise can any of you guys tell me
+which these are not in order if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these are not in order if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these are not in order if you
+please line up with the other like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please line up with the other like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please line up with the other like
+whichever ones they went up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever ones they went up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever ones they went up with and
+I'll give you guys like um like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you guys like um like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you guys like um like three
+minutes just think about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just think about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just think about it and then
+we'll work spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you guys like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I've been thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've been thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've been thought about
+which one's might really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's might really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's might really
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Versalles this one is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to the statement true says doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to the statement true says doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to the statement true says doesn't
+say anything about what the propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about what the propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about what the propositions
+are it's just something it's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's just something it's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's just something it's true for
+all states right they're saying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all states right they're saying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all states right they're saying to
+attempt to eat that means whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to eat that means whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to eat that means whatever you
+wanted and healthy occurs so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and healthy occurs so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and healthy occurs so does that
+make sense that at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that at some point in the
+future P must accrue exactly because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future P must accrue exactly because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future P must accrue exactly because we
+had the strong until all right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the strong until all right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the strong until all right and now
+what about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one
+we have not not so this is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do you think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think that would
+correspond to if at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and every single state we've never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every single state we've never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every single state we've never had
+the situation where you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation where you don't have to be
+right so that makes this last one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that makes this last one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that makes this last one we
+have you don't have a scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back but it's just important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back but it's just important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back but it's just important to
+remember that you can describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you can describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you can describe these
+operators with simpler tune so that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with simpler tune so that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with simpler tune so that your
+planner doesn't have to deal with and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner doesn't have to deal with and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner doesn't have to deal with and so
+there's combining and the first is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's combining and the first is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's combining and the first is that
+remember one event was describing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one event was describing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one event was describing that
+we need to get gas and we can take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get gas and we can take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get gas and we can take it
+into the future but even after you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future but even after you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future but even after you think
+aspergers have to get again sometime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspergers have to get again sometime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspergers have to get again sometime in
+the future so it's important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so it's important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so it's important that you
+can describe something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe something that happens
+infinitely often and the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely often and the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely often and the way that we
+describe it is saying that we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is saying that we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is saying that we always
+have the scenario where you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the scenario where you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the scenario where you will
+eventually be tricky so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for another way to describe them but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another way to describe them but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another way to describe them but it
+excites that like it right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites that like it right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites that like it right now in the
+future I'm going to get gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm going to get gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm going to get gas
+even after I get like that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after I get like that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after I get like that I will
+eventually in the future also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually in the future also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually in the future also need to
+get gas again because your car will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gas again because your car will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gas again because your car will
+always be cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be cool
+eventually forever is another scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually forever is another scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually forever is another scenario
+that's important to describe so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to describe so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important to describe so let's
+say that the traffic light will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the traffic light will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the traffic light will
+eventually turn green forever we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually turn green forever we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually turn green forever we need to
+be able to say that at some one creature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say that at some one creature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say that at some one creature
+although we don't know when we'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know when we'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know when we'll turn
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+so the future operator says that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the future operator says that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the future operator says that at some
+point in the future you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the future you will have
+something up to it so at this state he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up to it so at this state he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up to it so at this state he
+becomes true but the global operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true but the global operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes true but the global operator
+says that happened from this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that happened from this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that happened from this state
+forever afterwards ever which is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever afterwards ever which is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever afterwards ever which is saying
+that you eventually had eventually we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you eventually had eventually we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you eventually had eventually we'll
+always have the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's weird to me that that gas tank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird to me that that gas tank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird to me that that gas tank is
+becoming this like occasional temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this like occasional temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this like occasional temporal
+operator instead of just like the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator instead of just like the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator instead of just like the state
+that we actually have gas which is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true we do always need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true we do always need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true we do always need some
+quantity of gas and you would just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of gas and you would just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of gas and you would just kind
+of like these edges would be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like these edges would be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like these edges would be always
+alternate but I guess my action is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate but I guess my action is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate but I guess my action is in
+the answers I'm thinking of actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers I'm thinking of actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers I'm thinking of actually be
+rising up to the gas station and sweats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising up to the gas station and sweats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising up to the gas station and sweats
+like and filling it up if you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and filling it up if you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and filling it up if you didn't do
+that you wouldn't you wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't you wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't you wouldn't be able
+to like always have gas is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like always have gas is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like always have gas is everything
+right so like I would think that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like I would think that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like I would think that always
+helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah and depending on where you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and depending on where you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and depending on where you make
+your model that you definitely contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model that you definitely contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model that you definitely contain
+that and that definitely would satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that definitely would satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that definitely would satisfy
+this ignition but I was just usual way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ignition but I was just usual way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ignition but I was just usual way
+to deal with it well it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it well it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it well it depends on the
+situation maybe maybe you you all set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation maybe maybe you you all set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation maybe maybe you you all set on
+the same I don't want a future that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I don't want a future that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same I don't want a future that
+light will always be green because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will always be green because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will always be green because you
+want to true that cars can go very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to true that cars can go very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to true that cars can go very
+different with you red it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with you red it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with you red it's important to
+be green in the future so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be green in the future so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be green in the future so it really
+depends on your model and how I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your model and how I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your model and how I think
+the way you're saying it we always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're saying it we always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're saying it we always find
+hot gas and the proposition gaps is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot gas and the proposition gaps is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot gas and the proposition gaps is how
+much against from having your tank if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much against from having your tank if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much against from having your tank if
+you pass it or don't then I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it or don't then I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it or don't then I think that
+that would be really good man this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be really good man this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be really good man this is
+this minute you said I have to get yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minute you said I have to get yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minute you said I have to get yes
+I'm garnet for next week when I run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm garnet for next week when I run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm garnet for next week when I run out
+of yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some how can I be an example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some how can I be an example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some how can I be an example to
+explain but um I I think in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain but um I I think in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain but um I I think in both cases
+were represented as having gas all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were represented as having gas all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were represented as having gas all the
+time or explicitly saying that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or explicitly saying that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or explicitly saying that you're
+going to hand gas stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand gas stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hand gas stations
+eventually always it depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually always it depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually always it depends on how
+would make me want to always have a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make me want to always have a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make me want to always have a gas
+from a station as well she's getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a station as well she's getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a station as well she's getting a
+gas from in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas from in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas from in this way
+so you they've been a pop how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you they've been a pop how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you they've been a pop how you
+blowing one tomorrow but I think both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a brazen or something I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a brazen or something I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a brazen or something I have
+a high rate 16 years my sister lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high rate 16 years my sister lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high rate 16 years my sister lifetimes
+several seven years solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several seven years solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several seven years solution is
+something happen only once in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happen only once in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happen only once in this case
+you know if an option and have in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if an option and have in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if an option and have in future
+tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so funny 760 years my sister that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so funny 760 years my sister that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so funny 760 years my sister that
+goes over the years have to serve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over the years have to serve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over the years have to serve you
+better bring up the system and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bring up the system and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bring up the system and then so
+doing this and therefore in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and therefore in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and therefore in this
+condition should be exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition should be exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition should be exactly the same as
+the future and current state something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and current state something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and current state something
+have been enough to account something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been enough to account something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been enough to account something
+that never happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you don't wanna system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you don't wanna system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you don't wanna system that's
+dummy after 30 years the Altium doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy after 30 years the Altium doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy after 30 years the Altium doesn't
+actually is model although there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is model although there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is model although there is an
+extension to LPL that can incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to LPL that can incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to LPL that can incorporate
+that into it having it I think it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into it having it I think it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into it having it I think it has an
+actual end policy I think in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual end policy I think in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual end policy I think in that case
+then in the often would be different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the often would be different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the often would be different and
+would I could I don't I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I could I don't I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I could I don't I don't know
+exactly father would final situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a thing called metric temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called metric temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called metric temporal
+logic which associate like a time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic which associate like a time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic which associate like a time scale
+each of these operators so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these operators so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these operators so I think you
+have to use that we're trying to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use that we're trying to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use that we're trying to express
+that you had to always mean this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had to always mean this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had to always mean this initial
+still within your lifetimes we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still within your lifetimes we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still within your lifetimes we have some
+sort of qualified to these operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of qualified to these operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of qualified to these operators
+that specify nitrogen time where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specify nitrogen time where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specify nitrogen time where that
+operate nitrogen so which would you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate nitrogen so which would you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate nitrogen so which would you all
+be using some puppets narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using some puppets narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using some puppets narrative
+something and them to be more free yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and them to be more free yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and them to be more free yeah
+you know it's important to LTO LT only D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to LTO LT only D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to LTO LT only D
+like already also we're expending years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like already also we're expending years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like already also we're expending years
+when dealing with infinite States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when dealing with infinite States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when dealing with infinite States so
+it's all that ingredients a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all that ingredients a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all that ingredients a little bit I
+have to think about that process of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about that process of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about that process of how
+do you apply something it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you apply something it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you apply something it goes on
+forever to a real system there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to a real system there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to a real system there has to be
+a way to I mean the future thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to I mean the future thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to I mean the future thing like
+the GPS system that last 30 years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS system that last 30 years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS system that last 30 years you
+say future P somewhere in here design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say future P somewhere in here design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say future P somewhere in here design of
+the system is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is greater than the
+constraint on future P is a timestamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on future P is a timestamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on future P is a timestamp
+within 30 years right it's like future P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 30 years right it's like future P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 30 years right it's like future P
+and you're forgetting gas has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're forgetting gas has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're forgetting gas has to happen
+before but up against unjust this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but up against unjust this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but up against unjust this
+representation says it just happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation says it just happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation says it just happens in
+the future but somewhere in your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but somewhere in your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but somewhere in your you
+know constraint checking it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know constraint checking it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know constraint checking it's going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+get gas in this playing soon enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gas in this playing soon enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gas in this playing soon enough
+right yes yeah that's obviously and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes yeah that's obviously and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes yeah that's obviously and so I
+and for finance system you have to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for finance system you have to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for finance system you have to and
+that that's what they have the extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they have the extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they have the extension
+ability up to a finite system which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability up to a finite system which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability up to a finite system which we
+can certainly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think you guys had a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you guys had a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think you guys had a very good
+time dancing answering the questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dancing answering the questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dancing answering the questions of
+the three extensions to help heal that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three extensions to help heal that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three extensions to help heal that I
+found to be most relevant the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be most relevant the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be most relevant the kinds of
+things that we're doing is this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're doing is this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're doing is this metric
+napa logic which is the first one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napa logic which is the first one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napa logic which is the first one that
+you mentioned also to be able to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned also to be able to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned also to be able to have it
+over bounded time which is related you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over bounded time which is related you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over bounded time which is related you
+mentioned and then the last one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and then the last one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and then the last one is to
+deal with uncertainty and is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uncertainty and is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uncertainty and is that a
+promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+leaner top a lot then explain why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner top a lot then explain why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner top a lot then explain why if you
+look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+wait so why is the next register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so why is the next register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so why is the next register
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+why is it true that in the future they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it true that in the future they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it true that in the future they
+screed we have to choose a screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screed we have to choose a screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screed we have to choose a screen and
+why is it true the things random hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it makes sense that if all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense that if all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense that if all of these
+are true that this holiday should of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are true that this holiday should of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are true that this holiday should of the
+ANSI would hold them right so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ANSI would hold them right so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ANSI would hold them right so you can do
+no before as well where you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no before as well where you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no before as well where you could do
+that with some if you had see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with some if you had see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with some if you had see what's
+behind here you could put a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind here you could put a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind here you could put a teacher
+around this whole thing and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this whole thing and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this whole thing and it would be
+true that at some point in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that at some point in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that at some point in the future
+all of this little semi good what do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this little semi good what do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this little semi good what do it
+right there I'm just saying if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I'm just saying if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there I'm just saying if you had
+more than that's in your concern all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that's in your concern all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that's in your concern all
+right so now now he's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now now he's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now now he's going to talk
+about expressing in video 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Ben and Anna and LED has got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ben and Anna and LED has got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ben and Anna and LED has got you
+through Express how expressive a scallop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Express how expressive a scallop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Express how expressive a scallop
+population is and known to dominate LTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is and known to dominate LTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is and known to dominate LTL
+in a plan a classical planner like PDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plan a classical planner like PDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plan a classical planner like PDL
+now I'm using the m3 which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using the m3 which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using the m3 which is an
+extension of course extension pddl 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of course extension pddl 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of course extension pddl 2.2
+which supports some some of the bounty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supports some some of the bounty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supports some some of the bounty
+on triggers so these are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on triggers so these are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on triggers so these are the basic
+operators that you can use to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that you can use to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that you can use to express
+the constraints and goals of your plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints and goals of your plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints and goals of your plan
+so you have at aims always sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have at aims always sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have at aims always sometimes
+within at most once time after sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within at most once time after sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within at most once time after sometime
+before it's always within and holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's always within and holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's always within and holding
+brewing soda num-num here is a numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewing soda num-num here is a numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brewing soda num-num here is a numeric
+controls that you can specify and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that you can specify and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that you can specify and this
+these are the ellipsis represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ellipsis represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ellipsis represents
+already existing predict golden goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing predict golden goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing predict golden goal
+description predicates so some operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description predicates so some operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description predicates so some operators
+may be a little familiar to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a little familiar to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a little familiar to you because
+they can also be used to express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can also be used to express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can also be used to express the
+constraint and stas simple term whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and stas simple term whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and stas simple term whole
+network the learning class and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the learning class and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network the learning class and there are
+some operators that are unique to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operators that are unique to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operators that are unique to the
+LTL or other kinds like matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL or other kinds like matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL or other kinds like matrix
+brotherhood like always for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brotherhood like always for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brotherhood like always for example so
+now we are going to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how you can express operators using free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can express operators using free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can express operators using free
+language so we can deduce within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so we can deduce within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so we can deduce within one
+after until next because there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after until next because there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after until next because there is no
+explicit next in the PDA are three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit next in the PDA are three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit next in the PDA are three and
+you can always you can use always until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always you can use always until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always you can use always until
+to express until and in the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express until and in the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express until and in the future you
+use sometimes after and globally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sometimes after and globally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sometimes after and globally you can
+use always and for release since it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use always and for release since it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use always and for release since it can
+always be the Omega or always until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be the Omega or always until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be the Omega or always until
+Omega when you see P whose all us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega when you see P whose all us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega when you see P whose all us to
+although this please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see some example so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see some example so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see some example so if you if
+you want to if your goal is to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to if your goal is to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to if your goal is to have the
+traffic light and rain in the next state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light and rain in the next state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light and rain in the next state
+you would want you want to formulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want you want to formulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want you want to formulate it
+using within one occurrence it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using within one occurrence it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using within one occurrence it would
+traffic light rain rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's take a look at more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a look at more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a look at more
+complicated example so if the traffic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example so if the traffic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example so if the traffic if
+you want to model a gold saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to model a gold saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to model a gold saying that the
+traffic light will turn red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light will turn red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic light will turn red
+we will be green until 20 at which point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be green until 20 at which point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be green until 20 at which point
+at which point you would be red forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point you would be red forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which point you would be red forever
+so this is the temporal logic pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the temporal logic pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the temporal logic pretty
+kids have expressed this goal and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids have expressed this goal and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids have expressed this goal and then
+if you want to order that using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to order that using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to order that using the
+cloud there is a direct mapping because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there is a direct mapping because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there is a direct mapping because
+either direct mapping between predicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direct mapping between predicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direct mapping between predicates
+and video so this is basically saying if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and video so this is basically saying if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and video so this is basically saying if
+we always be green let's go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always be green let's go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always be green let's go to this
+range and turning great advisor it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and turning great advisor it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and turning great advisor it will
+always turn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so next police pool telling us how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next police pool telling us how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next police pool telling us how to
+not between LT algebra tlg appreciate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not between LT algebra tlg appreciate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not between LT algebra tlg appreciate or
+whatever just specialize October dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bridge the gap between LC and world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the gap between LC and world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge the gap between LC and world so
+this is kind of the framework for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the framework for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the framework for how
+you would go from taking the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go from taking the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would go from taking the problem
+attempt really expendabulls all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt really expendabulls all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt really expendabulls all the way
+to a plan so as you can kind of imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plan so as you can kind of imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plan so as you can kind of imagine
+for a month in and le we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a month in and le we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a month in and le we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+I'll tell us pretty expressive you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell us pretty expressive you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell us pretty expressive you can
+express a lot of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a lot of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a lot of different types of
+pools that include more temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools that include more temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools that include more temporal
+properties than just a time window for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties than just a time window for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties than just a time window for a
+goal to be completed so once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal to be completed so once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal to be completed so once you have a
+defined problem with these temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined problem with these temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined problem with these temporary
+extended goals then you want to model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals then you want to model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended goals then you want to model it
+in a language like calcium or RP media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language like calcium or RP media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language like calcium or RP media
+so if you have it was like PDL and cups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have it was like PDL and cups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have it was like PDL and cups
+banner that can do and I'm going to club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banner that can do and I'm going to club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banner that can do and I'm going to club
+progression which I'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression which I'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression which I'll talk about a
+little later you can go directly to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later you can go directly to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later you can go directly to plan
+basically how progression works is term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how progression works is term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how progression works is term
+as an algorithm that tells you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an algorithm that tells you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an algorithm that tells you when
+you're analyzing a stick and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing a stick and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing a stick and you're
+analyzing LTL x formulas that are sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing LTL x formulas that are sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing LTL x formulas that are sure
+to specific statement how to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specific statement how to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specific statement how to push
+formulas that you need to evaluate later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that you need to evaluate later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that you need to evaluate later
+on to the next step and how to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next step and how to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next step and how to keep
+track of things they need to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things they need to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things they need to evaluate
+for size attraction and future stains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for size attraction and future stains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for size attraction and future stains
+another way you can do this is by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do this is by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do this is by taking
+LTL formulations and translate equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL formulations and translate equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL formulations and translate equipment
+to Gousha understand so who's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gousha understand so who's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Gousha understand so who's your
+target are basically finite state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target are basically finite state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target are basically finite state
+machines that are extended to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are extended to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are extended to handle
+intimate sequence of states and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate sequence of states and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate sequence of states and I'll get
+into more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more about
+come to work I actually have a sous chef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to work I actually have a sous chef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to work I actually have a sous chef
+trying to tell you something translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you something translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you something translate
+that into PDL to which you guys are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into PDL to which you guys are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into PDL to which you guys are all
+familiar with and then not guilty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and then not guilty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with and then not guilty you
+can just run with a classical planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just run with a classical planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just run with a classical planner
+and get a plan so a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a plan so a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a plan so a little bit more
+about the chef's on tap again like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chef's on tap again like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chef's on tap again like I
+said it's an extension of our innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's an extension of our innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's an extension of our innate
+machine I guess it just depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I guess it just depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I guess it just depends on how
+the hook what kind of tires you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hook what kind of tires you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hook what kind of tires you have
+access to what our systems you have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to what our systems you have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to what our systems you have it's
+done both ways so feeding Delphine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done both ways so feeding Delphine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done both ways so feeding Delphine is
+still kind of new so there's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of new so there's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of new so there's not a lot
+of letters that actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters that actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters that actually have
+progression it's also the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression it's also the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression it's also the case that the
+particular algorithms right that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithms right that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithms right that are
+trying to either do verification or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to either do verification or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to either do verification or
+planning may be exploiting particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning may be exploiting particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning may be exploiting particular
+properties of ablution table top as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ablution table top as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ablution table top as
+opposed to the properties in the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the properties in the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the properties in the native
+language so those are all familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so those are all familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so those are all familiar with
+regular state machines on the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular state machines on the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular state machines on the show
+sometimes a very similar formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a very similar formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a very similar formulation
+Muslims like differences episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims like differences episode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslims like differences episode of
+states you have an initial state and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you have an initial state and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states you have an initial state and we
+have a transition relation and then kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition relation and then kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition relation and then kind
+of a setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a setup
+accepting scenes these accepting States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting scenes these accepting States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting scenes these accepting States
+are essentially what replaces our name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially what replaces our name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially what replaces our name
+states in the state machine will some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the state machine will some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the state machine will some
+set of symbols that are basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of symbols that are basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of symbols that are basically the
+transitions between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between states
+so when an accepting state is is Lucia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when an accepting state is is Lucia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when an accepting state is is Lucia
+Tamas I can only be valid if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tamas I can only be valid if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tamas I can only be valid if the
+sequence of trips transitions visits an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of trips transitions visits an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of trips transitions visits an
+accepting state and infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and infinite amount of
+times so I'll get into a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I'll get into a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I'll get into a couple examples
+so let's say you want to model ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you want to model ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you want to model ticking
+talking double clock this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking double clock this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking double clock this is just a
+regular phone a station as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular phone a station as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular phone a station as you can see
+after some number of ticks and tocks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some number of ticks and tocks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some number of ticks and tocks you
+get into X cube and here in s2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into X cube and here in s2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into X cube and here in s2 is the
+addition there's only a self so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there's only a self so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there's only a self so you're
+going to basically for everyone to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically for everyone to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically for everyone to get
+test you so we can model this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you so we can model this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you so we can model this as a
+sous-chef time so by making us to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sous-chef time so by making us to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sous-chef time so by making us to an
+accepting state this is normal making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state this is normal making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state this is normal making an
+abuse your Thompson doesn't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse your Thompson doesn't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse your Thompson doesn't really do
+anything for you it's just kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for you it's just kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for you it's just kind of to
+illustrate what's the expected success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate what's the expected success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate what's the expected success
+so take something words or a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take something words or a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take something words or a sequence of
+transitions in this case would be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in this case would be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in this case would be it
+there's infinite combinations of ticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's infinite combinations of ticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's infinite combinations of ticks
+and tocks that would make a species from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tocks that would make a species from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tocks that would make a species from
+to valid so make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to valid so make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to valid so make sense
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another example for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example for example if I
+change what my accepting state was so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what my accepting state was so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what my accepting state was so my
+accepting state was s1 I'm asked what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state was s1 I'm asked what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state was s1 I'm asked what
+was the best one in infinitely amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the best one in infinitely amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the best one in infinitely amount of
+times for this fushia contest be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for this fushia contest be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for this fushia contest be valid
+that means the only found sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the only found sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the only found sequence of
+transitions I can have is chakra tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions I can have is chakra tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions I can have is chakra tick
+tick tick tick for an infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick for an infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick tick for an infinite amount of
+times so you can kind of represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so you can kind of represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so you can kind of represent
+different things the different sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the different sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the different sequences
+of inputs you might want to have based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs you might want to have based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs you might want to have based
+on which accepting state menus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which accepting state menus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which accepting state menus this is
+another example you wanted your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example you wanted your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example you wanted your
+with me tick tock tick tock tick tock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me tick tock tick tock tick tock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me tick tock tick tock tick tock
+you have more than one accepting state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than one accepting state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than one accepting state
+and now I have in the past year an s-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have in the past year an s-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have in the past year an s-1
+and it's an infinite amount of times if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an infinite amount of times if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an infinite amount of times if
+I want the solution to our destiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the solution to our destiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the solution to our destiny
+ballot so then the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballot so then the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballot so then the sequence of
+transitions I get is tick tock tick tock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions I get is tick tock tick tock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions I get is tick tock tick tock
+tick tock I don't have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tock I don't have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tock I don't have any questions
+charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charlie
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+am i canta see how we model LTL as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i canta see how we model LTL as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i canta see how we model LTL as new
+chefs contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chefs contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chefs contest
+so here's an example of one of these LTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of one of these LTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of one of these LTL
+formula normal des Boucher's ComTech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula normal des Boucher's ComTech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula normal des Boucher's ComTech
+just take a few minutes and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a few minutes and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a few minutes and see if you
+can get which one this one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just let everyone can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just let everyone can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just let everyone can kind of see
+that in future if I do remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in future if I do remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in future if I do remember that
+means that eventually he has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually he has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that eventually he has to be true
+I'm at least one so from any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at least one so from any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at least one so from any sort of
+kind of input state you go to s 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of input state you go to s 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of input state you go to s 0 and
+then I have not PD for some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have not PD for some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have not PD for some amount of
+time but as soon as I have to pee I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but as soon as I have to pee I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but as soon as I have to pee I have
+to get to pee because I have to be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to pee because I have to be in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to pee because I have to be in my
+accepting state and it's been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and it's been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting state and it's been kind of
+times so I have to execute pee at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I have to execute pee at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I have to execute pee at some
+point to get to my second accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to get to my second accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to get to my second accepting
+state for this you have time meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for this you have time meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for this you have time meant to be
+valid and then one five minutes one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and then one five minutes one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and then one five minutes one I
+can have any other amount of it but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have any other amount of it but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have any other amount of it but I'll
+always be an S one true and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an S one true and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be an S one true and it's also
+something stronger right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger right which is
+eventually globally right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually globally right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually globally right yeah so
+actually um in this case I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um in this case I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um in this case I'm actually
+made here my input could be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here my input could be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here my input could be anything
+so this basically just says that or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this basically just says that or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this basically just says that or my
+initial state I have to execute P at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state I have to execute P at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state I have to execute P at
+least once to get so that's accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once to get so that's accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once to get so that's accepting
+state and once I'm there I can be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and once I'm there I can be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and once I'm there I can be there
+I'm always there I'm any input will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always there I'm any input will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always there I'm any input will
+leave me and s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being executed that's that like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed that's that like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed that's that like our
+state fish obviously that's on the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state fish obviously that's on the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state fish obviously that's on the loop
+so you can go through s air Jets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go through s air Jets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go through s air Jets here
+that's essentially saying that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially saying that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially saying that one of
+the notes is not keep passengers s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes is not keep passengers s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes is not keep passengers s
+wanted to think that one of the notes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think that one of the notes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think that one of the notes is
+yeah right yeah guys want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah guys want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right yeah guys want to take
+whatever wouldn't be because you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever wouldn't be because you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever wouldn't be because you saw the
+trick yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you put P up where the truth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put P up where the truth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put P up where the truth right
+now that idea would have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that idea would have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that idea would have to go through
+right that's what I miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I miss
+by the way you you guys have 25 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you you guys have 25 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you you guys have 25 more
+minutes sooner exactly right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes sooner exactly right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes sooner exactly right this is
+future so except this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so except this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so except this sequence of
+propositions would be not P not P but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions would be not P not P but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions would be not P not P but in
+cookie living can be anything up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie living can be anything up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie living can be anything up to
+entropy and then in this case from we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and then in this case from we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and then in this case from we
+share tom says states which are times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share tom says states which are times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share tom says states which are times
+like I pointed out are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I pointed out are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I pointed out are slightly
+different than the LTL states we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the LTL states we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the LTL states we've been
+talking about in this case your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in this case your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in this case your next
+year with once again sex once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year with once again sex once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year with once again sex once and
+forever and so on so lovely looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so on so lovely looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so on so lovely looks pretty
+similar to this for any one team few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this for any one team few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this for any one team few
+minutes to think about how I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to think about how I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to think about how I might
+change this this your arm set to slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the single second say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single second say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single second say
+yeah exactly so you have initially your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so you have initially your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so you have initially your
+first date that you're in because he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date that you're in because he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date that you're in because he has
+to be true forever I have to get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true forever I have to get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true forever I have to get to this
+first date you have an accepting snappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date you have an accepting snappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first date you have an accepting snappy
+new up can also model naki if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new up can also model naki if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new up can also model naki if you want
+to your mouth just have this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mouth just have this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mouth just have this single
+state which would encapsulate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which would encapsulate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which would encapsulate exactly
+what is this kind of time go from LTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this kind of time go from LTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this kind of time go from LTL
+solution content entitle real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution content entitle real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution content entitle real-world
+scenario where you have multiple TL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you have multiple TL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you have multiple TL
+formulas I'm kind of all combined your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I'm kind of all combined your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I'm kind of all combined your
+new chef Tom Tarr gonna look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chef Tom Tarr gonna look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chef Tom Tarr gonna look a little
+bit more complicated than this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than this you have
+multiple accepting things like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple accepting things like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple accepting things like I said
+this is kind of a cool way to model what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a cool way to model what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a cool way to model what
+a now sales trying to infer and time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now sales trying to infer and time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now sales trying to infer and time so
+this the dot P transition out of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dot P transition out of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the dot P transition out of there
+like you possibly come into at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you possibly come into at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you possibly come into at zero
+right so I'm accepting evolution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm accepting evolution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm accepting evolution it's a
+little confusing appreciate time times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing appreciate time times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing appreciate time times
+only valid if the infinite sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid if the infinite sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only valid if the infinite sequence of
+states satisfies it so if I were to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states satisfies it so if I were to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states satisfies it so if I were to both
+me and my sequence my sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my sequence my sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my sequence my sequence of
+transitions team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions team
+not me then that would not be about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me then that would not be about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not me then that would not be about it
+students of transition for dissolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students of transition for dissolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students of transition for dissolution
+of tanta because I'm transitioning out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tanta because I'm transitioning out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tanta because I'm transitioning out
+of for my accepting state which I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for my accepting state which I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for my accepting state which I need
+to have been in into the amount of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been in into the amount of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been in into the amount of times
+and there's no way I can get back to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way I can get back to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way I can get back to so
+I'll go more to find other mouse Karen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go more to find other mouse Karen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go more to find other mouse Karen
+just not going to chew this way to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to chew this way to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not going to chew this way to build
+a cushy automata there's an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cushy automata there's an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cushy automata there's an algorithm
+the one that's most popular they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's most popular they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's most popular they used
+was developed by girth this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by girth this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by girth this is kind of a
+student version of the algorithm go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student version of the algorithm go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student version of the algorithm go from
+LTL smoochie as you noticed it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL smoochie as you noticed it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL smoochie as you noticed it actually
+gives us a progression which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a progression which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a progression which is
+something that learners that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that learners that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that learners that take
+directly take pddl use to generate plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly take pddl use to generate plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly take pddl use to generate plans
+an important thing to know which I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing to know which I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing to know which I want
+too much detail this algorithm generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much detail this algorithm generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much detail this algorithm generates
+a generalization on the table which user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization on the table which user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generalization on the table which user
+need to change to a simple blue sheraton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change to a simple blue sheraton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change to a simple blue sheraton
+the differences the generalized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences the generalized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences the generalized this
+year tanta has a set of sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year tanta has a set of sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year tanta has a set of sets of
+accepting States so for general as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting States so for general as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting States so for general as
+Duchamp must be accepted you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duchamp must be accepted you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duchamp must be accepted you need to
+have you need to visit an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to visit an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to visit an accepting
+state in each one of those sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in each one of those sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in each one of those sets of
+accepting States and run for success to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting States and run for success to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting States and run for success to
+be listed for a general for a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be listed for a general for a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be listed for a general for a simple
+blue Chevron set you only have one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Chevron set you only have one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Chevron set you only have one set
+of accepting States an incan visit any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accepting States an incan visit any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accepting States an incan visit any
+one of those states for the college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those states for the college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those states for the college
+I'm the transition between those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the transition between those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the transition between those two is
+a little more complicated and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated and what are
+papers and their reference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the progression algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the progression algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the progression algorithm
+basically it just tells you how if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it just tells you how if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it just tells you how if you
+have a LTL formula F and some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a LTL formula F and some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a LTL formula F and some current
+state pen and some usually they involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state pen and some usually they involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state pen and some usually they involve
+some time step because we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time step because we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time step because we're in the
+little world and we can't really model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little world and we can't really model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little world and we can't really model
+into the amount of time and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the amount of time and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the amount of time and make it
+discrete so if you have some time set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete so if you have some time set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete so if you have some time set
+between successive state how do you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between successive state how do you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between successive state how do you push
+certain LTL formulas on to next dates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain LTL formulas on to next dates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain LTL formulas on to next dates to
+be evaluated later for example I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated later for example I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be evaluated later for example I'll take
+this next X of an example so if X was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next X of an example so if X was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next X of an example so if X was
+the next X of some LTL formula you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next X of some LTL formula you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next X of some LTL formula you would
+need to append that formula to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to append that formula to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to append that formula to the next
+state to be evaluated in the next day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to be evaluated in the next day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to be evaluated in the next day to
+see if that's going to be true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that's going to be true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that's going to be true or not
+similar things for a tail and I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things for a tail and I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things for a tail and I won't go
+for this normally but it's geared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this normally but it's geared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this normally but it's geared for
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so the next step to this process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step to this process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step to this process is
+going for blue chef Tom that's a pddl to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for blue chef Tom that's a pddl to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for blue chef Tom that's a pddl to
+this press is kind of confusing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this press is kind of confusing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this press is kind of confusing this is
+confusing for me to understand so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing for me to understand so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing for me to understand so the
+first thing I'll say is that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'll say is that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'll say is that you should
+take they're not equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take they're not equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take they're not equivalent to
+traditional pdd-nos states in a pddl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional pdd-nos states in a pddl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional pdd-nos states in a pddl
+state if you have to state not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you have to state not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you have to state not have the
+same number of the same compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of the same compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of the same compositions
+that are true or false the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are true or false the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are true or false the states are
+identical and admission of Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and admission of Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and admission of Thompson
+that's not necessarily true minutiae of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true minutiae of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true minutiae of
+terms that you also have to encapsulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you also have to encapsulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that you also have to encapsulate
+which transitions you can make out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transitions you can make out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transitions you can make out of
+each state so s1 and s2 could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state so s1 and s2 could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state so s1 and s2 could have the
+same set of propositions either that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of propositions either that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of propositions either that
+hold but out of s1 I should back up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but out of s1 I should back up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but out of s1 I should back up this
+is the new shapes hopped up her future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new shapes hopped up her future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new shapes hopped up her future
+globally which is what Percy was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally which is what Percy was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally which is what Percy was talking
+about so if I understand s1 star means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so if I understand s1 star means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so if I understand s1 star means
+I've had any sort of transition I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had any sort of transition I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had any sort of transition I want
+on this one and then at some point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one and then at some point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one and then at some point I
+make the transition P and we're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the transition P and we're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the transition P and we're in this
+- I'm gonna pee for a tradition key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'm gonna pee for a tradition key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'm gonna pee for a tradition key
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however if I get a sequence of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if I get a sequence of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if I get a sequence of inputs
+let's say I get PD and then B and then P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I get PD and then B and then P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I get PD and then B and then P
+again and then P again it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then P again it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then P again it's not clear
+higher than s1 or s2 because and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than s1 or s2 because and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than s1 or s2 because and that's
+one that can execute any kind of state I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can execute any kind of state I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that can execute any kind of state I
+want and that's one I've missed any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and that's one I've missed any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and that's one I've missed any
+transition I want and that's one - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition I want and that's one - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition I want and that's one - I
+have to execute only P so if I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to execute only P so if I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to execute only P so if I got a
+sequence of Peas I can be in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of Peas I can be in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of Peas I can be in either
+state so you need something else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you need something else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you need something else to
+activate the l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the l2
+basically determine which state you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically determine which state you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically determine which state you're
+in and which transitions you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and which transitions you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and which transitions you can make
+from that state one okay so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that state one okay so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that state one okay so there's two
+ways you can put transform ETL to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can put transform ETL to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can put transform ETL to depend
+encapsulate what you see has come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate what you see has come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate what you see has come to
+encapsulate the first thing is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate the first thing is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate the first thing is you can
+create new actions that are catch like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new actions that are catch like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new actions that are catch like
+the allowable transitions in each day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowable transitions in each day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowable transitions in each day so
+basically I mean that for every actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mean that for every actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mean that for every actually
+typing their traditional pddl you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing their traditional pddl you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing their traditional pddl you have
+to be an action for this their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an action for this their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an action for this their
+repetitive actions for each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive actions for each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive actions for each one of these
+days you know exactly which transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you know exactly which transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you know exactly which transition
+you can take out of that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take out of that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take out of that state
+this could get long you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could get long you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could get long you have to make a
+new action for every single one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new action for every single one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new action for every single one of these
+states for every action that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for every action that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for every action that you want to
+take but that is one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take but that is one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take but that is one way to do it
+another way you can do it is introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do it is introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do it is introducing
+direct practice direct predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct practice direct predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct practice direct predicate
+offenses that don't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offenses that don't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offenses that don't depend on the
+actions involved or just depend on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions involved or just depend on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions involved or just depend on some
+other formula in your plan so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula in your plan so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula in your plan so for
+example you have a direct predicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a direct predicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have a direct predicate that
+explicitly tells you whether you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly tells you whether you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly tells you whether you're in
+this one or whether your nose too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or whether your nose too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one or whether your nose too and
+you can use these predicates in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these predicates in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these predicates in your
+actions with PDL to to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions with PDL to to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions with PDL to to make sure you
+know which state s1 or s2 you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which state s1 or s2 you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which state s1 or s2 you're in
+English contest and then in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English contest and then in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English contest and then in your
+formulation of your plan you said your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of your plan you said your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of your plan you said your
+final state to be one of the exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state to be one of the exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state to be one of the exception
+States so I guess that convinced is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so I guess that convinced is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so I guess that convinced is one
+of the questions about how you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions about how you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions about how you go from
+infant to primate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant to primate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant to primate
+the expecting state is usually when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expecting state is usually when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expecting state is usually when you
+place as your final asleep and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place as your final asleep and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place as your final asleep and then the
+derived predicate Supreme purely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived predicate Supreme purely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived predicate Supreme purely in the
+preconditions they also appear they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditions they also appear they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditions they also appear they also
+appear in the effects you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the effects you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the effects you need to know
+if you touch your vision out of s1 test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you touch your vision out of s1 test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you touch your vision out of s1 test
+you so you likely have a drug Remicade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you likely have a drug Remicade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you likely have a drug Remicade
+for both s1 and address better for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both s1 and address better for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both s1 and address better for us
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+and that is also kind of a littler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also kind of a littler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is also kind of a littler to
+add to the PLT problem but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the PLT problem but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the PLT problem but it's
+definitely shorter than the first way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely shorter than the first way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely shorter than the first way
+and it definitely capsulate everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're changing the action then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're changing the action then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're changing the action then yeah
+are you changing the action but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you changing the action but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you changing the action but you
+don't need to make a new action for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to make a new action for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to make a new action for
+every state in the first formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state in the first formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state in the first formulation
+let's say I have some traditional action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I have some traditional action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I have some traditional action
+like move block or something I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move block or something I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move block or something I have to
+create a move block action for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a move block action for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a move block action for each one
+of these states because I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these states because I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these states because I need to know
+exactly which transitions I can take at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which transitions I can take at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which transitions I can take at
+that action in the second attempt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that action in the second attempt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that action in the second attempt and
+then the second one I can just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second one I can just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second one I can just have one
+news block um but in my move walk I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news block um but in my move walk I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news block um but in my move walk I'll
+have a derived predicate that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derived predicate that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derived predicate that tells me
+which day time in which day time in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which day time in which day time in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which day time in which day time in when
+I execute that action so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I execute that action so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I execute that action so
+the numbers the number of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers the number of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers the number of actions
+perhaps right is less because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps right is less because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps right is less because we
+explicitly have credits that are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly have credits that are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly have credits that are telling
+me all right so now all transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right so now all transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all right so now all transition is
+talking about we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we've talked about
+temporally extended goals set the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally extended goals set the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally extended goals set the goals
+are things that always have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that always have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that always have to be true
+so now let's talk about preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about preferences
+preferences or things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or things that don't
+necessarily have to be true but that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be true but that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be true but that but
+you things that you'd like so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that you'd like so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things that you'd like so in the
+classical planning problem we for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical planning problem we for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical planning problem we for me to
+let like that instead of States s state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let like that instead of States s state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let like that instead of States s state
+s0 set of operators and it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 set of operators and it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 set of operators and it's difficult
+States and the problem is transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the problem is transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the problem is transition to
+transition from the initial state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial state and
+he's Nathan fulfills your goal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Nathan fulfills your goal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Nathan fulfills your goal state
+using the operators in preference based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the operators in preference based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the operators in preference based
+planning problem introduces additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem introduces additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem introduces additional
+field R which is a partial or polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field R which is a partial or polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field R which is a partial or polar
+relation expressing preferences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that basically tells you if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically tells you if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically tells you if there are
+multiple plants you need to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple plants you need to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple plants you need to accomplish
+your goal which what do you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal which what do you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal which what do you want to use
+and again preferences are companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again preferences are companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again preferences are companies that
+work sorry but not necessarily required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sorry but not necessarily required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sorry but not necessarily required
+there are two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different types of
+preference languages quantitative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference languages quantitative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference languages quantitative and
+qualitative as would expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative as would expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative as would expect in
+quantitative languages we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative languages we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative languages we actually
+assign a numerical value to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a numerical value to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a numerical value to different
+planets in order to compare them so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets in order to compare them so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets in order to compare them so in
+this plans oh no wait a for and way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plans oh no wait a for and way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plans oh no wait a for and way too
+that tells you would prefer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you would prefer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you would prefer some
+languages that do that qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that do that qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that do that qualitative
+languages actually just haven't played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages actually just haven't played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages actually just haven't played
+this type of this playing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this playing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of this playing with this
+property is referred to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is referred to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is referred to this other
+planet what's with this property but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet what's with this property but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet what's with this property but we
+don't actually know any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know any sort of
+information about how much we prefer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how much we prefer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how much we prefer one
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+absolutely an important outcome of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely an important outcome of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely an important outcome of this
+is when you got quantitative languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you got quantitative languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you got quantitative languages
+they're totally comparable so any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're totally comparable so any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're totally comparable so any two
+sets of plans you can determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of plans you can determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of plans you can determine which
+one is preferred whereas in qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is preferred whereas in qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is preferred whereas in qualitative
+name you could have a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you could have a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you could have a situation where
+plan one is preferred to plan two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan one is preferred to plan two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan one is preferred to plan two and
+plan one is also preferred to plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan one is also preferred to plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan one is also preferred to plant
+three but that doesn't give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but that doesn't give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but that doesn't give you any
+information about whether plant to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about whether plant to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about whether plant to its
+preferred to plan because a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to plan because a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to plan because a little bit
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to go into how you actually express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go into how you actually express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go into how you actually express
+participe you know three like we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participe you know three like we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participe you know three like we talked
+about with templates tentacles there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with templates tentacles there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with templates tentacles there is
+sometimes to do this there's a label the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to do this there's a label the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to do this there's a label the
+preference labeling to achieve cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference labeling to achieve cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference labeling to achieve cannot
+influence to represent things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence to represent things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence to represent things that you
+you prefer and then there's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer and then there's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer and then there's a function
+called is violated that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called is violated that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called is violated that essentially
+returns a number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a number of times
+any fluid that's preference as a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fluid that's preference as a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fluid that's preference as a perfect
+label was not satisfied in your plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label was not satisfied in your plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label was not satisfied in your plan
+it's for example if you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example if you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example if you had the
+preference translated three Nutella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference translated three Nutella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference translated three Nutella
+transmitted so here's our ppl three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so here's our ppl three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so here's our ppl three
+temporally extended this case preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally extended this case preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally extended this case preference
+which we label it with a preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we label it with a preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we label it with a preference
+label here that was just a name and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label here that was just a name and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label here that was just a name and then
+our metric our plan is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our metric our plan is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our metric our plan is to try to
+minimize the number of times that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the number of times that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the number of times that this
+occurrence is violated so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence is violated so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence is violated so that's one way
+to actually express preferences directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually express preferences directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually express preferences directly
+in PDF three alright so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PDF three alright so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PDF three alright so now I'm going to
+talk about LTP LTP is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about LTP LTP is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about LTP LTP is a different
+language that is quite expressive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is quite expressive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is quite expressive in
+terms of attention preferences you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of attention preferences you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of attention preferences you can
+represent its quantitative languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent its quantitative languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent its quantitative languages
+which the language which means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the language which means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the language which means we're
+going to be expressing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressing we're going to
+have weight speech for plans to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weight speech for plans to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weight speech for plans to expect
+preferences we can actually express and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences we can actually express and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences we can actually express and
+the strength of in principle is for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of in principle is for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of in principle is for 20
+to 30 times as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 times as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 times as much
+a succession of all the language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a succession of all the language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a succession of all the language and
+here's the diversion one eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the diversion one eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the diversion one eventually
+check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out
+the formulas are constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas are constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas are constructed
+hierarchically so I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically so I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically so I'll go through
+quickly how we actually construct so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how we actually construct so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how we actually construct so the
+lowest level is called a basic desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest level is called a basic desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest level is called a basic desired
+formula or PDF and that just expresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or PDF and that just expresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or PDF and that just expresses
+our template intended proposition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our template intended proposition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our template intended proposition so
+this is just straight up LTL is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just straight up LTL is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just straight up LTL is clearly
+saw in the first section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the first section of the
+presentation so I'm going to use kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so I'm going to use kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so I'm going to use kind of
+cooking dinner example you slide so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking dinner example you slide so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking dinner example you slide so in
+this case we always just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we always just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we always just using the
+future operators at some point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future operators at some point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future operators at some point and I
+want to cook because part of our plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cook because part of our plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cook because part of our plan
+maybe I want to order takeout to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to order takeout to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to order takeout to eat
+dinner and then I have some spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and then I have some spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and then I have some spaghetti
+those are two different things two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different things two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different things two
+different options that I can add in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that I can add in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that I can add in my
+plan I don't have to have each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I don't have to have each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan I don't have to have each of those
+but that's just a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a heads up
+that's the lowest level the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lowest level the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the lowest level the next level
+is called tonic preference formulas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called tonic preference formulas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called tonic preference formulas or
+80s though these were either where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s though these were either where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s though these were either where we
+expressed our preferences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed our preferences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed our preferences between the
+PDFs that mean that we wanted inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs that mean that we wanted inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs that mean that we wanted inhibits
+life so in this example I'm using weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so in this example I'm using weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so in this example I'm using weight
+represent preferences with lower weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent preferences with lower weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent preferences with lower weights
+being preferred so here we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being preferred so here we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being preferred so here we're saying
+prefer to cook over ordering takeout CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cook over ordering takeout CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cook over ordering takeout CDF
+cook this media organ teacup we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook this media organ teacup we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook this media organ teacup we applied
+weights to express which one is burdened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights to express which one is burdened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights to express which one is burdened
+how much is preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is preferred
+and here's so that's the second level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's so that's the second level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's so that's the second level
+third level is called general preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third level is called general preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third level is called general preference
+for other GPS and these are where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other GPS and these are where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other GPS and these are where we can
+do conjunctions or disjunctions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do conjunctions or disjunctions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do conjunctions or disjunctions or
+qualification of our previous ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification of our previous ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification of our previous ones so
+for example if we want to say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we want to say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we want to say you know
+those previous live we got to 80s we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those previous live we got to 80s we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those previous live we got to 80s we had
+refer to cook and the preferred eats me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to cook and the preferred eats me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to cook and the preferred eats me
+and here we can express that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we can express that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we can express that we really
+don't care which one of these you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care which one of these you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care which one of these you want
+to want to satisfy you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to satisfy you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to satisfy you can think of this
+as basically try to satisfy sepia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically try to satisfy sepia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically try to satisfy sepia the
+lowest weight so if we have this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest weight so if we have this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest weight so if we have this or
+pretty here that means that our planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty here that means that our planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty here that means that our planner
+is going to try and satisfy the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try and satisfy the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try and satisfy the lowest
+weight among all these different options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight among all these different options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight among all these different options
+in this case to cook that's its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case to cook that's its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case to cook that's its first
+cool you can also use an and operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you can also use an and operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you can also use an and operator
+for example that's gonna minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that's gonna minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that's gonna minimize the
+maximum weight across both those options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum weight across both those options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum weight across both those options
+basically wasn't and try and do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wasn't and try and do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wasn't and try and do what
+it's been trying to do is minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been trying to do is minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been trying to do is minimize the
+highest weight among these two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest weight among these two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest weight among these two options
+but so it's going to try and order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's going to try and order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so it's going to try and order
+started trying to cook and it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started trying to cook and it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started trying to cook and it's gonna
+try and eat spaghetti bridges doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and eat spaghetti bridges doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and eat spaghetti bridges doing
+these other options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so those are GPS I'm now moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are GPS I'm now moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are GPS I'm now moving on
+to a computer preference appointments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a computer preference appointments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a computer preference appointments
+which are the highest level so with APs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the highest level so with APs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the highest level so with APs
+these define the order in which our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these define the order in which our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these define the order in which our
+different preferences are relaxed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences are relaxed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences are relaxed you
+can of course express a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course express a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course express a lot of different
+preferences for your planner but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for your planner but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for your planner but not all
+of them may be achievable especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may be achievable especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them may be achievable especially if
+you're trying to achieve a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to achieve a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to achieve a large number
+of preferences at the same time you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences at the same time you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences at the same time you may
+not actually be able to achieve all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be able to achieve all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually be able to achieve all of
+those so how do we how do we reduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so how do we how do we reduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so how do we how do we reduce our
+set in a correct order and the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in a correct order and the preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in a correct order and the preferred
+order so that our plan end up with isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that our plan end up with isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that our plan end up with isn't
+even those concurrently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those concurrently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those concurrently
+that's what ApS allow you to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ApS allow you to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ApS allow you to do it's
+basically you can express using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can express using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can express using this
+like preference operator I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like preference operator I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like preference operator I want to
+satisfy both of these and when I first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy both of these and when I first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy both of these and when I first I
+want to try and satisfy both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and satisfy both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and satisfy both of these
+really dislike and then if I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dislike and then if I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dislike and then if I can't I
+want to relax it so I have besides like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to relax it so I have besides like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to relax it so I have besides like
+g2 if I can't do that water lines and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 if I can't do that water lines and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 if I can't do that water lines and so
+I have my trying to test by G 1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my trying to test by G 1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my trying to test by G 1 so that
+gives them kind of the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them kind of the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them kind of the order in which
+things are like and it's important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are like and it's important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are like and it's important here
+that if you have two situations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two situations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two situations you
+can't distinguish from another where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't distinguish from another where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't distinguish from another where you
+don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care
+base now there's some orders so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base now there's some orders so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base now there's some orders so at the
+very lowest type of level we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lowest type of level we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lowest type of level we can just
+like sort them alphabetically or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort them alphabetically or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort them alphabetically or some
+things just provide some sort order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just provide some sort order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just provide some sort order
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay so this is just a review of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a review of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a review of what
+I've been talking about so PDF to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about so PDF to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about so PDF to the
+lowest level which Express temporally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest level which Express temporally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest level which Express temporally
+extended compositions we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended compositions we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended compositions we can apply
+preferences to those using ApS then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences to those using ApS then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences to those using ApS then we
+can combine or or join EPS use using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine or or join EPS use using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine or or join EPS use using
+general preference formulas and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general preference formulas and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general preference formulas and finally
+we can activate those preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can activate those preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can activate those preference for
+others to show determine the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to show determine the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to show determine the order in
+which you can for the quarter which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can for the quarter which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can for the quarter which you
+should relax with opposition of yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should relax with opposition of yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should relax with opposition of yourself
+lying planet so using this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying planet so using this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying planet so using this kind of
+scheme ahead of DP we're using both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme ahead of DP we're using both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme ahead of DP we're using both the
+LTL does have some tax rules that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL does have some tax rules that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTL does have some tax rules that we
+talked about in the first section to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the first section to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the first section to
+express temporally extended preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express temporally extended preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express temporally extended preferences
+the plan that's actually used to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that's actually used to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that's actually used to solve
+these types of problems is called P plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems is called P plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems is called P plan
+and people can actually handle templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can actually handle templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can actually handle templates
+and purposes and the goal at the end as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes and the goal at the end as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes and the goal at the end as
+well I mean it does basically any best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean it does basically any best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean it does basically any best
+first search among different options but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search among different options but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first search among different options but
+actually well the planners that uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well the planners that uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well the planners that uses the
+left branch for me show the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch for me show the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch for me show the users
+progression to take l till fuel report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression to take l till fuel report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression to take l till fuel report
+Meadows at each point in the plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meadows at each point in the plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meadows at each point in the plan and
+determine whether you've satisfied those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether you've satisfied those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether you've satisfied those
+formulas or not and if not you will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas or not and if not you will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas or not and if not you will push
+them to the next date just to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the next date just to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the next date just to determine
+so it so that in the next date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so that in the next date in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so that in the next date in
+evaluate with you centers like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate with you centers like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate with you centers like this one
+that's how it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it kind of
+proves the search space tries to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves the search space tries to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves the search space tries to always
+find the most preferred planets feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the most preferred planets feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the most preferred planets feature
+we'll all right so that's a presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all right so that's a presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all right so that's a presentation
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the last state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last state
+so essentially what it's saying is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what it's saying is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what it's saying is like
+Omega releases so once I make it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega releases so once I make it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega releases so once I make it happens
+P has to happen at the same and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P has to happen at the same and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P has to happen at the same and then I
+make it has like movies music okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it has like movies music okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it has like movies music okay I
+happened Sookie you can do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened Sookie you can do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened Sookie you can do whatever you
+want you can be too you can be falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can be too you can be falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can be too you can be falling
+and so sorry Sookie has the whole yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sorry Sookie has the whole yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so sorry Sookie has the whole yellow
+omega happens yep I did a waiter like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega happens yep I did a waiter like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega happens yep I did a waiter like so
+the definition is just switch so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+yeah when the sinks are multiple ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when the sinks are multiple ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when the sinks are multiple ways to
+express the same using the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the same using the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the same using the grammar
+disturb any notion of canonical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb any notion of canonical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb any notion of canonical form
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there is typically they actually -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is typically they actually -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is typically they actually -
+like so on the simplify the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so on the simplify the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so on the simplify the algorithms
+are typically applied reduction that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically applied reduction that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically applied reduction that if
+you showed it slightly reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed it slightly reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed it slightly reduce the
+release and the globally in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and the globally in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and the globally in the future
+down to just the until the next tell as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to just the until the next tell as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to just the until the next tell as
+your happens to be a little bit more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your happens to be a little bit more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your happens to be a little bit more to
+handle fewer cases and then they apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle fewer cases and then they apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle fewer cases and then they apply
+the usual rules trying to push not so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual rules trying to push not so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual rules trying to push not so to
+the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UXG4JImev-s.txt b/UXG4JImev-s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c51858ed29d9760ee4c2db3296060fe87f29cc6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UXG4JImev-s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have already talked for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have already talked for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have already talked for a while
+about various kinds of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various kinds of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various kinds of ambiguity
+and today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to talk about
+ambiguity more this is if anything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity more this is if anything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity more this is if anything the
+best time to talk about ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to talk about ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to talk about ambiguity
+because we're now actually into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're now actually into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're now actually into
+semantics uh the kinds of ambiguity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics uh the kinds of ambiguity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics uh the kinds of ambiguity we
+were talking about before were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about before were
+kinds of what's called sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of what's called sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of what's called sometimes called
+structural ambiguity that is sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity that is sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural ambiguity that is sentences
+that have more than one meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more than one meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more than one meaning
+the way we were talking about it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we were talking about it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we were talking about it was
+more than one but had more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one but had more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one but had more than one
+meaning because it was possible to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because it was possible to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning because it was possible to draw
+more than one tree for them so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one tree for them so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one tree for them so the
+sentence that we spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that we spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that we spend a lot of time
+talking about was I once shot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about was I once shot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about was I once shot an
+elephant in my pajamas where the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant in my pajamas where the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant in my pajamas where the whole
+joke there was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke there was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke there was uh
+uh that in in my pajamas could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that in in my pajamas could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that in in my pajamas could be
+attached in a couple different places uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached in a couple different places uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached in a couple different places uh
+it could either modify the elephant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could either modify the elephant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could either modify the elephant or
+it could modify the verb phrase shot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could modify the verb phrase shot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could modify the verb phrase shot an
+elephant and the upshot of that was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and the upshot of that was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and the upshot of that was well
+uh the pajamas could be on either of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pajamas could be on either of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pajamas could be on either of you
+and yeah ambiguity similar kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah ambiguity similar kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah ambiguity similar kinds of
+ambiguities in these other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in these other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguities in these other examples
+but there's another kind of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another kind of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another kind of ambiguity
+that was that's the one I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that's the one I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that's the one I want to talk
+about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+people have claimed that this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have claimed that this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have claimed that this sentence
+is ambiguous someone loves everyone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous someone loves everyone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous someone loves everyone the
+claim is this can mean at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is this can mean at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is this can mean at least two
+things it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can mean
+um with some lights on up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some lights on up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some lights on up here in the
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+uh oh dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh dear
+so many options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+stage left stage right yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage left stage right yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage left stage right yeah sure
+oh I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh two two kinds of meanings for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two kinds of meanings for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two kinds of meanings for this
+that people have posited one meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have posited one meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have posited one meaning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the following situation holds everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following situation holds everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following situation holds everyone
+is loved that is uh for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loved that is uh for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loved that is uh for each person
+there is someone that loves them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is someone that loves them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is someone that loves them that's
+what sort of uh diagrammed in that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of uh diagrammed in that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of uh diagrammed in that first
+diagram up there where the love relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram up there where the love relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram up there where the love relation
+holds between X and A and B X loves both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds between X and A and B X loves both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds between X and A and B X loves both
+A and B and between Y and c and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B and between Y and c and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B and between Y and c and between
+Z and both d and e right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and both d and e right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and both d and e right so that's a
+that's a possible reading for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a possible reading for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a possible reading for the
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+and then there's another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another possible
+reading for the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for the sentence
+and then there are arguments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are arguments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are arguments about
+whether this is a different reading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a different reading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is a different reading or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+in which it means you know someone loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it means you know someone loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it means you know someone loves
+everyone what that means is there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone what that means is there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone what that means is there is a
+person who loves everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who loves everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who loves everyone
+maybe it's my grandma you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's my grandma you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's my grandma you know very
+loving person she loves every absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving person she loves every absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving person she loves every absolutely
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+um and so the love relation holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the love relation holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so the love relation holds
+between X and absolutely everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and absolutely everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X and absolutely everyone
+including herself hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including herself hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including herself hopefully
+yeah so that's a kind of ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a kind of ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a kind of ambiguity
+people have claimed to exist I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have claimed to exist I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have claimed to exist I don't
+want us to get too hung up on whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to get too hung up on whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to get too hung up on whether it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+there are clearer examples Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clearer examples Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are clearer examples Maybe
+think about a sentence like everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a sentence like everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a sentence like everyone in
+this room speaks two languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room speaks two languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room speaks two languages
+uh some this is going to be a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some this is going to be a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some this is going to be a clear
+example because we'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because we'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because we'll see that the
+availability of the two meanings is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the two meanings is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the two meanings is uh
+can be affected by things that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affected by things that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affected by things that we can do
+what's something this can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it's possible that it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's possible that it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's possible that it means
+everyone in this room is bilingual right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is bilingual right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is bilingual right
+so maybe I speak English and Spanish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I speak English and Spanish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I speak English and Spanish and
+you speak you know Ukrainian and polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak you know Ukrainian and polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak you know Ukrainian and polish
+and you speak Mandarin and Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you speak Mandarin and Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you speak Mandarin and Japanese
+right so everybody in this room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everybody in this room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everybody in this room is
+bilingual right it could mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilingual right it could mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilingual right it could mean that
+um what's another thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's another thing it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's another thing it can mean
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly yeah so if you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly yeah so if you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly yeah so if you took a
+survey of everybody in this room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of everybody in this room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of everybody in this room and
+found out all the languages that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out all the languages that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out all the languages that they
+speak there would be two things two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak there would be two things two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak there would be two things two
+languages that we all have in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that we all have in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that we all have in common
+maybe we all speak English and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all speak English and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we all speak English and we all
+speak Tagalog right uh maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Tagalog right uh maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Tagalog right uh maybe some of you
+speak 12 languages right but two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak 12 languages right but two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak 12 languages right but two of them
+are English in Tagalog that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are English in Tagalog that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are English in Tagalog that's another
+thing that it could mean yeah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it could mean yeah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it could mean yeah I don't
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+read the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the sentence
+everyone in this room speaks through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room speaks through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room speaks through
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just doesn't
+that's not the first reading you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the first reading you get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the first reading you get for
+it yeah I agree with you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I agree with you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I agree with you actually
+um so that what you're sort of claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that what you're sort of claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that what you're sort of claiming
+is that if I were to say everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I were to say everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I were to say everyone in
+this room speaks two languages namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room speaks two languages namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room speaks two languages namely
+English and Tagalog your interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Tagalog your interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and Tagalog your interpretation
+would be that everyone in this room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that everyone in this room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that everyone in this room is
+bilingual in English language from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilingual in English language from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilingual in English language from the
+Philippines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines
+um uh it's a lot easier to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's a lot easier to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's a lot easier to get that
+reading I agree with you than it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I agree with you than it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I agree with you than it is to
+get the other reading where it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the other reading where it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the other reading where it just
+means everyone in this room is bilingual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means everyone in this room is bilingual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means everyone in this room is bilingual
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between something to me like in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something to me like in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something to me like in total
+every everyone in this room speaks two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everyone in this room speaks two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everyone in this room speaks two
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+between us yeah you feel as though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us yeah you feel as though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us yeah you feel as though there
+could be modifications that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modifications that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modifications that you could
+make that would make that really here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that would make that really here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that would make that really here's
+one modification you can make that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one modification you can make that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one modification you can make that makes
+that reading come out you can passivize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading come out you can passivize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading come out you can passivize
+the sentence so two languages are spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence so two languages are spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence so two languages are spoken
+by everyone in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think has that reading really clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think has that reading really clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think has that reading really clear
+there are two languages that we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two languages that we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two languages that we all have
+in common right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common right
+possible that it can also mean the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it can also mean the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it can also mean the other
+thing right that it can also mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right that it can also mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right that it can also mean
+everyone in this room is bilingual at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is bilingual at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this room is bilingual at
+least can mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least can mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least can mean that
+the fact that we can have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we can have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we can have this this
+Sensation that you know these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensation that you know these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensation that you know these two
+imaginable readings are maybe both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable readings are maybe both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable readings are maybe both
+available for both of these sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for both of these sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for both of these sentences
+maybe not but certainly one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but certainly one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not but certainly one is more
+available than the other uh depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available than the other uh depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available than the other uh depending on
+whether the sentence is active or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sentence is active or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sentence is active or
+passive I suggests we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive I suggests we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive I suggests we want to be able to
+talk about this this kind of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this this kind of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this this kind of difference
+in meaning yeah between these sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meaning yeah between these sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in meaning yeah between these sentences
+so we're going to develop the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to develop the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to develop the tools to
+do that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that today
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order to do that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to do that we're going to
+need to develop a theory of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to develop a theory of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to develop a theory of a certain
+special kind of noun phrase what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of noun phrase what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of noun phrase what's
+called a quantifier so and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quantifier so and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quantifier so and to do that
+we're going to start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by talking about
+what noun phrases mean kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noun phrases mean kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what noun phrases mean kind of more
+generally so here's a noun phrase refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so here's a noun phrase refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so here's a noun phrase refers
+to a person it's the TA for some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person it's the TA for some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a person it's the TA for some of you
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um uh and if you were to ask what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and if you were to ask what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and if you were to ask what does
+that noun phrase mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noun phrase mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noun phrase mean
+well we talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about this a little bit
+you know I had the example of uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had the example of uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had the example of uh there
+are various things that you could use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various things that you could use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various things that you could use to
+refer to me right uh you could refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to me right uh you could refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to me right uh you could refer to
+me as Professor Richards or snorbeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as Professor Richards or snorbeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as Professor Richards or snorbeners
+that so and so who gave me a c right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and so who gave me a c right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and so who gave me a c right you
+were talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that
+um so similarly here's a phrase that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so similarly here's a phrase that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so similarly here's a phrase that if
+you ask what it means you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask what it means you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask what it means you might expect
+that if we look this up in your mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look this up in your mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look this up in your mental
+lexicon uh what we would find is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon uh what we would find is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon uh what we would find is a
+picture of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this guy
+those of you who have a measure ta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have a measure ta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have a measure ta at
+least some you don't have them as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some you don't have them as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some you don't have them as your
+ta maybe you don't know who he is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta maybe you don't know who he is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta maybe you don't know who he is but
+he's one of the Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to say for example Enrico floor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say for example Enrico floor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say for example Enrico floor is
+an avid hang glider is to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avid hang glider is to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avid hang glider is to say something
+like you know we ask what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we ask what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we ask what that means
+it's going to mean something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to mean something like uh
+we'll have to figure out the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to figure out the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to figure out the meaning of
+avid hang glider you know what is it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avid hang glider you know what is it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avid hang glider you know what is it to
+say that someone's an avid hang glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that someone's an avid hang glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that someone's an avid hang glider
+but when we figure out what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we figure out what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we figure out what that is
+we'll have a list of all of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a list of all of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a list of all of the people
+who are Avid hang gliders and this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are Avid hang gliders and this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are Avid hang gliders and this claim
+is that that list will have Enrico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that list will have Enrico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that list will have Enrico
+floor's name on it right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor's name on it right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor's name on it right that's what
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+okay so that's a comparatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a comparatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a comparatively simple
+kind of meaning for a noun phrase Enrico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of meaning for a noun phrase Enrico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of meaning for a noun phrase Enrico
+floor that noun phrase refers to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor that noun phrase refers to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor that noun phrase refers to that
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if I wanted to tell you the 24900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I wanted to tell you the 24900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I wanted to tell you the 24900
+Tas are Avid hang gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas are Avid hang gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas are Avid hang gliders
+so again we're going to have a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're going to have a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're going to have a list of
+the Avid hang gliders what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avid hang gliders what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avid hang gliders what does this
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+uh say what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly yeah that's a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly yeah that's a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly yeah that's a nice way to
+say it so you know we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it so you know we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it so you know we're gonna have a
+list of the Avid hang gliders and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the Avid hang gliders and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the Avid hang gliders and we're
+going to have a list of the 24 900 Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a list of the 24 900 Tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a list of the 24 900 Tas
+at 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11
+and it'll have you know all four of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll have you know all four of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll have you know all four of the
+the Tas and what it this says is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas and what it this says is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas and what it this says is if you
+look at that list of avid hang gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that list of avid hang gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that list of avid hang gliders
+it'll have all four of those names on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have all four of those names on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have all four of those names on it
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm trying to lure you into a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to lure you into a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to lure you into a false
+sense of security here so far this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of security here so far this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of security here so far this
+should seem pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should seem pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should seem pretty simple
+so yeah there's a list or a set we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's a list or a set we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's a list or a set we've
+made it a set here it's a set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a set here it's a set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a set here it's a set that
+contains Enrico and Peter and yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains Enrico and Peter and yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains Enrico and Peter and yes and
+Anton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton
+yeah and uh what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh what we're saying is that
+set is the subset of the set of avid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the subset of the set of avid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the subset of the set of avid
+hang gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang gliders
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set
+does every Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does every Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does every Italian
+Enrico Flores Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enrico Flores Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enrico Flores Italian
+what set does every Italian refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we're going to let noun verses refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to let noun verses refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to let noun verses refer
+to sets yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so you're being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so you're being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah so you're being very
+careful but yes right so somehow we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful but yes right so somehow we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful but yes right so somehow we'll
+have to Define what we mean by Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to Define what we mean by Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to Define what we mean by Italian
+you're right that's right uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that's right uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that's right uh and then
+you know we'll end up with a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll end up with a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll end up with a list of
+Italians and then you know so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians and then you know so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians and then you know so they'll
+that'll be the set so similarly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the set so similarly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the set so similarly if you
+say every Italian is an avid hang glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every Italian is an avid hang glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every Italian is an avid hang glider
+what we'll mean is it's kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll mean is it's kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll mean is it's kind of like the
+24 900 Tas or Avid hand gliders you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 Tas or Avid hand gliders you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 900 Tas or Avid hand gliders you know
+everyone in this list is also in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this list is also in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this list is also in this
+list everyone in this set is also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everyone in this set is also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everyone in this set is also in
+this set that's what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set that's what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set that's what that means
+yeah so every Italian will have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so every Italian will have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so every Italian will have a list
+of Italians there's something that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italians there's something that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Italians there's something that's how
+the list could start you know and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list could start you know and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list could start you know and uh
+uh you're saying everybody in that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're saying everybody in that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're saying everybody in that list
+is an avid end glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an avid end glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an avid end glider
+okay so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so far so good
+how about no Italian what set is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attracted the Italians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but if it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if it means that
+no that's a nice idea right so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a nice idea right so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's a nice idea right so so uh
+we'll take the set of people and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the set of people and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the set of people and we'll
+subtract from it all of the Italians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it all of the Italians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it all of the Italians
+everybody who was on the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was on the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was on the list of
+Italians but then what is no Italian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians but then what is no Italian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians but then what is no Italian is
+an avid hang glider going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah means that of the list of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah means that of the list of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah means that of the list of people
+that you identify as Italians none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you identify as Italians none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you identify as Italians none of
+them will be found in the list yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be found in the list yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be found in the list yeah well
+so we want to we want it to mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to we want it to mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to we want it to mean that
+but if it meant what Raquel if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it meant what Raquel if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it meant what Raquel if no
+Italian meant what Raquel wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian meant what Raquel wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian meant what Raquel wanted to make
+I'm sorry recalling picking on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry recalling picking on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry recalling picking on you
+because you were smart enough to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were smart enough to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were smart enough to make a
+suggestion it would mean everyone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion it would mean everyone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion it would mean everyone who is
+not Italian is an avid hang glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Italian is an avid hang glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Italian is an avid hang glider
+and that's not what no italianism glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what no italianism glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not what no italianism glider
+means I think right sorry what were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I think right sorry what were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I think right sorry what were you
+going to say say that yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say say that yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say say that yes yeah
+yeah I'm sorry I should start calling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm sorry I should start calling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm sorry I should start calling on
+you guys instead of uh yes Raquel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys instead of uh yes Raquel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys instead of uh yes Raquel
+there is another hang glider it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another hang glider it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another hang glider it has to
+be part of the the like subtracted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the the like subtracted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of the the like subtracted but
+the set that doesn't happen it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set that doesn't happen it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set that doesn't happen it's not the
+like every single one must but like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every single one must but like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every single one must but like if
+there is going to be what it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be what it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be what it better be
+in that so all the other hand gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that so all the other hand gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that so all the other hand gliders
+have to be in the complement set of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in the complement set of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in the complement set of the
+set of Italians something something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Italians something something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Italians something something like
+that yeah yeah yeah Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I think what we're saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think what we're saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I think what we're saying what
+we're what we're getting to and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what we're getting to and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what we're getting to and I think
+you said this more or less in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this more or less in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this more or less in the same
+way uh every other set that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh every other set that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh every other set that we've talked
+about you know when we said the 24 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know when we said the 24 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know when we said the 24 900
+Tas are Avid hand gliders we said yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas are Avid hand gliders we said yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas are Avid hand gliders we said yeah
+there's a set of 24 900 Tas and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of 24 900 Tas and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of 24 900 Tas and there's
+a set of avid hang gliders and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of avid hang gliders and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of avid hang gliders and the first
+set is contained in the second set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is contained in the second set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is contained in the second set
+that's what that means and every Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means and every Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means and every Italian
+is an avid hang glider there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an avid hang glider there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an avid hang glider there's a set of
+Italians and a set of avid hang gliders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians and a set of avid hang gliders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians and a set of avid hang gliders
+and the first set is contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first set is contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first set is contained in the
+second set yeah but no as in no Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set yeah but no as in no Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set yeah but no as in no Italian
+makes you have the sets interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you have the sets interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you have the sets interact with
+each other in a different way it says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a different way it says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a different way it says uh
+this first set is not contained nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first set is not contained nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first set is not contained nothing
+in this first set is contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first set is contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first set is contained in the
+second set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is a popular way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a popular way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a popular way of talking about
+the meanings of what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meanings of what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meanings of what are called
+quantifiers words like every and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers words like every and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers words like every and no
+so it's not the null set it's not a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the null set it's not a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the null set it's not a set
+containing no Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh yeah a popular way of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah a popular way of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah a popular way of talking
+about the meanings of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the meanings of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the meanings of these kinds of
+Expressions these are called quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions these are called quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions these are called quantifiers
+these Expressions which do fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions which do fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions which do fancier
+things with sets than just say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with sets than just say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with sets than just say oh yeah
+this set is inside this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is inside this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is inside this set
+um a popular way of talking about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a popular way of talking about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a popular way of talking about them
+is to say yeah they they well they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say yeah they they well they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say yeah they they well they do
+fancier things with sets they allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier things with sets they allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier things with sets they allow you
+to do uh more interesting things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh more interesting things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh more interesting things with
+set interaction than just say this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set interaction than just say this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set interaction than just say this set
+is a subset of that set that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of that set that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of that set that's what they
+do that's what they're for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's what they're for yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's what they're for yeah
+quantifiers have a bunch of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers have a bunch of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers have a bunch of interesting
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+um they're weird in other ways too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're weird in other ways too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're weird in other ways too so
+for example there is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there is something called
+The Law of contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Law of contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Law of contradiction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if the law of contradiction says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the law of contradiction says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the law of contradiction says if you
+take two predicates that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two predicates that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two predicates that are
+contradictory like be inside and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory like be inside and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory like be inside and be
+outside if you join me in imagining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside if you join me in imagining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside if you join me in imagining that
+it's not possible to be both inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to be both inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible to be both inside and
+outside right that uh so and I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside right that uh so and I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside right that uh so and I can see
+some of you you know thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you know thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you know thinking of
+alternative ways of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ways of thinking about the
+world in which you know but suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which you know but suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which you know but suppose you
+know I'm halfway inside and halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm halfway inside and halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm halfway inside and halfway
+outside which one am I in you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which one am I in you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which one am I in you know I'm
+in the department of linguistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department of linguistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the department of linguistics and
+philosophy so I'm used to hearing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so I'm used to hearing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so I'm used to hearing people
+talk like that but please please stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk like that but please please stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk like that but please please stop
+yes just just imagine that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just just imagine that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just just imagine that you are
+either inside or you are outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either inside or you are outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either inside or you are outside and
+that's all and imagine that Paul is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all and imagine that Paul is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all and imagine that Paul is a
+single person there's only one person on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single person there's only one person on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single person there's only one person on
+Earth named Paul right so uh then Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth named Paul right so uh then Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth named Paul right so uh then Paul
+is inside and Paul is outside cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside and Paul is outside cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside and Paul is outside cannot be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+right that's the law of contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the law of contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the law of contradiction so
+if you have two predicates that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two predicates that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two predicates that are uh
+opposites of each other right cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposites of each other right cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposites of each other right cannot
+both be true of a single person then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be true of a single person then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both be true of a single person then if
+you apply them to a single person then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply them to a single person then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply them to a single person then
+you know that person then the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that person then the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that person then the sentence
+has to be false that's what that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be false that's what that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be false that's what that first
+example is an example of the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is an example of the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is an example of the law of
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+but there are quantifiers like several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are quantifiers like several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are quantifiers like several
+Americans which just flagrantly violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans which just flagrantly violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans which just flagrantly violate
+the law of contradiction so several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of contradiction so several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of contradiction so several
+Americans are inside and several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are inside and several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are inside and several
+Americans are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are outside
+fine you know no problem right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you know no problem right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you know no problem right and you
+you don't have to play games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to play games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to play games with
+whether if you're halfway inside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you're halfway inside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you're halfway inside or
+halfway outside or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway outside or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway outside or you know
+you're inside the building but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside the building but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inside the building but you're
+outside the campus or something just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the campus or something just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the campus or something just
+forget about all that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about all that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about all that yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are also quantifiers that fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also quantifiers that fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also quantifiers that fail
+What's called the law of the of excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the law of the of excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the law of the of excluded
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+the law of the excluded middle says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of the excluded middle says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law of the excluded middle says if
+you have two predicates like be under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two predicates like be under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two predicates like be under
+six feet tall and be over five feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall and be over five feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall and be over five feet tall
+then a sentence like Takashi is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a sentence like Takashi is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a sentence like Takashi is under
+six feet tall or Takashi is over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall or Takashi is over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall or Takashi is over five
+feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall
+has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be true
+we don't have to measure Takashi to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to measure Takashi to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to measure Takashi to find
+out whether that's true because the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether that's true because the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether that's true because the set
+of people who are under six feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are under six feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are under six feet tall
+and the set of people who are over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set of people who are over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set of people who are over five
+feet tall overlap if you have both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall overlap if you have both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall overlap if you have both of
+those sets together they cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets together they cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets together they cover all
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+any height that someone is they are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any height that someone is they are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any height that someone is they are at
+least one of those two things possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of those two things possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of those two things possibly
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+someone who's between five feet tall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's between five feet tall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's between five feet tall and
+six feet tall is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet tall is both
+and someone who's under five is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who's under five is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone who's under five is under
+six and someone who's over six is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and someone who's over six is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and someone who's over six is well
+over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five
+does that sound right these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound right these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound right these are two
+predicates such that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates such that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates such that you know
+here's five feet tall and here's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's five feet tall and here's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's five feet tall and here's six
+feet tall and we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall and we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet tall and we're talking about the
+people who are under six feet tall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are under six feet tall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are under six feet tall and
+also the people who are over five feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the people who are over five feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the people who are over five feet
+tall well we've covered everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall well we've covered everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall well we've covered everybody
+so we don't have to look at Takashi we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to look at Takashi we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have to look at Takashi we
+don't have to know who Takashi is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to know who Takashi is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to know who Takashi is uh
+um that first sentence is true Takashi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that first sentence is true Takashi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that first sentence is true Takashi
+is under six feet tall or Takashi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under six feet tall or Takashi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under six feet tall or Takashi is
+over five feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five feet tall
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+but the second sentence is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second sentence is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the second sentence is false
+or at least doesn't have to be true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least doesn't have to be true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least doesn't have to be true so
+all Japanese men are under six feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Japanese men are under six feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Japanese men are under six feet tall
+or all Japanese men are over five feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all Japanese men are over five feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all Japanese men are over five feet
+tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall
+uh that could be false right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that could be false right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that could be false right can
+somebody name a context in which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody name a context in which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody name a context in which that
+would be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm asking you to do it because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you to do it because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you to do it because I can't
+do math while standing up here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do math while standing up here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do math while standing up here yeah
+Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there we go good so as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go good so as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go good so as long as you
+have at least one Japanese man who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one Japanese man who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one Japanese man who's
+over six feet tall and at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six feet tall and at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six feet tall and at least one
+Japanese man who is under five feet tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese man who is under five feet tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese man who is under five feet tall
+the rest of the Japanese men can all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Japanese men can all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Japanese men can all do
+whatever they want the sentence will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want the sentence will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want the sentence will be
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+so quantifier phrases quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quantifier phrases quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quantifier phrases quantifiers
+quantificational expressions like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantificational expressions like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantificational expressions like all
+Japanese men or uh some Italians or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese men or uh some Italians or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese men or uh some Italians or no
+Italians fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these these sort of otherwise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of otherwise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of otherwise uh
+otherwise reliable generalizations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise reliable generalizations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise reliable generalizations about
+um sentences okay so expressions like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sentences okay so expressions like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sentences okay so expressions like no
+Turks or several Americans or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turks or several Americans or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turks or several Americans or all
+Italians or most ukrainians don't refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians or most ukrainians don't refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians or most ukrainians don't refer
+to sets of people what do they mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sets of people what do they mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sets of people what do they mean well
+uh what they do is they've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they do is they've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they do is they've already said
+this this word these words at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this word these words at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this word these words at the
+beginning like no or several or all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like no or several or all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like no or several or all or
+most are uh doing cool set theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are uh doing cool set theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are uh doing cool set theoretic
+things with the set that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with the set that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with the set that they are
+combining with so the set of Turks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining with so the set of Turks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining with so the set of Turks or
+Americans or Italians or ukrainians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans or Italians or ukrainians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans or Italians or ukrainians
+um they're causing that set to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're causing that set to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're causing that set to interact
+in interesting ways with a set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interesting ways with a set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interesting ways with a set that's
+determined by the rest of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the rest of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the rest of the sentence
+in order to talk about this let me do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to talk about this let me do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to talk about this let me do a
+quick review of uh of set theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of uh of set theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review of uh of set theory
+um you're not going to need to know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to need to know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to need to know very
+much that theory in order to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that theory in order to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that theory in order to do this uh
+I tell you this because I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you this because I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you this because I don't know
+very much set theory uh and I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much set theory uh and I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much set theory uh and I can do
+this so uh so I'll I'll just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh so I'll I'll just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so uh so I'll I'll just show you
+show you what I'm going to show you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what I'm going to show you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what I'm going to show you here
+um here are two sets pi and Phi yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are two sets pi and Phi yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are two sets pi and Phi yeah
+it's a Venn diagram it's hopefully not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Venn diagram it's hopefully not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Venn diagram it's hopefully not
+too unfamiliar two sets pi and Phi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unfamiliar two sets pi and Phi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too unfamiliar two sets pi and Phi which
+have an overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an overlap
+that contains D and F and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains D and F and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains D and F and then there are
+also things that are only in pi and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also things that are only in pi and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also things that are only in pi and not
+in Phi Like A and B and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Phi Like A and B and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Phi Like A and B and there are some
+things that are only in Phi and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are only in Phi and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are only in Phi and not in
+pi like c and e that sound right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi like c and e that sound right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi like c and e that sound right people
+are all familiar with Venn diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all familiar with Venn diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all familiar with Venn diagrams
+um we say that D and F is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say that D and F is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say that D and F is the
+intersection of Pi and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of Pi and Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of Pi and Phi
+uh and that little uh hoop is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that little uh hoop is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that little uh hoop is the the
+thing that you use to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you use to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you use to express
+intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+um and we say that a b c d e and f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we say that a b c d e and f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we say that a b c d e and f is
+the union of Pi and Phi uh where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of Pi and Phi uh where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of Pi and Phi uh where I have
+for some reason used the word of twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason used the word of twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason used the word of twice
+I'll try to fix that before I put up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to fix that before I put up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to fix that before I put up the
+slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+and the the little thing that looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the little thing that looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the little thing that looks more
+or less like a u is the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less like a u is the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less like a u is the expression for
+Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union
+um we also say that a b and d is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also say that a b and d is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also say that a b and d is a
+subset of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of Pi
+and there's a symbol that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a symbol that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a symbol that's used
+sometimes for subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay none of this seemed alarming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay none of this seemed alarming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay none of this seemed alarming
+subsets Union intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's a popular answer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a popular answer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a popular answer which
+we've now already gone through for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now already gone through for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now already gone through for
+quantifier meeting what we say is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier meeting what we say is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier meeting what we say is when
+you're saying something like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying something like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying something like all
+Americans eat junk food is you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans eat junk food is you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans eat junk food is you are
+um asserting a relation between the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um asserting a relation between the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um asserting a relation between the set
+of Americans and the set of junk food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Americans and the set of junk food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Americans and the set of junk food
+eaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaters
+um you're saying something about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're saying something about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're saying something about what
+happens when you intersect those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you intersect those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you intersect those two
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+and depending on what quantifier you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what quantifier you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on what quantifier you're
+using you're you're making different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you're you're making different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you're you're making different
+assertions about the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions about the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions about the relation between
+these two sets so all says set number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets so all says set number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets so all says set number
+one is a subset of set number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a subset of set number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a subset of set number two
+some what does some say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Joseph
+yeah the intersection is non-empty yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the intersection is non-empty yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the intersection is non-empty yeah
+so there are things that are in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are things that are in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are things that are in both
+sets yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+says the intersection of set one and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the intersection of set one and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the intersection of set one and set
+two is empty no Americans eat NATO are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is empty no Americans eat NATO are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is empty no Americans eat NATO are
+people familiar with NATO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people familiar with NATO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people familiar with NATO
+I talked about nato in this class yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about nato in this class yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about nato in this class yes
+some of us sir from nocturnal cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us sir from nocturnal cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us sir from nocturnal cultures
+okay natto is a Japanese food it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay natto is a Japanese food it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay natto is a Japanese food it's um
+it's very good uh and it's good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good uh and it's good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good uh and it's good for you
+Italian protein but it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian protein but it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian protein but it's one of those
+kinds of food I think a lot of cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of food I think a lot of cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of food I think a lot of cultures
+have something like this it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this it's a kind of
+food one of the points of which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food one of the points of which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food one of the points of which is to
+feed it to Outsiders so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it to Outsiders so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it to Outsiders so that you can
+watch and be amused so this happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and be amused so this happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and be amused so this happened to
+me when I was living in Japan we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was living in Japan we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was living in Japan we were
+visiting some the family of a Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting some the family of a Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting some the family of a Japanese
+friend of mine and the mother made me up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine and the mother made me up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine and the mother made me up
+a big dish of natto and they put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big dish of natto and they put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big dish of natto and they put it in
+front of me and the entire family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me and the entire family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me and the entire family
+gathered around to watch sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered around to watch sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered around to watch sort of see
+what is he going to do NATO is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he going to do NATO is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he going to do NATO is uh
+fermented soybeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermented soybeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermented soybeans
+um so the soybeans are covered in a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the soybeans are covered in a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the soybeans are covered in a thin
+layer of slime and then you mix this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of slime and then you mix this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of slime and then you mix this up
+with rice and often mustard and some soy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rice and often mustard and some soy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rice and often mustard and some soy
+sauce it's very it's really tasty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce it's very it's really tasty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce it's very it's really tasty it's
+really good but it's also very messy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good but it's also very messy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good but it's also very messy so
+if you're like me and you have facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're like me and you have facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're like me and you have facial
+hair by the time you're done your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair by the time you're done your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair by the time you're done your entire
+face is covered in not those slime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is covered in not those slime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is covered in not those slime so
+you have to go take a shower after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go take a shower after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go take a shower after you
+eat but it's good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat but it's good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat but it's good for you
+um tasty stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tasty stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tasty stuff
+so it's not true that no Americans eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not true that no Americans eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not true that no Americans eat
+nocturnal but it's grammatical and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nocturnal but it's grammatical and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nocturnal but it's grammatical and what
+it means is the set of Americans you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is the set of Americans you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is the set of Americans you're
+looking at the set of Americans and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the set of Americans and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the set of Americans and the
+set of NATO leaders and you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of NATO leaders and you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of NATO leaders and you're saying
+the intersection of those sets is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of those sets is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of those sets is empty
+if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know whether we have a food like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether we have a food like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know whether we have a food like
+that in our culture a food that you feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our culture a food that you feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our culture a food that you feed
+to people in order to be amused by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people in order to be amused by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people in order to be amused by their
+attempts to eat it this is something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to eat it this is something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to eat it this is something to
+think about I can tell you the Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I can tell you the Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I can tell you the Tagalog
+version of it though I'm sorry I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it though I'm sorry I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it though I'm sorry I'll
+start talking about sets again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about sets again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about sets again in a
+second the um the Tagalog version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the um the Tagalog version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the um the Tagalog version of
+this is something called balot we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something called balot we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something called balot we talked
+about balut in this class you've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balut in this class you've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balut in this class you've had a
+lot too you're an adventurous person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah balot is um a duck's egg that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah balot is um a duck's egg that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah balot is um a duck's egg that has
+been allowed to be fertilized as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been allowed to be fertilized as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been allowed to be fertilized as a
+popular food in the Philippines let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular food in the Philippines let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular food in the Philippines let's
+say people sell it in the street you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say people sell it in the street you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say people sell it in the street you
+have bullet sellers who walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bullet sellers who walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bullet sellers who walk around
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+which means strengthens your knees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means strengthens your knees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means strengthens your knees
+that's apparently the standard thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's apparently the standard thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's apparently the standard thing you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um uh and balut it's a duck's egg that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and balut it's a duck's egg that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and balut it's a duck's egg that's
+been fertilized and then hard-boiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fertilized and then hard-boiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fertilized and then hard-boiled
+before it hatches so you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it hatches so you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it hatches so you've got a
+hard-boiled Duck's egg with a duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard-boiled Duck's egg with a duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard-boiled Duck's egg with a duck
+embryo inside which you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo inside which you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo inside which you're supposed to
+eat my when I was living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat my when I was living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat my when I was living in the
+Philippines my host brother got me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines my host brother got me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines my host brother got me a
+bullet and we were in a dark room he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet and we were in a dark room he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet and we were in a dark room he
+handed me the balut and I went to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed me the balut and I went to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed me the balut and I went to turn
+on the light he was like No And just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the light he was like No And just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the light he was like No And just uh
+just eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eat it
+um and I unfortunately turned on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I unfortunately turned on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I unfortunately turned on the
+light so uh so I chickened out I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so uh so I chickened out I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so uh so I chickened out I looked
+at it and there's a little duck looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and there's a little duck looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and there's a little duck looking
+up at me yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at me yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at me yes
+pretty weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weird
+okay so quantifiers so that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quantifiers so that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so quantifiers so that's their
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+quantifiers then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers then uh
+quantifiers like all or some or no or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers like all or some or no or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers like all or some or no or
+three right are saying things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right are saying things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right are saying things about the
+interactions of the two sets right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the two sets right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the two sets right so
+all says the first Set uh so we said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all says the first Set uh so we said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all says the first Set uh so we said in
+a sentence like all Americans eat NATO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence like all Americans eat NATO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence like all Americans eat NATO
+uh the first set is the set of Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first set is the set of Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first set is the set of Americans
+and the second set is the set of not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second set is the set of not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second set is the set of not the
+leaders uh all says the first set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh all says the first set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh all says the first set is a
+subset of the second set some says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the second set some says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the second set some says the
+intersection of these sets is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets is not empty
+no says the intersection of these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no says the intersection of these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no says the intersection of these sets
+is empty three says if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty three says if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty three says if you look at the
+intersection of these sets you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of these sets you will find
+three things it has cardinality three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things it has cardinality three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things it has cardinality three
+you know that's the kind of meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the kind of meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the kind of meaning that
+a quantifier has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantifier has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantifier has
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you're already familiar with set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're already familiar with set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're already familiar with set
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+it's uh obviously interesting to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh obviously interesting to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh obviously interesting to try to
+think about what kinds of intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what kinds of intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what kinds of intersections
+between sets quantifiers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sets quantifiers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sets quantifiers can
+State you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you know so
+mathematicians can get sets to tango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians can get sets to tango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians can get sets to tango
+with each other in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in all kinds of
+entertaining ways right I mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining ways right I mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining ways right I mean there are
+all kinds of things you can get sets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things you can get sets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things you can get sets to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it turns out that natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that natural language
+quantifiers are what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers are what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers are what's called
+conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative
+um which means that you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means that you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means that you can always
+replace set number two with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace set number two with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace set number two with the
+intersection of set number one and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of set number one and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of set number one and set
+number two and get the same meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and get the same meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and get the same meaning that
+is to say maybe about to do this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say maybe about to do this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say maybe about to do this in the
+slide but here we'll do it on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but here we'll do it on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but here we'll do it on the board
+if this is set number one and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is set number one and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is set number one and this is
+set number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I've been talking about quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've been talking about quantifiers
+as though they tell you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though they tell you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though they tell you something about
+this set and this set but all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and this set but all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and this set but all of the
+quantifiers can be stated in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers can be stated in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers can be stated in terms of
+this set set number one and this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set set number one and this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set set number one and this area
+here the intersection of set number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the intersection of set number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the intersection of set number one
+and set number two this part of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set number two this part of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set number two this part of set
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+is always uh uh irrelevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always uh uh irrelevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always uh uh irrelevant to the
+meaning of a qualifier that's a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a qualifier that's a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a qualifier that's a fact
+about natural language quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural language quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural language quantifiers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's not a necessary fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a necessary fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a necessary fact
+so here's an example if I say all opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example if I say all opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example if I say all opera
+singers smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers smoke
+I believe to be false but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe to be false but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe to be false but anyway
+um I'm making a claim about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm making a claim about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm making a claim about the
+relationship between the set of opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the set of opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the set of opera
+singers and the set of smokers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers and the set of smokers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers and the set of smokers I'm
+saying that the set of opera singers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the set of opera singers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the set of opera singers is
+completely contained in the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the set of
+smokers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokers
+but that's essentially the same thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's essentially the same thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's essentially the same thing it
+is the same thing as saying that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as saying that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing as saying that all
+opera singers are opera singers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers are opera singers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers are opera singers who
+smoke that is opera singers are all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke that is opera singers are all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke that is opera singers are all in
+the set of smoking opera singers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of smoking opera singers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of smoking opera singers
+we don't care about smokers who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about smokers who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about smokers who are not
+opera singers when we are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers when we are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers when we are thinking about
+the meaning of all opera singers smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of all opera singers smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of all opera singers smoke
+so if I tell you all opera singers smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you all opera singers smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you all opera singers smoke
+and you begin to tell talk to me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you begin to tell talk to me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you begin to tell talk to me about
+someone who smokes and there's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who smokes and there's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who smokes and there's not an
+opera singer what you're maybe fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singer what you're maybe fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singer what you're maybe fun to
+talk about that but it's not relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that but it's not relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that but it's not relevant to
+the truth of my claim the truth of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth of my claim the truth of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth of my claim the truth of my
+claim is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is only about
+the set of opera singers and the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of opera singers and the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of opera singers and the set of
+smoking opera singers it says the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking opera singers it says the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking opera singers it says the set of
+opera singers is completely contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers is completely contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera singers is completely contained in
+the set of smoking opera singers does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of smoking opera singers does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of smoking opera singers does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+so if I say all opera singers smoke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say all opera singers smoke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say all opera singers smoke and
+you tell me oh no Arnold Schwarzenegger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me oh no Arnold Schwarzenegger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me oh no Arnold Schwarzenegger
+smokes and he's not as an opera singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes and he's not as an opera singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smokes and he's not as an opera singer
+uh you haven't contradicted me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you haven't contradicted me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you haven't contradicted me it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can imagine quantifiers which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine quantifiers which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine quantifiers which would
+not be conservative so I've just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be conservative so I've just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be conservative so I've just made
+one up here's a quantifier glorp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here's a quantifier glorp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here's a quantifier glorp
+it says if you add up all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if you add up all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if you add up all of the things
+in set number one and set number two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in set number one and set number two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in set number one and set number two so
+the union of set number one and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of set number one and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of set number one and set
+number two has cardinality three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two has cardinality three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two has cardinality three
+I've just made up clerk I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just made up clerk I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just made up clerk I'll give you an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+it would be true in this picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be true in this picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be true in this picture that
+glorp circles are red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorp circles are red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorp circles are red
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+if you add up the number of circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the number of circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add up the number of circles and
+the number of red things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of red things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of red things
+the total is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total is three
+there are two circles and one rid thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two circles and one rid thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two circles and one rid thing
+so uh if there were a quantifier glorp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if there were a quantifier glorp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if there were a quantifier glorp
+then you could say that glorp circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could say that glorp circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could say that glorp circles
+are red in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are red in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are red in this picture
+there is no quantifier clerp not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no quantifier clerp not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no quantifier clerp not in
+English and not in any language on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and not in any language on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and not in any language on Earth
+as far as we can tell so quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can tell so quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can tell so quantifiers
+don't ever do this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever do this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever do this kind of thing
+and this would be a non-conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be a non-conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be a non-conservative
+quantifier because in order to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier because in order to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier because in order to evaluate
+glorp you would have to look not just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorp you would have to look not just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorp you would have to look not just at
+the part of set number two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of set number two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of set number two that's
+uh intersecting the set number one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intersecting the set number one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intersecting the set number one but
+also at the part of set number two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the part of set number two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at the part of set number two that
+I've hatched out here right the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've hatched out here right the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've hatched out here right the part
+that's not part of set number one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of set number one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not part of set number one so
+this is a non-conservative quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a non-conservative quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a non-conservative quantifier
+and there aren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't any
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+practice some more so all Brazilians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice some more so all Brazilians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice some more so all Brazilians
+Love Soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Soccer
+it's this danger when you do simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this danger when you do simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this danger when you do simple
+sentences with quantifiers in them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences with quantifiers in them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences with quantifiers in them that
+you will find yourself trafficking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find yourself trafficking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find yourself trafficking in
+stereotypes this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes this is why I
+like to use examples like all opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use examples like all opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use examples like all opera
+singer smoke which there isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer smoke which there isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer smoke which there isn't just
+stereotyped about as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped about as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped about as far as I know
+um uh uh so you know of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so you know of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh so you know of course it's not
+true that all Brazilians Love Soccer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that all Brazilians Love Soccer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that all Brazilians Love Soccer it
+might almost be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might almost be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might almost be true
+it says there's a relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says there's a relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says there's a relation between the
+set of Brazilians and the set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Brazilians and the set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Brazilians and the set of people
+who love soccer namely the first set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who love soccer namely the first set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who love soccer namely the first set is
+a subset of the second set if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the second set if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the second set if you look
+at the set of people who love soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the set of people who love soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the set of people who love soccer
+inside that set you will find all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that set you will find all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that set you will find all of the
+Brazilians the people in the Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians the people in the Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians the people in the Brazilian
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um let's talk a little more about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's talk a little more about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's talk a little more about how we
+get these sets just to be slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these sets just to be slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these sets just to be slightly more
+formal about it so what we'll say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal about it so what we'll say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal about it so what we'll say is the
+set of Brazilians maybe that's not such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Brazilians maybe that's not such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Brazilians maybe that's not such
+a mystery so all Brazilians Love Soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mystery so all Brazilians Love Soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mystery so all Brazilians Love Soccer
+you're taking the set from the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the set from the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the set from the rest of
+the noun phrase you know so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase you know so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun phrase you know so all
+Brazilians Love Soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians Love Soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians Love Soccer
+the first set is just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set is just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set is just a set of
+Brazilians the thing that comes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians the thing that comes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians the thing that comes after
+all that's part of the part of the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's part of the part of the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's part of the part of the noun
+phrase there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase there
+um if it were more extensive than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it were more extensive than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it were more extensive than just
+Brazilians then that set might change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians then that set might change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians then that set might change so
+if I said something like all female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said something like all female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said something like all female
+Brazilians Love Soccer you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians Love Soccer you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians Love Soccer you know all
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo Like Love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo Like Love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo Like Love
+Soccer we'd have a different set like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soccer we'd have a different set like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soccer we'd have a different set like
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians from Sao Paulo
+and then the second set what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second set what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second set what we're doing
+is we're taking the set of things X such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking the set of things X such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking the set of things X such
+that X loves soccer we're getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X loves soccer we're getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X loves soccer we're getting that
+set by replacing the quantifier all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by replacing the quantifier all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by replacing the quantifier all
+Brazilians with a variable so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians with a variable so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians with a variable so we start
+off with all Brazilians Love Soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with all Brazilians Love Soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with all Brazilians Love Soccer
+we're going to replace all Brazilians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to replace all Brazilians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to replace all Brazilians
+with a variable called X right so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable called X right so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable called X right so X
+loves soccer so the second set is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves soccer so the second set is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves soccer so the second set is the
+set of X we have this property X Love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of X we have this property X Love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of X we have this property X Love
+Soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soccer
+this is just an attempt to do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an attempt to do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an attempt to do very
+slightly more formally what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more formally what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more formally what I've been
+kind of breezing through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breezing through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breezing through in the
+preceding slides but does any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding slides but does any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding slides but does any of this
+seem alarming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem alarming or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem alarming or
+disturbing is it causing unhappiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing is it causing unhappiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing is it causing unhappiness
+anybody have you all had your natto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have you all had your natto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have you all had your natto this
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning
+maybe I should bring some up to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should bring some up to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should bring some up to them and
+I can stand around and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can stand around and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can stand around and watch
+would be Revenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Revenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Revenge
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I will not bring up a lot to class not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not bring up a lot to class not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not bring up a lot to class not
+sure where I would get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure where I would get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure where I would get one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's worth doing this because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's worth doing this because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's worth doing this because uh
+doing this slight formalization of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this slight formalization of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this slight formalization of what
+we've been doing because well uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing because well uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing because well uh I've
+been carefully giving you an examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been carefully giving you an examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been carefully giving you an examples in
+which the quantifier is a subject but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the quantifier is a subject but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the quantifier is a subject but of
+course quantifiers don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course quantifiers don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course quantifiers don't have to be
+subjects you can say things like soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects you can say things like soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects you can say things like soccer
+boers all Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boers all Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boers all Americans
+um here the first set is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the first set is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here the first set is going to be the
+set of Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Americans
+what's the second set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second set
+so Americans is a subset of what set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we do is
+sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry go ahead
+yeah X such that soccer boys X right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X such that soccer boys X right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X such that soccer boys X right so
+we take this sentence we replace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this sentence we replace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take this sentence we replace all
+Americans with X right and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans with X right and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans with X right and now we have
+the set of X such that soccer Four's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X such that soccer Four's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of X such that soccer Four's X
+so X doesn't have to be in subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X doesn't have to be in subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X doesn't have to be in subject
+position that's the only Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's the only Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's the only Point here
+it can be anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be anywhere
+okay so that's how we'll do the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we'll do the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we'll do the meaning
+of quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantifiers
+so it says Americans it's a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says Americans it's a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says Americans it's a subset of
+the people whom soccer bores the X such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people whom soccer bores the X such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people whom soccer bores the X such
+that soccer boys X right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that soccer boys X right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that soccer boys X right so the
+quantifier has been replaced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier has been replaced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier has been replaced with the
+variable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we can get back to the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can get back to the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can get back to the ambiguity
+that I started us off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I started us off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I started us off with
+and I'll try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to do this
+slowly and carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and carefully
+um what we're going to see is that a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to see is that a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to see is that a way
+of thinking about the ambiguity that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about the ambiguity that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about the ambiguity that I
+started this off with is to think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this off with is to think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this off with is to think yeah
+you have these two quantifiers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two quantifiers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two quantifiers that are
+doing these operations involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these operations involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these operations involving the
+formation of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of sets
+uh so in all of the sentences I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in all of the sentences I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so in all of the sentences I've given
+you before there's only been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before there's only been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before there's only been one
+quantifier and so it forms these sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and so it forms these sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and so it forms these sets
+and the search a relation between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the search a relation between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the search a relation between them
+but in a sentence like this where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sentence like this where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sentence like this where there
+are two quantifiers well you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two quantifiers well you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two quantifiers well you're going to
+need to perform that kind of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to perform that kind of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to perform that kind of operation
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+and the ambiguity just has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ambiguity just has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ambiguity just has to do with
+the order in which you perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which you perform the
+operations you know so do you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you know so do you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you know so do you do the
+operations for some child first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for some child first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations for some child first and then
+the operations for every puppy or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations for every puppy or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations for every puppy or do you
+do the operations for every puppy first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the operations for every puppy first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the operations for every puppy first
+and then the operations for some child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operations for some child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the operations for some child
+so if I remember my own slides correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I remember my own slides correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I remember my own slides correctly
+I think what we're going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we're going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we're going to do now is
+work fairly slowly and painfully through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fairly slowly and painfully through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fairly slowly and painfully through
+what happens if you do the two things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do the two things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do the two things in
+that order but I'm telling you this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order but I'm telling you this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order but I'm telling you this now
+in advance sort of to give you some hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance sort of to give you some hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance sort of to give you some hope
+that you will sort of have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will sort of have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will sort of have an
+understanding by the time we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding by the time we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding by the time we're done
+what the heck is going on here it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on here it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heck is going on here it's just
+what order do you do the operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order do you do the operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what order do you do the operations in
+that's why there's ambiguity here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's ambiguity here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's ambiguity here you
+have these two quantifiers and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two quantifiers and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two quantifiers and you have
+options about which one to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options about which one to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options about which one to interpret
+first so if you interpret every first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if you interpret every first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so if you interpret every first
+then you're saying the set of puppies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're saying the set of puppies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're saying the set of puppies is
+a subset of the thing the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the thing the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the thing the set of things
+that some child loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some child loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some child loves
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+if you interpret that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you interpret that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you interpret that part
+you're going to say uh what's the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say uh what's the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to say uh what's the set of
+things that some child loves well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that some child loves well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that some child loves well it's
+the set such that the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set such that the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set such that the intersection of
+the set of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of children
+with the set of things that loves them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the set of things that loves them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the set of things that loves them
+is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not empty
+so if we interpret every first then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we interpret every first then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we interpret every first then the
+sentence means the set of puppies is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence means the set of puppies is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence means the set of puppies is a
+subset of the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the set of things
+such that the intersection of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the intersection of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the intersection of the set of
+children with set of things that love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children with set of things that love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children with set of things that love
+those things is not empty who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we do the operations in that order we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the operations in that order we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the operations in that order we
+get that reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that reading
+that is we get the reading the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we get the reading the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we get the reading the set of
+puppies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies
+is a subset of the things that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of the things that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of the things that some
+child loves some child loves many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child loves some child loves many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child loves some child loves many things
+possibly and among those things is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and among those things is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and among those things is the
+set of puppies so every member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of puppies so every member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of puppies so every member of the
+set of puppies is such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of puppies is such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of puppies is such that the
+intersection of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of children
+such that there is some child that loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there is some child that loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that there is some child that loves
+it and I think I have a picture of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think I have a picture of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think I have a picture of that
+now yeah there so doing the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah there so doing the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah there so doing the operations
+in that order we get this reading every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order we get this reading every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that order we get this reading every
+member of the set of puppies has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the set of puppies has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the set of puppies has this
+property there is some child that loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property there is some child that loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property there is some child that loves
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that's a reading the sentence can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reading the sentence can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reading the sentence can have
+and we can get this reading by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get this reading by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can get this reading by doing the
+interpretation of every puppy first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of every puppy first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of every puppy first
+that's one reading the sentence can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reading the sentence can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reading the sentence can have
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so this is that's the reading that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that's the reading that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that's the reading that's
+pictured here where there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here where there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here where there are many
+puppies and many children and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies and many children and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies and many children and every
+puppy is loved by at least one child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy is loved by at least one child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy is loved by at least one child
+possibly more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly more than one
+they're also children who love more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also children who love more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also children who love more than
+one puppy children are not monogamous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one puppy children are not monogamous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one puppy children are not monogamous
+when it comes to puppies yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to puppies yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to puppies yes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if you interpreted some child first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you interpreted some child first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you interpreted some child first
+well then you'd be saying take the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you'd be saying take the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then you'd be saying take the set
+of children and the set of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children and the set of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children and the set of things that
+love every puppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love every puppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love every puppy
+that intersection is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersection is non-empty
+so take a deep breath because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take a deep breath because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take a deep breath because we're
+about to interpret the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to interpret the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to interpret the second part of
+that but even before we interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but even before we interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but even before we interpret the
+second part of that maybe this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of that maybe this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of that maybe this is the
+point at which things are as coherent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which things are as coherent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which things are as coherent as
+they're ever going to get what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ever going to get what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ever going to get what this
+means is there is at least one child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is there is at least one child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is there is at least one child
+that loves every puppy there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loves every puppy there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loves every puppy there's at least
+one child who's very fond of puppies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child who's very fond of puppies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one child who's very fond of puppies
+that's the other kind of reading we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other kind of reading we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other kind of reading we were
+saying this kind of sentence could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this kind of sentence could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this kind of sentence could have
+uh so next interpret that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so next interpret that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so next interpret that so the
+intersection of the set of children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the set of children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the set of children and
+the set of things such that the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things such that the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things such that the set of
+puppies is a subset of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies is a subset of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies is a subset of the things that
+that thing loves is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing loves is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing loves is not empty
+and to put that back into English it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to put that back into English it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to put that back into English it
+means there is at least one child such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is at least one child such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is at least one child such
+that puppies is a subset of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puppies is a subset of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puppies is a subset of the things
+that X loves or to put it another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X loves or to put it another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X loves or to put it another way
+there is at least one child such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least one child such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is at least one child such that
+all puppies are loved by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all puppies are loved by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all puppies are loved by them
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+so early in this maybe one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early in this maybe one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early in this maybe one of the first
+things I said today was a sentence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I said today was a sentence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I said today was a sentence like
+some child loves every puppy or I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some child loves every puppy or I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some child loves every puppy or I think
+the example back then was someone loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example back then was someone loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example back then was someone loves
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+people have argued that it's ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have argued that it's ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have argued that it's ambiguous
+that it can mean either there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can mean either there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can mean either there is one
+person who loves everyone or everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who loves everyone or everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who loves everyone or everyone
+has someone that loves them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has someone that loves them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has someone that loves them
+and these are both meanings that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are both meanings that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are both meanings that the
+sentence can have and I switched over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence can have and I switched over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence can have and I switched over to
+people in languages because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in languages because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in languages because our
+intuitions about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions about the difference between
+the two meanings are a little sharper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two meanings are a little sharper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two meanings are a little sharper
+for that kind of example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of example
+here I'm showing you some mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing you some mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm showing you some mechanics that
+we can use to get this uh this ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to get this uh this ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to get this uh this ambiguity
+and the mechanics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanics are
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+allowing yourself to do the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing yourself to do the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing yourself to do the operations
+for interpreting the quantifier when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for interpreting the quantifier when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for interpreting the quantifier when you
+have more than one quantifier in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one quantifier in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one quantifier in a
+sentence you're allowed to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you're allowed to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence you're allowed to interpret
+them in either order so you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in either order so you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in either order so you're allowed
+to do the operations for the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the operations for the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the operations for the subject
+first or the operations for the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the operations for the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or the operations for the object
+first and depending on which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and depending on which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and depending on which of those
+things you get you do you get these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get you do you get these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get you do you get these two
+different readings for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different readings for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different readings for the same
+so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good
+sorry this is a lot to deal with on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a lot to deal with on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a lot to deal with on a
+Tuesday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday morning
+through a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mask
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+okay so here's the sentence the tree for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the sentence the tree for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the sentence the tree for
+that sentence some child loves every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence some child loves every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence some child loves every
+puppy and we've said that's an ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy and we've said that's an ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy and we've said that's an ambiguous
+tree all right so why is the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree all right so why is the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree all right so why is the tree
+ambiguous there what I've been now said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous there what I've been now said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous there what I've been now said
+a couple of times and who knows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times and who knows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times and who knows this
+could be true uh is yeah you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true uh is yeah you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be true uh is yeah you've got
+these two quantifiers uh you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantifiers uh you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantifiers uh you've got to
+perform operations uh that form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform operations uh that form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform operations uh that form these
+sets right the part of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets right the part of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets right the part of the process of
+interpreting these quantifiers involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these quantifiers involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting these quantifiers involves
+forming these sets and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these sets and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these sets and there's nothing
+in particular telling you what order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular telling you what order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular telling you what order to
+perform those operations in and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform those operations in and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform those operations in and so uh
+you can interpret them in either order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpret them in either order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpret them in either order
+and so you get ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get ambiguities
+the way I've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been talking
+that turns out to be a lie which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be a lie which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be a lie which is kind
+of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting
+we have lots of good evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of good evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of good evidence
+and I'll show you some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you some of it
+that we don't just get to freely choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just get to freely choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just get to freely choose
+the order in which we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we interpret
+quantifiers that what really happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers that what really happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers that what really happens uh
+is that there is another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is another kind of
+movement operation so I know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement operation so I know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement operation so I know you know
+we've left syntax behind and maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left syntax behind and maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left syntax behind and maybe some
+of you were hoping we wouldn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were hoping we wouldn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were hoping we wouldn't have to
+see things move anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things move anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things move anymore
+but actually in semantics there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually in semantics there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually in semantics there's also
+movement going on possibly movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement going on possibly movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement going on possibly movement of
+an even sneakier and weirder kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even sneakier and weirder kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even sneakier and weirder kind
+there's lots of evidence that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of evidence that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of evidence that the reason
+that the sentence is ambiguous is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sentence is ambiguous is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sentence is ambiguous is that
+there's an operation which is optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operation which is optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operation which is optional
+that takes the object every puppy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the object every puppy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the object every puppy and
+moves it to a position above some child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the process of interpreting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of interpreting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of interpreting the
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+now there are several alarming things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are several alarming things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are several alarming things
+about this movement all of the movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this movement all of the movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this movement all of the movements
+that I've shown you up until now so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown you up until now so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown you up until now so you
+know when I first tried introducing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I first tried introducing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I first tried introducing you
+to movement I think I was showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movement I think I was showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movement I think I was showing you
+things like you know Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you know Mary
+devoured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoured
+a pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pizza
+I was saying yeah look the pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying yeah look the pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying yeah look the pizza
+absolutely has to be here you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely has to be here you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely has to be here you know you
+can't say uh Mary devoured that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say uh Mary devoured that's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say uh Mary devoured that's out
+so devour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so devour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so devour
+selects for a sister and absolutely has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for a sister and absolutely has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects for a sister and absolutely has
+to have a sister and moreover its sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a sister and moreover its sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a sister and moreover its sister
+absolutely has to be right next to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely has to be right next to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely has to be right next to it so
+if I put an adverb here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it gets bad so remember we devoured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets bad so remember we devoured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets bad so remember we devoured
+quickly a pizza that's no good so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly a pizza that's no good so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly a pizza that's no good so we
+know something about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the properties of
+the Devourer it absolutely has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Devourer it absolutely has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Devourer it absolutely has to have
+an object and the object absolutely has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object and the object absolutely has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object and the object absolutely has
+to be right after it cannot be anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right after it cannot be anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right after it cannot be anywhere
+else and then I said wait what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then I said wait what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then I said wait what about
+what did Mary devour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we ended up deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up deciding
+that what is starting off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is starting off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is starting off here
+and it's moving up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving up to here
+and that's why it's over there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's over there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's over there so we
+said the process of producing a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the process of producing a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the process of producing a sentence
+like what did Mary devour involves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did Mary devour involves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what did Mary devour involves what
+starting off exactly where it should as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off exactly where it should as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off exactly where it should as
+the sister of devour right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sister of devour right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sister of devour right next to
+devour and then there's this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour and then there's this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devour and then there's this other
+process that doesn't care about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't care about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that doesn't care about what
+Devourer wants this process of wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devourer wants this process of wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devourer wants this process of wh
+movement that takes what and moves it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that takes what and moves it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that takes what and moves it to
+the beginning of the sentence we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the sentence we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the sentence we saw
+some languages have this and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages have this and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages have this and others
+don't I was looking at walls the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I was looking at walls the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I was looking at walls the other
+day it turns out roughly a third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it turns out roughly a third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it turns out roughly a third of the
+world's languages have this and English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's languages have this and English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's languages have this and English
+does uh so you take what and you move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh so you take what and you move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh so you take what and you move it
+to the beginning of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning of the sentence
+uh so every kind of movement that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every kind of movement that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so every kind of movement that we've
+seen up until now has been like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen up until now has been like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen up until now has been like this
+it's been part of an explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been part of an explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been part of an explanation for why
+you pronounce things in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce things in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce things in different places
+than you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would expect
+yeah you would expect Devourer to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would expect Devourer to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would expect Devourer to have a
+sister to have an object that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to have an object that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister to have an object that would be
+right after it and what isn't there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it and what isn't there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it and what isn't there and
+it's because of a movement operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of a movement operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of a movement operation
+I'm going to give you some evidence now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you some evidence now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you some evidence now
+that this ambiguity shows up because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ambiguity shows up because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ambiguity shows up because you
+have the option of moving every puppy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of moving every puppy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of moving every puppy to
+a position to the left of some child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position to the left of some child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position to the left of some child
+higher than some child in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than some child in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than some child in the tree
+but this would better be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would better be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this would better be a different
+kind of movement because this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of movement because this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of movement because this sentence
+is ambiguous even if you don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous even if you don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ambiguous even if you don't see the
+noun phrases going anywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrases going anywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrases going anywhere else
+this is a type of movement called covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type of movement called covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type of movement called covert
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh you should all be very suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you should all be very suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you should all be very suspicious
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+because it's basically it's it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically it's it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically it's it's uh it's
+like the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the um
+what's it like it's like the dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like it's like the dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like it's like the dark matter
+if it physicists have deposit in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it physicists have deposit in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it physicists have deposit in order
+to explain why you know most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why you know most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why you know most of the
+matter in the universe doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the universe doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the universe doesn't seem to
+be there right so uh there's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there right so uh there's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there right so uh there's all this
+undetectable matter that's out there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable matter that's out there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable matter that's out there you
+know we just haven't detected it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we just haven't detected it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we just haven't detected it yet
+um somehow when physicists say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow when physicists say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow when physicists say things
+like this we believe them because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we believe them because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we believe them because you
+know they they can build bums and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they can build bums and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they they can build bums and things
+but uh I'm about to say something kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm about to say something kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm about to say something kind
+of similar to that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to that we have some
+arguments really good ones I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments really good ones I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments really good ones I'll try to
+show you some of them anyway but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some of them anyway but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some of them anyway but this
+thing can move uh and the fact that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can move uh and the fact that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can move uh and the fact that when
+it moves you still pronounce it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves you still pronounce it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves you still pronounce it as
+though it hadn't moved this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it hadn't moved this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it hadn't moved this is really
+interesting but what it shows is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but what it shows is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but what it shows is that
+this is this is sort of Dark Matter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sort of Dark Matter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sort of Dark Matter uh
+it is moving it's just not moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is moving it's just not moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is moving it's just not moving in a
+way that changes the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that changes the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that changes the order of the
+sentence order of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence order of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence order of the words
+okay all of you are making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all of you are making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all of you are making the
+appropriate face which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate face which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate face which is a very
+skeptical one I mean some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical one I mean some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical one I mean some of you are
+wearing masks so I can only see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing masks so I can only see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing masks so I can only see your
+skeptical eyebrows and eyes but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical eyebrows and eyes but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical eyebrows and eyes but uh you
+know that's I appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's I appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's I appreciate that
+um let me show you some arguments first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me show you some arguments first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me show you some arguments first
+there are some languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's another ambiguous example most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another ambiguous example most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another ambiguous example most
+people ate two cakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ate two cakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ate two cakes
+um uh that can mean two things right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that can mean two things right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that can mean two things right it
+can mean either what's one thing it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean either what's one thing it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean either what's one thing it can
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+softening you up for the next set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening you up for the next set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softening you up for the next set of
+slides you don't have to use x's and y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you don't have to use x's and y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you don't have to use x's and y's
+and things and just tell me what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things and just tell me what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things and just tell me what it
+seems to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each person so there were a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person so there were a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person so there were a whole
+bunch of cakes right and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cakes right and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cakes right and there was a
+free-for-all you know people could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all you know people could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all you know people could have
+as many cakes as they wanted and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many cakes as they wanted and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many cakes as they wanted and we were
+keeping track of how many cakes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of how many cakes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of how many cakes people
+wanted and most people ate two cakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and most people ate two cakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and most people ate two cakes
+right some people ate three there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some people ate three there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some people ate three there's this
+Richards guy who ate 12 you know but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richards guy who ate 12 you know but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richards guy who ate 12 you know but uh
+uh and then you know some people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know some people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know some people didn't
+need any but most people ate two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any but most people ate two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any but most people ate two that's
+one thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it can mean
+what's another thing it can mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing it can mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another thing it can mean
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um there were various cakes out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were various cakes out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were various cakes out there
+maybe really big cakes that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe really big cakes that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe really big cakes that you could
+eat a slice of and we were finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a slice of and we were finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a slice of and we were finding out
+what the most popular cakes were and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the most popular cakes were and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the most popular cakes were and
+most people ate two cakes the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people ate two cakes the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people ate two cakes the um
+the vanilla frosted and the chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vanilla frosted and the chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vanilla frosted and the chocolate
+frosted you know and then there were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frosted you know and then there were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frosted you know and then there were you
+know a couple other cakes that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple other cakes that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple other cakes that were not
+as popular so we'll concentrate on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as popular so we'll concentrate on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as popular so we'll concentrate on those
+it can kind of mean that some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can kind of mean that some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can kind of mean that some of you are
+raising your eyebrows at that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising your eyebrows at that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising your eyebrows at that yeah
+and sort of mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of mean that
+so one reason to take seriously the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason to take seriously the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason to take seriously the idea
+that this ambiguity comes from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ambiguity comes from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ambiguity comes from an
+optional movement operation uh which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional movement operation uh which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional movement operation uh which you
+can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see
+is that there are languages in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are languages in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are languages in which you
+can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it
+so you remember how I said English has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember how I said English has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember how I said English has
+wh movement and there are languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement and there are languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh movement and there are languages out
+there that don't you know languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that don't you know languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that don't you know languages like
+Mandarin or Japanese or jaha or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin or Japanese or jaha or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mandarin or Japanese or jaha or whatever
+similarly this operation that takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this operation that takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this operation that takes one
+quantifier and moves it past another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and moves it past another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and moves it past another
+quantifier you don't get to see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier you don't get to see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier you don't get to see it in
+English but you do get to see it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but you do get to see it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but you do get to see it for
+example in Hungarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Hungarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Hungarian
+so in Hungarian the Hungarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Hungarian the Hungarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Hungarian the Hungarian
+translations for uh most people ate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations for uh most people ate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations for uh most people ate two
+cakes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cakes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cakes yeah
+um have two word orders Each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have two word orders Each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have two word orders Each of which
+means only a single thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means only a single thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means only a single thing
+so you either say in Hungarian I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either say in Hungarian I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either say in Hungarian I don't
+speak Hungarian I won't try to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Hungarian I won't try to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Hungarian I won't try to say these
+things anybody here speak Hungarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anybody here speak Hungarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anybody here speak Hungarian
+okay and make it that's very freeing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and make it that's very freeing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and make it that's very freeing I
+almost feel as though I should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel as though I should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost feel as though I should try to
+say these sentences that you now that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these sentences that you now that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these sentences that you now that I
+know you don't know what Hungarian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't know what Hungarian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't know what Hungarian is
+supposed to sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sound like
+um uh but I won't uh the first sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I won't uh the first sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I won't uh the first sentence
+uh only has one meaning it uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only has one meaning it uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh only has one meaning it uh and and
+the second sentence also has only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second sentence also has only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second sentence also has only one
+meaning so you can take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so you can take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so you can take these
+Expressions most people and from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions most people and from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions most people and from two
+cakes and put them in either order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cakes and put them in either order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cakes and put them in either order and
+depending on what order you're in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what order you're in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what order you're in uh you
+only get one reading so uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get one reading so uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get one reading so uh the first
+sentence means the first reading was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence means the first reading was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence means the first reading was was
+offered the sort of most most reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered the sort of most most reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered the sort of most most reasonable
+reading uh uh most of the people ate two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh uh most of the people ate two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh uh most of the people ate two
+kinds of cake uh the second meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cake uh the second meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cake uh the second meaning
+means there were two particular cakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there were two particular cakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there were two particular cakes
+that were the most popular ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the most popular ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the most popular ones
+so in Hungarian the order in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Hungarian the order in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Hungarian the order in which you
+apply the operations to interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the operations to interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the operations to interpret the
+quantifiers is not optional it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers is not optional it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers is not optional it's
+completely fixed it's determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed it's determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed it's determined by the
+order of the phrases that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the phrases that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the phrases that's what
+determines what's going on and the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what's going on and the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what's going on and the claim
+is that all languages are Hungarian deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all languages are Hungarian deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all languages are Hungarian deep
+down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah
+it's just that some languages are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that some languages are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that some languages are better
+at this than others you know so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this than others you know so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this than others you know so they're
+languages like Hungarian for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Hungarian for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Hungarian for example
+that are really good at being Hungarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really good at being Hungarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really good at being Hungarian
+you can just sort of see it right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of see it right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of see it right there
+and then there are other languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other languages like
+English that are Hungarian but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that are Hungarian but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English that are Hungarian but uh
+they're shy about it and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shy about it and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shy about it and so you don't
+get to see the relevant kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the relevant kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see the relevant kinds of
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what are we doing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing okay so
+um I'm going to show you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to show you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to show you some more
+reasons to take this idea seriously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to take this idea seriously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to take this idea seriously uh
+that uh this operation which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this operation which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this operation which is called
+quantifier raising uh or QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um did it exists so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did it exists so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did it exists so we'll talk about
+some of the properties of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll talk about some of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of the properties
+of it in the next little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in the next little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in the next little while
+uh here's another sentence with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's another sentence with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's another sentence with two
+quantifiers in it uh this is uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it uh this is uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it uh this is uh work
+that I'm I'm taking from my colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm taking from my colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm taking from my colleague
+Denny Fox who's done a lot of fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denny Fox who's done a lot of fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denny Fox who's done a lot of fantastic
+work on the properties of quantifiers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the properties of quantifiers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the properties of quantifiers uh
+uh so here's an ambiguous sentence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's an ambiguous sentence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's an ambiguous sentence a
+guard is standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is standing in front of every
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+what does this sentence mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there we go so it has a sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go so it has a sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there we go so it has a sensible
+reading every building is guarded and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading every building is guarded and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading every building is guarded and it
+has a reading involving a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reading involving a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reading involving a very large
+guard right uh or you know maybe lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard right uh or you know maybe lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard right uh or you know maybe lots of
+really small buildings or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small buildings or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small buildings or something like
+that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah
+it could be oh yeah no let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be oh yeah no let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be oh yeah no let's imagine
+that there's more than one building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's more than one building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's more than one building but
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay so those are two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are two things the
+sentence could mean so yeah uh here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence could mean so yeah uh here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence could mean so yeah uh here are
+a bunch of buildings a bunch of guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of buildings a bunch of guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of buildings a bunch of guards
+uh one guard per building or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one guard per building or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one guard per building or
+a bunch of buildings and one guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of buildings and one guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of buildings and one guard who
+is kind of wide yeah so it could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of wide yeah so it could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of wide yeah so it could mean
+could mean either of those things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean either of those things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean either of those things that's
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay yes so if the guards if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yes so if the guards if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yes so if the guards if the
+buildings are all in a circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are all in a circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are all in a circle and
+they're all facing each other there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all facing each other there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all facing each other there
+could be one guard in the middle a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one guard in the middle a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one guard in the middle a guard
+is then I am he managed to stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I am he managed to stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I am he managed to stand in
+front of every building by standing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building by standing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building by standing you
+know right in the center spot yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right in the center spot yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right in the center spot yes I
+suppose it could mean that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it could mean that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it could mean that I think
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+um let's discount that reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's discount that reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's discount that reading
+okay so here's an ambiguity the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an ambiguity the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an ambiguity the kind of
+ambiguity we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity we've been talking about
+you've got these two quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these two quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these two quantifiers
+um and you can interpret so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can interpret so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can interpret so you know the
+first pass on why we got this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass on why we got this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass on why we got this kind of
+ambiguity was there's this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity was there's this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity was there's this process of
+interpreting quantifiers where you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting quantifiers where you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting quantifiers where you uh
+figure out what the sets are that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the sets are that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the sets are that the
+quantifier is relating and you relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier is relating and you relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier is relating and you relate
+them to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to each other
+and if you have a sentence that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a sentence that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a sentence that has two
+quantifiers in it you get to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it you get to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it you get to do that
+process you know either you've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know either you've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know either you've got two
+quantifiers coin fire number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers coin fire number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers coin fire number one and
+quantifier number two you either apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier number two you either apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier number two you either apply
+that process to quantifier number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process to quantifier number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process to quantifier number one
+first or to quantifier number two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or to quantifier number two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or to quantifier number two first
+and then I I asserted and offered you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I I asserted and offered you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I I asserted and offered you so
+far only evidence from Hungarian uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far only evidence from Hungarian uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far only evidence from Hungarian uh I
+asserted that there is actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted that there is actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted that there is actually this
+operation of quantifier raising uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of quantifier raising uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of quantifier raising uh that
+has the option of moving one quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of moving one quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of moving one quantifier
+to a higher position than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher position than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a higher position than the other
+quantifier and the the the the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and the the the the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier and the the the the order in
+which you perform the operations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you perform the operations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you perform the operations is
+actually fixed it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fixed it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fixed it's completely
+determined by the structure that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the structure that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the structure that you get
+after you've done quantifier raising if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've done quantifier raising if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've done quantifier raising if
+you if you yeah so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you yeah so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you yeah so what I'm going to do
+in the next few slides is is show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few slides is is show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few slides is is show you
+some reasons to take that seriously even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons to take that seriously even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons to take that seriously even
+even for English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for English
+um so here's a sentence that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a sentence that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a sentence that has
+ambiguity and the story was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity and the story was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity and the story was going to be
+yeah it's ambiguous because you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's ambiguous because you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's ambiguous because you have the
+option of leaving every building where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of leaving every building where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of leaving every building where
+it is or the option of moving every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is or the option of moving every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is or the option of moving every
+building so that it's higher than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so that it's higher than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so that it's higher than a
+guard and if you if you take the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard and if you if you take the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard and if you if you take the option
+of moving every building so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving every building so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving every building so that it's
+higher than a guard invisibly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than a guard invisibly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than a guard invisibly right
+without changing the word order very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the word order very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing the word order very
+weird I have to try to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I have to try to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird I have to try to understand what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+than what you do so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you do so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you do so the the the
+generalization is that you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization is that you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization is that you must
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+so if you do QR of every building higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do QR of every building higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do QR of every building higher
+than a guard what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a guard what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a guard what you're saying is
+you're going to start by relating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start by relating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start by relating the
+set of buildings to the set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of buildings to the set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of buildings to the set of things
+that a guard is standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a guard is standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a guard is standing in front of
+and say that that first set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that that first set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that that first set is
+completely contained in the second set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the second set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely contained in the second set
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah and then you will you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then you will you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then you will you will
+interpret the quantifier guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the quantifier guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the quantifier guard
+so you have this optional operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this optional operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this optional operation of
+QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR
+and uh there there isn't actually any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there there isn't actually any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there there isn't actually any uh
+optionality in the order in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionality in the order in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionality in the order in which you
+interpret quantifiers you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret quantifiers you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret quantifiers you always
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the highest quantifier first
+that's going to be the the story The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the the story The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the the story The
+optionality has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionality has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionality has to do with the
+optionality of the application of QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here's a sentence with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a sentence with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's a sentence with two
+quantifiers in it and it's ambiguous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it and it's ambiguous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers in it and it's ambiguous and
+I'm asserting it's ambiguous because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asserting it's ambiguous because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asserting it's ambiguous because you
+can do QR here's another sentence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do QR here's another sentence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do QR here's another sentence with
+two quantifiers in it a guard said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantifiers in it a guard said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantifiers in it a guard said that
+I should stand in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should stand in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should stand in front of every
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now is this ambiguous in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this ambiguous in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this ambiguous in the same way
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+right it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't mean
+so what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Joseph large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah yeah exactly there is one guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly there is one guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly there is one guard who
+demands that I gain weight right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands that I gain weight right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands that I gain weight right uh
+wants me to be wide enough to stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants me to be wide enough to stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants me to be wide enough to stand in
+front of every building yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a that's a more reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a more reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a more reasonable
+thing for the guard to ask me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the guard to ask me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the guard to ask me to do
+isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it
+um and I guess it helps that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I guess it helps that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I guess it helps that we've
+switched here to uh that I should stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched here to uh that I should stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched here to uh that I should stand
+in front of every building uh rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building uh rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building uh rather
+than so what we had before was a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than so what we had before was a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than so what we had before was a guard
+is standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is standing in front of every building
+where I guess we could interpret that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I guess we could interpret that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I guess we could interpret that as
+meaning that there's a single guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there's a single guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there's a single guard who
+is walking from building to building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is walking from building to building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is walking from building to building and
+standing briefly in front of them these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing briefly in front of them these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing briefly in front of them these
+are all ways of getting a single guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all ways of getting a single guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all ways of getting a single guard
+to do all the work there's only one card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the work there's only one card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all the work there's only one card
+yeah you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're absolutely right
+yeah okay but it doesn't have the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay but it doesn't have the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay but it doesn't have the other
+reading right it doesn't mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading right it doesn't mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading right it doesn't mean uh
+there was one guard who wanted me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one guard who wanted me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one guard who wanted me to
+stand in front of this data center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of this data center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of this data center and
+another guard who wanted me to stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guard who wanted me to stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guard who wanted me to stand in
+front of the student center and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the student center and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the student center and another
+guard who wanted me to stand in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard who wanted me to stand in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard who wanted me to stand in front of
+the MIT Museum right it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Museum right it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Museum right it doesn't mean
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right why not right because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why not right because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why not right because you know
+we've got two quantifiers right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two quantifiers right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two quantifiers right why
+can't we interpret these quantifiers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we interpret these quantifiers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we interpret these quantifiers in
+any order we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order we want
+if we believe in QR we have an answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we believe in QR we have an answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we believe in QR we have an answer to
+that we get to say what's special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get to say what's special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get to say what's special about
+this example and distinguishes it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and distinguishes it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and distinguishes it from
+the examples we had before is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples we had before is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples we had before is that a
+guard is in The Matrix clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is in The Matrix clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is in The Matrix clause and
+there's an embedded Clause an embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an embedded Clause an embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an embedded Clause an embedded
+CP that I should stand in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP that I should stand in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP that I should stand in front of every
+building yeah that's a that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah that's a that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah that's a that's an
+embedded Clause is that clear should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause is that clear should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause is that clear should I
+draw a tree so say is taking as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a tree so say is taking as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a tree so say is taking as its
+sister a CP that I should stand in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister a CP that I should stand in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister a CP that I should stand in front
+of every building and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building and what we're
+learning is that although there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is that although there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is that although there is this
+optional operation QR that can get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional operation QR that can get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional operation QR that can get one
+quantifier past another it can't get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier past another it can't get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier past another it can't get you
+out of a clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a clause
+we're gonna have to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to figure out what
+counts as a clause but apparently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a clause but apparently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a clause but apparently this
+counts as a clause yeah there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a clause yeah there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as a clause yeah there's some
+like limitation on how far you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like limitation on how far you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like limitation on how far you think you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about this one a guard seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one a guard seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one a guard seems to be
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+is that ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so
+yeah so it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it means
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+looks like every building is guarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every building is guarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every building is guarded
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+man that guard is wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that guard is wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that guard is wide
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+or Matt and that guard is running hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Matt and that guard is running hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Matt and that guard is running hard
+to be in front of everybody building at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in front of everybody building at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in front of everybody building at
+once yeah or look how clever that guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once yeah or look how clever that guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once yeah or look how clever that guard
+is at geometry he's managed to stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at geometry he's managed to stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at geometry he's managed to stand in
+front of every building at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of every building at once
+lucky thing for him they all face each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky thing for him they all face each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky thing for him they all face each
+other yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it has two two meanings you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has two two meanings you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has two two meanings you know
+um one with a very wide or clever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one with a very wide or clever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one with a very wide or clever or
+fast-moving guard and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast-moving guard and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast-moving guard and then the other
+more normal you're eating where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more normal you're eating where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more normal you're eating where it's
+like every building has a guard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every building has a guard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every building has a guard so
+either every building is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either every building is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either every building is such that
+there's a guard standing in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guard standing in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guard standing in front of it
+or there is a guard who is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is a guard who is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is a guard who is somehow
+standing in front of every building yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building yeah
+okay so yes this is ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how about this one I seem to a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how about this one I seem to a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how about this one I seem to a guard
+to be standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be standing in front of every
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ambiguous
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+this is a sentence about one guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sentence about one guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sentence about one guard who
+who needs rest yeah who needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs rest yeah who needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs rest yeah who needs to be
+taken off duty and you know convinced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off duty and you know convinced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off duty and you know convinced to
+get some rest yeah this is a guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some rest yeah this is a guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some rest yeah this is a guard who
+thinks that I don't know maybe he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I don't know maybe he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I don't know maybe he goes
+to one building and I'm there and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one building and I'm there and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one building and I'm there and he
+goes to another building and I seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to another building and I seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to another building and I seem to
+be there too and he's seeing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there too and he's seeing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there too and he's seeing me
+everywhere and you know this guard has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you know this guard has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and you know this guard has
+problems yes in this sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yes in this sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yes in this sense yes
+could be referring to multiple guards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be referring to multiple guards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be referring to multiple guards
+whereas I you have more than one eye uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I you have more than one eye uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I you have more than one eye uh
+but the question Still Remains right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question Still Remains right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question Still Remains right the
+other reading you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reading you're absolutely right
+but the other reading that this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other reading that this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other reading that this could
+have right would be one of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right would be one of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right would be one of something
+like every building has this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every building has this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every building has this property
+I seem to regard to be standing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I seem to regard to be standing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I seem to regard to be standing in front
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+that would be a reading that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a reading that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a reading that would be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+for this building there's a guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this building there's a guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this building there's a guard who
+thinks that I'm standing in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I'm standing in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I'm standing in front of it
+and for this other building there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this other building there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this other building there's
+another guard maybe a different guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guard maybe a different guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guard maybe a different guard
+who thinks that I'm standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that I'm standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that I'm standing in front of
+it right that's a that's a story where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right that's a that's a story where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right that's a that's a story where
+um there are lots of guards who uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are lots of guards who uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are lots of guards who uh don't
+necessarily believe that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily believe that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily believe that I am
+simultaneously standing in front of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously standing in front of lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously standing in front of lots
+of buildings they just all they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of buildings they just all they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of buildings they just all they're all
+their hallucinations are more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hallucinations are more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hallucinations are more simple
+than that they they just all see me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they they just all see me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that they they just all see me in
+front of one building one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of one building one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of one building one particular
+building maybe the building they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building maybe the building they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building maybe the building they're
+supposed to be guarding right all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be guarding right all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be guarding right all of
+them are taking the day off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are taking the day off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are taking the day off because
+they're like oh yeah that Richard's guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah that Richard's guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah that Richard's guy
+he's guarding that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's guarding that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's guarding that building
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah so that's what the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so that's what the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah so that's what the second
+second sentence means but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence means but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence means but the point is
+that it only means one thing it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only means one thing it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only means one thing it means
+there is one guard who thinks that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one guard who thinks that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one guard who thinks that I'm
+standing in front of every building it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it
+doesn't mean every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean every building
+is such that there is some guard who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that there is some guard who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that there is some guard who
+thinks I'm standing in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I'm standing in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks I'm standing in front of it
+doesn't mean that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that yeah
+could it be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be that
+a guard in the first sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guard in the first sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guard in the first sentence
+it's a singular phrase but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a singular phrase but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a singular phrase but it could
+refer to any number of people that I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to any number of people that I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to any number of people that I see
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+means that there is like one entity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is like one entity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there is like one entity that
+a guard refers to and it can't be anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guard refers to and it can't be anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guard refers to and it can't be anyone
+else there is like like a person who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there is like like a person who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there is like like a person who has
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+quality that saw here yeah so that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that saw here yeah so that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality that saw here yeah so that's I
+think there was a related comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a related comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a related comment
+earlier and and I think that's on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and and I think that's on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and and I think that's on to
+something but but it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but but it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but but it's it's sort of
+describing the problem that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the problem that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the problem that we have
+right so a guard if it's a guard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a guard if it's a guard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a guard if it's a guard is
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+or regard seems to be standing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regard seems to be standing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regard seems to be standing in front
+of every building then yeah a guard can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building then yeah a guard can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building then yeah a guard can
+either be one guard it's in many places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be one guard it's in many places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be one guard it's in many places
+at once or it can be many guards one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once or it can be many guards one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once or it can be many guards one for
+each building that's the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each building that's the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each building that's the original
+ambiguity right that's what you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity right that's what you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity right that's what you know a
+guard has that that power that it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard has that that power that it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard has that that power that it can do
+that but why can't it do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but why can't it do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but why can't it do it in the
+second sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence
+is the question like why why can't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question like why why can't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question like why why can't the
+second sentence mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second sentence mean
+there are three guards let's call them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three guards let's call them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three guards let's call them a
+b and c and guard a thinks that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c and guard a thinks that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c and guard a thinks that I'm
+standing in front of building number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of building number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of building number one
+and guard B thinks that I'm standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guard B thinks that I'm standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guard B thinks that I'm standing in
+front of building number two and Guard C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of building number two and Guard C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of building number two and Guard C
+thinks that I'm standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I'm standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that I'm standing in front of
+building number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why can't it mean that when you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't it mean that when you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't it mean that when you know the
+first sentence can mean a seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence can mean a seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence can mean a seems to be
+standing in front of building one B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of building one B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of building one B
+seems to be standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be standing in front of
+building two c seems to be standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two c seems to be standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building two c seems to be standing in
+front building three we can play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front building three we can play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front building three we can play that
+game the alphabet and number game with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the alphabet and number game with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the alphabet and number game with
+the first example but not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example but not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example but not with the
+second example we're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example we're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example we're trying to figure
+out why bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why bless you
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+trying to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out why
+here's a possible story about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we went through this very fast so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through this very fast so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through this very fast so we
+won't blame anybody if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't blame anybody if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't blame anybody if you don't
+remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+but when we were doing a guard seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we were doing a guard seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we were doing a guard seems to
+be standing in front of a rebuilding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be standing in front of a rebuilding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be standing in front of a rebuilding
+sentences like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said was
+that there is a a movement operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a a movement operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a a movement operation
+going on in sentences involving seams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in sentences involving seams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in sentences involving seams
+this kind of sentence involving seams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of sentence involving seams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of sentence involving seams
+where seam is followed by an infinitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where seam is followed by an infinitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where seam is followed by an infinitive
+um but what's going on is that the guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what's going on is that the guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what's going on is that the guard
+the thing that ends up in subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that ends up in subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that ends up in subject
+position starts out in the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position starts out in the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position starts out in the emitted
+Clause here's a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause here's a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause here's a guard
+and it's raising moving up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's raising moving up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's raising moving up to here
+there's NP movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's NP movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's NP movement
+um so a movement I'm sorry I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a movement I'm sorry I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a movement I'm sorry I know it's
+it's dangerous taking 24 900 from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous taking 24 900 from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous taking 24 900 from a
+syntactician because I keep trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactician because I keep trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactician because I keep trying to
+change the subject back to syntax that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the subject back to syntax that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the subject back to syntax that's
+you know so now we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so now we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so now we're going to talk
+about syntax some more this is a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about syntax some more this is a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about syntax some more this is a bit of
+syntax that we talked about I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax that we talked about I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax that we talked about I tried to
+convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that
+sentences like this sentences with seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences like this sentences with seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences like this sentences with seem
+and an infinitive in them the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an infinitive in them the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an infinitive in them the subject of
+the whole thing started out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing started out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing started out in the
+embedded Clause one of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause one of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause one of the kinds of
+arguments had to do with properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments had to do with properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments had to do with properties of
+idioms you know that you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms you know that you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idioms you know that you could say
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+to have hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we think that the idiom is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think that the idiom is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think that the idiom is the
+ hit the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ hit the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ hit the fan
+um uh you know that the needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know that the needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know that the needs to be
+somewhere near hit the fan but it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near hit the fan but it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near hit the fan but it's way
+over there and the story was yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and the story was yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and the story was yeah that's
+because it starts out in the embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it starts out in the embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it starts out in the embedded
+clause and it undergoes NP moves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and it undergoes NP moves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and it undergoes NP moves into
+the Matrix clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix clause
+so it moves it raises does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it moves it raises does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it moves it raises does that sound
+familiar at all have you all expunged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar at all have you all expunged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar at all have you all expunged
+the terrible memory of syntax yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrible memory of syntax yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrible memory of syntax yeah
+that's the way we were talking before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we said a bit ago that QR is Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said a bit ago that QR is Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said a bit ago that QR is Clause
+bound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound right
+there we go that's us saying that QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go that's us saying that QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go that's us saying that QR is
+closed bound to guard said that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed bound to guard said that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed bound to guard said that I should
+stand in front of every building I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of every building I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of every building I said
+yeah why isn't that ambiguous well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why isn't that ambiguous well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why isn't that ambiguous well it's
+not ambiguous because every building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ambiguous because every building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ambiguous because every building is
+inside an embedded Clause that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside an embedded Clause that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside an embedded Clause that doesn't
+contain a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QR can't take every building and move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR can't take every building and move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR can't take every building and move it
+past a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past a guard
+and then I think I also said if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think I also said if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think I also said if we're
+saying things like that we eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like that we eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying things like that we eventually
+will have to explain what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to explain what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to explain what kinds of
+things what we mean by Clauses exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what we mean by Clauses exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what we mean by Clauses exactly
+so Clause has to include things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Clause has to include things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Clause has to include things like
+that I should stand in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should stand in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should stand in front of every
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what about a sentence like a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about a sentence like a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about a sentence like a guard
+seems to be standing in front of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be standing in front of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be standing in front of every
+building well here we get ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building well here we get ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building well here we get ambiguity
+and it could be that we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be that we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be that we're getting
+ambiguity here because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity here because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity here because well
+every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building
+has the option of undergoing QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of undergoing QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the option of undergoing QR
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some chalk I'm using is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chalk I'm using is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chalk I'm using is very small
+I'm blaming my illegible handwriting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm blaming my illegible handwriting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm blaming my illegible handwriting on
+the poor quality of my chalk I should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor quality of my chalk I should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor quality of my chalk I should uh
+I'm it's foolish for me to pick up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm it's foolish for me to pick up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm it's foolish for me to pick up a new
+piece of chalk because that will blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk because that will blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk because that will blow
+that excuse out of the water in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excuse out of the water in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excuse out of the water in just a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+um uh it could be that so here's a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it could be that so here's a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it could be that so here's a guard
+in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end
+it could be that there's ambiguity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that there's ambiguity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that there's ambiguity in a
+guard seems to be standing in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard seems to be standing in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard seems to be standing in front of
+every building because every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building because every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every building because every building
+can undergo QR up to here to a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can undergo QR up to here to a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can undergo QR up to here to a position
+above every guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above every guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above every guard
+that if if that's possible then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if that's possible then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if that's possible then that
+would be telling us that well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be telling us that well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be telling us that well this
+teepee down here to be standing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teepee down here to be standing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teepee down here to be standing in front
+of every building doesn't count as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building doesn't count as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building doesn't count as a
+clause that you can QR out of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that you can QR out of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that you can QR out of that so
+when we say that QR is Clause bound we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say that QR is Clause bound we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say that QR is Clause bound we
+don't mean this kind of thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean this kind of thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean this kind of thing I mean
+tensed clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensed clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensed clauses
+but another possibility right is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another possibility right is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another possibility right is that we
+do actually mean tense Clauses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually mean tense Clauses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually mean tense Clauses and the
+reason and we do actually mean every TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and we do actually mean every TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and we do actually mean every TP
+the QR out of this TP is impossible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QR out of this TP is impossible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QR out of this TP is impossible and
+that it's not possible to QR up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not possible to QR up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not possible to QR up to here
+it's only possible to QR here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that the reason that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the reason that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the reason that you get
+ambiguity in a guard seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in a guard seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in a guard seems to be
+standing in front of every building goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building goes
+like this every building can QR to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this every building can QR to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this every building can QR to a
+position in the periphery of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the periphery of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the periphery of that
+embedded clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+and the guards started out in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guards started out in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guards started out in that
+embedded clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded clause
+and that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's enough
+this would be a story where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a story where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a story where
+you know we're already for doing QR at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're already for doing QR at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're already for doing QR at
+all we're slowly hopefully getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're slowly hopefully getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're slowly hopefully getting
+accustomed to the idea that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to the idea that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to the idea that part of
+interpreting sentences will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting sentences will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting sentences will be
+interpreting things in places where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting things in places where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting things in places where we
+cannot necessarily see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot necessarily see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot necessarily see them
+yeah so we can take things and move them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we can take things and move them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we can take things and move them
+invisibly to other places and interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisibly to other places and interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisibly to other places and interpret
+them there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there yeah
+yeah so in a guard seems to be standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a guard seems to be standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in a guard seems to be standing
+in front of every building there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of every building there are two
+invisible movements going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible movements going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible movements going on
+one is we are invisibly moving every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we are invisibly moving every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we are invisibly moving every
+building maybe not all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building maybe not all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building maybe not all the way up to
+here but just to the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but just to the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but just to the edge of the
+embedded Clause the embedded TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause the embedded TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded Clause the embedded TP
+and we are invisibly taking a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are invisibly taking a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are invisibly taking a guard
+which started out in the embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which started out in the embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which started out in the embedded
+subject position and moved up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position and moved up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject position and moved up to here
+and underwent NP movement and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underwent NP movement and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and underwent NP movement and we're
+putting it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it back
+so we end up with every building above a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with every building above a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with every building above a
+guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a reason to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a reason to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a reason to take that
+you're stunned I don't blame you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stunned I don't blame you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stunned I don't blame you for
+being stunned so there are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stunned so there are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stunned so there are these two
+invisible things happening a reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible things happening a reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible things happening a reason to
+take that idea seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that idea seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that idea seriously
+is the fact at the bottom of this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact at the bottom of this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact at the bottom of this so I
+seem to regard to be standing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to regard to be standing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to regard to be standing in front
+of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every building
+we can get a story about why we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a story about why we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a story about why we're not
+getting ambiguity here if we're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ambiguity here if we're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ambiguity here if we're willing
+to say no QR can't in fact get out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no QR can't in fact get out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say no QR can't in fact get out of a
+an infinite type of clause like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite type of clause like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite type of clause like to be
+standing in front of every building it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it
+can only get to the edge of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get to the edge of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only get to the edge of such a
+clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause
+and what's special about this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's special about this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's special about this example is
+that a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a guard
+is not inside the embedded Clause to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside the embedded Clause to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside the embedded Clause to be
+standing in front of every building it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building it's
+an argument of scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument of scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument of scene
+it's in the higher clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the higher clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the higher clause
+I don't know why I did this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I did this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I did this with a
+Blackboard I think I have slides here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I think I have slides here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I think I have slides here so
+let me show you the slides maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the slides maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the slides maybe they
+will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we think that a guard seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that a guard seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we think that a guard seems to be
+standing in front of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of every building
+involves a step of movement a guard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a step of movement a guard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a step of movement a guard is
+moving out of the embedded clause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out of the embedded clause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving out of the embedded clause and
+into the Matrix subject position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I see now I don't actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see now I don't actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see now I don't actually have
+slides that help with any of this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that help with any of this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that help with any of this so the
+reason we're getting this ambiguity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're getting this ambiguity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we're getting this ambiguity is
+not that every building can QR past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that every building can QR past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that every building can QR past the
+higher position of a guard it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher position of a guard it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher position of a guard it can only
+QR past the lower position of a card and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR past the lower position of a card and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR past the lower position of a card and
+that's good enough so we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough so we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough so we get to
+interpret the lower position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the lower position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the lower position of the
+guard as well as the higher invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard as well as the higher invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard as well as the higher invisible
+position of every building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of every building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of every building
+so we get a handle on all of these facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a handle on all of these facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a handle on all of these facts
+as long as we're willing to posit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're willing to posit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're willing to posit these
+particular invisible kinds of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular invisible kinds of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular invisible kinds of movements
+learning something about QR when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something about QR when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something about QR when we say
+it's Clause bound we mean it can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Clause bound we mean it can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Clause bound we mean it can't get
+any further than TP any kind of TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further than TP any kind of TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further than TP any kind of TP
+tensed or non-tensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now Danny Fox also discovered something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Danny Fox also discovered something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Danny Fox also discovered something
+else that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's cool
+about QR he's discovered miniq cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about QR he's discovered miniq cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about QR he's discovered miniq cool
+things and the next thing is quite long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the next thing is quite long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the next thing is quite long
+and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated
+um so maybe I will pause here and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe I will pause here and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe I will pause here and take
+questions do people have questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do people have questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do people have questions about
+this would you like me to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would you like me to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would you like me to go through it
+more more slowly or carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more slowly or carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more slowly or carefully
+I've been talking so far as though QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking so far as though QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking so far as though QR is
+always optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always optional
+uh Danny Fox has discovered it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Danny Fox has discovered it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Danny Fox has discovered it was one
+of his early discoveries uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his early discoveries uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his early discoveries uh but it's
+actually more complicated than that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more complicated than that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more complicated than that what
+we'll see and we'll start doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and we'll start doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and we'll start doing this
+next time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time is that
+um you can only do QR if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can only do QR if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can only do QR if it's going to
+change the meaning of the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the meaning of the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the meaning of the sentence
+um so if you have two quantifiers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you have two quantifiers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you have two quantifiers you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+QR the lower quantifier past the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR the lower quantifier past the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR the lower quantifier past the higher
+quantifier if that's going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier if that's going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier if that's going to give you a
+different meaning meaning you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning meaning you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning meaning you wouldn't
+have had if the quantum if the QR hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had if the quantum if the QR hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had if the quantum if the QR hadn't
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+if you have a sentence where QR wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sentence where QR wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sentence where QR wouldn't
+affect the meaning it can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the meaning it can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the meaning it can't happen
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what we'll do next time we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do next time we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do next time we'll start
+with this next time we'll develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this next time we'll develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this next time we'll develop the
+tools to discover that tools that Danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to discover that tools that Danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to discover that tools that Danny
+Fox discovered and then I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fox discovered and then I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fox discovered and then I'll show you
+that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true
+so any further questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any further questions about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any further questions about any of
+this at this point you should all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point you should all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point you should all be
+sort of weirded out right suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weirded out right suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weirded out right suddenly
+things are moving around in an invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving around in an invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving around in an invisible
+way and this is part of interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is part of interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is part of interpreting
+them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+that sort of indicates that the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of indicates that the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of indicates that the English
+language I imagine other languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I imagine other languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I imagine other languages that
+allow this are like built they build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this are like built they build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this are like built they build
+into ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ambiguity
+as opposed to trying to like mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to trying to like mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to trying to like mitigate
+the ambiguity oh I see what you mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity oh I see what you mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity oh I see what you mean I
+think I see what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I see what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I see what you mean
+um I mean the claim in the end is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the claim in the end is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the claim in the end is that
+the structures that are interpreted are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that are interpreted are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that are interpreted are
+are never ambiguous you either do QR or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never ambiguous you either do QR or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never ambiguous you either do QR or
+you don't right and if you do QR then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't right and if you do QR then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't right and if you do QR then
+you get one reading and if you don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one reading and if you don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one reading and if you don't do
+QR then you get another reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR then you get another reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR then you get another reading and
+English is one of the languages in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is one of the languages in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is one of the languages in which
+you don't get to see QR and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get to see QR and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get to see QR and the result
+is that the sentence is ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sentence is ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sentence is ambiguous
+because you can't tell whether QR has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't tell whether QR has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't tell whether QR has
+happened or not there are languages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened or not there are languages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened or not there are languages out
+there like Hungarian where you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like Hungarian where you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like Hungarian where you can see
+QR and so the sentences are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR and so the sentences are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR and so the sentences are not
+ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+um but yes that means there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes that means there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes that means there are certain
+kinds of ambiguities in English that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguities in English that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguities in English that
+don't exist in other some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist in other some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist in other some other
+languages uh like Hungarian there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh like Hungarian there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh like Hungarian there are
+other languages where it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages where it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages where it's more
+complicated than that so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that so there are
+languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh Japanese and German actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Japanese and German actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Japanese and German actually has a
+version of this too but in Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this too but in Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this too but in Japanese
+um if you have two quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have two quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have two quantifiers
+their scope with respect to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scope with respect to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scope with respect to each other
+is unambiguous unless you move one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unambiguous unless you move one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unambiguous unless you move one of
+them past the other and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them past the other and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them past the other and then it becomes
+ambiguous so it's on basically it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so it's on basically it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so it's on basically it's as
+though the movement operation that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the movement operation that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the movement operation that moves
+one quantifier past the other could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quantifier past the other could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quantifier past the other could be
+QR or it could be something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR or it could be something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR or it could be something else
+right and so you can't tell whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can't tell whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can't tell whether you
+have done QR of that thing or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done QR of that thing or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done QR of that thing or not but
+there is no invisible QR in Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no invisible QR in Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no invisible QR in Japanese
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right good thank you for coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good thank you for coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good thank you for coming and
+braving you know my possible cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braving you know my possible cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braving you know my possible cold
+viruses I apologize for exposing you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses I apologize for exposing you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses I apologize for exposing you to
+them and um I will see you on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U_C7xW_gCfI.txt b/U_C7xW_gCfI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81e90911cb3779e5cc30c0259fe66c0a29e2a037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U_C7xW_gCfI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2251 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome back.
+
+And today we will
+continue doing some more
+
+problems to do with
+standing waves.
+
+It's a very important topic,
+so I thought it worthwhile
+
+considering some different
+kinds of problems.
+
+So the first problem I
+want to discuss with you
+
+is the following.
+
+Suppose you have two
+equal-length strings,
+
+each of length L, but
+they are very different.
+
+One is very massive.
+
+The other one is very light.
+
+And we tie the massive
+one at one end.
+
+It's connected to the
+other one in the middle.
+
+And the other one is tied here.
+
+The whole system is taut.
+
+And the question is, what
+are two lowest normal modes
+
+of vibrations?
+
+Calculate the
+frequencies of these
+
+and sketch what they look like.
+
+And I like this problem
+because it's counter-intuitive.
+
+You could take a few
+seconds for yourself
+
+and think whether you
+could predict by guessing.
+
+And I'm almost certain
+your guess will be wrong.
+
+Certainly, the first time
+I tried to figure this out,
+
+my intuition gave
+me the wrong answer.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, again, it's idealized.
+
+We'll assume that these strings
+are ideal, lossless strings.
+
+All the displacements
+are very small.
+
+So in the derivations of the
+equations of motion, et cetera,
+
+the usual sine
+theta equals theta,
+
+there is a constant
+tension in this string T.
+
+Because they are connected,
+of course, like this,
+
+the tension everywhere
+must be the same.
+
+And all we know is
+that the density
+
+per unit length of this
+string, which I call mu sub H,
+
+this is the heavy
+string, is much bigger
+
+than the density, the mass per
+unit length, of the light one.
+
+Now, the fact that
+they don't give me
+
+the values of these,
+just say this,
+
+basically is
+telling me they want
+
+almost a qualitative answer.
+
+I cannot calculate it exactly if
+I don't know these two numbers.
+
+All right?
+
+Now, the other thing we
+are told is, of course,
+
+a system like that can
+oscillate in three dimensions.
+
+It could oscillate up and
+down, out of the board,
+
+in, et cetera.
+
+They're telling
+us limit ourselves
+
+to oscillations of the string
+in the plane of the board.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's a 2D problem, not a
+three-dimensional problem.
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we do this?
+
+We immediately
+recognize that when
+
+you have a continuous line
+of harmonic oscillators
+
+in the continuum limit, and
+that's what the string is,
+
+the equation of motion
+of the string is this.
+
+This is the standard
+wave equation.
+
+It's the same equation
+for the heavy string
+
+and the light string.
+
+And the only difference
+is the phase velocity v,
+
+which depends on the tension and
+the mass density of the string.
+
+So the heavy one we
+will call v sub H,
+
+and it's the square
+root of T over mu H.
+
+And the light one I call v sub
+L, square root of T over mu L.
+
+OK.
+
+Since we know that mu H
+is much bigger than mu L,
+
+we immediately know that
+vH is much less than vL.
+
+That's the information we
+have about those strings.
+
+OK.
+
+What else do we know
+about this system?
+
+I mean, we are now
+in the usual process
+
+of translating a
+physical situation
+
+into the mathematical
+description of the system.
+
+OK?
+
+In this particular
+idealized case,
+
+this is almost a
+mathematical description
+
+up there, but still.
+
+So this is the
+equation of motion.
+
+And the other thing we
+know about the system
+
+are the boundary conditions.
+
+We know that at both ends, at
+x equals 0 and at x equals 2L,
+
+the string is tied down.
+
+So that for all time, therefore,
+the displacement will be 0,
+
+y equals 0.
+
+We know that at the boundary,
+the strings are connected.
+
+So at all times, y of
+H must be equal to yL.
+
+Otherwise, it would be broken.
+
+So they're connected.
+
+The displacement of the
+string in the middle,
+
+both the heavy one and the
+light one, is the same,
+
+and this is true at all times.
+
+And the other thing
+is that the slope
+
+of the string on both
+sides must be the same.
+
+How do I know that?
+
+Well, imagine the junction
+to be some object.
+
+Then that junction has 0 mass.
+
+If it has 0 mass, you cannot
+have a net vertical force
+
+on that.
+
+You cannot have a net
+force on it, period.
+
+Or because of Newton's laws,
+force on the 0 mass object
+
+will give it an
+infinite acceleration.
+
+It will just disappear there.
+
+So at the junction, there
+can be no net force.
+
+The tension on the string
+on both sides is the same.
+
+And therefore, the slope of
+the strings at all times,
+
+on the left it must
+equal the right.
+
+So this is the complete
+mathematical description.
+
+And we are asked to,
+with this information,
+
+figure out, what are
+the two lowest mode
+
+frequencies and what
+are their shapes?
+
+OK?
+
+So that's what now I will do.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, we know that
+what we're interested
+
+is in the normal mode.
+
+If you have a normal system
+oscillating in the normal mode,
+
+you know that the
+all parts oscillate
+
+with the same frequency
+and same phase.
+
+That's the meaning of
+being in the normal mode.
+
+OK?
+
+So we know that when this
+system is oscillating
+
+in the normal mode,
+both sides of the string
+
+will be oscillating with the
+same omega, same frequency
+
+and phase.
+
+All right?
+
+And also, on both sides
+we have a string, a row,
+
+a continuous row of
+oscillators, and we
+
+know what the normal mode
+oscillations of such a system
+
+is.
+
+We've seen it over
+and over again.
+
+It is sinusoidal in fall.
+
+So the general expression of
+the displacement of the string,
+
+whether it's on the left
+side or on the right side,
+
+will be the displacement
+of it from equilibrium
+
+is a sinusoidal function
+in position multiplied
+
+by a sinusoidal
+function in time.
+
+This function will be different
+for the left and the right,
+
+the spatial distribution.
+
+This part will be the same.
+
+Why would this be different
+for the two sides?
+
+Well, this equation
+satisfies the wave equation.
+
+It is the solution.
+
+I am looking for
+that wave equation.
+
+If this is to satisfy
+the wave equation,
+
+you'll find that
+omega/k, which you
+
+can write like lambda times f
+where lambda is the wavelength
+
+and f is the frequency--
+this is the angular
+
+frequency on the
+wave number-- has
+
+to be equal to v.
+Otherwise, this
+
+would not satisfy
+the wave equation.
+
+OK?
+
+And v is different
+for the two strings.
+
+All right?
+
+We showed that.
+
+We discussed it a second ago.
+
+v, the phase velocity
+for the heavy string,
+
+is much smaller than
+for the light one.
+
+And therefore, if
+omega is the same,
+
+the k would be different
+in the two cases.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+Now, using this, we know that
+the wavelength is given by v/f.
+
+Just I've copied it from there.
+
+And since the frequency
+on both sides is the same
+
+but v is different,
+I can immediately
+
+conclude that the wavelength
+of the part of the string which
+
+is massive, the heavy one, over
+the wavelength of the string
+
+on the light side is
+simply equal to vH over vL.
+
+But we've been told that
+the density of the heavy one
+
+is much greater
+than the light one.
+
+Therefore, the
+velocity, this one,
+
+is much smaller than this one.
+
+And therefore, we
+immediately can
+
+conclude that the wavelength
+in the normal mode
+
+oscillation of the
+heavy one is much
+
+shorter than of the light one.
+
+All right.
+
+So now if we were
+given more information
+
+exactly what these
+quantities are, et cetera,
+
+we could write the equations
+of the string on both sides
+
+and try to solve it.
+
+And in the next
+problem, I'll try
+
+to do an example which is exact.
+
+Here I'm treating the problem
+of it more qualitatively.
+
+And let's see what we can
+figure out just from this fact
+
+that the wavelength
+of the massive one
+
+is much smaller than
+of the light one.
+
+We are now looking for a
+solution to this problem
+
+where everything is moving with
+the same phase and frequency.
+
+All right?
+
+And we are looking for
+the lowest normal mode,
+
+in other words, when
+everything is moving
+
+as slowly as possible subject
+to the boundary conditions.
+
+Now, moving slowly
+means big wavelengths.
+
+So what we have to try
+to figure out-- here
+
+is a sketch of this string.
+
+This is the heavy one.
+
+This is the light one.
+
+And what we want, we want
+to find, on each side,
+
+this string is just
+like any old string.
+
+In the normal mode--
+in a single mode,
+
+will have a sinusoidal
+function, all right,
+
+of a single wavelength
+on both sides.
+
+So this must be a part of a
+sine curve or a cosine curve.
+
+So must this.
+
+And we want to make it as
+long wavelength as possible,
+
+and we want to satisfy all
+the boundary conditions.
+
+So here it's located.
+
+Here this one is located.
+
+OK?
+
+The one on the right, you want
+to make as long a wavelength as
+
+possible, and so this is
+almost a straight line.
+
+This is part of a
+sine curve, but it's
+
+almost a straight line.
+
+This one is part
+of a sine curve.
+
+And at the boundary,
+we must have
+
+the two touch, so the
+string is not broken,
+
+and the slope to be the same.
+
+So the answer is obvious.
+
+The solution will be
+something like a sine that
+
+just turns around
+near the top here.
+
+And when the curvature
+of this sine curve
+
+is such that it points
+towards this point,
+
+then we have found the
+lowest frequency solution.
+
+All right?
+
+This is approximate.
+
+This will have very slight
+curvature but approximate.
+
+And so what we see,
+when the wavelength
+
+on the left-hand
+side is basically
+
+4 times this, which is 4L.
+
+So this will be the
+lowest normal mode
+
+that we figured out without
+solving any equations,
+
+from just our knowledge
+of the boundary conditions
+
+and what normal mode solutions
+are on the string like this.
+
+All right?
+
+Now, I can now,
+knowing the wavelength,
+
+I can calculate the frequency
+this corresponds to because we
+
+know that-- we've got it
+here-- omega is simply
+
+k times v. All right?
+
+k is 2 pi over the wavelength.
+
+So we have omega 1.
+
+This is the lowest normal mode.
+
+Angular frequency, 2 pi
+over lambda 1 times vH.
+
+We know what lambda 1 is.
+
+We just argued ourselves to
+show it's approximately 4L.
+
+It's actually a little less
+than 4L, but approximately 4L.
+
+And so this is the lowest
+normal mode frequency.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, what's the next normal?
+
+They ask us for the two
+lowest normal modes.
+
+We repeat the argument.
+
+We are now trying to figure
+out-- each of these strings
+
+now we would like to oscillate
+with slightly higher frequency.
+
+This, again, will be a
+sine curve on both sides.
+
+And again, we've got to
+find a situation where
+
+the curvature-- the sine
+has shorter wavelength--
+
+but the minimum shorter
+that I can make it
+
+so that I satisfy the
+boundary conditions as before.
+
+The strings must not break,
+and the slope must be the same.
+
+Well, if you play
+around, you'll see
+
+that the next lowest normal
+mode will look like this.
+
+The string goes like this.
+
+All right?
+
+And here, the massive
+one is just curving.
+
+And when its curvature
+is such that it
+
+points towards this origin,
+where this is almost straight,
+
+that will be the sketch
+of the normal mode.
+
+So that's what it
+will look like.
+
+That will be the next
+lowest normal mode.
+
+Now, what is the wavelength?
+
+You can calculate
+that from this length.
+
+It's just a little
+less than 4/3 L. OK?
+
+And again, like before, since we
+know the vH and the wavelength,
+
+we can calculate the frequency.
+
+So these are the two
+normal mode frequencies.
+
+And why did I say it's
+counter-intuitive?
+
+For you, maybe it is intuitive.
+
+But I would have thought that
+if you connect a heavy string
+
+to a light one, it's
+the light one that
+
+would be wobbling up and
+down and not the heavy one.
+
+And in the reality, it's
+the opposite that happens.
+
+It's the little guy
+that seems to be
+
+deciding what the
+big guy is doing.
+
+And this is the
+one which is-- also
+
+this one-- all the time
+is nearly straight.
+
+The role of this one
+is simply to keep
+
+this end of the heavy
+string tied down,
+
+and it determines the
+boundary condition here.
+
+OK?
+
+But it's an interesting
+case to think about.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the first
+problem I wanted to do.
+
+Now let's go to another one.
+
+In some ways, it's similar
+to the one we've done.
+
+But just in order to show you
+how general these discussions
+
+are of these problems,
+I'm taking a situation
+
+where the displacement
+from equilibrium
+
+is not transverse to the
+location of the oscillator.
+
+I'm going to consider an
+example of longitudinal waves.
+
+Let me discuss the problem here.
+
+This is the problem
+we're going to consider.
+
+We're going to consider a
+solid rod attached to a wall.
+
+So this is just a round rod.
+
+It is connected to another rod.
+
+Let's say take some case,
+maybe a tungsten, a lead alloy,
+
+a rod of tungsten
+lead, which has
+
+a certain Young's modulus y.
+
+And Young's modulus,
+let me remind you,
+
+it is the extension
+per unit length
+
+if you apply to it a force,
+certain force per unit area.
+
+So it's extension
+per unit length
+
+divided by force
+per unit length.
+
+It tells you how,
+under the system,
+
+what strain you get
+into the system.
+
+This is analogous to
+like, in a spring,
+
+we talk of the constant
+k for the spring.
+
+Tells you how much
+the spring [INAUDIBLE]
+
+when you apply a force.
+
+So the y will tell
+you how much this
+
+extends under a
+force per unit area.
+
+And I'm going to assume this rod
+has a density rho, mass density
+
+rho.
+
+It's connected to another,
+but this time much
+
+lighter rod, a rod
+which has three
+
+lengths, 3L length, same area.
+
+They are welded together
+here, connected together,
+
+glued together.
+
+OK?
+
+I've chosen two materials.
+
+And if you look
+in the books, you
+
+can find different
+materials having same y.
+
+This is a carbon
+fiber composite.
+
+This is a tungsten-lead alloy.
+
+And they both have the
+same Young's modulus.
+
+But this is much, much lighter.
+
+The density of this is 1/9 of
+the density of this material.
+
+And I chose these-- I wanted
+to come up with numbers where
+
+one can solve the
+problem completely.
+
+In the previous problem, I
+want to do this qualitatively
+
+so I didn't have to pick
+up numbers which gave you
+
+a final mathematical description
+which has an analytic solution.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have these two
+rods connected like this.
+
+This one is attached to a wall.
+
+It cannot move.
+
+And this is free.
+
+I purposely wanted
+a problem where
+
+there are new
+things coming in so
+
+that you can see
+how one tackles it.
+
+OK.
+
+As usual, there's
+some assumption.
+
+We're going to assume that
+this is a lossless system,
+
+while the rods are oscillating
+that they're not losing energy,
+
+that the oscillations
+are small so
+
+that we can do all the
+usual approximations.
+
+We'll make the assumption
+that this radius is small
+
+compared to this
+length so that we
+
+don't have to worry about
+transverse oscillations
+
+of the system.
+
+We're only talking about
+longitudinal oscillations.
+
+So we're talking about
+small oscillations
+
+in the longitudinal direction.
+
+And we are told that
+for such a system--
+
+and you could derive
+it for yourselves--
+
+that the phase velocity is
+the square root of Young's
+
+modulus divided by the density.
+
+So it's different
+for the two sides.
+
+OK?
+
+And the question
+is, can we calculate
+
+for this-- knowing
+all these quantities,
+
+these are now all
+given quantities--
+
+can we calculate what is
+the angular frequency omega
+
+1 of the first normal
+mode as this oscillates?
+
+The problem, in some ways, is
+similar to the previous one.
+
+But as I say, normally
+we more often do things
+
+like strings oscillating
+because it's easier
+
+to plot on the board the
+displacement of the string,
+
+which is in the y
+direction, and the position
+
+in the x direction.
+
+Here we have the
+displacement from equilibrium
+
+at any point in
+the same direction,
+
+in the same as the position, and
+that makes it harder to plot.
+
+That's why one normally
+doesn't take this example.
+
+We tend to take
+examples which are
+
+easier to illustrate
+on the board.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's now, as usual-- this
+is the physical situation--
+
+what does it correspond to
+as a description in terms
+
+of mathematics?
+
+Well, let's define, at
+any point x and time
+
+t, the displacement
+of the material
+
+of the rod from the
+position of equilibrium
+
+by the Greek letter psi.
+
+So it's psi at x of t
+
+Now, this system is,
+again, an ideal system
+
+of a continuous distribution
+of harmonic oscillators.
+
+Each piece of mass oscillates
+backwards and forwards
+
+longitudinally.
+
+That's the oscillator.
+
+It's continuous, that is,
+an oscillator at every x.
+
+OK?
+
+And each oscillator is
+coupled to its neighbors.
+
+So this is mathematically
+exactly the same situation
+
+as a string, where the
+oscillators are there
+
+oscillating up and down
+instead of longitudinally.
+
+So the equation of
+motion of this system
+
+will be, as always,
+the wave equation.
+
+This is the longitudinal
+displacement,
+
+how it's oscillating.
+
+v is the phase velocity.
+
+And we know that
+the phase velocity
+
+is the square root of
+Young's modulus over density.
+
+Since we know the
+ratio of the densities,
+
+and the y is the same
+for both materials,
+
+you know that the ratio of
+the phase velocity in the two
+
+materials, v2 over v1, will
+be 3, the square root of 9.
+
+OK?
+
+And as always, we know that
+omega/k is the phase velocity.
+
+Otherwise, it wouldn't
+satisfy this equation.
+
+So we know that the k2/k1--
+and I'm reminding you,
+
+k is 2 pi over the
+wavelength, right?
+
+So k2/k1 is 1/3.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is the equations of
+motion and the constants of it.
+
+What are the
+boundary conditions?
+
+Well, they're slightly
+different to the one
+
+we've had of strings
+attached at both ends.
+
+We know that, in the
+middle, the two rods
+
+are attached to each other.
+
+So the displacement
+from equilibrium,
+
+whether you're on the left
+rod or on the right rod,
+
+will be the same.
+
+So the one on the
+left, which I call
+
+psi 1, at position
+L [INAUDIBLE] t,
+
+will be equal to
+psi 2 at L of t.
+
+So that's one
+boundary condition.
+
+Another boundary
+condition is the one
+
+analogous to when you
+have two strings joined,
+
+that the slope of the strings
+must be the same on both sides
+
+because the junction
+has no mass.
+
+Similarly here, the junction
+between the two rods has no
+
+mass, so there cannot be a
+net force on that junction.
+
+And since the y, the Young's
+modulus, is the same,
+
+the tension is the
+same inside, then
+
+the slope of d psi 1
+dx at that junction
+
+must equal to d
+psi dx at the ther.
+
+As I repeat, this is analogous
+to a junction between two
+
+strings when you're talking
+about transverse oscillations
+
+of strings.
+
+The slope at the junction must
+be the same on both sides,
+
+unless there is a massive
+object at that junction.
+
+And we don't have such a thing.
+
+If there was a heavy bead or
+something at that junction,
+
+this would no longer be true.
+
+The other thing is, what
+are the boundary conditions
+
+of the ends?
+
+On the left end, it's easier.
+
+We said the left end is
+attached to the wall,
+
+therefore it cannot move.
+
+OK?
+
+Therefore, the displacement from
+equilibrium of this left end
+
+is equal to 0 at all times.
+
+The right end is different.
+
+It's free, and so
+it's certainly not 0.
+
+What do we know about that?
+
+Well, at the end, the
+rod ends, and there
+
+is no mass or anything there.
+
+So the end of the rod
+is not pushing anything.
+
+There's effective, it's pushing
+a 0 mass at the end of it.
+
+Therefore, there cannot
+be a net force on that.
+
+And so the rod cannot
+be compressed at the end
+
+or elongated because then it
+would be exerting like a spring
+
+attached to nothing with
+exerted force on it,
+
+which is not possible.
+
+And so the rate of
+change of psi 1 with x
+
+of the displacement
+from equilibrium
+
+from x at the-- sorry,
+I'm here, I'm here.
+
+The slope of psi 2 with respect
+to x at the end, which is-- I
+
+am sorry.
+
+This will be 4L.
+
+This is my mistake.
+
+This is 4L here.
+
+OK.
+
+At the end of the
+rod, it has to be 0.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is now the
+mathematical description.
+
+And all we have to do is solve
+the equation of motion subject
+
+to these boundary
+conditions and find out
+
+what is the lowest frequency
+that satisfies the boundary
+
+conditions and
+the wave equation.
+
+OK?
+
+And again, I have written
+out the solution for you.
+
+And let me go a
+little faster now.
+
+We now have experience.
+
+We know that the wave equation
+has standing wave solutions,
+
+which are some amplitude times
+a sinusoidal function in x
+
+and a sinusoidal
+function of time.
+
+And now to save time, I am
+going to inspect immediately
+
+the boundary
+conditions, and using,
+
+in particular, these
+boundary conditions,
+
+the ones at x equals
+0 and 4L for all time.
+
+And I'm going to figure out
+sinusoidal functions of x
+
+and t, which satisfy
+these boundary conditions.
+
+Now, we know that we are
+talking about standing waves.
+
+So for both rods, the
+angular frequency,
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] oscillations
+in time, will be the same.
+
+So this part will be the same.
+
+This part must satisfy
+the boundary condition
+
+at the extreme left
+and right, which
+
+forces me to write here
+a sine k and here cosine
+
+k2 of what happens
+at the boundaries.
+
+OK?
+
+A good exercise
+for you is slowly
+
+think through the
+boundary conditions
+
+and the general solutions,
+the normal mode solutions,
+
+of the wave equation.
+
+And you'll come
+to the conclusion
+
+that this describes the
+standing waves in the two rods.
+
+OK.
+
+We know further that omega is
+equal to k1 v1 in the left rod,
+
+and equal to k2 v2
+in the right rod.
+
+This has to be the same
+in both, as I said,
+
+because we are in
+the normal mode.
+
+We're in a normal mode, where
+the whole system is oscillating
+
+with the same
+frequency and phase.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, we will use the other bit
+of information, the boundary
+
+conditions at the junction,
+which I've written here.
+
+And from that, try to find a
+solution that satisfies these
+
+and see what is the angular
+frequency of oscillation
+
+for that.
+
+So we can now write
+at x equals L--
+
+these are the two equations.
+
+We'll take the displacement
+of the rod on the left
+
+and make it equal to the right
+and the slope on the left
+
+equal to the right.
+
+On the left, this
+is the equation.
+
+On the right is that.
+
+At that boundary to
+make the two equal,
+
+I get that A1 sine
+k1 L at x equals
+
+L is equal to A2 cosine
+times this, all right, at x.
+
+When we're talking
+about x2 equals
+
+L, L minus 4L is
+minus 3, et cetera.
+
+OK?
+
+The cosine terms cancel
+because the time part
+
+cancels because they're
+the same on both sides.
+
+So this is the equation
+we have to satisfy
+
+so that the string
+is not broken.
+
+And I'm just
+writing it like this
+
+because we know that-- we
+did that earlier-- that k2/k1
+
+is 1/3.
+
+And the cosine of a plus and
+the minus angle is the same,
+
+so I've just replaced
+that with plus k1 L.
+
+This is now looking
+at the slopes
+
+of the displacement
+psi at that boundary.
+
+So I differentiate
+these with respect
+
+to x, all right, this one and
+that one, and equate them.
+
+And I get this
+equation, all right?
+
+And so in order to satisfy
+the boundary conditions
+
+and the wave equation, I end
+up with these two equations.
+
+I've chosen things
+such that these
+
+can be solved analytically.
+
+It's not hard.
+
+You can do it for yourself.
+
+You have two equations,
+two unknowns.
+
+The unknown is the
+ratio of A2 to A1.
+
+That's one unknown.
+
+And the other unknown is k1.
+
+You can solve these
+equations trigonometrically
+
+only because I've
+chosen numbers of rho,
+
+et cetera, which make
+the answer come out.
+
+And you end up that
+you get k1 from it.
+
+Knowing k1, you can
+calculate omega.
+
+And this is the
+answer you will get.
+
+I won't waste your time here.
+
+You can do this
+algebra for yourselves.
+
+So here I've got
+the final answer
+
+because I had all the input.
+
+If I had tried to do the
+same with the string one,
+
+if I chose some random ratio
+of the density of the string
+
+on both sides, everything
+else would have been similar.
+
+But here I would have ended up
+with a transcendental equation,
+
+in general, which I
+cannot solve analytically.
+
+And so if you take any
+random case for yourself
+
+and try to solve it, you would
+find that, at this point,
+
+you would be stuck.
+
+You would be stuck with a
+transcendental equation,
+
+which, of course, you
+could solve numerically
+
+over the computer, et cetera.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the end.
+
+And now I'll come to the
+third, yet another example
+
+of standing waves, this
+time in three dimensions.
+
+So now we come to the third
+standing wave problem.
+
+And just for variety,
+I decided to take one
+
+in three dimensions.
+
+So the problem is the following.
+
+Suppose you have a room,
+which is 2 meters in size
+
+by 3 meters by 4.
+
+What is the lowest
+standing wave frequency
+
+that you can get in such a room?
+
+OK?
+
+So it's basically a problem
+to do with pressure waves,
+
+because that's what sound
+is, standing pressure
+
+waves in three dimensions.
+
+We are told that, in
+this particular room,
+
+what the density of the air is.
+
+We're also told what the
+bulk modulus, in other words,
+
+how compressed the
+air can get and what's
+
+the resultant pressure--
+what kind of compression
+
+gives rise to air.
+
+And we are asked to
+calculate lowest normal mode
+
+frequency of this system.
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we do this?
+
+Not surprisingly,
+you'll remember already
+
+when we were talking about
+one-dimensional system, way
+
+the standing waves of strings
+or on a rod, et cetera,
+
+it's quite complex.
+
+If you have three
+dimensions, the situation
+
+is getting more and
+more complicated.
+
+In this course,
+we don't actually
+
+derive the three-dimensional
+wave equation.
+
+But by analogy with
+the one-dimensional one
+
+and two-dimensional
+one, we sort of indicate
+
+what form you would
+expect this to be.
+
+And it actually is the case.
+
+The three-dimensional
+wave equation
+
+for a scalar quantity
+like pressure
+
+that has no direction, all
+right, is written here.
+
+It's the d2p dt squared,
+like for the one dimension,
+
+is equal to v squared
+times the gradient squared
+
+of the pressure,
+which, if I write it
+
+in Cartesian coordinates,
+it's written here.
+
+Clearly, if I take a
+three-dimensional system
+
+but reduced two dimensions
+with some small distances
+
+so that, in essence, it's
+a one-dimensional problem,
+
+this gives you the wave
+equation you would expect.
+
+If I remove two of
+these terms, what I
+
+have is the wave equation
+in one dimension.
+
+OK.
+
+In this equation, p
+is the excess pressure
+
+of the air above its
+equilibrium Imagine the room.
+
+Everything is at equilibrium.
+
+The air is not moving.
+
+The pressure is not
+changing, et cetera.
+
+There will be some pressure.
+
+What we are
+interested in is what
+
+happens if we displace
+that air from equilibrium,
+
+change its pressure, and
+let go, what will happen?
+
+And so it's that excess
+pressure we are interested.
+
+That's the p.
+
+And we are interested
+to see if there is a way
+
+to do that such that
+the air in the room
+
+everywhere, the
+pressure, oscillates
+
+with the same
+frequency and phase.
+
+If it does, then in
+that room the air
+
+will be in its normal mode,
+oscillating in its normal mode.
+
+One can show when one derives
+this-- and I did not derive it,
+
+of course-- is that
+this v is the phase
+
+velocity of propagation
+of pressure waves in air,
+
+the sound velocity, which is the
+square root of the bulk modulus
+
+divided by the density.
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+So the translation
+of this problem
+
+is this is the equation
+of motion of the system.
+
+And what are the
+boundary conditions?
+
+The boundary conditions are
+that at the edges of the room,
+
+at the walls, the
+pressure does not
+
+change perpendicular
+to the wall.
+
+So for example, the two walls,
+at the end in the x direction,
+
+at the end there, at one side
+of the wall, the rate of change
+
+of pressure with position and at
+the other, it will not change.
+
+Top and bottom, perpendicular,
+it will not change this way.
+
+It will not change.
+
+Why is this the
+boundary condition?
+
+The reason for that is that
+if you imagine at the wall,
+
+the molecules cannot move,
+right, because of the wall.
+
+So therefore, you cannot
+there, near the end,
+
+increase the number
+of molecules.
+
+So perpendicular to
+it, that the number
+
+will be independent of the
+position, which is dp dx,
+
+is equal to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+And this is analogous to
+the string situation, which
+
+is attached to a
+massless ring where
+
+the slope is constant
+at the boundary.
+
+OK.
+
+So with these
+boundary conditions,
+
+what are the solutions
+of this equation?
+
+OK?
+
+To find the most general
+solution of this equation,
+
+it's obviously very,
+very complicated.
+
+There are infinite
+possibilities.
+
+But from my experience of
+what happens in one dimension,
+
+we can do a pretty
+good, intelligent guess.
+
+And what I've
+written here, we can
+
+guess that the solution
+will look like that.
+
+Why is it like this?
+
+Well, first of all,
+we want a solution
+
+of this equation, which is a
+normal mode, meaning everything
+
+oscillating with the
+same frequency and phase.
+
+And so independent
+of where you are,
+
+the time dependence must
+be the same for everything
+
+or else it would not
+be a normal mode.
+
+So that's why that.
+
+There is some amplitude,
+so that's p maximum.
+
+You would expect symmetry
+between the three directions.
+
+There's nothing
+special between them.
+
+And you want some
+function here which
+
+satisfies the
+boundary conditions.
+
+And what you will find is
+that this, a cosine kx,
+
+the slope of this with
+respect to x gives you a sine.
+
+And at x equals 0, you will
+get the boundary condition
+
+satisfied.
+
+And we'll see in a
+second what constraint
+
+the boundary puts on
+this at the other end.
+
+For this to be a solution
+of our wave equation,
+
+we must satisfy this and that.
+
+And so in some ways, you could
+say, look, I've guessed it.
+
+But then I'll use the uniqueness
+there, say, OK, I've guessed it
+
+or I knew it.
+
+I guessed this was the solution.
+
+I will now check, does it
+satisfy everything I know,
+
+the wave equation and
+the boundary conditions?
+
+And the answer is yes, it does.
+
+And then I use the
+uniqueness there
+
+that says therefore that is the
+only solution that satisfies
+
+everything I know
+about the situation.
+
+OK.
+
+Having done that, to get this
+I used the boundary condition
+
+as x equals 0.
+
+But I want this slope also to
+be 0 at the edges of the room.
+
+And that gives me a constraint
+on what each one of these cases
+
+can be.
+
+And you find that kx has to
+be some constant pi over Lx,
+
+where Lx is the length of
+the room in the x direction,
+
+so that the slope of this at
+the edge of the room is 0.
+
+Similarly for ky and kz.
+
+And so you find that these
+L's, m's, and n's, have to be
+
+0, 1, 2, or 3.
+
+They cannot all be 0.
+
+If they are all 0,
+then nothing goes on.
+
+This means that k is
+0, which makes omega 0.
+
+It's a trivial, uninteresting
+solution to our wave equation.
+
+So at least one of these
+has to be non-zero.
+
+So which one will give
+us the lowest frequency?
+
+All right?
+
+And so it will be the one
+where the k, all right,
+
+is as small as possible, which
+means that the wavelength is
+
+as long as possible.
+
+OK?
+
+So if we make the
+L's and m, which
+
+correspond to the room,
+the 2 meter times 3 meters,
+
+those to be 0, the only
+direction we accept
+
+is in the direction of
+z, which is the longest
+
+dimension of the room,
+then that will give us
+
+the longest wavelength and
+therefore lowest frequency.
+
+OK?
+
+So k, the largest value
+of the wavelength,
+
+will be when kz is pi over 4m,
+in other words, the wavelength
+
+in that direction
+being 8 meters.
+
+And since we know that v is the
+square root of the bulk modulus
+
+divided by the density, I
+could take the numbers that
+
+are given, I get that the
+phase velocity, or the velocity
+
+of sound in this
+room, is 342 meters.
+
+The frequency, of course, is
+equal to the phase velocity
+
+over lambda.
+
+Or the way I normally
+remember, it's frequency times
+
+lambda is the phase velocity.
+
+All right?
+
+And I found the longest
+wavelength is 8 meters.
+
+So from that, I get that
+the lowest normal mode
+
+will oscillate at
+almost 43 hertz.
+
+I'll just sketch for you here
+what we've essentially-- we've
+
+got this room,
+and we are looking
+
+for solutions which have
+the longest wavelength.
+
+See, in principle,
+one could have
+
+a wave like this
+in this direction.
+
+This, the slope, has
+to be perpendicular
+
+at the boundaries.
+
+You could have,
+in this direction,
+
+for example, a wave like that.
+
+And in this direction, you could
+have [INAUDIBLE] or a higher
+
+moment.
+
+So it's hard for me to draw it.
+
+But you can imagine
+this pressure
+
+changing in all directions.
+
+But it has to be
+represented, as I say,
+
+by a sinusoidal function
+whose slope at the boundaries
+
+is always perpendicular
+like this.
+
+And the wave number
+is, of course,
+
+the sum of the wave
+number of this squared
+
+plus this squared
+plus this squared,
+
+taken the square root over.
+
+The lowest frequency
+will be when,
+
+in this direction and this
+direction, it's straight.
+
+There's no change of pressure,
+no change in this direction.
+
+And the only direction
+is in this direction,
+
+and this is the
+4-meter direction.
+
+And that corresponds
+to a wavelength
+
+of 8 meter, which
+I calculated there.
+
+And so this will
+behave in the same way
+
+as a one-dimensional system.
+
+Nothing changing
+in two dimensions.
+
+And only in one
+dimension it's changing.
+
+That will give you the
+lowest normal mode.
+
+And the other normal modes,
+you can calculate the frequency
+
+as you change the little
+l, m, and n, play around.
+
+Always remember, at least one
+of them has to be non-zero.
+
+And you can calculate all
+the frequencies like this.
+
+OK.
+
+That's enough for today
+on standing waves.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U_Dobe_zofU.txt b/U_Dobe_zofU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eff48b8a26949494c566388f9444404f9f3b7f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U_Dobe_zofU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+parmigiano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+we already know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oliva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we will
+wait what we are cooking so we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what we are cooking so we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what we are cooking so we will have
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the kind of rice so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of rice so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of rice so this
+rice is actually grown in italy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice is actually grown in italy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice is actually grown in italy in the
+northern part of italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern part of italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern part of italy
+an area that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's crossed by the longest river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crossed by the longest river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crossed by the longest river
+in italy this river has a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in italy this river has a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in italy this river has a very short
+name usually we have very long words but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name usually we have very long words but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name usually we have very long words but
+this river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this river
+is the longest and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the river pop brings a lot of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the river pop brings a lot of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the river pop brings a lot of water
+in the paddan plain de la tianura padana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paddan plain de la tianura padana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paddan plain de la tianura padana
+there we grow different varieties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we grow different varieties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we grow different varieties of
+rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice
+including risot arborio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is very good to make risotto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good to make risotto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good to make risotto
+because it stays hard at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it stays hard at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it stays hard at the same time
+it releases a nice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases a nice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases a nice cream
+so you will see that it's different if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will see that it's different if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will see that it's different if
+you try to make risotto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make risotto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make risotto
+with a different rice you will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different rice you will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different rice you will not get
+the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same result
+these are our friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually when we cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for everything always we will make four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything always we will make four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything always we will make four
+different varieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will make risotto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is actually directly from italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this is already the second class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is already the second class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is already the second class
+we can read the articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can read the articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can read the articles
+the determinant determinative article lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant determinative article lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant determinative article lo
+blo ferano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a specific variety they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific variety they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific variety they're not so
+easy to find here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find here
+so just went for whatever i found at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just went for whatever i found at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just went for whatever i found at the
+supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket
+sliced shiitake i think it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced shiitake i think it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced shiitake i think it will be
+equally tasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally tasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally tasty
+then we will make risotto corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a mystery for everybody but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mystery for everybody but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mystery for everybody but we
+have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different
+articles so he's saying why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have two different articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two different articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two different articles
+masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine
+singular that's ill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular that's ill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular that's ill and
+i just want you to pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to pay attention to the
+pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see radicchio we have the c-h-i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see radicchio we have the c-h-i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see radicchio we have the c-h-i
+in c okay when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see here i made the same trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here i made the same trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here i made the same trick
+that we used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used before
+it would be lo asparago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be lo asparago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be lo asparago
+but lo asparago it sounds weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lo asparago it sounds weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lo asparago it sounds weird
+get rid of the o we put the sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the o we put the sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the o we put the sign the
+apostrophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe
+and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will make this asparagi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then for the meat lovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what else is on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes like when you're playing dices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like when you're playing dices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like when you're playing dices you
+use dado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VkVe_wNU6RI.txt b/VkVe_wNU6RI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bd2e8e9383b569c402cb0a2c33235f794132bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VkVe_wNU6RI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll get a good understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a good understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a good understanding of how
+the register operates as we follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register operates as we follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register operates as we follow the
+signals through the circuit the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals through the circuit the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals through the circuit the overall
+operation of the register is simple at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the register is simple at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the register is simple at
+the rising 0 to 1 transition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising 0 to 1 transition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising 0 to 1 transition of the
+clock input the register samples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock input the register samples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock input the register samples the
+value of the D input and stores that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the D input and stores that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the D input and stores that
+value until the next rising clock edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value until the next rising clock edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value until the next rising clock edge
+the Q output is simply the value stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q output is simply the value stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q output is simply the value stored
+in the register let's see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the register let's see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the register let's see how the
+register implements this functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register implements this functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register implements this functionality
+the clock signal is connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal is connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal is connected to the
+gate inputs of the master and slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate inputs of the master and slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate inputs of the master and slave
+latches since all the action happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches since all the action happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches since all the action happens
+when the clock makes a transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the clock makes a transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the clock makes a transition is
+those events will focus on the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events will focus on the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those events will focus on the clock
+transition from low to high is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from low to high is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from low to high is called
+the rising edge of the clock and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising edge of the clock and its
+transition from high to low is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from high to low is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from high to low is called
+the falling edge let's start by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the falling edge let's start by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the falling edge let's start by looking
+at the operation of the master latch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the operation of the master latch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the operation of the master latch and
+its output signal which is labeled star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output signal which is labeled star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output signal which is labeled star
+in the diagram on the rising edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diagram on the rising edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diagram on the rising edge of the
+clock the master latch goes from open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock the master latch goes from open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock the master latch goes from open to
+closed sampling the value on its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed sampling the value on its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed sampling the value on its input
+in entering memory mode the sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in entering memory mode the sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in entering memory mode the sampled
+value thus becomes the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value thus becomes the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value thus becomes the output of the
+latch as long as the latch stays closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch as long as the latch stays closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch as long as the latch stays closed
+you can see that the star signal remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the star signal remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the star signal remains
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+whenever the clock signal is high on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the clock signal is high on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the clock signal is high on the
+falling edge of the clock the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling edge of the clock the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling edge of the clock the master
+latch opens and its output will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch opens and its output will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch opens and its output will then
+reflect any changes in the d input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect any changes in the d input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect any changes in the d input
+delayed by the TP d of the latch now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by the TP d of the latch now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by the TP d of the latch now
+let's figure out what the slave is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what the slave is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what the slave is doing
+its output signal which also serves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output signal which also serves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output signal which also serves as
+the output of the D register is shown as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the D register is shown as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the D register is shown as
+the bottom waveform on the rising edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom waveform on the rising edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom waveform on the rising edge
+of the clock the slave latch opens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clock the slave latch opens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clock the slave latch opens and
+his outputs will follow the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his outputs will follow the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his outputs will follow the value of the
+star signal remember though that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star signal remember though that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star signal remember though that the
+star signal is stable while the clock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star signal is stable while the clock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star signal is stable while the clock is
+high since the master latch is closed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high since the master latch is closed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high since the master latch is closed so
+the Q signal is also stable after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q signal is also stable after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q signal is also stable after
+initial transition if the values saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial transition if the values saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial transition if the values saved
+in the slave latch is changing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slave latch is changing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slave latch is changing at the
+falling clock edge the slave goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling clock edge the slave goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling clock edge the slave goes from
+open to closed sampling the value on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to closed sampling the value on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to closed sampling the value on its
+input and entering memory mode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and entering memory mode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and entering memory mode the
+sampled value then becomes the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled value then becomes the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled value then becomes the output of
+the slave latch as long as the latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch as long as the latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch as long as the latch
+stays closed you can see that the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays closed you can see that the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays closed you can see that the Q
+output remains stable whenever the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output remains stable whenever the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output remains stable whenever the clock
+signal is low now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is low now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is low now let's
+look at the cue signal itself for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cue signal itself for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cue signal itself for a
+moment it only changes when the slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it only changes when the slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it only changes when the slave
+latch opens at the rising edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch opens at the rising edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch opens at the rising edge of the
+clock the rest of the time either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock the rest of the time either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock the rest of the time either the
+input to the slave latch is stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the slave latch is stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the slave latch is stable or
+the slave latch is closed the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch is closed the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch is closed the change in
+the queue output is triggered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue output is triggered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue output is triggered by the
+rising edge of the clock hence the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock hence the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock hence the name
+positive edge triggered deregister the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive edge triggered deregister the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive edge triggered deregister the
+convention for labeling the clock input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention for labeling the clock input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention for labeling the clock input
+in the schematic icon for an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schematic icon for an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schematic icon for an edge
+triggered device is to use a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered device is to use a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered device is to use a little
+triangle you can see that here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle you can see that here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle you can see that here in the
+schematic symbol for the D register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic symbol for the D register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic symbol for the D register
+there is one tricky problem we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one tricky problem we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one tricky problem we have to
+solve when designing the circuitry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve when designing the circuitry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve when designing the circuitry for
+the register on the falling clock edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register on the falling clock edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register on the falling clock edge
+the slave latch transitions from open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch transitions from open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch transitions from open to
+closed so its input the star signal must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed so its input the star signal must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed so its input the star signal must
+meet the setup and hold times of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the setup and hold times of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the setup and hold times of the
+slave latch in order to ensure correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latch in order to ensure correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latch in order to ensure correct
+operation the complication is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the complication is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the complication is that the
+master latch opens at the same time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch opens at the same time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch opens at the same time so
+the star signal may change shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star signal may change shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star signal may change shortly after
+the clock edge the contamination delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock edge the contamination delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock edge the contamination delay
+of the master latch tells us how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master latch tells us how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master latch tells us how long
+the old value will be stable after their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old value will be stable after their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old value will be stable after their
+fallen clock edge and the whole time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen clock edge and the whole time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen clock edge and the whole time on
+the slave latch tells us how long it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch tells us how long it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch tells us how long it has
+to remain stable after the falling clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain stable after the falling clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain stable after the falling clock
+edge so to ensure correct operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so to ensure correct operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so to ensure correct operation of
+the slave latch the contamination delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch the contamination delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slave latch the contamination delay
+of the master latch has to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master latch has to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the master latch has to be greater
+than or equal to the hole time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the hole time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the hole time of the
+slave latch during the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latch during the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latch during the necessary
+analysis can be a bit tricky since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be a bit tricky since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be a bit tricky since we
+have to consider manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider manufacturing
+variations as well as environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations as well as environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations as well as environmental
+factors such as temperature and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors such as temperature and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors such as temperature and power
+supply voltage if necessary extra gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage if necessary extra gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage if necessary extra gate
+delays for example pairs of inverters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays for example pairs of inverters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays for example pairs of inverters
+can be added between the master and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added between the master and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added between the master and
+slave latches to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latches to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave latches to increase the
+contamination delay on the slaves input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay on the slaves input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay on the slaves input
+relative to the falling clock edge note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the falling clock edge note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the falling clock edge note
+that we can only solve slave latched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only solve slave latched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can only solve slave latched
+hold time issues by changing the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold time issues by changing the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold time issues by changing the design
+of the circuit here's a summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit here's a summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit here's a summary of the
+timing specifications for a D register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing specifications for a D register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing specifications for a D register
+changes in the Q signal are triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the Q signal are triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the Q signal are triggered by
+a rising edge on the clock input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising edge on the clock input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising edge on the clock input the
+propagation delay tpd of the register is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay tpd of the register is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay tpd of the register is
+an upper bound on the time it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound on the time it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound on the time it takes for
+the Q output to become valid and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q output to become valid and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q output to become valid and stable
+after the rising clock edge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rising clock edge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rising clock edge the
+contamination delay of the register is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay of the register is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay of the register is a
+lower bound on the time the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the time the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on the time the previous
+value of Q remains valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q remains valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q remains valid
+after the rising clock edge note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rising clock edge note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rising clock edge note that
+both TCD and TPD are measured relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both TCD and TPD are measured relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both TCD and TPD are measured relative
+to the rising edge of the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rising edge of the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rising edge of the clock
+registers are designed to be lenient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers are designed to be lenient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers are designed to be lenient in
+the sense that if the previous value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if the previous value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if the previous value of
+Q and the new value of Q are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and the new value of Q are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q and the new value of Q are the same
+the stability of the Q signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of the Q signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of the Q signal is
+guaranteed during the rising clock edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed during the rising clock edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed during the rising clock edge
+in other words the TCD and TPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the TCD and TPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the TCD and TPD
+specifications only apply when the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications only apply when the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications only apply when the Q
+output actually changes in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output actually changes in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output actually changes in order to
+ensure correct operation of the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure correct operation of the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure correct operation of the master
+latch the registers D input must meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch the registers D input must meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch the registers D input must meet
+the setup and hold time constraints for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup and hold time constraints for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup and hold time constraints for
+the master latch the following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master latch the following two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master latch the following two
+specifications are determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications are determined by the
+timing of the master latch T setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the master latch T setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the master latch T setup is
+the amount of time that the D input must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time that the D input must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time that the D input must
+be valid and stable before the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid and stable before the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid and stable before the rising
+clock edge T hold is the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge T hold is the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge T hold is the amount of time
+that D must be valid and stable after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D must be valid and stable after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D must be valid and stable after
+the rising clock edge this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising clock edge this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rising clock edge this region of
+stability surrounding the clock edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability surrounding the clock edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability surrounding the clock edge
+ensures that we're obeying this dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures that we're obeying this dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensures that we're obeying this dynamic
+discipline for the master latch so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for the master latch so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for the master latch so when
+you use a D register component from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a D register component from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a D register component from a
+manufacturer's Gate library you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer's Gate library you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer's Gate library you will
+need to look up these four timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look up these four timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look up these four timing
+specifications in the registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications in the registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications in the registers
+datasheet in order to analyze the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasheet in order to analyze the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasheet in order to analyze the timing
+of your overall circuit we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your overall circuit we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your overall circuit we'll see how
+this analysis is done in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis is done in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis is done in the next
+section
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W18hxFk9lAQ.txt b/W18hxFk9lAQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19c471dd84f545f572b7478c86f41b01b52acb0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W18hxFk9lAQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi everyone welcome to the first week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome to the first week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome to the first week in
+our series of classes in this tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our series of classes in this tutorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our series of classes in this tutorial
+we're going to take a look at how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a look at how you
+can use a flatbed scanner believe it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a flatbed scanner believe it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a flatbed scanner believe it or
+not to create some very fine images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to create some very fine images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to create some very fine images of
+three-dimensional objects like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional objects like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional objects like
+microfluidic devices Petri dishes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfluidic devices Petri dishes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfluidic devices Petri dishes and
+other sorts of material you're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of material you're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sorts of material you're creating
+or working with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working with in the
+lab now you might be wondering why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab now you might be wondering why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab now you might be wondering why we're
+starting this course with a tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this course with a tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this course with a tool that
+you probably wouldn't think of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably wouldn't think of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably wouldn't think of for
+creating really fine images of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating really fine images of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating really fine images of your
+work well we want you to experience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we want you to experience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we want you to experience the
+fun part of creating images at first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun part of creating images at first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun part of creating images at first and
+frankly we wanted you to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly we wanted you to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly we wanted you to start off with
+some easy stuff well relatively easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy stuff well relatively easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy stuff well relatively easy and
+not having to worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to worry too much about
+technical issues which believe me will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issues which believe me will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issues which believe me will
+come later that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later that's a
+promise this course is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise this course is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise this course is meant to
+encourage you to capture your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to capture your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to capture your material
+in a number of ways and probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of ways and probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of ways and probably most
+important to learn to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to learn to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to learn to see in the
+process so you're seeing and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you're seeing and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you're seeing and will
+continue to see all sorts of images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to see all sorts of images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to see all sorts of images that
+I made on the flatbed scanner with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made on the flatbed scanner with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made on the flatbed scanner with
+different approaches I'll go into detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches I'll go into detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches I'll go into detail
+for a few of them in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few of them in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few of them in all of these
+tutorials and we'll call them case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials and we'll call them case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials and we'll call them case
+studies you'll see things that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you'll see things that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies you'll see things that will
+surprise you and you'll discover New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you and you'll discover New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you and you'll discover New
+Perspectives that is new points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspectives that is new points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perspectives that is new points of view
+which might lead to new thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might lead to new thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might lead to new thinking about
+your work try out your ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work try out your ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work try out your ideas about
+Imaging it won't take long that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging it won't take long that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging it won't take long that's the
+nice part about the flatbed scanner some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice part about the flatbed scanner some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice part about the flatbed scanner some
+of your ideas will work and some won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your ideas will work and some won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your ideas will work and some won't
+believe me a lot of them won't from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me a lot of them won't from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me a lot of them won't from my
+personal experience and emphasizing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience and emphasizing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience and emphasizing what
+I said in the general overview most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in the general overview most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in the general overview most of
+this is about experimenting or in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about experimenting or in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about experimenting or in a way
+playing the process I hope will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the process I hope will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the process I hope will become
+an Act of Discovery as it did for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Act of Discovery as it did for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Act of Discovery as it did for me
+when I made these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I made these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I made these images
+you should think of this process in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think of this process in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think of this process in a
+similar way as you do with your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way as you do with your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way as you do with your own
+investigations so using this scanner can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations so using this scanner can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations so using this scanner can
+if you choose come close to Imaging with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose come close to Imaging with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose come close to Imaging with
+a microscope if you make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscope if you make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscope if you make sure you
+capture your image at a high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture your image at a high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture your image at a high enough
+resolution you can start zooming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can start zooming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can start zooming into
+your image on your screen and see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your image on your screen and see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your image on your screen and see things
+that you could not see with your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could not see with your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could not see with your eyes
+and I'll I'll show you that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll show you that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll show you that a little
+more later on one thing I wanted to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later on one thing I wanted to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later on one thing I wanted to let
+you know that I digitally cleaned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I digitally cleaned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I digitally cleaned some
+of these images so that your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images so that your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images so that your eye
+wouldn't be distracted with dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be distracted with dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be distracted with dust
+particles that's important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that's important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that's important for you to
+know the decision of whether to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the decision of whether to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the decision of whether to use a
+flatbed scanner is yours first think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner is yours first think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner is yours first think of
+the size of your device or material I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your device or material I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your device or material I'd
+say a safe bed is if you're planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a safe bed is if you're planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a safe bed is if you're planning to
+see details from a few millimeters up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see details from a few millimeters up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see details from a few millimeters up to
+a few centim but as you'll see in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few centim but as you'll see in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few centim but as you'll see in a few
+moments you'll be able to capture detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments you'll be able to capture detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments you'll be able to capture detail
+in the 30 to 50 Micron range what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30 to 50 Micron range what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 30 to 50 Micron range what you'll
+see and show in your image will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and show in your image will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and show in your image will depend
+on how you set the resolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you set the resolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you set the resolution in the
+scanner setting for the time being just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner setting for the time being just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner setting for the time being just
+think about it this way the higher your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this way the higher your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this way the higher your
+DPI setting that is dots per inch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPI setting that is dots per inch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DPI setting that is dots per inch the
+more information you're sending to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information you're sending to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information you're sending to the
+sensor the more information you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor the more information you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor the more information you're
+sending the more detail you'll be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the more detail you'll be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the more detail you'll be seeing
+and capturing you'll find all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capturing you'll find all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capturing you'll find all about this
+in our how to do it tutorial take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our how to do it tutorial take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our how to do it tutorial take a look
+at that after you've completed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that after you've completed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that after you've completed this
+week's tutorial you'll see how changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's tutorial you'll see how changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's tutorial you'll see how changing
+the DPI settings as we are seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DPI settings as we are seeing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DPI settings as we are seeing here
+in these three images will have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these three images will have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these three images will have a direct
+effect on capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+details why use it instead of a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details why use it instead of a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details why use it instead of a camera
+well first of all you can very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you can very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you can very quickly
+make some very fine images without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some very fine images without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some very fine images without going
+to more complicated setup with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated setup with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated setup with your
+camera as you'll see later in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as you'll see later in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as you'll see later in the next
+few weeks you can show evidence that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks you can show evidence that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks you can show evidence that is
+that you've made something or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made something or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made something or that
+you're observing something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're observing something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're observing something you might
+want to show a part of something larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show a part of something larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show a part of something larger
+a small structure for example Le you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small structure for example Le you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small structure for example Le you'll
+be able to share some observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to share some observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to share some observations
+quickly with your colleagues you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly with your colleagues you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly with your colleagues you can
+consider it as a draft image that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it as a draft image that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it as a draft image that you
+will eventually use in a figure for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually use in a figure for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eventually use in a figure for a
+submission perhaps you can even use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission perhaps you can even use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission perhaps you can even use the
+image as a patent submission that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as a patent submission that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image as a patent submission that's
+something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think
+about the wonderful surprise here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wonderful surprise here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wonderful surprise here is
+that you can put a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can put a three-dimensional
+object on the scanner and create images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the scanner and create images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the scanner and create images
+that suggest their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggest their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggest their
+three-dimensionality yes you will lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensionality yes you will lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensionality yes you will lose
+depth the field which we'll discuss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth the field which we'll discuss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth the field which we'll discuss in
+the next tutorial about cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next tutorial about cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next tutorial about cameras and
+lenses but still eventually you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses but still eventually you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses but still eventually you'll
+create sometimes a knock your socks off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create sometimes a knock your socks off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create sometimes a knock your socks off
+image hopefully you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image hopefully you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image hopefully you're interested in
+that sort of thing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WFMTus20mz4.txt b/WFMTus20mz4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b238e2799dbed499fb1d474427c3841cd7bc01e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WFMTus20mz4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will go very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will go very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will go very fast
+through a few definitions and facts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few definitions and facts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a few definitions and facts that
+remain true in the continuous case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain true in the continuous case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain true in the continuous case
+everything is completely analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is completely analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is completely analogous to
+the discrete case and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case and there are
+absolutely no surprises here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no surprises here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no surprises here so for
+example we have defined joint pmfs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have defined joint pmfs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have defined joint pmfs for
+the case of more than two discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of more than two discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of more than two discrete
+random variables and we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and we have a bunch of
+facts about them in a similar manner we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about them in a similar manner we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about them in a similar manner we
+can define joint PDFs for more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define joint PDFs for more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define joint PDFs for more than two
+random variables and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and if you have
+understood the material so far you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the material so far you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the material so far you can
+guess how such a joint PDF will be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how such a joint PDF will be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how such a joint PDF will be used
+for example you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can calculate the
+probability of a three dimensional set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a three dimensional set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a three dimensional set
+by integrating the joint PDF over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating the joint PDF over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating the joint PDF over that
+three dimensional set and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional set and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional set and there are
+analogs of all the other formulas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of all the other formulas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of all the other formulas that
+we have here where we follow the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here where we follow the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here where we follow the usual
+recipe sums become integrals and pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe sums become integrals and pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe sums become integrals and pmfs
+are replaced by PDFs finally when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced by PDFs finally when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced by PDFs finally when you
+deal with a random variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a random variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a random variable which is
+defined as a function of jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a function of jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a function of jointly
+continuous random variables we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables we can use
+an expected value rule that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expected value rule that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expected value rule that takes the
+same form as in the discrete case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as in the discrete case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as in the discrete case and
+using the expected value rule we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the expected value rule we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the expected value rule we can
+establish once more the usual linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish once more the usual linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish once more the usual linearity
+properties of expectations so absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of expectations so absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of expectations so absolutely
+no surprises here the derivations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises here the derivations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises here the derivations are
+either completely straightforward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either completely straightforward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either completely straightforward or
+they follow exactly the same line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow exactly the same line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow exactly the same line of
+argument as in the discrete case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument as in the discrete case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument as in the discrete case with
+just minor changes in notation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YaEufT_7EbU.txt b/YaEufT_7EbU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce3bd4f6c314c9e6eb7da142f51c9025d47a6dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YaEufT_7EbU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can a cart model actually predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can a cart model actually predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can a cart model actually predict
+Supreme Court case outcomes better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court case outcomes better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court case outcomes better than
+a group of experts Martin and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of experts Martin and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of experts Martin and his
+colleagues use 628 previous Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues use 628 previous Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues use 628 previous Supreme
+Court cases between 1994 and 2001 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court cases between 1994 and 2001 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court cases between 1994 and 2001 to
+build their model they made predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their model they made predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their model they made predictions
+for the 68 cases that would be decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 68 cases that would be decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 68 cases that would be decided
+in October 2002 before the term started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in October 2002 before the term started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in October 2002 before the term started
+their model had two stages of cart trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model had two stages of cart trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model had two stages of cart trees
+the first stage involved making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage involved making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage involved making
+predictions using two cart trees one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions using two cart trees one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions using two cart trees one to
+predict a unanimous liberal decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a unanimous liberal decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a unanimous liberal decision and
+one to predict a unanimous conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to predict a unanimous conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to predict a unanimous conservative
+decision if the trees gave conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision if the trees gave conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision if the trees gave conflicting
+responses or both predicted no then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses or both predicted no then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses or both predicted no then they
+moved on to the next stage it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to the next stage it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to the next stage it turns out
+that about 50% of Supreme Court cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about 50% of Supreme Court cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about 50% of Supreme Court cases
+result in a unanimous decision so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a unanimous decision so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a unanimous decision so this
+was a nice first step to detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nice first step to detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a nice first step to detect the
+easier cases the second stage consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier cases the second stage consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier cases the second stage consisted
+of predicting the decision of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicting the decision of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicting the decision of each
+individual justice and then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual justice and then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual justice and then use the
+majority decision of all nine justices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority decision of all nine justices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority decision of all nine justices
+as the final prediction for the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the final prediction for the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the final prediction for the case in
+this lecture we constructed the car tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we constructed the car tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we constructed the car tree
+for justice Stevens here is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for justice Stevens here is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for justice Stevens here is a different
+tree this one for justice O'Connor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this one for justice O'Connor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this one for justice O'Connor the
+first split is whether or not the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first split is whether or not the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first split is whether or not the lower
+court decision is liberal if yes then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court decision is liberal if yes then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court decision is liberal if yes then we
+predict that she will reverse the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that she will reverse the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that she will reverse the case
+this makes sense because justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense because justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense because justice
+O'Connor is generally viewed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Connor is generally viewed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O'Connor is generally viewed as a
+conservative judge on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative judge on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative judge on the other hand if
+the lower court decision is conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower court decision is conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower court decision is conservative
+we check for the circuit court of origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check for the circuit court of origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check for the circuit court of origin
+if it's the second third DC or federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the second third DC or federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the second third DC or federal
+court we predict that she will affirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court we predict that she will affirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court we predict that she will affirm
+the case if it's not one of these courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case if it's not one of these courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case if it's not one of these courts
+we move on to the next split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on to the next split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on to the next split the
+remaining two splits are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining two splits are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining two splits are for the
+respondent in the primary issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent in the primary issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent in the primary issue
+here's another tree this one for justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another tree this one for justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another tree this one for justice
+Souter this shows an unusual property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souter this shows an unusual property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Souter this shows an unusual property of
+the car trees that Martin and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car trees that Martin and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car trees that Martin and his
+colleagues developed they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues developed they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues developed they use
+predictions for some trees as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for some trees as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for some trees as
+independent variables for other trees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables for other trees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables for other trees in
+this tree the first split is whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree the first split is whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree the first split is whether or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+Ginsberg predicted decision is liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsberg predicted decision is liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsberg predicted decision is liberal
+so we have to run justice ginsburg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to run justice ginsburg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to run justice ginsburg's
+cart tree first see what the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart tree first see what the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart tree first see what the prediction
+is and then use that as input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then use that as input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then use that as input for
+justice souter stre if justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice souter stre if justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice souter stre if justice
+ginsburg's predicted decision is liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginsburg's predicted decision is liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginsburg's predicted decision is liberal
+and the lower court decision is liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower court decision is liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower court decision is liberal
+then we predict that justice Souter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we predict that justice Souter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we predict that justice Souter will
+affirm the case but if the lower court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirm the case but if the lower court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirm the case but if the lower court
+decision is conservative then we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is conservative then we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is conservative then we predict
+that justice Souter will reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that justice Souter will reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that justice Souter will reverse the
+case on the other side of the tree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the other side of the tree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the other side of the tree if
+justice Ginsburg's predicted decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Ginsburg's predicted decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Ginsburg's predicted decision is
+conservative but the lower court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative but the lower court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative but the lower court
+decision is liberal then we predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is liberal then we predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is liberal then we predict that
+justice Souter will reverse the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Souter will reverse the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Souter will reverse the case but
+if the lower court decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the lower court decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the lower court decision is
+conservative then we predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative then we predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative then we predict that
+justice Souter will affirm the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Souter will affirm the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Souter will affirm the case in
+summary if we predict that Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary if we predict that Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary if we predict that Justice
+Ginsburg will make a liberal decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsburg will make a liberal decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsburg will make a liberal decision
+then justice Souter will probably make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then justice Souter will probably make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then justice Souter will probably make a
+liberal decision - but if we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal decision - but if we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal decision - but if we predict
+that Justice Ginsburg will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Justice Ginsburg will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Justice Ginsburg will make a
+conservative decision then we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision then we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision then we predict
+that justice Souter will probably make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that justice Souter will probably make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that justice Souter will probably make a
+conservative decision - Marne and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision - Marne and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative decision - Marne and his
+colleagues also recruited 83 legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues also recruited 83 legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues also recruited 83 legal
+experts 71 academics and 12 attorneys 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts 71 academics and 12 attorneys 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts 71 academics and 12 attorneys 38
+had previously clerked for a Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had previously clerked for a Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had previously clerked for a Supreme
+Court justice 33 were chaired professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court justice 33 were chaired professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court justice 33 were chaired professors
+and five were current or former law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five were current or former law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five were current or former law
+school deans so this was really a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school deans so this was really a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school deans so this was really a dream
+team of experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of experts
+additionally the experts were only asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the experts were only asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the experts were only asked
+to predict within their area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict within their area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict within their area of
+expertise so not all experts predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise so not all experts predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise so not all experts predicted
+all cases but there was more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases but there was more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases but there was more than one
+expert making predictions for each case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert making predictions for each case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert making predictions for each case
+when making their predictions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making their predictions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when making their predictions the
+experts were allowed to consider any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were allowed to consider any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were allowed to consider any
+source of information but they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information but they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of information but they were not
+allowed to communicate with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to communicate with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to communicate with each other
+regarding the predictions for the 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the predictions for the 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the predictions for the 68
+cases in October 2002 the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in October 2002 the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in October 2002 the predictions
+were made and at the end of the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made and at the end of the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made and at the end of the month
+the results were computed for predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were computed for predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were computed for predicting
+the overall decision that was made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall decision that was made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall decision that was made by
+the Supreme Court the models had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court the models had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court the models had an
+accuracy of 75% while the experts only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 75% while the experts only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 75% while the experts only
+an accuracy of 59% so the models had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy of 59% so the models had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accuracy of 59% so the models had a
+significant edge over the experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant edge over the experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant edge over the experts in
+producing the overall case outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the overall case outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the overall case outcomes
+however when the predictions were run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the predictions were run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the predictions were run
+for individual justices the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individual justices the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individual justices the model and
+the experts performed very similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experts performed very similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experts performed very similarly for
+some justices the model performed better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some justices the model performed better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some justices the model performed better
+and for some justices the experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some justices the experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some justices the experts
+performed better being able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed better being able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed better being able to predict
+Supreme Court decisions is very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court decisions is very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court decisions is very valuable
+to firms politicians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firms politicians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firms politicians and
+non-governmental organizations we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-governmental organizations we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-governmental organizations we saw in
+this lecture that a model that predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture that a model that predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture that a model that predicts
+overall Supreme Court decisions is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Supreme Court decisions is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Supreme Court decisions is both
+more accurate than experts and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate than experts and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate than experts and can be
+run much faster than experts can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run much faster than experts can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run much faster than experts can make
+their predictions the current models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their predictions the current models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their predictions the current models
+that we built were based on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we built were based on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we built were based on very
+high-level components of the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level components of the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level components of the cases
+compared to the experts who can process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the experts who can process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the experts who can process
+much more detailed and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detailed and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detailed and complex
+information this example really shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this example really shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information this example really shows
+the edge that analytics can provide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that analytics can provide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that analytics can provide in
+traditionally qualitative applications
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YrgrcBxcBiw.txt b/YrgrcBxcBiw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b393961056cb0d6ee71e629bfb441763dc1cfc8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YrgrcBxcBiw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much good afternoon
+everyone it's almost evening it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone it's almost evening it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone it's almost evening it's a
+pleasure to be back at MIT it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to be back at MIT it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to be back at MIT it's always a
+pleasure to be uh in back in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to be uh in back in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to be uh in back in the Boston
+area because this is where we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area because this is where we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area because this is where we first
+lived when my family and I came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived when my family and I came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived when my family and I came to the
+United States in 1957 in fact we arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States in 1957 in fact we arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States in 1957 in fact we arrived
+here September 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here September 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here September 17
+1957 my dad came as a visiting Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 my dad came as a visiting Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 my dad came as a visiting Professor
+to Harvard from the American University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harvard from the American University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Harvard from the American University
+of Beirut and then he Harvard said stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Beirut and then he Harvard said stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Beirut and then he Harvard said stay
+another year stay another year he never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year stay another year he never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year stay another year he never
+went back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back uh
+so I enrolled at Boston University uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I enrolled at Boston University uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I enrolled at Boston University uh my
+dad then moved to NIH both my parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad then moved to NIH both my parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad then moved to NIH both my parents
+are deceased now but the Boston area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deceased now but the Boston area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deceased now but the Boston area is
+very special to us because it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special to us because it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special to us because it was the
+first place that we lived in this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place that we lived in this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place that we lived in this great
+and wonderful country of ours uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful country of ours uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful country of ours uh and and
+I'm very very happy to be back as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very very happy to be back as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very very happy to be back as a
+guest of Professor liard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest of Professor liard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest of Professor liard and the
+students in his class and the colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in his class and the colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in his class and the colleagues
+uh and I promise you a good time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I promise you a good time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I promise you a good time if you
+pay attention uh uh and and I so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention uh uh and and I so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention uh uh and and I so what I
+really would like you to do is to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like you to do is to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like you to do is to sit
+back and relax because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and relax because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and relax because I'm going to
+share with you to begin with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you to begin with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you to begin with some
+important convictions about what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important convictions about what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important convictions about what it is
+that we do in science and and and why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in science and and and why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in science and and and why we
+do it um I wish I had more time to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um I wish I had more time to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um I wish I had more time to to to
+go in depth but I just want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in depth but I just want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in depth but I just want to go
+quickly through uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly through uh some of these
+convictions that I hold very uh deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convictions that I hold very uh deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convictions that I hold very uh deeply
+so let's see if this is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if this is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if this is going to work
+here uh it I want to see your faces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it I want to see your faces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it I want to see your faces okay
+I can see still see your faces so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see still see your faces so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see still see your faces so um so
+so science is fun and the joy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so science is fun and the joy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so science is fun and the joy of
+learning that's the title of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that's the title of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that's the title of my
+presentation science is fun and the joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation science is fun and the joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation science is fun and the joy
+of learning and and every word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning and and every word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning and and every word is
+carefully selected you know English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully selected you know English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully selected you know English is
+my second language so uh I I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second language so uh I I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second language so uh I I I think
+about every word in its meaning I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every word in its meaning I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every word in its meaning I also
+want to say that it's a pleasure for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that it's a pleasure for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that it's a pleasure for me
+to see some um um old friends here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some um um old friends here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some um um old friends here but
+also to make new friends and and to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to make new friends and and to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to make new friends and and to uh
+uh see someone who who watched me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see someone who who watched me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see someone who who watched me in
+Singapore when I was in Singapore where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore when I was in Singapore where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore when I was in Singapore where
+are you right there yeah yeah uh about 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you right there yeah yeah uh about 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you right there yeah yeah uh about 3
+years ago so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so um
+welcome um so what I'd like to what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um so what I'd like to what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um so what I'd like to what I'd
+like to say to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say to you
+immediately that your brain and my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that your brain and my brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that your brain and my brain
+will be different after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different after this
+presentation if you pay attention if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation if you pay attention if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation if you pay attention if you
+don't pay attention I can't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay attention I can't do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay attention I can't do much
+about it but both my brain and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but both my brain and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but both my brain and your
+brain will be different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain will be different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain will be different you know
+35 40 years ago when students went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 40 years ago when students went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 40 years ago when students went to
+medical school they were told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school they were told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school they were told that the
+brain is an organ it doesn't change very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is an organ it doesn't change very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is an organ it doesn't change very
+much but now we know more through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but now we know more through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but now we know more through the
+neurosciences we know a lot more we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences we know a lot more we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosciences we know a lot more we know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+plasticity in fact changes in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity in fact changes in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity in fact changes in the brain
+happen that's what education is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that's what education is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that's what education is all
+about that's what learning is about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's what learning is about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's what learning is about if
+if those changes were not happening so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those changes were not happening so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those changes were not happening so I
+just want to share with you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to share with you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to share with you the
+importance of being focused and paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of being focused and paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of being focused and paying
+attention we live in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention we live in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention we live in the most
+advanced Society in humankind and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced Society in humankind and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced Society in humankind and these
+advances are due to advances in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances are due to advances in science
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances are due to advances in science
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+technology I wanted to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I wanted to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I wanted to think of this
+statement I just made everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I just made everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement I just made everything we
+enjoy now is the result of advances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy now is the result of advances in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy now is the result of advances in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in technology the advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in technology the advances
+are so great much greater than we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so great much greater than we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so great much greater than we knew
+50 years ago when I first came to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago when I first came to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago when I first came to this
+country or 100 years ago or 200 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country or 100 years ago or 200 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country or 100 years ago or 200 years
+ago or 500 years ago a thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or 500 years ago a thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or 500 years ago a thousand years
+ago a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago a long time ago
+technology drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology drove
+Society the printing press was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society the printing press was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society the printing press was invented
+electricity lit the world before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity lit the world before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity lit the world before we
+learned about the electron before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the electron before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the electron before the
+electron was discovered there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was discovered there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was discovered there are all
+kinds of connections between Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of connections between Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of connections between Science and
+Technology but nowadays it's science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology but nowadays it's science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology but nowadays it's science
+that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives
+technology our ancestors were very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology our ancestors were very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology our ancestors were very good
+they built bu cities they built canals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built bu cities they built canals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built bu cities they built canals
+they built pyramids but now we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built pyramids but now we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built pyramids but now we can build
+pyramids at the atomic level you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids at the atomic level you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids at the atomic level you've seen
+pictures of them a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of them a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of them a great deal of
+wonderful Transformations have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Transformations have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Transformations have happened
+because of advances in science and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of advances in science and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of advances in science and in
+technology and it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it is the
+brain that our brain that is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that our brain that is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that our brain that is responsible
+for those changes we're all capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those changes we're all capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those changes we're all capable of
+doing good things each one of us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good things each one of us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing good things each one of us and
+each one of us is capable of doing evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us is capable of doing evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us is capable of doing evil
+and that's why we have to be selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have to be selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have to be selective
+about how we use the results of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we use the results of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we use the results of those
+advances in science and in technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in science and in technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in science and in technology
+these are different parts of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different parts of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different parts of the control
+mechanisms that we know about now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that we know about now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that we know about now for
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+so please pay attention and bear with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please pay attention and bear with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please pay attention and bear with me
+you came to see some experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came to see some experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came to see some experiments and
+some demonstrations I promise I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demonstrations I promise I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some demonstrations I promise I will get
+to them I promise I will get to them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them I promise I will get to them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them I promise I will get to them but
+I want you to understand the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to understand the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to understand the perspective
+and the context for doing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the context for doing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the context for doing those
+experiments and those demonstrations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and those demonstrations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and those demonstrations so
+we all like to say that chemistry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all like to say that chemistry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all like to say that chemistry is the
+central science and it is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central science and it is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central science and it is the central
+science I like to say it's the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I like to say it's the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I like to say it's the familiar
+science in fact what I'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in fact what I'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in fact what I'd like to say
+it's the science of the familiar because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the science of the familiar because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the science of the familiar because
+everything around us is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around us is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around us is made of
+chemicals the air that we breathe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the air that we breathe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the air that we breathe is a
+mixture of usually good chemicals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of usually good chemicals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of usually good chemicals the
+food that we eat is a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that we eat is a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that we eat is a mixture of
+chemicals the clothes that we wear are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the clothes that we wear are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the clothes that we wear are
+made of chemicals our own bodies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of chemicals our own bodies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of chemicals our own bodies are
+made of chemicals what goes on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of chemicals what goes on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of chemicals what goes on inside
+our bodies is nothing but a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies is nothing but a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bodies is nothing but a series of
+biochemical reactions the medicine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical reactions the medicine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical reactions the medicine that
+we take when we are when we are sick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take when we are when we are sick is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take when we are when we are sick is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemicals the drugs that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the drugs that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals the drugs that some people
+very stupidly experiment with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupidly experiment with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupidly experiment with are
+chemicals ah some of you are smiling I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals ah some of you are smiling I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals ah some of you are smiling I'm
+connecting with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with you
+already that's why we need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's why we need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's why we need to learn
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+chemicals they're proper handling Safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals they're proper handling Safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals they're proper handling Safe
+Handling proper disposal their benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handling proper disposal their benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handling proper disposal their benefits
+so complex but it's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex but it's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex but it's beautiful
+beauty is part of science it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is part of science it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty is part of science it's an
+essential part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential part of
+science now having told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science now having told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science now having told you that
+everything around us is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around us is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around us is made of
+chemicals I'd like to ask each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals I'd like to ask each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals I'd like to ask each one of
+you right now to reach out it's okay Lou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right now to reach out it's okay Lou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right now to reach out it's okay Lou
+it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+effect everybody had the same effect on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's good I'd like to ask each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's good I'd like to ask each
+one of you right now to reach out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you right now to reach out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you right now to reach out and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch a chemical go ahead and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch a chemical go ahead and do it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now somebody's tapping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now somebody's tapping on
+somebody's shoulder somebody's pulling
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+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's shoulder somebody's pulling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's shoulder somebody's pulling
+somebody's hair don't pull too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's hair don't pull too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's hair don't pull too long
+somebody's reaching out in the air yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's reaching out in the air yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's reaching out in the air yes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals all around us and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals all around us and we want to
+learn and enjoy the beautiful chemical
+
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+learn and enjoy the beautiful chemical
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+
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+learn and enjoy the beautiful chemical
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we live in that's why I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we live in that's why I say
+chemistry is the science of the familiar
+
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+chemistry is the science of the familiar
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to share with you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to share with you for
+just a few short seconds the theme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few short seconds the theme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few short seconds the theme that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have selected for uh the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have selected for uh the American
+Chemical Society as as professor liard
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+said I will be the president beginning
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+
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+said I will be the president beginning
+beginning January 1st but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning January 1st but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning January 1st but I'm not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting till then because I want to get
+a good Head Start and get going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Head Start and get going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good Head Start and get going the
+theme I selected is advancing chemistry
+
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+theme I selected is advancing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme I selected is advancing chemistry
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+advancing chemistry communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing chemistry communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing chemistry communicating
+chemistry and I want to call your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and I want to call your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and I want to call your
+attention to the ACs mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the ACs mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the ACs mission
+statement you know one of the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know one of the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know one of the worst
+things that a presenter can do is Show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a presenter can do is Show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a presenter can do is Show a
+slide and then proceed to read it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then proceed to read it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then proceed to read it it's
+an insult to the audience you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insult to the audience you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insult to the audience you you can
+read it but forgive me I don't mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but forgive me I don't mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but forgive me I don't mean to
+insult you I want to share with you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insult you I want to share with you the
+emphasis about this so it says to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis about this so it says to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis about this so it says to
+advance the broader chemistry enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the broader chemistry enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the broader chemistry enter
+prise and its practitioners for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prise and its practitioners for the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+prise and its practitioners for the
+benefit of earth and its people such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of earth and its people such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of earth and its people such a
+profound statement I only wish I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound statement I only wish I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound statement I only wish I had
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+it and then there's the ACs Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then there's the ACs Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then there's the ACs Vision
+improving people's lives through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving people's lives through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving people's lives through the
+transforming power of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming power of chemistry
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming power of chemistry
+transform is a very powerful word that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is a very powerful word that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is a very powerful word that's
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+
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+what happens to us when we become
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+
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+what happens to us when we become
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated this is what happens to us when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated this is what happens to us when
+we become learned individuals this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we become learned individuals this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we become learned individuals this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to societies when they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to societies when they
+become Advanced and learned they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Advanced and learned they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become Advanced and learned they are
+transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed
+I've selected four initiatives next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've selected four initiatives next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've selected four initiatives next year
+is the sesu Centennial of the land grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sesu Centennial of the land grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sesu Centennial of the land grant
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and the land grant act as some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and the land grant act as some of
+you know and I'm about to tell you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I'm about to tell you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I'm about to tell you if
+you didn't know it transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it transformed
+America MIT is a land grant institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America MIT is a land grant institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America MIT is a land grant institution
+did you know that raise your hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that raise your hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know that raise your hand if you
+knew that MIT was a land grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that MIT was a land grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that MIT was a land grant
+institution okay raise your hand now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution okay raise your hand now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution okay raise your hand now if
+you know that MIT is a land grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that MIT is a land grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that MIT is a land grant
+institution everybody right I mean look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution everybody right I mean look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution everybody right I mean look
+I asked you to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you to pay attention
+I said your brains will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said your brains will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said your brains will be different
+right my brain is being different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my brain is being different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right my brain is being different
+already because I can tell from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already because I can tell from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already because I can tell from your
+reactions when from your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions when from your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions when from your visual
+reactions and also from your uh sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and also from your uh sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and also from your uh sound
+that you're sharing with me all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sharing with me all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sharing with me all right so
+we're going to Mar Mark the CES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Mar Mark the CES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Mar Mark the CES
+Centennial of the land grant act at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centennial of the land grant act at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centennial of the land grant act at the
+national ACS meeting in in Phil in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national ACS meeting in in Phil in San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national ACS meeting in in Phil in San
+Diego in Philadelphia by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego in Philadelphia by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego in Philadelphia by looking
+retrospectively at what chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospectively at what chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospectively at what chemistry
+departments have done in the past 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments have done in the past 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments have done in the past 150
+years so we educate ourselves about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so we educate ourselves about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so we educate ourselves about our
+heritage what I'm really most interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage what I'm really most interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage what I'm really most interested
+in is what we're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is what we're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is what we're going to do in the
+future what you're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what you're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future what you're going to do in the
+future I'm not going to be around much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm not going to be around much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I'm not going to be around much
+longer I hope a long time but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I hope a long time but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I hope a long time but not as
+long as you're going to be so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're going to be so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're going to be so we want to
+be prospective we want to glance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prospective we want to glance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prospective we want to glance in the
+rearview mirror but we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearview mirror but we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearview mirror but we want to look
+ahead so we can be participants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so we can be participants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so we can be participants and
+leaders in Transformations that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in Transformations that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in Transformations that are good
+for our human society uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our human society uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our human society uh the second
+initiative deals with uh appointing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative deals with uh appointing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative deals with uh appointing a
+blue Urban commission to examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Urban commission to examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Urban commission to examine the
+purposes of graduate Education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of graduate Education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of graduate Education and
+Research in the chemical science look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research in the chemical science look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research in the chemical science look at
+the purposes why do we have graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes why do we have graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes why do we have graduate
+programs in in in the chemical Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in in in the chemical Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in in in the chemical Sciences
+has the German model served us well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the German model served us well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the German model served us well is
+it appropriate for the 21st century we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appropriate for the 21st century we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appropriate for the 21st century we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make promises to graduate students when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make promises to graduate students when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to graduate school do we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to graduate school do we keep
+those promises look at the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises look at the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises look at the duration of
+the post-doctoral appointment now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post-doctoral appointment now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the post-doctoral appointment now it's
+getting longer and longer so we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and longer so we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting longer and longer so we talk
+about employment issues we also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about employment issues we also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about employment issues we also look at
+the profile of The Graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of The Graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile of The Graduate students
+diversity as well as International uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity as well as International uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity as well as International uh uh
+part of the profile and and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the profile and and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the profile and and we want to
+of course remember that The Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course remember that The Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course remember that The Graduate
+students were undergraduates before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were undergraduates before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were undergraduates before and
+before that they were in pre-ol so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that they were in pre-ol so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that they were in pre-ol so we're
+going to segue to that but the focus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to segue to that but the focus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to segue to that but the focus is
+on this uh uh on this level right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh uh on this level right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh uh on this level right now
+there'll be listening sessions there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be listening sessions there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be listening sessions there'll
+be opportunities to interact via email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opportunities to interact via email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be opportunities to interact via email
+webinars with this Blue Ruin commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinars with this Blue Ruin commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webinars with this Blue Ruin commission
+that I have appointed the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have appointed the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have appointed the third
+initiative is to help the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative is to help the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative is to help the public
+understand the science of climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the science of climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the science of climate change
+the science of climate change not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of climate change not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science of climate change not the
+politics not the economics but the sence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics not the economics but the sence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics not the economics but the sence
+science of climate change what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of climate change what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of climate change what is a
+greenhouse gas what makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas what makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas what makes it a
+greenhouse gas did you know that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas did you know that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas did you know that any
+molecule with three atoms or more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with three atoms or more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with three atoms or more in the
+gaseous phases a greenhouse gas did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous phases a greenhouse gas did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous phases a greenhouse gas did you
+know that yes or no did you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yes or no did you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that yes or no did you know that
+you didn't know it right well you I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it right well you I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know it right well you I just
+I just told you okay every molecule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just told you okay every molecule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just told you okay every molecule in
+the gaseous phase that has three atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaseous phase that has three atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaseous phase that has three atoms
+or more is a greenhouse gas but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more is a greenhouse gas but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more is a greenhouse gas but they're
+not all effective and why aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all effective and why aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all effective and why aren't they
+all effective and what does it take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all effective and what does it take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all effective and what does it take for
+a molecule to become a greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule to become a greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule to become a greenhouse gas
+you all know about dipole moments yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about dipole moments yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about dipole moments yes
+you know about dipole moments okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about dipole moments okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about dipole moments okay so
+what I'd like you to do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is make
+connections between what you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between what you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between what you know and
+what you're hearing me say now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're hearing me say now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're hearing me say now because
+that's how we learn and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we learn and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we learn and that's how we
+share the knowledge with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the knowledge with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the knowledge with each other so
+it takes a dipole moment to to to effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a dipole moment to to to effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a dipole moment to to to effect
+right you're shaking your head now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're shaking your head now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're shaking your head now
+beginning to connect with you right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to connect with you right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to connect with you right so
+well but there are there are two gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but there are there are two gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but there are there are two gases
+there are there are molecules with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are molecules with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are molecules with two
+atoms in the gasius phase that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the gasius phase that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the gasius phase that have a
+dipole moment too right carbon monoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment too right carbon monoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment too right carbon monoxide
+right it's not a greenhouse gas gas how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a greenhouse gas gas how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a greenhouse gas gas how
+come so what is it that take what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so what is it that take what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come so what is it that take what does
+it take to be a greenhouse gas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to be a greenhouse gas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to be a greenhouse gas okay
+think about it here's the big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it here's the big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it here's the big question
+how does the vibrational energy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the vibrational energy change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the vibrational energy change
+into heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat
+energy I'm not going to ask anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm not going to ask anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm not going to ask anyone
+individual to tell me the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual to tell me the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual to tell me the answer to that
+one but I'm asking you to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I'm asking you to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I'm asking you to think about it
+how does the vibrational energy change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the vibrational energy change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the vibrational energy change
+into heat energy you know most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat energy you know most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat energy you know most of the
+air is nitrogen and oxygen right but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is nitrogen and oxygen right but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is nitrogen and oxygen right but now
+we're putting greenhouse gases in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting greenhouse gases in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting greenhouse gases in there
+more than we did before why because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we did before why because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than we did before why because the
+industrial revolution has been so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial revolution has been so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial revolution has been so
+successful extremely successful this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful extremely successful this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful extremely successful this is
+why we have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have the most
+advanced uh Society in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh Society in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh Society in
+humankind but because of the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind but because of the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind but because of the Industrial
+Revolution we put more carbon dioxide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution we put more carbon dioxide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution we put more carbon dioxide in
+the gas in in the air we put more CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas in in the air we put more CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas in in the air we put more CO2
+gas in the air is that a good thing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in the air is that a good thing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in the air is that a good thing up
+to a point it's a good thing if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point it's a good thing if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point it's a good thing if it
+weren't for the greenhouse gases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for the greenhouse gases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't for the greenhouse gases the
+surface of the planet would be as cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the planet would be as cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the planet would be as cold
+as it is on Mars and Life as we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is on Mars and Life as we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is on Mars and Life as we know it
+would not exist so they're good and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not exist so they're good and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not exist so they're good and not
+so good things about the greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good things about the greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good things about the greenhouse
+gases and that's what this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and that's what this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and that's what this third
+initiative deals about the fourth one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative deals about the fourth one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative deals about the fourth one is
+to consider the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the possibility of
+establishing an ACS High School teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing an ACS High School teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing an ACS High School teacher
+fellowship program we'll be hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship program we'll be hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowship program we'll be hearing
+about this later on from uh reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this later on from uh reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this later on from uh reading
+chemical engineering news and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering news and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering news and and and
+other sources so that's briefly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources so that's briefly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources so that's briefly what I
+want to focus on it's not the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on it's not the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on it's not the only thing
+but that's what I want to focus on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what I want to focus on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what I want to focus on for
+next year okay so advancing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay so advancing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year okay so advancing chemistry
+how how do we do it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do we do it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do we do it through
+research research is so enjoyable it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research is so enjoyable it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research is so enjoyable it's
+so rewarding we ask questions we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rewarding we ask questions we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rewarding we ask questions we want to
+know the answers we're curious why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answers we're curious why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answers we're curious why is
+the sky blue why is the sky blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky blue why is the sky blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky blue why is the sky blue
+scattering you're going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you're going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you're going to tell me
+scattering okay that's good okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering okay that's good okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering okay that's good okay okay
+why do the leaves change color in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do the leaves change color in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do the leaves change color in the
+fall one of the most beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall one of the most beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall one of the most beautiful
+experiences I had in my life when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences I had in my life when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences I had in my life when we
+first came to Boston in 1957 a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came to Boston in 1957 a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came to Boston in 1957 a colleague
+of my dad at Harvard took us to to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my dad at Harvard took us to to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my dad at Harvard took us to to New
+Hampshire to Vermont in the fall Ed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire to Vermont in the fall Ed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire to Vermont in the fall Ed just
+age was just I can't use adequate words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age was just I can't use adequate words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age was just I can't use adequate words
+to describe the beauty of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the beauty of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the beauty of the chemical
+Transformations that were happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that were happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that were happening in
+the leaves and how the chlorophyll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves and how the chlorophyll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves and how the chlorophyll
+reaction shuts down and all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction shuts down and all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction shuts down and all these other
+colors are there already but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are there already but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are there already but we don't
+see them because they're massed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them because they're massed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them because they're massed by
+chlorophyll and just understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorophyll and just understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorophyll and just understanding that
+and asking questions uh is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking questions uh is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking questions uh is what we're
+trying to do both in research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do both in research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do both in research and
+education and for we advance Chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and for we advance Chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and for we advance Chemistry
+by being Innovative as well so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being Innovative as well so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being Innovative as well so I'd like
+to just take a a couple of moments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take a a couple of moments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take a a couple of moments to
+tell you that in society today we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that in society today we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that in society today we have
+two sectors the science Rich sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sectors the science Rich sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sectors the science Rich sector and
+the science poor sector who's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science poor sector who's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science poor sector who's in the
+science Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Rich
+sector colleges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector colleges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector colleges and
+universities parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities parts of
+Industry the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry the National
+Laboratories who's in the science po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories who's in the science po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories who's in the science po
+sector everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector everyone
+else and those of us who are fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and those of us who are fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and those of us who are fortunate
+to be in the science Rich sector have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the science Rich sector have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the science Rich sector have an
+obligation to the people who are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation to the people who are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation to the people who are in the
+science Sports sector I want you for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Sports sector I want you for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Sports sector I want you for a
+moment to think about science rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to think about science rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to think about science rich and
+science poor but I also wanted to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science poor but I also wanted to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science poor but I also wanted to think
+about what you hear on the news now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you hear on the news now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you hear on the news now
+daily and cross out the word science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily and cross out the word science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily and cross out the word science and
+cross out the word science from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out the word science from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out the word science from the
+second one and look at the turmoil that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and look at the turmoil that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and look at the turmoil that
+we have there's a gap that is widening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have there's a gap that is widening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have there's a gap that is widening
+at an alarming rate between those of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an alarming rate between those of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an alarming rate between those of us
+who are rich in knowledge and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are rich in knowledge and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are rich in knowledge and otherwise
+and those who are not and it's incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who are not and it's incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who are not and it's incumbent
+upon us to to narrow that Gap we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us to to narrow that Gap we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon us to to narrow that Gap we have to
+do it for a lot of profound societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for a lot of profound societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for a lot of profound societal
+reasons but I'll give you one crass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I'll give you one crass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but I'll give you one crass
+reason why it's important for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's important for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it's important for those of
+us in the science Rich sector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the science Rich sector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the science Rich sector to
+communicate with the science poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the science poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the science poor
+sector and you know what that crass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and you know what that crass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and you know what that crass
+reason is the people here in this sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is the people here in this sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is the people here in this sector
+here they pay for what it is that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they pay for what it is that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they pay for what it is that we do
+in the science search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the science search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the science search
+sector government funds private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector government funds private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector government funds private
+Foundation funds so we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation funds so we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation funds so we need to be
+thinking about our role as science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our role as science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our role as science
+students as scientists as learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as scientists as learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as scientists as learned
+individual individuals in this regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individuals in this regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individuals in this regard
+all right so there's scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's scientific
+competence which is what we acquire by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence which is what we acquire by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competence which is what we acquire by
+doing research through education there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research through education there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing research through education there's
+scientific expertise but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific expertise but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific expertise but there's also
+science literacy our goal should be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy our goal should be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy our goal should be to
+increase the level of science literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the level of science literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the level of science literacy
+among people in the science poor sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among people in the science poor sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among people in the science poor sector
+science literacy is the appreciation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy is the appreciation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy is the appreciation of
+science without a deep knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science without a deep knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science without a deep knowledge of
+chemistry physics or biology or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry physics or biology or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry physics or biology or any
+other science it's an appreciation let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other science it's an appreciation let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other science it's an appreciation let
+me give you an an analogy to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an an analogy to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an an analogy to make this
+point as clearly as I know how and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as clearly as I know how and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as clearly as I know how and this
+analogy comes from Sports I know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy comes from Sports I know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy comes from Sports I know as a
+classroom teacher the danger of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom teacher the danger of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom teacher the danger of using
+analog analogies because you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog analogies because you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog analogies because you remember
+the analogy not the real thing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy not the real thing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy not the real thing that I'm
+talking about okay just as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay just as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about okay just as we have
+professional football players baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional football players baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional football players baseball
+players hockey players and so on we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players hockey players and so on we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players hockey players and so on we have
+sports fans without those sports fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports fans without those sports fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports fans without those sports fans
+you know the entire professional sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the entire professional sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the entire professional sports
+Enterprise would be nothing you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise would be nothing you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise would be nothing you also
+know that's not an exaggeration so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not an exaggeration so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not an exaggeration so what
+we need we need scientists and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need we need scientists and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need we need scientists and we need
+science fans and we want those science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fans and we want those science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fans and we want those science
+fans not to be sitting in the stands as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans not to be sitting in the stands as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans not to be sitting in the stands as
+passive Spectators we want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Spectators we want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive Spectators we want them to
+follow what we're doing some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what we're doing some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what we're doing some of them
+might even show up on the playing field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even show up on the playing field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even show up on the playing field
+scientists like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like
+us but we have to pay attention to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but we have to pay attention to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but we have to pay attention to them
+so we can improve the level of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can improve the level of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can improve the level of science
+literacy all right Communications there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy all right Communications there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy all right Communications there
+are many elements to Communications I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many elements to Communications I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many elements to Communications I
+just list five of them here one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just list five of them here one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just list five of them here one is to
+inform to engage that's what I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform to engage that's what I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform to engage that's what I hope to
+do very shortly I promised you I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very shortly I promised you I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very shortly I promised you I'll do
+experiments they're they're engaging I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they're they're engaging I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they're they're engaging I'm
+going to get to that to educate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that to educate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that to educate to
+Advocate and to persuade there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate and to persuade there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocate and to persuade there are other
+parts of it there's entertain all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it there's entertain all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it there's entertain all kinds
+of things you can think about but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can think about but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can think about but those
+are the five I want to try to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the five I want to try to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the five I want to try to focus on
+as important elements of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important elements of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important elements of communication
+you know in the scientific Community we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the scientific Community we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the scientific Community we
+communicate with each other very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other very well
+but we don't do it as well yet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't do it as well yet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't do it as well yet with
+people in the science poort sector so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the science poort sector so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the science poort sector so we
+have to work on that okay one purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work on that okay one purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work on that okay one purpose of
+communicating chemistry is to Showcase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating chemistry is to Showcase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating chemistry is to Showcase
+chemistry at its best in addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry at its best in addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry at its best in addressing
+significant human and societal issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant human and societal issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant human and societal issues
+very important that we do that very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that we do that very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that we do that very very
+important that we do that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we do that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we do that all
+right here's a statement from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a statement from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's a statement from a very
+famous person everyone knows this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous person everyone knows this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous person everyone knows this person
+by name and he said most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name and he said most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name and he said most of the
+fundamental ideas of science are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ideas of science are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental ideas of science are
+essentially simple and may as a rule be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially simple and may as a rule be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially simple and may as a rule be
+expressed in a language comprehensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a language comprehensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a language comprehensible
+to everyone you think about that okay he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone you think about that okay he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone you think about that okay he
+said most of the fundamental ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said most of the fundamental ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said most of the fundamental ideas of
+science are essentially simple well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science are essentially simple well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science are essentially simple well
+maybe simple to him but no that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simple to him but no that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe simple to him but no that that's
+that's just a joke no you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a joke no you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a joke no you think about
+what he's saying okay so we have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying okay so we have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying okay so we have to find
+ways to improve our communication skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to improve our communication skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to improve our communication skills
+to the public at large and so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public at large and so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public at large and so I want to
+mention to you very briefly and activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention to you very briefly and activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention to you very briefly and activity
+we do at the Wisconsin Initiative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do at the Wisconsin Initiative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do at the Wisconsin Initiative for
+science literacy asking graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy asking graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science literacy asking graduate
+students to include their the in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to include their the in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to include their the in their
+thesis a chapter explaining the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis a chapter explaining the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis a chapter explaining the research
+that they just finished to their mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just finished to their mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they just finished to their mother
+to their grandfather to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their grandfather to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their grandfather to their
+neighbor to anyone to their former High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor to anyone to their former High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor to anyone to their former High
+School classmates so that they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School classmates so that they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School classmates so that they get to
+appreciate what it is that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what it is that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what it is that somebody
+someone spent five six years working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone spent five six years working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone spent five six years working
+hard using taxpayers money and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard using taxpayers money and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard using taxpayers money and other
+people's money to improve knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's money to improve knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's money to improve knowledge and
+to give us rewarding experiences and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us rewarding experiences and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us rewarding experiences and the
+goal as I say is to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal as I say is to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal as I say is to explain the
+candidate scholarly research and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate scholarly research and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate scholarly research and its
+significance to a wider audience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to a wider audience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to a wider audience that
+includes family members friends Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes family members friends Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes family members friends Civic
+groups newspaper reporters state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups newspaper reporters state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups newspaper reporters state
+legislator and so on and if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator and so on and if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislator and so on and if you do this
+we give you 500 bucks we're Beyond 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you 500 bucks we're Beyond 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you 500 bucks we're Beyond 10
+now we're Beyond 10 among the graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're Beyond 10 among the graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're Beyond 10 among the graduates
+this is catching on and we will assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is catching on and we will assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is catching on and we will assist
+in in public dissemination of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in public dissemination of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in public dissemination of this so
+I'm going to tell you how you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you how you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you how you can find
+out more about this because you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more about this because you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more about this because you can read
+those chapters we have them posted on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chapters we have them posted on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chapters we have them posted on my
+website my website is www they all start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website my website is www they all start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website my website is www they all start
+with www right you know that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with www right you know that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with www right you know that right and
+then Scion s cfu n.org somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Scion s cfu n.org somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Scion s cfu n.org somebody's
+writing it down you don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it down you don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it down you don't have to write
+it down just say quietly a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down just say quietly a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down just say quietly a couple of
+times cci.org s c Fu n.org cci.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cci.org s c Fu n.org cci.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cci.org s c Fu n.org cci.org
+cci.org now this is how we memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cci.org now this is how we memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cci.org now this is how we memorize
+things but why do we memorize things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but why do we memorize things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but why do we memorize things to
+store them in our memory banks to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in our memory banks to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in our memory banks to use
+them to use them so I'm going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use them so I'm going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use them so I'm going to check
+with my Web Master in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my Web Master in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my Web Master in the next couple of
+days to see how many new hits we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to see how many new hits we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to see how many new hits we get
+from the C Cambridge area see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C Cambridge area see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C Cambridge area see if
+anybody's been to my website okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's been to my website okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's been to my website okay all
+right the Great Master Leonardo said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the Great Master Leonardo said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the Great Master Leonardo said
+there is no higher or lower knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no higher or lower knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no higher or lower knowledge
+but one only flowing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one only flowing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one only flowing out of
+experimentation okay we're getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation okay we're getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation okay we're getting close
+right to my keeping my promise right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to my keeping my promise right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to my keeping my promise right
+keeping my promise that's what you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping my promise that's what you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping my promise that's what you came
+here for so I'm going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for so I'm going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for so I'm going to do some
+experiments and the my latest book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and the my latest book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and the my latest book is
+volume Five in this series it deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume Five in this series it deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume Five in this series it deals with
+color light vision and perception it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color light vision and perception it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color light vision and perception it
+deals with what happens in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with what happens in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with what happens in front of the
+eye but now because of advances in neur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but now because of advances in neur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but now because of advances in neur
+Sciences we learn more about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences we learn more about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences we learn more about what
+happens behind the eye so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens behind the eye so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens behind the eye so that's
+included in this book here and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in this book here and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in this book here and there's a
+little flyer uh that you may pick up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flyer uh that you may pick up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flyer uh that you may pick up as
+you walked in or when you walk out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walked in or when you walk out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walked in or when you walk out um
+and if you have a favorite High School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a favorite High School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a favorite High School
+teacher you might want to give him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher you might want to give him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher you might want to give him a
+copy uh as a Christmas gift or a holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy uh as a Christmas gift or a holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy uh as a Christmas gift or a holiday
+gift um if if you wish to book has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift um if if you wish to book has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift um if if you wish to book has been
+out now since February this is the cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now since February this is the cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now since February this is the cover
+of the book what are these three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book what are these three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book what are these three things
+that you see here what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here what do they look like
+Mumble Mumble Mumble I like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble Mumble Mumble I like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble Mumble Mumble I like that because
+everybody's saying things huh they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's saying things huh they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's saying things huh they they
+are they are they are they paper weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they are they paper weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they are they paper weights
+they could be huh they're actually water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be huh they're actually water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be huh they're actually water
+droplets that's what they are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets that's what they are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets that's what they are they're
+water droplets as some of you said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplets as some of you said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplets as some of you said okay
+so here's an experiment that I went uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment that I went uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an experiment that I went uh
+first experiment I want to ask you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment I want to ask you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment I want to ask you to to
+to look at this is a checker board this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this is a checker board this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this is a checker board this
+is about perception because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about perception because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about perception because you're going
+to be seeing things now and the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing things now and the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seeing things now and the brain
+the brain sometimes plays tricks on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain sometimes plays tricks on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain sometimes plays tricks on us
+okay so here's a checkerboard and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a checkerboard and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a checkerboard and you
+see this object right here and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this object right here and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this object right here and you see
+cast a shadow so my question to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast a shadow so my question to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast a shadow so my question to you
+is is the shade in square number one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the shade in square number one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the shade in square number one the
+same as the shade square number two yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the shade square number two yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the shade square number two yes
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+no no how many say yes say raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no how many say yes say raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no how many say yes say raise your
+hand if you say yes and how many say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you say yes and how many say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you say yes and how many say no
+more people say no okay so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people say no okay so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people say no okay so we have to
+train ourselves to do this so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train ourselves to do this so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train ourselves to do this so now
+remember now this one is labeled number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now this one is labeled number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now this one is labeled number
+one this way this is label number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this way this is label number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this way this is label number two
+I'm going to Now cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Now cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Now cover
+this and now you see that they both have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now you see that they both have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now you see that they both have
+the same shade right you see that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shade right you see that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shade right you see that right
+so those of you who said yes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you who said yes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you who said yes before
+probably have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and you know what you're using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know what you're using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you know what you're using your
+brain is using the knowledge that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is using the knowledge that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is using the knowledge that you
+had from before that's great okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from before that's great okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from before that's great okay so
+let's look at this one more time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one more time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one more time so I
+take it off you see so what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off you see so what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off you see so what's going on
+here the shadow is telling the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the shadow is telling the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the shadow is telling the brain
+something right and we have to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right and we have to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right and we have to we have
+to develop the skills with our brain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the skills with our brain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the skills with our brain to
+to sort out the information and be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out the information and be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out the information and be very
+careful about it so we have the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it so we have the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it so we have the proper
+interpretation so this is when I cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so this is when I cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so this is when I cover
+it now you see the shadow is cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now you see the shadow is cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now you see the shadow is cannot be
+seen and that's how we started with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and that's how we started with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and that's how we started with okay
+so we have to make connections we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to make connections we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to make connections we have
+to make good connections we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good connections we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good connections we don't want
+to have any impedance problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any impedance problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any impedance problems right
+that's what we don't want to have and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we don't want to have and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we don't want to have and I
+want to show you why we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you why we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you why we want to do
+experiments and demonstrations why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and demonstrations why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and demonstrations why we
+want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+engaging this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging this is why
+that's why that's why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why that's
+why that's why you just look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why you just look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why you just look at those
+faces you just look at those faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces you just look at those faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces you just look at those faces and
+each one of them is engaged engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is engaged engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is engaged engagement
+is important but what's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important but what's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important but what's really important
+is what happens after that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens after that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens after that so we're
+going to now get into what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now get into what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now get into what happens as
+you become engage with the light lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become engage with the light lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become engage with the light lights
+up please because we're going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up please because we're going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up please because we're going to do some
+experiments in addition to the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in addition to the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in addition to the one we
+did on the yes yes I know you've waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the yes yes I know you've waited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on the yes yes I know you've waited
+too long I know I know when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long I know I know when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long I know I know when we do
+experiments we obey all the safety rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we obey all the safety rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we obey all the safety rules
+you notice I have my goggles on did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice I have my goggles on did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice I have my goggles on did you
+notice that I just pointed it out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I just pointed it out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I just pointed it out as a
+reminder for those of you who noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder for those of you who noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder for those of you who noticed
+and those of you who didn't you just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who didn't you just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who didn't you just saw
+that I have them on I have a fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have them on I have a fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have them on I have a fire
+extinguisher right here ready to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguisher right here ready to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguisher right here ready to be used
+just in case something goes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case something goes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case something goes out of
+control I'm not planning on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm not planning on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm not planning on anything
+going out of control but we have it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of control but we have it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of control but we have it as a
+safety precaution so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety precaution so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety precaution so what I'm going to
+do is take a match and and strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you like that right so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you like that right so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you like that right so this is an
+example what we call a combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what we call a combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what we call a combustion
+reaction I'm going to light a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I'm going to light a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction I'm going to light a
+candle and I'm going to who was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle and I'm going to who was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle and I'm going to who was right
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+engagement I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement I'm going to tell you
+something that I have observed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have observed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have observed over the
+years I've been doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I've been doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I've been doing these
+demonstrations for about o over 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations for about o over 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations for about o over 40 years
+okay youngsters and people in retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay youngsters and people in retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay youngsters and people in retirement
+homes are not not inhibited like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes are not not inhibited like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes are not not inhibited like the
+rest of us okay so so so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of us okay so so so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of us okay so so so we have to
+allow ourselves to express ourselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow ourselves to express ourselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow ourselves to express ourselves so
+this is an example of a combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a combustion
+reaction and it is of course you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and it is of course you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and it is of course you know uh
+uh uh related to Michael Faraday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh related to Michael Faraday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh related to Michael Faraday you
+know you know who Michael far was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know who Michael far was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know who Michael far was right
+right he he used to gather young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he he used to gather young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he he used to gather young people
+around Christmas time at the Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas time at the Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Christmas time at the Royal
+Institution and do experiments for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution and do experiments for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution and do experiments for them
+and one of his most famous lectures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of his most famous lectures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of his most famous lectures is
+on the chemical history of the candle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chemical history of the candle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chemical history of the candle so
+what I'm going to do now because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do now because you're
+paying good attention uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying good attention uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying good attention uh I'm going to
+reach back into my back pocket and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach back into my back pocket and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach back into my back pocket and get
+my wallet out what do people usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wallet out what do people usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wallet out what do people usually
+keep in their wallets money what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in their wallets money what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in their wallets money what else
+credit cards what else driver's license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards what else driver's license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards what else driver's license
+if you're old enough to have one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're old enough to have one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're old enough to have one right
+what else pictures all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else pictures all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else pictures all kinds of things
+so what I'm going to do now is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is going to
+reach in here I'm going to take a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach in here I'm going to take a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach in here I'm going to take a dollar
+bill and I'm going to put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and I'm going to put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and I'm going to put it in the
+flame just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame just like
+that was that too fast I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that too fast I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that too fast I asked you to
+pay close attention didn't I right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention didn't I right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention didn't I right I'm
+trying to engage your brain right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to engage your brain right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to engage your brain right so
+so that was not a real dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was not a real dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was not a real dollar
+bill that was a fake dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill that was a fake dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill that was a fake dollar
+bill that was a phony dollar bill it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill that was a phony dollar bill it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill that was a phony dollar bill it's
+called flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flash
+paper what we always do in science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper what we always do in science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper what we always do in science is
+repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I take out what looks like
+a dollar bill it's not a real dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar bill it's not a real dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar bill it's not a real dollar
+Barrel I bring it close to the flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disappears into the thin air it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears into the thin air it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears into the thin air it looks
+like magic right I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic right I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like magic right I love
+magic magic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic magic is
+engaging but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging but not
+informative magic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative magic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative magic is
+engaging so this is paper that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so this is paper that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging so this is paper that has been
+treated with chemicals so that when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with chemicals so that when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with chemicals so that when it
+burns it doesn't leave any Ash behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns it doesn't leave any Ash behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns it doesn't leave any Ash behind
+it's called flash paper and and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called flash paper and and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called flash paper and and so what
+are the chemicals that are used for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the chemicals that are used for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the chemicals that are used for this
+you you want to think about this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to think about this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to think about this right
+so you want to educate yourself about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to educate yourself about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to educate yourself about it
+if you want to and you might want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to and you might want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to and you might want to go
+to my website to learn more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my website to learn more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my website to learn more about this
+how do you get to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+website okay you got it so so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website okay you got it so so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website okay you got it so so now I
+would like to ask someone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask someone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask someone in the
+audience to volunteer to help me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to volunteer to help me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to volunteer to help me with
+the next experiment who wants to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next experiment who wants to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next experiment who wants to help
+well let me tell you first what I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me tell you first what I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me tell you first what I need
+help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with
+okay I'd like someone in the audience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'd like someone in the audience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'd like someone in the audience to
+uh let me borrow them from them a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me borrow them from them a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me borrow them from them a real
+$1 bill is there someone in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 bill is there someone in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 bill is there someone in the audience
+who would let me who would trust me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would let me who would trust me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would let me who would trust me with
+a real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real $1 bill or a $5 bill Steve how
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a $20 bill huh you got a $20
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's a real $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's a real $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill okay here's $1 bill it's a real $1
+bill you know what I'm going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill you know what I'm going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill you know what I'm going to do with
+it don't you right you know where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't you right you know where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't you right you know where this
+is going right so so so combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going right so so so combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going right so so so combustion
+combustion is you did say borrow H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion is you did say borrow H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion is you did say borrow H you
+did say I did say borrow you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did say I did say borrow you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did say I did say borrow you know what
+that's a very important observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important observation that
+you made and you are reporting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made and you are reporting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made and you are reporting it
+because the whole exchange for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole exchange for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole exchange for the
+benefit of society works on the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of society works on the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of society works on the element
+of trust you trusted me with this $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trust you trusted me with this $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trust you trusted me with this $1
+bill right right so you I did say borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill right right so you I did say borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill right right so you I did say borrow
+which means I'm going to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm going to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I'm going to give it
+back I didn't say what form it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I didn't say what form it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I didn't say what form it's going
+to be in when I give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in when I give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in when I give it
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+back so well I have a jar right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so well I have a jar right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so well I have a jar right here and
+I have in this jar what what do you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have in this jar what what do you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have in this jar what what do you what
+does it look like I have a liquid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like I have a liquid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like I have a liquid what
+does it look like looks like looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like looks like looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like looks like looks like
+water the way we describe this liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the way we describe this liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the way we describe this liquid is
+to say it's a clear and colorless liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's a clear and colorless liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's a clear and colorless liquid
+which is what water is okay so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what water is okay so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what water is okay so I'm going
+to take this liquid and so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this liquid and so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this liquid and so I want
+everybody to see the jar right here get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to see the jar right here get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to see the jar right here get
+this out of the way I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of the way I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out of the way I'm going to take
+the dollar bill I'm going to soak it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar bill I'm going to soak it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar bill I'm going to soak it in
+this clear and colorless liquid which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clear and colorless liquid which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clear and colorless liquid which
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and I'm going to fish it out using
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tongs you see it's dripping like
+any wet object wood right and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wet object wood right and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wet object wood right and then I'm
+going to take it to the flame take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it to the flame take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it to the flame take a
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good look at it now Judy it's maybe the
+last time you see it so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you see it so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you see it so here is the
+dollar bill on fire or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on fire or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill on fire or is
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you did see a flame didn't you so
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask you can this liquid be
+water you know from experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know from experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you know from experience that
+water does not burn under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water does not burn under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water does not burn under these
+conditions right so I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so I will tell you
+what's in this jar this clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this jar this clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in this jar this clear and
+colorless liquid is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid is a
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of rubbing alcohol and water
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopropyl alcohol and water you know
+also from experience that when you burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from experience that when you burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from experience that when you burn
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol what color flame do you see it's
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bluish right you remember what
+color flame you saw here was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color flame you saw here was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color flame you saw here was a little
+yellowish right right that's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish right right that's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowish right right that's because we
+also added a little bit of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added a little bit of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added a little bit of sodium
+chloride in there the eye is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride in there the eye is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride in there the eye is more
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the yellow color than it is
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue color so we added the sodium
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride to enhance the visibility of
+what's going on how can sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on how can sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on how can sodium chloride
+enhance the visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the visibility
+so that you know so we're exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know so we're exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know so we're exciting
+electrons and the sodium ion right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the sodium ion right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the sodium ion right they
+go to a higher energy State remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a higher energy State remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a higher energy State remember all
+the stuff that you learned in atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you learned in atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you learned in atomic
+structure and so on make connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and so on make connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and so on make connections
+make connections with that so uh I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make connections with that so uh I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make connections with that so uh I give
+you back this dollar bill because I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back this dollar bill because I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back this dollar bill because I said
+I would borrow it right so here it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would borrow it right so here it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would borrow it right so here it is so
+what uh what does it feel like it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what does it feel like it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what does it feel like it of
+course it's what 50% water 50% alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's what 50% water 50% alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's what 50% water 50% alcohol
+right so wait wait a little bit until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so wait wait a little bit until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so wait wait a little bit until it
+dries and then you can so so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dries and then you can so so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dries and then you can so so thank you
+very much give her a hand for helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much give her a hand for helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much give her a hand for helping
+out with this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with this right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when you burn something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you burn something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you burn something that has
+carbon in it you get carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in it you get carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in it you get carbon dioxide
+carbon dioxide is a gas at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide is a gas at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide is a gas at room
+temperature we can't see it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can't see it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can't see it because it
+has no color and we can't smell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no color and we can't smell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no color and we can't smell it
+because it has no odor but everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has no odor but everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has no odor but everyone
+knows about carbon dioxide gas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about carbon dioxide gas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about carbon dioxide gas because
+you know about carbonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about carbonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about carbonated
+beverages in fact they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages in fact they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverages in fact they're called
+carbonated beverages they have carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonated beverages they have carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonated beverages they have carbon
+dioxide in them I'm going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide in them I'm going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide in them I'm going to do an
+experiment right now uh so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right now uh so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right now uh so that we can
+learn a bit more about how much carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a bit more about how much carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a bit more about how much carbon
+dioxide is dissolved in this liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is dissolved in this liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is dissolved in this liquid and
+to do this experiment I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this experiment I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this experiment I'm going to use a
+baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby
+bottle you remember that huh right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle you remember that huh right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle you remember that huh right right
+so this baby bottle has been modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this baby bottle has been modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this baby bottle has been modified
+slightly I have replaced the nipple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly I have replaced the nipple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly I have replaced the nipple that
+has the hole in it where the milk flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the hole in it where the milk flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the hole in it where the milk flows
+out with the rubber bulb from a medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the rubber bulb from a medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the rubber bulb from a medicine
+dropper and this is a very strong piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper and this is a very strong piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper and this is a very strong piece
+of rubber I'm going to try to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rubber I'm going to try to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rubber I'm going to try to show you
+how strong it is by attempting to blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong it is by attempting to blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong it is by attempting to blow
+air in it to see if I can inflate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in it to see if I can inflate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in it to see if I can inflate it
+okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go can't do it it's very very strong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go can't do it it's very very strong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go can't do it it's very very strong so
+so now please listen carefully to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now please listen carefully to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now please listen carefully to this
+very familiar sound as I open the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar sound as I open the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar sound as I open the can
+you've all done this right or seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all done this right or seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all done this right or seen
+someone do it here we go did you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone do it here we go did you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone do it here we go did you hear
+that right now the can is open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now the can is open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now the can is open to the
+atmosphere that's the that's the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's the that's the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that's the that's the sound
+from the metal I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the metal I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the metal I'm going to take the
+liquid and put it in in this baby bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and put it in in this baby bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and put it in in this baby bottle
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+see you see Fizz you see bubbles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see Fizz you see bubbles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see Fizz you see bubbles what
+kind of bubbles are those they're carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bubbles are those they're carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bubbles are those they're carbon
+dioxide bubbles where are they coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide bubbles where are they coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide bubbles where are they coming
+from they're coming from the drink from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from they're coming from the drink from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from they're coming from the drink from
+the liquid right but the pressure now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid right but the pressure now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid right but the pressure now is
+open to the atmosphere and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the atmosphere and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the atmosphere and that's why
+they're bubbling out so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bubbling out so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bubbling out so I'm going to
+fill it to the top take the screw screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it to the top take the screw screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill it to the top take the screw screw
+cap and tighten it what should I do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap and tighten it what should I do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap and tighten it what should I do next
+sh you've done this experiment before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh you've done this experiment before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh you've done this experiment before
+huh so I shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and now you see how much carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now you see how much carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now you see how much carbon
+dioxide is dissolved in this carbonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is dissolved in this carbonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide is dissolved in this carbonated
+beverage there's so much carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage there's so much carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage there's so much carbon dioxide
+in in there is able to partially inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in there is able to partially inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in there is able to partially inflate
+this strong piece of rubber that neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strong piece of rubber that neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strong piece of rubber that neither
+I nor any other human being can inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I nor any other human being can inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I nor any other human being can inflate
+with all the powers of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the powers of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the powers of our
+lungs but you already know that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs but you already know that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungs but you already know that there is
+a lot of carbon dioxide in drinks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of carbon dioxide in drinks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of carbon dioxide in drinks like
+this because what do you do after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because what do you do after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because what do you do after you
+take a sip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sip or
+two you burp yes you burp when you burp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you burp yes you burp when you burp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you burp yes you burp when you burp
+please do it gently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do it gently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do it gently and
+politely you burp because the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politely you burp because the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politely you burp because the carbon
+dioxide gas is coming out of liquid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gas is coming out of liquid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gas is coming out of liquid so
+so now let's see if I can release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see if I can release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's see if I can release the
+pressure a little bit here do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure a little bit here do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure a little bit here do it
+carefully if I don't do it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully if I don't do it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully if I don't do it carefully
+what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will
+happen it'll make a mess you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it'll make a mess you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it'll make a mess you're right
+it'll spread out right but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll spread out right but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll spread out right but I don't want
+to make a mess because this carbonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mess because this carbonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mess because this carbonated
+beverage has among other things in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage has among other things in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beverage has among other things in it a
+sugar and that sugar is sticky I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and that sugar is sticky I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and that sugar is sticky I don't
+want to have so there it is it's open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have so there it is it's open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have so there it is it's open to
+the atmosphere now and the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere now and the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere now and the carbon
+dioxide still bubbles out you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide still bubbles out you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide still bubbles out you know from
+experience that when the drink goes flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that when the drink goes flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that when the drink goes flat
+it doesn't taste as good right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't taste as good right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't taste as good right right
+you're shaking your heads right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shaking your heads right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shaking your heads right right
+why doesn't it taste good as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it taste good as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't it taste good as good
+because all the carbon dioxide has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the carbon dioxide has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the carbon dioxide has
+disappeared so why do we like carbon why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so why do we like carbon why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so why do we like carbon why
+do we like carbonated beverages some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we like carbonated beverages some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we like carbonated beverages some of
+them have alcohol in them some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have alcohol in them some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have alcohol in them some of them
+have some sugar or sweetener in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sugar or sweetener in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sugar or sweetener in them
+we like them because when we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like them because when we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like them because when we put the
+liquid in our mouth the tiny gas bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in our mouth the tiny gas bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in our mouth the tiny gas bubbles
+come out of liquid and they tingle us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of liquid and they tingle us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of liquid and they tingle us
+under the tongue and give us a pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tongue and give us a pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tongue and give us a pleasant
+sensation so that's about carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation so that's about carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation so that's about carbon dioxide
+gas it is a colorless and it is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it is a colorless and it is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it is a colorless and it is a uh
+odorless gas now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorless gas now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorless gas now what I'm going to do is
+an experiment using another form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment using another form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment using another form of
+carbon dioxide it's called dry ice dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide it's called dry ice dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide it's called dry ice dry
+ice is solid carbon dioxide and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice is solid carbon dioxide and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice is solid carbon dioxide and you'll
+notice I'm putting what on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm putting what on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm putting what on
+putting gloves and I'm going to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting gloves and I'm going to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting gloves and I'm going to open
+this bucket and pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bucket and pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bucket and pick
+up uh three chunks of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh three chunks of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh three chunks of carbon
+dioxide solid this is solid carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide solid this is solid carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide solid this is solid carbon
+dioxide its temperature isus 78 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide its temperature isus 78 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide its temperature isus 78 degrees
+C it's very cold that's why I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's very cold that's why I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C it's very cold that's why I use this
+these gloves to protect my hands from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gloves to protect my hands from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gloves to protect my hands from
+frostbite these gloves are not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frostbite these gloves are not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frostbite these gloves are not very good
+insulators but for this purpose they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators but for this purpose they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators but for this purpose they're
+good because I'm not squeezing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because I'm not squeezing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because I'm not squeezing on the
+dry ice dry ice changes from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice dry ice changes from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice dry ice changes from being a
+solid to a gas by a process we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to a gas by a process we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid to a gas by a process we call
+sublimation sublimation is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation sublimation is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation sublimation is happening
+right now but we can't see it how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but we can't see it how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but we can't see it how come
+we can't see it because carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see it because carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see it because carbon dioxide
+is gas is what invisible it's invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gas is what invisible it's invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gas is what invisible it's invisible
+it has no color by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no color by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no color by the
+way if you ever see a colored gas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you ever see a colored gas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you ever see a colored gas you
+run away from it you heard me if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away from it you heard me if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away from it you heard me if you
+ever see a colored gas you run away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see a colored gas you run away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see a colored gas you run away from
+it because all colored gases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because all colored gases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because all colored gases are
+poisonous all colored gases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous all colored gases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous all colored gases are
+poisonous the converse is not true there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous the converse is not true there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous the converse is not true there
+are some colorless gases that are deadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some colorless gases that are deadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some colorless gases that are deadly
+poisonous including the close relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous including the close relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous including the close relative
+to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon
+dioxide carbon monoxide okay so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide carbon monoxide okay so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide carbon monoxide okay so all
+right so sublimation is happening right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sublimation is happening right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sublimation is happening right
+now we can't see it and I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can't see it and I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can't see it and I'm going to put
+those three back in here and I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three back in here and I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three back in here and I ask you
+to focus your attention on what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus your attention on what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus your attention on what you see
+between my two hands here what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my two hands here what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my two hands here what do you
+see between my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see between my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see between my two
+hands what shape are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands what shape are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands what shape are they
+how many of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are
+there and are they big cylinders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are they big cylinders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are they big cylinders or
+small cylinders big well how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cylinders big well how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cylinders big well how big is
+Big this big yeah I know that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big this big yeah I know that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big this big yeah I know that's this
+big I in order I I want I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I in order I I want I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I in order I I want I'm going to ask
+you to do the very same thing I asked my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the very same thing I asked my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do the very same thing I asked my
+students in in my freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in in my freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in in my freshman chemistry
+course at at Wisconsin to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at at Wisconsin to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at at Wisconsin to do in order to
+sharpen your powers of observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpen your powers of observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpen your powers of observation and
+develop the skills of reporting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the skills of reporting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the skills of reporting these
+observations I ask you to pretend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations I ask you to pretend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations I ask you to pretend to be
+the play byplay radio announcer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play byplay radio announcer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play byplay radio announcer
+describing to someone who's not with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to someone who's not with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to someone who's not with us
+what's going on not the TV announcer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on not the TV announcer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on not the TV announcer
+that person has got it made because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has got it made because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has got it made because the
+Picture Tells almost everything so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture Tells almost everything so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picture Tells almost everything so there
+are how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how many
+cylinders and what do you see inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders and what do you see inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders and what do you see inside the
+cylinders colored liquid colored liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders colored liquid colored liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders colored liquid colored liquids
+okay I'm listening to you on the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm listening to you on the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm listening to you on the radio
+and what I hear you say is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I hear you say is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I hear you say is that there
+are six cylinders and they have in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six cylinders and they have in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six cylinders and they have in them
+colored liquids come on your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored liquids come on your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored liquids come on your brain
+learned a lot more information than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot more information than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot more information than
+those two statements right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two statements right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two statements right right so
+they're about this big you said I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about this big you said I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about this big you said I can
+see you on the radio saying it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on the radio saying it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on the radio saying it's about
+this big right you've got to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big right you've got to do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big right you've got to do better
+than this okay are they 100 milliliters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this okay are they 100 milliliters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this okay are they 100 milliliters
+in size are they 10 liters in size are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size are they 10 liters in size are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size are they 10 liters in size are
+they somewhere in between yes we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somewhere in between yes we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somewhere in between yes we put a
+bracket on it when we estimate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket on it when we estimate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket on it when we estimate in
+science we put a bracket on it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we put a bracket on it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we put a bracket on it all right
+and they have yes colored liquids how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have yes colored liquids how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have yes colored liquids how do
+you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're
+liquids they could be gels how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids they could be gels how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids they could be gels how do we
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out we shake them up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we shake them up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we shake them up a little bit
+because we know from experience it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from experience it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from experience it's a
+key word we learn things a brain learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word we learn things a brain learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word we learn things a brain learns
+things so we use them right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we use them right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we use them right so they're
+liquids and they seem to be arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and they seem to be arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and they seem to be arranged in
+some kind of order what is the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of order what is the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of order what is the order
+it's the order of the color in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of the color in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of the color in the
+liquids and they're arranged in pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and they're arranged in pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids and they're arranged in pairs
+this pair has what color liquid in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair has what color liquid in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair has what color liquid in it
+blue this one pink this one purple all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this one pink this one purple all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue this one pink this one purple all
+right so I'm going to take chunks of dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to take chunks of dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to take chunks of dry
+ice and put them in the cylinders in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and put them in the cylinders in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and put them in the cylinders in a
+very special way and when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way and when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special way and when I get
+done you tell me what the special way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what's blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's blowing
+out you see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you see any
+bubbles what kind of bubbles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those I wish I had a camera and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I wish I had a camera and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I wish I had a camera and take a
+picture of the facial expressions I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the facial expressions I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the facial expressions I see
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of interesting things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting things are
+happening right right how interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right right how interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right right how interesting
+are they are they interesting enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they interesting enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they interesting enough
+that you want to ask questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to ask questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to ask questions about
+them yeah what you want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah what you want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah what you want to know what's
+in there you already know what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you already know what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you already know what's in
+there but dry ice I put the dry ice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but dry ice I put the dry ice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but dry ice I put the dry ice in
+there what did I put the dry ice into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what did I put the dry ice into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what did I put the dry ice into
+into cylinders that have colored liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cylinders that have colored liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cylinders that have colored liquids
+in them right and I put the dry ice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them right and I put the dry ice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them right and I put the dry ice in
+every other cylinder I didn't put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other cylinder I didn't put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other cylinder I didn't put it in
+every cylinder right every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cylinder right every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cylinder right every other
+cylinder leaving one for comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder leaving one for comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder leaving one for comparison
+purposes so these are dyes that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so these are dyes that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes so these are dyes that change
+color when the pH of the liquid changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when the pH of the liquid changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color when the pH of the liquid changes
+because carbon dioxide gas in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carbon dioxide gas in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carbon dioxide gas in water
+gives us carbonic acid every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us carbonic acid every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us carbonic acid every time we
+drink a car carbonate beverage we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a car carbonate beverage we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a car carbonate beverage we're
+drinking acid did you know that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking acid did you know that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking acid did you know that it's a
+weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+acid and and but these cylinders have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and and but these cylinders have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and and but these cylinders have in
+them a little bit of sodium hydroxide at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of sodium hydroxide at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of sodium hydroxide at
+the before I did the experiment and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before I did the experiment and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the before I did the experiment and and
+they change color because carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change color because carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change color because carbon dioxide
+gas combines with the with the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas combines with the with the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas combines with the with the base
+that's in there and the dyes are acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there and the dyes are acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there and the dyes are acid
+base indicat ators so this spare had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base indicat ators so this spare had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base indicat ators so this spare had in
+it an indicator called brome thymol Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an indicator called brome thymol Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an indicator called brome thymol Blue
+this one has in it bro this phenalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has in it bro this phenalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has in it bro this phenalene
+and this had a mixture of uh indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this had a mixture of uh indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this had a mixture of uh indicators
+so in this bear the color changed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this bear the color changed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this bear the color changed from
+what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+what how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how about this
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+what clear this is a clear and colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what clear this is a clear and colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what clear this is a clear and colored
+liquid this is a clear this is colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this is a clear this is colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this is a clear this is colorless
+you're right clear and colorless do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right clear and colorless do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right clear and colorless do not
+mean the same thing from now on no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing from now on no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing from now on no one
+in this audience is going to confuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this audience is going to confuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this audience is going to confuse the
+words clear and colorless right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words clear and colorless right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words clear and colorless right this is
+a clear and colored liquid this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear and colored liquid this is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear and colored liquid this is clear
+and colorless all right so now I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colorless all right so now I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colorless all right so now I ask you
+to focus your attention on this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus your attention on this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus your attention on this cylinder
+actually you can focus your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can focus your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can focus your attention
+anything you want to okay you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to okay you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want to okay you can even
+not pay attention if you want to we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention if you want to we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay attention if you want to we live
+in a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free
+country but if you want to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but if you want to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but if you want to follow the
+experiment with me I want you to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with me I want you to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with me I want you to focus
+your attention on this one and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention on this one and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention on this one and tell me
+count them out how many different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them out how many different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them out how many different color
+changes you see as I dro the dry ice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you see as I dro the dry ice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you see as I dro the dry ice in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm listening to you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listening to you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listening to you on the
+radio one wow I heard wow what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio one wow I heard wow what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio one wow I heard wow what kind of
+account is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that three so far three different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three so far three different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three so far three different color
+changes but but you know I'm listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but but you know I'm listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but but you know I'm listening
+to you on the radio and you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on the radio and you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on the radio and you're you're
+you want you want me to appreciate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you want me to appreciate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you want me to appreciate what
+you're seeing so what were the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing so what were the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing so what were the color
+changes that you saw why couldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you saw why couldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you saw why couldn't you
+say those right you see how we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those right you see how we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those right you see how we have to
+help our brain make the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help our brain make the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help our brain make the right
+observations and make the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and make the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and make the right uh
+reporting okay so what about this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting okay so what about this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting okay so what about this stuff
+that's coming off the top what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming off the top what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming off the top what is it
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+like gas it looks like gas but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gas it looks like gas but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gas it looks like gas but actually
+what it is it looks like smoke but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it looks like smoke but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it looks like smoke but it's
+not smoke what's the name of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smoke what's the name of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smoke what's the name of the stuff
+that floats up in the sky you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that floats up in the sky you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that floats up in the sky you can just
+say don't have to raise your hand just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't have to raise your hand just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't have to raise your hand just
+say clouds it's a fog it's fog it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say clouds it's a fog it's fog it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say clouds it's a fog it's fog it's a
+Mist it's condensed water vapor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mist it's condensed water vapor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mist it's condensed water vapor the
+condensation is taking place on a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation is taking place on a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation is taking place on a cold
+carbon dioxide gas gas bubbles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas gas bubbles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas gas bubbles that are
+coming from the sublimation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the sublimation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the sublimation process
+that's why sublimation is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why sublimation is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why sublimation is happening
+right now right here and also in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now right here and also in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now right here and also in this
+bucket but we can't see it but over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket but we can't see it but over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket but we can't see it but over here
+we can see it because gas is mixing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it because gas is mixing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see it because gas is mixing with
+what here liquid and here gas is mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what here liquid and here gas is mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what here liquid and here gas is mixing
+with what gas okay so always think t h i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what gas okay so always think t h i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what gas okay so always think t h i
+n k right th h i in K remember that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k right th h i in K remember that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n k right th h i in K remember that if
+you remember anything about my visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember anything about my visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember anything about my visit
+with you today remember to th h i n k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you today remember to th h i n k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you today remember to th h i n k
+remember to think okay so condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to think okay so condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to think okay so condensed
+water vapor is coming out the Mist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor is coming out the Mist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor is coming out the Mist is
+Flowing downward why is the Mist flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing downward why is the Mist flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing downward why is the Mist flowing
+downward because carbon dioxide gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward because carbon dioxide gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward because carbon dioxide gas is
+denser than air it's heavier than air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser than air it's heavier than air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser than air it's heavier than air
+and if if we knew this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we knew this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we knew this this is a
+beautiful way to be reminded of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful way to be reminded of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful way to be reminded of it and
+if we didn't know it we just learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't know it we just learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't know it we just learned it
+right so what I'm going to do here cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to do here cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to do here cuz
+she turned it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she turned it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she turned it off
+ah wanted it on let's see if it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah wanted it on let's see if it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah wanted it on let's see if it still
+works so I'm going to take this bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so I'm going to take this bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so I'm going to take this bucket
+this bucket right here it's empty except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bucket right here it's empty except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bucket right here it's empty except
+except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+what you can't see air and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can't see air and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can't see air and I'm going to
+take the hot boiling the the ah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hot boiling the the ah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hot boiling the the ah well
+it's hot I know it's boiling it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot I know it's boiling it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot I know it's boiling it was
+boiling right you could see it I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling right you could see it I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling right you could see it I'm going
+to use my gloves now to protect my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use my gloves now to protect my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use my gloves now to protect my hands
+from heat uh because I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heat uh because I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from heat uh because I don't want to
+burn myself and I'm going to dump this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn myself and I'm going to dump this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn myself and I'm going to dump this
+water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I don't want to get the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't want to get the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't want to get the water
+trapped in the gloves because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped in the gloves because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped in the gloves because you know
+what that will happen what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that will happen what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that will happen what will happen
+to my here we go so what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my here we go so what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my here we go so what do you see
+coming off the top steam is invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off the top steam is invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off the top steam is invisible
+you can't see Steam what are you seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see Steam what are you seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see Steam what are you seeing
+water vapor this room is full of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor this room is full of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor this room is full of water
+vapor otherwise my throat would be drier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor otherwise my throat would be drier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor otherwise my throat would be drier
+than it is right now what are you seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is right now what are you seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is right now what are you seeing
+coming off the top water vapor you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off the top water vapor you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off the top water vapor you're
+seeing a Mist it's condensed water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a Mist it's condensed water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a Mist it's condensed water vapor
+right the hot water vapor hits the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the hot water vapor hits the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the hot water vapor hits the cold
+air it condenses and then gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it condenses and then gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it condenses and then gets to the
+same temperature it it disappears right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature it it disappears right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature it it disappears right
+so what I'm going to do now is Take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is Take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do now is Take the
+bucket of dry ice and take put the dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of dry ice and take put the dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of dry ice and take put the dry
+ice right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't just be careful not to touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just be careful not to touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just be careful not to touch the
+water because the water is very hot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because the water is very hot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because the water is very hot okay
+all right okay so what I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so what I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so what I'd like you to
+do now is to is to go back and sit go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to is to go back and sit go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to is to go back and sit go
+back and sit where you where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and sit where you where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and sit where you where you were
+sitting before okay I know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensed condensed water vapor is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed condensed water vapor is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed condensed water vapor is what
+we see we see the fog is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we see the fog is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we see the fog is
+moving downward why because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving downward why because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving downward why because the
+condensation is taking place on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation is taking place on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation is taking place on the
+carbon dioxide gas which is denser than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas which is denser than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas which is denser than
+air right this is a good way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air right this is a good way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air right this is a good way to to
+demonstrate this so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this so I'm going to take
+this out the way and put it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is how they make fog in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is how they make fog in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is how they make fog in the
+movies sometimes take boiling water add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies sometimes take boiling water add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies sometimes take boiling water add
+dry ice to it and put a fan on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice to it and put a fan on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice to it and put a fan on it and
+blow it and I have to tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it and I have to tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it and I have to tell you this
+little story because it's a true story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story because it's a true story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story because it's a true story I
+do a lot of these presentations all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of these presentations all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of these presentations all over
+the world in Madison Wisconsin my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in Madison Wisconsin my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in Madison Wisconsin my
+adopted Hometown I was at the airport uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted Hometown I was at the airport uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted Hometown I was at the airport uh
+one time and a and a whole bunch of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time and a and a whole bunch of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time and a and a whole bunch of kids
+about 20 maybe 25 kids they saw me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 maybe 25 kids they saw me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 maybe 25 kids they saw me from
+a distance they were getting on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance they were getting on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance they were getting on an
+airplane going on a field trip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane going on a field trip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane going on a field trip to
+Washington DC and they ran to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC and they ran to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC and they ran to me and
+they they didn't say hi Dr shakiri you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't say hi Dr shakiri you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they didn't say hi Dr shakiri you
+know what they said condensed water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they said condensed water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they said condensed water
+vapor that's what they said they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor that's what they said they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor that's what they said they learned
+it they learned it they said condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they learned it they said condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they learned it they said condensed
+water vapor so they learned it okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor so they learned it okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor so they learned it okay good
+uh all right so now now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so now now we're going to
+do an experiment let's see uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment let's see uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment let's see uh this is
+moving along very rapidly here um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along very rapidly here um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along very rapidly here um I
+forgot the directions for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the directions for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the directions for the next
+experiment but you know I brought my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but you know I brought my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but you know I brought my
+book with me so here's my new book right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with me so here's my new book right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book with me so here's my new book right
+so is it okay if I open the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it okay if I open the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it okay if I open the book and
+read from the book a little bit would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the book a little bit would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the book a little bit would
+that be okay is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah ah you see this is this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ah you see this is this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ah you see this is this is not an
+ordinary book this is a hot book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um actually it's just the book covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually it's just the book covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually it's just the book covers
+what's on the inside I show you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the inside I show you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the inside I show you there's
+a couple of batteries right here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of batteries right here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of batteries right here I'll
+walk around so everybody can see it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around so everybody can see it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around so everybody can see it I
+have two batteries batteries have stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two batteries batteries have stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two batteries batteries have stored
+in them chemical energy and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them chemical energy and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them chemical energy and there is a
+filament up here and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament up here and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament up here and then there is a
+flint that I soaked with latter fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flint that I soaked with latter fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flint that I soaked with latter fluid
+when you were not looking okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were not looking okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were not looking okay and what
+I have not told you yet and you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have not told you yet and you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have not told you yet and you have not
+seen it but I'm going to show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it but I'm going to show it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it but I'm going to show it to you
+and tell you right now is a button down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you right now is a button down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you right now is a button down
+here can you see the button down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see the button down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see the button down there
+huh what color is the button black come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what color is the button black come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what color is the button black come
+on you're doing the play-by-play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you're doing the play-by-play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you're doing the play-by-play
+description right you have you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description right you have you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description right you have you have you
+have yeah black it is black you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah black it is black you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah black it is black you have to
+you have to report your observations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to report your observations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to report your observations you
+know so okay so you know about the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so okay so you know about the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so okay so you know about the fire
+triangle it takes three things to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it takes three things to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle it takes three things to have a
+fire what are they something that burns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire what are they something that burns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire what are they something that burns
+oxygen usually from the air what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen usually from the air what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen usually from the air what's the
+third one a heat a source of ignition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one a heat a source of ignition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one a heat a source of ignition
+right a source of ignition so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a source of ignition so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a source of ignition so so you
+watch How I do this now I stand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch How I do this now I stand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch How I do this now I stand over
+here I move the book away from my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I move the book away from my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I move the book away from my face
+I'm connecting with you because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting with you because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting with you because you're
+paying attention Okay and I open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention Okay and I open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention Okay and I open the
+book and when I push the button chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and when I push the button chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and when I push the button chemical
+energy changes into electrical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes into electrical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes into electrical energy
+and this light bulb filament is like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this light bulb filament is like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this light bulb filament is like all
+other filament is not 100% efficient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other filament is not 100% efficient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other filament is not 100% efficient it
+gives off light energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off light energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off light energy
+and and so let's see what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so let's see what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so let's see what happens when I
+push the button here away from my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the button here away from my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the button here away from my face
+okay you saw that right so you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you saw that right so you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you saw that right so you tell me
+now you tell me what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you tell me what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you tell me what happens when I
+close the book what happened when I Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the book what happened when I Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the book what happened when I Clos
+the book don't just say out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book don't just say out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book don't just say out
+loud cut off the oxygen you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud cut off the oxygen you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud cut off the oxygen you know you're
+like the students in my class you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the students in my class you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the students in my class you give a
+correct answer but not to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer but not to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer but not to the question
+that I asked and that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I asked and that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I asked and that's why people
+sometimes don't do well on tests because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes don't do well on tests because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes don't do well on tests because
+they don't answer the question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't answer the question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't answer the question okay so
+what was the question I asked I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the question I asked I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the question I asked I asked
+you what happened when I closed the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happened when I closed the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happened when I closed the book
+what happened when I closed the book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when I closed the book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when I closed the book the
+fire went out why did the fire go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire went out why did the fire go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire went out why did the fire go out
+because there's no Oxygen right okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Oxygen right okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Oxygen right okay you
+get it we have to train our brains so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it we have to train our brains so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it we have to train our brains so we
+are connected with each other properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected with each other properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected with each other properly
+so so I open the book now is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I open the book now is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I open the book now is there
+oxygen or not yes but there's no flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or not yes but there's no flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or not yes but there's no flame
+how come there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come there's no
+flame we're missing a heat what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame we're missing a heat what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame we're missing a heat what should I
+do the button stop talking and push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the button stop talking and push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the button stop talking and push the
+button right that's what I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button right that's what I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button right that's what I should do
+right so I push the button there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I push the button there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I push the button there it is
+I'm running out of fuel right okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of fuel right okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of fuel right okay okay
+so this this book cover is from volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this book cover is from volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this book cover is from volume
+Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five
+right and now I have used it once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I have used it once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I have used it once I
+cannot take it back on the airplane with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take it back on the airplane with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot take it back on the airplane with
+me but even if I could I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but even if I could I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but even if I could I don't want to
+because I want to give it to Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to give it to Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to give it to Professor
+Lippard as a momento of my visit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so you can use it safely Steve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use it safely Steve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use it safely Steve and
+you know why you know why you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why you know why you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why you know why you know why
+we teach about the fire triangle not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach about the fire triangle not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we teach about the fire triangle not to
+help people start fires but to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people start fires but to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people start fires but to help
+people put out fires right you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put out fires right you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put out fires right you think
+about that okay so uh let's see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that okay so uh let's see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that okay so uh let's see we've
+got a couple of other things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple of other things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple of other things going on
+here we have what am I holding with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have what am I holding with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have what am I holding with my
+two hands right here BT what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands right here BT what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands right here BT what kind of
+bottles come on do I have to ask all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles come on do I have to ask all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles come on do I have to ask all the
+questions all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all the
+time play byplay description right are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time play byplay description right are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time play byplay description right are
+they are they what what size bottles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they what what size bottles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they what what size bottles are
+they what are they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what are they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what are they made
+of you do you realize how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you do you realize how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you do you realize how much
+technology is involved in this and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is involved in this and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is involved in this and just
+making this look there's a shoulder here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this look there's a shoulder here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this look there's a shoulder here
+there's an opening here a lot of Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opening here a lot of Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an opening here a lot of Science
+and applications of science are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications of science are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications of science are involved
+in this making those 2 liter bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this making those 2 liter bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this making those 2 liter bottles
+they're made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made
+of plastic they're made of plastic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic they're made of plastic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic they're made of plastic right
+okay so and there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there's a little bit of a
+clear and colorless liquid near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid near the
+bottom of each one of them and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of each one of them and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of each one of them and I'm going
+to tell you what the liquids are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what the liquids are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what the liquids are the
+liquid in here is hydrogen peroxide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in here is hydrogen peroxide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in here is hydrogen peroxide it
+is 30% hydrogen peroxide not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30% hydrogen peroxide not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 30% hydrogen peroxide not what you
+buy in the drugstore what you buy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in the drugstore what you buy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy in the drugstore what you buy in the
+drugstore is 3% hydrogen peroxide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore is 3% hydrogen peroxide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore is 3% hydrogen peroxide okay
+and what do you buy it for because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you buy it for because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you buy it for because if
+you have a cut you put the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cut you put the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cut you put the hydrogen
+peroxide on your on your wound and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on your on your wound and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on your on your wound and what
+do you see bubbles what kind of bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see bubbles what kind of bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see bubbles what kind of bubbles
+are those they're oxygen bubbles because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those they're oxygen bubbles because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those they're oxygen bubbles because
+hydrogen peroxide breaks down very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide breaks down very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide breaks down very very
+very very very very slowly into water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very very slowly into water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very very slowly into water
+and oxygen but if there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen but if there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen but if there is something
+that speeds up that breakup a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speeds up that breakup a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speeds up that breakup a catalyst
+then it goes very fast and the blood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes very fast and the blood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes very fast and the blood in
+the skin has in them such substances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin has in them such substances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin has in them such substances so
+I'm going to take what it what looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take what it what looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take what it what looks
+like a small tea bag right here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a small tea bag right here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a small tea bag right here I'm
+going to put it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in there
+and see if we can catalyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can catalyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can catalyze the
+decomposition or the breakup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or the breakup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition or the breakup of the
+hydrogen peroxide you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide you can see that
+already already what do you what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already already what do you what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already already what do you what do you
+see on the inside what do you see coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the inside what do you see coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the inside what do you see coming
+off the top here condensed water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top here condensed water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top here condensed water vapor
+it's a Mist it's a Mist right and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Mist it's a Mist right and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Mist it's a Mist right and where
+is it coming from this reaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming from this reaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming from this reaction of the
+break up of the hydrogen peroxide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up of the hydrogen peroxide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up of the hydrogen peroxide into
+water and oxygen is exothermic it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and oxygen is exothermic it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and oxygen is exothermic it gives
+off heat so the water is boiling so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off heat so the water is boiling so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off heat so the water is boiling so and
+the water that boiling water when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that boiling water when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that boiling water when it
+hits the cold air it condenses and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the cold air it condenses and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the cold air it condenses and we
+see that until the temperature gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that until the temperature gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that until the temperature gets to
+be the same as a Ambi as the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as a Ambi as the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as a Ambi as the air
+temperature and we don't see it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we don't see it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we don't see it anymore
+so we always like to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we always like to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we always like to repeat the
+experiment in science but before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in science but before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in science but before I
+repeat the experiment I want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment I want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment I want you to look
+very very closely if you haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely if you haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely if you haven't been
+doing so already about what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so already about what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so already about what else is
+happening to the plastic bot what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the plastic bot what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the plastic bot what is
+what is this what is this I'm listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this what is this I'm listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this what is this I'm listening
+to you on the radio I can't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on the radio I can't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you on the radio I can't see this
+what is it what is this tell me tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is this tell me tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is this tell me tell me
+out loud huh it the bottle the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud huh it the bottle the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud huh it the bottle the plastic
+bottle is shrinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle is shrinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle is shrinking
+amazing when when I was a student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing when when I was a student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing when when I was a student at
+Boston University I learned that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University I learned that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston University I learned that if you
+take a substance and you heat it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a substance and you heat it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a substance and you heat it it
+stretches right but this is plastic this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches right but this is plastic this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches right but this is plastic this
+is made by people right so Plastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made by people right so Plastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made by people right so Plastics
+shrink you all know that Plastics shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink you all know that Plastics shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink you all know that Plastics shrink
+right because you've heard of shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you've heard of shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you've heard of shrink
+wrapping right how does shrink wrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping right how does shrink wrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping right how does shrink wrapping
+works you cover something up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you cover something up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you cover something up with a
+plastic sheet and then what do you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic sheet and then what do you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic sheet and then what do you do to
+you heat it how come when we heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it how come when we heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it how come when we heat
+plastic it shrinks and when I heat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic it shrinks and when I heat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic it shrinks and when I heat a
+piece of copper it stretches how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of copper it stretches how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of copper it stretches how come
+this is not a rhetorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a rhetorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a rhetorical
+question I want to do th h i n what K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want to do th h i n what K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I want to do th h i n what K
+about this right right okay so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right right okay so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this right right okay so be
+thinking about that all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that all right so we
+repeat the experiment we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the experiment we do the
+experiment right here okay and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right here okay and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right here okay and there it
+is again let's see if the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again let's see if the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again let's see if the same thing
+happens as you're watching that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you're watching that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you're watching that I'm
+going to do now an experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now an experiment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now an experiment right
+here whereby I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whereby I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whereby I have this
+Beaker uh its volume is about 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker uh its volume is about 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker uh its volume is about 600
+milliliters all right and it's empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters all right and it's empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters all right and it's empty
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+for all right I'm going to put it on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right I'm going to put it on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all right I'm going to put it on top
+of this other Beaker they going to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this other Beaker they going to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this other Beaker they going to flip
+around like this so everybody can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this so everybody can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this so everybody can see it
+and I'm going to take two liquids a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to take two liquids a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to take two liquids a
+clear and colorless liquid in my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid in my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid in my right
+hand bottle and a clear color liquid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand bottle and a clear color liquid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand bottle and a clear color liquid in
+the left hand okay you see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand okay you see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand okay you see that if
+you're paying attention over here but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention over here but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying attention over here but if
+you're still looking over there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still looking over there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still looking over there then
+you're not watching this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not watching this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not watching this and that's
+really what it's about you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it's about you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it's about you have the
+freedom to choose what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to choose what you want to do
+and you be effective in what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you be effective in what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you be effective in what you want to
+do okay be very careful about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay be very careful about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay be very careful about it so
+that's kind of interesting right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting right there
+right and you know what don't rush into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know what don't rush into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know what don't rush into
+anything I'm rushing right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm rushing right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm rushing right now I'm
+keeping an eye on the watch here you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping an eye on the watch here you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping an eye on the watch here you all
+have other things you want to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other things you want to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other things you want to do you
+probably want to go watch the Patriots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to go watch the Patriots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to go watch the Patriots
+play you know which that's up to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you know which that's up to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you know which that's up to you uh
+but lots of fascinating captivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lots of fascinating captivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lots of fascinating captivating
+engaging educating informing changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging educating informing changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging educating informing changes
+Transformations are happening over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations are happening over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations are happening over here
+so watch this here's here's I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch this here's here's I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch this here's here's I take this
+clear and colorless liquid and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and colorless liquid and I put
+some of it in the beaker about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it in the beaker about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it in the beaker about 100
+milliliters how do I know it's about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters how do I know it's about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters how do I know it's about 100
+milliliters I'm reading the markers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters I'm reading the markers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters I'm reading the markers on
+the here on the on the on the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here on the on the on the beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here on the on the on the beaker
+right and I take about 100 milliters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I take about 100 milliters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I take about 100 milliters of
+a different clear and colorless liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different clear and colorless liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different clear and colorless liquid
+but you don't know it's different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know it's different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know it's different they
+look the same right and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same right and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same right and look at this
+look what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now isn't that one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now isn't that one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now isn't that one of the most
+fascinating observations you make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating observations you make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating observations you make you
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+them together and you get a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you get a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you get a yellow
+substance that is insoluble in water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is insoluble in water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is insoluble in water and
+you notice what happened over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice what happened over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice what happened over here right
+right so this is this fell over it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this fell over it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this fell over it's
+pretty hot I don't want to have it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hot I don't want to have it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hot I don't want to have it there
+it is I want to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I want to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I want to have it
+it's going to fall over again right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to fall over again right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to fall over again right I'll
+prop it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so the little teabag had in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the little teabag had in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the little teabag had in it
+a catalyst called manganese dioxide M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalyst called manganese dioxide M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalyst called manganese dioxide M2
+it it has large surface area it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has large surface area it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has large surface area it
+catalyzed the decomposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed the decomposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed the decomposition of the
+hydrogen peroxide is this one going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is this one going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is this one going to
+fall off we wait and see okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off we wait and see okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off we wait and see okay this is
+lead iodide I mix potassium iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead iodide I mix potassium iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead iodide I mix potassium iodide
+solution with lead nitrate solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with lead nitrate solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with lead nitrate solution so
+the magician never tells you how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician never tells you how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magician never tells you how the
+trick works right but in science we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick works right but in science we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick works right but in science we like
+to know what's going on so I close these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on so I close these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on so I close these
+back the same way and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same way and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same way and now I'm going to
+ask you a question I have a magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question I have a magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question I have a magnet
+coated with Teflon and it's sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with Teflon and it's sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with Teflon and it's sitting on
+top of a motor which I'm want to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a motor which I'm want to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a motor which I'm want to turn on
+can you see the the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the the bar
+spin huh and you tell me what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin huh and you tell me what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin huh and you tell me what direction
+is the bar spinning when we look down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bar spinning when we look down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bar spinning when we look down at
+it what direction is it when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what direction is it when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what direction is it when you look
+down at it a let's slow it down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at it a let's slow it down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at it a let's slow it down a little
+bit so you can see it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so you can see it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so you can see it better
+clockwise clockwise it's spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise clockwise it's spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise clockwise it's spinning
+clockwise right what we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise right what we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise right what we call it
+clockwise now what what I would like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise now what what I would like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise now what what I would like you
+to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to
+visualize that you're not looking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that you're not looking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that you're not looking down
+at this spinning magnet but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this spinning magnet but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this spinning magnet but you're
+looking up at it imagine there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up at it imagine there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up at it imagine there is a
+ceiling fan up there and it's moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling fan up there and it's moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling fan up there and it's moving in
+the same direction as this bar so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction as this bar so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction as this bar so what
+is it so here's what some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so here's what some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so here's what some of you are
+doing you're doing this and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you're doing this and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you're doing this and you're
+looking up and what do you see what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up and what do you see what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up and what do you see what do
+you see up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see up there
+counterclockwise you're confusing me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise you're confusing me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise you're confusing me
+is this my right hand or my left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this my right hand or my left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this my right hand or my left hand
+I'm looking up at it and you're it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking up at it and you're it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking up at it and you're it's my
+right hand I put it down here it is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand I put it down here it is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand I put it down here it is my
+it's my still my right hand so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my still my right hand so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my still my right hand so what I'm
+you're really confusing me what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really confusing me what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really confusing me what's going
+on here here's what's going on I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here here's what's going on I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here here's what's going on I want
+everyone in the audience everyone stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the audience everyone stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the audience everyone stick
+your finger out like this and you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your finger out like this and you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your finger out like this and you and I
+are going to rotate our fingers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to rotate our fingers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to rotate our fingers in a
+clockwise Direction go clockwise hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise Direction go clockwise hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise Direction go clockwise hey I
+said clockwise what are you doing clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said clockwise what are you doing clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said clockwise what are you doing clock
+wise watch mewise I'm doing look when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise watch mewise I'm doing look when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise watch mewise I'm doing look when I
+turn around like this I'm doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around like this I'm doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around like this I'm doing it
+clockwise too right so but when I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise too right so but when I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise too right so but when I turn
+around like this what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this what do you
+see so so so you have to think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so so so you have to think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so so so you have to think you have
+to think about the perspective that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the perspective that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the perspective that you
+have in making observations all right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in making observations all right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in making observations all right by
+the way where does this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way where does this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way where does this idea of
+clockwise movement and counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise movement and counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise movement and counterclockwise
+come from clock clocks yeah I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from clock clocks yeah I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from clock clocks yeah I know it
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+clocks where does it really come from do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks where does it really come from do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks where does it really come from do
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the Sun from the Sun Dial it's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun from the Sun Dial it's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun from the Sun Dial it's from the
+Sun Dial and as far as we know was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Dial and as far as we know was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun Dial and as far as we know was the
+the the the sandal first uh uh observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sandal first uh uh observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the sandal first uh uh observed
+in the Northern Hemisphere or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Northern Hemisphere or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Northern Hemisphere or in the
+southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern
+hemisphere as far as we know it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere as far as we know it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere as far as we know it's in the
+Northern Hemisphere okay so I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Hemisphere okay so I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Hemisphere okay so I want you
+to visualize like you did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize like you did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize like you did with the
+ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling
+fan the Su dial in the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan the Su dial in the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan the Su dial in the southern
+hemisphere oh yeah right I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere oh yeah right I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere oh yeah right I wanted to
+think about that and see which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and see which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and see which direction
+it it's uh going in all right let it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh going in all right let it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh going in all right let it's
+moving okay so now what I want to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay so now what I want to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay so now what I want to do uh
+two two more experiments so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two more experiments so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two more experiments so here is a
+here's a beaker right I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a beaker right I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a beaker right I have a question
+for you do you suppose there's a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you do you suppose there's a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you do you suppose there's a way for
+me to hold the speaker up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to hold the speaker up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to hold the speaker up in the air
+without touching it so let me borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching it so let me borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching it so let me borrow
+your your book now it's your book Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your book now it's your book Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your book now it's your book Steve
+okay I don't mean put it on a book like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't mean put it on a book like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't mean put it on a book like
+this you know I'm not touching it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know I'm not touching it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know I'm not touching it right
+now right do you suppose there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right do you suppose there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right do you suppose there's a way
+to suspend this speaker up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suspend this speaker up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suspend this speaker up in the air
+without touching it yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching it yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching it yes or
+no some of you are saying yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some of you are saying yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some of you are saying yes because
+you know how it's done and some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it's done and some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it's done and some of you
+are saying yes because you trust that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying yes because you trust that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying yes because you trust that
+I'm going to show you how to do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you how to do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you how to do it right
+right so here here's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here here's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here here's what we're going to
+do we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to
+take you're doing the play-by-play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you're doing the play-by-play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you're doing the play-by-play
+description what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this what else can you tell me about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what else can you tell me about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what else can you tell me about it
+does it have a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look I am told the brain receives every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I am told the brain receives every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I am told the brain receives every
+second about 11 million bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about 11 million bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second about 11 million bits of
+information okay and a brain can't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay and a brain can't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay and a brain can't sort
+them all out at the same time so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all out at the same time so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all out at the same time so we have
+to train ourselves how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train ourselves how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train ourselves how to make
+observations and report them so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+Tada is the beaker up in the air am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada is the beaker up in the air am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada is the beaker up in the air am I
+holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can you explain what this what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you explain what this what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you explain what this what this
+is I pulled it out can you explain how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I pulled it out can you explain how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I pulled it out can you explain how
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+works can you explain how this works huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works can you explain how this works huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works can you explain how this works huh
+so I want you to think about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about this you
+also know what's going to happen when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know what's going to happen when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know what's going to happen when I
+let the air out of here right let go let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the air out of here right let go let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the air out of here right let go let
+go okay let go you've done that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay let go you've done that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay let go you've done that before
+why does that happen Okay lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that happen Okay lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that happen Okay lots of
+interesting things happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen in
+science with familiar items okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science with familiar items okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science with familiar items okay so how
+do you explain what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you explain what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you explain what happened
+here what you're thinking about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you're thinking about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you're thinking about it right
+some people say that the when I inflated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say that the when I inflated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say that the when I inflated
+the balloon in here there was a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon in here there was a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon in here there was a change
+in the pressure I want to tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pressure I want to tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pressure I want to tell you you
+can think about that too I didn't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that too I didn't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about that too I didn't bring
+it with me but I went to the glass shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with me but I went to the glass shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with me but I went to the glass shop
+in in at the University of Wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in at the University of Wisconsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in at the University of Wisconsin
+chemistry department and I sewed off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department and I sewed off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department and I sewed off the
+bottom of the of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the of the of the of the
+beaker and it still works so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker and it still works so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker and it still works so it's not a
+change in the pressure okay but everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pressure okay but everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pressure okay but everyone
+here everyone including little kids know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone including little kids know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone including little kids know
+the explanation as to why this worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation as to why this worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation as to why this worked
+but you haven't thought about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you haven't thought about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you haven't thought about it you
+haven't connected it yet so what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't connected it yet so what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't connected it yet so what I'd
+like you to do is take both hands right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is take both hands right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is take both hands right
+now and rub them very fast with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and rub them very fast with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and rub them very fast with each
+other rub rub very fast what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rub rub very fast what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rub rub very fast what do you
+feel you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you feel
+friction you feel heat which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction you feel heat which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction you feel heat which is the
+result of friction you're as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of friction you're as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of friction you're as I said
+you're like the students in my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like the students in my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like the students in my class
+right so friction so can friction be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so friction so can friction be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so friction so can friction be
+related to this you think think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this you think think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this you think think about it
+okay you think about it so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you think about it so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you think about it so now what I
+want to do is do another experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is do another experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is do another experiment with
+the balloon right here this time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon right here this time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon right here this time I'll
+take a what color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balloon this balloon has a hole in it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon this balloon has a hole in it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon this balloon has a hole in it so
+that doesn't work I'll try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I inflate the balloon let some air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I inflate the balloon let some air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I inflate the balloon let some air
+out and then I tie it and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then I tie it and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then I tie it and now I'm going
+to ask you a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you a question
+do you suppose there's a way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you suppose there's a way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you suppose there's a way for me to
+hold this balloon up in the air without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this balloon up in the air without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this balloon up in the air without
+touching it so so so I don't mean put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it so so so I don't mean put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it so so so I don't mean put it
+on a beaker like this you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a beaker like this you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a beaker like this you know I'm not
+I'm not touching it now do you suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not touching it now do you suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not touching it now do you suppose
+there's a way for me to suspend this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way for me to suspend this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way for me to suspend this up
+in the air without touching it yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air without touching it yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air without touching it yes or no
+those of you who say yes those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who say yes those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who say yes those of you
+who say yes know how it's done or trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who say yes know how it's done or trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who say yes know how it's done or trust
+that I'm going to show you how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you how it's
+going to be done right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done right so
+suppose I take this balloon and I blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take this balloon and I blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take this balloon and I blow
+air on it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that was held up in the air I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that was held up in the air I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that was held up in the air I
+wasn't touching it right but that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't touching it right but that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't touching it right but that's kind
+of hard on my neck so suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard on my neck so suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard on my neck so suppose I take
+suppose I take this what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a balloon up in the air am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a balloon up in the air am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a balloon up in the air am I
+touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+it what what is holding the balloon up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what what is holding the balloon up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what what is holding the balloon up
+in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air there's a lot of there's air right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there's a lot of there's air right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there's a lot of there's air right
+now but it's ah you're going to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it's ah you're going to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it's ah you're going to help me
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right thank you thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you thank you thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you thank you thank
+you no I I was pushing the cold one look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no I I was pushing the cold one look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no I I was pushing the cold one look
+you know each one of you knows what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each one of you knows what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each one of you knows what was
+coming out of the nozzle here what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the nozzle here what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the nozzle here what was
+coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+nozle a stream of air right a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozle a stream of air right a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozle a stream of air right a stream
+wind that's what it was right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind that's what it was right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind that's what it was right right so
+here we go so do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again now watch watch what I do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now watch watch what I do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now watch watch what I do here
+watch How I turn this watch I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch How I turn this watch I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch How I turn this watch I turn this
+to the side like this right you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side like this right you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side like this right you can see
+how big of an angle you can get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big of an angle you can get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big of an angle you can get away
+with see that see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with see that see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with see that see
+that all right all right I have it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right all right I have it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right all right I have it back
+from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you
+please okay you're all thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay you're all thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay you're all thinking about
+what the explanation is thank you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the explanation is thank you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the explanation is thank you you're
+all thinking about the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all thinking about the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all thinking about the explanation
+because what I'm going to do next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm going to do next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm going to do next is
+take this what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this a Styrofoam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball and a balloon and a balloon up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and a balloon and a balloon up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and a balloon and a balloon up
+there am I touching any of them no what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there am I touching any of them no what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there am I touching any of them no what
+was holding them up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was holding them up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was holding them up in the air
+thank you moving air right look you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you moving air right look you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you moving air right look you all
+know this effect you stand on a street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this effect you stand on a street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this effect you stand on a street
+corner and a big bus goes by what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and a big bus goes by what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and a big bus goes by what do you
+feel woof and you're driving on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel woof and you're driving on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel woof and you're driving on the
+highway and a big Glory truck passes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway and a big Glory truck passes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway and a big Glory truck passes by
+what do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing you know what I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you know what I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you know what I believe
+you that's your observation I respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's your observation I respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's your observation I respect
+you for making an observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for making an observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for making an observation
+but watch for it next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but watch for it next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but watch for it next time
+okay now this is a scientific principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is a scientific principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is a scientific principle
+you all know what this principle is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what this principle is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what this principle is it's
+it's a it's called it's named after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's called it's named after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's called it's named after a
+Swiss mathematician it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called beri principal beri look you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beri principal beri look you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beri principal beri look you all
+know about this I don't want to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this I don't want to get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this I don't want to get too
+personal about this when you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal about this when you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal about this when you took a
+shower this morning you turn the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower this morning you turn the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower this morning you turn the water
+on did the shower curtain move in or out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on did the shower curtain move in or out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on did the shower curtain move in or out
+if you have a shower curtain there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shower curtain there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shower curtain there are
+some you know sometimes we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know sometimes we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know sometimes we don't have
+shower curtain right so there's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower curtain right so there's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower curtain right so there's a change
+there's a there's a stream of air that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a stream of air that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a stream of air that
+causes things to happen as as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes things to happen as as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes things to happen as as we just
+saw here so now I'm going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here so now I'm going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here so now I'm going to do an
+experiment this experiment with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this experiment with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this experiment with this
+with this what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this could I ask you to help me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could I ask you to help me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could I ask you to help me with
+this experiment okay so what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment okay so what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment okay so what is it that
+uh Lou and I are holding a plastic what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lou and I are holding a plastic what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lou and I are holding a plastic what
+a piece of plastic what color is it BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of plastic what color is it BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of plastic what color is it BL
+my favorite color do I have to ask all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite color do I have to ask all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite color do I have to ask all
+the questions all the time you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions all the time you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions all the time you know no
+no you were asking them you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you were asking them you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you were asking them you have to make
+these observations look how long is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observations look how long is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these observations look how long is
+it it's about what is it is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's about what is it is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's about what is it is it about
+it's about is it about 1 meter 10 m it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about is it about 1 meter 10 m it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about is it about 1 meter 10 m it's
+2 MERS in length Okay I have an opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 MERS in length Okay I have an opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 MERS in length Okay I have an opening
+at this end here do you have an opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this end here do you have an opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this end here do you have an opening
+over there Lou it's sealed okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there Lou it's sealed okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there Lou it's sealed okay so I'm
+going to change sides with you I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change sides with you I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change sides with you I'm going
+to give you this opening right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this opening right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this opening right here you
+hold it like this you got it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it like this you got it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it like this you got it okay and
+I'd like you to blow air in here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to blow air in here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to blow air in here so that
+we can count how many breaths is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count how many breaths is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can count how many breaths is going
+to take her to inflate this okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take her to inflate this okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take her to inflate this okay and
+don't make her laugh now okay come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make her laugh now okay come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make her laugh now okay come on
+go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+two 3 4 that's enough I don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 4 that's enough I don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 4 that's enough I don't want it to
+hyperventilate you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperventilate you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperventilate you know what
+hyperventilation is is it related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperventilation is is it related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperventilation is is it related to
+carbon dioxide gas yeah so this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas yeah so this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas yeah so this about
+this is what she did with four breaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what she did with four breaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what she did with four breaths
+okay now I'm going to give you I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm going to give you I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm going to give you I'm going
+to let the air out that you put in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let the air out that you put in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let the air out that you put in there
+and give you the closed end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you the closed end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you the closed end okay
+and then I'm going to show you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to show you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to show you if you
+pay attention if you pay attention I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention if you pay attention I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention if you pay attention I'm
+going to show you how you can inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how you can inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you how you can inflate
+this 2 m long bag with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 m long bag with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 m long bag with one
+breath you're smiling at me you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath you're smiling at me you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath you're smiling at me you don't
+believe me right you remember what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me right you remember what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me right you remember what she
+did she blew into it the same way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she blew into it the same way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she blew into it the same way you
+and I BW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I BW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I BW
+into a paper bag right or a yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a paper bag right or a yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a paper bag right or a yeah yeah so
+now I'm going to do it this way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do it this way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to do it this way I'm
+going to open this up like this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open this up like this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open this up like this I'm
+gonna take lift it up a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take lift it up a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take lift it up a little bit so
+it's about yeah right yeah here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go did you see how it was done would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go did you see how it was done would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go did you see how it was done would you
+like to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to try
+it yeah that's the spirit see Leonardo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah that's the spirit see Leonardo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah that's the spirit see Leonardo
+said you know about experiments right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know about experiments right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know about experiments right so
+I take all the air out and now you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all the air out and now you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all the air out and now you do it
+the way I did it not the way you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I did it not the way you did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I did it not the way you did it
+the first time okay one long Breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time okay one long Breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time okay one long Breath
+Right Down the okay whenever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right Down the okay whenever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right Down the okay whenever you're
+ready close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready close it
+off only one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one a lot better than the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a lot better than the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a lot better than the first time
+right right right so so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right so so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right so so here's a
+question for you do you think she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you do you think she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you do you think she has
+that much air in her lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes do you think I have that much air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do you think I have that much air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do you think I have that much air in
+my lungs to blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lungs to blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lungs to blow
+this what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well the thing in my doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the thing in my doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the thing in my doesn't
+have much air in it right now right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much air in it right now right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much air in it right now right so
+look you all know the explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you all know the explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you all know the explanation for
+this because we just went through it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we just went through it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we just went through it in
+the previous set of experiments right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous set of experiments right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous set of experiments right
+what did I blow out of my mouth and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I blow out of my mouth and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I blow out of my mouth and what
+did she do a stream of movement moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she do a stream of movement moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she do a stream of movement moving
+air right remember one of my slides say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air right remember one of my slides say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air right remember one of my slides say
+connectivity you make connections right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you make connections right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you make connections right
+you make connections between what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make connections between what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make connections between what you
+see and what you already know right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and what you already know right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and what you already know right so a
+stream of moving air creates a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of moving air creates a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of moving air creates a partial
+vacuum and air come comes in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and air come comes in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and air come comes in from the
+outside that's called what's his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that's called what's his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that's called what's his name
+principal what's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name the whole thing was a setup you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the whole thing was a setup you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the whole thing was a setup you
+knew that right that's why okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that right that's why okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that right that's why okay so
+here's our grand finale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a grand finale it's a repeat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a grand finale it's a repeat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a grand finale it's a repeat of
+that experiment which we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment which we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment which we're going to do
+in this you're doing the play-by-play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you're doing the play-by-play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you're doing the play-by-play
+description what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description what is
+it black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what black tub and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and and I take a clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and I take a clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and I take a clear and
+colorless liquid from this bottle and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid from this bottle and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid from this bottle and I
+put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and this clear and colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this clear and colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this clear and colorless
+liquid is 30% hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is 30% hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is 30% hydrogen
+peroxide 35% hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide 35% hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide 35% hydrogen
+peroxide and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and I take
+what I put some of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there but I want the help the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I want the help the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I want the help the hydrogen
+peroxide break down into water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide break down into water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide break down into water and
+oxygen so what do I need I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so what do I need I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so what do I need I need a
+catalyst right I could use manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst right I could use manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst right I could use manganese
+dioxide but it's not the only Catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide but it's not the only Catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide but it's not the only Catalyst
+I'm going to use this liquid right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this liquid right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this liquid right
+here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+is a clear but slightly colored liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clear but slightly colored liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clear but slightly colored liquid
+right it's slightly yellow so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's slightly yellow so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's slightly yellow so I'm going
+to put some of that in there and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some of that in there and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some of that in there and see
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening you're doing them play byplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you're doing them play byplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you're doing them play byplay
+description right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me ah it's going out of control here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ah it's going out of control here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ah it's going out of control here I
+better put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so this is the decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the decomposition of
+hydrogen peroxide using a potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide using a potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide using a potassium
+iodide solution as the catalyst so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide solution as the catalyst so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide solution as the catalyst so the
+different Catalyst cause a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Catalyst cause a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Catalyst cause a lot of
+different changes to happen and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different changes to happen and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different changes to happen and and this
+is why we need to learn more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we need to learn more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we need to learn more about the
+science of the familiar which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the familiar which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of the familiar which is which
+is uh chemistry and I want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh chemistry and I want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh chemistry and I want to really
+thank thank you for coming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank thank you for coming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank thank you for coming this
+afternoon this evening I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon this evening I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon this evening I want to ask you
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+time what does my t-shirt say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what does my t-shirt say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what does my t-shirt say
+science that's what I like enthusiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's what I like enthusiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's what I like enthusiasm
+right SC so so whatever you do do it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right SC so so whatever you do do it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right SC so so whatever you do do it do
+it do it with a purpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it with a purpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it with a purpose in
+mind try to help the plasticity in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind try to help the plasticity in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind try to help the plasticity in your
+brain but it's not just your brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but it's not just your brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but it's not just your brain that
+we're talking about it's what's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about it's what's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about it's what's in your
+heart heart because one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart heart because one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart heart because one of the important
+elements of communication is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of communication is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of communication is what you
+feel in your heart which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in your heart which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel in your heart which is not
+something always on my slide so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something always on my slide so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something always on my slide so thank
+you all very much thank you Steve thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all very much thank you Steve thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all very much thank you Steve thank
+you Lou thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Lou thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Lou thank you for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+and remember no matter what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember no matter what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember no matter what you do
+science is fun thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is fun thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is fun thank you very much
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YzdxbWqtiYg.txt b/YzdxbWqtiYg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..252d6f5a8c2982dd581ef29bda0458914ce4107a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YzdxbWqtiYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is uh 1431 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh 1431 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is uh 1431 or
+14310 data analysis analysis for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14310 data analysis analysis for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14310 data analysis analysis for social
+scientist um I am EST du flow I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist um I am EST du flow I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist um I am EST du flow I won't
+say anymore for the moment because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anymore for the moment because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anymore for the moment because uh
+Sarah will introduce all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah will introduce all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah will introduce all of us
+later so there's a lot of data out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so there's a lot of data out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so there's a lot of data out there
+that's almost too obvious to be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost too obvious to be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost too obvious to be said
+there's data sources that are put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's data sources that are put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's data sources that are put
+together by various organization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by various organization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by various organization the
+World Bank is one of them the census is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank is one of them the census is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Bank is one of them the census is
+one of them uh uh japal uh the lab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh uh japal uh the lab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh uh japal uh the lab that
+I had is one of them we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had is one of them we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had is one of them we have lots of
+data almost all of the journals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data almost all of the journals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data almost all of the journals now
+academic journals require or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic journals require or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic journals require or at least
+encourage people to post their data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to post their data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage people to post their data for
+Public Access there's of course lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Access there's of course lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Access there's of course lots and
+lots of data that exist uh on the web uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data that exist uh on the web uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of data that exist uh on the web uh
+in the wild and can be harvested uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild and can be harvested uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wild and can be harvested uh for
+use there's data from Amazon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there's data from Amazon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use there's data from Amazon from
+Facebook from LinkedIn Etc so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook from LinkedIn Etc so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook from LinkedIn Etc so there is
+lots and lots of data out there and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of data out there and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of data out there and of
+course there is always the option to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is always the option to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is always the option to go
+and collect your own by interviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect your own by interviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect your own by interviewing
+people and it's actually becoming easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and it's actually becoming easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and it's actually becoming easier
+and easier uh to do that well so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier uh to do that well so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier uh to do that well so once we
+have all this data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it actually
+useful um is it actually data that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um is it actually data that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful um is it actually data that can
+be harness to say something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harness to say something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harness to say something interesting
+about the world or is just like a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world or is just like a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world or is just like a bunch
+of data that journalists put out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that journalists put out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that journalists put out there
+in some way that is useful or not and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that is useful or not and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that is useful or not and of
+course given what I do for a living I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given what I do for a living I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given what I do for a living I
+would say that uh data is lots of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that uh data is lots of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that uh data is lots of good
+things besides plentiful first of all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things besides plentiful first of all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things besides plentiful first of all it
+is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often
+beautiful uh I'll show you just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh I'll show you just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh I'll show you just one
+example and we'll see a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we'll see a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we'll see a lot of other
+examples of beautiful data in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of beautiful data in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of beautiful data in this class
+uh data that really Lars itself very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data that really Lars itself very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh data that really Lars itself very
+nicely to beautiful displays network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to beautiful displays network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to beautiful displays network
+data so the data I'm just going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so the data I'm just going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so the data I'm just going to show
+you has been harvested so to speak by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has been harvested so to speak by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has been harvested so to speak by
+researchers uh called Kim acquaintance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers uh called Kim acquaintance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers uh called Kim acquaintance
+he uh lives in eastle and he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh lives in eastle and he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh lives in eastle and he uh
+interviewed some uh um Somali people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed some uh um Somali people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed some uh um Somali people
+living in Isle some of them very recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Isle some of them very recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Isle some of them very recent
+ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly
+arriving some of them settled in his Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving some of them settled in his Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving some of them settled in his Le
+for hundreds of years and he asked them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hundreds of years and he asked them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hundreds of years and he asked them
+for permission to harvest their Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for permission to harvest their Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for permission to harvest their Facebook
+network data something you can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network data something you can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network data something you can do with a
+tool called netv and then put them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool called netv and then put them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool called netv and then put them and
+then visualize them using another tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then visualize them using another tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then visualize them using another tool
+called Jeffy and this is how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Jeffy and this is how it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Jeffy and this is how it looks
+like this is uh how it looks like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is uh how it looks like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is uh how it looks like when
+put together uh The Social Network of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together uh The Social Network of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together uh The Social Network of of
+these guys so each round is a what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so each round is a what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so each round is a what's in
+Social Network par is referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Network par is referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Network par is referred to as a
+node and this it's just a person uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and this it's just a person uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and this it's just a person uh each
+little Ray is a a link between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Ray is a a link between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Ray is a a link between this
+person and their contact contacts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and their contact contacts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and their contact contacts on
+Facebook so this is not some this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook so this is not some this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook so this is not some this is
+someone who is identified as a contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is identified as a contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is identified as a contact
+UM in the text that describes this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UM in the text that describes this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UM in the text that describes this um
+this pictures he mentions that uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pictures he mentions that uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pictures he mentions that uh there
+are actually many many links many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many many links many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many many links many more
+among the salies among uh uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the salies among uh uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the salies among uh uh other
+people uh and he says that in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh and he says that in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh and he says that in part
+because Somali have kind of exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Somali have kind of exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Somali have kind of exchanged
+Facebook like each other on Facebook as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook like each other on Facebook as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook like each other on Facebook as
+a way almost as a way of exchanging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way almost as a way of exchanging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way almost as a way of exchanging uh
+um business cards that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um business cards that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um business cards that it's actually
+more standard to to exchange your to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard to to exchange your to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more standard to to exchange your to
+befriend someone on Facebook then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriend someone on Facebook then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+befriend someone on Facebook then give
+your your telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your telephone
+number uh and uh the the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and uh the the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and uh the the size of the
+bubbles is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles is proportional to the
+importantance of the person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantance of the person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantance of the person in the
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+network so here you can immediately ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so here you can immediately ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so here you can immediately ask
+so there is already a lot of data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is already a lot of data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is already a lot of data here
+it's not just a nice cph you can see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a nice cph you can see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a nice cph you can see for
+example a person here on the top right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a person here on the top right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a person here on the top right
+to be quite an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite an important
+person and here you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and here you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and here you might ask
+immediately well what does important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately well what does important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately well what does important
+mean uh how do we Define even someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh how do we Define even someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh how do we Define even someone
+who is important in a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is important in a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is important in a social
+network um what would you think about oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um what would you think about oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um what would you think about oh
+yeah think about the degree of the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think about the degree of the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think about the degree of the it
+could be the degree of the node which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the degree of the node which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the degree of the node which in
+plain English would be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain English would be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain English would be the number of
+connection the number of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the number of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the number of connections
+they have so it could be one way to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so it could be one way to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so it could be one way to one
+way to do it so how many friends someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so how many friends someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so how many friends someone
+has uh of course it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh of course it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh of course it could be that
+someone has many has many friends but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has many has many friends but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has many has many friends but
+those friends themselves don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those friends themselves don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those friends themselves don't have very
+many friends or it could be that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends or it could be that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends or it could be that someone
+doesn't have all that many friends for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have all that many friends for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have all that many friends for
+example the guy uh over there in Blue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the guy uh over there in Blue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the guy uh over there in Blue uh
+to the in the bottom left corner he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in the bottom left corner he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the in the bottom left corner he is
+important and yet uh he doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and yet uh he doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and yet uh he doesn't seem to
+have all that many friends uh so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all that many friends uh so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all that many friends uh so why
+could he be important in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could he be important in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could he be important in the network
+sense despite the fact that he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense despite the fact that he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense despite the fact that he doesn't
+have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many
+friends it could be that he's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it could be that he's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it could be that he's connected
+to the more important house exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more important house exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more important house exactly it
+could be important because he's friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be important because he's friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be important because he's friends
+with someone who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone who are
+important um so maybe you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um so maybe you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um so maybe you're thinking
+that we are danger of becoming quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are danger of becoming quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are danger of becoming quite
+circular over here if I important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular over here if I important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular over here if I important
+because I have friends that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have friends that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have friends that are
+important and of course we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and of course we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and of course we are in a
+sense uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh but in
+a in a recent way uh if I say that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a recent way uh if I say that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a recent way uh if I say that I'm
+important because my friends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because my friends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because my friends are
+important then it leads us to a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then it leads us to a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then it leads us to a somewhat
+recursive notion of importance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive notion of importance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive notion of importance in a
+network um which is very similar to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um which is very similar to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um which is very similar to how
+Facebook how Google used to rank pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook how Google used to rank pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook how Google used to rank pages
+in the early history of of Google it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early history of of Google it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early history of of Google it I
+don't think it does anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it does anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it does anything like that
+anymore now it's much more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now it's much more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now it's much more sophisticated
+uh which is basically you were first on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is basically you were first on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is basically you were first on
+the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google
+rank if uh you were linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank if uh you were linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank if uh you were linked
+by uh pages that were themselves linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh pages that were themselves linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh pages that were themselves linked
+by many people and this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many people and this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many people and this is the same
+notion of importance in a network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of importance in a network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of importance in a network is
+referred to as Vector centrality which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as Vector centrality which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as Vector centrality which
+is basically this recursive notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically this recursive notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically this recursive notion of
+network which corresponds to a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which corresponds to a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network which corresponds to a nice
+mathematical object we can compute and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object we can compute and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object we can compute and I
+exactly this notion of recursivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this notion of recursivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this notion of recursivity so
+you can see that just in this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that just in this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that just in this beautiful
+picture we actually have lots of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we actually have lots of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we actually have lots of data
+another thing we can infer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we can infer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we can infer from the
+picture is how different uh part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is how different uh part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is how different uh part of the
+networks seem to be connected together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks seem to be connected together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks seem to be connected together
+uh so there is the which he visualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is the which he visualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is the which he visualized
+by saying well the light blue guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well the light blue guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well the light blue guys are
+in one corner and then there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one corner and then there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one corner and then there is the
+purple guys he's another of a zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple guys he's another of a zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple guys he's another of a zooming
+into that into a part of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that into a part of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that into a part of the network
+where uh he shows us uh what are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh he shows us uh what are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh he shows us uh what are the the
+nature of the links that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the links that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the links that people are
+between uh with each other so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh with each other so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh with each other so there are
+people who met uh because they from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who met uh because they from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who met uh because they from the
+same Hometown there are people who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hometown there are people who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Hometown there are people who uh
+took a class together there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a class together there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a class together there are people
+who went to boarding school together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to boarding school together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to boarding school together
+there are people who are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who are working
+together and we can also visualize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we can also visualize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we can also visualize that
+with the color and then order the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the color and then order the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the color and then order the data
+also kind of uh put the nodes somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of uh put the nodes somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of uh put the nodes somewhere
+in the network such that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network such that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network such that these things
+kind of are nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are nicely
+separated so that's one example of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated so that's one example of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated so that's one example of of of
+very beautiful data um data is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful data um data is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful data um data is not just
+beautiful but properly used then coed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful but properly used then coed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful but properly used then coed
+into something it's actually potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something it's actually potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something it's actually potentially
+insightful it can tell us very nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful it can tell us very nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful it can tell us very nice and
+important stories and I'll show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stories and I'll show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stories and I'll show you one
+of them which also has nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them which also has nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them which also has nice uh
+visualization by the way uh but uh of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization by the way uh but uh of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization by the way uh but uh of a
+very different type and this is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type and this is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type and this is on
+pollution in China and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in China and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in China and the question is
+uh whether uh pollution uh kills when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether uh pollution uh kills when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether uh pollution uh kills when
+it's too much of it and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too much of it and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too much of it and there's a lot of
+pollution in China and in other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in China and in other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in China and in other places
+in the world for example in India and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world for example in India and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world for example in India and
+when I say a lot it's a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say a lot it's a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say a lot it's a lot like the
+degree of the the particular PM 2.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the the particular PM 2.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the the particular PM 2.5 and
+pm10 which are these very very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm10 which are these very very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm10 which are these very very fine
+particules that goes into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particules that goes into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particules that goes into your
+bloodstream actually if you uh if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream actually if you uh if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream actually if you uh if you uh
+when you breathe them uh uh are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you breathe them uh uh are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you breathe them uh uh are the
+concentration of those particulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of those particulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of those particulate
+matters are just absolutely off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters are just absolutely off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters are just absolutely off the
+chart in some Indian city and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart in some Indian city and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart in some Indian city and some
+Chinese City and some Pakistani cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese City and some Pakistani cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese City and some Pakistani cities
+compared to anything that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to anything that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to anything that we would
+consider deemly acceptable in the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider deemly acceptable in the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider deemly acceptable in the west
+and the question is does it matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is does it matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is does it matter and
+this is very very nice work by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very nice work by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very nice work by uh
+Michael greenstone and and his Coors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael greenstone and and his Coors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael greenstone and and his Coors uh
+looking at one particular natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one particular natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one particular natural
+experiment in China and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in China and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in China and this is the
+visualization in a geographic map uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization in a geographic map uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization in a geographic map uh the
+the black line over here is um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line over here is um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line over here is um is a
+river and uh the the colors indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and uh the the colors indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and uh the the colors indicate the
+the the degree of PM 10 everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the degree of PM 10 everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the degree of PM 10 everywhere and
+it's a heat map of which indicates how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a heat map of which indicates how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a heat map of which indicates how
+much how what is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how what is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how what is the concentration of
+pm10 um in microgram per cubic meters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm10 um in microgram per cubic meters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm10 um in microgram per cubic meters in
+uh in each of the pixels that we see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in each of the pixels that we see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in each of the pixels that we see on
+the data another visual nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data another visual nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data another visual nice
+visualization of your data and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of your data and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of your data and you can
+immediately see that these black lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that these black lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that these black lines
+seem to be maybe relevant in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be maybe relevant in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be maybe relevant in some
+way why did they draw this black line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why did they draw this black line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why did they draw this black line
+uh because uh the policy that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh the policy that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh the policy that was uh
+given by the government was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the government was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the government was very
+different on the North and the South of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the North and the South of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the North and the South of
+the black line on the north of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line on the north of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black line on the north of the black
+line uh heating was subsidized uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh heating was subsidized uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh heating was subsidized uh and
+heating via coal Coal heating was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating via coal Coal heating was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating via coal Coal heating was
+subsidized and on the south it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized and on the south it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized and on the south it
+wasn't so now we can see that clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so now we can see that clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so now we can see that clearly
+something seem to be going on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seem to be going on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seem to be going on on the
+north versus the South but we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north versus the South but we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north versus the South but we might be
+worried of course if we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried of course if we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried of course if we were just
+looking at the entire North and say Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the entire North and say Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the entire North and say Well
+it's quite red there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite red there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite red there is a lot of
+pollution over there and the South it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution over there and the South it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution over there and the South it's
+quite green say well maybe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite green say well maybe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite green say well maybe there are
+other things that vary from north to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that vary from north to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that vary from north to
+south um so maybe we wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south um so maybe we wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south um so maybe we wouldn't be
+entirely satisfied but what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely satisfied but what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely satisfied but what we can do is
+zoom in so we could zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in so we could zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in so we could zoom in
+geographically but I'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically but I'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically but I'm now going to
+represent different visualization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different visualization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different visualization of the
+data where I'm zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where I'm zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where I'm zooming
+in in the um two dimensional plan uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um two dimensional plan uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um two dimensional plan uh of
+data where um I'm looking at at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where um I'm looking at at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where um I'm looking at at the the
+green north of the huai river boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green north of the huai river boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green north of the huai river boundary
+so negative means it's in the South uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negative means it's in the South uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negative means it's in the South uh
+and then positive it's in the north and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then positive it's in the north and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then positive it's in the north and
+we are going closer and closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going closer and closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going closer and closer and
+closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+river and we are uh drawing just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and we are uh drawing just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and we are uh drawing just simple
+the each of these bubble is simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of these bubble is simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of these bubble is simple and
+it's it's a simple average of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a simple average of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a simple average of the data
+around different points of the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around different points of the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around different points of the degree
+with the the size of the circle uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the size of the circle uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the size of the circle uh in
+proportion to the population in those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the population in those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the population in those uh
+in each of these locations so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these locations so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these locations so again
+there's a lot in that in that graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot in that in that graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot in that in that graph uh
+there's a lot of data represented very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of data represented very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of data represented very
+nicely in that graph we have the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in that graph we have the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in that graph we have the river
+which is the vertical line we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vertical line we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vertical line we have the
+the average concentration at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average concentration at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average concentration at each point
+which is each of the bubbles and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is each of the bubbles and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is each of the bubbles and then
+they also draw a nice line on each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also draw a nice line on each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also draw a nice line on each side
+you can see that they're not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they're not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they're not trying to
+impose any particular form they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose any particular form they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose any particular form they're not
+trying to fit a straight line they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a straight line they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a straight line they're
+just uh drawing uh the line that best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh drawing uh the line that best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh drawing uh the line that best
+fit these bubbles we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these bubbles we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these bubbles we're going to show
+you how one does that that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how one does that that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how one does that that's one of the
+thing we want to show you the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to show you the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to show you the only
+structure they impose which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they impose which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they impose which is very
+reasonable given what they know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable given what they know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable given what they know about
+the environment is that uh they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment is that uh they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment is that uh they want to
+draw a different line on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a different line on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a different line on the left side
+and on the right side and then they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right side and then they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right side and then they want
+to see whether there is a jump exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether there is a jump exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether there is a jump exactly
+at zero and what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero and what you can see is that
+that seems to be the case where the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be the case where the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be the case where the line
+that start from the the South uh goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start from the the South uh goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start from the the South uh goes up
+uh as you get closer and closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you get closer and closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you get closer and closer to the
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+boundary uh which does make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh which does make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary uh which does make sense
+because pollution travels through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pollution travels through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pollution travels through the
+air so they probably would get some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so they probably would get some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air so they probably would get some of
+the pollution from the from the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pollution from the from the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pollution from the from the North
+and then there is a big jump at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a big jump at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a big jump at the
+North and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North and that's
+uh then that's kind of a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that's kind of a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then that's kind of a little bit more
+constant maybe to the to the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant maybe to the to the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant maybe to the to the right so
+this jump uh you can have it you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jump uh you can have it you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jump uh you can have it you have a
+nice little text box here that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little text box here that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little text box here that very
+nicely illustrates uh what they find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely illustrates uh what they find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely illustrates uh what they find uh
+the it's a jump of 4.1 microgram per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a jump of 4.1 microgram per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a jump of 4.1 microgram per
+square per cubic meter and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square per cubic meter and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square per cubic meter and is
+statistically significant again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant again we'll
+get to the detail of what that means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the detail of what that means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the detail of what that means but
+that means that uh we think it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that uh we think it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that uh we think it's uh it's
+likely not to be zero it's likely not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely not to be zero it's likely not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely not to be zero it's likely not a
+fluke that there is a difference here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke that there is a difference here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke that there is a difference here uh
+so once we know that for pollution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we know that for pollution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we know that for pollution we
+can say well let's look at um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well let's look at um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well let's look at um at
+mortality uh uh and then we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality uh uh and then we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality uh uh and then we can see
+whether we find something similar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we find something similar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we find something similar for
+mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality
+uh and then you find something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you find something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you find something very
+similar for mortality which is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for mortality which is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for mortality which is there is
+U uh as you increase as you get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh as you increase as you get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh as you increase as you get close to
+the to the river you have uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the river you have uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the river you have uh uh the
+mortality increases and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality increases and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality increases and then there's a
+big jump down uh and then uh you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jump down uh and then uh you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big jump down uh and then uh you you go
+down so it's um it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's um it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so it's um it's actually not
+mortality excuse me it's life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality excuse me it's life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality excuse me it's life expectancy
+so life expectancy goes uh is higher on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so life expectancy goes uh is higher on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so life expectancy goes uh is higher on
+the south of the river compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south of the river compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south of the river compared to the
+to the north of the river another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the north of the river another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the north of the river another thing
+you see that it's nice in this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's nice in this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's nice in this graph is
+unlike pollution uh the mortality other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike pollution uh the mortality other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike pollution uh the mortality other
+than the fact that there is this jump uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fact that there is this jump uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fact that there is this jump uh
+the mortality doesn't seem to be widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortality doesn't seem to be widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortality doesn't seem to be widely
+different on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on both
+side uh the thing is heat is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh the thing is heat is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh the thing is heat is actually a
+nice thing to have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing to have so
+uh even though pollution probably killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though pollution probably killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though pollution probably killed
+some people as we can see it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people as we can see it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people as we can see it's probably
+it's it might be the case that heat also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it might be the case that heat also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it might be the case that heat also
+saves some people's life so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves some people's life so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves some people's life so from this
+graph you might not necessarily conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you might not necessarily conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you might not necessarily conclude
+that oh we better stop these subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh we better stop these subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh we better stop these subsidies
+for heat the only thing you you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heat the only thing you you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heat the only thing you you might be
+willing to conclude is that PM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to conclude is that PM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to conclude is that PM
+particulate matters are not not good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate matters are not not good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulate matters are not not good for
+you and so that's a graph you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so that's a graph you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so that's a graph you know that
+I think that's like very nicely little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's like very nicely little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's like very nicely little
+story very nicely encapsulates the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story very nicely encapsulates the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story very nicely encapsulates the type
+of insight we can get from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data the next question you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the next question you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the next question you can ask
+before getting into this class is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting into this class is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before getting into this class is well
+we does anybody care uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we does anybody care uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we does anybody care uh you know
+greenstone and his friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenstone and his friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenstone and his friend
+write this beautiful paper I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this beautiful paper I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this beautiful paper I might
+publish it maybe even in science if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it maybe even in science if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it maybe even in science if
+they're lucky uh but will anybody read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lucky uh but will anybody read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lucky uh but will anybody read
+it will anybody pay attention to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will anybody pay attention to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will anybody pay attention to what
+they have to say will anybody be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to say will anybody be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to say will anybody be
+persuaded by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded by uh by
+data so that's where I have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's where I have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's where I have to you know
+maybe give a little disclaimer uh a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe give a little disclaimer uh a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe give a little disclaimer uh a big
+part of my day job uh when I'm not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my day job uh when I'm not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my day job uh when I'm not uh
+teaching the like of you is to or doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the like of you is to or doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the like of you is to or doing
+research is to try to take my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is to try to take my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is to try to take my research
+to governments and to say look this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to governments and to say look this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to governments and to say look this is
+what we find maybe you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find maybe you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find maybe you should think
+about what this means for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means for you and
+another part of my job is actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of my job is actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of my job is actually to
+try and work with government to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and work with government to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and work with government to generate
+and help them generate the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help them generate the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help them generate the data that
+will help them take better decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help them take better decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help them take better decisions and
+other actors as well so I sort of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors as well so I sort of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors as well so I sort of have a
+vested interest at least for my own you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vested interest at least for my own you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vested interest at least for my own you
+know enjoyment of going to work every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enjoyment of going to work every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enjoyment of going to work every
+day and thinking that data is powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and thinking that data is powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and thinking that data is powerful
+uh but even with that carat besides I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even with that carat besides I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even with that carat besides I do
+think it's very powerful because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very powerful because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very powerful because I have
+some uh pretty good experience with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh pretty good experience with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh pretty good experience with with
+convincing people uh using good data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing people uh using good data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing people uh using good data I
+should immediately tell you that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should immediately tell you that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should immediately tell you that's not
+sufficient uh in the new sort of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient uh in the new sort of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient uh in the new sort of uh uh
+new uh data driven businesses maybe data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh data driven businesses maybe data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh data driven businesses maybe data
+plays a very big role in making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a very big role in making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a very big role in making
+decisions and I think Sarah can talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I think Sarah can talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I think Sarah can talks
+more about that because she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that because she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that because she knows
+e-commerce very well and I think data a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce very well and I think data a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce very well and I think data a
+lot of decisions are data driven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of decisions are data driven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of decisions are data driven in
+policym which is the area that I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policym which is the area that I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policym which is the area that I'm more
+familiar data are a part of the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar data are a part of the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar data are a part of the stories
+and largely uh occasionally not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and largely uh occasionally not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and largely uh occasionally not the
+whole story nonetheless give me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story nonetheless give me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story nonetheless give me let me
+give you an example where we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example where we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example where we can see the
+power of data and the power of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of data and the power of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of data and the power of very
+clear data and this is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear data and this is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear data and this is an example where
+actually I've been involved with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've been involved with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've been involved with where
+we ended up uh changing we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up uh changing we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up uh changing we ended up
+presenting data and creating data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting data and creating data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting data and creating data
+actually in collaboration with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in collaboration with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in collaboration with the uh
+Pollution Control Board in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollution Control Board in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pollution Control Board in the
+government of goat that actually led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of goat that actually led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of goat that actually led to
+changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the
+low uh so in case you think guat is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low uh so in case you think guat is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low uh so in case you think guat is just
+a region in India it is it's a state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region in India it is it's a state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region in India it is it's a state in
+India but it's India is a big country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India but it's India is a big country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India but it's India is a big country so
+is actually bigger than kind of a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually bigger than kind of a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually bigger than kind of a fair
+number of small Scandinavian countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of small Scandinavian countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of small Scandinavian countries
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example uh and here is what we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and here is what we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and here is what we did we
+worked with the the the goodat pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the the the goodat pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the the the goodat pollution
+control board again this is with Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control board again this is with Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control board again this is with Michael
+greenstone and also with ro pande and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenstone and also with ro pande and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenstone and also with ro pande and
+Nick Ryan and what we did is um they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Ryan and what we did is um they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Ryan and what we did is um they got
+in touch with us or we got in touch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with us or we got in touch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in touch with us or we got in touch with
+them actually after finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually after finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually after finding
+out about a system they have to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about a system they have to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about a system they have to uh uh
+regulate polluting forms so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate polluting forms so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate polluting forms so what do
+polluting forms emit lots of horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluting forms emit lots of horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluting forms emit lots of horrible
+pollution air pollution water pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution air pollution water pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution air pollution water pollution
+uh bunch of um of of quite noxious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bunch of um of of quite noxious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bunch of um of of quite noxious stuff
+and U they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U they have
+a A system that uh it's quite unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A system that uh it's quite unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a A system that uh it's quite unique
+within India but we we encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within India but we we encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within India but we we encounter in
+other uh work Works life as well to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh work Works life as well to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh work Works life as well to try
+and regulate the forms in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulate the forms in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulate the forms in addition to
+the normal uh I'm sending an inspector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal uh I'm sending an inspector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal uh I'm sending an inspector
+to the firm and looking how it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the firm and looking how it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the firm and looking how it's going
+they also have a a third party uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a a third party uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a a third party uh
+private uh auditing system so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private uh auditing system so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private uh auditing system so what does
+it mean it means that every form who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean it means that every form who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean it means that every form who
+which is particularly polluting so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is particularly polluting so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is particularly polluting so take
+for example a firm that produce Dy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a firm that produce Dy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a firm that produce Dy or
+chemical industry or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical industry or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical industry or something like that
+uh so a f that is in the polluting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a f that is in the polluting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a f that is in the polluting
+sector is required to hire um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is required to hire um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is required to hire um an
+auditor and what is an auditor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor and what is an auditor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor and what is an auditor it's a
+private form that has to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private form that has to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private form that has to have some
+minimum competences in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum competences in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum competences in term of
+engineering and engineers and scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and engineers and scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and engineers and scientist
+must visit the firm three times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must visit the firm three times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must visit the firm three times in a
+year take some pollution measurement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year take some pollution measurement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year take some pollution measurement for
+air pollution and water pollution and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution and water pollution and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution and water pollution and uh
+um prepare a report that is sent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prepare a report that is sent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prepare a report that is sent to the
+F and to the government and in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and to the government and in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and to the government and in principle
+the information on that report is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information on that report is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information on that report is
+actionable in a sense that that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable in a sense that that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable in a sense that that's you
+know a substitute for an inspection if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a substitute for an inspection if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a substitute for an inspection if
+if the the audits really signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the audits really signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the audits really signal
+something that's not right uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not right uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not right uh the
+governments can go and inspect further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments can go and inspect further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments can go and inspect further
+and punish and all that now it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punish and all that now it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punish and all that now it might
+sound familiar in the sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar in the sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound familiar in the sense that this
+idea of auditing by private Firs May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of auditing by private Firs May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of auditing by private Firs May
+looks for example very much like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what where do we have third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where do we have third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where do we have third party
+auditing so that's the other thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing so that's the other thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditing so that's the other thing with
+me I don't really ask rhetorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't really ask rhetorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I don't really ask rhetorical
+question or if I do I really move very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or if I do I really move very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or if I do I really move very
+quickly so when I ask a real question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so when I ask a real question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so when I ask a real question
+actually I appreciate an answer well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I appreciate an answer well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I appreciate an answer well the
+financial markets for credit rating we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets for credit rating we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets for credit rating we
+have M&P and exactly so credit rating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M&P and exactly so credit rating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M&P and exactly so credit rating is
+an example another one in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example another one in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example another one in this system
+financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes for auditing firms yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for auditing firms yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for auditing firms yes exactly
+corporate audits very much the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate audits very much the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate audits very much the same idea
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um you almost too young to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you almost too young to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you almost too young to remember the
+the 2008 financial crisis and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2008 financial crisis and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2008 financial crisis and certainly
+too young to remember the enun Scandal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too young to remember the enun Scandal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too young to remember the enun Scandal
+uh but um if you're not what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um if you're not what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um if you're not what is the
+problem that people have have noted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that people have have noted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that people have have noted with
+this private auditing yes the Enron case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private auditing yes the Enron case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private auditing yes the Enron case
+the auditor was paid for Consulting work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditor was paid for Consulting work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditor was paid for Consulting work
+in addition to their auditing so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to their auditing so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to their auditing so they
+had an incentive to perverse incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an incentive to perverse incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an incentive to perverse incentive
+to sort of what the numbers that keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of what the numbers that keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of what the numbers that keep on
+going even more fraud is Ono exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going even more fraud is Ono exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going even more fraud is Ono exactly so
+that's uh there is a clear conflict of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh there is a clear conflict of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh there is a clear conflict of
+interest in a relationship so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in a relationship so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in a relationship so in this
+case it was particularly egregious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it was particularly egregious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it was particularly egregious
+because they had another side business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had another side business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had another side business
+in principle it's forbidden at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle it's forbidden at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle it's forbidden at least
+since the en for but there is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the en for but there is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the en for but there is always
+this tension where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension where the
+auditor has a interest in keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor has a interest in keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor has a interest in keeping the
+relationship going uh and what best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship going uh and what best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship going uh and what best way
+to keep the relationship going is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the relationship going is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the relationship going is to
+keep your client happy and in a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your client happy and in a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your client happy and in a case of
+pollution auditing what's the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution auditing what's the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution auditing what's the best way
+to keep your client happy than to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your client happy than to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your client happy than to uh uh
+provide a clean bill of health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a clean bill of health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a clean bill of health
+regardless of of what uh you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of of what uh you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of of what uh you actually
+see in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the in the
+data and by the way as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and by the way as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and by the way as long as you're
+going to fudge the data you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fudge the data you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fudge the data you know why
+bother going and collect it you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother going and collect it you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother going and collect it you can do
+the work much faster and much cheaper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work much faster and much cheaper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work much faster and much cheaper if
+you actually do it in your own home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do it in your own home so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do it in your own home so
+data becomes very plentiful if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data becomes very plentiful if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data becomes very plentiful if you can
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+up and the advantage is that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the advantage is that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the advantage is that the price
+of an audit becomes really really cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an audit becomes really really cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an audit becomes really really cheap
+so you can combine you can compete in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can combine you can compete in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can combine you can compete in
+prices by offering very very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices by offering very very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices by offering very very cheap
+audits which in addition will be uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits which in addition will be uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits which in addition will be uh will
+show the farm to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the farm to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the farm to be
+clean uh so what I'm telling you uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh so what I'm telling you uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh so what I'm telling you uh is
+not actually an exaggeration it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually an exaggeration it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually an exaggeration it was very
+close to the situation when we arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the situation when we arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the situation when we arrived
+and in fact some of the auditing forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some of the auditing forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some of the auditing forms
+that were sort of the good one before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sort of the good one before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were sort of the good one before
+the the before the law there was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the before the law there was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the before the law there was already
+Consultants that were kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants that were kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants that were kind of really
+helping the farms and then they moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping the farms and then they moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping the farms and then they moved
+into the auditing business and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the auditing business and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the auditing business and then
+there was a huge industry of Auditors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a huge industry of Auditors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a huge industry of Auditors
+that kept up to take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kept up to take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kept up to take advantage of that
+and in fact it was known that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it was known that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it was known that the the
+the situation was so bad that the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation was so bad that the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation was so bad that the firms
+actually sued the government saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sued the government saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sued the government saying look
+you're not using the data because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using the data because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using the data because it's
+so bad so this entire thing is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad so this entire thing is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad so this entire thing is just a
+tax on us uh that is illegal so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on us uh that is illegal so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax on us uh that is illegal so they
+lost because it was a bit too much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because it was a bit too much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because it was a bit too much uh
+but then the government was uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the government was uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the government was uh the first
+time we got in touch with the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got in touch with the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got in touch with the government
+was through their liar and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through their liar and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through their liar and they were
+aware of the fact that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that there was a
+problem with this system and so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this system and so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this system and so we had a
+chance with working with them to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance with working with them to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance with working with them to say
+well let's try and generate data that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try and generate data that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try and generate data that is
+going to uh give us an idea of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh give us an idea of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh give us an idea of whether
+we can reform the system in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reform the system in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reform the system in a way that
+makes a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a little bit more
+sense and what we propose is to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what we propose is to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and what we propose is to say look
+the the biggest problem is the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the biggest problem is the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the biggest problem is the conflict
+of interest because there is a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest because there is a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest because there is a direct
+relationship between the auditor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the auditor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the auditor and the
+firm so let's cut this first of all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm so let's cut this first of all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm so let's cut this first of all so
+let's say that the firm instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the firm instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the firm instead of
+paying the auditor is going to pay in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying the auditor is going to pay in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying the auditor is going to pay in a
+central pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pool
+and the Central Pool is going to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Central Pool is going to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Central Pool is going to hire
+the auditor so whoever wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditor so whoever wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditor so whoever wants to be
+whoever auditor wants to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever auditor wants to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever auditor wants to be in the
+system can register and then they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can register and then they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can register and then they'll be
+randomly assigned a form instead of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned a form instead of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assigned a form instead of so
+that's sever the link they don't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sever the link they don't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sever the link they don't they're
+not they are now responsible to the pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they are now responsible to the pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they are now responsible to the pool
+which is administered by uh government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is administered by uh government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is administered by uh government
+instead of being responsible to the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being responsible to the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being responsible to the firm
+now they might still want to cheat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they might still want to cheat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they might still want to cheat for
+example because the firm might offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because the firm might offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because the firm might offer
+some site payments Etc so we can on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some site payments Etc so we can on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some site payments Etc so we can on top
+of that we going to introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we going to introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we going to introduce some
+control of the on the on the Auditors by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the on the on the Auditors by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the on the on the Auditors by
+introducing some random back checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some random back checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing some random back checking
+where uh the moment that they go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the moment that they go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the moment that they go that
+they register that they go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they register that they go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they register that they go and then
+someone else uh like in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else uh like in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else uh like in this in this
+instance it was a university would send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it was a university would send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance it was a university would send
+teams and uh take the same measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and uh take the same measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and uh take the same measurement
+uh within a few days so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within a few days so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within a few days so that you can see
+whether it's very different or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's very different or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's very different or not so
+what we did is that this system of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is that this system of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is that this system of back
+check we we introduced for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we we introduced for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we we introduced for all
+firms and then the firms that were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and then the firms that were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and then the firms that were uh
+eligible for auditing we randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for auditing we randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for auditing we randomly
+divided them into uh treatment firm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them into uh treatment firm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them into uh treatment firm and
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+firm the treatment firm we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the treatment firm we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the treatment firm we change the
+system the way I just described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the way I just described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the way I just described by
+having this uh the third part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this uh the third part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this uh the third part the
+auditor is paid by a pool and not by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor is paid by a pool and not by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditor is paid by a pool and not by The
+Firm directly and there is this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firm directly and there is this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firm directly and there is this and the
+back checking actually used to monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back checking actually used to monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back checking actually used to monitor
+the monitors the uh control forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitors the uh control forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitors the uh control forms
+remained like the usual system why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained like the usual system why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained like the usual system why did
+we do that randomly because that way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that randomly because that way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that randomly because that way we
+know that it's not the best forms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not the best forms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not the best forms that
+select into the system or the worst firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select into the system or the worst firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select into the system or the worst firm
+that are forced to go into the system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are forced to go into the system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are forced to go into the system we
+know that there is nothing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is nothing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is nothing different
+between the firm and the new system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the firm and the new system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the firm and the new system and
+the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+system and the data is provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the data is provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the data is provided by the
+by the audit themselves and the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the audit themselves and the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the audit themselves and the back
+check and the comparison between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and the comparison between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and the comparison between the
+two so here is uh something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here is uh something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here is uh something that you
+also learn how to do which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learn how to do which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learn how to do which is an
+histogram what's an histogram telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram what's an histogram telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram what's an histogram telling us
+it's kind of a rough idea of where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a rough idea of where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a rough idea of where what
+percentage of the data is in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the data is in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the data is in various
+beins by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beins by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beins by
+pollution uh this is the control plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution uh this is the control plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution uh this is the control plot
+and this is the audit data and in red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the audit data and in red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the audit data and in red is
+the threshold this is for one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold this is for one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold this is for one particular
+uh pollutant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pollutant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pollutant which is
+SPM and so you can see that and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPM and so you can see that and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPM and so you can see that and you can
+see that these firms are really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these firms are really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these firms are really doing
+well because they are all not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they are all not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because they are all not only
+compliant but right at the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant but right at the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant but right at the limit of
+being compliant so they are really they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being compliant so they are really they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being compliant so they are really they
+are you know they are really targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know they are really targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know they are really targeting
+very well the thing so that's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the thing so that's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the thing so that's the actual
+audit and uh that's the back check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit and uh that's the back check so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit and uh that's the back check so
+you can see this is the same like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is the same like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is the same like you
+see well there was uh you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well there was uh you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well there was uh you know these
+issues that people was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that people was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that people was talking about
+it's actually pretty real uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty real uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty real uh so we
+better do uh you know there was some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do uh you know there was some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better do uh you know there was some the
+data is is useless the data is entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is is useless the data is entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is is useless the data is entirely
+made up and you can see interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up and you can see interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up and you can see interestingly
+there are some FS that are not polluting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some FS that are not polluting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some FS that are not polluting
+at all in reality that we don't see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all in reality that we don't see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all in reality that we don't see in
+the in the audit data that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the audit data that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the audit data that's the thing
+about you know if you're going to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know if you're going to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know if you're going to if
+you're going to make up the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make up the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make up the data you
+might as well just make it up yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just make it up yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just make it up yourself
+and you're not even it's not even coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not even it's not even coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not even it's not even coming
+to your mind that they might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mind that they might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mind that they might actually be
+quite clean uh but of course the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clean uh but of course the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite clean uh but of course the mass of
+the distribution comes from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution comes from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution comes from the right
+unfortunately so this is the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so this is the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so this is the control
+control plot and here's a treatment plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control plot and here's a treatment plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control plot and here's a treatment plot
+and you can see that in a treatment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that in a treatment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that in a treatment the
+audit is quite different the audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit is quite different the audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit is quite different the audit
+distribution is quite different it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is quite different it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is quite different it's uh
+and it's now look very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now look very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's now look very much like the
+like the back checks so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the back checks so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the back checks so you can
+something you're going to learn is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're going to learn is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're going to learn is we
+can reject that this distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reject that this distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reject that this distribution and
+this one are the same and the data comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one are the same and the data comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one are the same and the data comes
+from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same
+distribution uh you cannot reject this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you cannot reject this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh you cannot reject this
+are so different they're not exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so different they're not exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so different they're not exactly the
+same you can still see a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can still see a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can still see a little bit of
+benching uh but the they look reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benching uh but the they look reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benching uh but the they look reasonably
+similar so this is the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this is the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so this is the data that we
+generated uh and we shared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated uh and we shared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated uh and we shared with the
+government uh and it took some time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh and it took some time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh and it took some time but
+it it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was so
+clear that there was a problem number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that there was a problem number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that there was a problem number
+one number two that's not often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number two that's not often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number two that's not often that
+we're not often that lucky but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not often that lucky but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not often that lucky but in this
+instance that the problem could be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that the problem could be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that the problem could be fixed
+that uh the basically the the the goodat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the basically the the the goodat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the basically the the the goodat
+pollution control board uh managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution control board uh managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution control board uh managed to
+work through the court to change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the court to change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through the court to change the way
+the system was implemented such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was implemented such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was implemented such that the
+system is now changed to look very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is now changed to look very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is now changed to look very much
+like the one we checked yes I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one we checked yes I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one we checked yes I was just
+curious as to the timeline from when did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious as to the timeline from when did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious as to the timeline from when did
+you enter when did you enter the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter when did you enter the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter when did you enter the project
+over what period of time did the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what period of time did the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what period of time did the effect
+actually occur so the so we the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occur so the so we the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occur so the so we the project
+was for two years and the effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for two years and the effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for two years and the effect you
+find in the first year we find in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the first year we find in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the first year we find in both
+year so we lasted we collected the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so we lasted we collected the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so we lasted we collected the data
+and did the project for two years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did the project for two years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did the project for two years and
+both years found similar results so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both years found similar results so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both years found similar results so it's
+pretty uh immediate one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh immediate one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh immediate one thing that I
+didn't show you is that you you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show you is that you you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show you is that you you might
+wonder whether this all matters and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder whether this all matters and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder whether this all matters and of
+course what matters is not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what matters is not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what matters is not just the
+reported pollution but the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported pollution but the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported pollution but the actual
+pollution and we compared the forms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution and we compared the forms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution and we compared the forms uh
+the actual pollution measured by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual pollution measured by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual pollution measured by the by
+the at at an end line in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at at an end line in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at at an end line in the treatment
+and control farm and we find a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control farm and we find a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control farm and we find a reduction
+in pollution in the treatment group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pollution in the treatment group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pollution in the treatment group that
+we did at the that survey at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did at the that survey at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did at the that survey at the end of
+two years and then it took another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years and then it took another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years and then it took another
+couple of years to go from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years to go from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years to go from there to
+actually changing the the law there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing the the law there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing the the law there are
+many many tees to be dotted and I to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many tees to be dotted and I to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many tees to be dotted and I to be
+no was it whatever you you get the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no was it whatever you you get the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no was it whatever you you get the point
+but we did that I mean our partners did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did that I mean our partners did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did that I mean our partners did
+that till till that happened yeah were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that till till that happened yeah were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that till till that happened yeah were
+the firms informed that they're part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms informed that they're part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms informed that they're part of
+a survey or they just told this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey or they just told this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey or they just told this is a
+government policy and some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policy and some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policy and some of you are
+going to have to supply some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to supply some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to supply some of you
+so this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh
+uh so at the when there was actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so at the when there was actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so at the when there was actually the
+survey at the very end the only time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey at the very end the only time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey at the very end the only time the
+fs were surveyed by us was at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs were surveyed by us was at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs were surveyed by us was at the very
+end and there they were informed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there they were informed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there they were informed that
+there was this survey before that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this survey before that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this survey before that they
+received the government notice that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the government notice that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the government notice that oh
+by the way do you have a different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way do you have a different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way do you have a different uh
+you have a different uh uh system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different uh uh system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different uh uh system this
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+uh that's raised very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's raised very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's raised very interesting
+question that we also going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we also going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we also going to talk
+about along the way which is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about along the way which is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about along the way which is when you're
+collecting data you you're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data you you're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data you you're collecting
+data from humans and human people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from humans and human people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from humans and human people or
+whatever they have rights uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they have rights uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they have rights uh and
+therefore we try and protect them but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we try and protect them but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we try and protect them but it
+turns out Farms are not human so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Farms are not human so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Farms are not human so uh the
+the way that Farms are treated although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that Farms are treated although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that Farms are treated although
+there was a human subject protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a human subject protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a human subject protection
+plan you can collect and use data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you can collect and use data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you can collect and use data on
+forms um whatever they think as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um whatever they think as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um whatever they think as long as
+you don't uh uh you know you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't uh uh you know you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't uh uh you know you you you
+have some uh protection of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uh protection of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uh protection of the data that
+you promise the data is not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you promise the data is not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you promise the data is not going to go
+in the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world so that's the data can be powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that's the data can be powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that's the data can be powerful
+PA data can be inside full pa uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA data can be inside full pa uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA data can be inside full pa uh the
+downside of data uh being powerful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of data uh being powerful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of data uh being powerful is
+that it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can also be
+deceitful uh and in particular a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceitful uh and in particular a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceitful uh and in particular a lot of
+people know that data is powerful and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know that data is powerful and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know that data is powerful and a
+lot of data are trying to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data are trying to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data are trying to a lot of
+people are trying to use data we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to use data we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to use data we're all
+trying to use data to make a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use data to make a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use data to make a case
+uh and sometimes you you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes you you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sometimes you you you can
+mishandle the data and you can make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishandle the data and you can make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mishandle the data and you can make you
+can think that you have a keys or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that you have a keys or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that you have a keys or that
+you have a story and really it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a story and really it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a story and really it's not
+really the story you had in mind uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the story you had in mind uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the story you had in mind uh one
+example uh that is close to home is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that is close to home is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh that is close to home is the
+the uh what explains autism so autism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what explains autism so autism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what explains autism so autism is
+something that you is deeply affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you is deeply affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you is deeply affecting
+to people when when it hits them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people when when it hits them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people when when it hits them and
+deeply scary for everybody else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply scary for everybody else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply scary for everybody else and
+perhaps as a result is one where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as a result is one where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as a result is one where there
+is a lot there are a lot of stories uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot there are a lot of stories uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot there are a lot of stories uh
+circulating uh one of them some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating uh one of them some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating uh one of them some time
+back which I actually published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which I actually published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which I actually published in the
+landet was uh the idea that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landet was uh the idea that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landet was uh the idea that maybe the
+some agent in the meel vaccine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agent in the meel vaccine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agent in the meel vaccine was
+causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing
+autism uh so that was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism uh so that was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism uh so that was supposed to be
+very careful measurement Etc that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful measurement Etc that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful measurement Etc that's why
+he was publishing the landet but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was publishing the landet but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was publishing the landet but that
+data was fabricated so of course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was fabricated so of course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was fabricated so of course when
+data is fabricated what can you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is fabricated what can you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is fabricated what can you do so
+that's one possibility but more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility but more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility but more recently
+another story has surfaced without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another story has surfaced without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another story has surfaced without
+fabricated data with absolutely real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated data with absolutely real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated data with absolutely real
+data showing this very clear correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data showing this very clear correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data showing this very clear correlation
+this data come from a actually a MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data come from a actually a MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data come from a actually a MIT
+researcher called Stephanie zenf showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher called Stephanie zenf showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher called Stephanie zenf showing
+a strong correlation between uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong correlation between uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong correlation between uh the
+fraction the cases of autism that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction the cases of autism that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction the cases of autism that we
+observe uh in the data and the use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh in the data and the use of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh in the data and the use of a
+particular um agent that is uh used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um agent that is uh used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um agent that is uh used to
+protect GMO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect GMO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect GMO
+GMO plant so this called G glyphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMO plant so this called G glyphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMO plant so this called G glyphosphate
+glyphosate and you can see that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyphosate and you can see that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyphosate and you can see that uh in
+red you have the glyphosate and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red you have the glyphosate and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red you have the glyphosate and in
+yellow you have the autism bar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow you have the autism bar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow you have the autism bar and the
+correlation between the two is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the two is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between the two is very very
+strong so on the basis of that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so on the basis of that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong so on the basis of that uh you
+have many of presentations you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many of presentations you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many of presentations you can find
+on the web of you know explaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web of you know explaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web of you know explaining that
+dmos are pretty are might um might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmos are pretty are might um might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmos are pretty are might um might be
+responsible for autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for autism
+uh and therefore we better stop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore we better stop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and therefore we better stop and then
+if it continues you know maybe a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it continues you know maybe a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it continues you know maybe a huge
+fraction of kids will have autism uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of kids will have autism uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of kids will have autism uh in
+the in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in future
+years so when you see this graph what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so when you see this graph what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so when you see this graph what do
+you think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening yeah perhaps there are more U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening yeah perhaps there are more U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening yeah perhaps there are more U
+uh more children being diagnosed with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more children being diagnosed with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more children being diagnosed with us
+in these days than there were 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days than there were 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these days than there were 10 years
+ago 20 years ago yes so the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 20 years ago yes so the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago 20 years ago yes so the one thing
+that it's very clear in this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very clear in this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very clear in this graph is
+both series are really strongly trending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both series are really strongly trending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both series are really strongly trending
+upwards um and maybe it's a diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards um and maybe it's a diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards um and maybe it's a diagnosis
+case uh even if it isn't just the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh even if it isn't just the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh even if it isn't just the fact
+that they're both trending upwards might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're both trending upwards might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're both trending upwards might
+might give us pose yeah maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give us pose yeah maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give us pose yeah maybe it's not
+normalized population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized population
+grow I don't think it is you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow I don't think it is you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow I don't think it is you're right
+it's a number of cases uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number of cases uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number of cases uh I don't think
+population grow explains that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population grow explains that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population grow explains that in the
+sense that if you did it a fraction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you did it a fraction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you did it a fraction you
+would find you would find you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find you would find you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find you would find you would find
+the fraction keep Rising as well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction keep Rising as well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction keep Rising as well you can
+probably find lots of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably find lots of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably find lots of things that are
+trending upwards over the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards over the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards over the same time
+period so just because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so just because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so just because they're both
+trending upwards doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards doesn't mean that
+there's impossible very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's impossible very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's impossible very much
+so uh so we'll I'll give you one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so we'll I'll give you one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so we'll I'll give you one of them
+uh which is the organic food sales uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the organic food sales uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is the organic food sales uh so
+this is uh this is from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is from uh
+actually many people have observed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many people have observed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many people have observed that
+this one I took from David G's website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I took from David G's website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I took from David G's website
+who is a a doctor at uh who has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a a doctor at uh who has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a a doctor at uh who has a nice
+blog on data and Mis misusing of data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog on data and Mis misusing of data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog on data and Mis misusing of data so
+maybe maybe it's organic food sales that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's organic food sales that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's organic food sales that
+are is cing autism prevalence it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is cing autism prevalence it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is cing autism prevalence it's a
+little bit tongue and cheek obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tongue and cheek obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tongue and cheek obviously
+because it doesn't have the nice like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't have the nice like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't have the nice like
+this this has a slight maybe the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has a slight maybe the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this has a slight maybe the the the
+trend is like really nicely exposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend is like really nicely exposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend is like really nicely exposing
+themselves this is slightly larger scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this is slightly larger scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this is slightly larger scale
+but you can see something pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see something pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see something pretty similar
+so maybe organic food sales caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe organic food sales caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe organic food sales caused the
+caused the problem uh you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused the problem uh you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused the problem uh you could even
+become a little bit more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little bit more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little bit more sophisticated
+if you wanted to prove that organic food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to prove that organic food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to prove that organic food
+sales is responsible for autism because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales is responsible for autism because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales is responsible for autism because
+one place you could say well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place you could say well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place you could say well I'm going
+to compare for example Iowa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare for example Iowa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare for example Iowa and
+California and you would notice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you would notice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you would notice that in
+Iowa the organic food sales has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa the organic food sales has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa the organic food sales has
+increased much less than in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased much less than in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased much less than in California
+and so have the number of autism Keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so have the number of autism Keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so have the number of autism Keys
+the the growth in autism keys in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the growth in autism keys in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the growth in autism keys in in
+California has actually been much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California has actually been much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California has actually been much faster
+than in Iowa so maybe uh so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in Iowa so maybe uh so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in Iowa so maybe uh so that gives
+you one more pieces of evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more pieces of evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more pieces of evidence that
+really organic food celles are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really organic food celles are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really organic food celles are are are
+responsible for for the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for for the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for for the growth of
+autism so of course this is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism so of course this is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism so of course this is slightly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um this kind of a caricatural case any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this kind of a caricatural case any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this kind of a caricatural case any
+theories that streng Trend strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that streng Trend strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that streng Trend strongly
+upwards is going to be correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards is going to be correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards is going to be correlated with
+any number of things that Trend strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of things that Trend strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of things that Trend strongly
+upwards so you could think well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so you could think well yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so you could think well yes
+whatever it was kind of a cheap shot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was kind of a cheap shot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was kind of a cheap shot uh
+but there are two two things to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two two things to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two two things to be that
+is worth remembering in that one of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth remembering in that one of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth remembering in that one of all
+is the first one is that if you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one is that if you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first one is that if you're very
+convinced about a particular causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced about a particular causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced about a particular causal
+story you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you can
+um try you can look at the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try you can look at the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try you can look at the data in the
+way that is going to um that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is going to um that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is going to um that is going to
+uh reinforce your belief in in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reinforce your belief in in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reinforce your belief in in this very
+strong caal story so when one looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong caal story so when one looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong caal story so when one looks at
+data one need to use prior than Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data one need to use prior than Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data one need to use prior than Theory
+to know what to look at but one also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what to look at but one also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what to look at but one also
+needs to let the data speak and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to let the data speak and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to let the data speak and then in
+some sense ties your tie your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense ties your tie your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense ties your tie your hands
+hence to uh to look at the data and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence to uh to look at the data and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence to uh to look at the data and not
+keep the part of the data that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the part of the data that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the part of the data that's good
+for you and the part of the less good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and the part of the less good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and the part of the less good
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and um so so I wanted to make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so so I wanted to make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so so I wanted to make two
+points but I'm forgetting what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but I'm forgetting what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but I'm forgetting what the
+second point is so I'm going to skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is so I'm going to skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is so I'm going to skip the
+second point so that one is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point so that one is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point so that one is a little bit
+trivial but there might be some less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but there might be some less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but there might be some less
+obvious ones and one that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ones and one that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ones and one that is sort of
+interesting especially for you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting especially for you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting especially for you know I'm
+a development Economist I care about I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a development Economist I care about I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a development Economist I care about I I
+work a lot on developing countries is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a lot on developing countries is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a lot on developing countries is uh
+very interesting graph uh by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting graph uh by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting graph uh by the way
+this comes from this was done by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from this was done by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from this was done by uh by
+us from R which is something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from R which is something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from R which is something you're
+going to learn in this class uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn in this class uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn in this class uh which
+plots this very very strong correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots this very very strong correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots this very very strong correlation
+between enrollment in secondary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between enrollment in secondary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between enrollment in secondary school
+and loock GDP per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loock GDP per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loock GDP per
+capita so clearly uh where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita so clearly uh where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita so clearly uh where people are
+more educated uh in countries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more educated uh in countries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more educated uh in countries that are
+where people are more educated there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are more educated there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are more educated there
+they're also richer yeah 100% oh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also richer yeah 100% oh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also richer yeah 100% oh because
+um the enrollment rates uh actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the enrollment rates uh actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the enrollment rates uh actually of
+are often enrollment rates are gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often enrollment rates are gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often enrollment rates are gross
+enrollment rates so it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment rates so it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment rates so it's the number of
+kids in school divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids in school divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids in school divided by the number of
+kids of that age so because some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids of that age so because some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids of that age so because some people
+stay in school longer than then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in school longer than then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in school longer than then they
+should or come earlier Etc you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or come earlier Etc you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or come earlier Etc you you can
+if everybody goes to school like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody goes to school like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody goes to school like
+actually the enrollment rate tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the enrollment rate tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the enrollment rate tend to be
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+100 uh very good very good observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 uh very good very good observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 uh very good very good observation
+uh and you can see very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can see very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can see very strong
+correlation between one and the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between one and the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between one and the two and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+correlation uh people have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh people have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation uh people have used
+to motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate
+policy uh for example uh you know build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy uh for example uh you know build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy uh for example uh you know build
+schools and uh uh build support for educ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and uh uh build support for educ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and uh uh build support for educ
+uh spending on education Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spending on education Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spending on education Etc
+also develop some theory of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also develop some theory of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also develop some theory of economic
+growth that rely on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that rely on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that rely on human
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+um and in particular this correlation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular this correlation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular this correlation is
+much stronger than the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger than the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger than the similar
+correlation you could find at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you could find at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation you could find at the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+level so in general one more year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so in general one more year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so in general one more year of
+Education increases your earnings by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education increases your earnings by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education increases your earnings by
+about 7 to 8% in most countries and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 to 8% in most countries and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 to 8% in most countries and this
+Coalition is not the the the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition is not the the the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition is not the the the units are
+not the same so they need need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same so they need need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same so they need need to be
+compared but that would that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared but that would that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared but that would that would
+suggest a much much steeper correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a much much steeper correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest a much much steeper correlation
+between the two so that get makes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so that get makes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so that get makes you to
+think well maybe the the the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well maybe the the the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well maybe the the the the whole
+is better is more important the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better is more important the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better is more important the sum of
+the part when I am educated after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part when I am educated after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part when I am educated after all
+I'm teaching you if I have a PhD from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm teaching you if I have a PhD from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm teaching you if I have a PhD from
+MIT uh I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh I teach
+you better than if uh I had if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better than if uh I had if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better than if uh I had if I if I
+just had a high school degree so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a high school degree so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a high school degree so my
+education benefits the rest of you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education benefits the rest of you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education benefits the rest of you as
+well in the workplace maybe when two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the workplace maybe when two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the workplace maybe when two
+people meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people meet
+they they exchange ideas and whoever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they exchange ideas and whoever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they exchange ideas and whoever is
+has the best ideas can share them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the best ideas can share them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the best ideas can share them with
+another so people keep meeting and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so people keep meeting and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so people keep meeting and that
+that creates this huge what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates this huge what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates this huge what we call
+externality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality of
+education so that's one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that's one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that's one possible
+interpretation the other possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation the other possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation the other possible
+interpretation though is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation though is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation though is that that's
+actually um misleading and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um misleading and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um misleading and one way to
+look at it is to say well if that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it is to say well if that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it is to say well if that were
+the story if that was the story then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story if that was the story then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story if that was the story then
+when country become more educated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when country become more educated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when country become more educated they
+should also become rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see that that's kind of hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that's kind of hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that's kind of hardly
+true there is a slight correlation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there is a slight correlation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true there is a slight correlation if
+you really Quint but it's much lower so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really Quint but it's much lower so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really Quint but it's much lower so
+when we look at difference in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at difference in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at difference in education
+and and diff and and lock per cap GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and diff and and lock per cap GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and diff and and lock per cap GDP
+growth we don't see this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we don't see this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we don't see this difference
+anymore so there doesn't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so there doesn't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so there doesn't seem to be
+maybe maybe there is a causal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe there is a causal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe there is a causal story
+maybe there is no causal story uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is no causal story uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is no causal story uh we
+were so convinced by the caal story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so convinced by the caal story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so convinced by the caal story here
+and we have been for for so many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been for for so many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been for for so many years
+that we maybe are not very critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we maybe are not very critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we maybe are not very critical in
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+graph um uh but now people are seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um uh but now people are seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um uh but now people are seeing
+that and saying well maybe there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and saying well maybe there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and saying well maybe there is no
+effect of edution growth at all or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of edution growth at all or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of edution growth at all or maybe
+something else is happening that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is happening that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is happening that goes in
+the other direction so what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so what could
+explain how we go from this graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we go from this graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how we go from this graph to
+that graph like what could explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph like what could explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph like what could explain what
+what could explain that the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could explain that the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could explain that the first one is
+there and the second one is there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the second one is there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the second one is there yeah
+1% growth of a trillion dollar economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% growth of a trillion dollar economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% growth of a trillion dollar economy
+is much harder to Cho maybe and 12%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much harder to Cho maybe and 12%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much harder to Cho maybe and 12%
+grow1 million account so even 1% you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow1 million account so even 1% you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow1 million account so even 1% you see
+with high education actually means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high education actually means more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high education actually means more
+just on an absolute scale it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on an absolute scale it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on an absolute scale it's a good
+point but I don't think this is true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but I don't think this is true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but I don't think this is true uh
+in practice it's not only it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's not only it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's not only it's a good
+point but it's a point many many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's a point many many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's a point many many people
+very respected people have made so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very respected people have made so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very respected people have made so it's
+a very good point which is this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good point which is this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good point which is this idea
+that there might be convergence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be convergence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be convergence so
+theide the countries that are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide the countries that are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theide the countries that are less
+educated also have lower GDP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated also have lower GDP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated also have lower GDP and
+therefore they should up to the Richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they should up to the Richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they should up to the Richer
+country so maybe if I took this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so maybe if I took this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so maybe if I took this graph
+and I added base level of GDP I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added base level of GDP I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added base level of GDP I could
+find the correlation back again uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the correlation back again uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the correlation back again uh in in
+practice there is some convergence so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there is some convergence so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there is some convergence so it
+might it might explain part of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it might explain part of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it might explain part of the part
+of the of the change that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the change that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the change that's a very good
+point I don't think it would do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't think it would do all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't think it would do all that
+much for you but it was a good uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for you but it was a good uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for you but it was a good uh it was
+a good attempt yes is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good attempt yes is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good attempt yes is it possible that
+like the previous graph it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the previous graph it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the previous graph it could be that
+the GDP explains the en enrollment so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GDP explains the en enrollment so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GDP explains the en enrollment so as
+in like vice versa instead of enrollment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like vice versa instead of enrollment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like vice versa instead of enrollment
+explaining GDP because the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining GDP because the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining GDP because the countries
+that are richer like they can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are richer like they can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are richer like they can afford to
+have like children not uh having to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like children not uh having to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like children not uh having to work
+so it could be vice versa which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be vice versa which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be vice versa which is why
+like there's not as much correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not as much correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's not as much correlation
+when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to
+growth exactly so there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth exactly so there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth exactly so there could be a
+reverse reverse story The causal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reverse story The causal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reverse story The causal story
+could be the other way either the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the other way either the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the other way either the story
+you are you are giving is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you are giving is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you are giving is a very good
+story uh and and we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh and and we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh and and we can think of
+other stories that would explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories that would explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories that would explain a
+reverse maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one exactly so the third possible story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exactly so the third possible story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exactly so the third possible story
+is that there are hidden variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are hidden variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are hidden variable that
+explain both of these things for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain both of these things for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain both of these things for example
+give an example of what it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example of what it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example of what it could
+be I don't maybe for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I don't maybe for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I don't maybe for example the
+government supports education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government supports education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government supports education
+or the government support education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the government support education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the government support education and
+something else that make them richer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that make them richer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that make them richer uh
+for example Maybe governments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Maybe governments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Maybe governments that are
+able to have good schools are also able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have good schools are also able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have good schools are also able
+to control malaria and are able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control malaria and are able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control malaria and are able to have
+a good functioning credit market and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good functioning credit market and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good functioning credit market and all
+sorts of stuff like that so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff like that so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff like that so that's the
+omitted variable story uh that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable story uh that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable story uh that could
+also explain the the two things so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also explain the the two things so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also explain the the two things so I
+think your uh uh both all your three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your uh uh both all your three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your uh uh both all your three
+ideas are good yeah I actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are good yeah I actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas are good yeah I actually have a
+question I'm not sure for the Y I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm not sure for the Y I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm not sure for the Y I'm not
+really sure what GDP for cap growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure what GDP for cap growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure what GDP for cap growth
+means so this is the log of GDP per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so this is the log of GDP per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so this is the log of GDP per
+capita uh in one particular year uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita uh in one particular year uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita uh in one particular year uh this
+is take two um uh take two years or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take two um uh take two years or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take two um uh take two years or two
+two points and take the uh the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and take the uh the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points and take the uh the ratio of
+the gdps and take the log of that so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gdps and take the log of that so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gdps and take the log of that so for
+example it says that between uh to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it says that between uh to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it says that between uh to any
+of these points said between uh 2000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these points said between uh 2000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these points said between uh 2000 and
+2012 uh the DRC grew on average DRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 uh the DRC grew on average DRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 uh the DRC grew on average DRC
+Congo grew on average by about uh um 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congo grew on average by about uh um 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congo grew on average by about uh um 2%
+a year and they're uh uh they have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and they're uh uh they have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and they're uh uh they have about
+50% of kids in in primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of kids in in primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of kids in in primary
+school then actually might point but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then actually might point but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school then actually might point but I
+think you could just see an improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could just see an improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could just see an improved
+economy like I see China and India and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy like I see China and India and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy like I see China and India and I
+would expect back like some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect back like some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect back like some of those
+dots that are the top of the other gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that are the top of the other gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that are the top of the other gr
+countries so it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so it's just like
+an like a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so something else could be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so something else could be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so something else could be happening
+at the same time the issue is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the issue is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time the issue is this
+something else is also not Pure Noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is also not Pure Noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is also not Pure Noise
+that's the thing that is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that is important to
+remember thing would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thing would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thing would probably be
+interesting to look at the comparing GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at the comparing GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at the comparing GDP
+growth per cap to change in EN yes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth per cap to change in EN yes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth per cap to change in EN yes one
+could do that too uh and if one did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that too uh and if one did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that too uh and if one did that
+uh one would find um slide positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one would find um slide positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one would find um slide positive
+slope so you would have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you would have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so you would have something that
+stops much less than that but a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops much less than that but a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops much less than that but a bit more
+than that uh and depending on the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh and depending on the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh and depending on the model
+you have in mind uh you might need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in mind uh you might need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in mind uh you might need you
+might want to do that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that you might want to
+go not from here to here which after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go not from here to here which after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go not from here to here which after all
+is a different story but from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different story but from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different story but from here to
+difference in GDP that is GDP growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in GDP that is GDP growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in GDP that is GDP growth
+versus growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+education so these were all very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so these were all very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so these were all very good
+points and brought out the issue even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and brought out the issue even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and brought out the issue even on
+things that we uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we uh that that
+seems not at all OB L wrong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems not at all OB L wrong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems not at all OB L wrong uh
+correlation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is not
+causality uh it's important to give a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality uh it's important to give a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality uh it's important to give a to
+to have a causal story when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a causal story when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a causal story when you look at
+your data but uh a causal story is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data but uh a causal story is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data but uh a causal story is not
+causality either and when you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality either and when you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality either and when you read the
+the newspaper when you read but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper when you read but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper when you read but it's not
+just a newspaper it's also policy report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a newspaper it's also policy report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a newspaper it's also policy report
+and it's also a lot of academic Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a lot of academic Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a lot of academic Journal
+a cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story kind of plus some data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story kind of plus some data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story kind of plus some data that
+illustrates the caal story might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the caal story might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the caal story might be
+taken to be causality and uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be causality and uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be causality and uh it's not
+always sometimes uh uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sometimes uh uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sometimes uh uh even
+sophisticated data use might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated data use might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated data use might not
+indicate indicate causality for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate indicate causality for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate indicate causality for example
+if we did your graph which I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did your graph which I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did your graph which I really
+should have put there on the on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put there on the on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put there on the on on the
+slides we would find this slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we would find this slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we would find this slight
+Positive Growth so you can say well fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Positive Growth so you can say well fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Positive Growth so you can say well fine
+the level of GDP to level of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of GDP to level of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of GDP to level of Education
+I'm definitely not going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely not going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely not going to take that
+seriously because there all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because there all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because there all these
+omitted variables and reverse causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variables and reverse causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variables and reverse causality
+but growth on growth you know that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but growth on growth you know that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but growth on growth you know that seems
+like that all of these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all of these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all of these differences
+fundamental differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences between the
+country would go away and I can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country would go away and I can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country would go away and I can really
+take the growth and growth seriously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the growth and growth seriously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the growth and growth seriously but
+even on the growth and growth you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the growth and growth you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the growth and growth you could
+make a story that something else explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a story that something else explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a story that something else explain
+both the growth and the growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the growth and the growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the growth and the growth in
+education so um even though it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so um even though it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so um even though it's one
+more level of causality when someone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more level of causality when someone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more level of causality when someone can
+write you the equation that would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you the equation that would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you the equation that would really
+justify doing that and be done uh but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify doing that and be done uh but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify doing that and be done uh but a
+level of skep skepticism on whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of skep skepticism on whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of skep skepticism on whether we
+really believe that should still be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that should still be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that should still be uh
+applied so un fortunately there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied so un fortunately there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied so un fortunately there is
+actually lots and lots and lot and lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lots and lots and lot and lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lots and lots and lot and lot
+and lot and lots of data uh data by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lot and lots of data uh data by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lot and lots of data uh data by the
+choke F actually so one kind of hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke F actually so one kind of hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke F actually so one kind of hope
+that I've seen expressed in people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen expressed in people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've seen expressed in people is
+that there's so much data that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's so much data that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's so much data that we can
+become so much more sophisticated on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so much more sophisticated on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so much more sophisticated on our
+use of data that we will not uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of data that we will not uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of data that we will not uh we will
+be able to control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to control for
+everything for for example when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for for example when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for for example when we look
+at not only we'll take growth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not only we'll take growth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not only we'll take growth on
+education growth on of GDP on growth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education growth on of GDP on growth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education growth on of GDP on growth on
+education but we'll be able to put so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but we'll be able to put so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but we'll be able to put so
+many so many so many things that explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so many so many things that explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so many so many things that explain
+everything the reverse causality and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the reverse causality and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the reverse causality and and
+the all the omitted variable and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the omitted variable and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the omitted variable and what is
+left after we have done that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after we have done that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after we have done that will be the
+true story that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story that we are
+after so this is I I wrote this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so this is I I wrote this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so this is I I wrote this uh this
+this slide on a Saturday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide on a Saturday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide on a Saturday afternoon
+uh and uh I had been U I had been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I had been U I had been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I had been U I had been uh
+looking for capoa classes uh uh for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for capoa classes uh uh for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for capoa classes uh uh for my
+four-year-old and she wanted to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old and she wanted to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old and she wanted to see a
+lot of videos so we watched some videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of videos so we watched some videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of videos so we watched some videos
+uh then we went to the then I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we went to the then I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we went to the then I went to
+the spirio statistics website which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirio statistics website which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirio statistics website which I'll
+show you in a minute uh and download a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute uh and download a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute uh and download a
+couple of graphs then I bought a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of graphs then I bought a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of graphs then I bought a a
+dollhouse uh for the birthday of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollhouse uh for the birthday of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollhouse uh for the birthday of the
+younger one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger one and
+uh so there is a lot of data on me was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is a lot of data on me was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is a lot of data on me was
+circulated in this one like so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated in this one like so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated in this one like so you can
+see first of all that I have a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see first of all that I have a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see first of all that I have a bit of
+ADHD because I'm doing a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD because I'm doing a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD because I'm doing a lot of things
+at the same time but uh secondly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time but uh secondly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time but uh secondly so
+someone could say well this person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could say well this person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone could say well this person is
+not very focused so we can send her some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very focused so we can send her some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very focused so we can send her some
+ADHD uh medication or we can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD uh medication or we can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADHD uh medication or we can say well
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+clearly she has uh at least one kid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly she has uh at least one kid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly she has uh at least one kid in
+this age range that likes doll houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age range that likes doll houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age range that likes doll houses
+and Capa so the kid must be about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Capa so the kid must be about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Capa so the kid must be about four
+to like Bo to be on the older and age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like Bo to be on the older and age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like Bo to be on the older and age of
+doll houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doll houses and
+um and then uh immediately the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh immediately the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then uh immediately the New York
+Times website starts proposing me ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times website starts proposing me ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times website starts proposing me ads
+for uh more toys different kind of toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh more toys different kind of toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh more toys different kind of toys
+that I might like and actually receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might like and actually receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might like and actually receive
+an email from a site that I had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email from a site that I had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email from a site that I had never
+registered for that is proposing me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered for that is proposing me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered for that is proposing me to
+to uh to sell something so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to sell something so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to sell something so there is
+someone not someone not a person who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone not someone not a person who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone not someone not a person who is
+actually making constant use of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making constant use of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making constant use of the data
+that I generate and try to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I generate and try to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I generate and try to get some
+predictive patterns of who I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive patterns of who I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive patterns of who I might be
+and what I might want next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I might want next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I might want next
+um and this is um done by uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is um done by uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is um done by uh what we
+call machine learning someone is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call machine learning someone is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call machine learning someone is trying
+to predict who am I and I should say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict who am I and I should say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict who am I and I should say it
+doesn't matter at all for for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter at all for for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter at all for for that
+particular use of the data whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular use of the data whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular use of the data whether it's
+causal or not uh you know the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal or not uh you know the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal or not uh you know the fact that
+they propose me next another uh toy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propose me next another uh toy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propose me next another uh toy for
+the kid is not because they think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid is not because they think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid is not because they think it's a
+causal effect going from capoa classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect going from capoa classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect going from capoa classes
+to uh Tri Brazil or or other toys for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Tri Brazil or or other toys for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Tri Brazil or or other toys for
+the kids they they it doesn't matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids they they it doesn't matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids they they it doesn't matter to
+them just all that it matter is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just all that it matter is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just all that it matter is that it
+I there's a good chance I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's a good chance I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's a good chance I might be
+interested and another type of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and another type of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and another type of question
+you can ask we have a lot a lot a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask we have a lot a lot a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask we have a lot a lot a lot of
+genetic data on people and there a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic data on people and there a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic data on people and there a whole
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+agenda uh which asks for example whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda uh which asks for example whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda uh which asks for example whether
+someone what are the genes in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone what are the genes in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone what are the genes in people
+that predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predict
+patients uh that's also something that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh that's also something that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients uh that's also something that a
+little bit like the data that is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like the data that is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like the data that is here
+involves a giant fishing Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a giant fishing Expedition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a giant fishing Expedition
+because we have absolutely no theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have absolutely no theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have absolutely no theory of
+telling us what it could be um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what it could be um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what it could be um there are
+very structured way to do that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very structured way to do that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very structured way to do that so you
+don't do that like uh uh you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that like uh uh you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that like uh uh you don't you
+do you have to do that in a specific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do that in a specific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do that in a specific way
+uh you can see whether or not you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see whether or not you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see whether or not you agree
+with this use of the data I I won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this use of the data I I won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this use of the data I I won't give
+you any uh I only give you my view at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any uh I only give you my view at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any uh I only give you my view at
+this moment anyway maybe we'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment anyway maybe we'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment anyway maybe we'll do it
+later you can think of whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can think of whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you can think of whether this is
+something that is interesting or not or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is interesting or not or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is interesting or not or
+dangerous or not uh but what is clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous or not uh but what is clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous or not uh but what is clear is
+you want to be very careful of patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be very careful of patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be very careful of patterns
+You observe in the data because forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe in the data because forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe in the data because forget
+about the causality interpretation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the causality interpretation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the causality interpretation they
+might not be meaningful at all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be meaningful at all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be meaningful at all because
+once you search long enough you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you search long enough you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you search long enough you're going
+to catch something and here is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch something and here is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch something and here is one that
+one could find if you look at data long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could find if you look at data long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could find if you look at data long
+enough is the total revenue by arcades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is the total revenue by arcades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is the total revenue by arcades
+and computer science doctorate awarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science doctorate awarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science doctorate awarded
+in the US you can see a lovely Coalition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you can see a lovely Coalition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you can see a lovely Coalition
+and it goes you know it's it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes you know it's it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes you know it's it's more than
+uh it's more than just the time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more than just the time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's more than just the time you know
+it's the time but it's like the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time but it's like the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the time but it's like the it
+really follows very nicely and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follows very nicely and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follows very nicely and you know
+having been at MIT long enough I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been at MIT long enough I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been at MIT long enough I can
+understand this I can build a caal story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this I can build a caal story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this I can build a caal story
+around it uh you know um kids who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it uh you know um kids who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it uh you know um kids who like
+computer games become uh very good at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer games become uh very good at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer games become uh very good at U
+also usually people who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also usually people who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also usually people who are interested
+in are also people who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are also people who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are also people who are interested in
+in in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in science
+but here is another one which comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is another one which comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is another one which comes from
+the Seb website which is the SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seb website which is the SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seb website which is the SP
+statistics which is the age of Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics which is the age of Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics which is the age of Miss
+America and a Murder By steam Hot vapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and a Murder By steam Hot vapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and a Murder By steam Hot vapers
+and Hot object well you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hot object well you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hot object well you can see that the
+Coalition is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition is even
+nicer and there uh a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and there uh a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and there uh a little bit more
+difficult to think that there is a caal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to think that there is a caal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to think that there is a caal
+story between the two here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story between the two here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story between the two here is another
+one uh the number of people who drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the number of people who drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the number of people who drawn
+falling into a pool and the films films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into a pool and the films films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into a pool and the films films
+Nicholas Gage appear then so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas Gage appear then so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas Gage appear then so this
+website spio statistics it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website spio statistics it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website spio statistics it actually
+gives you a little tool to build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little tool to build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a little tool to build your
+own spor statistics so what does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own spor statistics so what does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own spor statistics so what does it do
+it basically search for for time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically search for for time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically search for for time series
+that that are nicely correlated and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are nicely correlated and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are nicely correlated and it
+search and search and search search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and search and search search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and search and search search
+until it finds one and then it finds one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds one and then it finds one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds one and then it finds one
+and this is what it is so the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what it is so the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what it is so the the thing
+is when you have enough data some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have enough data some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have enough data some
+pattern Willer so you need to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Willer so you need to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Willer so you need to be very
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+disciplined in the uh so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in the uh so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in the uh so this is not
+disciplined at all on purpose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined at all on purpose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined at all on purpose this is
+the search for something but in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for something but in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for something but in reality
+you will need to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need to be very very
+disciplined in the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in the use of
+this considerable amount of data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this considerable amount of data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this considerable amount of data to
+extract something from from it that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract something from from it that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract something from from it that is
+actually meaningful and not entirely due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meaningful and not entirely due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meaningful and not entirely due
+to chance and we are going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance and we are going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chance and we are going to introduce
+you to those to those to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to those to those to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to those to those to those
+techniques how one does that and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how one does that and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques how one does that and one
+does that in a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that in a meaningful
+way so what do we need to learn uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what do we need to learn uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what do we need to learn uh we
+need to learn so as I explained unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn so as I explained unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn so as I explained unless
+we we we go to the data with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we go to the data with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we go to the data with a with a
+structured and disciplined way the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured and disciplined way the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured and disciplined way the data
+is going to place tricks like this to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to place tricks like this to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to place tricks like this to us
+we need to prevent it to to do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prevent it to to do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prevent it to to do that to
+us so we need to learn how to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we need to learn how to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so we need to learn how to model the
+processes that might have generated our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that might have generated our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that might have generated our
+data and in a sense that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in a sense that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in a sense that's almost
+requires no data to do that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires no data to do that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires no data to do that this is a
+study of probability this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of probability this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of probability this is how the
+data might where what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might where what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might where what is
+the what how do we model those processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what how do we model those processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what how do we model those processes
+and how do we play with them and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we play with them and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we play with them and so we
+going going to start with that once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going to start with that once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going to start with that once we
+have those tools in hand we can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those tools in hand we can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those tools in hand we can go back
+to the data and say well how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data and say well how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data and say well how do we
+summarize and describe the data and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize and describe the data and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize and describe the data and how
+do we try to go from the data to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we try to go from the data to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we try to go from the data to the
+processes that might have generated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that might have generated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that might have generated it
+so how do we go back to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go back to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go back to and this is
+statistics once we have done that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics once we have done that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics once we have done that we are
+familiar with kind of manipulating data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with kind of manipulating data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with kind of manipulating data
+we can start working on trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start working on trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start working on trying to
+uncover patterns between variables how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover patterns between variables how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover patterns between variables how
+variables might be related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables might be related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables might be related to each other
+so some of it is exploratory data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of it is exploratory data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of it is exploratory data
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+doing plots econometrics obviously is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing plots econometrics obviously is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing plots econometrics obviously is
+going to help us and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us and machine learning
+which is these techniques to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is these techniques to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is these techniques to do this uh
+um to avoid this and in fact to uh find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to avoid this and in fact to uh find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to avoid this and in fact to uh find
+patterns in a disciplined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in a disciplined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in a disciplined
+way then we'll need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then we'll need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then we'll need to think about
+causality you know what there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality you know what there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality you know what there might be
+patterns within with data that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns within with data that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns within with data that are very
+strong for example the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong for example the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong for example the relationship
+between GDP and education I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between GDP and education I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between GDP and education I can tell you
+it's not a chance thing but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a chance thing but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a chance thing but it's also
+probably not a caal thing so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a caal thing so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a caal thing so how do we
+go how do we think of causality what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go how do we think of causality what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go how do we think of causality what
+does it mean for something to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean for something to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean for something to affect
+something um at a conceptual level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um at a conceptual level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um at a conceptual level so
+I'll give you a causal framework and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a causal framework and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a causal framework and how
+do you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you uh
+uh how do you generate data that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you generate data that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you generate data that gives
+that's going to give you good coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you good coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you good coal
+framework idea we're going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework idea we're going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework idea we're going to start by
+uh uh experiments and then well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh experiments and then well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh experiments and then well suppose
+we don't have the ability to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the ability to generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the ability to generate an
+experiment how do we uh come how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how do we uh come how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how do we uh come how do we
+come close to that uh and and how know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come close to that uh and and how know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come close to that uh and and how know
+what is the how do we um assess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the how do we um assess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the how do we um assess how
+close we are to that Benchmark in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we are to that Benchmark in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close we are to that Benchmark in data
+that actually occurs naturally in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually occurs naturally in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually occurs naturally in the in
+the wild and of course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild and of course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild and of course this is a
+practical class so we are just cl to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical class so we are just cl to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical class so we are just cl to do
+to get the practice work in steps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the practice work in steps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the practice work in steps with
+everything we learning conceptually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learning conceptually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we learning conceptually so
+we're going to uh work with R in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh work with R in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh work with R in this
+class not sta uh partly because R is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not sta uh partly because R is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not sta uh partly because R is uh
+free partly because it's very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free partly because it's very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free partly because it's very powerful
+partly because it's the future uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's the future uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's the future uh so so
+uh it is better if we all learn R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is better if we all learn R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is better if we all learn R so
+this is going to be a joint learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a joint learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a joint learning
+exercise uh uh we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh uh we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh uh we're going to learn
+about uh designing experiments uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh designing experiments uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh designing experiments uh we're
+going to learn about finding data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn about finding data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn about finding data on the
+web in various ways and then very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web in various ways and then very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web in various ways and then very
+important I think is how to present our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think is how to present our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think is how to present our
+results in a compelling and truthful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a compelling and truthful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a compelling and truthful way
+beautiful graphs uh such as the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graphs uh such as the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful graphs uh such as the one I
+showed you insightful tables and go text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you insightful tables and go text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you insightful tables and go text
+is the the things unit I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the things unit I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the things unit I'm going to stop
+talking now and leave uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now and leave uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now and leave uh the uh the
+floor to Sarah who is going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor to Sarah who is going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor to Sarah who is going to introduce
+the lot of us a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot of us a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot of us a little bit more
+completely and uh talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and uh talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and uh talk to you about
+syllabus and Logistics issue and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and Logistics issue and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and Logistics issue and take
+your questions thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your questions thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+guys uh so welcome it's so great to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so welcome it's so great to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so welcome it's so great to see
+so many uh people here and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many uh people here and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many uh people here and a few
+familiar faces um so I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar faces um so I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar faces um so I'm going to use
+the last 20 minutes or so to go over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 20 minutes or so to go over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 20 minutes or so to go over uh
+the syllabus that you have in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus that you have in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus that you have in front of
+you uh to sort of as Esther said answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh to sort of as Esther said answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh to sort of as Esther said answer
+you know fill in some of the specifics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fill in some of the specifics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fill in some of the specifics
+about how we're going to structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to structure the
+class what kinds of um things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what kinds of um things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what kinds of um things we're
+going to require how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require how we're going to
+grade the class uh answer any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade the class uh answer any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade the class uh answer any questions
+you have about that and I'll also take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about that and I'll also take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about that and I'll also take a
+couple minutes to sort of um introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes to sort of um introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes to sort of um introduce
+myself and uh the the other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and uh the the other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and uh the the other people who
+were uh sort of um running this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh sort of um running this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh sort of um running this class
+for you I am Sarah uh Ellison and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you I am Sarah uh Ellison and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you I am Sarah uh Ellison and um
+just by way of introduction I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of introduction I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of introduction I'll just
+give you a couple facts about me I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a couple facts about me I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a couple facts about me I have
+been at MIT for a long time so I arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at MIT for a long time so I arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at MIT for a long time so I arrived
+here in 1988 I think there were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 1988 I think there were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 1988 I think there were about
+two restaurants in Kendall Square at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two restaurants in Kendall Square at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two restaurants in Kendall Square at the
+time um it I came here uh to do my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um it I came here uh to do my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um it I came here uh to do my PhD
+in um in economics and have been here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in economics and have been here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in economics and have been here
+not quite continuously since but almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite continuously since but almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite continuously since but almost
+continuously I've taught lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously I've taught lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously I've taught lots of
+different classes I've taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes I've taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes I've taught
+undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate
+undergraduates PhD students mbas I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates PhD students mbas I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates PhD students mbas I've
+taught statistics I've taught industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught statistics I've taught industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught statistics I've taught industrial
+organization I've taught microeconomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization I've taught microeconomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization I've taught microeconomics
+my research is in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is in the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is in the field of
+industrial organization uh so I study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial organization uh so I study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial organization uh so I study
+how firms interact uh and what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how firms interact uh and what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how firms interact uh and what sort of
+markets look like um and I I'm sure I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets look like um and I I'm sure I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets look like um and I I'm sure I'll
+have some examples drawn from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples drawn from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples drawn from my
+research um sort of peppering lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um sort of peppering lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um sort of peppering lectures
+as we go along um uh I have three kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along um uh I have three kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along um uh I have three kids
+all girls and they all like math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all girls and they all like math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all girls and they all like math so
+that's great and actually um one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great and actually um one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great and actually um one of them
+in fact is a a MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is a a MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact is a a MIT
+student I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I've
+been almost as long I came as a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been almost as long I came as a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been almost as long I came as a graduate
+student in 1995 and never left um I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in 1995 and never left um I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in 1995 and never left um I um
+work on developing countries and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on developing countries and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on developing countries and uh the
+economic lives of the poor I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic lives of the poor I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic lives of the poor I worked
+almost exclusively with data I have I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively with data I have I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively with data I have I'm
+one of the directors of japal or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directors of japal or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directors of japal or the
+poverty action lab uh where we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty action lab uh where we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty action lab uh where we try and
+set up uh we work with Partners uh NOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up uh we work with Partners uh NOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up uh we work with Partners uh NOS
+government firms Etc all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government firms Etc all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government firms Etc all around the
+world including uh uh North America now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including uh uh North America now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world including uh uh North America now
+to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+up randomized control trials uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up randomized control trials uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up randomized control trials uh that are
+experiments um to look at the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um to look at the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um to look at the impact of
+various uh interventions on people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh interventions on people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh interventions on people's
+life uh one example of it was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh one example of it was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh one example of it was the the
+Gat pollution trials that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat pollution trials that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gat pollution trials that I showed you
+in a minute I love data uh and I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I love data uh and I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I love data uh and I very
+pleased to I love data and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to I love data and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to I love data and I love
+teaching so uh this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching so uh this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching so uh this is a great
+combination for me and I'm very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination for me and I'm very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination for me and I'm very excited
+to try this out with you guys and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try this out with you guys and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try this out with you guys and I
+should mention that Esther's superpower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention that Esther's superpower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention that Esther's superpower
+is that she can do so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that she can do so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that she can do so many different
+things she is just uh you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things she is just uh you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things she is just uh you know and and
+many at the same time so you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many at the same time so you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many at the same time so you'll probably
+see um evidence of that throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um evidence of that throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um evidence of that throughout the
+semester she's uh amazingly productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester she's uh amazingly productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester she's uh amazingly productive
+and interested in lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interested in lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interested in lots of different
+areas okay I don't uh have much to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay I don't uh have much to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay I don't uh have much to say
+about a course description obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a course description obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a course description obviously
+Esther sort of gave you um a a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther sort of gave you um a a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther sort of gave you um a a very nice
+motivation into what things that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation into what things that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation into what things that uh we
+would like to cover this semester and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to cover this semester and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to cover this semester and uh
+what are some of the the sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the the sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the the sort of our
+philosophies uh towards covering some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies uh towards covering some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies uh towards covering some of
+these topics um I do want to just point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics um I do want to just point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics um I do want to just point
+out uh that we have not listed I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh that we have not listed I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh that we have not listed I believe
+we didn't list any prerequisites in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't list any prerequisites in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't list any prerequisites in the
+course um we will uh assume familiarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um we will uh assume familiarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um we will uh assume familiarity
+with basic algebra and calculus it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basic algebra and calculus it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basic algebra and calculus it's not
+going to be a very calculus heavy course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very calculus heavy course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very calculus heavy course
+but there will be some calculus um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be some calculus um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be some calculus um we're
+not going to assume any prior knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to assume any prior knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to assume any prior knowledge
+of probability and statistics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability and statistics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability and statistics we're
+going to start from the foundations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start from the foundations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start from the foundations and
+uh build up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build up from
+there okay um because this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay um because this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay um because this is kind of an
+experimental course uh not only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental course uh not only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental course uh not only have
+Esther and I never taught a course like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther and I never taught a course like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther and I never taught a course like
+this before but I think few people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before but I think few people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before but I think few people if
+any have there is no uh good textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any have there is no uh good textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any have there is no uh good textbook
+that really covers everything that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really covers everything that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really covers everything that we're
+going to do so there's no require text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so there's no require text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so there's no require text
+on the syllabus I've listed a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus I've listed a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus I've listed a number of
+texts that if you are inclined you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that if you are inclined you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that if you are inclined you can
+order um you might like to have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um you might like to have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um you might like to have some of
+them on hand but uh I can't really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on hand but uh I can't really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on hand but uh I can't really uh
+say that any of them are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any of them are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any of them are highly
+recommended I mean I I think they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended I mean I I think they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended I mean I I think they're all
+good texts but they're not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good texts but they're not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good texts but they're not necessarily
+going to cover um no one text is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover um no one text is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover um no one text is going
+to cover a a majority of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover a a majority of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover a a majority of what we're
+doing this semester so the three listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this semester so the three listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this semester so the three listed
+in the beginning here will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning here will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning here will cover
+material that we're going to do mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're going to do mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're going to do mostly
+in the first half of the semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of the semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of the semester and
+then the two books uh the econometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two books uh the econometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two books uh the econometrics
+books will cover some fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books will cover some fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books will cover some fraction of the
+material in the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the second half of the
+semester uh all of them are excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh all of them are excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester uh all of them are excellent
+texts and could be good uh resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and could be good uh resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts and could be good uh resources for
+the future but um uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but um uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but um uh you don't
+necessarily feel like you you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel like you you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel like you you shouldn't
+feel like you need to go out and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you need to go out and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you need to go out and buy
+them okay we're finished two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+early for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZZmzMJB-tow.txt b/ZZmzMJB-tow.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de80564155df736eac1f1b80e7ac9ba2457a8f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZZmzMJB-tow.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9140 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good morning
+everyone today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone today we're going to talk about
+boosting boosting is pretty awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting boosting is pretty awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting boosting is pretty awesome
+and it's not as easy as it it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not as easy as it it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not as easy as it it's not as
+hard as it might seem it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as it might seem it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as it might seem it's actually
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+easy as long as you do it right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as long as you do it right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as long as you do it right so let's
+take a look at this boosting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this boosting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this boosting problem
+there's really mainly just like with ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really mainly just like with ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really mainly just like with ID
+trees you may have noticed there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees you may have noticed there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees you may have noticed there's like
+the ID tree problem where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID tree problem where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID tree problem where there's a
+graph and all of the tests are X and y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and all of the tests are X and y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and all of the tests are X and y-
+axis tests on that graph and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis tests on that graph and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis tests on that graph and then
+there's the ID tree problem where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ID tree problem where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ID tree problem where there
+are a lot of crazy different classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of crazy different classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of crazy different classifiers
+about sort of characteristics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of characteristics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of characteristics that are
+and then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all of
+the sort of ID tree stumps if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of ID tree stumps if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of ID tree stumps if you will
+are built out of those discret qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built out of those discret qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built out of those discret qualities
+this is an example of a boosting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a boosting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a boosting problem
+of the of the second type with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the second type with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the second type with a bunch
+of discrete qualities like evil emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discrete qualities like evil emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discrete qualities like evil emo
+transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms
+sparkly and it has a numerical quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly and it has a numerical quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly and it has a numerical quality
+number of romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of romantic
+interests so it's one of basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests so it's one of basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests so it's one of basically the
+two kinds of boosting problems you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of boosting problems you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of boosting problems you might
+see another is is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another is is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another is is the um
+two axis cartisian problem a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two axis cartisian problem a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two axis cartisian problem a good
+example of that is the hours of sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is the hours of sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is the hours of sleep
+versus coffee uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus coffee uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus coffee uh
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+which I for one am planning on doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I for one am planning on doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I for one am planning on doing a
+tutorial on Monday so that you guys sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial on Monday so that you guys sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial on Monday so that you guys sort
+of get a sense of both types of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a sense of both types of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get a sense of both types of problem
+this one looks big I think it looks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks big I think it looks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks big I think it looks I
+mean it has 10 different vampires or non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it has 10 different vampires or non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it has 10 different vampires or non
+vampires to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires to
+classify it has a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it has a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it has a whole bunch of
+possible classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible classifiers
+but if you do it right you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it right you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it right you can do it
+fast so here's the prompt for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so here's the prompt for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so here's the prompt for the
+problem let's see after graduating MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's see after graduating MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's see after graduating MIT
+you get a job working for Van Hing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a job working for Van Hing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a job working for Van Hing and
+Summers a famous vampire hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summers a famous vampire hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summers a famous vampire hunting
+Consulting agency Gabriel vanh housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting agency Gabriel vanh housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting agency Gabriel vanh housing
+one of the two Founders once attended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two Founders once attended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two Founders once attended
+several 6034 lectures as a guest and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several 6034 lectures as a guest and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several 6034 lectures as a guest and he
+remembers Professor Winston's vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers Professor Winston's vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers Professor Winston's vampire
+identification tree lecture he assigns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification tree lecture he assigns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification tree lecture he assigns
+you the task of creating a superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the task of creating a superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the task of creating a superior
+classifier for Vampires by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier for Vampires by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier for Vampires by using
+boosting on the following data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting on the following data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting on the following data
+so we've got the ID number which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got the ID number which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got the ID number which we can
+use to just write things out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to just write things out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to just write things out in
+shorthand we've got the name of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand we've got the name of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand we've got the name of several
+vampires and non vampires then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires and non vampires then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires and non vampires then you see
+whether they're a vampire or not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're a vampire or not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're a vampire or not that's
+whether their classification is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether their classification is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether their classification is like a
+plus or a minus for for the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or a minus for for the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or a minus for for the quality
+vampire after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire after
+that there's uh a bunch of possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's uh a bunch of possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's uh a bunch of possible ways
+to classify whether they're a vampire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify whether they're a vampire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify whether they're a vampire or
+not there's whether or not they're evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's whether or not they're evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's whether or not they're evil
+whether or not they're emo whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're emo whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're emo whether or
+not they transform and whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they transform and whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they transform and whether or not
+they're sparkly as well as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sparkly as well as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sparkly as well as the number of
+romantic interests that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic interests that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic interests that they
+have so for instance on the one hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so for instance on the one hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so for instance on the one hand you
+have Dracula who's evil but he's not emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dracula who's evil but he's not emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dracula who's evil but he's not emo
+he can transform into a bat or a a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can transform into a bat or a a cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can transform into a bat or a a cloud
+of mist he not he does not Sparkle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mist he not he does not Sparkle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mist he not he does not Sparkle and
+he has five romantic interests those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has five romantic interests those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has five romantic interests those
+three vampire chicks at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vampire chicks at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vampire chicks at the beginning
+wiam minina Murray and Lucy westenra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiam minina Murray and Lucy westenra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiam minina Murray and Lucy westenra so
+um on the other hand you have like squal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand you have like squal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand you have like squal
+leonhart who's the protagonist of Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonhart who's the protagonist of Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonhart who's the protagonist of Final
+Fantasy 8 is extremely emo and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 8 is extremely emo and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 8 is extremely emo and doesn't
+have any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the other
+characteristics and he's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and he's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and he's not a
+vampire however he's a nice counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire however he's a nice counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire however he's a nice counter
+example for a possible rule that all emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a possible rule that all emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a possible rule that all emo
+people are vampires because he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are vampires because he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are vampires because he's very
+very emo and he's not a vampire so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very emo and he's not a vampire so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very emo and he's not a vampire so how
+will we go about tackling this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we go about tackling this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we go about tackling this problem
+with boosting well there's a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boosting well there's a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boosting well there's a whole bunch
+of different classifiers and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different classifiers and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different classifiers and if you
+think this is all of them like evil emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is all of them like evil emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is all of them like evil emo
+transformed sparkly romantic interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed sparkly romantic interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed sparkly romantic interests
+and true it's actually only half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true it's actually only half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true it's actually only half of them
+the other half are the opposite versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half are the opposite versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half are the opposite versions
+but we'll ignore them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so if you look at these you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if you look at these you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if you look at these you can
+probably figure out what they mean evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out what they mean evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out what they mean evil
+equals Yes means vampire is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Yes means vampire is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Yes means vampire is what we're
+saying here except maybe true you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here except maybe true you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here except maybe true you might
+be saying why is there one that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying why is there one that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying why is there one that just
+says true the one that just says true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says true the one that just says true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says true the one that just says true
+says that everybody's a vampire you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that everybody's a vampire you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that everybody's a vampire you
+might think oh that sucks but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think oh that sucks but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think oh that sucks but it's not
+that bad since seven of the 10 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad since seven of the 10 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad since seven of the 10 samples
+are vampires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vampires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vampires the
+key crucial thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key crucial thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key crucial thing about
+boosting is that for any possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting is that for any possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting is that for any possible
+classifier like classifying on the evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier like classifying on the evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier like classifying on the evil
+Dimension which actually sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension which actually sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension which actually sounds like
+some kind of weird place that you go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of weird place that you go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of weird place that you go in
+a comic book but classifying on the emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic book but classifying on the emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comic book but classifying on the emo
+Dimension or whatever as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension or whatever as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension or whatever as long as it's
+not a 5050 split of the data you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a 5050 split of the data you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a 5050 split of the data you're
+guaranteed to get so to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to get so to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to get so to be able to use
+it in some way for boosting if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some way for boosting if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some way for boosting if there's a
+50/50 split it's like flipping a coin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 split it's like flipping a coin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 split it's like flipping a coin so
+it's useless because if you say okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless because if you say okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useless because if you say okay if
+you had some other thing like gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some other thing like gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some other thing like gender
+equals male or female and let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals male or female and let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals male or female and let's say that
+was 50/50 it's not but let's say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50/50 it's not but let's say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50/50 it's not but let's say it was
+50/50 between vampire and non-vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 between vampire and non-vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 between vampire and non-vampire
+it's a useless classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useless classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useless classifier
+because it would be just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be just the same as
+flipping a coin you get no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin you get no information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin you get no information
+now you might say wait a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say wait a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say wait a minute what
+about classifiers that get worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classifiers that get worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classifiers that get worse than
+50/50 what about them might not they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 what about them might not they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 what about them might not they be
+even worse than a 50-50 classifier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than a 50-50 classifier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse than a 50-50 classifier I
+would claim a classifier that gets less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would claim a classifier that gets less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would claim a classifier that gets less
+than 50/50 is still better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50/50 is still better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50/50 is still better than a
+classifier that gets exactly a 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets exactly a 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets exactly a 50/50
+split uh is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+later after remove El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set so the question is in the ID tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the question is in the ID tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the question is in the ID tree
+example example you might use 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example example you might use 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example example you might use 50/50
+classifiers in later rounds if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers in later rounds if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers in later rounds if for
+instance um there's a 5050 classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um there's a 5050 classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um there's a 5050 classifier
+except for that most of the things off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that most of the things off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that most of the things off
+of that side have been already removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that side have been already removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that side have been already removed
+let's say there's 20 data points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's 20 data points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's 20 data points and
+there's a classifier that splits at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classifier that splits at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a classifier that splits at 10
+and 10 um splits at 10 and 10 and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 um splits at 10 and 10 and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 um splits at 10 and 10 and it it
+gets half plus half minus on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets half plus half minus on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets half plus half minus on both
+sides um but all of the pluses from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides um but all of the pluses from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides um but all of the pluses from the
+right side have been removed by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side have been removed by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side have been removed by some
+other classifier you might use it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classifier you might use it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classifier you might use it that's
+true but in boosting you'll never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in boosting you'll never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in boosting you'll never use
+something that's a 50/50 classifier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a 50/50 classifier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a 50/50 classifier so
+you'll never use something that has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never use something that has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never use something that has um
+exactly a 50/50 chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a 50/50 chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a 50/50 chance of being
+correct because if it has a 50-50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because if it has a 50-50 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because if it has a 50-50 chance
+of being correct it's useless and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being correct it's useless and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being correct it's useless and if it
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+5050 if it has a 50-50 chance of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 if it has a 50-50 chance of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5050 if it has a 50-50 chance of now
+sorry let me let me specify again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me let me specify again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let me let me specify again you'll
+never use something that has a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use something that has a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use something that has a the
+50/50 that has a 50-50 CH of giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 that has a 50-50 CH of giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 that has a 50-50 CH of giving you
+the right answer given the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer given the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer given the weights
+that's very very important and I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very important and I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very important and I that
+may be what your um what your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be what your um what your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be what your um what your question
+was getting at as I'm about to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting at as I'm about to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting at as I'm about to show you
+and as uh Patrick told you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as uh Patrick told you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as uh Patrick told you in the
+lecture in later rounds of boosting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in later rounds of boosting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in later rounds of boosting you
+change the weights of each of the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weights of each of the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the weights of each of the 10
+data points at first you start with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points at first you start with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points at first you start with all
+the weights being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights being
+1/10th the weights have to add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th the weights have to add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th the weights have to add up to one
+in this case you never ever choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you never ever choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you never ever choose a
+classifier that gets five of them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets five of them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets five of them right
+and five of them wrong in later rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five of them wrong in later rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five of them wrong in later rounds
+you'll never ever choose a classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never ever choose a classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never ever choose a classifier
+that gets half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets half of the
+weight wrong exactly half of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight wrong exactly half of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight wrong exactly half of the weight
+wrong but half of the weight may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but half of the weight may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but half of the weight may not be
+half of the data points so it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the data points so it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the data points so it's possible
+to choose a classifier that that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a classifier that that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a classifier that that gets
+half of the data points wrong if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the data points wrong if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the data points wrong if it
+doesn't get half of the weight wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get half of the weight wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get half of the weight wrong and
+that's similar to in ID trees when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to in ID trees when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to in ID trees when um
+you've already gotten things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already gotten things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already gotten things right
+before because you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because you'll see that the
+weight is going to go to the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is going to go to the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is going to go to the ones you
+got wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong so
+I'm not saying that you should throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that you should throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that you should throw out
+right away anything that gets five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away anything that gets five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away anything that gets five of
+the points wrong hell you shouldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points wrong hell you shouldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points wrong hell you shouldn't even
+throw out right away something that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out right away something that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out right away something that gets
+seven of the points wrong it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the points wrong it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the points wrong it's possible
+possible that you can get seven of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you can get seven of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that you can get seven of the
+points wrong while getting less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points wrong while getting less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points wrong while getting less than
+half of the weight wrong if those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the weight wrong if those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the weight wrong if those other
+three points are really really annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points are really really annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points are really really annoying
+to get right and we'll see that later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right and we'll see that later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get right and we'll see that later on
+but for insight at every step along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for insight at every step along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for insight at every step along the
+way we're willing to choose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're willing to choose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're willing to choose we're
+willing to choose any classifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to choose any classifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to choose any classifier that
+doesn't get 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however um we want to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um we want to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um we want to choose the
+classifier that gets the most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets the most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets the most of the
+weight right by most of the weight at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right by most of the weight at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right by most of the weight at
+first we mean most of the points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we mean most of the points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we mean most of the points right
+later we will mean but exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will mean but exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will mean but exactly what I
+said most of the weight and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said most of the weight and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said most of the weight and if you don't
+understand that it's sometimes um hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that it's sometimes um hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that it's sometimes um hard
+to get it right away um when Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right away um when Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right away um when Patrick
+just lectures through and introduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lectures through and introduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lectures through and introduces the
+New Concept if you don't understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Concept if you don't understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Concept if you don't understand that
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see what I mean when we go
+through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all
+right so my my um point I was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my my um point I was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my my um point I was making
+before is what about things that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is what about things that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is what about things that get
+less than half of the weight right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of the weight right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of the weight right well
+those are always okay because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are always okay because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are always okay because you can
+just flip them around use their inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip them around use their inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flip them around use their inverse
+and that gets more than half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets more than half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets more than half of the
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+right it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's sort of like
+um yeah it's sort of like um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's sort of like um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's sort of like um my
+girlfriend always tells me that she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend always tells me that she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend always tells me that she is
+more than 50% likely to choose the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50% likely to choose the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 50% likely to choose the wrong
+direction when you're trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when you're trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when you're trying to go
+between two places which I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two places which I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two places which I'm kind of
+skeptical of but I said if that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of but I said if that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of but I said if that's really
+true then we can just go wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then we can just go wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then we can just go wherever you
+didn't say to go and we'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say to go and we'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say to go and we'll be more
+likely to go the right way so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go the right way so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go the right way so you're
+actually really good at finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really good at finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really good at finding the
+place that we want to go and then she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that we want to go and then she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that we want to go and then she's
+like no that won't work because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no that won't work because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no that won't work because then
+I'll I'll know that you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll know that you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll know that you're going to do
+that and I'll say the um I'll double say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll say the um I'll double say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll say the um I'll double say
+the wrong way and then you'll go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way and then you'll go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way and then you'll go the
+wrong way again but that notwithstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way again but that notwithstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way again but that notwithstanding
+you can you can see you can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can see you can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can see you can apply the
+same concept to boosting and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same concept to boosting and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same concept to boosting and that's why
+underneath of this I have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of this I have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath of this I have all the
+opposite versions of all these tests so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite versions of all these tests so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite versions of all these tests so
+what should we be doing to um to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we be doing to um to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we be doing to um to solve
+this problem more quickly first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem more quickly first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem more quickly first let's
+figure out which data points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which data points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which data points are
+misclassified by each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassified by each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassified by each of these
+classifiers in other words if we say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers in other words if we say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers in other words if we say all
+the evil things are vampires and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil things are vampires and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil things are vampires and all the
+all the non-evil things are not vampires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the non-evil things are not vampires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the non-evil things are not vampires
+what do we get wrong and we if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get wrong and we if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get wrong and we if we do
+that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every
+classifier then that'll make it faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier then that'll make it faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier then that'll make it faster
+later on because later on we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on because later on we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on because later on we're going to
+go through classifiers and um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through classifiers and um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through classifiers and um we're
+going to have to add up the ones they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to add up the ones they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to add up the ones they
+got wrong so this chart over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong so this chart over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got wrong so this chart over here is
+going to be extremely useful and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extremely useful and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extremely useful and on the
+test that this appeared in they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that this appeared in they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that this appeared in they even
+made you fill it it to help yourself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you fill it it to help yourself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you fill it it to help yourself out
+so let's see if we said that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we said that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we said that all the
+evil equals yes are vampires and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil equals yes are vampires and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil equals yes are vampires and all the
+evil equals no are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil equals no are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil equals no are not
+vampires then um I'll do the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires then um I'll do the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires then um I'll do the first one
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so we get all of the non vampires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get all of the non vampires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get all of the non vampires
+correct because they are all evil evals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because they are all evil evals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because they are all evil evals
+no but unfortunately we get uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but unfortunately we get uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but unfortunately we get uh we get
+Angel Edward cullin scen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel Edward cullin scen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angel Edward cullin scen
+and list the leing court wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and list the leing court wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and list the leing court wrong because
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vampires and they're evil equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no apparently lot is iffy but I never uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no apparently lot is iffy but I never uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no apparently lot is iffy but I never uh
+I never read those books and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never read those books and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never read those books and the
+Wikipedia article said that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia article said that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia article said that in the end
+he wasn't that evil so there we go evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't that evil so there we go evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't that evil so there we go evil
+equals yes misclassifies 2 3 four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes misclassifies 2 3 four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes misclassifies 2 3 four and
+five all right so let's try emo equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so let's try emo equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so let's try emo equals
+yes I'll have someone else it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll have someone else it so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll have someone else it so uh
+let's see if you guys got it so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if you guys got it so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if you guys got it so if we
+say that all the emo people are vampires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all the emo people are vampires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that all the emo people are vampires
+and all the non-o people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the non-o people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the non-o people are not
+vampires what do we get wrong 1679 1679
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires what do we get wrong 1679 1679
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires what do we get wrong 1679 1679
+that's exactly right and fast good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right and fast good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right and fast good we
+get 167 and N wrong one six and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 167 and N wrong one six and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 167 and N wrong one six and seven
+are wrong cuz they are not emo but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong cuz they are not emo but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong cuz they are not emo but their
+vampire's nine is wrong because Squall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire's nine is wrong because Squall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire's nine is wrong because Squall
+is emo and he's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vampire good okay what if we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire good okay what if we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire good okay what if we said that
+EX exactly the transforming characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX exactly the transforming characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX exactly the transforming characters
+are vampires and the ones that do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vampires and the ones that do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vampires and the ones that do not
+transform are not vampires which ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform are not vampires which ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform are not vampires which ones we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong trans is the next one over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong trans is the next one over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong trans is the next one over all of
+the on so which on would we get wrong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on so which on would we get wrong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on so which on would we get wrong if
+we said that transforms yes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that transforms yes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that transforms yes we're
+vampires and transforms no we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires and transforms no we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires and transforms no we're not
+vampires we get wrong we definitely get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires we get wrong we definitely get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampires we get wrong we definitely get
+eight wrong because she's not aamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no but it's it's on the it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no but it's it's on the it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no but it's it's on the it's actually
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah y yes exactly oh yeah oh man you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah y yes exactly oh yeah oh man you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah y yes exactly oh yeah oh man you
+you didn't see the chart you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't see the chart you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't see the chart you were just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+H you you saw on the left you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you you saw on the left you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you you saw on the left you're just
+like hm which of these are transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hm which of these are transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hm which of these are transforming
+characters okay that's pretty hardcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah 3 four five and8 no no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah 3 four five and8 no no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah 3 four five and8 no no it's
+definitely given to you that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely given to you that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely given to you that would be
+like the worst test ever for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the worst test ever for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the worst test ever for for
+international students uh if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students uh if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international students uh if you don't
+know these 10 characters that Mark found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these 10 characters that Mark found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these 10 characters that Mark found
+as vampires you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vampires you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vampires you
+lose all right so what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all right so what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all right so what about that
+sparkly equals yes is a vampire and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly equals yes is a vampire and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly equals yes is a vampire and if
+it's not sparkly it's not a vampire this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sparkly it's not a vampire this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sparkly it's not a vampire this
+is not this is guaranteed not to go well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this is guaranteed not to go well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not this is guaranteed not to go well
+what do you think is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is going to get
+wrong Spar yeah Sparkle equal yes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Spar yeah Sparkle equal yes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong Spar yeah Sparkle equal yes are
+the only vampires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only vampires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only vampires
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+wrong be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep and eight yes that's right it gets 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and eight yes that's right it gets 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep and eight yes that's right it gets 1
+2 4 5 6 78 that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 4 5 6 78 that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 4 5 6 78 that's pretty
+awful but damn it it gets Edward Colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful but damn it it gets Edward Colin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful but damn it it gets Edward Colin
+right and he's hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's hard to get
+correct due to the fact that he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct due to the fact that he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct due to the fact that he's not
+really much like a vampire he's more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much like a vampire he's more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much like a vampire he's more of
+a superhero who says he's a vampire okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superhero who says he's a vampire okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superhero who says he's a vampire okay
+so next number of romantic interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next number of romantic interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next number of romantic interests
+greater than two so if they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two so if they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two so if they have more
+than two romantic interests they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two romantic interests they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two romantic interests they're a
+vampire and otherwise they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire and otherwise they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire and otherwise they're not a
+vampire so which ones would those get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire so which ones would those get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire so which ones would those get
+wrong would that get wrong H three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong would that get wrong H three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong would that get wrong H three and
+10 just three and 10 that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 just three and 10 that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 just three and 10 that's right
+because CI had Odus she had telemus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because CI had Odus she had telemus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because CI had Odus she had telemus
+actually she had that guy she turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she had that guy she turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she had that guy she turned
+into a woodpecker she had that other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a woodpecker she had that other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a woodpecker she had that other guy
+who was a sea god who caused her to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a sea god who caused her to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a sea god who caused her to turn
+Sila into the ninee headed thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sila into the ninee headed thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sila into the ninee headed thing and
+probably at least one other person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least one other person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least one other person so
+seriously it gets wrong and it also gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously it gets wrong and it also gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously it gets wrong and it also gets
+Edward cullin wrong because he only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward cullin wrong because he only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward cullin wrong because he only has
+one so three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so three and
+10 you can tell I thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can tell I thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you can tell I thought about this
+problem when I was writing it up I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when I was writing it up I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when I was writing it up I wrote
+this one all right number of romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one all right number of romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one all right number of romantic
+interests greater than four so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests greater than four so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests greater than four so it's a
+little bit different this time now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different this time now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different this time now you
+have to have at least four romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have at least four romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have at least four romantic
+interests um or actually greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um or actually greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests um or actually greater than
+four but there are none there exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but there are none there exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but there are none there exactly
+four to be classified as a vampire which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to be classified as a vampire which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to be classified as a vampire which
+ones do you think is going to get wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones do you think is going to get wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones do you think is going to get wrong
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep it is going to get three four and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it is going to get three four and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it is going to get three four and 10
+wrong cuz now you run into the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong cuz now you run into the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong cuz now you run into the fact
+that SAA has that blonde chal guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SAA has that blonde chal guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SAA has that blonde chal guy
+and Kai so um the last of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kai so um the last of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kai so um the last of the positive
+ones because I Pro I claim I can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because I Pro I claim I can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because I Pro I claim I can derive
+all the negative ones if you guys give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative ones if you guys give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the negative ones if you guys give
+me the positive ones last of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the positive ones last of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the positive ones last of the
+positive ones is everybody's a vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ones is everybody's a vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive ones is everybody's a vampire
+who does that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now I can derive all the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I can derive all the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I can derive all the negative
+ones from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones from
+this without a sweat evil equals no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without a sweat evil equals no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without a sweat evil equals no well
+it's 1 6 7 8 9 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at the
+chart raise your hand if you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart raise your hand if you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart raise your hand if you don't see
+why uh raise your hand if you see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh raise your hand if you see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh raise your hand if you see why
+it's 1 16 7 8 9 10 without looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 16 7 8 9 10 without looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 16 7 8 9 10 without looking at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chart raise your hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart raise your hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart raise your hand if you
+don't nobody okay wait one hand okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't nobody okay wait one hand okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't nobody okay wait one hand okay I
+saw another one back there too later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw another one back there too later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw another one back there too later
+they were just more tentative okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just more tentative okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just more tentative okay it's
+the complement of a because a is evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of a because a is evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of a because a is evil
+equals yes is a vampire it gets 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes is a vampire it gets 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes is a vampire it gets 2 3 4
+and five wrong so therefore evil equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five wrong so therefore evil equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five wrong so therefore evil equals
+no is a vampire is going to guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is a vampire is going to guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is a vampire is going to guaranteed
+to get all the opposite ones oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the opposite ones oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the opposite ones oh you
+could have looked at that yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have looked at that yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have looked at that yeah we're
+looking here but we're not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here but we're not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here but we're not looking at
+the big chart there you can look oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big chart there you can look oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big chart there you can look oh yeah
+if you can't look at anything then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't look at anything then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't look at anything then
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+screwed unless you've ALS not only are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed unless you've ALS not only are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed unless you've ALS not only are
+you as hardcore as this guy but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as hardcore as this guy but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as hardcore as this guy but you've
+also memorized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also memorized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also memorized the
+numbers uh all right so emo equals no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh all right so emo equals no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh all right so emo equals no is
+going to be 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 3 4
+5 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 8
+10 transforms equals no is one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 transforms equals no is one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 transforms equals no is one two
+6 7 9 10 Sparkle equals no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 9 10 Sparkle equals no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 7 9 10 Sparkle equals no
+is 3 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 9
+10 where metic interest less than two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 where metic interest less than two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 where metic interest less than two is
+everything except three and 10 1 2 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except three and 10 1 2 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except three and 10 1 2 4 5 6
+7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 8
+9 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 and then finally
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+eight N9 and 10 so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight N9 and 10 so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight N9 and 10 so 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 all
+right so we've started off we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've started off we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've started off we know what
+everything gets wrong I then make a bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets wrong I then make a bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets wrong I then make a bold
+claim because there is there are n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim because there is there are n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim because there is there are n of
+these which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these which is
+14 I make the claim that there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 I make the claim that there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 I make the claim that there are only
+six that in your wildest dreams you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that in your wildest dreams you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that in your wildest dreams you
+would ever possibly even consider using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever possibly even consider using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever possibly even consider using
+ever and the rest you would never ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the rest you would never ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and the rest you would never ever
+use uh question yeah I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh question yeah I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh question yeah I just have a
+question about the number romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the number romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the number romantic
+interest yes you negated it without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest yes you negated it without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest yes you negated it without an
+equals on either side that's true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals on either side that's true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals on either side that's true uh
+that works only because there are none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works only because there are none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works only because there are none
+that are two or four but it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two or four but it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are two or four but it should have
+been negated with a less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been negated with a less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been negated with a less than or equal
+I'm copying off of the quiz but yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying off of the quiz but yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying off of the quiz but yes I
+noticed that this morning when I was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this morning when I was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this morning when I was um
+putting myself through my P I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting myself through my P I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting myself through my P I'm like
+there's not less than equal to wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not less than equal to wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not less than equal to wait a
+minute and then oh wait it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and then oh wait it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and then oh wait it doesn't have
+any twos or fours actually I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any twos or fours actually I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any twos or fours actually I don't
+remember writing them all as fives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember writing them all as fives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember writing them all as fives and
+threes it's possible that somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes it's possible that somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes it's possible that somebody else
+in the post editing process changed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the post editing process changed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the post editing process changed them
+all to be about the same number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to be about the same number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to be about the same number and then
+change the less than or equal to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the less than or equal to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the less than or equal to to be
+less confusing it's possible I had serc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less confusing it's possible I had serc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less confusing it's possible I had serc
+at four and there was an equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four and there was an equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four and there was an equal to
+somewhere and they were like forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and they were like forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and they were like forget it
+CU I can't think of the fifth romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I can't think of the fifth romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU I can't think of the fifth romantic
+interest for her so yes normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for her so yes normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for her so yes normally you
+would have to negate it with a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to negate it with a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to negate it with a equal to
+sign but there happen to not be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but there happen to not be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but there happen to not be any
+things that are equal to four or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are equal to four or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are equal to four or two
+here so they get away with it this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so they get away with it this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so they get away with it this time
+but good practice it's good practice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good practice it's good practice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good practice it's good practice so
+I'm claiming that our West dreams we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming that our West dreams we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm claiming that our West dreams we
+only ever want to use six of these ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ever want to use six of these ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ever want to use six of these ever
+and the other eight forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other eight forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other eight forget it
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+see I will call on people at random to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I will call on people at random to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I will call on people at random to
+um the first people obviously getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first people obviously getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first people obviously getting it
+really easy to tell me which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to tell me which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to tell me which of these
+you think that you might ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you might ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that you might ever want to
+use give me one you might ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use give me one you might ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use give me one you might ever want to
+use y of course the best one yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use y of course the best one yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use y of course the best one yes that's
+one that you might ever want to use I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you might ever want to use I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you might ever want to use I'll
+Circle the ones that you might ever want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle the ones that you might ever want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle the ones that you might ever want
+to use e it only gets three and 10 wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use e it only gets three and 10 wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use e it only gets three and 10 wrong
+that's amazing it's like the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amazing it's like the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's amazing it's like the best
+classifier of all okay so give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier of all okay so give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier of all okay so give me
+another one that you might ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you might ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you might ever want to
+use f let's see f f is great it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use f let's see f f is great it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use f let's see f f is great it only
+gets three wrong do people agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets three wrong do people agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets three wrong do people agree that
+you would ever want to use f everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ever want to use f everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would ever want to use f everyone's
+saying no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not it's like e except worse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's like e except worse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's like e except worse it's
+guaranteed at every step no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed at every step no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed at every step no matter what
+the weights are to have a worse accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights are to have a worse accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights are to have a worse accuracy
+than e it is definitely good if e wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e it is definitely good if e wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e it is definitely good if e wasn't
+around it would be one of our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it would be one of our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it would be one of our best
+classifiers of all but actually f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers of all but actually f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers of all but actually f is not
+one of the six this is why I wrote had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the six this is why I wrote had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the six this is why I wrote had
+them write on the test that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them write on the test that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them write on the test that there are
+six because people might not have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because people might not have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because people might not have found
+all six because people who did figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six because people who did figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six because people who did figure
+out not to include F might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to include F might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to include F might not have
+figured out to include some of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out to include some of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out to include some of the ones
+you want to include so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to include so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to include so I don't
+understand why you can't use f okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you can't use f okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you can't use f okay so
+we start off with oneth weight for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off with oneth weight for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off with oneth weight for all
+of our data points but let's say during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data points but let's say during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our data points but let's say during
+our time of boosting that all 10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time of boosting that all 10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time of boosting that all 10 of the
+data points have now different weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points have now different weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points have now different weights
+so we'll call whatever the weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call whatever the weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call whatever the weight of
+three is which you're going to get wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is which you're going to get wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is which you're going to get wrong
+you want to minimize the error right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to minimize the error right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to minimize the error right so
+the weight of three which goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of three which goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of three which goes into the
+error of e is X the weight of 10 can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of e is X the weight of 10 can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of e is X the weight of 10 can be
+y so if you get if you're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so if you get if you're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so if you get if you're thinking of
+choosing three you know your or sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing three you know your or sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing three you know your or sorry if
+you're thinking of choosing e your error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of choosing e your error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking of choosing e your error
+is X Plus y if you're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X Plus y if you're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X Plus y if you're thinking of
+choosing F your error is X Plus y plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing F your error is X Plus y plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing F your error is X Plus y plus Z
+which Z is the error of four and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Z is the error of four and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Z is the error of four and since
+you never going to have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never going to have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never going to have a negative
+weight X Plus y plus Z is always greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight X Plus y plus Z is always greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight X Plus y plus Z is always greater
+than x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y that's a yes you would you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's a yes you would you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's a yes you would you would
+probably choose something without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably choose something without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably choose something without the
+three and the 10 uh that didn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the 10 uh that didn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the 10 uh that didn't get the
+three and the 10 wrong but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the 10 wrong but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the 10 wrong but you would
+certainly never choose F ever because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly never choose F ever because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly never choose F ever because
+it's always worse than e in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always worse than e in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always worse than e in fact this is
+exactly the process that will allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the process that will allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the process that will allow you
+to find the correct six and by I will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the correct six and by I will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the correct six and by I will I
+mean Ken and by Ken I mean let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Ken and by Ken I mean let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Ken and by Ken I mean let's see if
+you guys get it give me another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get it give me another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys get it give me another one of
+the six that you might keep k k is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six that you might keep k k is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six that you might keep k k is the
+claim sparkly okay K I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim sparkly okay K I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim sparkly okay K I'm going to say
+will lose for the same reason as F it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose for the same reason as F it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lose for the same reason as F it's
+39 and 10 um it's essentially similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 and 10 um it's essentially similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 and 10 um it's essentially similar to
+34 and 10 so oh by the way we should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 and 10 so oh by the way we should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 and 10 so oh by the way we should not
+be only going for the ones with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only going for the ones with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only going for the ones with the
+fewest wrong with the fewest incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest wrong with the fewest incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest wrong with the fewest incorrect
+where you need to be going for ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to be going for ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to be going for ones that
+do not have something that is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have something that is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have something that is strictly
+better in this case three and 10 wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this case three and 10 wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in this case three and 10 wrong
+is strictly better than getting three n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly better than getting three n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly better than getting three n
+and 10 wrong question I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 wrong question I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 wrong question I was going to say
+transform you going to say transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you going to say transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you going to say transformed
+you going to be correct transforms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to be correct transforms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to be correct transforms is
+one of the ones we need see 3 four 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones we need see 3 four 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones we need see 3 four 5 and
+8 there's nothing down here that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 there's nothing down here that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 there's nothing down here that gets
+fewer than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than those
+wrong like there's nothing that gets US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong like there's nothing that gets US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong like there's nothing that gets US
+34 five wrong for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 five wrong for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 five wrong for
+instance there's no yeah there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there's no yeah there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there's no yeah there's no way
+to get 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 3
+four wrong without without getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four wrong without without getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four wrong without without getting
+either 10 wrong or five and eight wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what not g why not g why not why not g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what not g why not g why not why not g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what not g why not g why not why not g
+let's include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G2 we need six no I just said give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 we need six no I just said give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 we need six no I just said give me
+any and someone gave me the easiest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and someone gave me the easiest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and someone gave me the easiest one
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+question why not b b looks great I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why not b b looks great I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why not b b looks great I love
+B let's include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's include
+B does someone else want to give another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B does someone else want to give another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B does someone else want to give another
+one that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that they want to
+include a why not a sure I it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a why not a sure I it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a why not a sure I it's hard to
+see down here cuz there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see down here cuz there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see down here cuz there might be
+something better on the bottom but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better on the bottom but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better on the bottom but yeah
+there's not so let's include a why not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not so let's include a why not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not so let's include a why not a
+I love a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love a a is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that is now five there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is now five there's one more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is now five there's one more
+that we need is by far the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need is by far the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need is by far the hardest
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+find find me one more that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find me one more that there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find me one more that there's
+nothing better than it there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better than it there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better than it there's nothing
+that has a strict subset of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a strict subset of the same
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+
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+that has a strict subset of the same
+ones
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+what why would you choose a if CH C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why would you choose a if CH C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why would you choose a if CH C okay
+why would you choose a if you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you choose a if you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you choose a if you already
+chos C let's say eight was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chos C let's say eight was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chos C let's say eight was a real
+problem for you and you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for you and you were just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for you and you were just
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+ align:start position:0%
+getting let's say that three four and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that bad they weren't that bad okay you
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+ align:start position:0%
+that bad they weren't that bad okay you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad they weren't that bad okay you
+got them wrong here with transforms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them wrong here with transforms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them wrong here with transforms you
+chose to see but sometime later eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to see but sometime later eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to see but sometime later eight
+was just by far your issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just by far your issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just by far your issue
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right 3 four and five and eight 3
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five were much smaller weights
+ 
+
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+than eight and then after you got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight and then after you got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight and then after you got them
+you got 3 four five and eight wrong 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got 3 four five and eight wrong 3
+ 
+
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+you got 3 four five and eight wrong 3
+four and five were still not that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five were still not that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five were still not that bad
+and eight you still was a high number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight you still was a high number
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight you still was a high number
+and then sometime later down the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometime later down the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometime later down the line
+you're looking at things and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at things and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at things and you're
+saying you know what I really don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know what I really don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know what I really don't want
+to get eight wrong again but I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get eight wrong again but I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get eight wrong again but I I don't
+mind if I get three four and five wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I get three four and five wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I get three four and five wrong
+maybe I'll get it wrong with two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll get it wrong with two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll get it wrong with two which
+I've never gotten wrong yet actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never gotten wrong yet actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never gotten wrong yet actually
+none of the ones we've circled here get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the ones we've circled here get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the ones we've circled here get
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wrong so it's probably not that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to get two wrong so that that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two wrong so that that's why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two wrong so that that's why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also it doesn't get eight
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also it doesn't get eight
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if a was 2 3 4 58 you would never
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it I just a question you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it I just a question you can use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasoning for for choosing K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasoning for for choosing K
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because like when we chose after e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+we could have chosen a and said that n
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like only a little different but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+strictly worse sorry sorry I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly worse sorry sorry I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly worse sorry sorry I me
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and 10 and then we could have chosen 3 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 and then we could have chosen 3 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 and then we could have chosen 3 n
+and 10 right because but we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 right because but we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 right because but we should
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+ align:start position:0%
+always choose because 3 10 is getting
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+always choose because 3 10 is getting
+only 310 wrong is better than getting 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 310 wrong is better than getting 39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 310 wrong is better than getting 39
+and 10 wrong any Universe you pick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 wrong any Universe you pick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 wrong any Universe you pick you
+see what I mean it might not be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean it might not be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse it might be only a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse it might be only a little bit
+worse to choose K but it's always worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse to choose K but it's always worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse to choose K but it's always worse
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+question I don't know if I one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know if I one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know if I one by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning be we need one that doesn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in it okay right now half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in it okay right now half of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five our guys get okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five our guys get okay that's a
+pretty what are you thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty what are you thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty what are you thinking about that
+I'm trying to justify D you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to justify D you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to justify D you're trying to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify
+d d is huge it gets more than half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d is huge it gets more than half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d is huge it gets more than half of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+three right you know what it gets 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right you know what it gets 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+right and unlike our other things it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and unlike our other things it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and unlike our other things it get
+three and 10 right which is which is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and 10 right which is which is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and 10 right which is which is B
+also gets nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets nine
+right d is the last classifier you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d is the last classifier you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right d is the last classifier you got
+it is hard to choose one that has seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is hard to choose one that has seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is hard to choose one that has seven
+of them wrong but D is the last one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them wrong but D is the last one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them wrong but D is the last one you
+might pick there's it turns out there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick there's it turns out there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pick there's it turns out there's
+nothing better than this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better than this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better than this for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying correctly those annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying correctly those annoying
+data points of Edward cin and Squall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points of Edward cin and Squall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points of Edward cin and Squall and
+also seriously who's not that annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seriously who's not that annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seriously who's not that annoying
+but she tends to be a problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she tends to be a problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she tends to be a problem when
+romance is concerned so um these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance is concerned so um these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance is concerned so um these are the
+six that we might use we can now ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that we might use we can now ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that we might use we can now ignore
+the rest of them forever or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them forever or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of them forever or at least
+until someone reuses this problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone reuses this problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone reuses this problem or
+something like that but we can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but we can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but we can ignore
+everything except ABC D EEG in fact why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except ABC D EEG in fact why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except ABC D EEG in fact why
+did I even bring that up all the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I even bring that up all the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I even bring that up all the ones we
+want are on the front I'll bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are on the front I'll bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are on the front I'll bring it back
+down then I'll cross this off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then I'll cross this off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then I'll cross this off with
+Reckless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reckless
+abandon that even broke off a b my chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon that even broke off a b my chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon that even broke off a b my chalk
+now these are the ones we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are the ones we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are the ones we're actually
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+using there's a chart over here already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using there's a chart over here already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using there's a chart over here already
+prepared to do some boosting with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do some boosting with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to do some boosting with these
+six classifiers all right so let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six classifiers all right so let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six classifiers all right so let's give
+it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a try
+now remember in boosting we always try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember in boosting we always try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember in boosting we always try
+to choose whichever classifier is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose whichever classifier is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose whichever classifier is the
+least error is there a question sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least error is there a question sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least error is there a question sorry
+yeah before we move on can you say Yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before we move on can you say Yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before we move on can you say Yes
+again like a little more slowly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a little more slowly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like a little more slowly what
+exactly we were looking for when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we were looking for when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our like something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing our like something about the
+substance you want to take every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance you want to take every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance you want to take every
+classifier you you generally want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you you generally want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you you generally want to
+take classifiers so I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take classifiers so I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take classifiers so I'll tell you what
+lets you cross off a classifier that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you cross off a classifier that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you cross off a classifier that may
+be a better way to do it you can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better way to do it you can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better way to do it you can cross
+off a classifier as useless if um if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a classifier as useless if um if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a classifier as useless if um if and
+by the way this is only useful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is only useful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is only useful if you
+can do it faster than just wasting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it faster than just wasting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it faster than just wasting your
+time looking at all of them because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at all of them because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at all of them because if
+you can't class cross off some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't class cross off some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't class cross off some of them
+as useless usually on the test they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as useless usually on the test they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as useless usually on the test they
+won't make you you can just waste your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make you you can just waste your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make you you can just waste your
+time and have 14 instead of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and have 14 instead of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and have 14 instead of six
+possibilities every step of the boosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities every step of the boosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities every step of the boosting
+but take a look at this one 1 2 3 4 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take a look at this one 1 2 3 4 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take a look at this one 1 2 3 4 5 6
+7 then see do you have anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 then see do you have anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 then see do you have anything here
+that has a strict subset of these wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a strict subset of these wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a strict subset of these wrong
+oh look 2 3 4 5 is a strict subset this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look 2 3 4 5 is a strict subset this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look 2 3 4 5 is a strict subset this
+can be crossed off 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be crossed off 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be crossed off 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
+anything that's a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's a strict
+subset yes 1 1679 so it can be crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset yes 1 1679 so it can be crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset yes 1 1679 so it can be crossed
+off 1 2 4 5 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 1 2 4 5 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 1 2 4 5 6 7
+89 um let's see 1 679 is a strict subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89 um let's see 1 679 is a strict subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89 um let's see 1 679 is a strict subset
+3 91 310 is a strict subset 1 1679 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 91 310 is a strict subset 1 1679 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 91 310 is a strict subset 1 1679 is
+strict subset 3 uh 458 is a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict subset 3 uh 458 is a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict subset 3 uh 458 is a strict
+subset as is 2 3 45 1 1679 is a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset as is 2 3 45 1 1679 is a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset as is 2 3 45 1 1679 is a strict
+subset and up here 3 410 310 is a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and up here 3 410 310 is a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and up here 3 410 310 is a strict
+subset but the others don't have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but the others don't have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset but the others don't have one
+even 1 2 4 5 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 1 2 4 5 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 1 2 4 5 6 7
+8 so you look in general you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so you look in general you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so you look in general you want to
+keep them you want to keep every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them you want to keep every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them you want to keep every
+classifier you might use the only ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you might use the only ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you might use the only ones
+you'll never use are ones that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never use are ones that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never use are ones that there's
+something else is just better Always by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is just better Always by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is just better Always by
+having a strict subset of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a strict subset of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a strict subset of them
+wrong hopefully that was more clear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong hopefully that was more clear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong hopefully that was more clear it's
+a It's Tricky some U very few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a It's Tricky some U very few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a It's Tricky some U very few people
+realized were brave enough to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized were brave enough to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized were brave enough to take
+sparkly even when it got seven things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly even when it got seven things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly even when it got seven things
+wrong so let's start out some boosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so let's start out some boosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so let's start out some boosting
+this wasn't boosting this was setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't boosting this was setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't boosting this was setting
+yourself up that it was setting yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up that it was setting yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up that it was setting yourself
+up with the knowledge of how boosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the knowledge of how boosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the knowledge of how boosting
+works less knowledge less search now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works less knowledge less search now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works less knowledge less search now we
+only have to search six things ah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to search six things ah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to search six things ah I mean
+more knowledge less search not L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more knowledge less search not L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more knowledge less search not L
+knowledge less search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we start off with all weights being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start off with all weights being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start off with all weights being
+equal and since there's 10 data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and since there's 10 data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and since there's 10 data points
+all 10 of the data points are weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 of the data points are weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 10 of the data points are weighted
+one10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're now waiting all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're now waiting all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're now waiting all of them
+equally since we're waiting all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally since we're waiting all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally since we're waiting all of them
+equally when we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally when we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally when we want to find the
+classifier that gets the least error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets the least error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that gets the least error we
+just want to find the one that gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to find the one that gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to find the one that gets the
+fewest points wrong which one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest points wrong which one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest points wrong which one is that
+that's our friend e the first one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our friend e the first one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our friend e the first one that
+people realized was a good one so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized was a good one so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realized was a good one so we're
+going to choose classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose classifier
+e what's our error it's just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what's our error it's just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what's our error it's just the sum of
+the ones we get wrong so what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we get wrong so what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we get wrong so what's our
+error this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this
+time it's 1 we got points 3 and 10 wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's 1 we got points 3 and 10 wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's 1 we got points 3 and 10 wrong
+they both have a weight of 1/10th 1/10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have a weight of 1/10th 1/10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have a weight of 1/10th 1/10th
++ 11/1 is 1/5 so I'll put 1/5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 11/1 is 1/5 so I'll put 1/5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 11/1 is 1/5 so I'll put 1/5 and
+alpha alpha is sort of a vote that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha is sort of a vote that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha is sort of a vote that will
+be used at the very end to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used at the very end to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used at the very end to sort of
+aggregate our classifier Alpha is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate our classifier Alpha is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate our classifier Alpha is 1/2
+natural log of 1 minus the error over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of 1 minus the error over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of 1 minus the error over
+the error however I have a little trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error however I have a little trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error however I have a little trick
+for you it's not that impressive of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's not that impressive of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it's not that impressive of a
+trick but it's a little fun so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick but it's a little fun so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick but it's a little fun so since
+error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is
+one oh sorry not error alpha alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh sorry not error alpha alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh sorry not error alpha alpha is
+one half natural log of 1 minus error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half natural log of 1 minus error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half natural log of 1 minus error
+over error if error is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over error if error is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over error if error is in the
+form if error is 1 /x then Alpha is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if error is 1 /x then Alpha is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if error is 1 /x then Alpha is 12
+natural log of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that just follows from the math it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just follows from the math it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just follows from the math it's
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+shortcut if error is in the form of 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut if error is in the form of 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut if error is in the form of 1 /x
+then it's just one have natural log of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just one have natural log of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just one have natural log of x
+- one which means since this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one which means since this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one which means since this is in the
+form of 1/5 everyone Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of 1/5 everyone Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of 1/5 everyone Alpha
+is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ln4 okay 1 half L and four so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ln4 okay 1 half L and four so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ln4 okay 1 half L and four so now we
+come to the part in boosting that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the part in boosting that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the part in boosting that many
+people consider to be the hardest part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider to be the hardest part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people consider to be the hardest part
+and I'm going to show you how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to show you how to do it
+more easily this is that part where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily this is that part where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily this is that part where we
+try to make all the ones we got right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make all the ones we got right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make all the ones we got right we
+changed their weights to be 1/2 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed their weights to be 1/2 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed their weights to be 1/2 and all
+the ones we got wrong we changed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we got wrong we changed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we got wrong we changed their
+weights to be 1 and half here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights to be 1 and half here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights to be 1 and half here is my
+automated process it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated process it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated process it's called the
+numerator stays the same method here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator stays the same method here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator stays the same method here's
+how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works here's our 10 data points their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works here's our 10 data points their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works here's our 10 data points their
+current weight is 1/10th all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them we're about to reweight them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're about to reweight them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're about to reweight them for
+the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step
+so you agree they're all one1 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you agree they're all one1 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you agree they're all one1 they're
+equal to start off so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to start off so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to start off so step
+one erase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denominators screw fractions I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators screw fractions I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators screw fractions I don't
+like them there's division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them there's division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them there's division
+multiplication it's a pain I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication it's a pain I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication it's a pain I just want
+to add whole numbers that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add whole numbers that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add whole numbers that's what we're
+going to do so which ones do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so which ones do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so which ones do we get
+wrong three and 10 Circle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right add the numbers in the circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right add the numbers in the circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right add the numbers in the circles and
+multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+two what does that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what does that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what does that give
+you four that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denominator you always multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you always multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you always multiply by
+two add the numbers not in the circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two add the numbers not in the circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two add the numbers not in the circles
+multiply by two what is that give you 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two what is that give you 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by two what is that give you 16
+that's the new denominator the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the new denominator the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the new denominator the final
+crucial step so that we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial step so that we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial step so that we can do this
+again next round is by far the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next round is by far the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next round is by far the most
+mathematically complicated thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically complicated thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically complicated thing here
+because we have to actually do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to actually do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to actually do something
+with fractions but it's not too bad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractions but it's not too bad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fractions but it's not too bad is
+we then change everything to be with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then change everything to be with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then change everything to be with the
+same denominator so the 1/4s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same denominator so the 1/4s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same denominator so the 1/4s
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+416 all right I can also UNC Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 all right I can also UNC Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 all right I can also UNC Circle
+these for next ah I hit the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for next ah I hit the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for next ah I hit the the that
+button all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right new
+weights 116th 116th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights 116th 116th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights 116th 116th
+416 116th 116th 116th 116th 116th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 116th 116th 116th 116th 116th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 116th 116th 116th 116th 116th
+416 note the weights at up to one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 note the weights at up to one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 note the weights at up to one the
+ones you got wrong add up to one2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you got wrong add up to one2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you got wrong add up to one2 the
+ones you got right add up to one2 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you got right add up to one2 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you got right add up to one2 you're
+happy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy so
+now that you get 416 of an error for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you get 416 of an error for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you get 416 of an error for
+getting three wrong 416 of an error for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting three wrong 416 of an error for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting three wrong 416 of an error for
+getting 10 wrong take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 10 wrong take a look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 10 wrong take a look at these
+six I'm not going to call on someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'm not going to call on someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'm not going to call on someone
+just whoever's good at not whoever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whoever's good at not whoever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whoever's good at not whoever's
+good at math and can add these up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at math and can add these up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at math and can add these up more
+quickly just three and 10 count as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just three and 10 count as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just three and 10 count as four
+all the other count as one add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other count as one add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other count as one add them up
+tell me which one's the latest what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me which one's the latest what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me which one's the latest what did
+you say go B you go with B it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say go B you go with B it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say go B you go with B it doesn't
+get three wrong that sounds pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three wrong that sounds pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three wrong that sounds pretty good
+to me does everyone else like b as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me does everyone else like b as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me does everyone else like b as well
+I like it I mean of our ones that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it I mean of our ones that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it I mean of our ones that don't
+get three wrong or 10 wrong we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three wrong or 10 wrong we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get three wrong or 10 wrong we're only
+looking at B and D and D just has D has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at B and D and D just has D has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at B and D and D just has D has
+seven B has four so B is the best b gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven B has four so B is the best b gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven B has four so B is the best b gets
+416 wrong does everyone see that cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 wrong does everyone see that cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+416 wrong does everyone see that cuz
+even getting one of three or 10 wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even getting one of three or 10 wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even getting one of three or 10 wrong is
+as bad as all the ones that b gets wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as all the ones that b gets wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as all the ones that b gets wrong
+because of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the new
+weights so cool let's choose B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so cool let's choose B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so cool let's choose B that's
+right and I sort of gave it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I sort of gave it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I sort of gave it away
+what's the error that B has it has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the error that B has it has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the error that B has it has four
+of the four wrong Each of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four wrong Each of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four wrong Each of which are
+worth 11/6 the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 11/6 the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 11/6 the error
+is what 416 or 1/4 whichever is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what 416 or 1/4 whichever is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what 416 or 1/4 whichever is your
+favorite which means that the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite which means that the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite which means that the alpha
+is 12 L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three Bingo final round okay we what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Bingo final round okay we what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Bingo final round okay we what did
+we get wrong we got 1 six 7 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get wrong we got 1 six 7 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get wrong we got 1 six 7 and n
+WR oh yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR oh yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR oh yeah we can
+erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denominators all right what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators all right what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators all right what are the
+numbers in the circles summed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the circles summed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the circles summed up
+multipli by two that's 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/8 and what about the numbers not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 and what about the numbers not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 and what about the numbers not in
+the circle summed up multip by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle summed up multip by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle summed up multip by two
+that's right 24 which means I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right 24 which means I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right 24 which means I'm going to
+have to change all the numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change all the numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change all the numbers in the
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+to 324 except I guess I don't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 324 except I guess I don't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 324 except I guess I don't because
+this is the last round but if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last round but if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last round but if I was
+going to do another round let's prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do another round let's prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do another round let's prepare
+in case we were change all these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+324s besides it makes it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+324s besides it makes it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+324s besides it makes it easier to
+calculate which one is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate which one is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate which one is the best
+classifier because you can just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier because you can just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier because you can just use the
+numerators and and sort of add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerators and and sort of add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerators and and sort of add them up
+so while I'm writing that up you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while I'm writing that up you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while I'm writing that up you guys
+figure out which one you like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one you like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one you like for
+classifier and call it out to me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and call it out to me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and call it out to me when
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+done 324th 1 124th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done 324th 1 124th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done 324th 1 124th
+424th 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424th 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424th 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+324th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124th
+324th wait I'm off by one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+314 aha you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+314 aha you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+314 aha you're
+right W1 is not assigned to any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right W1 is not assigned to any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right W1 is not assigned to any anything
+so w W2 is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W1 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes that's true
+okay well you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you get
+it h so what is the best H you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h so what is the best H you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h so what is the best H you get it
+because it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right
+here see the process is so foolproof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the process is so foolproof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the process is so foolproof
+even a fool like me can get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a fool like me can get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a fool like me can get it right
+while they have the chart wrong all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they have the chart wrong all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they have the chart wrong all
+right so what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the best
+classifier you say C I say that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you say C I say that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier you say C I say that seems
+pretty reasonable it only gets three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reasonable it only gets three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty reasonable it only gets three
+four five and eight wrong does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and eight wrong does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five and eight wrong does anyone
+else get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else get a different
+answer someone else gets a I like a who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer someone else gets a I like a who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer someone else gets a I like a who
+said a a lot of people said a well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a a lot of people said a well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a a lot of people said a well let's
+figure it out so a a gets 1 5 6 7 C gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out so a a gets 1 5 6 7 C gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out so a a gets 1 5 6 7 C gets
+45 6 7 they're in fact equal tie break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 6 7 they're in fact equal tie break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 6 7 they're in fact equal tie break
+goes to the lower letter because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the lower letter because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the lower letter because that's
+what we said in fact I didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said in fact I didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said in fact I didn't tell you
+but that's what we said question so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we said question so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we said question so we
+deciding which class are to use mhm do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which class are to use mhm do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which class are to use mhm do
+we only look at the weights or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only look at the weights or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only look at the weights or do we
+also look at the the round ignore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the the round ignore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at the the round ignore all
+the previous rounds the question is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous rounds the question is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous rounds the question is do
+you only look at the current weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only look at the current weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only look at the current weights
+when determining the classifier or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when determining the classifier or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when determining the classifier or do
+you look at the previous rounds as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the previous rounds as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the previous rounds as well
+you got to ignore the previous rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to ignore the previous rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to ignore the previous rounds
+trust me they will be used later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me they will be used later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me they will be used later in the
+vote but it's sort of like tainting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote but it's sort of like tainting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote but it's sort of like tainting the
+jury a little bit to use the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury a little bit to use the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury a little bit to use the previous
+rounds um when you're doing the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds um when you're doing the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds um when you're doing the current
+round because you want to start fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round because you want to start fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round because you want to start fresh
+with these new weights get a new class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new weights get a new class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new weights get a new class
+classifier and then later everyone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and then later everyone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier and then later everyone will
+get to make their vote so you only do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make their vote so you only do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make their vote so you only do it
+based on the current weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't no although the way it's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no although the way it's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no although the way it's taken
+into consideration is when it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into consideration is when it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into consideration is when it's wrong
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+increase question could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase question could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase question could you
+theoretically reuse a classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically reuse a classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically reuse a classifier
+question is could you theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is could you theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is could you theoretically
+reuse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse a
+classifier answer you absolutely can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier answer you absolutely can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier answer you absolutely can
+when that happens it essentially gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens it essentially gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens it essentially gets
+extra weight because you used it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra weight because you used it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra weight because you used it again
+but you can never ever use it twice in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never ever use it twice in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can never ever use it twice in a
+row here's why let's say that we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here's why let's say that we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row here's why let's say that we wanted
+to use um which was the one we used last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use um which was the one we used last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use um which was the one we used last
+over there b let's say we want to use B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there b let's say we want to use B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there b let's say we want to use B
+again what does it give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what does it give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what does it give
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+50/50 if we wanted to use B and then B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 if we wanted to use B and then B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 if we wanted to use B and then B 3
+6 9 12 wrong always guaranteed to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 9 12 wrong always guaranteed to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 9 12 wrong always guaranteed to give
+you 50/50 which is the only is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 50/50 which is the only is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 50/50 which is the only is the only
+way that you can be sure you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can be sure you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can be sure you'll never
+use it in fact that's by Design you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in fact that's by Design you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in fact that's by Design you
+could reuse it but never not twice in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reuse it but never not twice in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reuse it but never not twice in a
+row it could be used later on down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it could be used later on down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it could be used later on down the
+stream and it will be used because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and it will be used because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and it will be used because if
+you do seven rounds one of them has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do seven rounds one of them has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do seven rounds one of them has to
+be reused it just gives more weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reused it just gives more weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reused it just gives more weight to
+whichever one is reused but yes a wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is reused but yes a wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is reused but yes a wins
+against um c c was a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um c c was a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um c c was a perfectly good
+answer as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as well
+question what a or C okay if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what a or C okay if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what a or C okay if you could
+reuse why didn't pick e e gets eight out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse why didn't pick e e gets eight out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse why didn't pick e e gets eight out
+of 24 wrong it's one worse than a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 wrong it's one worse than a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 wrong it's one worse than a and
+C that's the only reason Next Step we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the only reason Next Step we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the only reason Next Step we'll
+probably use a so next step we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use a so next step we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use a so next step we'll
+probably use e frankly although maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use e frankly although maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use e frankly although maybe
+not because we picked uh we still we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we picked uh we still we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we picked uh we still we got
+three wrong on a but NE but pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three wrong on a but NE but pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three wrong on a but NE but pretty soon
+we would use e again because e is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would use e again because e is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would use e again because e is pretty
+awesome but anyway here we use a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but anyway here we use a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but anyway here we use a and we
+said we got 724 wrong oh man we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we got 724 wrong oh man we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we got 724 wrong oh man we can't
+use my little shortcut so the answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my little shortcut so the answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my little shortcut so the answer it
+has to be 177th or 1 half natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 177th or 1 half natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be 177th or 1 half natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there we go
+now we have to ask what is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to ask what is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to ask what is the final
+classifier of that we created from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier of that we created from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier of that we created from all
+these things all we do is we sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all we do is we sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all we do is we sum up all
+the classifiers we chose and we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers we chose and we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers we chose and we multiply
+them times their weight Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them times their weight Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them times their weight Alpha
+so 12 ln4 * e whether or not e returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 12 ln4 * e whether or not e returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 12 ln4 * e whether or not e returns
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+plus 12 L and 3 * B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus Ln 177 * a is our final classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Ln 177 * a is our final classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Ln 177 * a is our final classifier
+where e returns a plus one if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e returns a plus one if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where e returns a plus one if it's a
+vampire if if e thinks it's a vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire if if e thinks it's a vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire if if e thinks it's a vampire
+and a minus one if e thinks it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus one if e thinks it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus one if e thinks it's not
+same for b and a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for b and a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for b and a all
+right and then we take the sign of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we take the sign of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we take the sign of this
+and I don't mean sign and cosine I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't mean sign and cosine I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't mean sign and cosine I mean
+just is it positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is it positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is it positive or
+negative okay so the question is now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so the question is now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so the question is now on
+the uh on the exam is how many of the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on the exam is how many of the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on the exam is how many of the 10
+data points we get right if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points we get right if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points we get right if we use
+this let's give it a look see e is so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's give it a look see e is so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's give it a look see e is so we
+have romantic interest greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have romantic interest greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have romantic interest greater than two
+we have Emo yes and we have evil yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Emo yes and we have evil yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Emo yes and we have evil yes so
+oh my gosh logarithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my gosh logarithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my gosh logarithms
+they're sometimes annoying do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sometimes annoying do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sometimes annoying do we have to
+actually add them up I claim we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add them up I claim we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add them up I claim we don't
+here's a nice special case of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice special case of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice special case of having
+three logarithms on the board one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms on the board one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms on the board one of two
+things is is true either one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is true either one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is true either one of those
+three logarithms is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three logarithms is so
+large that it's bigger than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that it's bigger than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that it's bigger than the other
+two combined in which case if that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two combined in which case if that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two combined in which case if that one
+returns a positive or A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a positive or A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a positive or A
+negative it's just positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's just positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's just positive or negative
+because that one's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that one's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that one's so
+big or it's not one is not that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or it's not one is not that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or it's not one is not that large
+and in which case any two can dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which case any two can dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which case any two can dominate
+the other one and so just is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one and so just is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one and so just is equivalent
+to a majority vote so I I I claim we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a majority vote so I I I claim we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a majority vote so I I I claim we
+never have to add them when there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to add them when there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have to add them when there's only
+three you guys see what I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you guys see what I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you guys see what I mean like
+let's say one of them was 1/ half log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one of them was 1/ half log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one of them was 1/ half log of
+a billion and the others were 1 half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion and the others were 1 half log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion and the others were 1 half log
+of three and 1 half log of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and 1 half log of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and 1 half log of four
+obviously whatever the 1/ half log of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously whatever the 1/ half log of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously whatever the 1/ half log of a
+billion says which is multiply by 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion says which is multiply by 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion says which is multiply by 1 half
+log of a billion is it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of a billion is it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of a billion is it's just going to
+be that and the others will be ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that and the others will be ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that and the others will be ignored
+however if it's not the case that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if it's not the case that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if it's not the case that one of
+them is larger than the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is larger than the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is larger than the other two
+combined then it's a simple vote between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined then it's a simple vote between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined then it's a simple vote between
+the three because any two can out vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three because any two can out vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three because any two can out vote
+the other one if they work together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one if they work together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one if they work together and
+in this case let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case let's see
+177 is not quite 3 however log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177 is not quite 3 however log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+177 is not quite 3 however log of
+4 is certainly not better than log of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is certainly not better than log of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is certainly not better than log of 3
+plus log of 177 it's not even log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus log of 177 it's not even log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus log of 177 it's not even log of
+four is equal to log of two plus log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is equal to log of two plus log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is equal to log of two plus log of
+two and these are both bigger than log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and these are both bigger than log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and these are both bigger than log
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two um that's rules of logs log of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um that's rules of logs log of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um that's rules of logs log of four
+equal log of two 2 squ and you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal log of two 2 squ and you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal log of two 2 squ and you can take
+the two out so these are not big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two out so these are not big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two out so these are not big enough
+that one of them is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them is bigger than the
+other two combined so it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two combined so it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two combined so it's just going to
+be a simple vote so let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple vote so let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple vote so let's go through
+Dracula okay he's got tons of his little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula okay he's got tons of his little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula okay he's got tons of his little
+vampirates he's not emo so that gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampirates he's not emo so that gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampirates he's not emo so that gets it
+e gets it right he's not emo so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e gets it right he's not emo so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e gets it right he's not emo so that
+gets it wrong but he is evil that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it wrong but he is evil that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it wrong but he is evil that gets
+it right two out of three vote that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right two out of three vote that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right two out of three vote that he's
+a vampire correct next Angel okay while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vampire correct next Angel okay while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vampire correct next Angel okay while
+he was in a long running series he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in a long running series he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in a long running series he's got
+plenty of romantic interests so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of romantic interests so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of romantic interests so that
+gets it right um he is certainly emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it right um he is certainly emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it right um he is certainly emo
+that gets it right and even though he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets it right and even though he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets it right and even though he's
+not evil two out of three says he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evil two out of three says he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evil two out of three says he's a
+vampire so correct next Edward cin well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire so correct next Edward cin well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire so correct next Edward cin well
+Twilight here we come uh let's see he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twilight here we come uh let's see he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twilight here we come uh let's see he
+only has one romantic interest so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one romantic interest so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one romantic interest so that
+gets it wrong okay he's emo so that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it wrong okay he's emo so that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it wrong okay he's emo so that gets
+it right but he's not evil so two wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but he's not evil so two wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but he's not evil so two wrong
+so Edward's not a vampire according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Edward's not a vampire according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Edward's not a vampire according to
+our final classifier but he is so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final classifier but he is so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final classifier but he is so we got
+one of the DAT of points wrong you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the DAT of points wrong you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the DAT of points wrong you guys
+see that because two out of three of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that because two out of three of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that because two out of three of our
+classifiers here said that he was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers here said that he was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers here said that he was not a
+vampire all right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire all right let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire all right let's see
+say well she has more than two romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well she has more than two romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well she has more than two romantic
+interests and she's emo so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and she's emo so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and she's emo so even though
+she's not evil we get it right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not evil we get it right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not evil we get it right okay
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+lat he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lat he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lat he
+is also has many love interests is emo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also has many love interests is emo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also has many love interests is emo
+and is not evil so you get it right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not evil so you get it right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not evil so you get it right okay
+Bianca is evil with many love interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bianca is evil with many love interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bianca is evil with many love interests
+uh even though she's not emo two out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though she's not emo two out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even though she's not emo two out of
+three you get it right all right um Cara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you get it right all right um Cara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you get it right all right um Cara
+marala carstein is basically exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marala carstein is basically exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marala carstein is basically exactly the
+same as Bianca with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Bianca with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Bianca with the number of
+romantic interest fixed the way it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic interest fixed the way it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic interest fixed the way it is so
+she will always do the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will always do the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she will always do the same thing that
+Bianca does it's why six and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bianca does it's why six and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bianca does it's why six and seven
+always travel together so we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always travel together so we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always travel together so we get it
+right Sailor Moon is supposed to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Sailor Moon is supposed to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Sailor Moon is supposed to be not
+a vampire so her number of Love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vampire so her number of Love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vampire so her number of Love
+interests say that she's not a vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests say that she's not a vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests say that she's not a vampire
+because she only has one the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she only has one the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she only has one the fact that
+she's not evil and not emo says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not evil and not emo says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not evil and not emo says that
+actually she's perfectly not a vampire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she's perfectly not a vampire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually she's perfectly not a vampire
+they all agree and that's correct squall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all agree and that's correct squall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all agree and that's correct squall
+has only one love interest Rola and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only one love interest Rola and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only one love interest Rola and he
+is not evil both of which say he's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not evil both of which say he's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not evil both of which say he's not a
+vampire but he is emo but two out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire but he is emo but two out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire but he is emo but two out of
+three say he's not a vampire we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three say he's not a vampire we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three say he's not a vampire we get it
+correct and CI despite her many romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and CI despite her many romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and CI despite her many romantic
+interests which says she's might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests which says she's might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests which says she's might be a
+vampire is neither evil nor emo and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire is neither evil nor emo and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vampire is neither evil nor emo and is
+not a vampire so we got everything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a vampire so we got everything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a vampire so we got everything right
+except Edward Colin which perhaps says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except Edward Colin which perhaps says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except Edward Colin which perhaps says
+more about Stephanie Meers writing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about Stephanie Meers writing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about Stephanie Meers writing than
+about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our
+boostering all right final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boostering all right final question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boostering all right final question
+Wesley Winden price a fellow consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley Winden price a fellow consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley Winden price a fellow consultant
+has noticed a few correlations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has noticed a few correlations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has noticed a few correlations between
+some of the classifiers you used He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the classifiers you used He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the classifiers you used He
+suggests using a new set of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests using a new set of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests using a new set of weak
+classifiers consisting of a pair of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers consisting of a pair of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers consisting of a pair of your
+original classifiers such as the um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original classifiers such as the um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original classifiers such as the um a
+pair of your classifiers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of your classifiers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of your classifiers that are
+logically ended and or together for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically ended and or together for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically ended and or together for
+instance two of the new classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance two of the new classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance two of the new classifiers
+would be Emo equals yes or evil equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Emo equals yes or evil equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Emo equals yes or evil equals
+yes or sparkly equals no and transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or sparkly equals no and transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or sparkly equals no and transforms
+equals yes so you know that would cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes so you know that would cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yes so you know that would cut
+out C moon from the transformance cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out C moon from the transformance cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out C moon from the transformance cloud
+he believes that you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believes that you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believes that you'll be able to
+classify large vampire data sets larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify large vampire data sets larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify large vampire data sets larger
+than this one anyway more quickly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one anyway more quickly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one anyway more quickly with
+fewer rounds of boosting using his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer rounds of boosting using his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer rounds of boosting using his
+system do you agree or disagree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do you agree or disagree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system do you agree or disagree with
+Wesley explain your arguments so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley explain your arguments so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wesley explain your arguments so this
+was you know the tough concept question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know the tough concept question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know the tough concept question
+does anyone have have just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have have just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have have just an
+instinctual thing other than like oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual thing other than like oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual thing other than like oh man
+it's Wesley he must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong you'll probably use fewer rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you'll probably use fewer rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you'll probably use fewer rounds
+of boosting because you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boosting because you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boosting because you have more
+classifiers but you'll have to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers but you'll have to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers but you'll have to search
+through more classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more classifiers
+that is a rare fullo answer very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a rare fullo answer very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a rare fullo answer very few
+people um realized that Wesley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um realized that Wesley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um realized that Wesley was
+partially right they either said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially right they either said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially right they either said
+something about him being completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about him being completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about him being completely
+wrong which was wrong or said he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong which was wrong or said he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong which was wrong or said he was
+completely right yes it will use fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right yes it will use fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right yes it will use fewer
+rounds of boosting because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of boosting because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds of boosting because of the fact
+that you can um essentially one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um essentially one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um essentially one of the
+things boosting already does is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things boosting already does is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things boosting already does is sort of
+gets things to vote together in an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets things to vote together in an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets things to vote together in an end
+like fashion so it may it'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion so it may it'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fashion so it may it'll use
+approximately half the number of rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately half the number of rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately half the number of rounds
+of boosting by being able to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boosting by being able to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boosting by being able to combine
+into two but there's a lot of ANS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two but there's a lot of ANS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two but there's a lot of ANS and
+ores there's in fact n choose two where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores there's in fact n choose two where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores there's in fact n choose two where
+n is the number of vampires and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the number of vampires and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the number of vampires and since
+using half the number of rounds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using half the number of rounds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using half the number of rounds but
+taking n choose two time for each round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking n choose two time for each round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking n choose two time for each round
+is not last time so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not last time so that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not last time so that's exactly
+correct not that many people got full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct not that many people got full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct not that many people got full
+credit on on that one because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit on on that one because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit on on that one because sometimes
+they were seduced by Wesley's idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were seduced by Wesley's idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were seduced by Wesley's idea or
+they just feel like it's Wesley he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just feel like it's Wesley he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just feel like it's Wesley he's
+wrong or some or just some other funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or some or just some other funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or some or just some other funny
+answer um any questions uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um any questions uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um any questions uh about
+boosting question how do you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting question how do you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting question how do you know how
+many rounds of boosting to do how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds of boosting to do how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds of boosting to do how do you
+know the question is how do you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question is how do you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the question is how do you know how
+many rounds of boosting to do the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds of boosting to do the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds of boosting to do the answer
+is so on the quiz it tells you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so on the quiz it tells you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so on the quiz it tells you that you
+have three in real life you kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in real life you kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three in real life you kind of you
+might want to just kind of keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to just kind of keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to just kind of keep it
+running until it converges that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running until it converges that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running until it converges that's one
+possibility keep it running until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility keep it running until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility keep it running until it
+converges to an answer and it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to an answer and it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to an answer and it doesn't do
+anything anymore Patrick has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anymore Patrick has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anymore Patrick has a little
+widget on the 6034 website I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget on the 6034 website I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget on the 6034 website I think that
+you plug down some data points and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug down some data points and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug down some data points and run
+boosting on them and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting on them and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting on them and you can see that
+eventually it converges um the boosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it converges um the boosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it converges um the boosting
+converges to an answer and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the um basically the classif not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the um basically the classif not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the um basically the classif not
+the classifiers you picked of course or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers you picked of course or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers you picked of course or
+the weights but what converges is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights but what converges is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights but what converges is which
+ones of the your of your data set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of the your of your data set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of the your of your data set you
+get correct because he does his in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get correct because he does his in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get correct because he does his in in
+two- dimensional space rather than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional space rather than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional space rather than like
+this and he shows you the lines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he shows you the lines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and he shows you the lines the
+boosting is drawing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting is drawing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting is drawing between
+classification and colors things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and colors things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and colors things in
+green and red or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red or something like that and
+eventually converges where the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually converges where the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually converges where the lines are
+and which ones is getting right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones is getting right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones is getting right it
+generally converges to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally converges to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally converges to getting
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+correct um and when that happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um and when that happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um and when that happens then
+you can stop but that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stop but that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stop but that's a good question
+and it's not always that easy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not always that easy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not always that easy in the
+real world you have to sometimes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world you have to sometimes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world you have to sometimes just
+say this is enough for me I've given it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is enough for me I've given it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is enough for me I've given it
+a number of rounds and that's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of rounds and that's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of rounds and that's much more
+than the number of classifiers so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of classifiers so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number of classifiers so maybe
+it won't get anything better
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZgCBmERwZlI.txt b/ZgCBmERwZlI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc819af47fb299d4390356c6c5670ed889aec894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZgCBmERwZlI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will finish our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will finish our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will finish our discussion of
+classical statistical methods by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical statistical methods by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical statistical methods by
+discussing a general method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing a general method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing a general method for
+estimation the so called maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation the so called maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation the so called maximum
+likelihood method if an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood method if an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood method if an unknown
+parameter can be expressed as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter can be expressed as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter can be expressed as an
+expectation we have seen that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we have seen that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we have seen that there is a
+natural way of estimating it but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of estimating it but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of estimating it but what if
+this is not the case suppose there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case suppose there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case suppose there is no
+apparent way of interpreting theta as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent way of interpreting theta as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent way of interpreting theta as an
+expectation so we need to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so we need to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so we need to do something
+else so rather than using this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so rather than using this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so rather than using this approach
+we will use a different approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use a different approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use a different approach which
+is the following we will find a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following we will find a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following we will find a value of
+theta that makes the data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that makes the data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that makes the data that we have
+seen most likely that is we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen most likely that is we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen most likely that is we will find
+the value of theta under which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta under which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta under which the
+probability of obtaining the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining the particular
+X that we have seen that probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that we have seen that probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that we have seen that probability is
+as large as possible and that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as possible and that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as possible and that value of
+theta is going to be our estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is going to be our estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is going to be our estimate the
+maximum likelihood estimate here I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate here I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate here I wrote
+a PMF that's what you would do if X was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PMF that's what you would do if X was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PMF that's what you would do if X was
+a discrete random variable but the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete random variable but the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete random variable but the same
+procedure of course applies when X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of course applies when X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of course applies when X is a
+continuous random variable and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variable and more
+generally this procedure also applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this procedure also applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally this procedure also applies
+when X is a vector of observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is a vector of observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is a vector of observations and
+when theta is a vector of parameters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta is a vector of parameters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta is a vector of parameters but
+what does this method really do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this method really do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this method really do it is
+instructive to compare maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to compare maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to compare maximum
+likelihood estimation to a Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation to a Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation to a Bayesian
+approach in a Bayesian setting what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in a Bayesian setting what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in a Bayesian setting what we
+do is we find the posterior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we find the posterior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we find the posterior distribution
+of the unknown parameter which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unknown parameter which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unknown parameter which is now
+treated as a random variable and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as a random variable and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as a random variable and then we
+look for the most likely value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the most likely value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the most likely value of theta
+this we look at this distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we look at this distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we look at this distribution and
+try to find its peak so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find its peak so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find its peak so we want to
+maximize this quantity over theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize this quantity over theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize this quantity over theta the
+denominator does not involve any Thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator does not involve any Thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator does not involve any Thetas
+so we ignore it and suppose now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we ignore it and suppose now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we ignore it and suppose now that we
+use a prior for theta which is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a prior for theta which is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a prior for theta which is flat
+suppose that this prior is constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this prior is constant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this prior is constant over
+the range of possible values of theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of possible values of theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of possible values of theta in
+that case what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case what we need to do
+is to just take this expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just take this expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just take this expression and
+maximize it over all Thetas and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it over all Thetas and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it over all Thetas and this
+looks very similar to what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to what is happening
+here where we take this expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we take this expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we take this expression and
+maximize it over all Thetas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it over all Thetas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it over all Thetas so
+operationally maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally maximum likelihood
+estimation is the same as Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is the same as Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation is the same as Bayesian
+estimation in which we find the peak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation in which we find the peak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation in which we find the peak of
+the posterior for the special case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior for the special case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior for the special case where
+we're using a constant or flat crier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a constant or flat crier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using a constant or flat crier but
+despite this similarity the two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite this similarity the two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite this similarity the two methods
+are philosophically very different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are philosophically very different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are philosophically very different in
+the Bayesian setting you're asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayesian setting you're asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayesian setting you're asking the
+question what is the most likely value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the most likely value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the most likely value
+of theta who arez in the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta who arez in the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta who arez in the maximum
+likelihood setting you're asking what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood setting you're asking what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood setting you're asking what is
+the value of theta that makes my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta that makes my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of theta that makes my data
+most likely or what is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely or what is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely or what is the value of
+theta under which my data are the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta under which my data are the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta under which my data are the least
+surprising so the interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising so the interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising so the interpretation of the
+two methods is quite different even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods is quite different even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods is quite different even
+though the mechanics can be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the mechanics can be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the mechanics can be fairly
+similar the maximum likelihood method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the maximum likelihood method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the maximum likelihood method
+has some remarkable properties that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some remarkable properties that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some remarkable properties that we
+would like now to discuss but first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like now to discuss but first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like now to discuss but first one
+comment we need to take the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment we need to take the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment we need to take the probability
+of the observed data given theta this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observed data given theta this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observed data given theta this is
+a function of theta and maximize it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of theta and maximize it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of theta and maximize it over
+theta in some problems we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in some problems we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in some problems we can find
+closed form solutions for the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form solutions for the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form solutions for the optimal
+value of theta which is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta which is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of theta which is going to be our
+estimate but more often and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but more often and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but more often and especially
+for large problems one has to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large problems one has to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large problems one has to do this
+maximization in a numerical way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization in a numerical way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization in a numerical way this is
+possible these days and routinely people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible these days and routinely people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible these days and routinely people
+solve very high dimensional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve very high dimensional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve very high dimensional problems
+with lots of data and lots of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of data and lots of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of data and lots of parameters
+using the maximum likelihood methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the maximum likelihood methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the maximum likelihood methodology
+the maximum likelihood methodology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum likelihood methodology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum likelihood methodology is
+very popular because it has a very sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular because it has a very sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular because it has a very sound
+theoretical basis I will list a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical basis I will list a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical basis I will list a few
+facts which we will not attempt to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts which we will not attempt to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts which we will not attempt to prove
+or even justify but they're useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even justify but they're useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even justify but they're useful to
+know as general background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as general background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as general background
+suppose that we have n pieces of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have n pieces of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have n pieces of data
+that are drawn from a model from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are drawn from a model from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are drawn from a model from a
+certain structure then under mild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain structure then under mild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain structure then under mild
+assumptions the maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the maximum likelihood
+estimator has the property that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator has the property that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator has the property that it is
+consistent that is as we draw more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent that is as we draw more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent that is as we draw more and
+more data our estimate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data our estimate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data our estimate is going to
+converge to the true value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the true value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the true value of the
+parameter in addition we know quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in addition we know quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in addition we know quite a
+bit more asymptotically the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more asymptotically the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more asymptotically the maximum
+likelihood estimator behaves like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator behaves like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator behaves like a
+normal random variable that is after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable that is after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable that is after we
+normalize subtract the target and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize subtract the target and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize subtract the target and divide
+by its standard deviation it approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its standard deviation it approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its standard deviation it approaches
+a standard normal distribution so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal distribution so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard normal distribution so in
+this sense it behaves the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense it behaves the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense it behaves the same way that
+the sample mean behaves notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean behaves notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean behaves notice that this
+expression here involves the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here involves the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here involves the standard
+error of the maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the maximum likelihood
+estimator this is an important quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator this is an important quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator this is an important quantity
+and for this reason people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this reason people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this reason people have
+developed either analytical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed either analytical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed either analytical or
+simulation methods for calculating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation methods for calculating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation methods for calculating or
+approximating this standard error once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating this standard error once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating this standard error once
+you have an estimate or an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an estimate or an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an estimate or an approximation
+of the standard error in your hands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard error in your hands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the standard error in your hands you
+can further use it to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further use it to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further use it to construct
+confidence intervals using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals using the
+asymptotic normality then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic normality then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic normality then we can
+construct the confidence interval in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the confidence interval in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the confidence interval in
+exactly the same way as we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way as we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way as we did for the
+case of the sample mean estimator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the sample mean estimator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the sample mean estimator and
+this for example would be a 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example would be a 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for example would be a 95%
+confidence interval finally one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval finally one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval finally one last
+important property is that the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property is that the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property is that the maximum
+likelihood estimator is what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator is what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimator is what is called
+an asymptotically efficient estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymptotically efficient estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymptotically efficient estimator
+that is it is the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it is the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it is the best possible
+estimator in the sense that it achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in the sense that it achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in the sense that it achieves
+the smallest possible variance so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible variance so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible variance so all
+these are very strong properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very strong properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very strong properties and
+this is the reason why maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why maximum
+likelihood estimation is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is the most common
+approach for problems that do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for problems that do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for problems that do not have
+any particular special structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular special structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular special structure that
+you can exploit otherwise
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZpQOL9Ec9Lk.txt b/ZpQOL9Ec9Lk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ce80cd2052654ef0153b712161062aff3ac727b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZpQOL9Ec9Lk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the advantage of having a language class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of having a language class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of having a language class
+together with the cooking class is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the cooking class is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the cooking class is that
+well when you do something um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you do something um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you do something um in
+practice um it really helps to solidify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um it really helps to solidify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um it really helps to solidify
+your theoretical knowledge um so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theoretical knowledge um so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theoretical knowledge um so one of
+the examples is the pronunciation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples is the pronunciation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples is the pronunciation there
+are um many words that are difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um many words that are difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um many words that are difficult to
+pronounce for English speaking students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce for English speaking students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce for English speaking students
+uh one of them is the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of them is the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of them is the combination of
+letters g l i which is y so what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters g l i which is y so what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters g l i which is y so what we did
+in class instead of telling them look g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class instead of telling them look g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class instead of telling them look g
+l i has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i has to be
+pronounced we learn how to say garlic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced we learn how to say garlic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced we learn how to say garlic
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+Alo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alo
+L and then outside of the kitchen every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and then outside of the kitchen every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and then outside of the kitchen every
+time that we would find a word with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we would find a word with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we would find a word with this
+combination of letters g l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of letters g l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of letters g l
+i if either the student remembered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if either the student remembered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if either the student remembered and
+if they didn't remember I just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they didn't remember I just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they didn't remember I just had to
+show them garlic and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them garlic and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them garlic and then they would
+know yeah ha this is how you pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah ha this is how you pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah ha this is how you pronounce
+it so I think that's one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I think that's one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I think that's one of the big
+advantages of having a practical side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of having a practical side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of having a practical side of
+your language class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_HL7qwWvON4.txt b/_HL7qwWvON4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8703fb1caa56e8a7df8f4aa4df0bd6ca59e08a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_HL7qwWvON4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now introduce the linear least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now introduce the linear least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now introduce the linear least
+mean squares formulation the setting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares formulation the setting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares formulation the setting is
+the usual one we have an unknown random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual one we have an unknown random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual one we have an unknown random
+variable and another random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and another random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and another random variable
+which is our observation we are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our observation we are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our observation we are giving
+enough information so that we can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information so that we can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information so that we can for
+example calculate the Joint Distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example calculate the Joint Distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example calculate the Joint Distribution
+of these two random variables what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two random variables what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two random variables what we
+would like to do in the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do in the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do in the least squares
+methodology is to come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is to come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is to come up with an
+estimator such that the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator such that the mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator such that the mean squared
+error of this estimator is as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of this estimator is as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of this estimator is as small as
+possible and we have seen the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and we have seen the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and we have seen the general
+solution to this problem if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem if we consider
+arbitrary estimators it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary estimators it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary estimators it turns out that
+the best possible estimator the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible estimator the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible estimator the best
+possible function G is this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible function G is this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible function G is this particular
+function of the observations our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the observations our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the observations our
+estimator is the conditional expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the conditional expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is the conditional expectation
+of theta given X now let us look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta given X now let us look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta given X now let us look at an
+example that we considered earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we considered earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we considered earlier
+suppose that X and theta have a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X and theta have a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that X and theta have a joint
+PDF which is uniform over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF which is uniform over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF which is uniform over this
+particular region we did consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular region we did consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular region we did consider this
+example and we found that the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we found that the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we found that the optimal
+estimator was a function that had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was a function that had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was a function that had this
+particular shape so this blue curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape so this blue curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shape so this blue curve here
+corresponds to the function which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the function which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the function which is the
+conditional expectation of theta given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of theta given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of theta given
+the value of the observation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the observation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the observation that we
+have obtained we notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained we notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained we notice that this
+function is nonlinear but it is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is nonlinear but it is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is nonlinear but it is only
+mildly nonlinear the fact that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly nonlinear the fact that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly nonlinear the fact that it is
+nonlinear is a little bit of a nuisance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear is a little bit of a nuisance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear is a little bit of a nuisance
+it makes it somewhat of a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it somewhat of a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it somewhat of a complicated
+function wouldn't it be nicer if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wouldn't it be nicer if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wouldn't it be nicer if our
+estimator had turned out to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator had turned out to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator had turned out to be a linear
+function of the data such as this one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the data such as this one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the data such as this one it
+would have been nicer but unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nicer but unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nicer but unfortunately
+that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case
+but what if we impose it as a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if we impose it as a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if we impose it as a constraint
+that we will only look at estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will only look at estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will only look at estimators
+that are linear functions of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linear functions of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linear functions of the data
+what does that mean mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean mathematically
+speaking it means that we will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it means that we will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it means that we will only
+consider estimators that depend linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider estimators that depend linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider estimators that depend linearly
+on the data X now a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data X now a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data X now a and B
+our serve parameters that are for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our serve parameters that are for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our serve parameters that are for us to
+choose if I choose a and B differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if I choose a and B differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if I choose a and B differently
+I'm going to get a different red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a different red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get a different red curve
+here which one is the best red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which one is the best red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which one is the best red curve
+well we need a criterion but let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need a criterion but let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need a criterion but let us
+stick to our mean squared error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to our mean squared error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to our mean squared error
+criterion and in that case we are led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion and in that case we are led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion and in that case we are led to
+the following formulation we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following formulation we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following formulation we want to
+find choices for a and B that is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find choices for a and B that is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find choices for a and B that is we want
+to choose a particular red line so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a particular red line so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a particular red line so that
+the resulting estimation error the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting estimation error the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting estimation error the
+resulting mean squared estimation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting mean squared estimation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting mean squared estimation error
+is small as possible so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small as possible so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small as possible so what we have
+here is the random variable here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the random variable here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the random variable here is the
+value that's going to be given to us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be given to us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's going to be given to us by
+your estimator and we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimator and we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimator and we look at the
+Associated error square it and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated error square it and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated error square it and take the
+expectation so this is the linear least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so this is the linear least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so this is the linear least
+mean squares formulation we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares formulation we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squares formulation we're looking
+for an estimator which is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an estimator which is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an estimator which is a linear
+function of the data and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the data and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the data and we want to
+choose the best possible linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the best possible linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the best possible linear function
+how does it compare to the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it compare to the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it compare to the earlier
+problem of picking the best estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of picking the best estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of picking the best estimator
+here we were considering an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were considering an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were considering an arbitrary
+function G and we were trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G and we were trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G and we were trying to find
+the best possible function of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible function of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible function of the data
+which would be our estimator so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be our estimator so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be our estimator so this was
+really an optimization over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an optimization over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an optimization over all possible
+functions here we only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here we only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here we only have an
+optimization with respect to two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization with respect to two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization with respect to two numbers
+so at least mathematically this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least mathematically this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least mathematically this should
+be a simpler problem and we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simpler problem and we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simpler problem and we will see
+that it has a simple solution before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a simple solution before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a simple solution before
+going on to the solution however let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to the solution however let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to the solution however let me
+make one comment that in some cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one comment that in some cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one comment that in some cases the
+linear least squares estimation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear least squares estimation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear least squares estimation problem
+is relatively easy to solve and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively easy to solve and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively easy to solve and these
+are the cases where the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cases where the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cases where the conditional
+expectation turns out to be linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation turns out to be linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation turns out to be linear in
+the data this is the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this is the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data this is the best possible
+estimator if it happens to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if it happens to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator if it happens to be linear
+it's at least as good as any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as good as any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as good as any other
+linear estimator so it's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimator so it's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear estimator so it's also going to
+be the optimal linear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the optimal linear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the optimal linear as
+mater that is if the optimal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mater that is if the optimal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mater that is if the optimal solution
+turns out to be already linear by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be already linear by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be already linear by
+imposing the extra constraint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing the extra constraint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing the extra constraint of
+sticking to linear estimators is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to linear estimators is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to linear estimators is not
+going to make any difference but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make any difference but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make any difference but for the
+general case in general this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case in general this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case in general this is not
+going to be the case the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case the conditional
+expectation may well turn out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation may well turn out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation may well turn out to be a
+nonlinear function of the data as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function of the data as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function of the data as in
+this example and in those cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and in those cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and in those cases the
+linear least mean squares estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear least mean squares estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear least mean squares estimator is
+going to turn out to be different
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_jPVD45YYlk.txt b/_jPVD45YYlk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76428cc04f89a12e51b4731dbdedeb884a8a2d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_jPVD45YYlk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me do a little exercise using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a little exercise using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do a little exercise using
+stillness manipulations and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stillness manipulations and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stillness manipulations and they'll
+confirm the way we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the way we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the way we think about
+expectation values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values
+so suppose exercise suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose exercise suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose exercise suppose you have
+indeed X is equal to alpha I sigh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute the expectation value of Q in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expectation value of Q in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expectation value of Q in
+the state side precisely the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state side precisely the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state side precisely the expectation
+value of this operator we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this operator we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this operator we've been
+talking about on the state so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about on the state so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about on the state so this is
+equal to the integral DX size star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral DX size star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral DX size star
+universe I now have to put two songs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe I now have to put two songs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe I now have to put two songs as
+before and go a little fast here the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and go a little fast here the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and go a little fast here the end
+sum over I I this is equal to sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I I this is equal to sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over I I this is equal to sum over I
+over in the X side to side J but keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the X side to side J but keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the X side to side J but keeps
+IJ is equal to Q J sorry J and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is equal to Q J sorry J and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is equal to Q J sorry J and therefore
+this whole thing is equal to Q J that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is equal to Q J that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is equal to Q J that
+the integral DX of side I star sign J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral DX of side I star sign J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral DX of side I star sign J
+which is Q J Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q J Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q J Delta
+so here we go it's equal to sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go it's equal to sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go it's equal to sum over I
+sum over J PI star alpha j QJ delta IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over J PI star alpha j QJ delta IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over J PI star alpha j QJ delta IJ
+which is equal to the sum over I the J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the sum over I the J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the sum over I the J's
+disappear and this is alpha I squared Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and this is alpha I squared Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and this is alpha I squared Q
+I that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's it
+okay now you're supposed to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're supposed to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're supposed to look at and
+this is a now what is the look how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a now what is the look how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a now what is the look how did
+we define our expectation violence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define our expectation violence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define our expectation violence we
+define them as the sum of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them as the sum of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define them as the sum of the value
+times the probability that this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that this value
+happens for a random variable so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for a random variable so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for a random variable so here
+our random variable is the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable is the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random variable is the result of the
+mission and what are the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and what are the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and what are the possible
+violence Q eyes and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence Q eyes and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence Q eyes and what are the
+probabilities that they happen we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that they happen we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that they happen we are
+okay so the expectation value of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the expectation value of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the expectation value of Q
+should be that should be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that should be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be that should be the sum of the
+possible values times them probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values times them probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values times them probabilities
+and that's what the system gives this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the system gives this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the system gives this is
+how we define expectation value of x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we define expectation value of x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we define expectation value of x so
+we call that provision value of P and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that provision value of P and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that provision value of P and it
+all comes from the measurement postulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes from the measurement postulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes from the measurement postulate
+and the definition now then they fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition now then they fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition now then they fit
+this definition and the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition and the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition and the measurement
+postulate just shows that this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate just shows that this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate just shows that this is what
+we expected the result of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected the result of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected the result of expectation
+value okay I think I have a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay I think I have a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay I think I have a nice example
+to all the detail of these things but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the detail of these things but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the detail of these things but it
+may illustrate things in a nice way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may illustrate things in a nice way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may illustrate things in a nice way so
+let's try to do it so here it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to do it so here it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to do it so here it is it's a
+physical example oh this is it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example oh this is it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical example oh this is it's a nice
+concrete example because this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle on the circle x0 maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the circle x0 maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle on the circle x0 maybe you
+haven't seen a circle described like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen a circle described like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen a circle described like
+that but you take the x axis and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you take the x axis and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you take the x axis and you say
+yes the circle is 0 to L and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the circle is 0 to L and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the circle is 0 to L and the way
+they think of it is that this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think of it is that this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think of it is that this point is
+identified to this point if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified to this point if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified to this point if you have a
+line and you identify the two end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you identify the two end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you identify the two end point
+that's called the circle is in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the circle is in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the circle is in the sense
+of topology a circle as a set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topology a circle as a set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topology a circle as a set of points
+equidistant to a center is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistant to a center is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistant to a center is a geometric
+description of a round circle but thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a round circle but thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a round circle but thus
+topologically speaking anything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically speaking anything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologically speaking anything that is
+close this topological yourself or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this topological yourself or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this topological yourself or we
+think of a circle as this physically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a circle as this physically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a circle as this physically it
+could be a curved line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider a free particle on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a free particle on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a free particle on a
+circle I'm supposed their circle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'm supposed their circle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I'm supposed their circle has
+meant L so X belongs here and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant L so X belongs here and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant L so X belongs here and here is
+the wavefunction side it was 2 over L 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction side it was 2 over L 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction side it was 2 over L 1
+over square root of 3 sine of 2 pi x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 3 sine of 2 pi x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 3 sine of 2 pi x
+over L plus 3 cosine 6 PI x over L this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L plus 3 cosine 6 PI x over L this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L plus 3 cosine 6 PI x over L this
+is the wave function of your article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function of your article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function of your article on
+the server at some time time equals 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server at some time time equals 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server at some time time equals 0 is
+a free particle no potential and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free particle no potential and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free particle no potential and it
+lives in the circle and these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in the circle and these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in the circle and these functions
+are kind of interesting you see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of interesting you see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of interesting you see if you
+never a circle you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a circle you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a circle you would want to
+emphasize the fact that this point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that this point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that this point zero
+is the same as the point L so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the point L so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the point L so you should
+have that side at L must be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that side at L must be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that side at L must be able to
+decide a 0 it's a circle after all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide a 0 it's a circle after all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide a 0 it's a circle after all it's
+the same point and therefore for 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point and therefore for 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point and therefore for 0 or
+for L the difference here is 0 or 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L the difference here is 0 or 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L the difference here is 0 or 2 pi
+and the sine is the same thing and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sine is the same thing and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sine is the same thing and 0
+when X equal 0 and 6 pi so that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X equal 0 and 6 pi so that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X equal 0 and 6 pi so that's also
+periodic and it's funny it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and it's funny it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and it's funny it's a it's a
+good wave function on a circle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good wave function on a circle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good wave function on a circle and the
+question is for this problem what are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for this problem what are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for this problem what are if
+you measure momentum to measure momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the possible values under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible values under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible values under
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+from abilities so you decide to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abilities so you decide to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from abilities so you decide to measure
+momentum of this particle what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this particle what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this particle what can you
+get okay it looks a little non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay it looks a little non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay it looks a little non-trivial
+and it is a little non-trivial momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a little non-trivial momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a little non-trivial momentum
+so I must sort of find the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I must sort of find the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I must sort of find the momentum
+eigenstates momentum balances are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates momentum balances are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates momentum balances are those
+infinite plane waves e to the ikx that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite plane waves e to the ikx that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite plane waves e to the ikx that
+we could never normalize because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could never normalize because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could never normalize because if you
+square it it's 1 an integral over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it it's 1 an integral over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it it's 1 an integral over all
+space is infinite so are we heading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is infinite so are we heading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is infinite so are we heading for
+disaster here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster here
+no because it's lives in the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's lives in the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's lives in the finite
+space yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it is the wave function at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the wave function at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the wave function at time
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+so the time derivative would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time derivative would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the time derivative would have to
+bring in so you can't have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in so you can't have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in so you can't have a wave
+function that is zero at that is real at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is zero at that is real at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is zero at that is real at
+some particular time like anyway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular time like anyway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular time like anyway from
+some side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some side effects
+e to the minus I in T over H bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I in T over H bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I in T over H bars and
+then at time equals zero may be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time equals zero may be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time equals zero may be real
+it cannot be real forever so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be real forever so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be real forever so you cannot
+assume is real but that some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is real but that some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is real but that some particular
+times it could be very good question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it could be very good question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it could be very good question the
+other thing you might say look this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you might say look this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you might say look this is
+too real to have momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too real to have momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too real to have momentum
+momentum has to do with ways but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has to do with ways but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has to do with ways but that
+that's probably not a reliable army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not a reliable army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not a reliable army
+okay so we're going to go from here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go from here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to go from here well
+let's try to find the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to find the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to find the momentum
+eigenstates there should be things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates there should be things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates there should be things like
+that Exponential's so how could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Exponential's so how could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Exponential's so how could they
+look well e to the 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well e to the 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well e to the 2i
+maybe what else are X the should be an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what else are X the should be an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what else are X the should be an X
+for a momentum thing now there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a momentum thing now there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a momentum thing now there should be
+no units here so there better be an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units here so there better be an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units here so there better be an L
+here and now I could put maybe well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now I could put maybe well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now I could put maybe well the
+two maybe was why do they think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe was why do they think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two maybe was why do they think of the
+tour the PI well for convenience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour the PI well for convenience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour the PI well for convenience but
+let's see what suppose you have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what suppose you have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what suppose you have a number
+M here then the good thing about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here then the good thing about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here then the good thing about this is
+that when X is equal to 0 or some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when X is equal to 0 or some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when X is equal to 0 or some number
+here but when X is equal to L it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but when X is equal to L it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but when X is equal to L it's a
+multiple of e to the 2 pi I so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of e to the 2 pi I so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of e to the 2 pi I so that's
+periodic so this does satisfy I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so this does satisfy I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so this does satisfy I claim
+it's the only way if n is any integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+those things are periodic they satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are periodic they satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are periodic they satisfied
+sigh action they said this website of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh action they said this website of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh action they said this website of X
+plus L is equal to sine of X okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L is equal to sine of X okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L is equal to sine of X okay that
+seems to be something that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be something that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be something that could be a
+momentum eigenstate and then I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstate and then I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstate and then I have to
+normalize it well if I square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it well if I square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it well if I square it and
+integrate it if I square a rate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it if I square a rate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it if I square a rate in the
+face cancels or even one if you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face cancels or even one if you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face cancels or even one if you need the
+way to get L so if you put 1 over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get L so if you put 1 over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get L so if you put 1 over square
+root of L when you square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of L when you square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of L when you square it and
+integrate you will get 1 so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate you will get 1 so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate you will get 1 so here it is
+sy ends of X are going to be defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy ends of X are going to be defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy ends of X are going to be defined to
+be this thing and I claim these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing and I claim these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this thing and I claim these things
+are momentum eigenstates in fact what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are momentum eigenstates in fact what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are momentum eigenstates in fact what is
+the value of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the momentum
+well you calculate H bar over I DD X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you calculate H bar over I DD X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you calculate H bar over I DD X on
+sy m and you get what you get 2 pi M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy m and you get what you get 2 pi M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy m and you get what you get 2 pi M
+over L times H bar thanks son the H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L times H bar thanks son the H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L times H bar thanks son the H bar
+is there the I cancels and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the I cancels and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there the I cancels and everything
+that multiplies the X falls down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the X falls down so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the X falls down so this
+is a state with momentum P equals to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state with momentum P equals to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state with momentum P equals to H
+bar 2 pi and over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay actually doing that with them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually doing that with them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually doing that with them the
+most difficult part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most difficult part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most difficult part of the problem
+you've found momentum eigenfunctions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've found momentum eigenfunctions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've found momentum eigenfunctions so
+now the rest of the thing is to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rest of the thing is to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rest of the thing is to rewrite
+this in terms of this kind of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll do it in a second maybe I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it in a second maybe I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it in a second maybe I'll leave
+a little space there and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little space there and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little space there and you can check
+the algebra you can see it in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra you can see it in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra you can see it in the notes
+but you know what we were supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what we were supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what we were supposed to do
+a sine of X is e to the i-x so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine of X is e to the i-x so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine of X is e to the i-x so you get
+these things converted Exponential's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things converted Exponential's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things converted Exponential's and
+the cosine of X so if you do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of X so if you do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of X so if you do that with
+those things look what is the sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things look what is the sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things look what is the sine of
+two pi X gonna give you is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi X gonna give you is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi X gonna give you is going to give
+you some extra miniatures of two pi I x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some extra miniatures of two pi I x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some extra miniatures of two pi I x
+over L so personal M equals 1 and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L so personal M equals 1 and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L so personal M equals 1 and M
+equals minus 1 and this will give you n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 and this will give you n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus 1 and this will give you n
+equals 3 3 times 2 is 6 and M equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 3 times 2 is 6 and M equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 3 times 2 is 6 and M equal
+minus 3 so I claim that after some word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 so I claim that after some word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 so I claim that after some word
+and you could try to do it I think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could try to do it I think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could try to do it I think would
+be a nice exercise sy is equal square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nice exercise sy is equal square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nice exercise sy is equal square
+root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine 1 minus
+square root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 over 3 1 over 2i sine
+minus 1 plus 1 over square root of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus 1 over square root of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus 1 over square root of 3
+side 3 plus 1 over square root of 3 sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side 3 plus 1 over square root of 3 sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side 3 plus 1 over square root of 3 sigh
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+and it should give you some satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should give you some satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should give you some satisfaction
+to see something like that you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see something like that you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see something like that you're now
+seeing the wave function written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the wave function written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the wave function written as a
+superposition of momentum I didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of momentum I didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of momentum I didn't see
+this theorem came through in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem came through in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem came through in this case
+of a particle in a circle the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle in a circle the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle in a circle the statement
+is that the eigenfunctions are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the eigenfunctions are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the eigenfunctions are the
+Exponential's and it's for a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's and it's for a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's and it's for a sphere
+again for the series so finally here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the series so finally here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the series so finally here is
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+so side one with a measured sign one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so side one with a measured sign one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so side one with a measured sign one
+what is the momentum of sorry one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the momentum of sorry one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the momentum of sorry one so
+here are p-values news and probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first value of side one the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first value of side one the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first value of side one the momentum
+is 2 pi H bar over L so 2 pi H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi H bar over L so 2 pi H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi H bar over L so 2 pi H bar over
+L and what is its probability is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and what is its probability is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and what is its probability is this
+whole number squared so square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number squared so square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole number squared so square root of
+2/3 1 over 2 R squared so how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 1 over 2 R squared so how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 1 over 2 R squared so how much is
+that is 2/3 times 1/4 2/3 is 1/6 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 2/3 times 1/4 2/3 is 1/6 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 2/3 times 1/4 2/3 is 1/6 and the
+other value that you can get is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value that you can get is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value that you can get is minus
+this 1 2 minus 2 pi H bar over L this -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 2 minus 2 pi H bar over L this -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 2 minus 2 pi H bar over L this -
+doesn't matter probability also 1/6 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter probability also 1/6 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter probability also 1/6 the
+next one is with 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is with 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is with 3
+so you can get to six five six five H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get to six five six five H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get to six five six five H
+bar over L with probability square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over L with probability square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over L with probability square of
+this one-third minus 6/5 H bar over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one-third minus 6/5 H bar over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one-third minus 6/5 H bar over L
+with probability 1/3 happily our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 happily our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/3 happily our
+probabilities add up so there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities add up so there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities add up so there you go
+that's the theory expressed in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theory expressed in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theory expressed in a very
+clear example you had a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example you had a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear example you had a wave function
+you wrote it as a sum of four momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote it as a sum of four momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote it as a sum of four momentum
+eigenstates and now you know if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and now you know if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and now you know if you do a
+measurement what are the possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement what are the possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement what are the possible values
+of the momentum this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum this should be
+probability 1/6
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_jSFwF8rMdY.txt b/_jSFwF8rMdY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c407f07cecd3b09909ad4ffe5586ee0ca6cbaf92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_jSFwF8rMdY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11608 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the second day of our of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the second day of our of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the second day of our of our
+little unit on random walks on groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unit on random walks on groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unit on random walks on groups.
+And the first day we introduced it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first day we introduced it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first day we introduced it. Um
+and uh the second day we'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second day we'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second day we'll describe
+some of some more modern stuff. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of some more modern stuff. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of some more modern stuff. And the
+second day will be a little bit more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day will be a little bit more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day will be a little bit more of
+a survey. I won't prove everything. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey. I won't prove everything. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a survey. I won't prove everything. Um
+but I'll try to um uh and in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try to um uh and in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll try to um uh and in the second
+day we'll see how it connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we'll see how it connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we'll see how it connects to
+projection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory.
+Okay. So first let's recall what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's recall what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's recall what we're
+where we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were talking about
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we have a finite group G and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a finite group G and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a finite group G and then we
+have a probability measure on G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probability measure on G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probability measure on G
+and we have an operator T mu. T mu of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an operator T mu. T mu of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an operator T mu. T mu of F
+is F convolved with mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is F convolved with mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is F convolved with mu
+and so this is like a does a step of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like a does a step of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like a does a step of a
+random walk. So if f is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk. So if f is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk. So if f is the probability
+distribution at some moment then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at some moment then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at some moment then you
+make a step of the random walk end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a step of the random walk end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a step of the random walk end and
+then t muf is the new probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then t muf is the new probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then t muf is the new probability
+distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution.
+Okay. Um so t mu of one is one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so t mu of one is one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so t mu of one is one the
+constant function one and t mu maps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function one and t mu maps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function one and t mu maps the
+functions of mean zero. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of mean zero. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of mean zero. So these are
+functions whose sum to zero or have mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions whose sum to zero or have mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions whose sum to zero or have mean
+zero. It maps it to itself. Um and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It maps it to itself. Um and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. It maps it to itself. Um and sigma
+1 of t mu is the largest singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of t mu is the largest singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of t mu is the largest singular value
+of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And we saw that sigma 1 of t mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we saw that sigma 1 of t mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we saw that sigma 1 of t mu is
+related to the mixing behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the mixing behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the mixing behavior of this
+random walk. So um we always have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk. So um we always have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk. So um we always have that
+sigma 1 of t mu is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t mu is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t mu is less than or equal to
+one and uh actually we don't it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh actually we don't it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh actually we don't it's a
+positive number and and sigma 1 of t mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number and and sigma 1 of t mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number and and sigma 1 of t mu
+is strictly less than one then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than one then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than one then that
+gives some kind of mixing of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some kind of mixing of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some kind of mixing of the random
+walk we made that precise last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um next we focused on the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um next we focused on the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um next we focused on the group
+SL2FP PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one one special feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one one special feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one one special feature of this
+group came from representation theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group came from representation theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group came from representation theory.
+So we had a proposition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a proposition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we had a proposition that
+um if you have a representation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a representation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have a representation of this
+of this group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a unitary
+representation and let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and let's say it's
+non-trivial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then D has to be pretty big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And we use that to prove a mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we use that to prove a mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we use that to prove a mixing
+estimate. mixing estimate says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate. mixing estimate says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate. mixing estimate says that if
+mu is a probability measure on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is a probability measure on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is a probability measure on on this
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then sigma 1 of t mu is bounded by p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then sigma 1 of t mu is bounded by p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then sigma 1 of t mu is bounded by p
+^ 2 * mu l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example if a is just a sub a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if a is just a sub a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if a is just a sub a subset
+of sl2 fp then there's a uniform measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sl2 fp then there's a uniform measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sl2 fp then there's a uniform measure
+on a Mua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's straightforward to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's straightforward to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's straightforward to check that
+it's L2 norm squared mu aa L2 norm 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L2 norm squared mu aa L2 norm 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's L2 norm squared mu aa L2 norm 2 is
+1 over the size of a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the size of a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over the size of a.
+So a corlary is that if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a corlary is that if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a corlary is that if a is
+significantly bigger than p^2 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than p^2 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than p^2 then the
+random walk using a mixes rapidly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk using a mixes rapidly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk using a mixes rapidly.
+So correlary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So correlary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So correlary
+if for instance a is bigger than p to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for instance a is bigger than p to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for instance a is bigger than p to
+the 2.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.1
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+then sigma 1 of ta so I'll write ta it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sigma 1 of ta so I'll write ta it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sigma 1 of ta so I'll write ta it's
+an abbreviation for t mua sigma 1 of ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for t mua sigma 1 of ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for t mua sigma 1 of ta
+would be smaller than something like p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be smaller than something like p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be smaller than something like p
+to the - one10th so it would mix quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - one10th so it would mix quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the - one10th so it would mix quite
+rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is a nice
+proposition and it's kind of sharp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and it's kind of sharp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition and it's kind of sharp of
+its type because if the set A is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its type because if the set A is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its type because if the set A is a
+subgroup of SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup of SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup of SL2FP
+then it the random walk will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it the random walk will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it the random walk will not
+generate will not mix at all and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate will not mix at all and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate will not mix at all and there
+are subgroups or easy subgroups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are subgroups or easy subgroups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are subgroups or easy subgroups that
+have size around P^ squ so we can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have size around P^ squ so we can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have size around P^ squ so we can't we
+can't do better than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than this
+so remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remark
+that this corary is sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this corary is sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this corary is sharp
+uh because there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there exists
+H a proper subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size of H around P square. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of H around P square. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of H around P square. So for
+instance, H is the upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, H is the upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, H is the upper triangular
+matrices. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices. Yeah,
+>> if you had for a different group a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you had for a different group a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you had for a different group a
+similar proposition where you can lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar proposition where you can lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar proposition where you can lower
+bound the dimension of the of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the dimension of the of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the dimension of the of a
+non-trivial unit, could you also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial unit, could you also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial unit, could you also use
+that as an upper bound for the sigma one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an upper bound for the sigma one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an upper bound for the sigma one
+for that group?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that group?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that group?
+>> Yeah. So the question is if we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is if we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is if we had an
+analog of this proposition for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of this proposition for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of this proposition for some
+other group say SLDFP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group say SLDFP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group say SLDFP
+um then could we do this whole story for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then could we do this whole story for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then could we do this whole story for
+for all these other groups? Yeah, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these other groups? Yeah, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these other groups? Yeah, you
+could. This is that's all that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. This is that's all that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. This is that's all that we've
+used so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so far.
+Yeah. Okay, cool. Um okay. So then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay, cool. Um okay. So then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay, cool. Um okay. So then also
+last class we stated an old theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we stated an old theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class we stated an old theorem
+which goes rather it's older than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes rather it's older than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes rather it's older than this
+proposition but it goes rather it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition but it goes rather it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition but it goes rather it does
+not obviously follow from it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So theorem this theorem is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem this theorem is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem this theorem is essentially
+due to Selberg um although he didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Selberg um although he didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to Selberg um although he didn't say
+it in quite this way. Um so here a so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in quite this way. Um so here a so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in quite this way. Um so here a so we
+pick okay so a is a particular list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so a is a particular list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so a is a particular list of
+generators of sl2fp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay. So this is perhaps the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is perhaps the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is perhaps the simplest
+set of generators of sl2fp but is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of generators of sl2fp but is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of generators of sl2fp but is also
+somewhat special in a way we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat special in a way we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat special in a way we'll talk
+about when we talk about the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we talk about the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we talk about the proof.
+Okay. So then the conclusion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then the conclusion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then the conclusion is that
+sigma 1 of t a is less than 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t a is less than 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t a is less than 1 minus c
+where c is positive and c is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is positive and c is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is positive and c is uh this is
+true for every p. So c does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every p. So c does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every p. So c does not depend
+on p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on p.
+So these all mix uniformly fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this theorem is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this theorem is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this theorem is not an
+immediate corlary of this proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate corlary of this proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate corlary of this proposition
+because this is a much smaller set. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a much smaller set. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a much smaller set. Um
+and uh okay so today there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh okay so today there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh okay so today there are a couple
+of goals in in this survey. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goals in in this survey. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goals in in this survey. The first
+goal is to sketch a proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to sketch a proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to sketch a proof of this
+theorem in which this proposition plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in which this proposition plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in which this proposition plays
+a key role but we'll see some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key role but we'll see some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key role but we'll see some other
+ideas and a second goal is to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and a second goal is to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and a second goal is to discuss
+what happens if you replace what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you replace what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you replace what was
+special about this generating set at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about this generating set at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about this generating set at all
+and what happens if we replace it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if we replace it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if we replace it by
+some other generating set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+cool. So, the first proof was due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, the first proof was due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, the first proof was due to
+Selberg basically, but um, that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selberg basically, but um, that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selberg basically, but um, that proof
+was quite difficult. It used the an used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite difficult. It used the an used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite difficult. It used the an used
+a bunch of stuff including the remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff including the remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stuff including the remon
+hypothesis for curves over finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for curves over finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for curves over finite
+fields. Um, we're going to uh follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Um, we're going to uh follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. Um, we're going to uh follow a
+later proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is due to Sarnac and Shuer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due to Sarnac and Shuer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due to Sarnac and Shuer and
+perhaps simplified or adjusted a bit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps simplified or adjusted a bit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps simplified or adjusted a bit by
+by various people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by various people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by various people.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+Um, all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right.
+So, this set is uh symmetric, meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this set is uh symmetric, meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this set is uh symmetric, meaning
+that uh if you if a group element is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you if a group element is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you if a group element is in
+the set, so is the inverse. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set, so is the inverse. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set, so is the inverse. Um, and so
+we could say that mu is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say that mu is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say that mu is symmetric
+if mu of g is equal to mu of g inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu of g is equal to mu of g inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu of g is equal to mu of g inverse
+for every g and g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every g and g.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every g and g.
+And um t mu actually is it's a bit nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um t mu actually is it's a bit nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um t mu actually is it's a bit nicer
+if mu is symmetric. Um and here's why.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu is symmetric. Um and here's why.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu is symmetric. Um and here's why.
+So remark mu is symmetric that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remark mu is symmetric that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remark mu is symmetric that is
+equivalent to saying that the operator t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that the operator t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that the operator t
+mu is symmetric as a matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so because so if you think of T mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so because so if you think of T mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so because so if you think of T mu
+as a matrix then it has a g1 g2 entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix then it has a g1 g2 entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix then it has a g1 g2 entry
+and the g1 g2 entry is mu of g1 g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the g1 g2 entry is mu of g1 g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the g1 g2 entry is mu of g1 g2
+inverse. So if you switch these you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So if you switch these you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So if you switch these you're
+taking the inverse of that and uh if mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of that and uh if mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the inverse of that and uh if mu
+is symmetric that doesn't matter. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric that doesn't matter. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric that doesn't matter. So
+it's a symmetric matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symmetric matrix.
+Okay so that's nice because a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so that's nice because a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so that's nice because a symmetric
+matrix you can diagonalize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can diagonalize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can diagonalize it and
+instead of just having singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having singular values
+it has igen values. So once tu is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has igen values. So once tu is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has igen values. So once tu is a
+symmetric matrix then the first singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix then the first singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix then the first singular
+value of t mu to the k is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of t mu to the k is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of t mu to the k is the first
+singular value of t mu to the k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value of t mu to the k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value of t mu to the k.
+It helps to have a blackboard to sit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so that suggests a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so that suggests a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so that suggests a this is
+helpful. This isn't true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful. This isn't true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful. This isn't true for
+non-ymmetric matrices but it's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ymmetric matrices but it's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ymmetric matrices but it's true for
+symmetric matrices. And it suggests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices. And it suggests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices. And it suggests a
+strategy of how to get a handle on sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of how to get a handle on sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of how to get a handle on sigma
+1 of t mu. So we can say the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of t mu. So we can say the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 of t mu. So we can say the following
+thing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um
+so we have sigma 1. Yeah. Let's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sigma 1. Yeah. Let's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sigma 1. Yeah. Let's also
+think about t mu to the k. So t mu to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about t mu to the k. So t mu to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about t mu to the k. So t mu to
+the k of f is f convolved with mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k of f is f convolved with mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k of f is f convolved with mu and
+then convolved with mu and so on k times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convolved with mu and so on k times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then convolved with mu and so on k times
+uh which is f convolved with mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is f convolved with mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is f convolved with mu
+convolved with itself k times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times.
+So that's an operator of our type but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an operator of our type but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an operator of our type but
+with a new measure. The measure is mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new measure. The measure is mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new measure. The measure is mu
+convolved with itself k times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times.
+Okay. So therefore sigma 1 of t mu to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So therefore sigma 1 of t mu to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So therefore sigma 1 of t mu to
+the k sigma 1 t mu to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k sigma 1 t mu to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k sigma 1 t mu to the k
+which is sigma 1 of t mu to the k. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you try to explain this without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try to explain this without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try to explain this without a
+blackboard, you have to have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard, you have to have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard, you have to have really
+good ability to invoke things with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ability to invoke things with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ability to invoke things with your
+voice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Okay. So mu might be um the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So mu might be um the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So mu might be um the uniform
+measure on this set of four elements A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on this set of four elements A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on this set of four elements A.
+And if we apply this proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we apply this proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we apply this proposition
+directly to that set of four elements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to that set of four elements,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to that set of four elements,
+it gives us nothing. But we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us nothing. But we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us nothing. But we can use this
+and then we can try to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can try to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can try to apply the
+proposition to mu to the k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition to mu to the k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition to mu to the k.
+Um so if we put together what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we put together what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we put together what we have
+can make the following corlary. Um sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the following corlary. Um sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the following corlary. Um sigma
+1 t mu to the k. So okay so this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 t mu to the k. So okay so this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 t mu to the k. So okay so this is if
+mu is a probability measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is a probability measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is a probability measure
+on SL2 or fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2 or fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2 or fp
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+sigma 1 of t mu to the k it's bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t mu to the k it's bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 of t mu to the k it's bounded by
+well this thing and for this thing we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this thing and for this thing we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this thing and for this thing we we
+can apply our proposition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply our proposition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply our proposition here
+so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get
+p ^ 2 * mu 2 * k L2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so the original for for the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the original for for the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the original for for the original
+if you take the subbook measure a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the subbook measure a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the subbook measure a then
+for the original mua um this thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original mua um this thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original mua um this thing would
+be much too big to be interesting. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much too big to be interesting. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much too big to be interesting. But
+perhaps we could find a high power k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we could find a high power k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we could find a high power k
+where this L2 norm is actually smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this L2 norm is actually smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this L2 norm is actually smaller
+than 1 over p^2 and that would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 over p^2 and that would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 over p^2 and that would give us
+an interesting bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. So, so all of the stuff that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, so all of the stuff that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, so all of the stuff that we'll
+that we'll talk about today is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about today is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about today is based on
+this corollary. Um, so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corollary. Um, so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corollary. Um, so we can think
+about it like this. You start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like this. You start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like this. You start off with
+the probability measure mu. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability measure mu. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability measure mu. We want to
+know if does it get really evenly mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if does it get really evenly mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if does it get really evenly mixed
+if you convolve it with itself a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you convolve it with itself a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you convolve it with itself a lot of
+times. And what we'll see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. And what we'll see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. And what we'll see here is that
+maybe if you convolve it with itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you convolve it with itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you convolve it with itself a
+bunch of times, it will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times, it will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times, it will get
+fairly well mixed. Not spectacularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well mixed. Not spectacularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well mixed. Not spectacularly
+well mixed, but just fairly well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed, but just fairly well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed, but just fairly well mixed
+to guarantee that this L2 norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that this L2 norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that this L2 norm is
+smaller than 1 over P^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 over P^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 over P^2.
+So if if it manages to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if it manages to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if it manages to be kind of
+roughly evenly distributed around P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly evenly distributed around P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly evenly distributed around P to
+the 2.1 elements in this group, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.1 elements in this group, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2.1 elements in this group, that
+would be good enough that this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good enough that this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good enough that this would be
+less than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one.
+Once that happens, we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once that happens, we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once that happens, we can use this
+correlary and we can bound sigma 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlary and we can bound sigma 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlary and we can bound sigma 1.
+And once we bound sigma one, then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once we bound sigma one, then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once we bound sigma one, then we'll
+see that that in turn tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that in turn tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that in turn tells us what
+happens as we keep mixing. Then we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we keep mixing. Then we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as we keep mixing. Then we'll be
+able to say it gets really very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say it gets really very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say it gets really very well
+mixed at some later time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. But how can we so how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. But how can we so how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. But how can we so how can we
+bond this? How can we approach uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this? How can we approach uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this? How can we approach uh show
+that that mu tensor k is is decently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that mu tensor k is is decently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that mu tensor k is is decently
+well mixed fairly well mixed. Um okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed fairly well mixed. Um okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed fairly well mixed. Um okay.
+So there are two different um approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are two different um approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are two different um approaches
+that we'll talk about today. What so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about today. What so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about today. What so one
+approach which is special for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is special for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is special for this
+theorem involves either um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem involves either um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem involves either um
+uh let me say it involves lifting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me say it involves lifting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me say it involves lifting to
+SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z
+um andor it involves hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um andor it involves hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um andor it involves hyperbolic
+geometry. I'll describe it in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. I'll describe it in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. I'll describe it in a couple
+of different slightly different ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So first let's talk about lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's talk about lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first let's talk about lifting
+to SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if you reduce mod P it gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you reduce mod P it gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you reduce mod P it gives a
+group homorphism from SL2Z to SL2F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so let's suppose that M is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that M is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that M is a probability
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+on SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z
+and mu is the push forward pi P of M. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu is the push forward pi P of M. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu is the push forward pi P of M. So
+that's a probability measure here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability measure here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability measure here.
+And this setup with group homorphisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this setup with group homorphisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this setup with group homorphisms
+commutes plays nicely with convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes plays nicely with convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes plays nicely with convolution.
+So um if I take the push forward of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if I take the push forward of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if I take the push forward of m
+convolved with itself k times I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself k times I will get
+mu convolved with itself k times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so one approach to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so one approach to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so one approach to try to
+understand mu convolved with itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand mu convolved with itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand mu convolved with itself a
+bunch of times is to first try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times is to first try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times is to first try to
+understand m convolved with itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand m convolved with itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand m convolved with itself a
+bunch of times and then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and then try to
+understand what happens when we perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when we perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when we perform
+this push word.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push word.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push word.
+Um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay
+cool so here's our plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so here's our plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so here's our plan
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+m convolve with itself k times to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m convolve with itself k times to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m convolve with itself k times to the
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+push forward operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this is a a reasonable strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a reasonable strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a a reasonable strategy
+because of the fact or to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact or to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact or to the extent
+that we feel that SL2Z is easier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we feel that SL2Z is easier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we feel that SL2Z is easier to get
+our hands on than SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. And there is a there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And there is a there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And there is a there are a
+couple of reasons that SL2Z is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of reasons that SL2Z is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of reasons that SL2Z is easier to
+get our hands on than SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our hands on than SL2FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our hands on than SL2FP.
+Let me call this um good features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we won't necessarily use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we won't necessarily use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we won't necessarily use all of
+these but let me mention them. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but let me mention them. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but let me mention them. So the
+first feature is that SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first feature is that SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first feature is that SL2Z
+is virtually free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what virtually means is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what virtually means is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what virtually means is that there is
+a subgroup H and SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subgroup H and SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subgroup H and SL2Z
+which is a finite index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free subgroup.
+So in general if you say that a group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in general if you say that a group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in general if you say that a group is
+virtually blah it means that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually blah it means that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually blah it means that there's a
+finite index subgroup which is blah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite index subgroup which is blah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite index subgroup which is blah.
+Okay. So it's pretty close to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's pretty close to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's pretty close to being
+free. That's not true at all for SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. That's not true at all for SL2FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. That's not true at all for SL2FP.
+So you take SL2FP, take the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take SL2FP, take the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take SL2FP, take the simplest
+generators you can think of. Try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators you can think of. Try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators you can think of. Try to
+write down all the relations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all the relations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all the relations.
+Not super easy. I I don't personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not super easy. I I don't personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not super easy. I I don't personally
+know how to do it, although I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it, although I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it, although I think
+people know how to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know how to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know how to do it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um Okay. Number two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. Number two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. Number two,
+SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z
+is uh sort of sitting sitting inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of sitting sitting inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of sitting sitting inside of
+SL2R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R.
+It's kind of a discrete approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a discrete approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a discrete approximation of
+SL2R. So it's pretty closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R. So it's pretty closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R. So it's pretty closely related to
+a league group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a league group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a league group.
+This is what we'll actually use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And number three is that SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And number three is that SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And number three is that SL2Z
+um acts nicely. This is maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acts nicely. This is maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um acts nicely. This is maybe I should
+call it 2B. It's quite closely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 2B. It's quite closely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 2B. It's quite closely related
+to two. um it acts nicely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two. um it acts nicely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two. um it acts nicely on the
+hyperbolic plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So recall that the isometries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So recall that the isometries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So recall that the isometries of the
+hyperbolic plane is PSL2R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So SL2R it's basically SL2R not quite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So SL2R it's basically SL2R not quite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So SL2R it's basically SL2R not quite.
+Um so SL2R acts by isometries on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so SL2R acts by isometries on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so SL2R acts by isometries on the
+hyperbolic plane and SL2Z is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic plane and SL2Z is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic plane and SL2Z is sitting
+inside there. So it acts by isometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there. So it acts by isometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there. So it acts by isometries
+on the hyperbolic plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hyperbolic plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hyperbolic plane.
+um and that action is is captures a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that action is is captures a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that action is is captures a lot
+of SL2Z. So you can also use this to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2Z. So you can also use this to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2Z. So you can also use this to to
+help understand SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help understand SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help understand SL2Z.
+All right. And so all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And so all three of these
+things are much more complicated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are much more complicated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are much more complicated for
+SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+all right so I I don't so the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I I don't so the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I I don't so the one of the
+things I won't completely prove is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I won't completely prove is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I won't completely prove is some
+thing about about doing convolutions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about about doing convolutions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about about doing convolutions on
+SL2Z but I want to give some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z but I want to give some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z but I want to give some intuition
+and rough statement about it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rough statement about it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rough statement about it. So
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on SL2 Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2 Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2 Z.
+Um so as a warm-up I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so as a warm-up I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so as a warm-up I want to think about
+convolution on Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's say new is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say new is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say new is a probability
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+on Z and I take new convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Z and I take new convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Z and I take new convolved with
+itself k times. So new is some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself k times. So new is some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself k times. So new is some fixed
+simple probability measure. Uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability measure. Uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probability measure. Uh maybe
+let's take new new of x is a half of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take new new of x is a half of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take new new of x is a half of x
+is plus -1 zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus -1 zero otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus -1 zero otherwise.
+Okay. So what happens when we convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when we convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when we convolve
+it with itself K times? Um well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with itself K times? Um well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with itself K times? Um well the
+central limit theorem tells us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells us that this
+thing is almost a Gaussian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gaussian also closely related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian also closely related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian also closely related to the
+heat kernel on R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in analogy with this um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in analogy with this um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in analogy with this um what
+might we hope to happen when we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we hope to happen when we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we hope to happen when we take a
+measure on SL2Z and we convolve it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on SL2Z and we convolve it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on SL2Z and we convolve it with
+itself alpha that uh so you might hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself alpha that uh so you might hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself alpha that uh so you might hope
+so we have M measure probability measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have M measure probability measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have M measure probability measure
+on SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z.
+So you might hope to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might hope to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you might hope to have some kind of
+um central limit theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um central limit theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um central limit theorem for
+matrices and it would say that M convuls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and it would say that M convuls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and it would say that M convuls
+with itself a lot is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself a lot is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself a lot is sort of like
+the heat kernel which needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat kernel which needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat kernel which needs to be
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+on SR2R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this seems like a natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this seems like a natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this seems like a natural thing
+in the intersection of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intersection of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intersection of probability
+theory and matrix theory and has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and matrix theory and has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and matrix theory and has been
+studied although I'm not an expert on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied although I'm not an expert on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied although I'm not an expert on
+it. Um but CF work of first invogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so I believe that I know roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so I believe that I know roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so I believe that I know roughly
+how it works out although I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works out although I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works out although I don't have a
+precise statement but um let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise statement but um let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise statement but um let me tell you
+roughly how I think it works out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how I think it works out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how I think it works out and
+then we'll see how this would be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see how this would be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll see how this would be helpful
+to understand SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand SL2FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand SL2FP.
+Okay, so first of all, we'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so first of all, we'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so first of all, we'll have some
+kind of balls in SL2R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of balls in SL2R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of balls in SL2R.
+So BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So BT
+is the set of matrices A B C D in SL2R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of matrices A B C D in SL2R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of matrices A B C D in SL2R
+with the property that A2 + B^2 + C^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that A2 + B^2 + C^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property that A2 + B^2 + C^2 +
+D^2 is at most R is at most T^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, so this is some sort of rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so this is some sort of rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so this is some sort of rough
+some sort of notion of a ball in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of notion of a ball in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of notion of a ball in the
+group SL2R. Um, you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group SL2R. Um, you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group SL2R. Um, you could imagine a
+fancier notion where you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier notion where you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier notion where you start with the
+Lee algebra and you put a ball in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee algebra and you put a ball in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee algebra and you put a ball in the
+Lee algebra and you take the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee algebra and you take the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee algebra and you take the exponential
+map and that's probably a better thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and that's probably a better thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and that's probably a better thing
+to do than this. Um, but this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do than this. Um, but this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do than this. Um, but this is a very
+lowbrow definition and it is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowbrow definition and it is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowbrow definition and it is sort of
+approximately describes balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately describes balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately describes balls.
+Okay. And then if we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then if we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then if we're interested in
+SL2Z, we would take the integer points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z, we would take the integer points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z, we would take the integer points
+in this BT of Z. That's defined to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this BT of Z. That's defined to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this BT of Z. That's defined to be uh
+BT intersected with SL2Z. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT intersected with SL2Z. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT intersected with SL2Z. So these are
+integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So for reference um what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for reference um what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for reference um what is the
+cardality of BT of Z? So little lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of BT of Z? So little lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of BT of Z? So little lema
+cardality of BT of Z is roughly T ^2. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of BT of Z is roughly T ^2. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of BT of Z is roughly T ^2. Um
+sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch
+um clearly choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly choose
+a and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and d
+minus tt. So that's t² choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus tt. So that's t² choices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus tt. So that's t² choices.
+And then we have to solve b * c is a * d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have to solve b * c is a * d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have to solve b * c is a * d
+minus one. I think I did that right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. I think I did that right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. I think I did that right. So
+here you know sl2r determinant is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know sl2r determinant is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know sl2r determinant is one.
+So a d minus bc is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a d minus bc is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a d minus bc is one.
+Okay. So we have this integer of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have this integer of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we have this integer of size
+around t ^2 and we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around t ^2 and we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around t ^2 and we want to know how many
+ways are there to factor it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to factor it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways are there to factor it into two
+integers of size around t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers of size around t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers of size around t.
+Um okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so um
+so not every integer will factor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not every integer will factor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not every integer will factor like
+this. It could be prime but mostly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It could be prime but mostly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It could be prime but mostly they
+will factor like that. And how many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will factor like that. And how many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will factor like that. And how many ways
+will they factor? Well not too many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they factor? Well not too many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they factor? Well not too many ways
+by most t to the epsilon ways. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by most t to the epsilon ways. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by most t to the epsilon ways. So, so
+number of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of choices
+for B and C is on and the order of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B and C is on and the order of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B and C is on and the order of so
+the level of our back of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of our back of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of our back of the envelope
+computation there should be about T^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation there should be about T^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation there should be about T^2
+group elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group elements in
+all right so there's a vague statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you fix M then MAR to the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fix M then MAR to the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fix M then MAR to the K is
+roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equidistributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed
+on the ball of radius t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ball of radius t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ball of radius t
+for t around exponential of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t around exponential of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t around exponential of some
+constant depending on m * k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on m * k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on m * k.
+So it's not stated precisely but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not stated precisely but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not stated precisely but this is
+roughly what I think the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what I think the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly what I think the central limit
+theorem should say in SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+In a little bit we'll do the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a little bit we'll do the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a little bit we'll do the hyperbolic
+geometry point of view where I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry point of view where I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry point of view where I'll be
+able to state things a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to state things a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to state things a little bit better
+if we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So that's step one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So that's step one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So that's step one of our
+plan. Study what the convolution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Study what the convolution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Study what the convolution looks
+like in upstairs in SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in upstairs in SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in upstairs in SL2Z.
+And next we need to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And next we need to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And next we need to think about what
+happens when we project from SL2Z down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we project from SL2Z down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we project from SL2Z down
+to SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why don't we pause there actually? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we pause there actually? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't we pause there actually? I
+mean I uh so I did some things not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I uh so I did some things not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I uh so I did some things not
+completely precisely but let me see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely precisely but let me see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely precisely but let me see if
+people have any questions or comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have any questions or comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have any questions or comments or
+bothered by things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+>> question about kind of the link to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> question about kind of the link to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> question about kind of the link to the
+existence of heat kernel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of heat kernel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of heat kernel that
+like the heat kernel and R and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the heat kernel and R and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the heat kernel and R and in
+general kind of uklidian looking spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kind of uklidian looking spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kind of uklidian looking spaces
+is kind of closely related to the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of closely related to the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of closely related to the forier
+transform but in a nonian group is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but in a nonian group is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but in a nonian group is there
+anything analogous to that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything analogous to that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything analogous to that that sort of
+makes this some sort of heat kernelish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this some sort of heat kernelish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this some sort of heat kernelish
+thing work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work?
+>> Yeah. So the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is um
+how does the heat kernel work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the heat kernel work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the heat kernel work in a
+nonabelian group? Um let me punt on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonabelian group? Um let me punt on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonabelian group? Um let me punt on that
+until we get to the hyperbolic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the hyperbolic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the hyperbolic space
+version and and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and and we'll talk about the
+heat kernel there which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat kernel there which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat kernel there which is a little bit
+easier for at least for me to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for at least for me to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for at least for me to make it
+precise. Yeah. Okay. So let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. Yeah. Okay. So let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. Yeah. Okay. So let's do the
+second step where we pass from SL2F from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step where we pass from SL2F from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step where we pass from SL2F from
+SL2Z to SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so remember our setup that M is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so remember our setup that M is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so remember our setup that M is a
+probability measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure
+on SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on SL2Z
+and then mu is the push forward of M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mu is the push forward of M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mu is the push forward of M.
+It's probability measure on SL2 FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's probability measure on SL2 FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's probability measure on SL2 FP.
+Um, also let's mention that gamma P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also let's mention that gamma P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also let's mention that gamma P
+could be the kernel of pi P. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the kernel of pi P. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the kernel of pi P. So that's a
+normal subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's gamma P is the set of A B C D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gamma P is the set of A B C D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gamma P is the set of A B C D
+in SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in SL2Z.
+So that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that um
+a d bc is congruent to the identity mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d bc is congruent to the identity mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d bc is congruent to the identity mod
+p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, great. So now our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So now our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So now our goal is to
+understand the L2 norm of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the L2 norm of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the L2 norm of some
+convolution of this. And here's a cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this. And here's a cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this. And here's a cute
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+um little lama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little lama.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little lama.
+So if mu is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if mu is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if mu is symmetric
+so for instance if m is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance if m is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance if m is symmetric
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+mu tensor k l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tensor k l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tensor k l2
+is mu tens or 2k of the identity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mu tens or 2k of the identity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mu tens or 2k of the identity.
+So here's the proof. Uh let's start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof. Uh let's start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof. Uh let's start on
+the other side. Mu tensor 2k of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side. Mu tensor 2k of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side. Mu tensor 2k of the
+identity is well mu tensor k convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is well mu tensor k convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is well mu tensor k convolved
+with sorry I was saying the word tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sorry I was saying the word tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sorry I was saying the word tensor
+that was not the right word I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the right word I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the right word I mean
+convolved mu convolved k convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved mu convolved k convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved mu convolved k convolved with
+mu convolved k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu convolved k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu convolved k
+the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+so that's the sum over g in our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the sum over g in our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the sum over g in our group
+mu convolved k of g mu convolved k of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu convolved k of g mu convolved k of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu convolved k of g mu convolved k of g
+inverse that's how you convolve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's how you convolve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's how you convolve two
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But what's nice is mu is symmetric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what's nice is mu is symmetric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what's nice is mu is symmetric is
+that these are the same as each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the same as each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the same as each other.
+So we just get the sum on g mult k of g^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just get the sum on g mult k of g^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just get the sum on g mult k of g^
+squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ.
+So that's equal to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool. So that's sort of convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. So that's sort of convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. So that's sort of convenient
+because now we just have to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we just have to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we just have to estimate
+this one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing.
+Um and mu convolved 2k of the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and mu convolved 2k of the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and mu convolved 2k of the identity
+is if we that's that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we that's that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we that's that's something that
+lives here but we can relate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives here but we can relate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives here but we can relate it to
+something that lives here. It's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that lives here. It's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that lives here. It's the sum
+g in gamma p of m convolved 2 k of g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in other words, we want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, we want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, we want to know how
+much mass what what is the measure using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass what what is the measure using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mass what what is the measure using
+this m measure m involved 2k what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m measure m involved 2k what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m measure m involved 2k what is the
+measure of the subgroup gamma p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the subgroup gamma p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the subgroup gamma p.
+All right now m convolved 2k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right now m convolved 2k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right now m convolved 2k is
+approximately evenly distributed on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately evenly distributed on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately evenly distributed on some
+ball. So um by the vague statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is sort of equivalent to estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of equivalent to estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of equivalent to estimating
+what fraction of the ball is in gamma P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have some big ball in our league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have some big ball in our league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have some big ball in our league
+group. What fraction of it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. What fraction of it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. What fraction of it is in the
+subgroup gamma P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup gamma P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup gamma P.
+Okay. So remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So remark
+the index of gamma p is the cardality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of gamma p is the cardality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of gamma p is the cardality of
+sl2fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl2fp
+which is around p cubed. So if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around p cubed. So if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around p cubed. So if this were
+sort of evenly distributed um then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of evenly distributed um then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of evenly distributed um then you
+would expect this quotient to be about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect this quotient to be about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect this quotient to be about 1
+over p cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p cubed.
+Okay. And that's basically true. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that's basically true. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that's basically true. And so
+here's another lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another lema.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+BT intersected with gamma P is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT intersected with gamma P is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT intersected with gamma P is bounded
+by T ^2 over P cubed, which is also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T ^2 over P cubed, which is also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T ^2 over P cubed, which is also like
+the size of BT of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of BT of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of BT of Z
+over Q cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q cubed.
+So it is pretty evenly distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So here's the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here's the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here's the proof.
+So we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're looking for
+a b c d where each entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c d where each entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c d where each entry
+is size smaller than t and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size smaller than t and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size smaller than t and they're
+integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers.
+And we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want
+um this to be congruent to 1 0 0 1 mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this to be congruent to 1 0 0 1 mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this to be congruent to 1 0 0 1 mod
+p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So first of all let's try to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first of all let's try to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So first of all let's try to do a
+back of the envelope calculation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope calculation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope calculation.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so there if I don't if I erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there if I don't if I erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there if I don't if I erase this
+congruence condition then I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence condition then I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence condition then I'm just
+asking how many integer points are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many integer points are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how many integer points are there
+in bt and we said before that's about t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bt and we said before that's about t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bt and we said before that's about t
+^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+Now I'd like a to be congruent to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like a to be congruent to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like a to be congruent to one
+mod p. So maybe I should divide by p for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p. So maybe I should divide by p for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p. So maybe I should divide by p for
+that. And I'd like b to be congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And I'd like b to be congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And I'd like b to be congruent to
+zero. So maybe I should divide by p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So maybe I should divide by p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So maybe I should divide by p
+again. And I have four conditions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And I have four conditions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And I have four conditions. So
+maybe I should divide by P4 times P ^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should divide by P4 times P ^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should divide by P4 times P ^2 /
+P 4th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is anybody suspicious?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is anybody suspicious?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is anybody suspicious?
+Okay, so that's the wrong answer. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the wrong answer. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the wrong answer. It
+should be closer to t ^2 / p cubed. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be closer to t ^2 / p cubed. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be closer to t ^2 / p cubed. And
+the reason that that was not really okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that that was not really okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that that was not really okay
+to do is that those four conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that those four conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is that those four conditions are
+not independent of each other. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent of each other. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent of each other. We
+already know that a d minus bc is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that a d minus bc is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that a d minus bc is one
+because we're in um okay, I didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in um okay, I didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in um okay, I didn't write
+this properly. This is supposed to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly. This is supposed to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly. This is supposed to be in
+SL2Z,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z,
+which means that AD minus BC equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that AD minus BC equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that AD minus BC equals 1.
+Um, and I think that probably implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think that probably implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think that probably implies
+that once I have three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I have three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I have three of these
+congruence conditions, then I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence conditions, then I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence conditions, then I would get
+the fourth. Okay, but it also brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth. Okay, but it also brings up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth. Okay, but it also brings up
+the point that I should shouldn't be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that I should shouldn't be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that I should shouldn't be too
+fast and loose. Uh, that it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and loose. Uh, that it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and loose. Uh, that it's it's not
+super obvious that all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super obvious that all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super obvious that all of these things
+are independent of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other.
+Um, so there is actually a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so there is actually a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so there is actually a kind of
+algebra trick to make this work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra trick to make this work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra trick to make this work.
+that allows us to keep things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to keep things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to keep things more
+independent of each other. And here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other. And here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other. And here's
+the algebra trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so um B is divisible by P and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um B is divisible by P and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um B is divisible by P and C is
+divisible by P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by P.
+So P divides B and P divides C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P divides B and P divides C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P divides B and P divides C.
+Therefore P divides BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore P divides BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore P divides BC
+and BC is A D minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BC is A D minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BC is A D minus one.
+So sorry P ^2 divides BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sorry P ^2 divides BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sorry P ^2 divides BC
+and so P ^2 divides a D minus one. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so P ^2 divides a D minus one. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so P ^2 divides a D minus one. These
+are equal to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to each other.
+All right. Similarly P + 1 divides A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similarly P + 1 divides A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similarly P + 1 divides A
+uh sorry P divides A minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A is congruent to one mod P and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is congruent to one mod P and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is congruent to one mod P and P
+divides D minus one. So p ^2 divides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides D minus one. So p ^2 divides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides D minus one. So p ^2 divides a
+minus1 * d minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * d minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * d minus one.
+All right. The leading term here is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. The leading term here is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. The leading term here is also
+a * d. So we can play these off against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * d. So we can play these off against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * d. So we can play these off against
+each other and we conclude that p ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and we conclude that p ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and we conclude that p ^2
+divides a + d minus 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now let's start choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now let's start choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now let's start choosing
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+So we're going to choose a and um a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to choose a and um a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to choose a and um a has
+an integer of size at most t and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer of size at most t and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer of size at most t and it's
+congruent to one mod p. So I have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod p. So I have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod p. So I have less
+than t over p choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Next I'm going to choose d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've already chosen a. So I now know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already chosen a. So I now know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already chosen a. So I now know the
+value of d modulo p^2 because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of d modulo p^2 because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of d modulo p^2 because of this
+sneaky algebra trick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky algebra trick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky algebra trick.
+So I get at most t over p^2 choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get at most t over p^2 choices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get at most t over p^2 choices.
+This was only really okay if t is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was only really okay if t is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was only really okay if t is at
+least p ^2. So let me say t is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least p ^2. So let me say t is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least p ^2. So let me say t is at least
+p^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now once I've chosen A and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now once I've chosen A and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now once I've chosen A and D
+uh now I I have to solve for B and C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I I have to solve for B and C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I I have to solve for B and C.
+And I forget about all the congruences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I forget about all the congruences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I forget about all the congruences
+just like above at most around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like above at most around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like above at most around one
+choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices.
+And so now they're less than one choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Choose B and C. And that's because BC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choose B and C. And that's because BC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choose B and C. And that's because BC is
+A D minus one as integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> When you're saying there's kind of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> When you're saying there's kind of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> When you're saying there's kind of at
+most one factorization of a minus one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one factorization of a minus one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one factorization of a minus one,
+would that actually be a log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that actually be a log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that actually be a log of
+being precise the number of factors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being precise the number of factors?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being precise the number of factors?
+>> Yeah. So the question is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is how many
+factors are there of a number of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are there of a number of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are there of a number of some
+size? Um and it it is a little super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size? Um and it it is a little super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size? Um and it it is a little super
+constant. It's actually so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's actually so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's actually so if this
+number has size n, it's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number has size n, it's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number has size n, it's actually more
+than log n. It could be potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log n. It could be potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log n. It could be potentially
+could be worse than that, but it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be worse than that, but it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be worse than that, but it's less
+than n to the epsilon for any epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n to the epsilon for any epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n to the epsilon for any epsilon.
+And um and that's what this symbol was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um and that's what this symbol was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um and that's what this symbol was
+supposed to mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mean.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+Simples being slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simples being slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simples being slightly different
+versions of equality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of equality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of equality.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+so any other questions or comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any other questions or comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any other questions or comments about
+the lema?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so those are the ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so those are the ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so those are the ingredients
+of the proof of the Sarna proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof of the Sarna proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof of the Sarna proof of
+theorem one. All the ingredients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. All the ingredients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. All the ingredients are
+rigorous and precise except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and precise except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous and precise except for the
+vague statement about how random walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague statement about how random walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague statement about how random walks
+behave on SL2Z. And if you if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave on SL2Z. And if you if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave on SL2Z. And if you if if we're
+willing to believe that, then we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to believe that, then we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to believe that, then we can put
+them together and prove theorem one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and prove theorem one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and prove theorem one.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So proof of theorem one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So m will be m a for this set a on sl2z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um then by the vague statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mvolves k times is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvolves k times is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mvolves k times is roughly
+equidistributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed
+on bt where t is around x of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bt where t is around x of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bt where t is around x of some
+constant time k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we will choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we will choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we will choose
+k. So we'll choose t to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So we'll choose t to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. So we'll choose t to be a little more
+than p ^ 2 so that we can use the lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than p ^ 2 so that we can use the lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than p ^ 2 so that we can use the lema
+at the end which means that k is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end which means that k is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end which means that k is around
+log p. We take around log p steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log p. We take around log p steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log p. We take around log p steps and
+after that m convolved k is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that m convolved k is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that m convolved k is roughly
+evenly distributed on a ball of size t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed on a ball of size t p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed on a ball of size t p
+^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+Uh okay um and I guess we can here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay um and I guess we can here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay um and I guess we can here we
+can put 2k I guess. So then m 2k of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put 2k I guess. So then m 2k of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put 2k I guess. So then m 2k of
+gamma p will be around bt intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p will be around bt intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p will be around bt intersect
+gamma p over bt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p over bt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma p over bt
+which is smaller than like e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than like e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is smaller than like e to the
+minus3 by our lamma. And here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3 by our lamma. And here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3 by our lamma. And here we're
+losing a little power. So if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a little power. So if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a little power. So if I wanted to
+be more clear about what I was saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more clear about what I was saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more clear about what I was saying it
+would be something like uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like uh something
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Therefore,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore,
+mu tensor k l2^ 2 that's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tensor k l2^ 2 that's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tensor k l2^ 2 that's the same thing
+as m tensor 2 k of gamma p. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m tensor 2 k of gamma p. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m tensor 2 k of gamma p. And so that
+would be around pus 3 + epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around pus 3 + epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around pus 3 + epsilon in
+particular significantly smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular significantly smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular significantly smaller than
+pus 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pus 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pus 2.
+Um and then we use the correlary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we use the correlary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we use the correlary
+that gives us a bound for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a bound for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a bound for for this
+and we get that sigma 1 t mu is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that sigma 1 t mu is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that sigma 1 t mu is less
+than 1 - c right is independent of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me tell you just briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me tell you just briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me tell you just briefly about
+the hyper hyperbolic geometry point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper hyperbolic geometry point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyper hyperbolic geometry point of
+view and then we'll switch to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and then we'll switch to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and then we'll switch to other
+choices of generators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Hyperbolic geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So we mentioned that SL2Z or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we mentioned that SL2Z or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we mentioned that SL2Z or
+SL2R acts on the hyperbolic plane H2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R acts on the hyperbolic plane H2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2R acts on the hyperbolic plane H2.
+Let's say that X of P is H2 modulo gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that X of P is H2 modulo gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that X of P is H2 modulo gamma
+P. So X of one is the hyperbolic plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. So X of one is the hyperbolic plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. So X of one is the hyperbolic plane
+modulo SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo SL2Z
+and X of P is a cover of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X of P is a cover of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X of P is a cover of it.
+X of P is a cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P is a cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P is a cover
+of X of one and the group of deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X of one and the group of deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X of one and the group of deck
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I'd like to try to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd like to try to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd like to try to make a
+picture of this. So x of one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this. So x of one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this. So x of one is not
+quite a manifold, but it's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a manifold, but it's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a manifold, but it's not super
+important for this except for being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this except for being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this except for being a
+technical irritation. So I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical irritation. So I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical irritation. So I'm not going
+to try to draw that. Um, so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to draw that. Um, so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to draw that. Um, so it is
+uh almost a non-compact manifold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost a non-compact manifold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost a non-compact manifold of
+genus Y. It looks sort of like this. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genus Y. It looks sort of like this. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genus Y. It looks sort of like this. The
+non-compactness is annoying, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compactness is annoying, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compactness is annoying, but it's
+maybe important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe important.
+Um, so then X of P is a cover of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so then X of P is a cover of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so then X of P is a cover of this.
+So, it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's going to look
+sort of like so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it I guess it has a cusp for each.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it also has some cusps. Not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it also has some cusps. Not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it also has some cusps. Not sure
+exactly how many.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many.
+And this is a cover. Um, so how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a cover. Um, so how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a cover. Um, so how to make
+that look nice?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look nice?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look nice?
+Well, you could kind of chop this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could kind of chop this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you could kind of chop this into
+fundamental domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains
+and then each fundamental domain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each fundamental domain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each fundamental domain is a
+bjection onto x of one. And if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjection onto x of one. And if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjection onto x of one. And if you do
+this nicely, so then the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nicely, so then the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nicely, so then the different
+fundamental domains, they correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains, they correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains, they correspond to
+the group of deck transformations, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of deck transformations, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group of deck transformations, which
+is SL2 of FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SL2 of FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SL2 of FP.
+And if you do this nicely, you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do this nicely, you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do this nicely, you could put
+like a dot in each fundamental domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dot in each fundamental domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dot in each fundamental domain
+and you could put an edge if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could put an edge if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could put an edge if the
+fundamental domains um touch each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains um touch each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental domains um touch each other.
+And the the graph that I just drew would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the graph that I just drew would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the the graph that I just drew would
+be the uh k would be a kaly graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the uh k would be a kaly graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the uh k would be a kaly graph
+of SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the geometry of these two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the geometry of these two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the geometry of these two dimensional
+surfaces is closely related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces is closely related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces is closely related to the
+geometry of SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then uh we would talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then uh we would talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then uh we would talk about the
+spectrum of the lelassian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on x of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on x of p
+our subject of study and um zero is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subject of study and um zero is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our subject of study and um zero is in
+the spectrum. So the plashion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum. So the plashion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum. So the plashion of a
+constant function is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but after zero there's a gap. So if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after zero there's a gap. So if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after zero there's a gap. So if this
+is the real lang and here's zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real lang and here's zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real lang and here's zero that's
+part of the spectrum but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spectrum but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spectrum but then there's a
+gap and this is called lambda 1 of x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and this is called lambda 1 of x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and this is called lambda 1 of x of
+p and the rest of the spectrum lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the rest of the spectrum lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the rest of the spectrum lives
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what lambda 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what lambda 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what lambda 1 is the
+smallest nonzero part of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest nonzero part of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest nonzero part of the spectrum
+All right. So the theorem that Selberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the theorem that Selberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the theorem that Selberg
+actually proved in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proved in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proved in the 1950s
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the conjecture
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that lambda 1 of x of p is at least a
+quarter maybe minus little o of one. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter maybe minus little o of one. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter maybe minus little o of one. Not
+sure if you need it but certainly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you need it but certainly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you need it but certainly if
+somebody proved that that would be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody proved that that would be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody proved that that would be a big
+deal uh for all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this that may not look immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this that may not look immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this that may not look immediately
+that it matters very much. A quarter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it matters very much. A quarter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it matters very much. A quarter is
+a significant number because it's lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number because it's lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant number because it's lambda
+one of hyperbolic plane. So I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of hyperbolic plane. So I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of hyperbolic plane. So I would say
+it matches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matches that
+anyway. So this is the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So this is the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So this is the theorem that
+Selberg actually proved. With modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selberg actually proved. With modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selberg actually proved. With modern
+techniques, it's not that difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, it's not that difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, it's not that difficult to
+get from this theorem to that theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this theorem to that theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this theorem to that theorem.
+it's much more difficult to prove either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more difficult to prove either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more difficult to prove either
+one of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. Instead of the random walk, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Instead of the random walk, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Instead of the random walk, we
+could use here the heat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use here the heat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use here the heat flow
+on X of P. And there was a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X of P. And there was a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X of P. And there was a question
+earlier like what what is the heat flow?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier like what what is the heat flow?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier like what what is the heat flow?
+So the question earlier was what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question earlier was what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question earlier was what is the
+heat flow on SL2R?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flow on SL2R?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flow on SL2R?
+But the analysis question here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the analysis question here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the analysis question here is what
+is the heat flow on this hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat flow on this hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat flow on this hyperbolic
+manifold? Um well you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold? Um well you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold? Um well you can think of it as
+solving the heat equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the heat equation would be del t of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the heat equation would be del t of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the heat equation would be del t of u
+equals lelassian of u and the lelassian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lelassian of u and the lelassian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lelassian of u and the lelassian
+okay would take a while to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay would take a while to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay would take a while to write down
+but it's a it's a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's a second order
+differential operator on your hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator on your hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator on your hyperbolic
+manifold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um okay and the solution has a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay and the solution has a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay and the solution has a formula
+using the using a heat flow operator. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using a heat flow operator. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the using a heat flow operator. Um
+so that so let's say so u of dot comma t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so let's say so u of dot comma t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so let's say so u of dot comma t
+would be ht of u. So this is now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ht of u. So this is now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ht of u. So this is now an
+operator ht which plays the role of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator ht which plays the role of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator ht which plays the role of our
+operator t mu or t mu to the k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so everything we talked about with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything we talked about with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything we talked about with like
+a little bit more analysis and PTE to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more analysis and PTE to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more analysis and PTE to
+set things up everything we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up everything we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up everything we talked about
+applies here. So for instance, SL2 of FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here. So for instance, SL2 of FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here. So for instance, SL2 of FP
+acts isomemmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts isomemmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts isomemmetrically
+on X of P and therefore it acts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X of P and therefore it acts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X of P and therefore it acts on the
+igen spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen spaces
+of H of H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have multiplicity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have multiplicity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have multiplicity.
+Um and also you can do lifting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So ht tilda is the heat operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ht tilda is the heat operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ht tilda is the heat operator
+on the universal cover the hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the universal cover the hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the universal cover the hyperbolic
+plane and then ht of x1 x2 is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then ht of x1 x2 is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then ht of x1 x2 is the sum
+over g and gamma p of ht tilda x1 tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over g and gamma p of ht tilda x1 tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over g and gamma p of ht tilda x1 tilda
+gx2 tilda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gx2 tilda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gx2 tilda.
+So in other words, the the new heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, the the new heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, the the new heat
+operator is take the heat operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is take the heat operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is take the heat operator on
+the hyperbolic plane and push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic plane and push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic plane and push it
+forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward.
+And that follows basically because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that follows basically because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that follows basically because that
+this is a local equation. So solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a local equation. So solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a local equation. So solution to
+the heat equation, you pull back, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation, you pull back, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation, you pull back, you
+get a solution to the heat equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh okay. Um and ht tilda the heat kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Um and ht tilda the heat kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. Um and ht tilda the heat kernel
+on the hyperbolic plane it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hyperbolic plane it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hyperbolic plane it has an
+explicit formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the equivalent that's plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the equivalent that's plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the equivalent that's plays
+the role of the vague statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this hopefully is a dictionary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this hopefully is a dictionary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this hopefully is a dictionary of
+most of the elements of our proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the elements of our proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the elements of our proof that
+they they all have natural analoges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they all have natural analoges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they all have natural analoges for
+this hyperbolic surface and the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hyperbolic surface and the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hyperbolic surface and the one that
+was most troubling has a less troubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was most troubling has a less troubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was most troubling has a less troubling
+analog or the one that you know was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or the one that you know was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or the one that you know was not
+stated precisely would have a precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated precisely would have a precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated precisely would have a precisely
+stated analog. Okay. So without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated analog. Okay. So without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated analog. Okay. So without doing
+all the details, if you then translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details, if you then translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details, if you then translate
+the proof that we did into the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof that we did into the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof that we did into the setting
+of hyperbolic surfaces, um then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyperbolic surfaces, um then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyperbolic surfaces, um then that
+would give a proof of a theorem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give a proof of a theorem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give a proof of a theorem like
+this one with a constant that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one with a constant that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one with a constant that's not
+quite as good, but usually it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good, but usually it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good, but usually it doesn't
+matter. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. Yeah.
+>> Question about the heat flow. Since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Question about the heat flow. Since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Question about the heat flow. Since the
+uh spaces x of p are not compact, does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spaces x of p are not compact, does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spaces x of p are not compact, does
+there have to be some sort of like decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be some sort of like decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be some sort of like decay
+condition to make the heat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to make the heat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to make the heat flow
+spaces?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces?
+>> Yeah. So the question is since X of P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is since X of P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is since X of P is
+not compact should we have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not compact should we have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not compact should we have some kind of
+decay condition to make the heat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay condition to make the heat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay condition to make the heat flow
+work? Yeah, I think the answer is yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Yeah, I think the answer is yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Yeah, I think the answer is yes.
+So these spaces have finite area. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these spaces have finite area. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these spaces have finite area. So
+it's not as bad as it would be in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as bad as it would be in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as bad as it would be in some
+other settings. But I think we should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings. But I think we should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings. But I think we should we
+should say something about the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about the solution
+not going crazy near infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So this is the end of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the end of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is the end of our
+discussion of the Selberg theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Selberg theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Selberg theorem for
+this particular set of generators. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular set of generators. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular set of generators. So
+take a moment to see if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a moment to see if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a moment to see if you have
+questions or comments about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments about it and then
+we'll explore what would happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore what would happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore what would happen if we
+didn't have that particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that particular set of
+generators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Anything on people's minds?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Anything on people's minds?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Anything on people's minds?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Can you give some intuition why the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you give some intuition why the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you give some intuition why the uh
+the support grows exponentially?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support grows exponentially?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support grows exponentially?
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, the question was if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, the question was if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, the question was if we
+go back to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to um
+we we thinking about we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we thinking about we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we thinking about we had a
+probability measure on SL2Z. We convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure on SL2Z. We convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability measure on SL2Z. We convolve
+it with itself a lot of times and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with itself a lot of times and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with itself a lot of times and then
+we discover that the support it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that the support it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover that the support it's
+roughly evenly distributed on a ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly evenly distributed on a ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly evenly distributed on a ball of
+size t but t grows exponentially with k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size t but t grows exponentially with k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size t but t grows exponentially with k.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yeah. So this is a a kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is a a kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is a a kind of different
+behavior from what happens on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior from what happens on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior from what happens on the real
+line. Uh let's talk think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Uh let's talk think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Uh let's talk think about what's
+going on. So m let's say is just evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. So m let's say is just evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. So m let's say is just evenly
+distributed between a few matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between a few matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between a few matrices.
+maybe the matrices in the Selberg thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the matrices in the Selberg thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the matrices in the Selberg thing.
+So now I'm going to take K of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to take K of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to take K of those
+matrices and I'm going to multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and I'm going to multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and I'm going to multiply them
+together. Now if I multiply K matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Now if I multiply K matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Now if I multiply K matrices
+together, the biggest that the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, the biggest that the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, the biggest that the entries
+could be at the end is exponential in K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at the end is exponential in K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at the end is exponential in K.
+On the other hand, you might wonder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, you might wonder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, you might wonder is
+it really that big or is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really that big or is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really that big or is there some
+cancellation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation?
+Like suppose I had one by one matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like suppose I had one by one matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like suppose I had one by one matrices
+and I had a measure that 50% I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a measure that 50% I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a measure that 50% I was a
+half and 50% it was two. Take K of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and 50% it was two. Take K of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and 50% it was two. Take K of those
+and I multiply them together. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply them together. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply them together. What would
+happen? Well, there'd be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Well, there'd be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Well, there'd be a lot of
+cancellation. There are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation. There are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation. There are a lot of
+cancellations between the 1/ halfs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations between the 1/ halfs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations between the 1/ halfs and
+the twos. Uh it would get clearer to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos. Uh it would get clearer to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos. Uh it would get clearer to us
+if we took the logarithm of everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the logarithm of everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the logarithm of everything.
+Um and the size of that would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the size of that would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the size of that would actually
+end up being exponential of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being exponential of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being exponential of the square
+root of k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of k.
+So the 2x2 case is different from that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the 2x2 case is different from that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the 2x2 case is different from that.
+Uh the actual size of this is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the actual size of this is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the actual size of this is typically
+exponential in K. There's not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in K. There's not as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in K. There's not as much
+cancellation of that kind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation of that kind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation of that kind.
+And um let's see what how can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um let's see what how can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um let's see what how can we get
+some intuition about that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition about that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition about that. Uh
+>> in some sense because of the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in some sense because of the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in some sense because of the virtual
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this tells you that the group kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you that the group kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you that the group kind of
+looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a
+>> Yeah, it's a good comment. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's a good comment. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's a good comment. So the
+comment was uh SL2Z is virtually free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment was uh SL2Z is virtually free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment was uh SL2Z is virtually free.
+So it's not very likely to to sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not very likely to to sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not very likely to to sort of go
+out in SL2Z and then come back. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in SL2Z and then come back. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in SL2Z and then come back. And that
+that's a related fact. Yeah. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a related fact. Yeah. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a related fact. Yeah. Yeah. So
+the the it's also related to hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the it's also related to hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the it's also related to hyperbolic
+geometry. So you do a random walk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So you do a random walk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So you do a random walk in the
+hyperbolic plane. Um if you take S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic plane. Um if you take S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic plane. Um if you take S
+steps, you'll typically be around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, you'll typically be around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, you'll typically be around a
+distance s from the origin. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance s from the origin. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance s from the origin. And that's
+because the hyperbolic plane is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hyperbolic plane is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hyperbolic plane is sort of
+branching out. And so at every moment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching out. And so at every moment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching out. And so at every moment,
+you're not equally likely to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not equally likely to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not equally likely to be going
+back towards where the origin or away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back towards where the origin or away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back towards where the origin or away.
+You're kind of threequarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're kind of threequarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're kind of threequarters of the
+directions are away. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are away. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are away. And that's what
+life is like inside of the matrices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is like inside of the matrices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is like inside of the matrices.
+Yeah, great question. Anything else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, great question. Anything else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, great question. Anything else on
+people's minds?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so let's look back at this uh Selberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look back at this uh Selberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look back at this uh Selberg
+theorem now that we understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem now that we understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem now that we understand it
+better. And we had this particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And we had this particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And we had this particular a
+listed here. Um what did we really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here. Um what did we really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here. Um what did we really use
+about a what was special about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> we used the fact that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we used the fact that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we used the fact that it was a
+generator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. So, we use that it's a generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, we use that it's a generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, we use that it's a generator
+of SL2 of FP. Um, and what I'd like us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2 of FP. Um, and what I'd like us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SL2 of FP. Um, and what I'd like us
+all to think about is if we had any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to think about is if we had any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to think about is if we had any set
+of generators of SL2 FP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generators of SL2 FP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generators of SL2 FP,
+do we think that this would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that this would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that this would still be
+true? And do we think that this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? And do we think that this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true? And do we think that this proof
+would still work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll write that down while you think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question
+can we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we replace
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+by any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any set
+of generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of SL2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+>> at minimum they need to be symmetric,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> at minimum they need to be symmetric,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> at minimum they need to be symmetric,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+>> Um, yeah, let's say they're symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah, let's say they're symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah, let's say they're symmetric.
+>> Let's focus on the symmetric case. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Let's focus on the symmetric case. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Let's focus on the symmetric case. That
+made things technically easier and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made things technically easier and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made things technically easier and I
+would be happy with any symmetric set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happy with any symmetric set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be happy with any symmetric set of
+generators. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators. Yeah.
+>> Does the set of generators still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the set of generators still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does the set of generators still need to
+be kind of at least close to virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of at least close to virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of at least close to virtually
+free?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free?
+>> Does it still need to be close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it still need to be close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Does it still need to be close to
+virtually free?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually free?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually free?
+Yeah, that's a good question. Um, so, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question. Um, so, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question. Um, so, so
+although I mentioned being virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I mentioned being virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I mentioned being virtually
+free, we didn't actually use virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free, we didn't actually use virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free, we didn't actually use virtually
+free in the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free in the proof.
+Um, that was sort of for intuition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we used something in the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we used something in the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we used something in the proof.
+Yeah. Well, it's Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, it's Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, it's Yeah,
+>> they're conjugates their own powers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they're conjugates their own powers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they're conjugates their own powers or
+something like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that, right?
+Oh, they're conje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, they're conje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, they're conje
+So the comment was these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the comment was these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the comment was these guys are
+conjugate to their own powers. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to their own powers. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to their own powers. Yeah. So
+that's important but we didn't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important but we didn't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important but we didn't use that
+either. So we we in when we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. So we we in when we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. So we we in when we proved that
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+considered these elements and we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered these elements and we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered these elements and we use the
+fact that they're conjugate to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they're conjugate to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that they're conjugate to their own
+powers. But once we knew abstractly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. But once we knew abstractly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. But once we knew abstractly that
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every representation of SL2FP is big, we
+just used it as a black box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used it as a black box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used it as a black box.
+Um, so it's not important that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's not important that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's not important that these
+elements in the statement of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the statement of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the statement of cells
+theorem are the same elements we used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem are the same elements we used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem are the same elements we used in
+that proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Good. Okay. But well, so one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. Okay. But well, so one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. Okay. But well, so one part
+of the answer is that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer is that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer is that we used
+that A uh is a set of generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so in the proof where we lifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in the proof where we lifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in the proof where we lifted
+things to SL2Z, we took this set A, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to SL2Z, we took this set A, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to SL2Z, we took this set A, we
+lifted it to SL2Z, and then we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted it to SL2Z, and then we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted it to SL2Z, and then we did a
+random walk on SL2Z. And we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk on SL2Z. And we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk on SL2Z. And we needed to
+know that that thing was kind of evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that thing was kind of evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that thing was kind of evenly
+distributed. And the only way we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. And the only way we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. And the only way we could
+hope for that to be true is if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for that to be true is if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for that to be true is if this was
+a set of generators of SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of generators of SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of generators of SL2Z.
+>> Yeah. like are there any even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. like are there any even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. like are there any even
+straightforward kind of sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward kind of sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward kind of sets of
+generators of SL2 of FP that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of SL2 of FP that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of SL2 of FP that would not
+be generators of SL2 of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generators of SL2 of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generators of SL2 of Z
+>> right okay so the question is um could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right okay so the question is um could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right okay so the question is um could
+it happen that we have generators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen that we have generators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen that we have generators of
+SL2FP but they don't generate SL2Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP but they don't generate SL2Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP but they don't generate SL2Z and
+um the answer is yes that happens fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is yes that happens fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer is yes that happens fairly
+commonly um and let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly um and let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly um and let me show you
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+um Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an example. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an example. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an example. Uh
+maybe we won't prove everything, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we won't prove everything, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we won't prove everything, but um
+let's say that a k a no I used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that a k a no I used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that a k a no I used a
+different letter. A um M is the set of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different letter. A um M is the set of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different letter. A um M is the set of 1
++ or minus M 1 0 and 1 + or - M 1 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ or minus M 1 0 and 1 + or - M 1 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ or minus M 1 0 and 1 + or - M 1 0.
+Okay, so this is still a set of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is still a set of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is still a set of four
+elements size of a = 4. And if M is 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements size of a = 4. And if M is 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements size of a = 4. And if M is 1 or
+two, it generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it generates
+SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2Z.
+But if M is at least three, it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if M is at least three, it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if M is at least three, it does not
+generate does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate does not
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+SL tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL tubes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL tubes.
+On the other hand, for every M, for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, for every M, for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, for every M, for all
+almost every P, so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every P, so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every P, so for
+all but finitely many P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, this AM generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this AM generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this AM generates
+SL2 of FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, why does this happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, notice that that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, notice that that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, notice that that this guy
+is one 011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one 011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one 011
+to the plus or minus m, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus or minus m, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus or minus m, right?
+So if if we so we assume that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if we so we assume that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if we so we assume that these guys
+generate SL2Z, it's not that hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate SL2Z, it's not that hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate SL2Z, it's not that hard to
+show. Take a word in these guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show. Take a word in these guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show. Take a word in these guys,
+it's only included in the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only included in the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only included in the group
+generated by these guys if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by these guys if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by these guys if it has a
+rather special structure that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather special structure that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather special structure that um you
+know each each letter is raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each each letter is raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each each letter is raised to the
+plus or minus n power. So maybe m is 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus n power. So maybe m is 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus n power. So maybe m is 10.
+Okay. So now it's clear that most words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now it's clear that most words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now it's clear that most words
+do not look like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not look like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not look like that.
+Um now it's not immediately clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now it's not immediately clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now it's not immediately clear that
+we don't have the whole group because an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the whole group because an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the whole group because an
+element in the group might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the group might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the group might be
+represented by many words. Um but we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by many words. Um but we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by many words. Um but we had
+we mentioned before that there has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned before that there has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned before that there has a
+finite index subgroup which is free. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite index subgroup which is free. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite index subgroup which is free. So
+there are not that many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not that many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not that many ways to
+represent most words. Um so so um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent most words. Um so so um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent most words. Um so so um so you
+know this tiny subset of the words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this tiny subset of the words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this tiny subset of the words we
+don't expect it to cover very much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect it to cover very much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect it to cover very much of
+the group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, and life is different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and life is different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and life is different in
+SL2FP. And a little later we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP. And a little later we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP. And a little later we'll talk
+about who are the subgroups of SL2FP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who are the subgroups of SL2FP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who are the subgroups of SL2FP,
+but there aren't a whole lot of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there aren't a whole lot of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there aren't a whole lot of them.
+And once you have enough elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you have enough elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once you have enough elements that
+they're not trapped in a subgroup, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not trapped in a subgroup, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not trapped in a subgroup, then
+they must generate the whole group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must generate the whole group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must generate the whole group.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+So there there are other choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there there are other choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there there are other choices of
+generators for SL2Z. Any choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators for SL2Z. Any choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators for SL2Z. Any choice of
+generators would have worked fine in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators would have worked fine in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators would have worked fine in our
+argument. But it's actually quite common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But it's actually quite common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But it's actually quite common
+that you have some generators for SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some generators for SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some generators for SL2FP
+that they and they don't generate SL2C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. In this case, our argument um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In this case, our argument um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In this case, our argument um
+doesn't work very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well.
+Let's say that GM is the group generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that GM is the group generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that GM is the group generated
+by AM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by AM.
+This group is a lot is a lot harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This group is a lot is a lot harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This group is a lot is a lot harder to
+understand than SL2Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand than SL2Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand than SL2Z.
+So for instance, if you were to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if you were to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if you were to give
+write down a matrix and then you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a matrix and then you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a matrix and then you'd like
+to know is it in GM? Like that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is it in GM? Like that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is it in GM? Like that's not
+super easy to figure out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy to figure out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super easy to figure out.
+Um SL2Z are all the integer matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um SL2Z are all the integer matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um SL2Z are all the integer matrices
+where the entries satisfy the equation A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the entries satisfy the equation A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the entries satisfy the equation A
+D minus BC equals 1. um whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus BC equals 1. um whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus BC equals 1. um whether or not a
+matrix is in this group does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is in this group does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is in this group does not have a
+simple criterion like that. As far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple criterion like that. As far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple criterion like that. As far as I
+know, the best thing well I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the best thing well I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the best thing well I I don't know
+anything faster to do than to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything faster to do than to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything faster to do than to take the
+generators and multiply them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and multiply them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and multiply them together
+different ways and see if you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and see if you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and see if you get this
+matrix. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Yeah.
+>> How close is GM to gamma M? Like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How close is GM to gamma M? Like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How close is GM to gamma M? Like are
+they have anything in common? Because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have anything in common? Because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have anything in common? Because at
+first it sort of looks like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it sort of looks like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it sort of looks like things
+congrent to the identity mod,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congrent to the identity mod,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congrent to the identity mod,
+>> right? So GM is a subgroup. So So okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So GM is a subgroup. So So okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So GM is a subgroup. So So okay,
+so the question was how close is GM to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was how close is GM to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was how close is GM to
+gamma M? Remember that gamma M was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma M? Remember that gamma M was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma M? Remember that gamma M was the
+subgroup of uh matrices in SL2Z that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup of uh matrices in SL2Z that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup of uh matrices in SL2Z that are
+congruent to the identity mod M. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to the identity mod M. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to the identity mod M. So
+these guys are congruent to the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are congruent to the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are congruent to the identity
+mod M. So therefore, GM is a subgroup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod M. So therefore, GM is a subgroup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod M. So therefore, GM is a subgroup of
+gamma M. Um however this group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma M. Um however this group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma M. Um however this group has
+infinite index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in SL2Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in SL2Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in SL2Z
+for M at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M at least three
+whereas gamma M had finite index because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas gamma M had finite index because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas gamma M had finite index because
+it was the kernel of a map to a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the kernel of a map to a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the kernel of a map to a finite
+group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group.
+So, gam gamma m which is not which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, gam gamma m which is not which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, gam gamma m which is not which is
+already not a super easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already not a super easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already not a super easy thing to
+understand if m is large. Um uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if m is large. Um uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if m is large. Um uh this is
+um well okay objectively this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay objectively this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay objectively this is a
+smaller group than gamma m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group than gamma m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller group than gamma m and
+subjectively I think it is a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively I think it is a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectively I think it is a harder
+group to understand than gamma m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this whole method has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this whole method has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this whole method has not
+really worked and in fact it goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked and in fact it goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked and in fact it goes in the
+opposite direction. Um so namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction. Um so namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction. Um so namely
+we for for for generators of SL2Z we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for for for generators of SL2Z we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we for for for generators of SL2Z we
+first understand SL2Z really well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first understand SL2Z really well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first understand SL2Z really well and
+then we can use that to understand SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that to understand SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that to understand SL2FP
+with those generators. Um with situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those generators. Um with situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those generators. Um with situation
+like this the there's some progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the there's some progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the there's some progress and
+it goes first you try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes first you try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes first you try to understand
+SL2FP with those generators and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP with those generators and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP with those generators and you use
+that to try to understand G of M. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to try to understand G of M. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to try to understand G of M. So
+there's actually a big literature now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a big literature now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a big literature now
+about these groups G of M and first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these groups G of M and first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these groups G of M and first you
+try to figure out things about SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out things about SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out things about SL2FP
+with those generators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those generators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those generators.
+Okay, so um there is uh okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um there is uh okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um there is uh okay so so
+that's one part of the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one part of the answer to this
+question and what we said so far is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and what we said so far is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and what we said so far is that
+our proof doesn't usually work for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof doesn't usually work for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof doesn't usually work for other
+sets of generators but that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of generators but that's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of generators but that's not an
+answer to the question whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the question whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the question whether the
+theorem is true and as far as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is true and as far as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is true and as far as we know
+the theorem may well be true so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem may well be true so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem may well be true so there's
+a conjecture you take any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjecture you take any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjecture you take any set of
+generators of SL2FP you just always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of SL2FP you just always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of SL2FP you just always have
+a spectral gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not proven yet but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not proven yet but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not proven yet but there's some
+significant progress and I'm I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant progress and I'm I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant progress and I'm I will tell
+you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about
+>> what's the equivalent uh spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what's the equivalent uh spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what's the equivalent uh spectral
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+>> what is the equivalent spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what is the equivalent spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what is the equivalent spectral
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you take so I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take so I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you take so I'm not sure if
+this is your question but let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your question but let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your question but let me say
+something and then okay um so so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then okay um so so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then okay um so so if we
+take another set of generators here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another set of generators here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another set of generators here we
+have a different operator And we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different operator And we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different operator And we can ask
+what is sigma 1 and so on. But so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sigma 1 and so on. But so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is sigma 1 and so on. But so I
+think you were wondering is if we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you were wondering is if we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you were wondering is if we took
+another set of generators there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of generators there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of generators there would
+that be related to the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be related to the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be related to the spectrum of the
+plashion of something? Is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plashion of something? Is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plashion of something? Is that a
+question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question?
+>> Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so not not as far as I know. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not not as far as I know. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not not as far as I know. Um,
+and so you so you might say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you so you might say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you so you might say, you know,
+this theorem is great because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is great because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is great because it
+connects to this hyperbolic geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to this hyperbolic geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to this hyperbolic geometry and
+it tells us something really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us something really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us something really interesting
+estimate for the spectrum of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the spectrum of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the spectrum of some
+surface. With other generators, maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. With other generators, maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. With other generators, maybe it
+doesn't exactly do that. Um, but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly do that. Um, but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exactly do that. Um, but on the
+other hand, it says some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, it says some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, it says some interesting
+stuff about this group, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about this group, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about this group, which is
+interesting in some other problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, yeah, let's leave that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, all right. So, suppose we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, suppose we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, suppose we're just
+given any set A inside of SL2FP and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any set A inside of SL2FP and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any set A inside of SL2FP and we'd
+like to figure out if there's a spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to figure out if there's a spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to figure out if there's a spectral
+gap. One thing that we know could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap. One thing that we know could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap. One thing that we know could go
+wrong is that A could be contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is that A could be contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is that A could be contained in a
+subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+So, if A is contained in H, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if A is contained in H, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if A is contained in H, which is a
+proper subgroup,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then sigma 1 TA is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, so that's elementary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so that's elementary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, so that's elementary to
+see. But in order to really use this, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. But in order to really use this, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. But in order to really use this, we
+would actually it helps to know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually it helps to know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually it helps to know what are
+all the proper subgroups. Um, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proper subgroups. Um, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the proper subgroups. Um, so let's
+talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subgroups
+of SL2FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, um the classification was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um the classification was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um the classification was done by
+someone named Dixon in 1901.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone named Dixon in 1901.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone named Dixon in 1901.
+And it's not that hard, but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not that hard, but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not that hard, but it's not
+that easy either. Um, and uh, I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy either. Um, and uh, I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy either. Um, and uh, I was a
+little surprised to learn that if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised to learn that if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised to learn that if you'd
+like to classify the subgroups of SLDFP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to classify the subgroups of SLDFP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to classify the subgroups of SLDFP,
+that was only done, first of all, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was only done, first of all, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was only done, first of all, it's
+only done approximately and it was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only done approximately and it was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only done approximately and it was only
+done around the year 2000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done around the year 2000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done around the year 2000.
+So some of these problems actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of these problems actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of these problems actually are
+are really pretty hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really pretty hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really pretty hard.
+So done by Dixon in 199.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. Well, let's think of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Well, let's think of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Well, let's think of some
+subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups.
+We could have the diagonal subgroup,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could have the diagonal subgroup,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could have the diagonal subgroup,
+which is typically called T for Taurus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically called T for Taurus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically called T for Taurus.
+There's this guy. We have the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this guy. We have the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's this guy. We have the upper
+triangular like unipotent subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular like unipotent subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular like unipotent subgroup
+like that. Um, let me put a little knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, let me put a little knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, let me put a little knot
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+And we have the more general upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have the more general upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have the more general upper
+triangular guys which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guys which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular guys which which
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now if you take a subgroup group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now if you take a subgroup group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now if you take a subgroup group
+group you can conjugate it and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you can conjugate it and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group you can conjugate it and you can
+get another subgroup. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another subgroup. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another subgroup. So you can
+conjugate all of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so let me write B that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so let me write B that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so let me write B that means a
+conjugate of B 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So those are a bunch of subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So those are a bunch of subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So those are a bunch of subgroups.
+Those are the only ones that I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the only ones that I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the only ones that I was able
+to think of without effort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of without effort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of without effort.
+Um there are a few other sort of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are a few other sort of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are a few other sort of small
+subgroups like for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups like for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups like for instance the
+apparently the icosahhedral group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the icosahhedral group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the icosahhedral group
+appears in SL2FP for some PS. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in SL2FP for some PS. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in SL2FP for some PS. Um and the
+statement of the classification is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the classification is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the classification is a lot
+easier if we don't say exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if we don't say exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if we don't say exactly what
+groups appear but just kind of roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups appear but just kind of roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups appear but just kind of roughly
+and ignore small groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore small groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore small groups.
+Um so so there's a theorem about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so there's a theorem about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so there's a theorem about this
+and the rough theorem would say if H in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rough theorem would say if H in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rough theorem would say if H in
+SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP
+is a proper subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then there exists a oral subgroup B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there exists a oral subgroup B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there exists a oral subgroup B
+one of these guys and um B intersect H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys and um B intersect H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys and um B intersect H
+is a large fraction of H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a large fraction of H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a large fraction of H.
+So this C bigger than zero is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this C bigger than zero is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this C bigger than zero is a
+universal constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So more or less H is in H is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So more or less H is in H is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So more or less H is in H is not quite
+in B, but almost all H has a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B, but almost all H has a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B, but almost all H has a very large
+part that's in B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's in B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's in B.
+Okay. And B is a conjugate of B 0. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And B is a conjugate of B 0. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And B is a conjugate of B 0. And
+the fine print is conjugate of B 0. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine print is conjugate of B 0. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine print is conjugate of B 0. um
+conjugated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated by
+not necessarily someone in SL2FP, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily someone in SL2FP, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily someone in SL2FP, but
+maybe the maybe the matrix you conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the maybe the matrix you conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the maybe the matrix you conjugate
+by might involve the algebraic closure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by might involve the algebraic closure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by might involve the algebraic closure.
+I think it's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, now let's make a remark. The analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now let's make a remark. The analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now let's make a remark. The analog
+of this is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for SL2FQ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for SL2FQ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for SL2FQ.
+Q Q is a prime power. Um, because SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Q is a prime power. Um, because SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Q is a prime power. Um, because SL2FP
+is a subgroup of SL2FQ,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subgroup of SL2FQ,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subgroup of SL2FQ,
+but SL2FP is not contained in any like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but SL2FP is not contained in any like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but SL2FP is not contained in any like
+upper triangle or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so the analogous there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the analogous there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the analogous there's an
+analogous theorem for SL2FQ, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorem for SL2FQ, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorem for SL2FQ, but it
+needs to be stated in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be stated in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be stated in a little bit
+different way to take account of the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to take account of the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to take account of the sub
+fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields.
+So this may already start to remind us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this may already start to remind us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this may already start to remind us
+of something that we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that we've seen that
+projection theory is different over FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is different over FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is different over FP
+and FQ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I can state uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can state uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can state uh the second
+main theorem that I wanted to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem that I wanted to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem that I wanted to say about
+random walks on groups which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walks on groups which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walks on groups which is a
+generalization of Selberg's theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Selberg's theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of Selberg's theorem and
+it allows to take any set of generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows to take any set of generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows to take any set of generators
+where it's not trapped in a burell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not trapped in a burell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not trapped in a burell
+subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup
+but it requires a little quantification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it requires a little quantification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it requires a little quantification
+which is perhaps not quite as strong as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perhaps not quite as strong as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perhaps not quite as strong as
+one might fantasize about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, um for every epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um for every epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um for every epsilon
+bigger than zero, there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero, there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero, there are a couple of
+positive constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every P um okay so if I have a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every P um okay so if I have a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every P um okay so if I have a subset of
+SL2FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL2FP
+and the subset is not contained in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subset is not contained in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subset is not contained in a
+burell subgroup and also it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup and also it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup and also it doesn't
+concentrate too much in a burell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate too much in a burell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate too much in a burell
+subgroup so for every B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup so for every B or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup so for every B or
+if I take A intersected with B this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take A intersected with B this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take A intersected with B this is
+at most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most um
+uh p to the minus epsilon size of b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p to the minus epsilon size of b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p to the minus epsilon size of b and
+with this small constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this small constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this small constant.
+So a smallest sorry size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a smallest sorry size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a smallest sorry size of a
+so only a smallest fraction of a is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a smallest fraction of a is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only a smallest fraction of a is in
+this burell subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burell subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burell subgroup
+and it's a p to the epsilon kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a p to the epsilon kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a p to the epsilon kind of
+fraction where you you that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction where you you that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction where you you that's a pretty
+small fraction you might hope to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction you might hope to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction you might hope to do a
+little better but anyway that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better but anyway that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better but anyway that's what it
+says. Um, and here I wasn't positive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. Um, and here I wasn't positive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. Um, and here I wasn't positive if
+it so I'm when I proved it I needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm when I proved it I needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm when I proved it I needed to
+say co-et but I'm not sure if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say co-et but I'm not sure if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say co-et but I'm not sure if it's
+co-set or subgroup anyway. So if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-set or subgroup anyway. So if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-set or subgroup anyway. So if it
+doesn't concentrate in something closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't concentrate in something closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't concentrate in something closely
+related to a subgroup um then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a subgroup um then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a subgroup um then it
+expands. So that then it has a mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands. So that then it has a mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands. So that then it has a mixed
+sigma 1 of TA is less than 1us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So up to a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So up to a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So up to a little bit of
+quantification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification
+you know if a set if if a is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a set if if a is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a set if if a is contained
+in a boral subgroup definitely we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a boral subgroup definitely we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a boral subgroup definitely we won't
+have a spectral gap and if a is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectral gap and if a is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spectral gap and if a is doesn't
+intersect a burl subgroup too much then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect a burl subgroup too much then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect a burl subgroup too much then
+we will have a spectral gap. It's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a spectral gap. It's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a spectral gap. It's almost
+if and only if although you might hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if although you might hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if although you might hope
+to improve this a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so this is kind of its own story to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of its own story to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of its own story to talk
+about. So since we're almost done, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So since we're almost done, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So since we're almost done, let
+me just make a a couple of highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make a a couple of highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make a a couple of highlevel
+comments about it. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about it. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about it. Yeah,
+>> it's a burell subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a burell subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a burell subgroup.
+>> A burell. Yeah. So I don't know why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A burell. Yeah. So I don't know why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A burell. Yeah. So I don't know why so
+burell is involved in this. A burell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell is involved in this. A burell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell is involved in this. A burell
+subgroup is these guys. B it's the take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup is these guys. B it's the take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup is these guys. B it's the take
+an upper triangular matrix that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper triangular matrix that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper triangular matrix that that's a
+burell subgroup or conjugate that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So one comment about this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So one comment about this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So one comment about this theorem
+is that it you know we had better know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it you know we had better know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it you know we had better know
+this theorem better know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem better know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem better know something like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so what the first part of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the first part of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the first part of this theorem
+is to prove that if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prove that if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prove that if you don't have a
+spectral gap then there must be a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral gap then there must be a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral gap then there must be a subset
+that's kind of approximately a subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of approximately a subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of approximately a subgroup
+that intersects a a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersects a a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intersects a a lot.
+We don't have a spectral gap. There must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have a spectral gap. There must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have a spectral gap. There must
+be a subject subset that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subject subset that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subject subset that's kind of
+approximately a subgroup where maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a subgroup where maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a subgroup where maybe a
+convolved with itself many times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself many times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with itself many times is
+heavily concentrated in this approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily concentrated in this approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily concentrated in this approximate
+subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+Okay. And that's a a very nice argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that's a a very nice argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that's a a very nice argument
+and it uses it turns out to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses it turns out to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses it turns out to use the
+tools from additive combinotaurics. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from additive combinotaurics. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from additive combinotaurics. It
+uses like bality gowers and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses like bality gowers and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses like bality gowers and things like
+that or in a non non-commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or in a non non-commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or in a non non-commutative
+version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version.
+Okay. Then the second part of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then the second part of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then the second part of the proof
+is to say is kind of a robust version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say is kind of a robust version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say is kind of a robust version of
+this theorem. This is a classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem. This is a classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem. This is a classification
+of actual subgroups. We want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual subgroups. We want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actual subgroups. We want to make it
+a little bit stronger and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit stronger and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit stronger and have a
+classification of approximate subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of approximate subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of approximate subgroups.
+Um so not only any actual proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so not only any actual proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so not only any actual proper
+subgroup would have to intersect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup would have to intersect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup would have to intersect a
+burell subgroup a lot but actually any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup a lot but actually any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burell subgroup a lot but actually any
+any kind of approximate subgroup. So any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of approximate subgroup. So any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of approximate subgroup. So any
+subset where when you multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset where when you multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset where when you multiply it by
+itself two or three times it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself two or three times it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself two or three times it doesn't get
+very much bigger. um the only way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much bigger. um the only way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much bigger. um the only way that
+can happen is if your um is if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is if your um is if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is if your um is if your
+subset heavily intersects a burell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset heavily intersects a burell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset heavily intersects a burell
+subgroup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroup.
+Okay. Now that second part you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now that second part you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now that second part you'll notice
+is not true over FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true over FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true over FP
+is not sorry is not true over FQ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sorry is not true over FQ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sorry is not true over FQ.
+Um, and so the second part was we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so the second part was we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so the second part was we'll
+draw on some product theory and our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on some product theory and our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on some product theory and our our
+like theorems that we worked very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like theorems that we worked very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like theorems that we worked very hard
+on that give a projection estimate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that give a projection estimate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that give a projection estimate over
+F over FP that's not true over FQ. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over FP that's not true over FQ. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over FP that's not true over FQ. We'll
+need that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that.
+Um, okay. And so I I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And so I I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And so I I think this is a
+nice example of how those, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice example of how those, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice example of how those, you know,
+those theorems are only an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those theorems are only an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those theorems are only an epsilon
+improvement on a trivial estimate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on a trivial estimate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on a trivial estimate where
+epsilon is very small, but it still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is very small, but it still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is very small, but it still is
+meaningful. There's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. There's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. There's an important
+difference between epsilon being zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between epsilon being zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between epsilon being zero or
+not zero. And they're used to prove kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. And they're used to prove kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. And they're used to prove kind
+of an, you know, this c of epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an, you know, this c of epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an, you know, this c of epsilon is
+pretty small. But um um but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small. But um um but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small. But um um but there's
+there's a just a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a just a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a just a really important
+difference between whether you had zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between whether you had zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between whether you had zero
+here, which is like a completely vacuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is like a completely vacuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is like a completely vacuous
+statement, and whether you had one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement, and whether you had one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement, and whether you had one minus
+epsilon, which even if epsilon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon, which even if epsilon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon, which even if epsilon is a
+small constant, is a qualitatively sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant, is a qualitatively sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant, is a qualitatively sharp
+statement about um about how this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about um about how this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about um about how this random
+walk mixes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So we'll talk about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So we'll talk about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So we'll talk about more
+more about those things on on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_l9y2Kv8VHw.txt b/_l9y2Kv8VHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b72b49f5267092c2aec38bb2fc6c50c85988bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_l9y2Kv8VHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now go through two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through two examples of
+convergence in probability our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability our first
+example is quite trivial we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is quite trivial we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is quite trivial we're dealing
+with a sequence of random variables yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sequence of random variables yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sequence of random variables yn
+that are discrete most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are discrete most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are discrete most of the
+probability is concentrated at zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is concentrated at zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is concentrated at zero but
+there is also a small probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a small probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a small probability of a
+large value because the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large value because the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large value because the bulk of the
+probability mass is concentrated at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass is concentrated at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass is concentrated at zero
+it is a good guess that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a good guess that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a good guess that this sequence
+converges to zero do we have indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero do we have indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to zero do we have indeed
+converges in probability to zero we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability to zero we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in probability to zero we need
+to check the definition so we fix some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the definition so we fix some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the definition so we fix some
+epsilon which is a positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon which is a positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon which is a positive number and
+we look at the probability of the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the probability of the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the probability of the event
+that our random variable is epsilon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our random variable is epsilon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our random variable is epsilon or
+more away than what we think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more away than what we think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more away than what we think is the
+limit of that sequence we look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that sequence we look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that sequence we look at that
+probability and in this example it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and in this example it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and in this example it is
+equal to 1 over N which goes to 0 as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over N which goes to 0 as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over N which goes to 0 as n
+goes to infinity and this verifies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and this verifies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity and this verifies that
+indeed in this example yn converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this example yn converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this example yn converges to 0
+as n goes to infinity in probability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity in probability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity in probability now
+we make the following observation if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the following observation if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the following observation if we
+are to calculate the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to calculate the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to calculate the expected value of
+this random variable what we get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable what we get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable what we get is the
+following we get a value of 0 with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we get a value of 0 with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we get a value of 0 with this
+probability no contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability no contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability no contribution to the
+expectation but we also get a value of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but we also get a value of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation but we also get a value of N
+squared with probability 1 over N and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with probability 1 over N and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with probability 1 over N and so
+the expected value is equal to n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is equal to n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is equal to n which
+actually goes to infinity as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to infinity as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to infinity as n goes to
+infinity so we have a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we have a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so we have a situation where
+the random variable the sequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable the sequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable the sequence of the
+random variables converges to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables converges to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables converges to zero but
+the expectation does not converge to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation does not converge to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation does not converge to 0
+in fact it goes to infinity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it goes to infinity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it goes to infinity and this
+example serves to make the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example serves to make the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example serves to make the point that
+convergence in probability does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability does not
+imply convergence of expectations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply convergence of expectations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply convergence of expectations the
+reason is that convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that convergence in
+probability has to do with the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability has to do with the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability has to do with the bulk of
+the distribution it only cares that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution it only cares that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution it only cares that the
+tail of the distribution has small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the distribution has small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the distribution has small
+probability on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the other hand the
+expectation is highly sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is highly sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is highly sensitive
+to the tail of the distribution it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tail of the distribution it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tail of the distribution it might
+be that the tail only has a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the tail only has a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the tail only has a small
+probability but if that probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but if that probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but if that probability is
+assigned to a very large value then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to a very large value then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to a very large value then the
+expectation will be strongly affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation will be strongly affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation will be strongly affected
+and can be quite different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be quite different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be quite different from the
+limit of the random variable our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the random variable our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the random variable our second
+example is going to be less trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is going to be less trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is going to be less trivial and
+more interesting consider random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting consider random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting consider random
+variables that are independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are independent and
+identically distributed and whose common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and whose common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and whose common
+distribution is uniform on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is uniform on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is uniform on the unit
+interval so that the PDF takes this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that the PDF takes this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that the PDF takes this form
+are these random variables convergent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these random variables convergent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these random variables convergent to
+something the answer is no and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the answer is no and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the answer is no and the
+reason is that as I increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that as I increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that as I increases the
+distribution does not change and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution does not change and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution does not change and it does
+not get concentrated around a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get concentrated around a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get concentrated around a certain
+number the distribution remains spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the distribution remains spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the distribution remains spread
+out over the entire unit interval but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the entire unit interval but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the entire unit interval but
+let us look now at some related random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look now at some related random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look now at some related random
+variables let us define yn to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables let us define yn to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables let us define yn to be the
+minimum of the first end of the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the first end of the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of the first end of the axis
+that we get so if n equals equals to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so if n equals equals to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so if n equals equals to 4
+and we obtain these four values YN would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we obtain these four values YN would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we obtain these four values YN would
+be equal to this value notice that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to this value notice that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to this value notice that if we
+draw more values then the new values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw more values then the new values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw more values then the new values
+might be above the minimum in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be above the minimum in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be above the minimum in which case
+the minimum does not change but we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum does not change but we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum does not change but we might
+also get a value that's below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a value that's below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a value that's below the
+minimum in which case the minimum moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in which case the minimum moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in which case the minimum moves
+down the only thing that can happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the only thing that can happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the only thing that can happen is
+that the minimum goes down it cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum goes down it cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimum goes down it cannot go
+up and this gives us this inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this gives us this inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this gives us this inequality so
+the random variables yn tend to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables yn tend to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables yn tend to go down
+how far down if n is very large we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far down if n is very large we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far down if n is very large we
+expect that we will obtain some X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we will obtain some X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that we will obtain some X's
+whose value happens to be very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value happens to be very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value happens to be very close to
+0 which means that yn will go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which means that yn will go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which means that yn will go down to
+values that are very close to 0 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are very close to 0 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are very close to 0 and this
+leads us to conjecture that perhaps yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to conjecture that perhaps yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to conjecture that perhaps yn
+does converge to 0 this is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does converge to 0 this is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does converge to 0 this is always the
+first step when dealing with convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step when dealing with convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step when dealing with convergence
+in probability the first step is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability the first step is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability the first step is to make
+an educated guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educated guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an educated guess
+about what the limit might be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the limit might be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the limit might be and then
+we want to verify that this is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to verify that this is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to verify that this is indeed
+the correct limit to verify that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct limit to verify that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct limit to verify that what we
+do is we fix some positive Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we fix some positive Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we fix some positive Epsilon and
+we look for the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look for the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look for the probability that the
+distance of the random variable Y n from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the random variable Y n from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the random variable Y n from
+the conjectured limit has a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjectured limit has a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjectured limit has a magnitude
+that's larger than or equal to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than or equal to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than or equal to Epsilon
+and what we need to show is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we need to show is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we need to show is that this
+quantity converges to zero as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to zero as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to zero as n goes to
+infinity no matter what epsilon is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity no matter what epsilon is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity no matter what epsilon is now
+because yn is a non-negative random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yn is a non-negative random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yn is a non-negative random
+variable this is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is the same as the
+probability that yn is larger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that yn is larger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that yn is larger than or
+equal to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Epsilon
+now let us distinguish between two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us distinguish between two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us distinguish between two cases
+if epsilon is bigger than 1 we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if epsilon is bigger than 1 we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if epsilon is bigger than 1 we're asking
+for the probability that yn is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the probability that yn is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the probability that yn is larger
+than or equal to a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a certain number
+epsilon that's out there but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that's out there but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that's out there but this
+probability is 0 there is no way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 0 there is no way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is 0 there is no way that
+the minimum of these uniforms will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of these uniforms will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of these uniforms will take
+a value that's larger than some epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that's larger than some epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value that's larger than some epsilon
+that's larger than 1 so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than 1 so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's larger than 1 so in that case
+this quantity is equal to 0 and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is equal to 0 and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is equal to 0 and we are
+done but we need to check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but we need to check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but we need to check that this
+quantity becomes small no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity becomes small no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity becomes small no matter what
+epsilon is so now let us consider taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is so now let us consider taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is so now let us consider taking
+a small epsilon that is some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small epsilon that is some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small epsilon that is some number
+that's less than or equal to 1 for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to 1 for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than or equal to 1 for that
+case let us continue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let us continue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let us continue with the
+calculation the minimum is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the minimum is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the minimum is going to be
+at least epsilon if and only if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least epsilon if and only if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least epsilon if and only if all of
+the random variables are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables are at least
+epsilon so this is an equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so this is an equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so this is an equivalent way of
+writing this particular event here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this particular event here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this particular event here now
+because of Independence this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Independence this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Independence this is the
+product of the probabilities that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probabilities that each
+one of the random variables is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the random variables is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the random variables is larger
+than or equal to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Epsilon
+the probability that X 1 is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X 1 is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X 1 is larger than
+or equal to Epsilon can be found as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Epsilon can be found as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to Epsilon can be found as
+follows if we have here Epsilon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows if we have here Epsilon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows if we have here Epsilon the
+probability of being larger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being larger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being larger than or
+equal to epsilon is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon is the probability of
+this event here so it's the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event here so it's the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event here so it's the area of this
+rectangle the base of that rectangle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle the base of that rectangle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle the base of that rectangle is
+- epsilon and so we obtain 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- epsilon and so we obtain 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- epsilon and so we obtain 1 minus
+epsilon for this first term but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for this first term but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon for this first term but because
+the x i's are identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i's are identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i's are identically distributed
+all the other terms that we multiply are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other terms that we multiply are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other terms that we multiply are
+also the same and so the answer is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same and so the answer is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same and so the answer is this
+expression here now epsilon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here now epsilon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here now epsilon is a
+positive number so 1 minus epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so 1 minus epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so 1 minus epsilon is
+strictly less than 1 and when we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than 1 and when we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than 1 and when we take
+higher powers of a number that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher powers of a number that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher powers of a number that's less
+than 1 we obtain something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 we obtain something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 we obtain something that
+converges to 0 as n goes to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to 0 as n goes to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to 0 as n goes to infinity and
+that's what we needed to verify since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to verify since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to verify since
+this is the case for any epsilon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case for any epsilon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case for any epsilon we
+conclude that the random variables yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the random variables yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the random variables yn
+converge to 0 in the sense that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to 0 in the sense that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to 0 in the sense that we have
+defined in probability generalizing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in probability generalizing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in probability generalizing from
+this example when we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example when we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example when we want to show
+convergence in probability the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability the first
+step is to make a guess as to what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to make a guess as to what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to make a guess as to what is
+the value that the sequence converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that the sequence converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that the sequence converges to
+in this example that value was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example that value was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example that value was equal to
+0 once we have made that conjecture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 once we have made that conjecture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 once we have made that conjecture then
+we write down an expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down an expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down an expression for the
+probability of being Epsilon away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being Epsilon away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being Epsilon away from
+the conjectured limit and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjectured limit and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjectured limit and then we
+calculate that probability either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that probability either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that probability either
+exactly as in this example or we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as in this example or we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as in this example or we try to
+bound it somehow and still show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it somehow and still show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it somehow and still show that it
+goes to 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aHsRJS1BiNs.txt b/aHsRJS1BiNs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f92c6b88d4023e217d3ebc9a8d5a6ffc4959783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aHsRJS1BiNs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+We would be incredibly grateful for a donation.
+
+Because it’s donations from people like
+you that support our free and open courses.
+
+And it’s donations from people like you
+that will allow us to continue doing what
+
+we do, even better, sharing the best of MIT
+with a global community of learners and educators.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/alLh1Jdqwvg.txt b/alLh1Jdqwvg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5aa49117c8490a086deb6ea1097f3b35fa3a0d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alLh1Jdqwvg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright folks before Tina is gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright folks before Tina is gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright folks before Tina is gonna talk
+I'm gonna share with you something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna share with you something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna share with you something that
+I've never said to anyone before in 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never said to anyone before in 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never said to anyone before in 55
+years I figured it out on my own by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I figured it out on my own by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I figured it out on my own by
+thinking so when you put in the flaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so when you put in the flaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so when you put in the flaps
+the airplanes nose has to go down so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplanes nose has to go down so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplanes nose has to go down so you
+put in the flaps nose goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the flaps nose goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the flaps nose goes down
+think about the tail plane remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the tail plane remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the tail plane remember the
+the tail plane is actually flying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail plane is actually flying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail plane is actually flying in the
+downward direction so the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward direction so the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward direction so the angle of
+attack of the tail is negative and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of the tail is negative and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of the tail is negative and if
+you put the airplane a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the airplane a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the airplane a little bit more
+nose down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose down
+that increases the angle of attack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the angle of attack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the angle of attack on
+the horizontal stabilizer and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal stabilizer and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal stabilizer and it can
+become a stalling angle of attack if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a stalling angle of attack if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a stalling angle of attack if
+that horizontal stabilizer has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that horizontal stabilizer has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that horizontal stabilizer has been
+rendered inefficient by Frost does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered inefficient by Frost does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered inefficient by Frost does that
+make sense so remember the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so remember the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so remember the angle of
+attack of the wing is positive between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of the wing is positive between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of the wing is positive between
+the relative Linda and the wing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative Linda and the wing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative Linda and the wing but the
+tail plane is flying down generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail plane is flying down generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail plane is flying down generating
+lifts in a downward direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifts in a downward direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifts in a downward direction
+wings pull up tail pushes down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings pull up tail pushes down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings pull up tail pushes down in the
+conventional airplane and when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional airplane and when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional airplane and when you go
+little bit more nose down then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more nose down then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more nose down then you have
+a higher angle of attack on the tail if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher angle of attack on the tail if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher angle of attack on the tail if
+that becomes a strolling angle of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a strolling angle of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a strolling angle of attack
+it's not generating the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not generating the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not generating the necessary
+downforce anymore so like the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downforce anymore so like the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downforce anymore so like the airplane
+stalls that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Francis says yes she's awake all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis says yes she's awake all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francis says yes she's awake all right
+well anyway thank you guys for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway thank you guys for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway thank you guys for being
+here for that unusual moment in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that unusual moment in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that unusual moment in my
+personal journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right today now we're gonna jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right today now we're gonna jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right today now we're gonna jump
+into radar and communications flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into radar and communications flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into radar and communications flight
+information and we're gonna do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and we're gonna do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and we're gonna do a little
+thing that you probably haven't done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you probably haven't done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you probably haven't done for
+a long time especially not here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time especially not here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time especially not here at MIT
+we're gonna we're gonna sing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna sing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna sing the
+alphabet together so it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet together so it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet together so it's going to be a
+great session so we'll start with radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great session so we'll start with radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great session so we'll start with radar
+and air traffic control or ATC services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air traffic control or ATC services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air traffic control or ATC services
+so what's a transponder why do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a transponder why do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a transponder why do we have
+transponders what does it have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders what does it have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders what does it have to do
+with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything
+so a transponder is something that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transponder is something that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transponder is something that helps
+enhance your radar return so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance your radar return so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance your radar return so that the
+air-traffic controller can better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air-traffic controller can better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air-traffic controller can better
+understand where your airplane is so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where your airplane is so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where your airplane is so who
+knows just generally what a radar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows just generally what a radar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows just generally what a radar is
+let's step back do people know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back do people know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back do people know what
+radar is who's um who's seen the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is who's um who's seen the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is who's um who's seen the the
+movie or read the book Hunt for Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie or read the book Hunt for Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie or read the book Hunt for Red
+October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodness only half the class that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness only half the class that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness only half the class that's
+really a shame there's a in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a shame there's a in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a shame there's a in that
+situation we're talking about sonar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we're talking about sonar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we're talking about sonar but
+sonar since it's audible is much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonar since it's audible is much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonar since it's audible is much easier
+sometimes to think about well in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to think about well in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to think about well in that
+movie we have some the characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie we have some the characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie we have some the characters that
+are in a submarine and they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a submarine and they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a submarine and they're trying to
+find another submarine so they send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another submarine so they send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another submarine so they send out
+a sound sonar that goes out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound sonar that goes out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound sonar that goes out and it's
+supposed to bounce off of whatever's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to bounce off of whatever's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to bounce off of whatever's out
+there and come back so if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and come back so if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and come back so if there's a
+submarine it'll bounce off so you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine it'll bounce off so you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine it'll bounce off so you hear
+you know ping and then if it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ping and then if it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ping and then if it comes back
+they can hear the sound coming back well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hear the sound coming back well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hear the sound coming back well
+radar works the same way but it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar works the same way but it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar works the same way but it's in the
+above the water and we use radar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the water and we use radar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the water and we use radar to
+detect you know aircraft so the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect you know aircraft so the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect you know aircraft so the air
+traffic control center has a radar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control center has a radar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control center has a radar that
+basically sends out signals that bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sends out signals that bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sends out signals that bounce
+off of airplanes and come back we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of airplanes and come back we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of airplanes and come back we also
+can use radar for other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use radar for other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use radar for other things like
+terrain avoidance of very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain avoidance of very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain avoidance of very complex
+airplanes not usually your your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes not usually your your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes not usually your your little
+Cessnas but some more complex airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessnas but some more complex airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessnas but some more complex airplanes
+might have a terrain avoidance air radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a terrain avoidance air radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a terrain avoidance air radar
+system so as they're flying along they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so as they're flying along they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so as they're flying along they
+send out a signal it bounces off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out a signal it bounces off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out a signal it bounces off a
+mountain and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and come
+back and it tells you there's a mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and it tells you there's a mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and it tells you there's a mountain
+over there well we want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there well we want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there well we want to make sure
+that that returns so the signal bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that returns so the signal bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that returns so the signal bouncing
+off is very clear and provides as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off is very clear and provides as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off is very clear and provides as much
+information as possible so that the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as possible so that the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as possible so that the air
+traffic controller knows you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controller knows you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controller knows you know where
+you are and what aircraft you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and what aircraft you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and what aircraft you are so
+inside yes really good point so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside yes really good point so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside yes really good point so just
+just remembering where we are here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remembering where we are here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remembering where we are here at
+MIT and that radar was invented here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and that radar was invented here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and that radar was invented here at
+MIT Wow that's great so a little history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Wow that's great so a little history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Wow that's great so a little history
+about what was here before the Stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what was here before the Stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what was here before the Stata
+Center was built here that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center was built here that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center was built here that's really
+great thanks so with that great history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanks so with that great history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanks so with that great history
+about where we are and radar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we are and radar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we are and radar a
+transponder is that is actually a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder is that is actually a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder is that is actually a piece
+of equipment that you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment that you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equipment that you have in your
+aircraft and this is generally what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and this is generally what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and this is generally what it
+looks like so it has some numbers across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so it has some numbers across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so it has some numbers across
+the bottom where you can type in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom where you can type in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom where you can type in a
+particular transponder code or a squawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular transponder code or a squawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular transponder code or a squawk
+code as it's called and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as it's called and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as it's called and there are
+different types when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types when we were talking
+about the charts and airspace we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the charts and airspace we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the charts and airspace we
+discussed how near the class Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how near the class Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how near the class Bravo
+we had a big ring around the side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a big ring around the side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a big ring around the side that
+said mode C transponder so it required a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said mode C transponder so it required a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said mode C transponder so it required a
+specific type of transponder so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of transponder so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific type of transponder so that the
+air traffic controllers know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controllers know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controllers know exactly
+what the altitude is of your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the altitude is of your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the altitude is of your aircraft
+there are a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of different
+squawk codes one that it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk codes one that it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk codes one that it's probably the
+most important for you to remember is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for you to remember is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important for you to remember is 1
+2 0 0 so that is this the VFR visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0 0 so that is this the VFR visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0 0 so that is this the VFR visual
+flight squawk code so if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight squawk code so if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight squawk code so if you don't have
+a particular flight plan going on you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular flight plan going on you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular flight plan going on you'll
+need this squawk code dialed in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this squawk code dialed in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this squawk code dialed in almost
+all the time and this is usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and this is usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and this is usually a
+question on the FAA exam you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the FAA exam you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the FAA exam you know if
+you're a VFR flight and then they add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a VFR flight and then they add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a VFR flight and then they add a
+bunch of other things to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other things to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other things to the question
+but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you
+VFR flight and you're don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR flight and you're don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VFR flight and you're don't have a
+specific flight plan or flight tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific flight plan or flight tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific flight plan or flight tracking
+happening then you should be on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening then you should be on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening then you should be on that
+1,200 squawk code they're also a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200 squawk code they're also a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200 squawk code they're also a couple
+other ones hopefully you won't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones hopefully you won't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones hopefully you won't have to
+deal with this in a small you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this in a small you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this in a small you know two
+seater four seater airplane but in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater four seater airplane but in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater four seater airplane but in case
+you get hijacked you need to enter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get hijacked you need to enter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get hijacked you need to enter a
+particular squawk code seven five zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular squawk code seven five zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular squawk code seven five zero
+zero please don't enter this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero please don't enter this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero please don't enter this you know
+seriously please don't enter this unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously please don't enter this unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously please don't enter this unless
+you mean it you might find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean it you might find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean it you might find yourself
+entering this you might hear someone not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this you might hear someone not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering this you might hear someone not
+actually say the word hijack maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the word hijack maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the word hijack maybe they
+don't want your person hijacking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your person hijacking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want your person hijacking you to
+know that that's happening and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's happening and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's happening and they
+might just say confirm transponders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say confirm transponders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say confirm transponders
+squawk code seven five zero zero and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk code seven five zero zero and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk code seven five zero zero and if
+you confirm that means you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you confirm that means you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you confirm that means you know you've
+been hijacked you might see a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hijacked you might see a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hijacked you might see a special
+plane come fly up next to you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane come fly up next to you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane come fly up next to you or
+something bad happens so please only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happens so please only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happens so please only use
+this if necessary lost comms is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if necessary lost comms is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if necessary lost comms is really
+important seven six zero zero so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important seven six zero zero so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important seven six zero zero so if you
+indicate that so it might be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that so it might be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that so it might be the case
+that your transponder is working even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your transponder is working even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your transponder is working even if
+the your radios for example are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your radios for example are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your radios for example are not
+working so by indicating this that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so by indicating this that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so by indicating this that would
+be how you tell the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how you tell the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how you tell the air traffic
+controller or the for example the tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller or the for example the tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller or the for example the tower
+controller at your airport that hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller at your airport that hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller at your airport that hey I
+don't have radio comms and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have radio comms and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have radio comms and that's when
+they would use that lightgun signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use that lightgun signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use that lightgun signal to
+as we discuss the different colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss the different colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss the different colors to
+indicate different instructions to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate different instructions to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate different instructions to you
+and then in general if there's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in general if there's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in general if there's just an
+emergency if you've lost your engine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency if you've lost your engine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency if you've lost your engine if
+you're declaring an emergency seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're declaring an emergency seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're declaring an emergency seven
+seven zero zero is a great one to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven zero zero is a great one to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven zero zero is a great one to just
+indicate to everyone that you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate to everyone that you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate to everyone that you're in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+so don't accidentally dial in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't accidentally dial in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't accidentally dial in these
+squawk codes please be very mindful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk codes please be very mindful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squawk codes please be very mindful of
+these in particular and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in particular and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in particular and in general
+there's also an FAA question that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an FAA question that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an FAA question that comes
+up that says you know what's a squawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that says you know what's a squawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that says you know what's a squawk
+code you don't want to dial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you don't want to dial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you don't want to dial in
+accidentally and those are those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally and those are those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally and those are those three
+at the bottom okay so let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom okay so let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom okay so let's just take a
+step back and talk about this in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and talk about this in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and talk about this in general
+when I first became a pilot before I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first became a pilot before I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first became a pilot before I was
+you know learned all this material I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learned all this material I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learned all this material I was
+under the impression that you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the impression that you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the impression that you pretty
+much always had to have a flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much always had to have a flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much always had to have a flight plan
+that before you flew anywhere you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you flew anywhere you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before you flew anywhere you had to
+decide you know where you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know where you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you know where you were going
+to file a flight plan yet to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to file a flight plan yet to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to file a flight plan yet to communicate
+to different people and tell them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different people and tell them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different people and tell them that
+this is where you were gonna go and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you were gonna go and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you were gonna go and get
+it approved and then when you took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it approved and then when you took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it approved and then when you took off
+you had to fly exactly that flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to fly exactly that flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to fly exactly that flight plan
+well it turns out that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that's not that's not
+always the case and in fact that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case and in fact that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case and in fact that's only
+usually the case on specific types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the case on specific types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the case on specific types of
+flights or an instrument flight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights or an instrument flight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights or an instrument flight for
+example but most of the time in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but most of the time in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but most of the time in general
+aviation on a good weather day you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation on a good weather day you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation on a good weather day you don't
+have to file a flight plan and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to file a flight plan and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to file a flight plan and most of
+the time most people don't file a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time most people don't file a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time most people don't file a flight
+plan you can even decide what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you can even decide what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you can even decide what you're
+doing after you've taken off it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing after you've taken off it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing after you've taken off it's a good
+idea to know in advance generally where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know in advance generally where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know in advance generally where
+you're flying because you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying because you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying because you need to know
+certain those required things we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain those required things we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain those required things we talked
+about you know airports in the vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know airports in the vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know airports in the vicinity
+fuel runway length but if you always fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel runway length but if you always fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel runway length but if you always fly
+kind of in your home Airport area so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in your home Airport area so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in your home Airport area so if
+you fly here at Lawrence or you fly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly here at Lawrence or you fly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly here at Lawrence or you fly it
+out of Bedford Beverly one of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Bedford Beverly one of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Bedford Beverly one of the local
+airports and you're familiar with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and you're familiar with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and you're familiar with all
+the airports in the area when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports in the area when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airports in the area when you take
+off on a given day you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on a given day you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on a given day you don't necessarily
+have to tell anyone in advance where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell anyone in advance where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell anyone in advance where
+you're going you might go with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you might go with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you might go with an
+instructor and that instructor kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and that instructor kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and that instructor kind of
+as you're flying will decide you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're flying will decide you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're flying will decide you know we
+should do a couple landings at Worcester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a couple landings at Worcester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a couple landings at Worcester
+we should practice an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should practice an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should practice an instrument
+approach at Lawrence or whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach at Lawrence or whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach at Lawrence or whatever they're
+deciding in the air and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding in the air and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding in the air and so you don't
+have to file these flight plans so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to file these flight plans so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to file these flight plans so when
+you're in the air there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the air there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the air there are certain
+times that you don't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you don't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you don't actually have to
+talk to anyone and we discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to anyone and we discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to anyone and we discuss the
+different classes of airspace if as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of airspace if as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of airspace if as long
+as you're not in a class of airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're not in a class of airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're not in a class of airspace
+where you have to be specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to be specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to be specifically
+communicating you can actually just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating you can actually just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating you can actually just take
+off without a lot of communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off without a lot of communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off without a lot of communication
+equipment and just look outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and just look outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and just look outside the
+airplane to avoid aircraft and go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid aircraft and go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid aircraft and go where
+you're going but if you do want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going but if you do want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going but if you do want to have
+some some guidance let's so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some guidance let's so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some guidance let's so let's say
+you're flying somewhere you're not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying somewhere you're not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying somewhere you're not in a
+class Bravo or a class to Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo or a class to Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo or a class to Charlie
+airspace but you know say you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace but you know say you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace but you know say you're just
+taking a taking a flight you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a taking a flight you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a taking a flight you want to go
+south to Provincetown let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south to Provincetown let's say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south to Provincetown let's say and
+while you're flying you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're flying you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're flying you just want to
+have an additional pair of eyes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional pair of eyes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional pair of eyes in the
+sky to help you know if there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky to help you know if there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky to help you know if there's a really
+bad quick changing weather front coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad quick changing weather front coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad quick changing weather front coming
+in that may be developed that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that may be developed that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that may be developed that you didn't
+notice before you took off which usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice before you took off which usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice before you took off which usually
+we'll talk about weather data hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about weather data hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about weather data hopefully
+you'll know in advance or you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know in advance or you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know in advance or you just want
+to be aware and alerted to other traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware and alerted to other traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware and alerted to other traffic
+in the area traffic meaning other air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area traffic meaning other air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the area traffic meaning other air
+flying in the area so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in the area so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in the area so you can actually
+choose is a voluntary thing to call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose is a voluntary thing to call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose is a voluntary thing to call in
+and ask the air traffic controllers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the air traffic controllers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the air traffic controllers to
+give you those traffic advisories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you those traffic advisories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you those traffic advisories and
+there are different types of services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different types of services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different types of services
+available in different areas there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different areas there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different areas there are
+even parts of the country where it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even parts of the country where it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even parts of the country where it's not
+available at all so even if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at all so even if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at all so even if you wanted
+to have someone to talk to when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have someone to talk to when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have someone to talk to when you're
+flying up there to tell you what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there to tell you what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying up there to tell you what's going
+on there is no radar service in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there is no radar service in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there is no radar service in all
+parts of the country so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the country so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the country so how do you
+request the the service so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request the the service so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request the the service so you can do it
+a couple ways depending on where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple ways depending on where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple ways depending on where you are
+sometimes when you're still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you're still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when you're still on the
+ground before you've taken off you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground before you've taken off you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground before you've taken off you're
+taxing or you're in the run-up area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing or you're in the run-up area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing or you're in the run-up area you
+can ask for certain types of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask for certain types of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask for certain types of flight
+services but a lot of times it's after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services but a lot of times it's after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services but a lot of times it's after
+you've taken off from the airport after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken off from the airport after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken off from the airport after
+you're have left the tower controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're have left the tower controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're have left the tower controller
+and you've switched to a local radar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've switched to a local radar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've switched to a local radar and
+you want to ask for some some types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask for some some types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ask for some some types of
+radar following so in general whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar following so in general whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar following so in general whenever
+you do a radio call you start with who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a radio call you start with who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a radio call you start with who
+you're talking to so in this case Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to so in this case Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to so in this case Boston
+approached the Boston approach is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the Boston approach is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the Boston approach is who
+you're talking to and then who you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to and then who you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to and then who you are
+so in this example Cirrus 7:07 whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example Cirrus 7:07 whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example Cirrus 7:07 whiskey
+tango so that's the name of the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tango so that's the name of the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tango so that's the name of the airplane
+that you're in and the tail number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in and the tail number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in and the tail number and
+then you have to say where you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to say where you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to say where you are so
+they can try to find you so you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can try to find you so you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can try to find you so you can say
+five south of Hanscom so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five south of Hanscom so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five south of Hanscom so that means
+you're five miles south of Hanscom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're five miles south of Hanscom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're five miles south of Hanscom or
+bedford field and then what you want why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedford field and then what you want why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedford field and then what you want why
+you're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling
+so requesting VFR advisories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so requesting VFR advisories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so requesting VFR advisories
+Provincetown so that's saying kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Provincetown so that's saying kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Provincetown so that's saying kind of
+where you're going and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going and what you're
+asking for help with so once you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for help with so once you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for help with so once you do that
+the and first of all before you call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and first of all before you call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and first of all before you call in
+you want to listen to the radio for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to listen to the radio for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to listen to the radio for just
+a moment to make sure you don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment to make sure you don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment to make sure you don't talk
+over somebody but once you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over somebody but once you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over somebody but once you make that
+call you're waiting for the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you're waiting for the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you're waiting for the approach
+controller to call you back and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller to call you back and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller to call you back and so if
+they call you back they'll they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call you back they'll they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call you back they'll they'll say
+who they're talking to first so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they're talking to first so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they're talking to first so that's
+you so 7 whiskey Tango and then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so 7 whiskey Tango and then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so 7 whiskey Tango and then they'll
+tell you what to do squawk 4-2-3-1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do squawk 4-2-3-1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do squawk 4-2-3-1 so
+that means to type into your transponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means to type into your transponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means to type into your transponder
+the numbers 4-2-3-1 and ident so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 4-2-3-1 and ident so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 4-2-3-1 and ident so
+identies short for identify and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identies short for identify and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identies short for identify and there's
+an ident button on your transponder when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ident button on your transponder when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ident button on your transponder when
+you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit
+I dent it basically blinks on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dent it basically blinks on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dent it basically blinks on their
+screen to make them find you easier with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen to make them find you easier with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen to make them find you easier with
+all the all the airplanes on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the airplanes on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the airplanes on their
+screen okay and it's also possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay and it's also possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay and it's also possible that
+you call the the controller and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call the the controller and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call the the controller and you
+don't hear any response maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear any response maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hear any response maybe they're
+busy doing some other things so you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doing some other things so you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doing some other things so you give
+them a little bit of time you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of time you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit of time you can just
+make your call again and hope that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your call again and hope that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your call again and hope that they
+respond to you and once the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you and once the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you and once the controller
+tells you you know radar contact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know radar contact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know radar contact so
+that's where they you know they say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they you know they say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they you know they say that
+they found you on their screen so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found you on their screen so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found you on their screen so you
+know radar contact seven miles south of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know radar contact seven miles south of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know radar contact seven miles south of
+the Bedford Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bedford Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bedford Airport
+that means they they caught you and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they they caught you and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they they caught you and in
+this example as you can see it took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example as you can see it took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example as you can see it took it
+took you you travel two miles before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took you you travel two miles before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took you you travel two miles before
+they actually got the radar contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually got the radar contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually got the radar contact
+sometimes that happens when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that happens when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that happens when you're
+getting traffic advisories they do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting traffic advisories they do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting traffic advisories they do it in
+reference to a clock so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a clock so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to a clock so if you remember
+you guys have to go back and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have to go back and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have to go back and remember
+your analog clocks and you know just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analog clocks and you know just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analog clocks and you know just so
+I do it to you guys so you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it to you guys so you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it to you guys so you're looking
+here so you know one o'clock two o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you know one o'clock two o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you know one o'clock two o'clock
+three o'clock you know so basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock you know so basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock you know so basically it's
+like a clock and they're trying to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clock and they're trying to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clock and they're trying to do it
+in reference to you so when you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reference to you so when you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reference to you so when you're you
+flying the plane look at your three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying the plane look at your three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying the plane look at your three
+o'clock it means look out your right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock it means look out your right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock it means look out your right
+window it just noted that wind can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it just noted that wind can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it just noted that wind can
+affect that sometime so so even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that sometime so so even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that sometime so so even if they
+said three o'clock it might be at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said three o'clock it might be at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said three o'clock it might be at two
+o'clock so just keep that in mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock so just keep that in mind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock so just keep that in mind so
+we'll just do a little practice question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little practice question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little practice question
+here so here just to make it easy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here just to make it easy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here just to make it easy we're
+saying the polite pilot is flying on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the polite pilot is flying on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the polite pilot is flying on a
+heading of three six zero so why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of three six zero so why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of three six zero so why is that
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+well three six zero is north and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well three six zero is north and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well three six zero is north and so
+North sometimes makes it easy to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North sometimes makes it easy to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North sometimes makes it easy to think
+about so if you're flying on a heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so if you're flying on a heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so if you're flying on a heading
+of three six zero degrees and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three six zero degrees and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three six zero degrees and the
+controller says traffic 10 o'clock two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller says traffic 10 o'clock two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller says traffic 10 o'clock two
+miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles
+southbound where are you looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southbound where are you looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southbound where are you looking for
+this traffic so a B or C shout it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this traffic so a B or C shout it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this traffic so a B or C shout it out
+a-alright good so you're you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-alright good so you're you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-alright good so you're you're flying
+north and so when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and so when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and so when you're talking about
+traffic at 10 o'clock so 10 o'clock will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic at 10 o'clock so 10 o'clock will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic at 10 o'clock so 10 o'clock will
+be a little bit to your left so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit to your left so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit to your left so that's
+the 10 o'clock and then two miles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 o'clock and then two miles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 o'clock and then two miles is
+kind of how far away that is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how far away that is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how far away that is and the
+direction that traffic is going yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that traffic is going yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that traffic is going yes it's
+completely so the question was is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so the question was is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely so the question was is the
+clock relative to you so it is relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock relative to you so it is relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock relative to you so it is relative
+to you so we just made it easy by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so we just made it easy by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so we just made it easy by saying
+you're flying three six zero or North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying three six zero or North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying three six zero or North
+but yes if you were flying South one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes if you were flying South one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes if you were flying South one
+eight zero it's still gonna be if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero it's still gonna be if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero it's still gonna be if they
+say 10 o'clock it's still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 10 o'clock it's still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 10 o'clock it's still going to be
+out your left window a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your left window a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your left window a little bit
+forward but in that direction it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward but in that direction it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward but in that direction it's going
+to be now South East good question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be now South East good question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be now South East good question okay
+so we we've already talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we've already talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we've already talked about this a
+little bit yesterday the ADIS or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yesterday the ADIS or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yesterday the ADIS or
+automatic terminal information service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic terminal information service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic terminal information service
+so we talked about that when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about that when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about that when we're
+looking at the charts and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the charts and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the charts and we talked
+about the ADIS frequency so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ADIS frequency so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ADIS frequency so it's a
+frequency you can dial in and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can dial in and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can dial in and basically
+it's information that's being broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's information that's being broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's information that's being broadcast
+so when you dial into that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you dial into that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you dial into that particular
+frequency you get a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you get a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you get a certain amount of
+information now the first couple times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now the first couple times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now the first couple times I
+admit when you hear this 8's information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit when you hear this 8's information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit when you hear this 8's information
+it seems very overwhelming and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very overwhelming and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very overwhelming and you might
+have to listen to it three times four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to listen to it three times four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to listen to it three times four
+times even understand what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even understand what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even understand what they're
+saying but I trust you it gets a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but I trust you it gets a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but I trust you it gets a lot
+easier over time so they give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier over time so they give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier over time so they give you a
+whole bunch of information so they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of information so they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of information so they give
+you the airport name that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the airport name that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the airport name that's really
+important to listen to maybe you dialed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to listen to maybe you dialed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to listen to maybe you dialed
+the frequency and wrong and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and wrong and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and wrong and you're
+getting the ATIS information from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the ATIS information from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the ATIS information from a
+completely wrong airport so look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong airport so look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong airport so look at the
+airport location and then the letter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport location and then the letter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport location and then the letter so
+they they'll say you know bedford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll say you know bedford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'll say you know bedford
+information whiskey so that letter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey so that letter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey so that letter is
+just the referring to the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the referring to the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the referring to the most recent
+update so that way if you let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so that way if you let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so that way if you let's say you
+listen to it it says information whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it it says information whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it it says information whiskey
+then you go off you do some practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go off you do some practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go off you do some practice
+turns and whatever and you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and whatever and you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and whatever and you're coming
+back to Bedford and you dial it in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Bedford and you dial it in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Bedford and you dial it in if
+it's still information whiskey then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still information whiskey then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still information whiskey then you
+don't have to listen to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to listen to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to listen to the whole
+recording you already have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you already have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you already have that
+information but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if it's
+now advanced to the next letter than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now advanced to the next letter than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now advanced to the next letter than you
+know it's new information so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's new information so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's new information so you need to
+listen to it so a whole bunch of weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it so a whole bunch of weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it so a whole bunch of weather
+information is provided here so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is provided here so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is provided here so it will
+give you the time will explain what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the time will explain what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the time will explain what we
+mean by Zulu time the wind visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by Zulu time the wind visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by Zulu time the wind visibility
+ceiling those types of informations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling those types of informations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling those types of informations it
+also tell you local information so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tell you local information so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tell you local information so if a
+certain taxiway is closed or right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain taxiway is closed or right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain taxiway is closed or right now
+you're likely to get a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to get a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to get a lot of those
+warnings because there's snow everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings because there's snow everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings because there's snow everywhere
+so they might have piled up snow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might have piled up snow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might have piled up snow on
+certain parts of the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts of the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parts of the airport
+so they'll indicate that those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll indicate that those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll indicate that those different
+taxiways or runways might be closed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiways or runways might be closed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiways or runways might be closed so
+in case you want to listen and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you want to listen and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you want to listen and practice
+to listening to different ADA TSA's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listening to different ADA TSA's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listening to different ADA TSA's this
+is an example you can you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example you can you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example you can you can click on
+and listen to what it is there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to what it is there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to what it is there's also a
+phone number that I've highlighted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number that I've highlighted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number that I've highlighted here
+so you can just use your regular phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just use your regular phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just use your regular phone
+call that number and you can listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number and you can listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number and you can listen to
+the ATIS information and it updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATIS information and it updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATIS information and it updates
+approximately once an hour it can it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately once an hour it can it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately once an hour it can it can
+update more often especially if weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update more often especially if weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update more often especially if weather
+is changing frequently there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing frequently there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing frequently there are also
+flight service stations and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service stations and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight service stations and you can
+there's a lot of way to get weather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of way to get weather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of way to get weather data
+so when you're on the ground before your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're on the ground before your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're on the ground before your
+flight and you're preparing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and you're preparing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and you're preparing you can
+actually get a weather briefing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a weather briefing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a weather briefing you can
+get a full weather briefing it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a full weather briefing it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a full weather briefing it's very
+important to do this especially before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do this especially before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do this especially before
+your FAA check ride but but also any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your FAA check ride but but also any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your FAA check ride but but also any
+kind of cross-country flights it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cross-country flights it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cross-country flights it's a
+good idea to call in and you can provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to call in and you can provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to call in and you can provide
+your tail number you can indicate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tail number you can indicate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tail number you can indicate you
+know where where you're starting Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where you're starting Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where where you're starting Airport
+is where your destination Airport is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where your destination Airport is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where your destination Airport is
+when you plan to take off how long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plan to take off how long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plan to take off how long you
+plan to be in flight and then that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to be in flight and then that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to be in flight and then that way
+they know what weather data to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what weather data to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what weather data to give you
+and they'll actually just tell you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll actually just tell you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll actually just tell you all
+the information that you need to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that you need to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that you need to know in
+a very long spiel so you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long spiel so you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long spiel so you want to be
+ready to write all that information down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to write all that information down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to write all that information down
+but what's really great about that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's really great about that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's really great about that also
+is that you know they have a they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know they have a they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know they have a they also
+keep a record that you called in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a record that you called in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a record that you called in and
+that you got this weather data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got this weather data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got this weather data and so
+it's one way to kind of demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one way to kind of demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one way to kind of demonstrate that
+you've adequately prepared for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've adequately prepared for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've adequately prepared for the
+flight and gotten the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and gotten the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and gotten the appropriate
+weather briefing in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefing in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefing in advance
+all right so radio procedures so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so radio procedures so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so radio procedures so this is
+where we're gonna do our fun alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're gonna do our fun alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're gonna do our fun alphabet
+test here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test here so
+actually did this last year but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did this last year but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did this last year but some
+people said they kind of forgot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said they kind of forgot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said they kind of forgot the
+alphabet so it wasn't that they forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet so it wasn't that they forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet so it wasn't that they forgot
+that you know B stood for Bravo they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know B stood for Bravo they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know B stood for Bravo they
+just forgot what letter of the alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forgot what letter of the alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forgot what letter of the alphabet
+came next so to remove that as an excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came next so to remove that as an excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came next so to remove that as an excuse
+for you I have the full alphabet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you I have the full alphabet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you I have the full alphabet here
+and together we're gonna see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we're gonna see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we're gonna see how much
+you know about the full Aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the full Aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the full Aviation
+phonetic alphabet so what they mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetic alphabet so what they mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetic alphabet so what they mean is
+instead of saying a you say alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying a you say alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying a you say alpha
+instead of saying B say Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying B say Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying B say Bravo
+so let's let's go through together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's go through together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's go through together so
+let's start from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from the top
+alpha Bravo Charlie Delta echo Foxtrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Bravo Charlie Delta echo Foxtrot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Bravo Charlie Delta echo Foxtrot
+Golf Hotel India Juliet kilo Lima Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golf Hotel India Juliet kilo Lima Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golf Hotel India Juliet kilo Lima Mike
+November Oscar papa Quebec Romeo Sierra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November Oscar papa Quebec Romeo Sierra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November Oscar papa Quebec Romeo Sierra
+tango uniform Victor whiskey Yankee Zulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tango uniform Victor whiskey Yankee Zulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tango uniform Victor whiskey Yankee Zulu
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+good job so I I know that some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job so I I know that some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job so I I know that some of you
+aren't familiar with that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't familiar with that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't familiar with that and that's
+totally fine so if you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine so if you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine so if you were just
+listening along that's okay it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening along that's okay it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening along that's okay it's good to
+just get used to hearing it but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get used to hearing it but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get used to hearing it but it's a
+good thing to practice and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to practice and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to practice and you might
+notice that in your in your daily life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in your in your daily life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in your in your daily life
+you have to especially if you're someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to especially if you're someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to especially if you're someone
+like me that has a very long last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me that has a very long last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me that has a very long last name
+Shrivastav I have to spell it out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrivastav I have to spell it out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrivastav I have to spell it out to
+people I love to use my aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I love to use my aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I love to use my aviation
+phonetic alphabet to do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetic alphabet to do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetic alphabet to do that and you
+might find a fellow pilot on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find a fellow pilot on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find a fellow pilot on the other
+end of the line so that's always fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line so that's always fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line so that's always fun to
+do but it's good to just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's good to just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's good to just start
+practicing this and get used to it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing this and get used to it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing this and get used to it not
+only is it a fun trick you can whip out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it a fun trick you can whip out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it a fun trick you can whip out
+when you need to but it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to but it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to but it's extremely
+helpful just to have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful just to have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful just to have that kind of
+memorized and be familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized and be familiar with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized and be familiar with that
+there in terms of the numbers you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of the numbers you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of the numbers you pretty
+much just say the numbers sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much just say the numbers sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much just say the numbers sometimes
+people say Niner instead of nine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say Niner instead of nine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say Niner instead of nine some
+people don't also instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't also instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't also instead of saying
+three they say tree a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they say tree a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they say tree a lot of people
+consider that pretentious and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that pretentious and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that pretentious and they don't
+like it wouldn't you do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it wouldn't you do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it wouldn't you do that but
+officially you're supposed to say tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially you're supposed to say tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially you're supposed to say tree
+instead of three it's supposedly easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three it's supposedly easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of three it's supposedly easier
+to hear on the radios there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear on the radios there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear on the radios there's also
+different ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you
+describe a number so in if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a number so in if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a number so in if you're
+talking about 1200 feet like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about 1200 feet like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about 1200 feet like your
+altitude you say 1200 but if you're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude you say 1200 but if you're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude you say 1200 but if you're over
+10,000 then you say 1-0 thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 then you say 1-0 thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 then you say 1-0 thousand and
+then if you're talking about a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're talking about a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're talking about a frequency
+where you have a decimal point so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a decimal point so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a decimal point so you
+would say one to four point four so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say one to four point four so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say one to four point four so it's
+really important to do that because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to do that because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to do that because if
+you start saying 124 point four then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start saying 124 point four then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start saying 124 point four then you
+take up too much time on the radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up too much time on the radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up too much time on the radio and
+people aren't used to hearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't used to hearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't used to hearing the
+numbers that way it can confuse people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that way it can confuse people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that way it can confuse people
+so just a question to make sure you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a question to make sure you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a question to make sure you've
+gotten that so a B or C right so 1-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten that so a B or C right so 1-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten that so a B or C right so 1-0
+thousand five hundred there's inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred there's inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred there's inevitably
+a question on the FAA exam about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question on the FAA exam about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question on the FAA exam about this
+it's not that hard to do but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to do but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard to do but please
+please try to remember it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please try to remember it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please try to remember it all right so
+Zulu time is the same as the UTC time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zulu time is the same as the UTC time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zulu time is the same as the UTC time so
+does anyone know what time zone we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what time zone we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what time zone we're
+currently in Eastern but is it Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in Eastern but is it Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in Eastern but is it Eastern
+Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time
+Eastern Standard Time that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Standard Time that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Standard Time that's right and
+you know how many hours that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many hours that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many hours that is
+different from the Zulu time five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Zulu time five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the Zulu time five right
+so you subtract five from the Zulu time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you subtract five from the Zulu time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you subtract five from the Zulu time
+to get our Eastern Standard Time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our Eastern Standard Time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our Eastern Standard Time and
+does it stay like that year-round no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it stay like that year-round no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it stay like that year-round no so
+when when it turns into Daylight Time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it turns into Daylight Time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it turns into Daylight Time in
+the March time frame then do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the March time frame then do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the March time frame then do you do
+minus 6 or minus 4 minus 4 so it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 or minus 4 minus 4 so it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 or minus 4 minus 4 so it's good
+to just know that because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just know that because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just know that because a lot of the
+weather data and information is provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data and information is provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data and information is provided
+in Zulu time and you might need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Zulu time and you might need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Zulu time and you might need to
+convert it to your local time zone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to your local time zone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to your local time zone so
+when you're speaking on the radio it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're speaking on the radio it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're speaking on the radio it's
+very important to know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to know that you know
+that radio is for essential purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radio is for essential purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that radio is for essential purposes
+it's primarily you know it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's primarily you know it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's primarily you know it needs to be
+available if somebody's having emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if somebody's having emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if somebody's having emergency
+if somebody's lost or disoriented if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's lost or disoriented if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's lost or disoriented if
+somebody's having a problem so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's having a problem so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's having a problem so you don't
+just speak and talk on the radio unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speak and talk on the radio unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speak and talk on the radio unless
+you have something in particular to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something in particular to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something in particular to say
+that logic goes out the door if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logic goes out the door if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logic goes out the door if you're
+at a very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very tiny
+not very often used airport the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very often used airport the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very often used airport the other
+thing to keep in mind is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind is that a lot of
+the the communication radios operate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the communication radios operate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the communication radios operate at
+VHF or very high frequency which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VHF or very high frequency which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VHF or very high frequency which means
+that it's line-of-sight so if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's line-of-sight so if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's line-of-sight so if there's a
+mountain range in between you and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range in between you and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain range in between you and what's
+transmitting then you won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting then you won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting then you won't be able to
+hear that connection so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that connection so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that connection so there are a
+number of airports in the Northeast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of airports in the Northeast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of airports in the Northeast that
+are kind of nestled in between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of nestled in between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of nestled in between some
+mountains you got to be very careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains you got to be very careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains you got to be very careful in
+mountains Philip talked a lot about fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains Philip talked a lot about fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains Philip talked a lot about fog
+associated with mountains and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with mountains and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with mountains and different
+wind effects in your mountains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind effects in your mountains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind effects in your mountains so
+mountains are not something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains are not something to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains are not something to be
+trifled with but in addition you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trifled with but in addition you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trifled with but in addition you may not
+have proper radio communications so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proper radio communications so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proper radio communications so if
+you're trying to land at an airport in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to land at an airport in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to land at an airport in
+the mountains you may not be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains you may not be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountains you may not be able to get
+the ATIS unless you fly high enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATIS unless you fly high enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATIS unless you fly high enough that
+you have a line of sight to that Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a line of sight to that Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a line of sight to that Airport
+above the mountains for example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the mountains for example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the mountains for example and then
+whenever you're using the radio we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're using the radio we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're using the radio we
+already briefly cover this with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already briefly cover this with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already briefly cover this with one
+example but it's good you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it's good you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it's good you know there are
+a couple things you need to say so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things you need to say so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things you need to say so you
+need to say you so Who am I talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say you so Who am I talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say you so Who am I talking to
+first and then who I am where I am what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then who I am where I am what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then who I am where I am what
+I want and then sometimes you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want and then sometimes you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want and then sometimes you have to
+say with with meaning like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with with meaning like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with with meaning like what
+information you have with you so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have with you so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have with you so they
+and that's referring to the ADIS so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's referring to the ADIS so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's referring to the ADIS so if
+you are trying to take off from Hanscom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to take off from Hanscom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to take off from Hanscom
+Airport and you have received the ATIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and you have received the ATIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and you have received the ATIS
+information whiskey then you say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey then you say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey then you say with
+whiskey because if you don't say whiskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey because if you don't say whiskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey because if you don't say whiskey
+then they they might not know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they might not know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they might not know if you
+have the right barometric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right barometric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right barometric pressure
+setting for example or you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting for example or you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting for example or you might not
+know that an airport runway is closed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that an airport runway is closed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that an airport runway is closed so
+they want to make sure you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make sure you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make sure you have the
+right information so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right information so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right information so this is an example
+so first whenever you get on the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first whenever you get on the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first whenever you get on the radio
+don't just start talking first listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just start talking first listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just start talking first listen to
+make sure you're not talking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're not talking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're not talking over
+anybody and then state all those in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody and then state all those in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody and then state all those in that
+type of information so this is the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information so this is the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information so this is the in
+this particular example it's a Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example it's a Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example it's a Cessna
+coming back to Hanscom to land there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to Hanscom to land there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to Hanscom to land there so
+you would say you know you're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say you know you're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say you know you're talking to
+Hanscom towers you would say Hanscom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom towers you would say Hanscom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom towers you would say Hanscom
+tower skyhawk november five three five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower skyhawk november five three five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower skyhawk november five three five
+six Niner five miles west of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six Niner five miles west of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six Niner five miles west of the field
+field is referring to the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is referring to the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is referring to the airport
+inbound for landing so that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbound for landing so that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbound for landing so that's what I
+want with information with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with information with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with information with
+and one thing to keep in mind with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing to keep in mind with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing to keep in mind with all
+radio communications you are the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio communications you are the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio communications you are the pilot
+in command it's important that you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in command it's important that you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in command it's important that you first
+aviate which is fly the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviate which is fly the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviate which is fly the plane
+then navigate make sure you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then navigate make sure you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then navigate make sure you know where
+you're going and last communicate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going and last communicate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going and last communicate it's
+really important because sometimes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because sometimes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because sometimes there
+can be a very aggressive air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very aggressive air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very aggressive air traffic
+controller on the phone trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the phone trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the phone trying to get
+you to respond or even if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to respond or even if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to respond or even if you've
+declared an emergency trying to trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared an emergency trying to trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared an emergency trying to trying
+to help you and if you need to tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you and if you need to tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you and if you need to tell them
+to stand by if you even need to unplug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand by if you even need to unplug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand by if you even need to unplug
+your communications so if you can focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your communications so if you can focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your communications so if you can focus
+on landing the plane you should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on landing the plane you should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on landing the plane you should do that
+because a v8 is most important then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a v8 is most important then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a v8 is most important then
+navigate and finally communicate and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate and finally communicate and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate and finally communicate and if
+the air traffic controller gives you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air traffic controller gives you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air traffic controller gives you any
+instruction regardless of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction regardless of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction regardless of how how
+assertively they tell you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertively they tell you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertively they tell you to do
+something you can just say unable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just say unable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just say unable that
+means you're not going to do it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're not going to do it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're not going to do it they
+have to figure out a way around it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out a way around it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out a way around it they
+have to either move other planes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either move other planes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to either move other planes out of
+the way and you're telling them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and you're telling them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and you're telling them what
+you're doing so in the unfortunate case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing so in the unfortunate case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing so in the unfortunate case
+of the ultimately positive case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ultimately positive case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ultimately positive case of
+captain Sully landing in the Hudson if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully landing in the Hudson if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully landing in the Hudson if
+you hear you know watch the movie if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear you know watch the movie if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear you know watch the movie if you
+hear the recordings of that you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the recordings of that you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the recordings of that you hear
+that the air traffic controller is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the air traffic controller is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the air traffic controller is
+trying to be really helpful and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be really helpful and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be really helpful and it's
+trying to say you know hey you can land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say you know hey you can land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say you know hey you can land
+at Teterboro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Teterboro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Teterboro
+you know I've cleared all these airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've cleared all these airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've cleared all these airports
+for you and in Captain Sully just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and in Captain Sully just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and in Captain Sully just says
+unable so there's a common traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable so there's a common traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable so there's a common traffic
+advisory frequency or C Taff so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory frequency or C Taff so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory frequency or C Taff so this is
+where there are a lot of airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are a lot of airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are a lot of airports
+increasingly unfortunately due to budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unfortunately due to budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unfortunately due to budget
+cuts or more and more airports that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts or more and more airports that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts or more and more airports that
+don't have operating control towers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have operating control towers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have operating control towers so
+in these spaces you you have a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these spaces you you have a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these spaces you you have a frequency
+that airplanes can just talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplanes can just talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airplanes can just talk to each
+other on to make sure you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on to make sure you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on to make sure you know they're
+coordinating with other people there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with other people there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with other people there so
+I'm gonna give you a couple examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you a couple examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you a couple examples and
+procedures so you want to do your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so you want to do your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so you want to do your first
+call ten miles away from the airport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call ten miles away from the airport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call ten miles away from the airport and
+then just report certain things so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just report certain things so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just report certain things so when
+you're entering as the downwind base the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're entering as the downwind base the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're entering as the downwind base the
+final these are the legs of the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final these are the legs of the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final these are the legs of the traffic
+pattern to land when you're leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to land when you're leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to land when you're leaving
+also when you're taxing on the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when you're taxing on the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when you're taxing on the field
+those are the things that you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that you would want
+to call out on the radio and nobody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call out on the radio and nobody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call out on the radio and nobody will
+respond to you sometimes you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you sometimes you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you sometimes you just say
+that so that anyone who's around who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that anyone who's around who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that anyone who's around who
+might be in the vicinity can hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in the vicinity can hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in the vicinity can hear that
+there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+playing and what you're doing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and what you're doing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and what you're doing and so
+just kind of tying it back to when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of tying it back to when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of tying it back to when we
+were looking at the charts so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the charts so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the charts so here's a
+snapshot from a sectional chart so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot from a sectional chart so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot from a sectional chart so you
+see in the middle there there's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the middle there there's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the middle there there's a tiny
+little airport says that Jamestown so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airport says that Jamestown so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airport says that Jamestown so if
+you want to figure out what the sea Taff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out what the sea Taff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out what the sea Taff
+is so just zooming in there so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so just zooming in there so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so just zooming in there so you can
+see where it says in magenta Jamestown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it says in magenta Jamestown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it says in magenta Jamestown
+it talks about the airport it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about the airport it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about the airport it first
+gives the a sauce which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the a sauce which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the a sauce which is that
+automated weather information it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated weather information it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated weather information it gives
+you more information there that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more information there that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more information there that it's the
+bottom right numbers one two three point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right numbers one two three point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right numbers one two three point
+zero is that sea Taff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that sea Taff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that sea Taff
+so that's the frequency at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the frequency at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the frequency at which you
+would just announce that you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just announce that you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just announce that you're coming
+in that you're landing etc so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're landing etc so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that you're landing etc so there are
+a lot of different radar facilities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different radar facilities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different radar facilities you
+may not necessarily interact with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not necessarily interact with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not necessarily interact with all of
+these as a private pilot but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as a private pilot but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as a private pilot but there are
+things called clearance delivery they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called clearance delivery they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called clearance delivery they
+they're really frequently at busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really frequently at busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really frequently at busy
+airports and they talk about you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and they talk about you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and they talk about you know a
+lot of specific operations you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of specific operations you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of specific operations you probably
+won't deal with this much as a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't deal with this much as a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't deal with this much as a private
+pilot just getting your first license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot just getting your first license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot just getting your first license
+ground control you'll definitely talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground control you'll definitely talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground control you'll definitely talk to
+if you're at Hanscom even at Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at Hanscom even at Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at Hanscom even at Lawrence
+there's usually both a tower and ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually both a tower and ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually both a tower and ground
+and so you once you're when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you once you're when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you once you're when you're when
+you're ready to enter the runway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to enter the runway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to enter the runway so
+you've finished your engine run-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've finished your engine run-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've finished your engine run-up
+you're lined up waiting to enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lined up waiting to enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lined up waiting to enter the
+runway that's when you talk to tower you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's when you talk to tower you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that's when you talk to tower you
+tell them that you want to take off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that you want to take off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that you want to take off and
+then they give you clearance to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they give you clearance to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they give you clearance to take off
+and when you're flying and approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're flying and approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're flying and approaching
+the airport you're talking the tower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport you're talking the tower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport you're talking the tower but
+once you've landed and you exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've landed and you exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've landed and you exit the
+active runway then you switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active runway then you switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active runway then you switch over to
+ground and ground will tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and ground will tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and ground will tell you how to
+taxi around the runway and get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi around the runway and get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi around the runway and get to
+wherever you're parking your airplane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you're parking your airplane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you're parking your airplane so
+if you lose your communications the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose your communications the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose your communications the
+first thing you should do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you should do is actually
+make sure you did lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you did lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you did lose your
+communications turns out vast majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications turns out vast majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications turns out vast majority
+of the time you actually just bumps your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you actually just bumps your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you actually just bumps your
+plug out of the socket and you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug out of the socket and you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug out of the socket and you just need
+to plug it in or you turned your volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug it in or you turned your volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug it in or you turned your volume
+down or you're not talking on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you're not talking on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you're not talking on the right
+frequency so make sure all of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so make sure all of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so make sure all of that's
+working because it doesn't it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because it doesn't it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because it doesn't it's very
+infrequent that your comms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent that your comms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequent that your comms actually
+we die but if they do we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we die but if they do we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we die but if they do we've talked about
+how you can enter that transponder code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can enter that transponder code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can enter that transponder code
+and an indicate that you don't have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an indicate that you don't have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an indicate that you don't have your
+comms available so we and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comms available so we and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comms available so we and we talked
+about that that transponder code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that transponder code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that transponder code is
+seven six zero zero so that's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven six zero zero so that's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven six zero zero so that's the last
+lost communications and depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost communications and depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost communications and depending on the
+class of airspace they might give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of airspace they might give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of airspace they might give you a
+light gun signals to tell you what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gun signals to tell you what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gun signals to tell you what to do
+or you could actually just go to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could actually just go to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could actually just go to an
+unpowered Airport where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered Airport where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered Airport where you don't
+require communications with anyone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require communications with anyone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require communications with anyone and
+you can and just kind of look around see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and just kind of look around see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and just kind of look around see
+and avoid other aircraft and land you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid other aircraft and land you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and avoid other aircraft and land you
+can also transmit in case it's the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also transmit in case it's the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also transmit in case it's the fact
+that your ability to hear has died but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your ability to hear has died but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your ability to hear has died but
+your ability to transmit is still live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to transmit is still live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to transmit is still live
+so you can still transmit you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can still transmit you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can still transmit you know I'm
+approaching such-and-such Airport I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching such-and-such Airport I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching such-and-such Airport I'm
+entering the final but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the final but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the final but don't
+continuously transmit because keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously transmit because keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously transmit because keep in
+mind it might be that your transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it might be that your transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it might be that your transmission
+is working just great you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working just great you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working just great you just can't
+hear so don't clog up the entire radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear so don't clog up the entire radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear so don't clog up the entire radio
+this is just a review of those lightgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a review of those lightgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a review of those lightgun
+signals as well okay so emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as well okay so emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as well okay so emergency
+procedures there are a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures there are a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures there are a lot of different
+emergency procedures but here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency procedures but here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency procedures but here we're
+focusing on from a radios and comms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on from a radios and comms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on from a radios and comms
+perspective again you need to first a v8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective again you need to first a v8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective again you need to first a v8
+then navigate then communicate so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then navigate then communicate so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then navigate then communicate so so the
+first things you do it really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first things you do it really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first things you do it really depends on
+what the emergency is right if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the emergency is right if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the emergency is right if it's an
+engine failure then your focus is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure then your focus is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure then your focus is on
+pitching to an appropriate airspeed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to an appropriate airspeed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to an appropriate airspeed so
+that you can get the the greatest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get the the greatest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get the the greatest time
+and distance to where you need to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance to where you need to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance to where you need to land
+finding a place to land and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a place to land and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a place to land and trying to
+restart your engine that aside with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your engine that aside with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restart your engine that aside with with
+regard to the radios and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the radios and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the radios and the
+communications there is an emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications there is an emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications there is an emergency
+frequency one 21.5 there's a squawk code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one 21.5 there's a squawk code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one 21.5 there's a squawk code
+seven seven zero zero we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven zero zero we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seven zero zero we already talked
+about that and you can radio just Mayday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and you can radio just Mayday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and you can radio just Mayday
+Mayday Mayday that alerts folks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayday Mayday that alerts folks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayday Mayday that alerts folks of the
+fact that you have an emergency we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have an emergency we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have an emergency we also
+discussed when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed when we were talking about
+required equipment on your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required equipment on your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required equipment on your aircraft
+there's a such thing called an ELT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a such thing called an ELT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a such thing called an ELT or
+emergency locator transmitter and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency locator transmitter and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency locator transmitter and this
+thing basically turns on by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically turns on by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically turns on by itself
+and we'll basically broadcast where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll basically broadcast where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll basically broadcast where you
+are and it needs to be tested fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and it needs to be tested fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and it needs to be tested fairly
+often you can actually tune into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you can actually tune into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you can actually tune into the
+frequency that it's emitting at to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that it's emitting at to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that it's emitting at to test
+if it is transmitting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is transmitting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is transmitting okay
+flight information this is our last big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight information this is our last big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight information this is our last big
+section so this is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so this is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so this is talking about
+information around an airport so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around an airport so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information around an airport so I'm
+going to grab the for flight again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grab the for flight again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to grab the for flight again so
+again just like with the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just like with the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just like with the case of the
+sectional there's always a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional there's always a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional there's always a physical
+version or an electronic version so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or an electronic version so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or an electronic version so the
+picture you see on the slide is the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you see on the slide is the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you see on the slide is the it's
+something that you could actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you could actually look
+at so there's an airport flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so there's an airport flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so there's an airport flight
+directory so that that will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so that that will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so that that will give you the
+types of information you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information you're looking at
+or on a on a for flight and I'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a on a for flight and I'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on a on a for flight and I'll pass
+this around you can search a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around you can search a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around you can search a particular
+airport and get the same information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport and get the same information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport and get the same information so
+I'll just pass this around so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just pass this around so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just pass this around so there's a
+lot of good information we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good information we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good information we already
+discussed some of it when we were first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some of it when we were first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some of it when we were first
+talking about charts and and runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about charts and and runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about charts and and runway
+markings and runway lengths and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and runway lengths and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and runway lengths and those
+types of things but from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things but from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things but from a
+communications perspective it also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications perspective it also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications perspective it also has a
+lot of great information with regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of great information with regard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of great information with regard to
+what the ATIS is what the tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ATIS is what the tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ATIS is what the tower
+frequency is with the ground all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is with the ground all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is with the ground all of that
+type of information and we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information and we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information and we've also
+discussed previously the far aim very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously the far aim very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously the far aim very
+large book of regulations there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large book of regulations there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large book of regulations there are a
+number of other types of notices called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other types of notices called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other types of notices called
+notices to Airmen or NOTAMs and NOTAMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices to Airmen or NOTAMs and NOTAMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices to Airmen or NOTAMs and NOTAMs
+basically can can be warnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can can be warnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can can be warnings of
+different types of things we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things we've we've
+discussed TFRs or temporary flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed TFRs or temporary flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed TFRs or temporary flight
+restrictions but you might also get a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions but you might also get a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions but you might also get a no
+Tim that you know there's parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim that you know there's parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim that you know there's parachute
+jumping in the area so you know watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping in the area so you know watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping in the area so you know watch
+out for that happening sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for that happening sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for that happening sometimes there's
+also an advisory circular these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an advisory circular these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an advisory circular these are not
+not required or binding but information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required or binding but information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not required or binding but information
+that is put out to help you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is put out to help you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is put out to help you understand
+or clarify if there's confusion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clarify if there's confusion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clarify if there's confusion with
+regulations so okay I have the answer up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations so okay I have the answer up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations so okay I have the answer up
+here for for you but just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for for you but just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for for you but just a couple
+practice questions so this one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice questions so this one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice questions so this one is about
+basic radar service and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic radar service and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic radar service and so this is
+talking about what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what we were just
+describing and if you call up and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and if you call up and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing and if you call up and ask
+for for flight following what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for flight following what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for flight following what are they
+providing you well they're providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing you well they're providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing you well they're providing a
+safety alerts traffic advisories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety alerts traffic advisories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety alerts traffic advisories
+sometimes they'll do vectoring so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'll do vectoring so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'll do vectoring so what
+do I mean by vectoring is you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by vectoring is you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by vectoring is you know let's
+say there's traffic traffic 12 o'clock 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's traffic traffic 12 o'clock 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's traffic traffic 12 o'clock 3
+miles that means there's traffic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles that means there's traffic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles that means there's traffic right
+in front of you 3 miles away and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you 3 miles away and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you 3 miles away and then
+they come back and you and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back and you and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back and you and you know
+you're saying you know looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying you know looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying you know looking for
+traffic you can't find the traffic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you can't find the traffic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you can't find the traffic they
+say traffic 12 o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say traffic 12 o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say traffic 12 o'clock
+two miles you know in the same altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles you know in the same altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles you know in the same altitude
+it's you so if you're at 3,000 they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you so if you're at 3,000 they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you so if you're at 3,000 they say
+3,000 and then you still can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 and then you still can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 and then you still can't see it
+and you're just like you know negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just like you know negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just like you know negative
+traffic so then they'll they'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic so then they'll they'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic so then they'll they'll just
+tell you you know heading through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know heading through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you know heading through you
+know they'll just give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll just give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll just give you another
+heading so they'll give you a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so they'll give you a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so they'll give you a number so
+heading 3 6 0 or they'll say turn 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading 3 6 0 or they'll say turn 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading 3 6 0 or they'll say turn 10
+degrees left and so that is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees left and so that is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees left and so that is what they
+mean by limited vectoring so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by limited vectoring so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by limited vectoring so they'll
+tell you what to do for a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do for a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do for a little bit to
+avoid something dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b4x3cdUY2VU.txt b/b4x3cdUY2VU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7f9c6d1fbc4c50075413adbbad5dda26b6ed38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b4x3cdUY2VU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7792 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time we talked about
+Hun's cases uh and used as an example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hun's cases uh and used as an example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hun's cases uh and used as an example a
+double Pi state and a double Sigma plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi state and a double Sigma plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Pi state and a double Sigma plus
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+and I tried to give a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to give a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to give a sense of the
+different uh limits uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh limits uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh limits uh in terms
+of Delta e Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta e Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta e Pi
+Sigma um spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma um spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma um spin
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+B uh y y is J plus a half um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh y y is J plus a half um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh y y is J plus a half um the
+relative sizes of these three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of these three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of these three terms
+determine which H's case one is in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which H's case one is in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which H's case one is in and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um in a limiting H's case there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a limiting H's case there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a limiting H's case there's always
+a pattern forming rotational quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern forming rotational quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pattern forming rotational quantum
+number and that means that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that means that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that means that the energy
+rotational energy levels can be arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy levels can be arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy levels can be arranged
+as B times either an integer or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B times either an integer or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B times either an integer or half
+integer times that self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer times that self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer times that self
+that uh you know what I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know what I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know what I'm trying to say
+B NN plus1 or B jj+ one and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B NN plus1 or B jj+ one and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B NN plus1 or B jj+ one and this is very
+useful in terms of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in terms of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in terms of thinking about the
+energy level structure you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level structure you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level structure you're going to
+see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum and the examples I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and the examples I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and the examples I talked about
+because I I needed to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I needed to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I needed to include
+interactions between states as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between states as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between states as well as a
+state that had fine structure I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that had fine structure I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that had fine structure I chose
+the simplest possible case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest possible case where you
+have two electronic states and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electronic states and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electronic states and uh this
+can generate each examples of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate each examples of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate each examples of each of
+the Hun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hun
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+so I was talking about systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was talking about systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was talking about systematic
+effects uh involving two states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh involving two states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh involving two states and
+today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk
+about uh accidental effects between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh accidental effects between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh accidental effects between
+different electronic States these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic States these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic States these
+accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental
+degeneracies result in Peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies result in Peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies result in Peculiar
+anomalies in the Spectra and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies in the Spectra and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies in the Spectra and they're
+called perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called perturbation
+and it just happens that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just happens that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just happens that in my
+scientific development this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific development this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific development this is where
+everything really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really
+started as a graduate student I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a graduate student I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as a graduate student I had a
+problem uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh that uh
+uh I agreed to work on um in the clemer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I agreed to work on um in the clemer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I agreed to work on um in the clemer
+group and that was to measure the Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect in the co a singet p state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the goal was to measure the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal was to measure the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal was to measure the electric
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+moment uh and that was a hard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh and that was a hard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh and that was a hard thing
+because this has a these uh levels have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has a these uh levels have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has a these uh levels have
+a lifetime of 10us 8 seconds and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime of 10us 8 seconds and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime of 10us 8 seconds and uh so
+it and we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we didn't have
+lasers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and
+so I realized that in order to do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I realized that in order to do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I realized that in order to do this I
+needed to be able to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to make some
+predictions of what frequency to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of what frequency to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of what frequency to use to
+look for the transition that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the transition that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the transition that I would
+then apply the electric field to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply the electric field to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply the electric field to and
+measure the Stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Stark
+effect and and so what I ended up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and and so what I ended up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and and so what I ended up doing
+is collecting all known and some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is collecting all known and some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is collecting all known and some unknown
+perturbations in the involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the involving the
+singlet pi and triplet Pi states of Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet pi and triplet Pi states of Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet pi and triplet Pi states of Co
+and I fitted all of those perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I fitted all of those perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I fitted all of those perturbations
+to a model because I had a goal of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model because I had a goal of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model because I had a goal of being
+able to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make some
+predictions and so instead of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and so instead of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and so instead of starting
+with the usual Herz bergian approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual Herz bergian approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual Herz bergian approach to
+Spectra which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra which was
+to uh look at Spectra and reduce them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh look at Spectra and reduce them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh look at Spectra and reduce them to
+the kinds of things that you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that you put in
+tables like rotational constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables like rotational constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables like rotational constants and
+vibrational constants and maybe spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational constants and maybe spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational constants and maybe spin
+orbit constants the regular aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit constants the regular aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit constants the regular aspects of
+the Spectra I was focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra I was focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra I was focusing on the
+rebellious aspects of the Spectra now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebellious aspects of the Spectra now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebellious aspects of the Spectra now
+there were two schools of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two schools of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two schools of classical
+spectroscopy at that time the herian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy at that time the herian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy at that time the herian
+school which tended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which tended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which tended to
+uh devalue or exclude from Spectra these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh devalue or exclude from Spectra these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh devalue or exclude from Spectra these
+perturbations because they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations because they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations because they're very
+different one from another there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one from another there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one from another there's no
+natural way of tabulating them there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of tabulating them there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of tabulating them there's
+no simple theory of what they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simple theory of what they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simple theory of what they what
+they're for and then there are others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're for and then there are others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're for and then there are others
+who uh uh dealt with the spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh uh dealt with the spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh uh dealt with the spectroscopic
+complexity because that was a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because that was a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because that was a challenge
+and they handled the spectroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they handled the spectroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they handled the spectroscopic
+perturbations and so I became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and so I became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and so I became a
+collector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector of
+perturbations and this led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and this led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and this led to a
+fascination with broken patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with broken patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with broken patterns and
+with what are the unconventional ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are the unconventional ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what are the unconventional ways of
+learning about molecular Dynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about molecular Dynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about molecular Dynamics so
+it's a it's an inter to me it's a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an inter to me it's a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an inter to me it's a it
+it's a special story because I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special story because I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special story because I really
+took stuff from people's waist baskets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took stuff from people's waist baskets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took stuff from people's waist baskets
+you know the perturbations were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the perturbations were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the perturbations were you know
+not considered to be important and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered to be important and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered to be important and I
+focused on these waste basket items and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on these waste basket items and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on these waste basket items and
+I built my career on it okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built my career on it okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built my career on it okay so let's
+give a uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a uh the other
+school have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school have a
+name well there was Herz bergian and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well there was Herz bergian and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name well there was Herz bergian and uh
+uh the the main exponents of that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the main exponents of that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the main exponents of that other
+school or Richard Barrow and Elin logist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or Richard Barrow and Elin logist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or Richard Barrow and Elin logist
+and they were very good friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very good friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very good friends and
+worked together often another story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked together often another story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked together often another story is
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+collaborated uh on analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated uh on analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated uh on analyzing the
+perturbations in the spectrum of Cs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the spectrum of Cs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the spectrum of Cs
+which was my first successful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was my first successful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was my first successful piece of
+work uh uh based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh uh based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh uh based on their
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and uh I always thought of that CS work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I always thought of that CS work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I always thought of that CS work
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+logus and you know because the paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logus and you know because the paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logus and you know because the paper was
+logist Lynden Barrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist Lynden Barrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist Lynden Barrow and
+uh uh one time when I had become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one time when I had become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one time when I had become a
+really good friend of Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good friend of Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good friend of Richard
+Barrow I kept referring to the Cs work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrow I kept referring to the Cs work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrow I kept referring to the Cs work
+as logus work and uh I I realized what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as logus work and uh I I realized what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as logus work and uh I I realized what I
+was doing you know as the words came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing you know as the words came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing you know as the words came out
+of my mouth but uh uh anyway let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my mouth but uh uh anyway let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my mouth but uh uh anyway let's let's
+uh get back not to the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get back not to the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get back not to the history of
+science or my history but to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or my history but to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or my history but to these
+interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+so we go from systematic effects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go from systematic effects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go from systematic effects to
+accidents these accidents occur when two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents these accidents occur when two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents these accidents occur when two
+electronic states which don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states which don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states which don't know
+anything about each other or we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about each other or we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about each other or we don't
+think they know anything about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they know anything about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they know anything about each
+other accidentally uh become degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other accidentally uh become degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other accidentally uh become degenerate
+because they have different rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have different rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have different rotational
+constants so we have a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we have a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so we have a situation where
+if we plot energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 we get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we get something like
+this where we have two different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we have two different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where we have two different states
+and because they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they have different
+rotational constants at some point they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants at some point they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants at some point they
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+cross and uh sometimes that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and uh sometimes that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and uh sometimes that difference
+in rotational constant or the range of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rotational constant or the range of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rotational constant or the range of J
+that you are able to sample is so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are able to sample is so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are able to sample is so large
+that that we might have uh uh why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we might have uh uh why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we might have uh uh why do I
+call oh main okay there's a a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call oh main okay there's a a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call oh main okay there's a a language
+associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with
+perturbations Main and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations Main and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations Main and
+extra you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra you know this is
+also uh psychologically loaded the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh psychologically loaded the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh psychologically loaded the main
+State and the extra State you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the extra State you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the extra State you know it's
+not really supposed to be there but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supposed to be there but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really supposed to be there but it's
+it it crowds its way in so this is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it crowds its way in so this is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it crowds its way in so this is V
+main V main + one two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main V main + one two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main V main + one two different
+vibration levels and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration levels and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration levels and this is the
+perturber and because the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber and because the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber and because the rotational
+constant is large we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is large we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is large we have
+intersections that occur of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that occur of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that occur of two
+successive vibrational levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive vibrational levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive vibrational levels and
+there's another little technical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little technical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another little technical thing
+this intersection is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intersection is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intersection is called the
+culmination of a perturbation and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of a perturbation and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination of a perturbation and you'll
+see why and so we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for so if one were look looking at uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so if one were look looking at uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so if one were look looking at uh uh
+the Spectra of this main State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra of this main State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectra of this main State the
+bright state will there'll be some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright state will there'll be some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright state will there'll be some kind
+of thing that occurs in the Spectrum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that occurs in the Spectrum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing that occurs in the Spectrum at
+low J and in the next vibrational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low J and in the next vibrational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low J and in the next vibrational level
+there might be some kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some kind of thing that
+occurs at higher J and there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at higher J and there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at higher J and there might be
+another level that comes through and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level that comes through and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level that comes through and so
+one begins to see the states that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one begins to see the states that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one begins to see the states that you're
+not allowed to see because of selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to see because of selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to see because of selection
+rules through their disruptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules through their disruptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules through their disruptions of the
+state that you observe and so one tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you observe and so one tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that you observe and so one tries
+to build a big story around a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a big story around a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a big story around a little bit
+of information that occurs near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that occurs near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that occurs near the
+localization the the the the crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization the the the the crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization the the the the crossing
+now terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now terminology
+bright and dark this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and dark this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright and dark this is a very important
+terminology in physical chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in physical chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in physical chemistry and
+it's it's it's more complicated than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's more complicated than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's more complicated than it
+might seem you know you say something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem you know you say something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem you know you say something is
+bright or dark that you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright or dark that you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright or dark that you know you're
+talking about a color or illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a color or illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a color or illumination
+and it's a sort of an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a sort of an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a sort of an absolute
+terminology brightness has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology brightness has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology brightness has to do with
+how one observes the Spectrum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one observes the Spectrum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one observes the Spectrum and so
+suppose our main state is a state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose our main state is a state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose our main state is a state that
+has an allowed transition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an allowed transition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an allowed transition from the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+state and the perturber or the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the perturber or the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the perturber or the dark
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+doesn't so that means that uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so that means that uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so that means that uh you're
+allowed to see levels like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to see levels like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to see levels like this but
+you're not supposed to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to be able to see
+these levels that makes them dark but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels that makes them dark but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels that makes them dark but
+suppose you're doing a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're doing a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're doing a different kind of
+experiment where you're exciting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you're exciting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you're exciting from
+this level up to some higher state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level up to some higher state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level up to some higher state and
+uh the higher state you're using has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher state you're using has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the higher state you're using has
+allowed transitions from this and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed transitions from this and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed transitions from this and not
+that and so the the role of brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the the role of brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the the role of brightness
+or the the characteristic of brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the characteristic of brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the characteristic of brightness
+can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply to
+different can be applied in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different can be applied in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different can be applied in opposite
+senses depending on what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses depending on what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses depending on what is the nature
+of the experiment and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment and this is an
+extremely important concept especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important concept especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important concept especially
+in vibrational dynamics of polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vibrational dynamics of polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vibrational dynamics of polyatomic
+molecules because there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because there are so many
+different kinds of experiments where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments where you
+can choose what's bright and what's dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose what's bright and what's dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose what's bright and what's dark
+and one of the the things that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the the things that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the the things that makes
+Brooks Pate such a special scientist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks Pate such a special scientist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks Pate such a special scientist is
+that he has invented different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has invented different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has invented different ways of
+making things bright uh and uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things bright uh and uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things bright uh and uh uh I
+think that's something that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's something that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's something that makes a
+detailed study of almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed study of almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed study of almost everything
+Brooks has done uh of particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks has done uh of particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooks has done uh of particular value
+and he would probably say the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would probably say the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he would probably say the same thing
+about me because stimulated emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me because stimulated emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me because stimulated emission
+pumping made certain classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping made certain classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping made certain classes of
+vibrational levels bright and accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels bright and accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels bright and accessible
+and up until that the when I invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up until that the when I invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up until that the when I invented
+stimulated emission pumping only High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission pumping only High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission pumping only High
+overtones of the highest frequency modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones of the highest frequency modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones of the highest frequency modes
+were bright and so this provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bright and so this provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bright and so this provided
+completely different complimentary views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different complimentary views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different complimentary views
+of molecular Dynamics so we have bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Dynamics so we have bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Dynamics so we have bright
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+dark but now you can see that if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark but now you can see that if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark but now you can see that if your
+observation of a class of states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of a class of states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of a class of states is
+dependent on accidents of near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on accidents of near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on accidents of near
+degeneracy you're not going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy you're not going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy you're not going to have a
+very systematic picture of the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic picture of the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic picture of the dark
+States you're going to get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you're going to get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you're going to get whatever
+nature allows you to uh uh get a glimpse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature allows you to uh uh get a glimpse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature allows you to uh uh get a glimpse
+of and but if you have a an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and but if you have a an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and but if you have a an overall
+picture of how things work one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how things work one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of how things work one can
+leverage little bits into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot okay but now uh the the main point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay but now uh the the main point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay but now uh the the main point I
+want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+is what do the Spectra look like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do the Spectra look like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do the Spectra look like at
+perturbations because you start with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations because you start with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations because you start with uh
+a you start with the Spectrum and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you start with the Spectrum and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you start with the Spectrum and how do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if a pattern is broken what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a pattern is broken what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a pattern is broken what do you do
+because so much of a signing Spectre is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of a signing Spectre is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of a signing Spectre is
+based on recognizing a pattern and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on recognizing a pattern and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on recognizing a pattern and then
+exploiting that and there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting that and there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting that and there are many many
+traditional ways of recognizing patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways of recognizing patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways of recognizing patterns
+the best is the use of combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best is the use of combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best is the use of combination
+differences where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+transitions linked this way or this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions linked this way or this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions linked this way or this way
+where you in this case you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you in this case you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you in this case you know two
+energy levels here and whenever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels here and whenever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels here and whenever that
+energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference
+appears uh in the Spectrum you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears uh in the Spectrum you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears uh in the Spectrum you have
+located a level uh upstairs uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located a level uh upstairs uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located a level uh upstairs uniquely
+regardless of whether the upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether the upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether the upstairs
+levels have are perturbed and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have are perturbed and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have are perturbed and similarly
+here uh if you have two transitions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you have two transitions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if you have two transitions out
+of a given level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given level
+downstairs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs uh
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+uh what you want to know is are they out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you want to know is are they out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you want to know is are they out
+of a given level um and uh there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given level um and uh there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given level um and uh there there
+might be combination differences here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be combination differences here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be combination differences here
+but these combination differences they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these combination differences they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these combination differences they
+might be repeated in different bands but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be repeated in different bands but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be repeated in different bands but
+uh they don't follow the usual pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they don't follow the usual pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they don't follow the usual pattern
+so these kinds of combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these kinds of combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these kinds of combination
+differences are often difficult to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are often difficult to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are often difficult to see
+and these are always observable Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are always observable Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are always observable Okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when we have an avoided Crossing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have an avoided Crossing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have an avoided Crossing like
+this or when we have a level crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or when we have a level crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or when we have a level crossing
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+uh that's a special example of born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a special example of born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a special example of born
+alimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breakdown and when you have a born oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown and when you have a born oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown and when you have a born oper
+breakdown you expect an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown you expect an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown you expect an
+avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crossing now there are several kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing now there are several kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing now there are several kinds of
+avoided Crossings and people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided Crossings and people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoided Crossings and people get
+confused you can have potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you can have potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you can have potential
+curves not Crossing because they belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves not Crossing because they belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves not Crossing because they belong
+to the same Symmetry and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same Symmetry and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same Symmetry and as a result
+there has to be a an offal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a an offal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be a an offal Matrix
+elements between the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements between the electronic
+potentials the electronic States and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the electronic States and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials the electronic States and so
+you get potential curves uh avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get potential curves uh avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get potential curves uh avoiding
+each other but here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but here we're talking about
+vibrational term curves avoiding each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational term curves avoiding each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational term curves avoiding each
+other the actual energy levels uh avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the actual energy levels uh avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the actual energy levels uh avoid
+each other and that's what we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that's what we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that's what we're we're
+going to be looking at at an avoided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at at an avoided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at at an avoided
+Crossing you get level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repulsion and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+mixing so that the igen states are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so that the igen states are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so that the igen states are of
+mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+character uh and that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh and that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh and that means that the
+intensity are going to be messed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity are going to be messed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity are going to be messed up the
+level repulsion means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level repulsion means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level repulsion means that the
+frequencies are going to be messed up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are going to be messed up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are going to be messed up uh
+and uh uh sometimes because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh sometimes because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh sometimes because of the
+intensities being messed up you get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities being messed up you get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities being messed up you get what
+are called extra lines lines belonging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called extra lines lines belonging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called extra lines lines belonging
+to the dark State nominally the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dark State nominally the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dark State nominally the dark
+state but uh um so uh it's very puzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but uh um so uh it's very puzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but uh um so uh it's very puzzling
+when you look at a spectrum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at a spectrum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at a spectrum and you
+analyze it and you have two r seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and you have two r seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and you have two r seven
+branches two our seven lines and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches two our seven lines and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches two our seven lines and that
+should that bothers some people but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that bothers some people but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that bothers some people but for
+me it's great because that means I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's great because that means I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's great because that means I've
+I've actually sampled something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually sampled something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually sampled something of the
+dark State um there's terminology called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark State um there's terminology called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark State um there's terminology called
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+borrowing this is a low interest loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing this is a low interest loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing this is a low interest loan
+that will never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repaid they the borrowing is for Keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid they the borrowing is for Keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaid they the borrowing is for Keeps
+and all of this is called a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this is called a perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this is called a perturbation
+and there are often interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+so the standard stuff of perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard stuff of perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard stuff of perturbations
+is here interference effects is an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here interference effects is an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here interference effects is an extra
+dividend that can provide information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend that can provide information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividend that can provide information
+about the signs of certain quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the signs of certain quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the signs of certain quantities
+that you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you normally
+wouldn't be able to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to determine
+experimentally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+perturbations occur when two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations occur when two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations occur when two states
+become near degenerate and when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become near degenerate and when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become near degenerate and when that
+happens the actual energy levels do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the actual energy levels do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the actual energy levels do
+this the you follow a smooth series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the you follow a smooth series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the you follow a smooth series of
+energy levels discreetly sampled so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels discreetly sampled so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels discreetly sampled so it's
+not a smooth series I mean you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smooth series I mean you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smooth series I mean you you're
+sampling discret points on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling discret points on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling discret points on these
+curves and usually uh your your sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and usually uh your your sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and usually uh your your sense of
+pattern recognition is such that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition is such that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition is such that you can
+you you see that the uh energy levels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see that the uh energy levels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see that the uh energy levels on
+this curve somehow fall into a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve somehow fall into a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve somehow fall into a natural
+sequence and there's another natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and there's another natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and there's another natural
+sequence of energy levels over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of energy levels over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of energy levels over here and
+so uh one tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one tends
+to arrange the the data that you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange the the data that you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrange the the data that you obtain
+from anal of the Spectra into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anal of the Spectra into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anal of the Spectra into these
+tracks and sometimes you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and sometimes you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and sometimes you have two
+tracks and if uh if we say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and if uh if we say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks and if uh if we say this is the
+dark State well then what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark State well then what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark State well then what's going to
+happen is that uh the the track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that uh the the track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that uh the the track that
+starts with the bright state starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with the bright state starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with the bright state starts at
+the lowest J and then you follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest J and then you follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest J and then you follow this
+one and you're you found yourself on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you're you found yourself on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you're you found yourself on the
+on the dark State and it pet out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dark State and it pet out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dark State and it pet out it
+disappears whereas this track which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears whereas this track which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears whereas this track which uh
+is associated with the dark State here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the dark State here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the dark State here
+it starts out at zero intensity it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out at zero intensity it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out at zero intensity it gets
+some intensity and then you magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intensity and then you magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intensity and then you magically
+found yourself onto the bright State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found yourself onto the bright State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found yourself onto the bright State and
+it continues forever so you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues forever so you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues forever so you have these
+two sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sections of
+Spectra that look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that look a little
+strange uh and and that uh is a sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange uh and and that uh is a sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange uh and and that uh is a sign of
+a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perturbation
+now what we would want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would want to do is to
+understand uh what does the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what does the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what does the spectrum
+look like and how do we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and how do we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and how do we uh
+uh gain a foothold on it I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gain a foothold on it I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gain a foothold on it I guess I
+should I'll go over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I'll go over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I'll go over to the other
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board and I have to be really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and I have to be really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and I have to be really care
+careful about that because on page three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about that because on page three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about that because on page three
+of the notes there is uh a a diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notes there is uh a a diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notes there is uh a a diagram of
+how the spectrum is affected which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the spectrum is affected which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the spectrum is affected which is
+wrong and it's it's wrong in a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and it's it's wrong in a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and it's it's wrong in a uh a
+qualitative sense and I have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative sense and I have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative sense and I have to explain
+it better so let's begin with suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better so let's begin with suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better so let's begin with suppose we
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+state a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state of the usual flavor where B Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the usual flavor where B Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the usual flavor where B Prime
+is less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than b
+Prime it's usually true that the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's usually true that the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's usually true that the excited
+state is less bound than the uh ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is less bound than the uh ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is less bound than the uh ground
+state and this means we will have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and this means we will have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and this means we will have what's
+called a red degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+band and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the
+head is in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Branch so uh you have a p branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch so uh you have a p branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch so uh you have a p branch that
+always starts out going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always starts out going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always starts out going to the
+red and you had an R branch that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and you had an R branch that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and you had an R branch that starts
+out going to the blue and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out going to the blue and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out going to the blue and it turns
+around and then goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then goes to the
+red and so and that's one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and so and that's one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and so and that's one of the the
+beautiful things about electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things about electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things about electronic
+transitions you have these bandhe heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions you have these bandhe heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions you have these bandhe heads
+and it makes life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated in addition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in addition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated in addition the
+spectrum is not an energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is not an energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is not an energy level
+diagram it's a difference in two of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's a difference in two of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's a difference in two of two
+energy level diagrams so the lines in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagrams so the lines in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagrams so the lines in uh
+the Spectrum are might be very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum are might be very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum are might be very close
+together much closer together than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together much closer together than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together much closer together than the
+actual levels are and so if the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual levels are and so if the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual levels are and so if the levels
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+shifted this will have a profound effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted this will have a profound effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted this will have a profound effect
+on the appearance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the appearance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the appearance of the
+spectrum and so you get some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so you get some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so you get some really
+counterintuitive things so let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive things so let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive things so let us now
+say that we have a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state where so let's call this the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where so let's call this the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where so let's call this the main
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+uh where the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the dark
+State let's just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State let's just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State let's just call it
+d uh is greater than the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh is greater than the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d uh is greater than the main
+State and so and that's what I drew over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so and that's what I drew over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so and that's what I drew over
+here we have the the main state with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the the main state with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the the main state with a
+small B value and a dark state with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small B value and a dark state with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small B value and a dark state with a
+big b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big b
+value and so what happens is the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so what happens is the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and so what happens is the dark
+State overtakes the bright State from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State overtakes the bright State from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State overtakes the bright State from
+below and there's uh level repulsion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and there's uh level repulsion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and there's uh level repulsion and
+so the levels of the bright state are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the levels of the bright state are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the levels of the bright state are
+going to be shifted progressively up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shifted progressively up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shifted progressively up
+from where you expected them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you expected them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where you expected them to
+be and at some point at lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and at some point at lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and at some point at lower energy
+than the bright State or the shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bright State or the shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bright State or the shifted
+bright State there will appear appear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State there will appear appear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State there will appear appear a
+line that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that doesn't
+belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong
+and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you
+progress uh the after the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh the after the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh the after the level
+crossing so after the level crossing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing so after the level crossing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing so after the level crossing uh
+one is following the smooth series of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is following the smooth series of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is following the smooth series of uh
+of lines that were were bright down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines that were were bright down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines that were were bright down here
+and got shifted up more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got shifted up more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got shifted up more and more
+up and so these are this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so these are this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so these are this is an
+illustration of how it gets shifted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how it gets shifted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how it gets shifted up
+because you're actually going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're actually going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're actually going on the
+wrong track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and eventually because the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually because the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually because the mixing
+depends on the energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the energy difference
+relative to The Matrix element and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to The Matrix element and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to The Matrix element and when
+the zero order energy difference gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order energy difference gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order energy difference gets
+large the mixing starts to go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the mixing starts to go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the mixing starts to go away and
+so you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you run out of
+intensity and you find more intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and you find more intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and you find more intense
+lines uh now shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh now shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh now shifted
+down relative to your the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down relative to your the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down relative to your the expected
+location and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and
+uh as the perturber moves out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the perturber moves out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the perturber moves out of the way
+they come back to their expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back to their expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come back to their expected
+positions so there is this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so there is this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so there is this big
+shift that progresses towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that progresses towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that progresses towards the
+culmination and that's also where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination and that's also where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination and that's also where the
+intensity of the main line is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the main line is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the main line is equal to
+the intensity of the extra line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the extra line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the extra line and then
+the anomaly reverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomaly reverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomaly reverses
+sign and you have a big shift and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and you have a big shift and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and you have a big shift and it
+then tends to go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tends to go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tends to go away
+so uh that's the way the Spectrum looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's the way the Spectrum looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's the way the Spectrum looks
+now on this diagram that that I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this diagram that that I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this diagram that that I put in
+the notes all of the level shifts are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes all of the level shifts are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes all of the level shifts are of
+the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong
+sign all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign all of
+them I I don't know how I managed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I don't know how I managed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I I don't know how I managed to do
+that I puzzled about that and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I puzzled about that and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I puzzled about that and I thought
+is there a simple fix by switching red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a simple fix by switching red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a simple fix by switching red
+to blue but I can't do that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blue but I can't do that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blue but I can't do that because it's
+a p branch and so uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p branch and so uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p branch and so uh you're going to
+have to be you're just going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you're just going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you're just going to have to
+deal with this Di diagram it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this Di diagram it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this Di diagram it's
+qualitatively correct what it shows is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively correct what it shows is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively correct what it shows is
+as you approach the culmination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach the culmination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach the culmination the
+level shifts get larger and larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level shifts get larger and larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level shifts get larger and larger and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um at the the the culmination you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the the the culmination you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the the the culmination you have
+this huge uh uh level shift and an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge uh uh level shift and an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge uh uh level shift and an extra
+line and so you get U all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so you get U all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so you get U all
+right so that's one thing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one thing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one thing that you know
+the branch that doesn't have the head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch that doesn't have the head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch that doesn't have the head is
+pretty much spread out and usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much spread out and usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much spread out and usually the
+lines appear in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines appear in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines appear in numerical
+order in other words uh as J increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in other words uh as J increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in other words uh as J increases
+in the the Lower State the P Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the Lower State the P Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the Lower State the P Branch
+lines are not necessarily uh shifted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are not necessarily uh shifted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are not necessarily uh shifted out
+of order uh but sometimes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order uh but sometimes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order uh but sometimes something
+appears uh the extra lines will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears uh the extra lines will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears uh the extra lines will appear
+out of order but in the r Branch where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order but in the r Branch where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order but in the r Branch where
+you're forming a head the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forming a head the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forming a head the lines are
+closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer together
+and now we have these big level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have these big level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have these big level
+shifts and what ends up happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and what ends up happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts and what ends up happening is the
+our branch is shattered and you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our branch is shattered and you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our branch is shattered and you often
+get double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get double
+heads you get often get fragments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads you get often get fragments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads you get often get fragments where
+where the head has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the head has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the head has the
+wrong uh you know instead of being red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh you know instead of being red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh you know instead of being red
+degraded it's blue degraded you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded it's blue degraded you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded it's blue degraded you you
+because the lines are so close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lines are so close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the lines are so close together
+relative to the Le level shifts you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the Le level shifts you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the Le level shifts you get
+these horrible things that occur in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these horrible things that occur in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these horrible things that occur in the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+Spectrum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now I want to talk about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now I want to talk about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now I want to talk about uh the
+way we look at the uh information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we look at the uh information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we look at the uh information from
+perturbations rather than the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations rather than the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations rather than the way we
+look at the Spectrum but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Spectrum but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Spectrum but you have to
+remember that it all starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it all starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it all starts
+with the Spectrum and the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Spectrum and the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Spectrum and the analysis of
+the spectrum since you have have always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum since you have have always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum since you have have always
+in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with
+perturbations Lower State combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations Lower State combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations Lower State combination
+differences that are not perturbed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are not perturbed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that are not perturbed it's
+usually possible to assemble this broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually possible to assemble this broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually possible to assemble this broken
+pattern upstairs without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguity but now what do you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity but now what do you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity but now what do you do when
+you've got some of these things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some of these things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some of these things okay
+so I want to illust introduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to illust introduce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to illust introduce these
+railroad tie diagrams which uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad tie diagrams which uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad tie diagrams which uh are
+beautiful SU mories of the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful SU mories of the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful SU mories of the level
+structure that you can have for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you can have for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you can have for uh
+perturbing States and how do you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing States and how do you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing States and how do you use
+that these railroad tie diagrams these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these railroad tie diagrams these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these railroad tie diagrams these
+diagrams are uh you can find them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are uh you can find them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams are uh you can find them in
+Herzberg and in Kovash I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herzberg and in Kovash I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herzberg and in Kovash I don't remember
+whether Herzberg developed them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Herzberg developed them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Herzberg developed them or
+Kovash did but anyway so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kovash did but anyway so suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kovash did but anyway so suppose we have
+a singlet Sigma plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlet Sigma plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlet Sigma plus
+State and a singlet Pi state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's going to be a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a perturbation
+between the singlet pi and singlet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the singlet pi and singlet Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the singlet pi and singlet Sigma
+plus State and I'm going to draw this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus State and I'm going to draw this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus State and I'm going to draw this a
+little differently from what I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently from what I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently from what I have in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes so the energy levels for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so the energy levels for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so the energy levels for the
+singlet Sigma plus state are so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma plus state are so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Sigma plus state are so this is
+j z and I'm not going to do them as JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j z and I'm not going to do them as JJ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j z and I'm not going to do them as JJ +
+one I'm just going to have them equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just going to have them equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just going to have them equally
+spaced 1 2 3 and this is positive parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced 1 2 3 and this is positive parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced 1 2 3 and this is positive parity
+this is negative parity this is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative parity this is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is negative parity this is positive
+parity negative parity this is e e e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity negative parity this is e e e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity negative parity this is e e e
+e now for our PI State you start with J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now for our PI State you start with J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e now for our PI State you start with J
+equals 1 no J equals z because J can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 no J equals z because J can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 no J equals z because J can't
+be less than the projection quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the projection quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the projection quantum
+number all right so you start with J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so you start with J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so you start with J
+equals z one and you have JAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z one and you have JAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z one and you have JAL
+2 and this is the Lambda a doubling it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this is the Lambda a doubling it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this is the Lambda a doubling it's
+usually not constant but there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not constant but there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually not constant but there are two
+different uh parody components for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh parody components for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh parody components for each
+J and usually these two go apart as jj+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and usually these two go apart as jj+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and usually these two go apart as jj+
+one but that's not important okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's not important okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's not important okay so we
+have one and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one and let's just
+arbitrarily uh label the lower one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh label the lower one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily uh label the lower one as
+positive parity and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive parity and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive parity and then we have this
+annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what we end up finding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we end up finding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we end up finding is
+that uh this is f f f these are e e e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is f f f these are e e e so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is f f f these are e e e so
+we have a e TR and an F Track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a e TR and an F Track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a e TR and an F Track and
+usually uh the uh ET TR is always above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh the uh ET TR is always above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh the uh ET TR is always above
+the F or always below there's rarely any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F or always below there's rarely any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F or always below there's rarely any
+Crossing between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing between them
+okay and so now what we we do is we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now what we we do is we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now what we we do is we draw
+in uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh what are the
+possible not transitions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible not transitions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible not transitions but
+perturbations so the selection rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so the selection rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so the selection rule for
+perturbations is Delta J equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations is Delta J equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations is Delta J equals z
+because j^2 commutes with the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian uh plus to minus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forbidden so that's parity and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden so that's parity and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden so that's parity and that's uh
+um uh that is because the parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is because the parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that is because the parody
+operator commutes with the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator commutes with the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator commutes with the exact
+hamiltonian now because we have both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian now because we have both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian now because we have both of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things e to F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forbidden and this is the more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden and this is the more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden and this is the more useful
+thing because in the Spectrum especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because in the Spectrum especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because in the Spectrum especially
+a spectrum say of uh from a lower Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum say of uh from a lower Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum say of uh from a lower Sigma
+state to these two things this will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to these two things this will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to these two things this will have
+P andr branches and this will have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P andr branches and this will have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P andr branches and this will have p
+andr and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andr and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andr and Q
+branches and the Q branches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the Q branches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and the Q branches are
+exclusively sampling the F component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively sampling the F component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively sampling the F component and
+the P&R are exclusively sampling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P&R are exclusively sampling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P&R are exclusively sampling the
+E and now we're going to draw in where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and now we're going to draw in where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and now we're going to draw in where
+the perturbations are and you'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations are and you'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations are and you'll see how
+valuable enf is and it's much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enf is and it's much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable enf is and it's much better
+than parody even though it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than parody even though it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than parody even though it's really the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing okay okay so because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay okay so because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay okay so because of this
+selection rule we're interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rule we're interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rule we're interested in uh
+which uh of these uh let me displace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh of these uh let me displace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh of these uh let me displace
+these a little bit I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this is minus parity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is minus parity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is minus parity this
+is minus parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus parity
+so that uh is a possible perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh is a possible perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh is a possible perturbation
+and this one cannot they can cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one cannot they can cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one cannot they can cannot
+interact okay and then let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact okay and then let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact okay and then let's just
+displace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace
+again just so that you can see it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just so that you can see it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just so that you can see it now
+this is positive parity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive parity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is positive parity and
+so you can go from here to here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go from here to here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can go from here to here but you
+can't perturb if you follow this along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't perturb if you follow this along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't perturb if you follow this along
+what you find is the single Sigma state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is the single Sigma state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is the single Sigma state
+only perturbs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perturbs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only perturbs this
+track and this is the track that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and this is the track that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and this is the track that you see
+in R and P branches from a single Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R and P branches from a single Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R and P branches from a single Sigma
+State and this would be only Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this would be only Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this would be only Q
+branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches
+so you have a a unique pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a a unique pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a a unique pattern of
+perturbations that tell you oh yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that tell you oh yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations that tell you oh yeah uh
+I've got a singlet Pi State and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a singlet Pi State and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a singlet Pi State and it's
+perturbed by a singlet Sigma state if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed by a singlet Sigma state if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed by a singlet Sigma state if it
+were perturbed by a singlet Pi state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perturbed by a singlet Pi state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perturbed by a singlet Pi state or
+a singlet Delta State then both parodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlet Delta State then both parodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlet Delta State then both parodies
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+affected and then there's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and then there's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected and then there's the question
+of both both EF symmetries would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both both EF symmetries would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both both EF symmetries would be
+affected if the Lambda doubling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if the Lambda doubling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if the Lambda doubling the
+Omega doubling in the perturber is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega doubling in the perturber is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega doubling in the perturber is large
+or small compared to the the the the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small compared to the the the the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small compared to the the the the J
+values at which the pulon the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at which the pulon the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at which the pulon the the
+perturbation culminates also be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation culminates also be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation culminates also be a little
+different so here is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so here is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so here is a very simple
+illustration let's now go to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration let's now go to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration let's now go to a more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+case and I will will resol Resort re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I will will resol Resort re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I will will resol Resort re
+return to the more usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the more usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the more usual
+representation of the uh railroad tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the uh railroad tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the uh railroad tie
+diagrams and that so is that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and that so is that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and that so is that the only
+case where you could only perur one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you could only perur one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you could only perur one
+track pi and sigma if you have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track pi and sigma if you have a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track pi and sigma if you have a state
+that has only single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only single
+parody then it can pick out only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody then it can pick out only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody then it can pick out only one
+track and this is neat because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and this is neat because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and this is neat because for
+polyatomic molecules you have k equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules you have k equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules you have k equals 0
+they're not doubly degenerate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doubly degenerate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not doubly degenerate and so
+it's a way of telling k equals 0 from k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of telling k equals 0 from k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of telling k equals 0 from k
+equal 1 and K equ 1 tends to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and K equ 1 tends to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 and K equ 1 tends to have
+big uh uh K doubling asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh uh K doubling asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh uh K doubling asymmetry
+doublings and as a result The Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublings and as a result The Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublings and as a result The Crossings
+of a k equals 1 with something else will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k equals 1 with something else will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a k equals 1 with something else will
+not necessarily occur in uh uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily occur in uh uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily occur in uh uh at the
+same J for the enf Symmetry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J for the enf Symmetry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same J for the enf Symmetry and so
+there's some useful stuff and in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some useful stuff and in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some useful stuff and in the in
+diatomic molecules single Pi states can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules single Pi states can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules single Pi states can
+have fairly large Lambda doublings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly large Lambda doublings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly large Lambda doublings but
+single Delta States can't and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Delta States can't and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Delta States can't and so again
+you you see that there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see that there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see that there there's
+information about Lambda as well as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Lambda as well as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about Lambda as well as uh
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so uh uh this simple picture tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so uh uh this simple picture tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so uh uh this simple picture tells
+you that in the Spectrum you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in the Spectrum you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that in the Spectrum you will have
+perturbations in the r&p branches but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the r&p branches but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in the r&p branches but
+not in the Q branch and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the Q branch and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the Q branch and that's a
+sufficient uh evidence to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient uh evidence to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient uh evidence to say the
+perturber was a single Sigma State now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber was a single Sigma State now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber was a single Sigma State now
+let's take a more complicated situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a more complicated situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a more complicated situation
+let's look at a single Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a single Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a single Pi
+State and a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and a triplet
+Sigma plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus
+State these diagrams are so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State these diagrams are so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State these diagrams are so useful
+because it really summarizes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really summarizes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really summarizes everything
+and you can also convert them to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also convert them to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also convert them to uh a
+more General Crossing diagram and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General Crossing diagram and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General Crossing diagram and I'm
+pretty sure that's what Kovash did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that's what Kovash did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that's what Kovash did okay
+so the energy levels for a Single A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy levels for a Single A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy levels for a Single A
+Triplet Sigma plus State they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triplet Sigma plus State they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triplet Sigma plus State they tend to be
+case b like because there's no Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b like because there's no Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b like because there's no Lambda
+that marks the internuclear axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that marks the internuclear axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that marks the internuclear axis and so
+the spin doesn't know about where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin doesn't know about where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin doesn't know about where it is
+and so we uh we label in uh in case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we uh we label in uh in case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we uh we label in uh in case b
+notation okay so we start with n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so we start with n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so we start with n equals
+0 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and uh
+um let's put in J if we have a if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's put in J if we have a if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's put in J if we have a if we
+have a single if we have a a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single if we have a a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single if we have a a triplet
+State s is one J is n + S if n is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State s is one J is n + S if n is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State s is one J is n + S if n is zero
+and S is one J can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one when we go to J equals uh when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we go to J equals uh when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we go to J equals uh when we go
+to n equals 1 then we can have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n equals 1 then we can have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n equals 1 then we can have three
+states J equals uh 0 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states J equals uh 0 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states J equals uh 0 1 and
+two and so for Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so for Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so for Nal
+2 we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we have three
+states 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states 1 2
+3 okay now we have to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay now we have to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay now we have to label
+parity and uh the parity for a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity and uh the parity for a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity and uh the parity for a triplet
+Sigma plus date Nal 0 is plus- - minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus date Nal 0 is plus- - minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus date Nal 0 is plus- - minus
+plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh but now this diagram is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but now this diagram is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh but now this diagram is is
+confusing because we have J of one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because we have J of one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because we have J of one here
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+here and J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and J is
+conserved okay now let's just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved okay now let's just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved okay now let's just draw
+upstairs for singlet Pi well singlet Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs for singlet Pi well singlet Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs for singlet Pi well singlet Pi
+starts at J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and uh uh so we have uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and uh uh so we have uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and uh uh so we have uh let's
+plusus Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus Fe
+e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+Fe okay so here what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so here what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so here what I'm doing is I'm
+I'm showing that the parities alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing that the parities alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing that the parities alternate
+but the EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the EF
+doesn't uh it's not necessarily true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh it's not necessarily true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh it's not necessarily true
+that e is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e is higher than
+f e can be always lower than F but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f e can be always lower than F but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f e can be always lower than F but
+they're always going to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to have the same
+polarity okay so now we have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity okay so now we have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity okay so now we have enough
+information I well I should also uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I well I should also uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I well I should also uh uh
+put put on the EF labels okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is an F
+level this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF
+FF so again the pattern is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF so again the pattern is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF so again the pattern is always the
+same and uh this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and uh this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and uh this is a little
+counterintuitive because this is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because this is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because this is plus
+and you sort of think well e is plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of think well e is plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of think well e is plus and
+but there's two FS and one e for triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two FS and one e for triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two FS and one e for triplet
+Sigma plus States and two e and one f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus States and two e and one f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus States and two e and one f
+for triplet Sigma minus States so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for triplet Sigma minus States so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for triplet Sigma minus States so that's
+a little patch you put into your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little patch you put into your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little patch you put into your memory
+you can figure it out doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure it out doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure it out doesn't have to be
+uh complicated but mostly you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complicated but mostly you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complicated but mostly you want to be
+able to recall these things okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recall these things okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to recall these things okay so the
+thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's
+absolutely uh rigorous is parody and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh rigorous is parody and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely uh rigorous is parody and so
+let's look to see uh what can happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look to see uh what can happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look to see uh what can happen uh
+so let's look at Jal 1 and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at Jal 1 and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at Jal 1 and we have a
+plus parity so Jal 1 can be perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus parity so Jal 1 can be perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus parity so Jal 1 can be perturbed
+here it cannot be perturbed here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it cannot be perturbed here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it cannot be perturbed here and it
+can be perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh J = 1 minus parity Well it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh J = 1 minus parity Well it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh J = 1 minus parity Well it can't
+interact with this but it can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this but it can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this but it can interact
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that so what you end up having is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you end up having is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what you end up having is this
+pattern of the F component of triplet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the F component of triplet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the F component of triplet of
+singlet Pi interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Pi interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet Pi interacting with
+two components of triplet Sigma plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of triplet Sigma plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of triplet Sigma plus and
+the E interacting with one and you bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E interacting with one and you bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E interacting with one and you bet
+the same pattern is going to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern is going to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern is going to occur
+here and so if you're looking say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so if you're looking say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so if you're looking say at the
+uh Q branch of a transition into sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q branch of a transition into sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q branch of a transition into sing
+with pi uh you're looking at the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pi uh you're looking at the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pi uh you're looking at the F
+levels and those guys are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and those guys are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and those guys are going to be
+perturbed twice at each J uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed twice at each J uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed twice at each J uh you're
+twice by a particular vibrational level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice by a particular vibrational level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice by a particular vibrational level
+so there'll be two uh perturbations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be two uh perturbations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be two uh perturbations at
+J's far apart and in between in the uh u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's far apart and in between in the uh u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's far apart and in between in the uh u
+p or R P and R Branch there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p or R P and R Branch there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p or R P and R Branch there will be a
+perturbation one and so that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation one and so that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation one and so that's telling
+you okay A Triplet Sigma plus state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay A Triplet Sigma plus state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay A Triplet Sigma plus state will
+have a unique pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unique pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unique pattern of
+perturbations which identify it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations which identify it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations which identify it as a
+triplet as as a Sigma Plus or a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet as as a Sigma Plus or a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet as as a Sigma Plus or a sigma
+minus State and is a sigma not a pi or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta so uh you you get a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so uh you you get a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so uh you you get a sense of how
+these perturbations although they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations although they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations although they they
+they give you just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you just a little bit of
+information if before the level crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if before the level crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if before the level crossing
+the levels of the bright state are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of the bright state are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of the bright state are
+shifted up the perturber is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted up the perturber is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted up the perturber is coming from
+below if they're shifted down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if they're shifted down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below if they're shifted down the
+perturber is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber is coming from
+above the pattern of how many uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the pattern of how many uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the pattern of how many uh uh and
+what kind of perturbations occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of perturbations occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of perturbations occur
+identifies the symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturber there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturber there's
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how much time do we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much time do we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much time do we have not
+much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's some there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some there's some
+tricks for uh extracting the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks for uh extracting the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks for uh extracting the information
+from a from a perturbation and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a perturbation and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a perturbation and these
+tricks are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are uh
+um important in the early days when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important in the early days when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important in the early days when
+perturbed Spectra were analyzed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed Spectra were analyzed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed Spectra were analyzed for the
+first time there were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time there were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time there were not
+computers and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and it
+was next to impossible to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was next to impossible to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was next to impossible to deal with
+simultaneous three-level interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous three-level interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous three-level interaction
+because you would have to diagonalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to diagonalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you would have to diagonalize a
+3X3 you could do that but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 you could do that but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 you could do that but it's very
+inconvenient uh and uh diagonalizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient uh and uh diagonalizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient uh and uh diagonalizing a
+2X two Matrix is not so hard uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix is not so hard uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix is not so hard uh but it
+would be nice not to have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice not to have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice not to have to think about
+that and so suppose you have a uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so suppose you have a uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so suppose you have a uh uh a
+matrix where okay so here's the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix where okay so here's the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix where okay so here's the zero
+order energy here's the interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy here's the interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy here's the interaction and
+so let's uh uh let's call that a and z b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh uh let's call that a and z b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh uh let's call that a and z b
+h so this is the two- Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h so this is the two- Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h so this is the two- Lev
+problem okay and uh so what do you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and uh so what do you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and uh so what do you do uh
+well to make this into a simple in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to make this into a simple in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to make this into a simple in a
+simple problem one takes out the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem one takes out the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem one takes out the center
+of gravity so one one says okay we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity so one one says okay we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gravity so one one says okay we're we
+going to rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite this as
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh uh
+d/2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d/2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d/2 minus
+d/2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and so here we have the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so here we have the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so here we have the average
+energies and those would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and those would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and those would be the
+average ter uh the average band origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average ter uh the average band origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average ter uh the average band origin
+plus the average B value time JJ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and this is now with the two-l problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this is now with the two-l problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this is now with the two-l problem
+and you you immediately know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you immediately know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you immediately know the
+solution to this the energy levels e+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this the energy levels e+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this the energy levels e+
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+are uh d^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh d^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh d^2 +
+v^2 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^2 square
+root plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root plus or
+minus and so the energy levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so the energy levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so the energy levels the
+overall energy levels are e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall energy levels are e bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall energy levels are e bar
+plus e+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e+ and
+E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E
+minus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay
+so uh what am I I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what am I I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what am I I'm trying
+to say profound things in a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say profound things in a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say profound things in a very short
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+so you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh
+use uh Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance what is Trace and variance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance what is Trace and variance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance what is Trace and variance it
+says says that the sum of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says says that the sum of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says says that the sum of the diagonal
+elements is equal to the sum of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is equal to the sum of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is equal to the sum of the igen
+values and so if you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so if you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so if you have in your
+spectrum Main and extra lines for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum Main and extra lines for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum Main and extra lines for a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+JS you calculate their average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS you calculate their average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS you calculate their average energy
+and you fit them to uh a simple straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fit them to uh a simple straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fit them to uh a simple straight
+line plot and you get the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line plot and you get the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line plot and you get the average
+rotational constant and the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant and the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constant and the average
+energy so graphically you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so graphically you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so graphically you you know if
+you've been able to make assignments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been able to make assignments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been able to make assignments you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+determine uh e0 bar and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and uh usually you know I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and uh usually you know I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and uh usually you know I mean if
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+perturbation uh usually you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation uh usually you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation uh usually you have a
+pretty good idea of the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea of the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea of the molecular
+constants for the bright state so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for the bright state so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for the bright state so if you
+know the bright State uh and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bright State uh and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bright State uh and you can
+experimentally measure uh the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally measure uh the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally measure uh the average
+properties you can calculate crudely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you can calculate crudely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you can calculate crudely the
+energy and rotational constant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and rotational constant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and rotational constant for the
+dark state but that always requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark state but that always requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark state but that always requires a
+few Main and extra line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pairs and uh uh and so the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and uh uh and so the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and uh uh and so the quality of
+the information you get from a few is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you get from a few is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information you get from a few is
+very different from 30 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from 30 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from 30 or
+40 as you might you might have well even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 as you might you might have well even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 as you might you might have well even
+more more than that okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than that okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more than that okay and then
+there's the other thing and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the other thing and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the other thing and that is that
+if you have an avoided Crossing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an avoided Crossing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an avoided Crossing at the
+culmination where you're almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination where you're almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culmination where you're almost always
+guaranteed to have a main line and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to have a main line and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to have a main line and an
+extra line because they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra line because they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra line because they have the same
+intensity you you have levels getting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you you have levels getting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you you have levels getting as
+close as possible and this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible and this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close as possible and this energy
+separation is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is to
+H twice the interaction so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H twice the interaction so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H twice the interaction so if you have
+now every you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every you
+graphically you can determine everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically you can determine everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically you can determine everything
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+need now this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need now this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need now this is another
+thing in the old days in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the old days in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the old days in order to make
+this work you had to observe several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work you had to observe several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work you had to observe several
+main extra Pairs and the extra lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main extra Pairs and the extra lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main extra Pairs and the extra lines are
+always weaker than the main lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always weaker than the main lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always weaker than the main lines and
+they're not following a pattern and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not following a pattern and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not following a pattern and so
+you have to really they can easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really they can easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really they can easily be
+concealed and so often one only gets one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealed and so often one only gets one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concealed and so often one only gets one
+and then you can't do this now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can't do this now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can't do this now we have
+some tools where we can actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools where we can actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools where we can actually measure
+int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int
+intensities intensities relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities intensities relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities intensities relative
+intensities of the main and extra line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of the main and extra line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of the main and extra line
+are just as good as having more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as good as having more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as good as having more than one
+main line and extra line pair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main line and extra line pair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main line and extra line pair so
+actionist why you need more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionist why you need more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionist why you need more than one
+because you can't get you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't get you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't get you can get the
+average energy at some J but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy at some J but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy at some J but you can't
+get uh you can't fit a bunch of main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you can't fit a bunch of main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh you can't fit a bunch of main
+extra pairs to get a uh an energy at J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pairs to get a uh an energy at J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pairs to get a uh an energy at J
+equals z and the average B value oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and the average B value oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and the average B value oh okay
+okay okay but but from even just one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but but from even just one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but but from even just one you
+could certainly look at the aborted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly look at the aborted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly look at the aborted
+Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing
+and I mean if there's only one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean if there's only one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean if there's only one you don't
+know you're here you you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're here you you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're here you you know you might
+have been as close to the minimum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been as close to the minimum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been as close to the minimum as
+possible but uh uh so it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but uh uh so it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but uh uh so it's useful to
+have more than one because sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one because sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one because sometimes the
+crossing is not quite at an integer J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is not quite at an integer J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing is not quite at an integer J uh
+but uh you certainly have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you certainly have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you certainly have enough
+information from if there's several main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from if there's several main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from if there's several main
+extra pairs to get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pairs to get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra pairs to get everything
+but now if we can measure intensities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we can measure intensities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we can measure intensities to
+a part in 10 the four you get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in 10 the four you get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part in 10 the four you get everything
+by looking at one pair of Main and extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at one pair of Main and extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at one pair of Main and extra
+lines and this is something you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and this is something you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and this is something you couldn't
+do a long time ago okay the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a long time ago okay the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a long time ago okay the last thing
+that I uh want to at least mention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I uh want to at least mention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I uh want to at least mention is
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and so there's a an equation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so there's a an equation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so there's a an equation at
+the top of in the middle of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of in the middle of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of in the middle of uh
+on page eight there's an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page eight there's an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page eight there's an analysis of
+what are the intensities of the main and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the intensities of the main and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the intensities of the main and
+extra lines and the usual situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra lines and the usual situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra lines and the usual situation is
+we have a bright State and a dark State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bright State and a dark State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bright State and a dark State
+and then the the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the theory is
+simple if the dark state has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if the dark state has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple if the dark state has some
+intensity of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of its
+own then uh if you look at the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own then uh if you look at the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own then uh if you look at the intensity
+expression you find that there's a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you find that there's a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you find that there's a uh uh
+a positive term associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive term associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive term associated with the
+intensity that it gets from say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that it gets from say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that it gets from say the the
+the bright character and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bright character and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bright character and another
+positive term that reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term that reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive term that reflects the
+intensity that you get from the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that you get from the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that you get from the dark
+character and then a cross term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and then a cross term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and then a cross term which is
+written as mux Mu VX these are signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as mux Mu VX these are signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as mux Mu VX these are signed
+quantities and so even though we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so even though we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so even though we're
+talking about a probability there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a probability there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a probability there is a
+term in the probability expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the probability expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the probability expression that
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+negative it can never be larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can never be larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can never be larger than the
+positive terms and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terms and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive terms and this is an
+interference effect and furthermore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect and furthermore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect and furthermore if
+you have a parallel type transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a parallel type transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a parallel type transition and
+a perpendicular type transition parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perpendicular type transition parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perpendicular type transition parallel
+would say be singlet Sigma singlet Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say be singlet Sigma singlet Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say be singlet Sigma singlet Sigma
+perpendicular would be singlet Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular would be singlet Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular would be singlet Pi
+singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma the uh the sign of the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the uh the sign of the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the uh the sign of the transition
+Matrix element including Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element including Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element including Direction
+cosine uh is opposite for P and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh is opposite for P and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine uh is opposite for P and R
+branches for perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches for perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches for perpendicular
+Transitions and the same for p and R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and the same for p and R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and the same for p and R for
+parallel Transitions and so one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Transitions and so one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Transitions and so one is going
+to have this interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this interference
+term have one sign for a p branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term have one sign for a p branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term have one sign for a p branch and
+the opposite sign for the r branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite sign for the r branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite sign for the r branch and
+so you end up getting PR intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up getting PR intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up getting PR intensity
+anomalies even though the p and the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies even though the p and the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies even though the p and the r
+Branch are sampling the same upper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch are sampling the same upper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch are sampling the same upper level
+is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of
+this and I've made a lot of uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've made a lot of uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've made a lot of uh uh I
+wouldn't say money I I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say money I I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say money I I've used
+interference effects a lot and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects a lot and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects a lot and since
+people are always fascinated by quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are always fascinated by quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are always fascinated by quantum
+mechanical interference it's a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical interference it's a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical interference it's a good way
+to get people's attention even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people's attention even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people's attention even though
+you don't deserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't deserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't deserve
+it and that's all I have to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's all I have to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's all I have to say about
+perturbations for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations for now
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bX4liSWB4Gk.txt b/bX4liSWB4Gk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e29f701cc85a2fa0bd488d680110d6239b571e84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bX4liSWB4Gk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the little prince wants to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the little prince wants to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the little prince wants to know how
+fast this little body is going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast this little body is going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast this little body is going around
+and well we can just do the F equals MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well we can just do the F equals MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well we can just do the F equals MA
+analysis again but use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis again but use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis again but use a different
+option here for the description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option here for the description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option here for the description of the
+circular motion so we are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion so we are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion so we are going to get
+minus G 1 of R squared equals minus MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G 1 of R squared equals minus MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus G 1 of R squared equals minus MV
+squared over R and here 1 R cancels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R and here 1 R cancels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over R and here 1 R cancels and
+this M cancels and that goes to plus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M cancels and that goes to plus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M cancels and that goes to plus if
+we solve this for V we get V equals G M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve this for V we get V equals G M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve this for V we get V equals G M
+1 over R and the square root of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R and the square root of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R and the square root of that and
+so now the little prince' knows how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the little prince' knows how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the little prince' knows how fast
+this object is going given the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is going given the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object is going given the radius
+here that we've calculated over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've calculated over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've calculated over there
+with Kepler's laws
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ba-HMvDn_vU.txt b/ba-HMvDn_vU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebab1f7d98210b5dd8b22d9c9a87e7dcd825495b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ba-HMvDn_vU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17736 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to try to start promptly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to start promptly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to start promptly at
+1105 each time so welcome is everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1105 each time so welcome is everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1105 each time so welcome is everybody
+psyched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyched
+I'm psyched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm psyched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm psyched
+uh this is 9 13 the human brain I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is 9 13 the human brain I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is 9 13 the human brain I'm
+Nancy camwisher I'm the Prof for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nancy camwisher I'm the Prof for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nancy camwisher I'm the Prof for this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+unless you were wondering I have a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you were wondering I have a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you were wondering I have a brain
+and there it is that's me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is that's me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is that's me
+with some bits colored in that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some bits colored in that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some bits colored in that you will
+learn about in this class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about in this class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about in this class okay
+what I'm going to do today is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today is I'm going
+to tell you a brief story for around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a brief story for around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a brief story for around 10
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+and then I'm going to talk about the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to talk about the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to talk about the why
+how and what of studying the human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and what of studying the human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and what of studying the human brain
+why it's a cool thing to do how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a cool thing to do how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a cool thing to do how you do
+it and what in particular we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what in particular we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what in particular we're going to
+learn about in here and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about in here and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about in here and then we'll do
+some mechanics and details of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanics and details of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanics and details of the course
+and allocation of grades and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocation of grades and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocation of grades and all that
+it's on the syllabus anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the syllabus anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the syllabus anyway
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+that's the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the agenda
+all right so let's start with that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with that story
+for this I'm gonna sit up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the story isn't that long but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the story isn't that long but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the story isn't that long but it has
+a lot of interesting little weird bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting little weird bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting little weird bits
+so I have cue cards to remind myself of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have cue cards to remind myself of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have cue cards to remind myself of
+all the bits I want to remember to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bits I want to remember to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bits I want to remember to say
+um so you can put away your phones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can put away your phones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can put away your phones and
+your computers and you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computers and you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computers and you don't need to
+take notes this is just a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes this is just a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes this is just a story
+it's going to foreshadow a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to foreshadow a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to foreshadow a lot of the
+themes in the course but it's not stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in the course but it's not stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in the course but it's not stuff
+you're going to be tested on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be tested on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be tested on okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um this is a true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a true story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a true story
+and I've changed only a few tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've changed only a few tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've changed only a few tiny little
+bits to protect the identity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to protect the identity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to protect the identity of the
+people involved but otherwise it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved but otherwise it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved but otherwise it's an
+absolutely true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true story
+it's a story about a scary medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about a scary medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about a scary medical
+situation that happened to a friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that happened to a friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that happened to a friend of
+mine a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine a few years ago
+but at the same time it's a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time it's a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time it's a story about
+the nature of the human mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the human mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the human mind
+about the organization of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organization of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organization of the human
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and it's also a story about the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a story about the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a story about the ability
+or lack thereof to recover after brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lack thereof to recover after brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lack thereof to recover after brain
+damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage
+it's also incidentally a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also incidentally a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also incidentally a story about
+resilience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience
+privilege expertise and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege expertise and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege expertise and all of those
+things that are characteristic of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are characteristic of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are characteristic of many
+people in Cambridge Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um not so relevant for the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so relevant for the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so relevant for the course but
+all right here goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here goes
+um so a few years ago a friend of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a few years ago a friend of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a few years ago a friend of mine
+was staying over at my house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was staying over at my house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was staying over at my house in
+Cambridge on route to a conference in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge on route to a conference in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge on route to a conference in a
+nearby state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby state
+and this guy I'll call him Bob was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy I'll call him Bob was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy I'll call him Bob was a
+close friend of mine I'd known him for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friend of mine I'd known him for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friend of mine I'd known him for
+years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years
+we had we talked regularly we went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we talked regularly we went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we talked regularly we went on
+hiking trips together we were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiking trips together we were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiking trips together we were pretty
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+so he's on route to this conference he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's on route to this conference he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's on route to this conference he's
+staying over at my house the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying over at my house the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying over at my house the night
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+um and he the plan was for him to get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he the plan was for him to get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he the plan was for him to get up
+early the next morning and drive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early the next morning and drive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early the next morning and drive to the
+conference so we hung out the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so we hung out the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference so we hung out the night
+before and chatted and the next morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and chatted and the next morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and chatted and the next morning
+he's sleeping in the Next Room over from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's sleeping in the Next Room over from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's sleeping in the Next Room over from
+mine and early in the morning I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and early in the morning I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and early in the morning I hear
+some shuffling I think yep okay Bob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shuffling I think yep okay Bob is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shuffling I think yep okay Bob is
+packing to leave and thank God I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing to leave and thank God I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing to leave and thank God I don't
+need to get up I'm only dimly awake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get up I'm only dimly awake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get up I'm only dimly awake and
+so I'm not paying that much attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not paying that much attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not paying that much attention
+Shuffle Shuffle in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuffle Shuffle in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuffle Shuffle in the background
+and then I hear a crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think what the hell is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what the hell is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what the hell is that
+and I get up and I go into the Next Room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get up and I go into the Next Room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get up and I go into the Next Room
+and Bob is lying on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob is lying on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob is lying on the floor
+not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving
+I say Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say Bob
+and there's no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no answer
+and then I showed Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I showed Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I showed Bob
+and there's no answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no answer
+and then I dialed 9-1-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I dialed 9-1-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I dialed 9-1-1
+while we were sitting there waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were sitting there waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were sitting there waiting for
+the ambulance to arrive Bob starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambulance to arrive Bob starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambulance to arrive Bob starts to
+wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up
+and he's very woozy but he's alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's very woozy but he's alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's very woozy but he's alive and
+he's making a little bit of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a little bit of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a little bit of sense
+and he can't figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he can't figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he can't figure out what's going on
+and neither can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither can I
+and so we're talking and chatting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're talking and chatting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're talking and chatting and
+he's making a little more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a little more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a little more sense
+but we still don't know what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still don't know what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still don't know what's happening
+so then the ambulance arrives incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the ambulance arrives incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the ambulance arrives incredibly
+fast so like three minutes boom there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so like three minutes boom there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so like three minutes boom there's
+three EMTs rushing in the front door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three EMTs rushing in the front door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three EMTs rushing in the front door
+rushing up to the room where Bob was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushing up to the room where Bob was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushing up to the room where Bob was and
+they take all his vitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take all his vitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take all his vitals
+and they can't find anything wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't find anything wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't find anything wrong
+and so they're really casual I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're really casual I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're really casual I guess
+they confront stuff like this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they confront stuff like this all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they confront stuff like this all the
+time I don't Bob doesn't but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't Bob doesn't but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't Bob doesn't but they're
+very calm about it and they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very calm about it and they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very calm about it and they're saying
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+can take him to the hospital or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take him to the hospital or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take him to the hospital or not
+and I was like I think we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like I think we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like I think we need to know
+what just happened even though he seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just happened even though he seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just happened even though he seems
+okay we kind of need to know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we kind of need to know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we kind of need to know what this
+is all about don't you think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about don't you think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about don't you think they're
+like yeah you come to the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you come to the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you come to the ER
+and I said well do we need to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said well do we need to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said well do we need to waste
+ambulance resources or do you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance resources or do you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance resources or do you think it's
+safe if I drive him myself since there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe if I drive him myself since there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe if I drive him myself since there's
+a hospital not far away I said you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital not far away I said you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital not far away I said you can
+drive him yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive him yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive him yourself
+so I drive Bob to the Mount Auburn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drive Bob to the Mount Auburn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drive Bob to the Mount Auburn
+Hospital ER which is like less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital ER which is like less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital ER which is like less than a
+mile from my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile from my house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile from my house
+and we do the usual ER thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the usual ER thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the usual ER thing which is
+mostly waiting and waiting and waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly waiting and waiting and waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly waiting and waiting and waiting
+but various docs come by and they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but various docs come by and they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but various docs come by and they take
+all these tests and they take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tests and they take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tests and they take all these
+history questions and it goes on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history questions and it goes on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history questions and it goes on and on
+and basically they're just not finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they're just not finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they're just not finding
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+so after about an hour or two of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after about an hour or two of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after about an hour or two of this
+they're still doing tests they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still doing tests they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still doing tests they don't
+want to quite let them go yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quite let them go yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quite let them go yet because
+they don't know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what happened
+everybody's calm about it I figure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's calm about it I figure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's calm about it I figure okay
+fine I got work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I got work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I got work to do
+and I tell Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tell Bob
+um you know text me throughout the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know text me throughout the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know text me throughout the day
+and I'll come get you whenever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll come get you whenever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll come get you whenever they're
+ready to release you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to release you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to release you
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I go into work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go into work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go into work
+but just before I go into work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just before I go into work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just before I go into work
+the thought flashes through my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought flashes through my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought flashes through my mind
+and I say to the ER doc you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say to the ER doc you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say to the ER doc you know
+you should check Bob's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should check Bob's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should check Bob's brain
+and the reason that thought flashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that thought flashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that thought flashed
+through my mind is that actually I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my mind is that actually I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my mind is that actually I had
+been worrying about Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worrying about Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been worrying about Bob
+for a number of years and I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years and I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years and I hadn't
+really it hadn't quite registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it hadn't quite registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it hadn't quite registered
+consciously I hadn't was kind of too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously I hadn't was kind of too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously I hadn't was kind of too
+horrifying a thought for me to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrifying a thought for me to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrifying a thought for me to really
+allow myself to realize I was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself to realize I was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself to realize I was worried
+about Bob's brain but I was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bob's brain but I was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Bob's brain but I was worried
+about a very particular thing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very particular thing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very particular thing and that
+is that Bob had been showing these weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Bob had been showing these weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Bob had been showing these weird
+signs that he often got lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that he often got lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that he often got lost
+and didn't know where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't know where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't know where he was
+and on the one hand this just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the one hand this just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the one hand this just didn't
+make any sense because he was fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense because he was fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense because he was fine in
+every other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other way
+but it was really pretty striking so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was really pretty striking so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was really pretty striking so one
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+I was over at Bob's house with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was over at Bob's house with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was over at Bob's house with some
+other friends of ours and the friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other friends of ours and the friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other friends of ours and the friend
+asked Bob how do we get how do I drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Bob how do we get how do I drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Bob how do we get how do I drive
+from your house into Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your house into Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your house into Cambridge
+and Bob said well you go to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob said well you go to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob said well you go to the end of
+the driveway and you turn left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driveway and you turn left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driveway and you turn left
+my friend and I looked at each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and I looked at each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and I looked at each other
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bob what and Bob thinks about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob what and Bob thinks about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob what and Bob thinks about it for a
+minute yeah into the driveway turn left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah into the driveway turn left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah into the driveway turn left
+I just had this like sinking feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had this like sinking feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had this like sinking feeling of
+dread in the pit of my stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dread in the pit of my stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dread in the pit of my stomach
+but we sort of made light of it and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we sort of made light of it and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we sort of made light of it and made
+fun of it and it went by it was like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of it and it went by it was like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of it and it went by it was like no
+you turn right and we gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn right and we gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn right and we gave the
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+another time A friend of mine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time A friend of mine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time A friend of mine was
+driving with Bob in Bob's hometown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving with Bob in Bob's hometown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving with Bob in Bob's hometown
+and noticed that like Bob didn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noticed that like Bob didn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noticed that like Bob didn't seem to
+know how to get to the grocery store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get to the grocery store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get to the grocery store
+in his hometown where he lived for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his hometown where he lived for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his hometown where he lived for a
+really long time and you know a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time and you know a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time and you know a trip
+he'd made hundreds of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd made hundreds of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd made hundreds of times
+another time I was at a conference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time I was at a conference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time I was at a conference in
+Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+and I saw you know these arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw you know these arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw you know these arrays of
+posters of people presenting usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters of people presenting usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters of people presenting usually
+pretty dry scientific things and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dry scientific things and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dry scientific things and out of
+the corner of my eye I see the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner of my eye I see the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner of my eye I see the title of
+a poster and it says navigational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster and it says navigational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster and it says navigational
+deficits colon and early sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits colon and early sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficits colon and early sign of
+Alzheimer's and I saw that and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's and I saw that and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's and I saw that and I just
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+and I just kind of suppressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just kind of suppressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just kind of suppressed the
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+oh my God Bob wasn't that old I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God Bob wasn't that old I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God Bob wasn't that old I know
+Alzheimer's can very rarely strike early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's can very rarely strike early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's can very rarely strike early
+I just I didn't want to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I didn't want to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I didn't want to think about it
+but it was like rattling around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was like rattling around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was like rattling around in the
+back of back of my consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of back of my consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of back of my consciousness
+so there had been these signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there had been these signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there had been these signs
+but as I say they didn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say they didn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say they didn't make sense
+because Bob was holding down a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bob was holding down a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bob was holding down a very high
+powered job he was writing beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered job he was writing beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered job he was writing beautiful
+prose he was the life of every party he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prose he was the life of every party he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prose he was the life of every party he
+was at witty funny everybody's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at witty funny everybody's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at witty funny everybody's like
+favorite life of the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite life of the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite life of the party
+so how could that be like it just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could that be like it just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could that be like it just didn't
+make sense that there would be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that there would be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that there would be anything
+wrong with Bob's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with Bob's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with Bob's brain
+so I managed for a few years to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I managed for a few years to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I managed for a few years to notice
+these signs and ignore them and not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signs and ignore them and not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signs and ignore them and not pay
+any attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the killer thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killer thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the killer thing is
+I should have known better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have known better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have known better
+my research for the last 20 years has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research for the last 20 years has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research for the last 20 years has
+been on the very fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the very fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the very fact that there are
+different parts of the brain that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the brain that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the brain that do
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+and one of the coral areas of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the coral areas of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the coral areas of that
+is you can have a problem with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can have a problem with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can have a problem with one of
+those parts and the other parts can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts and the other parts can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts and the other parts can work
+just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine
+and so I if anyone should have realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I if anyone should have realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I if anyone should have realized
+yes there's something really wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's something really wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's something really wrong with
+Bob's navigation abilities and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's navigation abilities and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's navigation abilities and the fact
+that he's smart and witty and funny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's smart and witty and funny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's smart and witty and funny and
+holding down a high-powered job doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding down a high-powered job doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding down a high-powered job doesn't
+mean there isn't something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there isn't something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there isn't something wrong with
+his brain with a part of his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brain with a part of his brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brain with a part of his brain
+but I didn't realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't realize that
+but then you know as I'm leaving the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know as I'm leaving the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you know as I'm leaving the ER
+it kind of all clicked and I said to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of all clicked and I said to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of all clicked and I said to the
+ER doc you better check his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER doc you better check his brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER doc you better check his brain
+I thought Bob was out of earshot when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought Bob was out of earshot when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought Bob was out of earshot when I
+said that he heard it he's like what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he heard it he's like what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he heard it he's like what I
+was like oh never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like oh never mind
+um anyway the ER doc with the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway the ER doc with the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway the ER doc with the kind of
+confidence that only docs can muster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that only docs can muster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that only docs can muster or
+said nope not a brain thing this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said nope not a brain thing this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said nope not a brain thing this is a
+hard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing
+which wasn't exactly reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wasn't exactly reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wasn't exactly reassuring
+um but I set aside the brain thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I set aside the brain thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I set aside the brain thought
+um and I went off to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throughout the day I texted with Bob a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day I texted with Bob a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day I texted with Bob a
+few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+things seemed to be fine they'd done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things seemed to be fine they'd done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things seemed to be fine they'd done
+more tests they weren't finding anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tests they weren't finding anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tests they weren't finding anything
+we just got calmer and calmer about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just got calmer and calmer about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just got calmer and calmer about it I
+guess sometimes weird stuff happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sometimes weird stuff happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess sometimes weird stuff happens and
+you just move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just move on
+but then that night around seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that night around seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that night around seven or
+eight at night I was over at a friend's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight at night I was over at a friend's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight at night I was over at a friend's
+house and the phone rang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and the phone rang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and the phone rang
+and it was Bob I picked it up and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was Bob I picked it up and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was Bob I picked it up and Bob
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+get over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over here
+they found something in my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found something in my brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found something in my brain
+so I ran out of the house grabbed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I ran out of the house grabbed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I ran out of the house grabbed my
+phone and as I'm driving to the Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and as I'm driving to the Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and as I'm driving to the Mount
+Auburn ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auburn ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auburn ER
+I called my trusty lab tech an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called my trusty lab tech an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called my trusty lab tech an amazing
+guy who keeps track of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who keeps track of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who keeps track of all kinds of
+things much better than I do and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things much better than I do and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things much better than I do and I said
+I remember that we scanned Bob a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that we scanned Bob a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that we scanned Bob a bunch
+of years ago for a regular experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago for a regular experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago for a regular experiment in
+my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab
+and I don't remember the date I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember the date I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember the date I don't
+remember anything about it but dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything about it but dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything about it but dig
+around in the files and see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the files and see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the files and see if you can
+figure it out it might be useful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it might be useful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it might be useful to have
+that scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scan
+so by the time I get to the ER my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time I get to the ER my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time I get to the ER my lab
+tech is already texted me back and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech is already texted me back and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech is already texted me back and said
+found the scans I'm putting them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the scans I'm putting them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the scans I'm putting them in a
+Dropbox for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox for you
+so I go into the ER and there's Bob in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go into the ER and there's Bob in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I go into the ER and there's Bob in
+the ER Doc and Bob says to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER Doc and Bob says to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER Doc and Bob says to me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do you want to see it the ER dock or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to see it the ER dock or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to see it the ER dock or the
+radiologist has already shown Bob the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologist has already shown Bob the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologist has already shown Bob the
+picture of his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of his brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of his brain
+and so they take me in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they take me in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they take me in there
+and I look at it and I gulped there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at it and I gulped there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at it and I gulped there was
+a thing the size of a lime smack in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing the size of a lime smack in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing the size of a lime smack in the
+middle of his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty terrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty terrifying
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this lime in the middle of Bob's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lime in the middle of Bob's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lime in the middle of Bob's brain
+was right next to a region that my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right next to a region that my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right next to a region that my lab
+had studied in great detail in fact my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had studied in great detail in fact my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had studied in great detail in fact my
+lab had discovered that a brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab had discovered that a brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab had discovered that a brain region
+right next to where that lime was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to where that lime was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to where that lime was
+located was specifically involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located was specifically involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located was specifically involved in
+navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation
+how could I not have put all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I not have put all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I not have put all this
+together but I didn't until that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I didn't until that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I didn't until that moment
+and I thought of course of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought of course of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought of course of course
+there's a thing in his brain right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing in his brain right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing in his brain right next
+to the para hippocampal Place area which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the para hippocampal Place area which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the para hippocampal Place area which
+I discovered and a nearby related region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered and a nearby related region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered and a nearby related region
+called retrospolineal cortex of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called retrospolineal cortex of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called retrospolineal cortex of course
+and how the hell could I not have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the hell could I not have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the hell could I not have known
+but I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in that earlier work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that earlier work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that earlier work
+it had been nearly 20 years ago I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been nearly 20 years ago I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been nearly 20 years ago I had a
+postdoc named Russell Epstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc named Russell Epstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc named Russell Epstein and
+Russell was a computer vision guy and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell was a computer vision guy and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell was a computer vision guy and he
+wanted to understand how we see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand how we see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand how we see by
+writing code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code
+to duplicate the algorithms that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to duplicate the algorithms that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to duplicate the algorithms that he
+thought go on in the human brain when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought go on in the human brain when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought go on in the human brain when we
+understand visual images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand visual images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand visual images
+and that's a very respectable cool line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very respectable cool line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very respectable cool line
+of work which we'll learn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work which we'll learn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work which we'll learn a little bit
+about in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in here
+and Russell was really a coding guy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russell was really a coding guy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russell was really a coding guy at
+the time we were just starting doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we were just starting doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we were just starting doing
+brain Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Imaging
+but Russell was like poo pooing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Russell was like poo pooing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Russell was like poo pooing at all
+it's like the flash in the pan it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the flash in the pan it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the flash in the pan it's
+going to go by it's trashy so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go by it's trashy so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go by it's trashy so you guys
+get nice blobs on the brain I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nice blobs on the brain I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nice blobs on the brain I'm not
+having any of it and I kept saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any of it and I kept saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any of it and I kept saying
+Russell you need to get a job just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell you need to get a job just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell you need to get a job just do
+one experiment so you can show in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment so you can show in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment so you can show in your
+job talk that you can do brain Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job talk that you can do brain Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job talk that you can do brain Imaging
+it might help you you don't need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might help you you don't need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might help you you don't need to do a
+lot of it just do one dumb experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it just do one dumb experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it just do one dumb experiment
+Russell was interested in how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell was interested in how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell was interested in how we
+recognize scenes not just objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize scenes not just objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize scenes not just objects and
+faces and words but how do we know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and words but how do we know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and words but how do we know where
+we are and how do we recognize if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and how do we recognize if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and how do we recognize if the
+scene as a city or a beach or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene as a city or a beach or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene as a city or a beach or whatever
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+I said okay Russell we'll just scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay Russell we'll just scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said okay Russell we'll just scan
+people looking at pictures of scenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking at pictures of scenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking at pictures of scenes and
+looking at other kinds of pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at other kinds of pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at other kinds of pictures and
+we'll just kind of see if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just kind of see if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just kind of see if there's any
+part of the brain that responds a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain that responds a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain that responds a lot to
+scenes it really was not well thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes it really was not well thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes it really was not well thought
+out this is not how you should do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is not how you should do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is not how you should do an
+experiment it shouldn't be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it shouldn't be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it shouldn't be based on
+political calculations lack of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political calculations lack of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political calculations lack of theory
+any of the above but the fact is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the above but the fact is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the above but the fact is that's
+why we did that experiment Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did that experiment Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did that experiment Russell
+needed to be able to show a brain image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to show a brain image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to show a brain image
+in his job talk so we scan some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his job talk so we scan some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his job talk so we scan some people
+looking at scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at scenes
+and the results knocked our socks off we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results knocked our socks off we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results knocked our socks off we
+found a part of the brain that responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a part of the brain that responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a part of the brain that responds
+very selectively when you look at images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very selectively when you look at images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very selectively when you look at images
+of scenes not when you look at faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenes not when you look at faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenes not when you look at faces
+objects words or pretty much anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects words or pretty much anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects words or pretty much anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+and so we'll learn more about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll learn more about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll learn more about that later
+in the course we called it the para
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course we called it the para
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course we called it the para
+hippocampal Place area and that launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal Place area and that launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal Place area and that launched
+a whole major line of work in my lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole major line of work in my lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole major line of work in my lab and
+now dozens of other labs around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dozens of other labs around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now dozens of other labs around the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+so backtrack we'd already found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backtrack we'd already found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backtrack we'd already found that
+region and here's this lime in my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and here's this lime in my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and here's this lime in my friend
+Bob's brain sitting right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's brain sitting right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's brain sitting right next to the
+para hit the gamble Place area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+I remembered let's look at the scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remembered let's look at the scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remembered let's look at the scans
+from my lab from a few years ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my lab from a few years ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my lab from a few years ago in
+Bob's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's brain
+and so I fiddled around and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I fiddled around and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I fiddled around and found
+managed to download the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to download the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to download the files
+and there it was you could see that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it was you could see that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it was you could see that same
+blob but in the scans from a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob but in the scans from a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob but in the scans from a few years
+before it was much smaller it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was much smaller it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was much smaller it was the
+size of a grape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a grape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a grape
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so that told us a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that told us a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that told us a bunch of things
+most importantly it told us this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly it told us this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most importantly it told us this thing
+is growing really slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing really slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing really slowly
+and that was hugely important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was hugely important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was hugely important because
+brain tumors are very bad news and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumors are very bad news and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumors are very bad news and they
+usually grow really fast and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually grow really fast and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually grow really fast and the fact
+that it grew really slowly told us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it grew really slowly told us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it grew really slowly told us that
+this was not one of the kind of worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not one of the kind of worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not one of the kind of worst
+most invasive most horrible ones it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most invasive most horrible ones it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most invasive most horrible ones it was
+clearly a problem it was big but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a problem it was big but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a problem it was big but at
+least it wasn't growing hugely fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how poignant that there it was in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how poignant that there it was in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how poignant that there it was in my
+own damn data and I hadn't seen it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own damn data and I hadn't seen it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own damn data and I hadn't seen it in my
+friend's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's brain
+well I'm not a radiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not a radiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm not a radiologist
+I'm a basic researcher and I didn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a basic researcher and I didn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a basic researcher and I didn't look
+and I didn't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't see it
+um so indeed the next day the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so indeed the next day the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so indeed the next day the uh the
+docs told us that they thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docs told us that they thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docs told us that they thought this was
+meningioma not cancer who knew that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meningioma not cancer who knew that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meningioma not cancer who knew that you
+could have tumors that weren't cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have tumors that weren't cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have tumors that weren't cancer
+but you can and they still need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can and they still need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can and they still need to come
+out if they're big enough and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if they're big enough and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if they're big enough and that's
+very serious but it's not as bad as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious but it's not as bad as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious but it's not as bad as
+having a cancer in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a cancer in your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a cancer in your brain
+um so as we're collecting information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as we're collecting information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as we're collecting information
+the next day I'm hanging out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day I'm hanging out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day I'm hanging out in the
+hospital room and there was an amusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital room and there was an amusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital room and there was an amusing
+moment when one of the residents came by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when one of the residents came by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when one of the residents came by
+and he's taking the history and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's taking the history and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's taking the history and asking
+all the basic questions and I said kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the basic questions and I said kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the basic questions and I said kind
+of sheepishly because you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sheepishly because you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sheepishly because you don't want to
+seem like you know more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like you know more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like you know more than the
+residents and in fact I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and in fact I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and in fact I didn't really
+know more but I just thought I'd provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more but I just thought I'd provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more but I just thought I'd provide
+a little information I said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little information I said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little information I said you know
+he's actually had symptoms for a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually had symptoms for a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually had symptoms for a bunch
+of years and there's a there's a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and there's a there's a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years and there's a there's a region
+of the brain nearby that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain nearby that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain nearby that you know that
+I've actually studied a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually studied a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've actually studied a little bit and
+the residence is like we know who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residence is like we know who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residence is like we know who you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+um so much for my you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much for my you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much for my you know trying to
+stay under the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay under the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay under the radar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I that afternoon I talked to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that afternoon I talked to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that afternoon I talked to a
+neurosurgeon friend of mine because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeon friend of mine because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeon friend of mine because I
+figured okay we need we need advice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured okay we need we need advice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured okay we need we need advice we
+need help and the um the neurosurgeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need help and the um the neurosurgeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need help and the um the neurosurgeon
+friend said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+quote it like got branded in my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it like got branded in my brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote it like got branded in my brain
+she said it is a Paramount importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said it is a Paramount importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said it is a Paramount importance
+that you find the best neurosurgeon it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find the best neurosurgeon it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find the best neurosurgeon it's
+the difference between whether Bob dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between whether Bob dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between whether Bob dies
+on the table or goes on to live a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table or goes on to live a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table or goes on to live a normal
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+so this is the privileged part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the privileged part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the privileged part of the
+story I'm not that well connected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I'm not that well connected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I'm not that well connected but
+I'm a little bit connected and I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit connected and I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit connected and I kind of
+dug around and did what I could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug around and did what I could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug around and did what I could and
+we spent a couple of weeks and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a couple of weeks and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a couple of weeks and we found
+the best neurosurgeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best neurosurgeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best neurosurgeon
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the night before the surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before the surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night before the surgery
+Bob is staying over at my house because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is staying over at my house because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is staying over at my house because
+the surgery was in a Boston hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery was in a Boston hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgery was in a Boston hospital and
+I thought you know I've been dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you know I've been dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you know I've been dancing
+around this for years but now like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this for years but now like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this for years but now like it's
+all out in the open we know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in the open we know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in the open we know there's a
+problem and I'm going to test him I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm going to test him I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm going to test him I'm
+going to find out what the hell's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out what the hell's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find out what the hell's going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+this is after all one of the basic forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all one of the basic forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all one of the basic forms
+of data that we collect in my field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we collect in my field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we collect in my field that
+is testing people with problems in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is testing people with problems in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is testing people with problems in their
+brain to try to figure out what things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to try to figure out what things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to try to figure out what things
+they can do and what things they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do and what things they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do and what things they can't
+do it's a way of figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a way of figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a way of figuring out what the
+basic components of the mind and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic components of the mind and brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic components of the mind and brain
+are it's actually the oldest most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's actually the oldest most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's actually the oldest most
+venerable method in our field and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venerable method in our field and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venerable method in our field and it's
+still a hugely important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a hugely important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a hugely important one
+so I thought what the hell so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought what the hell so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought what the hell so I said
+okay Bob draw me a sketch map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Bob draw me a sketch map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Bob draw me a sketch map of the
+floor plan of your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan of your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan of your house
+and so Bob takes a few minutes and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Bob takes a few minutes and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Bob takes a few minutes and he
+draws this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws this thing
+and it was shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was shy
+there weren't even you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't even you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't even you know the the
+rooms in a kind of rectilinearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in a kind of rectilinearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in a kind of rectilinearly
+arranged house they weren't even aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged house they weren't even aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged house they weren't even aligned
+there was like a soup of wine so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like a soup of wine so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like a soup of wine so there
+was no organization from one room to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no organization from one room to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no organization from one room to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and Bob kind of realized this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob kind of realized this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bob kind of realized this kind of
+isn't right is it but he didn't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't right is it but he didn't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't right is it but he didn't know how
+to fix it and he said he just couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it and he said he just couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it and he said he just couldn't
+visualize what it looked like to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize what it looked like to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize what it looked like to be in
+his house and so we couldn't draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house and so we couldn't draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house and so we couldn't draw the
+floor plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan
+and I thought okay he hasn't been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought okay he hasn't been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought okay he hasn't been there
+in a couple of days I gave him another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of days I gave him another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of days I gave him another
+piece of paper and I said okay draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and I said okay draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and I said okay draw the
+floor plan of my house where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan of my house where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan of my house where you are
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+um and so Bob took a couple minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so Bob took a couple minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so Bob took a couple minutes and
+delivered a similar mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered a similar mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered a similar mess
+he couldn't even imagine the layout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't even imagine the layout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't even imagine the layout of
+the room next to him that he'd been at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room next to him that he'd been at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room next to him that he'd been at
+been in a few minutes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then trying to channel my inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to channel my inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to channel my inner
+neuropsychologist I thought okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychologist I thought okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychologist I thought okay
+gave him another piece of paper and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him another piece of paper and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him another piece of paper and I
+said okay Bob try a draw a bicycle why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay Bob try a draw a bicycle why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay Bob try a draw a bicycle why
+did I choose a bicycle because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I choose a bicycle because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I choose a bicycle because it's a
+multi-part object that has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part object that has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part object that has a bunch of
+different bits that have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits that have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits that have a particular
+relationship to each other just as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to each other just as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to each other just as the
+rooms in a house have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in a house have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in a house have a particular
+spatial relationship to each other and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial relationship to each other and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial relationship to each other and I
+wanted to know is his problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know is his problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know is his problem
+specifically about places or is it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about places or is it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about places or is it out
+about any complex multi-part thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any complex multi-part thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any complex multi-part thing that
+you have to remember the relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember the relationships
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Bob is no artist to put it mildly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is no artist to put it mildly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is no artist to put it mildly but
+his bicycle was clearly recognizable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bicycle was clearly recognizable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bicycle was clearly recognizable as
+a bicycle it had the two wheels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bicycle it had the two wheels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bicycle it had the two wheels in the
+right relationship and you know it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right relationship and you know it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right relationship and you know it had
+all the basic parts in roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the basic parts in roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the basic parts in roughly the same
+the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place
+I then had him draw a lobster another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then had him draw a lobster another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then had him draw a lobster another
+multi-part object and also his Lobster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part object and also his Lobster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part object and also his Lobster
+was not beautiful but had everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not beautiful but had everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not beautiful but had everything in
+the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place
+and so that's very telling he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's very telling he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's very telling he had a
+specific problem in I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem in I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem in I don't know
+imagining reproducing remembering it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining reproducing remembering it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining reproducing remembering it's
+not totally clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally clear
+the arrangements of parts in a room but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrangements of parts in a room but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrangements of parts in a room but
+not the arrangements of parts and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the arrangements of parts and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the arrangements of parts and an
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+okay and we'll get back to that more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll get back to that more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll get back to that more in
+a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do I want to say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I want to say here
+I said all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said all that
+so the next day Bob has an 11 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next day Bob has an 11 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next day Bob has an 11 hour
+surgery major hardcore extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery major hardcore extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery major hardcore extreme
+neurosurgery remove a huge piece of bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery remove a huge piece of bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery remove a huge piece of bone
+from the back of your head pull apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back of your head pull apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back of your head pull apart
+the hemispheres of the brain like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemispheres of the brain like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemispheres of the brain like this
+go in like multiple inches and remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in like multiple inches and remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in like multiple inches and remove a
+lime like holy crap right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lime like holy crap right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lime like holy crap right
+said lime was right near the vein of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said lime was right near the vein of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said lime was right near the vein of
+Galen right Galen lived what a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galen right Galen lived what a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galen right Galen lived what a couple
+thousand years ago the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago the fact that there's
+a vein of Galen means it's a big ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vein of Galen means it's a big ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vein of Galen means it's a big ass
+vein the kind of vein that even Galen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein the kind of vein that even Galen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein the kind of vein that even Galen
+would have found with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found with you know
+dissection 2000 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection 2000 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection 2000 years ago
+this lime was all wrapped around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lime was all wrapped around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lime was all wrapped around and
+interleaved with the vein of Galen not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with the vein of Galen not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with the vein of Galen not
+good but because we found the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but because we found the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but because we found the best
+neurosurgeon and because we have extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeon and because we have extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeon and because we have extreme
+privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege
+and all the all the possible medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the all the possible medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the all the possible medical
+resources and expertise you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and expertise you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and expertise you could
+possibly hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly hope for
+Bob sailed through the surgery and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob sailed through the surgery and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob sailed through the surgery and an
+hour after the surgery I'm chatting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour after the surgery I'm chatting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour after the surgery I'm chatting with
+him and he's making sense amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he's making sense amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and he's making sense amazing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um and you know two literally two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know two literally two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know two literally two days
+later they sent him home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they sent him home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they sent him home
+and a few days after that he's back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few days after that he's back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few days after that he's back at
+work no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work no problem
+totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine
+but now we get to the question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we get to the question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we get to the question you're
+probably thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thinking about
+what about his navigational abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about his navigational abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about his navigational abilities
+the sad answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad answer is
+nothing doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing doing
+none of it came back at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it came back at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it came back at all
+thank God for iPhones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank God for iPhones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank God for iPhones
+if Bob lived 30 years ago he wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Bob lived 30 years ago he wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Bob lived 30 years ago he wouldn't be
+able to function but he goes everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to function but he goes everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to function but he goes everywhere
+using his iPhone GPS everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using his iPhone GPS everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using his iPhone GPS everywhere
+um and this fact that he didn't recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this fact that he didn't recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this fact that he didn't recover
+his navigational abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his navigational abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his navigational abilities
+is consistent with the whole literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with the whole literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consistent with the whole literature
+that we'll consider later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll consider later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll consider later in the course
+that often not always but often if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often not always but often if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often not always but often if you
+have brain damage especially to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brain damage especially to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have brain damage especially to some of
+these very specialized circuits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very specialized circuits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very specialized circuits that
+we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about
+you don't recover later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recover later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recover later
+if the damage is early you may well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damage is early you may well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damage is early you may well
+recover early in life you may well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover early in life you may well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover early in life you may well
+recover children have much more plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover children have much more plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover children have much more plastic
+brains that can adjust after brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that can adjust after brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that can adjust after brain
+damage adults not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+Bob's doing fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's doing fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's doing fine
+that's my story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my story
+any thoughts or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts or questions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's very interesting there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very interesting there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very interesting there are many
+of his spatial abilities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his spatial abilities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his spatial abilities that are
+absolutely intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely intact
+and yet the ones related to navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the ones related to navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the ones related to navigation
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah no problem but he's always looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no problem but he's always looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no problem but he's always looking
+at his damn phone to get directions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his damn phone to get directions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his damn phone to get directions or
+to listen to you know the the GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you know the the GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you know the the GPS
+directions system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions system
+so driving is no problem it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so driving is no problem it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so driving is no problem it's another
+kind of left right the immediate spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of left right the immediate spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of left right the immediate spatial
+orientation abilities are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation abilities are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation abilities are absolutely
+fine but knowing where am I now and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but knowing where am I now and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but knowing where am I now and how
+would I get there from here is blitzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I get there from here is blitzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I get there from here is blitzed
+other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+yes he can recognize familiar places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he can recognize familiar places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he can recognize familiar places
+what he can't do is he can say oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he can't do is he can say oh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he can't do is he can say oh right
+that's the front of our house or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the front of our house or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the front of our house or that's
+a cafe you know that's such and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cafe you know that's such and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cafe you know that's such and such
+Cafe that's near our house what he can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cafe that's near our house what he can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cafe that's near our house what he can't
+do is say which way would you turn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say which way would you turn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say which way would you turn from
+there to go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like multiple scenes great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiple scenes great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like multiple scenes great question
+great question a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question a little bit
+so he can navigate a little bit with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he can navigate a little bit with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he can navigate a little bit with his
+GPS and because he's learned certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS and because he's learned certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS and because he's learned certain
+routes as a series of almost verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes as a series of almost verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes as a series of almost verbal
+commands like if you're here turn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands like if you're here turn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands like if you're here turn right
+then like that whole kind of thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like that whole kind of thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like that whole kind of thing it's
+not what any of you guys could do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what any of you guys could do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what any of you guys could do if you
+guys are driving around in Cambridge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are driving around in Cambridge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are driving around in Cambridge or
+walking around campus remember when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around campus remember when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around campus remember when they
+blocked off this whole middle of Campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off this whole middle of Campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off this whole middle of Campus
+a couple years ago it was so irritating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago it was so irritating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago it was so irritating
+I would like go there it's like oh God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like go there it's like oh God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like go there it's like oh God
+they've blocked it off I can't get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've blocked it off I can't get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've blocked it off I can't get over
+to you know Lobby seven well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Lobby seven well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Lobby seven well you
+immediately come up with an alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately come up with an alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately come up with an alternate
+route it's like okay I guess we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route it's like okay I guess we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route it's like okay I guess we're going
+to have to do this you come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do this you come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do this you come up with an
+alternate route this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate route this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate route this is what you're
+never a normal navigation system can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a normal navigation system can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a normal navigation system can do
+Bob can't do that at all he's like root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can't do that at all he's like root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can't do that at all he's like root
+block no idea get out the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block no idea get out the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block no idea get out the phone
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah so you get it like estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get it like estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get it like estimating
+distances like does he know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances like does he know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances like does he know like
+something is like a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is like a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is like a certain number of
+miles away yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away yes
+yes he is and that's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he is and that's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he is and that's very interesting
+but that seems to be kind of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that seems to be kind of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that seems to be kind of a different
+thing you could think about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could think about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could think about all the
+different kinds of cues you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cues you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of cues you have for
+distance beyond your ab your kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance beyond your ab your kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance beyond your ab your kind of
+literal navigation skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a little bit a couple minutes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little bit a couple minutes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little bit a couple minutes yes
+the next day you know I mean it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day you know I mean it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day you know I mean it would it
+would be kind of like this thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of like this thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of like this thing it's
+like you know I sort of vaguely remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I sort of vaguely remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I sort of vaguely remember
+that I was here I turned right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was here I turned right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was here I turned right so I
+better do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no not very well and this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not very well and this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not very well and this is a problem
+because iPhones don't usually yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because iPhones don't usually yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because iPhones don't usually yeah so
+new hotels big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hotels big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hotels big problem
+finding the bathroom down the hall or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the bathroom down the hall or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the bathroom down the hall or
+the front door in a hotel big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front door in a hotel big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front door in a hotel big problem
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I mean you know these are problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know these are problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know these are problems you
+can you can come up with workarounds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can come up with workarounds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can come up with workarounds but
+it's not life-threatening but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not life-threatening but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not life-threatening but it's
+extremely inconvenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely inconvenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely inconvenient
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the case
+navigational skills that developed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational skills that developed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational skills that developed like
+longer a long time ago those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a long time ago those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a long time ago those are
+stronger so like he has a harder time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger so like he has a harder time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger so like he has a harder time
+developing like it's very time you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing like it's very time you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing like it's very time you say
+new hotels are a problem but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hotels are a problem but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hotels are a problem but different
+suffix is like more familiar like his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is like more familiar like his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix is like more familiar like his
+home it's it's easier it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home it's it's easier it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home it's it's easier it's a great
+question and you might think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you might think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you might think that the
+the kind of navigational Maps you laid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of navigational Maps you laid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of navigational Maps you laid
+down long ago would be intact so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down long ago would be intact so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down long ago would be intact so is it
+just that you can't learn new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you can't learn new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you can't learn new ones
+um so it's a it's a great question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a it's a great question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a it's a great question the
+answer is kind of complicated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is kind of complicated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is kind of complicated in this
+case for roots that he's memorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for roots that he's memorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for roots that he's memorized
+there's a whole different system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole different system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole different system for
+knowing a route and really having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing a route and really having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing a route and really having an
+abstract knowledge of a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract knowledge of a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract knowledge of a place that
+enables you to devise a new route if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to devise a new route if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to devise a new route if
+something is blocked on that route right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is blocked on that route right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is blocked on that route right
+so for highly overlearned Roots he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for highly overlearned Roots he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for highly overlearned Roots he's
+okay like he remembers like the zidu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like he remembers like the zidu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like he remembers like the zidu
+it's like a sequence it's like a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a sequence it's like a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a sequence it's like a it's
+like a memorized motor sequence you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a memorized motor sequence you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a memorized motor sequence you do a
+and then B and then C and then D so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then B and then C and then D so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then B and then C and then D so he's
+okay with those with roots he learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with those with roots he learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with those with roots he learned
+long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago
+but he is not good at coming up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he is not good at coming up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he is not good at coming up with a
+new root in a place that he learned long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new root in a place that he learned long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new root in a place that he learned long
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll take one last question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then we have conscious knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we have conscious knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we have conscious knowledge
+that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no he knows well he knows because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he knows well he knows because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he knows well he knows because like
+when he tries to figure out which way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he tries to figure out which way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he tries to figure out which way to
+head he has no idea so he's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head he has no idea so he's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head he has no idea so he's extremely
+aware of it and very articulate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it and very articulate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it and very articulate on
+precisely what happens and so what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what happens and so what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what happens and so what he
+says is like if he's looking at if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is like if he's looking at if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is like if he's looking at if he's
+looking at a place here's something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a place here's something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a place here's something he
+says he's looking at a place he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he's looking at a place he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he's looking at a place he knows
+where he is because there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he is because there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he is because there's all kinds of
+other bits of information that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits of information that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits of information that tell you
+where you are because you intended to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are because you intended to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are because you intended to go
+there and the relevant things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the relevant things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the relevant things are
+happening and all this who knows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and all this who knows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and all this who knows where
+he is and it looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is and it looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is and it looks familiar
+if he tries to imagine what's behind him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he tries to imagine what's behind him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he tries to imagine what's behind him
+he says that he like starts to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that he like starts to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that he like starts to get it
+and it just kind of vaporizes he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just kind of vaporizes he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just kind of vaporizes he just
+can't hang on to it he can't kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hang on to it he can't kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hang on to it he can't kind of
+construct a stable mental image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a stable mental image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a stable mental image of
+nearby places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby places
+so I don't know exactly what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know exactly what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know exactly what that means
+but he's very articulate and can report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's very articulate and can report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's very articulate and can report
+what happens what he experiences when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what he experiences when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what he experiences when he
+tries to access this kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to access this kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to access this kind of information
+so what you guys will go on but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you guys will go on but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you guys will go on but what I
+want to say is what you guys just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is what you guys just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is what you guys just did
+is exactly what we do in my field we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what we do in my field we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what we do in my field we try
+to take a mental ability and tease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a mental ability and tease it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a mental ability and tease it
+apart and say is it exactly this or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and say is it exactly this or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and say is it exactly this or is
+it exactly that and you guys all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly that and you guys all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exactly that and you guys all just
+did it beautifully right so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it beautifully right so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it beautifully right so a lot of
+what we do in my field is kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in my field is kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in my field is kind of this
+kind of Common Sense parsing of mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Common Sense parsing of mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Common Sense parsing of mental
+abilities what is a particular mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities what is a particular mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities what is a particular mental
+ability you know how does it relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you know how does it relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you know how does it relate to
+some other one are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other one are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other one are these things
+separable can you lose one and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable can you lose one and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable can you lose one and not the
+other do they live in different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other do they live in different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other do they live in different parts of
+the brain Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Etc
+all right so that's the story I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the story I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the story I'm going
+to cash out some of the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cash out some of the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cash out some of the um uh
+particular themes that that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular themes that that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular themes that that came out
+from the story that will echo through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the story that will echo through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the story that will echo through
+this course and the first and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and the first and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and the first and most
+obvious one is the brain isn't just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one is the brain isn't just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one is the brain isn't just a
+big bunch of mush right it has structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bunch of mush right it has structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bunch of mush right it has structure
+it has organization the different bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has organization the different bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has organization the different bits
+do different things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things okay
+importantly when Bob had this big lime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly when Bob had this big lime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly when Bob had this big lime
+in his head he didn't just get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his head he didn't just get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his head he didn't just get a little
+bit stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stupid
+no his IQ if he'd take an IQ test would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no his IQ if he'd take an IQ test would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no his IQ if he'd take an IQ test would
+be unchanged he lost a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unchanged he lost a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unchanged he lost a very specific
+mental ability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental ability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental ability okay
+and that is fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is fascinating
+um but it's also good news for science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also good news for science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also good news for science
+because often when you try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often when you try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often when you try to understand
+a complicated thing a great way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated thing a great way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated thing a great way to make
+progress is to First figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is to First figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is to First figure out what the
+parts are and then later try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are and then later try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are and then later try to figure
+out how does each individual part work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how does each individual part work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how does each individual part work
+and how do they work together but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they work together but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they work together but if
+there's part structure there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's part structure there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's part structure there's at least
+a place to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to start
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+second theme is that some parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme is that some parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme is that some parts of the
+brain do extremely specific things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain do extremely specific things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain do extremely specific things right
+not all of them some of them are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them some of them are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them some of them are quite
+General and are engaged in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and are engaged in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and are engaged in lots of
+different mental processes but some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mental processes but some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mental processes but some are
+remarkably specific we'll talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably specific we'll talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably specific we'll talk a lot
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+third big theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third big theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third big theme
+the organization of the brain Echoes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of the brain Echoes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of the brain Echoes the
+architecture of the Mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and I would say the fundamental pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say the fundamental pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say the fundamental pieces
+of the brain are telling us what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain are telling us what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain are telling us what are
+fundamental parts of the mind and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental parts of the mind and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental parts of the mind and that's
+why I'm in this field that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm in this field that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm in this field that's what I
+think is cool you know the brain is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is cool you know the brain is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is cool you know the brain is just
+like a bunch of cells like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of cells like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of cells like it's a
+physical thing who cares about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing who cares about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing who cares about a
+physical thing the reason we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing the reason we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing the reason we care about
+it is that's where our mind lives and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's where our mind lives and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that's where our mind lives and if
+we study that physical thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study that physical thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study that physical thing we can
+learn something about our minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about our minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about our minds
+and that's pretty Cosmic I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty Cosmic I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty Cosmic I think
+so the point of all of this kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of all of this kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point of all of this kind of work
+is not to say oh that mental process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to say oh that mental process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to say oh that mental process is
+here not there who cares I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not there who cares I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not there who cares I don't really
+care I mean at some point you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care I mean at some point you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care I mean at some point you need to
+have a ballpark sense you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ballpark sense you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ballpark sense you need to know
+to study the things but the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the things but the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the things but the interesting
+question is not where these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not where these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not where these things are
+in the brain but which mental processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain but which mental processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain but which mental processes
+have their own specialized machinery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own specialized machinery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own specialized machinery and
+why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+another important theme how do brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important theme how do brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important theme how do brains
+change right Bob didn't recover after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right Bob didn't recover after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right Bob didn't recover after
+his brain damage in that very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brain damage in that very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his brain damage in that very particular
+mental function that he lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental function that he lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental function that he lost
+if it if all of that had happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if all of that had happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it if all of that had happened when
+he was five five years old he probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was five five years old he probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was five five years old he probably
+would have right so how do brains change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have right so how do brains change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have right so how do brains change
+over normal development how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over normal development how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over normal development how do they
+change from learning and experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from learning and experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from learning and experience
+how do they change after injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they change after injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they change after injury
+and the final theme echoed uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final theme echoed uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final theme echoed uh in that
+story is there are lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is there are lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is there are lots and lots of
+different ways to study the brain right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to study the brain right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to study the brain right
+they're the simple behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the simple behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the simple behavioral
+observations Bob can't navigate but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations Bob can't navigate but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations Bob can't navigate but he
+can do everything else okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do everything else okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do everything else okay that's
+really deep and informative low-tech but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep and informative low-tech but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deep and informative low-tech but
+really powerful right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful right
+um the anatomical brain images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the anatomical brain images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the anatomical brain images that
+showed where the line was in Bob's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed where the line was in Bob's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed where the line was in Bob's brain
+right that gives you another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that gives you another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that gives you another kind of
+information what's the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what's the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what's the physical
+structure of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the brain
+the functional images that we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional images that we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional images that we had done
+in my lab to discover the para
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab to discover the para
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab to discover the para
+hippocampal Place area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal Place area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal Place area
+and the studies of what mental abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the studies of what mental abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the studies of what mental abilities
+are preserved and which are lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are preserved and which are lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are preserved and which are lost in
+people who have alterations of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have alterations of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have alterations of their
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+okay so those are just a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are just a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are just a few of the
+kinds of methods in our field Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of methods in our field Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of methods in our field Each of
+which tells us about a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us about a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us about a different kind of
+thing about the brain okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the brain okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the brain okay so those are
+the themes I was trying to get at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the themes I was trying to get at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the themes I was trying to get at here
+so let's move on to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to um
+the why how and what of exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why how and what of exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why how and what of exploring the
+brain I'm going to sign the Tas to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I'm going to sign the Tas to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I'm going to sign the Tas to get
+me to shut up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to shut up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to shut up at
+um let's see we're supposed to end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see we're supposed to end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see we're supposed to end it
+five minutes before the end of class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes before the end of class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes before the end of class is
+that right is that MIT tradition okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right is that MIT tradition okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right is that MIT tradition okay so
+at uh oh my shockingly soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh oh my shockingly soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh oh my shockingly soon
+um 11 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 11 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 11 45
+um you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're gonna
+um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no
+oh great thank you thank you this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great thank you thank you this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great thank you thank you this is one
+of the many things Tas are for they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the many things Tas are for they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the many things Tas are for they pick
+up the hundreds of typos and mindos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the hundreds of typos and mindos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the hundreds of typos and mindos and
+all of that excellent I'm thinking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that excellent I'm thinking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that excellent I'm thinking how
+the hell did I so miss time this thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did I so miss time this thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did I so miss time this thank
+you heather okay good we'll go on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heather okay good we'll go on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heather okay good we'll go on okay
+why should we study the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we study the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we study the brain
+first most obvious reason know thyself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first most obvious reason know thyself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first most obvious reason know thyself
+know what this thing is that's operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this thing is that's operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this thing is that's operating
+in our heads this is who you are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our heads this is who you are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our heads this is who you are right
+is your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your brain
+there are lots of very fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of very fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of very fine and
+important organs in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important organs in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important organs in the body
+um but the brain is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the brain is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the brain is special
+right so you know a heart is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know a heart is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know a heart is important
+you die without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die without it
+but it's the brain that's your identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the brain that's your identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the brain that's your identity
+right so there's a reason that surgeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a reason that surgeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a reason that surgeons
+do heart transplants that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heart transplants that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heart transplants that makes sense
+something wrong with your heart you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with your heart you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with your heart you need
+another heart okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another heart okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another heart okay
+but why don't they do brain transplants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why don't they do brain transplants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why don't they do brain transplants
+that would make sense right if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make sense right if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make sense right if there's
+something wrong with my brain it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my brain it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my brain it doesn't
+make sense to take someone else's brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to take someone else's brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to take someone else's brain
+and put it in here because then I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in here because then I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in here because then I'd be
+that other person it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other person it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other person it doesn't make sense
+because the brain is who you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the brain is who you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the brain is who you are
+okay so the brain is really special it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the brain is really special it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the brain is really special it's
+not just another organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just another organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just another organ
+that's why a few years ago we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a few years ago we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a few years ago we had the
+decade of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of the brain
+right not the decade of the pancreas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the decade of the pancreas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not the decade of the pancreas or
+the liver or the kidney right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver or the kidney right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver or the kidney right people
+need to study these things they know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to study these things they know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to study these things they know how
+to fix the they need to know how to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the they need to know how to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the they need to know how to fix
+them they're important but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're important but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're important but they're not
+as Cosmic as the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Cosmic as the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Cosmic as the brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+second reason why we should understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason why we should understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason why we should understand
+brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains
+and that is to understand the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to understand the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to understand the limits of
+human knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human knowledge
+like the more we understand about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more we understand about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more we understand about the
+human mind the more we can like actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human mind the more we can like actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human mind the more we can like actually
+evaluate how good our knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how good our knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how good our knowledge is
+are there things that we might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there things that we might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there things that we might not be
+able to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think
+possible true scientific theories we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible true scientific theories we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible true scientific theories we
+might not be able to understand ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to understand ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to understand ever
+you can think of studying the Mind as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of studying the Mind as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of studying the Mind as a
+kind of empirical epistemology a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of empirical epistemology a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of empirical epistemology a way to
+actually know about the knower so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about the knower so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about the knower so we can
+figure out how good the knowledge is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how good the knowledge is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how good the knowledge is in
+that knower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knower
+right so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's another
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+a third reason is to advance AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third reason is to advance AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third reason is to advance AI
+and so up until a few years ago I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so up until a few years ago I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so up until a few years ago I used
+to give lectures on vision and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give lectures on vision and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give lectures on vision and they
+would all start with some version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all start with some version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all start with some version of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you guys all have amazing visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all have amazing visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all have amazing visual
+abilities in the back third of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities in the back third of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities in the back third of your
+brain that does vision you can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that does vision you can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that does vision you can do all
+this incredible stuff that no machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible stuff that no machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredible stuff that no machine
+can touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can touch
+hats off to you you have an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats off to you you have an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats off to you you have an amazing
+visual system back here and those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system back here and those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system back here and those guys
+in AI that is mostly guys guys gals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AI that is mostly guys guys gals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in AI that is mostly guys guys gals
+whatever those people in AI could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those people in AI could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever those people in AI could only
+dream of coming up with algorithms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of coming up with algorithms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of coming up with algorithms as
+good as the one that's running in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the one that's running in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the one that's running in the
+back of your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can't quite start the lectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quite start the lectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't quite start the lectures that
+way anymore so if any of you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anymore so if any of you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anymore so if any of you have been
+living in a cave and not heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a cave and not heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a cave and not heard about
+deep Nets there's been a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep Nets there's been a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep Nets there's been a massive
+Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution
+and all of a sudden deep Nets are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden deep Nets are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden deep Nets are doing
+things that are really close to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really close to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really close to human
+abilities particularly in vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities particularly in vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities particularly in vision
+so for example in visual object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in visual object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in visual object
+recognition machines were way far behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition machines were way far behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition machines were way far behind
+human Vision until very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Vision until very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Vision until very recently
+especially when this paper here came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when this paper here came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when this paper here came out
+was published in 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in 2012
+first author krishevsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first author krishevsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first author krishevsky
+it has now been cited an astonishing 33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has now been cited an astonishing 33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has now been cited an astonishing 33
+000 times actually I made this slide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 times actually I made this slide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 times actually I made this slide a
+couple weeks ago it's probably been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago it's probably been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks ago it's probably been
+cited 36 000 Times by now you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited 36 000 Times by now you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited 36 000 Times by now you can look
+it up on Google Scholar and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on Google Scholar and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on Google Scholar and find out
+that is a huge number of citations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a huge number of citations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a huge number of citations the
+influence of this paper is ginormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of this paper is ginormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of this paper is ginormous
+probably half of you have already heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of you have already heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably half of you have already heard
+about this paper raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this paper raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this paper raise your hand if
+you've heard about this paper oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard about this paper oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard about this paper oh okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+right major big news okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right major big news okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right major big news okay
+so what's so important about this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's so important about this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's so important about this paper
+uh well they they trained as probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well they they trained as probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well they they trained as probably
+most of you know they trained a deep net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know they trained a deep net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know they trained a deep net
+on the over a million images in imagenet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the over a million images in imagenet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the over a million images in imagenet
+a massive computer database of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive computer database of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive computer database of images
+and they basically taught it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically taught it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically taught it to do
+object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition
+and it performs much more accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it performs much more accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it performs much more accurately
+than any previous system and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any previous system and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any previous system and it
+approaches human abilities okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches human abilities okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches human abilities okay so this
+is Major is a radical change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Major is a radical change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Major is a radical change in the
+situation that we were in five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we were in five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that we were in five years ago
+so things have changed radically so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things have changed radically so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things have changed radically so just
+as an example here's some of the um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example here's some of the um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example here's some of the um one
+of the figures from that seminal paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the figures from that seminal paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the figures from that seminal paper
+so here is one of the images from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is one of the images from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is one of the images from
+imagenet that um that alexnet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet that um that alexnet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet that um that alexnet this
+trained network was tested on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained network was tested on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained network was tested on and the
+correct answer according to imagenet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer according to imagenet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer according to imagenet is
+that that's a might and here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a might and here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a might and here's what
+alexnet says it's number one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexnet says it's number one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexnet says it's number one first
+answer is might in its second third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is might in its second third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is might in its second third
+fourth answer is our Black Widow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth answer is our Black Widow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth answer is our Black Widow
+cockroach Etc right so pretty damn good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroach Etc right so pretty damn good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroach Etc right so pretty damn good
+the might is even sticking off the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might is even sticking off the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the might is even sticking off the edge
+of the frame and it gets it container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame and it gets it container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame and it gets it container
+ship First Choice container ship pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship First Choice container ship pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship First Choice container ship pretty
+good second choice makes sense Lifeboat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good second choice makes sense Lifeboat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good second choice makes sense Lifeboat
+not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad
+look at that motor scooter I can barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that motor scooter I can barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that motor scooter I can barely
+even see the motor scooter in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see the motor scooter in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see the motor scooter in there but
+alexnet awesome right leopard awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexnet awesome right leopard awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexnet awesome right leopard awesome
+okay even when Alex net makes a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even when Alex net makes a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even when Alex net makes a mistake
+the mistake is totally understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake is totally understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake is totally understandable
+like according to imagenet that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like according to imagenet that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like according to imagenet that is a
+picture of a grill and Alex net calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a grill and Alex net calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a grill and Alex net calls it
+a convertible I'm siding with Alex net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convertible I'm siding with Alex net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convertible I'm siding with Alex net
+on this one over image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one over image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one over image
+this the correct answer is mushroom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the correct answer is mushroom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the correct answer is mushroom and
+Alex net says agaric I had to look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex net says agaric I had to look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex net says agaric I had to look that
+up it's like a particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's like a particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's like a particular kind of
+mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom
+um this one's pretty funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one's pretty funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one's pretty funny
+um imagenet says that's pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagenet says that's pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um imagenet says that's pictures of
+cherry there's cherries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry there's cherries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry there's cherries in the
+foreground but Alex net says Dalmatian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground but Alex net says Dalmatian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground but Alex net says Dalmatian
+I'm siding with Alex net on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm siding with Alex net on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm siding with Alex net on this
+um and you know Madagascar cat Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know Madagascar cat Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know Madagascar cat Etc so
+pretty amazing and like nothing even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing and like nothing even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing and like nothing even
+close to this was possible before 2012.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this was possible before 2012.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this was possible before 2012.
+so this is very recent history and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very recent history and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very recent history and it
+has totally shaken up the field in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has totally shaken up the field in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has totally shaken up the field in lots
+of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways
+um and so that's been transformative not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's been transformative not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's been transformative not
+just for computer science but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for computer science but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for computer science but it's also
+been transformative for cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been transformative for cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been transformative for cognitive
+science and Neuroscience because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and Neuroscience because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and Neuroscience because now we
+have algorithms like here's this deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have algorithms like here's this deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have algorithms like here's this deep
+net and it does this thing so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and it does this thing so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and it does this thing so that's a
+possible theory of how humans do it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theory of how humans do it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible theory of how humans do it it's
+a possible computationally precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible computationally precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible computationally precise
+theory of what's going on in here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what's going on in here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of what's going on in here and we
+didn't used to have those and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't used to have those and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't used to have those and now we
+have those for a number of domains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those for a number of domains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those for a number of domains and
+that's shaking up the field there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaking up the field there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaking up the field there will
+be a whole lecture on deep Nets and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole lecture on deep Nets and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole lecture on deep Nets and how
+you can use them to think about minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use them to think about minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use them to think about minds
+and brains toward the end of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brains toward the end of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brains toward the end of the course
+guest lecture by my postdoc Katherine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture by my postdoc Katherine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture by my postdoc Katherine
+Dobbs and we'll hear more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dobbs and we'll hear more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dobbs and we'll hear more about that
+um but let's first step back a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's first step back a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's first step back a second
+and say okay do they really perform as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay do they really perform as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay do they really perform as
+well as humans even on just object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as humans even on just object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as humans even on just object
+recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on images not in imagenet like imagenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on images not in imagenet like imagenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on images not in imagenet like imagenes
+pretty good tests because these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good tests because these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good tests because these things
+as you can see are highly variable they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see are highly variable they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see are highly variable they
+have backgrounds they're complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have backgrounds they're complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have backgrounds they're complicated
+they're real world images but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real world images but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real world images but you know
+they were photographs taken by people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were photographs taken by people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were photographs taken by people in
+a particular way what they you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular way what they you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular way what they you know with
+a particular goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular goal
+um and most of the photographs you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most of the photographs you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most of the photographs you take
+you throughout they don't end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throughout they don't end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throughout they don't end up in
+imagenet right imagenet is a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet right imagenet is a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet right imagenet is a weird
+little idiosyncratic subset of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idiosyncratic subset of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idiosyncratic subset of the kind
+of visual experience that we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visual experience that we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visual experience that we have so
+would this really generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this really generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this really generalize
+so it so happens that um Boris Katz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so happens that um Boris Katz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so happens that um Boris Katz and
+Andre barbu across the street in seasail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre barbu across the street in seasail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andre barbu across the street in seasail
+have been doing some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing some very interesting
+studies this stuff isn't published yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies this stuff isn't published yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies this stuff isn't published yet
+but I got their permission to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got their permission to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got their permission to tell you
+about this cool stuff they're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this cool stuff they're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this cool stuff they're doing and
+they're saying hey let's test alexnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying hey let's test alexnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying hey let's test alexnet
+and other similar deep Nets since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar deep Nets since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other similar deep Nets since then
+uh on a more realistic harder version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a more realistic harder version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a more realistic harder version of
+object recognition that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition that's more
+characteristic of what humans do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of what humans do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of what humans do and so
+they're generating this huge data set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generating this huge data set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generating this huge data set of
+stimuli that they crowdsource and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli that they crowdsource and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli that they crowdsource and so
+people workers on Mechanical Turk go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people workers on Mechanical Turk go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people workers on Mechanical Turk go on
+there and create images for them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and create images for them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and create images for them and so
+they get instructions like you know hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get instructions like you know hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get instructions like you know hold
+a hold a object in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold a object in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold a object in this particular
+location or at this angle or move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location or at this angle or move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location or at this angle or move it
+here and like send us the images so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and like send us the images so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and like send us the images so they
+are getting I think hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting I think hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting I think hundreds of
+thousands of images to test this on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of images to test this on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of images to test this on and
+they're much more variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more variable in the
+location of the object in the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the object in the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the object in the image and
+its orientation and so forth so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its orientation and so forth so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its orientation and so forth so for
+example you guys have no problem telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys have no problem telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys have no problem telling
+what that thing is but it's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that thing is but it's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that thing is but it's a slightly
+atypical example likewise what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical example likewise what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atypical example likewise what's the
+object on the floor there you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the floor there you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the floor there you can tell
+what it is but it's it's slightly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's it's slightly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but it's it's slightly a
+typical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um what Boris and Andre are finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what Boris and Andre are finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what Boris and Andre are finding
+finding is that human performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that human performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that human performance is
+still pretty good on these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good on these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good on these images
+but the Deep Nets are terrible at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Deep Nets are terrible at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Deep Nets are terrible at this
+stuff okay so resnet one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so resnet one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so resnet one of the more
+recent ones drops from 71 correct on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones drops from 71 correct on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones drops from 71 correct on
+imagenet to around 25 correct on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet to around 25 correct on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet to around 25 correct on these
+images and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and the other
+um similar fancy more recent networks do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar fancy more recent networks do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar fancy more recent networks do
+similarly badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly badly
+so on the one hand uh AI the Deep Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand uh AI the Deep Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the one hand uh AI the Deep Nets
+are awesome and transformative no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awesome and transformative no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awesome and transformative no
+question about it but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it but on the other hand
+despite all the hype they're still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all the hype they're still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all the hype they're still not
+quite like human object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like human object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like human object recognition
+right they're a whole lot closer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're a whole lot closer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're a whole lot closer than
+they used to be but they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be but they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be but they're not really
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+and more generally what about harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally what about harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally what about harder
+problems like image understanding not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like image understanding not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like image understanding not
+just labeling and classification but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just labeling and classification but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just labeling and classification but
+understanding what's going on in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on in an
+image okay so you guys have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image okay so you guys have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image okay so you guys have probably
+seen image captioning Bots there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen image captioning Bots there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen image captioning Bots there are
+lots of these around now this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of these around now this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of these around now this kind of
+Hit the scene in 2016.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hit the scene in 2016.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hit the scene in 2016.
+when Google AI came out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google AI came out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google AI came out with a
+captioning algorithm and of course right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captioning algorithm and of course right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captioning algorithm and of course right
+around the same time Microsoft had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time Microsoft had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time Microsoft had a
+captioning algorithm and let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captioning algorithm and let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captioning algorithm and let's see how
+they do so this is an example you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so this is an example you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so this is an example you give
+this algorithm this picture here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm this picture here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm this picture here and it
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+um that's a dinosaur on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a dinosaur on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a dinosaur on top of a
+surfboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfboard
+that's pretty damn good right like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty damn good right like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty damn good right like okay
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+let's look more generally how well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look more generally how well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look more generally how well this
+thing works at other examples okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing works at other examples okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing works at other examples okay it
+looks at this and it says that's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at this and it says that's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at this and it says that's a group
+of people on a field playing football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people on a field playing football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people on a field playing football
+it's like wow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wow okay
+a snow-covered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snow-covered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snow-covered field
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+view she win and uh ding ning posing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view she win and uh ding ning posing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view she win and uh ding ning posing for
+a picture I don't know but these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture I don't know but these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture I don't know but these things
+are very good at face recognition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very good at face recognition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very good at face recognition that's
+probably exactly those two people right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exactly those two people right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably exactly those two people right
+a car parked in a parking or car yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car parked in a parking or car yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car parked in a parking or car yeah
+car parked in a parking lot pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car parked in a parking lot pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car parked in a parking lot pretty good
+a large ship in the water pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large ship in the water pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large ship in the water pretty good
+a clock tower lit up at night awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock tower lit up at night awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock tower lit up at night awesome
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+a vintage photo of a pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vintage photo of a pond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vintage photo of a pond
+well the Vintage part I don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Vintage part I don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Vintage part I don't know where
+the pond is there's a little water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pond is there's a little water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pond is there's a little water in
+there I don't know not way off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a group of people that are standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of people that are standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of people that are standing in
+the grass near a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass near a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grass near a bridge
+not really there's grass there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really there's grass there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really there's grass there's a
+bridge sort of there's people but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge sort of there's people but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge sort of there's people but not
+really right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a group of people standing on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of people standing on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of people standing on top of a
+boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat
+definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a building with a cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building with a cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building with a cake
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a person holding a cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person holding a cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person holding a cell phone
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a group of stuffed animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I love this one a necklace made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love this one a necklace made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love this one a necklace made of
+bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas
+wow we've really landed on Mars here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sitting on the grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the grass
+talk about missing the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at this picture for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this picture for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this picture for a second
+just figure out what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes a couple seconds everyone got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a couple seconds everyone got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a couple seconds everyone got it
+there's a lot going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this algorithm says I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm says I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm says I think it's a
+group of people standing next to a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people standing next to a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people standing next to a man
+in a suit and tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a suit and tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a suit and tie
+and the algorithm is correct but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithm is correct but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the algorithm is correct but the
+algorithm has profoundly missed the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has profoundly missed the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has profoundly missed the boat
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I'm channeling actually I stole these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm channeling actually I stole these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm channeling actually I stole these
+slides from Josh Tenenbaum but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from Josh Tenenbaum but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from Josh Tenenbaum but let me
+channel him for a moment and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel him for a moment and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel him for a moment and say what
+his big idea is which I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his big idea is which I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his big idea is which I think is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and that is that both humans and deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that both humans and deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that both humans and deep
+Nets are very good at pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets are very good at pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets are very good at pattern
+recognition pattern classification this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition pattern classification this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition pattern classification this
+is a cat or a dog or a car or a toaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cat or a dog or a car or a toaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cat or a dog or a car or a toaster
+right what they're not good at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they're not good at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they're not good at what
+humans are good at but the Deep Nets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are good at but the Deep Nets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are good at but the Deep Nets are
+not is building models to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is building models to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is building models to understand the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and so when you look at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you look at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you look at this picture
+there are all kinds of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of things that are
+crucial for really understanding at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for really understanding at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial for really understanding at a
+deep level what's going on in here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep level what's going on in here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep level what's going on in here we
+need to know why some people what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know why some people what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know why some people what some
+people here know but the guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here know but the guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here know but the guy on the
+scale does not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale does not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale does not know
+namely even if you don't recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely even if you don't recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely even if you don't recognize that
+that James that that's James Comey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that James that that's James Comey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that James that that's James Comey I
+think it is here's Obama with his foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is here's Obama with his foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is here's Obama with his foot
+on the scale you need to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scale you need to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scale you need to know that
+people find it embarrassing if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find it embarrassing if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people find it embarrassing if they
+weigh too much you need to know that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh too much you need to know that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh too much you need to know that he
+can't see that Obama's doing it you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that Obama's doing it you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see that Obama's doing it you need
+to know that they can see it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that they can see it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that they can see it even though
+he can't and that's kind of the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't and that's kind of the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't and that's kind of the essence
+of humor there's just a whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor there's just a whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor there's just a whole universe
+of Rich structural information going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rich structural information going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rich structural information going in
+here that is part of what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is part of what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is part of what it means to
+understand this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this picture
+and no deep net is even close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no deep net is even close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no deep net is even close
+to doing that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that kind of thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so bottom line of all this is or let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bottom line of all this is or let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bottom line of all this is or let me
+just go on more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go on more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go on more generally
+AI systems can't navigate new situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI systems can't navigate new situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI systems can't navigate new situations
+infer what others believe use language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what others believe use language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what others believe use language
+to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate
+write poetry and music to express how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write poetry and music to express how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write poetry and music to express how
+they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel
+or create math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create math
+to build Bridges devices and life-saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build Bridges devices and life-saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build Bridges devices and life-saving
+medicines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines
+that's a quote from our leader Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quote from our leader Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quote from our leader Jim
+DiCarlo head of this department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DiCarlo head of this department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DiCarlo head of this department
+published and wired a year ago in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and wired a year ago in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and wired a year ago in a
+beautiful article on the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful article on the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful article on the limitations of
+deep Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep Nets
+um but more generally the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but more generally the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but more generally the point is that
+yes AI is taking a massive leap now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes AI is taking a massive leap now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes AI is taking a massive leap now when
+we're right in the middle of it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right in the middle of it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're right in the middle of it and it's
+super exciting and it's helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting and it's helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting and it's helpful to
+neuroscience and cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and cognitive science
+um but AI has a lot to learn from us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but AI has a lot to learn from us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but AI has a lot to learn from us too
+right a lot to learn from what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot to learn from what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot to learn from what's going
+on in here and how this thing works that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in here and how this thing works that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in here and how this thing works that
+those AI systems still can't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those AI systems still can't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those AI systems still can't touch
+okay so all of that was my third reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that was my third reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that was my third reason
+for studying we're still in the Y are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for studying we're still in the Y are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for studying we're still in the Y are we
+studying the human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the human brain
+the fourth reason to study the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth reason to study the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth reason to study the human
+brain is the one most compelling to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is the one most compelling to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is the one most compelling to me
+and that is that it is just simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that it is just simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that it is just simply the
+greatest intellectual quest of all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest intellectual quest of all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest intellectual quest of all time
+we could fight about cosmology I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could fight about cosmology I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could fight about cosmology I'm not
+going to fight with you about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fight with you about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fight with you about anything
+else I don't think there's any contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't think there's any contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't think there's any contest
+it's the greatest intellectual quest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the greatest intellectual quest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the greatest intellectual quest of
+all time and that's why I'm in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time and that's why I'm in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time and that's why I'm in it and
+that's why I hope it'll be fun for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I hope it'll be fun for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I hope it'll be fun for you
+okay that was the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was the why
+um how are we going to study the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are we going to study the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are we going to study the human
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+so here's this thing how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this thing how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this thing how are we going to
+figure out how it works it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how it works it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how it works it's kind of
+daunting it's not totally obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting it's not totally obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting it's not totally obvious
+the first thing to realize is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to realize is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to realize is that there
+are lots of levels of organization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of levels of organization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of levels of organization in
+this thing and hence lots of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and hence lots of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and hence lots of ways of
+studying it we could look at molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it we could look at molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it we could look at molecules
+and their interactions lots of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their interactions lots of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their interactions lots of people in
+this building do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building do that
+we could look at properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at properties of
+individual neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual neurons
+we could look at circuits of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at circuits of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at circuits of neurons
+interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other
+we look at entire brain regions and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at entire brain regions and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at entire brain regions and what
+their functions are we could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their functions are we could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their functions are we could look at
+networks of multiple brain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of multiple brain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks of multiple brain regions
+interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with each other
+and so all of those things are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of those things are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of those things are possible
+but actually what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually what we're going to do in
+the course is none of those things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is none of those things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is none of those things in
+particular instead we're going to ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instead we're going to ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instead we're going to ask a
+somewhat different question and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different question and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different question and that
+question is how does the brain give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does the brain give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does the brain give rise
+to the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mind
+okay and to understand that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to understand that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to understand that question
+we're going to do more at this level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do more at this level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do more at this level and
+less at the upper levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so to answer this question we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to answer this question we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to answer this question we need to
+start with the mind we need to if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the mind we need to if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the mind we need to if we're
+going to understand how does this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand how does this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand how does this thing
+produce a mind we need to First figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a mind we need to First figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a mind we need to First figure
+out what is a mind what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is a mind what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is a mind what do we know about
+minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and so we need to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we need to start with the
+various mental functions that Minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mental functions that Minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mental functions that Minds
+carry out things like perception Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out things like perception Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out things like perception Vision
+hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+aspects of cognition like understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of cognition like understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of cognition like understanding
+language thinking about people thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language thinking about people thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language thinking about people thinking
+about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things
+Etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay
+and so for each mental function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each mental function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each mental function what
+we're going to do in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in here
+is start by trying to understand how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start by trying to understand how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start by trying to understand how it
+works in Minds as well as we can or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in Minds as well as we can or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in Minds as well as we can or like
+what it is that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we're trying to
+understand that Minds can do what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that Minds can do what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that Minds can do what is
+computed and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and how
+and then we're going to look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to look at its
+brain basis and try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis and try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis and try to figure out what
+we can figure out about how that mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out about how that mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out about how that mental
+function is implemented in a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is implemented in a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is implemented in a brain
+so the first question we'll ask for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question we'll ask for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question we'll ask for all
+of these domains is is there specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these domains is is there specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these domains is is there specialized
+Machinery to do that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery to do that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery to do that thing
+and then we'll ask what information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll ask what information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll ask what information is
+represented in the relevant parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the relevant parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the relevant parts of the
+brain and when is that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and when is that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and when is that information
+represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how
+okay so how are we going to answer those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how are we going to answer those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how are we going to answer those
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+well there's lots and lots of methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's lots and lots of methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's lots and lots of methods in
+our field okay and so the first set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field okay and so the first set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field okay and so the first set of
+methods if we want to understand mines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if we want to understand mines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if we want to understand mines
+the first set of methods are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of methods are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of methods are the basic
+stuff of cognitive science psychophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of cognitive science psychophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of cognitive science psychophysics
+that means showing people visual stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means showing people visual stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means showing people visual stimuli
+or playing them sounds and asking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or playing them sounds and asking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or playing them sounds and asking them
+what they see or hear nice and low Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they see or hear nice and low Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they see or hear nice and low Tech
+but lots has been learned from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lots has been learned from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but lots has been learned from those
+methods you collect reaction time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you collect reaction time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you collect reaction time and
+accuracy and it's amazing how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and it's amazing how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and it's amazing how much you
+can learn from these methods that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn from these methods that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn from these methods that have
+been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for
+100 years or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years or more
+perceptual Illusions are similarly very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual Illusions are similarly very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual Illusions are similarly very
+informative about how minds work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative about how minds work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative about how minds work
+now let me say an important thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me say an important thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me say an important thing that
+arises here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises here
+last year was the first time I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was the first time I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was the first time I taught
+this course and I would say it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and I would say it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and I would say it went
+so-so I'm aiming for it to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-so I'm aiming for it to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-so I'm aiming for it to be much
+better this year and one of the ways I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this year and one of the ways I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this year and one of the ways I'm
+trying to do that is to be responsive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that is to be responsive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that is to be responsive to
+the student of owls I got last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student of owls I got last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student of owls I got last year
+which were not fabulous across the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not fabulous across the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not fabulous across the board
+hurt my feelings badly but once I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt my feelings badly but once I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt my feelings badly but once I got
+over myself I decided to just listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over myself I decided to just listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over myself I decided to just listen to
+them and try to fix it and one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and try to fix it and one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and try to fix it and one way to
+fix it is to be honest with you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it is to be honest with you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it is to be honest with you today
+about what this course is going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this course is going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this course is going to cover
+so in my avails student 50458 bless them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my avails student 50458 bless them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my avails student 50458 bless them
+offer this comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer this comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer this comment
+this class was not sold in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was not sold in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was not sold in the correct
+way it should not be called the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it should not be called the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it should not be called the human
+brain because it was basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain because it was basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain because it was basically just a
+cognitive science not a brain class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science not a brain class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science not a brain class I
+expected to learn very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to learn very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to learn very different
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+so I don't know who the student is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know who the student is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know who the student is I
+wish I could apologize to them but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I could apologize to them but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I could apologize to them but I
+will say to you uh sorry student 50458
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say to you uh sorry student 50458
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say to you uh sorry student 50458
+sorry I didn't make that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't make that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't make that clear
+the fundamental reason the brain is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental reason the brain is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental reason the brain is cool
+is that it gives rise to the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it gives rise to the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it gives rise to the mind
+and that means that studying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that studying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that studying you know
+the biological properties of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological properties of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological properties of the brain
+without considering the mental functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the mental functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the mental functions
+it implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implements
+it would be kind of like trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of like trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of like trying to study
+the physical properties of a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical properties of a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical properties of a book
+without considering the meaning of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the meaning of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the meaning of its
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+so we're going to spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to spend a lot of time
+doing cognitive science in here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cognitive science in here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cognitive science in here and if
+you had a different impression uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a different impression uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a different impression uh sorry
+about that but that's what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but that's what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but that's what we're doing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so how are we going to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how are we going to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how are we going to answer
+it so lots of cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so lots of cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so lots of cognitive science
+um so how are we going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how are we going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how are we going to look at the
+brain basis well we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis well we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis well we're going to look at
+neuropsychology patients people like Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychology patients people like Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuropsychology patients people like Bob
+who have damage to the brain and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have damage to the brain and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have damage to the brain and what
+functions get preserved and lost we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions get preserved and lost we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions get preserved and lost we'll
+use we'll look at a lot of studies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we'll look at a lot of studies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we'll look at a lot of studies with
+functional MRI neurophysiology where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional MRI neurophysiology where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional MRI neurophysiology where you
+can record from Individual neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record from Individual neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record from Individual neurons in
+animal brains and in rare occasion cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal brains and in rare occasion cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal brains and in rare occasion cases
+even in human brains under clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in human brains under clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in human brains under clinical
+situations where they need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they need to have
+electrodes in their brain anyway for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in their brain anyway for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in their brain anyway for
+neurosurgery we'll look at EEG recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery we'll look at EEG recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgery we'll look at EEG recorded
+from electrodes on the scalp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electrodes on the scalp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electrodes on the scalp
+um and Meg recording from magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Meg recording from magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Meg recording from magnetic
+fields from squids placed next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from squids placed next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from squids placed next to the
+scalp we'll look at connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp we'll look at connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp we'll look at connectivity
+measures with a method called diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures with a method called diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures with a method called diffusion
+tractography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractography
+Etc so lots of methods and so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so lots of methods and so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so lots of methods and so which
+mental functions will we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental functions will we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental functions will we cover
+well to tell you about that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to tell you about that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to tell you about that I need to
+tell you about the huge progress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the huge progress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the huge progress that
+has happened in our field in the last 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened in our field in the last 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened in our field in the last 20
+years okay all of this is quite recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay all of this is quite recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay all of this is quite recent
+and so let's back up to 1990 here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's back up to 1990 here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's back up to 1990 here is
+approximately what we knew about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what we knew about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what we knew about the
+organization of the human brain in 1990.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the human brain in 1990.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the human brain in 1990.
+the black ovals are the bits that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ovals are the bits that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black ovals are the bits that are
+primary sensory and motor regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory and motor regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory and motor regions that
+have been known for a long time even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been known for a long time even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been known for a long time even by
+1990.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990.
+and the colored bits are the bits where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colored bits are the bits where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colored bits are the bits where
+we had some idea that face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some idea that face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some idea that face recognition
+might go on somewhere in the back end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go on somewhere in the back end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go on somewhere in the back end of
+the bottom of the right hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the right hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the right hemisphere
+because of people who had damage back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of people who had damage back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of people who had damage back
+there and lost their face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and lost their face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and lost their face recognition
+ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability
+sometimes preserving their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes preserving their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes preserving their ability to
+visually recognize words and faces words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually recognize words and faces words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually recognize words and faces words
+and scenes and objects only losing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scenes and objects only losing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scenes and objects only losing their
+ability to recognize faces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recognize faces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recognize faces okay
+the language regions we had known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language regions we had known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language regions we had known about
+for nearly 200 years from broca and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nearly 200 years from broca and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nearly 200 years from broca and
+Wernicke and others who had studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke and others who had studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wernicke and others who had studied
+patients with damage in those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with damage in those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with damage in those regions
+and noted that they had problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noted that they had problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noted that they had problems with
+language function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language function
+and similarly many people had reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly many people had reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly many people had reported
+that if you have damage up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have damage up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have damage up here in the
+parietal lobes you sometimes lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobes you sometimes lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobes you sometimes lose your
+ability to direct your attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to direct your attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to direct your attention to
+different places in the visual scene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the visual scene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the visual scene so
+that was approximately what was known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was approximately what was known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was approximately what was known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what we know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what we know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what we know now
+we now know thanks largely to functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know thanks largely to functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know thanks largely to functional
+MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI
+um that for dozens of regions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that for dozens of regions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that for dozens of regions in the
+brain in every one of you we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in every one of you we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in every one of you we have a
+pretty good idea of the function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea of the function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea of the function of that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+this is Major progress right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Major progress right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Major progress right this is a
+kind of rough sketch of the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rough sketch of the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rough sketch of the organization
+of the human mind and brain that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human mind and brain that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human mind and brain that we have
+now that we didn't have 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we didn't have 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we didn't have 20 years ago
+and that's awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's awesome
+um and so that is made possible a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that is made possible a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that is made possible a lot of
+progress building with other methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress building with other methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress building with other methods and
+so what we'll study in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll study in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll study in this course
+is we'll focus on those mental functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll focus on those mental functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll focus on those mental functions
+where the brain bases are best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brain bases are best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the brain bases are best
+understood okay and that will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood okay and that will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood okay and that will include
+things like the visual perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the visual perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the visual perception of
+color shape and motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color shape and motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color shape and motion
+visual recognition of faces places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual recognition of faces places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual recognition of faces places
+bodies and words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and words
+and scenes didn't make it on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scenes didn't make it on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scenes didn't make it on the slide
+oh yes it did perceiving scenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes it did perceiving scenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes it did perceiving scenes and
+navigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating
+understanding numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding numbers
+yes there's a whole lot about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a whole lot about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a whole lot about the brain
+basis of understanding numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of understanding numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of understanding numbers
+perceiving speech and perceiving music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving speech and perceiving music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving speech and perceiving music
+understanding language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding language
+understanding other people and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding other people and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding other people and their
+minds okay so those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds okay so those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds okay so those are the kinds of
+topics where there's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics where there's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics where there's been a lot of
+progress recently in understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress recently in understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress recently in understanding the
+brain basis of those mental functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis of those mental functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain basis of those mental functions
+and so those are the ones we'll focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are the ones we'll focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are the ones we'll focus on
+and that means there's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means there's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means there's going to be a lot
+on perception high level vision and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perception high level vision and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perception high level vision and high
+level audition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level audition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level audition
+um because you know that's one where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know that's one where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know that's one where a
+lot of progress has been made and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of progress has been made and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of progress has been made and it's
+also a lot of the cortex right as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of the cortex right as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of the cortex right as I
+mentioned a moment ago the whole back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a moment ago the whole back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a moment ago the whole back
+third of your brain does vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of your brain does vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of your brain does vision
+construed broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed broadly
+right and so some people might say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so some people might say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so some people might say why
+are she spending all this time in Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are she spending all this time in Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are she spending all this time in Vision
+well it's like a big part of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's like a big part of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's like a big part of what your
+brain does we are very visual animals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does we are very visual animals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does we are very visual animals so
+we'll spend a lot of time on vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and so for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and so for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and so for each of these
+functions we will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we will ask
+to what extent is this mental function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is this mental function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent is this mental function
+implemented in its own specialized brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in its own specialized brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in its own specialized brain
+machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery
+are there multiple different brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there multiple different brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there multiple different brain
+regions that carry out that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that carry out that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that carry out that function
+what does each one do is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does each one do is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does each one do is there a
+division of labor between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor between those
+different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions
+how does that system arise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that system arise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that system arise in
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+how does it does it have homologs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it does it have homologs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it does it have homologs in
+other species are these things uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species are these things uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species are these things uniquely
+human or which of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human or which of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human or which of them are
+and also along the way other side cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also along the way other side cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also along the way other side cool
+questions that will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that will come up
+what if anything is special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if anything is special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if anything is special about the
+human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain
+how come we are taking over and largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come we are taking over and largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come we are taking over and largely
+destroying the planet and other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the planet and other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the planet and other species
+are not right besides destroying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not right besides destroying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not right besides destroying the
+planet we're doing some other cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet we're doing some other cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet we're doing some other cool
+things like inventing science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like inventing science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like inventing science and
+engineering and medicine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and medicine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and medicine and
+architecture and poetry and literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and poetry and literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and poetry and literature
+and all these other and music all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other and music all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other and music all these
+other awesome things that other species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other awesome things that other species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other awesome things that other species
+aren't doing how come our brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing how come our brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't doing how come our brains are
+doing that and other species aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and other species aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and other species aren't
+where does knowledge come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does knowledge come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does knowledge come from
+you guys know all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know all this stuff
+how much of that stuff was wired in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that stuff was wired in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that stuff was wired in at
+Birth and how much of it did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth and how much of it did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth and how much of it did you get
+from experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how much can our minds and brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much can our minds and brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much can our minds and brains
+change over time can we go study a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time can we go study a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time can we go study a new
+thing and get a whole new brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and get a whole new brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and get a whole new brain region
+for that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can we change the basic structure just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the basic structure just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the basic structure just
+by training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training
+or after brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after brain damage
+can we think without language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think without language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think without language
+right how many of you have wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many of you have wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many of you have wondered
+about that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that question
+yeah really basic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really basic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah really basic question
+Anya's answering it Anya and some others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anya's answering it Anya and some others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anya's answering it Anya and some others
+but Anya's doing a lot to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Anya's doing a lot to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Anya's doing a lot to answer that
+question they're actually empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they're actually empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they're actually empirical
+answers to these long-standing deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these long-standing deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these long-standing deep
+questions that everyone wonders about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that everyone wonders about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that everyone wonders about
+that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+somebody back there asked a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody back there asked a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody back there asked a while ago
+about awareness can we think perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about awareness can we think perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about awareness can we think perceive
+understand without awareness how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand without awareness how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand without awareness how much
+can go on like in the basement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on like in the basement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on like in the basement of the
+brain when we don't even know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when we don't even know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain when we don't even know what's
+going on down there we'll consider all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on down there we'll consider all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on down there we'll consider all
+of these other cool questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other cool questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other cool questions
+okay there's a bunch of things we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a bunch of things we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a bunch of things we won't
+cover in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this course
+um for various reasons that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for various reasons that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for various reasons that could have
+been in here and just aren't there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in here and just aren't there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in here and just aren't there's
+only so much time motor control it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much time motor control it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so much time motor control it's
+really important to know how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to know how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to know how you do
+things like pick up objects and plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pick up objects and plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pick up objects and plan
+actions and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and um
+we're just not covering that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just not covering that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just not covering that something
+had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go
+um subcortical function all this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subcortical function all this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subcortical function all this is a
+very corticocentric course most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very corticocentric course most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very corticocentric course most of the
+course will deal with the cortex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will deal with the cortex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will deal with the cortex that's
+where most of conscious thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of conscious thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of conscious thinking and
+reasoning and cognition happens there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and cognition happens there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and cognition happens there's
+a lot of good stuff down in the basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good stuff down in the basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good stuff down in the basement
+of the brain and it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and it's going to get
+pretty short shrift okay not for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short shrift okay not for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty short shrift okay not for any
+good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason
+what it is decision making important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is decision making important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is decision making important
+field not getting much coverage in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field not getting much coverage in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field not getting much coverage in here
+importantly circuit level mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly circuit level mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly circuit level mechanisms
+explanations of cognition like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations of cognition like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations of cognition like if you
+think that we're going to understand not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're going to understand not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're going to understand not
+only what it means to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what it means to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what it means to understand the
+meaning of a sentence but that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a sentence but that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a sentence but that I'm going
+to give you a wiring diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a wiring diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a wiring diagram of the
+neurons that Implement that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that Implement that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that Implement that function
+sorry to be the bearer of bad news but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to be the bearer of bad news but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to be the bearer of bad news but
+nobody has a freaking clue how you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has a freaking clue how you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has a freaking clue how you could
+get a bunch of neurons to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of neurons to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bunch of neurons to understand the
+meaning of a sentence okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a sentence okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of a sentence okay so that's
+exciting that means there's a field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting that means there's a field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting that means there's a field for
+you guys to waltz into and probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to waltz into and probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to waltz into and probably in
+your lifetimes people will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lifetimes people will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lifetimes people will start to
+crack these things right but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack these things right but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack these things right but you know
+just to know what we're headed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to know what we're headed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to know what we're headed into
+rarely for almost no high level mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely for almost no high level mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely for almost no high level mental
+functions do we have anything like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions do we have anything like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions do we have anything like a
+wiring diagram level understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring diagram level understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring diagram level understanding of
+any perceptual or cognitive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any perceptual or cognitive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any perceptual or cognitive function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's not in the cards for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not in the cards for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not in the cards for this
+course because it doesn't exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because it doesn't exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because it doesn't exist in the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+um okay for that kind of thing there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay for that kind of thing there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay for that kind of thing there are
+cases where you can make progress you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you can make progress you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you can make progress you
+can understand say fear conditioning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand say fear conditioning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand say fear conditioning in
+a mouse like those circuits are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouse like those circuits are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mouse like those circuits are being
+like cracked wide open by people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cracked wide open by people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cracked wide open by people in this
+building people all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building people all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building people all around the world
+with spectacular Precision they know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spectacular Precision they know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spectacular Precision they know the
+specific classes of neurons their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific classes of neurons their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific classes of neurons their
+connectivity they know every damn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity they know every damn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity they know every damn thing
+about them but it's like you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but it's like you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but it's like you know how
+does a mouse learn that this thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a mouse learn that this thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a mouse learn that this thing is to
+be afraid of this thing okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be afraid of this thing okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be afraid of this thing okay that's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for more complex aspects of cognition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complex aspects of cognition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more complex aspects of cognition in
+humans we can't usually have that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we can't usually have that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we can't usually have that kind
+of circuit level understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit level understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit level understanding
+lots of other things that will get short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things that will get short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other things that will get short
+shrift memory not for any good reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrift memory not for any good reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrift memory not for any good reason I
+mean there's a lot of coverage of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a lot of coverage of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a lot of coverage of memory
+in 900 and 901
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 900 and 901
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 900 and 901
+and it's just somehow off a blind spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just somehow off a blind spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just somehow off a blind spot
+for understanding I've heard knowing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding I've heard knowing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding I've heard knowing how
+to talk interestingly about memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk interestingly about memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk interestingly about memory so
+I'm not going to give you a boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give you a boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to give you a boring
+lecture on memory instead I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on memory instead I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on memory instead I'm not going
+to give you any lecture on memory until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you any lecture on memory until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you any lecture on memory until
+I learn how to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn how to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn how to talk about it
+interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+reinforcement learning and reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning and reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning and reward
+systems I'm going to try to pull some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm going to try to pull some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm going to try to pull some of
+that in but it's not going to be a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in but it's not going to be a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in but it's not going to be a major
+Focus even though it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus even though it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus even though it's a really
+important part of cognition attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of cognition attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of cognition attention
+there might be some at the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some at the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some at the end okay
+um okay how many of you have taken 900.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how many of you have taken 900.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay how many of you have taken 900.
+okay looks like a little over a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay looks like a little over a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay looks like a little over a half
+okay how many have taken 901.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah a little over half okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a little over half okay good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a little over half okay good so
+um uh if you okay so if you have great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you okay so if you have great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you okay so if you have great
+good for you this course is designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you this course is designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you this course is designed for
+as a tier two course for people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tier two course for people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tier two course for people who have
+taken 900 or 901 if you haven't you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken 900 or 901 if you haven't you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken 900 or 901 if you haven't you're
+probably okay but you might need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay but you might need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay but you might need to do a
+little extra work and so I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra work and so I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra work and so I've already
+posted online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted online
+uh and in the syllabus information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the syllabus information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the syllabus information about
+actually a lecture I gave a year ago on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lecture I gave a year ago on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lecture I gave a year ago on
+some of the background stuff that is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the background stuff that is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the background stuff that is no
+longer taught in this course people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer taught in this course people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer taught in this course people
+hated it when I taught them stuff they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hated it when I taught them stuff they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hated it when I taught them stuff they'd
+already encountered before so I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already encountered before so I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already encountered before so I'm trying
+to minimize that uh and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that uh and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that uh and so that's a
+backup for those of you who haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup for those of you who haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup for those of you who haven't
+taken these courses if you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken these courses if you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken these courses if you're worried
+about this chat with me afterwards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this chat with me afterwards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this chat with me afterwards I
+think it will be okay just count on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will be okay just count on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will be okay just count on
+doing a little bit of extra work not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little bit of extra work not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little bit of extra work not
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay for those of us you have who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay for those of us you have who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay for those of us you have who
+have taken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken it
+um there's going to be a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's going to be a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's going to be a little bit of
+overlap it's simply impossible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap it's simply impossible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap it's simply impossible to have
+zero overlap I mean what does John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero overlap I mean what does John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero overlap I mean what does John
+gabrielli and 900 and Mark bear and 901
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli and 900 and Mark bear and 901
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli and 900 and Mark bear and 901
+do they survey the whole broad field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they survey the whole broad field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they survey the whole broad field and
+they pick the coolest stuff out of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick the coolest stuff out of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick the coolest stuff out of every
+little bit and they teach it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and they teach it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and they teach it to you
+exactly as they should but that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as they should but that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as they should but that means
+that when I come along and try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I come along and try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I come along and try to say
+I'm going to do a more intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a more intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a more intensive
+coverage of the coolest things there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the coolest things there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the coolest things there's
+going to be a teeny bit of overlap but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a teeny bit of overlap but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a teeny bit of overlap but
+I'll try to not make it too much okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to not make it too much okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to not make it too much okay
+just because the coolest stuff is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the coolest stuff is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the coolest stuff is the
+coolest stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest stuff right
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+also the spin and the goals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the spin and the goals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the spin and the goals of this
+course are quite different from both 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are quite different from both 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are quite different from both 900
+and 901
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 901
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 901
+you will have to memorize a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to memorize a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have to memorize a few things
+but not much my real goal in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much my real goal in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much my real goal in this course
+is to have you understand things not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have you understand things not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have you understand things not
+memorize a sea of disjointed facts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a sea of disjointed facts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize a sea of disjointed facts okay
+so a little more on the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little more on the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little more on the goals
+really what I want you to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I want you to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what I want you to get out of
+this course is to appreciate the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is to appreciate the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is to appreciate the big
+questions in the field and what is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the field and what is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the field and what is at
+stake theoretically in each okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake theoretically in each okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake theoretically in each okay
+um I want you to understand the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want you to understand the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want you to understand the methods
+in human cognitive Neuroscience what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human cognitive Neuroscience what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human cognitive Neuroscience what
+each one can tell you what it can't how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one can tell you what it can't how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one can tell you what it can't how
+different combinations of methods can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of methods can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of methods can
+work synergistically and complementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work synergistically and complementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work synergistically and complementally
+to answer different facets of a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer different facets of a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer different facets of a question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I do want you to gain some actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want you to gain some actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want you to gain some actual
+knowledge about some of the domains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about some of the domains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about some of the domains of
+cognition where we've learned a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition where we've learned a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition where we've learned a bunch
+both at the cognitive level and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the cognitive level and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the cognitive level and the
+Brain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brain level
+things like face recognition navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like face recognition navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like face recognition navigation
+language understanding music stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language understanding music stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language understanding music stuff like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and crucially I want you guys to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crucially I want you guys to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crucially I want you guys to be able
+to read current papers in the field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read current papers in the field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read current papers in the field so
+if you look in the syllabus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the syllabus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the syllabus the first
+few papers are like 20 years old but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few papers are like 20 years old but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few papers are like 20 years old but
+it's going to accelerate quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to accelerate quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to accelerate quickly and
+you'll be reading papers I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be reading papers I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be reading papers I'm trying to
+choose mostly papers published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose mostly papers published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose mostly papers published in the
+last year or two okay I'm trying to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year or two okay I'm trying to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year or two okay I'm trying to take
+you straight to The Cutting Edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you straight to The Cutting Edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you straight to The Cutting Edge of the
+field okay yeah part of the people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay yeah part of the people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay yeah part of the people is
+that people straight out of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people straight out of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people straight out of research
+Labs or are they going to be like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs or are they going to be like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs or are they going to be like their
+annual meeting nope straight out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting nope straight out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting nope straight out of
+research Labs you're going to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Labs you're going to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Labs you're going to read the
+real deal not someone else's uh blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real deal not someone else's uh blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real deal not someone else's uh blurry
+just they just read the abstracts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they just read the abstracts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they just read the abstracts and
+put in some stuff in the review article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some stuff in the review article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some stuff in the review article
+no you're going to read the actual paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're going to read the actual paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're going to read the actual paper
+that's the whole deal yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole deal yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole deal yep
+um okay so those are the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so those are the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so those are the goals
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+a few things why no textbook this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things why no textbook this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things why no textbook this field
+is moving too fast for a textbook plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving too fast for a textbook plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving too fast for a textbook plus I
+have strong opinions and I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong opinions and I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strong opinions and I don't like
+any of the textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the textbooks
+um so any textbook is out of date we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so any textbook is out of date we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so any textbook is out of date we're
+going to be reading hot stuff that's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading hot stuff that's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading hot stuff that's hot
+off the press and so there's no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the press and so there's no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the press and so there's no that's
+not in the textbooks yet and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the textbooks yet and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the textbooks yet and so we're
+skipping that and you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping that and you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping that and you're going to go
+straight to original research article so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to original research article so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to original research article so
+we'll be occasional review articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be occasional review articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be occasional review articles
+where relevant but mostly part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where relevant but mostly part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where relevant but mostly part of the
+agenda of this course is to teach you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda of this course is to teach you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda of this course is to teach you to
+be not afraid of and able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not afraid of and able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not afraid of and able to read
+current articles in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current articles in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current articles in the field
+all right you've all been waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you've all been waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you've all been waiting for
+this okay details on the grading pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay details on the grading pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay details on the grading pretty
+standard midterm 25 of the class of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard midterm 25 of the class of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard midterm 25 of the class of the
+grade final 25 it will be cumulative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade final 25 it will be cumulative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade final 25 it will be cumulative but
+weighted toward the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted toward the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted toward the second half
+um there's going to be a lot of reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's going to be a lot of reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's going to be a lot of reading
+and writing assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing assignments
+approximately uh two papers to read per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh two papers to read per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately uh two papers to read per
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+um and for usually one of those papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for usually one of those papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for usually one of those papers
+per week you will have a very short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week you will have a very short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week you will have a very short uh
+written assignment in which usually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written assignment in which usually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written assignment in which usually I
+ask a few simple questions and maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a few simple questions and maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a few simple questions and maybe one
+like paragraph level think question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paragraph level think question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paragraph level think question
+um the essence of these tasks is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the essence of these tasks is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the essence of these tasks is not the
+written resignment itself the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written resignment itself the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written resignment itself the essence of
+the task is to understand the paper if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task is to understand the paper if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task is to understand the paper if
+you've understood the paper as you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've understood the paper as you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've understood the paper as you read
+it then you should be able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you should be able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you should be able to answer
+those questions pretty straightforwardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions pretty straightforwardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions pretty straightforwardly
+um and let me just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me just say that
+understanding a scientific paper is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a scientific paper is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a scientific paper is not
+trivial when I read a scientific paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial when I read a scientific paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial when I read a scientific paper
+right in my area where I have all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in my area where I have all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in my area where I have all of the
+background it takes me hours hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background it takes me hours hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background it takes me hours hours
+it may be five pages it still takes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be five pages it still takes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be five pages it still takes me
+hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours
+it's just how it is so when I assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just how it is so when I assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just how it is so when I assign a
+paper and you say this oh it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and you say this oh it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and you say this oh it's only
+three pages you know I can I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pages you know I can I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pages you know I can I could do
+that in 20 minutes oh no you can't no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 20 minutes oh no you can't no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 20 minutes oh no you can't no
+you can't right and that's part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't right and that's part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't right and that's part of what
+I want you learn to learn how to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you learn to learn how to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you learn to learn how to do is
+how to like really read and understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to like really read and understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to like really read and understand a
+scientific paper allocate the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific paper allocate the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific paper allocate the time it
+takes to really get it okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to really get it okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to really get it okay so that's a
+big part of the agenda in this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the agenda in this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the agenda in this task
+okay all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all the stuff
+um the assignments and the submission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the assignments and the submission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the assignments and the submission of
+the assignments will all happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments will all happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments will all happen on
+Stellar your first written response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar your first written response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar your first written response to a
+paper is due February 12th at 6 pm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is due February 12th at 6 pm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is due February 12th at 6 pm on
+Stellar but there are other readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar but there are other readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar but there are other readings
+that are assigned before that a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are assigned before that a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are assigned before that a note
+about the schedule I struggled a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the schedule I struggled a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the schedule I struggled a lot
+trying to both have the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to both have the assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to both have the assignments
+happen when you had already learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you had already learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you had already learned
+enough in lectures to know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in lectures to know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in lectures to know how to do it
+but have it close enough to the topic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have it close enough to the topic at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have it close enough to the topic at
+hand so it didn't seem like no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so it didn't seem like no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so it didn't seem like no longer
+relevant that's hard to do both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant that's hard to do both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant that's hard to do both of those
+things so the compromise is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the compromise is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the compromise is all of the
+assignments are due at 6 PM the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments are due at 6 PM the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments are due at 6 PM the night
+before the class in which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class in which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the class in which they're
+assigned and so if you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and so if you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and so if you see that it's
+assigned you know on the 13th if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned you know on the 13th if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned you know on the 13th if it's
+listed on the lecture for the 13th check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the lecture for the 13th check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed on the lecture for the 13th check
+carefully it's probably due the night of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it's probably due the night of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it's probably due the night of
+the I'm getting this wrong the 12th the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm getting this wrong the 12th the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm getting this wrong the 12th the
+night before and that's so that we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before and that's so that we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before and that's so that we and
+the Tas can look at it figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas can look at it figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tas can look at it figure out what
+you understood what you didn't and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood what you didn't and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood what you didn't and how
+to incorporate and explain whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate and explain whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incorporate and explain whatever you
+didn't get in the next lecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get in the next lecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get in the next lecture okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um quizzes I haven't done this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quizzes I haven't done this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quizzes I haven't done this before
+new thing I'm going to try uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing I'm going to try uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing I'm going to try uh they're
+going to be about eight of these they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about eight of these they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about eight of these they're
+going to be very brief they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very brief they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very brief they're going to
+happen at the end of class in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the end of class in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the end of class in class and
+you will do them on your computer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do them on your computer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do them on your computer or
+your iPhone using Google forms if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your iPhone using Google forms if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your iPhone using Google forms if
+anybody doesn't have a computer or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody doesn't have a computer or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody doesn't have a computer or an
+iPhone they can bring to class the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone they can bring to class the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone they can bring to class the days
+of those quizzes let us know after class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quizzes let us know after class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quizzes let us know after class
+and we'll come up with a solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come up with a solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come up with a solution okay
+and the idea of these is not to fish out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of these is not to fish out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea of these is not to fish out
+an obscure fact that was in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obscure fact that was in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obscure fact that was in one of the
+reading assignments and you know ding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments and you know ding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignments and you know ding
+you on it like I'm not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on it like I'm not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on it like I'm not interested in
+that the the goal of this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the goal of this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the goal of this is just to
+keep you up to date keep you doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you up to date keep you doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you up to date keep you doing the
+readings keep you up with the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings keep you up with the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings keep you up with the material
+and if you basically are understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you basically are understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you basically are understanding
+what you're reading and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're reading and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're reading and understanding
+the lecture material maybe you glance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture material maybe you glance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture material maybe you glance at
+it briefly before you should do fine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly before you should do fine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly before you should do fine on
+the quizzes they're just kind of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quizzes they're just kind of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quizzes they're just kind of reality
+checks right for us to know what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks right for us to know what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks right for us to know what people
+are getting and not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting and not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting and not okay
+uh okay first quiz is February 20th uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay first quiz is February 20th uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay first quiz is February 20th uh
+blah blah there is one longer written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah there is one longer written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah there is one longer written
+assignment that is not due with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that is not due with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that is not due with the
+usual schedule of all the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual schedule of all the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual schedule of all the other things
+it's due near the end and in that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due near the end and in that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due near the end and in that one
+you will actually design an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will actually design an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will actually design an experiment
+in a particular area and that will be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular area and that will be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular area and that will be I
+don't know yet three to five pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet three to five pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yet three to five pages
+something like that we'll give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we'll give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we'll give you more
+details on exactly how you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on exactly how you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on exactly how you want to
+organize this and it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize this and it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize this and it will be very
+specific like State your exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific like State your exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific like State your exact
+hypothesis State your exact experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis State your exact experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis State your exact experimental
+design Etc and you'll get practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design Etc and you'll get practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design Etc and you'll get practice with
+those things in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things in advance
+all right so those are the grading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the grading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the grading and
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+um and this is the um you have this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the um you have this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the um you have this all
+in the syllabus in front of you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus in front of you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus in front of you this is
+the lineup of topics but very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lineup of topics but very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lineup of topics but very briefly
+let me try to give you the Arc of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to give you the Arc of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to give you the Arc of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+um so this is the introduction next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the introduction next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the introduction next time
+we're going to do just a teeny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do just a teeny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do just a teeny bit of
+neuroanatomy there will be a teeny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy there will be a teeny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy there will be a teeny bit
+of overlap with 900 and 901 there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overlap with 900 and 901 there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overlap with 900 and 901 there I'm
+going to whip through it in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to whip through it in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to whip through it in very
+superficial form I'm doing that largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial form I'm doing that largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial form I'm doing that largely
+because on the following class we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on the following class we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on the following class we have
+an amazing privilege which is at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing privilege which is at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing privilege which is at one of
+the greatest neuroscientists alive today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest neuroscientists alive today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest neuroscientists alive today
+and Graybill will be doing an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Graybill will be doing an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Graybill will be doing an actual
+brain dissection right here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dissection right here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain dissection right here in this
+class right in front of you it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right in front of you it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right in front of you it's going
+to be awesome I can't wait it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be awesome I can't wait it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be awesome I can't wait it's an
+incredible privilege it will be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible privilege it will be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible privilege it will be a real
+human brain and you guys will be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain and you guys will be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain and you guys will be and
+will be here with all her apparatus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here with all her apparatus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here with all her apparatus and
+you guys will be clustered around and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys will be clustered around and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys will be clustered around and if
+it's this many God help us but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this many God help us but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this many God help us but we'll
+figure out how to make it work I may let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make it work I may let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to make it work I may let
+me just say if there are listeners in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say if there are listeners in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say if there are listeners in
+here I may have to tell listeners they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I may have to tell listeners they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I may have to tell listeners they
+can't come because very sensitive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come because very sensitive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come because very sensitive about
+not having too many people so stay tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having too many people so stay tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having too many people so stay tuned
+on that I haven't quite decided yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that I haven't quite decided yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that I haven't quite decided yet
+depends how many people are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how many people are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how many people are taking
+um but it's going to be amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's going to be amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's going to be amazing
+and I want to remind you of just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to remind you of just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to remind you of just some
+Basics so you're not asking her like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics so you're not asking her like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics so you're not asking her like
+what is the hippocampus okay so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hippocampus okay so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hippocampus okay so I know
+you I know you should all know that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know you should all know that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I know you should all know that but
+we'll just do bear basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do bear basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do bear basics
+um okay and then we'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and then we'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and then we'll have the
+dissection that will be great and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection that will be great and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection that will be great and also
+another thing to say is I mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to say is I mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to say is I mentioned that
+the subcortical regions are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subcortical regions are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subcortical regions are going to get
+short shrift in this class that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short shrift in this class that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short shrift in this class that's true
+um but a lot of what you see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a lot of what you see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a lot of what you see in a
+dissection is a subcortical stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection is a subcortical stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection is a subcortical stuff right
+cortex is great but it kind of all looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is great but it kind of all looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is great but it kind of all looks
+the same you kind of can't say oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you kind of can't say oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you kind of can't say oh that's
+the this region that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this region that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this region that's the other
+Regional you can but it doesn't look any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional you can but it doesn't look any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional you can but it doesn't look any
+different from any other region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any other region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from any other region
+so um so that's where the subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so that's where the subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so that's where the subcortical
+stuff will happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will happen okay
+okay uh so then I'm going to do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so then I'm going to do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so then I'm going to do a couple
+of lectures that focus on High level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures that focus on High level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures that focus on High level
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+perceiving motion and color and shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving motion and color and shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving motion and color and shape
+and faces and scenes and bodies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faces and scenes and bodies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faces and scenes and bodies and
+stuff like that and we will use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and we will use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and we will use those
+both to teach you that content and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to teach you that content and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to teach you that content and also
+to teach you the you know vast array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you the you know vast array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach you the you know vast array of
+methods in this field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in this field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in this field okay
+we will then have a lecture on the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will then have a lecture on the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will then have a lecture on the kind
+of debates about the organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debates about the organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debates about the organization of
+visual cortex in humans I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex in humans I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex in humans I have a
+particular view I'm I'm very fond of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular view I'm I'm very fond of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular view I'm I'm very fond of
+views that some patches of Cortex are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that some patches of Cortex are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that some patches of Cortex are
+very very functionally specific not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very functionally specific not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very functionally specific not
+everyone believes that so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone believes that so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone believes that so I have
+assigned readings of people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned readings of people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned readings of people who have
+different views we will consider that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views we will consider that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views we will consider that I
+will try to expose you to the alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to expose you to the alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to expose you to the alternate
+views and tell you why I'm teaching why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and tell you why I'm teaching why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and tell you why I'm teaching why
+I still believe mine but why other smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still believe mine but why other smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still believe mine but why other smart
+people believe different things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe different things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe different things right
+okay we will then move up the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will then move up the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we will then move up the system
+from perception and we will spend two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perception and we will spend two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perception and we will spend two
+meetings talking about scene perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings talking about scene perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings talking about scene perception
+and navigation you've got a hint about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and navigation you've got a hint about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and navigation you've got a hint about
+what an interesting area this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an interesting area this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an interesting area this is from
+the story of Bob we'll consider more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of Bob we'll consider more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of Bob we'll consider more
+what we've learned from studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned from studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned from studies of
+patients with brain damage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with brain damage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with brain damage from
+functional MRI from physiology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional MRI from physiology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional MRI from physiology and
+animals from cognitive science from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals from cognitive science from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals from cognitive science from the
+whole glorious menagerie of methods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole glorious menagerie of methods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole glorious menagerie of methods to
+understand navigation it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand navigation it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand navigation it's a it's a
+really fascinating area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating area
+the in the two lectures after that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the two lectures after that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the two lectures after that we'll
+consider development how do you wire up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider development how do you wire up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider development how do you wire up
+a brain how much is present at birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brain how much is present at birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brain how much is present at birth
+what is specified in the genes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is specified in the genes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is specified in the genes what is
+learned and a lot of that will focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and a lot of that will focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and a lot of that will focus on
+the navigation system and the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navigation system and the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the navigation system and the face
+system simply because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system simply because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system simply because that's where
+there's a lot known right we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot known right we'll consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot known right we'll consider
+some other things but those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things but those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things but those are two
+areas where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where there's
+super exciting work from just the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting work from just the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super exciting work from just the last
+three or four years and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four years and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four years and so that's what
+we'll focus on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll focus on there
+I'm then going to do a lecture on brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then going to do a lecture on brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then going to do a lecture on brains
+in blind people how are they different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blind people how are they different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blind people how are they different
+how are they the same what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they the same what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they the same what does that
+tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us
+and then you have the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the midterm
+then we're going to move on and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to move on and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to move on and consider
+number how do you like instantly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how do you like instantly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how do you like instantly know
+that that's three fingers and that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's three fingers and that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's three fingers and that's two
+without having to do anything all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do anything all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do anything all that
+complicated and if I had 25 fingers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and if I had 25 fingers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and if I had 25 fingers and
+held them up you would immediately get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held them up you would immediately get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held them up you would immediately get a
+sense that it was about 25 you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it was about 25 you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it was about 25 you might not
+know if it was 22 or 28 but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it was 22 or 28 but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it was 22 or 28 but you would
+know it was about 25 and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was about 25 and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was about 25 and there are
+particular brain regions that compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brain regions that compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brain regions that compute
+that for you and we will consider all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you and we will consider all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you and we will consider all of
+that and there's a very rich array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's a very rich array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's a very rich array of
+information from studies of infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from studies of infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from studies of infant
+cognition from animal behavior from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition from animal behavior from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition from animal behavior from
+brain Imaging from brain damage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Imaging from brain damage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain Imaging from brain damage from
+single unit physiology and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit physiology and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit physiology and from
+computation all of which inform our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all of which inform our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all of which inform our
+understanding of number those are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of number those are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of number those are my
+favorite lectures so we can take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite lectures so we can take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite lectures so we can take one
+domain of cognition and inform it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of cognition and inform it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of cognition and inform it with
+like all of the methods and numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of the methods and numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of the methods and numbers are
+really great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great example
+uh then we'll talk a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'll talk a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'll talk a little bit about uh
+well one of my Tas said call it neuro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of my Tas said call it neuro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of my Tas said call it neuro
+economics it will sound good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it will sound good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it will sound good but
+actually what I'm going to try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I'm going to try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I'm going to try to do is
+sort of neuroeconomics but it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neuroeconomics but it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neuroeconomics but it will be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+uh Pleasure and Pain and reward and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pleasure and Pain and reward and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pleasure and Pain and reward and how
+we think about those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about those things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and then that's down to April 3rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that's down to April 3rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that's down to April 3rd
+just as a side note all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a side note all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a side note all of these things
+are things that are pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are pretty similar
+between humans and at least primates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between humans and at least primates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between humans and at least primates and
+some of them are shared with rodents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are shared with rodents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are shared with rodents
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and most of the things after that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the things after that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the things after that are
+things that are really uniquely human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really uniquely human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really uniquely human
+okay so we'll be really moving away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll be really moving away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll be really moving away with
+less available animal literature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less available animal literature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less available animal literature to
+inform the stuff we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the stuff we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the stuff we're looking at
+because animals can't do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because animals can't do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because animals can't do these things
+and so necessarily far from the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so necessarily far from the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so necessarily far from the details
+of individual neurons in circuits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual neurons in circuits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual neurons in circuits but
+there's still Lots cool that can be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still Lots cool that can be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still Lots cool that can be said
+about how you understand speech how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you understand speech how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you understand speech how you
+appreciate music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate music
+there will be a guest lecture just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a guest lecture just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a guest lecture just for
+fun on brain machine interface by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun on brain machine interface by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun on brain machine interface by
+Michael Cohen who's working in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Cohen who's working in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Cohen who's working in my lab
+now and who has a great lecture on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and who has a great lecture on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and who has a great lecture on this
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+and then we'll spend a couple lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll spend a couple lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll spend a couple lectures
+on language how you understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language how you understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language how you understand and
+produce language and what the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce language and what the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce language and what the relevant
+brain regions are what we know about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain regions are what we know about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain regions are what we know about it
+from cognition and lots of other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cognition and lots of other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cognition and lots of other methods
+and what the relationship is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the relationship is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the relationship is between
+language and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and thought
+then we'll think about how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll think about how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll think about how we think
+about other people this is called theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people this is called theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people this is called theory
+of Mind how I can look out at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mind how I can look out at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mind how I can look out at this
+lecture and try to evaluate from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and try to evaluate from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and try to evaluate from your
+facial expression are they bored sleepy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expression are they bored sleepy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expression are they bored sleepy
+overworked fascinated excited all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworked fascinated excited all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overworked fascinated excited all of
+this kind of stuff that all of us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff that all of us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff that all of us do
+moment to moment in any conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to moment in any conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to moment in any conversation and
+that you know yes lectures are doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know yes lectures are doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know yes lectures are doing all
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+even if I know that you guys have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I know that you guys have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I know that you guys have too
+much work and that's why you're sleepy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work and that's why you're sleepy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work and that's why you're sleepy
+and I shouldn't take it personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I shouldn't take it personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I shouldn't take it personally
+um I'm still noticing anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm still noticing anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm still noticing anyway
+then we'll go on and consider brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go on and consider brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go on and consider brain
+networks right so of course brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks right so of course brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks right so of course brain
+function doesn't happen in just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't happen in just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't happen in just a single
+region even if we spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region even if we spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region even if we spend a lot of time
+studying individual regions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying individual regions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying individual regions there's
+considerable work trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable work trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable work trying to figure out
+which sets of regions work together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sets of regions work together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sets of regions work together and
+how could we discover that and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we discover that and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we discover that and what are
+those broader networks of brain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those broader networks of brain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those broader networks of brain regions
+and then on May 6 you will have turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on May 6 you will have turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on May 6 you will have turned
+in your longer written assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your longer written assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your longer written assignment
+designing your own experiment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your own experiment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your own experiment and then
+it makes on May 6 we will work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes on May 6 we will work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes on May 6 we will work together
+in groups to refine those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in groups to refine those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in groups to refine those experiments
+and really hash out the details so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really hash out the details so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really hash out the details so you
+actually know how to design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know how to design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know how to design an
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um and then we will have this guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we will have this guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we will have this guest
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+from my postdoc katharina Dobbs on deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my postdoc katharina Dobbs on deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my postdoc katharina Dobbs on deep
+Nets and what they can tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets and what they can tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets and what they can tell us about
+cognition and brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and brains
+and then we'll talk about attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about attention
+awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+and then I'm not totally sure what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm not totally sure what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm not totally sure what we're
+gonna do in the last class but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do in the last class but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do in the last class but what I'm
+voting for is that the amazing Tas each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting for is that the amazing Tas each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting for is that the amazing Tas each
+give a short talk on the cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a short talk on the cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a short talk on the cool stuff
+they're doing but that's under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing but that's under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing but that's under
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+okay that's the Arc of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the Arc of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the Arc of the class
+um questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great well if I have five more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well if I have five more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well if I have five more minutes
+maybe I'll do one other little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do one other little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do one other little thing
+let me try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try this
+um you asked I'm gonna try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you asked I'm gonna try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you asked I'm gonna try to learn
+everybody's names but I'm not doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's names but I'm not doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's names but I'm not doing that
+yet because some of you might not show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because some of you might not show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet because some of you might not show
+up and I will have wasted a whole piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I will have wasted a whole piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and I will have wasted a whole piece
+of my brain encoding it out just kidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my brain encoding it out just kidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my brain encoding it out just kidding
+um uh but um anyway I remember that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but um anyway I remember that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but um anyway I remember that you
+asked like you know gonna read current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked like you know gonna read current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked like you know gonna read current
+papers yes it is and you're right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers yes it is and you're right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers yes it is and you're right it's a
+it's daunting but let me just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's daunting but let me just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's daunting but let me just say a
+little bit about how to read papers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how to read papers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how to read papers this
+is not a stats course and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a stats course and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a stats course and we haven't
+prerequisite prerequisited stats neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite prerequisited stats neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite prerequisited stats neither
+is is it a course on the physics of MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it a course on the physics of MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it a course on the physics of MRI
+so there will be parts of every MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be parts of every MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be parts of every MRI
+paper that have a lot of gobbledygook we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that have a lot of gobbledygook we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that have a lot of gobbledygook we
+scanned with this scanning procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned with this scanning procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned with this scanning procedure
+right you know we use this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know we use this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know we use this kind of
+scanner and this kind of blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and this kind of blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and this kind of blah blah blah
+lots of gobbledygook you guys don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of gobbledygook you guys don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of gobbledygook you guys don't need
+to worry about that about the stats it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that about the stats it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that about the stats it's
+kind of a judgment call everyone in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a judgment call everyone in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a judgment call everyone in here
+should have an idea of what a p level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an idea of what a p level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an idea of what a p level
+means and I hope a sense of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and I hope a sense of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and I hope a sense of what a
+t-test is and an anova if you don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-test is and an anova if you don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-test is and an anova if you don't I
+should probably tell you that offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably tell you that offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably tell you that offline
+because that's you know pretty basic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's you know pretty basic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's you know pretty basic but
+be and what a correlation is beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and what a correlation is beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and what a correlation is beyond that
+just use your intuitions about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use your intuitions about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use your intuitions about those
+things and we and this is not a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we and this is not a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we and this is not a course
+about understanding the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding the details of the
+stats in each experiment there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats in each experiment there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats in each experiment there just
+isn't room to cover all that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't room to cover all that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't room to cover all that in the
+substance of the studies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of the studies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of the studies as well
+so when you read a paper for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you read a paper for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you read a paper for example
+here's a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a paper
+a very old paper you come across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old paper you come across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old paper you come across this
+and it's like okay here are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like okay here are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like okay here are all these
+words like I know it goes on for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like I know it goes on for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like I know it goes on for 20
+pages and like how do you even dig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and like how do you even dig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and like how do you even dig in
+well way to dig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well way to dig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well way to dig in
+is to start by saying what question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start by saying what question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start by saying what question is
+being asked in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked in this paper
+if the paper is Well written you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the paper is Well written you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the paper is Well written you'll be
+able to find that in the abstract blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find that in the abstract blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find that in the abstract blah
+blah blah to study the effect of face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah to study the effect of face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah to study the effect of face
+inversion on the human fusiform face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion on the human fusiform face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion on the human fusiform face
+area okay we'll talk about that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay we'll talk about that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay we'll talk about that more
+later but if you fish through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but if you fish through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but if you fish through the
+abstract you should be able to find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract you should be able to find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract you should be able to find what
+questions being asked and it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions being asked and it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions being asked and it's the first
+thing you should figure out about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should figure out about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should figure out about a
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you don't necessarily read a paper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily read a paper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily read a paper you
+know start to be beginning through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know start to be beginning through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know start to be beginning through the
+end I think it's better to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I think it's better to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I think it's better to start with
+this list of questions in your head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of questions in your head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of questions in your head and
+look for the answers to those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the answers to those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the answers to those questions
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+second question what do they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question what do they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question what do they find
+if the abstract is Well written you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the abstract is Well written you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the abstract is Well written you can
+find that in the abstract as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that in the abstract as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that in the abstract as well
+signal intensity from the fusiform face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal intensity from the fusiform face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal intensity from the fusiform face
+area was reduced when grayscale faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area was reduced when grayscale faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area was reduced when grayscale faces
+were presented upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were presented upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were presented upside down
+okay kind of boring but there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of boring but there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of boring but there it is
+that's a finding this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a finding this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a finding this paper
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what is the interpretation like in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the interpretation like in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the interpretation like in other
+words who cares like why who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words who cares like why who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words who cares like why who you know
+who cares about this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares about this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares about this okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you look in here in the abstract FFA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in here in the abstract FFA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in here in the abstract FFA
+responds to faces per se rather than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to faces per se rather than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to faces per se rather than to
+the low level features present in faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low level features present in faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low level features present in faces
+okay we'll talk more about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk more about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk more about what that
+means you guys have an assignment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you guys have an assignment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you guys have an assignment about
+that probably several assignments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably several assignments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably several assignments about
+that kind of question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of question okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+next question you want to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question you want to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question you want to ask yourself
+is what is the design of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the design of this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the design of this experiment
+often for this you have to go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for this you have to go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for this you have to go beyond the
+abstract and I should say for even these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and I should say for even these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and I should say for even these
+ques these earlier questions sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques these earlier questions sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques these earlier questions sometimes
+you won't find them in the abstract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't find them in the abstract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't find them in the abstract that
+just means the abstract is not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means the abstract is not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means the abstract is not well
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+but that exists okay to get the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that exists okay to get the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that exists okay to get the design
+like what exactly did they do usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what exactly did they do usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what exactly did they do usually
+you have to fit and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fit and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fit and you know what
+exactly was done and how were the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly was done and how were the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly was done and how were the data
+analyzed you need to fish farther you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed you need to fish farther you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed you need to fish farther you
+need to fish around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fish around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fish around
+um other parts of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other parts of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other parts of the paper
+and of course all of those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all of those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all of those questions
+okay so I just said okay what question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just said okay what question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just said okay what question
+and we just I circled this part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just I circled this part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just I circled this part but
+there are many levels to what question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many levels to what question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many levels to what question
+so you can get more on you know why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get more on you know why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get more on you know why why
+is that inverted question important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that inverted question important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that inverted question important you
+look through usually in the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through usually in the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through usually in the introduction
+to the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the paper
+does the FFA respond to faces per se or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the FFA respond to faces per se or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the FFA respond to faces per se or
+to a confounding visual feature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a confounding visual feature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a confounding visual feature which
+tends to be present in faces second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be present in faces second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be present in faces second is
+it true that inverted vases cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it true that inverted vases cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it true that inverted vases cannot
+engage face specific mechanisms blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage face specific mechanisms blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage face specific mechanisms blah
+blah blah so that gives you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah so that gives you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah so that gives you a little
+more background on what the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more background on what the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more background on what the question is
+right there are different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are different levels of
+depth okay so these are all things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth okay so these are all things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth okay so these are all things you
+want to be looking for when you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be looking for when you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be looking for when you read a
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+what exactly was done we measured MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly was done we measured MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly was done we measured MRI
+responses in the FFA to Upright inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses in the FFA to Upright inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses in the FFA to Upright inverted
+phases right I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right I don't expect you to
+understand all this is you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all this is you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all this is you're just
+giving you schematically how you proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you schematically how you proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you schematically how you proceed
+when you're reading a paper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading a paper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading a paper okay
+um more on the interpretation or who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more on the interpretation or who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more on the interpretation or who
+cares right this result would show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares right this result would show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares right this result would show that
+face-specific mechanisms are engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-specific mechanisms are engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face-specific mechanisms are engaged
+only or predominantly by upright faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only or predominantly by upright faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only or predominantly by upright faces
+blah blah blah right you can fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah right you can fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah right you can fish
+through for those things point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for those things point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for those things point is to
+have those questions in your head when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those questions in your head when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those questions in your head when
+you read a paper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read a paper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read a paper okay
+it's much it's much more easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much it's much more easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much it's much more easy and
+engaging to read something if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging to read something if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging to read something if you have
+an agenda when you read it and so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agenda when you read it and so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agenda when you read it and so your
+agenda in Reading scientific papers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda in Reading scientific papers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda in Reading scientific papers is
+to answer those questions for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer those questions for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer those questions for yourself
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh uh more stuff what was the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh more stuff what was the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh more stuff what was the design and
+logic often that's deep in the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic often that's deep in the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic often that's deep in the methods
+you have to fish around and find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fish around and find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fish around and find it
+there will be some set of conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some set of conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be some set of conditions and
+Designs we'll talk more about all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designs we'll talk more about all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designs we'll talk more about all this
+kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff
+what exactly was done you know blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly was done you know blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly was done you know blah blah
+more details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is my example of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is my example of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is my example of the kind
+of gobbledygook that you can ignore okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gobbledygook that you can ignore okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gobbledygook that you can ignore okay
+so subjects were scanned on a one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subjects were scanned on a one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subjects were scanned on a one and a
+half T scanner and they're all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half T scanner and they're all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half T scanner and they're all these
+like this here's the example of God said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's the example of God said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this here's the example of God said
+gobbledygook you can ignore this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gobbledygook you can ignore this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gobbledygook you can ignore this in this
+class right every method will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right every method will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right every method will have
+different kinds of gobbledygook this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of gobbledygook this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of gobbledygook this is
+MRI gobbledygook you can ignore it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI gobbledygook you can ignore it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI gobbledygook you can ignore it okay
+uh I'm it matters a lot but not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm it matters a lot but not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm it matters a lot but not here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh what else how are the data analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else how are the data analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else how are the data analyzed
+if you look in the um you know sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the um you know sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in the um you know sometimes
+there's a data analysis section or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data analysis section or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a data analysis section or a
+result section or a method section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result section or a method section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result section or a method section that
+will tell you you can find that figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you you can find that figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you you can find that figure
+it out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out okay
+um what was the finding here's more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the finding here's more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the finding here's more on
+the finding again you just fish through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finding again you just fish through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finding again you just fish through
+for these things so the point is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things so the point is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things so the point is just
+when you're reading a paper you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading a paper you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading a paper you don't
+it's not necessarily I think what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily I think what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily I think what I do
+is I read the title I read the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I read the title I read the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I read the title I read the abstract
+and then I start answering those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I start answering those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I start answering those
+questions for myself and sometimes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for myself and sometimes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for myself and sometimes at
+that point I'm skipping to figures I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I'm skipping to figures I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I'm skipping to figures I'm
+skipping to methods any of that is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping to methods any of that is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping to methods any of that is fine
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so don't feel like you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't feel like you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't feel like you need to
+understand each word especially deep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each word especially deep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each word especially deep in
+the methods I don't know was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods I don't know was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods I don't know was that
+helpful at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful at all
+we'll try it and you guys will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try it and you guys will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try it and you guys will give me
+feedback and if it works great and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and if it works great and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and if it works great and if
+not we'll we'll do more on how to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we'll we'll do more on how to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we'll we'll do more on how to read
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+it's 12 25. see you on Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c0fmG26jk7g.txt b/c0fmG26jk7g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a4a64250722a3dfc48403eb2269728c8c5df758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c0fmG26jk7g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um welcome you to the center um I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome you to the center um I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome you to the center um I want
+to give you a little rundown about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little rundown about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little rundown about what
+we do here at the center because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do here at the center because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do here at the center because this
+directly relates to the projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly relates to the projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly relates to the projects that
+happen here um it's a pretty special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here um it's a pretty special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here um it's a pretty special
+place um we have visiting artists here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um we have visiting artists here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um we have visiting artists here
+which I think a lot of you are aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think a lot of you are aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think a lot of you are aware of
+because that's our very close um public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's our very close um public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's our very close um public
+component to our program but we also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to our program but we also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to our program but we also um
+have uh fund larger projects through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh fund larger projects through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh fund larger projects through
+fellowships Mike Smith and the Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships Mike Smith and the Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships Mike Smith and the Center
+for Urban pedagogy are doing a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Urban pedagogy are doing a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Urban pedagogy are doing a very big
+program here but we also have affiliat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here but we also have affiliat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here but we also have affiliat
+who are artists who work within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are artists who work within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are artists who work within these
+studios here and uh this year we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios here and uh this year we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios here and uh this year we started
+our first graduate affiliate program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first graduate affiliate program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first graduate affiliate program and
+AA is one of our graduate Affiliates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA is one of our graduate Affiliates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA is one of our graduate Affiliates
+along with Tad hirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with Tad hirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with Tad hirs
+um what we're looking for in a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're looking for in a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're looking for in a graduate
+affiliate is that um there are artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate is that um there are artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliate is that um there are artists
+being educated here at MIT and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being educated here at MIT and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being educated here at MIT and the um
+Visual and master of visual Sciences but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual and master of visual Sciences but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual and master of visual Sciences but
+the artists that we have working here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists that we have working here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists that we have working here
+were graduate Affiliates are students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were graduate Affiliates are students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were graduate Affiliates are students
+who are in other areas who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in other areas who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in other areas who um
+self-identifies artists and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-identifies artists and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-identifies artists and so we
+thought it would be important to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be important to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be important to bring
+them here into the center so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here into the center so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here into the center so that they
+could be doing their work with um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be doing their work with um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be doing their work with um the
+help of the center staff and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of the center staff and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of the center staff and then also
+if this space here at this Center would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this space here at this Center would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this space here at this Center would
+become a place where ideas can mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a place where ideas can mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a place where ideas can mix
+between the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different kinds of
+disciplines at MIT as well as um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines at MIT as well as um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines at MIT as well as um the
+artists can have um a support structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists can have um a support structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists can have um a support structure
+um and through um through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and through um through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and through um through this kind of
+program The Lost Highway Expedition has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program The Lost Highway Expedition has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program The Lost Highway Expedition has
+um found a small program here or a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um found a small program here or a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um found a small program here or a small
+home here because of os um in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here because of os um in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here because of os um in the past
+months um K park has been working here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months um K park has been working here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months um K park has been working here
+developing the project that began last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the project that began last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the project that began last
+year when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year when
+Mari um cs's first um senior fellow was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mari um cs's first um senior fellow was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mari um cs's first um senior fellow was
+in Residence from her Workshop she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Residence from her Workshop she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Residence from her Workshop she
+organized through cabs new maps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized through cabs new maps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized through cabs new maps of
+Europe this project took root in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe this project took root in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe this project took root in the
+minds of her students and colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds of her students and colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds of her students and colleagues and
+was grown to include a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was grown to include a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was grown to include a wide
+International collaborative group while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International collaborative group while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International collaborative group while
+retaining tub ABS um when finding our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining tub ABS um when finding our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaining tub ABS um when finding our
+graduate program we hope for projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate program we hope for projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate program we hope for projects
+like these to develop we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these to develop we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these to develop we're thinking
+across disciplines um but with inventive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across disciplines um but with inventive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across disciplines um but with inventive
+artistic approaches could be centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic approaches could be centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic approaches could be centered
+here um and so it's my pleasure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and so it's my pleasure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and so it's my pleasure to
+introduce AZ and him um AZ I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce AZ and him um AZ I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce AZ and him um AZ I'm going to
+give the bio now the standard practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the bio now the standard practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the bio now the standard practice
+um azraa is an artist and architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um azraa is an artist and architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um azraa is an artist and architect
+based here in Cambridge and a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based here in Cambridge and a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based here in Cambridge and a PhD
+candidate in aaan program for Islamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate in aaan program for Islamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate in aaan program for Islamic
+architecture in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the department of
+History Theory and criticism of art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History Theory and criticism of art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History Theory and criticism of art and
+architecture at almight born in sio she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at almight born in sio she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at almight born in sio she
+received a degree in architecture at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a degree in architecture at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a degree in architecture at the
+Technical University of grass Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical University of grass Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical University of grass Austria
+and received her Masters in architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and received her Masters in architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and received her Masters in architecture
+from Princeton University her work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Princeton University her work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Princeton University her work has
+been widely published and exhibited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been widely published and exhibited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been widely published and exhibited in
+venues such as the generali foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venues such as the generali foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venues such as the generali foundation
+in VI the banial in Valencia the Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in VI the banial in Valencia the Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in VI the banial in Valencia the Berlin
+art fair the gra BAL of media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art fair the gra BAL of media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art fair the gra BAL of media and
+architecture and the gallery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and the gallery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and the gallery of
+Contemporary Arts in Lipsy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary Arts in Lipsy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contemporary Arts in Lipsy and the
+Liverpool Bion she is currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liverpool Bion she is currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liverpool Bion she is currently
+researching a dissertation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching a dissertation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching a dissertation on
+contemporary Islamic architecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Islamic architecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Islamic architecture and
+post war Bosnia and Hera and the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post war Bosnia and Hera and the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post war Bosnia and Hera and the place
+of Islam in Western Europe and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Islam in Western Europe and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Islam in Western Europe and in the
+United States and K is the founder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and K is the founder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and K is the founder of
+storefront for art and architecture New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storefront for art and architecture New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storefront for art and architecture New
+York and the International Center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and the International Center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and the International Center for
+Urban Ecology in Detroit um he's cator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Ecology in Detroit um he's cator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban Ecology in Detroit um he's cator
+of images of the future the architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the future the architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the future the architecture
+of a new geography at the quu banial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new geography at the quu banial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new geography at the quu banial and
+Korea and co-curator and artist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea and co-curator and artist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea and co-curator and artist for
+Berlin based um shrinking cities a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin based um shrinking cities a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin based um shrinking cities a local
+fellow at CED in 1996 through 97 he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow at CED in 1996 through 97 he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow at CED in 1996 through 97 he was
+visiting chair in the urbanism at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting chair in the urbanism at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting chair in the urbanism at the
+University of Detroit Mercy School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Detroit Mercy School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Detroit Mercy School of
+Architecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture in
+20121 he's also the editor of Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20121 he's also the editor of Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20121 he's also the editor of Urban
+Ecology Detroit and Beyond which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology Detroit and Beyond which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ecology Detroit and Beyond which is at
+the M press book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M press book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M press book
+store and I'm really glad that the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and I'm really glad that the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and I'm really glad that the both
+of them have been here it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have been here it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have been here it's been
+exciting to um see the activity happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to um see the activity happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to um see the activity happen
+and I'll allow azra and young to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll allow azra and young to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll allow azra and young to
+introduce their project to you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce their project to you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce their project to you and I
+also welcome you if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also welcome you if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also welcome you if you're interested in
+this project that you can contact me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project that you can contact me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project that you can contact me
+here at the center for Trans visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the center for Trans visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the center for Trans visual
+studies as well as these two and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies as well as these two and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies as well as these two and we can
+get you more involved so thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you more involved so thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you more involved so thank you very
+much to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys um thank you um can you hear me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys um thank you um can you hear me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys um thank you um can you hear me
+okay uh because I cannot hear I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because I cannot hear I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh because I cannot hear I'm
+hearing myself here the uh it's pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing myself here the uh it's pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing myself here the uh it's pleasure
+to be here again uh actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here again uh actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here again uh actually in the
+course of the same project uh the Lo uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the same project uh the Lo uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the same project uh the Lo uh
+Highway Expedition the the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway Expedition the the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway Expedition the the first time I
+was here uh at Cavs with Maria po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here uh at Cavs with Maria po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here uh at Cavs with Maria po
+because of at that time we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of at that time we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of at that time we were at
+beginning of starting of our project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of starting of our project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of starting of our project
+which I can tell you more in detail uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can tell you more in detail uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can tell you more in detail uh
+we're going to tell you later but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell you later but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell you later but the
+general uh idea of the project of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh idea of the project of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh idea of the project of the
+Lost Highway which is a first part of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway which is a first part of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway which is a first part of uh
+a uh three uh stage project called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh three uh stage project called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh three uh stage project called
+Europe lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe lost and
+found uh the Lost Highway is a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found uh the Lost Highway is a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found uh the Lost Highway is a uh a
+first event that we try to create you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event that we try to create you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first event that we try to create you
+might think that we're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that we're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that we're a little bit
+idealistic but maybe you will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic but maybe you will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic but maybe you will understand
+more further later is that a temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more further later is that a temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more further later is that a temporary
+Society uh so that it would not be uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh so that it would not be uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh so that it would not be uh it
+could be experimental without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be experimental without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be experimental without
+threatening the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatening the other
+Society uh also I think the society is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh also I think the society is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society uh also I think the society is
+uh more temporary than ever and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more temporary than ever and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more temporary than ever and uh this
+is reason why we uh uh project oursel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reason why we uh uh project oursel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reason why we uh uh project oursel in
+that fashion the other is idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fashion the other is idea that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fashion the other is idea that we
+had was uh the notion of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was uh the notion of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was uh the notion of moving
+cities uh that we could create uh a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh that we could create uh a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities uh that we could create uh a city
+out of our participants in Lost Highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our participants in Lost Highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our participants in Lost Highway
+uh that geographically enlarged enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that geographically enlarged enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that geographically enlarged enough
+itself to occupy a city actually nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to occupy a city actually nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to occupy a city actually nine
+cities in this case and uh that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in this case and uh that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in this case and uh that we are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh affirming and and studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh affirming and and studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh affirming and and studying the
+condition of a moving City in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of a moving City in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of a moving City in
+contemporary Society then we also a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Society then we also a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Society then we also a kind
+of fashion idea about somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fashion idea about somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fashion idea about somewhat
+functioning as nomadic universities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning as nomadic universities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning as nomadic universities uh
+this is a practical question one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a practical question one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a practical question one is that
+we think that we are interested and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that we are interested and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that we are interested and they
+would be interested also that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interested also that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interested also that uh
+universities were eventually participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were eventually participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were eventually participate
+in this project and engage engage in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project and engage engage in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project and engage engage in a
+uh uh uh a classroom Workshop or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh a classroom Workshop or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh a classroom Workshop or a
+studio that is uh learning uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio that is uh learning uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio that is uh learning uh uh
+basically from moving itself through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from moving itself through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from moving itself through
+territories and spaces uh so it's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and spaces uh so it's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and spaces uh so it's a kind
+of antidote to the notion of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antidote to the notion of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antidote to the notion of educational
+institution based on uh one location and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution based on uh one location and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution based on uh one location and
+attracting the students instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the students instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting the students instead the
+education institution goes to various I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education institution goes to various I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education institution goes to various I
+locations and attract itself to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and attract itself to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and attract itself to a place
+for educating itself then we had idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educating itself then we had idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educating itself then we had idea
+about uh being stateless State uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh being stateless State uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh being stateless State uh and
+this is something that is uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is uh that uh
+recognizing uh dramatic uh uh transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing uh dramatic uh uh transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing uh dramatic uh uh transition
+of uh the idea of the states uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the idea of the states uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the idea of the states uh uh
+physical and uh uh constitutional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and uh uh constitutional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and uh uh constitutional and
+and uh uh and and uh representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and uh representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and uh representation of
+the state we're very much interested uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we're very much interested uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state we're very much interested uh
+on this project as well so uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project as well so uh we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project as well so uh we could
+go now to azra she can explain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now to azra she can explain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now to azra she can explain more
+about the Lost Highway Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself so nice little improvisation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so nice little improvisation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so nice little improvisation okay
+thank you very much for coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for coming and
+thanks uh to CS to for organizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh to CS to for organizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh to CS to for organizing this
+event uh we will be presenting a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh we will be presenting a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh we will be presenting a project
+in process and uh with this explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in process and uh with this explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in process and uh with this explanations
+we want to invite you actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to invite you actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to invite you actually to
+participate in this Expedition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this Expedition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this Expedition that is
+taking um place in August uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking um place in August uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking um place in August uh this
+August uh we will present first you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August uh we will present first you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August uh we will present first you know
+how the what the term uh Lost Highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the what the term uh Lost Highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the what the term uh Lost Highway
+means what is this highway where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what is this highway where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what is this highway where we are
+going to be moving a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving a little bit of the
+project background how this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project background how this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project background how this process
+started and how it is um continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and how it is um continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and how it is um continuing
+um to develop and where you can dock on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to develop and where you can dock on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to develop and where you can dock on
+uh then we'll go over some issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'll go over some issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'll go over some issues that
+we have been dealing in our project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been dealing in our project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been dealing in our project and
+um that framed um our interest so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that framed um our interest so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that framed um our interest so far
+and could be expanded by you of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be expanded by you of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be expanded by you of course
+uh and then we will show some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we will show some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we will show some of the
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+Logistics um the last Highway uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics um the last Highway uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics um the last Highway uh before
+I start these are the slides uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start these are the slides uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start these are the slides uh from
+Kong and maret travel uh when was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong and maret travel uh when was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong and maret travel uh when was the
+this uh uh it was from Christmas to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh it was from Christmas to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh it was from Christmas to uh
+through New Year of uh 2004 to 2005 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through New Year of uh 2004 to 2005 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through New Year of uh 2004 to 2005 4
+weeks period we traveled through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks period we traveled through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks period we traveled through 12
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+together basically they did the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together basically they did the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together basically they did the first
+route on this on this highway uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route on this on this highway uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route on this on this highway uh the
+Lost Highway is the fictional name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway is the fictional name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway is the fictional name for
+the old road made in ex Yugoslavia to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old road made in ex Yugoslavia to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old road made in ex Yugoslavia to
+connect major cities of its republics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect major cities of its republics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect major cities of its republics it
+connected lublana Zagreb belograd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected lublana Zagreb belograd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected lublana Zagreb belograd and
+scop the road was made in the 60s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scop the road was made in the 60s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scop the road was made in the 60s in the
+massive voluntary campaign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive voluntary campaign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive voluntary campaign of the
+peoples of all nationalities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples of all nationalities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples of all nationalities that
+constituted Yugoslavia the highway was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituted Yugoslavia the highway was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituted Yugoslavia the highway was
+named according to the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named according to the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named according to the most important
+state parole uh Brotherhood and unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state parole uh Brotherhood and unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state parole uh Brotherhood and unity
+the highway of Brotherhood and unity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway of Brotherhood and unity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway of Brotherhood and unity uh
+it is not accidental that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not accidental that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not accidental that this
+ideological name signified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological name signified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological name signified the
+connection line among different nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection line among different nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection line among different nations
+communist Yugoslavia was itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communist Yugoslavia was itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communist Yugoslavia was itself
+ideological construction cre created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological construction cre created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological construction cre created
+after the second world war to unify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second world war to unify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the second world war to unify the
+Nations that had unresolved history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations that had unresolved history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations that had unresolved history of
+uh Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mutual
+conflicts as an ideology Yugoslav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts as an ideology Yugoslav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts as an ideology Yugoslav
+communism believed that it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communism believed that it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communism believed that it has the
+capacity to overcome National divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to overcome National divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to overcome National divisions
+in the Eternal run toward toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Eternal run toward toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Eternal run toward toward
+Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+Wellness however communist eternity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellness however communist eternity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wellness however communist eternity was
+brutally shortened during the '90s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutally shortened during the '90s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutally shortened during the '90s the
+collapse of utopian system stripped down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of utopian system stripped down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of utopian system stripped down
+the concept of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of national
+unification Old National conflicts were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification Old National conflicts were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unification Old National conflicts were
+Awakening up for the new Bloodshed War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awakening up for the new Bloodshed War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awakening up for the new Bloodshed War
+beside the establishment of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside the establishment of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside the establishment of independent
+states the war scored several hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the war scored several hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the war scored several hundred
+thousands of killed and a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of killed and a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of killed and a million
+refugees Yugoslavia was buried violently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees Yugoslavia was buried violently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees Yugoslavia was buried violently
+for the long yet the highway survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long yet the highway survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long yet the highway survived
+and became even more approve improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became even more approve improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became even more approve improved
+after the war new tracks and services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war new tracks and services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war new tracks and services
+were added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were added
+according to European Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to European Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to European Union
+standards today this highway looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards today this highway looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards today this highway looks like
+any other European Highway it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other European Highway it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other European Highway it is
+comfortable and without local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and without local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and without local
+identity the ideological meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the ideological meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the ideological meaning that
+once marked the belief of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once marked the belief of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once marked the belief of the people
+that were building it had been lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were building it had been lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were building it had been lost
+forever this highway of post Brotherhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever this highway of post Brotherhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever this highway of post Brotherhood
+and non-unity today only functions as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-unity today only functions as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-unity today only functions as a
+linear mechanism in the framework of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mechanism in the framework of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mechanism in the framework of the
+so-called West Balkan a term invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called West Balkan a term invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called West Balkan a term invented
+only recently by the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recently by the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recently by the European
+Union just as the Lost Highway the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union just as the Lost Highway the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union just as the Lost Highway the West
+balcon is a territory without content it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balcon is a territory without content it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balcon is a territory without content it
+is a political determination that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political determination that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political determination that was
+defined from the outside aiming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from the outside aiming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined from the outside aiming to
+address ruined and chotic agglomeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address ruined and chotic agglomeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address ruined and chotic agglomeration
+of unsettled nations with common history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unsettled nations with common history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unsettled nations with common history
+for these nations the term bestest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these nations the term bestest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these nations the term bestest
+Balkan is not understood in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkan is not understood in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkan is not understood in terms of its
+interconnections but rather as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections but rather as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections but rather as a set of
+separate obligations toward European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate obligations toward European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate obligations toward European
+institutions following the line of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions following the line of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions following the line of uh
+Lost Highway through the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway through the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway through the unknown
+territory of contemporary and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory of contemporary and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory of contemporary and future
+meanings of West Balkan participants uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of West Balkan participants uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of West Balkan participants uh
+of the Lost Highway Expedition will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lost Highway Expedition will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Lost Highway Expedition will
+explore new modes of linking different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore new modes of linking different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore new modes of linking different
+entities just like any other Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities just like any other Expedition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities just like any other Expedition
+the Lost Highway is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lost Highway is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lost Highway is not
+determined and it is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and it is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and it is also not
+predictable however the data possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable however the data possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable however the data possibly
+found on the highway could present an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on the highway could present an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on the highway could present an
+interesting matter not only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting matter not only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting matter not only for the
+region but also for European Union that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but also for European Union that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but also for European Union that
+is currently suffering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently suffering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is currently suffering the
+unsuccessfulness of its concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfulness of its concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfulness of its concept of
+integration at the end the Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration at the end the Expedition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration at the end the Expedition
+participants will also tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants will also tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants will also tackle the
+question of how to construct a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how to construct a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how to construct a concept
+of a better life anywhere in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better life anywhere in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a better life anywhere in a
+non-utopian time and without ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-utopian time and without ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-utopian time and without ideological
+Illusions Lose Yourself in the Balkans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions Lose Yourself in the Balkans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions Lose Yourself in the Balkans
+and find yourself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find yourself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find yourself in
+Europe This Expedition motto refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe This Expedition motto refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe This Expedition motto refers to
+our Voyage in the unknown territories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Voyage in the unknown territories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Voyage in the unknown territories of
+the future of Europe at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of Europe at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of Europe at the same time
+this future is not only to be found but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this future is not only to be found but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this future is not only to be found but
+also to be constructed and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be constructed and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be constructed and this is what
+we would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like you to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so uh we also want I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we also want I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we also want I forgot to mention
+that we want to use this to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to use this to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to use this to have a
+dialogue with you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with you uh
+afterwards and to get some ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and to get some ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and to get some ideas and
+criticism from your our project because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from your our project because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from your our project because
+we we we're developing this constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we're developing this constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we're developing this constantly
+and uh still you know have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh still you know have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh still you know have a lot of
+questions and uh uh some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and uh uh some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and uh uh some of our
+assumption uh need probably needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh need probably needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh need probably needs to be
+uh uh corrected or enriched at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh corrected or enriched at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh corrected or enriched at least uh
+so the the the the whole initial idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the the whole initial idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the the the whole initial idea
+Lost Highway was actually uh brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway was actually uh brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway was actually uh brought
+first by a group called uh School uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by a group called uh School uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first by a group called uh School uh uh
+missing studies SMS which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing studies SMS which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing studies SMS which is actually
+based in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in New
+York uh as a group normal architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York uh as a group normal architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York uh as a group normal architecture
+and also uh based in uh in Belgrade uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh based in uh in Belgrade uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also uh based in uh in Belgrade uh
+with uh uh a group there also called SMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh a group there also called SMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh a group there also called SMS
+around School of Architecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around School of Architecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around School of Architecture at
+University faculty of architecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University faculty of architecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University faculty of architecture at
+the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of
+bgrd uh we have intention of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgrd uh we have intention of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgrd uh we have intention of doing this
+what three phase would be would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what three phase would be would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what three phase would be would be the
+first phase would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase would be
+balkanization and then the next would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization and then the next would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization and then the next would be
+the ideal questioning about the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal questioning about the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal questioning about the impact
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+negotiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation of
+europeanization and then in the end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europeanization and then in the end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europeanization and then in the end uh
+we would like to see if this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to see if this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to see if this could be
+Illustrated somehow uh visually uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated somehow uh visually uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated somehow uh visually uh in
+some kind of a form of uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a form of uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a form of uh about the
+future that we could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that we could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that we could possibly
+imagine um each project will build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um each project will build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um each project will build the
+base for the next one and like the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base for the next one and like the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base for the next one and like the Lost
+Highway the the whole project is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway the the whole project is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway the the whole project is based
+on the movement uh from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the movement uh from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the movement uh from one place to
+another from one idea to another and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from one idea to another and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another from one idea to another and one
+chapter to another so this narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to another so this narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to another so this narrative
+based work uh I think is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based work uh I think is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based work uh I think is a very
+important part for for us uh but however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part for for us uh but however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part for for us uh but however
+at each stage we were uh we plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stage we were uh we plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each stage we were uh we plan to
+realize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize an
+expedition an ex an exhibitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedition an ex an exhibitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedition an ex an exhibitions and
+publication other thing that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication other thing that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication other thing that are very
+typical to cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical to cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical to cultural
+production uh so uh I would just maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh so uh I would just maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh so uh I would just maybe
+skip some of these things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some of these things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some of these things uh
+uh bit so we can move on maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit so we can move on maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit so we can move on maybe
+um after that uh as we mentioned I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after that uh as we mentioned I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after that uh as we mentioned I was
+mentioned before uh myself and Mar po we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before uh myself and Mar po we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before uh myself and Mar po we
+took a four-week trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a four-week trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a four-week trip
+uh at Christmas 2004 to uh I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Christmas 2004 to uh I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at Christmas 2004 to uh I think was
+like 24th of January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 24th of January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 24th of January
+and since that uh We've uh first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that uh We've uh first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that uh We've uh first thing
+that happened was actually here at Cavs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened was actually here at Cavs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened was actually here at Cavs
+um when she was invited uh as a fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when she was invited uh as a fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when she was invited uh as a fellow
+here and uh work together with azra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh work together with azra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh work together with azra
+aamia aamia and uh uh what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aamia aamia and uh uh what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aamia aamia and uh uh what it
+called independent seminar a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called independent seminar a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called independent seminar a project
+called the new map of Europe mapping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the new map of Europe mapping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the new map of Europe mapping a
+balkanized society U as an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanized society U as an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanized society U as an independent
+study seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study seminar
+uh and the idea was the examination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea was the examination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea was the examination of
+contemporary Balan cities as moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Balan cities as moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Balan cities as moving
+cities cities of extremes the seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities cities of extremes the seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities cities of extremes the seminar
+aimed to take these cities out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed to take these cities out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed to take these cities out of their
+territorial grounding and place them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial grounding and place them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial grounding and place them in
+a larger more Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger more Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger more Global
+perspectives the shattering of state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives the shattering of state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives the shattering of state and
+the huge population shift that marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huge population shift that marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the huge population shift that marked
+the Balkan in the 1990s were seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Balkan in the 1990s were seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Balkan in the 1990s were seen as
+microcosm of changes to come in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcosm of changes to come in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcosm of changes to come in Europe
+as well well as perhaps in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well well as perhaps in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well well as perhaps in the 20th
+century included that's probably reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century included that's probably reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century included that's probably reason
+why that Europe has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that Europe has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that Europe has always been
+fascinated about the Balkan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated about the Balkan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated about the Balkan
+uh among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among other
+reasons seminar participants explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons seminar participants explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons seminar participants explore
+contemporary mapping practices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary mapping practices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary mapping practices and
+developed their own Dynamic mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed their own Dynamic mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed their own Dynamic mapping
+projects which reflected on contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which reflected on contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects which reflected on contemporary
+culture while allowing for understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture while allowing for understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture while allowing for understanding
+of populations and cities regions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of populations and cities regions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of populations and cities regions in
+more or less in temporal terms um I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less in temporal terms um I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less in temporal terms um I my
+apology that I don't have visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology that I don't have visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology that I don't have visual
+material from these Pro this seminar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from these Pro this seminar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from these Pro this seminar to
+be shown here right now the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shown here right now the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shown here right now the second
+seminar was somewhere else and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar was somewhere else and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar was somewhere else and it was
+called balkanization from metaphor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called balkanization from metaphor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called balkanization from metaphor to
+architectural strategy which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural strategy which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural strategy which was
+collaborative exchange between as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative exchange between as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative exchange between as I
+mentioned before uh smm groups uh taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before uh smm groups uh taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before uh smm groups uh taking
+place at The Graduate School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at The Graduate School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at The Graduate School of
+Architecture at Pratt organized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture at Pratt organized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture at Pratt organized by
+serjan yovanovich Vice uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serjan yovanovich Vice uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serjan yovanovich Vice uh and the
+faculty of architecture at University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty of architecture at University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty of architecture at University of
+Belgrade led by Ivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade led by Ivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade led by Ivan
+kuch uh they were engaged in researching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuch uh they were engaged in researching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuch uh they were engaged in researching
+reading mapping uh array of contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading mapping uh array of contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading mapping uh array of contemporary
+sources related to war architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources related to war architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources related to war architecture
+strategies specific focuses were placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies specific focuses were placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies specific focuses were placed
+in recent war in the Balkan and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent war in the Balkan and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent war in the Balkan and further
+attempt to transfer its strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to transfer its strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to transfer its strategic
+strategies of progressively dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies of progressively dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies of progressively dividing
+territories and what kind of effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and what kind of effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and what kind of effect that
+could have in planning and Architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have in planning and Architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have in planning and Architectural
+Realms uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Realms uh since
+then uh the project was uh uh uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the project was uh uh uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the project was uh uh uh then
+began to be called Europe lost and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to be called Europe lost and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to be called Europe lost and found
+and with the support of uh Slovenian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the support of uh Slovenian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the support of uh Slovenian
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs centrala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs centrala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs centrala
+Future Foundation for uh centrala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future Foundation for uh centrala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future Foundation for uh centrala
+foundation for future cities were was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for future cities were was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for future cities were was
+founded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded in
+rdam and uh now we're going back into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdam and uh now we're going back into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdam and uh now we're going back into uh
+the beginning of this uh slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this uh slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this uh slides and
+basically we needed to create in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we needed to create in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we needed to create in order
+to build infrastructure for the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build infrastructure for the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build infrastructure for the project
+and then out of that we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out of that we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then out of that we have been
+working with eight people myself azra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with eight people myself azra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with eight people myself azra
+Katherine Carl Anna stokic Ivan cuchina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine Carl Anna stokic Ivan cuchina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katherine Carl Anna stokic Ivan cuchina
+Mark Nan uh of course Martia and seran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Nan uh of course Martia and seran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark Nan uh of course Martia and seran
+okay we have uh plans to uh we have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have uh plans to uh we have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have uh plans to uh we have come
+to an agreement with the exhibition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an agreement with the exhibition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an agreement with the exhibition uh
+in the a result of the this the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the a result of the this the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the a result of the this the Lost
+Highway uh first at Veron berser Kun fry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway uh first at Veron berser Kun fry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway uh first at Veron berser Kun fry
+and stutgart uh February March to 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stutgart uh February March to 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stutgart uh February March to 2007
+and followed by exhibitions at Mna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and followed by exhibitions at Mna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and followed by exhibitions at Mna
+Galleria and scoots in lbl May through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galleria and scoots in lbl May through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galleria and scoots in lbl May through
+June
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2007 okay soor I can hear myself very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 okay soor I can hear myself very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 okay soor I can hear myself very
+well because I'm feeding off my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because I'm feeding off my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because I'm feeding off my own
+microphone okay I have to like all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay I have to like all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone okay I have to like all right
+yeah uh then I'm sorry to bore you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh then I'm sorry to bore you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh then I'm sorry to bore you about
+this kind of technical things but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of technical things but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of technical things but I just
+want to tell you that we've been doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you that we've been doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you that we've been doing a
+lot of uh a lot of stuff to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh a lot of stuff to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh a lot of stuff to get it
+organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+oops um the idea that uh that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops um the idea that uh that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops um the idea that uh that that it
+would the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+there you go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go okay
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then we have this idea we we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we have this idea we we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we have this idea we we're still
+developing this project right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this project right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this project right and then
+so we want to get into discussion soon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to get into discussion soon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to get into discussion soon I
+hope is that that we want to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that that we want to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that that we want to uh the
+second stage we want to also create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage we want to also create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage we want to also create
+another Expedition but it would be based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Expedition but it would be based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Expedition but it would be based
+on the peripheral cities of EU mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the peripheral cities of EU mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the peripheral cities of EU mainly
+and uh I've already we already made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I've already we already made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I've already we already made
+contacts in in Barcelona Mar Naples rdam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts in in Barcelona Mar Naples rdam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts in in Barcelona Mar Naples rdam
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Belfast and hopefully that we can be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast and hopefully that we can be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast and hopefully that we can be so
+ambitious and ideological that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious and ideological that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious and ideological that we could
+go on to Budapest Bucharest saloniki you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to Budapest Bucharest saloniki you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to Budapest Bucharest saloniki you
+know Istanbul why not Beirut KIRO tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Istanbul why not Beirut KIRO tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Istanbul why not Beirut KIRO tenure
+all these places sure right uh what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these places sure right uh what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these places sure right uh what why
+because uh Europe uh in as some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Europe uh in as some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Europe uh in as some people
+have uh famous people have claimed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh famous people have claimed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh famous people have claimed there
+is no state in Europe uh Europe cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no state in Europe uh Europe cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no state in Europe uh Europe cannot
+Define itself uh and Bosnia is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define itself uh and Bosnia is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define itself uh and Bosnia is a a
+matter for entire Europe right so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for entire Europe right so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter for entire Europe right so while
+it is trying to construct its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is trying to construct its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is trying to construct its own
+self-identity and trying to make itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-identity and trying to make itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-identity and trying to make itself
+distinct from the others that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the others that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the others that is
+increasingly uh unwilling to accept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly uh unwilling to accept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly uh unwilling to accept in
+fact very willing to expel them that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very willing to expel them that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact very willing to expel them that it
+is actually being defined by the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually being defined by the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually being defined by the others
+already so we are very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we are very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we are very interested in
+kind of surrounding the Fortress Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surrounding the Fortress Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of surrounding the Fortress Europe
+and attack it from the outside so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attack it from the outside so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attack it from the outside so to
+speak and to really uh try to redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and to really uh try to redefine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and to really uh try to redefine
+what would be the uh the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the uh the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the uh the uh uh the
+social cultural economic geography of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cultural economic geography of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cultural economic geography of
+Europe in the future I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in the future I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in the future I think a lot of
+people are very interested in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very interested in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very interested in in in in
+this perspective so for the operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perspective so for the operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perspective so for the operation of
+Lost Highway we had to uh we were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway we had to uh we were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Highway we had to uh we were very
+delighted to get uh uh interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to get uh uh interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted to get uh uh interest and
+commitment from very organizations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment from very organizations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment from very organizations in
+each of the Cities such as scoots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the Cities such as scoots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the Cities such as scoots in
+lublana Mama platforma 981 vave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lublana Mama platforma 981 vave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lublana Mama platforma 981 vave in
+Zagreb Cuda in novisad prom Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb Cuda in novisad prom Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb Cuda in novisad prom Collective
+and school of missing studies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and school of missing studies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and school of missing studies in
+Belgrade missing identity in Pristina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade missing identity in Pristina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade missing identity in Pristina
+press for exit in Scopia and proa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press for exit in Scopia and proa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press for exit in Scopia and proa in
+Saro so that's my end of administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saro so that's my end of administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saro so that's my end of administrative
+presentation thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I have to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have to start the
+PowerPoint right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint right yeah
+okay so now we will show some of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we will show some of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we will show some of the um
+issues that have fed into this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that have fed into this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that have fed into this project
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far um one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far um one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far um one is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+definition so far of the term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so far of the term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so far of the term of
+vulcanization as it came out from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanization as it came out from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulcanization as it came out from uh
+Serge anovich and Ivan cuchina seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serge anovich and Ivan cuchina seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serge anovich and Ivan cuchina seminar
+um if globalization stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if globalization stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if globalization stands for the
+increasing interconnectedness of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing interconnectedness of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing interconnectedness of people
+and places through converging processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places through converging processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places through converging processes
+of economic political and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic political and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic political and cultural
+exchange then the term balkanization can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange then the term balkanization can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange then the term balkanization can
+be understood as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood as its
+counteraction perceived as a centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteraction perceived as a centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteraction perceived as a centrifugal
+force that undermines or divides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that undermines or divides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that undermines or divides the
+state vulcanization recoils the unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vulcanization recoils the unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vulcanization recoils the unity
+and the power or the centripetal forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power or the centripetal forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power or the centripetal forces
+of shared historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shared historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shared historical
+Legacy and the unitary economic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy and the unitary economic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy and the unitary economic system
+where am I sorry the term balkanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I sorry the term balkanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I sorry the term balkanization
+can be understood as the counteraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be understood as the counteraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be understood as the counteraction
+of globalization perceived as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of globalization perceived as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of globalization perceived as a
+centrifugal force that undermines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force that undermines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal force that undermines and
+divides the state vulcanization recoils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the state vulcanization recoils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the state vulcanization recoils
+the centripetal forces of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centripetal forces of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centripetal forces of shared
+historical Legacy and the unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Legacy and the unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Legacy and the unitary
+economic system that am politic unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic system that am politic unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic system that am politic unity
+and the power of the nation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the nation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the nation state
+balkanization breeds ethnic nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization breeds ethnic nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization breeds ethnic nationalism
+that fuels identity politics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuels identity politics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fuels identity politics in the
+absence of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of real
+democratization originating from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization originating from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization originating from the
+Balkan region that is historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkan region that is historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkan region that is historically
+contested through periodical po shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested through periodical po shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested through periodical po shifts
+of the different Empires balkanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different Empires balkanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different Empires balkanization
+emerged as a form of micronationalism or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged as a form of micronationalism or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged as a form of micronationalism or
+ethnic linguistic cultural and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic linguistic cultural and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic linguistic cultural and or
+religious separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious separate
+ISM uh and the major source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM uh and the major source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM uh and the major source of
+geopolitical tension today however its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical tension today however its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical tension today however its
+negative image has been tempered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative image has been tempered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative image has been tempered with
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+interpretations such as the new forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations such as the new forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations such as the new forms of
+religious freedom or increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious freedom or increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious freedom or increased
+democratizations that stimulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizations that stimulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizations that stimulates the
+growth of group identities with agendas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of group identities with agendas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of group identities with agendas
+of self-rule From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-rule From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-rule From
+Below um okay I will come to this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below um okay I will come to this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below um okay I will come to this later
+but I will show you this best uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will show you this best uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will show you this best uh through
+some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples
+um I think we can start now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we can start now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we can start now the the
+recent history of um the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history of um the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history of um the Western
+Balkans makes um nationalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkans makes um nationalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balkans makes um nationalist
+motivations in building strategies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations in building strategies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations in building strategies as
+understandable to some extent as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable to some extent as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable to some extent as they
+were predominantly fueled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were predominantly fueled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were predominantly fueled by the
+horrific experiences from the recent War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific experiences from the recent War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific experiences from the recent War
+this is a photograph by uh the Bosnian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a photograph by uh the Bosnian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a photograph by uh the Bosnian
+artist T Tark Samar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist T Tark Samar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist T Tark Samar uh
+Froman um documenting the genocide uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Froman um documenting the genocide uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Froman um documenting the genocide uh or
+part of the genocide performed here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the genocide performed here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the genocide performed here on
+over 10,000 uh Bosnian uh men and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10,000 uh Bosnian uh men and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10,000 uh Bosnian uh men and uh
+boys um with the end of the Communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys um with the end of the Communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys um with the end of the Communist
+era uh the collapse of Titus oslavia um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era uh the collapse of Titus oslavia um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era uh the collapse of Titus oslavia um
+released nationalist extremism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released nationalist extremism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released nationalist extremism that
+culminated in a brutal conflict among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminated in a brutal conflict among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminated in a brutal conflict among
+its former Federal republics and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its former Federal republics and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its former Federal republics and its
+violent conflict um or escalation first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent conflict um or escalation first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent conflict um or escalation first
+affected Slovenia then Croatia then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected Slovenia then Croatia then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected Slovenia then Croatia then
+Bosnia and herzo and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia and herzo and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia and herzo and finally
+Kosovo uh in Bosnia for instance um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo uh in Bosnia for instance um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo uh in Bosnia for instance um the
+genocide performed on Bosnian Muslims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide performed on Bosnian Muslims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide performed on Bosnian Muslims
+and by Bosnian croats and Bosnian serbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by Bosnian croats and Bosnian serbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by Bosnian croats and Bosnian serbs
+started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in
+1992 right after bosnia's sovereignity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 right after bosnia's sovereignity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 right after bosnia's sovereignity
+as a state uh was internationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a state uh was internationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a state uh was internationally
+recognized over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized over
+2,500 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,500 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,500 people
+250,000 people were killed on all sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 people were killed on all sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 people were killed on all sides
+Ides a greater number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ides a greater number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ides a greater number was
+injured War also caused more than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured War also caused more than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured War also caused more than 2
+million refugees tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million refugees tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million refugees tens of thousands of
+raped women and girls and over 3,000 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raped women and girls and over 3,000 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raped women and girls and over 3,000 uh
+destroyed architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed architectural
+monuments next one please um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments next one please um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments next one please um the
+controversial dat on peace agreement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial dat on peace agreement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial dat on peace agreement was
+then signed in uh December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then signed in uh December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then signed in uh December
+1995 and it finally brought um end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and it finally brought um end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 and it finally brought um end to
+the displacement of refugees ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of refugees ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of refugees ethnic
+cleansing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleansing
+concentration camps Mass rapes and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps Mass rapes and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration camps Mass rapes and other
+violations of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of human
+rights um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights um
+although um the end of fighting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although um the end of fighting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although um the end of fighting was
+welcomed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcomed by the
+most um a compromise made for the peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um a compromise made for the peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um a compromise made for the peace
+divided the country into two entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the country into two entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the country into two entities
+the Federation of bosniacs and croats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federation of bosniacs and croats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federation of bosniacs and croats
+and um uh Republic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh Republic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh Republic of
+cska thus effectively uh legitimized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cska thus effectively uh legitimized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cska thus effectively uh legitimized in
+the new brutally constructed political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new brutally constructed political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new brutally constructed political
+and demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographic
+landscape I leave that on no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I leave that on no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I leave that on no no no
+back um this internation this internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um this internation this internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um this internation this internal
+political boundary is um not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political boundary is um not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political boundary is um not the only
+one that is tearing the Bosnian State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is tearing the Bosnian State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is tearing the Bosnian State
+apart um and creating the difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and creating the difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and creating the difficulties
+of the peaceful coexistence between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peaceful coexistence between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the peaceful coexistence between the
+two entities uh the present conflict is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entities uh the present conflict is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entities uh the present conflict is
+rendered in the Bosnian demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered in the Bosnian demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered in the Bosnian demographic
+structure when you look at these maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when you look at these maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when you look at these maps
+from before and after the war you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before and after the war you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before and after the war you see
+the significant difference of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant difference of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant difference of uh
+fragmented territories with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented territories with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented territories with a high
+mixture where there was you know no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture where there was you know no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture where there was you know no more
+than 40% of majority in in one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 40% of majority in in one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 40% of majority in in one little
+territory and after the war um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and after the war um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and after the war um the
+territories became highly Consolidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories became highly Consolidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories became highly Consolidated
+with 90% majorities they are ethnically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 90% majorities they are ethnically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 90% majorities they are ethnically
+uh clean and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clean and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clean and and
+Consolidated um following this massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated um following this massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated um following this massive
+destruction of the built environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction of the built environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction of the built environment
+during the war and um considering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and um considering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war and um considering this
+demographic structure bosnia's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic structure bosnia's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic structure bosnia's uh
+religious space is now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious space is now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious space is now being
+modified um and this is visible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified um and this is visible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified um and this is visible in the
+mushrooming phenomenon of a religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooming phenomenon of a religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooming phenomenon of a religious
+architecture where uh MOS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where uh MOS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where uh MOS and
+churches um are now sign control or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches um are now sign control or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches um are now sign control or
+signifying territorial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifying territorial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifying territorial uh
+dominance next one please um Within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance next one please um Within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance next one please um Within this
+phenomenon there is competitiveness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon there is competitiveness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon there is competitiveness for
+visibility this is Orthodox Church in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility this is Orthodox Church in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility this is Orthodox Church in
+yero um it is not finished nor yet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yero um it is not finished nor yet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yero um it is not finished nor yet in
+use but next please um you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but next please um you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but next please um you see that the
+the church Tower was given the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church Tower was given the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church Tower was given the priority
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+next and such expression of territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and such expression of territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and such expression of territorial
+dominance uh even more explicit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance uh even more explicit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance uh even more explicit in the
+city of mustar where croats have put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of mustar where croats have put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of mustar where croats have put a
+Catholic cross on the top of the hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic cross on the top of the hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic cross on the top of the hill
+and whose you know nightly illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose you know nightly illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose you know nightly illumination
+and gigantic size um aim for remote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gigantic size um aim for remote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gigantic size um aim for remote and
+Perpetual presence also it's Scorpio too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual presence also it's Scorpio too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual presence also it's Scorpio too
+yeah yeah in the city itself um you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah in the city itself um you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah in the city itself um you see
+the height of this oversized Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this oversized Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of this oversized Church
+Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+um this this church Tower was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this church Tower was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this church Tower was um
+destroyed in the war and the croats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed in the war and the croats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed in the war and the croats
+actually hurried up uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hurried up uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hurried up uh with the
+Reconstruction of it before uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction of it before uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction of it before uh it was
+agreed with the rest of the city and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with the rest of the city and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed with the rest of the city and the
+protection of monuments and um to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of monuments and um to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection of monuments and um to build
+it you know more in a with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know more in a with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know more in a with a more
+extreme height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme height
+um and you know the the it this height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the the it this height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the the it this height
+of this Tower was only limited couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tower was only limited couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Tower was only limited couple of
+meters by the height of the gothic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters by the height of the gothic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters by the height of the gothic
+cathedral in Zagreb which it didn't dare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathedral in Zagreb which it didn't dare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathedral in Zagreb which it didn't dare
+to supersede next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supersede next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supersede next
+one uh Muslims on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Muslims on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Muslims on the other side
+reacting mustard to this uh with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting mustard to this uh with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting mustard to this uh with another
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+monumentality um referencing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monumentality um referencing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monumentality um referencing their
+Regional ancestry U of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional ancestry U of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional ancestry U of the
+Ottomans but enhancing it with new more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottomans but enhancing it with new more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottomans but enhancing it with new more
+Monumental features while these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monumental features while these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monumental features while these two
+minates originally symbolized Royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minates originally symbolized Royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minates originally symbolized Royal
+patronage U this historical reference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage U this historical reference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage U this historical reference uh
+is here missing but it became replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here missing but it became replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here missing but it became replicated
+in another regions on also Monumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another regions on also Monumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another regions on also Monumental
+scale next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale next
+one um like this mosque in usina it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um like this mosque in usina it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um like this mosque in usina it's a
+little village on a boundary to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little village on a boundary to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little village on a boundary to a
+republic of cska this is uh was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republic of cska this is uh was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republic of cska this is uh was the
+highest minate in Europe 60 M um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest minate in Europe 60 M um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest minate in Europe 60 M um
+informally built um in reconstruct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally built um in reconstruct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally built um in reconstruct or
+instead of reconstructing the old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of reconstructing the old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of reconstructing the old one
+and the uh new race the the main Muti of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh new race the the main Muti of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh new race the the main Muti of
+Bosnia ordered uh the destruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia ordered uh the destruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia ordered uh the destruction of
+this minat because the serbs uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minat because the serbs uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minat because the serbs uh were
+irritated by this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritated by this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritated by this over
+height um next one another example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um next one another example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um next one another example from
+K this is a region that was not affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is a region that was not affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is a region that was not affected
+by uh destruction of monuments uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh destruction of monuments uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh destruction of monuments uh the
+new mosque was literally built in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mosque was literally built in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new mosque was literally built in the
+courtyard of the old one and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard of the old one and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard of the old one and then that
+not because more space was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because more space was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because more space was
+needed uh this trend for architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh this trend for architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed uh this trend for architectural
+display of religious dominance shows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of religious dominance shows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display of religious dominance shows um
+the infiltration of political boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infiltration of political boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infiltration of political boundaries
+uh or politics into space uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or politics into space uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or politics into space uh and
+architecture and um signifying next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and um signifying next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and um signifying next
+one uh territorial control mosques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh territorial control mosques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh territorial control mosques and
+churches have replaced the the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches have replaced the the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches have replaced the the national
+flags that fulfill this purpose right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags that fulfill this purpose right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags that fulfill this purpose right
+after the war they are solidified flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war they are solidified flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war they are solidified flags
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+reflect uh in the instrumental role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect uh in the instrumental role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect uh in the instrumental role of
+the country's uh religious institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country's uh religious institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country's uh religious institutions
+in its spatial politics sadly mosques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its spatial politics sadly mosques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its spatial politics sadly mosques
+and churches often act as special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and churches often act as special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and churches often act as special
+instruments for continuation of the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for continuation of the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for continuation of the war
+in the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time of
+Peace um next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please and then you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please and then you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please and then you know the the
+tampering of the negative images of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampering of the negative images of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampering of the negative images of uh
+balkanization with uh these new forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization with uh these new forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization with uh these new forms of
+religious freedom um and the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious freedom um and the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious freedom um and the growth of
+group identities can be seen in examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group identities can be seen in examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group identities can be seen in examples
+like this where uh this community these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where uh this community these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where uh this community these
+are all survivors of a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all survivors of a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all survivors of a concentration
+camp from the village of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp from the village of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp from the village of
+s uh that were organized in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh that were organized in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh that were organized in a sort of
+working action and are rebuilding their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working action and are rebuilding their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working action and are rebuilding their
+mosque they are rebuilding their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosque they are rebuilding their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosque they are rebuilding their
+Community they literally came with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they literally came with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community they literally came with two
+PL plastic bags um um when they survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL plastic bags um um when they survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL plastic bags um um when they survived
+and now they are you know constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they are you know constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they are you know constructing
+this with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with their own
+hands um yeah I think now we'll go to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands um yeah I think now we'll go to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands um yeah I think now we'll go to to
+you you you wanted to say but okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you wanted to say but okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you wanted to say but okay um
+this is an image of uh Mamu which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of uh Mamu which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of uh Mamu which is the
+largest uh housing block for to house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest uh housing block for to house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest uh housing block for to house
+10,000 uh residents in uh uh noi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 uh residents in uh uh noi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 uh residents in uh uh noi uh
+Zagreb which is a population about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb which is a population about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb which is a population about
+200,000 you see that was built outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 you see that was built outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 you see that was built outside
+of zagre across the river from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zagre across the river from the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zagre across the river from the old
+city uh as a part of uh uh yugoslavs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh as a part of uh uh yugoslavs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city uh as a part of uh uh yugoslavs uh
+national uh housing uh project but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national uh housing uh project but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national uh housing uh project but since
+the so-called the the fragmentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called the the fragmentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called the the fragmentation of
+Yugoslavia uh fragmentation is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia uh fragmentation is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia uh fragmentation is not not
+only happened in the political level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happened in the political level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happened in the political level uh
+geopolitical level but it also took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical level but it also took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical level but it also took
+place in all aspect of uh life there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in all aspect of uh life there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in all aspect of uh life there
+obviously economic uh as well but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously economic uh as well but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously economic uh as well but it's
+the the society the state if you will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the society the state if you will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the society the state if you will uh
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+pixelized and uh that the state uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixelized and uh that the state uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixelized and uh that the state uh for
+the different in uh in in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different in uh in in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different in uh in in terms of what
+uh which Republic that you are at they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which Republic that you are at they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which Republic that you are at they
+have a different kind of uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different kind of uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different kind of uh uh the
+length or the the depth of uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the the depth of uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or the the depth of uh uh this
+this powering of the state and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this powering of the state and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this powering of the state and the state
+was basically operated by the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically operated by the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically operated by the people
+themselves so to speak so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so to speak so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so to speak so you have this
+idea you get the feeling about state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you get the feeling about state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you get the feeling about state has
+diminished itself to uh let's say a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished itself to uh let's say a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished itself to uh let's say a size
+of a a family a clan or even individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a family a clan or even individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a family a clan or even individuals
+so what you get in the end is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you get in the end is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you get in the end is no longer
+these kind of of large projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of of large projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of of large projects and
+large architecture or planning you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large architecture or planning you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large architecture or planning you get
+small things that we like to call as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things that we like to call as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things that we like to call as
+Urban villas for example these that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban villas for example these that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban villas for example these that are
+on the road from let's say Scopia into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road from let's say Scopia into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road from let's say Scopia into
+Pristina because that's the only way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pristina because that's the only way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pristina because that's the only way you
+can get in uh internationally and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in uh internationally and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in uh internationally and you
+see these popped up uh everywhere uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these popped up uh everywhere uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these popped up uh everywhere uh in
+Pristina Scopia uh uh and uh is Major uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pristina Scopia uh uh and uh is Major uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pristina Scopia uh uh and uh is Major uh
+proponent of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent of this kind of
+architecture uh they are expressing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture uh they are expressing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture uh they are expressing uh
+their own eclectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own eclectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own eclectic
+individuality uh without the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality uh without the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality uh without the state
+controlling them and uh mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling them and uh mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling them and uh mixing
+orientalism and modernism and historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientalism and modernism and historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientalism and modernism and historical
+style of any choice they like uh you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of any choice they like uh you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of any choice they like uh you and
+U then hybridization of multiple style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U then hybridization of multiple style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U then hybridization of multiple style
+for uh occurs in many times and it loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh occurs in many times and it loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh occurs in many times and it loses
+authentic style reflects the loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic style reflects the loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic style reflects the loss of
+cultural memories uh through let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural memories uh through let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural memories uh through let's say
+war or uh the The Disappearance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or uh the The Disappearance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or uh the The Disappearance of a
+state or identity of a larger body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or identity of a larger body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or identity of a larger body of
+State like Yugoslavia okay uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like Yugoslavia okay uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like Yugoslavia okay uh one of the
+most interesting uh idea of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting uh idea of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting uh idea of transition
+uh reconstruction or even you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconstruction or even you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconstruction or even you might say
+Genesis uh would be uh not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis uh would be uh not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis uh would be uh not this
+one uh you see I'm sorry I missed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you see I'm sorry I missed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you see I'm sorry I missed a lot
+of slides here uh this one let me skip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides here uh this one let me skip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides here uh this one let me skip a
+little bit this is was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit this is was a very
+controversial project it's quite old now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial project it's quite old now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial project it's quite old now
+I think it's already this picture is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's already this picture is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's already this picture is 10
+years old but it's a house two brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it's a house two brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it's a house two brothers
+built on top of another building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on top of another building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on top of another building in
+center of Belgrade near the main bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Belgrade near the main bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of Belgrade near the main bus
+station and uh so there illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and uh so there illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and uh so there illegal
+constructions are everywhere further you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions are everywhere further you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions are everywhere further you
+go down south uh I was told that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down south uh I was told that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down south uh I was told that one
+time time during the war period there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time during the war period there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time during the war period there
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+300,000 illegal businesses in Belgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 illegal businesses in Belgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 illegal businesses in Belgrade
+alone uh meeting Counting Cars open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh meeting Counting Cars open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone uh meeting Counting Cars open
+trunks uh you know Clos on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunks uh you know Clos on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunks uh you know Clos on the street
+you know sidewalk and so forth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sidewalk and so forth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sidewalk and so forth and so
+you have this kind of a certain aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of a certain aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of a certain aspect
+of changing of the balance of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing of the balance of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing of the balance of the state
+and citizens and so forth and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and citizens and so forth and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and citizens and so forth and I think
+this is one the main and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one the main and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one the main and perhaps
+interesting thing that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that we would like to
+explore Lord with you at the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore Lord with you at the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore Lord with you at the Lost
+Highway uh here is a uh world famous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway uh here is a uh world famous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway uh here is a uh world famous uh
+mayor the most uh uh uh uh mayor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor the most uh uh uh uh mayor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor the most uh uh uh uh mayor of the
+year in I think in Europe uh the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in I think in Europe uh the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in I think in Europe uh the former
+artist former minister of culture mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist former minister of culture mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist former minister of culture mayor
+Eddie Rama uh has come up with this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddie Rama uh has come up with this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddie Rama uh has come up with this idea
+of due to low budget of the uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of due to low budget of the uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of due to low budget of the uh you know
+you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine
+arbania uh that that he's started to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbania uh that that he's started to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbania uh that that he's started to uh
+produce campaign to paint uh City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce campaign to paint uh City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce campaign to paint uh City
+buildings and it became very popular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and it became very popular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and it became very popular and
+uh of course with the Tiana Bion Al uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course with the Tiana Bion Al uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of course with the Tiana Bion Al uh
+uh that later artists themselves were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that later artists themselves were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that later artists themselves were
+invited to design uh U facades for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to design uh U facades for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to design uh U facades for these
+things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as
+well U and uh then but we also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well U and uh then but we also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well U and uh then but we also think
+that in some ways that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some ways that um uh
+that uh the European Union as well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the European Union as well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the European Union as well is
+also experiencing some aspect of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experiencing some aspect of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experiencing some aspect of this
+particularly I think in in like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I think in in like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly I think in in like uh
+somewhat like the idea of nostalgia a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like the idea of nostalgia a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like the idea of nostalgia a
+return in my opinion to the B Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in my opinion to the B Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return in my opinion to the B Society
+this example is in the region of anona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is in the region of anona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is in the region of anona
+area in the uh eastern coast uh of Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the uh eastern coast uh of Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the uh eastern coast uh of Italy
+where you have modernism is dead both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have modernism is dead both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have modernism is dead both in
+the east and west and here just uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the east and west and here just uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the east and west and here just uh was a
+housing project that once favored uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing project that once favored uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing project that once favored uh but
+now that Italians leave these highrises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that Italians leave these highrises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that Italians leave these highrises
+that are built in the country just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are built in the country just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are built in the country just
+outside of town and they like to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of town and they like to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of town and they like to live in
+these new brand new 600y old uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new brand new 600y old uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new brand new 600y old uh
+Renaissance uh apartments or Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance uh apartments or Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance uh apartments or Urban
+Villas sort of speak and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas sort of speak and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas sort of speak and then the
+highrises are basically occupied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrises are basically occupied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrises are basically occupied by
+immigrants mostly from the uh North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants mostly from the uh North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants mostly from the uh North
+Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um should I read any of these or we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should I read any of these or we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should I read any of these or we just
+SC yeah just just there's a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC yeah just just there's a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC yeah just just there's a lot of stuff
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um the uh one of the great example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh one of the great example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh one of the great example of
+this kind of U uh fragmentations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of U uh fragmentations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of U uh fragmentations or
+pixelization uh in the uh Europe itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixelization uh in the uh Europe itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixelization uh in the uh Europe itself
+or let's say islanding uh so to speak uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say islanding uh so to speak uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say islanding uh so to speak uh
+is the uh this uh new development called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh this uh new development called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh this uh new development called
+haval in uh in the Netherlands uh near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haval in uh in the Netherlands uh near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haval in uh in the Netherlands uh near a
+city called danbos uh which B and I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city called danbos uh which B and I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city called danbos uh which B and I work
+together also on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together also on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together also on this
+project uh and um because uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh and um because uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh and um because uh the the
+European cities are like the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cities are like the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cities are like the American
+cities before are currently experien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities before are currently experien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities before are currently experien
+migration of residents from Urban to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration of residents from Urban to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration of residents from Urban to
+rural sub suburbanization of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural sub suburbanization of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural sub suburbanization of Europe
+cities which can be clearly seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities which can be clearly seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities which can be clearly seen in the
+Netherlands because uh the uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands because uh the uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlands because uh the uh like a
+project like v-ex famous project in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like v-ex famous project in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like v-ex famous project in 15
+years basically you could come to an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically you could come to an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically you could come to an end
+say uh that led to sub suburbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh that led to sub suburbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh that led to sub suburbanization
+of Dutch middle class leaving the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dutch middle class leaving the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dutch middle class leaving the cities
+uh to the immigrants uh sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the immigrants uh sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the immigrants uh sounds very
+familiar uh like here uh so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh like here uh so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh like here uh so you have
+cities like dhog and rdam now 50% uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities like dhog and rdam now 50% uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities like dhog and rdam now 50% uh now
+non Dutch and uh they're also predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Dutch and uh they're also predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Dutch and uh they're also predicted
+by year 201100 that only 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by year 201100 that only 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by year 201100 that only 25% of the
+population in Netherlands would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Netherlands would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in Netherlands would be
+ethnically racially Dutch so it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnically racially Dutch so it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnically racially Dutch so it brings
+in the question of the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question of the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question of the relation between
+the history and cultural identity The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history and cultural identity The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history and cultural identity The
+Authority that is attached to the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority that is attached to the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority that is attached to the land
+that would become more uh difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would become more uh difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would become more uh difficult to
+defend and these are another conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend and these are another conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend and these are another conditions
+that we're very interested and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very interested and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very interested and that's
+why you see the Lost Highway talks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you see the Lost Highway talks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you see the Lost Highway talks a lot
+about temporary stateless moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and uh so
+um I think that basically we could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that basically we could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that basically we could now
+go into the uh talk more about the Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the uh talk more about the Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the uh talk more about the Lost
+Highway itself and the logistics and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway itself and the logistics and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highway itself and the logistics and how
+we uh see that it could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh see that it could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh see that it could possibly
+operate sorry oh wait okay now we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate sorry oh wait okay now we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate sorry oh wait okay now we we
+should jump into each other yeah yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should jump into each other yeah yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should jump into each other yeah yeah we
+should because we thank you Midori Taki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should because we thank you Midori Taki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should because we thank you Midori Taki
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+map um Midori is also a recent graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map um Midori is also a recent graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map um Midori is also a recent graduate
+from the School of Architecture who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the School of Architecture who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the School of Architecture who is
+collaborating with us on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with us on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with us on this
+project um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um
+well uh in terms of travel this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh in terms of travel this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh in terms of travel this project
+should be self organized self funded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be self organized self funded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be self organized self funded and
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+um what else self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else self
+selfhelp project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfhelp project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfhelp project
+selfhelp um you don't have to uh travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfhelp um you don't have to uh travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfhelp um you don't have to uh travel
+or stay together participants can enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stay together participants can enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stay together participants can enter
+or exit the Expedition at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exit the Expedition at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exit the Expedition at any point
+there is a this timeline a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a this timeline a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a this timeline a sequence of
+event that is planned in a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that is planned in a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that is planned in a sequence of
+two days if you would go through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days if you would go through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days if you would go through each
+City uh you would be let say two days in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City uh you would be let say two days in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City uh you would be let say two days in
+one city and one days planned for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one city and one days planned for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one city and one days planned for a
+travel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in
+between uh it starts from lublana goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh it starts from lublana goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh it starts from lublana goes
+Zagreb noad Belgrade uh Prisa scop Tiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb noad Belgrade uh Prisa scop Tiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zagreb noad Belgrade uh Prisa scop Tiana
+podar ands in Saro but you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podar ands in Saro but you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podar ands in Saro but you can make the
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+through yeah yeah the dotted I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through yeah yeah the dotted I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through yeah yeah the dotted I was just
+going the dotted line is rough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the dotted line is rough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the dotted line is rough uh
+articulation of Los I mean the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of Los I mean the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation of Los I mean the highway
+or Brotherhood and unity where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Brotherhood and unity where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Brotherhood and unity where the the
+actual Highway actually is um we will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Highway actually is um we will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Highway actually is um we will we
+are now working currently on um a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now working currently on um a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now working currently on um a web
+page that will provide um you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that will provide um you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that will provide um you know a
+networking system for um people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking system for um people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking system for um people to
+organize uh the stay and will give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize uh the stay and will give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize uh the stay and will give the
+information also for the travel car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information also for the travel car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information also for the travel car
+sharing systems and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing systems and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing systems and so on
+um events happening in the cities may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um events happening in the cities may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um events happening in the cities may
+include guided tours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include guided tours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include guided tours
+presentations um different forums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations um different forums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations um different forums and
+then different forms of collaborations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different forms of collaborations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different forms of collaborations
+in the host cities but also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the host cities but also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the host cities but also you know
+participants are invited to contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants are invited to contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants are invited to contact and
+initiate projects with the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate projects with the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiate projects with the individual
+cities and uh get themselves involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah well basically the uh the uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well basically the uh the uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah well basically the uh the uh we
+are uh uh continually developing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh continually developing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh continually developing in the
+way that uh mentioned before in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh mentioned before in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh mentioned before in a very
+narrative from one to another right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative from one to another right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative from one to another right so
+uh we say this framework that uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we say this framework that uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we say this framework that uh like
+one thing that she mentioned a mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that she mentioned a mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that she mentioned a mentioned
+is that that you don't have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that you don't have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that you don't have to follow
+this uh uh the way that we have laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh the way that we have laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh the way that we have laid out
+right you can like let's say go to nov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can like let's say go to nov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can like let's say go to nov
+start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from
+novisad uh early and then see the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novisad uh early and then see the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novisad uh early and then see the fifth
+and sixth of events that we program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sixth of events that we program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sixth of events that we program and
+then you decide that you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you decide that you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you decide that you don't want to
+go other plac you go to Pita and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go other plac you go to Pita and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go other plac you go to Pita and go
+through the middle of the territory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the territory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the territory to
+let's say experience not cities but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say experience not cities but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say experience not cities but the
+peripheral areas okay for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral areas okay for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral areas okay for example right
+and join the group later for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join the group later for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and join the group later for example so
+that is and also that we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and also that we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and also that we're working with
+these uh organization in these cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh organization in these cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh organization in these cities
+and the artist groups in each City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the artist groups in each City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the artist groups in each City
+originally that we had an idea okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally that we had an idea okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally that we had an idea okay it's
+like the based on the exper that Martis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the based on the exper that Martis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the based on the exper that Martis
+and I had which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had which was
+that guided T her by some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guided T her by some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guided T her by some really
+interesting people that we had uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people that we had uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting people that we had uh they
+took us uh let's say conference with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took us uh let's say conference with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took us uh let's say conference with
+local experts with invited people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experts with invited people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local experts with invited people from
+outside to talk about that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside to talk about that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside to talk about that particular
+place and its issues and maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and its issues and maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and its issues and maybe there's a
+workshop and so forth but we also feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop and so forth but we also feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop and so forth but we also feel
+that it doesn't have to run this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have to run this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have to run this way
+that the these groups and organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the these groups and organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the these groups and organization
+we last discussion we had was uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we last discussion we had was uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we last discussion we had was uh in the
+meetings in zagre Luana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in zagre Luana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings in zagre Luana and
+Belgrade month and a half ago uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade month and a half ago uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade month and a half ago uh with
+many of them was that they might be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them was that they might be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them was that they might be it
+might be better for them to do a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better for them to do a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better for them to do a project
+organize a project uh so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize a project uh so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize a project uh so that that
+becomes the event and that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the event and that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the event and that people
+participate in that we also see the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in that we also see the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in that we also see the idea
+of that people who travel there uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that people who travel there uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that people who travel there uh that
+uh that it's not like they're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it's not like they're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it's not like they're just going
+there to uh see only only to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to uh see only only to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to uh see only only to see
+something only to do what they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something only to do what they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something only to do what they want to
+do of course they can do that but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do of course they can do that but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do of course they can do that but maybe
+they would like to engage uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to engage uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to engage uh and
+collaborating project with the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating project with the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating project with the people
+there or the organization there or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or the organization there or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or the organization there or maybe
+they participate to help them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they participate to help them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they participate to help them you know
+right so that that the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that the idea of a
+traveler as a privilege becomes less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveler as a privilege becomes less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveler as a privilege becomes less and
+uh we promote this uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we promote this uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we promote this uh kind of
+integration uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh
+and the way it sort of works is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it sort of works is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it sort of works is kind of
+like Albanian pyramid scheme scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Albanian pyramid scheme scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Albanian pyramid scheme scheme
+number two and three the two is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and three the two is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and three the two is that I
+invite you you can invite somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you you can invite somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you you can invite somebody else
+you don't need to tell me who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to tell me who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to tell me who you
+inviting okay ultimately everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting okay ultimately everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting okay ultimately everybody has
+to sign up on the website to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign up on the website to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign up on the website to register
+right and we we're going to ask you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we we're going to ask you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we we're going to ask you some
+information about you like whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you like whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you like whether you
+make $ 250 ,000 or you make 500,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make $ 250 ,000 or you make 500,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make $ 250 ,000 or you make 500,000 a
+year okay uh and uh uh or you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay uh and uh uh or you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year okay uh and uh uh or you know you
+could predict that you will two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict that you will two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict that you will two years
+from now uh but the uh the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now uh but the uh the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now uh but the uh the idea is that
+that we want to basically decentralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to basically decentralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to basically decentralize
+as much as we can we started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can we started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can we started this
+project but we don't want to die with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but we don't want to die with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but we don't want to die with
+this project right yeah no so uh we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project right yeah no so uh we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project right yeah no so uh we want
+to empower everybody so to speak right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empower everybody so to speak right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empower everybody so to speak right
+that's what we say self-help you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we say self-help you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we say self-help you know so
+forth um then but the idea is really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um then but the idea is really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um then but the idea is really in
+a way is to create a society how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way is to create a society how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way is to create a society how do you
+make a society you know even just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a society you know even just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a society you know even just for a
+few weeks right so uh that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks right so uh that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks right so uh that's one way to
+start but then we need a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but then we need a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but then we need a really good
+form of communication in real times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of communication in real times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of communication in real times
+through space right so that PE we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space right so that PE we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space right so that PE we can
+have this idea that anybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea that anybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea that anybody in the
+travel can come contact anybody else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel can come contact anybody else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel can come contact anybody else and
+anybody else can contact you right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else can contact you right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else can contact you right but
+since although we have you know apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since although we have you know apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since although we have you know apply
+for you know money and all these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know money and all these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know money and all these places
+but uh we won't know until very late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we won't know until very late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we won't know until very late
+just week before we start this maybe no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just week before we start this maybe no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just week before we start this maybe no
+a couple months before uh so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple months before uh so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple months before uh so we have to
+plan B the Balon way with not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan B the Balon way with not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan B the Balon way with not doing
+things with nothing so uh Todd here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with nothing so uh Todd here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with nothing so uh Todd here at
+Cavs again we're benefiting from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavs again we're benefiting from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavs again we're benefiting from the uh
+MIT expert facilities and mind here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT expert facilities and mind here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT expert facilities and mind here he
+came up with based on his experience he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with based on his experience he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with based on his experience he
+comes another suggestion which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes another suggestion which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes another suggestion which is that
+the pyramid scheme number three which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramid scheme number three which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramid scheme number three which is
+basically SMS uh mobile form okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically SMS uh mobile form okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically SMS uh mobile form okay and
+but you have we have to construct a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have we have to construct a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have we have to construct a kind
+of like a pyramid like a tree where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a pyramid like a tree where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a pyramid like a tree where one
+person is responsible for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is responsible for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is responsible for let's say
+three other person and so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other person and so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other person and so that you can
+SM to three other person and that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SM to three other person and that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SM to three other person and that three
+other people SMS three other becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people SMS three other becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people SMS three other becomes
+nine and then spreads right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and then spreads right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and then spreads right and then
+that when people leave in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when people leave in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when people leave in and out of the
+system somebody would find on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system somebody would find on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system somebody would find on our
+website a graph that shows our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a graph that shows our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a graph that shows our society
+with numbers and people you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and people you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and people you plug
+yourself into a place because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into a place because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into a place because you are
+you want the society work right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the society work right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the society work right so you
+volunteer yourself to reconnect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer yourself to reconnect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer yourself to reconnect the
+society on the missing link for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society on the missing link for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society on the missing link for example
+so these are the kind of ways that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the kind of ways that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the kind of ways that we uh
+we want and also that we look at working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and also that we look at working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and also that we look at working
+in a very heuristic way we have curators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very heuristic way we have curators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very heuristic way we have curators
+in this project I don't know 15 cators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project I don't know 15 cators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project I don't know 15 cators
+is you know and exhibition spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know and exhibition spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know and exhibition spaces
+ourselves associate creators do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves associate creators do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves associate creators do all this
+were planned people wanted to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planned people wanted to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planned people wanted to do this
+project very much from the beginning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project very much from the beginning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project very much from the beginning but
+we have Tendencies to look at a cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Tendencies to look at a cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Tendencies to look at a cultural
+project from the center and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project from the center and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project from the center and think about
+what's going to happen already you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen already you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen already you know
+uh we want to stop doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to stop doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to stop doing that
+the idea of course this is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of course this is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of course this is not really
+completely true can be worked out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true can be worked out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true can be worked out but
+the Expedition is to go into unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Expedition is to go into unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Expedition is to go into unknown
+territories and uh without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and uh without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and uh without much
+knowledge and expectations so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and expectations so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and expectations so we want to
+uh basically limit that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically limit that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically limit that kind of uh
+thoughts and uh so that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and uh so that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and uh so that people can
+really learn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn from the
+experience and and not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and and not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and and not to have
+pre-thought idea that would limit their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-thought idea that would limit their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-thought idea that would limit their
+experiences and the experience would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and the experience would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and the experience would
+give the ideas about the project that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the ideas about the project that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the ideas about the project that we
+could talk and discuss later uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk and discuss later uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk and discuss later uh after
+the Expedition and uh and that becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Expedition and uh and that becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Expedition and uh and that becomes a
+source for the exhibitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for the exhibitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for the exhibitions and
+publication it goes into more standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication it goes into more standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication it goes into more standard
+form of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production yeah I think we should leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production yeah I think we should leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production yeah I think we should leave
+the the happily balcon out yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the happily balcon out yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the happily balcon out yeah okay
+that's right we talk too much actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we talk too much actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we talk too much actually
+yeah we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we should
+stop where is that thing we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop where is that thing we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop where is that thing we got to
+coordinate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate this
+right you know what I have to open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know what I have to open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know what I have to open it up
+first because I didn't open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because I didn't open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because I didn't open it up
+yet um the first series of photos uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um the first series of photos uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um the first series of photos uh
+were the the the ones that I took in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the the ones that I took in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the the ones that I took in our
+trip with Mar this is stuff that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip with Mar this is stuff that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip with Mar this is stuff that she
+took uh this this is yours okay maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh this this is yours okay maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh this this is yours okay maybe
+it's enough no no actually this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough no no actually this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough no no actually this is fine
+this is good yeah uh how do we so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good yeah uh how do we so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good yeah uh how do we so we we
+have been showing uh and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been showing uh and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been showing uh and she
+collaborated with Ser John and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with Ser John and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with Ser John and they
+wrote this beautiful uh thing and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this beautiful uh thing and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this beautiful uh thing and uh we
+were play little music along with this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think okay this is four minutes Mar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sanovich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have to be you should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so
+uh does anyone have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local communi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the Expedition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+well the goal is that we um we realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the goal is that we um we realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the goal is that we um we realize
+actually recently that we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recently that we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recently that we have been
+planning this project more from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning this project more from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning this project more from the
+outside but at the the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but at the the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but at the the beginning of the
+project we were pretty much involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we were pretty much involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we were pretty much involved
+from the inside of the territory and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inside of the territory and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the inside of the territory and the
+ideas came from the people within um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas came from the people within um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas came from the people within um
+actually the initiation of of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the initiation of of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the initiation of of and the
+whole idea of the L High Expedition came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the L High Expedition came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the L High Expedition came
+from belr from Ian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from belr from Ian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from belr from Ian
+k um so where we are at now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um so where we are at now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k um so where we are at now we want to
+basically blur that boundary where um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blur that boundary where um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blur that boundary where um we
+do not want to use the the words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to use the the words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to use the the words like
+host cities it's now in the process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cities it's now in the process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cities it's now in the process that
+we know what is meant uh but once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what is meant uh but once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what is meant uh but once it's
+there it's that is Europe too and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's that is Europe too and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's that is Europe too and um
+everyone is the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is the same kind of
+participants we are all s to say units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants we are all s to say units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants we are all s to say units
+either individual or institutional in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either individual or institutional in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either individual or institutional in a
+network of um of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of um of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of um of this
+Society where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society where
+yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+practicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+um the well how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the well how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the well how do you
+um but I see like obviously B in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I see like obviously B in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I see like obviously B in certain
+cities you have probably a lot of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you have probably a lot of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities you have probably a lot of local
+um support and knowledge you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um support and knowledge you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um support and knowledge you know there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+inana you probably need to that know up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inana you probably need to that know up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inana you probably need to that know up
+I don't know I'm just wondering how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I'm just wondering how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I'm just wondering how
+you well initially I mean the it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well initially I mean the it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well initially I mean the it it
+started uh you know uh trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh you know uh trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh you know uh trip
+that started the whole thing and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started the whole thing and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that started the whole thing and during
+that time we met uh a lot of people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we met uh a lot of people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we met uh a lot of people with
+uh we have contacts with significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have contacts with significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have contacts with significant
+people and groups in every city we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and groups in every city we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and groups in every city we have
+made uh we have been in dialogue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh we have been in dialogue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh we have been in dialogue with
+them uh on and off uh not as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh on and off uh not as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh on and off uh not as much as we
+should but it's matter of just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should but it's matter of just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should but it's matter of just the
+structure and the way that we have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the way that we have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the way that we have had
+to work first was we had to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work first was we had to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work first was we had to organize
+ourself first and that took like 3/4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourself first and that took like 3/4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourself first and that took like 3/4 of
+the year then we uh organizing in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year then we uh organizing in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year then we uh organizing in terms
+of like us the exhibition spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like us the exhibition spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like us the exhibition spaces and
+other like uh the uh Oran but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like uh the uh Oran but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like uh the uh Oran but it's it's
+mostly half and half uh from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly half and half uh from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly half and half uh from there and
+from you know elsewhere outside right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know elsewhere outside right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know elsewhere outside right
+then the next step is that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step is that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next step is that we will
+encounter with the people and groups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with the people and groups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with the people and groups in
+each cities so I'll be you know there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cities so I'll be you know there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cities so I'll be you know there in
+a week and I'll be there till September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and I'll be there till September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and I'll be there till September
+you know uh where I will be probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh where I will be probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh where I will be probably in
+every cities and uh and we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cities and uh and we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cities and uh and we have already
+started the dialogues with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the dialogues with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the dialogues with certain
+groups in Zagreb and Belgrade we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in Zagreb and Belgrade we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in Zagreb and Belgrade we had
+meetings with you know them uh in Lana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with you know them uh in Lana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with you know them uh in Lana
+we actually have a planned for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a planned for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a planned for a
+conference in June early June first week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in June early June first week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference in June early June first week
+of June where all the representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of June where all the representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of June where all the representative
+from all those cities and exhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those cities and exhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those cities and exhibition
+space people everybody will get together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space people everybody will get together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space people everybody will get together
+in Luana for three days okay but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Luana for three days okay but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Luana for three days okay but it's a
+basically that's the next step that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's the next step that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's the next step that we
+going to do is to continue dialogue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to continue dialogue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to continue dialogue with
+them by talking on the phone uh talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by talking on the phone uh talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by talking on the phone uh talking
+you know visiting them and as writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know visiting them and as writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know visiting them and as writing
+and have them think about ideas starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have them think about ideas starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have them think about ideas starting
+in couple weeks right and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in couple weeks right and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in couple weeks right and that's how we
+we we we we have to work yeah and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we have to work yeah and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we we have to work yeah and you
+you must imagine this like um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must imagine this like um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must imagine this like um this is
+like a snowball that starts a process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a snowball that starts a process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a snowball that starts a process in
+which we are the beginning ball and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are the beginning ball and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are the beginning ball and it
+may stay a ball we don't know so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may stay a ball we don't know so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may stay a ball we don't know so but
+that minimum crit of the critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum crit of the critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimum crit of the critical mass
+is there on people who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there on people who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there on people who are going to
+travel and the institutions that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and the institutions that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and the institutions that would
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+participate uh but this can grow on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate uh but this can grow on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate uh but this can grow on this
+pyramidal system of I invite you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal system of I invite you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal system of I invite you you
+invite other people and so on so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite other people and so on so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite other people and so on so these
+organizations that we have now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that we have now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that we have now in the
+other cities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities um
+they are for sure with us but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are for sure with us but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are for sure with us but they are
+not representative of their city it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not representative of their city it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not representative of their city it's
+not only their opinion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only their opinion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only their opinion that
+counts other organizations can join in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts other organizations can join in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts other organizations can join in
+or other individuals um and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other individuals um and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other individuals um and it's really
+these people you know we part of them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you know we part of them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you know we part of them we
+we met or knew from before it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we met or knew from before it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we met or knew from before it's a
+personal Network that is you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Network that is you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Network that is you know how
+you have to start nwork too but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to start nwork too but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to start nwork too but they
+have their own network partly they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own network partly they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own network partly they are
+also working with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also working with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also working with each
+other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+already we don't have uh access to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we don't have uh access to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we don't have uh access to all
+these resources present in the cities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources present in the cities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources present in the cities we
+don't know all these people but we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all these people but we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all these people but we count
+on them that they would spread out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them that they would spread out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them that they would spread out the
+word um and then we will do a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um and then we will do a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um and then we will do a massive
+you know advertising campaign to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know advertising campaign to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know advertising campaign to uh
+spread it out or others that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread it out or others that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread it out or others that would not
+necessarily be informed by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be informed by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be informed by these
+networks that we have um but we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we have um but we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we have um but we'll see
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah
+um I'm just think a couple of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just think a couple of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just think a couple of things I
+think a very fascinating project and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a very fascinating project and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a very fascinating project and uh
+it's interested in a couple of things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interested in a couple of things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interested in a couple of things if
+you're thinking about ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about ways that you can
+isolate the motivating factors that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the motivating factors that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the motivating factors that do
+Foster movement or dynamic across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foster movement or dynamic across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foster movement or dynamic across
+geographical regions and somehow figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical regions and somehow figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical regions and somehow figure
+out a way of uh Isa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way of uh Isa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way of uh Isa or
+thumbnail like disease food music power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail like disease food music power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail like disease food music power
+looking at elements that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at elements that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at elements that actually
+motivate exchange between people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate exchange between people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate exchange between people and
+somehow coming up with some what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow coming up with some what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow coming up with some what you're
+saying like a Project based activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like a Project based activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like a Project based activity
+whether it's like planting a tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's like planting a tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's like planting a tree or
+some some activity on site that isolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some activity on site that isolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some activity on site that isolates
+a quality or dynamic that is specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality or dynamic that is specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality or dynamic that is specific to
+one of these things that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things that you're looking
+at like really have why people move why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like really have why people move why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like really have why people move why
+people interact why people exchange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interact why people exchange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interact why people exchange and
+relocate and um and I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate and um and I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate and um and I don't know if
+there is something as Bal as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something as Bal as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something as Bal as like a
+plant like something that uh is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant like something that uh is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant like something that uh is an
+action in the moment that that then has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in the moment that that then has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in the moment that that then has
+an impact a year from now changes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact a year from now changes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact a year from now changes again
+it's climate and loation specific but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's climate and loation specific but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's climate and loation specific but um
+but is uniform across all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is uniform across all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is uniform across all these
+different locations that you visit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations that you visit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations that you visit so
+you go to a location you do the same act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a location you do the same act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a location you do the same act
+but it's specific because you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's specific because you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's specific because you're in this
+place with these people at this time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with these people at this time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with these people at this time in
+2006 I don't know if it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 I don't know if it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 I don't know if it's something that
+you could replicate that will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replicate that will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replicate that will remain
+distinct but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct but is
+a yeah actually um this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah actually um this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah actually um this is on the
+already happening on this homepage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening on this homepage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening on this homepage that
+we don't want to show because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to show because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to show because it's
+not that yet um but uh the idea is to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that yet um but uh the idea is to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that yet um but uh the idea is to on
+this web page have an infrastructure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page have an infrastructure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web page have an infrastructure a
+platform for both uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform for both uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform for both uh really
+yeah communicating and I put all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah communicating and I put all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah communicating and I put all my
+information there can present myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there can present myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there can present myself but
+then there's a bunch of collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bunch of collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bunch of collective
+projects happening uh like a ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects happening uh like a ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects happening uh like a ex
+exhibition virtual exhibition space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition virtual exhibition space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition virtual exhibition space that
+is both infrastructural but also um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both infrastructural but also um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both infrastructural but also um a
+dynamic map of the society where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic map of the society where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic map of the society where
+different people within the research for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people within the research for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people within the research for
+their own project what they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project what they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project what they want to do
+and for many artists like Pia lindman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many artists like Pia lindman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many artists like Pia lindman
+who is a fellow here who is coming with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a fellow here who is coming with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a fellow here who is coming with
+does performance for instance is a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does performance for instance is a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does performance for instance is a mean
+of her research so she will do some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her research so she will do some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her research so she will do some kind
+of probes on each s and um uh repeat her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probes on each s and um uh repeat her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probes on each s and um uh repeat her
+ritual in these different cities and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual in these different cities and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual in these different cities and put
+that information on the web to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information on the web to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information on the web to be uh
+shared but other projects like uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but other projects like uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared but other projects like uh maybe
+yeah Marica saan uh Visual Arts graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Marica saan uh Visual Arts graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Marica saan uh Visual Arts graduate
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+here um she invented this frisbee uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um she invented this frisbee uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um she invented this frisbee uh
+which is a device that's her piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a device that's her piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a device that's her piece of
+art that involves a social game the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that involves a social game the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that involves a social game the mean
+of throwing like you would throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throwing like you would throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throwing like you would throw a
+grenade but also it's a game that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grenade but also it's a game that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grenade but also it's a game that that
+can cross boundaries and leave traces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross boundaries and leave traces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross boundaries and leave traces of
+seeds uh and let s say grass or new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds uh and let s say grass or new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds uh and let s say grass or new new
+things go grow over it's a very poetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go grow over it's a very poetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go grow over it's a very poetic
+but also socially engaging project so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also socially engaging project so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also socially engaging project so um
+there are projects like this that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are projects like this that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are projects like this that would
+leave uh personal traces and personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh personal traces and personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh personal traces and personal
+networks that we cannot grab ASP some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we cannot grab ASP some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we cannot grab ASP some
+visual material that comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual material that comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual material that comes out of that
+we will have on the web what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have on the web what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have on the web what they are
+willing to give us um other projects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to give us um other projects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to give us um other projects for
+instance we through Ted H who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we through Ted H who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we through Ted H who is a
+graduate fellow here uh we came to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate fellow here uh we came to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate fellow here uh we came to do
+the pirating of the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pirating of the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pirating of the Google
+map where um f it's really fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map where um f it's really fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map where um f it's really fascinating
+America is uh you can Google it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is uh you can Google it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is uh you can Google it and you
+see the whole you know streets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole you know streets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole you know streets and
+everything you can find each location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can find each location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can find each location
+Europe and the Balkans is tabaza there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and the Balkans is tabaza there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and the Balkans is tabaza there's
+nothing there's just a little section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's just a little section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's just a little section in
+Northern Italy yeah there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Italy yeah there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Italy yeah there's just a
+geographical outline so our participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical outline so our participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical outline so our participants
+by mapping and doing the projects will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping and doing the projects will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping and doing the projects will
+start there's a module that you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there's a module that you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there's a module that you can put
+over uh so they are creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh so they are creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh so they are creating a
+collective map um of locating things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective map um of locating things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective map um of locating things
+real things with GPS or imaginary things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real things with GPS or imaginary things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real things with GPS or imaginary things
+so it's a collective map of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a collective map of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a collective map of the future
+and subjective one uh so they projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subjective one uh so they projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subjective one uh so they projects
+like this you know and this can go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know and this can go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know and this can go into
+wide range of becoming like a Craigslist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of becoming like a Craigslist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide range of becoming like a Craigslist
+uh of informal Yellow Pages where I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of informal Yellow Pages where I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of informal Yellow Pages where I can
+sleep in a certain place and for cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in a certain place and for cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in a certain place and for cheap
+and uh do car sharing and travel from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do car sharing and travel from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do car sharing and travel from
+one place to another or advertising um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to another or advertising um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to another or advertising um a
+restaurant and here's the best food but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and here's the best food but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and here's the best food but
+I can also start exchanging a recipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also start exchanging a recipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also start exchanging a recipes
+and so on so this is really dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so this is really dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so this is really dependent on
+the participants we have established a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants we have established a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the participants we have established a
+couple of categories that we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of categories that we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of categories that we you know
+find interesting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find interesting as
+initiation uh but I think this will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation uh but I think this will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation uh but I think this will you
+know progress with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know progress with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know progress with the
+participants yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants yeah
+um we don't know how well that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't know how well that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't know how well that it would
+work uh but uh it all depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but uh it all depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but uh it all depends on
+you uh but it brings that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh but it brings that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh but it brings that interesting
+case where um there are many artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where um there are many artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where um there are many artists
+that um this is a very traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a very traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a very traditional
+practice that artists get into like U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that artists get into like U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that artists get into like U
+you have an idea you know uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea you know uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea you know uh and you
+have your kind of way of doing it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your kind of way of doing it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your kind of way of doing it right
+your medium or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medium or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medium or something like that and
+uh this is a case where you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a case where you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a case where you know I
+understandable you're going to school uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable you're going to school uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable you're going to school uh
+you're in the market you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the market you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the market you want to be
+successful so you have to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so you have to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so you have to have your
+thing right and uh and so you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and uh and so you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right and uh and so you go to the
+Balon with the idea applying this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balon with the idea applying this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balon with the idea applying this you
+know whether it's a frisbee or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's a frisbee or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's a frisbee or whether
+it's something else okay uh I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else okay uh I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something else okay uh I'm not
+saying against it but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying against it but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying against it but there's also
+concern from our part that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern from our part that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern from our part that that uh
+whether that is the kind of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that is the kind of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that is the kind of right
+approach you know uh in relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you know uh in relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you know uh in relation with
+the what's there it may work uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's there it may work uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's there it may work uh but I
+think that we give a little maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we give a little maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we give a little maybe
+question mark to that kind of approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark to that kind of approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark to that kind of approach
+for example because I mean frankly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because I mean frankly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because I mean frankly you
+could do that anywhere you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that anywhere you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that anywhere you know
+so what would be specific we think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be specific we think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be specific we think you
+know the WB is a very special place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the WB is a very special place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the WB is a very special place and
+needs a very special attention right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a very special attention right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a very special attention right uh
+then you have uh uh uh we have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh uh uh we have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh uh uh we have thought
+uh be uh beginning of the issue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be uh beginning of the issue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be uh beginning of the issue about
+for instance who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance who
+decides uh let's say okay people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides uh let's say okay people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides uh let's say okay people can
+start things on their own generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start things on their own generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start things on their own generate an
+idea even uh create uh group and funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea even uh create uh group and funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea even uh create uh group and funding
+for it and blah blah totally independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and blah blah totally independent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and blah blah totally independent
+you know right but who decides the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right but who decides the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know right but who decides the what
+will be shown in the exhibition publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shown in the exhibition publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shown in the exhibition publish
+and blah blah would that be the curators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blah blah would that be the curators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blah blah would that be the curators
+would that be like us the centrala right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be like us the centrala right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be like us the centrala right
+or would it be the people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be the people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be the people who are in
+this Society right so one of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Society right so one of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Society right so one of the thing
+that we beginning of that that's what
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+ align:start position:0%
+that we beginning of that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we beginning of that that's what
+we've been uh uh uh developing how you
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+ align:start position:0%
+we've been uh uh uh developing how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been uh uh uh developing how you
+do that right and one of the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right and one of the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right and one of the first thing
+is that I don't know whether there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know whether there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know whether there was
+some technical problem but we applied to
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+ align:start position:0%
+some technical problem but we applied to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some technical problem but we applied to
+a funding that we may not get it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funding that we may not get it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funding that we may not get it because
+we had technical problem but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had technical problem but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had technical problem but the idea
+was good which is that that we would
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+ align:start position:0%
+was good which is that that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good which is that that we would
+Grant like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grant like
+€1,000 research grant for about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+€1,000 research grant for about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+€1,000 research grant for about 25
+people right so that they and who they
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+ align:start position:0%
+people right so that they and who they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right so that they and who they
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+people decide among themselves they put
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people decide among themselves they put
+up the idea they put up their background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the idea they put up their background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the idea they put up their background
+and then you know it's kind of self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's kind of self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's kind of self
+voted somehow you know of course voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voted somehow you know of course voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voted somehow you know of course voting
+is pretty stupid but you know maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty stupid but you know maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty stupid but you know maybe we
+can find a better way more dialogue than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a better way more dialogue than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a better way more dialogue than
+that just simply voting uh those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just simply voting uh those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just simply voting uh those are
+things that we're trying to further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're trying to further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're trying to further
+develop in how that it could be
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+ align:start position:0%
+develop in how that it could be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in how that it could be
+self-determined which is the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-determined which is the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-determined which is the way the
+internet is it's self-regulated except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is it's self-regulated except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is it's self-regulated except
+you know State wants to control it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know State wants to control it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know State wants to control it but
+uh it's a self-regulated self-governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a self-regulated self-governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a self-regulated self-governed
+uh uh Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Society
+you know and in a lot of ways that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in a lot of ways that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in a lot of ways that uh uh
+the this L Highway Al and all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this L Highway Al and all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this L Highway Al and all that is
+really reflecting and trying to embody a
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+ align:start position:0%
+really reflecting and trying to embody a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reflecting and trying to embody a
+lot of those characteristics of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those characteristics of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those characteristics of behavior
+whether it's the internet or whether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the internet or whether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the internet or whether is
+the U other forms of uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U other forms of uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U other forms of uh uh uh
+fragmentations and self generating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentations and self generating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentations and self generating so
+like for instance uh let me one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for instance uh let me one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for instance uh let me one thing
+that we read may I should give more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we read may I should give more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we read may I should give more
+question mm okay I would let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+sorry yeah short question I'm building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah short question I'm building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah short question I'm building
+on the current Balan culture um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current Balan culture um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the current Balan culture um and I
+came also from a background where as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came also from a background where as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came also from a background where as in
+these women the famous women Balon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women the famous women Balon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women the famous women Balon
+singers and in conquer just 3 weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers and in conquer just 3 weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers and in conquer just 3 weeks ago
+every year there's an A C Conference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year there's an A C Conference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year there's an A C Conference and
+in this conferences lots of music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this conferences lots of music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this conferences lots of music and
+dancing and it is called the vcan folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing and it is called the vcan folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing and it is called the vcan folk
+conference some variation of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference some variation of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference some variation of that so
+adding some of that life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some of that life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some of that life that
+country Vitality uh of The Villages um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Vitality uh of The Villages um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country Vitality uh of The Villages um
+perhaps even having some of those per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even having some of those per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even having some of those per
+the wom's course or whatever having them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wom's course or whatever having them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wom's course or whatever having them
+sort of include their little spot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of include their little spot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of include their little spot of
+where they originated from and then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they originated from and then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they originated from and then add
+some of the actual um current culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the actual um current culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the actual um current culture
+that is is musical and rhythmic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is musical and rhythmic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is is musical and rhythmic and
+there's there's instruments and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's instruments and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's instruments and there's
+the even the rhythm of the dancing even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even the rhythm of the dancing even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even the rhythm of the dancing even
+if you don't show the AC didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't show the AC didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't show the AC didn't have a
+footage of the dancing but just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of the dancing but just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage of the dancing but just as an
+enrichment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience yeah this is um definitely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience yeah this is um definitely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience yeah this is um definitely we
+want there was a one point the idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there was a one point the idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there was a one point the idea to
+have a vcan project of all vcan projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vcan project of all vcan projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vcan project of all vcan projects
+uh and to connect um because Balkans was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to connect um because Balkans was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to connect um because Balkans was
+in the fashion for a couple of years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fashion for a couple of years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fashion for a couple of years and
+now it's actually falling down which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's actually falling down which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's actually falling down which
+doesn't mean that this uh a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that this uh a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that this uh a region
+whatever is it defined uh is still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is it defined uh is still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is it defined uh is still very
+interesting for further research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for further research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for further research and
+could be learned from uh so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be learned from uh so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be learned from uh so at this
+point we want to actually learn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to actually learn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to actually learn from the
+experiences and knowledge from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and knowledge from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and knowledge from all these
+larger projects that were happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger projects that were happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger projects that were happening
+before us involve them into ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before us involve them into ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before us involve them into ours
+but you must uh consider that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must uh consider that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you must uh consider that this is
+not a regular um curatorial process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a regular um curatorial process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a regular um curatorial process
+where we are determining exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are determining exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are determining exactly what's
+happening and it's of course beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it's of course beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it's of course beautiful
+to involve this project but if they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve this project but if they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to involve this project but if they want
+to because uh we you know we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because uh we you know we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because uh we you know we are not
+going to be directors of an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be directors of an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be directors of an enormous
+Festival this is really already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival this is really already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival this is really already
+expanding and getting out of our control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and getting out of our control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding and getting out of our control
+that is what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we want
+um but we want to you know Let it Go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we want to you know Let it Go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we want to you know Let it Go and
+at certain point become artists and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain point become artists and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain point become artists and do
+our projects and once the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projects and once the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projects and once the system is
+established and it is running and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and it is running and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established and it is running and we are
+running a part of of this section uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a part of of this section uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a part of of this section uh
+with the money that we have applied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the money that we have applied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the money that we have applied for
+but this same kind of model can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this same kind of model can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this same kind of model can be
+applied by anyone else you can take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied by anyone else you can take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied by anyone else you can take over
+and and Ally yourself with us or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Ally yourself with us or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Ally yourself with us or with
+someone else and make your own projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and make your own projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and make your own projects
+within this but we are all bound with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this but we are all bound with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this but we are all bound with
+this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same
+umbrella right like your case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella right like your case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella right like your case we know
+there there there can be connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there can be connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there can be connection with
+uh uh like events you know mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like events you know mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like events you know mutually
+happening in similar time or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in similar time or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in similar time or certain
+places or information shared so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places or information shared so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places or information shared so that
+people get to know the other and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get to know the other and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get to know the other and that
+way it connects right uh but we like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it connects right uh but we like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it connects right uh but we like for
+example the uh the people in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh the people in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh the people in theory
+right that people can present develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that people can present develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that people can present develop
+their own project put it up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project put it up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project put it up on the
+website right now it's Europe ww EUR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website right now it's Europe ww EUR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website right now it's Europe ww EUR
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+and.net it's very premature because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and.net it's very premature because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and.net it's very premature because the
+system that we have is to be open now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we have is to be open now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we have is to be open now
+for several months and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several months and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several months and then we will
+structure it based on the you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it based on the you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it based on the you know what
+kind of contents are being put in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contents are being put in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contents are being put in uh
+then the uh people let's say you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh people let's say you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh people let's say you have an
+idea and you put up an idea and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you put up an idea and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you put up an idea and and and
+and some people find it interesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people find it interesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people find it interesting or
+some people find it that it's bad they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people find it that it's bad they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people find it that it's bad they
+criticize you you know and blah blah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize you you know and blah blah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize you you know and blah blah uh
+that's the the way we see it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the way we see it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the way we see it kind of
+working there are other organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there are other organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there are other organization
+like Balan blackbox in Berlin uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Balan blackbox in Berlin uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Balan blackbox in Berlin uh uh and
+uh Temple Bar in uh in in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Temple Bar in uh in in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Temple Bar in uh in in in uh
+Dublin uh who else uh there are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dublin uh who else uh there are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dublin uh who else uh there are a bunch
+of organization that already aware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organization that already aware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organization that already aware and
+they're interested but they were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested but they were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested but they were more
+work more independently actually stro in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more independently actually stro in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more independently actually stro in
+in denh as well that they might Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in denh as well that they might Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in denh as well that they might Define
+their own project right and then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project right and then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own project right and then uh you
+have a kind of a collective pool of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of a collective pool of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kind of a collective pool of work
+works that we could pull in to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that we could pull in to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that we could pull in to produce a
+post- production work of exhibition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post- production work of exhibition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post- production work of exhibition or
+something or conference they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or conference they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or conference they also
+could you know invite us some of us one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know invite us some of us one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know invite us some of us one
+of us or so forth so PE the events an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us or so forth so PE the events an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us or so forth so PE the events an
+organization also can go in and out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization also can go in and out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization also can go in and out just
+like the the Lost Highway itself works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the Lost Highway itself works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the Lost Highway itself works
+that's how we hope that it will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we hope that it will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we hope that it will work
+out one more question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one more question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one more question yeah
+if if people want to go and please you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if people want to go and please you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if people want to go and please you
+know I mean we are happy we get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean we are happy we get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean we are happy we get a lot of
+questions but it we are already so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but it we are already so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions but it we are already so long
+so don't feel bad if you have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't feel bad if you have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't feel bad if you have to leave
+us but who wants to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but who wants to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but who wants to ask
+please yes I want to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes I want to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yes I want to say that I
+understand why you wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you wouldn't want to
+engage FK dancers from the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage FK dancers from the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage FK dancers from the countryside
+and first in this project because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first in this project because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first in this project because maybe
+Paradox the cities are the only for of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox the cities are the only for of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox the cities are the only for of
+territory cion there and um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory cion there and um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory cion there and um this
+religious and paramilitary takeover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious and paramilitary takeover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious and paramilitary takeover of
+the sa that we know as bation has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sa that we know as bation has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sa that we know as bation has it
+basis there so you don't want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there so you don't want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there so you don't want to play
+with that if you want to turn vation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that if you want to turn vation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that if you want to turn vation
+upside down and into POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+con but also I see that in your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con but also I see that in your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con but also I see that in your project
+there are some dangerous points uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some dangerous points uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some dangerous points uh that
+might play into either this or uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play into either this or uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might play into either this or uh into
+viewing this the ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this the ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing this the ironic
+um survey of uh the bizarre Countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um survey of uh the bizarre Countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um survey of uh the bizarre Countryside
+so I wanted to address these issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to address these issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to address these issues and
+see what he cl to prevent this first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what he cl to prevent this first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what he cl to prevent this first of
+all uh there is the touristy element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh there is the touristy element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh there is the touristy element of
+the entire thing that stems from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing that stems from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire thing that stems from the
+great economic inequalities between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great economic inequalities between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great economic inequalities between the
+hes and the guests and also from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes and the guests and also from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes and the guests and also from the
+very structure of the Enterprise which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very structure of the Enterprise which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very structure of the Enterprise which
+consists of taking pictures photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of taking pictures photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of taking pictures photographs
+of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+standpoint I mean I know this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint I mean I know this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint I mean I know this is not
+your intention here but this is it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intention here but this is it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intention here but this is it can
+happen yeah yeah so it can be be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah yeah so it can be be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah yeah so it can be be some
+kind of fancy tourism and fancy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fancy tourism and fancy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fancy tourism and fancy in the
+um in the sense that it can also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that it can also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that it can also be a
+groupy thing because it's about creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupy thing because it's about creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupy thing because it's about creating
+a society and if that Society has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society and if that Society has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society and if that Society has no
+content and no way to represent itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and no way to represent itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and no way to represent itself
+then it's just groupism or however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just groupism or however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just groupism or however you
+but if you find ways for that deci to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you find ways for that deci to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you find ways for that deci to
+represent in a very smart and sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent in a very smart and sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent in a very smart and sought
+out so like what what are you doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so like what what are you doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so like what what are you doing to
+uh prevent this from becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent this from becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prevent this from becoming
+groy a groovy thing or or or a naive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groy a groovy thing or or or a naive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groy a groovy thing or or or a naive uh
+walk on the landline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project um yeah I mean the the the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um yeah I mean the the the okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um yeah I mean the the the okay
+let's start with the first thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the first thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the first thing is that
+that we there are several things after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we there are several things after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we there are several things after
+our trip seeing the projects uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trip seeing the projects uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trip seeing the projects uh there
+were three major major exhibition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three major major exhibition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three major major exhibition of
+visual art in about the Balan in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual art in about the Balan in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual art in about the Balan in last
+three years Haro zon and uh uh Renee BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years Haro zon and uh uh Renee BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years Haro zon and uh uh Renee BL
+and who's the guy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's the guy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's the guy at
+carsu but there there was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carsu but there there was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carsu but there there was three
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+exhibitions basically EU has the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions basically EU has the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions basically EU has the money
+the artists in the Balkan needs money EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists in the Balkan needs money EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists in the Balkan needs money EU
+wants new artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants new artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants new artists
+and the Balkan Western Balan has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Balkan Western Balan has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Balkan Western Balan has not
+been tapped so it's a mutual Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tapped so it's a mutual Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tapped so it's a mutual Arrangement
+they want to be get out to the uh Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be get out to the uh Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be get out to the uh Europe
+International you know exposure uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International you know exposure uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International you know exposure uh you
+know the problem with the down there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem with the down there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the problem with the down there is
+Extreme isolation you know uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme isolation you know uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme isolation you know uh people
+can't travel not even within uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't travel not even within uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't travel not even within uh the
+Former Yugoslav right so uh that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Former Yugoslav right so uh that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Former Yugoslav right so uh that there
+is a benefit to that and we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a benefit to that and we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a benefit to that and we realized
+uh also we also realize that there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also we also realize that there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also we also realize that there is uh
+exoticism uh Romanticism about the Balon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoticism uh Romanticism about the Balon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoticism uh Romanticism about the Balon
+from the outside and also there is self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside and also there is self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside and also there is self
+victimization from the inside you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization from the inside you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization from the inside you know
+and self orientalism yeah and the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self orientalism yeah and the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self orientalism yeah and the self
+organization you know yeah so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know yeah so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know yeah so it's not
+so simple right and then you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple right and then you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple right and then you know then
+you have this tourist you know thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this tourist you know thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this tourist you know thing
+right so one of the things is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the things is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the things is that when
+when I had a meeting in Berlin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had a meeting in Berlin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had a meeting in Berlin with the
+Falen blackbox people right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falen blackbox people right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falen blackbox people right and they
+were like asking various questions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like asking various questions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like asking various questions what
+what do I do when I get there first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do when I get there first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do when I get there first
+thing you know and then I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know and then I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know and then I wanted to say
+well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't
+know you know of course it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know of course it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know of course it's a little
+harsh but there was a way of like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh but there was a way of like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh but there was a way of like we
+talked a lot about Not Giving too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about Not Giving too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about Not Giving too much
+information at all right so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at all right so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at all right so that uh
+people don't come in with idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't come in with idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't come in with idea that
+they're going to be served that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be served that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be served that there is
+a event there is exactly everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a event there is exactly everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a event there is exactly everything
+planned right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned right
+that gets into bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets into bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets into bit like
+automatically uh uh you know bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically uh uh you know bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically uh uh you know bit of a
+tourism no matter what you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism no matter what you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism no matter what you know and so
+we thought oh maybe we just make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought oh maybe we just make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought oh maybe we just make it more
+difficult then you know real only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult then you know real only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult then you know real only the
+serious people were coming right I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious people were coming right I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious people were coming right I'm not
+sure whether what the final strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether what the final strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether what the final strategy
+would be but one of the direction now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but one of the direction now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but one of the direction now is
+that that that people maybe what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that people maybe what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that people maybe what happens
+is that that people themselves construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that people themselves construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that people themselves construct
+information before more people go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before more people go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before more people go there
+and once again that we now need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again that we now need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again that we now need to get
+people from the area more involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the area more involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the area more involved in
+this project so we can make 50/50 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project so we can make 50/50 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project so we can make 50/50 so
+there is no longer distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no longer distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no longer distinction between
+Travelers and the host we think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travelers and the host we think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travelers and the host we think that the
+people in the ex Yugo and arbania would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the ex Yugo and arbania would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the ex Yugo and arbania would
+be just as interested to travel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just as interested to travel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just as interested to travel the
+other section of that area they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other section of that area they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other section of that area they haven't
+visited for 20 some years for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited for 20 some years for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited for 20 some years for example
+right that's really very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really very you know
+very very typical situation there uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very typical situation there uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very typical situation there uh so
+this is the one way we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one way we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one way we don't have a
+complete uh you know uh solution to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh you know uh solution to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh you know uh solution to but
+what it means is that that that the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that that that the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that that that the in
+spite that we say some things like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite that we say some things like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite that we say some things like here
+border as creative space blah blah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border as creative space blah blah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border as creative space blah blah we're
+going into this groovy anti-state uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into this groovy anti-state uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into this groovy anti-state uh you
+know rhetorics and issues but there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rhetorics and issues but there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rhetorics and issues but there I
+think that we're beginning to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're beginning to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're beginning to see that
+we have a border of ourselves that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a border of ourselves that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a border of ourselves that we're
+making you know do we accept anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you know do we accept anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you know do we accept anybody in
+the society everybody anybody right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society everybody anybody right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society everybody anybody right do
+we make oursel complete replica of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make oursel complete replica of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make oursel complete replica of the
+society that exist if we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that exist if we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that exist if we are going to
+make a different Society then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a different Society then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a different Society then I think
+there is some kind of an idea that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some kind of an idea that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some kind of an idea that a
+border has to maybe start developing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border has to maybe start developing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border has to maybe start developing you
+know and you know who get gets to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you know who get gets to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you know who get gets to come
+in who doesn't who comes in and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in who doesn't who comes in and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in who doesn't who comes in and gets
+expelled might happen and that that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expelled might happen and that that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expelled might happen and that that how
+do we do this we need to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we need to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we need to figure this out
+we don't have an answer now that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an answer now that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an answer now that's yeah
+and and also um I mean I think important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also um I mean I think important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also um I mean I think important
+point in this is that really people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this is that really people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this is that really people from
+uh the non West Balan people coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the non West Balan people coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the non West Balan people coming from
+the outside in but the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside in but the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside in but the same amount of
+people from the inside is traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the inside is traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from the inside is traveling
+that's a thir Point um and these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thir Point um and these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thir Point um and these kinds
+of representations is you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations is you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations is you know this is
+our selling material to get people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our selling material to get people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our selling material to get people um
+enthusiastic and interested but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic and interested but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic and interested but it's
+also these were our personal projects U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these were our personal projects U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these were our personal projects U
+all of the slides we've been showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the slides we've been showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the slides we've been showing
+today um is basically our group project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um is basically our group project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um is basically our group project
+each one of us in our initiating group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us in our initiating group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us in our initiating group
+has contributed with text we are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has contributed with text we are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has contributed with text we are working
+together on text on slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on text on slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on text on slides and
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+um so that's so that um I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's so that um I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's so that um I think the
+important Point rather than collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point rather than collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point rather than collecting
+some kind of exotic ATA material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exotic ATA material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of exotic ATA material is
+really to throw yourself in a experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to throw yourself in a experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to throw yourself in a experience
+that you don't know uh the territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know uh the territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know uh the territory
+that's unfamiliar to you and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfamiliar to you and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfamiliar to you and where you
+are possibly scared to go and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possibly scared to go and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possibly scared to go and you are
+dependent on other people and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on other people and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on other people and you start
+you know and you are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you are responsible for
+other people just think of this text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people just think of this text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people just think of this text
+message system if you don't send it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message system if you don't send it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message system if you don't send it out
+you may throw you know like a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may throw you know like a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may throw you know like a whole
+branch of the society will not know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the society will not know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of the society will not know that
+that certain thing is happening there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain thing is happening there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certain thing is happening there so
+uh I think these issues are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think these issues are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think these issues are much more
+important to to try to initiate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to try to initiate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to try to initiate there
+the communication and trust that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication and trust that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication and trust that has
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+lost that's what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's what I would like
+to if I want that's one thing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I want that's one thing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I want that's one thing that was
+very important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for us
+was that that we actually just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that we actually just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that we actually just want to
+deal with the future uh we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the future uh we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the future uh we don't want to
+deal with the War uh we don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the War uh we don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the War uh we don't want to go
+uh uh uh into the past unless if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh into the past unless if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh into the past unless if the
+past does have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past does have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past does have uh
+uh good good historian I guess you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good good historian I guess you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good good historian I guess you know
+a lot of you are I guess I'm I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you are I guess I'm I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you are I guess I'm I don't
+know I'm just naive guy I guess you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm just naive guy I guess you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm just naive guy I guess you know
+reinterpretation of the past uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpretation of the past uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpretation of the past uh to the
+interest the benefit of the future right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the benefit of the future right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the benefit of the future right
+and that we're interested in that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're interested in that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're interested in that but uh
+we we recognize there has been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recognize there has been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we recognize there has been a lot of
+great research projects so far uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great research projects so far uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great research projects so far uh
+artistic research project uh but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic research project uh but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic research project uh but we want
+to benefit from that we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit from that we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit from that we want to build
+from that and we want to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and we want to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and we want to go to the
+future we don't want to dwell on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we don't want to dwell on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we don't want to dwell on the
+horrors of the Balkan War you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrors of the Balkan War you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrors of the Balkan War you know and
+the guilt that EU not doing or defending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilt that EU not doing or defending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilt that EU not doing or defending
+or uh what is going on now in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh what is going on now in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh what is going on now in terms of
+uh uh economic uh interest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh economic uh interest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh economic uh interest uh
+uh uh going south and so forth uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh going south and so forth uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh going south and so forth uh it's a
+mutual benefit uh not all aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual benefit uh not all aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual benefit uh not all aspect of
+globalization is bad it allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization is bad it allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization is bad it allows the
+possibility of baniz to occur because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of baniz to occur because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of baniz to occur because
+that is the reaction that uh that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the reaction that uh that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the reaction that uh that uh
+globalizing reaction of a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalizing reaction of a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalizing reaction of a smaller
+fragmented movement organizing among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented movement organizing among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented movement organizing among
+themselves but still staying independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but still staying independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but still staying independent
+but I think has a very much its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think has a very much its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think has a very much its own
+behavior of globalization as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of globalization as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of globalization as well so
+these we have basically some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we have basically some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we have basically some of these
+Frameworks that we have thought about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks that we have thought about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks that we have thought about in
+love sense yeah that's I think we forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sense yeah that's I think we forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love sense yeah that's I think we forgot
+to say this point no yeah although there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this point no yeah although there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this point no yeah although there
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+yeah yeah this is an important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is an important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is an important because
+uh we want to encourage projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to encourage projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to encourage projects that
+are not um only reflective it's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not um only reflective it's not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not um only reflective it's not you
+know data Gathering and representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data Gathering and representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data Gathering and representing
+what you find there and visualizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find there and visualizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find there and visualizing it
+in a pretty diagrams but more uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty diagrams but more uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pretty diagrams but more uh making
+contemplations of the future and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplations of the future and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplations of the future and for
+that you use the present and the past of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use the present and the past of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use the present and the past of
+course uh in your research and and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh in your research and and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh in your research and and your
+understanding uh but we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding uh but we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding uh but we really want
+models for the future that's what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for the future that's what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for the future that's what should
+come out of of this project I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of of this project I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of of this project I think
+there was one more one reaction to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one more one reaction to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one more one reaction to I
+mean you're talking about going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're talking about going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're talking about going to the
+Future not using T of in it but first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future not using T of in it but first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Future not using T of in it but first I
+can't really like you said or dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really like you said or dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really like you said or dwell on
+the economic situation right right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic situation right right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic situation right right now
+but when I see these fols all I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I see these fols all I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I see these fols all I see is
+neerish criminals who have built these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neerish criminals who have built these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neerish criminals who have built these
+fortresses on the bodies of dead people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortresses on the bodies of dead people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortresses on the bodies of dead people
+and what I see is exactly the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see is exactly the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I see is exactly the economic
+structure of the bcans that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the bcans that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the bcans that is what
+causes most problems so I'm saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes most problems so I'm saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes most problems so I'm saying I'm
+not saying that you're not correct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that you're not correct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that you're not correct in
+creating something new and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something new and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating something new and you don't
+know what that new is but I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that new is but I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that new is but I'm saying
+that was my reaction to those slides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my reaction to those slides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my reaction to those slides so
+I would say documentation of this trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say documentation of this trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say documentation of this trip
+um at least up to this point has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least up to this point has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least up to this point has
+channeled me to thinking that and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled me to thinking that and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled me to thinking that and I I
+hope that maybe there other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that maybe there other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that maybe there other ways to
+document it's hard to document of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it's hard to document of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it's hard to document of course
+but that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that would
+instigate less of that retrospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigate less of that retrospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigate less of that retrospective
+maybe and because that's what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and because that's what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and because that's what my
+reaction was so maybe I don't know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was so maybe I don't know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was so maybe I don't know to
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+uh speciically slides the first slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speciically slides the first slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speciically slides the first slides
+zagre Belgrade scopio are you mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zagre Belgrade scopio are you mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zagre Belgrade scopio are you mean this
+okay yeah like the house you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah like the house you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah like the house you know the
+Villas as you call it the urban Villas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas as you call it the urban Villas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas as you call it the urban Villas I
+that's they have a specific cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they have a specific cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they have a specific cultural
+meaning among a lot of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning among a lot of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning among a lot of people in the
+bulans I'm sure you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulans I'm sure you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulans I'm sure you know this
+but I have a very negative reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a very negative reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a very negative reaction to
+them because they're not just expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're not just expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're not just expression
+of vocalization they're expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vocalization they're expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vocalization they're expression
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+violence the the the the the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence the the the the the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence the the the the the beginning
+series of images was the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images was the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images was the one that you
+felt the most uh uh all and the Balan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the most uh uh all and the Balan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt the most uh uh all and the Balan
+V the the urban vas uhhuh uhhuh huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the the urban vas uhhuh uhhuh huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V the the urban vas uhhuh uhhuh huh
+interesting why um why could you be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting why um why could you be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting why um why could you be a
+little more specific what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more specific what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more specific what kind of
+feeling that you got out because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you got out because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that you got out because people
+who built them are not you and me people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who built them are not you and me people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who built them are not you and me people
+who built them were the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who built them were the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who built them were the people who were
+in cahoots as they would say with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cahoots as they would say with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cahoots as they would say with those
+who have we would have M they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have we would have M they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have we would have M they wouldn't
+have money unless right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money unless right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money unless right
+well the the uh I mean the that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the uh I mean the that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the uh I mean the that I think
+that we have to look at it uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to look at it uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to look at it uh uh uh uh
+it's difficult to say because I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to say because I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to say because I'm an
+outsider right and uh you know I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider right and uh you know I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider right and uh you know I get the
+benefit of looking at things uh uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of looking at things uh uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of looking at things uh uh new
+but maybe not clear you see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not clear you see maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe not clear you see maybe
+I well uh they were maybe they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well uh they were maybe they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I well uh they were maybe they have been
+thrown in here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in here all
+together uh we have done different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh we have done different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh we have done different kinds
+of research that we were unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research that we were unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research that we were unfortunately
+able to show in full depth here um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show in full depth here um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show in full depth here um not
+by myself but my mar and ser yanovich um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself but my mar and ser yanovich um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself but my mar and ser yanovich um
+documenting different types of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting different types of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting different types of urban
+Villas like uh the Silicon Valley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas like uh the Silicon Valley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villas like uh the Silicon Valley and
+the you know uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+doina the valley the Valley of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doina the valley the Valley of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doina the valley the Valley of the
+from a very critical perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very critical perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very critical perspective and
+this documentation you know means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this documentation you know means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this documentation you know means to
+show what is going on and what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what is going on and what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what is going on and what are these
+people doing at the same time similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing at the same time similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing at the same time similar
+housing topology uh you find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing topology uh you find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing topology uh you find it in
+Bosnia on the countryside where refugees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia on the countryside where refugees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bosnia on the countryside where refugees
+are coming back or people um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming back or people um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming back or people um you know
+the the former guest workers copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the former guest workers copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the former guest workers copying
+maybe the same model and um this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the same model and um this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the same model and um this is not
+necessarily to put all these people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to put all these people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to put all these people into
+the same poort but it allows your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same poort but it allows your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same poort but it allows your
+reading of a new society that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of a new society that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of a new society that is not
+having a directed planning from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a directed planning from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a directed planning from above
+but is building its own economy From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is building its own economy From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is building its own economy From
+Below uh what these people have done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below uh what these people have done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Below uh what these people have done uh
+is very different and very specific in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different and very specific in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different and very specific in
+different locations and for that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations and for that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations and for that we have
+different project um but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different project um but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different project um but what is
+interesting is you know the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is you know the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is you know the mean of
+occupation of public space just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of public space just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of public space just taking
+over land Building building um a fence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over land Building building um a fence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over land Building building um a fence
+putting a flag on and building up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a flag on and building up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a flag on and building up for
+your clown structure with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clown structure with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clown structure with the
+self-provided um business in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-provided um business in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-provided um business in the
+bottom um that that comes from that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um that that comes from that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um that that comes from that um
+and you are definitely right but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are definitely right but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are definitely right but we
+ourselves are not going to be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are not going to be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are not going to be working on
+projects like this this is uh the surway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like this this is uh the surway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like this this is uh the surway
+of the land that we want to present how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the land that we want to present how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the land that we want to present how
+it looks there to you know present to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks there to you know present to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks there to you know present to
+people who are not coming from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not coming from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not coming from there
+uh and from our Point what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and from our Point what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and from our Point what we see
+interesting in there um but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in there um but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in there um but we want
+actually projects for the future so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually projects for the future so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually projects for the future so yes
+please a good point to oh I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please a good point to oh I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please a good point to oh I would just
+like my one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let's be brief okay just in light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's be brief okay just in light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's be brief okay just in light
+of brief and sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brief and sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brief and sharp
+in in light of the last two questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in light of the last two questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in light of the last two questions I
+felt that one needs to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that one needs to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that one needs to go back and
+perhaps actually um highlight what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps actually um highlight what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps actually um highlight what I
+feel is conceptual paradoxes in what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is conceptual paradoxes in what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is conceptual paradoxes in what you
+have been presenting and the two last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been presenting and the two last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been presenting and the two last
+questions have highlighted some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions have highlighted some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions have highlighted some of them
+but U this if it's a project for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but U this if it's a project for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but U this if it's a project for the
+future then you have to be aware where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future then you have to be aware where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future then you have to be aware where
+you are standing and the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are standing and the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are standing and the idea that the
+past is not part of your experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is not part of your experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is not part of your experience of
+course makes you claim that you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course makes you claim that you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course makes you claim that you are an
+outsider and therefore ignorance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider and therefore ignorance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider and therefore ignorance of
+what's happening in there doesn't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in there doesn't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in there doesn't allow
+you to use it as a taba to move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use it as a taba to move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use it as a taba to move into the
+future it seems to me that the past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it seems to me that the past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it seems to me that the past is
+very important and you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and you cannot really
+claim that you are addressing the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that you are addressing the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that you are addressing the future
+without a fair understanding of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a fair understanding of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a fair understanding of the past
+and perhaps actually taking a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps actually taking a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps actually taking a position
+is the past and in a sense I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the past and in a sense I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the past and in a sense I'm looking
+at the way the project has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way the project has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way the project has been
+presented and I'm feeling to myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and I'm feeling to myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and I'm feeling to myself a
+highway is a thing ofh a highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway is a thing ofh a highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway is a thing ofh a highway
+something that has a beginning and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a beginning and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a beginning and end
+it has an aim it's in in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an aim it's in in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an aim it's in in most cases
+highways have been Imperial projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways have been Imperial projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways have been Imperial projects
+have been projects actually that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been projects actually that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been projects actually that uh
+brought people together not because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought people together not because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought people together not because the
+people wanted to be brought together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to be brought together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to be brought together
+that because some external Force has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because some external Force has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because some external Force has
+decided that they ought to be brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they ought to be brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that they ought to be brought
+together and consequently excluded some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and consequently excluded some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and consequently excluded some
+other people from being part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people from being part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people from being part of the
+highway I like your SMS idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway I like your SMS idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway I like your SMS idea of the
+network that actually goes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that actually goes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that actually goes out and
+perhaps instead of a highway and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps instead of a highway and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps instead of a highway and if you
+are really futuris you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really futuris you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really futuris you should start
+thinking about the network about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the network about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the network about a
+beginning point that is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning point that is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning point that is totally
+undecided and you know how it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecided and you know how it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecided and you know how it's going to
+Branch out rather than sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch out rather than sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch out rather than sort of like the
+linearity that is imposed in the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity that is imposed in the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity that is imposed in the highway
+and the other thing is again in the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is again in the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is again in the idea
+of the past you are accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past you are accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past you are accepting
+balkanization you are accepting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization you are accepting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balkanization you are accepting the
+Balan as it is by presenting us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan as it is by presenting us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan as it is by presenting us with
+what is being called the West Balan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being called the West Balan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being called the West Balan
+perhaps actually a challenge is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps actually a challenge is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps actually a challenge is to say
+that the border is not from Lana down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the border is not from Lana down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the border is not from Lana down to
+Tiana or down to the border of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiana or down to the border of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiana or down to the border of
+uh Greece but actually Greece is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Greece but actually Greece is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Greece but actually Greece is part of
+it or Italy is part of it so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or Italy is part of it so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or Italy is part of it so that you
+allow yourself to take away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow yourself to take away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow yourself to take away from the
+pattern of what has happened and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of what has happened and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of what has happened and you
+these criminals that have been presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criminals that have been presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these criminals that have been presented
+to us perhaps you bring us other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us perhaps you bring us other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us perhaps you bring us other
+examples of social exploitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of social exploitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of social exploitation of
+economic exploitations that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic exploitations that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic exploitations that could be
+paralled rather than actually focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralled rather than actually focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralled rather than actually focusing
+on one and ignoring what what the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one and ignoring what what the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one and ignoring what what the reason
+of that social and economic exploitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that social and economic exploitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that social and economic exploitation
+that we were seeing in the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were seeing in the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were seeing in the examples that
+you show were basically the war that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show were basically the war that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show were basically the war that is
+very specific and therefore you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific and therefore you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific and therefore you have to
+be specifically engaging that pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifically engaging that pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be specifically engaging that pass in
+order to be able to move to the Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to move to the Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to move to the Future
+yeah that was a very concise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a very concise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a very concise
+question okay that I would respond I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay that I would respond I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay that I would respond I
+think you're absolutely right on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're absolutely right on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're absolutely right on every
+point of that you know and uh I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that you know and uh I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that you know and uh I couldn't
+agree with it really more on it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it really more on it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it really more on it um and
+uh but maybe I exaggerated about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe I exaggerated about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe I exaggerated about my
+denouncement of the past yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denouncement of the past yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denouncement of the past yeah you know
+uh and I did it because that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I did it because that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I did it because that uh uh
+perhaps because there just just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because there just just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because there just just been
+have been so much over uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so much over uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so much over uh over
+Fascinations with the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascinations with the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fascinations with the past and
+especially recent past of uh ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially recent past of uh ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially recent past of uh ex
+Yugoslavia for example right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia for example right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yugoslavia for example right and that
+that I continue to see this in cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I continue to see this in cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I continue to see this in cultural
+project and especially in the policy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and especially in the policy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and especially in the policy uh
+areas uh and conferences that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas uh and conferences that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas uh and conferences that it just
+kind of uh I feel that and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh I feel that and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh I feel that and that we
+should just kind of move on you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kind of move on you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kind of move on you know and
+to look to the Future a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look to the Future a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look to the Future a little bit more
+maybe that's what I should have said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what I should have said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what I should have said and
+I think that people especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that people especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that people especially in the
+southern part of the western ban which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern part of the western ban which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern part of the western ban which
+is by the way politically it's Yugoslav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the way politically it's Yugoslav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by the way politically it's Yugoslav
+minus Slovenia plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Slovenia plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Slovenia plus
+Albania uh they are much more orientated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albania uh they are much more orientated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albania uh they are much more orientated
+to Future now given the potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Future now given the potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Future now given the potential to
+build their life uh uh for sometime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their life uh uh for sometime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their life uh uh for sometime in
+Kosovo in a very limited time afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo in a very limited time afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kosovo in a very limited time afraid
+that this time would close up on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this time would close up on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this time would close up on them
+and I I realize that there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I realize that there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I realize that there are there are
+dirty laundry money coming to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty laundry money coming to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty laundry money coming to be able to
+build These Bricks but there also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build These Bricks but there also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build These Bricks but there also as
+arra said that that it's uh also U other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arra said that that it's uh also U other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arra said that that it's uh also U other
+people are participating as well on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are participating as well on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are participating as well on this
+kind of eclectic self uh expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eclectic self uh expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eclectic self uh expression of
+their ideas and but we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas and but we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas and but we are interested in
+uh presenting those things uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presenting those things uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presenting those things uh those
+dirts as well because the the they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirts as well because the the they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirts as well because the the they they
+are part of uh uh at least that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of uh uh at least that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of uh uh at least that's maybe
+my personal opinion part of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal opinion part of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal opinion part of uh the the
+the context of the situation there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the situation there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the situation there uh
+and so uh I there's I I think I forgot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh I there's I I think I forgot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh I there's I I think I forgot a
+lot of uh your other uh uh great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh your other uh uh great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh your other uh uh great uh
+criticism but I have a tape so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism but I have a tape so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism but I have a tape so I can
+study them afterwards and try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study them afterwards and try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study them afterwards and try to improve
+myself and to be importance of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and to be importance of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and to be importance of the past
+yeah to to be a acceptable outsider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to to be a acceptable outsider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to to be a acceptable outsider
+but I'm always outside everywhere I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always outside everywhere I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm always outside everywhere I go
+so it's no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no problem with
+me um I think the point that you brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um I think the point that you brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um I think the point that you brought
+up uh the breaking away from the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the breaking away from the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the breaking away from the pattern
+that's I think what we are very confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think what we are very confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think what we are very confused
+about how to dock on that and uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to dock on that and uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to dock on that and uh that
+you know how to engage and disengage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to engage and disengage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to engage and disengage
+from the past at the same time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past at the same time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the past at the same time because
+we are moving through area where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving through area where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are moving through area where people
+do not want to maybe communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to maybe communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to maybe communicate with
+each other at all but should um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other at all but should um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other at all but should um I mean
+we have managed in our group to find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have managed in our group to find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have managed in our group to find to
+each other through our work uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other through our work uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other through our work uh we have
+been brought together by personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought together by personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought together by personal
+networks and because we work on similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and because we work on similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and because we work on similar
+issues and we hope that that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we hope that that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we hope that that kind of
+dialogue will be established as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue will be established as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue will be established as we go
+along um the the highway um and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um the the highway um and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along um the the highway um and the high
+yeah what you bized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you bized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you bized
+yourself we did like if you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we did like if you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we did like if you started
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+langues that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+langues that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+langues that's the
+M the balcon the South Moto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm
+sorry oh that's right the highway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh that's right the highway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh that's right the highway that
+was a good big question yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good big question yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good big question yeah yeah yeah
+we got to get back on that one you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to get back on that one you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to get back on that one you were
+about to answer about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to answer about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to answer about
+the highway it is a bad idea because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway it is a bad idea because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway it is a bad idea because it
+starts from one place ends at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from one place ends at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from one place ends at another
+place it's usually by a dominent uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's usually by a dominent uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's usually by a dominent uh uh
+uh institution especially now as a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh institution especially now as a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh institution especially now as a part
+of corridor uh Corridor 10 of the EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corridor uh Corridor 10 of the EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corridor uh Corridor 10 of the EU
+strategies to expand itself all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to expand itself all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to expand itself all the way
+to she I think almost to VL you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to she I think almost to VL you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to she I think almost to VL you know but
+anyway you want to maybe you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you want to maybe you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you want to maybe you had some
+idea about the highway yeah I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about the highway yeah I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about the highway yeah I think I
+think the beginning is not clear yet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the beginning is not clear yet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the beginning is not clear yet of
+this highway the the ending of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this highway the the ending of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this highway the the ending of the
+highway is clear for us that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway is clear for us that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway is clear for us that it's
+undetermined so it's this endlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined so it's this endlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined so it's this endlessly
+growing Network that can basically also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing Network that can basically also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing Network that can basically also
+take over the world and the world can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over the world and the world can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over the world and the world can be
+connected by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by six
+people uh but the beginning I think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but the beginning I think yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh but the beginning I think yes
+this is an issue and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue and this is the
+present uh but somewhere you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh but somewhere you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh but somewhere you have to
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+so we started from the goal and the go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started from the goal and the go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started from the goal and the go
+goal was to get the rism of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to get the rism of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to get the rism of individuals
+networking and so you just stick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and so you just stick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and so you just stick your
+finger in that and that's the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger in that and that's the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger in that and that's the beginning
+point that will generate the rest that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that will generate the rest that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that will generate the rest that's
+our hope at least systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope at least systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope at least systematically
+speaking politically speaking um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking politically speaking um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking politically speaking um it is
+something that still um needs further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that still um needs further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that still um needs further
+discussion in our group because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in our group because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in our group because we are
+all coming from I I have been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from I I have been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from I I have been to
+Belgrade first time after after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade first time after after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade first time after after the war
+for the New Years and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the New Years and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the New Years and it was very
+important and um learning experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and um learning experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and um learning experience for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+to yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah but
+it's it is very difficult at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is very difficult at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is very difficult at the same
+time you know to um open up yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know to um open up yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know to um open up yourself
+against prejudices and fears that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against prejudices and fears that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against prejudices and fears that you
+have been informed over a long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been informed over a long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been informed over a long period of
+time learn about the other and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time learn about the other and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time learn about the other and in our
+group we had managed it so far how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we had managed it so far how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we had managed it so far how we
+all transfer this others I hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transfer this others I hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transfer this others I hope this
+really will go through these personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will go through these personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really will go through these personal
+networks um the highway is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um the highway is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um the highway is a
+placebo um to stage and localize and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo um to stage and localize and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placebo um to stage and localize and um
+these these events but uh we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these events but uh we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these events but uh we are not
+following the whole you know Line This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the whole you know Line This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the whole you know Line This
+the original Highway was just going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Highway was just going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Highway was just going like
+four cities we are extending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cities we are extending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cities we are extending it
+um we're not really that interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not really that interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not really that interested in
+the highway Brotherhood and unity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway Brotherhood and unity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway Brotherhood and unity that
+people have to drive on that thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to drive on that thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to drive on that thing you
+know that they can go anywhere any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they can go anywhere any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they can go anywhere any way
+they want I think that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want I think that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want I think that we're looking at
+the highway you know uh that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway you know uh that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway you know uh that that there
+was uh yes uh it's was a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh yes uh it's was a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh yes uh it's was a political
+propaganda at at at the moment of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda at at at the moment of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda at at at the moment of course
+that everything is you know including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is you know including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is you know including
+the Walmart today they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walmart today they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walmart today they're going to
+support their competitors around them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support their competitors around them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support their competitors around them uh
+it's a new strategy uh so it gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new strategy uh so it gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new strategy uh so it gets very
+complex and they uh that uh but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and they uh that uh but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and they uh that uh but there
+was like people who believed it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like people who believed it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like people who believed it uh
+individually there were like uh Anna's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually there were like uh Anna's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually there were like uh Anna's
+father 14 he lied about his age to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father 14 he lied about his age to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father 14 he lied about his age to join
+it and he talks about it and then now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he talks about it and then now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and he talks about it and then now we
+have this highway emptiness uh uh so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this highway emptiness uh uh so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this highway emptiness uh uh so to
+speak like any other highway so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak like any other highway so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak like any other highway so what we
+may be thinking at least this is would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be thinking at least this is would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be thinking at least this is would
+be my opinion is that this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my opinion is that this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my opinion is that this is not the
+same kind of Highway this is a highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of Highway this is a highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of Highway this is a highway
+that actual physical form maybe like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual physical form maybe like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual physical form maybe like uh
+romatic but it's a mental highway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romatic but it's a mental highway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romatic but it's a mental highway to
+move to change and to evolve that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to change and to evolve that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to change and to evolve that's the
+highway that I would like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway that I would like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway that I would like to think about
+you know but that's my opinion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but that's my opinion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but that's my opinion and
+others have disagree with that and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have disagree with that and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have disagree with that and yeah
+this without the microp sure thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without the microp sure thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without the microp sure thank you
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cont
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cDfWtSqGiBY.txt b/cDfWtSqGiBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f0b2431e17757eeedcf26b7eb195c6d415fcdb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cDfWtSqGiBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so we've moved on into chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so we've moved on into chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so we've moved on into chapter
+three chapter one and two were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chapter one and two were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chapter one and two were about
+equations we could solve first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we could solve first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we could solve first order
+Equations chapter 1 second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equations chapter 1 second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equations chapter 1 second order
+equations in Chapter 2 often linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Chapter 2 often linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Chapter 2 often linear
+constant coefficient sometimes now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient sometimes now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient sometimes now we
+take any equation and I'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any equation and I'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any equation and I'll start with
+first order first derivative is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order first derivative is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order first derivative is some
+function and not a linear function so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not a linear function so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not a linear function so so
+I don't expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect a
+formula uh a solution will exist but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh a solution will exist but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh a solution will exist but I
+won't have a formula for the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a formula for the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have a formula for the solution
+but I can make a picture of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can make a picture of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can make a picture of the solution
+you see what's happening as time goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what's happening as time goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what's happening as time goes on
+and so that's today's uh lecture is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's today's uh lecture is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's today's uh lecture is uh a
+picture so so this function whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so so this function whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so so this function whatever it
+is gives the slope of y That's the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gives the slope of y That's the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gives the slope of y That's the slope
+and it will be the slope of the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the slope of the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be the slope of the arrows
+that I will draw in this picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will draw in this picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will draw in this picture so
+here's a picture that started y t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture that started y t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture that started y t and
+the slope of the arrows is f and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the arrows is f and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the arrows is f and here's
+my example well you will see I chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example well you will see I chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example well you will see I chose a
+constant coefficient linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient linear equation
+because I could find the solution so 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could find the solution so 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could find the solution so 2
+minus y I know from that minus sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y I know from that minus sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y I know from that minus sign that
+I'm going to have exponential decay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have exponential decay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have exponential decay in
+the in the null solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the null solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the null solution
+and then Y = 2 is a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Y = 2 is a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Y = 2 is a very special
+particular solution a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution a constant
+and on in my picture Y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on in my picture Y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on in my picture Y =
+2 jumps out because when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 jumps out because when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 jumps out because when Y is
+two when Y is two the slope is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when Y is two the slope is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when Y is two the slope is zero so
+all my arrows on the y equal to 2 line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my arrows on the y equal to 2 line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my arrows on the y equal to 2 line
+have slope zero so that's a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slope zero so that's a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slope zero so that's a very special
+line and since the solution follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and since the solution follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and since the solution follows the
+arrows that's the whole point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that's the whole point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that's the whole point the
+solution follows the arrows because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution follows the arrows because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution follows the arrows because the
+arrows tell the slope so if I'm on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows tell the slope so if I'm on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows tell the slope so if I'm on that
+line the solution just follows those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the solution just follows those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the solution just follows those
+arrows and stays on the line yal to 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and stays on the line yal to 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and stays on the line yal to 2 is
+a fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed Point
+fixed point of the solution fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of the solution fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of the solution fixed point
+for the equation and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equation and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equation and the question is
+if I don't start at yal to 2 do I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't start at yal to 2 do I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't start at yal to 2 do I move
+toward two or away from it okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward two or away from it okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward two or away from it okay so I can
+see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the
+formula what the answer is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what the answer is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what the answer is going to be
+if I start with some other value some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with some other value some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start with some other value some
+other value of C not zero then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value of C not zero then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value of C not zero then there
+will be a null solution part but as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a null solution part but as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a null solution part but as T
+gets large that goes to zero so I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets large that goes to zero so I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets large that goes to zero so I move
+towards two now let's see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards two now let's see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards two now let's see that in the
+picture so let me I'm drawing the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so let me I'm drawing the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so let me I'm drawing the arrows
+first so this is this is all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is this is all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is this is all time
+starting at if if if y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at if if if y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at if if if y
+is0 then if Y is zero then dydt is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 then if Y is zero then dydt is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 then if Y is zero then dydt is two
+so I draw Arrows with slope to along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I draw Arrows with slope to along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I draw Arrows with slope to along the
+yal 0 Line This is the yal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 0 Line This is the yal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 0 Line This is the yal 0
+line all my arrows have slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two now what else so that's a few arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now what else so that's a few arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now what else so that's a few arrows
+that show what will so the solution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show what will so the solution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show what will so the solution if
+it starts there will start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts there will start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts there will start in the
+direction of that Arrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of that Arrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of that Arrow but
+then I have to see what the other arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to see what the other arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to see what the other arrows
+are for other values of Y because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for other values of Y because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for other values of Y because right
+away the solution y will change and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the solution y will change and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the solution y will change and the
+slope will change and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope will change and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope will change and that
+it needs more arrows well actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs more arrows well actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs more arrows well actually it
+needs way more arrows than I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs way more arrows than I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs way more arrows than I can
+possibly draw let me draw another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly draw let me draw another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly draw let me draw another line
+of arrows when Y is when Y is one along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows when Y is when Y is one along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows when Y is when Y is one along
+that line along the line yal 1 when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line along the line yal 1 when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line along the line yal 1 when Y is
+1 2 - 1 is 1 the slope is one f is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 - 1 is 1 the slope is one f is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 - 1 is 1 the slope is one f is one
+and my arrows have slope one so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my arrows have slope one so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my arrows have slope one so all
+along here the arrows go up those went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here the arrows go up those went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here the arrows go up those went
+up steeply with slope two now the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up steeply with slope two now the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up steeply with slope two now the arrows
+will go up so I'll have arrows that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up so I'll have arrows that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go up so I'll have arrows that are
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+uh 45° angle slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one do you see I hope you begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you see I hope you begin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you see I hope you begin to see
+the picture here the solution might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here the solution might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture here the solution might
+start there it would start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there it would start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there it would start with that
+slope but it will curve down because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope but it will curve down because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope but it will curve down because the
+arrows are not so steep as as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are not so steep as as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are not so steep as as I go
+upward the arrows are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the arrows are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the arrows are getting
+flat and so the curve that follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and so the curve that follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and so the curve that follows the
+arrows has to flatten out flatten out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows has to flatten out flatten out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows has to flatten out flatten out
+flatten out the arrows are still at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out the arrows are still at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten out the arrows are still at at
+that point the arrows are still slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the arrows are still slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point the arrows are still slope
+one but it's flattening out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's flattening out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's flattening out and it's
+never going to cross this line and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to cross this line and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to cross this line and it
+will run closer and closer to that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run closer and closer to that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run closer and closer to that line
+and wherever it starts at some other if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever it starts at some other if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever it starts at some other if
+it starts at time t equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at time t equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at time t equal
+to one there it'll do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one there it'll do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one there it'll do the same
+thing and it will stay just below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it will stay just below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it will stay just below the
+other one this one do you see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one this one do you see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one this one do you see what the
+pictures are looking like if it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are looking like if it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are looking like if it starts
+at if if at different times so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if if at different times so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if if at different times so these are
+different times these are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times these are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times these are different
+starts yeah really we're more used to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts yeah really we're more used to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts yeah really we're more used to at
+where we're used to at tals 0 we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're used to at tals 0 we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're used to at tals 0 we're used
+to giving y of zero so this is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving y of zero so this is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to giving y of zero so this is starting
+at zero this is starting at two starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero this is starting at two starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero this is starting at two starting
+at one would be a a higher start what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one would be a a higher start what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one would be a a higher start what
+about starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about starting at
+4 suppose y of 0 is four that that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 suppose y of 0 is four that that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 suppose y of 0 is four that that point
+is t = 0 y = 4 so that point is y of 0 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t = 0 y = 4 so that point is y of 0 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t = 0 y = 4 so that point is y of 0 =
+4 what's the graph of the solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 what's the graph of the solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 what's the graph of the solution with
+that start actually I could figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start actually I could figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start actually I could figure out
+what the solution would be if if y0 is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution would be if if y0 is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution would be if if y0 is 4
+I'd have 2 + 2 eus T right at t equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have 2 + 2 eus T right at t equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have 2 + 2 eus T right at t equal 0
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+4 and it fits it solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and it fits it solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and it fits it solves the
+equation and that's it's going to be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's it's going to be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's it's going to be its
+graph I should be able to learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I should be able to learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I should be able to learn that
+from the arrows so along this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the arrows so along this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the arrows so along this line
+of uh yal 4 all the arrows when Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh yal 4 all the arrows when Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh yal 4 all the arrows when Y is
+four the slope is minus 2 so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the slope is minus 2 so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the slope is minus 2 so these
+arrows from these points go down down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows from these points go down down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows from these points go down down
+with slope slope minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slope slope minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slope slope minus
+2 and then but the solution starts down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then but the solution starts down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then but the solution starts down
+so it starts like that but then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts like that but then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts like that but then it has
+to follow the new arrows and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the new arrows and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow the new arrows and the new
+arrows are not so steep so the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are not so steep so the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are not so steep so the new
+arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+are have slope minus one can you I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have slope minus one can you I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have slope minus one can you I hope
+my picture is showing the steeper slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture is showing the steeper slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture is showing the steeper slope
+two along this line and the flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two along this line and the flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two along this line and the flatter
+slope one or rather minus one downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one or rather minus one downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one or rather minus one downwards
+along this line so it just follows along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line so it just follows along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line so it just follows along
+here well of course it's just a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well of course it's just a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well of course it's just a mirror
+image of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of that
+one it's a mirror image of that one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a mirror image of that one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a mirror image of that one I'm
+I'm trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to show
+the graph of all solutions from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of all solutions from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of all solutions from all
+starts the whole plane actually I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the whole plane actually I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts the whole plane actually I could
+go t could go to minus infinity and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go t could go to minus infinity and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go t could go to minus infinity and y
+could go all the way from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go all the way from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go all the way from minus infinity
+up all the way up I could fill the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the way up I could fill the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the way up I could fill the whole
+board here with arrows and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here with arrows and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here with arrows and then with
+Solutions and the solutions would follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and the solutions would follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and the solutions would follow
+the arrows the arrows changing slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows the arrows changing slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows the arrows changing slope and
+actually in this case all solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case all solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case all solutions
+wherever you started would approach two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you started would approach two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you started would approach two
+and that's what the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the formula
+says but we get that information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says but we get that information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says but we get that information from
+the Arrows with no formula let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arrows with no formula let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arrows with no formula let me show
+you a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a next
+example and here's a next example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and here's a next example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and here's a next example the
+logistic equation it's not linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic equation it's not linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic equation it's not linear so
+it's going to be more interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more interesting and
+you remember the solution you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the solution you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the solution you remember
+maybe the trick with the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the trick with the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the trick with the logistic
+equation was one over this one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was one over this one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was one over this one over the
+solution had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution had
+a gave a linear equation and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gave a linear equation and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gave a linear equation and a
+expression like that okay ar time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like that okay ar time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like that okay ar time to
+draw arrows okay when when Y is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw arrows okay when when Y is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw arrows okay when when Y is zero so
+here's y when Y is zero the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's y when Y is zero the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's y when Y is zero the slope is
+zero so I have a whole line of flat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I have a whole line of flat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I have a whole line of flat I
+have a flat horizontal line This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flat horizontal line This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flat horizontal line This is the
+that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+solution y = 0 fix point also we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y = 0 fix point also we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y = 0 fix point also we have
+another fixed point when Y is 1 1 - 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fixed point when Y is 1 1 - 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fixed point when Y is 1 1 - 1 is
+zero slope is 0o slope stays zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope is 0o slope stays zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope is 0o slope stays zero we
+have the the arrows all have zero slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the arrows all have zero slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the arrows all have zero slope
+along the line Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line Y
+one so there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's another
+solution which doesn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which doesn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which doesn't do anything
+exciting it just stays at one y = 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting it just stays at one y = 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting it just stays at one y = 1 is
+another fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point steady state whatever words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point steady state whatever words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point steady state whatever words we
+want to use but again the real picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use but again the real picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use but again the real picture
+is what about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about other
+starts what about a start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts what about a start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts what about a start at
+1/2 well if it starts at if Y is2 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 well if it starts at if Y is2 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 well if it starts at if Y is2 at the
+starting time what is the slope one 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting time what is the slope one 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting time what is the slope one 12
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+1/4 is 1/4 so the slope is upwards but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 is 1/4 so the slope is upwards but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 is 1/4 so the slope is upwards but
+not very steep the slope along the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very steep the slope along the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very steep the slope along the and
+and and it doesn't depend on T in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it doesn't depend on T in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it doesn't depend on T in these
+examples so the those that slope is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the those that slope is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the those that slope is the
+same as long as Y is a half doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as long as Y is a half doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as long as Y is a half doesn't
+matter what the time is yal half gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the time is yal half gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the time is yal half gives
+me a half minus a quarter which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a half minus a quarter which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a half minus a quarter which is a
+quarter gives me that slope what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter gives me that slope what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter gives me that slope what about
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+one4 so one4 I have 1/4 Minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 so one4 I have 1/4 Minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 so one4 I have 1/4 Minus
+1116 I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1116 I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1116 I think that's
+316 so it's uh it's um beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316 so it's uh it's um beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316 so it's uh it's um beginning to
+climb upward so it's upwards again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb upward so it's upwards again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb upward so it's upwards again but
+316 a little I don't know if I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316 a little I don't know if I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+316 a little I don't know if I'm going
+to get the picture too brilliant ly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the picture too brilliant ly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the picture too brilliant ly the
+slope as soon as it if it's if it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope as soon as it if it's if it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope as soon as it if it's if it just
+moves off of if it just starts a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves off of if it just starts a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves off of if it just starts a little
+above one a little above zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one a little above zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one a little above zero what
+happens to the solution that starts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the solution that starts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the solution that starts a
+little bit above zero it climbs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit above zero it climbs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit above zero it climbs because
+if Y is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Y is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Y is above
+zero uh say if if if it starts between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh say if if if it starts between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh say if if if it starts between 0
+and 1 if Y is between 0 and 1 then Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 if Y is between 0 and 1 then Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 if Y is between 0 and 1 then Y is
+bigger than y squ and the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than y squ and the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than y squ and the slope is
+positive and it goes up so do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it goes up so do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it goes up so do you see
+what it's doing the slope will just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing the slope will just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing the slope will just if
+it starts a little bit above it'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts a little bit above it'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts a little bit above it'll have
+a small slope but that slope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small slope but that slope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small slope but that slope will
+gradually increase but then actually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually increase but then actually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually increase but then actually at
+this point the slope is 3/4 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the slope is 3/4 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the slope is 3/4 minus
+whatever it is it slows down still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it slows down still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it slows down still going
+upwards Y is still bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 you recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 you recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 you recognize
+what a curve is going to look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a curve is going to look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a curve is going to look like so
+there's a there's a an S curve it's an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve which we saw for the legistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we saw for the legistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we saw for the legistic
+equation and here we have a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and here we have a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and here we have a formula for
+it well the whole point of today's video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the whole point of today's video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the whole point of today's video
+was we don't need a formula so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we don't need a formula so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we don't need a formula so you don't
+need that the arrows will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that the arrows will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that the arrows will tell you that
+it starts up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts up
+slowly it goes gets only that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly it goes gets only that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly it goes gets only that's the
+biggest slope it gets and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest slope it gets and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest slope it gets and then it starts
+down the slope goes down again but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the slope goes down again but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the slope goes down again but the
+still positive slope still climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive slope still climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive slope still climbing
+climbing climbing and approaching one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing climbing and approaching one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing climbing and approaching one
+now that's a sort of a sandwich in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a sort of a sandwich in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a sort of a sandwich in the
+picture but it could start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but it could start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but it could start with a
+negative so so what happens if it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so so what happens if it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so so what happens if it starts
+at yal minus1 the slope if Y is minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yal minus1 the slope if Y is minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yal minus1 the slope if Y is minus1
+we have Min -1 min-1 a slope of min-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Min -1 min-1 a slope of min-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Min -1 min-1 a slope of min-2
+that's a steeper serious downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a steeper serious downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a steeper serious downward
+slope so the solution that starts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so the solution that starts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so the solution that starts here
+has that's tangent you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that's tangent you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that's tangent you see that that
+it's tangent to the arrow because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tangent to the arrow because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tangent to the arrow because it has
+the same slope as the arrow and it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slope as the arrow and it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slope as the arrow and it comes
+down but as it goes down the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but as it goes down the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but as it goes down the slopes are
+getting steeper whoops not flatter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steeper whoops not flatter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steeper whoops not flatter but
+steeper for example if Y is -2 I have -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper for example if Y is -2 I have -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper for example if Y is -2 I have -2
+-4 is -6 so as soon as it gets down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 is -6 so as soon as it gets down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 is -6 so as soon as it gets down to
+min-2 the slope is jumped way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 the slope is jumped way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 the slope is jumped way down to
+Min - 6 so here's the it it it it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - 6 so here's the it it it it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - 6 so here's the it it it it falls
+right off it's a drop off curve a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off it's a drop off curve a drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off it's a drop off curve a drop
+off curve it falls right off to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off curve it falls right off to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off curve it falls right off to actually
+to Infinity it never makes it out to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity it never makes it out to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity it never makes it out to it
+it it falls down to y equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it falls down to y equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it falls down to y equal minus
+infinity in a fixed time in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in a fixed time in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in a fixed time in a in a
+definite time and so there here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite time and so there here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite time and so there here's a
+whole region of Curves going down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region of Curves going down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole region of Curves going down to
+minus infinity here is a whole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity here is a whole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity here is a whole region
+what do they what happens in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they what happens in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they what happens in this region
+suppose Y starts at plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Y starts at plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Y starts at plus
+two well I have 2 - 4 so the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well I have 2 - 4 so the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well I have 2 - 4 so the slope is
+negative the slope's negative up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the slope's negative up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the slope's negative up here
+yeah this is the big picture the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the big picture the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is the big picture the slope
+the arrows are positive below this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows are positive below this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows are positive below this line
+they're upward they were downward here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're upward they were downward here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're upward they were downward here
+they're slowly upward in this sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slowly upward in this sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slowly upward in this sandwich
+and then up above they're downward again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then up above they're downward again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then up above they're downward again
+so if so slopes are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and they drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into actually it's a symmetric picture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually it's a symmetric picture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually it's a symmetric picture I
+I really no reason not to go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really no reason not to go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really no reason not to go backwards
+in time what where are these coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time what where are these coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time what where are these coming from
+they're all coming from curves the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all coming from curves the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all coming from curves the whole
+plane is full of Curves and these start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is full of Curves and these start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is full of Curves and these start
+at at plus infinity they drop into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at plus infinity they drop into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at plus infinity they drop into two
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+start below the below zero and they drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start below the below zero and they drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start below the below zero and they drop
+off to minus infinity and then the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to minus infinity and then the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to minus infinity and then the real
+interest in studying population was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in studying population was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in studying population was
+these can you do one more example let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can you do one more example let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can you do one more example let me
+take a third example that has a t in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a third example that has a t in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a third example that has a t in the
+in the function so the arrows won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function so the arrows won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the function so the arrows won't be
+the same along the whole line in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same along the whole line in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same along the whole line in fact
+the arrows will be the same so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows will be the same so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows will be the same so if I have
+1 + T minus y that's the that's the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + T minus y that's the that's the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + T minus y that's the that's the F
+equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a
+constant then that that's a curve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then that that's a curve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then that that's a curve in the
+well it's actually a straight line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually a straight line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually a straight line it's
+actually a 45 degree line in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a 45 degree line in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a 45 degree line in this plane
+and along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along that
+line the F this is the F the F of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the F this is the F the F of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the F this is the F the F of T and
+Y the the arrow slope the arrow slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the the arrow slope the arrow slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y the the arrow slope the arrow slopes
+are the same along that along that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same along that along that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same along that along that line
+that line is called an isocline this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is called an isocline this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is called an isocline this is
+called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+ISO meaning the same Klein meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO meaning the same Klein meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO meaning the same Klein meaning
+slope so that's an isine here here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so that's an isine here here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so that's an isine here here's an
+isocline it's a 45° line that's the 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocline it's a 45° line that's the 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isocline it's a 45° line that's the 45°
+Line 1 - + t - y = 1 let me draw the 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line 1 - + t - y = 1 let me draw the 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line 1 - + t - y = 1 let me draw the 45°
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+uh 1 + t - y = 0 so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 + t - y = 0 so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 + t - y = 0 so it's a little bit
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+okay uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now
+arrows and then put in the curves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and then put in the curves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and then put in the curves the
+solution curves that that match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curves that that match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curves that that match the
+arrows so the arrows have this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows so the arrows have this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows so the arrows have this slope
+along that line they along this line 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line they along this line 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line they along this line 1 +
+T minus y they have slope zero oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus y they have slope zero oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus y they have slope zero oh
+interesting at every point in the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting at every point in the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting at every point in the line
+the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero because this is the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this is the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because this is the slope of the
+arrows at every point on this line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows at every point on this line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows at every point on this line the
+slope is one also very interesting CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is one also very interesting CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is one also very interesting CU
+that's right along on the line so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right along on the line so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right along on the line so here
+we have a solution line there that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solution line there that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a solution line there that must
+be a solution line that's the line where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution line that's the line where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a solution line that's the line where
+y equal to t y y is T that's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal to t y y is T that's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equal to t y y is T that's a very big
+45 Dee important line because if if y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 Dee important line because if if y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 Dee important line because if if y
+equals T if y equal T then dydt should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T if y equal T then dydt should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T if y equal T then dydt should
+be one and it is one for yal T so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and it is one for yal T so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and it is one for yal T so that's
+a solution line with that solution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution line with that solution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution line with that solution now
+what about align with 1 + t - y = -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about align with 1 + t - y = -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about align with 1 + t - y = -1
+align if if 1 + t - Y is min-1 if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align if if 1 + t - Y is min-1 if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align if if 1 + t - Y is min-1 if f is
+minus1 the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the slope is
+negative so what does that mean if 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what does that mean if 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so what does that mean if 1 +
+tus Y is minus1 the slope is negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus Y is minus1 the slope is negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus Y is minus1 the slope is negative so
+at points on this line the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at points on this line the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at points on this line the slope is
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+downwards who interesting H I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards who interesting H I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards who interesting H I wasn't
+quite expecting that let me just see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expecting that let me just see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite expecting that let me just see if
+I've got a suitable picture why why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a suitable picture why why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a suitable picture why why is
+that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not
+right if 1 + tus Y is uh yeah oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if 1 + tus Y is uh yeah oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if 1 + tus Y is uh yeah oh I'm
+sorry this is the line Y = 1 + T yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the line Y = 1 + T yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the line Y = 1 + T yeah I
+think what I'm expecting to see is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I'm expecting to see is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what I'm expecting to see is and
+I'm expecting to see it from the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm expecting to see it from the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm expecting to see it from the formula
+too that as time goes on this part goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that as time goes on this part goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that as time goes on this part goes
+to zero and Y goes to T I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and Y goes to T I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and Y goes to T I believe that
+all the solutions will approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions will approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions will approach
+this yal to T I think there slopes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yal to T I think there slopes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yal to T I think there slopes there
+slopes here don't that's not right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes here don't that's not right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes here don't that's not right uh
+the slopes should be coming upwards yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes should be coming upwards yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes should be coming upwards yeah
+let me I can figure that out if T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I can figure that out if T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I can figure that out if T is
+let's say one and Y is zero okay if T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one and Y is zero okay if T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one and Y is zero okay if T is
+1 and y is0 0 I have a slope of two good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and y is0 0 I have a slope of two good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and y is0 0 I have a slope of two good
+okay there's the point t equal to 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the point t equal to 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the point t equal to 1 here
+is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0
+0 here's the point t equal to 1 yal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here's the point t equal to 1 yal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 here's the point t equal to 1 yal 0
+the slope came out to be two it went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope came out to be two it went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope came out to be two it went up
+that way so along that line the slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so along that line the slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so along that line the slopes
+are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going
+up along this line the slopes are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up along this line the slopes are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up along this line the slopes are right
+on the line on this line the slopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line on this line the slopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line on this line the slopes are
+flat and the Curve is moving toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and the Curve is moving toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and the Curve is moving toward the
+line I'll just draw the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'll just draw the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'll just draw the beautiful
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+now of the solution so the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of the solution so the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of the solution so the solutions
+look like this they they are this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this they they are this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this they they are this is the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+line you got to keep your eye on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you got to keep your eye on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you got to keep your eye on that
+line because that's the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because that's the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because that's the steady state
+line that all solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that all solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that all solutions are
+approaching so if you have the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching so if you have the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching so if you have the idea of
+arrows to show the slope fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show the slope fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show the slope fitting
+solution curves through tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curves through tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution curves through tangent to the
+arrows and sometimes having a formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and sometimes having a formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and sometimes having a formula to
+confirm that you did it right uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that you did it right uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that you did it right uh you get
+a picture like this um so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture like this um so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture like this um so that's the
+idea of first order equations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of first order equations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of first order equations which are
+graphed in the YT plane and the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed in the YT plane and the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed in the YT plane and the arrows
+tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cdZnhQjJu4I.txt b/cdZnhQjJu4I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1754111379cb49d9e1f08d8fb4f4778027271502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cdZnhQjJu4I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the first lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the first lecture on
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors and that's
+a big subject that will take up most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big subject that will take up most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big subject that will take up most of
+the rest of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course
+it's a again matrices are square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a again matrices are square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a again matrices are square and
+we're looking now for some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking now for some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking now for some special
+numbers the eigenvalues and some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the eigenvalues and some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the eigenvalues and some special
+vectors the eigenvectors and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the eigenvectors and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the eigenvectors and so this
+lecture is mostly about what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is mostly about what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is mostly about what are these
+numbers and then the other lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then the other lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then the other lectures are
+how do we use them why do we want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use them why do we want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use them why do we want them
+okay so what's an eigenvector maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's an eigenvector maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's an eigenvector maybe I'll
+start with eigenvector what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with eigenvector what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with eigenvector what's an
+eigenvector so I have a matrix a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so I have a matrix a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so I have a matrix a okay
+what does a matrix do it acts on vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a matrix do it acts on vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a matrix do it acts on vectors
+it multiplies vectors X so the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiplies vectors X so the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiplies vectors X so the way that
+matrix a ax is in goes a vector X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a ax is in goes a vector X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a ax is in goes a vector X and
+out comes uh vector ax is it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out comes uh vector ax is it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out comes uh vector ax is it's like a
+function with a with a function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a with a function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a with a function in
+calculus in goes a number X out comes f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in goes a number X out comes f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in goes a number X out comes f
+of X here in linear algebra we're up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X here in linear algebra we're up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X here in linear algebra we're up in
+more dimensions in goes a vector X out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dimensions in goes a vector X out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dimensions in goes a vector X out
+comes a vector ax and the vectors I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a vector ax and the vectors I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a vector ax and the vectors I'm
+specially interested in are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially interested in are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially interested in are the ones
+that come out in the same direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out in the same direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out in the same direction that
+they went in that won't be typical most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went in that won't be typical most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went in that won't be typical most
+vectors ax is in points in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors ax is in points in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors ax is in points in some
+different direction but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction but there are
+certain vectors where ax comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain vectors where ax comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain vectors where ax comes out
+parallel to X and those are the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to X and those are the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to X and those are the eigen
+vectors so ax parallel to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the eigenvectors and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvectors and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvectors and what do I
+mean by parallel Oh much easier to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by parallel Oh much easier to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by parallel Oh much easier to just
+state it in an equation ax is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it in an equation ax is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it in an equation ax is some
+multiple and everybody calls that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple and everybody calls that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple and everybody calls that
+multiple lambda of X that's our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lambda of X that's our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lambda of X that's our big
+equation we look for special vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we look for special vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we look for special vectors and
+remember most vectors won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember most vectors won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember most vectors won't be
+eigenvectors that for which ax is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that for which ax is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that for which ax is in the
+same direction as X and by same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction as X and by same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction as X and by same
+direction I allow it to be the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I allow it to be the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I allow it to be the very
+opposite direction I allow lambda to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction I allow lambda to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction I allow lambda to be
+negative or zero well I guess we've met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or zero well I guess we've met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or zero well I guess we've met
+the eigen vectors that have eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors that have eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors that have eigenvalue
+zero those are in the same direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero those are in the same direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero those are in the same direction but
+they're in a kind of very special way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a kind of very special way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a kind of very special way so
+the I get this this is the eigenvector x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I get this this is the eigenvector x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I get this this is the eigenvector x
+lambda whatever this multiplying factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda whatever this multiplying factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda whatever this multiplying factor
+is whether it's six or minus six or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether it's six or minus six or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether it's six or minus six or zero
+or even some imaginary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even some imaginary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even some imaginary number
+that's the eigenvalue so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the eigenvalue so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the eigenvalue so there's the
+eigenvalue there's the eigenvector let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue there's the eigenvector let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue there's the eigenvector let's
+just take a second on eigenvalue zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a second on eigenvalue zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a second on eigenvalue zero
+from the point of view of eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of eigenvalues
+that's no special deal that that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no special deal that that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no special deal that that's we
+have an eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eigenvector
+if the eigenvalue happened to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the eigenvalue happened to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the eigenvalue happened to be zero
+that would mean that ax was zero X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean that ax was zero X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean that ax was zero X in
+other words zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words zero
+so what would X where would we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would X where would we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would X where would we look for
+what are the X's what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the X's what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the X's what are the
+eigenvectors with eigenvalue zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors with eigenvalue zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors with eigenvalue zero
+they're the guys in the null space ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the guys in the null space ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the guys in the null space ax
+equals zero so if our matrix is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so if our matrix is singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so if our matrix is singular
+so let me write this down if if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write this down if if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write this down if if a is
+singular then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what singular mean it means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what singular mean it means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what singular mean it means that it
+takes some vector X into zero some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some vector X into zero some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some vector X into zero some
+nonzero vector that's what all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero vector that's what all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero vector that's what all right
+will be the eigenvector into 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the eigenvector into 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the eigenvector into 0 then
+lambda equals 0 is an eigenvalue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 is an eigenvalue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 is an eigenvalue but
+we're interested in all eigenvalues now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in all eigenvalues now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in all eigenvalues now
+lambda equals 0 is not like so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 is not like so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 is not like so special
+anymore okay so the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay so the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay so the question is how do
+we find these X's and lambdas and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find these X's and lambdas and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find these X's and lambdas and notice
+we don't have an equation ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an equation ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have an equation ax equal B
+anymore I can't use elimination I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I can't use elimination I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I can't use elimination I've got
+the I've got two unknowns and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I've got two unknowns and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I've got two unknowns and in fact
+they're multiplied together lambda and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiplied together lambda and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiplied together lambda and X
+are both unknowns here so we need to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both unknowns here so we need to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both unknowns here so we need to we
+need a good idea of how to find them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good idea of how to find them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a good idea of how to find them but
+before I before I do that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I before I do that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I before I do that and that's
+where a determinate so come in can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a determinate so come in can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a determinate so come in can I
+just give you some matrices like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you some matrices like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you some matrices like here
+you go take the matrix a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go take the matrix a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go take the matrix a projection
+matrix okay so suppose we have a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so suppose we have a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so suppose we have a plane
+and our matrix P is what I've called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our matrix P is what I've called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our matrix P is what I've called a
+now I'm gonna call it P for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna call it P for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna call it P for the moment
+because it's I'm thinking okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I'm thinking okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I'm thinking okay let's
+look at a projection matrix what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a projection matrix what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a projection matrix what are the
+eigenvalues of a projection matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a projection matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a projection matrix so
+that's my question what are the X's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my question what are the X's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my question what are the X's the
+eigenvectors and the lambdas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and the lambdas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and the lambdas the
+eigenvalues for and now let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for and now let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for and now let me say a
+projection matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my point is that we before we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that we before we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that we before we get into
+determinants and formulas and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and formulas and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and formulas and all that
+stuff let's take some matrices where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff let's take some matrices where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff let's take some matrices where we
+know what they do we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they do we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they do we know that if we
+take a vector B what this matrix does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector B what this matrix does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector B what this matrix does is
+it projects it's down to PB so is be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projects it's down to PB so is be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projects it's down to PB so is be an
+eigenvector in in that picture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in in that picture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in in that picture is that
+vector be an eigenvector no not so so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector be an eigenvector no not so so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector be an eigenvector no not so so B
+is not an eigenvector because P be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an eigenvector because P be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an eigenvector because P be the
+projection is in a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is in a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is in a different direction
+so now tell me what vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now tell me what vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now tell me what vectors are
+eigenvectors of P what vectors do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of P what vectors do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of P what vectors do get
+projected in the same direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected in the same direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected in the same direction that
+they start so so answer tell me some X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start so so answer tell me some X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start so so answer tell me some X's
+in this picture where could I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture where could I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture where could I start with
+a vector B or X do its projection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector B or X do its projection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector B or X do its projection and
+end up in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the same direction
+well that would happen if the vector was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in that plane already if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that plane already if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in that plane already if the
+vector X was so it let the vector X so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X was so it let the vector X so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X was so it let the vector X so X
+any any vector any X in the plane will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any vector any X in the plane will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any vector any X in the plane will
+be an eigen vector and and what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an eigen vector and and what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an eigen vector and and what will
+happen when I multiply by P what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I multiply by P what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I multiply by P what I
+project the vector X I I called it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the vector X I I called it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the vector X I I called it be
+here because this is our familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is our familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is our familiar
+picture but now I'm going to say that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but now I'm going to say that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but now I'm going to say that B
+was no good for for our purposes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no good for for our purposes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no good for for our purposes I'm
+interested in a vector X that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a vector X that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a vector X that's actually
+in the plane and I project it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane and I project it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane and I project it and what
+do I get back X of course doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get back X of course doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get back X of course doesn't move
+so any X in the plane is unchanged by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any X in the plane is unchanged by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any X in the plane is unchanged by P
+and and what's that telling me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's that telling me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's that telling me that's
+telling me that x is an eigenvector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that x is an eigenvector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that x is an eigenvector and
+it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+so telling me what's the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so telling me what's the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so telling me what's the eigenvalue
+which is just compare it with that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just compare it with that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just compare it with that the
+eigen value of the multiplier is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of the multiplier is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value of the multiplier is just
+one good so we have actually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good so we have actually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good so we have actually a whole
+plane of eigenvectors now I asked are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of eigenvectors now I asked are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of eigenvectors now I asked are
+there any other eigenvectors and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other eigenvectors and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other eigenvectors and i
+expect the answer to be yes because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the answer to be yes because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the answer to be yes because i
+would like to get three if i'm in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get three if i'm in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get three if i'm in three
+dimensions i would like to hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions i would like to hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions i would like to hope for
+three independent eigenvectors two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent eigenvectors two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent eigenvectors two of
+them in the plane and one not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the plane and one not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the plane and one not in the
+plane okay so this guy B that I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so this guy B that I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so this guy B that I drew
+there was not any good what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not any good what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not any good what's the right
+eigenvector that's not in the plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that's not in the plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that's not in the plane the
+good one is the one that's perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one is the one that's perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one is the one that's perpendicular
+to the plane there's an another good X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plane there's an another good X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plane there's an another good X
+because what's the projection so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the projection so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the projection so that
+these are eigenvectors another guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenvectors another guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eigenvectors another guy here
+would be another eigenvector but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another eigenvector but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another eigenvector but now
+here's another one any X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one any X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one any X that's
+perpendicular to the plane what's px for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane what's px for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the plane what's px for
+that for that vector what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that vector what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that vector what's the
+projection of this guy perpendicular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this guy perpendicular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this guy perpendicular the
+plane it is zero of course so it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it is zero of course so it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it is zero of course so it's it
+there's the null space px and note for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the null space px and note for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the null space px and note for
+those guys are 0 or 0 X if we like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are 0 or 0 X if we like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are 0 or 0 X if we like and
+the eigen value is 0 so my answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen value is 0 so my answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen value is 0 so my answer to the
+question is what are the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what are the eigen values
+for our projection matrix there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our projection matrix there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our projection matrix there they are
+1 and 0 ok we've we know projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 ok we've we know projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 ok we've we know projection
+matrices we can write them down as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we can write them down as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we can write them down as that
+a a transpose a inverse a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a transpose a inverse a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a transpose a inverse a transpose
+thing but without doing that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but without doing that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but without doing that from the
+from the picture we can see what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the picture we can see what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the picture we can see what are the
+eigen vectors okay are there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors okay are there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors okay are there other
+matrices let me take a second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me take a second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me take a second example
+how about a permutation matrix what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a permutation matrix what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a permutation matrix what
+about the matrix I'll call it a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matrix I'll call it a now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matrix I'll call it a now
+zero one one zero can you tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one one zero can you tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one one zero can you tell me a
+vector X see we'll have a system soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X see we'll have a system soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X see we'll have a system soon
+enough so I would like to just do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so I would like to just do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so I would like to just do these
+these couple of examples just to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of examples just to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of examples just to see the
+picture before we before we let it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before we before we let it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before we before we let it all
+go into a system where that matrix isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a system where that matrix isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a system where that matrix isn't
+anything special because it is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special because it is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything special because it is special
+and what so what vector could I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what so what vector could I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what so what vector could I multiply
+by and end up in the same direction can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and end up in the same direction can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and end up in the same direction can
+you spot an eigenvector for this guy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spot an eigenvector for this guy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spot an eigenvector for this guy it
+that that's a matrix that permutes x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a matrix that permutes x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a matrix that permutes x1
+and x2 right it switches the first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 right it switches the first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 right it switches the first the
+two components of X how could the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of X how could the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components of X how could the vector
+with its X 2 X 1 with per muted turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its X 2 X 1 with per muted turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its X 2 X 1 with per muted turn out
+to be a multiple of x1 x2 the vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a multiple of x1 x2 the vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a multiple of x1 x2 the vector we
+start with can you tell me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with can you tell me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with can you tell me an
+eigenvector here for this guy X equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector here for this guy X equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector here for this guy X equal
+what is actually can you tell me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually can you tell me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually can you tell me one
+vector that has eigenvalue 1 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has eigenvalue 1 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has eigenvalue 1 so what
+what vector would have eigenvalue 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vector would have eigenvalue 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what vector would have eigenvalue 1 so
+that if i if i permute it it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i if i permute it it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i if i permute it it doesn't
+change there that could be 1 1 thanks 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change there that could be 1 1 thanks 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change there that could be 1 1 thanks 1
+1 okay take that vector 1 1 that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay take that vector 1 1 that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay take that vector 1 1 that will be
+an eigenvector because if i do ax i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvector because if i do ax i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvector because if i do ax i get
+1 1 so that's the eigenvalue is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 so that's the eigenvalue is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 so that's the eigenvalue is 1
+great that's one eigenvalue but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's one eigenvalue but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's one eigenvalue but I have
+here a 2 by 2 matrix and I figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a 2 by 2 matrix and I figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a 2 by 2 matrix and I figure
+there's going to be a second eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a second eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a second eigenvalue
+and eigenvector now what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvector now what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvector now what about that
+what's a vector ok maybe we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a vector ok maybe we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a vector ok maybe we can just
+like guess it a vector that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like guess it a vector that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like guess it a vector that the other
+actually this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one
+that I'm thinking of it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm thinking of it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm thinking of it's going to be a
+vector that has eigenvalue minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has eigenvalue minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has eigenvalue minus one
+that's my that's going to be my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my that's going to be my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my that's going to be my other
+eigenvalue for this matrix that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue for this matrix that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue for this matrix that's the
+notice the nice positive or not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the nice positive or not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the nice positive or not negative
+matrix but an eigenvalue is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but an eigenvalue is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but an eigenvalue is going to
+come out negative and can you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out negative and can you guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out negative and can you guess
+spot the X that will work for that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the X that will work for that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot the X that will work for that so I
+want a vector when I multiply by a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a vector when I multiply by a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a vector when I multiply by a which
+reverses the two components I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the two components I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the two components I want the
+thing to come out minus the original so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to come out minus the original so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to come out minus the original so
+what shall I send in in that case if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I send in in that case if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I send in in that case if I
+send in negative 1 1 then when I apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in negative 1 1 then when I apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in negative 1 1 then when I apply a
+I get I do that multiplication and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I do that multiplication and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I do that multiplication and I get
+1 negative 1 so it reversed sign so ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 negative 1 so it reversed sign so ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 negative 1 so it reversed sign so ax
+is minus X lambda is minus 1 aah so ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus X lambda is minus 1 aah so ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus X lambda is minus 1 aah so ax
+was X there and ax is minus X here can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was X there and ax is minus X here can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was X there and ax is minus X here can I
+just mention like jump ahead and point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention like jump ahead and point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention like jump ahead and point
+out a special little fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a special little fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a special little fact about
+eigenvalues n by n matrices will have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues n by n matrices will have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues n by n matrices will have n
+eigenvalues and it's not like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and it's not like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and it's not like that
+suppose n is 3 or 4 or more it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose n is 3 or 4 or more it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose n is 3 or 4 or more it's not so
+easy to find them we'd have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find them we'd have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find them we'd have a third
+degree or a fourth degree or an nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or a fourth degree or an nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or a fourth degree or an nth
+degree equation but here's one nice fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree equation but here's one nice fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree equation but here's one nice fact
+there's one pleasant fact that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one pleasant fact that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one pleasant fact that the sum
+of the eigenvalues equals the sum down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigenvalues equals the sum down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigenvalues equals the sum down
+the diagonal that's called the trace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal that's called the trace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal that's called the trace and
+I put that in the lecture content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put that in the lecture content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put that in the lecture content
+specifically so this is a neat fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so this is a neat fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so this is a neat fact a
+fact that some the some of the lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some the some of the lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that some the some of the lambdas
+add up the lambdas equals there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the lambdas equals there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the lambdas equals there's some
+what would you like me to household I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you like me to household I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you like me to household I
+write that down what I want to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down what I want to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down what I want to say in
+words is the sum down the diagonal of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is the sum down the diagonal of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is the sum down the diagonal of a
+shall I write a 1 1 plus a 2 2 plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write a 1 1 plus a 2 2 plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write a 1 1 plus a 2 2 plus plus
+a in in that's add up the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in in that's add up the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in in that's add up the diagonal
+entries in this example it's 0 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this example it's 0 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in this example it's 0 in other
+words once I found this eigen value of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words once I found this eigen value of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words once I found this eigen value of 1
+I knew the other one had to be minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew the other one had to be minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew the other one had to be minus 1
+in this 2 by 2 case because in the 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this 2 by 2 case because in the 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this 2 by 2 case because in the 2 by
+2 case which is a good one to to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 case which is a good one to to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 case which is a good one to to play
+with the trace tells you right away what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the trace tells you right away what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the trace tells you right away what
+the other eigen value is so if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eigen value is so if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other eigen value is so if I tell
+you 1 eigen value you could tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 1 eigen value you could tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 1 eigen value you could tell me the
+other one will we'll have that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one will we'll have that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one will we'll have that we'll see
+that again ok now can i I could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again ok now can i I could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again ok now can i I could give
+more examples but maybe it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples but maybe it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples but maybe it's time to
+face the the equation ax equal lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the the equation ax equal lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the the equation ax equal lambda X
+and figure how are we going to find X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure how are we going to find X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure how are we going to find X
+and lambda ok so this is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda ok so this is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda ok so this is the question
+now is how to find eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is how to find eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is how to find eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors how to solve how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors how to solve how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors how to solve how to solve
+ax equal lambda X when we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal lambda X when we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal lambda X when we've got two
+unknowns both in the equations ok here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns both in the equations ok here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns both in the equations ok here's
+the trick simple idea bring this on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick simple idea bring this on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick simple idea bring this on to
+the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side
+rewrite bring this over as a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite bring this over as a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite bring this over as a minus
+lambda times the identity x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times the identity x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times the identity x equals 0
+right I have a X minus lambda X so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a X minus lambda X so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a X minus lambda X so I
+brought that over and I've got 0 left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought that over and I've got 0 left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought that over and I've got 0 left on
+the on the right hand side ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the right hand side ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the right hand side ok
+I don't know lambda and I don't know X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know lambda and I don't know X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know lambda and I don't know X
+but I do know something here what I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know something here what I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know something here what I know
+is if I if I'm going to be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I if I'm going to be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I if I'm going to be able to solve
+this thing for some X that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing for some X that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing for some X that's not the
+zero vector that's no that's a useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector that's no that's a useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vector that's no that's a useless
+eigenvector doesn't count what I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector doesn't count what I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector doesn't count what I know
+now is that this matrix must be what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that this matrix must be what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that this matrix must be what if
+I'm going to be if there is an X I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be if there is an X I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be if there is an X I don't
+care if I don't right now I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if I don't right now I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care if I don't right now I don't know
+what it is I'm going to find lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I'm going to find lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I'm going to find lambda
+first actually and but if there is an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually and but if there is an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually and but if there is an X
+it tells me that this matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that this matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells me that this matrix this
+special combination which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special combination which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special combination which is like the
+matrix a with lambda shifted by lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a with lambda shifted by lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a with lambda shifted by lambda
+shifted by lambda I that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by lambda I that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by lambda I that it has to be
+singular this matrix must be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular this matrix must be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular this matrix must be singular
+otherwise the only X would be the zero X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the only X would be the zero X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the only X would be the zero X
+and zero interest okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero interest okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero interest okay so this is
+singular and what do I now know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and what do I now know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and what do I now know about
+singular matrices they're determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrices they're determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrices they're determinant is
+zero so I so from the fact that that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I so from the fact that that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I so from the fact that that has
+to be singular I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be singular I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be singular I know that the
+determinant of a minus lambda I has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I has to
+be zero and that now I've got X out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that now I've got X out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that now I've got X out of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+I've got an equation for lambda that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an equation for lambda that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got an equation for lambda that the
+key equation it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation it's called the
+characteristic equation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation or the
+eigenvalue equation and that in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation and that in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation and that in other
+words I I'm now in a position to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I I'm now in a position to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I I'm now in a position to find
+lambda first so I this is the idea will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda first so I this is the idea will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda first so I this is the idea will
+be to find lambda first and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to find lambda first and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to find lambda first and actually
+I'll know I won't find one lambda I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll know I won't find one lambda I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll know I won't find one lambda I'll
+find n different lambdas well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find n different lambdas well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find n different lambdas well and
+lambdas maybe not in different ones a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas maybe not in different ones a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas maybe not in different ones a
+lambda could be repeated repeated lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda could be repeated repeated lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda could be repeated repeated lambda
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the source of all trouble in 1806 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of all trouble in 1806 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of all trouble in 1806 so
+let's hope for the moment that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hope for the moment that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hope for the moment that they're
+not repeated they're there they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeated they're there they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeated they're there they were
+different right one and minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right one and minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right one and minus one in
+that in that for that permutation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that for that permutation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that for that permutation okay
+so and after I found this lambda can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and after I found this lambda can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and after I found this lambda can I
+just look ahead how am I going to find X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look ahead how am I going to find X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look ahead how am I going to find X
+after I have found this lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I have found this lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I have found this lambda the
+lambda being this one of the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda being this one of the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda being this one of the numbers
+that makes this matrix singular then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this matrix singular then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this matrix singular then of
+course finding X is just by elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course finding X is just by elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course finding X is just by elimination
+right it's just now I've got a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just now I've got a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just now I've got a singular
+matrix I'm looking for the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm looking for the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm looking for the null space
+we're experts at finding the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're experts at finding the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're experts at finding the null space
+you know you do elimination you identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you do elimination you identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you do elimination you identify
+the the pivot columns and so on you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pivot columns and so on you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pivot columns and so on you and
+give values to the free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give values to the free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give values to the free variables
+probably there only be one free variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there only be one free variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there only be one free variable
+will give it the value one like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give it the value one like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give it the value one like there
+and we find the other variable okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find the other variable okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find the other variable okay so
+let's find the X second will be a doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the X second will be a doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the X second will be a doable
+job let's go let's look at the first job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job let's go let's look at the first job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job let's go let's look at the first job
+of finding lambda okay can I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding lambda okay can I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding lambda okay can I take
+another example and let's let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example and let's let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example and let's let's work
+that one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one out
+okay so let me take the example say let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me take the example say let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me take the example say let
+me make it easy three three one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've made it easy I made it - by - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've made it easy I made it - by - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've made it easy I made it - by - I
+made it symmetric and I even made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it symmetric and I even made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it symmetric and I even made it
+constant down the diagonal so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant down the diagonal so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant down the diagonal so that so
+the more like special properties I stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more like special properties I stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more like special properties I stick
+into the matrix the more special outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the matrix the more special outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the matrix the more special outcome
+I get for the eigenvalues for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for the eigenvalues for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get for the eigenvalues for example
+that this symmetric matrix I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this symmetric matrix I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this symmetric matrix I know that
+it'll come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out with
+real eigenvalues the eigenvalues will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real eigenvalues the eigenvalues will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real eigenvalues the eigenvalues will
+turn out to be nice real numbers and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be nice real numbers and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be nice real numbers and up
+in our previous example that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our previous example that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our previous example that was a
+symmetric matrix yeah actually while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix yeah actually while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix yeah actually while
+we're at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at it
+that was a symmetric matrix its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a symmetric matrix its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a symmetric matrix its
+eigenvalues were nice real numbers 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues were nice real numbers 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues were nice real numbers 1 and
+minus 1 and you notice anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and you notice anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and you notice anything about
+its eigenvectors anything particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors anything particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors anything particular
+about those two vectors 1 1 and -1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those two vectors 1 1 and -1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those two vectors 1 1 and -1 1
+they just happen to be no I can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happen to be no I can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happen to be no I can't say
+they just happened to be because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happened to be because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just happened to be because that's
+a whole point is that they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole point is that they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole point is that they had to be
+what what are they they're perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are they they're perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are they they're perpendicular
+the vector when if I see a vector 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector when if I see a vector 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector when if I see a vector 1 1
+and a 1 and a minus 1 1 my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 1 and a minus 1 1 my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 1 and a minus 1 1 my mind
+immediately takes that dot product it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately takes that dot product it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately takes that dot product it's
+0 those vectors are perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 those vectors are perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 those vectors are perpendicular
+that'll happen here too well let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll happen here too well let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll happen here too well let's find
+the eigenvalues actually the I owe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues actually the I owe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues actually the I owe my
+examples too easy my example is too easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples too easy my example is too easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples too easy my example is too easy
+let me tell you in advance what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you in advance what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you in advance what's going
+to happen may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen may I
+or shall I do the determinant of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shall I do the determinant of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shall I do the determinant of a minus
+lambda and then point out at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and then point out at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and then point out at the end
+what will you remind me at the after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you remind me at the after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you remind me at the after I
+found the eigenvalues to say why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the eigenvalues to say why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the eigenvalues to say why they
+were why why they were easy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were why why they were easy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were why why they were easy from the
+from the example we did okay let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example we did okay let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example we did okay let's let's
+do the job here let's fake let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job here let's fake let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the job here let's fake let's compute
+determinant of a minus lambda I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I so
+that's a determinant and what's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a determinant and what's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a determinant and what's what is
+this thing it's the matrix a with lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's the matrix a with lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing it's the matrix a with lambda
+removed from the diagonal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the diagonal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the diagonal so the
+diagonal matrix is shifted and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix is shifted and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix is shifted and then I'm
+taking the determinant okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the determinant okay so I
+multiply this out so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out so what is that
+determinant you notice I didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you notice I didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you notice I didn't take
+lambda away from all the entries its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda away from all the entries its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda away from all the entries its
+lambda I so it slammed along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I so it slammed along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I so it slammed along the
+diagonal so I get three much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so I get three much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so I get three much
+lambda squared and then minus 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared and then minus 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared and then minus 1 right
+and I want that to be 0 well I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want that to be 0 well I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want that to be 0 well I'm gonna
+simplify it and what will I get so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it and what will I get so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it and what will I get so if I
+multiply this out I get lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out I get lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out I get lambda squared
+minus 6 lambda plus what plus 8 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 lambda plus what plus 8 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 lambda plus what plus 8 and that
+I'm going to set to 0 and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set to 0 and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set to 0 and I'm going to
+solve it so and it's it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so and it's it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so and it's it's a quadratic
+equation I can use factorization I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can use factorization I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can use factorization I can
+use the quadratic formula I'll get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the quadratic formula I'll get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the quadratic formula I'll get two
+lambdas before I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas before I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas before I do it
+tell me what's that number six that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's that number six that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's that number six that's
+showing up in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up in this equation
+it's a trace that number six is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trace that number six is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trace that number six is three
+plus three and while we're at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three and while we're at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three and while we're at it
+what's the number eight that's showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the number eight that's showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the number eight that's showing
+up in this equation it's the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this equation it's the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this equation it's the determinant
+that our matrix has determined at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our matrix has determined at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our matrix has determined at eight
+so in a 2x2 case it's really nice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a 2x2 case it's really nice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a 2x2 case it's really nice it's
+lambda squared minus the trace times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared minus the trace times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared minus the trace times
+lambda the trace is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the trace is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the trace is the linear
+coefficient at plus the determinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient at plus the determinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient at plus the determinate the
+constant term okay so let's can can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term okay so let's can can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term okay so let's can can we
+find the roots I guess the easy way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the roots I guess the easy way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the roots I guess the easy way is
+to factor that as something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor that as something times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor that as something times
+something if we couldn't factor it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if we couldn't factor it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if we couldn't factor it then
+we'd have to use the old b squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to use the old b squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to use the old b squared minus
+4ac formula but I think we can factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4ac formula but I think we can factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4ac formula but I think we can factor
+that into lambda minus what times lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into lambda minus what times lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into lambda minus what times lambda
+minus what can you do that factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what can you do that factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what can you do that factorization
+for and to lambda minus four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and to lambda minus four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and to lambda minus four times
+lambda minus two so that the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus two so that the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus two so that the eigenvalues
+are four and two so the eigenvalues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four and two so the eigenvalues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four and two so the eigenvalues are
+one eigenvalue lambda one let's say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eigenvalue lambda one let's say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eigenvalue lambda one let's say is
+four lambda to the other eigenvalue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lambda to the other eigenvalue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lambda to the other eigenvalue is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+the eigenvalues are 4 & 2 and then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues are 4 & 2 and then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues are 4 & 2 and then I can
+go for the eigenvectors you see I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the eigenvectors you see I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the eigenvectors you see I got
+the eigenvalues first 4 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues first 4 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues first 4 & 2
+now for the eigenvectors so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the eigenvectors so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the eigenvectors so what are the
+eigenvectors they're these guys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors they're these guys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors they're these guys in the
+null space when I take away when I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space when I take away when I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space when I take away when I make
+the matrix singular by taking 4i or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix singular by taking 4i or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix singular by taking 4i or to
+Iowa so we got to do those separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa so we got to do those separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iowa so we got to do those separately
+let me find the eigenvector for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me find the eigenvector for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me find the eigenvector for for
+first so I'll subtract 4 so a minus 4i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so I'll subtract 4 so a minus 4i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so I'll subtract 4 so a minus 4i
+is so taking 4 away we'll put minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so taking 4 away we'll put minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so taking 4 away we'll put minus ones
+there and what's the point about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the point about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the point about that
+matrix if 4 is an eigenvalue then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if 4 is an eigenvalue then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if 4 is an eigenvalue then a
+minus 4 I had better be out what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 I had better be out what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 I had better be out what kind of
+matrix singular if that matrix isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix singular if that matrix isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix singular if that matrix isn't
+singular the 4 wasn't correct but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular the 4 wasn't correct but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular the 4 wasn't correct but we're
+okay that matrix is singular and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that matrix is singular and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that matrix is singular and what's
+the X now the X is in the null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X now the X is in the null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X now the X is in the null space so
+what's the x1 that goes with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the x1 that goes with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the x1 that goes with with the
+lambda 1 so that aim so this is now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 so that aim so this is now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 so that aim so this is now I'm
+doing ax 1 is lambda 1 X 1 so I took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ax 1 is lambda 1 X 1 so I took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ax 1 is lambda 1 X 1 so I took a
+minus lambda 1 I that's this matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 I that's this matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 I that's this matrix and
+now I'm looking for the X 1 in its null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking for the X 1 in its null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm looking for the X 1 in its null
+space and who who is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and who who is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and who who is he
+what's the vector X in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the vector X in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the vector X in the null space of
+course it's 1 1 so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's 1 1 so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's 1 1 so that's the
+eigenvector that goes with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes with that
+eigenvalue now how about the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue now how about the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue now how about the eigenvector
+that goes with the other eigenvalue can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with the other eigenvalue can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes with the other eigenvalue can
+I do that with with erasing I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that with with erasing I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that with with erasing I take a
+minus 2 I so now I take 2 away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 I so now I take 2 away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 I so now I take 2 away from the
+diagonal and that leaves me with a 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and that leaves me with a 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and that leaves me with a 1 and
+a 1 so a minus 2 I as again produced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 so a minus 2 I as again produced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 so a minus 2 I as again produced a
+singular matrix as it had to I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix as it had to I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix as it had to I'm looking
+for the null space of that guy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space of that guy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space of that guy what
+vector is in its null space well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is in its null space well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is in its null space well
+of course a whole line of vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a whole line of vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a whole line of vectors so
+when I say the eigenvector I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say the eigenvector I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say the eigenvector I'm not
+speaking correctly there's a whole line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking correctly there's a whole line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking correctly there's a whole line
+of eigenvectors and you just I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors and you just I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eigenvectors and you just I just want
+a basis and for a line I just want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis and for a line I just want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis and for a line I just want one
+vector but you could your there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but you could your there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but you could your there's some
+freedom in choosing that one but choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in choosing that one but choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in choosing that one but choose
+a reasonable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable one
+what's a vector in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a vector in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a vector in the null space of
+that well the natural vector to pick as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the natural vector to pick as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the natural vector to pick as
+the eigenvector with with lambda 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector with with lambda 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector with with lambda 2 is
+minus 1 1 if I did elimination on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 if I did elimination on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 if I did elimination on that
+vector and set that the free variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and set that the free variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and set that the free variable to
+be 1 I would get minus 1 and get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 I would get minus 1 and get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 I would get minus 1 and get that
+eigen vector so do you see then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector so do you see then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector so do you see then that
+I've got I can backfire eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got I can backfire eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got I can backfire eigenvalue
+eigenvector eigenvalue for this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector eigenvalue for this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector eigenvalue for this for this
+matrix and now becomes that thing that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and now becomes that thing that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and now becomes that thing that i
+wanted to be reminded of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be reminded of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be reminded of what's the
+relation between that problem and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between that problem and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between that problem and let me
+write just above what we found here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write just above what we found here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write just above what we found here a
+equals 0 1 1 0 that has eigenvalues 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1 1 0 that has eigenvalues 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 1 1 0 that has eigenvalues 1
+and minus 1 and eigenvectors 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 and eigenvectors 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 and eigenvectors 1 1 and
+eigenvector minus 1 1 and what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector minus 1 1 and what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector minus 1 1 and what do you
+notice what's how is this matrix related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what's how is this matrix related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what's how is this matrix related
+to that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are those 2 matrices related well 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are those 2 matrices related well 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are those 2 matrices related well 1
+is just 3i more than the other one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 3i more than the other one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 3i more than the other one right
+I just took that matrix and I I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took that matrix and I I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just took that matrix and I I took
+this matrix and I added 3i so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and I added 3i so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and I added 3i so my
+question is what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happened to the
+eigenvalues and what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and what happened to the
+eigenvectors that's the that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that's the that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors that's the that's like the
+question we keep asking now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we keep asking now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we keep asking now in this
+chapter if I if I do something to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter if I if I do something to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter if I if I do something to the
+Mae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mae
+Trix what happens if I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix what happens if I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix what happens if I already know
+something about the matrix what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the matrix what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the matrix what what's
+the conclusion for its eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion for its eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion for its eigenvectors and
+eigenvalues because those eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues because those eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues because those eigenvalues
+and eigenvectors are going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors are going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors are going to tell us
+important information about the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information about the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information about the matrix
+and here what are we what are we seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what are we what are we seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what are we what are we seeing
+what's happening to these eigenvalues 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to these eigenvalues 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to these eigenvalues 1
+and minus 1 when I add 3 I it just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 when I add 3 I it just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 when I add 3 I it just added
+3 to the eigenvalues I got 4 & 2 3 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the eigenvalues I got 4 & 2 3 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the eigenvalues I got 4 & 2 3 more
+than 1 and minus 1 what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and minus 1 what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and minus 1 what happened to the
+eigenvectors nothing at all 1 1 is + - +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors nothing at all 1 1 is + - +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors nothing at all 1 1 is + - +
+1 and minus 1 1 are is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 1 are is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 1 are is still the
+eigenvectors in other words simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors in other words simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors in other words simple but
+useful observation if I add 3i to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful observation if I add 3i to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful observation if I add 3i to a
+matrix its eigenvectors don't change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix its eigenvectors don't change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix its eigenvectors don't change and
+its eigenvalues are 3 bigger let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvalues are 3 bigger let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvalues are 3 bigger let's let's
+just see why let me keep all this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see why let me keep all this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see why let me keep all this on the
+same board suppose I have a matrix a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same board suppose I have a matrix a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same board suppose I have a matrix a and
+ax equal lambda X now I add 3i to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal lambda X now I add 3i to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal lambda X now I add 3i to that
+matrix do you see what its eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do you see what its eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do you see what its eigenvalue
+are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are
+going to how they're coming out if so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to how they're coming out if so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to how they're coming out if so is
+there's an if ax equals lambda X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an if ax equals lambda X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an if ax equals lambda X then
+this this other new matrix I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this other new matrix I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this other new matrix I just have
+an ax which is lambda X and I have a 3x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ax which is lambda X and I have a 3x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ax which is lambda X and I have a 3x
+from the 3x so it's just I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 3x so it's just I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 3x so it's just I mean it's
+just sitting there lambda plus 3x so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there lambda plus 3x so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting there lambda plus 3x so if
+they if this had eigenvalue lambda this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if this had eigenvalue lambda this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if this had eigenvalue lambda this
+size eigenvalue lambda plus 3 and the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size eigenvalue lambda plus 3 and the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size eigenvalue lambda plus 3 and the X
+the eigenvector is the same X for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector is the same X for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector is the same X for both
+matrices okay so that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course it's special we got the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's special we got the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's special we got the new
+matrix by adding three I suppose I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by adding three I suppose I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by adding three I suppose I had
+added another matrix suppose I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added another matrix suppose I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added another matrix suppose I know the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a so
+this is this this little board here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this little board here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this little board here is
+going to be not so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose I have a matrix a and it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a matrix a and it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a matrix a and it has an
+eigen vector X with an eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector X with an eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector X with an eigen value
+lambda and now I add on some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and now I add on some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and now I add on some other
+matrix so so what I'm asking you is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so so what I'm asking you is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so so what I'm asking you is if
+you know the eigenvalues of a and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the eigenvalues of a and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the eigenvalues of a and you
+know the eigenvalues of B let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvalues of B let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvalues of B let me say
+suppose B so this is if let me put an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose B so this is if let me put an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose B so this is if let me put an if
+here if ax equals lambda X fine and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if ax equals lambda X fine and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if ax equals lambda X fine and B
+has eigen values has eigen values what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eigen values has eigen values what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eigen values has eigen values what
+should we call them alpha alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we call them alpha alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we call them alpha alpha 1 and
+alpha or say alpha I'll use alpha for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or say alpha I'll use alpha for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or say alpha I'll use alpha for
+the eigen values of B for no good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you see what I'm gonna ask is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see what I'm gonna ask is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see what I'm gonna ask is how
+about a plus B let me let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a plus B let me let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a plus B let me let me give you
+the let me give you a what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me give you a what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me give you a what you might
+think first okay if ax equals lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think first okay if ax equals lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think first okay if ax equals lambda X
+and if B has an eigen value alpha then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if B has an eigen value alpha then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if B has an eigen value alpha then
+am I allowed to say what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I allowed to say what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I allowed to say what's what's the
+matter with this argument it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with this argument it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with this argument it's wrong
+what I'm gonna write up is wrong I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna write up is wrong I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna write up is wrong I'm
+gonna say BX is Alpha X add those up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say BX is Alpha X add those up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say BX is Alpha X add those up and
+you get a plus BX equals lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a plus BX equals lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a plus BX equals lambda plus
+Alpha X so you would think that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha X so you would think that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha X so you would think that if you
+knew the eigen values of a and you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the eigen values of a and you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the eigen values of a and you knew
+the eigen values of B then if you added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values of B then if you added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values of B then if you added
+you would know the eigen values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know the eigen values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know the eigen values of a
+plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B
+but that's false a plus B what when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's false a plus B what when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's false a plus B what when B
+was 3i that work worked great but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 3i that work worked great but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 3i that work worked great but this
+is not so great and what's the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so great and what's the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so great and what's the matter
+with that argument there we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that argument there we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that argument there we have no
+reason to believe that X is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe that X is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe that X is also an
+eigenvector of B it B has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of B it B has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of B it B has some
+eigenvalues but it's got some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but it's got some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but it's got some different
+eigenvectors normally it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors normally it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors normally it's a different
+matrix I don't know anything special if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I don't know anything special if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I don't know anything special if
+I don't know anything special then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything special then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything special then as
+far as I know it's got some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I know it's got some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I know it's got some different
+eigen vector Y and when I add I get just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector Y and when I add I get just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector Y and when I add I get just
+rubbish I mean I get I can add but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbish I mean I get I can add but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbish I mean I get I can add but I
+don't learn anything so not so great is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn anything so not so great is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn anything so not so great is
+a plus B or a times B normally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B or a times B normally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B or a times B normally the
+eigenvalues of a plus B or a times B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a plus B or a times B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a plus B or a times B are
+not eigenvalues of a plus eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eigenvalues of a plus eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eigenvalues of a plus eigenvalues of
+b eigenvalues are not like linear or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b eigenvalues are not like linear or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b eigenvalues are not like linear or and
+they don't multiply because eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't multiply because eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't multiply because eigenvectors
+are usually different and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually different and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually different and and there's
+this no way to find out what a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no way to find out what a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no way to find out what a plus B
+does to a vector okay so that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to a vector okay so that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to a vector okay so that's like a
+caution don't if B is a multiple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution don't if B is a multiple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution don't if B is a multiple of the
+identity great but if B is some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity great but if B is some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity great but if B is some general
+matrix then for a plus B you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then for a plus B you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then for a plus B you've got to
+find you've got to solve the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you've got to solve the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you've got to solve the eigenvalue
+problem okay now I want to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay now I want to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay now I want to do another
+example that brings out another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that brings out another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that brings out another point
+about eigenvalues let me make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues let me make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues let me make this
+example a rotation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a rotation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a rotation matrix
+okay so here's another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a rotate oh I better call it Q I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rotate oh I better call it Q I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a rotate oh I better call it Q I
+often use Q for four rotations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use Q for four rotations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use Q for four rotations because
+those are the like very special very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the like very special very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the like very special very
+important examples of orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important examples of orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important examples of orthogonal
+matrices let me let me make it a 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me let me make it a 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices let me let me make it a 90
+degree rotation so that by my matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation so that by my matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation so that by my matrix is
+going to be the one that rotates every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the one that rotates every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the one that rotates every
+vector by 90 degrees so do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by 90 degrees so do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by 90 degrees so do you remember
+that matrix it's the cosine of 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix it's the cosine of 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix it's the cosine of 90
+degrees which is zero the sine of 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees which is zero the sine of 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees which is zero the sine of 90
+degrees which is one minus the sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees which is one minus the sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees which is one minus the sine of
+90 the cosine of 90 so that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 the cosine of 90 so that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 the cosine of 90 so that matrix
+deserves the letter Q it's an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves the letter Q it's an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves the letter Q it's an orthogonal
+matrix very very orthogonal matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix very very orthogonal matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix very very orthogonal matrix now
+I'm interested in its eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in its eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in its eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors two-by-two it can't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors two-by-two it can't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors two-by-two it can't be that
+tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough
+we know that the eigenvalues add to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually we know something already here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we know something already here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we know something already here
+the eigen what's the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen what's the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen what's the sum of the two
+eigenvalues just tell me what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues just tell me what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues just tell me what I just
+said zero right from that trace business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said zero right from that trace business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said zero right from that trace business
+the sum of the eigenvalues is is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the eigenvalues is is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the eigenvalues is is going
+to come out zero and the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out zero and the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out zero and the product of the
+eigenvalues did I tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues did I tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues did I tell you about the
+determinant being the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant being the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant being the product of the
+eigenvalues no but that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues no but that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues no but that's a good thing
+to know we pointed out that how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know we pointed out that how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know we pointed out that how that
+eight appeared in the in the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight appeared in the in the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight appeared in the in the quadratic
+equation so so so let me just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so so so let me just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so so so let me just say this
+the trace is zero plus zero obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace is zero plus zero obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace is zero plus zero obviously
+and that's the sum that's lambda 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sum that's lambda 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sum that's lambda 1 plus
+lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the other neat fact is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other neat fact is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the other neat fact is that the
+determinant what's the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant what's the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant what's the determinant of
+that matrix 1 and that is lambda 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix 1 and that is lambda 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix 1 and that is lambda 1 times
+lambda 2 in our example the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 in our example the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 in our example the one we
+worked out we the eigenvalues came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out we the eigenvalues came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out we the eigenvalues came out
+four and two their product was eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two their product was eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and two their product was eight
+that it had to be eight because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had to be eight because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had to be eight because we
+factored into lambda minus four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored into lambda minus four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored into lambda minus four times
+lambda minus two that gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus two that gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus two that gave us the
+constant term eight and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term eight and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term eight and that was the
+determinant okay what I'm leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay what I'm leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay what I'm leading up to
+with this example is that something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this example is that something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this example is that something's
+gonna go wrong something goes wrong for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go wrong something goes wrong for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go wrong something goes wrong for
+a rotation because what vector can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation because what vector can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation because what vector can come
+out parallel to itself after a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out parallel to itself after a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out parallel to itself after a rotation
+if if this matrix rotates every vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this matrix rotates every vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this matrix rotates every vector
+by 90 degrees what could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 90 degrees what could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 90 degrees what could be an
+eigenvector you see we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector you see we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector you see we're going to have
+trouble I can vectors are well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I can vectors are well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I can vectors are well our
+picture of eigenvectors of coming out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of eigenvectors of coming out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of eigenvectors of coming out in
+the same direction that they went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction that they went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction that they went in
+there won't be any and with and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be any and with and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be any and with and with
+eigenvalues we're gonna have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we're gonna have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we're gonna have trouble
+from these equations let's see why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these equations let's see why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these equations let's see why am I
+expecting trouble the the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting trouble the the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting trouble the the first equation
+says that the eigenvalues add to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the eigenvalues add to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the eigenvalues add to 0 so
+there's a plus and a minus but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus and a minus but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus and a minus but then the
+second equation says that the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation says that the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation says that the product is
+plus 1 and we're in trouble but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and we're in trouble but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and we're in trouble but there's
+a way out so how let's do the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way out so how let's do the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way out so how let's do the usual
+stuff look at determinant of Q minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff look at determinant of Q minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff look at determinant of Q minus
+lambda I it'll it'll so I'll just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I it'll it'll so I'll just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I it'll it'll so I'll just follow
+the rules take the determinant subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules take the determinant subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules take the determinant subtract
+lambda from the diagonal where I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda from the diagonal where I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda from the diagonal where I had
+zeros the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the
+rest is the same rest of Q is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is the same rest of Q is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is the same rest of Q is just
+copied compute that determinant okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied compute that determinant okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied compute that determinant okay so
+what does that determine it equal lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that determine it equal lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that determine it equal lambda
+squared minus -1 plus 1 what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus -1 plus 1 what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus -1 plus 1 what's up
+there's my equation like my equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my equation like my equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my equation like my equation for
+the eigenvalues is lambda squared plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues is lambda squared plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues is lambda squared plus 1
+equals 0 what are the eigenvalues lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 what are the eigenvalues lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 what are the eigenvalues lambda
+1 and lambda 2 there I whatever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and lambda 2 there I whatever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and lambda 2 there I whatever that is
+and minus it right those are the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus it right those are the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus it right those are the right
+numbers they add to 0 as the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they add to 0 as the trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they add to 0 as the trace
+requires and they multiply to 1 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires and they multiply to 1 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires and they multiply to 1 as the
+determinant requires but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant requires but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant requires but they don't
+happen to be real numbers even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be real numbers even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be real numbers even though
+the matrix was perfectly real so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix was perfectly real so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix was perfectly real so this
+can happen complex numbers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen complex numbers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen complex numbers are going to
+have to enter 1806 at this moment boo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to enter 1806 at this moment boo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to enter 1806 at this moment boo
+right all right if I just choose good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right if I just choose good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right if I just choose good
+matrices that have real eigenvalues we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that have real eigenvalues we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that have real eigenvalues we
+can postpone that evil day but just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can postpone that evil day but just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can postpone that evil day but just so
+you see so I'll try to do that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so I'll try to do that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so I'll try to do that but it's
+it's out there that a matrix a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there that a matrix a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there that a matrix a perfectly
+real matrix could have get give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix could have get give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix could have get give a
+perfectly innocent looking quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly innocent looking quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly innocent looking quadratic
+thing but the roots of that quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the roots of that quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but the roots of that quadratic
+can be complex numbers and and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be complex numbers and and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be complex numbers and and of course
+you everybody knows that there what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everybody knows that there what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everybody knows that there what do
+you know about the complex numbers so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the complex numbers so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the complex numbers so so
+now let's just spend one more minute on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just spend one more minute on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just spend one more minute on
+this bad possibility of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad possibility of complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad possibility of complex numbers
+we do know a little information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know a little information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know a little information about
+the the two complex numbers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two complex numbers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two complex numbers they're
+complex conjugates of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if lambda is an eigenvalue then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if lambda is an eigenvalue then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if lambda is an eigenvalue then when
+I change when I go you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change when I go you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change when I go you remember what
+complex conjugates are you switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates are you switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates are you switch the
+sign of the imaginary part well this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the imaginary part well this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the imaginary part well this was
+only imaginary had no real part so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only imaginary had no real part so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only imaginary had no real part so we
+just switched its side so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switched its side so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switched its side so the
+eigenvalues come in pairs like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues come in pairs like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues come in pairs like that but
+they're complex a complex conjugate pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex a complex conjugate pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex a complex conjugate pair
+and that can happen with a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can happen with a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can happen with a perfectly
+real matrix and as a matter of fact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix and as a matter of fact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix and as a matter of fact so
+that was Mike my point earlier that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was Mike my point earlier that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was Mike my point earlier that if
+the matrix was symmetric it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix was symmetric it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix was symmetric it wouldn't
+happen so if we stick to matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if we stick to matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so if we stick to matrices that
+are symmetric or like close to symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symmetric or like close to symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symmetric or like close to symmetric
+then the eigenvalues will stay real but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalues will stay real but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalues will stay real but
+if we move far away from symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move far away from symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we move far away from symmetric and
+that's as far as you can move because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as you can move because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as you can move because
+that matrix is how is Q transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is how is Q transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is how is Q transpose
+related to Q for that matrix that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Q for that matrix that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Q for that matrix that matrix
+is anti-symmetric q transpose is minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anti-symmetric q transpose is minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anti-symmetric q transpose is minus q
+that's the very opposite of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very opposite of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very opposite of symmetry
+when I flip across the diagonal I get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I flip across the diagonal I get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I flip across the diagonal I get I
+reverse all the signs those are the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse all the signs those are the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse all the signs those are the guys
+that have pure imaginary eigenvalues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have pure imaginary eigenvalues so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have pure imaginary eigenvalues so
+they're the extreme case and in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the extreme case and in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the extreme case and in between
+our matrices that are not symmetric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrices that are not symmetric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrices that are not symmetric or
+anti-symmetric but but they have partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric but but they have partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric but but they have partly
+a symmetric part and an anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric part and an anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric part and an anti-symmetric
+part okay so I'm doing a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so I'm doing a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so I'm doing a bunch of
+examples here to show the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here to show the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here to show the possibilities
+the good possibilities being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good possibilities being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good possibilities being
+perpendicular eigenvectors real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular eigenvectors real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular eigenvectors real
+eigenvalues the bad possibilities being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the bad possibilities being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the bad possibilities being
+complex eigenvalues we could say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex eigenvalues we could say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex eigenvalues we could say that's
+bad there's another even worse I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad there's another even worse I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad there's another even worse I'm
+getting through the bad things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through the bad things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through the bad things here
+today then then the next lecture can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be like pure happiness okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like pure happiness okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like pure happiness okay here's
+one more bad thing that that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more bad thing that that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more bad thing that that could
+happen so again I'll do it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so again I'll do it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so again I'll do it with an
+example suppose my matrix is suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose my matrix is suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose my matrix is suppose I
+take this three three one and I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this three three one and I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this three three one and I change
+that guy to zero what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy to zero what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy to zero what are the
+eigenvalues of that matrix what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that matrix what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that matrix what are the
+eigenvectors this is always our question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors this is always our question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors this is always our question
+of course the next sections are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the next sections are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the next sections are going to
+show why why or why do we care but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why why or why do we care but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why why or why do we care but but
+for the moment this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment this lecture is
+introducing them and let's just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing them and let's just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing them and let's just find
+them okay what are the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay what are the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay what are the eigenvalues of
+that matrix let me tell you I at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix let me tell you I at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix let me tell you I at a
+glance we could answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance we could answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glance we could answer that question
+because the matrix is triangular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the matrix is triangular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the matrix is triangular it's
+really useful to know if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to know if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to know if you've got
+properties like a triangular matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like a triangular matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like a triangular matrix it's
+very useful to know you can read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful to know you can read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful to know you can read the
+eigenvalues off there right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues off there right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues off there right on the
+diagonal so the eigenvalue is 3 and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so the eigenvalue is 3 and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so the eigenvalue is 3 and also
+3 3 is a repeated eigenvalue but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 is a repeated eigenvalue but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 is a repeated eigenvalue but let's
+see that happen let me do it right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happen let me do it right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happen let me do it right the
+determinant of a minus lambda I what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I what I
+always have to do is this determinate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to do is this determinate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to do is this determinate I
+take away lambda from the diagonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away lambda from the diagonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away lambda from the diagonal I
+leave the rest I compute the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the rest I compute the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the rest I compute the determinant
+so I get a 3 minus lambda times a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 3 minus lambda times a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 3 minus lambda times a 3
+minus lambda and nothing so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda and nothing so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda and nothing so that's where
+the triangular part came in triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangular part came in triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangular part came in triangular
+part the one thing we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the one thing we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the one thing we know about
+triangular matrices is the determinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrices is the determinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrices is the determinate
+is just the product down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the product down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the product down the diagonal
+and in this case it's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's this thing
+repeated so lambda 1 is 1 sorry lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so lambda 1 is 1 sorry lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so lambda 1 is 1 sorry lambda 1
+is 3 and lambda 2 is 3 that was easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 and lambda 2 is 3 that was easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 and lambda 2 is 3 that was easy
+I mean no why why should I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pessimistic about a matrix whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic about a matrix whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimistic about a matrix whose
+eigenvalues can be read off right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues can be read off right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues can be read off right away
+the problem with this matrix is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this matrix is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this matrix is in the
+eigenvectors so let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so let's go to the
+eigenvectors so how do i find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so how do i find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so how do i find the
+eigenvectors I'm looking for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors I'm looking for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors I'm looking for a couple of
+eigenvectors so I take the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so I take the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so I take the eigenvalue
+well what do I do now we remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do I do now we remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do I do now we remember I
+solve a minus lambda IX equals zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a minus lambda IX equals zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a minus lambda IX equals zero and
+and what is a minus lambda IX so so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is a minus lambda IX so so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is a minus lambda IX so so take
+three away and I get this matrix zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three away and I get this matrix zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three away and I get this matrix zero
+zero zero one right times X is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one right times X is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one right times X is supposed
+to give me zero right that's my big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me zero right that's my big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me zero right that's my big
+equation for x now I'm looking for X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for x now I'm looking for X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for x now I'm looking for X the
+eigenvector so I took a minus lambda IX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so I took a minus lambda IX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so I took a minus lambda IX
+and what kind of a matrix am I supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of a matrix am I supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of a matrix am I supposed
+to have here singular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have here singular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have here singular right
+it's supposed to be singular and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be singular and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be singular and then
+it's got some vectors which it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some vectors which it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some vectors which it is so
+it's got some vector X in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some vector X in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got some vector X in the null space
+and what what's the what's to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's the what's to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's the what's to give me a
+basis for the null space for that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the null space for that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the null space for that guy
+tell me what's what's a vector X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's what's a vector X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's what's a vector X in the
+null space so that'll be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space so that'll be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space so that'll be the the
+eigenvector that goes with lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes with lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes with lambda 1
+equal 3 the eigenvector is so what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 3 the eigenvector is so what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 3 the eigenvector is so what's in
+the null space 1 0 is it great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space 1 0 is it great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space 1 0 is it great now
+what's the other eigenvector what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other eigenvector what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other eigenvector what's
+what's the eigenvector that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the eigenvector that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the eigenvector that goes with
+lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2
+well lambda 2 is 3 again so I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lambda 2 is 3 again so I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lambda 2 is 3 again so I've got the
+same thing again give me another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again give me another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again give me another vector
+I want it to be independent if I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be independent if I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be independent if I'm going
+to write down an x2 I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down an x2 I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down an x2 I'm never going to
+let it be dependent on x1 I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it be dependent on x1 I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it be dependent on x1 I'm looking
+for independent eigenvectors and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for independent eigenvectors and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for independent eigenvectors and what's
+the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion
+there isn't one this is a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's only got one line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's only got one line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's only got one line of
+eigenvectors instead of two it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors instead of two it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors instead of two it's it's
+the this possibility of a repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this possibility of a repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this possibility of a repeated
+eigenvalue opens this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue opens this further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue opens this further
+possibility of a shortage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a shortage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a shortage of
+eigenvectors and so there's no second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and so there's no second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and so there's no second
+independent eigenvector x 2 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent eigenvector x 2 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent eigenvector x 2 so it's a
+matrix it's a two-by-two matrix but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a two-by-two matrix but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a two-by-two matrix but with
+only one independent eigenvector so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one independent eigenvector so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one independent eigenvector so that
+will be those are the matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be those are the matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be those are the matrices that
+where eigenvectors are or don't give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where eigenvectors are or don't give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where eigenvectors are or don't give the
+complete story ok my lecture on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete story ok my lecture on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete story ok my lecture on Monday
+will give the complete story for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give the complete story for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give the complete story for all the
+other matrices thanks have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other matrices thanks have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other matrices thanks have a good
+weekend a real New England weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d32WV1rKoVk.txt b/d32WV1rKoVk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2da34e4dfa79246a31ddb25e3371c08b6260f460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d32WV1rKoVk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so I was hoping that we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I was hoping that we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I was hoping that we would have
+the next online assignment ready but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next online assignment ready but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next online assignment ready but
+Julia 6 the new version is slowing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia 6 the new version is slowing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia 6 the new version is slowing us
+down and it'd probably be next time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it'd probably be next time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it'd probably be next time but
+my lectures of course are well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures of course are well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures of course are well what I
+want to say perhaps is this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say perhaps is this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say perhaps is this isn't
+intended to be a course in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a course in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a course in numerical
+linear algebra but I thought I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but I thought I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but I thought I couldn't
+let the whole whole semester go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the whole whole semester go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the whole whole semester go by
+without saying something about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying something about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying something about how to
+compute eigenvalues and singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute eigenvalues and singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute eigenvalues and singular values
+of course you're gonna call AG or SVD or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you're gonna call AG or SVD or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you're gonna call AG or SVD or
+they equivalent in Python or Julia but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equivalent in Python or Julia but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they equivalent in Python or Julia but
+actually the QR factorization that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the QR factorization that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the QR factorization that we
+spoke about that we spoke off entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about that we spoke off entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about that we spoke off entirely
+about last time is the key unexpectedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time is the key unexpectedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time is the key unexpectedly
+unexpectedly you have a matrix a whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly you have a matrix a whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly you have a matrix a whose
+eigen values you want so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values you want so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values you want so let's start
+with eigen values and it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigen values and it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with eigen values and it might be a
+symmetric matrix i-i'll stay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix i-i'll stay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix i-i'll stay with a
+rather than s because it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than s because it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than s because it doesn't have to
+be but you get special always you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but you get special always you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but you get special always you get
+something special if the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special if the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special if the matrix is
+symmetric ok so this method of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric ok so this method of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric ok so this method of computing
+eigen values to me at least and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values to me at least and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values to me at least and I think
+too many people came like out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people came like out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people came like out of the
+blue a while ago but not that long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue a while ago but not that long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue a while ago but not that long ago
+and it worked very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked very well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's the idea it's called the QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea it's called the QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the idea it's called the QR
+method because you start by factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method because you start by factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method because you start by factoring
+your matrix into QR so here's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your matrix into QR so here's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your matrix into QR so here's a that's
+can we call it a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we call it a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we call it a zero
+got some matrix we start with whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some matrix we start with whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some matrix we start with whose
+eigenvalues we want and I'll call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we want and I'll call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we want and I'll call these
+Q 0 and R 0 and you remember what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 0 and R 0 and you remember what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q 0 and R 0 and you remember what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+what that what what's hiding behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what what's hiding behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what what's hiding behind
+those letters that I've written you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters that I've written you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters that I've written you have
+the columns of a possibly symmetric as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a possibly symmetric as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of a possibly symmetric as I
+said but not orthogonal usually so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but not orthogonal usually so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said but not orthogonal usually so you
+find an orthogonal basis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthogonal basis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an orthogonal basis you
+orthogonalize them you line them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize them you line them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize them you line them up
+perpendicular to each other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each other and then
+there's a matrix R which is happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matrix R which is happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matrix R which is happens to
+be upper triangular that connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be upper triangular that connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be upper triangular that connects the
+not orthogonal basis with the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthogonal basis with the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not orthogonal basis with the orthogonal
+basis right we we constructed our step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis right we we constructed our step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis right we we constructed our step
+by step and then the idea is write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and then the idea is write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and then the idea is write these
+in the reverse order and that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse order and that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse order and that will be a
+1 the next a ok and then do it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the next a ok and then do it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the next a ok and then do it again and
+again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again
+and so we're hoping of course that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're hoping of course that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're hoping of course that the
+eigenvalues didn't change we hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues didn't change we hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues didn't change we hoping that
+we can forget a 0 start again with a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can forget a 0 start again with a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can forget a 0 start again with a 1
+and produce a 2 and continue so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a 2 and continue so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a 2 and continue so we're
+hoping two things one will not be hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping two things one will not be hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping two things one will not be hope
+we can see that the eigenvalues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the eigenvalues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the eigenvalues the
+eigenvalues of a 1 and a naught are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a 1 and a naught are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a 1 and a naught are the
+same so we have not changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so we have not changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so we have not changed the
+eigenvalues how did we see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues how did we see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues how did we see that if you
+had to show that two matrices had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to show that two matrices had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to show that two matrices had the
+same eigenvalues would you compute all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eigenvalues would you compute all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eigenvalues would you compute all
+the eigenvalues and compare them he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and compare them he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and compare them he'll
+certainly not what would you do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not what would you do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not what would you do what's
+the best test the usual test the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best test the usual test the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best test the usual test the usual
+thing you would want to show to they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would want to show to they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would want to show to they're
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+that's right so the claim would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the claim would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so the claim would be that
+these two matrices are similar right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two matrices are similar right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two matrices are similar right so
+maybe we should show that so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should show that so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should show that so we want to
+write a 1 in a different way so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a 1 in a different way so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a 1 in a different way so so the
+claim is a 1 is similar to a so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is a 1 is similar to a so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is a 1 is similar to a so we just
+have to figure out we have to get a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out we have to get a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out we have to get a 1
+and turn to a 0 so here is a 1 ok so a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn to a 0 so here is a 1 ok so a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn to a 0 so here is a 1 ok so a 1
+that's I want to show that that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I want to show that that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I want to show that that's right
+so that's our 0 Q 0 but what is Q 0 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our 0 Q 0 but what is Q 0 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our 0 Q 0 but what is Q 0 from
+here Q 0 is what we is our Q 0 is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Q 0 is what we is our Q 0 is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Q 0 is what we is our Q 0 is what
+do I want I want to put our 0 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want I want to put our 0 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want I want to put our 0 inverse
+over there so so our 0 now for Q 0 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so so our 0 now for Q 0 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so so our 0 now for Q 0 I'm
+gonna substitute so what is Q 0 its I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna substitute so what is Q 0 its I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna substitute so what is Q 0 its I
+multiply both sides of that equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of that equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of that equation by
+our 0 inverse so Q 0 is a 0 is sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 0 inverse so Q 0 is a 0 is sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 0 inverse so Q 0 is a 0 is sorry I
+said said a and wrote Q a 0 r 0 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said said a and wrote Q a 0 r 0 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said said a and wrote Q a 0 r 0 inverse
+right for for q0 i foot in what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for q0 i foot in what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for q0 i foot in what it
+equals and that's done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and that's done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals and that's done it
+that's exactly telling me that a 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly telling me that a 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly telling me that a 1 which
+is this equals this and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this equals this and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this equals this and that's a
+similarity transformation I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformation I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformation I have not
+changed the eigen values so that's ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the eigen values so that's ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the eigen values so that's ok
+the other thing which is the like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is the like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is the like you
+could say the miracle in this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the miracle in this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the miracle in this thing is
+that when I continue to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I continue to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I continue to do that for
+almost every matrix the matrices begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every matrix the matrices begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every matrix the matrices begin
+to lose stuff off the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose stuff off the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose stuff off the diagonal
+especially below the diagonal by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially below the diagonal by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially below the diagonal by the
+ordering that that QR is done so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that that QR is done so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering that that QR is done so it
+you tend to you start with a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to you start with a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to you start with a matrix a
+knot you get a matrix a 1 which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot you get a matrix a 1 which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot you get a matrix a 1 which is like
+a little smaller here this part being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little smaller here this part being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little smaller here this part being
+nuts especially smaller you do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts especially smaller you do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts especially smaller you do it again
+this is even smaller even so I put even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even smaller even so I put even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even smaller even so I put even
+smaller a to even smaller and you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a to even smaller and you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a to even smaller and you keep
+going and for most matrices the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and for most matrices the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and for most matrices the result
+is that I don't know how many steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know how many steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know how many steps we
+want to think of taking but we get quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of taking but we get quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of taking but we get quite
+small numbers here especially yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers here especially yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers here especially yeah so
+once we get small numbers here little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get small numbers here little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get small numbers here little
+Epsilon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon's
+that's everybody's shorthand for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everybody's shorthand for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everybody's shorthand for small
+numbers what what would you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what what would you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what what would you expect to
+see on the diagonal the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the diagonal the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the diagonal the eigenvalues
+because this has the same eigenvalues as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has the same eigenvalues as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has the same eigenvalues as
+this as this is this and these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this is this and these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as this is this and these little
+epsilon czar not going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon czar not going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon czar not going to change the
+eigenvalues too much so these will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues too much so these will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues too much so these will be on
+the diagonal will be close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal will be close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal will be close to the
+eigenvalues and actually what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and actually what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and actually what happens is
+this one comes first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one comes first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one comes first
+that one is quite accurate first I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is quite accurate first I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is quite accurate first I guess
+we should probably do a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should probably do a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should probably do a simple example
+to see this happen actually I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this happen actually I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this happen actually I do an
+example in the notes and let me say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the notes and let me say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the notes and let me say what
+happens so I do a two by two example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I do a two by two example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so I do a two by two example
+which has something like cos theta sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has something like cos theta sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has something like cos theta sine
+theta oh I don't know what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta oh I don't know what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta oh I don't know what I've
+forgotten what I took and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what I took and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what I took and I don't have
+that page of notes here somebody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that page of notes here somebody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that page of notes here somebody here
+something here something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here something here
+as a as a not and then a one after just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a not and then a one after just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a not and then a one after just
+one step has sine cubed theta there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers there that are getting a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there that are getting a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there that are getting a much
+closer to the eigenvalue sorry that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the eigenvalue sorry that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the eigenvalue sorry that this
+isn't a full-scale example but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a full-scale example but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a full-scale example but the point
+of the example is here that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example is here that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example is here that this this
+off diagonal entry got gets cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal entry got gets cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal entry got gets cubed and
+the next step will it'll be its ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step will it'll be its ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step will it'll be its ninth
+power and then the 27th power so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then the 27th power so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then the 27th power so it's
+really quickly going to 0 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly going to 0 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly going to 0 and this
+happens so with the cubic convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so with the cubic convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so with the cubic convergence is
+you know that's a prize in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a prize in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a prize in numerical
+linear algebra so that's that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so that's that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so that's that happened
+okay so this arrived on the scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this arrived on the scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this arrived on the scene and
+quickly blew away all other methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly blew away all other methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly blew away all other methods that
+were being used to compute eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being used to compute eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being used to compute eigenvalues
+but numerical people being what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but numerical people being what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but numerical people being what they are
+they wanted to improve it like is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to improve it like is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to improve it like is there
+a way to make it faster and turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to make it faster and turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to make it faster and turned out
+there is it turned out that the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it turned out that the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it turned out that the better
+way basically the same idea but just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way basically the same idea but just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way basically the same idea but just you
+know you're always looking for a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're always looking for a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're always looking for a simple
+change and it was the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and it was the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and it was the idea of
+introducing a shift was tried and turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a shift was tried and turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a shift was tried and turned
+out to work extremely well so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to work extremely well so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to work extremely well so so that's
+the improvement so so we take a one know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improvement so so we take a one know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improvement so so we take a one know
+so how does it how does this shift work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it how does this shift work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it how does this shift work
+so instead of a not i if i got space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of a not i if i got space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of a not i if i got space
+here to do do this instead of a knots i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do do this instead of a knots i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do do this instead of a knots i
+take a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a not
+- shift so shift is some multiple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- shift so shift is some multiple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- shift so shift is some multiple of the
+identity if I just move a matrix by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I just move a matrix by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I just move a matrix by a
+multiple of the identity what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity what happens to
+its eigenvectors what happens to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors what happens to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors what happens to its
+eigenvalues something pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues something pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues something pretty simple
+right because I'm just shifting by si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm just shifting by si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm just shifting by si
+what happens to its eigenvectors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to its eigenvectors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to its eigenvectors they're
+the same this and what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same this and what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same this and what happens to the
+eigenvalues they change by s this if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues they change by s this if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues they change by s this if a
+not v equal lambda v then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not v equal lambda v then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not v equal lambda v then when I
+multiply this by V there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by V there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by V there will be an
+extra it'll be lambda minus s because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra it'll be lambda minus s because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra it'll be lambda minus s because
+the identity times the V is just V so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity times the V is just V so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity times the V is just V so so
+the it just shifts all the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it just shifts all the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it just shifts all the eigenvalues
+by s and you try to shift you look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s and you try to shift you look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s and you try to shift you look for a
+shift you this would be great if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift you this would be great if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift you this would be great if you
+knew lambda n a shift there you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew lambda n a shift there you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew lambda n a shift there you would be
+looking for 0 then if you shifted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for 0 then if you shifted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for 0 then if you shifted them
+all by that lambda and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by that lambda and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by that lambda and it turns out that
+would speed things up so so it you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would speed things up so so it you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would speed things up so so it you work
+instead with this matrix as now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead with this matrix as now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead with this matrix as now I'm
+again I'm factoring in the Q naught R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm factoring in the Q naught R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm factoring in the Q naught R
+naught so that's the work of the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so that's the work of the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so that's the work of the method
+is in doing gram-schmidt at every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in doing gram-schmidt at every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in doing gram-schmidt at every step
+and then there's a little work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a little work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a little work in
+reversing the order and then I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the order and then I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the order and then I want to
+undo the shift so I so you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the shift so I so you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the shift so I so you do that
+factorization now let's see you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization now let's see you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization now let's see you may have
+to help me to remember what I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me to remember what I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me to remember what I should do
+here so I factor those I reverse those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I factor those I reverse those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I factor those I reverse those
+and then I think I add back the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think I add back the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think I add back the shift
+and that's my a 1 so I took a nod I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my a 1 so I took a nod I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my a 1 so I took a nod I
+shifted it I worked with it q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it I worked with it q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it I worked with it q are
+reversed the order are q added back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the order are q added back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the order are q added back the
+shift to get a matrix and what what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to get a matrix and what what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to get a matrix and what what am i
+of course hoping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course hoping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course hoping of
+the matrix a 1 and they not I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a 1 and they not I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a 1 and they not I'm hoping
+they're still similar I'm hoping so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still similar I'm hoping so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still similar I'm hoping so I
+did a shift and I undid a shift and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a shift and I undid a shift and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a shift and I undid a shift and but
+of course after after doing a QR I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course after after doing a QR I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course after after doing a QR I have
+to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check
+are these really still similar so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these really still similar so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these really still similar so let me
+just try to check that one again can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to check that one again can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to check that one again can i
+maybe I'll just it's sitting right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just it's sitting right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just it's sitting right there
+so let me do it again I'm hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do it again I'm hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do it again I'm hoping that
+I'm hoping that something you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that something you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that something you know where
+did we change oh yeah here we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we change oh yeah here we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we change oh yeah here we showed
+that a1 was similar to a knot and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a1 was similar to a knot and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a1 was similar to a knot and I'm
+hoping that's probably still true even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that's probably still true even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that's probably still true even
+you know the the shift didn't mess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the shift didn't mess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the shift didn't mess that
+up let's just try so ain't no a that's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let's just try so ain't no a that's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up let's just try so ain't no a that's R
+naught Q naught plus si okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught Q naught plus si okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught Q naught plus si okay and now
+what am I going to do I'm going to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I going to do I'm going to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I going to do I'm going to what
+did i do before I figured out what Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i do before I figured out what Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i do before I figured out what Q
+naught was from this you remember so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught was from this you remember so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught was from this you remember so so
+this is our knot now I have to put in Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our knot now I have to put in Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our knot now I have to put in Q
+naught but Q naught is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught but Q naught is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught but Q naught is this thing
+inverse times this is this gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times this is this gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times this is this gonna work
+I'm I'm like hoping but I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm like hoping but I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm like hoping but I don't think I
+wanted to get that no it's not Q naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get that no it's not Q naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get that no it's not Q naught
+there what what do I put here and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what what do I put here and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what what do I put here and if it
+doesn't work we'll leave it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work we'll leave it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work we'll leave it as an
+exercise okay so yeah cuz I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay so yeah cuz I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise okay so yeah cuz I didn't I
+didn't sort of start right somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sort of start right somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sort of start right somehow
+okay so but let me just push along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but let me just push along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but let me just push along to
+see what happens so I'm I'm plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens so I'm I'm plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens so I'm I'm plugging in
+for Q naught here I'm plugging in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q naught here I'm plugging in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q naught here I'm plugging in this
+matrix so it shouldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so it shouldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so it shouldn't have been
+inverted it times are not inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted it times are not inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted it times are not inverse
+who knows it might work who knows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows it might work who knows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows it might work who knows so
+that's the R naught Q naught right or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the R naught Q naught right or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the R naught Q naught right or is
+everybody with me sorry about this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me sorry about this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with me sorry about this R
+naught inverse and then I have to add s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse and then I have to add s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse and then I have to add s
+I so what have I done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what have I done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what have I done
+I'm just like pushed on believing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just like pushed on believing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just like pushed on believing that
+this would work because it it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would work because it it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would work because it it's the
+method that that is constantly used now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that that is constantly used now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that that is constantly used now
+do I have what do I have there is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have what do I have there is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have what do I have there is it
+working this is our not a that was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is our not a that was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is our not a that was of
+course a naught R naught a naught R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a naught R naught a naught R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a naught R naught a naught R
+naught inverse R naught a naught R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse R naught a naught R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse R naught a naught R
+naught inverse good minus s what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse good minus s what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse good minus s what's
+what's what have I got there from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what have I got there from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what have I got there from from
+the are not - si R naught what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are not - si R naught what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are not - si R naught what is that
+that's - si I look success they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's - si I look success they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's - si I look success they are not
+cancels they are not inverse so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels they are not inverse so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels they are not inverse so this
+that term from from that that that is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term from from that that that is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term from from that that that is -
+si cancels + s I am finished and lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si cancels + s I am finished and lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+si cancels + s I am finished and lo and
+behold we have the same similarity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold we have the same similarity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold we have the same similarity so we
+messed around by a multiple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed around by a multiple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed around by a multiple of the
+identity and it didn't it it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and it didn't it it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and it didn't it it actually
+makes the thing converge faster if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the thing converge faster if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the thing converge faster if we
+choose the shifts well and but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the shifts well and but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the shifts well and but basically
+the same idea still working ok so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea still working ok so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea still working ok so that's
+that's the QR method well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the QR method well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the QR method well that's the
+method we haven't shown and won't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we haven't shown and won't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we haven't shown and won't show
+that except for this half half completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for this half half completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for this half half completed
+example we I don't plan to to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we I don't plan to to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we I don't plan to to prove that
+the lower triangular part begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower triangular part begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower triangular part begins to
+disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller and
+then the eigenvalues pop up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalues pop up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the eigenvalues pop up on the
+diagonal it's it's amazing amazing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's it's amazing amazing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's it's amazing amazing okay
+now is there any other improvement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is there any other improvement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is there any other improvement we
+can make so that's the method and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make so that's the method and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make so that's the method and where
+is the work and in using that method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work and in using that method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the work and in using that method
+because that's what we always focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we always focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we always focus on
+where we spending computer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we spending computer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we spending computer time
+well we're spending computer time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're spending computer time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're spending computer time in
+doing the doing the factorization so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the doing the factorization so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the doing the factorization so it
+didn't cost anything to shift by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cost anything to shift by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cost anything to shift by the
+identity but then we had to factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but then we had to factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but then we had to factor that
+in the Q naught R naught then it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Q naught R naught then it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Q naught R naught then it didn't
+cost much to multiply them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost much to multiply them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost much to multiply them in the
+opposite order so the work was in Q R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so the work was in Q R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order so the work was in Q R so
+could we think of anything to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we think of anything to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we think of anything to improve
+that aspect I think could we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspect I think could we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspect I think could we think of
+anything there and then we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there and then we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there and then we've got a
+really first class method well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really first class method well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really first class method well if the
+matrix a I know ik the matrix we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a I know ik the matrix we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a I know ik the matrix we started
+with had some zeros that that allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with had some zeros that that allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with had some zeros that that allowed us
+to skip steps in doing the QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip steps in doing the QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip steps in doing the QR
+factorization so so what am I gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization so so what am I gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization so so what am I gonna say
+I'm gonna say if a or a not our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say if a or a not our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say if a or a not our original
+matrix has a bunch of zeros let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has a bunch of zeros let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has a bunch of zeros let's say
+it's got a whole lot of zeros there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a whole lot of zeros there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a whole lot of zeros there
+maybe it's well okay I overdid it here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's well okay I overdid it here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's well okay I overdid it here I
+know the eigenvalues right off but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvalues right off but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvalues right off but and
+so the truth is I can't that saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the truth is I can't that saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the truth is I can't that saying that
+if that it's not going to happen but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that it's not going to happen but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that it's not going to happen but we
+can get zeros with one extra diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get zeros with one extra diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get zeros with one extra diagonal
+that turns out so that here's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out so that here's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out so that here's the main
+diagonal everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal everybody
+got his eye on the main diagonal and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got his eye on the main diagonal and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got his eye on the main diagonal and and
+and one diagonal if I can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one diagonal if I can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one diagonal if I can get a lot of
+zeros but I can't by simple computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but I can't by simple computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but I can't by simple computation
+so I'll show you how to get one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll show you how to get one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll show you how to get one but I
+can't get all loads to be zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get all loads to be zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get all loads to be zero because
+then I would have the eigenvalues right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would have the eigenvalues right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would have the eigenvalues right
+there and that well how do I know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that well how do I know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that well how do I know that I
+can't you know in an elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know in an elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know in an elimination
+ordinary solving ax equal B you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary solving ax equal B you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary solving ax equal B you really
+do get to an upper triangular form right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get to an upper triangular form right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get to an upper triangular form right
+some operator some some elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator some some elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator some some elimination
+steps you plug away and your matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you plug away and your matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you plug away and your matrix
+becomes upper triangular you and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes upper triangular you and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes upper triangular you and you're
+golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden
+but that's too much to expect here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's too much to expect here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's too much to expect here in
+fact we know we can't do it by simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we know we can't do it by simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we know we can't do it by simple
+steps because if we could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps because if we could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps because if we could do it
+if we could get to a you with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could get to a you with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could get to a you with with a
+whole lower triangular part zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lower triangular part zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lower triangular part zero we
+would have found the eigenvalues and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found the eigenvalues and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found the eigenvalues and we
+know that the eigenvalues solve a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the eigenvalues solve a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the eigenvalues solve a system
+solve an equation of nth degree and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an equation of nth degree and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an equation of nth degree and we
+know somebody proved centuries a century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody proved centuries a century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody proved centuries a century
+or more ago that you can't solve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more ago that you can't solve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more ago that you can't solve an
+instant we equate in by simple little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant we equate in by simple little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant we equate in by simple little
+steps right do you know who that was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right do you know who that was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right do you know who that was and
+and that you know that fact and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know that fact and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you know that fact and and and
+what degree does it apply to so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what degree does it apply to so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what degree does it apply to so that's
+an important fact in that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact in that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact in that you sort of
+pick up in in math yeah what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up in in math yeah what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up in in math yeah what are you
+fifth degree yeah so five by five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth degree yeah so five by five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth degree yeah so five by five and
+and up would be this is impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up would be this is impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up would be this is impossible
+impossible impossible there's no formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible impossible there's no formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible impossible there's no formula
+to find a simple formula for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a simple formula for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a simple formula for the for the
+lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas
+and similarly for the Cygnus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the Cygnus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the Cygnus the
+singular values so the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so the argument is
+definitely a level of difficulty beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a level of difficulty beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a level of difficulty beyond
+ax equal B the inverse matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B the inverse matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B the inverse matrix or
+something the pivots all that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the pivots all that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the pivots all that you can do
+exactly if you do exact arithmetic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you do exact arithmetic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you do exact arithmetic we
+cannot find the lambdas exactly but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find the lambdas exactly but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find the lambdas exactly but we
+can get as close as we like bye-bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get as close as we like bye-bye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get as close as we like bye-bye
+continuing with the QR method so yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the QR method so yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the QR method so yes in
+other words so we can't get we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so we can't get we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so we can't get we have to
+settle for if we want to like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle for if we want to like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle for if we want to like at the
+beginning improve our matrix before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning improve our matrix before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning improve our matrix before we
+start doing that stuff we can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that stuff we can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that stuff we can get it
+with one extra diagonal and do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one extra diagonal and do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one extra diagonal and do you know
+what kind of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a matrix
+what whose name and I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whose name and I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whose name and I don't know why
+yeah say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say it again
+upper hessen burg so upper is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper hessen burg so upper is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper hessen burg so upper is just like
+upper triangular it's up there but key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular it's up there but key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular it's up there but key
+person's name is Hessen birth i as i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name is Hessen birth i as i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name is Hessen birth i as i say
+i'm that's a Hessen bert matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm that's a Hessen bert matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm that's a Hessen bert matrix so
+hesterberg matrix is a matrix with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesterberg matrix is a matrix with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesterberg matrix is a matrix with one
+triangular plus one more diagonal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular plus one more diagonal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular plus one more diagonal but
+lots of zeros you know order of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros you know order of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of zeros you know order of N
+squared something like almost like half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared something like almost like half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared something like almost like half
+N squared not quite but but close zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared not quite but but close zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N squared not quite but but close zeros
+and you would you could show that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would you could show that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would you could show that those
+zeros stay zeros in Q R so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros stay zeros in Q R so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros stay zeros in Q R so that that
+really pays off it cuts the cuts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pays off it cuts the cuts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pays off it cuts the cuts the
+work down significantly so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work down significantly so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work down significantly so that's the
+full QR method is is step one reduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to esenberg form with a zeros and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to esenberg form with a zeros and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to esenberg form with a zeros and when I
+say reduce I mean find a similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say reduce I mean find a similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say reduce I mean find a similarity
+transformation of course because I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of course because I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of course because I'm I
+want the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the eigenvalues
+this to end up the same as the his'n I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to end up the same as the his'n I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to end up the same as the his'n I
+want to keep the same eigenvalues as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the same eigenvalues as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep the same eigenvalues as I
+go and then step two is QR on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and then step two is QR on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and then step two is QR on this
+Hessen Burgh matrix with chips so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessen Burgh matrix with chips so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessen Burgh matrix with chips so that's
+the code that would would be programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that would would be programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that would would be programmed
+in item a that's what MATLAB and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in item a that's what MATLAB and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in item a that's what MATLAB and well
+really MATLAB is appealing like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really MATLAB is appealing like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really MATLAB is appealing like other
+matrix systems is appealing to la pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix systems is appealing to la pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix systems is appealing to la pack
+and Linpack you you know the team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Linpack you you know the team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Linpack you you know the team of
+sort of professional numerical analysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of professional numerical analysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of professional numerical analysts
+really spend a lot of effort and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spend a lot of effort and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spend a lot of effort and time
+that the book la pack has ten authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the book la pack has ten authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the book la pack has ten authors
+and and you it's you you can download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you it's you you can download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you it's you you can download
+any any of these codes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any of these codes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any of these codes like the
+eigenvalue code so that's what matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue code so that's what matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue code so that's what matlab
+that's where matlab naturally that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where matlab naturally that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where matlab naturally that's
+sort of the Bible for codes in okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Bible for codes in okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Bible for codes in okay yeah
+that's I think it's sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think it's sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think it's sort of interesting
+to know and there's one more good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and there's one more good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and there's one more good thing
+to tell you about this method and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about this method and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about this method and it
+applies if the matrix is symmetric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if the matrix is symmetric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if the matrix is symmetric if
+the matrix is symmetric then if we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is symmetric then if we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is symmetric then if we check
+all this we could find that the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this we could find that the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this we could find that the matrices
+stayed symmetric if a knot is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed symmetric if a knot is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed symmetric if a knot is symmetric
+I can check you could easily check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check you could easily check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check you could easily check
+through this and you will discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and you will discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and you will discover that
+a1 is also symmetric yes you can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is also symmetric yes you can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is also symmetric yes you can it
+turns out you have a you could rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you have a you could rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you have a you could rewrite
+this with a Q naught and a Q naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a Q naught and a Q naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a Q naught and a Q naught
+inverse on the other side but that Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse on the other side but that Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse on the other side but that Q
+naught inverse is the same as Q naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse is the same as Q naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught inverse is the same as Q naught
+transpose because it's an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because it's an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because it's an orthogonal
+matrix and symmetry would fall out so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and symmetry would fall out so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and symmetry would fall out so if
+it's symmetric and the N it's in hessin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric and the N it's in hessin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric and the N it's in hessin
+Burgh form and it stays symmetric at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgh form and it stays symmetric at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burgh form and it stays symmetric at
+every step what what can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step what what can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step what what can you tell me
+about a symmetric esenberg matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a symmetric esenberg matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a symmetric esenberg matrix it's
+only got yeah you just erase all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got yeah you just erase all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got yeah you just erase all these
+if there are zeros there and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are zeros there and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are zeros there and if the
+matrix is symmetric then we can safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predict that it will only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that it will only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that it will only have one
+diagonal above one nonzero diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal above one nonzero diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal above one nonzero diagonal
+above the main day in fact it will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the main day in fact it will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the main day in fact it will say
+symmetric so now I'll be should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so now I'll be should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so now I'll be should write
+symmetric Katzenberg's matrix and equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Katzenberg's matrix and equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Katzenberg's matrix and equals
+tri diagonal major yeah three diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal major yeah three diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri diagonal major yeah three diagonals
+so now you really have reduced the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you really have reduced the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you really have reduced the time
+to do QR so I said you've got a tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do QR so I said you've got a tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do QR so I said you've got a tri
+diagonal matrix it'll stay tri diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix it'll stay tri diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix it'll stay tri diagonal
+in all these steps so you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these steps so you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these steps so you're working
+with just three n numbers well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just three n numbers well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just three n numbers well actually
+two n because they're diagonal above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n because they're diagonal above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n because they're diagonal above and
+the diagonal below are the same you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal below are the same you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal below are the same you're
+working with just two n numbers instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with just two n numbers instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with just two n numbers instead
+of order N squared and it just goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order N squared and it just goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order N squared and it just goes like
+a bomb so that's I for symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bomb so that's I for symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bomb so that's I for symmetric
+matrices and you see that it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you see that it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you see that it was all
+based there really the heart of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based there really the heart of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based there really the heart of the the
+heart of the algorithm was QR okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the algorithm was QR okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the algorithm was QR okay so
+that's my took half the class to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my took half the class to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my took half the class to report
+on the favorite way to igwe to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the favorite way to igwe to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the favorite way to igwe to find
+eigenvalues oh I should say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues oh I should say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues oh I should say something
+about seen the other values so singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seen the other values so singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seen the other values so singular
+values of course the the singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of course the the singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of course the the singular values
+of the matrix are the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix are the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix are the eigenvalues of a
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+square root square root of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root square root of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root square root of those
+eigenvalues but you wouldn't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but you wouldn't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues but you wouldn't do it that
+way you would never form a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would never form a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would never form a transpose a
+well I didn't mention that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I didn't mention that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I didn't mention that the other
+thing you would never ever ever do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would never ever ever do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you would never ever ever do so
+let me just put it here this is like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put it here this is like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put it here this is like in
+disgrace to solve that equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgrace to solve that equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgrace to solve that equation it's
+like okay you know back to first grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you know back to first grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you know back to first grade
+because that's not it's very bad a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not it's very bad a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not it's very bad a
+determinant come first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant come first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant come first of all it's
+extremely slow extremely slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slow extremely slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slow extremely slow and
+determined it is packing all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it is packing all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it is packing all this
+squared pieces of information into end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pieces of information into end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared pieces of information into end
+coefficients and it's hopelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and it's hopelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and it's hopelessly
+ill-conditioned yeah you just you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned yeah you just you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned yeah you just you lose
+information all the time so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all the time so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all the time so it's really
+my if this is going on camera it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if this is going on camera it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if this is going on camera it better
+go on camera with a with an X because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on camera with a with an X because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on camera with a with an X because it
+don't do it okay yeah so where was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it okay yeah so where was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it okay yeah so where was I
+singular values so a transpose a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so a transpose a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so a transpose a so
+again let's think about what you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's think about what you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's think about what you could
+do at the beginning before starting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the beginning before starting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the beginning before starting on
+qr4 for a transpose a or for the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr4 for a transpose a or for the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qr4 for a transpose a or for the matrix
+a what what could you do with orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what what could you do with orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what what could you do with orthogonal
+matrices so so I guess what what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so so I guess what what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so so I guess what what did we
+say about symmetric matrices so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about symmetric matrices so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about symmetric matrices so here's
+what I said about symmetric matrices if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said about symmetric matrices if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said about symmetric matrices if
+you give me a symmetric matrix I can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a symmetric matrix I can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a symmetric matrix I can in
+just a simple number of simple steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple number of simple steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple number of simple steps
+make it tri diagonal I can't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it tri diagonal I can't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it tri diagonal I can't make it
+diagonal because then I'd be finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because then I'd be finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because then I'd be finding the
+eigenvalues and Abel who was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and Abel who was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and Abel who was the first
+person to see that that was impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to see that that was impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to see that that was impossible
+would would forbids it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would forbids it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would forbids it
+but so what let me let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what let me let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what let me let me write down
+what I'm saying here if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here if I have a
+symmetric matrix s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix s
+I can find a bunch of Q's and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a bunch of Q's and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a bunch of Q's and Q
+transpose and I can put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I can put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I can put them all
+together into one big Q and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into one big Q and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into one big Q and it's
+transpose and what do I know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and what do I know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and what do I know about the
+eigenvalues of that matrix let's just Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that matrix let's just Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of that matrix let's just Q
+is orthogonal always so what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal always so what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal always so what can you
+tell me about thee this is the same as Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about thee this is the same as Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about thee this is the same as Q
+s Q inverse and therefore the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Q inverse and therefore the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Q inverse and therefore the eigen
+values are the same it's similar to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the same it's similar to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the same it's similar to it
+and it becomes tri diagonal after I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes tri diagonal after I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes tri diagonal after I find
+a good q now and therefore same lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good q now and therefore same lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good q now and therefore same lambdas
+which tri diagonal with the same lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tri diagonal with the same lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tri diagonal with the same lambdas
+now what am I thinking about here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what am I thinking about here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what am I thinking about here I'm
+thinking about tell me the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about tell me the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about tell me the corresponding
+possibility about singular values I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility about singular values I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility about singular values I want
+to do something to my matrix now I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something to my matrix now I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something to my matrix now I'm I'm
+always taking a general matrix a and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always taking a general matrix a and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always taking a general matrix a and I'm
+looking for its singular values and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for its singular values and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for its singular values and I'm
+looking to simplify it and what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to simplify it and what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to simplify it and what am I
+allowed to do yeah I guess my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do yeah I guess my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do yeah I guess my question
+is similarity transformations left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similarity transformations left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similarity transformations left the
+eigenvalues alone what can I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues alone what can I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues alone what can I do that
+leaves the singular values alone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the singular values alone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the singular values alone that's
+a fundamental question because it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental question because it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental question because it was so
+fundamental for eigenvalues by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental for eigenvalues by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental for eigenvalues by doing
+this a matrix and it's inverse I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a matrix and it's inverse I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a matrix and it's inverse I got
+something similar and ie checked even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar and ie checked even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar and ie checked even in
+this class that the eigenvalues same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that the eigenvalues same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that the eigenvalues same
+lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas
+now I want a whole line that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want a whole line that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want a whole line that ends up
+with the same Sigma's and I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same Sigma's and I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same Sigma's and I want you to
+tell me what I'm allowed to do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what I'm allowed to do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what I'm allowed to do to the
+matrix without changing the Sigma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix without changing the Sigma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix without changing the Sigma's
+that this is a maybe don't shout it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a maybe don't shout it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a maybe don't shout it out
+immediately let everybody think what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let everybody think what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let everybody think what am
+I allowed to do to a matrix every matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allowed to do to a matrix every matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allowed to do to a matrix every matrix
+has got these singular values and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got these singular values and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got these singular values and now I
+want to make it a better matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it a better matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it a better matrix with
+more zeros or something if I if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more zeros or something if I if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more zeros or something if I if I do
+that to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to it
+does that change the Sigma's can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that change the Sigma's can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that change the Sigma's can I do
+more than that to it what can I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that to it what can I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that to it what can I do it
+what what group of matrices will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what group of matrices will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what group of matrices will have
+the same Sigma's as my starting matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Sigma's as my starting matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Sigma's as my starting matrix a
+so that's a basic basic question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a basic basic question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a basic basic question about
+that about seeing their values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about seeing their values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about seeing their values and the
+SVD so let's let's think of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD so let's let's think of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD so let's let's think of the answer
+together okay so it's got it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so it's got it's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so it's got it's connected
+to the SVD so let me remember the SVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the SVD so let me remember the SVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the SVD so let me remember the SVD
+the SVD I have some orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD I have some orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD I have some orthogonal matrix
+then the singular value of the matrix SV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the singular value of the matrix SV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the singular value of the matrix SV
+force into their values and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force into their values and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force into their values and then another
+orthogonal matrix what could I do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix what could I do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix what could I do to
+that equation that would not touch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation that would not touch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation that would not touch this
+guy so I'm asking what invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I'm asking what invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so I'm asking what invariance
+because not touching it means leaving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not touching it means leaving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not touching it means leaving it
+on not varying so I'm looking for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not varying so I'm looking for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not varying so I'm looking for what
+what under what operations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what under what operations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what under what operations are the
+singular values invariant when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values invariant when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values invariant when I was
+looking at eigen values this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at eigen values this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at eigen values this was the
+operation well it didn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation well it didn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation well it didn't have to be
+orthogonal something then it's inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal something then it's inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal something then it's inverse
+but now what is it up there what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what is it up there what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what is it up there what what
+could I do to that matrix a could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do to that matrix a could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do to that matrix a could I
+multiply by Q could I when I throw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Q could I when I throw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by Q could I when I throw in
+there Q it may be not even on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Q it may be not even on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Q it may be not even on the other
+end if I if I throw in an orthogonal Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if I if I throw in an orthogonal Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if I if I throw in an orthogonal Q
+do I change the singular values or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I change the singular values or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I change the singular values or do I
+not change the fundamental question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the fundamental question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the fundamental question the
+answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is
+no I don't change him I'm allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't change him I'm allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't change him I'm allowed to do
+that because here's an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because here's an orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because here's an orthogonal matrix
+aq times you if both of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aq times you if both of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aq times you if both of those are
+orthogonal then the product is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then the product is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then the product is right
+everybody knows that if a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that if a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that if a product of two
+orthogonal matrix is still orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix is still orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix is still orthogonal
+better know that I don't know that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better know that I don't know that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better know that I don't know that yeah
+so if I have an orthogonal matrix Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have an orthogonal matrix Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have an orthogonal matrix Q and
+an orthogonal matrix u I claim that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix u I claim that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix u I claim that this
+is still what sorry and how do I check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still what sorry and how do I check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still what sorry and how do I check
+it well I use some tests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I use some tests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I use some tests for
+orthogonality what would be that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality what would be that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality what would be that what
+tests you like to use the inverse is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests you like to use the inverse is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests you like to use the inverse is the
+same as the transpose do you like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the transpose do you like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the transpose do you like that
+test so I'll invert it Q u inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so I'll invert it Q u inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so I'll invert it Q u inverse of
+course for any matrix that's U inverse Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for any matrix that's U inverse Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for any matrix that's U inverse Q
+inverse but these were separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but these were separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but these were separately
+orthogonal so that's U transpose Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so that's U transpose Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so that's U transpose Q
+transpose and that is the same as Q u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and that is the same as Q u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and that is the same as Q u
+transpose yeah so I used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose yeah so I used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose yeah so I used the
+orthogonality of U and the orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of U and the orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of U and the orthogonality
+of Q to conclude that the inverse is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q to conclude that the inverse is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q to conclude that the inverse is the
+transpose so the answer is yes I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the answer is yes I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the answer is yes I could
+do that now with singular value with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now with singular value with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now with singular value with
+eigenvalues I had to I had to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues I had to I had to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues I had to I had to multiply
+on the other side by Q inverse or Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side by Q inverse or Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side by Q inverse or Q
+transpose do I have to do that now no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose do I have to do that now no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose do I have to do that now no
+what can I do on the right-hand side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I do on the right-hand side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I do on the right-hand side I
+can multiply by I can leave it alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply by I can leave it alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply by I can leave it alone
+then it has the same singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has the same singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has the same singular values
+because it's the same sigmund there if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same sigmund there if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same sigmund there if I
+have a orthogonal matrix times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a orthogonal matrix times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a orthogonal matrix times the
+diagonal times of orthogonal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal times of orthogonal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal times of orthogonal that
+diagonal is positive diagonal is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is positive diagonal is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is positive diagonal is going
+to be Sigma now so what what can I do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Sigma now so what what can I do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Sigma now so what what can I do on
+this side I can multiply by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side I can multiply by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side I can multiply by any
+oh it's all going on matrix on that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's all going on matrix on that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's all going on matrix on that side
+too so let's call this guy q1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's call this guy q1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so let's call this guy q1 and this
+guy q2 I'm still I still have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy q2 I'm still I still have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy q2 I'm still I still have an
+orthogonal matrix they're orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix they're orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix they're orthogonal
+matrix there and the same Sigma popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there and the same Sigma popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix there and the same Sigma popped
+in the middle so that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle so that's what you're
+allowed to do that gives us more freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do that gives us more freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do that gives us more freedom
+before we got when we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we got when we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we got when we had to do
+similarity transformations with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformations with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity transformations with the same
+guy we got it to be tri diagonal but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we got it to be tri diagonal but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we got it to be tri diagonal but now
+we're allowed to do more stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowed to do more stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowed to do more stuff we're
+allowed to use different orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use different orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use different orthogonal
+matrices on the left and right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices on the left and right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices on the left and right and we
+can reduce it even further from tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce it even further from tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce it even further from tri
+diagonal to by diagonal so the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to by diagonal so the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to by diagonal so the so the
+first step is getting 0 the the step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is getting 0 the the step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is getting 0 the the step of
+getting zeros reduces it all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zeros reduces it all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zeros reduces it all the way to
+that with all the zeros there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all the zeros there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all the zeros there so it's
+it's it's easier then then I work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easier then then I work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easier then then I work on
+this this is the matrix I work on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the matrix I work on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the matrix I work on using
+a QR type idea some some method like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a QR type idea some some method like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a QR type idea some some method like
+that so so everybody's seeing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so everybody's seeing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so everybody's seeing that we're
+taking where our algorithm is got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking where our algorithm is got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking where our algorithm is got two
+stages one is get a lot of zeros and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages one is get a lot of zeros and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages one is get a lot of zeros and get
+them in places that will stay zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in places that will stay zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in places that will stay zero as
+part two of the algorithm gets going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of the algorithm gets going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of the algorithm gets going and
+then run part two of the algorithm you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run part two of the algorithm you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then run part two of the algorithm you'd
+stain with its each step is very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain with its each step is very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain with its each step is very fast
+now because doing a QR factorization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because doing a QR factorization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because doing a QR factorization is
+fast but was there a question yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but was there a question yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but was there a question yeah yep
+so this would I would call this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would I would call this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would I would call this by
+diagonal of course and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of course and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of course and everybody
+recognizes that if I have a by diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that if I have a by diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that if I have a by diagonal
+matrix call it a or a not or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix call it a or a not or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix call it a or a not or whatever
+then a transfer what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a transfer what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a transfer what do you think about
+a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a
+what would a transpose a if that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a transpose a if that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a transpose a if that was a
+what could you tell me about a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you tell me about a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could you tell me about a transpose
+a could you multiply matrices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a could you multiply matrices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a could you multiply matrices like
+knowing that where the non zeros are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that where the non zeros are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that where the non zeros are
+like in your head and get an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your head and get an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in your head and get an idea of
+where so if I have a by diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so if I have a by diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so if I have a by diagonal matrix
+a then sort of implicitly in the SVD I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then sort of implicitly in the SVD I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then sort of implicitly in the SVD I'm
+looking at a transpose a and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a transpose a and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a transpose a and what would
+I what would be true about a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what would be true about a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what would be true about a transpose a
+it would be tri diagonal so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be tri diagonal so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be tri diagonal so what I've
+done here and what I've done there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here and what I've done there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here and what I've done there just
+match up you can you can opera if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up you can you can opera if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up you can you can opera if you
+don't want to change singular values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to change singular values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to change singular values you
+can get all the way to here but then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get all the way to here but then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get all the way to here but then to
+find those thing of their values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those thing of their values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those thing of their values that
+would involve a transpose a it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a transpose a it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would involve a transpose a it would be
+symmetric and tri diagonal and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and tri diagonal and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and tri diagonal and then
+you'd be in that game right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in that game right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in that game right okay so
+that's those are the basic facts of Ag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the basic facts of Ag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those are the basic facts of Ag
+and SVD for matrices of order up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SVD for matrices of order up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SVD for matrices of order up to a
+thousand say I don't know I'm not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand say I don't know I'm not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand say I don't know I'm not enough
+of an expert to know where higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expert to know where higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an expert to know where higher
+because the in in perfect math it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the in in perfect math it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the in in perfect math it's
+gonna take infinitely many steps or Abba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take infinitely many steps or Abba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take infinitely many steps or Abba
+would be very surprised right he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very surprised right he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very surprised right he would
+see you solving for eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you solving for eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you solving for eigenvalues and
+instantly equation by a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly equation by a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly equation by a whole lot of
+little steps and getting them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little steps and getting them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little steps and getting them exactly
+right that won't happen but you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that won't happen but you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that won't happen but you get them
+within epsilon in a number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within epsilon in a number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within epsilon in a number of steps
+that's like n cubed so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like n cubed so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like n cubed so that's pretty
+impressive the eigenvalue problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the eigenvalue problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the eigenvalue problem is
+being solved in quotes by by an out by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being solved in quotes by by an out by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being solved in quotes by by an out by a
+fast method that that that gets you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast method that that that gets you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast method that that that gets you a
+good answer within a tolerance in n cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer within a tolerance in n cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer within a tolerance in n cube
+steps right so that's great as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right so that's great as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps right so that's great as long as
+an isn't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isn't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isn't too
+and then when n is too big which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when n is too big which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when n is too big which of
+course happens you have to think again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course happens you have to think again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course happens you have to think again
+so this method will be is a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this method will be is a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this method will be is a giant
+success up to large matrices but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success up to large matrices but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success up to large matrices but then
+you have to think again and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think again and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think again and what is
+involved in thinking again well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in thinking again well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in thinking again well I guess
+more thinking so what do you do if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thinking so what do you do if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thinking so what do you do if the
+matrix is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is bigger
+I guess that the next that that Krylov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that the next that that Krylov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that the next that that Krylov
+would say use my method so Krylov would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say use my method so Krylov would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say use my method so Krylov would
+say especially if your matrix was sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say especially if your matrix was sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say especially if your matrix was sparse
+can we just remember what Krylov was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just remember what Krylov was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just remember what Krylov was
+Krylov started with a vector b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov started with a vector b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov started with a vector b
+multiplied it by a multiply that by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by a multiply that by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by a multiply that by a
+and got up to let's say a to the 999 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got up to let's say a to the 999 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got up to let's say a to the 999 B
+so now he's got us out cried off it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he's got us out cried off it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he's got us out cried off it's
+got a thousand dimensional space he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a thousand dimensional space he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a thousand dimensional space he's
+got a basis for it thousand vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a basis for it thousand vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a basis for it thousand vectors that
+span a thousand dimensional space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span a thousand dimensional space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span a thousand dimensional space and
+he'll look at the matrix a only on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll look at the matrix a only on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll look at the matrix a only on that
+space in other words I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in other words I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in other words I won't go into
+detail about that he restricts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that he restricts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that he restricts the
+matrix to this thousand dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to this thousand dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix to this thousand dimensional
+space and he hopes that it's captured we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and he hopes that it's captured we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and he hopes that it's captured we
+it we hope that the eigenvector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we hope that the eigenvector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we hope that the eigenvector is
+almost virtually in that space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost virtually in that space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost virtually in that space and
+actually I wouldn't wouldn't go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I wouldn't wouldn't go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I wouldn't wouldn't go up to
+let me take a nine out of that hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a nine out of that hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a nine out of that hundred
+dimensional would probably catch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional would probably catch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional would probably catch the
+eigenvector so if the eigenvector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so if the eigenvector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so if the eigenvector is
+virtually in this space then we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually in this space then we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually in this space then we can look
+at a matrix of order a hundred we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a matrix of order a hundred we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a matrix of order a hundred we can
+bring a down to just see its action on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a down to just see its action on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a down to just see its action on
+that space and any piece of so when so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and any piece of so when so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space and any piece of so when so
+here's a so I look at vectors V which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a so I look at vectors V which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a so I look at vectors V which
+are some combination C 1 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some combination C 1 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some combination C 1 B
+plus C to a B plus C 3 a squared B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C to a B plus C 3 a squared B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C to a B plus C 3 a squared B and C
+100 a to the 99 to B plus it an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm gonna ignore that error because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna ignore that error because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna ignore that error because
+I've gone I've got up to dimension 100 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone I've got up to dimension 100 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone I've got up to dimension 100 I
+probably say is pretty safe to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say is pretty safe to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say is pretty safe to ignore
+that error and then in this space just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and then in this space just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that error and then in this space just
+looking at the matrix a so wherever a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the matrix a so wherever a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the matrix a so wherever a to
+the 100th comes in forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100th comes in forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100th comes in forget it
+just think about the matrix a as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the matrix a as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about the matrix a as as
+multiplying vectors of this kind in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying vectors of this kind in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying vectors of this kind in this
+space then I have a hundred by hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then I have a hundred by hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then I have a hundred by hundred
+maybe I can value a problem and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can value a problem and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can value a problem and you know
+the big matrix a is reduced to a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big matrix a is reduced to a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big matrix a is reduced to a matrix
+of size 100 by do you see sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 100 by do you see sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size 100 by do you see sort of what
+I'm saying even though the D I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying even though the D I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying even though the D I'm not
+giving the details that that think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the details that that think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the details that that think of a
+thing of a matrix a of size a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of a matrix a of size a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of a matrix a of size a million
+and you apply it to Krylov vectors so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you apply it to Krylov vectors so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you apply it to Krylov vectors so I
+call them little K for a Krylov vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them little K for a Krylov vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them little K for a Krylov vector
+in this hundred dimensional space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hundred dimensional space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hundred dimensional space so
+they have a million minus 100 zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a million minus 100 zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a million minus 100 zero
+components you could say this okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you could say this okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you could say this okay this
+is in the Krylov space this is a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the Krylov space this is a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the Krylov space this is a million
+K a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it's a full there's a it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a full there's a it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a full there's a it's got a
+million components but it's out of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million components but it's out of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million components but it's out of just
+a hundred dimensional space so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dimensional space so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred dimensional space so when I
+multiplied by a it'll have it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a it'll have it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a it'll have it'll be
+mostly in mostly in partly in the Krylov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in mostly in partly in the Krylov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in mostly in partly in the Krylov
+space k hundreds and a piece out of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space k hundreds and a piece out of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space k hundreds and a piece out of K
+100 and I just ignore that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and I just ignore that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and I just ignore that part of the
+matrix so I have a hundred by hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so I have a hundred by hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so I have a hundred by hundred
+problem and I solve the find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I solve the find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I solve the find the
+eigenvalues and they're pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and they're pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and they're pretty good
+approximation to the eigenvalues to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the eigenvalues to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the eigenvalues to the
+may i hopefully like the lowest hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may i hopefully like the lowest hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may i hopefully like the lowest hundred
+eigenvalues i'd like to know that but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues i'd like to know that but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues i'd like to know that but i
+might not be sure that this idea would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be sure that this idea would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be sure that this idea would
+give me the lowest hundred the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the lowest hundred the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the lowest hundred the first
+hundred eigenvalues of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred eigenvalues of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred eigenvalues of the of the
+million of the matrix of size Amelia I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of the matrix of size Amelia I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of the matrix of size Amelia I'm
+just taking a few minutes here to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a few minutes here to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a few minutes here to to
+sort of wave hands about what Krylov the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave hands about what Krylov the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave hands about what Krylov the
+Krylov idea would do and I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov idea would do and I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov idea would do and I probably
+won't mention Krylov again this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't mention Krylov again this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't mention Krylov again this semester
+so what it can do is look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it can do is look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it can do is look at this
+particular type of space because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of space because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of space because we can
+get a basis for it quickly just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a basis for it quickly just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a basis for it quickly just multiply
+again and again by a then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again by a then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again by a then we can
+orthogonalize that basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize that basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize that basis
+that's gram schmidt in some some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gram schmidt in some some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gram schmidt in some some form
+we're always going back to a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going back to a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going back to a grand
+Schmitt then I have a hundred by hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmitt then I have a hundred by hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmitt then I have a hundred by hundred
+I have a bate a subspace of size a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a bate a subspace of size a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a bate a subspace of size a
+hundred I look at the Mait for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I look at the Mait for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred I look at the Mait for what the
+matrix does in that space and that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does in that space and that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does in that space and that I
+could look for I could find eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for I could find eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for I could find eigenvalues
+were restricted to that space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were restricted to that space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were restricted to that space they
+wouldn't be the perfect eigenvalues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be the perfect eigenvalues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be the perfect eigenvalues but
+they would be accurate okay so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be accurate okay so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be accurate okay so I didn't
+know it would take one class time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would take one class time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would take one class time to
+talk about finding eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finding eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finding eigenvalues and
+singular values but we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values but we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values but we did some
+important things we remembered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we remembered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things we remembered that
+similarity is the thing to check thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity is the thing to check thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity is the thing to check thing
+to preserve because it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve because it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve because it doesn't change
+the eigen values and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen values and then we
+for singular values what was the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singular values what was the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for singular values what was the thing
+you could multiply left and right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could multiply left and right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could multiply left and right by
+different orthogonal matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orthogonal matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orthogonal matrices and
+somehow maybe that doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maybe that doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maybe that doesn't have a
+established name multiplying left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established name multiplying left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established name multiplying left and
+right by a q1 and a q 2 transpose yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by a q1 and a q 2 transpose yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by a q1 and a q 2 transpose yeah
+but but the idea is clear and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the idea is clear and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the idea is clear and that
+doesn't change the singular values we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the singular values we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the singular values we're
+ready to move now into real and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to move now into real and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to move now into real and maybe
+our next step which we don't spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next step which we don't spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next step which we don't spend a
+long time on will be like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time on will be like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time on will be like random
+sampling what if your matrix is just way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling what if your matrix is just way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling what if your matrix is just way
+too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big
+so that's a new very new idea very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a new very new idea very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a new very new idea very
+different idea in numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea in numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea in numerical linear
+algebra is just to sample the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is just to sample the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is just to sample the matrix
+could you believe that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you believe that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you believe that the answer is
+going to come out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out right
+just for a random sample well the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a random sample well the odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a random sample well the odds
+are in your favor okay so that's that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your favor okay so that's that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in your favor okay so that's that'll
+be Wednesday and then we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Wednesday and then we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Wednesday and then we have lots of
+new we'll move onward after that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new we'll move onward after that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new we'll move onward after that okay
+see your Wednesday Thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d5mV88S2fNY.txt b/d5mV88S2fNY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97d2086fd92894a0d46352d1399871dc228b7fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d5mV88S2fNY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we will deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we will deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we will deal with a
+single topic how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single topic how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single topic how to find the
+distribution that is the PMF or PDF of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is the PMF or PDF of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that is the PMF or PDF of a
+random variable that is defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that is defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that is defined as a
+function of one or more other random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one or more other random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one or more other random
+variables with known distributions why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with known distributions why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with known distributions why
+is this useful quite often we construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this useful quite often we construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this useful quite often we construct
+the model by first defining some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model by first defining some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model by first defining some basic
+random variables these random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables these random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables these random variables
+usually have simple distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have simple distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have simple distributions and
+often they are independent but we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they are independent but we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they are independent but we may be
+interested in the distribution of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the distribution of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the distribution of some
+more complicated random variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated random variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated random variables that
+are defined in terms of our basic random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined in terms of our basic random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined in terms of our basic random
+variables in this lecture we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in this lecture we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in this lecture we will
+develop systematic methods for the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop systematic methods for the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop systematic methods for the task
+at hand after going through a warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand after going through a warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand after going through a warm-up
+the case of discrete random variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of discrete random variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of discrete random variables we
+will see that there is a general very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that there is a general very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that there is a general very
+systematic two-step procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic two-step procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic two-step procedure that
+relies on cumulative distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on cumulative distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on cumulative distribution
+functions we will pay special attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we will pay special attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we will pay special attention
+to the easier case where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the easier case where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the easier case where we have a
+linear function of a single random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of a single random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function of a single random
+variable we will also see that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we will also see that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we will also see that when the
+function involved is monotonic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function involved is monotonic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function involved is monotonic we can
+bypass CDF and jump directly to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass CDF and jump directly to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass CDF and jump directly to a
+formula that is easy to apply we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is easy to apply we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is easy to apply we will
+also see an example involving a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see an example involving a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see an example involving a function
+of two random variables in such examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two random variables in such examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two random variables in such examples
+the calculations may be more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations may be more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations may be more complicated
+but the basic approach based on CDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic approach based on CDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic approach based on CDF is
+really the same let me close with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same let me close with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same let me close with a
+final comment finding the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comment finding the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comment finding the distribution
+of a function G of X is indeed possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function G of X is indeed possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function G of X is indeed possible
+but we should only do it when we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should only do it when we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should only do it when we really
+need it if all we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it if all we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it if all we care about is the
+expected value of G of X we can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X we can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of G of X we can just use
+the expected value roll
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d9LjcuZTzz0.txt b/d9LjcuZTzz0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61324f6a62335cbb6e0256cad6281ee7327974fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d9LjcuZTzz0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a look at this music box for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this music box for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this music box for our
+first case study So I placed it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case study So I placed it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case study So I placed it on the
+glass of the scanner and it looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of the scanner and it looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of the scanner and it looks pretty
+good but as I look carefully which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but as I look carefully which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but as I look carefully which I
+hope you'll do when you try this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll do when you try this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'll do when you try this sort of
+stuff with your work there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with your work there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with your work there are a couple
+of things that I'm not thrilled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I'm not thrilled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that I'm not thrilled with
+first of all we're seeing some writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're seeing some writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're seeing some writing
+on the barrel looking closer it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barrel looking closer it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barrel looking closer it appears
+to be numbers and letters that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be numbers and letters that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be numbers and letters that's not
+great our eyes go straight to letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great our eyes go straight to letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great our eyes go straight to letters
+and numbers and they basically attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numbers and they basically attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numbers and they basically attract
+our eye and actually become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye and actually become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye and actually become a
+distraction from the image as far as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction from the image as far as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction from the image as far as I'm
+concerned so I'm not happy with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so I'm not happy with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so I'm not happy with that and
+I'm also not thrilled with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also not thrilled with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also not thrilled with the
+positioning of the Turning mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of the Turning mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of the Turning mechanism
+let's call it a stem somehow it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a stem somehow it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it a stem somehow it it
+doesn't feel composed properly so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel composed properly so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel composed properly so what I
+simply did was I played it a bit so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did was I played it a bit so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply did was I played it a bit so that
+the barrel no longer shows the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel no longer shows the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel no longer shows the writing
+and I turn turn the stem so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I turn turn the stem so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I turn turn the stem so that it
+landed in a better composed image I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in a better composed image I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in a better composed image I've
+been thinking about composition all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about composition all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about composition all my
+professional life so see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life so see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional life so see if you can
+agree with me on this decision so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me on this decision so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me on this decision so I
+started thinking about what difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about what difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about what difference
+it would make if we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would make if we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would make if we change the
+orientation of the device on the scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the device on the scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the device on the scanner
+now remember the light and sensor travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the light and sensor travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember the light and sensor travel
+only in One Direction we have no control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in One Direction we have no control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in One Direction we have no control
+over that so in this first image the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that so in this first image the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that so in this first image the
+barrel of the music box is parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel of the music box is parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel of the music box is parallel to
+the light source SCE in the next image I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source SCE in the next image I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light source SCE in the next image I
+decided to rotate the music box 90° that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to rotate the music box 90° that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to rotate the music box 90° that
+is perpendicular to the light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to the light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to the light source
+here's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image take a look at the two side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image take a look at the two side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image take a look at the two side by
+side and observe the difference I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and observe the difference I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and observe the difference I'll let
+you think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that for a
+bit right so you see the first image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right so you see the first image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right so you see the first image
+made with the barrel oriented parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with the barrel oriented parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with the barrel oriented parallel
+to the light source has a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light source has a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light source has a significant
+highlight whereas the one captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight whereas the one captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight whereas the one captured
+perpendicular to the light source has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the light source has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the light source has no
+highlight if I sat down for a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight if I sat down for a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight if I sat down for a bit and
+tried to anticipate all these results by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to anticipate all these results by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to anticipate all these results by
+drawing arrows from light sources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing arrows from light sources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing arrows from light sources and
+Reflections and all that I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and all that I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and all that I might have
+been able to anticipate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to anticipate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to anticipate what the
+differences would be in advance but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences would be in advance but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences would be in advance but I
+would prefer to just Discover It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to just Discover It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to just Discover It
+experiment with it just as I hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it just as I hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with it just as I hope you'll
+do with your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your own
+material I wonder what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I wonder what it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I wonder what it would look
+like if I oriented the device about 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I oriented the device about 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I oriented the device about 45°
+to the light source what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light source what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the light source what do you think
+will be the result results take a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the result results take a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the result results take a moment
+you can even stop the video if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even stop the video if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even stop the video if you'd
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+to okay ready here we go nothing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay ready here we go nothing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay ready here we go nothing very
+important here I'm afraid but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here I'm afraid but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here I'm afraid but the point
+is to experiment with your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to experiment with your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to experiment with your material
+remember you don't have control of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you don't have control of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you don't have control of your
+light source with a scanner as you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source with a scanner as you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source with a scanner as you will
+with your camera so at the very least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your camera so at the very least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your camera so at the very least
+take advantage of what you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of what you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of what you do have
+control over and in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over and in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over and in this case it's the
+placement of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of your
+device here you're seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device here you're seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device here you're seeing this
+incredible animal which is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible animal which is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible animal which is called a
+euplectella which lives in the sea this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euplectella which lives in the sea this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euplectella which lives in the sea this
+is his skeleton made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his skeleton made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his skeleton made out of
+silica now when you take a careful look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica now when you take a careful look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica now when you take a careful look
+you can see that two shrimp are living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that two shrimp are living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that two shrimp are living
+within this guy in what can be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this guy in what can be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this guy in what can be called a
+symbiotic relationship which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship which is very
+interesting tangential but quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tangential but quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tangential but quite
+interesting okay so I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so I put this
+three-dimensional Skeleton on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Skeleton on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Skeleton on the
+flatbed scanner covered it with black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner covered it with black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner covered it with black
+velvet and took a very high rate scan I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velvet and took a very high rate scan I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velvet and took a very high rate scan I
+think it was something like one gig file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was something like one gig file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was something like one gig file
+which is pretty high the Black Velvet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high the Black Velvet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty high the Black Velvet
+becomes the background of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the background of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the background of the image
+right now watch as we zoom into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now watch as we zoom into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now watch as we zoom into the
+image we start seeing this magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image we start seeing this magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image we start seeing this magnificent
+structure that nature is somehow able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that nature is somehow able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that nature is somehow able to
+produce those fibers measure about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce those fibers measure about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce those fibers measure about 50
+Micron so I'm quite serious about seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron so I'm quite serious about seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron so I'm quite serious about seeing
+things of very fine structure if in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of very fine structure if in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of very fine structure if in fact
+once once again you capture at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once again you capture at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once again you capture at a high
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolution okay here's our final case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution okay here's our final case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution okay here's our final case
+study for this particular tutorial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for this particular tutorial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study for this particular tutorial it's
+about a 2 and 1/2 CM device which once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 2 and 1/2 CM device which once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 2 and 1/2 CM device which once
+again I place on the scanner for this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I place on the scanner for this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I place on the scanner for this I
+I thought it would be fun to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would be fun to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it would be fun to show you
+how I get some of these things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I get some of these things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I get some of these things in the
+mail I made a quick image with my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail I made a quick image with my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail I made a quick image with my phone
+camera to show you what I start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to show you what I start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera to show you what I start with and
+eventually wind up with I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually wind up with I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually wind up with I thought it
+would be interesting for you you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting for you you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting for you you can do
+this you can see things that don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can see things that don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can see things that don't look
+so great at the beginning and imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great at the beginning and imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great at the beginning and imagine
+ways of creating an image that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of creating an image that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of creating an image that is
+publishable take a hard look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishable take a hard look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishable take a hard look at your
+device as I'm doing here try to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device as I'm doing here try to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device as I'm doing here try to look at
+it as if you were looking at it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as if you were looking at it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as if you were looking at it for the
+first time which I know is not easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time which I know is not easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time which I know is not easy but
+that's the trick you might even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick you might even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick you might even think
+about focusing on getting a cover image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing on getting a cover image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about focusing on getting a cover image
+for your submission that's where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your submission that's where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your submission that's where my
+thinking was on this device since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was on this device since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was on this device since the
+article was already accepted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article was already accepted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article was already accepted for
+publication so here the image I made was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication so here the image I made was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication so here the image I made was
+about 374 Megs and you can see as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 374 Megs and you can see as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 374 Megs and you can see as we
+zoom into the image the nice detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom into the image the nice detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom into the image the nice detail in
+the device again when you capture at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device again when you capture at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device again when you capture at a
+high enough resolution on your scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough resolution on your scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough resolution on your scanner
+you can see these details so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these details so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see these details so when you
+think about cover designs for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cover designs for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cover designs for example
+think about cropping and formatting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cropping and formatting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cropping and formatting for
+the cover in the end it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover in the end it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover in the end it turned out that
+for a cover submission I did wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a cover submission I did wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a cover submission I did wind up
+using a camera on the stereo microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a camera on the stereo microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a camera on the stereo microscope
+this is what I made with that equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I made with that equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I made with that equipment
+I thought I was getting more clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I was getting more clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought I was getting more clarity
+with the microscope but frankly when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the microscope but frankly when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the microscope but frankly when I
+compare the two a few months later as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the two a few months later as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the two a few months later as I
+record this tutorial the scanned image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record this tutorial the scanned image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record this tutorial the scanned image
+looks pretty good and maybe I was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good and maybe I was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good and maybe I was in a
+bit of Overkill mode these are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Overkill mode these are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Overkill mode these are the kinds
+of decisions you'll have to make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions you'll have to make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decisions you'll have to make for
+your own work maybe you have an opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own work maybe you have an opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own work maybe you have an opinion
+about which is better take a look by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is better take a look by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is better take a look by the
+way in the end in this case it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the end in this case it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the end in this case it didn't
+matter much we didn't get the cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much we didn't get the cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much we didn't get the cover but
+at least I was able to show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I was able to show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I was able to show you another
+example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dE-QgdrtzHw.txt b/dE-QgdrtzHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07c9e1d1a8eca3d199c89ead00cf301cae56c28a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dE-QgdrtzHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today is all
+about you um we are introducing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you um we are introducing project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you um we are introducing project
+2 uh we are starting off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh we are starting off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh we are starting off with the
+project one pitch presentations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one pitch presentations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one pitch presentations then
+we're going to have prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have prototype
+demonstrations the idea is that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations the idea is that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations the idea is that everyone
+in class should have heard about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class should have heard about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class should have heard about all the
+games that were made and should have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were made and should have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that were made and should have at
+least seen all of the games be played um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least seen all of the games be played um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least seen all of the games be played um
+it's going to be kind of difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be kind of difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be kind of difficult but
+we're going to try to do that after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do that after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to do that after that
+we're going to form teams so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to form teams so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to form teams so we're going
+to choose a few of these games and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a few of these games and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a few of these games and form
+teams around them and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams around them and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams around them and then after that
+assuming we have time left we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we have time left we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we have time left we're going
+to work in our new teams um you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in our new teams um you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in our new teams um you're going
+to rewrite that project one vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite that project one vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite that project one vision
+statement and you're going to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and you're going to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and you're going to modify the
+paper prototype um while you're here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype um while you're here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype um while you're here as
+a group just to to kind of see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group just to to kind of see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group just to to kind of see what the
+mechanics were and what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics were and what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics were and what you're going to
+have to do for project two so starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do for project two so starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do for project two so starting
+off project two it's another low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off project two it's another low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off project two it's another low
+Fidelity prototyping but this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity prototyping but this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fidelity prototyping but this is more
+digital so you're going to actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital so you're going to actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital so you're going to actually make
+a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital
+game um we're asking to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um we're asking to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um we're asking to create this
+digital prototype in a short time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital prototype in a short time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital prototype in a short time frame
+um you had about a week to do project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you had about a week to do project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you had about a week to do project
+one you're going to have about two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to have about two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're going to have about two weeks
+to do project two um there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do project two um there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do project two um there will be some
+of the work done in class unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work done in class unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work done in class unfortunately
+it's not going to be the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be the programming
+that's going to have to happen outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to happen outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to happen outside
+of class in class we're doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class in class we're doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class in class we're doing a lot of
+the meetings and lot of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meetings and lot of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meetings and lot of the project
+management stuff in class and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management stuff in class and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management stuff in class and we'll be
+walking you through a lot of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through a lot of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking you through a lot of that um
+you're going to be basing that game off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be basing that game off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be basing that game off
+of a project one team uh game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a project one team uh game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a project one team uh game and then
+yeah we're going to integrate project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to integrate project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to integrate project
+management Concepts into your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management Concepts into your process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management Concepts into your process
+and we'll be talking about some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be talking about some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be talking about some of that
+stuff starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff starting
+Wednesday extra goals um you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday extra goals um you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday extra goals um you're going to
+be working as a team for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working as a team for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working as a team for the first time
+using a common game engine so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a common game engine so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a common game engine so hopefully
+some of the lessons from that um game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lessons from that um game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lessons from that um game
+engine tutorial um we did last week uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine tutorial um we did last week uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine tutorial um we did last week uh
+workout I think that was last week yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I think that was last week yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout I think that was last week yeah
+uh workout for you um you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh workout for you um you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh workout for you um you're going to be
+doing Version Control so it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Version Control so it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Version Control so it looked like
+we had everybody able to use some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had everybody able to use some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had everybody able to use some kind
+of Version Control with all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Version Control with all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Version Control with all of those
+engines that's a good sign and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that's a good sign and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines that's a good sign and then
+you're also going to be managing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to be managing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to be managing your
+time commitments um this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time commitments um this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time commitments um this is the first
+time you're going to have six people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're going to have six people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're going to have six people on
+one project for this class and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project for this class and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project for this class and you're
+going to continue like that for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue like that for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue like that for the rest
+of the semester so coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester so coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester so coming up with
+strategies on how to work with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies on how to work with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies on how to work with each
+other how to do in how to to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how to do in how to to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how to do in how to to maximize
+the work you do in person and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work you do in person and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work you do in person and what you
+can do when you're not next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do when you're not next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do when you're not next to each
+other when you're working from your dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when you're working from your dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when you're working from your dorm
+room or from a study area things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room or from a study area things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room or from a study area things like
+that so the deliverables for this one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the deliverables for this one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the deliverables for this one um
+today we are going to do this Workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to do this Workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to do this Workshop
+this team information workshop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team information workshop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this team information workshop on
+Wednesday we're going to be workshopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to be workshopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to be workshopping
+the product backlog um and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product backlog um and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product backlog um and you're going
+to be turning into Stellar actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be turning into Stellar actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be turning into Stellar actually I
+meant the vision statement but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the vision statement but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the vision statement but on
+Wednesday by the end of class we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday by the end of class we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday by the end of class we'd like
+you to turn into Stellar an updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to turn into Stellar an updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to turn into Stellar an updated
+vision statement either so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement either so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement either so take the
+vision the statement you you are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision the statement you you are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision the statement you you are working
+on for project one modify it based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for project one modify it based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for project one modify it based on
+the new team you have you'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new team you have you'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new team you have you'll do a little
+bit of that today in class and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that today in class and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that today in class and then
+you'll turn it in by the end of class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn it in by the end of class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn it in by the end of class on
+Wednesday to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to
+stellar um the following week you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar um the following week you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar um the following week you're
+going to turn into Stellar before class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn into Stellar before class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn into Stellar before class
+starts a product backlog based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a product backlog based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a product backlog based on the
+workshop you did the week prior and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop you did the week prior and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop you did the week prior and in
+class we're going to talk about Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to talk about Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to talk about Sprint
+back task lists and you're going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back task lists and you're going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back task lists and you're going to so
+you don't know what a Sprint task list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what a Sprint task list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what a Sprint task list
+is right now you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now you don't know what
+estimates are right now you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are right now you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are right now you'll be
+working on that in Monday and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that in Monday and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that in Monday and then
+you'll be giving a each team will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be giving a each team will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be giving a each team will give a
+short presentation to us about the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation to us about the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation to us about the work
+about the work that you did on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work that you did on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work that you did on Wednesday
+you'll turn in that task list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn in that task list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn in that task list you
+created and in class on Wednesday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and in class on Wednesday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and in class on Wednesday we'll
+be playing all of the digital games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing all of the digital games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing all of the digital games so
+you have to have something running by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have something running by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have something running by
+Wednesday at 1:00 p.m. um it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday at 1:00 p.m. um it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday at 1:00 p.m. um it could be
+running and broken you might not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and broken you might not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running and broken you might not get
+that much good feedback out out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much good feedback out out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much good feedback out out of it
+but it must be running by Wednesday at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it must be running by Wednesday at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it must be running by Wednesday at 1
+p.m. and then the following Monday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. and then the following Monday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. and then the following Monday the
+project is due um yeah really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is due um yeah really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is due um yeah really really
+short um on sell you're going to turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short um on sell you're going to turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short um on sell you're going to turn in
+a whole bunch of stuff um all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of stuff um all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of stuff um all of your
+games should compile out to HTML um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games should compile out to HTML um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games should compile out to HTML um
+either be playable on a website or use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be playable on a website or use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be playable on a website or use a
+website plugin like Unity or Flash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website plugin like Unity or Flash or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website plugin like Unity or Flash or
+whatnot um so there's more details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot um so there's more details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot um so there's more details in
+the handout in Stellar I up upd that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout in Stellar I up upd that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout in Stellar I up upd that
+this morning so please take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning so please take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning so please take a look at
+that um when your once your teams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um when your once your teams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um when your once your teams are
+formed that's probably one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that's probably one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed that's probably one of the first
+things you should do is take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should do is take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you should do is take a look at
+those requirements um again you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requirements um again you'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those requirements um again you'll need
+a a written postmortem from each of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a written postmortem from each of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a written postmortem from each of you
+um we'll ask for a design change log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll ask for a design change log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll ask for a design change log
+which your first entry will be today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your first entry will be today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your first entry will be today um
+you'll need an updated vision statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need an updated vision statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need an updated vision statement
+if if anything changed from the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if anything changed from the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if anything changed from the one you
+turned in on whatever I said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in on whatever I said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in on whatever I said it was
+Wednesday um if anything's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um if anything's changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um if anything's changed
+you'll turn in again and you'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn in again and you'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll turn in again and you'll be doing
+Focus tests reports um so we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus tests reports um so we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus tests reports um so we'll be doing
+some some Focus testing some testing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Focus testing some testing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Focus testing some testing um
+in the next week um and then yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next week um and then yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next week um and then yeah you
+also do a postmortem presentation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a postmortem presentation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a postmortem presentation and so
+this presentation will actually be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation will actually be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation will actually be 5
+minutes per per team um the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes per per team um the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes per per team um the requirements
+are on the um the work the handout and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the um the work the handout and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the um the work the handout and
+we'll talk about it a little more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it a little more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it a little more later
+in this in the next week or so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the next week or so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the next week or so but
+basically it's tell us what went right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's tell us what went right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's tell us what went right
+tell us what went wrong tell us what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what went wrong tell us what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what went wrong tell us what you
+learned um we don't necessarily want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um we don't necessarily want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned um we don't necessarily want to
+see the game being played we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the game being played we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the game being played we want to see
+what you learn from the game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learn from the game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learn from the game so
+highlight that with screenshots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that with screenshots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that with screenshots with
+video stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is what we're doing
+for the next we've got 15 slots so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next we've got 15 slots so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next we've got 15 slots so for
+the next 15 or so minutes elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 15 or so minutes elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 15 or so minutes elevator
+pitches why are we asking you to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches why are we asking you to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches why are we asking you to do an
+elevator pitch if you can succinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitch if you can succinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pitch if you can succinctly
+describe your game in one minute it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe your game in one minute it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe your game in one minute it's
+probably pretty well scoped for project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty well scoped for project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty well scoped for project
+two also you probably have a handle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also you probably have a handle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also you probably have a handle on
+what you're actually making you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually making you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're actually making you know
+what what the game's about you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the game's about you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the game's about you can
+describe the game to another person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the game to another person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the game to another person to
+us that means great that project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that means great that project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that means great that project is
+probably going to be a product two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a product two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be a product two
+project um if you have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um if you have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um if you have a little bit of
+difficulty describing it if you go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty describing it if you go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty describing it if you go a
+little bit over time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit over time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit over time we're going to
+allow you to go over time but don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to go over time but don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to go over time but don't um
+why did I even tell you that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I even tell you that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I even tell you that I just
+messed everything up didn't I um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed everything up didn't I um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed everything up didn't I um but if
+there's some issues going on with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues going on with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some issues going on with that
+that'll let us know a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let us know a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let us know a little bit about
+the scope of the project um don't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the project um don't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the project um don't show
+us the game don't use visuals don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the game don't use visuals don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the game don't use visuals don't use
+laptops you're in an elevator with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops you're in an elevator with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptops you're in an elevator with an
+executive they said fine you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive they said fine you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive they said fine you got a
+minute of my time tell me what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of my time tell me what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of my time tell me what you're
+trying to do bam convince them that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do bam convince them that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do bam convince them that your
+game is cool Vince on what your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is cool Vince on what your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is cool Vince on what your game
+does in this particular case we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in this particular case we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in this particular case we want to
+know why it's about planning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's about planning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's about planning for
+Randomness remember that's our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness remember that's our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness remember that's our design
+constraint for these next for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for these next for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint for these next for the
+project one and project two what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one and project two what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project one and project two what about
+your game is planning for Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is planning for Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is planning for Randomness
+what H what is the core piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H what is the core piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H what is the core piece of
+gameplay in it remember in your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay in it remember in your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay in it remember in your vision
+statement we asked you for in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we asked you for in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we asked you for in one of the
+versions We asked you for 20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions We asked you for 20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions We asked you for 20 to 30
+seconds of gameplay that's a great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay that's a great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay that's a great thing
+to put in a pitch so you got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a pitch so you got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a pitch so you got all the
+material just take your minute go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material just take your minute go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material just take your minute go um
+afterwards we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards we're going to do
+demonstrations and I'll bring that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations and I'll bring that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations and I'll bring that up
+later um but basically we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but basically we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but basically we're not going
+to just rely on you talking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just rely on you talking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just rely on you talking about your
+game we're going to be able to see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we're going to be able to see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we're going to be able to see all
+the games being played and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games being played and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games being played and we're going
+to try again try to get everybody able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try again try to get everybody able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try again try to get everybody able
+to see all the games being played if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see all the games being played if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see all the games being played if
+they haven't been played already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't been played already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't been played already and
+after that we're going to try to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're going to try to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we're going to try to form
+teams which is really hard so that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams which is really hard so that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams which is really hard so that comes
+later all right any questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right any questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right any questions before we
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+on any additional comments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y'all oh yeah remember to check hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all oh yeah remember to check hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all oh yeah remember to check hand up
+two on Stellar so yes yeah by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on Stellar so yes yeah by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on Stellar so yes yeah by the end of
+class today all right so first team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today all right so first team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today all right so first team is
+lazy Beaver um again you only need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy Beaver um again you only need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy Beaver um again you only need you
+only need one person from the team to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one person from the team to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one person from the team to
+come up if you don't all want to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up if you don't all want to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up if you don't all want to come up
+come up here stand about right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up here stand about right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up here stand about right here
+there's a microphone right here it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a microphone right here it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a microphone right here it'll
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+you talk lazy Beaver come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+down all right hi everyone um our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right hi everyone um our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right hi everyone um our game
+is called lazy Beav uh lazy Beaver is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called lazy Beav uh lazy Beaver is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called lazy Beav uh lazy Beaver is a
+survival game in which players must take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival game in which players must take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival game in which players must take
+on a chaotic world full of surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chaotic world full of surprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a chaotic world full of surprises
+these surprises come in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surprises come in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these surprises come in the form of
+random environmental events such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random environmental events such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random environmental events such as
+hurricanes predators and even Ebola the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes predators and even Ebola the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes predators and even Ebola the
+player takes one action every day which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player takes one action every day which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player takes one action every day which
+either replenishes or depletes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either replenishes or depletes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either replenishes or depletes their
+finite Resources with the objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Resources with the objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Resources with the objective of
+surviving the elements in order to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving the elements in order to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving the elements in order to build
+a set number of dams since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set number of dams since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set number of dams since the
+environment is so unpredictable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is so unpredictable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is so unpredictable the
+player must carefully plan their actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player must carefully plan their actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player must carefully plan their actions
+or risk losing by running out of any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or risk losing by running out of any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or risk losing by running out of any of
+their resources es this lets the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their resources es this lets the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their resources es this lets the player
+either choose to be risky or play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choose to be risky or play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either choose to be risky or play it
+safe the digital prototype will maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe the digital prototype will maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe the digital prototype will maintain
+the same core gameplay of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same core gameplay of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same core gameplay of choosing
+actions reacting to the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions reacting to the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions reacting to the environment and
+preparing for disasters we will take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for disasters we will take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for disasters we will take the
+opportunity to carefully balance events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to carefully balance events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to carefully balance events
+and resources to tune the difficulty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources to tune the difficulty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources to tune the difficulty and
+appeal to all types of players lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to all types of players lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to all types of players lazy
+Beaver should move on to project two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaver should move on to project two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaver should move on to project two
+because during testing players found our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during testing players found our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during testing players found our
+game both delightful and difficult also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game both delightful and difficult also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game both delightful and difficult also
+the technical scope of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical scope of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical scope of the game is
+fitting for project 2's timeline and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting for project 2's timeline and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting for project 2's timeline and the
+mechanics of the game are well suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game are well suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game are well suited
+for the preparing for in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theme dragon's there come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down hello everybody our game is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hello everybody our game is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down hello everybody our game is called
+Dragon's Lair uh the game's point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's Lair uh the game's point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's Lair uh the game's point is you
+are an adventurer and you come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an adventurer and you come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an adventurer and you come into
+Dragon's Lair you have 20 actions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's Lair you have 20 actions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragon's Lair you have 20 actions you
+can take but after every time you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take but after every time you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take but after every time you take
+an action the dragon destroys one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action the dragon destroys one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action the dragon destroys one of
+them the point is you want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the point is you want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the point is you want to try to
+collect as much gold as possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect as much gold as possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect as much gold as possible the
+game ends when all the cards are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game ends when all the cards are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game ends when all the cards are either
+discarded by you or destroyed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded by you or destroyed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded by you or destroyed by the
+dragon and then you count up how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon and then you count up how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon and then you count up how much
+gold you got at the end the game is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold you got at the end the game is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold you got at the end the game is lost
+though if you run out the dragon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you run out the dragon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you run out the dragon's
+patience because the dragon can only put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience because the dragon can only put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience because the dragon can only put
+up with you being in its Lair for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you being in its Lair for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you being in its Lair for so
+long the game would be good for project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the game would be good for project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the game would be good for project
+two because it has a small scope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it has a small scope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it has a small scope the
+only thing we want to do for the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we want to do for the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we want to do for the digital
+prototype is get some artwork in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is get some artwork in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is get some artwork in there
+get a little bit of ambient music music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of ambient music music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of ambient music music
+add a timer so that people aren't taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a timer so that people aren't taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a timer so that people aren't taking
+too long in each turn and at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long in each turn and at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long in each turn and at a high
+score table because the game has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score table because the game has a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score table because the game has a high
+replayability value so we want people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayability value so we want people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayability value so we want people to
+be able to see their achievements um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see their achievements um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see their achievements um
+people found it fun and it was difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people found it fun and it was difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people found it fun and it was difficult
+and so yeah we think it's a good game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah we think it's a good game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah we think it's a good game
+great thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you FL come on down you're the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you FL come on down you're the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you FL come on down you're the next
+contens and please no talking while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contens and please no talking while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contens and please no talking while
+they're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it that in every Indiana Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that in every Indiana Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that in every Indiana Jones
+movie ever there's a Temple that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever there's a Temple that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever there's a Temple that gets
+destroyed a temple gets destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed a temple gets destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed a temple gets destroyed
+because it turns out that running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that running out of
+a temple is really really fun our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temple is really really fun our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temple is really really fun our game
+fight or flight forces the players to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight or flight forces the players to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight or flight forces the players to
+run from a randomly a environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from a randomly a environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from a randomly a environment that
+gets randomly destroyed behind Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets randomly destroyed behind Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets randomly destroyed behind Orange
+front of them and balance their actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them and balance their actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them and balance their actions
+between fighting their pursuers and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fighting their pursuers and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fighting their pursuers and just
+running as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as quickly as
+possible it works for project 2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it works for project 2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it works for project 2 because
+it's fun Dynamic and actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun Dynamic and actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun Dynamic and actually pretty
+simple at its core thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you plunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winds hi everyone um our game is plunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds hi everyone um our game is plunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds hi everyone um our game is plunder
+winds a pirate themed treasure hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds a pirate themed treasure hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds a pirate themed treasure hunting
+game our game is based around three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game our game is based around three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game our game is based around three
+simple core mechanics that interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple core mechanics that interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple core mechanics that interact with
+each other the first one is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the first one is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other the first one is a random
+encounter mechanic which controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter mechanic which controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter mechanic which controls the
+probability of finding treasured and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding treasured and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding treasured and you
+can uh you can affect this as the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can affect this as the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh you can affect this as the game
+progresses an exploration mechanic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses an exploration mechanic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses an exploration mechanic which
+tells you what the risk level of nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the risk level of nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the risk level of nearby
+encounters will be and the wind mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters will be and the wind mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters will be and the wind mechanic
+which limits your movement and forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which limits your movement and forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which limits your movement and forces
+the player to make strategic decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player to make strategic decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player to make strategic decisions
+about where they move our game's digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where they move our game's digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where they move our game's digital
+uh digital prototype would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital prototype would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital prototype would have the same
+core mechanics as our paper prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core mechanics as our paper prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core mechanics as our paper prototype
+but it would be faster and have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be faster and have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be faster and have more
+Graphics so it would be easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics so it would be easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics so it would be easier for
+players to pick up we could also add um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to pick up we could also add um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players to pick up we could also add um
+um unique encounters and abilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unique encounters and abilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unique encounters and abilities to
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+replayability um so our project should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayability um so our project should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayability um so our project should
+move on to project two two since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to project two two since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to project two two since it's
+easy to implement and also through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to implement and also through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to implement and also through our
+play testing we found that players found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing we found that players found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing we found that players found
+it easy to pick up but also uh found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to pick up but also uh found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to pick up but also uh found
+it hard to master so you should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to master so you should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to master so you should come
+join our crew Thunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join our crew Thunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join our crew Thunder
+Wings thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blind
+aliens WT it's a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens WT it's a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens WT it's a working
+title hi everyone we're blind aliens our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title hi everyone we're blind aliens our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title hi everyone we're blind aliens our
+game is blind aliens um the premise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is blind aliens um the premise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is blind aliens um the premise of
+the game is aliens blind aliens have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is aliens blind aliens have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is aliens blind aliens have
+invaded the Earth and you are one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded the Earth and you are one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded the Earth and you are one of
+very few surviving humans and the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few surviving humans and the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few surviving humans and the game
+is very simple it's in a very small room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple it's in a very small room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple it's in a very small room
+there's aliens that come in through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aliens that come in through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aliens that come in through
+random Gates around the edges and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Gates around the edges and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Gates around the edges and they
+randomly roam around searching for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly roam around searching for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly roam around searching for you
+but they can't see you because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't see you because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't see you because they're
+blind so you have three options you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so you have three options you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so you have three options you can
+sneak away very slowly or you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak away very slowly or you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak away very slowly or you can run
+very fast which is loud or you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast which is loud or you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast which is loud or you have a
+gun you can shoot at them which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun you can shoot at them which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun you can shoot at them which is also
+very loud and you'll be risking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loud and you'll be risking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loud and you'll be risking um
+getting discovered and eaten the line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting discovered and eaten the line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting discovered and eaten the line so
+um the game should move on to project 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the game should move on to project 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the game should move on to project 2
+because it's very simple um the during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very simple um the during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very simple um the during
+testing we found that people found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing we found that people found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing we found that people found it
+very engaging and that it was not boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very engaging and that it was not boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very engaging and that it was not boring
+at all um so yeah thanks thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um so yeah thanks thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um so yeah thanks thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you and next up is live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on hi everyone livon is a survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hi everyone livon is a survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hi everyone livon is a survival
+themed game that takes place in a hex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themed game that takes place in a hex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themed game that takes place in a hex
+grid based world the player needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid based world the player needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid based world the player needs to
+stay alive and move from the start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive and move from the start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive and move from the start to
+the goal there are four types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal there are four types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal there are four types of
+possible tearing grades River Mountain p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible tearing grades River Mountain p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible tearing grades River Mountain p
+and Forest each with simple cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Forest each with simple cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Forest each with simple cost
+benefits the key mechanic of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits the key mechanic of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits the key mechanic of the game is
+that at every turn the player needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at every turn the player needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at every turn the player needs to
+choose which how to move on to next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose which how to move on to next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose which how to move on to next
+based on what information he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what information he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what information he has
+available since the player only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available since the player only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available since the player only has
+limited Vision on one head is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited Vision on one head is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited Vision on one head is important
+to choose Grizz that would lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose Grizz that would lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose Grizz that would lead to a
+good location for the immediate next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good location for the immediate next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good location for the immediate next
+move on the other hand the player needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on the other hand the player needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on the other hand the player needs
+to plan for the Unown tiles that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for the Unown tiles that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for the Unown tiles that he
+can't see at the moment the game will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see at the moment the game will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see at the moment the game will be
+a good project for project two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good project for project two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good project for project two because
+in my opinion that not only does making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion that not only does making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion that not only does making
+plans and on in complete information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and on in complete information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and on in complete information and
+random events lies at the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random events lies at the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random events lies at the heart of the
+game's mechanic we Implement a good set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's mechanic we Implement a good set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's mechanic we Implement a good set
+of tradeoffs and balances between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tradeoffs and balances between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tradeoffs and balances between the
+different terrains that serve to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terrains that serve to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terrains that serve to offer
+the player a meaningful consequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player a meaningful consequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player a meaningful consequential
+choices along his path to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices along his path to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices along his path to go in the
+digital version in addition to the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version in addition to the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version in addition to the core
+gameplay we seek to add randomized map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay we seek to add randomized map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay we seek to add randomized map
+generation and multiple characters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and multiple characters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and multiple characters with
+different abilities to further enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abilities to further enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abilities to further enhance
+the gameplay we'll stay with a 2d game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gameplay we'll stay with a 2d game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gameplay we'll stay with a 2d game
+the great representation of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great representation of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great representation of the world
+and turn and turn-based actions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn and turn-based actions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn and turn-based actions as
+opposed to continuous war or Real Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to continuous war or Real Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to continuous war or Real Time
+game plan thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game plan thank you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game plan thank you thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolutions all right so Beav evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolutions all right so Beav evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolutions all right so Beav evolution
+is exactly what it sounds like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what it sounds like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what it sounds like you have
+a colony of beavers and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colony of beavers and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colony of beavers and you have to
+fight against nature and evolve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against nature and evolve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against nature and evolve your
+beavers over generations to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beavers over generations to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beavers over generations to survive
+against the trials and tribulations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the trials and tribulations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the trials and tribulations that
+nature will throw at you the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature will throw at you the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature will throw at you the core
+mechanic of the game is based around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of the game is based around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of the game is based around
+making a choice between three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a choice between three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a choice between three different
+options for every every generation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for every every generation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options for every every generation you
+can either build your Dam populate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either build your Dam populate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either build your Dam populate your
+beavers or choose an evolution trait to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beavers or choose an evolution trait to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beavers or choose an evolution trait to
+help develop your colony to to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help develop your colony to to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help develop your colony to to fight
+against the um the natural disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the um the natural disasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the um the natural disasters
+that will try to hinder your progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will try to hinder your progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will try to hinder your progress
+our game is going to be a great game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is going to be a great game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is going to be a great game for
+project two project two because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project two project two because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project two project two because we have
+a lot of ideas for implementing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of ideas for implementing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of ideas for implementing it in a
+real-time World um currently it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time World um currently it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time World um currently it is a
+turn-based uh game where you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn-based uh game where you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn-based uh game where you make a
+choice and then you respond to a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and then you respond to a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and then you respond to a natural
+disaster we think that it'll be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster we think that it'll be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster we think that it'll be great
+for to implement a real time uh a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to implement a real time uh a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to implement a real time uh a real
+time game because you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time game because you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time game because you will be able to
+respond to natural disasters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to natural disasters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to natural disasters and
+allocate your beavers to either work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate your beavers to either work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate your beavers to either work on
+your Dam or work on evolving and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Dam or work on evolving and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Dam or work on evolving and have to
+have quick reflexes in order to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quick reflexes in order to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quick reflexes in order to survive
+through the game and uh win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game and uh win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game and uh win the
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+castic hello comcastic is a cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castic hello comcastic is a cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castic hello comcastic is a cable
+Monopoly Monopoly simulator where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly Monopoly simulator where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly Monopoly simulator where you're
+trying to place your oddly shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to place your oddly shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to place your oddly shaped
+service centers into an existing City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service centers into an existing City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service centers into an existing City
+landscape your goal is to make as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape your goal is to make as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape your goal is to make as much
+money as possible while caring about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as possible while caring about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as possible while caring about
+your customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customer
+satisfaction so on the digital prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction so on the digital prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction so on the digital prototype
+we're basically going to have a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically going to have a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically going to have a grid
+where all the homes and businesses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the homes and businesses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the homes and businesses are
+laid out and the user will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out and the user will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out and the user will see the
+inconvenient shaped pieces for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient shaped pieces for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient shaped pieces for your
+service uh centers and then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service uh centers and then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service uh centers and then when they
+select the center they will see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the center they will see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the center they will see how many
+people can serve and the price that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can serve and the price that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can serve and the price that will
+cost them each month and then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them each month and then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them each month and then they will
+need to place these on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to place these on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to place these on the board
+uh we think this is a good project for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think this is a good project for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think this is a good project for
+uh project 2 because we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh project 2 because we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh project 2 because we found that
+playing the game creating the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game creating the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game creating the game is
+both very simple and we found that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very simple and we found that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both very simple and we found that it
+was really engaging um we had a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really engaging um we had a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really engaging um we had a few
+random testers kind of describe it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random testers kind of describe it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random testers kind of describe it as a
+strategic version of uh Tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically sparkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Redemption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o You're a lady with only one arm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o You're a lady with only one arm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o You're a lady with only one arm and
+your other arm is a gun that shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other arm is a gun that shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other arm is a gun that shoots
+things you're a disgrace in your nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're a disgrace in your nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're a disgrace in your nation
+and your only chance at Redemption is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your only chance at Redemption is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your only chance at Redemption is to
+get all of the sparkly however the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the sparkly however the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of the sparkly however the place
+where all the sparkly are are filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the sparkly are are filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the sparkly are are filled
+with monsters and depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with monsters and depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with monsters and depending on which
+sparkly you pick up sometimes you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly you pick up sometimes you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly you pick up sometimes you get
+better arm gun Powers but sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better arm gun Powers but sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better arm gun Powers but sometimes the
+monsters change their behavior and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters change their behavior and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters change their behavior and you
+have to adapt to that or just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adapt to that or just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to adapt to that or just be
+strategic about picking up your sparkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic about picking up your sparkly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic about picking up your sparkly
+um our game is super cool because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our game is super cool because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our game is super cool because even
+with our simple paper prototype version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our simple paper prototype version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our simple paper prototype version
+people had a lot of fun with it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a lot of fun with it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a lot of fun with it and it's
+a sort of game that's pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of game that's pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of game that's pretty easy to
+implement at a most basic just fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement at a most basic just fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement at a most basic just fun
+toplay stage but then it's good to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toplay stage but then it's good to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toplay stage but then it's good to add
+stuff on top of it like extra monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on top of it like extra monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on top of it like extra monster
+behaviors and super shooty arm Powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and super shooty arm Powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and super shooty arm Powers
+also you're a lady with one arm and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you're a lady with one arm and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you're a lady with one arm and a
+gun that shoots things which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dice hey everyone so uh Maji di is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice hey everyone so uh Maji di is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice hey everyone so uh Maji di is a
+math puzzle game like Sudoku or 2048
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math puzzle game like Sudoku or 2048
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math puzzle game like Sudoku or 2048
+where the user navigate a dice around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user navigate a dice around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the user navigate a dice around a
+gr a square grid um rolling the dice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr a square grid um rolling the dice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr a square grid um rolling the dice one
+side at a time and adding the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at a time and adding the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at a time and adding the side of
+that dice to the square the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dice to the square the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dice to the square the cool
+mechanic of this game is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of this game is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of this game is that each
+square is um modulo 7 and the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is um modulo 7 and the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is um modulo 7 and the goal of
+the game is to reset all the squares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is to reset all the squares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is to reset all the squares to
+zero um this game will work well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um this game will work well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um this game will work well for
+project 2 because it is a fast-paced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 2 because it is a fast-paced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 2 because it is a fast-paced uh
+mover game kind of like 2048 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover game kind of like 2048 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover game kind of like 2048 and you can
+move the DI around very quickly while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the DI around very quickly while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the DI around very quickly while
+also having to plan out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having to plan out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having to plan out your
+moves thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Youk City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Youk City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Youk City
+evacuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in City evacuation your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in City evacuation your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in City evacuation your goal is to
+escape the city because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the city because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the city because there's an
+earthquake in your city and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake in your city and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake in your city and you have to
+do that while saving three friends along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that while saving three friends along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that while saving three friends along
+the way and what'll happen during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and what'll happen during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and what'll happen during the
+game is you might get hit you know by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is you might get hit you know by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is you might get hit you know by an
+explosion or a bridge might fall down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion or a bridge might fall down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion or a bridge might fall down or
+you know you might have like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have like some
+physical impediment as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical impediment as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical impediment as far as the
+digital scope we're going to build a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital scope we're going to build a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital scope we're going to build a 2d
+game that's um dependent on your dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's um dependent on your dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's um dependent on your dice
+roll and we generate random disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and we generate random disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and we generate random disaster
+cards that will come up and the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that will come up and the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that will come up and the hardest
+part will be the graphics we think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be the graphics we think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will be the graphics we think this
+is a good project for number two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good project for number two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good project for number two because
+there's a lot of Randomness but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Randomness but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Randomness but we also
+give the player a lot of tools to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the player a lot of tools to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the player a lot of tools to plan
+and strategize around that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategize around that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strategize around that uh
+additionally people thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally people thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally people thought it was
+really fun to play and though it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun to play and though it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun to play and though it's sort
+of simple to implement at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple to implement at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple to implement at the beginning
+uh we think there's ample challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think there's ample challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think there's ample challenge in
+like the graphics The Sounds uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the graphics The Sounds uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the graphics The Sounds uh the
+animations that can be built on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations that can be built on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations that can be built on top of
+that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any
+team thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+it shout key.com doorway all right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shout key.com doorway all right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shout key.com doorway all right the
+next 12 hours our game is called shout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 hours our game is called shout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 hours our game is called shout
+key.com doorway here's the idea you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key.com doorway here's the idea you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key.com doorway here's the idea you're
+playing World of Warcraft sorry Warcraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing World of Warcraft sorry Warcraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing World of Warcraft sorry Warcraft
+3 and you see that guy with like second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and you see that guy with like second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and you see that guy with like second
+and a half ping and you get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half ping and you get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half ping and you get really
+jealous man I wish my ping were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous man I wish my ping were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jealous man I wish my ping were that
+high so like start encouraging your pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so like start encouraging your pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so like start encouraging your pet
+to chew on your ethernet cables get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chew on your ethernet cables get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chew on your ethernet cables get
+those Dro packets you really want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Dro packets you really want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Dro packets you really want that
+slow unresponsive feel so we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow unresponsive feel so we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow unresponsive feel so we take that
+desire and mix it with a platformer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and mix it with a platformer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and mix it with a platformer to
+make a really frustrating game where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a really frustrating game where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a really frustrating game where as
+you play it your controls become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play it your controls become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play it your controls become
+increasingly unresponsive and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unresponsive and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unresponsive and you know I
+think it's hilarious fun yeah it's fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's hilarious fun yeah it's fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's hilarious fun yeah it's fun
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+doorway thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underground here right there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground here right there all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground here right there all right
+so lost underground you are traveler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lost underground you are traveler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lost underground you are traveler and
+you fall down a hole and you get lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall down a hole and you get lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fall down a hole and you get lost in
+an underground mine so the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underground mine so the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underground mine so the goal of the
+game is equipped with some bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is equipped with some bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is equipped with some bombs
+infinite amount of bombs um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of bombs um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of bombs um because
+that's just how games work you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just how games work you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just how games work you're
+supposed to Escape From The Underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to Escape From The Underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to Escape From The Underground
+by um planting bombs and and break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um planting bombs and and break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um planting bombs and and break and
+trying to move through barriers that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move through barriers that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move through barriers that you
+can clear uh the randomness comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clear uh the randomness comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clear uh the randomness comes in
+with the addition of some ghost bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of some ghost bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of some ghost bombs
+that will be floating around and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be floating around and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be floating around and they
+will not chase you but they would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not chase you but they would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not chase you but they would go
+through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you
+uh and would explode at random moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and would explode at random moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and would explode at random moment so
+you have to plan around getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to plan around getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to plan around getting to the
+end of the level and also not dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the level and also not dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the level and also not dying
+before you get there which it's common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get there which it's common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get there which it's common
+in a game um this is a good project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a game um this is a good project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a game um this is a good project
+because it's simple and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simple and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's simple and it's sort of
+reminiscent to bomber man which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent to bomber man which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent to bomber man which is a
+great game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah spce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders
+dice Traders is a multiplayer card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice Traders is a multiplayer card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice Traders is a multiplayer card game
+where you play card combos in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play card combos in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you play card combos in order to
+score points um importantly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score points um importantly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score points um importantly you can
+trade your cards with other players in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade your cards with other players in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade your cards with other players in
+order to improve your combos but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve your combos but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to improve your combos but if you
+do that you might be giving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you might be giving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you might be giving your
+opponents what they need to win and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents what they need to win and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponents what they need to win and so
+this uh introduces a lot of strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh introduces a lot of strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh introduces a lot of strategic
+considerations about things like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about things like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about things like what
+your opponent's score is U how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's score is U how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's score is U how large
+their hand is and so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand is and so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand is and so on and so forth and
+you have to keep all of that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep all of that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep all of that in mind
+when you're playing and our play testers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're playing and our play testers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're playing and our play testers
+really enjoyed the like uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed the like uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed the like uh complex
+strategy that arose from these simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that arose from these simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that arose from these simple
+elements um it is it would be good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um it is it would be good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um it is it would be good for
+project 2 because the mechanics are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 2 because the mechanics are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 2 because the mechanics are very
+simple which would make the game easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple which would make the game easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple which would make the game easy to
+implement however it is designed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement however it is designed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement however it is designed as a
+multiplayer game so it would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game so it would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game so it would require
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+AI right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI right thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you and last but not least gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and last but not least gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and last but not least gravity
+shift that is the last one right nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that is the last one right nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift that is the last one right nobody
+else right all right so our idea was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right all right so our idea was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right all right so our idea was for
+a puzzle platform with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle platform with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzle platform with the following
+characteristics it's a basic platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics it's a basic platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics it's a basic platform
+you have a guy on one side trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a guy on one side trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a guy on one side trying to get
+the other with a bunch of platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other with a bunch of platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other with a bunch of platforms
+unfortunately for you the platforms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for you the platforms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately for you the platforms are
+all space so that it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space so that it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space so that it's completely
+impossible to reach them fortunately for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reach them fortunately for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reach them fortunately for
+you you can place a number of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can place a number of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can place a number of blocks
+anywhere you want on the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you want on the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you want on the stage
+unfortunately again they all cost points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately again they all cost points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately again they all cost points
+and you'll lose points if you place them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll lose points if you place them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll lose points if you place them
+and every time you land on a space it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you land on a space it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you land on a space it'll
+disappear twist is once you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear twist is once you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear twist is once you get to the
+end of a stage everything will rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a stage everything will rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a stage everything will rotate
+90° all your platforms will become walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° all your platforms will become walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° all your platforms will become walls
+and vice versa and you have to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and you have to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa and you have to make it
+again if you weren't thinking ahead then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you weren't thinking ahead then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you weren't thinking ahead then
+the second part of the stage will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the stage will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the stage will not be
+possible which is why it requires Ires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which is why it requires Ires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which is why it requires Ires
+the actual thinking ahead to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual thinking ahead to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual thinking ahead to solve the
+challenges uh the reason that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh the reason that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges uh the reason that this would
+be a good idea for project 2 is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good idea for project 2 is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good idea for project 2 is because
+it's a pretty basic idea but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty basic idea but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty basic idea but it's
+actually a deceptively difficult game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a deceptively difficult game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a deceptively difficult game
+and it's really easy to make a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really easy to make a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really easy to make a stage
+that's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve okay that was really good you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay that was really good you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay that was really good you all
+kept to under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept to under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept to under a
+minute next up we're going to take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute next up we're going to take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute next up we're going to take five
+minutes set up your games um try to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes set up your games um try to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes set up your games um try to put
+a lot of space around where you're set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of space around where you're set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of space around where you're set
+up I know it's going to be hard um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I know it's going to be hard um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I know it's going to be hard um but
+put enough space around where you're set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put enough space around where you're set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put enough space around where you're set
+up so we can some people can watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we can some people can watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we can some people can watch what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+doing take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poits and how the hell do these work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits and how the hell do these work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits and how the hell do these work
+there we go oh yeah take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go oh yeah take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go oh yeah take one of these
+poits put your name on it Wicked big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits put your name on it Wicked big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poits put your name on it Wicked big
+plant it down on your table so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant it down on your table so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant it down on your table so we know
+what we're looking at so set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at so set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at so set up your
+games all the stuff that you might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all the stuff that you might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games all the stuff that you might need
+is up here in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boxes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want oh actually run on the car well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want oh actually run on the car well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want oh actually run on the car well no
+no you guys go I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going the goal is to make the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the goal is to make the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the goal is to make the whole
+board into Zer module 7 and so you roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board into Zer module 7 and so you roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board into Zer module 7 and so you roll
+the dice so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice so for example
+all right okay so so it's uh it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so so it's uh it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so so it's uh it's about
+time so uh thanks everyone and uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh thanks everyone and uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh thanks everyone and uh first
+of all all of you had playable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all all of you had playable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all all of you had playable
+prototypes so for project one go you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes so for project one go you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes so for project one go you you
+you totally did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay um a couple of things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um a couple of things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um a couple of things that that
+that we want to say about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to say about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to say about all the
+projects actually we expected that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects actually we expected that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects actually we expected that a lot
+more projects were going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more projects were going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more projects were going to be like
+vastly out of scope than we actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly out of scope than we actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly out of scope than we actually got
+uh a lot lot of stuff that we saw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot lot of stuff that we saw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot lot of stuff that we saw here
+uh could actually just be fine for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could actually just be fine for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could actually just be fine for uh
+project 3 um there a lot of of the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 um there a lot of of the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 um there a lot of of the games
+that that that we saw here once they a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we saw here once they a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we saw here once they a
+little bit more comfortable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more comfortable with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more comfortable with the
+technology and the build process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the build process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the build process and
+with some you know in some cases uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some you know in some cases uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some you know in some cases uh is
+going to be just the efficiencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the efficiencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the efficiencies of
+knowing the people on your team a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the people on your team a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the people on your team a little
+bit better uh you'll be able to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better uh you'll be able to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better uh you'll be able to execute
+any of these games uh for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these games uh for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these games uh for something like
+project 3 uh but we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 uh but we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 uh but we would like to
+actually guide this next step where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually guide this next step where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually guide this next step where we
+move from Project one the project to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from Project one the project to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from Project one the project to a
+little bit better so we are going to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better so we are going to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better so we are going to cut
+a couple of projects just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of projects just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of projects just to make the
+team building process go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building process go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building process go a little bit
+faster otherwise having to select uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster otherwise having to select uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster otherwise having to select uh
+which one of the 15 projects that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of the 15 projects that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of the 15 projects that we're
+going to carry on is just going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to carry on is just going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to carry on is just going to take
+way too long that uh than we have class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too long that uh than we have class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too long that uh than we have class
+uh class session but we didn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class session but we didn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class session but we didn't do it
+completely arbitrarily we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely arbitrarily we're going to
+talk about our concerns so if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about our concerns so if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about our concerns so if you really
+really if we if you're one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if we if you're one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if we if you're one of those
+games that we're going to cut and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we're going to cut and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we're going to cut and you
+really really want to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want to do that for
+project 3 I want you to use the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 I want you to use the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 I want you to use the time
+over project two to think over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over project two to think over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over project two to think over your
+design and see how you would address all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and see how you would address all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and see how you would address all
+of these concerns while you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these concerns while you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these concerns while you're working
+on somebody else's project 2 okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on somebody else's project 2 okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on somebody else's project 2 okay uh
+because we saw a lot of really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw a lot of really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw a lot of really really
+good stuff here today um let's see so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here today um let's see so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff here today um let's see so a
+couple of games that we're cutting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of games that we're cutting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of games that we're cutting uh
+gravity shift we're going to cut that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity shift we're going to cut that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity shift we're going to cut that uh
+because the randomness uh isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the randomness uh isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the randomness uh isn't really
+integrated into the design at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the design at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the design at this point
+of time uh again think about it figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh again think about it figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh again think about it figure
+out how how you would do that for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how how you would do that for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how how you would do that for for
+project 3 um I actually had a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 um I actually had a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project 3 um I actually had a a a a
+concern about the UI of that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about the UI of that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about the UI of that game
+because a lot of these games that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of these games that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of these games that uh
+sure some of you are working in unity 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of you are working in unity 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure some of you are working in unity 3D
+that seem to be a game that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be a game that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be a game that would
+only that UI wise seems to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that UI wise seems to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that UI wise seems to suggest that
+it should be a 3D game because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a 3D game because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a 3D game because you need
+to know what the sides of the dice are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the sides of the dice are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the sides of the dice are
+before you roll things but uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you roll things but uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you roll things but uh how do you
+convey that to a player in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey that to a player in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey that to a player in a way that's
+not going to have them to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have them to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have them to deal with the
+camera um and you could also do it in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um and you could also do it in 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um and you could also do it in 2D
+uh but then how do you convey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then how do you convey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then how do you convey that
+information to the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confused yes oh mod oh so sorry that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused yes oh mod oh so sorry that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused yes oh mod oh so sorry that was
+the feedback I had for modu dice uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback I had for modu dice uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback I had for modu dice uh my
+my mistake for Gravity shift sorry U my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mistake for Gravity shift sorry U my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mistake for Gravity shift sorry U my
+that I I didn't in fact get that mix up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I didn't in fact get that mix up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I didn't in fact get that mix up
+for Gravity shift the UI problem was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Gravity shift the UI problem was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Gravity shift the UI problem was uh
+how do you convey to the player uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convey to the player uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you convey to the player uh which
+way things are going to shift next right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things are going to shift next right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things are going to shift next right
+is it relative to the player or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it relative to the player or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it relative to the player or is it
+relative to the level when the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the level when the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the level when the gravity
+shifts are you rotating the entire level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts are you rotating the entire level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts are you rotating the entire level
+or are you rotating the players you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are you rotating the players you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are you rotating the players you know
+and now now now the players falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now now the players falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now now the players falling
+sideways on the screen right these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways on the screen right these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways on the screen right these all
+like big UI challenges assignment 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big UI challenges assignment 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big UI challenges assignment 3
+actually happens to be about UI so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens to be about UI so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens to be about UI so it's
+actually a good time to be able tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good time to be able tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good time to be able tackle
+that so so think about that sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so think about that sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so think about that sorry sorry
+to mod but for project three though for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mod but for project three though for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mod but for project three though for
+that one still bringing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one still bringing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one still bringing in the
+randomness and actually bringing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and actually bringing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and actually bringing in the
+design constraint for project 3 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design constraint for project 3 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design constraint for project 3 will be
+um important for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important for that one
+yeah uh okay then um for fight uh fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh okay then um for fight uh fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh okay then um for fight uh fight
+of flight and dice Traders we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight and dice Traders we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight and dice Traders we have very
+similar feedback right now now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar feedback right now now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar feedback right now now your
+design is specifically uh the the fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is specifically uh the the fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is specifically uh the the fun of
+your games are really in the multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games are really in the multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your games are really in the multiplayer
+right right right now uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right now uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right now uh that is
+absolutely fine in fact you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fine in fact you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fine in fact you really
+really solid game designs uh the Challen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solid game designs uh the Challen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solid game designs uh the Challen
+the problem is that project 2 is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that project 2 is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that project 2 is really
+short and AI is timec consuming it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and AI is timec consuming it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and AI is timec consuming it's not
+necessarily hard it's just going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hard it's just going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hard it's just going to take
+a lot of time to to to to work on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time to to to to work on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time to to to to work on so
+we're going to say let's not do that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say let's not do that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say let's not do that on
+Project two you might be you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project two you might be you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project two you might be you might want
+to save that for project three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save that for project three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save that for project three um
+finally uh for two games uh for City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh for two games uh for City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh for two games uh for City
+evacuation and doorway um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuation and doorway um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuation and doorway um actually
+technically both games are feasible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically both games are feasible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically both games are feasible uh
+you I actually fairly confident that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I actually fairly confident that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I actually fairly confident that the
+games that you showed today could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you showed today could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that you showed today could be
+done uh in the time span of project two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in the time span of project two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in the time span of project two
+however I feel that a lot of the fun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I feel that a lot of the fun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I feel that a lot of the fun in
+those games comes in multiple levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those games comes in multiple levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those games comes in multiple levels
+being able to get different environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to get different environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to get different environments
+and different scenarios uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different scenarios uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different scenarios uh and that's
+going to be very time consuming in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very time consuming in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very time consuming in which
+you don't you don't have time for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't have time for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't have time for in
+Project two um so so uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project two um so so uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project two um so so uh so you know
+inity valuation is kind of like the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inity valuation is kind of like the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inity valuation is kind of like the size
+of your level and all of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your level and all of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your level and all of the elements
+that you've got in it uh uh it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got in it uh uh it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got in it uh uh it's just
+going to take a lot of man a lot of man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a lot of man a lot of man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a lot of man a lot of man
+hours just to be able to generate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours just to be able to generate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours just to be able to generate one
+map yet alone uh uh let alone multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map yet alone uh uh let alone multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map yet alone uh uh let alone multiple
+Maps or doorway um it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps or doorway um it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps or doorway um it seems to me that
+playing through one round of the game on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing through one round of the game on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing through one round of the game on
+a computer could go through pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer could go through pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer could go through pretty
+quickly uh actually for doorway I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh actually for doorway I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh actually for doorway I like
+to make eye contact yeah there okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make eye contact yeah there okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make eye contact yeah there okay like
+it seems to me like playing through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me like playing through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me like playing through a
+level uh at least the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh at least the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh at least the first couple of
+levels could go through pretty quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels could go through pretty quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels could go through pretty quick uh
+quick quickly which is fine players like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quickly which is fine players like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quickly which is fine players like
+that uh because you know especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because you know especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because you know especially when
+they're ramping up right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ramping up right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ramping up right at the
+beginning of the game but that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the game but that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the game but that means you
+got that means you got to generate a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that means you got to generate a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that means you got to generate a lot
+of levels and that's just a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels and that's just a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of levels and that's just a lot of time
+that uh that that that you don't have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that that you don't have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that that you don't have so
+for the rest of the projects uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the projects uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the projects uh we're
+going to put them up around and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them up around and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them up around and uh and
+we are going to ask you to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to ask you to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to ask you to put your
+names using the little Post-its uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names using the little Post-its uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names using the little Post-its uh to
+show which team that you're signing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show which team that you're signing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show which team that you're signing on
+but I still have more feedback because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still have more feedback because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still have more feedback because
+the the other games have challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other games have challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other games have challenges that
+you're going to have to overcome too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to overcome too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to overcome too
+dragon slay uh there so much information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon slay uh there so much information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon slay uh there so much information
+so much information for players to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much information for players to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much information for players to have
+to understand what's going on how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what's going on how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what's going on how are
+you going to convey that over to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to convey that over to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to convey that over to a
+player um the the good news your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player um the the good news your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player um the the good news your
+information is relatively static it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is relatively static it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is relatively static it's
+not like you have numbers changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you have numbers changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you have numbers changing in
+the middle plunder winds you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle plunder winds you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle plunder winds you do have
+numbers changing in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers changing in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers changing in the middle of the
+game so many numbers so many little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so many numbers so many little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so many numbers so many little
+variables and factors so how you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and factors so how you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and factors so how you going
+to convey all of that information to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convey all of that information to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convey all of that information to a
+player so you have a UI Chan man there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so you have a UI Chan man there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so you have a UI Chan man there
+um Beaver Evolution um there is a beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beaver Evolution um there is a beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beaver Evolution um there is a beaver
+Evolution Beaver Evolution you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution Beaver Evolution you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution Beaver Evolution you have a
+range of possible bad things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possible bad things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possible bad things that could
+happen to a player how do you um explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to a player how do you um explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to a player how do you um explain
+that to the player before it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the player before it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the player before it actually
+happens to them so that they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them so that they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to them so that they can sort of
+like anticipate and plan right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anticipate and plan right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anticipate and plan right now you
+can say oh well they'll play it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh well they'll play it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh well they'll play it through
+once and then they'll die and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then they'll die and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then they'll die and then
+they'll restart game that's not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll restart game that's not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll restart game that's not a great
+solution think of a think about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution think of a think about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution think of a think about some
+something better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better than
+that Comcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Comcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Comcast
+um comcastic very specifically is a UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comcastic very specifically is a UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comcastic very specifically is a UI
+problem because uh how are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because uh how are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because uh how are you going to
+show the players what they're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the players what they're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the players what they're about to
+put down on the screen and then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down on the screen and then show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down on the screen and then show
+them the consequences of what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the consequences of what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the consequences of what they've
+just put down uh that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put down uh that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put down uh that one is
+uh because your game is all about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because your game is all about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because your game is all about how do
+I rotate this thing and then figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate this thing and then figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rotate this thing and then figure out
+where it goes and what's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes and what's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes and what's going to be the
+outcome uh that's your your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome uh that's your your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome uh that's your your your your
+problem is mostly user input uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is mostly user input uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is mostly user input uh how do
+you get user input in game and mod dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get user input in game and mod dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get user input in game and mod dice
+I already mentioned it how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned it how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already mentioned it how do you do
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+uh you know it's yep is that a hand oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's yep is that a hand oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's yep is that a hand oh
+Sor sorry I thought put um how do you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor sorry I thought put um how do you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor sorry I thought put um how do you uh
+explain to the player if you rotated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to the player if you rotated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to the player if you rotated the
+dice this way this is the number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice this way this is the number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice this way this is the number that's
+going to be coming up versus that way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming up versus that way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming up versus that way if
+you're going to to do it in 3D fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to do it in 3D fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to do it in 3D fine but
+3D is at least twice as long uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D is at least twice as long uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D is at least twice as long uh uh in
+terms of development time um so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of development time um so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of development time um so you have
+to keep that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that in
+mind um for blind aliens and sparkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um for blind aliens and sparkly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um for blind aliens and sparkly
+Redemption you're going to need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption you're going to need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption you're going to need need
+some art just to be able to convey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some art just to be able to convey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some art just to be able to convey the
+player what the heck is going on in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player what the heck is going on in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player what the heck is going on in your
+game the good news is that as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the good news is that as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the good news is that as long as
+you have some art I think you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some art I think you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some art I think you can make
+it work but that's going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work but that's going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work but that's going to be your
+bottleneck that's going to consume up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck that's going to consume up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck that's going to consume up
+all of your time um things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your time um things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your time um things that you know
+we feel that can probably work uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that can probably work uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that can probably work uh um
+that that that we're fairly confident uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we're fairly confident uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we're fairly confident uh
+is within the scope of this project uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the scope of this project uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the scope of this project uh
+include lazy Beaver liveon lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include lazy Beaver liveon lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include lazy Beaver liveon lost
+underground um some of these games uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground um some of these games uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground um some of these games uh
+resemble other games that exist so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble other games that exist so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble other games that exist so you
+already have kind of like a template uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have kind of like a template uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have kind of like a template uh
+to uh to to to work on uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to to work on uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to to work on uh some of the
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+um the for some of the games the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the for some of the games the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the for some of the games the paper
+prototype really kind of already gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype really kind of already gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype really kind of already gives
+you a pretty good idea of how the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty good idea of how the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty good idea of how the how
+how how the computer game is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how the computer game is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how the computer game is going to
+work so I'm not too worried about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm not too worried about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm not too worried about you
+know if your game just ran on text it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if your game just ran on text it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if your game just ran on text it
+could still be comprehensible uh so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still be comprehensible uh so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still be comprehensible uh so I'm
+not so worried about about that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so worried about about that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so worried about about that um but
+uh so these are the games that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are the games that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are the games that that that
+we have shortlisted not all these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shortlisted not all these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shortlisted not all these games
+necessarily become project two games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily become project two games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily become project two games
+because we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+10 and we're are hoping for teams of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and we're are hoping for teams of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and we're are hoping for teams of six
+teams of six we do not have 60 people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of six we do not have 60 people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of six we do not have 60 people in
+a classroom all right so about 47 last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom all right so about 47 last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classroom all right so about 47 last
+so about seven teams about seven teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about seven teams about seven teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about seven teams about seven teams
+so that means three of three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means three of three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means three of three of these
+projects will have to get cut and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects will have to get cut and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects will have to get cut and we
+we'll probably just cut them based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably just cut them based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll probably just cut them based on
+whether they have enough people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have enough people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have enough people on the
+team uh which means then the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh which means then the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh which means then the people who
+have signed up on those teams will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signed up on those teams will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have signed up on those teams will have
+to find some other team now that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some other team now that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some other team now that's going
+to be really obvious once you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really obvious once you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really obvious once you have your
+Post-its up there you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post-its up there you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Post-its up there you're going to see
+how many people have signed on each team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have signed on each team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have signed on each team
+and uh we want you to try to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we want you to try to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we want you to try to get to a
+team of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of at least
+five um six is good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um six is good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um six is good okay
+so team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so team
+formation come on down put your name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation come on down put your name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation come on down put your name on
+a poit you do not need to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poit you do not need to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poit you do not need to choose the
+game you were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you were on
+previously once you put your Post-it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously once you put your Post-it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously once you put your Post-it
+down sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sit
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+down come on back come on back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down come on back come on back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down come on back come on back we'll
+read off the names and we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off the names and we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off the names and we'll see how
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+going come on back come on back come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going come on back come on back come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going come on back come on back come on
+back did you put your name down did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back did you put your name down did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back did you put your name down did you
+put your name down yeah then sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your name down yeah then sit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your name down yeah then sit back
+down sit back down sit back down back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sit back down sit back down back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sit back down sit back down back
+down can I add my name if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can I add my name if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down can I add my name if there's
+already six on something yes you can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already six on something yes you can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already six on something yes you can it
+just means you're going to get moved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means you're going to get moved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means you're going to get moved or
+somebody is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moved if you're not decided you can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved if you're not decided you can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved if you're not decided you can sit
+down with your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with your name
+too all right everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all
+right lazy Beaver sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lazy Beaver sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lazy Beaver sorry to
+say maybe we'll see you in Project three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe we'll see you in Project three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe we'll see you in Project three
+we've got 3 three three oh wait that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 3 three three oh wait that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 3 three three oh wait that's
+more than three 3 three three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three 3 three three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than three 3 three three and
+two and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we've
+got 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7 the future maybe you're moving 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 the future maybe you're moving 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 the future maybe you're moving 1 2 3
+four five six seven8 nine oh my God 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six seven8 nine oh my God 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six seven8 nine oh my God 10
+we're cutting that into two 1 two 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting that into two 1 two 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting that into two 1 two 3 four
+five six you're okay one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six you're okay one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six you're okay one two three four
+five all right so blind aliens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so blind aliens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five all right so blind aliens is
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+with Roy Mel Miriam Shalom Cheska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Roy Mel Miriam Shalom Cheska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Roy Mel Miriam Shalom Cheska
+and apologies if I butchered the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apologies if I butchered the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apologies if I butchered the name
+blind aliens you're done um were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind aliens you're done um were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind aliens you're done um were there
+any other sixes that I'm missing no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other sixes that I'm missing no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other sixes that I'm missing no okay
+so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+comcastic one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comcastic one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comcastic one two three four five six
+seven we need at least one person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven we need at least one person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven we need at least one person to
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+is that you Sam maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you Sam maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you Sam maybe it's
+mess Julia Sabrina Anderson sha or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess Julia Sabrina Anderson sha or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess Julia Sabrina Anderson sha or
+t um Maud di one two three four five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t um Maud di one two three four five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t um Maud di one two three four five six
+seven eight nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight nine
+10 Devin Peter Caleb Megan Jordan Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Devin Peter Caleb Megan Jordan Kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Devin Peter Caleb Megan Jordan Kevin
+Jeremy Bennett Derek Harry Derek I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy Bennett Derek Harry Derek I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy Bennett Derek Harry Derek I said
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letters you're lucky I'm wearing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you're lucky I'm wearing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you're lucky I'm wearing these
+anybody I just named come on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move you have a couple minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you have a couple minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you have a couple minutes to
+discuss down here so Maji dice come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss down here so Maji dice come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss down here so Maji dice come over
+here come okay great comcastic taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come okay great comcastic taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come okay great comcastic taken
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of says the problem is just so cool what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says the problem is just so cool what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of says the problem is just so cool what
+are they do you'll get to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it anybody on these other teams were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anybody on these other teams were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anybody on these other teams were
+like woo come over to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like woo come over to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like woo come over to our
+side why why do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all
+right one two three 4 five six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two three 4 five six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two three 4 five six seven
+eight I need two more people to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I need two more people to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I need two more people to leave
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we need some chance come on all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some chance come on all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some chance come on all right
+Maji dice you are now one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maji dice you are now one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maji dice you are now one two three four
+five six you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+golden sparkly Redemption you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden sparkly Redemption you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden sparkly Redemption you've got
+five we're going to let you stand for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we're going to let you stand for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we're going to let you stand for a
+while lost in the grand you've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while lost in the grand you've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while lost in the grand you've got four
+be revolution you've got 1 two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be revolution you've got 1 two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be revolution you've got 1 two three
+four five you got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yay making my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay making my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay making my life
+easy plunder winds one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy plunder winds one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy plunder winds one two three four
+five you're cool for now dragons L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you're cool for now dragons L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you're cool for now dragons L
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+three live on you've got three lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three live on you've got three lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three live on you've got three lost
+underground you've got four we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground you've got four we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground you've got four we need one
+of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-destruct come on down if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct come on down if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct come on down if you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+self-destruct or I'll blow it up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you want me to roll a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want me to roll a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want me to roll a
+d oh my God I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the best
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+oo uh we've got one two three that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oo uh we've got one two three that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oo uh we've got one two three that were
+rolling we got a six-sided die how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling we got a six-sided die how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling we got a six-sided die how
+should I do it one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it one two three four five
+six four people what's up oh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four people what's up oh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four people what's up oh you're
+right one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one two three four five
+six four 1 2 3 four five six Dragon lir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four 1 2 3 four five six Dragon lir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six four 1 2 3 four five six Dragon lir
+sorry it's cool remember you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's cool remember you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's cool remember you can do it
+for project two come on down Move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yourself what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourself what's
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+all right that's six it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's six it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's six it's
+done sparkly Redemption you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redeemed one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five one two 3 four five six plunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one two 3 four five six plunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one two 3 four five six plunder
+winds you are all set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds you are all set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds you are all set to
+go Sail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Sail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Sail
+Away how many more of these do I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we do have uneven numbers life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we do have uneven numbers life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we do have uneven numbers life is
+unfair Randomness people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Randomness one two three four five one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness one two three four five one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness one two three four five one
+two three choose another team any team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three choose another team any team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three choose another team any team
+please live on choose another team any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please live on choose another team any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please live on choose another team any
+team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please that's up to them the side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please that's up to them the side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please that's up to them the side but
+they can do it if they want I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it if they want I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do it if they want I don't
+recommend it by the way but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it by the way but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it by the way but you can
+choose any one of these that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any one of these that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any one of these that's on the
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+too wait anything anything on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too wait anything anything on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too wait anything anything on the board
+you can choose anything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board one two 3 four five six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one two 3 four five six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board one two 3 four five six seven
+you've got seven choices all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got seven choices all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got seven choices all right so
+many NOP too many too many no I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many NOP too many too many no I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many NOP too many too many no I got
+their first you got their first I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first you got their first I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first you got their first I was
+this one were you this one uhhuh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one were you this one uhhuh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one were you this one uhhuh sorry
+you were second you were so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were second you were so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were second you were so so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+close so don't choose this one and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so don't choose this one and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so don't choose this one and don't
+choose this one 1 2 3 4 5 six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this one 1 2 3 4 5 six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this one 1 2 3 4 5 six seven
+you've got sparkly Redemption you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sparkly Redemption you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sparkly Redemption you've got
+blind aliens Beaver Evolution plunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind aliens Beaver Evolution plunder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind aliens Beaver Evolution plunder
+winds or losty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underground all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground all
+right we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done what are we doing the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what are we doing the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what are we doing the rest of the
+day we're doing we're doing we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we're doing we're doing we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we're doing we're doing we're doing
+you had two for project one you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had two for project one you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had two for project one you've got
+five for project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five for project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five for project
+two I think you're cheating somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I think you're cheating somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I think you're cheating somehow
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+yes I would encourage actually we uh ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would encourage actually we uh ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I would encourage actually we uh ask
+people to get up and move around because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get up and move around because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get up and move around because
+I bet they've all been really rej
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet they've all been really rej
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bet they've all been really rej
+juggled and we just sort of give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggled and we just sort of give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggled and we just sort of give people
+spots to regroup team so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots to regroup team so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots to regroup team so they
+can meet teams meet at their team tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can meet teams meet at their team tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can meet teams meet at their team tag
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in the sit down Vision stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+no h you're right I don't have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no h you're right I don't have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no h you're right I don't have a slide
+for this all right so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this all right so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this all right so we're going to do
+exactly as Sarah said which you did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Sarah said which you did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Sarah said which you did not
+hear but I did because I was listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but I did because I was listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but I did because I was listening
+sparkly Redemption hang out over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly Redemption hang out over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkly Redemption hang out over here
+basically actually before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically actually before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically actually before we
+move what we're going to do come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move what we're going to do come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move what we're going to do come down
+here meet each other shake some hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here meet each other shake some hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here meet each other shake some hands
+get to know each other sit back down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other sit back down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other sit back down you
+got one hour left today talk about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one hour left today talk about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one hour left today talk about your
+schedule talk about your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule talk about your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule talk about your vision
+statement look at your prototype work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement look at your prototype work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement look at your prototype work on
+your prototype some more um rewrite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prototype some more um rewrite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prototype some more um rewrite your
+vision statement and talk about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement and talk about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement and talk about what it
+actually means to make a digital game a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means to make a digital game a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means to make a digital game a
+digital version of this game so sparkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version of this game so sparkly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital version of this game so sparkly
+Redemption and whatever you do do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption and whatever you do do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption and whatever you do do not
+forget to exchange contact information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to exchange contact information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to exchange contact information
+my Lord email you not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lord email you not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Lord email you not going to give
+other your email addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other your email addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other your email addresses
+whatever Majid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+di blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aliens fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliens fever
+Evolution shun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shun plunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winds and C castic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah no it's one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no it's one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no it's one of those things
+where you might not be happy but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might not be happy but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might not be happy but it gets
+done hey I I think you ran that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done hey I I think you ran that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done hey I I think you ran that really
+well by the way that was a hard team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the way that was a hard team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the way that was a hard team
+formation especially when people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation especially when people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation especially when people have to
+jump sh I wanted to just put one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump sh I wanted to just put one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump sh I wanted to just put one of them
+on that one but I didn't want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one but I didn't want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one but I didn't want to I
+didn't want to be the one placing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be the one placing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be the one placing people
+on teams yeah and I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on teams yeah and I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on teams yeah and I think that's the
+right way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's up should we do oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's up should we do oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's up should we do oh yeah
+someone just asked what do you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just asked what do you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just asked what do you do with
+the old prototype that didn't get chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old prototype that didn't get chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old prototype that didn't get chosen
+take pictures of it first set it aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures of it first set it aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures of it first set it aside
+maybe put it in an envelope and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe put it in an envelope and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe put it in an envelope and then
+maybe it might come back for project 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it might come back for project 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it might come back for project 3
+so don't forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soing everything
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dq_GGoUqvRg.txt b/dq_GGoUqvRg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2acf71321a2118691a6bbe6e33879660d8f66696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dq_GGoUqvRg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a few slides from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few slides from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few slides from the previous
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that'll be on for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be on for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be on for those of you who
+have paper that'll be on your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paper that'll be on your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paper that'll be on your previous
+handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a tablet i included that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a tablet i included that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a tablet i included that
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in the notes i put on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we were talking a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking a little bit about the
+factors that affect axonal growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mentioned the
+chemical specificity in the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical specificity in the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical specificity in the formation of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+optic tract connections and the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract connections and the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tract connections and the midbrain
+tectum let's just review briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum let's just review briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum let's just review briefly
+chemical guidance in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical guidance in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical guidance in the spinal cord
+with the discovery of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discovery of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discovery of the natural
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this may not not be on your printout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not not be on your printout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not not be on your printout
+there they were homologues of acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were homologues of acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they were homologues of acts on
+guide molecular molecules found in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide molecular molecules found in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide molecular molecules found in other
+animals invertebrate animals nematodes c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals invertebrate animals nematodes c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals invertebrate animals nematodes c
+elegans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans
+and fruit flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw a picture of the embryonic spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture of the embryonic spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture of the embryonic spinal
+cord okay remember what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's the ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the walls of the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the floor plate region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they found that these cells in the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that these cells in the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that these cells in the floor
+plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+metronome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronome
+and it diffuses through the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it diffuses through the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it diffuses through the neural tube
+so it's more concentrated in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more concentrated in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more concentrated in the ventral
+part of the neural tube than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the neural tube than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the neural tube than in the
+dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when axons start growing out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when axons start growing out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when axons start growing out from the
+neurons there in the healer plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there in the healer plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there in the healer plate
+there are neurons there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are neurons there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are neurons there that
+have an axon that specifically responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axon that specifically responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an axon that specifically responds
+to neptune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neptune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neptune
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules
+down here attract it so the axon grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here attract it so the axon grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here attract it so the axon grows
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+into the floor plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what are these axons going to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are these axons going to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are these axons going to do if
+they're say spinal developing spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're say spinal developing spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're say spinal developing spinal
+thalamic tract accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract accents
+they're going to cross over they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to cross over they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to cross over they're
+decussating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decussating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decussating
+but we they were attracted to the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we they were attracted to the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we they were attracted to the floor
+plate we don't want them to stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate we don't want them to stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate we don't want them to stay in the
+floor plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but when they reach there a change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they reach there a change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they reach there a change is
+induced in the receptor in the axon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced in the receptor in the axon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced in the receptor in the axon so
+it changes its response to metrin one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes its response to metrin one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes its response to metrin one
+and it now becomes chemorepellent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it now becomes chemorepellent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it now becomes chemorepellent and
+the axon then can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon then can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon then can grow
+to a position roughly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position roughly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position roughly here
+and then all these accents will collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all these accents will collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all these accents will collect
+and form the spinal thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form the spinal thalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form the spinal thalamic tract
+by that mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that mechanism
+that certainly doesn't give a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly doesn't give a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly doesn't give a complete
+explanation for how the exon is guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for how the exon is guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for how the exon is guided
+but it's a major factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a major factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a major factor
+in getting the axons to grow down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting the axons to grow down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting the axons to grow down and
+cross over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+we're not going to go through this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go through this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go through this whole
+slide i just want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i just want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide i just want to uh
+emphasize that these effects of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that these effects of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that these effects of such
+molecules depend on the receptors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules depend on the receptors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules depend on the receptors okay
+the receptors express and we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptors express and we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptors express and we saw the
+example of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that
+if the cell changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell changes the
+receptor is expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor is expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor is expressing
+it's the receptor that determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the receptor that determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the receptor that determines the
+action on the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on the cell
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh a molecule will have that binds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a molecule will have that binds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a molecule will have that binds to a
+receptor surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor surface
+okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this
+these various names are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various names are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various names are various
+molecules that have tropic effects what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have tropic effects what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have tropic effects what
+does tropic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provides direction right trophic would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides direction right trophic would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides direction right trophic would
+mean it affects growth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in addition to these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to these kind of
+chemical effects of attraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects of attraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects of attraction and
+repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+specific barriers to elongating axons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific barriers to elongating axons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific barriers to elongating axons in
+the developing nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing nervous system
+first of all they have to have surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they have to have surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all they have to have surfaces
+to grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow on
+they won't grow through fluid spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't grow through fluid spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't grow through fluid spaces
+they have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so
+where those surfaces are and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those surfaces are and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those surfaces are and how they're
+arranged will affect the way accents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged will affect the way accents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged will affect the way accents are
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+in addition there's some very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition there's some very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition there's some very specific
+things that have been discovered about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have been discovered about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have been discovered about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+about barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about barriers
+one of the ones discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones discovered
+a while back was that there are glial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back was that there are glial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back was that there are glial
+cells at the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at the midbrain
+at the tactile midline so let's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll draw down here a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw down here a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw down here a picture of the
+midbrains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains
+the top part of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part of the midbrain
+and here's the ventricle down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that would be we're just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be we're just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be we're just looking at
+the top part of the neural tube in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part of the neural tube in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part of the neural tube in the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+okay and right at the midline there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and right at the midline there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and right at the midline there if
+we had a cell that a stain that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a cell that a stain that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a cell that a stain that could
+stain it there are many cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain it there are many cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain it there are many cells
+that all look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all look like this
+okay they're elongated cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're elongated cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're elongated cells
+that extend from the ventricular layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend from the ventricular layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend from the ventricular layer
+to the pia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pia
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the developing nervous system there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing nervous system there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing nervous system there's
+many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay they're all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the ages when accents are growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ages when accents are growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ages when accents are growing
+into the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tectum
+however those ones at the midline are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however those ones at the midline are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however those ones at the midline are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+okay because the retinal accents growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the retinal accents growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the retinal accents growing
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm growing drawing them this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm growing drawing them this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm growing drawing them this way
+because they're growing at right angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're growing at right angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're growing at right angles
+to the section that i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the section that i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the section that i've shown
+but they can't the ones from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't the ones from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can't the ones from the left
+eye if they're growing into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye if they're growing into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye if they're growing into the right
+technique here can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique here can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique here can't do that
+they can't cross over there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cross over there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cross over there there's a
+barrier how do i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier how do i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier how do i know that
+well i could do something that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i could do something that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i could do something that could
+induce them to grow over there i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce them to grow over there i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce them to grow over there i could
+get rid of the input to the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the input to the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the input to the left side
+just by removing an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by removing an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by removing an eye
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they won't cross over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't cross over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't cross over
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i damage
+those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+so one thing a student of mine did is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing a student of mine did is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing a student of mine did is he
+inserted a knife here from the side like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted a knife here from the side like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted a knife here from the side like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+just cut the tops of all those cells off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut the tops of all those cells off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut the tops of all those cells off
+didn't kill the cells because the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't kill the cells because the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't kill the cells because the cell
+body is down there by the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is down there by the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is down there by the ventricle
+okay if he did that and he removed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if he did that and he removed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if he did that and he removed an
+eye then the accents would spread across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye then the accents would spread across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye then the accents would spread across
+okay he just had to remove that midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he just had to remove that midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he just had to remove that midline
+barrier in fact it's possible to damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in fact it's possible to damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier in fact it's possible to damage
+only the cells right at the midline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the cells right at the midline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the cells right at the midline and
+get that effect okay this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that effect okay this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that effect okay this is just a
+picture from one of his experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from one of his experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from one of his experiments
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see my this is the little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see my this is the little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see my this is the little bit of
+the ventricle showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventricle showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventricle showing here
+and here he's labeled these radial cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here he's labeled these radial cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here he's labeled these radial cells
+and you can see the path of the knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the path of the knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the path of the knife
+here because all those cells are cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because all those cells are cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because all those cells are cut off
+and then with a different marker he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a different marker he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a different marker he's
+labeled the retinal ganglion cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the retinal ganglion cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the retinal ganglion cells in
+their axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons
+and here early on after that cut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here early on after that cut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here early on after that cut you
+begin to see axons crossing over they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see axons crossing over they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see axons crossing over they
+would never do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never do that
+if you didn't remove the barrier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll talk about oligodendrocytes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about oligodendrocytes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about oligodendrocytes and
+how they also can inhibit axon growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they also can inhibit axon growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they also can inhibit axon growth
+the next class is this class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasticity and axonal development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity and axonal development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity and axonal development
+where you can get regeneration you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get regeneration you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get regeneration you can
+get a lot of collateral sprouting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of collateral sprouting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of collateral sprouting in the
+developing organism you can also we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing organism you can also we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing organism you can also we'll
+mention collateral sprouting again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention collateral sprouting again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention collateral sprouting again in
+the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adult
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two kinds of glial cells that play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of glial cells that play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of glial cells that play
+particular roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular roles
+in axon growth and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in axon growth and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in axon growth and development
+do you remember what schwann cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember what schwann cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember what schwann cells and
+oligodendrocytes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocytes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocytes are
+what are schwann cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are schwann cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are schwann cells
+they are the glia cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the glia cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the glia cells in the
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+that surround the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and when accents regenerate say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when accents regenerate say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when accents regenerate say
+after an arm injury if you damage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an arm injury if you damage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after an arm injury if you damage a
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+uh you don't all the axons will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't all the axons will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't all the axons will show
+antigrade degeneration everything distal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigrade degeneration everything distal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigrade degeneration everything distal
+to the cut will die but not the schwann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cut will die but not the schwann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cut will die but not the schwann
+cells in fact the presence of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in fact the presence of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in fact the presence of those
+schwann cells is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwann cells is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwann cells is very important
+for getting exxon growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting exxon growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting exxon growth
+they secrete growth factors and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secrete growth factors and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secrete growth factors and they
+provide surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide surfaces
+the axons can grow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons can grow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons can grow on
+very supportive of regrowth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive of regrowth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive of regrowth
+however in the central nervous system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the central nervous system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the central nervous system we
+have a different cell that makes myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different cell that makes myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different cell that makes myelin
+the oligodendroglia or oligodendrocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oligodendroglia or oligodendrocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oligodendroglia or oligodendrocytes
+it's the other name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the other name
+it's not supportive of regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supportive of regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supportive of regeneration
+and in line with that discovery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in line with that discovery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in line with that discovery that
+they don't support regeneration was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't support regeneration was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't support regeneration was the
+discovery by martin schwab in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery by martin schwab in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery by martin schwab in
+switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switzerland
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+on this membrane of that cell there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this membrane of that cell there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this membrane of that cell there's a
+protein that inhibits axon growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that inhibits axon growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that inhibits axon growth
+so he called it nogo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he called it nogo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he called it nogo
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just to remind you what myelin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to remind you what myelin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to remind you what myelin is
+if this is a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we make a section longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make a section longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make a section longitudinal
+section of it remember that the schwann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of it remember that the schwann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of it remember that the schwann
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+a series of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of them will be
+along that axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that axon
+and each swan cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each swan cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each swan cell
+will wrap its membrane around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wrap its membrane around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wrap its membrane around one
+segment of the axon and then there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the axon and then there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the axon and then there will
+be a little gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little gap
+the node of ranvier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node of ranvier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node of ranvier
+and then another schwann cell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another schwann cell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another schwann cell and so
+forth all the way down the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all the way down the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all the way down the axon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+whereas in the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the central nervous system
+the elegant endocyte does its work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elegant endocyte does its work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elegant endocyte does its work a
+little bit differently this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of a reconstruction of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reconstruction of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reconstruction of an
+oligodendrocyte in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocyte in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocyte in the central nervous
+system and you can see it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see it has these
+little branches and each branch goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little branches and each branch goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little branches and each branch goes out
+and contacts an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contacts an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contacts an axon
+and then its membrane expands and wraps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then its membrane expands and wraps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then its membrane expands and wraps
+around so here you see a cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so here you see a cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so here you see a cross section
+through an axon there's the axon inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an axon there's the axon inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an axon there's the axon inside
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there you see the schwann cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see the schwann cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there you see the schwann cell
+membrane it's wrapped around around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's wrapped around around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it's wrapped around around
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just an enlargement to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an enlargement to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an enlargement to see how
+it does end it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does end it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does end it's a
+just like wrapping a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like wrapping a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like wrapping a piece of paper
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+a noodle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a electron microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a electron microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a electron microscope
+picture a cross section of myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a cross section of myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a cross section of myelin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here you see the axon in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see the axon in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see the axon in the lower
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and it shows a mitochondrion in the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows a mitochondrion in the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows a mitochondrion in the axon
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+microtubules and neurofilaments inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and neurofilaments inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and neurofilaments inside
+the axon and a few other organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon and a few other organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon and a few other organelles
+this is the axonal membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the axonal membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the axonal membrane
+and outside the axon you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside the axon you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outside the axon you see
+the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane
+of the schwann cell if this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the schwann cell if this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the schwann cell if this is in the
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there's a little bit of cytoplasm at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of cytoplasm at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of cytoplasm at the
+end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there
+almost all the cytoplasm gets squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the cytoplasm gets squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the cytoplasm gets squeezed
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+for most of the myelin now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the myelin now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the myelin now this is a
+rather large amount of myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather large amount of myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather large amount of myelin
+it would be present in a larger thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be present in a larger thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be present in a larger thicker
+axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these schwann cells then not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these schwann cells then not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these schwann cells then not only for
+myelin but they also secrete growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin but they also secrete growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelin but they also secrete growth
+factors they're very active when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors they're very active when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors they're very active when the
+nervous system is damaged but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system is damaged but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system is damaged but basically
+they do this during development too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the surprising a particularly surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprising a particularly surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surprising a particularly surprise
+particular surprise occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular surprise occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular surprise occurred
+uh some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some years ago
+when we believed that there was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we believed that there was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we believed that there was almost
+no regeneration in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no regeneration in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no regeneration in the central nervous
+system and it was found that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it was found that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and it was found that if you take
+a piece of peripheral nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transplant it into the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant it into the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant it into the cns
+you can get axons to regenerate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get axons to regenerate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get axons to regenerate into the
+peripheral nerve remember i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerve remember i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerve remember i said
+oligodendrocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligodendrocytes
+don't support axon growth but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support axon growth but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support axon growth but the
+schwann cells do even of central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwann cells do even of central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwann cells do even of central nervous
+system cells okay it doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system cells okay it doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system cells okay it doesn't mean that
+all of them will do that but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them will do that but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them will do that but at least
+some of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will
+and that was a major discovery and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a major discovery and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a major discovery and it's
+enabled us to get some functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled us to get some functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled us to get some functional
+recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+in our studies here at mit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our studies here at mit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our studies here at mit of
+regeneration in the in the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration in the in the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration in the in the adult
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just summarizes what i've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just summarizes what i've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just summarizes what i've said
+about oligodendrocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the fail i said you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fail i said you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fail i said you don't get
+regeneration in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration in the central nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+very much but unless you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much but unless you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much but unless you use these
+accents the the peripheral nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents the the peripheral nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents the the peripheral nerve
+why don't you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you get it
+we found that this protein the noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that this protein the noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that this protein the noble
+protein doesn't fully account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein doesn't fully account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein doesn't fully account for the
+you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with
+you get up you get some of them to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up you get some of them to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up you get some of them to grow
+if you provide them an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you provide them an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you provide them an environment
+that's not just the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just the central nervous
+system oligodendrocytes so you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system oligodendrocytes so you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system oligodendrocytes so you give them
+something abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something abnormal
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+a piece of embryonic brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very supportive environment for axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive environment for axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive environment for axon
+growth of course and it works when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of course and it works when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of course and it works when you
+transplant it in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant it in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant it in the central nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+i mentioned the peripheral nerve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned the peripheral nerve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned the peripheral nerve with
+live schwann cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live schwann cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live schwann cells
+and there's another cell that will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another cell that will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another cell that will also
+do that it's olfactory and sheathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's olfactory and sheathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's olfactory and sheathing
+cells it's like it's it's the cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's like it's it's the cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's like it's it's the cell that
+in sheaths the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sheaths the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sheaths the primary
+sensory axons of the olfactory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory axons of the olfactory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory axons of the olfactory system
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so they're like tron cells in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to say now a little more we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say now a little more we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say now a little more we want
+to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on
+both development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both development and
+the effect injury effects here i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect injury effects here i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect injury effects here i'm going
+to talk a little more about collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little more about collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little more about collateral
+sprouting it's not the same as true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting it's not the same as true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting it's not the same as true
+regeneration how many of you remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration how many of you remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration how many of you remember i
+said something about collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about collateral
+sprouting before you remember that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting before you remember that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting before you remember that okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you don't i'll try to define it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't i'll try to define it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't i'll try to define it again
+i want to describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to describe to you
+this phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon of
+invasion of vacant terminal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sprouting seems to be induced by loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting seems to be induced by loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting seems to be induced by loss of
+axons so if you end up with terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons so if you end up with terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons so if you end up with terminals
+with no axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no axon
+ending on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on them
+we don't know all the molecular factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know all the molecular factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know all the molecular factors
+that occur to induce the sprouting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur to induce the sprouting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur to induce the sprouting we
+know one thing that happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing that happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing that happens in the
+periphery and that is the schwann cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery and that is the schwann cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery and that is the schwann cells
+become very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very active
+actually splunk sprout branches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually splunk sprout branches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually splunk sprout branches and
+induce growth of other accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce growth of other accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce growth of other accidents
+the basic phenomena in collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic phenomena in collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic phenomena in collateral
+sprouting is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting is this
+you get one group of axons to degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one group of axons to degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one group of axons to degenerate
+and another grows into the vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another grows into the vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another grows into the vacant
+terminal space so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal space so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal space so for example if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+your hand is innervated by a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand is innervated by a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand is innervated by a number of
+peripheral nerves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerves okay
+and they overlap a little bit in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they overlap a little bit in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they overlap a little bit in their
+distribution but mainly you could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but mainly you could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but mainly you could find
+nerves say that innervate the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves say that innervate the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves say that innervate the left or
+the right half of your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half of your hand
+now let's say you suffer an injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say you suffer an injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say you suffer an injury
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you suddenly lose sensation in part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suddenly lose sensation in part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suddenly lose sensation in part of
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+because the axons are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axons are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axons are missing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+over time and this doesn't take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and this doesn't take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and this doesn't take very
+long you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you will get
+collateral sprouting of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting of the remaining
+intact accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact accents
+they will sprout collaterals and grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will sprout collaterals and grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will sprout collaterals and grow
+into the denovated space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the denovated space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the denovated space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also happens in muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also happens in muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also happens in muscle
+if you have a muscle say of the leg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a muscle say of the leg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a muscle say of the leg and
+you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose
+one of the major nerves containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major nerves containing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major nerves containing the
+motor neuron axons innervating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron axons innervating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron axons innervating that
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+the muscle will become weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle will become weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle will become weak
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's now innervated by many fewer axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now innervated by many fewer axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now innervated by many fewer axons
+some of the fibers may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fibers may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fibers may not be able to
+contract at all they've lost all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract at all they've lost all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract at all they've lost all their
+innervation but now collateral sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation but now collateral sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation but now collateral sprouting
+will occur as long as there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur as long as there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occur as long as there's some
+intact axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact axons
+innervating that muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has been studied even more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been studied even more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been studied even more than the
+what happens in skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in skin
+and again schwann cells become active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again schwann cells become active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again schwann cells become active
+induced growth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced growth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced growth of the
+exactly what means we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what means we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what means we don't fully
+understand that they induce growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they induce growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they induce growth of
+the remaining accents and strengths will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining accents and strengths will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining accents and strengths will
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+not because of regeneration but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of regeneration but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of regeneration but because
+of sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sprouting
+there's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how long does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take
+now you said to regenerate how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you said to regenerate how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you said to regenerate how long it
+takes to regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to regenerate
+is one thing how long it takes to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one thing how long it takes to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one thing how long it takes to get
+collateral sprouting is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting is another
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let me describe something that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe something that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe something that happened
+to me i'll put it in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me i'll put it in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me i'll put it in very
+direct personal terms okay i went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct personal terms okay i went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct personal terms okay i went to
+sleep on my arm one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep on my arm one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep on my arm one time
+i have diabetes my blood sugar was high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have diabetes my blood sugar was high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have diabetes my blood sugar was high
+that makes you pretty susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you pretty susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you pretty susceptible to
+nerve compression damage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i learned not to go to sleep like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i learned not to go to sleep like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i learned not to go to sleep like this
+because what happened was when i woke up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happened was when i woke up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what happened was when i woke up
+not only the weight same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the weight same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the weight same thing that
+would happen to you my hands were asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to you my hands were asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to you my hands were asleep
+both of them you know they felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you know they felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them you know they felt
+tingly and everything and i was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingly and everything and i was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingly and everything and i was moving
+them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around
+getting the circulation back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the circulation back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the circulation back
+everything came back in my left arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything came back in my left arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything came back in my left arm
+in my left hand but in the right hand i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my left hand but in the right hand i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my left hand but in the right hand i
+couldn't raise my fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't raise my fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't raise my fingers
+i was paralyzed partially paralyzed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was paralyzed partially paralyzed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was paralyzed partially paralyzed it
+was very scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very scary
+then i realized well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i realized well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i realized well
+it's probably partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably partial
+and if i'm patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i'm patient
+maybe collateral sprouting will and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe collateral sprouting will and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe collateral sprouting will and sure
+enough over two weeks time within two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough over two weeks time within two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough over two weeks time within two
+weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+i had regained the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had regained the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had regained the strength
+i could now raise my fingers again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could now raise my fingers again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could now raise my fingers again
+even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though
+if i had compressed the nerve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had compressed the nerve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had compressed the nerve here
+and regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regeneration
+happens at most two millimeters a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at most two millimeters a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at most two millimeters a day
+the fibers could not have regenerated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fibers could not have regenerated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fibers could not have regenerated in
+that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so before the regeneration occurs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before the regeneration occurs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before the regeneration occurs the
+intact fibers were sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact fibers were sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact fibers were sprouting
+re-innervating the muscles and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-innervating the muscles and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-innervating the muscles and that
+gave me this return of function were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me this return of function were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me this return of function were
+probably sensory effects too you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sensory effects too you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sensory effects too you know i
+did notice sensory changes they tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did notice sensory changes they tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did notice sensory changes they tended
+to go away at about the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go away at about the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go away at about the same time
+but that would be due to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be due to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be due to different
+nerves their fibers in those peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves their fibers in those peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves their fibers in those peripheral
+nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well that phenomenon was known for skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that phenomenon was known for skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that phenomenon was known for skin
+and muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and muscle
+since the late 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there were a number of articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were a number of articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were a number of articles
+published and review articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and review articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and review articles
+published on that phenomenon that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on that phenomenon that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on that phenomenon that long
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+and then people began to wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people began to wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people began to wonder
+what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this
+central nervous system is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system is there anything
+like that in the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember when i talked about sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when i talked about sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when i talked about sprouting
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned
+studies of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the spinal cord
+where there was a transection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a transection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a transection of
+descending accents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending accents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending accents okay
+this will happen on a even a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen on a even a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will happen on a even a partial
+spinal transection can cut off a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal transection can cut off a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal transection can cut off a lot of
+descending accents into the cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i pointed out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i pointed out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i pointed out that
+even reflexes disappear if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even reflexes disappear if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even reflexes disappear if they're
+controlled by a level below the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by a level below the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by a level below the spinal
+injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+because of diastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diastasis
+loss of function because you've removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function because you've removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function because you've removed
+a lot of excitatory connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of excitatory connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of excitatory connections
+but then over time the reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then over time the reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then over time the reflex
+connections are all intact and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are all intact and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are all intact and over time
+the reflexes come back and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflexes come back and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflexes come back and one of the
+major reasons is collateral sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major reasons is collateral sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major reasons is collateral sprouting
+the same reason i could raise my fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason i could raise my fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason i could raise my fingers
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+with collateral sprouting in the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collateral sprouting in the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collateral sprouting in the muscles
+of the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hand
+and forearm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forearm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forearm
+so this happens in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it was discovered and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was discovered and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was discovered and then they
+verified with anatomical experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified with anatomical experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified with anatomical experiments and
+electrophysiological experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological experiments
+studying the dorsal root accents in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the dorsal root accents in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the dorsal root accents in the
+dorsal arm this spinal cord but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal arm this spinal cord but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal arm this spinal cord but this
+indeed does happen you get collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed does happen you get collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed does happen you get collateral
+sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+a demonstration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration in the
+deeper in the cns not of primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper in the cns not of primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper in the cns not of primary sensory
+accents now but vaccines in the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents now but vaccines in the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents now but vaccines in the cns
+i won't talk about the optic tract here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't talk about the optic tract here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't talk about the optic tract here
+but in general this phenomenon explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general this phenomenon explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general this phenomenon explains
+some of the functional recovery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the functional recovery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the functional recovery and
+functional change it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional change it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional change it's not always
+recovery sometimes it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery sometimes it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery sometimes it's not good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't have a blow up of that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll have to look carefully at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have to look carefully at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have to look carefully at that
+diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here
+this is the one we want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we want to look at
+here you see a diagram of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a diagram of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a diagram of cells
+in the septal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the septal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the septal area
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now if you remember your dissections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember your dissections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember your dissections
+the area in front of the thalamus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area in front of the thalamus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area in front of the thalamus right
+on the midline called the septal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midline called the septal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midline called the septal area
+a lot of you were dissecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you were dissecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you were dissecting the
+fibers coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming from the
+hippocampal formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation
+and we followed axons into that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we followed axons into that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we followed axons into that area
+it goes right through the septum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes right through the septum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes right through the septum with
+many connections there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many connections there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many connections there
+now the septum's part of the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the septum's part of the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the septum's part of the limbic
+forebrain the limbic end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it gets many connections from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets many connections from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets many connections from the
+media forebrain level now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media forebrain level now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media forebrain level now look at the
+normal cell here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell here
+this cartoon is showing that the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon is showing that the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cartoon is showing that the cell
+gets inputs from the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets inputs from the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets inputs from the hippocampus
+on its dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its dendrites
+it also gets inputs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gets inputs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gets inputs from the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+that go not only to the dendrites but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go not only to the dendrites but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go not only to the dendrites but
+also to the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the cell body
+okay now that was the anatomy that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that was the anatomy that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that was the anatomy that this
+experiment was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was based on
+to find out if you could get collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out if you could get collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out if you could get collateral
+sprouting of those connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting of those connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting of those connections
+like you can get in muscle and skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can get in muscle and skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can get in muscle and skin
+jeff raisman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff raisman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeff raisman
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+in the uk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tried the experiment where he either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the experiment where he either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried the experiment where he either
+cut the hippocampal fibers going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the hippocampal fibers going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the hippocampal fibers going into
+the septum or he cut the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the septum or he cut the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the septum or he cut the medial
+forebrain bundle accidents coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain bundle accidents coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain bundle accidents coming from
+hypothalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay
+he cut one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cut one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cut one or the other
+and then he looked with the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he looked with the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he looked with the electron
+microscope at these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope at these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope at these cells
+and he already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he already knew
+okay that the hippocampal axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the hippocampal axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the hippocampal axons
+terminated only on the dendrites whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated only on the dendrites whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated only on the dendrites whereas
+the axons from hypothalamus terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons from hypothalamus terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons from hypothalamus terminated
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+on the cell bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell bodies
+and over time he saw a couple of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time he saw a couple of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time he saw a couple of very
+interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things
+if he waited long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he waited long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he waited long enough
+after uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh
+the hippocampal damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal damage
+he saw these funny little double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw these funny little double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw these funny little double
+synapses that were you never see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses that were you never see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses that were you never see in the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+so these synapses the terminal boutons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these synapses the terminal boutons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these synapses the terminal boutons
+had expanded they had sprouted okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had expanded they had sprouted okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had expanded they had sprouted okay and
+formed additional terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed additional terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed additional terminals
+and he quantified that and showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he quantified that and showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he quantified that and showed that
+they increased and increased over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increased and increased over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they increased and increased over
+you know a couple week period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple week period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a couple week period
+and i think he followed up to a month he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think he followed up to a month he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think he followed up to a month he
+got some changes up to a month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some changes up to a month and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some changes up to a month and
+intended to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to stabilize
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if he cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he cut the
+made a lesion in the hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lesion in the hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a lesion in the hypothalamus and
+got rid of these connections to the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of these connections to the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of these connections to the cell
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+he now began to see connections from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now began to see connections from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now began to see connections from the
+hippocampus appearing on the cell body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus appearing on the cell body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus appearing on the cell body
+indicating those accents had sprouted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating those accents had sprouted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating those accents had sprouted
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the sprouting part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those have appeared they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those have appeared they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those have appeared they weren't
+there before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there before
+now if you look very carefully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look very carefully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look very carefully at
+different periods of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods of time okay
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+at short intervals at what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short intervals at what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at short intervals at what was happening
+in the terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down here
+here would be a normal synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a normal synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be a normal synaptic
+connection with a terminal bouton you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with a terminal bouton you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with a terminal bouton you
+see the snapping vesicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the snapping vesicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the snapping vesicles
+terminating on the dendritic spine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating on the dendritic spine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating on the dendritic spine
+dendrite okay now when he induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite okay now when he induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite okay now when he induced
+degeneration with a hippocampal lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you would see that that terminal being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see that that terminal being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see that that terminal being
+engulfed by a glial cell an astrocyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfed by a glial cell an astrocyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfed by a glial cell an astrocyte
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+eventually the astrocyte would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the astrocyte would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the astrocyte would be
+occupying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupying the
+acting like it's replaced the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it's replaced the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it's replaced the axon
+okay that's what's happened here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what's happened here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what's happened here and
+then you begin seeing the astrocyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you begin seeing the astrocyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you begin seeing the astrocyte
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+that space with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space with a
+a new axon and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new axon and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new axon and then finally
+you don't see any of those in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see any of those in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see any of those in between
+configurations you see only synapses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you see only synapses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations you see only synapses on
+those dendrites again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dendrites again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dendrites again
+so just by looking at various periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by looking at various periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by looking at various periods of
+time he was able to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he was able to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he was able to reconstruct
+something of the dynamics of sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the dynamics of sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the dynamics of sprouting
+in the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cns
+in his studies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his studies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his studies with
+dr field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in england became very well known the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england became very well known the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england became very well known the
+first one was 1969 next one 1973 he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one was 1969 next one 1973 he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one was 1969 next one 1973 he did
+a number of those studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of those studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of those studies
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now in the developing nervous system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the developing nervous system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the developing nervous system you
+can get even more drastic types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even more drastic types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get even more drastic types of
+collateral sprouting i mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting i mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral sprouting i mentioned before
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+uh you can get the axons to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get the axons to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get the axons to grow
+right into the medial dranacular body if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the medial dranacular body if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the medial dranacular body if
+they're coming from the optic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming from the optic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming from the optic tract
+just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+getting rid of the normal input there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the normal input there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the normal input there
+and right where the optic track crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right where the optic track crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right where the optic track crosses
+right over that auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over that auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over that auditory system
+structure you'll get some sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably encouraged by a lesion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encouraged by a lesion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encouraged by a lesion of the
+tectum where the these optic tract axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum where the these optic tract axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum where the these optic tract axons
+are missing some of their own terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing some of their own terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing some of their own terminal
+space but we think that thermal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we think that thermal space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we think that thermal space
+availability is the major thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is the major thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is the major thing
+you can even get them to terminate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get them to terminate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get them to terminate in
+the semi-sensory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semi-sensory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semi-sensory system
+by a similar kind of manipulation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a similar kind of manipulation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a similar kind of manipulation just
+get rid of the normal input there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the normal input there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the normal input there
+you can induce growth into this meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can induce growth into this meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can induce growth into this meta
+sensory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you get a lot of this kind of sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of this kind of sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of this kind of sprouting
+within the tectum where i've studied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the tectum where i've studied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the tectum where i've studied it
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+and i diagram the result this way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i diagram the result this way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i diagram the result this way if you
+have different axons terminating they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different axons terminating they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different axons terminating they
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+sort of terminate adjacent to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terminate adjacent to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terminate adjacent to each other
+with terminal arbors of that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with terminal arbors of that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with terminal arbors of that can be
+fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large
+now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if
+one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+gets damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets damaged
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+will spread into that vacant space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spread into that vacant space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will spread into that vacant space
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+we talk about sprouting and spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about sprouting and spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about sprouting and spreading
+and they're not always easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not always easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not always easy to
+distinguish what would be the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish what would be the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish what would be the difference
+if this arbor simply sprouted new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this arbor simply sprouted new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this arbor simply sprouted new
+connections as i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections as i've shown here
+it would end up having a super normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end up having a super normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end up having a super normal
+number of terminals that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terminals that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terminals that isn't
+necessarily what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily what happens
+there have been a few studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a few studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a few studies that
+indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+that at least some types of axons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least some types of axons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least some types of axons will
+form a certain number of terminals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a certain number of terminals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a certain number of terminals and
+that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+okay so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case
+they have to spread the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to spread the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to spread the same number of
+terminals over a wider area and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals over a wider area and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals over a wider area and that is
+what appears to happen in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to happen in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what appears to happen in the midbrain
+tectum to the optic tract accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum to the optic tract accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum to the optic tract accents
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+spread or sprout but in fact the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread or sprout but in fact the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread or sprout but in fact the number
+of terminals seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminals seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terminals seems to be
+not to become super normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to become super normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to become super normal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's just go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's just go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's just go back
+and review we'll come back to a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review we'll come back to a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review we'll come back to a little
+bit of that let's just review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that let's just review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that let's just review the
+factors of influencing growing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of influencing growing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of influencing growing or
+or regenerating or sprouting axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regenerating or sprouting axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regenerating or sprouting axons
+remember they were studied first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they were studied first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they were studied first in
+regenerating animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerating animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerating animals
+it was harder to study development until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was harder to study development until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was harder to study development until
+the techniques became more developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques became more developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques became more developed
+then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was
+with better anatomical techniques it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with better anatomical techniques it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with better anatomical techniques it was
+studied directly in developing animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied directly in developing animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied directly in developing animals
+and then we could look at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could look at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could look at the time
+course of sprouting as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a there's two major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's two major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's two major types of
+chemical specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive attraction for the axon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attraction for the axon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attraction for the axon or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+repulsion or barriers to the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion or barriers to the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion or barriers to the axon
+in each of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these types
+okay can be by contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can be by contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can be by contact
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+can act at a distance by diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act at a distance by diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act at a distance by diffusion
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for
+repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+it can be something on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be something on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be something on the surface
+molecules that cause axons to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that cause axons to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that cause axons to be
+repelled you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled you can also
+or retract from the surface or they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or retract from the surface or they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or retract from the surface or they can
+be diffusible factors also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diffusible factors also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diffusible factors also
+then in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition
+we have competition among axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have competition among axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have competition among axons
+and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+there are different ways we can modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ways we can modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ways we can modulate
+the tendency of accents to grow so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tendency of accents to grow so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tendency of accents to grow so i'll
+call that modulation of the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that modulation of the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that modulation of the competitive
+growth figure it's an intrinsic property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth figure it's an intrinsic property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth figure it's an intrinsic property
+that we know applies to arborising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know applies to arborising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know applies to arborising
+accents so let's just say now summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents so let's just say now summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents so let's just say now summarize
+a little more about this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about this this is a
+diagram that was published that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that was published that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that was published that just
+says the same thing i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the same thing i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the same thing i just said
+about chemical factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemical factors
+it shows here a couple of cells growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows here a couple of cells growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows here a couple of cells growing
+axons they're growing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons they're growing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons they're growing away
+from one source of molecules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one source of molecules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one source of molecules here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that are chemorepulsive so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chemorepulsive so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chemorepulsive so they're
+actioned by diffusion here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actioned by diffusion here and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actioned by diffusion here and they
+repel the axons so they grow away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel the axons so they grow away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel the axons so they grow away from
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+they're growing towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing towards
+another source here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source here
+molecules being secreted that diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules being secreted that diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules being secreted that diffuse
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and here's the growth going just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the growth going just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the growth going just like
+remember the growth cone turning towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the growth cone turning towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the growth cone turning towards
+ngo the growth cone of the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngo the growth cone of the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngo the growth cone of the dorsal root
+gain and turning towards ngf in a petri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and turning towards ngf in a petri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and turning towards ngf in a petri
+dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish
+that's what they're showing then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're showing then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're showing then they
+also indicated growing through a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also indicated growing through a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also indicated growing through a channel
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+where it's growing through a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's growing through a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's growing through a channel
+with surface molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with surface molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with surface molecules that
+act as contact attraction attractants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as contact attraction attractants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as contact attraction attractants
+and it's avoiding areas of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's avoiding areas of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's avoiding areas of the surface
+that repel the accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repel the accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repel the accents
+both surface and diffusible factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both surface and diffusible factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both surface and diffusible factors
+and it mentions what some of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it mentions what some of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it mentions what some of those are
+the neptunes that we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neptunes that we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neptunes that we talked about like
+neptune 1 and the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptune 1 and the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptune 1 and the spinal cord
+can act in either way they can attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act in either way they can attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act in either way they can attract
+axons or they can repel them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons or they can repel them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons or they can repel them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contact repulsion i'm going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact repulsion i'm going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact repulsion i'm going to mention
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semphoruns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semphoruns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semphoruns
+i mentioned a molecule called collapsins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned a molecule called collapsins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned a molecule called collapsins
+that's one of the semaphores okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the semaphores okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the semaphores okay
+that we know will cause the growth cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know will cause the growth cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know will cause the growth cone
+to retract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retract
+if that molecule is being secreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this just summarizes maybe adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just summarizes maybe adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just summarizes maybe adds
+a little bit to what i've said we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to what i've said we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit to what i've said we talked
+about adhesion that's of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adhesion that's of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adhesion that's of course the
+contact effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know laminin for example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know laminin for example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know laminin for example is a
+molecule that certain accents like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that certain accents like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that certain accents like they
+like to grow on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we mentioned the neural neuronal cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned the neural neuronal cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned the neural neuronal cell
+adhesion molecule that tends to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion molecule that tends to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion molecule that tends to make
+axons pulled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons pulled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons pulled together
+it's also an adhesive effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the diffusible factors these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the diffusible factors these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the diffusible factors these
+are all positive effects and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all positive effects and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all positive effects and here the
+negative effects the midline barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effects the midline barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effects the midline barrier
+that i talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about
+contact repulsion the oligodendrocyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact repulsion the oligodendrocyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact repulsion the oligodendrocyte
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+the nogo protein that repels axon growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nogo protein that repels axon growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nogo protein that repels axon growth
+and then we mentioned when the map forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we mentioned when the map forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we mentioned when the map forms
+in the tectum there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a better stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better stop
+okay in the tectum there's the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the tectum there's the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the tectum there's the axons
+from the temporal retina are repelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the temporal retina are repelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the temporal retina are repelled
+from the caudal tectum because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the caudal tectum because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the caudal tectum because of the
+molecules that they carry on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that they carry on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that they carry on their
+surface and the molecules they encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the molecules they encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the molecules they encounter
+in the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tectum
+and then we finally we mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we finally we mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we finally we mentioned the
+netrons and the growth of the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netrons and the growth of the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netrons and the growth of the spinal
+thalamic tract axons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract axons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract axons okay
+and these are the types of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the types of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the types of competition
+we talked about and i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about and i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about and i will
+cover these last few things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these last few things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these last few things at the
+beginning of the next lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e-OhjL2fNjQ.txt b/e-OhjL2fNjQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba169d4e24c6448cc22c15af235eec8c8242f948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e-OhjL2fNjQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the
+architect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect of the
+future both has a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future both has a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future both has a greater
+responsibility and if you wish also uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and if you wish also uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and if you wish also uh a
+greater opportunity to be a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater opportunity to be a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater opportunity to be a creative
+Leader by understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leader by understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leader by understanding
+cultures uh political social conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures uh political social conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures uh political social conditions
+and both reflecting those but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both reflecting those but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both reflecting those but also
+perhaps leading what the next step might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps leading what the next step might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps leading what the next step might
+be there's a two-way process one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a two-way process one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there's a two-way process one is an
+echo of what you you see and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo of what you you see and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo of what you you see and what you
+feel but it also is a is a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel but it also is a is a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel but it also is a is a slight
+bleeding and that's a different view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding and that's a different view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding and that's a different view of
+an architect than what we've had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect than what we've had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect than what we've had in the
+past some would argue that architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past some would argue that architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past some would argue that architecture
+is about designing beautiful buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about designing beautiful buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about designing beautiful buildings
+or creating monuments or spaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creating monuments or spaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creating monuments or spaces that
+speak about the ideas of the designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about the ideas of the designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak about the ideas of the designer
+architecture has often times been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has often times been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has often times been about
+mimicking a particular style with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking a particular style with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking a particular style with little
+regard to the culture or the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the culture or the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to the culture or the people in
+which it is placed Jan wamper recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it is placed Jan wamper recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it is placed Jan wamper recognizes
+some of the shortcomings of this Nar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the shortcomings of this Nar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the shortcomings of this Nar
+view of architecture Jan uses his Studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of architecture Jan uses his Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of architecture Jan uses his Studio
+as a way of teaching students that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of teaching students that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of teaching students that the
+purpose of Architecture is not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Architecture is not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Architecture is not only to
+design beautiful spaces but to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design beautiful spaces but to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design beautiful spaces but to design
+these spaces while remembering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces while remembering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spaces while remembering the
+people the history of the place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the history of the place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the history of the place the
+color and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and the
+music then architecture becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music then architecture becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music then architecture becomes a
+process of embracing what is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of embracing what is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of embracing what is there and
+transforming it into something new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming it into something new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming it into something new and
+useful without discarding the old it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful without discarding the old it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful without discarding the old it's
+about creating spaces for the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating spaces for the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating spaces for the community
+those who will live and work in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who will live and work in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who will live and work in these
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+it's about understanding and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about understanding and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about understanding and working
+with the people to co-create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people to co-create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people to co-create
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space Jan Wampler is a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Jan Wampler is a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Jan Wampler is a professor of
+architecture in the School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in the School of
+Architecture and planning at MIT Jan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture and planning at MIT Jan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architecture and planning at MIT Jan has
+been teaching architecture to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching architecture to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching architecture to both
+graduate and undergraduate students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and undergraduate students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and undergraduate students at
+MIT for almost 30 years Jan not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for almost 30 years Jan not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT for almost 30 years Jan not only
+teaches but he is also a practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches but he is also a practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches but he is also a practicing
+architect with his own private projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect with his own private projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect with his own private projects
+these projects range from something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects range from something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects range from something as
+small as the design of a stained glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as the design of a stained glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as the design of a stained glass
+window to elaborate multif family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to elaborate multif family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window to elaborate multif family
+housing projects combining teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing projects combining teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing projects combining teaching and
+practice allows Jan to help students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice allows Jan to help students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice allows Jan to help students
+understand what being a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what being a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what being a successful
+architect means finding projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect means finding projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect means finding projects that
+help students understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students understand the
+multi-dimensional aspects of this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional aspects of this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional aspects of this new
+understanding of architecture can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of architecture can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of architecture can be
+difficult a site must offer a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult a site must offer a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult a site must offer a challenge
+to a student in terms of size structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a student in terms of size structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a student in terms of size structure
+charm community and Beauty yet at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm community and Beauty yet at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm community and Beauty yet at the
+same time these site challenges can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time these site challenges can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time these site challenges can't
+overwhelm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the
+student also the site needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student also the site needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student also the site needs to be
+manageable so that the students who only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable so that the students who only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable so that the students who only
+have a limited time to visit the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limited time to visit the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limited time to visit the site
+can survey the buildings talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survey the buildings talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survey the buildings talk to the
+people and absorb the culture in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and absorb the culture in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and absorb the culture in a few
+days time for his spring 2004 Studio Jan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days time for his spring 2004 Studio Jan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days time for his spring 2004 Studio Jan
+chose a site located in Cuba a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a site located in Cuba a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a site located in Cuba a country
+off limits to US citizens who do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off limits to US citizens who do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off limits to US citizens who do not
+have business or academic interests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have business or academic interests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have business or academic interests in
+the country Jan chose to work in Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Jan chose to work in Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country Jan chose to work in Cuba
+because of its Rich architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its Rich architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its Rich architectural
+history that has been preserved as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that has been preserved as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that has been preserved as a
+result of the US embargo against Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the US embargo against Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the US embargo against Cuba
+Jan had to secure a license from the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jan had to secure a license from the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jan had to secure a license from the US
+government to travel to Cuba with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to travel to Cuba with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to travel to Cuba with
+students and Jan had to find local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and Jan had to find local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and Jan had to find local
+Architects to work with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects to work with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects to work with in the
+area the site Jan chose is valat Cuba an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the site Jan chose is valat Cuba an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the site Jan chose is valat Cuba an
+area within the city of Havana valat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area within the city of Havana valat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area within the city of Havana valat is
+located near the old city of Havana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located near the old city of Havana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located near the old city of Havana
+close to many historic buildings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to many historic buildings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to many historic buildings but
+unlike the old city vat has some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the old city vat has some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the old city vat has some of the
+most dilapitated housing in the vicinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most dilapitated housing in the vicinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most dilapitated housing in the vicinity
+in short fat is a residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short fat is a residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short fat is a residential
+neighborhood that is falling apart valat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood that is falling apart valat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood that is falling apart valat
+needs both new and rehabilitated housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs both new and rehabilitated housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs both new and rehabilitated housing
+public space educational facilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space educational facilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space educational facilities and
+work centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work centers
+physically uh the site was the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically uh the site was the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically uh the site was the joint
+between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+different uh architecture Styles the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh architecture Styles the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh architecture Styles the law
+of Indies and the new style it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indies and the new style it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Indies and the new style it was as
+you know it was IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was IR
+regular um so it was chosen for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular um so it was chosen for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular um so it was chosen for that
+point of view the larger area was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view the larger area was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view the larger area was
+chosen because I wanted students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen because I wanted students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen because I wanted students to
+think of the area like a big house if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the area like a big house if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the area like a big house if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+wish or a house as a small community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish or a house as a small community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish or a house as a small community as
+opposed to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to one
+building I wanted students to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I wanted students to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I wanted students to have the
+opportunity to think not just about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to think not just about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to think not just about a
+building but the life of the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but the life of the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but the life of the place
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+and that's why I chose a bigger area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I chose a bigger area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I chose a bigger area
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+complicated uh I also chose a site that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh I also chose a site that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh I also chose a site that
+had Clues the water some buildings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Clues the water some buildings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Clues the water some buildings that
+they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+keep um views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um views
+Etc I was purposely setting them up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc I was purposely setting them up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc I was purposely setting them up in a
+complicated site situation which I Do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated site situation which I Do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated site situation which I Do by
+the way all my projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all my projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way all my projects
+are so-called difficult sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so-called difficult sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so-called difficult sites
+water and green space comes into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and green space comes into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and green space comes into this
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+area which is kind of a natural valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is kind of a natural valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is kind of a natural valley
+here providing which is a big issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here providing which is a big issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here providing which is a big issue that
+you're going to have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to deal with
+ventilation into this and open space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation into this and open space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation into this and open space and
+at the same time they suggested that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time they suggested that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time they suggested that
+something be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something be built
+here to protect from storms from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to protect from storms from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to protect from storms from the
+north this is North the malakan which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north this is North the malakan which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north this is North the malakan which is
+the most beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most beautiful
+waterway in the world we're fronting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterway in the world we're fronting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterway in the world we're fronting on
+the malacon here and it's a part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malacon here and it's a part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malacon here and it's a part of a
+site that we had used before but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that we had used before but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that we had used before but not the
+same part we have a new Frontage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part we have a new Frontage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part we have a new Frontage of
+water and green and you jump across to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and green and you jump across to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and green and you jump across to
+the Evergreen space and then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Evergreen space and then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Evergreen space and then in this
+site there are some buildings that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site there are some buildings that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site there are some buildings that need
+to be kept a couple three there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kept a couple three there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kept a couple three there's a big
+one somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one somewhere
+here um but a lot of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but a lot of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but a lot of it's
+deteriorated and so the program for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorated and so the program for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorated and so the program for this
+is this idea of a new new micro Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of a new new micro Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this idea of a new new micro Village
+in the city how do we design housing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city how do we design housing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city how do we design housing and
+public space that can connect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space that can connect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space that can connect to this
+green space first assignment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green space first assignment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green space first assignment we're
+running right no time asking students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running right no time asking students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running right no time asking students to
+begin designing for the site without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin designing for the site without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin designing for the site without
+having visited the site is a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having visited the site is a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having visited the site is a critical
+piece of the architectural process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the architectural process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the architectural process
+students are asked to look at the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are asked to look at the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are asked to look at the site
+map a two-dimensional drawing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a two-dimensional drawing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a two-dimensional drawing of the
+site and then build from it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then build from it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and then build from it three
+distinct models a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct models a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct models a physical
+three-dimensional model of the site a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional model of the site a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional model of the site a
+digital image of the site and a weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital image of the site and a weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital image of the site and a weather
+and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate
+model this exercise prepares the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this exercise prepares the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this exercise prepares the
+students for the moment when they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for the moment when they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for the moment when they will
+step into the actual site and experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the actual site and experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the actual site and experience
+it as a living and breathing space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a living and breathing space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a living and breathing space the
+main problem with this area in spite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem with this area in spite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem with this area in spite of
+this is a lack of open space within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lack of open space within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lack of open space within the
+texture whereas the old city you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture whereas the old city you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture whereas the old city you'll find
+one Plaza after the another that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Plaza after the another that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Plaza after the another that sort of
+lead in but in the new cities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead in but in the new cities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead in but in the new cities or
+so-called new there's not very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called new there's not very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called new there's not very much
+public space you have a frontage here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space you have a frontage here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space you have a frontage here on
+the malacon in this Park which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malacon in this Park which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the malacon in this Park which is very
+powerful um and then a lot of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful um and then a lot of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful um and then a lot of this is
+going to be up for grabs in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be up for grabs in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be up for grabs in terms of
+what you do with it but you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with it but you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with it but you're probably
+going to keep this because it's in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this because it's in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this because it's in good
+shape that part might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that part might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that part might have been
+originally a courtyard that size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a courtyard that size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a courtyard that size and
+then got built in all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got built in all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got built in all over the world
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+typical uh it's a very important issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh it's a very important issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh it's a very important issue
+of how do you control how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you control how do you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you control how do you make
+something that uh provides light and air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh provides light and air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh provides light and air
+but most people then will use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people then will use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people then will use it
+eventually everywhere in the world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually everywhere in the world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually everywhere in the world it's
+the same issue people build in it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issue people build in it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same issue people build in it I've
+never been accused of uh teaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been accused of uh teaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been accused of uh teaching a
+light loaded Studio it's always a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light loaded Studio it's always a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light loaded Studio it's always a lot of
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+because I'm a uh basically um I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a uh basically um I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a uh basically um I'm a
+worker and I believe in work as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and I believe in work as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and I believe in work as the
+vehicle for understanding the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for understanding the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for understanding the world and
+then we talk about it some people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talk about it some people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talk about it some people talk
+Fierce and then work I work Fierce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fierce and then work I work Fierce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fierce and then work I work Fierce and
+then I talk now that students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I talk now that students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I talk now that students have
+presented the three site models they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the three site models they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the three site models they
+move on to their attitude models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to their attitude models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to their attitude models
+attitude models help the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude models help the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude models help the students
+explore their ideas about the site in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore their ideas about the site in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore their ideas about the site in
+terms of the culture the color and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the culture the color and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the culture the color and any
+misgivings they may have without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misgivings they may have without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misgivings they may have without any
+constraints in other words the attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in other words the attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in other words the attitude
+model challenges the students to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model challenges the students to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model challenges the students to find
+and translate into abstract form how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translate into abstract form how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translate into abstract form how
+they feel about the people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel about the people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel about the people in the
+neighborhood before actually visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood before actually visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood before actually visiting
+the site the sketch modeling can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site the sketch modeling can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site the sketch modeling can be made
+with uh any kinds of materials I I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh any kinds of materials I I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh any kinds of materials I I give
+an exercise which I call found objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise which I call found objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise which I call found objects
+which they call junk models where I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call junk models where I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call junk models where I ask
+them to go around the halls of MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to go around the halls of MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to go around the halls of MIT and
+find uh whatever people have thrown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh whatever people have thrown out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh whatever people have thrown out
+and then use that and I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that and I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that and I do that
+purposely so that they're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely so that they're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely so that they're working with
+materials that they have no connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they have no connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they have no connection
+with uh and they have to invent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh and they have to invent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh and they have to invent if you
+wish I was always thinking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I was always thinking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I was always thinking about like
+this sort of Public Market outdoor space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Public Market outdoor space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of Public Market outdoor space
+shaded but so that's I mean that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded but so that's I mean that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded but so that's I mean that's what
+this thing was there's just I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was there's just I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was there's just I think a
+higher degree of interaction than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of interaction than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of interaction than
+anywhere you can I mean I think a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you can I mean I think a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you can I mean I think a market
+setting even more so than like than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting even more so than like than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting even more so than like than a
+mall or other shopping areas I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall or other shopping areas I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall or other shopping areas I guess
+because I don't know exactly what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly what it's
+because of but maybe um just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of but maybe um just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of but maybe um just because
+it's a little more informal in its setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more informal in its setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more informal in its setup
+and relationship that um it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationship that um it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationship that um it tends to
+have a greater sense of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a greater sense of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a greater sense of community
+involved is equally very powerful um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is equally very powerful um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is equally very powerful um in
+terms of this Garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this Garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this Garden
+idea um Superman going up the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um Superman going up the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um Superman going up the sides of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+building um stuff growing up the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um stuff growing up the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um stuff growing up the side of
+BU teres in my mind I'll be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BU teres in my mind I'll be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BU teres in my mind I'll be happy to
+work on this one you go home if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this one you go home if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this one you go home if you like
+because there's all kinds of images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's all kinds of images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's all kinds of images that
+it coners up I think of the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coners up I think of the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coners up I think of the notion of
+going over something still being public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over something still being public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over something still being public
+and so it's a simple but very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a simple but very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a simple but very powerful
+kind of notion I'm sure we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notion I'm sure we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notion I'm sure we're going to
+see more the the challenge was that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more the the challenge was that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more the the challenge was that this
+notion of microecon iies how they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of microecon iies how they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of microecon iies how they could
+make a life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a life in
+the uh Community was uh part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Community was uh part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Community was uh part of the
+spirit of the attitude so somebody uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the attitude so somebody uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the attitude so somebody uh as
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example thinking about uh how car parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example thinking about uh how car parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example thinking about uh how car parts
+could be used in restoring old cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in restoring old cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in restoring old cars
+because the Cubans are so wonderful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Cubans are so wonderful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Cubans are so wonderful at
+that but then became the lifeline of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then became the lifeline of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then became the lifeline of the
+community and then person reflects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and then person reflects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and then person reflects that
+in architecture one of the things in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in architecture one of the things in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in architecture one of the things in my
+research about what Cuba is or may be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research about what Cuba is or may be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research about what Cuba is or may be uh
+and my own interests is of course is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my own interests is of course is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my own interests is of course is in
+cars and in these junk models that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and in these junk models that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and in these junk models that we've
+been doing for Jan I was very struck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing for Jan I was very struck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing for Jan I was very struck by
+these parts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts which
+are very much not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very much not
+architectural uh and they I that I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural uh and they I that I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural uh and they I that I found
+a challenge in that in trying to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge in that in trying to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenge in that in trying to create
+architecture out of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture out of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture out of something that
+wasn't architectural I had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't architectural I had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't architectural I had lots of
+openings here and I had or oriented them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings here and I had or oriented them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings here and I had or oriented them
+in different ways and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and I
+completely not thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely not thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely not thinking about it and
+then coming back and looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming back and looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming back and looking at it
+trying to figure out what I had um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what I had um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what I had um and
+so it got me thinking about orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it got me thinking about orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it got me thinking about orientation
+of openings in terms of Courtyards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of openings in terms of Courtyards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of openings in terms of Courtyards
+letting in light and passages letting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting in light and passages letting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting in light and passages letting in
+people in light and air the same day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in light and air the same day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in light and air the same day the
+junk models are presented the class also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk models are presented the class also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk models are presented the class also
+prepares for Cuba with only a day to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepares for Cuba with only a day to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepares for Cuba with only a day to go
+the class packs a suitcase filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class packs a suitcase filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class packs a suitcase filled with
+items such as medicine clothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items such as medicine clothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items such as medicine clothing and
+candy for the people they will meet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy for the people they will meet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy for the people they will meet on
+the site these items are in great demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site these items are in great demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site these items are in great demand
+because of the US embargo against Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the US embargo against Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the US embargo against Cuba
+what I'm trying to teach is for students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to teach is for students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to teach is for students
+to become aware and sensitive to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become aware and sensitive to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become aware and sensitive to people
+and what people have built and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people have built and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what people have built and have
+done um and what I call Fresh eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um and what I call Fresh eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um and what I call Fresh eyes
+looking at uh another culture for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh another culture for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh another culture for the
+first time and taking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and taking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and taking in
+absorbing in what that culture uh offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing in what that culture uh offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing in what that culture uh offers
+and sometimes by not speaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes by not speaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes by not speaking the
+language is a great Advantage because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a great Advantage because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is a great Advantage because
+words sometimes will get in the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words sometimes will get in the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words sometimes will get in the way and
+confuse what you're actually seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse what you're actually seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse what you're actually seeing
+whereas if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you don't have the
+words um then you start looking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um then you start looking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words um then you start looking around
+and you sort of try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of try to understand the
+people even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people even
+more and I've been all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and I've been all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and I've been all over the world
+and worked all over the world and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked all over the world and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked all over the world and I
+don't speak eru and I don't speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak eru and I don't speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak eru and I don't speak
+Chinese but I've never had any problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese but I've never had any problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese but I've never had any problems
+with communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication
+um there's always another form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's always another form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's always another form of
+communication that takes place and I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that takes place and I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that takes place and I try
+to teach that Cuba is located just 90 Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach that Cuba is located just 90 Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach that Cuba is located just 90 Mi
+off the coast of Florida and is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Florida and is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the coast of Florida and is roughly
+44,000 Square mil about the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44,000 Square mil about the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44,000 Square mil about the size of
+Pennsylvania with a population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania with a population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania with a population of
+roughly 2.2 million Cuba declared its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2.2 million Cuba declared its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2.2 million Cuba declared its
+independence from Spain in 1902 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence from Spain in 1902 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence from Spain in 1902 with the
+help of the United States from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of the United States from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of the United States from the time
+of its independence until the 50s Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its independence until the 50s Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its independence until the 50s Cuba
+had a number of different leaders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a number of different leaders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a number of different leaders that
+would change in the 1950s with the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change in the 1950s with the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change in the 1950s with the of
+the United States Castro came to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Castro came to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States Castro came to power
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1959 shortly after Castro's rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1959 shortly after Castro's rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1959 shortly after Castro's rise to
+power relations with the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power relations with the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power relations with the United States
+began to deteriorate Castro nationalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to deteriorate Castro nationalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to deteriorate Castro nationalized
+all the Island's industrial and major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Island's industrial and major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Island's industrial and major
+commercial Enterprises and made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Enterprises and made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Enterprises and made the
+country a communist state other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a communist state other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a communist state other
+well-known incidents in Cuban American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known incidents in Cuban American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known incidents in Cuban American
+history including the Cuban Missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history including the Cuban Missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history including the Cuban Missile
+Crisis and the Bay of Pigs led the US to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crisis and the Bay of Pigs led the US to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crisis and the Bay of Pigs led the US to
+break off relations with Cuba and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break off relations with Cuba and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break off relations with Cuba and to
+Institute the US embargo against Cuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute the US embargo against Cuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute the US embargo against Cuba
+which remains in place today yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remains in place today yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remains in place today yet because
+of the US embargo Cuba has remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US embargo Cuba has remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US embargo Cuba has remained
+isolated from major development and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated from major development and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated from major development and from
+American influence as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American influence as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American influence as a result of this
+isolation Cuba in many ways remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation Cuba in many ways remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation Cuba in many ways remains
+untouched preserved and intact allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untouched preserved and intact allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untouched preserved and intact allowing
+students to access Cuba's Rich history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to access Cuba's Rich history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to access Cuba's Rich history
+through its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its
+architecture has the US embargo then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has the US embargo then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has the US embargo then
+been a blessing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a blessing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a blessing for
+Cuba what will happen if the US embargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba what will happen if the US embargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba what will happen if the US embargo
+against Cuba is someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Cuba is someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Cuba is someday
+lifted will Cuba be able to preserve its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted will Cuba be able to preserve its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted will Cuba be able to preserve its
+Rich architecture ual history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich architecture ual history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich architecture ual history and
+cultural distinction in a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural distinction in a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural distinction in a world of
+globalization one of the things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization one of the things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization one of the things about
+these trips is people traveling together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trips is people traveling together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trips is people traveling together
+you eat together and do all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat together and do all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat together and do all these things
+together in the middle of a dinner there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the middle of a dinner there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the middle of a dinner there
+may be uh beginning of a uh discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be uh beginning of a uh discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be uh beginning of a uh discussion
+which might lead into something much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might lead into something much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might lead into something much
+more exciting than anything I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting than anything I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting than anything I could do
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+studio I remember one night in Cuba that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio I remember one night in Cuba that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio I remember one night in Cuba that
+we were sitting there and somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were sitting there and somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were sitting there and somehow I
+don't even know how we started but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know how we started but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know how we started but we
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+talking about the project and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the project and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the project and I was
+starting the sketch on on uh nain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the sketch on on uh nain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the sketch on on uh nain you
+were there um and it was a very I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there um and it was a very I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there um and it was a very I think
+uh for me very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for me very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for me very important
+discussion I couldn't have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I couldn't have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I couldn't have uh
+necessarily programmed that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily programmed that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily programmed that in the
+classroom this is the first day that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom this is the first day that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom this is the first day that
+students will visit the V site students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will visit the V site students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will visit the V site students
+must work hard during this visit not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must work hard during this visit not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must work hard during this visit not
+only to get a real sense of the site but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get a real sense of the site but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get a real sense of the site but
+also to absorb the culture and feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to absorb the culture and feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to absorb the culture and feel of
+this Cuban neighborhood seeing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cuban neighborhood seeing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cuban neighborhood seeing is not
+the idea but the idea of looking which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea but the idea of looking which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea but the idea of looking which
+means you you just don't see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you you just don't see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you you just don't see something
+but you look and try to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you look and try to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you look and try to understand why
+it is the way it is so that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the way it is so that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the way it is so that maybe you
+transform that architecturally into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that architecturally into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that architecturally into
+something else because if you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because if you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because if you come back
+and imitate something that's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imitate something that's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imitate something that's here
+architecturally I don't think it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecturally I don't think it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecturally I don't think it's good
+architecture because it have may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture because it have may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture because it have may have a
+different reason and secondly it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reason and secondly it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reason and secondly it may be
+here for a reason that has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a reason that has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a reason that has nothing to do
+with a reason now so it makes no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reason now so it makes no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reason now so it makes no sense
+well most of the not all the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most of the not all the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most of the not all the buildings
+in this area are reinforced concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area are reinforced concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area are reinforced concrete
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+and most of the buildings if not all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the buildings if not all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the buildings if not all are
+also deteriorated because of the here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also deteriorated because of the here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also deteriorated because of the here
+you can see the saltwater has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the saltwater has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the saltwater has
+deteriorated the concrete and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorated the concrete and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deteriorated the concrete and that's why
+this building is probably condemned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is probably condemned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is probably condemned I
+sort of try to set the pace by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try to set the pace by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of try to set the pace by talking
+with people and I have a kind of a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and I have a kind of a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and I have a kind of a sense
+to know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know when I
+can uh feel welcome and when I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh feel welcome and when I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh feel welcome and when I'm not
+which is rare then I'm back off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rare then I'm back off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rare then I'm back off
+and in a very quick way I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a very quick way I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a very quick way I sort of
+remember the first day we were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first day we were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first day we were there
+it was within minutes that I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was within minutes that I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was within minutes that I think we
+were in a house uh talking with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a house uh talking with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a house uh talking with people
+in Spanish and you know back and for of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish and you know back and for of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish and you know back and for of
+English Spanish broken English broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Spanish broken English broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Spanish broken English broken
+Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish
+um and I think by me doing that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think by me doing that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think by me doing that then
+they realized they could do that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized they could do that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized they could do that from
+his roof can he get a view of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his roof can he get a view of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his roof can he get a view of the water
+and you can see all the all the the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see all the all the the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see all the all the the sea
+from his roof can we get up to his roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his roof can we get up to his roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his roof can we get up to his roof
+yeah do you want to go yes the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you want to go yes the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you want to go yes the living
+conditions of the house houses or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the house houses or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the house houses or the
+apartments are not in good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments are not in good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments are not in good shape
+compared to other places inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other places inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other places inside the
+conditions are bad very bad yeah very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are bad very bad yeah very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are bad very bad yeah very
+bad yeah yeah the buildings are broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad yeah yeah the buildings are broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad yeah yeah the buildings are broken
+you know uhhuh because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uhhuh because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uhhuh because sometimes
+sometimes you can see the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can see the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can see the structure of
+one building that is broken like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one building that is broken like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one building that is broken like you
+know complete the living conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complete the living conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complete the living conditions of
+these people are clearly not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are clearly not very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are clearly not very good
+yeah and so that's an area for sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's an area for sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's an area for sure that
+you're going to be awfully jealous when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be awfully jealous when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be awfully jealous when
+we fix this clock in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fix this clock in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fix this clock in front of
+them but this is an area that move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but this is an area that move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but this is an area that move into
+our thing then we would probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thing then we would probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thing then we would probably uh
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+replace so our site again is just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace so our site again is just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace so our site again is just is
+this area mhm so you think it's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area mhm so you think it's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area mhm so you think it's smaller
+than you expected which is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you expected which is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you expected which is always the
+case yeah but that's always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah but that's always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah but that's always the case
+yeah I think it's a lot smaller than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's a lot smaller than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's a lot smaller than I
+expected yeah but I mean it makes I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected yeah but I mean it makes I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected yeah but I mean it makes I mean
+it makes sense that this is 110 M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that this is 110 M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that this is 110 M and
+that's like a you know that's a football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a you know that's a football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a you know that's a football
+but as Architects when we see things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Architects when we see things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Architects when we see things we
+always make them bigger in our mind than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make them bigger in our mind than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make them bigger in our mind than
+what they actually are it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually are it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they actually are it's kind of
+difficult because you you come here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because you you come here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because you you come here with
+sort of romanticized eyes and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of romanticized eyes and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of romanticized eyes and you see
+see things that are like decaying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things that are like decaying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things that are like decaying and
+you you have a sort of romantic notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a sort of romantic notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a sort of romantic notion
+of like the Decay is somehow like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the Decay is somehow like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the Decay is somehow like this
+great thing and it should be preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing and it should be preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing and it should be preserved
+and I think you always have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you always have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you always have to keep in
+the back of your head like what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your head like what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your head like what's what's
+worth preserving and what's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth preserving and what's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth preserving and what's you know
+what you can let go of for me I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can let go of for me I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can let go of for me I just
+started thinking about you know making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about you know making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about you know making
+making art and showing art and selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art and showing art and selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art and showing art and selling
+art and how that might you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and how that might you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and how that might you know you
+might be able to build a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to build a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to build a community
+around that idea um and then I was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that idea um and then I was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that idea um and then I was kind
+of thinking about just how people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about just how people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about just how people would
+work and how they would live and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and how they would live and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and how they would live and how
+those two things would relate visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things would relate visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things would relate visiting
+some homes I realized that maybe turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some homes I realized that maybe turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some homes I realized that maybe turning
+them down in a oldfashioned urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down in a oldfashioned urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down in a oldfashioned urban
+renewal way is not really the the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal way is not really the the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal way is not really the the way to
+go maybe many of them need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe many of them need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe many of them need to be
+preserved um we we spoke with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved um we we spoke with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved um we we spoke with a lot of
+people and they actually like where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they actually like where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they actually like where they
+live uh even in the the what we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh even in the the what we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh even in the the what we consider
+tenaments they they like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenaments they they like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenaments they they like their
+environment they like the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they like the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they like the interaction
+with other people at all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people at all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people at all the time
+students visit a number of other sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students visit a number of other sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students visit a number of other sites
+in Cuba including an artist community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cuba including an artist community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cuba including an artist community
+the Pan-American Village a small fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pan-American Village a small fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pan-American Village a small fishing
+Village and old Soviet cement block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village and old Soviet cement block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village and old Soviet cement block
+housing by exposing students to a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing by exposing students to a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing by exposing students to a number
+of different types of housing they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of housing they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of housing they can
+begin to consider alternatives for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to consider alternatives for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to consider alternatives for their
+own site as students explore these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own site as students explore these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own site as students explore these
+different styles of housing they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles of housing they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles of housing they bring
+their sketchbooks along sketching is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sketchbooks along sketching is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sketchbooks along sketching is a
+quick way for student to record ideas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way for student to record ideas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way for student to record ideas to
+capture a first impression of an area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a first impression of an area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a first impression of an area or
+to note a single detail of a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note a single detail of a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note a single detail of a building
+having a Sketchbook in hand while on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Sketchbook in hand while on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a Sketchbook in hand while on
+site is essential to every student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is essential to every student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is essential to every student
+during the CU is it for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the CU is it for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the CU is it for me
+starts uh in two parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh in two parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh in two parallel
+ways one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways one is
+sketching and I do what I call Airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching and I do what I call Airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching and I do what I call Airplane
+sketches because I'm on the airplane a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches because I'm on the airplane a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches because I'm on the airplane a
+lot so a lot of my work has done little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so a lot of my work has done little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so a lot of my work has done little
+sketches on napkins or whatever or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches on napkins or whatever or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches on napkins or whatever or my
+little Sketchbook as a way of shaping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Sketchbook as a way of shaping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Sketchbook as a way of shaping if
+you wish the ideas and it's a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish the ideas and it's a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wish the ideas and it's a kind of a
+visual uh Board of your verbal Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual uh Board of your verbal Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual uh Board of your verbal Notions
+or or your thought processes after less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or your thought processes after less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or your thought processes after less
+than a week in Cuba students are back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a week in Cuba students are back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a week in Cuba students are back in
+the studio they haven't just studied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio they haven't just studied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio they haven't just studied a
+site in Cuba they've made friends traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in Cuba they've made friends traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in Cuba they've made friends traded
+email addresses and even shared meals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email addresses and even shared meals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email addresses and even shared meals
+with the people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the people of
+V now students must integrate these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now students must integrate these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V now students must integrate these new
+impressions of Cuba with their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions of Cuba with their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions of Cuba with their original
+designs and perhaps their old outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and perhaps their old outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and perhaps their old outdated
+ideas as they sort through and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas as they sort through and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas as they sort through and compare
+new to Old they must decide what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to Old they must decide what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to Old they must decide what is
+worth keeping and What needs revising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth keeping and What needs revising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth keeping and What needs revising
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+You' done some abstract work of the junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' done some abstract work of the junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' done some abstract work of the junk
+models and the space between in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the space between in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the space between in the
+first pass before you went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass before you went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pass before you went to
+Cuba and now we've had a dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba and now we've had a dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba and now we've had a dose of
+Cuba and I think we know the the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba and I think we know the the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuba and I think we know the the site
+and the people as well as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people as well as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people as well as we
+could in some ways maybe better having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in some ways maybe better having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in some ways maybe better having
+gone to Cuba than in Somerville because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to Cuba than in Somerville because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to Cuba than in Somerville because
+in Somerville you think you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Somerville you think you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Somerville you think you might know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+people in Cuba you know you didn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Cuba you know you didn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in Cuba you know you didn't so
+you might actually have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually have a better
+understanding of this site than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of this site than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of this site than you
+would of one around the corner so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would of one around the corner so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would of one around the corner so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+that and uh sometimes um you can get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh sometimes um you can get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh sometimes um you can get too
+much of the site information which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the site information which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the site information which I
+don't think is going to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is going to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is going to be the case
+today which can also affect what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which can also affect what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which can also affect what you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but having the context the people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but having the context the people the
+site which is the basis and and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which is the basis and and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which is the basis and and having
+some abstract if you wish intellectual I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some abstract if you wish intellectual I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some abstract if you wish intellectual I
+don't call it that but just abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call it that but just abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call it that but just abstract
+ideas about what you want to do today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what you want to do today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what you want to do today is
+kind of the merging of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the merging of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the merging of those two
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+strains despite the flu that passed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains despite the flu that passed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains despite the flu that passed from
+one class member to the next the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class member to the next the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class member to the next the work
+doesn't let up projects are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't let up projects are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't let up projects are starting to
+become more defined cadus has added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more defined cadus has added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more defined cadus has added
+Hanging Gardens to her teres that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanging Gardens to her teres that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanging Gardens to her teres that
+permeate the site these Hanging Gardens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeate the site these Hanging Gardens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeate the site these Hanging Gardens
+will add new dimension to her project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add new dimension to her project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add new dimension to her project
+including shade for the Street Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including shade for the Street Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including shade for the Street Life
+below that she finds so prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that she finds so prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that she finds so prevalent
+throughout Cuba use this cut in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Cuba use this cut in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Cuba use this cut in the
+water feature I to create a Terrace sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water feature I to create a Terrace sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water feature I to create a Terrace sort
+of edge where the the Green Space could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge where the the Green Space could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge where the the Green Space could
+um sort of could interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of could interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of could interact with the
+actual uh concrete type uh pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh concrete type uh pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh concrete type uh pedestrian
+ways and so that um and through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so that um and through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and so that um and through this
+terracing the the elevation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terracing the the elevation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terracing the the elevation between the
+street level in the water could be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street level in the water could be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street level in the water could be um
+mediated a little bit so that it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated a little bit so that it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated a little bit so that it's not a
+canal that's just cutting into the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal that's just cutting into the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal that's just cutting into the site
+and um also I was thinking in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um also I was thinking in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um also I was thinking in this
+tering I was envisioning the uh the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tering I was envisioning the uh the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tering I was envisioning the uh the wall
+on the Molly con where people sit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Molly con where people sit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Molly con where people sit and
+play music so maybe on these these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music so maybe on these these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music so maybe on these these edges
+that are created by the change in level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are created by the change in level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are created by the change in level
+things like that could begin to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that could begin to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that could begin to happen
+thinking about how in the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how in the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how in the creation of
+new housing people could have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new housing people could have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new housing people could have more
+privacy but at the same time maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy but at the same time maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy but at the same time maybe if
+they choose to keep that extended family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to keep that extended family
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to keep that extended family
+you know closely knit that there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know closely knit that there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know closely knit that there's a way
+that they can still live in close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can still live in close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can still live in close
+proximity to each other so uh this began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to each other so uh this began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to each other so uh this began
+as a design for one unit and then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a design for one unit and then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a design for one unit and then sort
+of evolved into two and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolved into two and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolved into two and I think it's
+possibly somewhere in between a twostory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly somewhere in between a twostory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly somewhere in between a twostory
+courtyard space that is shared by both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard space that is shared by both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courtyard space that is shared by both
+units um so that this space is exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units um so that this space is exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units um so that this space is exterior
+and then this one also has this balcony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one also has this balcony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one also has this balcony
+that connects with there so that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects with there so that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects with there so that in this
+this could be sort of a prime exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be sort of a prime exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be sort of a prime exterior
+living shared between the two and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living shared between the two and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living shared between the two and it
+would be a very family like setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a very family like setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a very family like setting
+although they still have their privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they still have their privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they still have their privacy
+beginning of the '90s when things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the '90s when things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the '90s when things were
+really really bad for us regarding know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad for us regarding know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad for us regarding know
+food and you know economy was really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and you know economy was really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and you know economy was really bad
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+is architecture that is what I call on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is architecture that is what I call on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is architecture that is what I call on
+liners it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liners it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liners it's very
+simplistic in its concept which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic in its concept which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic in its concept which the
+modernists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernists
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+uh and you see it once and that's it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you see it once and that's it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you see it once and that's it and
+you don't need to see it twice and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to see it twice and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to see it twice and it's
+uh has no real effect on you it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has no real effect on you it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has no real effect on you it's it's
+kind of like being in a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like being in a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like being in a neutral
+environment I had I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I had I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment I had I'm trying to
+throughout the studio Jan critiques the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the studio Jan critiques the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the studio Jan critiques the
+students projects these critiques happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students projects these critiques happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students projects these critiques happen
+formally during the presentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally during the presentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally during the presentation of
+models and during design Pinups but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and during design Pinups but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and during design Pinups but also
+informally through desk side critiques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally through desk side critiques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally through desk side critiques
+where Jan evaluates the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Jan evaluates the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Jan evaluates the students
+projects using a one-on-one technique by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects using a one-on-one technique by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects using a one-on-one technique by
+sitting beside inside the student Jan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting beside inside the student Jan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting beside inside the student Jan
+can help a student through an impass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help a student through an impass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help a student through an impass or
+start a student in a new direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a student in a new direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a student in a new direction that
+the student may not have considered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student may not have considered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student may not have considered and
+it's amazing process um by the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing process um by the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing process um by the way you
+look at it and you have to absorb what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you have to absorb what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you have to absorb what's
+going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the
+sketch and then you have to to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch and then you have to to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch and then you have to to quickly
+decide what to sketch or what to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to sketch or what to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to sketch or what to say to
+the student that will help them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student that will help them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student that will help them in the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+piece and often you have about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and often you have about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and often you have about 60
+seconds to do this and so teaching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to do this and so teaching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to do this and so teaching is
+not about what you teach it's deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about what you teach it's deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about what you teach it's deciding
+what you don't teach because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't teach because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you don't teach because you could
+teach everything I started to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach everything I started to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach everything I started to think
+about how you know how this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you know how this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you know how this might be
+divided up and this notion of well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up and this notion of well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up and this notion of well is
+this one thing and then these are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing and then these are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing and then these are five
+other things in other words are the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in other words are the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in other words are the is
+this housing and this you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this housing and this you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this housing and this you know in this
+an art school or is there more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art school or is there more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art school or is there more of a
+blurring and it seemed like the the lad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring and it seemed like the the lad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring and it seemed like the the lad
+was really the way to go my problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the way to go my problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the way to go my problems
+with it is the size of things so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is the size of things so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is the size of things so if
+that's 6 M maybe it could be 4 and 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 6 M maybe it could be 4 and 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 6 M maybe it could be 4 and 1/2
+or 5 m so the scale of this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 5 m so the scale of this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 5 m so the scale of this is not
+square but more rectangular we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but more rectangular we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but more rectangular we talked
+before way back here about this being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before way back here about this being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before way back here about this being
+kind of a central thing and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a central thing and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a central thing and not
+integrating and then the other day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and then the other day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and then the other day we
+talked about this being more of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this being more of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this being more of a linear
+thing with things coming off of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with things coming off of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with things coming off of it but
+it seems to me that you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that you could do that
+stronger if you have housing here if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger if you have housing here if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger if you have housing here if in
+this band somewhere there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band somewhere there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band somewhere there might be
+housing above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing above
+it in addition to the classrooms and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in addition to the classrooms and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in addition to the classrooms and if
+that were the case for instance let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the case for instance let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were the case for instance let's
+just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say
+this and not the whole thing by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and not the whole thing by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and not the whole thing by the way
+but pieces of it then the housing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pieces of it then the housing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pieces of it then the housing uh
+would add another use in here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add another use in here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add another use in here which
+might be might be artist housing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be artist housing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be artist housing but it
+might be ever housing but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ever housing but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be ever housing but more
+importantly it would start to help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it would start to help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly it would start to help to
+break the scale down and maybe make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the scale down and maybe make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the scale down and maybe make it
+more of a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a con
+so I mix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mix it
+up just when they are working on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just when they are working on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just when they are working on one
+scale or one way of thinking I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or one way of thinking I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or one way of thinking I give
+another project and they find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project and they find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project and they find it
+alarming sometimes but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming sometimes but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming sometimes but the point is that
+maybe we're uh doing the overall concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're uh doing the overall concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're uh doing the overall concept
+and then I'll ask him to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll ask him to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll ask him to do a little
+elevation study so that they'll start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation study so that they'll start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation study so that they'll start to
+understand what materials are and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what materials are and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what materials are and more
+importantly this the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly this the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly this the human
+scale so that I continually give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so that I continually give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so that I continually give this
+it's it's more of like a spiral you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's more of like a spiral you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's more of like a spiral you keep
+uh moving around it the elevation model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving around it the elevation model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving around it the elevation model
+exercise shows the human perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise shows the human perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise shows the human perspective of
+the project students show for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project students show for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project students show for example
+the detailed facade of the building as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed facade of the building as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed facade of the building as a
+passer by might see it once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passer by might see it once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passer by might see it once again
+students are expected to move from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are expected to move from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are expected to move from one
+exercise to another in order to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to another in order to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to another in order to consider
+their projects from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their projects from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their projects from a different
+perspective at first I didn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective at first I didn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective at first I didn't want to do
+the elevation study because I felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation study because I felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevation study because I felt like
+I wasn't ready to design an elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't ready to design an elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't ready to design an elevation
+cuz my buildings had to change but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz my buildings had to change but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz my buildings had to change but then
+I just used it to figure out how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just used it to figure out how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just used it to figure out how the
+buildings would change and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings would change and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings would change and so it was
+kind of it was really nice for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it was really nice for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it was really nice for me to
+work at that detail to figure out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at that detail to figure out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at that detail to figure out like
+how the interior spaces would begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the interior spaces would begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the interior spaces would begin to
+work with the uh those walkways in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the uh those walkways in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the uh those walkways in the
+buildings that I've I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that I've I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that I've I mentioned before
+like the ones that would connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones that would connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones that would connect the
+different spaces and sometimes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces and sometimes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces and sometimes when you
+get too close to it you can't see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too close to it you can't see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too close to it you can't see what
+you're doing Jan asks students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing Jan asks students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing Jan asks students to
+stretch their thoughts and ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch their thoughts and ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch their thoughts and ideas about
+their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work
+in one of the more controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the more controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the more controversial
+exercises students exchange projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises students exchange projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises students exchange projects and
+go to work this means rearranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to work this means rearranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to work this means rearranging
+revising and sometimes cutting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising and sometimes cutting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising and sometimes cutting into
+another students's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another students's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another students's
+project at the end of this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at the end of this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at the end of this exercise
+students present their proposed changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students present their proposed changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students present their proposed changes
+to each other and to the class this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and to the class this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and to the class this
+exercise is yet one more way students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is yet one more way students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is yet one more way students
+are forced to take a fresh look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forced to take a fresh look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forced to take a fresh look at their
+own work through the eyes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work through the eyes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work through the eyes of a
+partner you just inherited this mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner you just inherited this mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner you just inherited this mess
+that this other person is done now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this other person is done now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this other person is done now your
+job is to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to make it
+better um and you can do anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and you can do anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um and you can do anything you
+want you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can change
+it boy that froze them you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boy that froze them you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boy that froze them you know the
+somebody else is going to work on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is going to work on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is going to work on my
+model you going have a revolution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you going have a revolution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you going have a revolution over
+that sometimes if cadis decides and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes if cadis decides and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes if cadis decides and she
+might that this thing should be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that this thing should be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that this thing should be about
+this high and this wide no that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high and this wide no that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high and this wide no that's not
+I'm not looking for that major of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not looking for that major of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not looking for that major of an
+intervention but but maybe that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention but but maybe that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention but but maybe that is what
+K decides and I think in it that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K decides and I think in it that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K decides and I think in it that might
+be valid and it's not it's a huge change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid and it's not it's a huge change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be valid and it's not it's a huge change
+to the model it may not be a huge change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the model it may not be a huge change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the model it may not be a huge change
+to what I am doing on the site but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I am doing on the site but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I am doing on the site but it
+might be really better to show that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really better to show that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really better to show that as a
+drawing so that you canare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so that you canare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so that you canare to
+knife well it's just that the model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife well it's just that the model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife well it's just that the model you
+can work faster as all without thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work faster as all without thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work faster as all without thinking
+I I have to disagree I mean I draw a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have to disagree I mean I draw a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have to disagree I mean I draw a lot
+of but what I do the reason I do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but what I do the reason I do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but what I do the reason I do that is
+so they can both see their own work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can both see their own work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can both see their own work in
+somebody else's eyes it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's eyes it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's eyes it's the same thing
+as going to the Cuba fresh eyes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as going to the Cuba fresh eyes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as going to the Cuba fresh eyes um and
+for afternoon they can uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for afternoon they can uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for afternoon they can uh think about
+somebody else's project and they Amaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's project and they Amaze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's project and they Amaze
+themselves first of all within three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves first of all within three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves first of all within three
+hours often they do more work than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours often they do more work than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours often they do more work than they
+do in a week because it's fast and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a week because it's fast and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a week because it's fast and they
+don't think about it and they just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it and they just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it and they just do it
+maybe if you have an idea about breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you have an idea about breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you have an idea about breaking
+up the blocks you want to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the blocks you want to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the blocks you want to start with
+that one yeah no I'm not going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yeah no I'm not going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yeah no I'm not going to take
+it all down and that makes sense I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all down and that makes sense I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all down and that makes sense I
+understand like you know it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like you know it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like you know it's kind of
+hard to just imposing someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to just imposing someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to just imposing someone else's
+work but I think it's it's nice to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but I think it's it's nice to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but I think it's it's nice to kind
+of step away from what you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step away from what you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of step away from what you've been
+immersed in for weeks and take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in for weeks and take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in for weeks and take a look at
+someone else's it's I think like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's it's I think like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's it's I think like the
+fresh eyes idea is probably probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh eyes idea is probably probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh eyes idea is probably probably
+valid this is how you learn you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid this is how you learn you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid this is how you learn you do
+something new and do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and do something different
+do it someone else's way otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it someone else's way otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it someone else's way otherwise you
+get stuck in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing the intervention I chose to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the intervention I chose to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the intervention I chose to do was
+to um to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to activate
+this this Edge and just bring the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Edge and just bring the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Edge and just bring the so
+think about the activity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the activity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the activity that's
+happening in the car repair and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the car repair and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the car repair and bring
+that idea up into the building so um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea up into the building so um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea up into the building so um I I
+increased the amount of exterior spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the amount of exterior spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the amount of exterior spaces
+and uh thought of these as other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh thought of these as other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh thought of these as other places
+of working not on carair obviously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working not on carair obviously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working not on carair obviously but
+on other sorts of uh hand type work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other sorts of uh hand type work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other sorts of uh hand type work and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's then passage between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then passage between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then passage between these
+because he already has um half levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he already has um half levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he already has um half levels
+incorporated into the housing so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the housing so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the housing so it was
+easy to sort of expand Terraces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of expand Terraces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of expand Terraces on
+different levels to create a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels to create a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels to create a connection
+between them that was a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that was a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that was a little more
+Dynamic than just a core down the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic than just a core down the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic than just a core down the center
+my attempt uh with working with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attempt uh with working with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attempt uh with working with what
+cadus had done was to take some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadus had done was to take some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadus had done was to take some of these
+units that that she had and and shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that that she had and and shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that that she had and and shift
+them and try and rearrange the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and try and rearrange the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and try and rearrange the the um
+Courtyards that the twin units share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyards that the twin units share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Courtyards that the twin units share and
+also in a series of half levels uh bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in a series of half levels uh bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in a series of half levels uh bring
+these Terraces down to the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Terraces down to the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Terraces down to the ground and
+actually incorporate the the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incorporate the the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually incorporate the the what is
+currently the ground as Garden as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the ground as Garden as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the ground as Garden as well
+so this can all be garden and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can all be garden and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can all be garden and you can
+move up actually into the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up actually into the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up actually into the housing
+through teres of garden and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through teres of garden and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through teres of garden and then
+bringing this area out and didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this area out and didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this area out and didn't quite
+make it uh over the this water is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh over the this water is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh over the this water is being
+brought in uh from the sea which is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in uh from the sea which is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in uh from the sea which is over
+here and so this this Terrace can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this this Terrace can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this this Terrace can come
+out over the water and be a a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the water and be a a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the water and be a a way to
+create views both out to this Straits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create views both out to this Straits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create views both out to this Straits of
+Florida and into the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida and into the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida and into the city
+behind and also by having Gardens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and also by having Gardens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and also by having Gardens up
+here and Gardens which need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Gardens which need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Gardens which need to be
+watered um all the the runoff can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watered um all the the runoff can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watered um all the the runoff can come
+and drip down into this Basin and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drip down into this Basin and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drip down into this Basin and create
+you know hanging creepers and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hanging creepers and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hanging creepers and maybe a
+nice space in here where it's cooled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice space in here where it's cooled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice space in here where it's cooled by
+all the greenery and the water coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the greenery and the water coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the greenery and the water coming
+through the plants the whole Pro whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plants the whole Pro whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plants the whole Pro whole
+notion of the rooftop gardens is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the rooftop gardens is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the rooftop gardens is much
+stronger here in this CH than it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger here in this CH than it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger here in this CH than it was in
+the other and her beautiful unit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and her beautiful unit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and her beautiful unit that's
+not here that we love so much is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here that we love so much is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here that we love so much is going
+to have to be adjusted I assume there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be adjusted I assume there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be adjusted I assume there's
+one up here yeah but there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here yeah but there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here yeah but there's going to be
+a new unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new unit
+here it is now been broken which is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is now been broken which is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is now been broken which is good
+I mean you still got it but you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you still got it but you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you still got it but you got
+maybe three instead of one so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three instead of one so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three instead of one so it seems
+to me that she has you have done for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that she has you have done for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that she has you have done for her
+what she wants to do it even more so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she wants to do it even more so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she wants to do it even more so now
+why couldn't you do that for yourself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why couldn't you do that for yourself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why couldn't you do that for yourself I
+was working with the same thing forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working with the same thing forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working with the same thing forever
+and it was it was hard to make myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was it was hard to make myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was it was hard to make myself
+break away from that I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break away from that I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break away from that I think that's the
+point and there are no consequences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there are no consequences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and there are no consequences for
+doing it for someone else no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for someone else no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for someone else no
+you don't think about everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think about everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think about everything that
+you've been agonizing over for months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been agonizing over for months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been agonizing over for months
+you just do it we have a final review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do it we have a final review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do it we have a final review
+and that's a that's a I joke with them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a that's a I joke with them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a that's a I joke with them I
+I said you know you're just starting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know you're just starting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know you're just starting and
+uh it's a good start um because I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a good start um because I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a good start um because I do
+believe it's a good start it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's a good start it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's a good start it's not it's
+not the end and that may be frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end and that may be frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end and that may be frustrating
+sometimes I like to think that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like to think that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I like to think that they've
+finished something and they have and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished something and they have and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished something and they have and and
+this year I was very pleased that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I was very pleased that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I was very pleased that when
+in that room to see the work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room to see the work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room to see the work on the
+walls that we had reached a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls that we had reached a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls that we had reached a place
+but just the beginning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just the beginning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just the beginning in the
+traditional model of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional model of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional model of teaching
+architecture students were required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture students were required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture students were required to
+present only their final designs before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present only their final designs before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present only their final designs before
+a panel of nine or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel of nine or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel of nine or 10
+critics these critics or jurors as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics these critics or jurors as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics these critics or jurors as they
+were called would comment criticize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called would comment criticize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were called would comment criticize and
+lecture students about the problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture students about the problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture students about the problems and
+inadequacies of their work the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacies of their work the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacies of their work the comments
+to students were sometimes helpful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students were sometimes helpful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students were sometimes helpful but
+many times demeaning this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times demeaning this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times demeaning this process
+created a tense situation where students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a tense situation where students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a tense situation where students
+were forced to defend their design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forced to defend their design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forced to defend their design
+decisions contrary to this outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions contrary to this outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions contrary to this outdated
+technique Jan has his students present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique Jan has his students present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique Jan has his students present
+to a small group of critics this smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small group of critics this smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small group of critics this smaller
+group creates a more intimate setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group creates a more intimate setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group creates a more intimate setting
+where the student can converse with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the student can converse with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the student can converse with the
+critics the less formal setting allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics the less formal setting allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics the less formal setting allows
+the students and the critics to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students and the critics to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students and the critics to share
+ideas thoughts and perspectives in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas thoughts and perspectives in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas thoughts and perspectives in a
+non-confrontational process the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-confrontational process the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-confrontational process the building
+over time is a richness that I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is a richness that I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is a richness that I think we
+all appreciate the time factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all appreciate the time factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all appreciate the time factor in
+architecture is very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is very important and
+you've in by virtue of a design studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've in by virtue of a design studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've in by virtue of a design studio
+and the fact that you only had a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that you only had a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that you only had a limited
+amount of time have been able to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time have been able to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time have been able to include
+this richness in one project we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this richness in one project we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this richness in one project we're very
+attracted to it but it it it is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to it but it it it is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to it but it it it is missing
+the rigor of understanding literally how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigor of understanding literally how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigor of understanding literally how
+one would get from the public realm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would get from the public realm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would get from the public realm to
+the very top of this unit and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very top of this unit and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very top of this unit and how
+associative that experience would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative that experience would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative that experience would be
+would it in fact be like needing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it in fact be like needing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it in fact be like needing to
+climb a spiral staircase or a fire pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb a spiral staircase or a fire pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb a spiral staircase or a fire pole
+or something to get up there in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to get up there in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to get up there in which
+case then the richness of what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then the richness of what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then the richness of what you've
+shown as a planner Arrangement starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a planner Arrangement starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a planner Arrangement starts to
+fall apart a little bit because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart a little bit because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall apart a little bit because of the
+dimensions that are going to be needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that are going to be needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that are going to be needed
+to actually get somebody's groceries up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get somebody's groceries up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get somebody's groceries up
+and down into the top of this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down into the top of this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down into the top of this one the
+next step to me is to say okay look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step to me is to say okay look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step to me is to say okay look at
+your elevation along the main front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elevation along the main front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elevation along the main front and
+look at what's exist and see whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's exist and see whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's exist and see whether you
+can distill from even a longer stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distill from even a longer stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distill from even a longer stretch
+of the neighborhood some vocabulary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neighborhood some vocabulary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neighborhood some vocabulary that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+more not SYM sympathetic but also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more not SYM sympathetic but also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more not SYM sympathetic but also like
+picking pieces up I can see like even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking pieces up I can see like even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking pieces up I can see like even
+this uhhuh could work with your twostory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uhhuh could work with your twostory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uhhuh could work with your twostory
+module and there's certain things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and there's certain things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and there's certain things I
+think you you can work with it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you can work with it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you can work with it's a
+student's job just as in my own work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's job just as in my own work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's job just as in my own work to
+sort out the criticisms that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out the criticisms that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out the criticisms that they get
+and how that can modify their project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that can modify their project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that can modify their project
+it's not a yes or no thing as that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a yes or no thing as that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a yes or no thing as that often
+is in the jury system either you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the jury system either you did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the jury system either you did it
+right or you did it wrong that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you did it wrong that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you did it wrong that's not the
+way it is there's no Rights and Wrongs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is there's no Rights and Wrongs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is there's no Rights and Wrongs I
+totally agree with you that I can see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally agree with you that I can see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally agree with you that I can see as
+as a way of linking these that like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of linking these that like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of linking these that like like
+you're saying here like using this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying here like using this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying here like using this idea
+to then like reexamine what's down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then like reexamine what's down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then like reexamine what's down here
+and and draw those connections I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and draw those connections I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and draw those connections I I think
+it would actually help a lot cuz it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually help a lot cuz it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually help a lot cuz it it
+was something I had a dilemma with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something I had a dilemma with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something I had a dilemma with
+was the fact that I was knocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that I was knocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that I was knocking
+everything down but at the same time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down but at the same time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down but at the same time I
+had a really hard time picking between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really hard time picking between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really hard time picking between
+you know this and this seeing as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this and this seeing as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this and this seeing as they're
+all so those are really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so those are really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so those are really valuable
+comments I think the premise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I think the premise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments I think the premise of the
+studio allows one to rethink at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio allows one to rethink at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio allows one to rethink at a very
+kind of radical core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of radical core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of radical core
+basis how these daily activities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis how these daily activities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis how these daily activities that we
+partake in really do form the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partake in really do form the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partake in really do form the world that
+we're in and how we could be advocates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in and how we could be advocates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in and how we could be advocates
+for rethinking how they affect our daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rethinking how they affect our daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rethinking how they affect our daily
+lives point from a large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives point from a large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives point from a large scale
+intervention Mi case to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention Mi case to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention Mi case to something that
+that developed a very human scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed a very human scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed a very human scale and
+detailing and and seem very believable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailing and and seem very believable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailing and and seem very believable
+or or starting at at something that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or starting at at something that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or starting at at something that very
+much from from very Natalie's very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from from very Natalie's very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from from very Natalie's very close
+observations of of the human se but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of of the human se but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of of the human se but
+building up something in a neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up something in a neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up something in a neighborhood
+scale that had a rhythm and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that had a rhythm and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that had a rhythm and a
+consistency and a pattern to it that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency and a pattern to it that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency and a pattern to it that was
+that was also very believable so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also very believable so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also very believable so you see
+these different starting points but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different starting points but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different starting points but but
+coming all coming together um to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming all coming together um to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming all coming together um to to uh
+um to to work very well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to work very well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to work very well there's a
+difference between designing a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between designing a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between designing a building
+and designing a building for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designing a building for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designing a building for people
+knowing people's hopes and desires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing people's hopes and desires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing people's hopes and desires and
+understanding the culture are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the culture are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the culture are the
+critical elements that Jan teaches his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical elements that Jan teaches his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical elements that Jan teaches his
+students to bring to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to bring to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to bring to their
+designs this attitude is one Jan hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs this attitude is one Jan hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs this attitude is one Jan hopes
+will start to influence the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to influence the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to influence the world of
+architecture the world is made up of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the world is made up of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the world is made up of uh
+cultures people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures people who have
+identities and that it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and that it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and that it's important that
+as an architect you reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an architect you reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an architect you reflect
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+that you're not a technician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not a technician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not a technician
+only you're a leader in a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you're a leader in a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you're a leader in a way of
+cultures a proponent of people's rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures a proponent of people's rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures a proponent of people's rights
+identities the putting together of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities the putting together of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities the putting together of
+materials to Echo that is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to Echo that is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to Echo that is very very
+important that there's a sensitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that there's a sensitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that there's a sensitivity and
+respect to all people in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all people in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all people in the process
+where it be the Builder on the side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it be the Builder on the side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it be the Builder on the side or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+client um and process that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client um and process that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client um and process that I
+teach not so much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach not so much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach not so much to
+PR and I would hope they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR and I would hope they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR and I would hope they would
+leave uh well the purpose of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh well the purpose of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh well the purpose of education
+is to open doors I hope they would leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to open doors I hope they would leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to open doors I hope they would leave
+with a new attitude about life and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new attitude about life and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new attitude about life and what
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+do and I would finally that uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I would finally that uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I would finally that uh as an
+architect they can do more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect they can do more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect they can do more than just
+make beautiful buildings which I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make beautiful buildings which I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make beautiful buildings which I want
+them to make but they can uh help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make but they can uh help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make but they can uh help people
+in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+foree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foree
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foree
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hey
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pape fore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pape fore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pape fore
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e0pgB4jWUjA.txt b/e0pgB4jWUjA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86f110cc8bfa7be892b6e8109a85854abadd75b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e0pgB4jWUjA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the ways that the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways that the study of
+literature the study of film differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the study of film differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the study of film differs
+from the study of technical things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the study of technical things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the study of technical things and
+the reason I teach it is that it belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I teach it is that it belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I teach it is that it belongs
+to everyone that it's valuable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone that it's valuable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone that it's valuable for
+everyone not everyone needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone not everyone needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone not everyone needs to know
+about quantum mechanics but I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics but I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics but I believe
+everyone should and if they don't I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should and if they don't I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone should and if they don't I feel
+they're impoverished know how to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're impoverished know how to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're impoverished know how to read a
+good story enjoy plays know how to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story enjoy plays know how to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story enjoy plays know how to enjoy
+the movies so I feel that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies so I feel that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies so I feel that what I'm
+giving students is in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving students is in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving students is in some sense
+something even more valuable to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even more valuable to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even more valuable to them
+because it will be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will be something that
+they'll have with them for their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have with them for their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have with them for their whole
+lives their whole careers one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives their whole careers one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives their whole careers one of the
+things MIT students sometimes often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things MIT students sometimes often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things MIT students sometimes often do
+not realize is that a very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize is that a very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize is that a very large number
+of them do not end up making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do not end up making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do not end up making their
+living in the areas in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in the areas in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in the areas in which they
+majored but all of them end up wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored but all of them end up wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majored but all of them end up wanting
+to go to the movies all of them end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the movies all of them end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the movies all of them end up
+with a capacity to read and enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capacity to read and enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capacity to read and enjoy
+literature and I hope that coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and I hope that coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and I hope that coming out of
+my classes they'll do those things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my classes they'll do those things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my classes they'll do those things with
+Greater Joy and with greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater Joy and with greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater Joy and with greater
+intelligence one of the things I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence one of the things I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence one of the things I hope
+all of you will have when you come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you will have when you come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you will have when you come out
+of this course is a much more confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course is a much more confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course is a much more confident
+sense of how to look at movies not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how to look at movies not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how to look at movies not to
+spoil your enjoyment of kicking back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil your enjoyment of kicking back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil your enjoyment of kicking back in
+looking at a stupid Schwarzenegger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a stupid Schwarzenegger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a stupid Schwarzenegger
+entertainment if you want to not to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment if you want to not to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment if you want to not to make
+you feel guilty about that but to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel guilty about that but to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel guilty about that but to make
+you be able to tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be able to tell the difference
+between something like that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something like that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something like that and what
+I'll call a work of art and implicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call a work of art and implicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call a work of art and implicit in
+my film course is an admiration for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my film course is an admiration for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my film course is an admiration for a
+certain kind of achievement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of achievement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of achievement an
+admiration for a certain kind of artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration for a certain kind of artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration for a certain kind of artist
+an artist like Jean Renoir the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist like Jean Renoir the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist like Jean Renoir the great
+filmmaker if I were deprived of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker if I were deprived of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker if I were deprived of the
+pleasure of seeing budoo again for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure of seeing budoo again for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure of seeing budoo again for the
+rest of my days I would never forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of my days I would never forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of my days I would never forget
+that grass that dust and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grass that dust and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grass that dust and their
+relationship to the liberty of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the liberty of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the liberty of a
+the point of this exercise is to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this exercise is to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this exercise is to remind
+you of the immense power the potency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the immense power the potency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the immense power the potency of
+even a single camera move think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a single camera move think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a single camera move think what
+that 180 degree pan suggests as bazan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 180 degree pan suggests as bazan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 180 degree pan suggests as bazan
+brilliantly uh uh argues for us so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly uh uh argues for us so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly uh uh argues for us so the
+conclusion then is that the visual style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion then is that the visual style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion then is that the visual style
+of a film over certain films anyway can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a film over certain films anyway can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a film over certain films anyway can
+express a moral vision and by moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a moral vision and by moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express a moral vision and by moral
+Vision I don't mean moralistic what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision I don't mean moralistic what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision I don't mean moralistic what's
+more what's what's didactically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what's what's didactically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what's what's didactically right
+and wrong but a vision having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong but a vision having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong but a vision having to do with
+the values and assumptions you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values and assumptions you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values and assumptions you make
+about the nature of the world there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the world there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the world there's a
+moral Vision implicit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral Vision implicit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral Vision implicit in the
+tentativeness the hesitancy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentativeness the hesitancy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentativeness the hesitancy the
+retarding impulse to to dwell and Linger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retarding impulse to to dwell and Linger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retarding impulse to to dwell and Linger
+on things in in the in renoir's camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things in in the in renoir's camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things in in the in renoir's camera
+and in the basic habits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the basic habits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the basic habits of
+of poetic realism that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poetic realism that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poetic realism that you will see
+brilliantly embodied in the film you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly embodied in the film you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly embodied in the film you're
+going to watch tonight Grand Illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to watch tonight Grand Illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to watch tonight Grand Illusion
+because I want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to set
+up as a candidate for their admiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a candidate for their admiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a candidate for their admiration
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+alternative to Wall Street an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to Wall Street an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to Wall Street an
+alternative to entrepreneurial genius I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to entrepreneurial genius I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative to entrepreneurial genius I
+admire Jean renoir's genius or Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admire Jean renoir's genius or Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admire Jean renoir's genius or Orson
+wells's genius or James Joyce's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells's genius or James Joyce's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wells's genius or James Joyce's
+genius univers is more than I invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius univers is more than I invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius univers is more than I invite
+than I than I admire what entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I than I admire what entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I than I admire what entrepreneurs
+I respect what entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I respect what entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I respect what entrepreneurs
+do but I am in awe of what great artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I am in awe of what great artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I am in awe of what great artists
+do and and and of what great and of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and and of what great and of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and and of what great and of what
+great doctors do while we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great doctors do while we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great doctors do while we're on the
+subject I'm uneasy about the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I'm uneasy about the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I'm uneasy about the extent to
+which even in within mit's culture we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even in within mit's culture we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even in within mit's culture we've
+become so preoccupied by what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so preoccupied by what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so preoccupied by what we might
+call commercial or financial success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call commercial or financial success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call commercial or financial success
+instead of the kind of lasting success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the kind of lasting success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the kind of lasting success
+that great art or or the practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great art or or the practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great art or or the practice of
+medicine or the practice of nursing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine or the practice of nursing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine or the practice of nursing or
+dare I say it the practice of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare I say it the practice of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare I say it the practice of teaching
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+also embody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e4cURLXGjrM.txt b/e4cURLXGjrM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2a3035c2d17ecea7876a2324bb546004716be9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e4cURLXGjrM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about computing
+rather not computing but determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not computing but determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not computing but determining
+whether series converge or diverge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether series converge or diverge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether series converge or diverge and
+different tests for for that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests for for that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests for for that in
+particular you've learned the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you've learned the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you've learned the integral
+test so here are a couple of series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so here are a couple of series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so here are a couple of series that
+you haven't seen before the sum from N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen before the sum from N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen before the sum from N
+equals 2 to infinity 2 just so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 to infinity 2 just so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 to infinity 2 just so I don't
+have any funny business here of dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any funny business here of dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any funny business here of dividing
+by 0 of 1 over N times log of N and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 0 of 1 over N times log of N and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 0 of 1 over N times log of N and a
+second series sum from N equals 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second series sum from N equals 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second series sum from N equals 2 to
+infinity of 1 over N times log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of 1 over N times log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of 1 over N times log of n
+quantity squared so the question is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared so the question is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared so the question is do
+these series converge or diverge why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these series converge or diverge why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these series converge or diverge why
+don't you pause the video take some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video take some time
+to work on this question come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on this question come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on this question come back and
+we can work on it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back before you left I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back before you left I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back before you left I gave you
+a little hint that these might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hint that these might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hint that these might be
+questions that are amenable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are amenable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are amenable to the
+integral test one thing we can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral test one thing we can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral test one thing we can do you
+know if you if I hadn't given you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if I hadn't given you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you if I hadn't given you that
+hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint
+how could you figure this out well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you figure this out well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you figure this out well you
+can look at these integrands and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at these integrands and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at these integrands and and
+that they're don't really look a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're don't really look a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're don't really look a lot
+like anything you see before but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything you see before but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything you see before but the
+Associated functions right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated functions right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated functions right so this is
+the Associated functions 1 over X log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Associated functions 1 over X log X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Associated functions 1 over X log X
+this this continuous function is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this continuous function is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this continuous function is is a
+function that we we have you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we we have you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we we have you know it
+looks sort of like some some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks sort of like some some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks sort of like some some things that
+we've integrated before so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've integrated before so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've integrated before so that's one
+hint for the integral test another hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint for the integral test another hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint for the integral test another hint
+for the integral test is you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integral test is you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integral test is you just don't
+know very many tests right right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very many tests right right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very many tests right right now so
+so so it's kind of a small selection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's kind of a small selection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's kind of a small selection of
+options another thing is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options another thing is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options another thing is that you know
+it's this not going to be a nice series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this not going to be a nice series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this not going to be a nice series
+it's not gonna have a nice numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna have a nice numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna have a nice numerical
+value this log and thing is behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this log and thing is behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this log and thing is behaving
+badly you're not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly you're not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly you're not going to be able to
+compute value exact values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute value exact values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute value exact values of the
+partial sums any nicer than then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums any nicer than then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums any nicer than then they
+look just by writing down that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just by writing down that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just by writing down that sum
+okay so so after we've got the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so after we've got the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so after we've got the the idea
+of the integral that's how we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral that's how we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral that's how we get the
+idea for the integral test now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for the integral test now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for the integral test now that
+we've got the idea for the integral test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the idea for the integral test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the idea for the integral test
+what do we do well we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we know that this
+series converges if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series converges if and only if the
+Associated definite integral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated definite integral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated definite integral the
+Associated improper definite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated improper definite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated improper definite integral
+converges so so let's do the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so so let's do the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so so let's do the first one
+first what's the integral associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's the integral associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what's the integral associated
+with it well we take the integrand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it well we take the integrand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it well we take the integrand and
+we you know we frequently we replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we frequently we replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we frequently we replace the
+variable n with the variable X although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable n with the variable X although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable n with the variable X although
+that doesn't really matter and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really matter and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really matter and so what
+we do is we we look at the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we we look at the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we we look at the integral of
+this integrand over the same region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integrand over the same region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integrand over the same region so
+so in this case from two to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case from two to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case from two to infinity and
+so what we know is that this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we know is that this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we know is that this sum
+converges if and only if this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if and only if this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if and only if this integral
+does so then the reason this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so then the reason this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so then the reason this is a nice
+thing to do is that often there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is that often there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is that often there are
+integrals that are easy to compute well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are easy to compute well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are easy to compute well
+The Associated series are hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated series are hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated series are hard to
+compute so in this case this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so in this case this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so in this case this is an
+integral that we have tools to know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have tools to know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have tools to know to
+compute with and in particular the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with and in particular the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with and in particular the the
+tool that we have is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that we have is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool that we have is that there's a
+there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simple
+little substitution that will work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little substitution that will work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little substitution that will work on
+this series so that's the substitution u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series so that's the substitution u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series so that's the substitution u
+equals log X so we make the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log X so we make the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log X so we make the substitution
+u equals Ln of X then D U is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals Ln of X then D U is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals Ln of X then D U is equal to 1
+over x times DX so this is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x times DX so this is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x times DX so this is the integral
+of so 1 over X DX that's D U and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so 1 over X DX that's D U and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so 1 over X DX that's D U and so it's
+1 over u du u this was a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over u du u this was a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over u du u this was a definite
+integral so I also need to change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I also need to change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I also need to change my
+bounds so when X is 2 U is Ln of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so when X is 2 U is Ln of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so when X is 2 U is Ln of 2
+although the lower bound doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the lower bound doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the lower bound doesn't really
+matter very much when we do the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter very much when we do the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter very much when we do the integral
+test because you know if you change it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because you know if you change it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because you know if you change it a
+little bit that's not going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's not going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's not going to change
+the the you know as long as you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know as long as you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know as long as you don't
+move it across a place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it across a place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it across a place where the
+function explodes all the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function explodes all the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function explodes all the interesting
+stuff is whether the function is big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is whether the function is big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is whether the function is big as
+it goes to infinity so if you move it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to infinity so if you move it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to infinity so if you move it a
+little rounded at the bottom you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rounded at the bottom you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rounded at the bottom you'll
+change its it's numerical value but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its it's numerical value but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its it's numerical value but you
+won't change whether it converges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change whether it converges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change whether it converges or
+diverges but in any case it's eleanor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges but in any case it's eleanor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges but in any case it's eleanor to
+and then when X goes to infinity Ln of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when X goes to infinity Ln of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when X goes to infinity Ln of X
+goes to infinity so the upper bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so the upper bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so the upper bound is
+also u equals infinity now this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also u equals infinity now this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also u equals infinity now this is an
+easy integral this is just Ln of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between well Ln two which again really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between well Ln two which again really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between well Ln two which again really
+doesn't matter and infinity and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and infinity and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and infinity and we see
+that at the upper bound we get Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the upper bound we get Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the upper bound we get Ln of
+infinity which is infinity so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity which is infinity so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity which is infinity so so this
+thing is infinity so our original series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we've applied the integral test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've applied the integral test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've applied the integral test
+here and we found that our series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we found that our series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we found that our series
+diverges what about this second one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges what about this second one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges what about this second one well
+here we can again apply the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can again apply the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can again apply the integral
+test it's a similar-looking integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it's a similar-looking integrand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it's a similar-looking integrand
+and in fact so so we get so the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact so so we get so the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact so so we get so the integral
+that we want to look at is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to look at is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to look at is the integral
+from 2 to infinity of 1 over x times log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to infinity of 1 over x times log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to infinity of 1 over x times log
+of x squared DX and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared DX and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared DX and the same
+substitution is going to work here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is going to work here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is going to work here so
+we're going to use the substitution u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the substitution u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the substitution u
+equals Ln X D u equals 1 over x times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Ln X D u equals 1 over x times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Ln X D u equals 1 over x times DX
+and the bounds are going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounds are going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounds are going to be the same
+when two to infinity okay but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two to infinity okay but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two to infinity okay but what
+happens when we make this substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we make this substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we make this substitution
+well the 1 over X DX is still the d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 1 over X DX is still the d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 1 over X DX is still the d u
+but then here this time we have 1 over u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then here this time we have 1 over u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then here this time we have 1 over u
+squared right because we've got an Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right because we've got an Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared right because we've got an Ln of
+x squared and use Ln X so okay so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared and use Ln X so okay so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared and use Ln X so okay so we get
+1 over u squared so again this is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over u squared so again this is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over u squared so again this is easy
+to integrate so this is 1 over u squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate so this is 1 over u squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate so this is 1 over u squared
+so that's going to be minus 1 over u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be minus 1 over u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be minus 1 over u
+when we integrate it between Ln 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate it between Ln 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrate it between Ln 2 and
+infinity ok so we take the two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity ok so we take the two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity ok so we take the two values
+here as u goes to infinity minus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as u goes to infinity minus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as u goes to infinity minus 1 over
+u goes to 0 so this is 0 minus and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to 0 so this is 0 minus and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u goes to 0 so this is 0 minus and now
+with the lower bound it's minus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lower bound it's minus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lower bound it's minus 1 over
+Ln 2 and this is just Ln 2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln 2 and this is just Ln 2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln 2 and this is just Ln 2 so this
+integral converges to a nice finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral converges to a nice finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral converges to a nice finite
+value Ln of 2 so that means the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Ln of 2 so that means the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Ln of 2 so that means the sum
+converges as well all right and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as well all right and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as well all right and in fact
+if you if you go back and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you go back and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you go back and look at the
+lecture video you'll see that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture video you'll see that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture video you'll see that you can
+actually bound the value of the sum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bound the value of the sum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bound the value of the sum in
+terms of this value Ln of 2 the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this value Ln of 2 the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this value Ln of 2 the value of
+the integral and the first first terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and the first first terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and the first first terms
+of the sum I realize that I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum I realize that I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum I realize that I should have
+said one thing at the beginning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one thing at the beginning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one thing at the beginning which is
+that we didn't check that the hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't check that the hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't check that the hypotheses
+of the integral test are valid here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral test are valid here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral test are valid here so
+remember that the integral test only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the integral test only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the integral test only
+applies if this function that you use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if this function that you use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies if this function that you use is
+a is a decreasing positive function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a decreasing positive function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a decreasing positive function on
+the interval in question and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval in question and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval in question and I didn't
+actually check those conditions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check those conditions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check those conditions they're
+easy to see in this case right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see in this case right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see in this case right because
+for n bigger than 2 n is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n bigger than 2 n is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n bigger than 2 n is positive and
+increasing and log n is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and log n is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and log n is positive and
+increasing so the product is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so the product is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing so the product is positive
+and increasing so there the one over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increasing so there the one over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increasing so there the one over it
+is is positive and decreasing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is positive and decreasing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is positive and decreasing so it's
+easy to check in this case that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to check in this case that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to check in this case that that the
+the conditions of the integral test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of the integral test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of the integral test
+apply in the in the you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in the in the you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply in the in the you know when you're
+doing this out in the real world if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this out in the real world if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this out in the real world if you
+if you ever want to apply the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever want to apply the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever want to apply the integral
+test that's something you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's something you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that's something you should you
+should check yourself before you you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check yourself before you you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check yourself before you you go
+and go and apply it to anything make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and apply it to anything make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and apply it to anything make
+sure that you really have a function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you really have a function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you really have a function to
+which it does apply but then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it does apply but then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it does apply but then once you
+once you have a function to which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a function to which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a function to which it
+does apply especially if it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does apply especially if it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does apply especially if it's a nice
+easy to integrate function like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to integrate function like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to integrate function like this you
+can easily apply it and in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily apply it and in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily apply it and in this case we
+apply to both directions we saw an inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to both directions we saw an inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to both directions we saw an inter
+where the integral diverges and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integral diverges and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the integral diverges and an
+integral where the integral converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral where the integral converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral where the integral converges
+and so the corresponding sums the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the corresponding sums the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the corresponding sums the first
+one will diverge and the second one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will diverge and the second one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will diverge and the second one will
+converge I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e_POJZfQZPg.txt b/e_POJZfQZPg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a8211102131be01f577e58ed5eae5aabf7cbe22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e_POJZfQZPg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Remember, a Scholar can feel the knowledge flowing through him.
+
+OCW
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/efH7pq9YVQw.txt b/efH7pq9YVQw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c0353af3f06388f869d0a783256bda2ac7b656c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/efH7pq9YVQw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+up until now we have been studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until now we have been studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until now we have been studying the
+motion of point-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of point-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of point-like
+objects in this module we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in this module we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in this module we are going to
+consider the motion of extended objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the motion of extended objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the motion of extended objects
+specifically objects that are rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically objects that are rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically objects that are rigid
+bodies by rigid we mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies by rigid we mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies by rigid we mean that the
+distance between any two points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any two points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any two points on the
+object always stays the same in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object always stays the same in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object always stays the same in other
+words the shape of a rigid body does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the shape of a rigid body does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the shape of a rigid body does not
+change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or
+deform there is a useful relation known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform there is a useful relation known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform there is a useful relation known
+as Shaw's theorem that states that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Shaw's theorem that states that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Shaw's theorem that states that the
+general arbitrarily complicated dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general arbitrarily complicated dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general arbitrarily complicated dis
+placement of a rigid body can be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of a rigid body can be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of a rigid body can be broken
+up into two parts first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into two parts first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into two parts first the
+translational motion of its Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion of its Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion of its Center of
+mass and second a pure rotation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and second a pure rotation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and second a pure rotation of the
+object about its Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object about its Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object about its Center of
+mass we already know how to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we already know how to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we already know how to analyze the
+center of mass translational motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass translational motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass translational motion
+through our study of point- like objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our study of point- like objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our study of point- like objects
+this week we will consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will consider the
+rotational motion of rigid bodies once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion of rigid bodies once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion of rigid bodies once
+again distinguishing between kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again distinguishing between kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again distinguishing between kinematics
+a geometric description of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric description of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric description of the motion
+and Dynamics the underlying cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dynamics the underlying cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dynamics the underlying cause of
+changes in the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the rotational
+motion on a microscopic level we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion on a microscopic level we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion on a microscopic level we can
+think of an extended rigid body as made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an extended rigid body as made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an extended rigid body as made
+up of a very large number of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of a very large number of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of a very large number of small
+point-like pieces all attached together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-like pieces all attached together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-like pieces all attached together
+for rotation about a fixed axis through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation about a fixed axis through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation about a fixed axis through
+the center of mass each little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass each little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass each little piece
+will move in a circle about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in a circle about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move in a circle about the
+rotational axis the radius of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational axis the radius of the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational axis the radius of the circle
+will vary depending upon where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary depending upon where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary depending upon where in the
+object that particular piece sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that particular piece sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that particular piece sits
+however because all of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because all of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because all of these small
+pieces are moving collectively as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are moving collectively as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces are moving collectively as part
+of a single rigid body they will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single rigid body they will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single rigid body they will all
+have the same angular velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same angular velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same angular velocity and
+angular acceleration at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration at any given
+instant this gives us a way to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant this gives us a way to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant this gives us a way to specify
+the kinematics or geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematics or geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematics or geometrical
+description of rotational motion using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of rotational motion using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of rotational motion using
+the vector quantities of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector quantities of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector quantities of angular
+velocity and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and angular
+acceleration we will also consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we will also consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we will also consider the
+Dynamics of rotational motion we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of rotational motion we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of rotational motion we will
+see that an applied external force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that an applied external force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that an applied external force is
+able to change the rotational motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change the rotational motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change the rotational motion of
+a rigid body depending upon exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body depending upon exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigid body depending upon exactly
+where on the body the force is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the body the force is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on the body the force is applied
+this leads directly to the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads directly to the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads directly to the concept of
+torque a vector quantity that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque a vector quantity that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque a vector quantity that represents
+a sort of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of rotational
+Force finally we will see that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force finally we will see that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force finally we will see that we can
+link the kinematics and dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the kinematics and dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link the kinematics and dynamics of
+rotational motion through a rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion through a rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational motion through a rotational
+equation of motion analogous to the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion analogous to the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion analogous to the role
+that Newton's Second Law plays for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Newton's Second Law plays for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Newton's Second Law plays for
+translational motion this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion this relation
+states that the angular acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the angular acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that the angular acceleration is
+proportional to the applied torque and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the applied torque and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the applied torque and
+also depends upon how the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends upon how the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends upon how the mass of the
+object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ezy8j24Uric.txt b/ezy8j24Uric.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87d7ae18b90276d42298603700d442e90eff2b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ezy8j24Uric.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point is that these events didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that these events didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that these events didn't
+end in the past right the issue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in the past right the issue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in the past right the issue is that
+these events that happened centuries ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events that happened centuries ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events that happened centuries ago
+decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago
+continue to live on today like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to live on today like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to live on today like their
+impacts continue to be felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts continue to be felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts continue to be felt
+today on chalk radio we're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio we're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio we're exploring
+transitional and reparative justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional and reparative justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional and reparative justice
+and how seeking expertise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how seeking expertise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how seeking expertise from
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+might lead to better understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to better understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might lead to better understanding
+the process of record of justice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of record of justice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of record of justice is
+about well how do we address that how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how do we address that how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how do we address that how do
+we address what is today and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address what is today and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we address what is today and how do we
+seek justice for what's happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek justice for what's happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek justice for what's happened in the
+past as it means towards addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past as it means towards addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past as it means towards addressing
+these challenges today and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges today and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges today and being able to
+move forward from them being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward from them being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward from them being able to
+move on to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to something else
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+my guest today is professor amaedo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guest today is professor amaedo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guest today is professor amaedo
+an assistant professor of anthropology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant professor of anthropology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant professor of anthropology
+and african studies at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and african studies at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and african studies at mit
+you may remember amma from her episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember amma from her episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember amma from her episode
+on chalk radio back in season one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chalk radio back in season one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chalk radio back in season one we're
+sitting down with her again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down with her again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down with her again
+this time to discuss her course called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to discuss her course called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to discuss her course called
+reparations for slavery and colonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations for slavery and colonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations for slavery and colonization
+contemporary movements for justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary movements for justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary movements for justice
+the inspiration for the course came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiration for the course came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiration for the course came in
+part from the black lives matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the black lives matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part from the black lives matter
+protests that took place around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests that took place around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests that took place around the
+world in 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in 2020
+what was expressed during these protests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was expressed during these protests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was expressed during these protests
+whether in the u.s or in europe where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the u.s or in europe where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether in the u.s or in europe where i
+have a lot of friends and collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of friends and collaborators
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of friends and collaborators
+and so i was kind of hearing echoes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i was kind of hearing echoes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i was kind of hearing echoes from
+both sides of the atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the atlantic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the atlantic
+was kind of a framing of contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a framing of contemporary
+racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+injustice racial discrimination racism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injustice racial discrimination racism
+as a legacy of slavery and colonialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a legacy of slavery and colonialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a legacy of slavery and colonialism
+right and so thinking about police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so thinking about police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so thinking about police
+violence but also thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence but also thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence but also thinking about
+housing discrimination and also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing discrimination and also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing discrimination and also thinking
+about the collections that are held in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the collections that are held in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the collections that are held in
+european or american museums thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european or american museums thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european or american museums thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so many aspects of our lives today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many aspects of our lives today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many aspects of our lives today and
+recognizing that so many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that so many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that so many of the
+disparities and the injustices that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities and the injustices that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities and the injustices that were
+brought to the surface through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the surface through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the surface through these
+protests right and that we're surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests right and that we're surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests right and that we're surrounded
+by at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at all times
+have a historical origin this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a historical origin this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a historical origin this is what
+was so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so powerful
+in these protests around the world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these protests around the world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these protests around the world was
+that they were saying there's no dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were saying there's no dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were saying there's no dealing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+what we recognize is a problem today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we recognize is a problem today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we recognize is a problem today
+without dealing or talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without dealing or talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without dealing or talking about what
+happened in the past right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past right and so
+this class was meant to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was meant to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was meant to take that
+seriously and to say well how what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and to say well how what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and to say well how what are
+the models for that because reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models for that because reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models for that because reparations
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+and continues to be an incendiary topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continues to be an incendiary topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continues to be an incendiary topic
+is still seen as somewhat controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still seen as somewhat controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still seen as somewhat controversial
+and i think part of that stems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think part of that stems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think part of that stems from
+partial understanding about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial understanding about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial understanding about what is
+meant by reparations and kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by reparations and kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by reparations and kind of a
+knee-jerk reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reaction to
+to the idea of what reparations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of what reparations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea of what reparations is
+if you've been on any social media site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been on any social media site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been on any social media site
+recently ama's statement likely feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently ama's statement likely feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently ama's statement likely feels
+true to you there do seem to be strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to you there do seem to be strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to you there do seem to be strong
+reactions to the idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to the idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to the idea of what
+reparations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations are
+i asked amma how she defines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked amma how she defines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked amma how she defines or
+conceptualizes reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizes reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizes reparations
+it's about establishing the record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about establishing the record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about establishing the record the
+historical record or redressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record or redressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record or redressing the
+historical record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record
+so that the harms that have been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the harms that have been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the harms that have been done
+can be named and then thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be named and then thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be named and then thinking about
+well what does what my justice look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does what my justice look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does what my justice look like
+this one thing to learn from events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing to learn from events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one thing to learn from events that
+have happened in the past it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened in the past it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened in the past it's another
+to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to
+learn from what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from what's happening in the
+moment and put that in conversation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and put that in conversation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and put that in conversation of
+course with what's happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with what's happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with what's happened in the past
+but to to document to learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to to document to learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to to document to learn and
+interrogate what's happening as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate what's happening as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate what's happening as it's
+happening was super exciting and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was super exciting and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was super exciting and it was
+the prospect of engaging students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospect of engaging students in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospect of engaging students in
+that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+to me was really really powerful as an
+
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+to me was really really powerful as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me was really really powerful as an
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+ama's interest in justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ama's interest in justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ama's interest in justice and
+anthropology is something that stems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology is something that stems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology is something that stems
+from her past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her past
+she shared how growing up across western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shared how growing up across western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shared how growing up across western
+and southern africa and the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and southern africa and the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and southern africa and the united
+states shaped her understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states shaped her understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states shaped her understanding of what
+it means to be black and african in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be black and african in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be black and african in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+so i was born in the u.s my parents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was born in the u.s my parents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was born in the u.s my parents were
+in graduate school in the u.s from togo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school in the u.s from togo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graduate school in the u.s from togo
+and so i had an american passport from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i had an american passport from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i had an american passport from
+birth and i was the only one in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and i was the only one in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and i was the only one in my
+family to have an american passport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family to have an american passport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family to have an american passport and
+among my friends you know we're in togo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among my friends you know we're in togo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among my friends you know we're in togo
+and i remember you know as young as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember you know as young as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember you know as young as i
+don't know five or six feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know five or six feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know five or six feeling that
+having this american passport was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this american passport was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this american passport was really
+special and that somehow it made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and that somehow it made me
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and that somehow it made me
+better quote unquote it doesn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better quote unquote it doesn't feel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+better quote unquote it doesn't feel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of it i felt like somehow especially
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+of it i felt like somehow especially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it i felt like somehow especially
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+ align:start position:0%
+because i had this american passport
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i had this american passport
+why does a six-year-old have that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a six-year-old have that kind
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does a six-year-old have that kind
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+
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+
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+
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+realized was happening in europe and all
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+
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+realized was happening in europe and all
+these other places and the goal and that
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+these other places and the goal and that
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+
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+these other places and the goal and that
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+the idea was always to leave
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was always to leave
+you know and then race comes into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then race comes into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then race comes into it
+when i started paying attention to skin
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+when i started paying attention to skin
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i started paying attention to skin
+bleaching or even this hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching or even this hair
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching or even this hair
+straightening these were things that i
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+ align:start position:0%
+straightening these were things that i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightening these were things that i
+was noticing in my environment whether
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+was noticing in my environment whether
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+in togo it was congolese music videos we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in togo it was congolese music videos we
+we listened to a lot of music from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listened to a lot of music from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listened to a lot of music from the
+congo at the time and so you i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congo at the time and so you i started
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+congo at the time and so you i started
+noticing there was a moment where you'd
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+ align:start position:0%
+noticing there was a moment where you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing there was a moment where you'd
+start noticing men and women who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start noticing men and women who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start noticing men and women who
+bleached their skin and so you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleached their skin and so you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleached their skin and so you could see
+the signs and then this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and then this question about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs and then this question about
+why why is that a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is that a thing
+and after college i was in zambia for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after college i was in zambia for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after college i was in zambia for a
+few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years and
+one day i tried to actually make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day i tried to actually make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day i tried to actually make an
+experiment of it and i was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of it and i was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of it and i was on the
+minibus and i was looking out the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minibus and i was looking out the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minibus and i was looking out the window
+and i was like let me count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was like let me count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was like let me count how many
+women that i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that i see
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+women that i see
+actually skin bleach or have evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually skin bleach or have evidence of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually skin bleach or have evidence of
+skin bleaching and it was three out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin bleaching and it was three out of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin bleaching and it was three out of
+four you know just during this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know just during this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know just during this little
+ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride
+so you know this question about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this question about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this question about what
+does lighter skin mean why do people put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does lighter skin mean why do people put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does lighter skin mean why do people put
+themselves through this given you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves through this given you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves through this given you know
+the health effects and so on questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health effects and so on questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health effects and so on questions
+about skin color about race about one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about skin color about race about one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about skin color about race about one's
+place in the world all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the world all these things are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the world all these things are
+part of for me the question of
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+ align:start position:0%
+part of for me the question of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of for me the question of
+africanness in the world
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+ align:start position:0%
+africanness in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africanness in the world
+alma understands that students too bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alma understands that students too bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alma understands that students too bring
+their personal histories into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal histories into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their personal histories into the
+classroom
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+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+she tries to create a space for sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tries to create a space for sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tries to create a space for sharing
+perspectives and honoring individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and honoring individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and honoring individual
+experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences
+and when discussing concepts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when discussing concepts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when discussing concepts like
+reparations it becomes all the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations it becomes all the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations it becomes all the more
+important to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to do this
+i think it's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's really about
+opening up space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up space for
+for sharing for conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sharing for conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sharing for conversation and
+honoring all the participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring all the participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honoring all the participants
+contributions right and showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions right and showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions right and showing that
+we're we're building this thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're building this thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're building this thing together
+as we go and learning together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go and learning together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go and learning together
+one thing that's evolved for me over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's evolved for me over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's evolved for me over the
+course of the semester even was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester even was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester even was just
+trying to shift from talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift from talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift from talking about
+reparations to talking about repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations to talking about repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations to talking about repetitive
+justice i think there are associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice i think there are associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice i think there are associations
+that are made with the word reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made with the word reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are made with the word reparations
+and that can prompt knee-jerk reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can prompt knee-jerk reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can prompt knee-jerk reactions
+i think that emphasizing the justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that emphasizing the justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that emphasizing the justice
+side of it and the perceptual side of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it and the perceptual side of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it and the perceptual side of it
+by saying repetitive justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying repetitive justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying repetitive justice
+opens up a little bit of space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up a little bit of space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up a little bit of space but
+reparations or report of justice i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations or report of justice i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations or report of justice i think
+can be or should be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be or should be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be or should be part of a
+transitional justice mechanism which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice mechanism which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional justice mechanism which is
+really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just
+meant to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to address
+widespread or large-scale human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread or large-scale human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread or large-scale human rights
+violations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations
+reproductive justice might be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive justice might be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive justice might be one of the
+many things that go into seeking justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that go into seeking justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things that go into seeking justice
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+abuses of violations that happen at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuses of violations that happen at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuses of violations that happen at a
+large scale where you can't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale where you can't deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale where you can't deal with
+the harms that were done to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harms that were done to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harms that were done to people
+individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+while material compensation is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while material compensation is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while material compensation is one of
+the most common examples of reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common examples of reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common examples of reparations
+explained that reparative justice isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that reparative justice isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that reparative justice isn't
+just limited to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just limited to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just limited to that
+things such as amending our historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as amending our historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as amending our historical
+records and honoring the people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and honoring the people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and honoring the people who've
+been disenfranchised by colonization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been disenfranchised by colonization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been disenfranchised by colonization and
+racial inequity are just as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial inequity are just as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial inequity are just as important
+you can have material reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have material reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have material reparations
+in the form of money or land or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of money or land or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form of money or land or other
+forms of resources and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of resources and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of resources and then also
+symbolic reparations that are part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic reparations that are part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic reparations that are part of
+ideally part of a healing process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally part of a healing process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally part of a healing process a
+process of acknowledging that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of acknowledging that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of acknowledging that these
+harms were made that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms were made that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms were made that they had
+significant impacts and that moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impacts and that moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impacts and that moving
+forward requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward requires
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+addressing what's happened in past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing what's happened in past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing what's happened in past
+because oftentimes this is a critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oftentimes this is a critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oftentimes this is a critique
+that's brought forward well why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's brought forward well why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's brought forward well why do you
+want to reopen old wounds this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reopen old wounds this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reopen old wounds this is just
+going to stoke tension it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stoke tension it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stoke tension it's going to
+still conflict this is only going you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still conflict this is only going you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still conflict this is only going you
+know just it happened a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just it happened a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just it happened a long time ago
+people today are not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people today are not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people today are not responsible for
+what was done centuries ago et cetera et
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was done centuries ago et cetera et
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was done centuries ago et cetera et
+cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera
+but the point is that these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that these events
+didn't end in the past right the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't end in the past right the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't end in the past right the issue
+is that these events that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these events that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these events that happened
+centuries ago decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago decades ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago decades ago
+continue to live on today like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to live on today like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to live on today like their
+impacts continue to be felt whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts continue to be felt whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts continue to be felt whether it's
+at the level of individual bodies or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of individual bodies or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of individual bodies or if
+it's at the level of societies or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the level of societies or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the level of societies or in the
+landscape in the literal land right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape in the literal land right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape in the literal land right the
+legacies of colonialism in various parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacies of colonialism in various parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacies of colonialism in various parts
+of the world is held in the actual land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world is held in the actual land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world is held in the actual land
+are held in people's bodies physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held in people's bodies physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held in people's bodies physically
+psychologically not to mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically not to mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically not to mention the
+structural disadvantage that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural disadvantage that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural disadvantage that the
+descendants of of enslaved people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of of enslaved people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of of enslaved people or
+formerly colonized people continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly colonized people continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly colonized people continue to
+face so these issues are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so these issues are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so these issues are not
+past there's nothing that's passed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past there's nothing that's passed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past there's nothing that's passed about
+them they're very much on the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're very much on the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're very much on the present
+tense and so the process of record of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense and so the process of record of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense and so the process of record of
+justice is about well how do we address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is about well how do we address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is about well how do we address
+that how do we address what is today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do we address what is today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do we address what is today and
+how do we seek justice for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we seek justice for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we seek justice for what's
+happened in the past as it means towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past as it means towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past as it means towards
+addressing these challenges today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing these challenges today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing these challenges today and
+being able to move forward from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to move forward from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to move forward from them
+being able to move on to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to move on to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to move on to something else
+that's where the transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the transitional justice
+angle or kind of frame comes in or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle or kind of frame comes in or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle or kind of frame comes in or the
+language let's say right like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language let's say right like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language let's say right like if we
+think about this as a transition towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a transition towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a transition towards
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+repetitive justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive justice
+needs to be part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the main assignments students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main assignments students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main assignments students
+work on in the course is creating a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on in the course is creating a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on in the course is creating a case
+study documenting what it takes to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study documenting what it takes to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study documenting what it takes to work
+towards reparative justice and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards reparative justice and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards reparative justice and what
+challenges arise along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges arise along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges arise along the way
+by compiling these studies ama is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by compiling these studies ama is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by compiling these studies ama is
+building up an archive within her lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up an archive within her lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up an archive within her lab
+the african futures action lab which she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the african futures action lab which she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the african futures action lab which she
+co-founded with her colleague liliane o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founded with her colleague liliane o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founded with her colleague liliane o
+mubie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mubie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mubie
+the goal of the lab is to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the lab is to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of the lab is to support
+unfolding movements for reparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding movements for reparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding movements for reparative
+justice across europe africa and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice across europe africa and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice across europe africa and the
+americas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americas
+amis course seeks to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amis course seeks to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amis course seeks to combine the
+expertise of different activist groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of different activist groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of different activist groups
+one from algeria and one in belgium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from algeria and one in belgium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from algeria and one in belgium with
+those of guest speakers by bringing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of guest speakers by bringing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of guest speakers by bringing them
+together for discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for discussions
+these dialogues are shared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dialogues are shared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dialogues are shared in the
+classroom where students can discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom where students can discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom where students can discuss
+them and apply them to their case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and apply them to their case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and apply them to their case
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+essentially the model for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the model for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the model for the class
+comes from the afa lab the african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the afa lab the african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the afa lab the african
+futures action lab kind of what's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures action lab kind of what's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures action lab kind of what's at the
+core of our mission which is to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of our mission which is to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of our mission which is to bring
+together different or to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together different or to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together different or to connect
+different forms of expertise around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of expertise around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of expertise around
+these questions right recognizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions right recognizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions right recognizing that
+you have all these people who hold a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these people who hold a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these people who hold a lot
+of knowledge and expertise relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and expertise relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and expertise relevant to
+these struggles for justice and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these struggles for justice and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these struggles for justice and for
+racial justice and reproductive justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial justice and reproductive justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial justice and reproductive justice
+but who are necessarily in conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are necessarily in conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who are necessarily in conversation
+with one another so how do we facilitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another so how do we facilitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another so how do we facilitate
+these exchanges right and so bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchanges right and so bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchanges right and so bringing
+that in conversation with the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in conversation with the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in conversation with the classroom
+and saying how can we not only bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying how can we not only bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying how can we not only bring
+these different folks in conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different folks in conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different folks in conversation
+with one another but how can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another but how can we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another but how can we have
+that be part of the learning experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be part of the learning experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be part of the learning experience
+for students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for students
+in the case of the algeria group it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the algeria group it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the algeria group it was
+made up of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of three
+scholars and activists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars and activists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars and activists who
+are algerian they approached us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algerian they approached us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algerian they approached us because
+they were interested in exploring what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in exploring what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in exploring what
+had been done the kinds of claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been done the kinds of claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been done the kinds of claims that
+had been brought against the french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been brought against the french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been brought against the french
+state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for
+colonial violence broadly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial violence broadly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial violence broadly and then
+specifically also for nuclear tests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically also for nuclear tests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically also for nuclear tests that
+were conducted in algeria in the sahara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conducted in algeria in the sahara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conducted in algeria in the sahara
+after independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after independence
+the second group was already organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second group was already organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second group was already organized
+as a civil society organization so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a civil society organization so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a civil society organization so it
+was a collective of afro-descended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a collective of afro-descended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a collective of afro-descended
+belgian people that was formed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belgian people that was formed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belgian people that was formed in
+response to a commission that was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a commission that was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a commission that was set up
+by the belgian state this summer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the belgian state this summer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the belgian state this summer to
+examine belgium's colonial past in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine belgium's colonial past in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine belgium's colonial past in the
+congo burundi in rwanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congo burundi in rwanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congo burundi in rwanda
+one of the speakers that we brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the speakers that we brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the speakers that we brought in
+was anna moyo kupeta who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anna moyo kupeta who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was anna moyo kupeta who is the
+executive director of the center for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director of the center for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director of the center for the
+study of violence and reconciliation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of violence and reconciliation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of violence and reconciliation in
+south africa and she's a transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south africa and she's a transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south africa and she's a transitional
+justice expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice expert
+and a lawyer and long-time activist she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lawyer and long-time activist she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lawyer and long-time activist she
+came in to speak with the belgian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in to speak with the belgian group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in to speak with the belgian group
+in particular about how civil society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular about how civil society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular about how civil society
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+hold accountable the state commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold accountable the state commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold accountable the state commission
+right the role that the civil society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the role that the civil society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the role that the civil society
+can play in transitional justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play in transitional justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play in transitional justice
+processes and it was a super interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and it was a super interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and it was a super interesting
+conversation a bit intimidating i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation a bit intimidating i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation a bit intimidating i think
+in the sense that she really laid out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that she really laid out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that she really laid out to
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+how this is work that unfolds over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is work that unfolds over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is work that unfolds over the
+course of years right like the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of years right like the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of years right like the kind of
+the lobbying and the advocacy work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lobbying and the advocacy work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lobbying and the advocacy work and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sentinel work that civil society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentinel work that civil society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentinel work that civil society
+organizations have to do to hold state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have to do to hold state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have to do to hold state
+entities accountable and so it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities accountable and so it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities accountable and so it made it
+really concrete for the group that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concrete for the group that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concrete for the group that could
+then say okay what are we able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say okay what are we able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say okay what are we able to do
+given the time and the resources that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time and the resources that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the time and the resources that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+it was really important for us to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really important for us to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really important for us to have
+throughout this process have voices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process have voices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process have voices that
+are coming from different directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from different directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from different directions so
+to have an expert from south africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an expert from south africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an expert from south africa
+inform the process in belgium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the process in belgium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the process in belgium for
+instance was really important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance was really important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance was really important to us
+right because again you know it was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because again you know it was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because again you know it was we
+think about the many layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the many layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the many layers of
+intervention at this course this or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention at this course this or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention at this course this or the
+work that we're doing with the lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we're doing with the lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we're doing with the lab is
+meant to do to accomplish it's also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to do to accomplish it's also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to do to accomplish it's also to
+highlight the fact that expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that expertise
+resides everywhere and it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides everywhere and it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides everywhere and it's not just a
+north-south kind of direction for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north-south kind of direction for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north-south kind of direction for the
+transfer of knowledge information but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of knowledge information but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of knowledge information but
+you know south south south north all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know south south south north all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know south south south north all of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+expertise resides everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise resides everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise resides everywhere
+that's a powerful idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a powerful idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a powerful idea
+and it's one that shaped how ama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one that shaped how ama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one that shaped how ama
+designed the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed the course
+as part of the course she shared guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the course she shared guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the course she shared guest
+speakers videos on the mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers videos on the mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers videos on the mit open
+courseware youtube channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware youtube channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware youtube channel
+she invited learners from around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she invited learners from around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she invited learners from around the
+world to share their expertise questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to share their expertise questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to share their expertise questions
+and perspectives in the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perspectives in the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perspectives in the comments
+the idea was that these comments could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that these comments could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that these comments could
+then be brought back into the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be brought back into the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be brought back into the classroom
+and then we could in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could in the classroom
+engage them and sort of be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them and sort of be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage them and sort of be in
+conversation with those comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with those comments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with those comments and
+then that i could then bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that i could then bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that i could then bring it back
+how did it actually unfold so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it actually unfold so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it actually unfold so there were
+a lot of comments that that felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of comments that that felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of comments that that felt like
+knee-jerk reactions to reparations being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reactions to reparations being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reactions to reparations being
+in the title rather than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the title rather than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the title rather than the actual
+content of the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the videos
+that was different from what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was different from what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was different from what we had
+envisioned and so i think we had less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioned and so i think we had less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioned and so i think we had less
+material to work with in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to work with in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to work with in terms of the
+comments of the videos that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments of the videos that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments of the videos that could be
+brought into the classroom than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into the classroom than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into the classroom than what we
+had imagined but still it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had imagined but still it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had imagined but still it was very
+interesting and generative to bring back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and generative to bring back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and generative to bring back
+the comments that we did get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments that we did get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments that we did get into the
+classroom we had some really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom we had some really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom we had some really nice
+discussions with students because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with students because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions with students because it
+reminded us again that these issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded us again that these issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded us again that these issues that
+we're dealing with in the class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with in the class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with in the class are
+unfolding live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding live
+amma later explained to me that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amma later explained to me that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amma later explained to me that in
+hindsight it might have been helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight it might have been helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight it might have been helpful to
+provide more connective tissue for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more connective tissue for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide more connective tissue for the
+youtube audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube audience
+after all students attending the mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all students attending the mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all students attending the mit
+class had access to readings and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class had access to readings and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class had access to readings and other
+course materials to provide context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials to provide context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials to provide context and
+to frame the discussion around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame the discussion around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame the discussion around
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+youtube learners didn't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube learners didn't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youtube learners didn't have those
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+to fix that amma is currently working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that amma is currently working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that amma is currently working on
+sharing all of her teaching materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing all of her teaching materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing all of her teaching materials
+from the course on our mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the course on our mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the course on our mit open
+courseware website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+i found ama's reflections interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found ama's reflections interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found ama's reflections interesting
+so i asked her to share three tips for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked her to share three tips for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked her to share three tips for
+other educators who might want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other educators who might want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other educators who might want to try
+opening their classrooms through public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening their classrooms through public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening their classrooms through public
+forums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i think having some degree of awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think having some degree of awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think having some degree of awareness
+of how your topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how your topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how your topic
+is seen or will land or kind of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen or will land or kind of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen or will land or kind of what it
+means out in the world by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means out in the world by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means out in the world by sort of
+remembering kind of what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering kind of what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering kind of what does this
+mean to people outside of that setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to people outside of that setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to people outside of that setting
+right because that has implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that has implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that has implications for
+the kinds of comments that you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of comments that you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of comments that you might get
+and therefore how you might frame you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore how you might frame you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore how you might frame you
+know how you share what you share how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you share what you share how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you share what you share how
+you respond and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you respond and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you respond and so on
+having a great team i think i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a great team i think i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a great team i think i think it's
+absolutely a team effort i think working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a team effort i think working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a team effort i think working
+with folks who are again back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folks who are again back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folks who are again back to the
+question of expertise right who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of expertise right who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of expertise right who are
+coming in with knowledge that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with knowledge that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with knowledge that we can't
+have all the knowledge in ourselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the knowledge in ourselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the knowledge in ourselves so
+you all brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all brought in
+knowledge about these educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about these educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about these educational
+platforms that open up onto the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that open up onto the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that open up onto the world
+and what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it takes to
+make that possible technically and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that possible technically and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that possible technically and also
+in terms of the the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the the nature of the
+engagement right what we can expect how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement right what we can expect how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement right what we can expect how
+to plan for that all that and all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for that all that and all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan for that all that and all of it
+really um having it be a team effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um having it be a team effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um having it be a team effort and
+taking stock ahead of time of the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking stock ahead of time of the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking stock ahead of time of the range
+of expertise that's needed to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expertise that's needed to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expertise that's needed to do this
+both technically content wise and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both technically content wise and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both technically content wise and and
+conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually
+and then the third tip i think it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third tip i think it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third tip i think it's not
+to be afraid to like to experiment i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be afraid to like to experiment i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be afraid to like to experiment i
+think you know we at the a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know we at the a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know we at the a few months
+ago were just like oh god how's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago were just like oh god how's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago were just like oh god how's this
+gonna work out right like we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work out right like we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work out right like we had the
+sense i think we all felt that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i think we all felt that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i think we all felt that this was
+a good idea and i still think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea and i still think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea and i still think it's a
+good idea and i really i really hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea and i really i really hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea and i really i really hope to
+see it like in the full-blown version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it like in the full-blown version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it like in the full-blown version of
+kind of the vision because i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the vision because i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the vision because i really
+still believe in the idea i still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still believe in the idea i still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still believe in the idea i still
+believe in the model i'm grateful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the model i'm grateful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the model i'm grateful to you
+all for your willingness also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for your willingness also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for your willingness also to
+experiment and i think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and i think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and i think that that's
+something that we were like all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we were like all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we were like all right
+let's just try it let's just try it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try it let's just try it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try it let's just try it and
+let's see what works and i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what works and i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what works and i think we
+really didn't manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't manage to
+nothing went massively wrong you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing went massively wrong you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing went massively wrong you know
+and actually and i think some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually and i think some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually and i think some things
+actually went a lot actually went right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went a lot actually went right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went a lot actually went right
+and i certainly learned a lot from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i certainly learned a lot from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i certainly learned a lot from it
+and i and you know seeing what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and you know seeing what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and you know seeing what my
+students produce at the end of it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students produce at the end of it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students produce at the end of it i
+think they got a lot from it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they got a lot from it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they got a lot from it the
+activists at the end were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists at the end were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists at the end were very
+grateful and like also inspired by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful and like also inspired by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful and like also inspired by the
+process so i think it was a success in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so i think it was a success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so i think it was a success in
+many ways so i think being willing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways so i think being willing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways so i think being willing to to
+take risks and to experiment and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take risks and to experiment and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take risks and to experiment and to
+recognize that it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's not going to be
+perfect at the first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect at the first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect at the first pass
+this is part of learning right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of learning right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of learning right it's
+about making mistakes and figuring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making mistakes and figuring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making mistakes and figuring it
+out as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you go
+so you can do it better next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do it better next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do it better next time
+this is a philosophy that amma is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a philosophy that amma is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a philosophy that amma is truly
+living out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living out
+she shared some things she hopes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shared some things she hopes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shared some things she hopes to
+learn from other educators to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from other educators to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from other educators to improve
+how teaching and learning unfold in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how teaching and learning unfold in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how teaching and learning unfold in her
+classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+i would love to learn more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would love to learn more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would love to learn more about how
+folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks
+talk about a topic that's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a topic that's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a topic that's considered
+controversial incendiary in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial incendiary in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial incendiary in a way that
+draws people in that both does justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws people in that both does justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws people in that both does justice
+to the seriousness of it and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the seriousness of it and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the seriousness of it and that's kind
+of uncompromising in the sense in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncompromising in the sense in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncompromising in the sense in terms
+of you know its sense of what needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know its sense of what needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know its sense of what needs to
+be done and the importance of it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and the importance of it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and the importance of it without
+being alienating right how do you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being alienating right how do you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being alienating right how do you draw
+folks in without compromising on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in without compromising on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in without compromising on the
+reality or kind of your sense of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality or kind of your sense of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality or kind of your sense of why
+this matters and what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters and what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matters and what it is
+how do you draw people in without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you draw people in without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you draw people in without
+compromising on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising on that
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+relatedly we can underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatedly we can underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatedly we can underestimate the
+challenges of talking or interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of talking or interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of talking or interacting
+across areas of practice and disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across areas of practice and disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across areas of practice and disciplines
+and and expertise like we don't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and expertise like we don't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and expertise like we don't we don't
+speak the same language we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the same language we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the same language we don't think
+in the same terms and so how folks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same terms and so how folks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same terms and so how folks have
+navigated that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigated that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigated that because
+building relationships takes time so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building relationships takes time so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building relationships takes time so how
+do you foster a space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foster a space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foster a space where
+folks can interact meaningfully when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks can interact meaningfully when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks can interact meaningfully when
+they don't have very much time to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have very much time to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have very much time to spend
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this idea of bringing people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of bringing people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of bringing people from
+different practices and disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different practices and disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different practices and disciplines
+together to find expertise everywhere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to find expertise everywhere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to find expertise everywhere is
+part of what makes professor edo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes professor edo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes professor edo's
+course so valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so valuable
+it creates a wealth of perspectives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates a wealth of perspectives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates a wealth of perspectives that
+are actively reshaping how we view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actively reshaping how we view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actively reshaping how we view the
+conversation on race justice and equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation on race justice and equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation on race justice and equity
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+if you're interested in adding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in adding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in adding your
+expertise or to learn from others you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise or to learn from others you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise or to learn from others you
+can find ama's videos on our mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find ama's videos on our mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find ama's videos on our mit open
+courseware youtube site you'll soon find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware youtube site you'll soon find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware youtube site you'll soon find
+her teaching materials on our mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her teaching materials on our mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her teaching materials on our mit
+opencourseware website as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware website as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware website as well
+you can find ama's lab online at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find ama's lab online at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find ama's lab online at
+www.africanfutures.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+sarah hansen from mit open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit open courseware
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+fred pache and dave lashansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fred pache and dave lashansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fred pache and dave lashansky
+our scriptwriters are nidhish astrid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scriptwriters are nidhish astrid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our scriptwriters are nidhish astrid and
+aubry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aubry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aubry
+show notes for this episode were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+by peter chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+and amaedo's course materials are shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amaedo's course materials are shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amaedo's course materials are shared
+on our ocw website by rhys jenkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our ocw website by rhys jenkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our ocw website by rhys jenkins
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+supporters like you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fZ0bbrbNq58.txt b/fZ0bbrbNq58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f26cef4d49fa80b8012f963edb37f549ff066a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fZ0bbrbNq58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen that the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that the binomial
+distribution plays an important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plays an important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plays an important role in
+the study of the Bernoulli process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the Bernoulli process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the Bernoulli process and
+the reason is that the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that the binomial
+distribution describes the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution describes the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution describes the number of
+arrivals during a fixed number of slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during a fixed number of slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during a fixed number of slots
+we will now develop an approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now develop an approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now develop an approximation to
+the binomial distribution that applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial distribution that applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial distribution that applies
+to one particular regime and that regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one particular regime and that regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one particular regime and that regime
+is when we have a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we have a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we have a very large number of
+slots but we have a small probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots but we have a small probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots but we have a small probability of
+success in each slot and this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in each slot and this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in each slot and this is in a
+way so that the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that the product of these two
+numbers which is the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is the expected number of
+successes is a moderate number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes is a moderate number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes is a moderate number one
+example for such a situation might arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for such a situation might arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for such a situation might arise
+is the following suppose you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following suppose you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following suppose you are
+interested in earthquakes in your city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in earthquakes in your city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in earthquakes in your city
+and you divide time into slots of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide time into slots of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide time into slots of one
+hour during each hour the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour during each hour the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour during each hour the probability of
+having a noticeable earthquake in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a noticeable earthquake in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a noticeable earthquake in your
+city will be a very small number on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city will be a very small number on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city will be a very small number on the
+other hand if you are interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you are interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you are interested in a
+time frame of five years there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame of five years there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frame of five years there's going
+to be many hours during that time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be many hours during that time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be many hours during that time frame
+so that n will be quite large but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that n will be quite large but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that n will be quite large but the
+expected number of earthquakes over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of earthquakes over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of earthquakes over a
+period of five years should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of five years should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of five years should be a
+moderate number and one can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate number and one can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate number and one can think of
+other situations where this regime might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where this regime might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where this regime might
+arise the one particular situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise the one particular situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise the one particular situation that
+would be very interesting for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very interesting for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very interesting for us is
+going to be when we try to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when we try to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when we try to take a
+continuous time approximation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time approximation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time approximation of the
+Bernoulli process by dividing time into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process by dividing time into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process by dividing time into
+very small slots so that we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small slots so that we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small slots so that we have many
+slots but a small probability of success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots but a small probability of success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots but a small probability of success
+during each one of those slots so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each one of those slots so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each one of those slots so to
+start let us look at the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let us look at the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let us look at the form of the
+binomial PMF and let us try to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial PMF and let us try to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial PMF and let us try to develop
+an approximation to this PMF when we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to this PMF when we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation to this PMF when we fix
+K to be a particular constant number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to be a particular constant number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to be a particular constant number and
+then take the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the limit as n goes to
+infinity and P goes to 0 but in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and P goes to 0 but in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and P goes to 0 but in a way
+that lambda remains constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda remains constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda remains constant
+and in particular because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular because of this
+relation here we will have P equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here we will have P equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here we will have P equal to
+lambda over N so let us take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over N so let us take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over N so let us take this
+expression and start rewriting it let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and start rewriting it let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and start rewriting it let us
+look at the ratio of n factorial divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ratio of n factorial divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ratio of n factorial divided
+by this the denominator has the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this the denominator has the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this the denominator has the product
+of all numbers going up to n minus K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all numbers going up to n minus K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all numbers going up to n minus K so
+by dividing by this number what is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dividing by this number what is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dividing by this number what is left
+out of the n factorial is only the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the n factorial is only the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the n factorial is only the terms
+that go up to n minus K plus 1 then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up to n minus K plus 1 then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up to n minus K plus 1 then we
+have in the denominator the factor of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the denominator the factor of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the denominator the factor of K
+factorial now P is equal to lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now P is equal to lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial now P is equal to lambda over
+N so this term becomes lambda to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so this term becomes lambda to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so this term becomes lambda to the K
+divided by n to the K and similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n to the K and similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n to the K and similarly for
+the last term we have 1 minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term we have 1 minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term we have 1 minus lambda
+over N to the power n minus K now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N to the power n minus K now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N to the power n minus K now let us
+rearrange terms here we have a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange terms here we have a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange terms here we have a product
+of K terms in the numerator here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K terms in the numerator here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K terms in the numerator here we have
+n multiplying itself K times so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n multiplying itself K times so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n multiplying itself K times so we can
+take a factor of n and place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a factor of n and place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a factor of n and place it
+underneath each one of those terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath each one of those terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath each one of those terms to
+obtain n over n times n minus 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain n over n times n minus 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain n over n times n minus 1 over N
+times we continue this way all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we continue this way all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we continue this way all the way
+to n minus K plus 1 divided by n take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus K plus 1 divided by n take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus K plus 1 divided by n take
+this term K factorial move it underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term K factorial move it underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term K factorial move it underneath
+the lambda to the K term and then let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda to the K term and then let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda to the K term and then let us
+split this last term into two pieces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this last term into two pieces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this last term into two pieces in
+this manner and now let us start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manner and now let us start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manner and now let us start taking
+limits as n goes to infinity the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits as n goes to infinity the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits as n goes to infinity the first
+term that we have here is equal to 1 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we have here is equal to 1 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we have here is equal to 1 how
+about the second term n divided by n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second term n divided by n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the second term n divided by n is
+equal to 1 1 over n go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 1 over n go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 1 over n go
+to 0 so this term also converges to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 so this term also converges to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 so this term also converges to 1
+and by a similar argument all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a similar argument all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by a similar argument all the terms
+in this product including this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this product including this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this product including this one
+converts to 1 the term lambda K over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to 1 the term lambda K over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to 1 the term lambda K over K
+factorial remains exactly as is and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial remains exactly as is and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial remains exactly as is and now
+let us look at this term this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at this term this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at this term this is
+probably familiar there is a basic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar there is a basic fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar there is a basic fact
+which tells us that if we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that if we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that if we take this
+expression and raise it to the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and raise it to the nth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and raise it to the nth power
+what we get is e to the minus lambda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is e to the minus lambda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is e to the minus lambda in
+the limit as n goes to infinity so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity so using
+this basic result this term becomes e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic result this term becomes e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic result this term becomes e to
+the minus lambda and finally let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus lambda and finally let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus lambda and finally let's look
+at the last term remember that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last term remember that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last term remember that K is
+fixed is a constant one minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is a constant one minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is a constant one minus lambda
+over N converges to 1 and when we raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N converges to 1 and when we raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N converges to 1 and when we raise
+that number to the K power we still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to the K power we still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to the K power we still get
+a 1 in the limit so the only terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 in the limit so the only terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 in the limit so the only terms that
+are left are here and essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left are here and essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left are here and essentially what
+we have just established is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just established is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just established is that in the
+limit the probability of K arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the probability of K arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the probability of K arrivals
+in a Bernoulli process or the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Bernoulli process or the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Bernoulli process or the binomial
+probability evaluated at K in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability evaluated at K in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability evaluated at K in the limit
+as n goes to infinity and P goes to 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity and P goes to 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity and P goes to 0 is
+given by this formula here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this formula here this is the
+formula for the Poisson PMF and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the Poisson PMF and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the Poisson PMF and so what
+we have established is that the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have established is that the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have established is that the binomial
+PMF converges to a Poisson PMF when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF converges to a Poisson PMF when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF converges to a Poisson PMF when we
+take the limit in this particular way
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fbE9xXfb0PA.txt b/fbE9xXfb0PA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dca8eb4ca687b1706e94ec6674a0ad1fa33c48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fbE9xXfb0PA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're speaking today with Eric Bernson a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're speaking today with Eric Bernson a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're speaking today with Eric Bernson a
+professor here at the MIT Sloan School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here at the MIT Sloan School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here at the MIT Sloan School
+of Management the director of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Management the director of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Management the director of the MIT
+initiative on the digital economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative on the digital economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative on the digital economy and
+co-author of a bestselling book uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author of a bestselling book uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author of a bestselling book uh the
+second Machine age a book that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Machine age a book that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Machine age a book that really
+has gotten the conversation going about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten the conversation going about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gotten the conversation going about
+how important today's digital economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important today's digital economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important today's digital economy is
+how the technologies that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the technologies that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the technologies that are coming
+along are going to have an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along are going to have an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along are going to have an enormous
+effect on the future of work so Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the future of work so Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the future of work so Eric
+thank you for joining us it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for joining us it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for joining us it's a real
+pleasure good let's get started why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure good let's get started why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure good let's get started why
+don't you tell us why you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell us why you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you tell us why you think the
+current technological wave of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technological wave of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technological wave of innovation
+is as important as the first Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as important as the first Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as important as the first Industrial
+Revolution with the steam engine and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution with the steam engine and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution with the steam engine and all
+the things that went with it well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that went with it well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that went with it well you
+know Technologies make a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Technologies make a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Technologies make a huge difference
+in the living stands of people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the living stands of people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the living stands of people for
+centuries living standards were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries living standards were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries living standards were
+essentially stagnant until James Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially stagnant until James Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially stagnant until James Watt
+and others developed a better steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others developed a better steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others developed a better steam
+engine and that the Industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and that the Industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and that the Industrial
+Revolution and and ever since then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution and and ever since then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution and and ever since then uh
+living STS have been growing about 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living STS have been growing about 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living STS have been growing about 2%
+per year which adds up to a lot what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year which adds up to a lot what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year which adds up to a lot what
+what that those Technologies really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that those Technologies really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that those Technologies really did
+was they augmented and automated a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they augmented and automated a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they augmented and automated a lot
+of muscle power from humans and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muscle power from humans and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muscle power from humans and and
+animals to machines what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to machines what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to machines what we're seeing
+now is that machines are beginning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that machines are beginning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that machines are beginning to be
+able to do the same thing for our brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the same thing for our brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the same thing for our brains
+and our minds we have computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our minds we have computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our minds we have computers and
+software and big data that are learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and big data that are learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and big data that are learning
+how to help us make decisions how tot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to help us make decisions how tot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to help us make decisions how tot
+extend our mental capacity and that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend our mental capacity and that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend our mental capacity and that's at
+least a profound as profound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a profound as profound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a profound as profound a
+difference as what the steam engine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference as what the steam engine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference as what the steam engine and
+the later the internal combustion engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later the internal combustion engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later the internal combustion engine
+and other Technologies did for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Technologies did for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other Technologies did for our
+muscles well that's uh it's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles well that's uh it's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles well that's uh it's very clear
+that technological changes like this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological changes like this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological changes like this are
+very good for the economy but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for the economy but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for the economy but they also
+affect work tell us a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect work tell us a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect work tell us a little bit about
+how Technologies affect work in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Technologies affect work in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Technologies affect work in what
+ways and positive ways and negative ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and positive ways and negative ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and positive ways and negative ways
+then we can go on from there sure well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can go on from there sure well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can go on from there sure well
+the big headline is the first one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big headline is the first one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big headline is the first one you
+mentioned that the pie is getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the pie is getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the pie is getting bigger
+and so let's we got to keep sight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's we got to keep sight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's we got to keep sight of
+that that basically these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basically these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basically these are
+technologies that create more abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that create more abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that create more abundance
+more wealth and there's more wealth now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealth and there's more wealth now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wealth and there's more wealth now
+than there ever has been in history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there ever has been in history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there ever has been in history and
+Global poverty is going down so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global poverty is going down so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global poverty is going down so that's
+the good news but the reality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news but the reality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news but the reality is that
+that there's no economic law that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no economic law that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no economic law that says
+that everyone's going to benefit evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone's going to benefit evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone's going to benefit evenly
+from this it's possible for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it's possible for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this it's possible for some people
+to be made worse off in fact there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made worse off in fact there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made worse off in fact there's no
+economic reason that you couldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reason that you couldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reason that you couldn't have a
+majority of people be made worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of people be made worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of people be made worse off
+even as other people get much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as other people get much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as other people get much much
+better through most of history there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better through most of history there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better through most of history there was
+a rising tide that lifted most boats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising tide that lifted most boats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising tide that lifted most boats
+almost all boats but in the past 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all boats but in the past 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all boats but in the past 20
+years or so uh there's been what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so uh there's been what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so uh there's been what we call
+it a decoupling where productivity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a decoupling where productivity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a decoupling where productivity has
+continued to grow GDP per capita has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow GDP per capita has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow GDP per capita has
+continued to grow but the median income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow but the median income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to grow but the median income
+the person the 50th percentile and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person the 50th percentile and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person the 50th percentile and those
+below it have seen their incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it have seen their incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it have seen their incomes
+stagnate or even fall and that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnate or even fall and that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnate or even fall and that reflects
+the fact that these Technologies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these Technologies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these Technologies uh
+don't affect everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't affect everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't affect everybody
+evenly so let's play this out how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly so let's play this out how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly so let's play this out how do you
+see these Technologies affect work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Technologies affect work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Technologies affect work in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+future well the Technologies continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future well the Technologies continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future well the Technologies continue to
+advance and they continue to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and they continue to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and they continue to affect
+different kinds of jobs but what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of jobs but what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of jobs but what really
+matters is how we go about using them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how we go about using them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how we go about using them um
+what we've seen so far is that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far is that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far is that many of
+the technologies have been used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies have been used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies have been used to
+automate a lot of routine information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate a lot of routine information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate a lot of routine information
+processing work uh things like U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing work uh things like U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing work uh things like U you
+know bank tellers bookkeepers a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bank tellers bookkeepers a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bank tellers bookkeepers a lot of
+middle managers um in fact about 60% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle managers um in fact about 60% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle managers um in fact about 60% of
+Americans primarily do information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans primarily do information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans primarily do information
+processing work so that's a big category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing work so that's a big category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing work so that's a big category
+and machines are very good at automating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machines are very good at automating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and machines are very good at automating
+a lot of these sort of especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these sort of especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these sort of especially the
+more repetitive routine information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more repetitive routine information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more repetitive routine information
+processing tasks it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing tasks it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing tasks it turns out that the
+people who do those jobs um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do those jobs um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do those jobs um are
+typically in the middle of the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the middle of the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the middle of the income
+distribution and what they've seen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what they've seen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what they've seen is
+that as machines get better at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as machines get better at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as machines get better at those
+tasks there's less demand for humans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks there's less demand for humans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks there's less demand for humans to
+do the identical tasks or if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the identical tasks or if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the identical tasks or if they do
+have do still have jobs they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do still have jobs they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do still have jobs they have to
+compete with machines that are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with machines that are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with machines that are doing
+them more and more cheaply and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more and more cheaply and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more and more cheaply and that has
+uh pushed down wages it's led to fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pushed down wages it's led to fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pushed down wages it's led to fewer
+job opportunities in those categories at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job opportunities in those categories at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job opportunities in those categories at
+the same time there's been growth in job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time there's been growth in job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time there's been growth in job
+opportunities uh at the other ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities uh at the other ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities uh at the other ends of
+the spectrum um what David otter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum um what David otter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum um what David otter and
+other people call polarization job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people call polarization job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people call polarization job
+polarization um at the high end you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization um at the high end you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization um at the high end you get
+uh creative people or entrepreneurs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creative people or entrepreneurs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creative people or entrepreneurs are
+making in some cases more money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in some cases more money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in some cases more money than
+ever before it's probably the best time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before it's probably the best time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before it's probably the best time
+in history if you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history if you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history if you have some kind of
+special talent that can be replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent that can be replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent that can be replicated
+digitally might end up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally might end up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitally might end up being a
+billionaire on the other hand um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire on the other hand um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire on the other hand um the
+other end of the spectrum is also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum is also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum is also um
+seing some growth and those are jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seing some growth and those are jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seing some growth and those are jobs
+that require a lot of U dexterity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require a lot of U dexterity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require a lot of U dexterity or
+physical tasks or interpers personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical tasks or interpers personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical tasks or interpers personal
+skills things that machines aren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills things that machines aren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills things that machines aren't very
+good at the thing is often those jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the thing is often those jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the thing is often those jobs
+don't pay very well and and just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay very well and and just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pay very well and and just to be
+specific those are the kinds of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific those are the kinds of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific those are the kinds of jobs
+like like a waiter or a uh a gardener or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a waiter or a uh a gardener or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a waiter or a uh a gardener or
+a janitor those kinds of tasks so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a janitor those kinds of tasks so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a janitor those kinds of tasks so what
+is your advice then to workers facing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your advice then to workers facing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your advice then to workers facing uh
+this world of changing technology what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world of changing technology what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world of changing technology what
+should they do in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they do in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they do in order to be able to
+prosper in this this world well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosper in this this world well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosper in this this world well what
+you'd like to try to do is um strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to try to do is um strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to try to do is um strengthen
+those areas where humans have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas where humans have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas where humans have an
+advantage over machines you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over machines you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over machines you don't really
+want to be competing against machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be competing against machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be competing against machines
+ideally you'd like to do things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you'd like to do things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you'd like to do things where
+machines can leverage your talents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines can leverage your talents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines can leverage your talents uh
+data scientists are more in demand than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data scientists are more in demand than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data scientists are more in demand than
+ever before because machines have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before because machines have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before because machines have
+created an abundance of data um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an abundance of data um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an abundance of data um but they
+can't analyze it they can't even ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't analyze it they can't even ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't analyze it they can't even ask the
+right questions um themselves you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right questions um themselves you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right questions um themselves you need
+humans to do that and so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to do that and so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to do that and so if you have
+those kinds of skills you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of skills you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of skills you're more
+valuable than ever and uh in Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable than ever and uh in Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable than ever and uh in Silicon
+Valley and now companies throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and now companies throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and now companies throughout the
+uh country in the world are greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh country in the world are greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh country in the world are greatly
+demanding those kinds of workers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding those kinds of workers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding those kinds of workers so
+there's there's a set of categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a set of categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a set of categories
+around that I mentioned earlier if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that I mentioned earlier if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that I mentioned earlier if you
+have some kind of special talents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of special talents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of special talents or
+creativity machines aren't very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity machines aren't very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity machines aren't very creative
+um people who can sing well or who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who can sing well or who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who can sing well or who can
+uh invent new businesses as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invent new businesses as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invent new businesses as
+entrepreneurs uh many kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs uh many kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs uh many kinds of
+scientists artists if you write great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists artists if you write great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists artists if you write great if
+you're great writer write books um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great writer write books um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great writer write books um those
+are things that um are probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that um are probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that um are probably more
+valuable now than before another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable now than before another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable now than before another big
+category that's gotten to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category that's gotten to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category that's gotten to be more
+valuable is these I touched on earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is these I touched on earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is these I touched on earlier
+some of these interpersonal skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these interpersonal skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these interpersonal skills
+nurturing and caring um I think don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing and caring um I think don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing and caring um I think don't
+think it would have been uh uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would have been uh uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would have been uh uh very
+motivating if at the halftime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating if at the halftime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating if at the halftime of the
+football games last weekend you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football games last weekend you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football games last weekend you know the
+coach had been a robot coach you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach had been a robot coach you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach had been a robot coach you know
+you need a a a human to do that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a a a human to do that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a a a human to do that and that
+means that you know leadership teamwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you know leadership teamwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you know leadership teamwork
+those kinds of things we still connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things we still connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things we still connect
+with other people a lot better and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people a lot better and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other people a lot better and we
+will for some time and and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will for some time and and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will for some time and and and I think
+all those skills from the creative ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those skills from the creative ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those skills from the creative ones
+to the interpersonal the teamwork the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interpersonal the teamwork the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interpersonal the teamwork the
+nurturing skills they can all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing skills they can all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurturing skills they can all be
+developed and I would encourage people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and I would encourage people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and I would encourage people
+to work harder at developing those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work harder at developing those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work harder at developing those kinds
+of skills become a better salesperson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills become a better salesperson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills become a better salesperson
+neg ior nurturing caring for people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neg ior nurturing caring for people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neg ior nurturing caring for people um
+nursing those are all things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing those are all things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing those are all things that I
+expect to grow even as machines take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to grow even as machines take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to grow even as machines take
+care of more and more of the routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of more and more of the routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of more and more of the routine
+repetitive kinds of tasks so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive kinds of tasks so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive kinds of tasks so that's
+great advice to uh the workforce let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advice to uh the workforce let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advice to uh the workforce let's
+talk a bit about the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit about the people who are
+designing these Technologies how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these Technologies how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these Technologies how can we
+encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage
+more techn technological design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more techn technological design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more techn technological design that
+complements work that utilizes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements work that utilizes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements work that utilizes these
+skills that thinks about ways to enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that thinks about ways to enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that thinks about ways to enhance
+them or to to uh work with them to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or to to uh work with them to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or to to uh work with them to drive
+productivity and and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and and economic
+performance well I'm glad you asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance well I'm glad you asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance well I'm glad you asked that
+question because most people don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because most people don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because most people don't even
+get as far as asking that question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as far as asking that question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as far as asking that question I
+think there's a widespread assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a widespread assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a widespread assumption
+out there that technology just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that technology just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that technology just happens
+and there's nothing you can do to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing you can do to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing you can do to shape
+the path of it the reality is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of it the reality is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of it the reality is that you
+can encourage people to um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can encourage people to um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can encourage people to um have
+technologies that create more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that create more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that create more inclusive
+Innovation that helps people more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that helps people more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation that helps people more
+broadly or that that mostly focuses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly or that that mostly focuses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly or that that mostly focuses on
+substituting for people for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting for people for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting for people for that matter
+and we as a society and as individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we as a society and as individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we as a society and as individuals
+can shape the direction of technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shape the direction of technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shape the direction of technology to
+to quite an significant extent um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quite an significant extent um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quite an significant extent um one of
+the things we can do is change around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can do is change around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can do is change around
+our our tax policy and our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our tax policy and our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our tax policy and our our
+government policies um one of the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policies um one of the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policies um one of the oldest
+rules of Economics is if that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of Economics is if that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of Economics is if that you want
+uh less of something you tax it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less of something you tax it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less of something you tax it if you
+want more of something you subsidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more of something you subsidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more of something you subsidize it
+right now ironically we are taxing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now ironically we are taxing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now ironically we are taxing work
+um if two entrepreneurs come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if two entrepreneurs come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if two entrepreneurs come up with a
+uh uh billion dollar idea and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh billion dollar idea and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh billion dollar idea and one of
+them involves employing lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them involves employing lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them involves employing lots of people
+and one of them doesn't our current tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them doesn't our current tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them doesn't our current tax
+system will put more taxes on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will put more taxes on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will put more taxes on the one
+that employs more people and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employs more people and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employs more people and that's
+probably not what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not what we want to do
+conversely we don't tax uh pollution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we don't tax uh pollution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely we don't tax uh pollution uh
+carbon congestion things that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon congestion things that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon congestion things that we'd like
+to see less of so we could rejigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see less of so we could rejigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see less of so we could rejigger the
+tax system to um have less of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax system to um have less of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax system to um have less of the things
+that tax tax of things that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tax tax of things that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tax tax of things that we don't
+want more and we'll have less of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more and we'll have less of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more and we'll have less of them
+and lower the taxes or even subsidize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower the taxes or even subsidize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower the taxes or even subsidize uh
+work and I think that would guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and I think that would guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and I think that would guide
+entrepreneurs to be more creative about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to be more creative about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to be more creative about
+inventing things that have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing things that have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing things that have less
+pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution
+and more widespread labor the Earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more widespread labor the Earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more widespread labor the Earned
+Income Tax Credit is a good example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Income Tax Credit is a good example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Income Tax Credit is a good example but
+too small could be expanded of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small could be expanded of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small could be expanded of that
+another kind of thing we do is just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing we do is just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing we do is just um
+recognize reward and motivate people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize reward and motivate people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize reward and motivate people uh
+one of the things that I've learned over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I've learned over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that I've learned over
+the past few years is how is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years is how is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few years is how is how much
+people can be motivated by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can be motivated by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can be motivated by having a
+prize and a goal in front of them I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and a goal in front of them I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and a goal in front of them I've
+been watching the DARPA robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been watching the DARPA robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been watching the DARPA robotics
+challenge the DARPA Grand Challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the DARPA Grand Challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the DARPA Grand Challenge that
+led to the driverless car and I see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the driverless car and I see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the driverless car and I see my
+colleagues in engineering grad students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in engineering grad students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in engineering grad students
+uh professors working nights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professors working nights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professors working nights and
+weekends to solve this challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends to solve this challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends to solve this challenge that
+have been put in front of them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put in front of them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put in front of them and and
+many times they do come around to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times they do come around to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times they do come around to to
+making huge strides in that why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making huge strides in that why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making huge strides in that why don't we
+try to reward and motivate Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reward and motivate Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reward and motivate Business
+Leaders and economists to reinvent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders and economists to reinvent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders and economists to reinvent the
+businesses and economy the same way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and economy the same way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and economy the same way the
+technologists have been Reinventing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists have been Reinventing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists have been Reinventing the
+technology and in fact here at MIT we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and in fact here at MIT we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and in fact here at MIT we're
+launching something called the inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching something called the inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching something called the inclusive
+Innovation competition which is designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation competition which is designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation competition which is designed
+specifically to recognize those business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to recognize those business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to recognize those business
+models that use technology to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that use technology to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that use technology to create
+broad shared shared Prosperity we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad shared shared Prosperity we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad shared shared Prosperity we call
+it shared prosperity for the the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shared prosperity for the the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shared prosperity for the the many
+not just the few and uh it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the few and uh it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the few and uh it's just
+getting launched but we think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting launched but we think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting launched but we think that this
+is going to be a good way to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a good way to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a good way to recognize
+and highlight people who've done that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highlight people who've done that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and highlight people who've done that I
+think that's a great idea and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a great idea and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a great idea and I hope
+that uh it creates a lot of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it creates a lot of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it creates a lot of attention
+and that uh we get lots of people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh we get lots of people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh we get lots of people uh
+really thinking along these ways because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking along these ways because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking along these ways because
+I think it's the The Genius of of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the The Genius of of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the The Genius of of people
+using Technologies to address important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Technologies to address important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Technologies to address important
+problems that will help uh uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that will help uh uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that will help uh uh make
+progress yeah and we can all we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress yeah and we can all we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress yeah and we can all we all have
+choices we can shape the future in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we can shape the future in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we can shape the future in that
+direction and why don't we encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and why don't we encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and why don't we encourage
+people who are doing it in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing it in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing it in a way that
+that does create this shared Prosperity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does create this shared Prosperity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does create this shared Prosperity
+so let me ask the this final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask the this final question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask the this final question
+because it's obviously on everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's obviously on everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's obviously on everybody's
+mind and that is uh from time to time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and that is uh from time to time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and that is uh from time to time in
+in history as you know better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history as you know better than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history as you know better than I
+people have worried that technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worried that technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have worried that technology is
+going to replace work it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace work it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace work it's going to be
+the end of work we're not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of work we're not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of work we're not going to have
+enough jobs and that's a that's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough jobs and that's a that's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough jobs and that's a that's an issue
+uh on people's minds today how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on people's minds today how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on people's minds today how do you
+think about that problem given all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that problem given all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that problem given all of
+the Innovation that's going on and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation that's going on and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovation that's going on and that
+could come down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come down the
+road well down the road I can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road well down the road I can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road well down the road I can certainly
+imagine technology creating kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine technology creating kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine technology creating kind of a
+Star Trek economy and I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek economy and I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek economy and I don't think
+that's necessarily a bad thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessarily a bad thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessarily a bad thing if
+technolog is able to take care of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technolog is able to take care of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technolog is able to take care of all of
+our basic needs for us but the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic needs for us but the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basic needs for us but the more
+immediate issue is not that technolog is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate issue is not that technolog is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate issue is not that technolog is
+going to eliminate all the jobs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eliminate all the jobs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eliminate all the jobs but the
+types of jobs that are affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of jobs that are affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of jobs that are affected the
+reality is that technology has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that technology has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is that technology has always
+been destroying jobs it's always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been destroying jobs it's always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been destroying jobs it's always been
+creating jobs but most importantly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating jobs but most importantly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating jobs but most importantly it's
+been changing the mix and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changing the mix and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changing the mix and what we're
+seeing recently as as I touched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing recently as as I touched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing recently as as I touched on
+earlier is that that mix is changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier is that that mix is changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier is that that mix is changing in
+a way that a lot of people are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that a lot of people are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that a lot of people are being
+made worse off and other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made worse off and other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made worse off and other people are
+being made much better off and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made much better off and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made much better off and we want
+to try to shape the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to shape the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to shape the direction of the
+technology we want to also give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we want to also give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we want to also give people
+the skills and education so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills and education so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills and education so they can
+adapt to the new kinds of jobs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to the new kinds of jobs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to the new kinds of jobs that are
+available and if we do that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and if we do that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and if we do that I think
+we're going to be able to have that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to have that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to have that kind
+of world of shared Prosperity um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of world of shared Prosperity um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of world of shared Prosperity um the
+technology will march on and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will march on and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will march on and we
+shouldn't try to stop the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to stop the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to stop the technology
+that's how we get that bigger pie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get that bigger pie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get that bigger pie that
+that growth that I mentioned but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that growth that I mentioned but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that growth that I mentioned but we can
+direct it in the earlier industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct it in the earlier industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct it in the earlier industrial
+revolutions when uh the steam engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions when uh the steam engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions when uh the steam engine
+other Technologies came along you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Technologies came along you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Technologies came along you know
+we adapted our institutions we invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we adapted our institutions we invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we adapted our institutions we invented
+Mass public education uh first in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass public education uh first in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass public education uh first in the
+primary level and then later at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary level and then later at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary level and then later at the
+secondary level uh we invented Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary level uh we invented Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary level uh we invented Social
+Security and a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and a whole bunch of other
+policies that helped smooth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that helped smooth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that helped smooth that
+transition to a new kind of Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to a new kind of Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to a new kind of Workforce
+and cushion the people who otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cushion the people who otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cushion the people who otherwise
+would have been left behind we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been left behind we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been left behind we're going
+to have to reinvent education again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to reinvent education again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to reinvent education again this
+time and we're going to have to do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to have to do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to have to do our
+best to shape the technology that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to shape the technology that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to shape the technology that is
+aligned with our values ultimately it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with our values ultimately it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with our values ultimately it's
+not what the technology does to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what the technology does to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what the technology does to us
+technology is a tool it's always been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is a tool it's always been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is a tool it's always been a
+tool whether it's a hammer or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool whether it's a hammer or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool whether it's a hammer or an
+enterprise resource planning system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise resource planning system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise resource planning system we
+have more powerful tools now than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more powerful tools now than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more powerful tools now than we
+ever had before and that means we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had before and that means we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had before and that means we have
+more power to shape the future than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power to shape the future than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power to shape the future than we
+ever did before but it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever did before but it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever did before but it starts with
+understanding that we have that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that we have that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that we have that power
+and aligning our actions with our values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aligning our actions with our values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aligning our actions with our values
+well Eric I think that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Eric I think that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Eric I think that's a really
+important message and one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important message and one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important message and one that I'm
+delighted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted that
+uh we can deliver in this class and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can deliver in this class and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can deliver in this class and in
+other settings uh where people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings uh where people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings uh where people can
+really make a difference so thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make a difference so thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make a difference so thanks for
+joining us today it's a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining us today it's a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining us today it's a tremendous
+pleasure thanks a lot Tom good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fjsPjh0B2tU.txt b/fjsPjh0B2tU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..130f845b668a99c22afef4a3bd78b1d49d6377ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fjsPjh0B2tU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome today's problem is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome today's problem is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome today's problem is about
+finding solutions of this non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding solutions of this non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding solutions of this non
+homogeneous linear system X minus 2y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear system X minus 2y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear system X minus 2y
+minus 2z equals B 1 2x minus 5y minus 4z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2z equals B 1 2x minus 5y minus 4z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2z equals B 1 2x minus 5y minus 4z
+equals B 2 & 4 X minus 9 y minus 8 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B 2 & 4 X minus 9 y minus 8 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B 2 & 4 X minus 9 y minus 8 Z
+equals B 3 and as you can see the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B 3 and as you can see the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B 3 and as you can see the system
+doesn't only have numbers and not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only have numbers and not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only have numbers and not no
+unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+it also has parameters B 1 B 2 and B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has parameters B 1 B 2 and B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has parameters B 1 B 2 and B 3
+and the solution will depend on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution will depend on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution will depend on these
+parameters but also the existence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but also the existence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but also the existence of the
+solution will depend on these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will depend on these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will depend on these parameters
+and we're asked to find the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're asked to find the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're asked to find the solution and
+find when it exists depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when it exists depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find when it exists depending on the
+values of B 1 B 2 and B 3 so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of B 1 B 2 and B 3 so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of B 1 B 2 and B 3 so now you
+should pause the video solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pause the video solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pause the video solve the problem
+and come back and compare your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back and compare your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back and compare your solution
+with mine and we're back let's try let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mine and we're back let's try let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mine and we're back let's try let's
+start by solving this system as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by solving this system as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by solving this system as if
+though B 1 B 2 and B 3 were numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write the matrix of the system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the matrix of the system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the matrix of the system which
+is 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 2 minus 5 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 2 minus 5 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 2 minus 5 minus
+4 B 2 & 4 minus 9 minus 8 B 3 and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 B 2 & 4 minus 9 minus 8 B 3 and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 B 2 & 4 minus 9 minus 8 B 3 and we do
+elimination so we move to multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so we move to multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination so we move to multiply the
+first row by minus 2 and edit 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row by minus 2 and edit 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row by minus 2 and edit 2 the
+second row and we multiply it by minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row and we multiply it by minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row and we multiply it by minus 4
+and add it to the fourth to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it to the fourth to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it to the fourth to the third
+row and we get 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we get 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we get 1 minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 4
+minus 5 is minus 1 4 minus 4 0 and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 is minus 1 4 minus 4 0 and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 is minus 1 4 minus 4 0 and minus
+2 times B 1 plus B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we get 0 8 minus 9 is minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get 0 8 minus 9 is minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get 0 8 minus 9 is minus 1
+and 8 minus 8 is 0 finally on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 minus 8 is 0 finally on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 minus 8 is 0 finally on the right
+hand side minus 4 B 1 plus B 3 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side minus 4 B 1 plus B 3 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side minus 4 B 1 plus B 3 and you
+can already see that something is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see that something is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see that something is going
+to happen here but let's do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen here but let's do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen here but let's do one more
+step so eliminating further we get 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so eliminating further we get 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so eliminating further we get 1
+minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 minus 1 0 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 minus 1 0 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus 2 B 1 0 minus 1 0 minus 2
+B 1 plus B 2 and in the last row we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 plus B 2 and in the last row we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 plus B 2 and in the last row we
+replace it with the last row minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with the last row minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with the last row minus the
+second row and we get 0 0 0 minus 4 B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row and we get 0 0 0 minus 4 B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row and we get 0 0 0 minus 4 B 1
+plus 2 or so minus minus 2 B 2 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 or so minus minus 2 B 2 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 or so minus minus 2 B 2 is minus
+2 B 1 minus B 2 and plus B 3 I hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B 1 minus B 2 and plus B 3 I hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 B 1 minus B 2 and plus B 3 I hope I
+did this right ok so now let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right ok so now let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this right ok so now let's think of
+it as a system again the last equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a system again the last equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a system again the last equation
+says 0 equals this expression in B 1 B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 0 equals this expression in B 1 B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 0 equals this expression in B 1 B 2
+and B 3 so this is something this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 3 so this is something this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B 3 so this is something this is
+something to note down if minus 2 B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to note down if minus 2 B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to note down if minus 2 B 1
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is some number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is some number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is some number that's
+not 0 then the last equation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 then the last equation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 then the last equation is going to
+say zero equals nonzero it's never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero equals nonzero it's never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero equals nonzero it's never going
+to be satisfied and the entire system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied and the entire system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied and the entire system is
+never going to have a solution so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to have a solution so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to have a solution so in
+this case we have no solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is equal to zero so minus 2 B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is equal to zero so minus 2 B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is equal to zero so minus 2 B 1
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is equal to 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is equal to 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 plus B 3 is equal to 0 then
+let's do one more step in this on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more step in this on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do one more step in this on this
+matrix here let's turn this number into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here let's turn this number into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here let's turn this number into
+1 by multiplying this row by negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by multiplying this row by negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 by multiplying this row by negative 1
+and let's use it to eliminate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use it to eliminate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's use it to eliminate this
+number here as well so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here as well so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here as well so in this case we
+get let me write it from the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get let me write it from the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get let me write it from the last row
+which now becomes 0 0 0 equals 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes 0 0 0 equals 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes 0 0 0 equals 0 but
+just fine the second row becomes 0 1 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine the second row becomes 0 1 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine the second row becomes 0 1 0 2
+B 1 minus B 2 and the first one to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 minus B 2 and the first one to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 minus B 2 and the first one to get
+rid of this minus 2 we multiply this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this minus 2 we multiply this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this minus 2 we multiply this row
+by negative 2 and edits to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by negative 2 and edits to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by negative 2 and edits to the to the
+first 1 we get 1 0 negative 2 and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 1 we get 1 0 negative 2 and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 1 we get 1 0 negative 2 and here
+we get a B 1 plus 4 B 1 which is 5 B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a B 1 plus 4 B 1 which is 5 B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a B 1 plus 4 B 1 which is 5 B 1
+minus 2 B 2 the reason why we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 B 2 the reason why we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 B 2 the reason why we did this
+was to get the identity matrix here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the identity matrix here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the identity matrix here and
+now let's solve this these two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's solve this these two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's solve this these two columns
+corresponding to variables x and y have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to variables x and y have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to variables x and y have
+pivots in them so these are the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots in them so these are the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots in them so these are the pivot
+variables this column here has no pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables this column here has no pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables this column here has no pivot
+in it so it's a free variable and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so it's a free variable and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so it's a free variable and now
+we're going to calculate the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the solutions
+but by picking particular values for Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by picking particular values for Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by picking particular values for Z
+and then calculating the values for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculating the values for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculating the values for x
+and y which we have two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y which we have two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y which we have two kinds of
+solution one kind is the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one kind is the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one kind is the particular
+solution so this one solves ax equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this one solves ax equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this one solves ax equals B
+there's only one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them
+and we get it by setting the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get it by setting the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get it by setting the free
+variable equal to zero setting the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable equal to zero setting the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable equal to zero setting the free
+variable equal to zero we get well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable equal to zero we get well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable equal to zero we get well this
+is equal to zero the second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero the second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero the second equation
+says y equals this thing here so 2 B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says y equals this thing here so 2 B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says y equals this thing here so 2 B 1
+minus B 2 and the first equation says X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 and the first equation says X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 and the first equation says X
+minus 2 times 0 equals this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 times 0 equals this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 times 0 equals this expression
+here so 5 B 1 minus 2 B 2 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so 5 B 1 minus 2 B 2 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so 5 B 1 minus 2 B 2 that's a
+particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution
+the next kind is the special solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next kind is the special solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next kind is the special solution so
+remember those solve ax equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those solve ax equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those solve ax equals 0
+there's as many of them as free as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's as many of them as free as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's as many of them as free as there
+are free variables in our case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free variables in our case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free variables in our case there's
+only one and we get it by setting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one and we get it by setting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one and we get it by setting all
+three variables equal to 0 except one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables equal to 0 except one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three variables equal to 0 except one
+equal to one and do it for every free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and do it for every free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and do it for every free
+variable so in our case there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in our case there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so in our case there's only one
+free variable and we set Z equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable and we set Z equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable and we set Z equal to 1
+the solution that we get in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that we get in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution that we get in this case
+and remember we're solving ax equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're solving ax equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're solving ax equals 0
+we don't care about the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about the right-hand side
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so Z is 1 this second equation says y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z is 1 this second equation says y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z is 1 this second equation says y
+equals 0 and the first equation says X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and the first equation says X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and the first equation says X
+minus 2 times 1 equals 0 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 times 1 equals 0 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 times 1 equals 0 in other words
+x equals 2 x equals 2 so the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 2 x equals 2 so the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 2 x equals 2 so the special
+solutions solution is 2 0 1 and now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions solution is 2 0 1 and now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions solution is 2 0 1 and now all
+solutions are of the form x equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are of the form x equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are of the form x equals a
+particular solution plus any multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution plus any multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution plus any multiple of
+the special solution let me recap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special solution let me recap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special solution let me recap in
+case this particular combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this particular combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this particular combination of
+parameters is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is not
+there's no solutions in case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no solutions in case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no solutions in case this
+particular combination of parameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of parameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of parameters is
+equal to zero there are solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero there are solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero there are solutions
+there's as there are as many of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's as there are as many of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's as there are as many of them as
+there are real numbers see and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are real numbers see and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are real numbers see and they're
+all of this form for these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this form for these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this form for these two vectors
+and that's all I want you to say today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/foFqF_OUq50.txt b/foFqF_OUq50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d53804831605a4a272daede5949cc693a023657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/foFqF_OUq50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the specific interest that I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific interest that I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific interest that I have in
+bioprocess engineering is um looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioprocess engineering is um looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioprocess engineering is um looking at
+uh biology as a manufacturing technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh biology as a manufacturing technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh biology as a manufacturing technology
+when you realize that many of the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you realize that many of the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you realize that many of the drugs
+uh that we use today uh uh drugs such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we use today uh uh drugs such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we use today uh uh drugs such as
+penicillin things that we consider very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin things that we consider very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin things that we consider very
+commonplace to the more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonplace to the more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonplace to the more modern
+Biotherapeutics the uh the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biotherapeutics the uh the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biotherapeutics the uh the protein
+molecules that have been developed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have been developed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have been developed from
+recombined DNA technology these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined DNA technology these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombined DNA technology these are
+molecules that are made by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are made by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are made by a
+manufacturing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process
+the challenge is to be able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is to be able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is to be able to make a
+lot of this material in a highly active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this material in a highly active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this material in a highly active
+form so that it can be recovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that it can be recovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that it can be recovered and
+purified for use as a biotherapeutic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified for use as a biotherapeutic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified for use as a biotherapeutic and
+all those are manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+challenges when you begin to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges when you begin to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges when you begin to design a
+process one of the core Technologies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one of the core Technologies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one of the core Technologies is
+fermentation in that fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation in that fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation in that fermentation
+process we would grow a large quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we would grow a large quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we would grow a large quantity
+of eoli that has in it the specific DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eoli that has in it the specific DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eoli that has in it the specific DNA
+to make the molecule that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the molecule that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the molecule that you want to
+synthesize in our case that molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize in our case that molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize in our case that molecule is
+Alpha 1 antirion we can then sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 antirion we can then sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 antirion we can then sample
+those cells extract from that sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells extract from that sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells extract from that sample the
+DNA of the eoli and then display it onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA of the eoli and then display it onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA of the eoli and then display it onto
+a slide and then we can scan that slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide and then we can scan that slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide and then we can scan that slide
+and the microarray scanner allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the microarray scanner allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the microarray scanner allows us to
+identify the individual genes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the individual genes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the individual genes that have
+increased or decreased as the eoli has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased or decreased as the eoli has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased or decreased as the eoli has
+grown and from this information we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and from this information we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and from this information we can
+deduce how to better grow the eoli how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce how to better grow the eoli how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce how to better grow the eoli how
+to better make the product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better make the product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better make the product the
+biotherapeutic that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotherapeutic that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotherapeutic that's of
+Interest the results from this work are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest the results from this work are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest the results from this work are
+are exciting and important for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exciting and important for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exciting and important for for
+several reasons one is um we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several reasons one is um we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several reasons one is um we we're
+finding things that we did not expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding things that we did not expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding things that we did not expect to
+see uh the the manufacturing process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh the the manufacturing process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh the the manufacturing process is
+much more complex how these little cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex how these little cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex how these little cells
+work as factories is more complex than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as factories is more complex than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as factories is more complex than
+we even imagined but the but the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even imagined but the but the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even imagined but the but the ability
+to interrogate the entire genome has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrogate the entire genome has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrogate the entire genome has
+given us several new directions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us several new directions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us several new directions for
+improving the process the ability to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the process the ability to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the process the ability to use
+uh chemical engineering and its many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical engineering and its many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical engineering and its many
+forms to change the world is a is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms to change the world is a is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms to change the world is a is is a
+very real concept uh you you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real concept uh you you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real concept uh you you find that
+with many of my colleagues in Chico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many of my colleagues in Chico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many of my colleagues in Chico
+engineering with their interest in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering with their interest in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering with their interest in uh in
+energy uh in new materials new chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh in new materials new chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh in new materials new chemical
+processes to make uh new materials uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to make uh new materials uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to make uh new materials uh in
+the use of nanotechnology there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of nanotechnology there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of nanotechnology there are many
+broad areas of chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad areas of chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad areas of chemical engineering
+certainly one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the
+and to me the most exciting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me the most exciting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me the most exciting is the
+biochemical engineering because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical engineering because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical engineering because it's a
+way of harnessing the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of harnessing the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of harnessing the science of
+biotechnology harnessing the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology harnessing the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology harnessing the science of
+molecular biology converting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology converting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology converting that
+science into processes to make products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science into processes to make products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science into processes to make products
+that indeed change people's lives
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ftmvsahQ6Wo.txt b/ftmvsahQ6Wo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68a46913015045fc239582b785d6dd751ec2ef89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ftmvsahQ6Wo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11645 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+so we've finished the first unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've finished the first unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've finished the first unit of the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+or consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or consumer theory
+and we've sort of gotten to the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've sort of gotten to the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've sort of gotten to the demand
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+now we're going to move on to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to move on to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to move on to the second
+unit of the course which is producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the course which is producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the course which is producer
+theory and talk about where the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and talk about where the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and talk about where the supply
+curve comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve comes from
+now the good news is that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the good news is that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the good news is that a lot of the
+tools and skills we developed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and skills we developed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and skills we developed in the
+first few lectures will translate quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few lectures will translate quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few lectures will translate quite
+nicely to thinking about the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to thinking about the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to thinking about the supply
+curve and production the bad news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and production the bad news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and production the bad news is
+supply is a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is a lot harder
+it's a lot harder fundamentally at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot harder fundamentally at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot harder fundamentally at the
+big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture
+because when we did consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we did consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we did consumer theory
+we sort of told you what your income was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of told you what your income was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of told you what your income was
+we sort of pin we told you income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of pin we told you income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of pin we told you income and
+prices and then we said okay as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and then we said okay as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and then we said okay as you
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+with firms they sort of get decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with firms they sort of get decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with firms they sort of get decide what
+their income is they get to decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income is they get to decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their income is they get to decide how
+much they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they produce
+and that means we're going to need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means we're going to need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means we're going to need an
+extra whole constraint we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra whole constraint we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra whole constraint we're going to
+need to model an extra whole larger part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model an extra whole larger part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model an extra whole larger part
+of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process
+so let's give me an extra step with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give me an extra step with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give me an extra step with
+producer theory but a lot of the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory but a lot of the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory but a lot of the tools
+will be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same
+so let's dive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's dive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's dive in
+we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start
+by talking about just as consumers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about just as consumers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about just as consumers have
+a utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function
+producers have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers have a
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first parallel
+is that consumers have a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that consumers have a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that consumers have a production
+function i'm sorry producers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i'm sorry producers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i'm sorry producers have
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+their goal is not to maximize production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal is not to maximize production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal is not to maximize production
+their goal is to maximize profits so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal is to maximize profits so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal is to maximize profits so as
+consumers want to maximize utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want to maximize utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want to maximize utility
+producers want to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers want to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers want to maximize
+maximize profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profits
+which equals revenues minus costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals revenues minus costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals revenues minus costs
+so the goal of a producer is to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal of a producer is to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal of a producer is to maximize
+profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+which equals revenues minus costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals revenues minus costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals revenues minus costs
+and what that's going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's going to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's going to mean
+is going to mean producing goods as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean producing goods as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to mean producing goods as
+efficiently as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible
+maximizing your profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing your profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing your profits
+we're going to focus for the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus for the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus for the first few
+lectures on the cost part in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the cost part in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on the cost part in particular
+we're going to focus on maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on maximizing
+profits through minimizing costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits through minimizing costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits through minimizing costs
+and we minimize costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we minimize costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we minimize costs
+by producing as efficiently as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by producing as efficiently as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by producing as efficiently as possible
+okay and that's what we'll focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we'll focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we'll focus on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the next few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few lectures
+now what firms can produce comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what firms can produce comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what firms can produce comes from
+their production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production function
+a potungtion function is of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potungtion function is of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potungtion function is of the general
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+that's units of goods produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's units of goods produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's units of goods produced
+is a function of the amount of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the amount of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the amount of labor
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+and capital input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital input
+used by the firm so q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the firm so q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the firm so q
+little q let me highlight right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q let me highlight right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q let me highlight right here
+i will hopefully get this right i never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will hopefully get this right i never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will hopefully get this right i never
+semester i'm getting it totally right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester i'm getting it totally right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester i'm getting it totally right
+little q refers to a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q refers to a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q refers to a firm
+big q refers to a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big q refers to a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big q refers to a market
+okay we're going to try to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to try to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to try to keep this
+straight so little q means a firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so little q means a firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so little q means a firm's
+production function big q means a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function big q means a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function big q means a market
+production function okay so and if i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function okay so and if i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function okay so and if i get
+that wrong i'm sure you guys will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong i'm sure you guys will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong i'm sure you guys will tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically
+what a production function does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a production function does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a production function does is it
+converts inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts inputs
+which are labor and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are labor and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are labor and capital
+into output through some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into output through some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into output through some function
+just like utility function converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like utility function converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like utility function converts
+goods into happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods into happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods into happiness
+through some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some function
+it's the same idea here but here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea here but here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same idea here but here we're
+producing more tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing more tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing more tangible
+unlike utils output can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike utils output can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike utils output can actually be
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+so it's the literally it's not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the literally it's not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the literally it's not some
+you know preference mapping it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know preference mapping it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know preference mapping it's
+literally a technological function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a technological function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a technological function
+okay you can get your hands around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can get your hands around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can get your hands around it
+more in utility functions literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in utility functions literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in utility functions literally a
+technological function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological function
+by which inputs get converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which inputs get converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which inputs get converted to
+an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output
+now what are um and we call these inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are um and we call these inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are um and we call these inputs
+the factors of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors of production
+okay labor and capital we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay labor and capital we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay labor and capital we call the
+factors of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production
+they're the inputs that get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the inputs that get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the inputs that get used to
+produce things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce things
+now what are labor and capital labor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are labor and capital labor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are labor and capital labor is
+pretty easy labor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy labor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy labor is
+workers okay either number of workers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers okay either number of workers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers okay either number of workers or
+hours of work we'll use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work we'll use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work we'll use those
+interchangeably but the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably but the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably but the bottom line is
+labor is workers it's you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is workers it's you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is workers it's you all
+okay that's sort of the easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of the easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's sort of the easy part
+capital is harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is harder
+capital is machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is machines
+land building all the stuff that workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land building all the stuff that workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land building all the stuff that workers
+use to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make things
+okay so capital's a vaguer concept but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so capital's a vaguer concept but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so capital's a vaguer concept but
+for now think of it as like machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now think of it as like machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now think of it as like machines and
+buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+okay the stuff that workers use the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stuff that workers use the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the stuff that workers use the cat
+the the the stuff that workers use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the stuff that workers use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the stuff that workers use to
+produce goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce goods
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and outputs are good are the goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs are good are the goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs are good are the goods and
+services that got produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that got produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that got produced
+now when we talk about inputs or factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we talk about inputs or factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we talk about inputs or factors
+of production we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production we're going to talk about
+them being variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable means changeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable means changeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable means changeable
+fixed means not changeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed means not changeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed means not changeable
+okay so variable inputs are inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variable inputs are inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so variable inputs are inputs that
+can be easily changed like hours of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be easily changed like hours of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be easily changed like hours of work
+you can easily work you guys work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily work you guys work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily work you guys work
+different amounts of hours every day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of hours every day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of hours every day you
+can easily change the hours that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily change the hours that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily change the hours that you
+work you can pull it all night or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you can pull it all night or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you can pull it all night or
+something's due the next day you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's due the next day you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's due the next day you can
+work less if there's something good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less if there's something good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less if there's something good on
+tv okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv okay
+harder to fix inputs are those which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to fix inputs are those which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to fix inputs are those which are
+harder to change quickly like the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to change quickly like the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to change quickly like the size
+of a plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plant
+let's say you're deciding a bigger plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're deciding a bigger plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're deciding a bigger plant
+you can't just instantly do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just instantly do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just instantly do that you
+need to it takes a lot of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to it takes a lot of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to it takes a lot of production
+process you can see by the giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can see by the giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can see by the giant
+production going on as you pass every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production going on as you pass every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production going on as you pass every
+day as you walk if you come from east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as you walk if you come from east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day as you walk if you come from east
+campus you walk to this building that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you walk to this building that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you walk to this building that's
+been going to take years to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to take years to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to take years to build up
+those new the new mit facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new the new mit facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new the new mit facilities
+okay so it's not simple so fixed inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not simple so fixed inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not simple so fixed inputs
+are inputs that are hard to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs that are hard to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs that are hard to change
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+and the key distinction we draw we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key distinction we draw we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key distinction we draw we think
+about variable fixed is the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variable fixed is the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variable fixed is the short run
+versus the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the long run
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+the way we define these is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define these is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define these is that
+basically in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the short run
+some inputs are fixed and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inputs are fixed and some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inputs are fixed and some are
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+in particular we're going to say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to say in the
+short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run
+labor is variable and capital is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is variable and capital is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is variable and capital is fixed
+so in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run
+you have labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have labor
+and then some fixed level of capital k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some fixed level of capital k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some fixed level of capital k
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+so in the short run you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run you've got some
+building you can't change it but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you can't change it but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you can't change it but you can
+always change how hard people work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always change how hard people work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always change how hard people work in
+that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building
+in the long run everything's variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run everything's variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run everything's variable
+labor and capital are both variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and capital are both variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and capital are both variable
+okay so there's no k bar capital's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no k bar capital's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no k bar capital's
+variable in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the long run
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the question then is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is what is the
+short in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short in the long run
+well there's no good answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no good answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no good answer to that
+intuitively think of the short run as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively think of the short run as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively think of the short run as a
+matter of days or weeks or months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of days or weeks or months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of days or weeks or months and
+the long run is a matter of years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run is a matter of years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run is a matter of years or
+decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for your own intuition but technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your own intuition but technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your own intuition but technically
+the definition is the long run is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is the long run is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is the long run is the
+period of time over which all inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time over which all inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time over which all inputs are
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+okay that's the technical definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the technical definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the technical definition the
+long run is a period of time over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run is a period of time over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run is a period of time over which
+all inputs are variable that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inputs are variable that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inputs are variable that's our
+technical definition so think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition so think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition so think about how
+long it takes to build a plant or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to build a plant or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to build a plant or make
+new machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machines
+okay that's the long run so i'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the long run so i'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the long run so i'm never
+gonna ask you is the short run 8.3 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you is the short run 8.3 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask you is the short run 8.3 days
+or 9.7 days okay there's no right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 9.7 days okay there's no right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 9.7 days okay there's no right answer
+the right answer is technical answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is technical answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is technical answer is
+the short run is the period of time over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run is the period of time over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run is the period of time over
+which some inputs are fixed and some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some inputs are fixed and some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some inputs are fixed and some are
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+the long run is the period of time over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run is the period of time over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run is the period of time over
+which all inputs are variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all inputs are variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all inputs are variable
+okay and it's not a clean distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's not a clean distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's not a clean distinction
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+range of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of inputs
+ranging from workers to the gas you pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from workers to the gas you pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from workers to the gas you pipe
+in to use for your thing to the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to use for your thing to the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to use for your thing to the raw
+materials you have to buy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you have to buy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials you have to buy to the
+machines to the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to the buildings
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in reality there's a whole
+range of variability but once again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of variability but once again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of variability but once again to
+make life easier we're going to shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life easier we're going to shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life easier we're going to shrink
+this down to two dimensions labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to two dimensions labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down to two dimensions labor and
+capital labor is going to always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor is going to always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor is going to always be
+variable capitals will be fixed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capitals will be fixed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capitals will be fixed in the
+short run variable in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run variable in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run variable in the long run
+okay so that's how we'll boil this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we'll boil this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how we'll boil this down
+to make life easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give an example
+buildings machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings machines
+the stuff that workers use to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that workers use to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that workers use to make
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay so now let's talk about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's talk about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's talk about other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+with these definitions in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these definitions in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these definitions in mind
+let's talk about short run production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about short run production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about short run production
+let's start by talking about production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by talking about production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by talking about production
+in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run
+god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone needs to invent me some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone needs to invent me some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone needs to invent me some more
+indestructible chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indestructible chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indestructible chalk
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+let's start in the short run where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start in the short run where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start in the short run where
+uh where labor is variable get capital's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where labor is variable get capital's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where labor is variable get capital's
+fixed so in the short runway production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so in the short runway production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so in the short runway production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+q equals f of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals f of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals f of l
+and k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k bar
+okay that's our short run um production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our short run um production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our short run um production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that means in the short run the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in the short run the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in the short run the firm's
+only decision the firm is given a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only decision the firm is given a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only decision the firm is given a stock
+of capital so think of the short run as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital so think of the short run as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital so think of the short run as
+you are hired to manage a plant okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are hired to manage a plant okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are hired to manage a plant okay and
+the plant you don't get to decide if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant you don't get to decide if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant you don't get to decide if the
+plants should bigger or smaller or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants should bigger or smaller or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants should bigger or smaller or what
+machines it's there your only decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines it's there your only decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines it's there your only decision
+is how many workers to hire how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many workers to hire how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many workers to hire how many
+hours of labor to employ and once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of labor to employ and once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of labor to employ and once again
+i'll go back and forth to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go back and forth to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go back and forth to the number of
+workers and hours of labor the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and hours of labor the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and hours of labor the bottom
+line is the amount of labor being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the amount of labor being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the amount of labor being
+provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the way you're going to decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're going to decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you're going to decide that
+is you're going to look at what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to look at what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to look at what we're
+going to call the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the marginal
+product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+which is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply
+the change in output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in output
+for the next unit of labor input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next unit of labor input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next unit of labor input
+this is very much like a margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like a margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like a margin utility
+of a good once again going back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good once again going back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good once again going back to our
+powers of consumer theory the marge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of consumer theory the marge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of consumer theory the marge
+utility of of pizza was the delton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of of pizza was the delton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of of pizza was the delton
+utility for the next unit of pizza the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for the next unit of pizza the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for the next unit of pizza the
+marginal product of labor is the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of labor is the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of labor is the delta
+in the amount produced for the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount produced for the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount produced for the next unit
+of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we are going to assume much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to assume much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to assume much as we
+assume diminishing margin utility we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume diminishing margin utility we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume diminishing margin utility we are
+going to assume diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marginal product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product
+now this is a little less intuitive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a little less intuitive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a little less intuitive than
+the michigan mars utility was at least i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michigan mars utility was at least i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michigan mars utility was at least i
+hope you found dimension march utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you found dimension march utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you found dimension march utility
+kind of you two intuitive that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you two intuitive that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you two intuitive that the
+second slice of pizza be worth less to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second slice of pizza be worth less to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second slice of pizza be worth less to
+you than the first slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you than the first slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you than the first slice of pizza
+hopefully found that intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully found that intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully found that intuitive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this less intuitive once again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this less intuitive once again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this less intuitive once again like
+with utility it's not saying the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with utility it's not saying the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with utility it's not saying the next
+worker doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker doesn't help
+the next worker does help it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next worker does help it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next worker does help it's just that
+the next worker helps less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next worker helps less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next worker helps less than the
+previous worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous worker
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this isn't true everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't true everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't true everywhere
+okay obviously there are tasks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay obviously there are tasks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay obviously there are tasks where
+having two workers together makes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two workers together makes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two workers together makes both
+better and we'll talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and we'll talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and we'll talk about that later
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+but we're gonna we're gonna focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna we're gonna focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna we're gonna focus on the
+range of production where this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production where this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production where this is true
+think about production functions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about production functions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about production functions as
+being you know non-monotonic they can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know non-monotonic they can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know non-monotonic they can go
+up and down but we're to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down but we're to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down but we're to focus on the
+range of production where this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production where this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production where this is true
+where the next worker is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next worker is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next worker is not as
+productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+okay because eventually that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because eventually that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because eventually that's going to
+be true for every firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for every firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for every firm
+and why is that going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that going to be true
+because we're holding capital fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're holding capital fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're holding capital fixed
+the reason eventually workers will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason eventually workers will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason eventually workers will get
+less productive is because only so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive is because only so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive is because only so many
+machines and buildings they can work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and buildings they can work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and buildings they can work it
+okay the classic example we think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the classic example we think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the classic example we think is the
+example of digging a hole with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of digging a hole with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of digging a hole with one
+shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shovel
+you've got one worker digging a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got one worker digging a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got one worker digging a hole
+that she can do a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she can do a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she can do a certain amount of
+effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+then a second worker comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second worker comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second worker comes along
+she can add value the first can rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can add value the first can rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can add value the first can rest
+they can trade off and maybe she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can trade off and maybe she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can trade off and maybe she's
+almost as productive but probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as productive but probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as productive but probably not
+quite then the third worker and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite then the third worker and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite then the third worker and the
+fourth worker by time you have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth worker by time you have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth worker by time you have six
+workers they're mostly just standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers they're mostly just standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers they're mostly just standing
+around because only one shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because only one shovel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because only one shovel
+okay now each one's more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now each one's more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now each one's more productive
+because they can help you know optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can help you know optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can help you know optimize
+the shift and get rests and stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift and get rests and stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift and get rests and stuff but
+the truth is clearly the six workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is clearly the six workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is clearly the six workers
+less productive the fifth worker gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive the fifth worker gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less productive the fifth worker gives
+only one shovel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one shovel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one shovel
+so the poi the key to understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poi the key to understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the poi the key to understanding the
+intuition of diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of diminishing marginal
+product is to remember that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is to remember that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is to remember that there's a
+limited amount of capital it's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of capital it's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of capital it's a fixed
+amount of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital
+so if there's a given building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a given building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a given building and
+you've got a thousand workers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a thousand workers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a thousand workers and you
+try to shove a thousand in first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to shove a thousand in first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to shove a thousand in first in
+there he's not going to do a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's not going to do a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's not going to do a whole lot
+of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good
+okay so marginal product of labor comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so marginal product of labor comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so marginal product of labor comes
+from the notion that there's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notion that there's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the notion that there's a fixed
+amount of capital so each additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital so each additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of capital so each additional
+worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+does less and less adds less and less to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does less and less adds less and less to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does less and less adds less and less to
+the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production
+okay that's the intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the intuition for
+diminishing marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal product of labor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's pretty much it for short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much it for short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much it for short run
+production that's sort of what you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production that's sort of what you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production that's sort of what you got
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the more interesting action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting action
+comes when we go to long run production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that gets more interesting because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets more interesting because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets more interesting because now
+you have an optimization decision over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an optimization decision over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an optimization decision over
+labor versus capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor versus capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor versus capital
+in the short run you just decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run you just decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run you just decide how
+many workers to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many workers to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many workers to hire
+in the long run now you're back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run now you're back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run now you're back to the
+kind of utility framework we used we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of utility framework we used we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of utility framework we used we had
+to trade off pizza and cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade off pizza and cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade off pizza and cookies
+now you get to trade off workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get to trade off workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get to trade off workers and
+machines now you own the firm you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines now you own the firm you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines now you own the firm you're
+gonna own it forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna own it forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna own it forever
+okay and you get to trade off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you get to trade off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you get to trade off
+you get to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to think about um
+workers versus machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers versus machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers versus machines
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+you're going to have to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to make a decision
+on that so let's actu and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so let's actu and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so let's actu and that that
+decision is going to be driven just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is going to be driven just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is going to be driven just as
+your decision of how to trade off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision of how to trade off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision of how to trade off
+cookies and pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and pizza
+is driven by utility function your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by utility function your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by utility function your
+decision about whether to employ workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether to employ workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about whether to employ workers
+or machines is going to be driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machines is going to be driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machines is going to be driven by
+your production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your production function
+so to make life easy let's start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make life easy let's start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make life easy let's start a
+production function that looks just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function that looks just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function that looks just like
+the utility function we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function we're using
+q equals l times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals l times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals l times k
+familiar form before we said how happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar form before we said how happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar form before we said how happy
+pizza and cookies made you was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies made you was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies made you was the
+square to pizza times cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to pizza times cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to pizza times cookies
+now we're gonna say how many goods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna say how many goods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're gonna say how many goods you
+can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce
+is the square root of capital times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of capital times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of capital times
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and figure five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure five
+one shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shows you
+what that delivers in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that delivers in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that delivers in terms of
+graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically
+just as to graphically represent utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as to graphically represent utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as to graphically represent utility
+we graphed indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graphed indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graphed indifference curves
+to graphically represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graphically represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graphically represent
+production we are going to graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we are going to graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we are going to graph
+isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay isoquants are like firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay isoquants are like firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay isoquants are like firm
+indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves
+but once again they're sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again they're sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again they're sort of more
+tangible a difference curve is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible a difference curve is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible a difference curve is this
+weird intangible idea of points along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird intangible idea of points along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird intangible idea of points along
+which are indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are indifferent
+an isoquant is a tangible thing it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isoquant is a tangible thing it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isoquant is a tangible thing it's the
+combinations of capital labor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of capital labor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of capital labor that
+produce the same amount of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same amount of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same amount of output
+okay so for any given production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for any given production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for any given production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+there's different combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different combinations of
+capital labor that produce the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor that produce the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor that produce the same
+amount of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of output
+so for example in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in our example
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+two units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two units
+of capital and two units of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and two units of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and two units of labor
+produces two units of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces two units of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces two units of output
+four units of capital and one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four units of capital and one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four units of capital and one unit of
+labor also produce two units of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor also produce two units of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor also produce two units of output
+so they would be on the same isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be on the same isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be on the same isoquant
+they're just combinations of inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just combinations of inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just combinations of inputs that
+deliver the same level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the same level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the same level of output
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and isoquants all the stuff we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoquants all the stuff we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isoquants all the stuff we learned
+about indifference curves apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about indifference curves apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about indifference curves apply here
+more is better so further out is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better so further out is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better so further out is better
+they can't cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't cross
+okay uh and they slope downwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and they slope downwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and they slope downwards
+all the set of things we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the set of things we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the set of things we learned about
+indifference curves that same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves that same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves that same set of
+intuitions applies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions applies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions applies here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the difference with production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference with production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference with production
+is it's more plausible to have extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's more plausible to have extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's more plausible to have extreme
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+okay so let's consider two extreme cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's consider two extreme cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's consider two extreme cases
+let's first consider the case of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first consider the case of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first consider the case of inputs
+that are perfectly substitutable so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are perfectly substitutable so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are perfectly substitutable so like
+a harvard graduate and a beanie baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harvard graduate and a beanie baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harvard graduate and a beanie baby
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+perfectly substitutable inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable inputs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+those are goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are goods
+where the production function will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the production function will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the production function will be of
+the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form
+q equals x plus equals l plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals x plus equals l plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q equals x plus equals l plus k
+l plus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus k
+okay that's perfectly substitutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's perfectly substitutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's perfectly substitutable
+because you're indifferent between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're indifferent between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're indifferent between a
+universal unit of l they're k they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal unit of l they're k they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal unit of l they're k they're
+perfectly substitutable so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable so you can see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in figure 5 2a i do x and y instead of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 5 2a i do x and y instead of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 5 2a i do x and y instead of l
+and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k
+but it's the same idea if there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same idea if there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same idea if there's two
+inputs x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs x and y
+then then with that production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then with that production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then with that production function
+at perfectly substitutable that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at perfectly substitutable that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at perfectly substitutable that would
+lead to linear isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to linear isoquants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to linear isoquants
+perfectly substitutable inputs would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable inputs would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly substitutable inputs would
+lead to linear isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to linear isoquants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to linear isoquants
+okay with a slope of minus one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with a slope of minus one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with a slope of minus one because
+you're perfectly indifferent between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly indifferent between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perfectly indifferent between one
+or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+at all levels at any point in time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all levels at any point in time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all levels at any point in time you
+are indifferent between one more unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indifferent between one more unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indifferent between one more unit of
+x and one more unit of y one mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and one more unit of y one mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and one more unit of y one mean of
+label one unit of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label one unit of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label one unit of capital
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+at the other extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other extreme
+would be perfectly non-substitutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly non-substitutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly non-substitutable
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+inputs where you can't produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs where you can't produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs where you can't produce
+another unit of one more unit without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit of one more unit without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unit of one more unit without
+one of each input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each input
+okay that would look like figure 5 2b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would look like figure 5 2b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would look like figure 5 2b
+we call this a leonteith production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a leonteith production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a leonteith production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a leonty of production function is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leonty of production function is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leonty of production function is one
+where there's non-substitutable inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's non-substitutable inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's non-substitutable inputs
+where you where the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you where the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you where the production function
+is the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the min
+of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y
+that one more unit of y does you no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one more unit of y does you no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one more unit of y does you no good
+unless you also get one more unit of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you also get one more unit of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you also get one more unit of x
+so what's an example what's a real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example what's a real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example what's a real world
+example of a leonty of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a leonty of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a leonty of production
+function what's a good which would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's a good which would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's a good which would have
+non-substitutable inputs where you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-substitutable inputs where you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-substitutable inputs where you need
+at least one of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of each
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+if you have like programmers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like programmers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like programmers in
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programmers to computers that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to computers that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers to computers that's a good
+one what else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what else yeah
+so you need like a right shoe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need like a right shoe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need like a right shoe you're
+right you in a left shoe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you in a left shoe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you in a left shoe that's the
+classic example we always use cereal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example we always use cereal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example we always use cereal and
+cereal boxes stuff like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal boxes stuff like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereal boxes stuff like that you know
+stuff where you basically need both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff where you basically need both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff where you basically need both
+shoes is the sort of classic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes is the sort of classic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes is the sort of classic example
+okay and that would give you sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that would give you sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that would give you sort of a
+leonty of production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonty of production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonty of production function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's basically those extremes help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically those extremes help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically those extremes help
+you think about what isoquants are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what isoquants are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what isoquants are and
+what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+continuing our parallel to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing our parallel to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing our parallel to consumer
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+what is the slope of the isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the slope of the isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the slope of the isoquant
+okay what is the slope of the isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the slope of the isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the slope of the isoquant
+the slope of the isoquant just as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the isoquant just as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the isoquant just as we
+call the slope of the indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the slope of the indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the slope of the indifference curve
+the marginal rate of substitution since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of substitution since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of substitution since
+we're not very creative in economics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not very creative in economics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not very creative in economics we
+call the slope of the isoquant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the slope of the isoquant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the slope of the isoquant the
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+because it's the same idea but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same idea but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same idea but now it's
+technical it comes from a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical it comes from a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical it comes from a technical
+production function not from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function not from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function not from your
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+okay so marginal technical substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so marginal technical substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so marginal technical substitution
+is the slope of the isoquant or delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope of the isoquant or delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope of the isoquant or delta k
+over delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and as with indifference curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with indifference curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with indifference curves that
+slope varies along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope varies along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope varies along
+the isoquant so we can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isoquant so we can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isoquant so we can see that in
+figure five three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay figure five three is once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay figure five three is once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay figure five three is once again
+drawn for our production function q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for our production function q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for our production function q
+equals square root of k times l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so let's say for example we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say for example we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's say for example we start
+with one worker and four machines at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one worker and four machines at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one worker and four machines at
+point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a
+okay and now we consider adding a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we consider adding a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we consider adding a second
+worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+well at point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at point a
+that second worker is so productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second worker is so productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second worker is so productive
+because diminishing marginal product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because diminishing marginal product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because diminishing marginal product of
+because diminishing marginal products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because diminishing marginal products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because diminishing marginal products
+okay you already got four machines only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you already got four machines only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you already got four machines only
+one guy to run them like he's not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy to run them like he's not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy to run them like he's not doing
+a lot of good so adding a second worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good so adding a second worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good so adding a second worker
+and two machines helps a lot it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two machines helps a lot it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two machines helps a lot it's not
+perfectly on tf but you can get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly on tf but you can get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly on tf but you can get the the
+the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition
+that you're better with your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're better with your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're better with your your your
+two workers and two machines the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two workers and two machines the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two workers and two machines the same as
+one worker and four machines you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one worker and four machines you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one worker and four machines you're not
+better off you're the same off you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off you're the same off you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off you're the same off you're on
+the same isoquant so the marginal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same isoquant so the marginal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same isoquant so the marginal rate
+of technical substitution is minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical substitution is minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical substitution is minus two
+that is one worker substitutes for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one worker substitutes for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one worker substitutes for two
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+okay one worker substitutes for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one worker substitutes for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one worker substitutes for two
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+but now starting from point b moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now starting from point b moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now starting from point b moving to
+point c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point c
+it takes two more workers substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two more workers substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes two more workers substitute for
+one machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine
+okay because if you go down one machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because if you go down one machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because if you go down one machine
+you need a lot more workers to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot more workers to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot more workers to make up
+for it so then the mrts falls to minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so then the mrts falls to minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so then the mrts falls to minus a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+so going from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going from a to b
+one worker makes up for two machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one worker makes up for two machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one worker makes up for two machines
+going from b to c it takes two workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from b to c it takes two workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from b to c it takes two workers
+to make up for one machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for one machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for one machine
+and that's because of diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of diminishing
+marginal products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal products
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's because of diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of diminishing marginal
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed
+there's a convenient way mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convenient way mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a convenient way mathematically
+to relate the marginal rate of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate the marginal rate of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate the marginal rate of technical
+substitution to marginal products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution to marginal products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution to marginal products
+think of what the mrts is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what the mrts is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what the mrts is asking
+think of what we're asking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what we're asking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what we're asking a lot of
+isoquant we're saying what combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant we're saying what combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant we're saying what combinations
+of capital and labor yield the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and labor yield the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and labor yield the same
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+that's we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're asking
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so another way to think about it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to think about it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to think about it is what
+change in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in capital
+plus an equivalent change in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an equivalent change in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an equivalent change in labor
+leads to the same level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the same level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the same level of output
+so you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask
+well the change in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the change in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the change in labor
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+times the margin productivity labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the margin productivity labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the margin productivity labor
+plus the change in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the change in capital
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the marginal product of a unit of
+capital which is the same i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which is the same i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital which is the same i didn't
+define marge product capital it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define marge product capital it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define marge product capital it's the
+same idea as marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea as marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea as marginal product of labor
+it's dq dk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dq dk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dq dk
+okay it's the marginal product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the marginal product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the marginal product of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+that equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals zero
+along an isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along an isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along an isoquant
+think about it along an isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it along an isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it along an isoquant
+the next union of labor times how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next union of labor times how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next union of labor times how
+productive that labor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive that labor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive that labor is
+plus the next unit of capital times how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the next unit of capital times how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the next unit of capital times how
+productive that capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive that capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive that capital is
+equals zero because you're staying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because you're staying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because you're staying on
+isoquant so if you're taking away one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant so if you're taking away one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant so if you're taking away one
+unit of labor if this is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of labor if this is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of labor if this is minus one
+and this is plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is plus one
+then base it along the isoquant you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then base it along the isoquant you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then base it along the isoquant you're
+choosing the point where the mpl equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the point where the mpl equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the point where the mpl equals
+the mpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mpk
+or more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally
+if you reorganize this you get the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reorganize this you get the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reorganize this you get the delta
+k over delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over delta l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over delta l
+which is the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the slope
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+minus mpl over mpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mpl over mpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mpl over mpk
+and that is the mrts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the marginal rate of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of technical
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the negative of the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of the ratio of the
+marginal product of labor the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of labor the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal product of labor the marginal
+product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of capital
+once again should look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again should look familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again should look familiar
+it's just like the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like the marginal rate of
+substitution is the negative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is the negative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution is the negative of the
+margin utility of the good on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of the good on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of the good on the x-axis
+the margin utility the good and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utility the good and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utility the good and the
+y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis
+same idea i derived in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea i derived in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea i derived in a slightly
+different way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way here
+but it's the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same idea
+these and it comes from the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it comes from the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and it comes from the notion that
+you want to stay that you're staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay that you're staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay that you're staying
+constant production as you change labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant production as you change labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant production as you change labor
+and capital along this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well mpk over mpl would give you i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mpk over mpl would give you i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mpk over mpl would give you i mean
+basically we're defining the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're defining the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're defining the marginal
+rate tech substitution the way we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate tech substitution the way we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate tech substitution the way we define
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the way we define the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define the marginal rate of
+substitution you basically want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you basically want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you basically want because
+you want it to be downward sloping if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be downward sloping if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be downward sloping if
+you find that you you'd that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you you'd that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you you'd that'd be
+inverse it'd be upward sloping so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it'd be upward sloping so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse it'd be upward sloping so we're
+defined as a downward sloping concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a downward sloping concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a downward sloping concept
+which is the mars part of the good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the mars part of the good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the mars part of the good on
+the x axis so the largest product is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis so the largest product is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis so the largest product is in
+the y axis so it's not invertible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis so it's not invertible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis so it's not invertible it's
+not freely invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not freely invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not freely invertible
+yeah what's the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the marginal rate of
+technical substitution for our leonty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical substitution for our leonty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical substitution for our leonty
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ah great question great question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah great question great question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah great question great question so the
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rate of technical substitution
+so let's go back to leontyaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the marginal rate of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the marginal rate of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the marginal rate of technical
+substitution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution um
+actually sort of depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of depends on
+it sort of depends on where you are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of depends on where you are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of depends on where you are it's
+sort of a non-linear marginal technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a non-linear marginal technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a non-linear marginal technical
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+right so basically it's going to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically it's going to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically it's going to very
+much depend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much depend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much depend uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+depend on where you are so basically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on where you are so basically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on where you are so basically can
+be negative infinity or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative infinity or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative infinity or positive
+infinity or zero depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or zero depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or zero depending on where you
+are on the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the curve
+so we'll actually i don't need more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually i don't need more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually i don't need more than
+that because that this problem may i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that this problem may i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that this problem may i'm
+like anything it could obviously be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything it could obviously be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything it could obviously be a
+problem set problem so i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set problem so i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set problem so i don't want to
+give more answers in that away but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more answers in that away but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give more answers in that away but it's
+certainly it's it's it's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's it's it's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's it's it's going to be uh
+it's it's not going to be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not going to be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not going to be constant
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marsha if if the curve is just a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsha if if the curve is just a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsha if if the curve is just a line
+the marginal x substitution would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal x substitution would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal x substitution would be
+constant if for perfectly substitutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if for perfectly substitutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if for perfectly substitutable
+inputs it would be constant that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it would be constant that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it would be constant that's right
+just like the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the marginal rate of
+substitution because if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution because if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution because if your
+indifference curves were linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves were linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves were linear
+okay good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's production
+okay other question about production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other question about production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other question about production
+okay that's the basics and we went fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basics and we went fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basics and we went fast
+because basically a lot of it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically a lot of it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically a lot of it's just
+parallel to what we differ with consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to what we differ with consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to what we differ with consumer
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now but i want to talk about two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but i want to talk about two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but i want to talk about two other
+aspects of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of production
+that we need to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to keep in mind
+as we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move forward
+the first and the fourth topic for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the fourth topic for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and the fourth topic for today
+is returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is the what returns to scale are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the what returns to scale are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the what returns to scale are
+asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is
+what happens to production when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to production when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to production when you
+increase all inputs proportionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase all inputs proportionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase all inputs proportionally
+so if you double all inputs or triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you double all inputs or triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you double all inputs or triple
+all inputs or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inputs or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inputs or whatever
+cut all inputs by 73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut all inputs by 73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut all inputs by 73
+what happens to production so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to production so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to production so it's not
+about k versus l it's about a scale a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about k versus l it's about a scale a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about k versus l it's about a scale a
+scaling up or down of the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up or down of the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up or down of the operation
+okay now we know obviously if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we know obviously if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we know obviously if you
+double inputs production will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double inputs production will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double inputs production will go up
+more is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better
+the question is by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is by how much
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our baseline we can think about is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baseline we can think about is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our baseline we can think about is what
+we call a constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a constant returns to scale
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one
+where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f
+of 2l 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2l 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2l 2k
+equals two times f of l k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two times f of l k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two times f of l k
+so a constant returns to scale function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a constant returns to scale function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a constant returns to scale function
+means if you double inputs you double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you double inputs you double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you double inputs you double
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+if you double inputs you double output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you double inputs you double output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you double inputs you double output
+that's a constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant returns to scale
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+but you could also define increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also define increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also define increasing
+returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+where doubling inputs leads to more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doubling inputs leads to more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doubling inputs leads to more than
+double the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the output
+or decreasing returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decreasing returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decreasing returns to scale
+where doubling the inputs leads to less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doubling the inputs leads to less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where doubling the inputs leads to less
+than double the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double the output
+so constant returns to scale means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant returns to scale means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so constant returns to scale means
+doubling the inputs leads to double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the inputs leads to double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the inputs leads to double the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+increasing returns to scale means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale means more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale means more
+than doubling the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubling the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubling the inputs
+more than doubles the up i'm sorry means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than doubles the up i'm sorry means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than doubles the up i'm sorry means
+double the inputs more than doubles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the inputs more than doubles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the inputs more than doubles the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+decreasing returns to scale means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns to scale means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns to scale means
+doubling the inputs less than doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the inputs less than doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the inputs less than doubles
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+okay and that gives you uh that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives you uh that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that gives you uh that's your
+definition of returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of returns to scale
+now where could these come from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where could these come from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where could these come from so
+increasing returns to scale for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale for example
+where could increasingly that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could increasingly that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could increasingly that's the
+world's worst s where could increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's worst s where could increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's worst s where could increasing
+returns to scale come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale come from
+okay so for example one reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example one reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example one reason for
+increasing returns to scale is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale is that
+basically as a firm gets bigger it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as a firm gets bigger it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as a firm gets bigger it might
+learn to specialize so maybe a firm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to specialize so maybe a firm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to specialize so maybe a firm with
+two workers and two computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two workers and two computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two workers and two computers
+and you double you have four workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you double you have four workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you double you have four workers and
+four computers and and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four computers and and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four computers and and and then you
+could specialize the tasks more and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could specialize the tasks more and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could specialize the tasks more and each
+worker is more efficient their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is more efficient their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is more efficient their
+specialized task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized task
+that could lead to increasing returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could lead to increasing returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could lead to increasing returns to
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+that's an example of something could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of something could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of something could
+lead to increasing returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to increasing returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to increasing returns to scale
+decreasing returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns to scale
+could come through something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come through something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come through something like
+difficulty of coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty of coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty of coordination
+maybe when i've got two workers or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when i've got two workers or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when i've got two workers or two
+computers i can keep an eye on them make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers i can keep an eye on them make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers i can keep an eye on them make
+sure they don't slack off with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they don't slack off with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they don't slack off with four
+workers or four computers there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or four computers there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or four computers there's more
+slacking off because i can't keep an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slacking off because i can't keep an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slacking off because i can't keep an eye
+on them all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them all the time
+and more so with 8 and 16 etc yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more so with 8 and 16 etc yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more so with 8 and 16 etc yeah
+irs why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irs why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irs why is
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so basically doubling the input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so basically doubling the input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so basically doubling the input so
+when i moved to two workers or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i moved to two workers or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i moved to two workers or two
+computers to four workers of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to four workers of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to four workers of four
+computers i more than double my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers i more than double my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers i more than double my output
+and that's because maybe they specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because maybe they specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because maybe they specialize
+and get more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah so well it's it's it's one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so well it's it's it's one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so well it's it's it's one function
+f of l it's literally one function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of l it's literally one function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of l it's literally one function it's
+little so i'll write it out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so i'll write it out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so i'll write it out it's
+literally saying doubling my inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally saying doubling my inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally saying doubling my inputs
+leads to more than twice what i get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to more than twice what i get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to more than twice what i get with
+just without doubling the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just without doubling the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just without doubling the outputs
+okay is that another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that another way to think about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product um being produced or how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um being produced or how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um being produced or how much
+profit how much product we're only we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit how much product we're only we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit how much product we're only we
+haven't gotten a product profit yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten a product profit yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten a product profit yet
+we're only talking about quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about quantity
+we want to talk about quantity f is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about quantity f is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about quantity f is f
+remember f is the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember f is the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember f is the function that
+translates uh inputs to q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates uh inputs to q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates uh inputs to q
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+are things intrinsically like increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things intrinsically like increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things intrinsically like increased
+return to scale functions or decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale functions or decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale functions or decreased
+returns well great question so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns well great question so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns well great question so what do
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+what's what's the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the right answer
+what do we think in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think in reality
+i mean like perhaps maybe there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean like perhaps maybe there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean like perhaps maybe there could be
+ways to shift it or not like like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to shift it or not like like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to shift it or not like like and
+going back to the whole example you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the whole example you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the whole example you give
+about decreases like if there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decreases like if there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about decreases like if there's more
+computers people can start slacking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers people can start slacking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers people can start slacking off
+and he says like if you set some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says like if you set some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says like if you set some
+parameters or like you know like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or like you know like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or like you know like you
+deactivated social media on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated social media on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated social media on those
+computers that they couldn't go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that they couldn't go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that they couldn't go on
+facebook when you weren't watching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook when you weren't watching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook when you weren't watching them
+you could make them be more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make them be more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make them be more productive
+well it's a great question let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a great question let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a great question let's start
+by looking at figure five four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at figure five four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at figure five four
+and show some examples of what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show some examples of what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show some examples of what we think
+about like decrease increase returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like decrease increase returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like decrease increase returns to
+scale so figure five four has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so figure five four has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so figure five four has some
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh of the kind of industries people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the kind of industries people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the kind of industries people
+think are potentially decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are potentially decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are potentially decreasing
+increasing returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns to scale
+okay so for example we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example we think the
+production of tobacco is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of tobacco is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of tobacco is increasing
+returns to scale activity that is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale activity that is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale activity that is you're
+kind of farming tobacco you're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of farming tobacco you're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of farming tobacco you're growing
+it you're producing it then if you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're producing it then if you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're producing it then if you kind
+of double it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double it up
+um there's still a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's still a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's still a certain amount of
+land you're working on you can't there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you're working on you can't there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you're working on you can't there's
+still sort of a certain amount of crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of a certain amount of crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of a certain amount of crop
+you're not gonna bruise twice as much by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna bruise twice as much by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna bruise twice as much by
+having twice as many threshers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having twice as many threshers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having twice as many threshers and
+workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+whereas maybe something like prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas maybe something like prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas maybe something like prime
+producing primary metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing primary metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing primary metal
+okay you could basically maybe work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could basically maybe work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could basically maybe work a
+lot more efficiently by having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more efficiently by having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more efficiently by having more
+machines and more workers together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and more workers together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and more workers together
+producing that metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that metal
+so what is the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the right answer
+the right answer is we don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is we don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is we don't know but
+the one thing we do know is there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we do know is there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we do know is there can
+never be forever increasing returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be forever increasing returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be forever increasing returns to
+scale and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and why is that
+well at least we used to think this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least we used to think this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least we used to think this may
+be 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 15 years ago
+why is that why can their net what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why can their net what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that why can their net what would
+happen in an economy if a firm had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in an economy if a firm had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in an economy if a firm had
+forever increasing returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever increasing returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever increasing returns to scale
+yeah and monopoly it would own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and monopoly it would own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and monopoly it would own the
+economy right because the bigger i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right because the bigger i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right because the bigger i got
+the more productive i'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more productive i'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more productive i'd get
+so i would just eventually grow and own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would just eventually grow and own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would just eventually grow and own
+the whole economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole economy
+now actually that may be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually that may be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually that may be happening
+so maybe it's not as weird as we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's not as weird as we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it's not as weird as we thought
+it was 15 you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 15 you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 15 you know uh
+maybe you know google the big five have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know google the big five have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know google the big five have
+uh have increased returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have increased returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have increased returns to scale
+but eventually we think return scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually we think return scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eventually we think return scale
+must decrease we think your scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must decrease we think your scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must decrease we think your scale
+production must get so unwieldy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production must get so unwieldy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production must get so unwieldy
+that doubling it means you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doubling it means you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doubling it means you just can't
+manage as effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage as effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage as effectively
+eventually we think return scale must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we think return scale must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we think return scale must
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+that's sort of the one sort of principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the one sort of principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the one sort of principle
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+we think generally probably in the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think generally probably in the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think generally probably in the life
+cycle of firms returns to scale are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of firms returns to scale are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of firms returns to scale are
+probably increasing and then decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably increasing and then decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably increasing and then decreasing
+but we don't know where it happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know where it happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know where it happens and
+certainly companies like google and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly companies like google and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly companies like google and
+amazon are showing us that point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon are showing us that point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon are showing us that point of
+decreasing may happen a lot later than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing may happen a lot later than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing may happen a lot later than
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+thought okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay
+but uh and that's because i think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and that's because i think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and that's because i think what
+we didn't account for in our traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't account for in our traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't account for in our traditional
+producer theory is networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory is networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory is networks
+the fact that networks get ever more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that networks get ever more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that networks get ever more
+productive we always thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive we always thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive we always thought about
+buildings and workers and the limit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and workers and the limit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and workers and the limit how
+productive they can get but networks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive they can get but networks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive they can get but networks by
+bringing in more and more people can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in more and more people can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in more and more people can get
+everyone more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone more productive
+but at some point we think these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point we think these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point we think these things
+have to decrease at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decrease at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decrease at least we
+traditionally thought so but maybe in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally thought so but maybe in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally thought so but maybe in 10
+years when you know google owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when you know google owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when you know google owns
+everything i'll change my tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i'll change my tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything i'll change my tune
+okay but that's sort of the one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's sort of the one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's sort of the one sort of
+rule of thumb we have in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb we have in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb we have in thinking about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay other questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's talk about the last topic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the last topic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the last topic then
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is productivity
+how this stuff all matters in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this stuff all matters in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this stuff all matters in the real
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to come back next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to come back next lecture
+and come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to
+maximizing profits and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits and all that stuff
+but i want to step aside now and ask why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to step aside now and ask why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to step aside now and ask why
+does this all matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all matter
+and to do so let's step way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so let's step way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so let's step way back
+to the original dismal scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original dismal scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original dismal scientist
+thomas malthus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas malthus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas malthus
+thomas malthus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas malthus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas malthus
+in 1798
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1798
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1798
+uh wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrote a book
+which said which was really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said which was really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said which was really pretty
+depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing
+he said look let's think about how basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look let's think about how basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look let's think about how basic
+economics works now i didn't do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics works now i didn't do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics works now i didn't do the math
+this is pre-math so let's get the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pre-math so let's get the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pre-math so let's get the basic
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+think about the production of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the production of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the production of food
+okay the production of food has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the production of food has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the production of food has two
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land
+there's workers and then they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's workers and then they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's workers and then they you know
+there's machines but they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's machines but they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's machines but they're pretty
+simple machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple machines
+okay you sort of till the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you sort of till the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you sort of till the land
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's land
+well in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the short-run labors of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short-run labors of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short-run labors of our own
+long-run labor's viable but land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run labor's viable but land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run labor's viable but land is
+never variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never variable
+len is a forever fixed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+len is a forever fixed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+len is a forever fixed input
+there's no long run unless we discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no long run unless we discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no long run unless we discover a
+new planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new planet
+there's no long run over which lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no long run over which lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no long run over which lands
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+what that means is that there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that there will be
+ever diminishing marginal product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever diminishing marginal product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever diminishing marginal product of
+farming he didn't say it this way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming he didn't say it this way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming he didn't say it this way but
+this was sort of his intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sort of his intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was sort of his intuition
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+more and more workers will try to cram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more workers will try to cram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more workers will try to cram
+on a given acre of land each initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given acre of land each initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a given acre of land each initial
+worker can only do so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker can only do so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker can only do so much
+and eventually the marginal product will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the marginal product will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the marginal product will
+diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the result is that productivity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that productivity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that productivity will
+fall the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall the marginal product of labor
+with each digital worker will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each digital worker will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each digital worker will be less
+and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less
+and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result
+will starve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will starve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will starve
+because basically all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically all these people
+looking for work there's nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for work there's nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for work there's nothing to do
+because only a certain amount of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only a certain amount of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only a certain amount of land
+the only thing to do eventually they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing to do eventually they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing to do eventually they'll
+starve so malthus actually predicted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve so malthus actually predicted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve so malthus actually predicted we
+would see cycles of mass starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see cycles of mass starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see cycles of mass starvation
+through history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through history
+fun guy to have at a party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun guy to have at a party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun guy to have at a party
+okay he'd basically say we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he'd basically say we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he'd basically say we're gonna get
+overpopulated these guys will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpopulated these guys will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpopulated these guys will have
+nothing to do because only so much land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do because only so much land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do because only so much land
+they can work on they'll die off will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work on they'll die off will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work on they'll die off will
+eventually grow overpopulated with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually grow overpopulated with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually grow overpopulated with these
+cycles of mass starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of mass starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of mass starvation
+that was his prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his prediction
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+since he wrote that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he wrote that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he wrote that book
+world population has increased about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world population has increased about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world population has increased about a
+thousand percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand percent
+and yet we're fatter than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not saying you know food deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying you know food deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying you know food deprivation
+isn't a problem around the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a problem around the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a problem around the world but
+certainly the world is much better fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the world is much better fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the world is much better fed
+than it was in 1798
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was in 1798
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was in 1798
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what did malthus missed what did malthus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did malthus missed what did malthus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did malthus missed what did malthus
+miss what did he get wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss what did he get wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss what did he get wrong
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the classic example against it like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example against it like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic example against it like he
+didn't account for innovations he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't account for innovations he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't account for innovations he didn't
+account for innovation or what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for innovation or what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for innovation or what we call
+productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity
+productivity or you can also call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity or you can also call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity or you can also call it
+innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and neither have we so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither have we so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neither have we so far
+we have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have written
+production functions of the form q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions of the form q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions of the form q
+equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f
+of l and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and k
+but in reality the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality the production function
+is actually q equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually q equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually q equals a
+times f of l and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of l and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of l and k
+maybe a of t a sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a of t a sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a of t a sub t
+and that's a production factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a production factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a production factor
+that basically for a given amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically for a given amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically for a given amount of
+labor and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and capital
+as you get more productive you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more productive you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more productive you can
+produce more things the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more things the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more things the production
+function itself changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself changes
+you get more productive over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more productive over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more productive over time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in agriculture
+how did we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we do this
+well we did it in lots of ways we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we did it in lots of ways we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we did it in lots of ways we uh
+invented cool new ways to harvest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented cool new ways to harvest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented cool new ways to harvest the
+crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop
+tractors we invented fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors we invented fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors we invented fertilizer
+chemical fertilizer we invented seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fertilizer we invented seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical fertilizer we invented seed
+resistant crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant crops
+we invented lots of things that malthus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invented lots of things that malthus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invented lots of things that malthus
+didn't see coming so as a result even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see coming so as a result even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see coming so as a result even
+though the land is just as fixed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the land is just as fixed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the land is just as fixed it was
+in malthus's time and someone discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in malthus's time and someone discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in malthus's time and someone discovered
+a new planet we can farm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new planet we can farm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new planet we can farm on
+we produce a lot more food because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a lot more food because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a lot more food because the
+factor a the production function itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a the production function itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a the production function itself
+has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed
+we've become more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've become more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've become more productive
+so productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so productivity
+is how is the factor that allows us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the factor that allows us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the factor that allows us our
+innovation is a factor that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is a factor that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is a factor that allows us
+to produce more and more with a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more and more with a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more and more with a given
+amount of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of inputs
+so actually food consumption per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually food consumption per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually food consumption per capita
+is rising since 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising since 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising since 1950
+food consumption per person in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption per person in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption per person in the world
+is up 40 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up 40 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up 40 percent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so while we have starvation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we have starvation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we have starvation it's
+terrible it's up one side note some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible it's up one side note some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible it's up one side note some of
+you may have heard of a very famous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of a very famous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of a very famous um
+economist named marcia sen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named marcia sen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named marcia sen
+he's a nobel prize winning economist his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a nobel prize winning economist his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a nobel prize winning economist his
+biggest one of his main contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one of his main contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest one of his main contributions
+was he studied famines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he studied famines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he studied famines
+and he said famines are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said famines are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said famines are not a
+technological problem he said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem he said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem he said there's
+never been in history of famine in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been in history of famine in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been in history of famine in a
+democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy
+no democratic nations ever had a famine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no democratic nations ever had a famine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no democratic nations ever had a famine
+famines are not about technology famines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famines are not about technology famines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famines are not about technology famines
+are about politics and corruption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about politics and corruption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about politics and corruption and
+the things that get in the way of proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that get in the way of proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that get in the way of proper
+food distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food distribution
+so really we have enough food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really we have enough food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really we have enough food
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the food is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food is there
+malthus was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthus was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malthus was wrong
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is not just true in agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just true in agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not just true in agriculture
+it's true all over the world let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true all over the world let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true all over the world let's look
+at car production one of the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at car production one of the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at car production one of the most famous
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cars have been around since the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars have been around since the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars have been around since the late
+1800s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s
+okay and they're basically when cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're basically when cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they're basically when cars
+were first invented they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first invented they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first invented they were
+essentially craftsmanship someone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially craftsmanship someone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially craftsmanship someone would
+sit down and make a car if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and make a car if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and make a car if you can
+believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it
+they'd literally make all the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd literally make all the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd literally make all the parts
+they'd make a car or a couple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd make a car or a couple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd make a car or a couple people
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+in the early 1900s henry ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1900s henry ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1900s henry ford
+introduced the idea of mass production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of mass production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of mass production
+it seems sensible now but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems sensible now but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems sensible now but it's not the
+way they used to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they used to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they used to do it
+a series of workers who reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of workers who reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of workers who reached a
+discrete task along the way constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete task along the way constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete task along the way constructing
+a car so no worker did a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car so no worker did a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car so no worker did a whole bunch of
+the car each worker did a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car each worker did a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car each worker did a little piece
+which massively led to increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which massively led to increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which massively led to increasing
+returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+by specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by specialization
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+he did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that
+and basically this was radical at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically this was radical at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically this was radical at the
+time seems obvious to us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time seems obvious to us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time seems obvious to us now
+but he cut the price of building a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he cut the price of building a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he cut the price of building a car
+more than in half almost overnight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than in half almost overnight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than in half almost overnight and
+basically wiped out all his rivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wiped out all his rivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wiped out all his rivals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+through the introduction mass production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the introduction mass production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the introduction mass production
+they might think that's pretty cool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might think that's pretty cool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might think that's pretty cool that
+but you know that's old time story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's old time story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's old time story but
+it's not over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not over
+innovation car production continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation car production continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation car production continues
+the indian company tada you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indian company tada you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indian company tada you may have
+heard of them they do a lot of mit they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of them they do a lot of mit they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of them they do a lot of mit they
+finance a lot of stuff at mit they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance a lot of stuff at mit they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance a lot of stuff at mit they have
+a car called the nano that they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car called the nano that they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car called the nano that they produce
+for 2 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 500
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's a tiny car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tiny car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tiny car
+it's lighter they use extra light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lighter they use extra light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lighter they use extra light
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+it's smaller because they do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller because they do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller because they do things like
+putting wheels on the extreme outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting wheels on the extreme outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting wheels on the extreme outside of
+the car rather than sort of underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car rather than sort of underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car rather than sort of underneath
+the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and they minimize the parts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they minimize the parts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they minimize the parts that are
+used to make it easily fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make it easily fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make it easily fixed
+interchangeable with other cars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable with other cars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable with other cars so
+innovation is going all the time look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is going all the time look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is going all the time look at
+hybrid look at the innovation the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid look at the innovation the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid look at the innovation the fuel
+space with hybrid cars and electric cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with hybrid cars and electric cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with hybrid cars and electric cars
+and tesla okay innovation is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tesla okay innovation is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tesla okay innovation is happening
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what's key about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's key about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's key about this
+besides the fact technically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact technically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact technically what this
+means is that when you're right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that when you're right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that when you're right when you
+think about production now we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about production now we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about production now we're not
+going to talk about this a lot we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this a lot we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this a lot we'll
+assume that there's constant production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's constant production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's constant production
+functions but what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what that means
+technically is when we think about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically is when we think about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically is when we think about over
+time production innovation is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time production innovation is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time production innovation is a key
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+but what this means in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this means in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this means in terms of
+all of us sitting in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us sitting in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us sitting in this room
+is that productivity innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that productivity innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that productivity innovation is
+fundamentally what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally what determines the
+standard of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living
+in a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our standard of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard of living
+is determined by productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so basically if you think about us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if you think about us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if you think about us as
+workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we if we're gonna get richer we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we're gonna get richer we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we're gonna get richer we're gonna
+have to make more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make more stuff
+okay we have to make more q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to make more q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to make more q
+or more valuable q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more valuable q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more valuable q
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now given our amount of labor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given our amount of labor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given our amount of labor that's
+either gonna happen through more k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gonna happen through more k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gonna happen through more k
+through more capital or through a faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more capital or through a faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more capital or through a faster
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+through through faster innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through faster innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through faster innovation
+so ultimately what determines our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately what determines our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately what determines our
+standard of living that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of living that is what
+determines how much we have for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much we have for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much we have for a
+given amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given amount of work
+is going to be how much we save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be how much we save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be how much we save
+and how innovative we are i'm sorry back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how innovative we are i'm sorry back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how innovative we are i'm sorry back
+how much capital we have and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much capital we have and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much capital we have and how
+innovative we are capital it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative we are capital it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative we are capital it turns out
+is going to come from savings i sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from savings i sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come from savings i sort of
+cheated there we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated there we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated there we're going to talk about
+that in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in about
+about the maybe 12 lectures from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maybe 12 lectures from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maybe 12 lectures from now
+we'll talk about where capital comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about where capital comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about where capital comes
+from the hint is capital comes from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hint is capital comes from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hint is capital comes from how
+much we save and i'll explain why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we save and i'll explain why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we save and i'll explain why that
+is but our channel is turned by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but our channel is turned by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but our channel is turned by how much
+capital we have which is a function how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital we have which is a function how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital we have which is a function how
+much we save but it's mostly determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we save but it's mostly determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we save but it's mostly determined
+by how innovative we are how productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how innovative we are how productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how innovative we are how productive
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+how much more we can produce for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more we can produce for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more we can produce for a given
+level of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of inputs
+okay and if you look at if you ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look at if you ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look at if you ask how
+does production go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does production go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does production go up
+given an amount of capital and labor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an amount of capital and labor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an amount of capital and labor we
+call that total factor productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that total factor productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that total factor productivity
+that is conditioning in all the factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conditioning in all the factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is conditioning in all the factors
+how much does our productivity go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does our productivity go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does our productivity go up
+now it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out
+we have seen a massive shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen a massive shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen a massive shift in
+productivity in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity in the u.s
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after world war ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after world war ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after world war ii
+to 1973
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1973
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1973
+productivity growth in the u.s was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity growth in the u.s was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity growth in the u.s was very
+rapid about two and a half percent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid about two and a half percent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid about two and a half percent a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+what that meant let's look at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that meant let's look at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that meant let's look at what that
+meant that meant not doing anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that meant not doing anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that meant not doing anything else
+working just as hard as we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working just as hard as we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working just as hard as we were working
+we could get two and a half percent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get two and a half percent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get two and a half percent more
+stuff every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff every year
+okay that's made by our standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's made by our standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's made by our standard of
+living literally it's saying working the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living literally it's saying working the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living literally it's saying working the
+same 40 hour a week every year we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 40 hour a week every year we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 40 hour a week every year we got
+two and a half percent more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half percent more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half percent more stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+however from 1973 till the early 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however from 1973 till the early 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however from 1973 till the early 1990s
+productivity growth growth slowed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity growth growth slowed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity growth growth slowed down
+massively down to about one percent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively down to about one percent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively down to about one percent a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+it dropped massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dropped massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dropped massively
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what happened well one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened well one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened well one thing that
+happened is we started saving less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is we started saving less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is we started saving less
+k went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k went down
+k is driven by savings we started saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is driven by savings we started saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is driven by savings we started saving
+less we save a lot less than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we save a lot less than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less we save a lot less than other
+nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations
+but in fact that's not much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's not much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's not much of it
+because even though no one saved much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though no one saved much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though no one saved much
+productivity jumped again in the 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity jumped again in the 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity jumped again in the 19
+about from 1995 tonight from 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from 1995 tonight from 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from 1995 tonight from 2005
+productivity jumped again and went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity jumped again and went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity jumped again and went up
+again to about two and a half percent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to about two and a half percent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to about two and a half percent a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+and essentially felt ah this is the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially felt ah this is the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially felt ah this is the it
+boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom
+okay computers were around since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay computers were around since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay computers were around since the
+1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s
+and throughout the late 90s early 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the late 90s early 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the late 90s early 1990s
+people kept saying where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kept saying where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kept saying where's the
+productivity game from computers and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity game from computers and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity game from computers and it
+appeared to show up in the mid 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to show up in the mid 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to show up in the mid 1990s
+suddenly things got more productive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly things got more productive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly things got more productive in
+the mid 1990s the mid-2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 1990s the mid-2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 1990s the mid-2000s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+productivity rose to about 2.3 percent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rose to about 2.3 percent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rose to about 2.3 percent a
+year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but
+much so of grin productivity has stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so of grin productivity has stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so of grin productivity has stopped
+growing rapidly and is back to about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing rapidly and is back to about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing rapidly and is back to about one
+and a half percent a year so not as slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent a year so not as slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent a year so not as slow
+we were as we were so we were so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were as we were so we were so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were as we were so we were so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 to 73 we grew about two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 to 73 we grew about two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 to 73 we grew about two and a half
+percent a year 73 to 95 it was about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year 73 to 95 it was about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year 73 to 95 it was about one
+percent a year so that meant with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year so that meant with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year so that meant with the
+same amount of work we only got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work we only got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work we only got one
+percent more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+95 to 05 we went up to about 2.3 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 to 05 we went up to about 2.3 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 to 05 we went up to about 2.3 percent
+we jump back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump back up
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+since 05 we're down at about 1.5 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 05 we're down at about 1.5 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 05 we're down at about 1.5 percent
+so better than we were at our minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so better than we were at our minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so better than we were at our minimum
+but not nearly as high as we were at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nearly as high as we were at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nearly as high as we were at our
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so basically this raises three key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this raises three key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this raises three key
+questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh productivity measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh productivity measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh productivity measure
+oh great question so basically we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great question so basically we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great question so basically we look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+essentially a way it's roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way it's roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way it's roughly speaking
+we look at how much stuff gets produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at how much stuff gets produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at how much stuff gets produced
+given how many hours of labor there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how many hours of labor there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how many hours of labor there are
+submitted to the economy roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted to the economy roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted to the economy roughly
+speaking how do people work how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking how do people work how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking how do people work how much
+stuff gets made boom that's productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff gets made boom that's productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff gets made boom that's productivity
+nothing super fancy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing super fancy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing super fancy yeah
+simple what does tft stand for total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what does tft stand for total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what does tft stand for total
+factor productivity that's productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor productivity that's productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor productivity that's productivity
+uh controlling for capital but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh controlling for capital but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh controlling for capital but the
+productivity numbers i'm here are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity numbers i'm here are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity numbers i'm here are not
+total factor productivity they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total factor productivity they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total factor productivity they're just
+labor productivity allowing capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor productivity allowing capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor productivity allowing capital
+change yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah
+it would decrease with people save money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would decrease with people save money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would decrease with people save money
+but if you say plus isn't you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you say plus isn't you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you say plus isn't you're
+spending someone else's life you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending someone else's life you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending someone else's life you know
+what i i don't want to get i'll go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i i don't want to get i'll go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i i don't want to get i'll go there
+we're going to spend a whole lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a whole lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend a whole lecture on
+that so i don't want to go there k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i don't want to go there k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so i don't want to go there k
+depends on savings just take that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on savings just take that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on savings just take that as a
+given for now and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for now and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given for now and we'll come back to
+that we'll spend two lectures on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll spend two lectures on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll spend two lectures on it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i want to raise three questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to raise three questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to raise three questions
+before we go about these facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go about these facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go about these facts
+okay the first question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first question is
+why didn't the i.t revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't the i.t revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't the i.t revolution
+and the computer revolution lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer revolution lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer revolution lead to
+longer-lasting productivity gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer-lasting productivity gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer-lasting productivity gains
+why did productivity slow back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did productivity slow back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did productivity slow back down
+after 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 2005
+okay we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't really know
+folks thought that computers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks thought that computers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks thought that computers would be
+the next industrial revolution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next industrial revolution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next industrial revolution this is
+going to be a this is going to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a this is going to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a this is going to transform
+our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives
+okay it looks like what it mostly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks like what it mostly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it looks like what it mostly is
+transformed how we watch porn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed how we watch porn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed how we watch porn
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and basically it looks like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically it looks like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically it looks like in terms
+of productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity
+it did not actually change things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did not actually change things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did not actually change things that
+much and we don't quite know why but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and we don't quite know why but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and we don't quite know why but it
+is a little bit worrisome that in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit worrisome that in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit worrisome that in terms
+of the long run that in some sense there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long run that in some sense there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long run that in some sense there
+wasn't longer longer lasting gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't longer longer lasting gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't longer longer lasting gains
+from uh in innovation it's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh in innovation it's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh in innovation it's the question
+my point i'm not answering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know there's lots of theories we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of theories we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's lots of theories we can
+hypothesize all day about what it is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize all day about what it is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize all day about what it is i'm
+just gonna state the facts and say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna state the facts and say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna state the facts and say it's
+disappointing um and uh and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing um and uh and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing um and uh and we need to
+figure out what to what to uh what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what to what to uh what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what to what to uh what to do
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+the second question this raises is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question this raises is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question this raises is how
+do we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we spend
+increase in productivity what do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in productivity what do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in productivity what do i mean
+by that what i mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that what i mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that what i mean by that is
+if there's an increase in productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an increase in productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an increase in productivity
+of two and a half percent that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and a half percent that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and a half percent that means we
+have two and a half percent more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and a half percent more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and a half percent more stuff
+for the same amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same amount of work
+but why do we have to say amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why do we have to say amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why do we have to say amount of work
+another way to say that is we could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is we could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that is we could work
+two and a half percent less and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half percent less and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half percent less and have the
+same amount of stuff roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of stuff roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of stuff roughly speaking
+okay so i've assumed we work the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've assumed we work the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've assumed we work the same
+with 25 more stuff but why is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 more stuff but why is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 more stuff but why is that the
+right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+okay and in fact you the us and europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact you the us and europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact you the us and europe
+since world war ii have taken very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since world war ii have taken very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since world war ii have taken very
+different paths in this dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths in this dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths in this dimension
+in the u.s we've taken all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we've taken all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s we've taken all our
+productivity and put into cooler stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and put into cooler stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and put into cooler stuff
+and we work harder than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we work harder than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we work harder than ever
+in europe they work less hard i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they work less hard i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe they work less hard i mean
+starting jobs in europe has six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting jobs in europe has six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting jobs in europe has six weeks
+vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation
+okay nothing gets done in august in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing gets done in august in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing gets done in august in
+europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe
+okay they've said and you know and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they've said and you know and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they've said and you know and if
+you go to europe it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to europe it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to europe it's a little bit more
+run down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run down
+okay not quite as gleaming and cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not quite as gleaming and cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not quite as gleaming and cutting
+edge as the us in many places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge as the us in many places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge as the us in many places
+okay basically europe has decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically europe has decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically europe has decided to
+take some of that productivity increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of that productivity increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of that productivity increase
+and put it into more leisure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into more leisure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into more leisure time
+we've decided to take all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decided to take all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decided to take all that
+productivity increase and put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity increase and put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity increase and put it into
+better phones and gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better phones and gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better phones and gadgets
+okay so the question is who's right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is who's right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is who's right we
+don't know but the important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but the important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but the important point is
+that's an open question just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an open question just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an open question just because
+we're productive doesn't mean we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're productive doesn't mean we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're productive doesn't mean we should
+just consume more stuff there's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consume more stuff there's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consume more stuff there's an open
+question of how you spend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how you spend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how you spend your
+productivity gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains
+and then there's the final question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the final question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the final question and
+maybe the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most important
+which is who actually gains her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is who actually gains her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is who actually gains her
+productivity increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity increases
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when not from 1947 to 1973 productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when not from 1947 to 1973 productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when not from 1947 to 1973 productivity
+will have 2.5 percent and virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have 2.5 percent and virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have 2.5 percent and virtually
+every group in society saw their incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every group in society saw their incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every group in society saw their incomes
+go up two and a half percent a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up two and a half percent a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up two and a half percent a year
+since 1973 on average productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1973 on average productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1973 on average productivity
+growth have been about 1.5 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth have been about 1.5 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth have been about 1.5 1.6
+on average you average these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you average these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you average these three
+series by 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series by 1.6
+and average incomes have only gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and average incomes have only gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and average incomes have only gone up
+point four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four percent
+so productivity's gone up 1.6 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so productivity's gone up 1.6 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so productivity's gone up 1.6 percent
+but average income is about 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but average income is about 0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but average income is about 0.4
+the difference is the gains have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is the gains have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is the gains have all
+gone to the top of the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to the top of the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to the top of the income
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+so basically virtually all of the gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically virtually all of the gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically virtually all of the gains
+from 1973 until a couple years ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1973 until a couple years ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1973 until a couple years ago it
+started to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to get better
+essentially the bottom 80 of people saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the bottom 80 of people saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the bottom 80 of people saw
+no improvement of their standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no improvement of their standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no improvement of their standard of
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+over a 45-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a 45-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a 45-year period
+whereas the top 20 saw mass improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the top 20 saw mass improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the top 20 saw mass improvement
+and even within that the top 1 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even within that the top 1 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even within that the top 1 percent
+saw a really massive improvement even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a really massive improvement even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a really massive improvement even
+with that the top point 1 and 0.01 et
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the top point 1 and 0.01 et
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that the top point 1 and 0.01 et
+cetera so that's improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera so that's improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetera so that's improvements
+so as a result in 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result in 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a result in 1995
+the richest 10 of the richest um 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest 10 of the richest um 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest 10 of the richest um 10 of
+the population earned 15 of the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population earned 15 of the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population earned 15 of the income
+today it's close to 25 of the income uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's close to 25 of the income uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's close to 25 of the income uh
+it's getting even worse since 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting even worse since 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting even worse since 2009
+if you look from 2009 2016. i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look from 2009 2016. i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look from 2009 2016. i haven't
+have it updated and you look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it updated and you look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it updated and you look at all the
+money that was made in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was made in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was made in society
+on net all of it went to the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net all of it went to the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net all of it went to the top one
+percent what i mean by that the top 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what i mean by that the top 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent what i mean by that the top 99
+were in 2016 the same place they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in 2016 the same place they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in 2016 the same place they were in
+2009 even though the economy had grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 even though the economy had grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 even though the economy had grown
+and all the growth went to the top 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the growth went to the top 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the growth went to the top 1
+so we're actually in an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually in an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually in an interesting
+world here where productivity gains by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world here where productivity gains by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world here where productivity gains by
+itself may not be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself may not be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself may not be enough
+if we care about what it does to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we care about what it does to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we care about what it does to the
+average standard of living and lastly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average standard of living and lastly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average standard of living and lastly so
+a very interesting set of issues around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting set of issues around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting set of issues around
+equity and fairness that we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and fairness that we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and fairness that we'll spend
+time on later in the semester but i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on later in the semester but i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on later in the semester but i want
+to raise that issue both that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise that issue both that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise that issue both that
+productivity gains can be spent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains can be spent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity gains can be spent in
+different ways on goods and leisure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways on goods and leisure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways on goods and leisure and
+they can be distributed in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be distributed in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be distributed in different
+ways and those are the sets of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and those are the sets of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and those are the sets of things we
+need to be thinking about so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be thinking about so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be thinking about so we think
+about economic policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic policy
+okay so let me stop there we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me stop there we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me stop there we'll come
+back uh no i guess no section on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh no i guess no section on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh no i guess no section on friday
+right it's at mit holiday and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's at mit holiday and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's at mit holiday and we'll come
+back on monday and talk more producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on monday and talk more producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on monday and talk more producer
+theory
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g482Gi6o8Sg.txt b/g482Gi6o8Sg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1d9496c77d9c322db0d330b9c4897a00a3c930b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g482Gi6o8Sg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the objective of the research is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of the research is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of the research is looking
+at uh effects of mechanical loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh effects of mechanical loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh effects of mechanical loading
+forces on connective tissues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on connective tissues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on connective tissues like
+cartilage very basic problem there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage very basic problem there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage very basic problem there are
+clinical applications in diseases such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical applications in diseases such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical applications in diseases such
+as ostearthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ostearthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as ostearthritis
+um some second cousins to the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some second cousins to the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some second cousins to the processes
+that that go on in rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that go on in rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that go on in rheumatoid
+arthritis uh and a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis uh and a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis uh and a very fundamental
+biological and bioengineering question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and bioengineering question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological and bioengineering question
+of how mechanical loading forces affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how mechanical loading forces affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how mechanical loading forces affect
+living cells in our tissues and can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells in our tissues and can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells in our tissues and can make
+those tissues remodel degrade or repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tissues remodel degrade or repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tissues remodel degrade or repair
+depending on the type of force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the type of force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the type of force that's
+involved John's been studying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved John's been studying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved John's been studying how
+mechanical forces affect living tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical forces affect living tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical forces affect living tissues
+using Bine knee joints John will cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Bine knee joints John will cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Bine knee joints John will cut
+cartilage and Bone cores from the knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and Bone cores from the knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and Bone cores from the knee
+joint uh he'll then harvest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uh he'll then harvest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uh he'll then harvest the
+cartilage and immediately place them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and immediately place them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage and immediately place them
+into a living culture system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a living culture system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a living culture system in the
+incubator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator
+then he'll take pieces of cartilage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'll take pieces of cartilage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he'll take pieces of cartilage and
+put them in an instrument to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in an instrument to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in an instrument to simulate
+various mechanical loading conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mechanical loading conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mechanical loading conditions of
+our joints like the knee joint sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our joints like the knee joint sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our joints like the knee joint sometimes
+we walk sometimes we jump sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk sometimes we jump sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walk sometimes we jump sometimes
+we're just sitting or standing around we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sitting or standing around we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sitting or standing around we
+can simulate these various mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate these various mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate these various mechanical
+conditions to simulate a real injury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to simulate a real injury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to simulate a real injury and
+then after the mechanical loading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the mechanical loading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the mechanical loading is
+done he'll then go through various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done he'll then go through various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done he'll then go through various
+measurements of the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of the biological
+properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+tissue he can look at gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue he can look at gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue he can look at gene expression
+taking the tissue freezing it under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the tissue freezing it under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the tissue freezing it under
+liquid nitrogen conditions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid nitrogen conditions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid nitrogen conditions and then
+smashing the tissue so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashing the tissue so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashing the tissue so that you can
+extract the RNA the molecule in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the RNA the molecule in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the RNA the molecule in the cell
+that's telling us how gene expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling us how gene expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling us how gene expression is
+being affected by these mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being affected by these mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being affected by these mechanical
+loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading
+forces there's an epidemic of knee joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces there's an epidemic of knee joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces there's an epidemic of knee joint
+injuries happening to high school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries happening to high school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries happening to high school and
+college people especially women at much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college people especially women at much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college people especially women at much
+higher rates than men in which tears of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rates than men in which tears of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rates than men in which tears of
+uh ligaments like the AC l or tears of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ligaments like the AC l or tears of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ligaments like the AC l or tears of
+the meniscus will ultimately lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meniscus will ultimately lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meniscus will ultimately lead to
+osteoarthritis so one of the uh ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis so one of the uh ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoarthritis so one of the uh ongoing
+objectives right now in collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives right now in collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives right now in collaboration
+with the pharmaceutical industry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pharmaceutical industry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pharmaceutical industry uh
+we're using our model system as a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using our model system as a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using our model system as a drug
+Discovery tool because we can create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery tool because we can create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery tool because we can create an
+injury in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury in the
+incubator um without needing an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator um without needing an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator um without needing an animal
+model yet it's an initial filter and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yet it's an initial filter and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yet it's an initial filter and we
+can follow the efficacy of using certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the efficacy of using certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the efficacy of using certain
+drug compound pounds to prevent or halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug compound pounds to prevent or halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug compound pounds to prevent or halt
+the pathology that's induced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathology that's induced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathology that's induced by this
+mechanical loading it's a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical loading it's a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical loading it's a problem that
+is not just focused in one aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just focused in one aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just focused in one aspect of
+science or Engineering in our own group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or Engineering in our own group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or Engineering in our own group
+we have uh students undergraduates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh students undergraduates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh students undergraduates and
+graduates in mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates in mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates in mechanical engineering
+electrical engineering Material Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering Material Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering Material Science
+physics math uh chemical engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics math uh chemical engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics math uh chemical engineering and
+people that are hardcore cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are hardcore cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are hardcore cell and
+molecular biology folks it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology folks it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology folks it's a very
+multi disciplinary area and this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi disciplinary area and this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi disciplinary area and this is kind
+of a a Hallmark of bioengineering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a Hallmark of bioengineering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a Hallmark of bioengineering in
+general now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g7h0jNsXlBE.txt b/g7h0jNsXlBE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..071966c84eba3679525e746920b967ecf9079eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g7h0jNsXlBE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is the plan for today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is out there somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is out there somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is out there somewhere
+unless you're a philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're a philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're a philosopher
+a world it's huge a lot of stuff out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world it's huge a lot of stuff out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world it's huge a lot of stuff out
+there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world
+um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+inside you somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a long-term memory which is also huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-term memory which is also huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-term memory which is also huge
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when and hopefully getting Huger all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and hopefully getting Huger all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and hopefully getting Huger all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot
+transcribe whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe whoops
+all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that
+World from the outside into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World from the outside into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World from the outside into your
+long-term memory as you may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory as you may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory as you may have already
+discovered if you've had a test this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered if you've had a test this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered if you've had a test this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and in a move that ought to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a move that ought to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a move that ought to look
+familiar to you by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you by now
+um we can describe that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bottleneck of some sort not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottleneck of some sort not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottleneck of some sort not the same
+bottleneck that I was talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck that I was talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck that I was talking about in
+the context of attention but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of attention but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of attention but a
+bottleneck nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck nevertheless
+that is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is involved
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in providing uh on in putting a severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in providing uh on in putting a severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in providing uh on in putting a severe
+limitation on the ability to encode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation on the ability to encode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation on the ability to encode the
+world into long-term memory the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into long-term memory the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into long-term memory the first
+part of today's lecture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today's lecture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today's lecture is going to be
+about this problem of encoding and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem of encoding and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem of encoding and about
+the nature of um of this bottleneck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of um of this bottleneck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of um of this bottleneck the
+second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part
+is that okay some stuff a mere trickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay some stuff a mere trickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay some stuff a mere trickle
+of the world manages to get into uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world manages to get into uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world manages to get into uh uh
+through this bottleneck it needs to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this bottleneck it needs to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this bottleneck it needs to stay
+there it needs to stay there for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it needs to stay there for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it needs to stay there for a long
+time you've got you've got things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've got you've got things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've got you've got things in
+here in this long-term memory of yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this long-term memory of yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this long-term memory of yours
+that are 15 16 years old maybe more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are 15 16 years old maybe more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are 15 16 years old maybe more at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how they stay here how they um uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they stay here how they um uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they stay here how they um uh are
+are made firm is the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made firm is the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made firm is the problem of
+consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation
+um which it would say underneath there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which it would say underneath there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which it would say underneath there
+if it wasn't that I put a screen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't that I put a screen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it wasn't that I put a screen in
+front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it
+and finally it is of absolutely no use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally it is of absolutely no use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally it is of absolutely no use
+to you to have as you also may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to have as you also may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to have as you also may have
+discovered on some exam this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered on some exam this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered on some exam this term
+already to have a long-term memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to have a long-term memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to have a long-term memory that
+is absolutely chock-full of marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely chock-full of marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely chock-full of marvelous
+material if you can't get it back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you can't get it back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you can't get it back out
+unlike the um the story that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the um the story that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the um the story that we were
+telling before about perception where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling before about perception where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling before about perception where
+there was a world of bottleneck and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a world of bottleneck and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a world of bottleneck and then
+some construct that was your perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some construct that was your perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some construct that was your perception
+of the world in this case you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in this case you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in this case you've got a
+two-way street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way street
+that you cannot appreciate the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot appreciate the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot appreciate the full
+contents of your long-term memory at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of your long-term memory at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of your long-term memory at any
+given moment you need to retrieve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment you need to retrieve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given moment you need to retrieve that's
+what it says on the far board you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says on the far board you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says on the far board you need
+to be able to retrieve material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to retrieve material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to retrieve material from
+long-term memory and bring it back as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory and bring it back as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory and bring it back as we
+will see in effect to bring it back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in effect to bring it back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in effect to bring it back into
+the bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottleneck
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+gotta be able to get back out into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta be able to get back out into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta be able to get back out into this
+limited capacity bottleneck where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited capacity bottleneck where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited capacity bottleneck where you
+can do things like write down the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like write down the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like write down the answer
+on a test or uh tell me who's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a test or uh tell me who's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a test or uh tell me who's running
+for president this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for president this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for president this year
+nobody's boy that's very well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's boy that's very well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's boy that's very well yeah
+that's one of them Bush yeah Carrie okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of them Bush yeah Carrie okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of them Bush yeah Carrie okay
+and a few other characters too right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other characters too right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other characters too right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+presumably except for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably except for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably except for the most
+politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically
+um uh obsessed among you that was not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh obsessed among you that was not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh obsessed among you that was not an
+active thought in your mind until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active thought in your mind until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active thought in your mind until I
+asked it but Carrie and Bush live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it but Carrie and Bush live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it but Carrie and Bush live in
+your long-term memory isn't that a scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long-term memory isn't that a scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long-term memory isn't that a scary
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+um and On Demand you could retrieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and On Demand you could retrieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and On Demand you could retrieve that
+back out into what we will call your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out into what we will call your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out into what we will call your
+working memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory
+if we were just thinking about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were just thinking about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were just thinking about this in
+encoding terms we might just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding terms we might just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding terms we might just call this
+short term memory stuff comes in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term memory stuff comes in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short term memory stuff comes in from
+the outside it's maintained for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside it's maintained for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside it's maintained for a little
+while somehow in a short-term memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while somehow in a short-term memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while somehow in a short-term memory and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um somehow makes it into long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow makes it into long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow makes it into long-term
+memory in ways that we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in ways that we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in ways that we'll talk about
+um but if we think about this in a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if we think about this in a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if we think about this in a two
+two way in a bi-directional kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two way in a bi-directional kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two way in a bi-directional kind of way
+it's better perhaps to think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better perhaps to think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better perhaps to think of this as
+your working memory think of it as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working memory think of it as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your working memory think of it as your
+computer as your computer desktop it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as your computer desktop it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as your computer desktop it's
+got access to all the stuff that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got access to all the stuff that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got access to all the stuff that's on
+your hard drive it's got access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive it's got access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hard drive it's got access to the
+the the the external world you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the external world you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the external world you can tell
+it's got access to the X oh no we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got access to the X oh no we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got access to the X oh no we can't
+see it there well you know it's wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it there well you know it's wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it there well you know it's wireless
+and so it's got access to the web and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's got access to the web and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's got access to the web and so
+that's the external world but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the external world but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the external world but only a
+limited amount of it can be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of it can be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of it can be on the
+desktop at any one time similarly only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop at any one time similarly only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop at any one time similarly only a
+limited amount of either the world or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of either the world or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of either the world or
+the contents of your long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of your long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of your long-term memory
+can be on your mind mental desktop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on your mind mental desktop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on your mind mental desktop at
+one time that's working memory that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time that's working memory that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time that's working memory that's um
+that's an important chunk of this uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important chunk of this uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important chunk of this uh of
+this bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottleneck
+um well what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what does it mean
+and to say that this is a a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that this is a a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to say that this is a a limited
+capacity bottleneck of some sort let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity bottleneck of some sort let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity bottleneck of some sort let me
+illustrate the uh the limit to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the uh the limit to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the uh the limit to that
+capacity we saw an example a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we saw an example a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we saw an example a particular
+example of that and what's uh known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and what's uh known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and what's uh known in
+the trade is visual short-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade is visual short-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade is visual short-term memory
+um last week when I was putting up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last week when I was putting up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last week when I was putting up you
+know four little colored blobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four little colored blobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four little colored blobs and
+saying okay now what changed and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay now what changed and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay now what changed and there's
+a limit of about four objects that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit of about four objects that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit of about four objects that you
+can keep track of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of but
+in looking at the uh in in trying to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the uh in in trying to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at the uh in in trying to ask
+um what what what's the limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what's the limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what what's the limit of this
+bottleneck from the outside world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck from the outside world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck from the outside world into
+more long-term varieties of memory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more long-term varieties of memory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more long-term varieties of memory one
+of the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the typical
+measures is what's called digit span if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures is what's called digit span if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures is what's called digit span if
+you were doing if you end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing if you end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing if you end up in the
+hospital because somebody bopped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital because somebody bopped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital because somebody bopped you
+over the head one of the things your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the head one of the things your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the head one of the things your
+neurologist will do is read you a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist will do is read you a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist will do is read you a list
+of numbers and ask you to repeat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers and ask you to repeat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers and ask you to repeat them
+back and how many you can do is an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and how many you can do is an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and how many you can do is an index
+of whether you are okay so let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you are okay so let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you are okay so let's see if
+you're okay except that I won't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay except that I won't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay except that I won't do this
+with um uh numbers I will do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh numbers I will do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um uh numbers I will do it with
+color names and we can come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names and we can come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names and we can come back to that
+in a minute where are my color names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute where are my color names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute where are my color names
+here are my color names so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are my color names so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are my color names so what I'm
+going to do is read you a list of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is read you a list of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is read you a list of color
+names I'll then say repeat and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names I'll then say repeat and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names I'll then say repeat and you
+Inglorious Unison repeat this back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inglorious Unison repeat this back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inglorious Unison repeat this back to me
+okay so if I say red blue purple repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I say red blue purple repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I say red blue purple repeat
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it never fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never fails
+did right Mara last year too and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right Mara last year too and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right Mara last year too and then
+always you get the repeat back too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you get the repeat back too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you get the repeat back too and
+I'm not sure what it is about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what it is about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what it is about this the
+demands at least from some people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands at least from some people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands at least from some people the
+repeat of repeat but in any case good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of repeat but in any case good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of repeat but in any case good
+good you're you're not deeply brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're you're not deeply brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're you're not deeply brain
+damage let's get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage let's get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage let's get here
+um ready we'll do some more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ready we'll do some more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ready we'll do some more of these
+green pink yellow white yellow repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that was five of them all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was five of them all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was five of them all right
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+oh I I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I I forgot to mention
+it turns out to be really easy to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be really easy to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be really easy to repeat
+back and essentially infinitely long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and essentially infinitely long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and essentially infinitely long
+list of these if you write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of these if you write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of these if you write them down
+while I'm saying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm saying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm saying them
+there are a variety of demos that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of demos that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of demos that I'm
+going to do today that are of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today that are of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today that are of that form
+and it's really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really boring
+um and and and uh so you know okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and uh so you know okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and uh so you know okay we
+know you can do that so don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can do that so don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can do that so don't do that
+because that's boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's boring
+um be be a nice honest person okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be be a nice honest person okay ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be be a nice honest person okay ready
+uh where was I I just did five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where was I I just did five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where was I I just did five right
+let's try seven ready oh and I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try seven ready oh and I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try seven ready oh and I told you
+when I'm gonna stop oh what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm gonna stop oh what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm gonna stop oh what the heck
+pink red yellow green purple pink orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink red yellow green purple pink orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink red yellow green purple pink orange
+repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting a little weak there at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little weak there at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little weak there at the end
+but you will see if you look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see if you look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see if you look on the
+handout you'll see that the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you'll see that the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you'll see that the answer to
+this question is given in the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is given in the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is given in the title of
+George Miller's classic paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Miller's classic paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Miller's classic paper on the
+subject and the answer is seven plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the answer is seven plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the answer is seven plus or
+minus two and some of you are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two and some of you are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two and some of you are on the
+minus side oh I should also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus side oh I should also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus side oh I should also say
+um I should have said this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should have said this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should have said this at the
+beginning of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course
+um people in intro psych classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people in intro psych classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people in intro psych classes
+particularly by the time you get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly by the time you get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly by the time you get around
+to starting to talk about cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to starting to talk about cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to starting to talk about cognitive
+things like memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like memory
+take demos very personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take demos very personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take demos very personally
+and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think
+seven plus or minus two I got minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two I got minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two I got minus
+I'm doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doomed
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if it was the red yellow purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it was the red yellow purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it was the red yellow purple
+he's saying what was the one after red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying what was the one after red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying what was the one after red
+you know maybe there might be an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe there might be an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe there might be an issue
+there or but God where the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or but God where the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or but God where the advantage of
+a 300 person intro class is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 person intro class is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 300 person intro class is we're
+looking at the the average and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the average and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the average and what
+you're doing on any given single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing on any given single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing on any given single
+isolated demo trial is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated demo trial is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated demo trial is not actually
+deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply
+um relevant to whether or not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relevant to whether or not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relevant to whether or not you're
+gonna pass physics for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pass physics for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pass physics for instance
+um okay one more ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay one more ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay one more ready
+blue green purple red pink yellow green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green purple red pink yellow green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green purple red pink yellow green
+blue white orange repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can hear you can hear the that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear you can hear the that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hear you can hear the that was
+ten and you could you could hear it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and you could you could hear it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and you could you could hear it in
+the group and you could probably feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and you could probably feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group and you could probably feel it
+in yourself that you know up to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yourself that you know up to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yourself that you know up to seven
+six seven eight yeah yeah we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight yeah yeah we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight yeah yeah we're good
+here oh man if I start taking in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh man if I start taking in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh man if I start taking in this
+next one I'm losing them here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one I'm losing them here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one I'm losing them here something
+bad is happening so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is happening so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is happening so there's this
+capacity limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity limit on
+um on what you can get into well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on what you can get into well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on what you can get into well let's
+use disjargon for the time being into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use disjargon for the time being into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use disjargon for the time being into
+some sort of short-term memory and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of short-term memory and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of short-term memory and then
+spit out immediately to me now six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out immediately to me now six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out immediately to me now six seven
+plus or minus two what let's try another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus two what let's try another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus two what let's try another
+one you ready same same game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you ready same same game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you ready same same game
+um red red red red red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um red red red red red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um red red red red red
+blue blue blue blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue blue blue blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue blue blue blue
+green green green Green repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do this
+that's 12 items how come I all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 12 items how come I all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 12 items how come I all of a
+sudden managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden managed to
+um boost your memories so effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um boost your memories so effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um boost your memories so effectively
+yeah the classification or what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the classification or what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the classification or what what
+Miller originally and and the field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller originally and and the field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller originally and and the field has
+stuck with the notion of chunking if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with the notion of chunking if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with the notion of chunking if you
+can break things into meaningful chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break things into meaningful chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break things into meaningful chunks
+it's seven plus or minus two chunks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seven plus or minus two chunks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seven plus or minus two chunks and
+what's important is how you manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is how you manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is how you manage to
+cut the world into chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the world into chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the world into chunks
+um this by the way explains why I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this by the way explains why I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this by the way explains why I don't
+do this demo in the traditional way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this demo in the traditional way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this demo in the traditional way of
+um giving you digit strings because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um giving you digit strings because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um giving you digit strings because
+years ago I discovered that if you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I discovered that if you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I discovered that if you do if
+you give somebody a 10 digit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give somebody a 10 digit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give somebody a 10 digit you know
+give 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 300
+um MIT undergraduates a 10-digit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um MIT undergraduates a 10-digit string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um MIT undergraduates a 10-digit string
+you know a bunch of them crud out on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of them crud out on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bunch of them crud out on you
+but then there's a handful of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's a handful of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's a handful of people who
+just rattle it right off and you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rattle it right off and you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rattle it right off and you say oh
+my goodness these people have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodness these people have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goodness these people have this
+amazing memory and did you ask them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing memory and did you ask them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing memory and did you ask them how
+did you do it they said oh well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do it they said oh well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do it they said oh well that was
+obvious I mean it was the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious I mean it was the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious I mean it was the natural log of
+16.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT students tend to chunk numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students tend to chunk numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students tend to chunk numbers
+rather more readily than the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather more readily than the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather more readily than the rest of the
+population they don't tend to chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they don't tend to chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population they don't tend to chunk
+color names particularly adeptly I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names particularly adeptly I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names particularly adeptly I've
+found and so you get the the right seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and so you get the the right seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and so you get the the right seven
+plus or minus two answer now this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus two answer now this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus two answer now this sort
+of chunking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chunking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chunking
+yeah I mean if it was just you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean if it was just you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean if it was just you should
+think of this more like a rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this more like a rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this more like a rate right
+it's not seven plus or minus two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not seven plus or minus two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not seven plus or minus two things
+ever ever it's seven plus or minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever it's seven plus or minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever it's seven plus or minus two
+things in some unit of time that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in some unit of time that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in some unit of time that you can
+manage to deal with otherwise as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to deal with otherwise as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to deal with otherwise as soon as
+I had presented seven plus or minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had presented seven plus or minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had presented seven plus or minus two
+units of information in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of information in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of information in this lecture
+you'd be like dead for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be like dead for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be like dead for the rest of the
+day or maybe you know the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or maybe you know the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or maybe you know the first lecture
+shot your brain and that was it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot your brain and that was it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot your brain and that was it for the
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um that's obviously not the case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's obviously not the case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's obviously not the case what
+the question is how big a chunk can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how big a chunk can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how big a chunk can you
+manage to cut things into as it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to cut things into as it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to cut things into as it's coming
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um one of the places you can see that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the places you can see that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the places you can see that is
+in uh in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in language
+as you're trying to keep track of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're trying to keep track of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're trying to keep track of for
+instance what I'm saying so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what I'm saying so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance what I'm saying so if I
+um ask you to repeat this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ask you to repeat this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ask you to repeat this sentence
+memory is a fascinating topic that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is a fascinating topic that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is a fascinating topic that will
+be on the final exam you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if I let a squadrangle forms only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I let a squadrangle forms only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I let a squadrangle forms only
+only column bug Della forms after tunic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only column bug Della forms after tunic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only column bug Della forms after tunic
+reply quintillion you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say roughly the same number of syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say roughly the same number of syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say roughly the same number of syllables
+but oh you know you can't repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh you know you can't repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh you know you can't repeat that
+back because you can't junk it well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because you can't junk it well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because you can't junk it well you
+can but the chunks that you were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but the chunks that you were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but the chunks that you were making
+were were too small to survive the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were too small to survive the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were too small to survive the rate
+at which they were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which they were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which they were being
+um presented so everybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presented so everybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presented so everybody here
+um if forced to would have produced some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if forced to would have produced some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if forced to would have produced some
+little bit of it but people would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it but people would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it but people would not be
+able to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the whole thing because you can't chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing because you can't chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing because you can't chunk
+it into meaningful chunks that work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into meaningful chunks that work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into meaningful chunks that work this
+is also the root presumably of the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the root presumably of the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the root presumably of the near
+Universal experience that when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal experience that when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal experience that when you go to
+some other country where they speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other country where they speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other country where they speak
+another language that you nominally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language that you nominally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language that you nominally
+speak because you took four years of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because you took four years of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak because you took four years of it
+in high school you discover that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school you discover that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school you discover that those
+parisians or those Spaniards or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parisians or those Spaniards or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parisians or those Spaniards or the
+Japanese or whoever talk really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or whoever talk really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese or whoever talk really really
+really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast
+what's the chance that everybody else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the chance that everybody else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the chance that everybody else in
+the world talks really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world talks really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world talks really really really
+fast yeah it's not true of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast yeah it's not true of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast yeah it's not true of course and
+those of you who are non-native English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are non-native English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are non-native English
+speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers
+um and have now arrived at MIT are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and have now arrived at MIT are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and have now arrived at MIT are
+thinking no no back in uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no no back in uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking no no back in uh you know
+Kazakhstan they all spoke really slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan they all spoke really slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazakhstan they all spoke really slowly
+or whatever but these English speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but these English speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever but these English speakers
+are wackos the problem is you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wackos the problem is you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wackos the problem is you are in
+your native tongue or in any tongue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your native tongue or in any tongue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your native tongue or in any tongue that
+you are really fluent in you are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really fluent in you are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are really fluent in you are very
+good at cutting into meaningful chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at cutting into meaningful chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at cutting into meaningful chunks
+rapidly if you're busy trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly if you're busy trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly if you're busy trying to say
+what was that word I know I damn it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that word I know I damn it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that word I know I damn it that
+was the week I was asleep in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the week I was asleep in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the week I was asleep in high school
+or something no I was the year I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something no I was the year I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something no I was the year I was
+asleep and I anyway it was it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and I anyway it was it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and I anyway it was it's a real
+it's it's a the chunks go by too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a the chunks go by too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a the chunks go by too fast
+like in the nonsense that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the nonsense that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the nonsense that I was
+um that I was producing for you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I was producing for you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I was producing for you so the
+ability you're set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you're set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you're set up
+to get chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get chunks
+um through in some domains much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through in some domains much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through in some domains much better
+than in others and in fact Let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in others and in fact Let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in others and in fact Let me let me
+illustrate that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that here
+by where did I hide it that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where did I hide it that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where did I hide it that looks like
+it's probably it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably it
+all right gotta memorize some more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right gotta memorize some more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right gotta memorize some more stuff
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+come on you want to go and there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you want to go and there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you want to go and there we go
+uh too much light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too much light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too much light
+um let's kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's kill the
+stage lights good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage lights good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage lights good okay
+um I want you to memorize all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want you to memorize all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want you to memorize all these
+pictures you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you ready
+there's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture
+and there's a picture and that's picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a picture and that's picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a picture and that's picture
+and there's the back end of a horse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the back end of a horse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the back end of a horse or
+two and there's a Christmas tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there's a Christmas tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and there's a Christmas tree or
+something and I don't know I must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I don't know I must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I don't know I must have
+rated a housing site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated a housing site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated a housing site
+but you know these are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are definitely
+pictures and that's a picture and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's a picture and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's a picture and that
+looks like a picture and oh look there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a picture and oh look there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a picture and oh look there's
+Tomatoes okay got them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you just say yes if you've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just say yes if you've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just say yes if you've seen it
+before no if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the important point is that you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is that you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is that you're very
+good at this the interesting side point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this the interesting side point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this the interesting side point
+is that that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that this particular
+um one is is flipped Left Right reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is is flipped Left Right reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is is flipped Left Right reverse
+so that if you were sitting there saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you were sitting there saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you were sitting there saying
+why are these people next to me changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these people next to me changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these people next to me changing
+their mind it's because some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind it's because some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mind it's because some people
+noticed that it was uh Left Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it was uh Left Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it was uh Left Right
+reversed but you could if I had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but you could if I had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but you could if I had lots of
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of pictures the largest report in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pictures the largest report in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pictures the largest report in
+the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature
+um is 10 000 pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is 10 000 pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is 10 000 pictures
+shown to the usual collection of college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the usual collection of college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the usual collection of college
+undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates
+um and some days later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some days later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some days later
+the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students
+um still remembered I think it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still remembered I think it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still remembered I think it's about
+80 percent of those you know about 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent of those you know about 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent of those you know about 80
+percent accuracy on that if I read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent accuracy on that if I read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent accuracy on that if I read you
+ten thousand color names well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand color names well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand color names well there
+aren't ten thousand color names if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ten thousand color names if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't ten thousand color names if I
+read you Ten Thousand Words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you Ten Thousand Words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you Ten Thousand Words
+um or almost any other material that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or almost any other material that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or almost any other material that I
+would share care to present to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share care to present to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share care to present to you you
+would do nowhere near as well we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do nowhere near as well we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do nowhere near as well we are not
+entirely clear on how you do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear on how you do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear on how you do this this
+is quite a remarkable ability but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a remarkable ability but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite a remarkable ability but it
+does speak to the ability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does speak to the ability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does speak to the ability of
+um picture information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um picture information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um picture information
+familiarity with a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with a picture
+um getting through this bottleneck into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um getting through this bottleneck into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um getting through this bottleneck into
+some sort of long-term memory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of long-term memory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of long-term memory with
+remarkable efficiency that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable efficiency that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable efficiency that you are
+somehow specialized uh for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow specialized uh for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow specialized uh for doing that
+there's also a little bit of a cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a little bit of a cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a little bit of a cheat
+here and it's only a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's only a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's only a little bit of a
+cheat but it's an interesting cheat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but it's an interesting cheat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but it's an interesting cheat this
+was a recognition test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a recognition test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a recognition test
+the color one the the previous demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color one the the previous demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color one the the previous demos
+were recall tests I was asking you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recall tests I was asking you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recall tests I was asking you what
+what you know pull out of your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know pull out of your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know pull out of your memory
+what was there here I was saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was there here I was saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was there here I was saying was
+this there and you know this but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there and you know this but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there and you know this but from
+your test taking experience you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test taking experience you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your test taking experience you know
+that okay if I give you a choice between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay if I give you a choice between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay if I give you a choice between
+fill in the blank and multiple choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blank and multiple choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the blank and multiple choice
+which do you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do you want to do
+multiple choice because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice because that's a
+recognition test fill in the blank is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition test fill in the blank is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition test fill in the blank is a
+recall test the distinction is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall test the distinction is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall test the distinction is okay
+here's your long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your long-term
+memory here's the target oops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory here's the target oops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory here's the target oops that
+you're trying to find in long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find in long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find in long-term
+memory somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory somewhere
+if I'm doing a recall test I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm doing a recall test I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm doing a recall test I'm saying
+you know go go find this thing in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go go find this thing in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go go find this thing in the in
+all the vast Halls of your long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vast Halls of your long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vast Halls of your long-term
+memory and you sent some little probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you sent some little probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you sent some little probe
+out into long-term memory that may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into long-term memory that may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into long-term memory that may or
+may not find it if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not find it if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not find it if I say
+is this in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this in there
+that's an obviously simpler matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an obviously simpler matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an obviously simpler matching
+kind of task and you are and and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of task and you are and and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of task and you are and and you are
+typically much better at doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much better at doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much better at doing uh
+recognition than you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition than you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition than you are
+at uh at at doing recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at at doing recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at at doing recall
+um so you have presumably special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you have presumably special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you have presumably special
+purpose mechanisms in your system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose mechanisms in your system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose mechanisms in your system that
+are really good at um doing some tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at um doing some tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at um doing some tasks
+what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do
+in the case of those unfortunate tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of those unfortunate tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of those unfortunate tasks
+actually I don't need that anymore at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't need that anymore at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't need that anymore at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+um in those cases those unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in those cases those unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in those cases those unfortunate
+tasks which you were not well designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks which you were not well designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks which you were not well designed
+to do for instance the memorization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for instance the memorization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for instance the memorization of
+neuroanatomical terms for a midterm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomical terms for a midterm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomical terms for a midterm in
+intro psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych
+um which is only the beginning how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is only the beginning how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is only the beginning how many
+people over here are are uh our pre-meds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over here are are uh our pre-meds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over here are are uh our pre-meds
+or think they might be pre-meds you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think they might be pre-meds you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think they might be pre-meds you guys
+are the ones who are going to devote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones who are going to devote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones who are going to devote
+years of your life to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of your life to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of your life to um the
+memorization of things that you were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization of things that you were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization of things that you were not
+built to memorize like where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to memorize like where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to memorize like where all the
+bones are and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones are and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones are and stuff like that
+so how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you do that
+um let me let's try memorizing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me let's try memorizing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me let's try memorizing some
+nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+go to sleep why don't you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to sleep why don't you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to sleep why don't you want to go to
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like your children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like your children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like your children
+Mara what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara what do you do
+you don't I don't want to know okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't I don't want to know okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't I don't want to know okay you
+mean I'm supposed to hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm supposed to hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm supposed to hit it
+okay yeah all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right um
+it went to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to sleep
+it happens from time to time anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens from time to time anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens from time to time anyway
+where were we oh yes nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we oh yes nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we oh yes nonsense
+um this this is a line of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is a line of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is a line of work that
+starts really with a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts really with a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts really with a guy named
+ebbinghaus in Germany in the late 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebbinghaus in Germany in the late 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ebbinghaus in Germany in the late 19th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+um who wanted to understand memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who wanted to understand memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who wanted to understand memory
+processes in isolation from these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in isolation from these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in isolation from these issues
+about meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meaning
+um and so what he did was he got his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what he did was he got his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what he did was he got his
+himself actually for starters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself actually for starters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself actually for starters
+um to memorize nonsense syllables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to memorize nonsense syllables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to memorize nonsense syllables that
+that allegedly had no meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allegedly had no meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allegedly had no meaning it's
+extremely hard to find material that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to find material that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to find material that has
+no meaning but I will attempt to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no meaning but I will attempt to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no meaning but I will attempt to read
+you some uh now grab a hunk of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some uh now grab a hunk of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some uh now grab a hunk of paper
+um I don't want you writing him down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want you writing him down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want you writing him down
+while I read them to you but I do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I read them to you but I do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I read them to you but I do want
+you to be in a position to write all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be in a position to write all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be in a position to write all the
+words down when I tell you it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words down when I tell you it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words down when I tell you it's time to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh and while you're doing that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and while you're doing that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and while you're doing that let me
+make my uh my annual disclaimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my uh my annual disclaimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my uh my annual disclaimer
+MIT is a hugely Multicultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is a hugely Multicultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is a hugely Multicultural
+institution you speak a vast range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you speak a vast range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you speak a vast range of
+languages to my knowledge what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to my knowledge what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to my knowledge what I am
+saying is meaningless if it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is meaningless if it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is meaningless if it turns out
+that it is Meaningful particularly if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is Meaningful particularly if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is Meaningful particularly if it
+turns out that it's like deeply profane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's like deeply profane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's like deeply profane
+do let me know later and I will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let me know later and I will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let me know later and I will change
+my nonsense yet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nonsense yet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my nonsense yet again
+um I I have over the years said a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I have over the years said a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I have over the years said a number
+of absolutely remarkable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolutely remarkable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolutely remarkable things
+including something in melee so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including something in melee so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including something in melee so good
+that the uh that the young women who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that the young women who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that the young women who
+told me I couldn't say it didn't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me I couldn't say it didn't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me I couldn't say it didn't tell me
+wouldn't tell me what it was I had said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell me what it was I had said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't tell me what it was I had said
+but they looked at my list and said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they looked at my list and said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they looked at my list and said they
+just crossed these things out it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crossed these things out it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crossed these things out it was
+anyway so I don't think it's mostly gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I don't think it's mostly gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so I don't think it's mostly gone
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so all right so what you gotta you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so what you gotta you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so what you gotta you're
+ready to write I'm gonna read you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to write I'm gonna read you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to write I'm gonna read you a
+bunch of nonsense syllables and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nonsense syllables and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of nonsense syllables and you're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+um write them all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um write them all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um write them all down
+ready okay sip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dutt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dutt
+milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turt
+vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol
+Vince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jax
+golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sauce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce
+RAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAB
+okay write down everything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down everything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down everything you can
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now don't copy off your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on your handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the second page I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second page I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second page I believe
+you will find the axes for what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find the axes for what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find the axes for what's called
+a serial position curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serial position curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a serial position curve
+which is the way we want to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way we want to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way we want to represent
+the data from this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data from this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data from this experiment
+we want to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to represent
+um percentage recall which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um percentage recall which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um percentage recall which in this case
+will be sort of number of hands as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sort of number of hands as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sort of number of hands as a
+function of position in the list where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position in the list where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position in the list where
+um where in the list of that I read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where in the list of that I read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where in the list of that I read it
+where where did the word show up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where did the word show up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where did the word show up and I
+will tell you the answer ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the answer ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the answer ahead of time
+and then we'll check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll check
+um if it worked uh the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it worked uh the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it worked uh the answer is that
+the data will look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data will look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data will look like this
+there will be what's known as a Primacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be what's known as a Primacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be what's known as a Primacy
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you'll remember the first words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll remember the first words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll remember the first words in
+the list quite well and a recency effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um with some preservation of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some preservation of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some preservation of the last
+words in the list that at least is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the list that at least is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in the list that at least is my
+assertion let us actually check the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion let us actually check the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion let us actually check the data
+here how many people uh got FIP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right data point turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right data point turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right data point turns out to be
+about there I think how many people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there I think how many people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there I think how many people got
+dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+few fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few fewer
+how many people got well you see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got well you see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got well you see you're
+falling a little below the line here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling a little below the line here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling a little below the line here I'm
+worried about you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about you guys
+um how many people caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how interesting
+how many people got viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got viral
+oh that's pretty pathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's pretty pathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's pretty pathetic
+uh how many people got Zas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people got Zas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people got Zas
+oh coming back that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh coming back that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh coming back that's pretty good
+actually that's above the line here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's above the line here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's above the line here and
+how many people got RAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got RAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got RAB
+yeah that's sort of bearish okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's sort of bearish okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's sort of bearish okay what's
+what's with turt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with turt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with turt
+you guys did better well you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did better well you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys did better well you know I
+discovered teaching Concourse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered teaching Concourse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered teaching Concourse this
+morning I discovered that one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I discovered that one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I discovered that one of my
+words has currently acquired a slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words has currently acquired a slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words has currently acquired a slang
+meaning that I'd never heard of before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that I'd never heard of before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that I'd never heard of before
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you just got lucky on or suddenly mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just got lucky on or suddenly mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just got lucky on or suddenly mean
+chem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chem
+what's a turt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a turt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a turt
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turn oh oh turnt like is in tertiary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn oh oh turnt like is in tertiary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn oh oh turnt like is in tertiary or
+something oh see I'm spelling it t-i-r-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh see I'm spelling it t-i-r-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh see I'm spelling it t-i-r-t
+and it never occurred to me that it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never occurred to me that it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it never occurred to me that it's uh
+all right all right we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right we're gonna have to
+do something about turt anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so the the question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the the question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the the question here is
+going to be how did you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how did you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how did you do it
+um part of the answer is clearly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the answer is clearly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the answer is clearly any
+word that happened to make some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that happened to make some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that happened to make some sort of
+meaningful Association to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful Association to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful Association to you
+um is going to uh have a preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to uh have a preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to uh have a preferential
+chance of getting into long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting into long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting into long-term memory
+where did my beautiful little map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did my beautiful little map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did my beautiful little map of the
+world go it must be underneath there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world go it must be underneath there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world go it must be underneath there uh
+you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up
+um one way to think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to think about this is
+um is this sort of by analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this sort of by analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this sort of by analogy to
+immigration you know this here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration you know this here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration you know this here here's
+here's America and here are all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's America and here are all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's America and here are all of our
+various forebearers and stuff trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various forebearers and stuff trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various forebearers and stuff trying to
+get into the country and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the country and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the country and there's this
+choke point in Immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke point in Immigration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke point in Immigration
+um you know if you got your uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you got your uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you got your uncle
+Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie
+already in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the country
+he can pull you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can pull you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can pull you in
+in ways that if you have no relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that if you have no relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that if you have no relations
+here it's harder to get in so if tert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's harder to get in so if tert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's harder to get in so if tert
+reminded you of tertiary that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you of tertiary that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded you of tertiary that's that's
+Uncle tertiary in in long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle tertiary in in long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle tertiary in in long-term memory
+sort of pulling you through but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pulling you through but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pulling you through but uh the
+the question is what do you do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what do you do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what do you do if you
+don't have that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that so
+the things at the beginning any anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things at the beginning any anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things at the beginning any anybody
+got any intuition about what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got any intuition about what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got any intuition about what they were
+doing with with SIP and dut and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with with SIP and dut and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with with SIP and dut and stuff
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay apart from the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay apart from the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay apart from the fact that you
+wouldn't know now you presumably were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know now you presumably were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know now you presumably were
+being a good person and not writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good person and not writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good person and not writing them
+down when I read them first though right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when I read them first though right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when I read them first though right
+okay so what were you doing while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what were you doing while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what were you doing while you
+were waiting to uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were waiting to uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were waiting to uh uh to
+dump them back out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump them back out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump them back out yeah
+okay you were sitting there rehearsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you were sitting there rehearsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you were sitting there rehearsing
+how many people had the experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people had the experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people had the experience that
+they were rehearsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were rehearsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were rehearsing
+and discovering that oh man there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovering that oh man there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discovering that oh man there's more
+stuff here than I can rehearse that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here than I can rehearse that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here than I can rehearse that's
+the capacity limit again but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity limit again but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity limit again but there's a
+rehearsal Loop for auditory material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal Loop for auditory material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal Loop for auditory material
+called uh sometimes called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh sometimes called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh sometimes called a
+phonological loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological loop
+um does it say phonological loop on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it say phonological loop on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it say phonological loop on the
+handout anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout anywhere
+no well phono you know phono like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well phono you know phono like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well phono you know phono like
+phonograph phonological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonograph phonological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonograph phonological
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where you repeat this stuff to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you repeat this stuff to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you repeat this stuff to hold it
+in this working memory keep it alive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this working memory keep it alive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this working memory keep it alive in
+working memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um in that way push it that that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that way push it that that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that way push it that that way
+sort of keep it alive people probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keep it alive people probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keep it alive people probably
+were not uh well do anybody got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not uh well do anybody got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not uh well do anybody got a
+different experience for zoss and RAB at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience for zoss and RAB at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience for zoss and RAB at
+the end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry I heard something that sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I heard something that sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I heard something that sounded
+promising yeah they were just there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising yeah they were just there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising yeah they were just there is
+is actually it's all right intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually it's all right intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually it's all right intuition
+They Were Somehow still it was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Were Somehow still it was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Were Somehow still it was almost
+like you could still hear them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could still hear them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could still hear them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they didn't need to be preserved yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't need to be preserved yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't need to be preserved yet
+they were still fresh and hadn't brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were still fresh and hadn't brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were still fresh and hadn't brought
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um the the claim though is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the claim though is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the claim though is that the
+process that gives you the reasons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that gives you the reasons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that gives you the reasons the
+effect is different than the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is different than the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is different than the process
+that gives you the Primacy effect let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the Primacy effect let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the Primacy effect let's
+give that a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a try
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what I'll do is I'll read you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll read you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll read you another
+list of nonsense like the first one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of nonsense like the first one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of nonsense like the first one I'm
+going to ask you to write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to write them down
+again but this time when I at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time when I at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but this time when I at the end
+instead of saying right I'll say count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying right I'll say count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying right I'll say count
+when I say count I want you to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say count I want you to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say count I want you to count
+backwards from 431 by threes out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from 431 by threes out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from 431 by threes out loud
+you know all in beautiful Unison right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all in beautiful Unison right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all in beautiful Unison right
+got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that
+um that will make a lot of noise so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that will make a lot of noise so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that will make a lot of noise so when
+I do this keep an eye on me when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this keep an eye on me when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this keep an eye on me when I do
+this write everything down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this write everything down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this write everything down
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh yeah okay they got they kind of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah okay they got they kind of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah okay they got they kind of got
+the instructor all right where's where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor all right where's where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor all right where's where's
+the rest of my nonsense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sip
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hearn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hearn
+mope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mope
+chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick
+pinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned
+Mez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mez
+lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp
+slob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay count 4 31.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right okay right right I'm all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay right right I'm all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay right right I'm all down
+the giggles will probably do just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the claim
+the claim here is that what that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim here is that what that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim here is that what that should
+do did you feel yourself rehearsing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do did you feel yourself rehearsing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do did you feel yourself rehearsing the
+uh the first ones again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first ones again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first ones again
+the claim is that the Primacy effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that the Primacy effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim is that the Primacy effect
+which is due to some sort of rehearsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due to some sort of rehearsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due to some sort of rehearsal
+into long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory
+that that Primacy effect should still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Primacy effect should still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Primacy effect should still be
+there but the recency effect due to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the recency effect due to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the recency effect due to some
+sort of it's just theirness should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's just theirness should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it's just theirness should have
+been disrupted by the counting and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been disrupted by the counting and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been disrupted by the counting and and
+and the turtles and stuff like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the turtles and stuff like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the turtles and stuff like that okay
+so let's check here where's my list gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check here where's my list gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check here where's my list gone
+to here list I should remember this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here list I should remember this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here list I should remember this by
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um okay how many many people got set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look that's almost exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that's almost exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that's almost exactly the same
+number how many people got fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how many people got fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how many people got fourth
+oh a lot of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a lot of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a lot of force
+how many people got dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people got dick
+oh deeply pathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh deeply pathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh deeply pathetic
+uh how many people got Mez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people got Mez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people got Mez
+a few more how many people got flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more how many people got flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more how many people got flop
+oh that's pretty pathetic how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's pretty pathetic how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's pretty pathetic how many
+people got gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got gone
+no gone was pretty well gone so oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gone was pretty well gone so oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no gone was pretty well gone so oops
+these were supposed to be circles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were supposed to be circles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were supposed to be circles so
+they'd be a different data set so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be a different data set so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be a different data set so anyway
+nice Primacy effect recency effect gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Primacy effect recency effect gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Primacy effect recency effect gone
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+are words in there this this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words in there this this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are words in there this this is this is
+the phenomenon of the MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of the MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of the MIT students
+really wanting to do well on these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanting to do well on these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanting to do well on these sort
+of things right man he didn't ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things right man he didn't ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things right man he didn't ask me
+it's like you know you you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you know you you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you know you you have the same
+experience for Keeps on the exam you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for Keeps on the exam you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for Keeps on the exam you sit
+there you study chapter three till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you study chapter three till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you study chapter three till
+you're blue now oh man they only asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're blue now oh man they only asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're blue now oh man they only asked
+about chapter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chapter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chapter two
+um so yeah yeah I'm glad you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah yeah I'm glad you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah yeah I'm glad you got
+whatever it was wamp or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was wamp or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it was wamp or or
+the worst thing about this you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst thing about this you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst thing about this you realize
+is that um the stuff that you rehearsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the stuff that you rehearsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the stuff that you rehearsed
+into long-term memory may stay there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory may stay there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into long-term memory may stay there for
+a surprisingly long time I had a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprisingly long time I had a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprisingly long time I had a guy
+come up to me on the subway some years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me on the subway some years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me on the subway some years
+back say to me you don't know me right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back say to me you don't know me right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back say to me you don't know me right I
+said that's right I don't know you he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's right I don't know you he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's right I don't know you he
+said he said FIP Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strange person but I know I now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange person but I know I now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange person but I know I now know
+where I know you from or don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I know you from or don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I know you from or don't know you
+from or or something like that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or or something like that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or or something like that so these
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+you you you may have now warped your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you may have now warped your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you may have now warped your
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+on a long going on on an ongoing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a long going on on an ongoing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a long going on on an ongoing uh
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+um do I want no no I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do I want no no I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do I want no no I don't want you to
+go up get back here stop come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up get back here stop come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up get back here stop come back down
+you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up
+um all right so on the I'm back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so on the I'm back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so on the I'm back on the
+first page of the handout you have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page of the handout you have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page of the handout you have what
+was the sort of this what was sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sort of this what was sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sort of this what was sometimes
+called the standard model for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard model for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standard model for getting
+from the outside world whoops my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside world whoops my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside world whoops my
+bottleneck disappeared again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck disappeared again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck disappeared again
+um into into long-term memory which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into into long-term memory which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into into long-term memory which was
+stuff comes in to a short-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in to a short-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in to a short-term memory
+it needs to be preserved in short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be preserved in short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be preserved in short-term
+memory by something like rehearsal if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory by something like rehearsal if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory by something like rehearsal if it
+lasts long enough in short-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts long enough in short-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts long enough in short-term memory
+it gets into long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets into long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets into long-term memory
+um where it uh manages to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it uh manages to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where it uh manages to stay
+um there are certain problems with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are certain problems with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are certain problems with this
+kind of a model which you ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a model which you ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a model which you ought to be
+able to anticipate now but we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to anticipate now but we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to anticipate now but we can we can
+illustrate easily enough how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate easily enough how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate easily enough how many people
+here had breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had breakfast
+okay person with the MIT shirt on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay person with the MIT shirt on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay person with the MIT shirt on there
+what did you have for breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you have for breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you have for breakfast
+Bagels anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bagels anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bagels anything else
+bagels and cream cheese okay that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bagels and cream cheese okay that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bagels and cream cheese okay that's good
+we want a a little bit of a memory load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a a little bit of a memory load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a a little bit of a memory load
+here because I need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I need to be able to
+explain that the reason that she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that the reason that she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that the reason that she knows
+that she had bagels and cream cheese for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had bagels and cream cheese for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had bagels and cream cheese for
+breakfast is that on the way out of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast is that on the way out of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast is that on the way out of her
+living arrangements she was going bagels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living arrangements she was going bagels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living arrangements she was going bagels
+and cream cheese bagels and cream cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cream cheese bagels and cream cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cream cheese bagels and cream cheese
+bagels and cream cheese right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bagels and cream cheese right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bagels and cream cheese right
+okay that's good it's it's uh no she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good it's it's uh no she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good it's it's uh no she
+wasn't doing that you weren't doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing that you weren't doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing that you weren't doing that
+but you remember what you had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you remember what you had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you remember what you had for
+breakfast too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+this rehearsal thing while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rehearsal thing while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rehearsal thing while it's
+important for getting nonsense from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for getting nonsense from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for getting nonsense from the
+world into long-term memory is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into long-term memory is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into long-term memory is not the
+only way to get through this bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to get through this bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to get through this bottleneck
+again things with meaning manage to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again things with meaning manage to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again things with meaning manage to get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um more readily and we can see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more readily and we can see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more readily and we can see something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fact
+tells us something perhaps about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something perhaps about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something perhaps about the way
+that our long-term memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our long-term memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our long-term memory is
+um is put together now here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is put together now here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is put together now here what we're
+talking about is is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is is what's known as
+explicit long-term memory is distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit long-term memory is distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit long-term memory is distinct
+from implicit explicit long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from implicit explicit long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from implicit explicit long-term memory
+are the memories that you can get to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the memories that you can get to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the memories that you can get to if
+I ask you about them that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you about them that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask you about them that you can
+recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+um so if I say you know who's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I say you know who's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I say you know who's running
+for president you have an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for president you have an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for president you have an explicit
+memory that the answer is Carrie Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that the answer is Carrie Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that the answer is Carrie Bush
+and whoever else you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whoever else you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whoever else you can
+um name down down the line there if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um name down down the line there if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um name down down the line there if I
+ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you
+um how do you say the word president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you say the word president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you say the word president
+what are the tongue motions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the tongue motions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the tongue motions that are
+required if you say president you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you say president you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you say president you can
+now monitor it and figure out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now monitor it and figure out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now monitor it and figure out what they
+are but you have no notion ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but you have no notion ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but you have no notion ahead of time
+of how you do that you certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do that you certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you do that you certainly
+remember how to do it in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to do it in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to do it in the sense that
+you can produce it on demand that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce it on demand that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce it on demand that would
+be an implicit memory and how you ride a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an implicit memory and how you ride a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an implicit memory and how you ride a
+bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle
+um there are a whole slew of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a whole slew of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are a whole slew of things like
+motor memories that are implicit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor memories that are implicit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor memories that are implicit but
+here what we're talking about is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're talking about is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're talking about is getting
+into an explicit long-term memory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an explicit long-term memory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an explicit long-term memory it's
+useful to divide explicit long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to divide explicit long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to divide explicit long-term
+memory into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory into
+episodic memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories
+memories for the episodes of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories for the episodes of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories for the episodes of your life
+and semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+um your body of of knowledge and facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your body of of knowledge and facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your body of of knowledge and facts
+and things of that sort there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that sort there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that sort there's not a
+they're not like walled off from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like walled off from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like walled off from each
+other if I say uh but uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if I say uh but uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if I say uh but uh you know uh
+what's the capital of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the capital of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the capital of the United States
+you dig out of your semantic memory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig out of your semantic memory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig out of your semantic memory the
+answer Washington DC if you've been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Washington DC if you've been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Washington DC if you've been to
+Washington you might then start digging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington you might then start digging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington you might then start digging
+out uh Associated episodic memories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh Associated episodic memories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh Associated episodic memories of
+being there and and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being there and and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being there and and and so on
+um but within semantic memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but within semantic memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but within semantic memory
+the notion here remember the the uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here remember the the uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion here remember the the uncle
+Charlie or whoever he was notioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie or whoever he was notioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie or whoever he was notioned that
+things can reach out to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can reach out to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can reach out to the world
+um and and and uh help pull things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and uh help pull things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and uh help pull things into
+long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory
+um is related to the way that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is related to the way that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is related to the way that we think
+that your long-term memory might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your long-term memory might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your long-term memory might be
+organized and one of the popular ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized and one of the popular ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized and one of the popular ways of
+thinking about this is sort of a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is sort of a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is sort of a giant
+network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of
+um of associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of associations
+um called the semantic Network often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called the semantic Network often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called the semantic Network often
+where uh if uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh if uh well
+if I say cat the first word that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say cat the first word that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say cat the first word that comes
+to your mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your mind is
+meow dog Mouse Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meow dog Mouse Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meow dog Mouse Okay so
+there's a node in your long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a node in your long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a node in your long-term memory
+that that is Cat in some sense in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is Cat in some sense in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is Cat in some sense in this
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+um it's close neighbors are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's close neighbors are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's close neighbors are things like
+dog and meow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um what do we have Mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we have Mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we have Mouse
+um and now it's important to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now it's important to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now it's important to realize
+that this this is not some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is not some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is not some sort of
+linnaean taxonomy of you know species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linnaean taxonomy of you know species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linnaean taxonomy of you know species
+and genus and all that sort of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genus and all that sort of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genus and all that sort of good
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+um you know even though it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know even though it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know even though it's going to be
+connected with animal up here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with animal up here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with animal up here somewhere
+oops Annie Moe and uh fur and stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops Annie Moe and uh fur and stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops Annie Moe and uh fur and stuff but
+you might also have connections that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also have connections that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also have connections that go
+like meow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+actually that goes back here I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that goes back here I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that goes back here I actually
+have a cat whose name is Chairman Mao by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cat whose name is Chairman Mao by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cat whose name is Chairman Mao by
+roughly this Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly this Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly this Association
+um Leo and Danielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Leo and Danielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Leo and Danielle
+shine uh uh plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know so so yeah it's this nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so so yeah it's this nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so so yeah it's this nobody
+nobody has the notion that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has the notion that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has the notion that you could
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+that you could somehow map this out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could somehow map this out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could somehow map this out for
+any given individual it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given individual it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given individual it's going to be a
+vastly complex and continuously changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly complex and continuously changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly complex and continuously changing
+uh set of associations but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of associations but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of associations but there is
+evidence for this notion of proximity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this notion of proximity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this notion of proximity by
+uh by association by meaning in uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by association by meaning in uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by association by meaning in uh long
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+uh memory and the way you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory and the way you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory and the way you might find
+that out is but one of the ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is but one of the ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is but one of the ways you
+might find that out is by doing what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that out is by doing what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that out is by doing what are
+called priming experiments which I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called priming experiments which I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called priming experiments which I might
+as well mention because I see that's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well mention because I see that's oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well mention because I see that's oh
+no that's on my is that on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's on my is that on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's on my is that on the handout
+properly well if it isn't it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly well if it isn't it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly well if it isn't it should be
+um it probably says priming somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it probably says priming somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it probably says priming somewhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+priming experiment what you do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priming experiment what you do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priming experiment what you do here
+let's get gives oh evidence from priming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get gives oh evidence from priming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get gives oh evidence from priming
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+suppose I put up on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I put up on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I put up on the uh
+um on my computer screen here I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on my computer screen here I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on my computer screen here I'll put
+up a a string of letters and you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a a string of letters and you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a a string of letters and you tell me
+whether or not it's a word right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's a word right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it's a word right so I
+put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say
+no even though it's now in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no even though it's now in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no even though it's now in your
+long-term memory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory right
+um but if I put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay now if the next word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay now if the next word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay now if the next word
+was something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like
+truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck
+unless you have a dog in your truck or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a dog in your truck or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a dog in your truck or
+something like that yeah you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well all right let's compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right let's compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well all right let's compare this
+the next word might be truck or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next word might be truck or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next word might be truck or the next
+word might be cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word might be cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word might be cat
+you'll be faster to say cat you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be faster to say cat you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be faster to say cat you know
+you'll be faster to confirm that cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be faster to confirm that cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be faster to confirm that cat is
+a word than truck is a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word than truck is a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word than truck is a word
+why is that well seemingly when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well seemingly when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well seemingly when you go
+in to your semantic Network to the sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to your semantic Network to the sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to your semantic Network to the sick
+cover the dog is a word you light up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the dog is a word you light up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the dog is a word you light up the
+dog node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog node
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the activity spreads it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity spreads it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity spreads it's called
+spreading activation away from that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading activation away from that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading activation away from that node
+to the neighboring nodes as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neighboring nodes as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neighboring nodes as a result
+when you get the word cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the word cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get the word cat
+cats are ready a little activated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats are ready a little activated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats are ready a little activated the
+bell's been rung a little bit already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell's been rung a little bit already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell's been rung a little bit already
+and you're quicker to confirm that cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're quicker to confirm that cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're quicker to confirm that cat
+is a word than truck which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a word than truck which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a word than truck which is you know
+down here you know in in the next County
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here you know in in the next County
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here you know in in the next County
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can use I mean in principle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use I mean in principle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use I mean in principle I
+suppose you could map out somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could map out somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you could map out somebody's
+semantic network with a technique like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network with a technique like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network with a technique like
+this but it would be a lifetime's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it would be a lifetime's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it would be a lifetime's
+Endeavor and not not clear what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor and not not clear what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor and not not clear what the
+point is but you could you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is but you could you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is but you could you can use this
+sort of a technique to show that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a technique to show that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a technique to show that some
+things live closer to each other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things live closer to each other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things live closer to each other than
+other things oh and by the way when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things oh and by the way when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things oh and by the way when you
+go and reach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and reach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and reach in
+to retrieve this is sort of jumping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retrieve this is sort of jumping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retrieve this is sort of jumping to
+the retrieval part but we go reach in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retrieval part but we go reach in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retrieval part but we go reach in to
+retrieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve
+um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some
+something from one node uh you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from one node uh you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from one node uh you might
+goof and pull something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goof and pull something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goof and pull something from the
+neighboring node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring node
+you know this or you have experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this or you have experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this or you have experienced
+this if you are not an only child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you are not an only child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you are not an only child
+perhaps even if you are how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even if you are how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even if you are how many of you
+have siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have siblings
+keep your hands up how many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hands up how many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hands up how many of those
+have ever had your parents call you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever had your parents call you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever had your parents call you by
+the sibling's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sibling's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sibling's name
+almost everybody including some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody including some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody including some people
+who didn't have their hands up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't have their hands up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't have their hands up before
+who didn't know that they had siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't know that they had siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't know that they had siblings
+until that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until that happened
+um or and or or worse you know you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or and or or worse you know you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or and or or worse you know you get
+called by the name OGG or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by the name OGG or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by the name OGG or something like
+that this is not because whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not because whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not because whatever you
+may believe that you know that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may believe that you know that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may believe that you know that your
+parents are unusually dim people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are unusually dim people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are unusually dim people
+um it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's because
+all those terms presumably live very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms presumably live very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those terms presumably live very
+close to each other in this semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other in this semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other in this semantic
+memory and when particularly under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and when particularly under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and when particularly under some
+pressure you reach in to grab kid number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you reach in to grab kid number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you reach in to grab kid number
+well all my kids have the same name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all my kids have the same name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all my kids have the same name
+their kid then the name is Ben Phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kid then the name is Ben Phillips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kid then the name is Ben Phillips
+Simon whatever your name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon whatever your name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon whatever your name is
+um and and it works works for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it works works for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it works works for all of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um that's that's what your parents there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's what your parents there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's what your parents there
+are certain drawbacks to this it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain drawbacks to this it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain drawbacks to this it turns
+out to be decidedly unfortunate if in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be decidedly unfortunate if in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be decidedly unfortunate if in a
+moment of passion you murmur the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of passion you murmur the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of passion you murmur the name of
+the last girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last girlfriend
+um no matter how close they live in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter how close they live in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter how close they live in your
+semantic Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic Network
+um that it's you know we can explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's you know we can explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it's you know we can explain it
+but we can't excuse it if you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't excuse it if you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't excuse it if you know what
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+Big World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big World
+small desktop small working memory big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small desktop small working memory big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small desktop small working memory big
+um long-term memory how does stuff once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um long-term memory how does stuff once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um long-term memory how does stuff once
+you know what's going on when the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going on when the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going on when the stuff
+in long-term memory gets turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in long-term memory gets turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in long-term memory gets turned into
+something long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something long term
+and it it's really there for a long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's really there for a long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's really there for a long uh
+a long long time if you get a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long long time if you get a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long long time if you get a chance
+David pillemer's article that's in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David pillemer's article that's in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David pillemer's article that's in uh
+um in the website under the memory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the website under the memory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the website under the memory uh
+category about very long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category about very long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category about very long-term memories
+is fun to read as he goes and probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun to read as he goes and probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun to read as he goes and probes
+people's oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's oldest
+memories from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories from
+from way way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from way way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from way way back
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how does stuff get Consolidated well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does stuff get Consolidated well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does stuff get Consolidated well we
+know some things about this we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some things about this we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some things about this we know
+quite a lot about this but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot about this but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot about this but I want to
+tell you one bit that a couple of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you one bit that a couple of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you one bit that a couple of bits
+that are important on a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important on a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important on a sort of a
+physiological front so here's the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological front so here's the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological front so here's the brain
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+underneath the temporal lobe not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the temporal lobe not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the temporal lobe not in the
+cortex of the temporal lobe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the temporal lobe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the temporal lobe but
+underneath the temporal lobe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the temporal lobe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the temporal lobe are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hippocampus
+and to a lesser extent the amygdala will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lesser extent the amygdala will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a lesser extent the amygdala will
+will I'll just mention that because but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'll just mention that because but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I'll just mention that because but
+but really we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really we're talking about
+hippocampus here parts of the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus here parts of the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus here parts of the so-called
+limbic system that are vitally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system that are vitally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system that are vitally important
+in this process of consolidation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of consolidation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of consolidation and we
+know that in the first instance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the first instance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the first instance from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the most perhaps the most famous patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most perhaps the most famous patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most perhaps the most famous patient
+in the neuropsychological literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neuropsychological literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neuropsychological literature
+um he's a patient known to the literate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's a patient known to the literate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's a patient known to the literate
+in in the literature as hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the literature as hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the literature as hm
+um he's the inspiration for the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's the inspiration for the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's the inspiration for the film
+Memento if you saw memento
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memento if you saw memento
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memento if you saw memento
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when he was a young man he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young man he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young man he had a
+uh a bike accident that was probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bike accident that was probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bike accident that was probably the
+cause of his epilepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of his epilepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of his epilepsy
+um so he he was he was an epileptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he he was he was an epileptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so he he was he was an epileptic
+um you may recall I said earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you may recall I said earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you may recall I said earlier in the
+course that epilepsy is a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that epilepsy is a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that epilepsy is a sort of an
+electrical storm often started from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical storm often started from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical storm often started from a
+damaged piece of tissue in the brain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged piece of tissue in the brain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged piece of tissue in the brain if
+it's not responding to drugs which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not responding to drugs which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not responding to drugs which this
+was not one of the treatments is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not one of the treatments is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not one of the treatments is to go
+and try to excise to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to excise to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to excise to take out the
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+the evidence in uh hm's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence in uh hm's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence in uh hm's uh
+case pointed to structures deep in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case pointed to structures deep in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case pointed to structures deep in the
+temporal lobe particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe particularly the
+hippocampus and amygdala and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and amygdala and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and amygdala and what was
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+um in the late 50s late 50s or early 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the late 50s late 50s or early 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the late 50s late 50s or early 60s
+anybody remember anyway a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember anyway a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember anyway a long time ago
+at this point up in Montreal was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point up in Montreal was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point up in Montreal was that
+these structures were largely destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures were largely destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures were largely destroyed
+on both sides of his brain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of his brain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of his brain that's
+important this was a bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this was a bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this was a bilateral
+lesion and this did have the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion and this did have the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion and this did have the effect of
+largely controlling his seizures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely controlling his seizures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely controlling his seizures the
+seizure problem went away however he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure problem went away however he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seizure problem went away however he's a
+one-of-a-kind patient because the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-of-a-kind patient because the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-of-a-kind patient because the side
+effects the unintentional consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the unintentional consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the unintentional consequences
+of this lesion were so devastating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lesion were so devastating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lesion were so devastating that
+nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody
+um nobody could ethically ever do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nobody could ethically ever do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nobody could ethically ever do this
+again at least not not to a uh a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at least not not to a uh a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at least not not to a uh a human
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so
+he's he's still uh he's still alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's still uh he's still alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's still uh he's still alive and
+in fact he he's in a nursing facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he he's in a nursing facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he he's in a nursing facility
+near Boston because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Boston because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Boston because
+um he was brought to Boston as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was brought to Boston as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was brought to Boston as as
+essentially as a psychological subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as a psychological subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as a psychological subject
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+been unable to live on his own since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been unable to live on his own since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been unable to live on his own since the
+surgery what's his problem well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery what's his problem well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery what's his problem well he
+really has two but the the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has two but the the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has two but the the the most
+relevant one for the present purposes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one for the present purposes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one for the present purposes is
+that he is simply unable to form new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is simply unable to form new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is simply unable to form new
+um explicit long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explicit long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explicit long-term memories
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+said take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said take to
+petition with a Once Upon a Time TA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition with a Once Upon a Time TA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition with a Once Upon a Time TA in
+this course named John gabrielli now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course named John gabrielli now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course named John gabrielli now a
+professor at Stanford soon to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Stanford soon to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Stanford soon to be a
+professor back here at MIT but who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor back here at MIT but who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor back here at MIT but who do
+did I think he did his doctoral work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I think he did his doctoral work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I think he did his doctoral work
+studying hm but he certainly studied hm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying hm but he certainly studied hm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying hm but he certainly studied hm
+as a graduate student he'd come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student he'd come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student he'd come into the
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh there to to meet hm say hi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there to to meet hm say hi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there to to meet hm say hi you
+know have we met before uh hm said no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have we met before uh hm said no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have we met before uh hm said no I
+don't think so it's perfectly intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so it's perfectly intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so it's perfectly intact
+short-term memory which is fine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory which is fine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory which is fine for
+conducting uh a conversation also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting uh a conversation also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting uh a conversation also
+perfectly intact or decently intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly intact or decently intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly intact or decently intact
+memories this long-term memory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories this long-term memory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories this long-term memory from
+before the operation so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the operation so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the operation so it's not that
+we've somehow wiped out his Storehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've somehow wiped out his Storehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've somehow wiped out his Storehouse
+of memories it's the ability to put new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memories it's the ability to put new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memories it's the ability to put new
+stuff in here that's gone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in here that's gone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in here that's gone so
+um in comes gabrielli have we ever met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in comes gabrielli have we ever met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in comes gabrielli have we ever met
+before no hi I'm I'm uh uh um John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no hi I'm I'm uh uh um John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no hi I'm I'm uh uh um John
+gabrielli you know nice to meet you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli you know nice to meet you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli you know nice to meet you I'm
+hm well I suppose he didn't call himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm well I suppose he didn't call himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm well I suppose he didn't call himself
+hm but anyway you use initials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm but anyway you use initials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm but anyway you use initials to
+protect the privacy of the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the privacy of the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the privacy of the patient
+um not necessarily the initials of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily the initials of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not necessarily the initials of the
+page you know something to label them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page you know something to label them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page you know something to label them
+um so anyway fine have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway fine have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyway fine have a nice
+conversation gabrielli goes out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation gabrielli goes out comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation gabrielli goes out comes
+back in says hi have we ever met before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in says hi have we ever met before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in says hi have we ever met before
+no I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think so
+um well hi I'm John gabrieli nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well hi I'm John gabrieli nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well hi I'm John gabrieli nice to
+meet you have the same conversation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet you have the same conversation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet you have the same conversation you
+can do this over and over again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this over and over again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this over and over again because
+she's got no one and so in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got no one and so in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got no one and so in a more
+controlled kind of way do a digit span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled kind of way do a digit span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled kind of way do a digit span
+kind of experiment give him a few digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment give him a few digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment give him a few digits
+to remember no problem he's got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember no problem he's got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember no problem he's got the same
+seven plus or minus two that the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two that the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two that the rest of
+us have pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have pretty much
+um distract him momentarily and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distract him momentarily and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distract him momentarily and it's
+just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gone
+you've had this experience yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this experience yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had this experience yourself if
+you tried to get from the phone book to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to get from the phone book to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried to get from the phone book to
+the phone with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone with a
+um with a phone number and somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a phone number and somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a phone number and somebody says
+X Y and Z ah there goes the phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and Z ah there goes the phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y and Z ah there goes the phone number
+right that's his continuous experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's his continuous experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's his continuous experience
+and has been for 50 years at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has been for 50 years at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has been for 50 years at this point
+a few things have gotten in he happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things have gotten in he happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things have gotten in he happens
+to know that men have landed on the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that men have landed on the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that men have landed on the moon
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+um perhaps because there are little bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps because there are little bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps because there are little bits
+of of the structure that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the structure that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the structure that that are
+maintained perhaps from another route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained perhaps from another route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained perhaps from another route
+we're not quite sure but basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure but basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure but basically no
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+episodic memories basic what what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories basic what what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memories basic what what this
+is telling us is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us is that the the
+hippocampus in particular other Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus in particular other Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus in particular other Research
+indicates is critical for the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates is critical for the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates is critical for the act of
+consolidation it is not the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation it is not the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation it is not the memory
+itself it is the mechanism that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it is the mechanism that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it is the mechanism that allows
+you to make those memories solid in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make those memories solid in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make those memories solid in some
+fashion yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he he knows he's got a memory problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knows he's got a memory problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he knows he's got a memory problem
+now he uh and and this actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he uh and and this actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he uh and and this actually it's
+good point it ties into his other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point it ties into his other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point it ties into his other
+problem which is in some sense an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is in some sense an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is in some sense an
+offsetting benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting benefit
+um the the the limbic system certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the limbic system certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the limbic system certainly
+the amygdala is very important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amygdala is very important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amygdala is very important in the
+mediation of emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation of emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation of emotion
+his experience of emotion is greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his experience of emotion is greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his experience of emotion is greatly
+flattened flattened affect in the jargon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened flattened affect in the jargon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened flattened affect in the jargon
+of the of the trade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the trade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the trade so
+um which is good because he does know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is good because he does know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is good because he does know
+that there's something wrong but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something wrong but it
+doesn't bother him that much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother him that much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother him that much you know
+what bothers him what bothers him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bothers him what bothers him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bothers him what bothers him
+um is uh looking in the mirror now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh looking in the mirror now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh looking in the mirror now why
+should that be well imagine this his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that be well imagine this his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that be well imagine this his
+lesion uh happened when he's in his 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion uh happened when he's in his 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion uh happened when he's in his 20s
+he's still got the long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still got the long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still got the long-term memories
+that he had in his 20s basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had in his 20s basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had in his 20s basically your
+age now you go back to your room you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age now you go back to your room you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age now you go back to your room you
+look in the mirror and what looks out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the mirror and what looks out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the mirror and what looks out at
+you is a 70 year old guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a 70 year old guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a 70 year old guy
+for a woman as the case may be I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a woman as the case may be I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a woman as the case may be I mean
+that's I suppose it doesn't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I suppose it doesn't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I suppose it doesn't particularly
+matter it's going to be a disaster under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's going to be a disaster under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's going to be a disaster under
+either circumstance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sci-fi movie and I don't have the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sci-fi movie and I don't have the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sci-fi movie and I don't have the part
+you know the the the the the good guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the the the good guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the the the good guy
+with the laser gun part that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laser gun part that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laser gun part that I really
+wanted you know I'm I'm you know I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you know I'm I'm you know I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you know I'm I'm you know I'm in
+big trouble here and this is disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big trouble here and this is disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big trouble here and this is disturbing
+to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him
+um not as disturbing as it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not as disturbing as it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not as disturbing as it would be to
+you again because his his emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again because his his emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again because his his emotional
+response has been very severely blunted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has been very severely blunted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has been very severely blunted
+so much so that he needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so that he needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much so that he needs to be
+whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not
+um he's sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's sick
+you know do you have a stomach ache no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you have a stomach ache no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you have a stomach ache no
+now that you mention it yes I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you mention it yes I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you mention it yes I do
+um it's not that he couldn't feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not that he couldn't feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not that he couldn't feel the
+pain it's just without the emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain it's just without the emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain it's just without the emotional
+overlay so you know I see blue I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay so you know I see blue I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay so you know I see blue I have
+pain what's the big deal yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain what's the big deal yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain what's the big deal yes
+yes uh nice nice Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh nice nice Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh nice nice Point
+um so for example uh I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example uh I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example uh I don't know how
+many of you have hung out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have hung out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have hung out at
+um you know get rid of the brain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know get rid of the brain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know get rid of the brain here
+um who needs the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who needs the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who needs the brain
+so uh any of you ever done a mirror maze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh any of you ever done a mirror maze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh any of you ever done a mirror maze
+this some some people may have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some some people may have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some some people may have actually
+built one of these Once Upon a Time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built one of these Once Upon a Time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built one of these Once Upon a Time so
+imagine you have a like a star oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a like a star oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a like a star oops
+imagine you could actually draw a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you could actually draw a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you could actually draw a star
+uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well
+all right well all right the uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well all right the uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well all right the uh so you
+make this out of like aluminum foil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this out of like aluminum foil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this out of like aluminum foil and
+you go and trace it with a metal stylus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and trace it with a metal stylus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and trace it with a metal stylus
+and if you go off the aluminum foil it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go off the aluminum foil it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go off the aluminum foil it
+makes a nasty noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a nasty noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a nasty noise
+okay because you're you're breaking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you're you're breaking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you're you're breaking a
+circuit or something like that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or something like that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or something like that anybody
+ever build one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever build one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever build one of those
+uh what's the world coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the world coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the world coming to
+um it's easy right anybody can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy right anybody can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's easy right anybody can do this
+what people can't do red a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people can't do red a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people can't do red a little bit of
+readily is do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily is do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily is do this
+um looking at the image in a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the image in a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the image in a mirror
+right because then they you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then they you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then they you know and
+they think they got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you learn to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one set of experiments to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of experiments to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of experiments to do this uh
+multiple sessions so you got better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sessions so you got better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sessions so you got better
+um if you ask him have you ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you ask him have you ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you ask him have you ever done
+this before on the nth time that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before on the nth time that he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before on the nth time that he did
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+the answer is no I don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no I don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no I don't think so
+when he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he goes
+hey you know that was really good people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you know that was really good people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you know that was really good people
+most people don't know how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't know how did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't know how did you do
+that yeah I've always been good at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I've always been good at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I've always been good at that
+kind of thing or uh yeah just lucky no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing or uh yeah just lucky no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing or uh yeah just lucky no
+episodic memory no explicit memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memory no explicit memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memory no explicit memory of
+ever having done it but yes a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever having done it but yes a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever having done it but yes a motor
+memory that allows him to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that allows him to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that allows him to do it
+um similarly your sense of familiarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly your sense of familiarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly your sense of familiarity
+um runs on Pat on on different Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um runs on Pat on on different Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um runs on Pat on on different Pathways
+so if I bump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I bump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I bump into
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you wandering around the halls I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wandering around the halls I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wandering around the halls I may
+well have the sense that I've seen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have the sense that I've seen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have the sense that I've seen you
+somewhere before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere before
+um and I might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I might guess
+that that's you know I've seen you in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know I've seen you in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know I've seen you in uh
+in in in intro psych because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in intro psych because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in intro psych because that's
+where I see a lot of people whose names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see a lot of people whose names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see a lot of people whose names
+I don't really quite know and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really quite know and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really quite know and stuff like
+that uh so that that would work and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so that that would work and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so that that would work and and
+hm gets that sense of familiarity too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm gets that sense of familiarity too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm gets that sense of familiarity too so
+after a while actually with gabrielli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while actually with gabrielli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while actually with gabrielli
+um he came to gabrielli comes in have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he came to gabrielli comes in have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he came to gabrielli comes in have we
+ever met before yeah you look familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever met before yeah you look familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever met before yeah you look familiar
+do you know my name no no your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know my name no no your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know my name no no your name
+forgotten your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your name
+um who do you think I am I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who do you think I am I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who do you think I am I think you're
+probably somebody from my high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somebody from my high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somebody from my high school
+class now why would that be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now why would that be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now why would that be well
+gabrielli at the time was a a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli at the time was a a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabrielli at the time was a a young
+20-something year old guy this guy's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-something year old guy this guy's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-something year old guy this guy's got
+a 20 something year old long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 20 something year old long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 20 something year old long-term memory
+a reasonable guess of somebody who looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable guess of somebody who looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable guess of somebody who looks
+more or less familiar but isn't in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less familiar but isn't in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less familiar but isn't in my
+current collection of people I know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current collection of people I know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current collection of people I know well
+is yeah and maybe from high school or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah and maybe from high school or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah and maybe from high school or
+something like that we're about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we're about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we're about the same
+age says the 70 year old hm to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age says the 70 year old hm to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age says the 70 year old hm to the uh
+um 20 something year old gabrielli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 20 something year old gabrielli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 20 something year old gabrielli
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so those sort of things he does learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those sort of things he does learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those sort of things he does learn
+it's the new explicit long-term memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the new explicit long-term memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the new explicit long-term memories
+that require the uh the hippocampus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require the uh the hippocampus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require the uh the hippocampus to
+be um to be Consolidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um to be Consolidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um to be Consolidated
+um how long does this take let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how long does this take let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how long does this take let me say a
+quick word about that and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about that and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about that and then we'll
+take a a a a quick Break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a a a quick Break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a a a quick Break
+um you can measure the time course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can measure the time course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can measure the time course of
+consolidation by doing an experiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation by doing an experiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation by doing an experiment of
+the following sort you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following sort you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following sort you can draw
+Bad Rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a rat
+um he's on a little pedestal if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's on a little pedestal if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's on a little pedestal if you are
+a rat on a small pedestal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat on a small pedestal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rat on a small pedestal
+not too far above the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too far above the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too far above the floor
+what are you gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna do
+we're gonna jump off right I'm a rat man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna jump off right I'm a rat man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna jump off right I'm a rat man
+I gotta go and look around at stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta go and look around at stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta go and look around at stuff so
+I'm Bob well what they didn't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Bob well what they didn't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Bob well what they didn't tell me
+back at home was that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at home was that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at home was that this particular
+floor is electrified when I jump off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor is electrified when I jump off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor is electrified when I jump off my
+little toes get a an unpleasant not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little toes get a an unpleasant not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little toes get a an unpleasant not
+damaging but an unpleasant shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging but an unpleasant shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging but an unpleasant shock
+so here and now the guy puts me back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here and now the guy puts me back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here and now the guy puts me back on
+here what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do I do
+I don't jump off I'm not a stupid rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't jump off I'm not a stupid rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't jump off I'm not a stupid rat
+I'm just a rat and so I'd stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just a rat and so I'd stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just a rat and so I'd stay there
+um okay well I I'm I'm a rat who who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well I I'm I'm a rat who who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well I I'm I'm a rat who who's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in an experiment and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an experiment and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an experiment and the question is
+what percentage of the time do I um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what percentage of the time do I um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what percentage of the time do I um uh
+which way do I want to uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way do I want to uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way do I want to uh what
+percentage of the time do I jump off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variable here
+is after I jump off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I jump off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after I jump off
+and after I get my toes shocked I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after I get my toes shocked I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after I get my toes shocked I'm also
+going to get a dose of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a dose of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a dose of what's called
+electroconvulsive Shock which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive Shock which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive Shock which is
+basically electrical current run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically electrical current run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically electrical current run through
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+um I got you know you can kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got you know you can kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got you know you can kill
+people are animals that way obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are animals that way obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are animals that way obviously
+that's not the point here this is to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point here this is to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the point here this is to put
+to disrupt the ongoing electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disrupt the ongoing electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disrupt the ongoing electrical
+activity of the brain not not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the brain not not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the brain not not to
+scramble the structure not to cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the structure not to cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble the structure not to cook
+proteins but just to to disrupt any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but just to to disrupt any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but just to to disrupt any
+ongoing electrical activity what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing electrical activity what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing electrical activity what you
+discover if you give so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover if you give so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover if you give so this is the
+delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay
+delay to ECS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay to ECS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay to ECS
+rat steps down when does he get his ECS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat steps down when does he get his ECS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat steps down when does he get his ECS
+if if he gets the ECS immediately put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if he gets the ECS immediately put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if he gets the ECS immediately put
+him back on the uh platform basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back on the uh platform basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him back on the uh platform basically a
+hundred percent of the time the rat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the time the rat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent of the time the rat will
+step down the next time too why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down the next time too why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down the next time too why not
+because the ECS is like fun or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ECS is like fun or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ECS is like fun or something
+like that but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but because
+um the ECS has wiped out the memory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ECS has wiped out the memory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ECS has wiped out the memory the
+memory is not Consolidated and the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is not Consolidated and the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is not Consolidated and the rat
+simply doesn't know that his little feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply doesn't know that his little feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply doesn't know that his little feet
+got fried and he steps down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got fried and he steps down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got fried and he steps down again
+um as the delay gets longer you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the delay gets longer you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the delay gets longer you get an
+essentially exponential looking curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially exponential looking curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially exponential looking curve
+with a Time course in this case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Time course in this case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Time course in this case of
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+that represents the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the time of
+consolidation of that uh memory at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of that uh memory at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of that uh memory at least
+to the point of supporting the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point of supporting the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point of supporting the behavior
+of not stepping down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not stepping down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not stepping down
+but it's probably better to think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably better to think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably better to think uh
+it's it's not the case that all memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not the case that all memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not the case that all memories
+consolidate within seconds there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate within seconds there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate within seconds there's
+evidence from Human studies now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from Human studies now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from Human studies now why
+would you do human electroconvulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do human electroconvulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do human electroconvulsive
+shock studies the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock studies the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock studies the reason is that
+electroconvulsive shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive shock
+um in in humans is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in humans is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in humans is
+electroconvulsive therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy
+um and it it sounds very odd it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it it sounds very odd it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it it sounds very odd it sounds
+very odd and those of you who've seen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very odd and those of you who've seen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very odd and those of you who've seen uh
+the the now quite old movie Not To Kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the now quite old movie Not To Kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the now quite old movie Not To Kill
+a Mockingbird uh One Flew Over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mockingbird uh One Flew Over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Mockingbird uh One Flew Over the
+Cuckoo's Nest one of those Bird movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuckoo's Nest one of those Bird movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuckoo's Nest one of those Bird movies
+um that One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
+probably have a dim view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a dim view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a dim view of
+electroconvulsive therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy
+um but that's badly earned in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's badly earned in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that's badly earned in the case
+of intractable depression depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intractable depression depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intractable depression depression
+that's not being broken up successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not being broken up successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not being broken up successfully
+by um by medication or by Psychotherapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um by medication or by Psychotherapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um by medication or by Psychotherapy
+and that may a severe depression of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may a severe depression of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may a severe depression of that
+sort carries with it a very serious risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort carries with it a very serious risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort carries with it a very serious risk
+of mortality from suicide so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortality from suicide so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortality from suicide so this is not
+a you know casual disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know casual disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know casual disorder
+um it turns out that electroconvulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that electroconvulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that electroconvulsive
+therapy is often very effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is often very effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is often very effective in
+breaking up such depressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up such depressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up such depressions
+um and is actually a useful part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and is actually a useful part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and is actually a useful part of the
+the spectrum of treatments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of treatments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum of treatments that are
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+um in this case but it's not like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case but it's not like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case but it's not like like
+most Medical Treatments it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Medical Treatments it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Medical Treatments it's not
+entirely cost free it is the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely cost free it is the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely cost free it is the case that
+there are memory consequences of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are memory consequences of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are memory consequences of um
+electroconvulsive therapy it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroconvulsive therapy it's part of
+what actually gives it a a somewhat bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually gives it a a somewhat bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually gives it a a somewhat bad
+reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation
+um and you can actually see those memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can actually see those memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can actually see those memory
+consequences you can see traces of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences you can see traces of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences you can see traces of them
+going back years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back years
+um as if it as as if so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as if it as as if so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as if it as as if so this is this is
+in studies for instance of memory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studies for instance of memory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studies for instance of memory for
+um TV shows seen only once you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um TV shows seen only once you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um TV shows seen only once you know so
+the sort of thing that you might dimly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that you might dimly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that you might dimly
+remember under the best of circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember under the best of circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember under the best of circumstances
+these rather limited kind of memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rather limited kind of memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rather limited kind of memories
+can be damaged by electroconvulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be damaged by electroconvulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be damaged by electroconvulsive
+therapy years later as if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy years later as if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy years later as if this
+exponential has a very long tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has a very long tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has a very long tail
+and when you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you want to call it
+Consolidated is is perhaps a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated is is perhaps a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consolidated is is perhaps a function of
+maybe something like how important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like how important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like how important the
+memory is if the memory is if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is if the memory is if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is if the memory is if I do this
+again I'm going to be hurt right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to be hurt right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to be hurt right now
+that memory can be made Solid enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory can be made Solid enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory can be made Solid enough
+relatively quickly that you don't go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly that you don't go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly that you don't go and
+do it again on the other hand if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again on the other hand if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again on the other hand if the
+memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is
+was it Bridget loves Bernie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it Bridget loves Bernie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it Bridget loves Bernie
+or Benji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Benji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Benji
+yeah all right that kind of you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right that kind of you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right that kind of you know no
+Stakes kind of memory is apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stakes kind of memory is apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stakes kind of memory is apparently
+still vulnerable at least still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still vulnerable at least still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still vulnerable at least still
+partially vulnerable going back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially vulnerable going back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially vulnerable going back for a
+very long time the hippocampus seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time the hippocampus seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time the hippocampus seems to
+be behaving like something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behaving like something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behaving like something like
+scaffolding it holds the bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding it holds the bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding it holds the bits of the
+memory in place until it's firm enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in place until it's firm enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in place until it's firm enough
+to stand on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stand on its own
+and then you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then then you can really call it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you can really call it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you can really call it in a
+sense of sort of a permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of sort of a permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of sort of a permanent
+um memory now that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um memory now that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um memory now that doesn't
+solve the issue of getting stuff out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the issue of getting stuff out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the issue of getting stuff out of
+memory and I will say a word or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and I will say a word or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and I will say a word or two
+about that momentarily but first you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that momentarily but first you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that momentarily but first you can
+wipe out your short-term memory by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out your short-term memory by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out your short-term memory by
+stretching for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching for a second
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+oh I didn't describe the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I didn't describe the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I didn't describe the details of the
+human experiment which is beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experiment which is beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experiment which is beautifully
+elegant but I was running out I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but I was running out I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but I was running out I decided
+I was running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was running out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was running out of time
+um take a collection of TV shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a collection of TV shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a collection of TV shows that
+only ran for one season so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ran for one season so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ran for one season so you know what
+year they would have been experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they would have been experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they would have been experienced
+and then make up a test that says tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make up a test that says tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make up a test that says tell
+me which of these are real TV shows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which of these are real TV shows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me which of these are real TV shows and
+which are fake and so you get a you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are fake and so you get a you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are fake and so you get a you get
+a curve people are good for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve people are good for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve people are good for the most
+recent ones and everybody gets worse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones and everybody gets worse as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones and everybody gets worse as
+it goes back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back in time
+um if you had ECT here so you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you had ECT here so you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you had ECT here so you were
+shocked here your memory for recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked here your memory for recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked here your memory for recent
+stuff is depressed relative to normals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is depressed relative to normals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is depressed relative to normals
+and it doesn't come back to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't come back to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't come back to the normal
+curve for about five years afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for about five years afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for about five years afterwards
+okay so you can go back five years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can go back five years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can go back five years in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+no no the memory is the memory was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the memory is the memory was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the memory is the memory was there
+so I I hit you on the head I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I hit you on the head I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I hit you on the head I'm not going
+to just interfere with your memory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just interfere with your memory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just interfere with your memory for
+right now I'm gonna affect your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm gonna affect your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm gonna affect your memory
+going back into time and under the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back into time and under the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back into time and under the right
+circumstances I can measure that effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I can measure that effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances I can measure that effect
+back in time for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time for years
+if this is still unclear we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is still unclear we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is still unclear we can talk
+about later but I better okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just just uh looking at the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just uh looking at the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just uh looking at the handout
+let me just make sure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure that I
+um explain the jargon here so a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explain the jargon here so a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explain the jargon here so a loss of
+memory as everybody knows is in Amnesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory as everybody knows is in Amnesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory as everybody knows is in Amnesia
+a loss of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of memory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for events prior to the point of injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for events prior to the point of injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for events prior to the point of injury
+would be a retrograde amnesia that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a retrograde amnesia that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a retrograde amnesia that's not
+what hm has hm has an astro grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hm has hm has an astro grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hm has hm has an astro grade
+Amnesia a problem with his memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia a problem with his memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia a problem with his memory
+subsequent to the uh to the lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the uh to the lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the uh to the lesion
+subsequent to the injury if I um uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the injury if I um uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to the injury if I um uh we
+won't do this as a demo but if if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do this as a demo but if if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do this as a demo but if if I were
+to take a a baseball bat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a a baseball bat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a a baseball bat and
+pop her on the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop her on the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop her on the head
+um well apart from the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well apart from the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well apart from the fact that I
+probably wouldn't be back on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't be back on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't be back on Thursday
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when when she came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when she came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when she came to
+she might not remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might not remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might not remember
+having actually been hit because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having actually been hit because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having actually been hit because the the
+set of memories from immediately before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of memories from immediately before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of memories from immediately before
+that Womp would have been wiped out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Womp would have been wiped out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Womp would have been wiped out in a
+retrograde amnesia it is also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde amnesia it is also possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde amnesia it is also possible
+that you wouldn't remember things for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't remember things for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't remember things for a
+period of time after she had regained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time after she had regained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time after she had regained
+Consciousness if I managed to knock her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness if I managed to knock her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness if I managed to knock her
+out completely there might be a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely there might be a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely there might be a period
+of time after she regained Consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time after she regained Consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time after she regained Consciousness
+before her memory would but she might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before her memory would but she might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before her memory would but she might
+have been talking and and wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking and and wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been talking and and wandering
+around and saying I'm fine I'm fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and saying I'm fine I'm fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and saying I'm fine I'm fine
+um but have no recollection of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but have no recollection of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but have no recollection of that
+either that would be an atro grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that would be an atro grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that would be an atro grade
+Amnesia an amnesia for sorry I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia an amnesia for sorry I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia an amnesia for sorry I didn't
+really mean to hit you on the head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean to hit you on the head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean to hit you on the head and
+you'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be fine
+um the um so let me say a a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um so let me say a a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um so let me say a a few words
+um in the remaining time about retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the remaining time about retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the remaining time about retrieval
+from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like any of these topics is a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any of these topics is a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any of these topics is a great deal
+to be said but probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said but probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said but probably the most
+important thing to understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to understand about
+retrieval from memory is that retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval from memory is that retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval from memory is that retrieval
+particularly of any rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of any rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of any rich
+sort of memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of memory is
+not the recovery the replay of the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the recovery the replay of the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the recovery the replay of the tape
+um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+guaranteed uh image of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed uh image of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed uh image of what you
+experienced or what you learned or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced or what you learned or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced or what you learned or
+something like that this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that this this sort of
+image here of a scaffolding holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here of a scaffolding holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here of a scaffolding holding
+together that memory is also an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that memory is also an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that memory is also an image of
+the notion that any memory is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that any memory is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that any memory is probably
+stored multiply and in different bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored multiply and in different bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored multiply and in different bits of
+of brain different aspects of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain different aspects of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain different aspects of it and
+different bits of brain and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of brain and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits of brain and if you want
+to recall it that what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall it that what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recall it that what you're doing is
+uh reconstructing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconstructing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reconstructing it
+you can probably get some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably get some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably get some intuition
+about this if you ask yourself about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this if you ask yourself about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this if you ask yourself about
+famous stories about you in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous stories about you in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous stories about you in your
+childhood that are are famous in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood that are are famous in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood that are are famous in your
+family that you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that you remember
+not just the stories they tell about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the stories they tell about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the stories they tell about you
+from when they got hit on the head with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when they got hit on the head with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when they got hit on the head with
+the bat and stuff like that but stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat and stuff like that but stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat and stuff like that but stories
+that you remember as a sort of shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remember as a sort of shaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remember as a sort of shaping
+incidents in your childhood but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents in your childhood but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents in your childhood but that
+also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get
+re-uh told every time the family gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-uh told every time the family gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-uh told every time the family gets
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+right so in in in the Jewish tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in in the Jewish tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in in the Jewish tradition
+is a holiday called Passover tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a holiday called Passover tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a holiday called Passover tradition
+is that you drink four cups of wine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you drink four cups of wine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you drink four cups of wine it's
+not really a brilliant tradition if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a brilliant tradition if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a brilliant tradition if you
+happen to be about four years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be about four years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be about four years old
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um I vividly remember my sister getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I vividly remember my sister getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I vividly remember my sister getting
+into the the nice sweet wine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the nice sweet wine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the nice sweet wine that you
+drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink
+um and conking out at the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and conking out at the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and conking out at the table
+um and I I know whose house we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I know whose house we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I know whose house we were at
+night I can see this this is a tale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I can see this this is a tale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night I can see this this is a tale that
+has been retold to my sisters no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been retold to my sisters no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been retold to my sisters no doubt
+Delight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delight
+um every year for the intervening 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every year for the intervening 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every year for the intervening 40
+plus years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years
+um and it is absolutely unclear to me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it is absolutely unclear to me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it is absolutely unclear to me uh
+given what I've subsequently learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I've subsequently learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I've subsequently learned
+about memory whether what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about memory whether what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about memory whether what I am
+remembering is the original event at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering is the original event at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering is the original event at
+this point or a reconstruction based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point or a reconstruction based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point or a reconstruction based on
+all the family stories I think I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the family stories I think I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the family stories I think I can
+still remember the original thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember the original thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember the original thing but
+there's no real way of knowing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real way of knowing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real way of knowing what you
+are remembering is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are remembering is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are remembering is a
+a reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reconstruction
+um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me
+before I talk more about that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I talk more about that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I talk more about that let me
+load you up with some more uh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load you up with some more uh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load you up with some more uh words
+these aren't going to be nonsense unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't going to be nonsense unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't going to be nonsense unless
+I can't find them there we go there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find them there we go there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find them there we go there's
+some nice words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice words
+um which words do I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which words do I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which words do I want to use
+oh these are good words okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are good words okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are good words okay
+um I'm going to read you a list of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to read you a list of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to read you a list of words
+and then we'll do a recognition test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll do a recognition test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll do a recognition test you
+don't have to write anything down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write anything down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write anything down this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+I'm going to read your list of words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to read your list of words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to read your list of words and
+you're just going to tell me yes I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to tell me yes I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to tell me yes I've
+heard this where the word was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this where the word was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this where the word was on the
+list or the word was not on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list or the word was not on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list or the word was not on the list
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+so try to remember all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to remember all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try to remember all of these
+Fury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fury
+rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rage
+enrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrage
+carpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpet
+Club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club
+emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion
+ire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ire
+Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain
+fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight
+fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+mad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate
+and Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Road
+okay you got all those nicely stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got all those nicely stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got all those nicely stored in
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+okay so let's see where's my test list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see where's my test list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see where's my test list
+here it looks like my test list okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like my test list okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like my test list okay
+um did you hear the word fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did you hear the word fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did you hear the word fight
+science rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear
+uh emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emotion
+wrath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrath
+Club anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road
+higher yes uh hatred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher yes uh hatred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher yes uh hatred
+okay so uh oh how about enrage yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh oh how about enrage yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh oh how about enrage yes okay
+um so uh there were a couple in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh there were a couple in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh there were a couple in there
+where you could hear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could hear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could hear people
+hesitating or you could hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating or you could hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating or you could hear a
+Divergence of opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of opinion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh that that those are the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that that those are the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that that those are the critical
+elements there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there
+um the most critical element in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most critical element in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most critical element in this
+case is the word anger which uh a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the word anger which uh a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the word anger which uh a fair
+number of people asserted was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people asserted was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people asserted was on the
+list it was not in fact on the list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list it was not in fact on the list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list it was not in fact on the list and
+um even those people who were asserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even those people who were asserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even those people who were asserting
+that it was not on the list there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was not on the list there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was not on the list there was a
+a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurable
+what's going on there well what's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there well what's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there well what's good
+this is an effect known as the uh diese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an effect known as the uh diese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an effect known as the uh diese
+roadiger McDermott effect or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadiger McDermott effect or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadiger McDermott effect or on the
+handout the dec roadiger McDermott demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout the dec roadiger McDermott demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout the dec roadiger McDermott demo
+um roadiger and McDermott uh discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um roadiger and McDermott uh discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um roadiger and McDermott uh discovered
+it and then like all good phenomena in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then like all good phenomena in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then like all good phenomena in
+Psychology discovered that decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology discovered that decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology discovered that decent
+published it 10 years prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it 10 years prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it 10 years prior
+um and so it now goes by all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it now goes by all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so it now goes by all of their
+names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names
+in any case what they did they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case what they did they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case what they did they were
+deliberately looking for this what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately looking for this what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately looking for this what they
+did was they where'd my semantic Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they where'd my semantic Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they where'd my semantic Network
+go oh here's my semantic Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh here's my semantic Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh here's my semantic Network
+um what they did was they took a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they did was they took a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they did was they took a word
+and they asked people to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked people to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked people to give the
+associates to it so let's take the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates to it so let's take the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates to it so let's take the word
+anger and they uh so you know what words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger and they uh so you know what words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger and they uh so you know what words
+come to mind when you think of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to mind when you think of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to mind when you think of the word
+anger well fight rage and rage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger well fight rage and rage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anger well fight rage and rage uh
+emotion I are this collection of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion I are this collection of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion I are this collection of words
+you then use a training list of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then use a training list of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then use a training list of words
+that has the associates but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the associates but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the associates but not the
+target word and what you're in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target word and what you're in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target word and what you're in effect
+doing is saying animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is saying animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is saying animal
+meow Mouse dog fur and each time you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meow Mouse dog fur and each time you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meow Mouse dog fur and each time you do
+that the spreading activation gets all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spreading activation gets all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spreading activation gets all
+sorts of stuff but all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff but all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of stuff but all of these are
+pointing towards cat and then later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing towards cat and then later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing towards cat and then later I
+say what was cat on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what was cat on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what was cat on the list
+and you go and look at that node and lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go and look at that node and lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go and look at that node and lo
+and behold it's glowing softly in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behold it's glowing softly in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and behold it's glowing softly in your
+mind and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you say
+yeah yeah that was that was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that was that was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that was that was there
+and if you take one of the uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take one of the uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take one of the uh sort of a
+loads there it didn't particularly work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads there it didn't particularly work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads there it didn't particularly work
+in this case I or sometimes works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I or sometimes works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I or sometimes works for
+instance you take a word like ire people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you take a word like ire people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you take a word like ire people
+are no more sure that ire was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no more sure that ire was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no more sure that ire was on the
+list than they are that cat and not cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list than they are that cat and not cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list than they are that cat and not cat
+or anger was on on on the list people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anger was on on on the list people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anger was on on on the list people
+are thoroughly in these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thoroughly in these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thoroughly in these experiments
+confused about whether or not the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about whether or not the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about whether or not the target
+word was on the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word was on the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word was on the list
+um because they're not you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they're not you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because they're not you don't have
+access to the truth about your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the truth about your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the truth about your memory
+you have access to what you can manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to what you can manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have access to what you can manage
+to reconstruct about it now that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct about it now that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct about it now that's fine
+that sounds benign enough as a lab demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds benign enough as a lab demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds benign enough as a lab demo
+but let's suppose that um you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's suppose that um you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's suppose that um you're not
+just sitting in some nice intro psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting in some nice intro psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting in some nice intro psych
+class but you're sitting in the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but you're sitting in the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but you're sitting in the witness
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+and somebody is saying where were you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody is saying where were you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody is saying where were you on
+the night of May 5th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night of May 5th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night of May 5th
+um and expecting you to tell the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and expecting you to tell the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and expecting you to tell the truth
+well of course you're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course you're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course you're going to try to
+tell the truth but the truth in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth but the truth in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the truth but the truth in this
+case is going to get shaped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to get shaped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to get shaped by the
+nature of your particular semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of your particular semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of your particular semantic
+Network among other things let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network among other things let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network among other things let's talk
+about that part a little bit first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part a little bit first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part a little bit first
+famous experiment done first in the 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous experiment done first in the 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous experiment done first in the 40s
+replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated
+um many times since in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many times since in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many times since in many different
+ways but let me describe the uh original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but let me describe the uh original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but let me describe the uh original
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+um you and in this case you are a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you and in this case you are a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you and in this case you are a white
+male are shown at a depiction of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male are shown at a depiction of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male are shown at a depiction of an
+altercation on a subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altercation on a subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altercation on a subway
+two guys get into a a fight in the 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys get into a a fight in the 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys get into a a fight in the 40s
+this was done as cartoon hand-drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done as cartoon hand-drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done as cartoon hand-drawn
+cartoon it's been replicated with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon it's been replicated with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon it's been replicated with you
+know snazzy video It Doesn't Matter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know snazzy video It Doesn't Matter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know snazzy video It Doesn't Matter two
+guys get into a fight at some point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get into a fight at some point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get into a fight at some point uh
+or get into sort of a shouting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get into sort of a shouting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get into sort of a shouting kind of
+argument at some point one guy pulls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument at some point one guy pulls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument at some point one guy pulls a
+knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife
+and and and then sometimes subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then sometimes subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then sometimes subsequent
+will ask you about this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you about this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ask you about this okay
+the variable of interest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable of interest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable of interest in this
+experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is
+um uh well the question you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh well the question you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh well the question you're going to
+be asked is who pulled the knife and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked is who pulled the knife and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked is who pulled the knife and the
+variable of interest is the race of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest is the race of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of interest is the race of the
+uh participants so you've got a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participants so you've got a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh participants so you've got a nice
+little two by two here they can both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two by two here they can both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two by two here they can both be
+um Caucasian they can both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Caucasian they can both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Caucasian they can both be
+African-American or it can be crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American or it can be crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American or it can be crossed
+the interesting and disturbing finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting and disturbing finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting and disturbing finding
+is the number of times when the knife is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of times when the knife is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of times when the knife is
+pulled by the white guy it ends up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled by the white guy it ends up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled by the white guy it ends up in
+memory in the hand of the black guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the hand of the black guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the hand of the black guy
+um now as I say this is this is this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now as I say this is this is this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now as I say this is this is this has
+been replicated all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been replicated all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been replicated all sorts of different
+ways this is not a you know white guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this is not a you know white guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this is not a you know white guys
+are all bigots uh experiment this is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all bigots uh experiment this is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all bigots uh experiment this is we
+all have biases and the interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have biases and the interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have biases and the interesting and
+disturbing thing is that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing thing is that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing thing is that they can
+actually interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interfere with
+um what we think of as you know our nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we think of as you know our nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we think of as you know our nice
+clear memory these people weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear memory these people weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear memory these people weren't
+sitting there saying you know only I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there saying you know only I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there saying you know only I'm
+being paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid
+you know in 1940 10 cents an hour to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 1940 10 cents an hour to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 1940 10 cents an hour to be
+in the psych experiment why don't I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the psych experiment why don't I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the psych experiment why don't I see
+if I can stick it to an imaginary black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can stick it to an imaginary black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can stick it to an imaginary black
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+um no this is just they would presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no this is just they would presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no this is just they would presumably
+being as honest as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as honest as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as honest as they
+um as they could be but the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as they could be but the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as they could be but the structure of
+their memory which included things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their memory which included things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their memory which included things like
+who do I think might pull a knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I think might pull a knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do I think might pull a knife
+influenced what they recalled what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced what they recalled what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced what they recalled what they
+pulled out of memory now it's and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out of memory now it's and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out of memory now it's and and we
+can impose this structure from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impose this structure from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can impose this structure from the
+outside as well so suppose we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside as well so suppose we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside as well so suppose we do the
+following experiment this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following experiment this is an
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um also done many different ways at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also done many different ways at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also done many different ways at this
+point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but
+um Elizabeth Loftus is is the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Elizabeth Loftus is is the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Elizabeth Loftus is is the name
+associated with this line of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this line of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this line of work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you're gonna see another film this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see another film this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see another film this time
+you're going to watch a car crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch a car crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to watch a car crash
+um the red car is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the red car is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the red car is going to
+get into an accident with the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into an accident with the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into an accident with the the blue
+car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car
+right and you're gonna be at okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're gonna be at okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're gonna be at okay you
+see this you're going to be asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this you're going to be asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this you're going to be asked about
+it we'll show all you guys the same film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll show all you guys the same film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll show all you guys the same film
+and now we'll ask the question three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll ask the question three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll ask the question three
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+at what speed did the car did the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the car did the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the car did the red
+car bump in to the um blue car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car bump in to the um blue car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car bump in to the um blue car
+at what speed did the red car hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the red car hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the red car hit the
+blue car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue car
+at what speed did the red car smash into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the red car smash into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what speed did the red car smash into
+the blue car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue car
+it's the only manipulation here you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only manipulation here you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only manipulation here you all
+saw the same video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the same video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the same video
+the difference so well what what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so well what what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so well what what what do
+you figure the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure the difference is
+what's the result look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the result look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the result look like
+this so who gets the high-speed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so who gets the high-speed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so who gets the high-speed uh
+response the higher speed responses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the higher speed responses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the higher speed responses the
+smash guys lawyers know this this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash guys lawyers know this this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash guys lawyers know this this is why
+why the courts attempt to avoid leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the courts attempt to avoid leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the courts attempt to avoid leading
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um but it's very hard to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's very hard to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's very hard to avoid
+um but you know that that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know that that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know that that that's a
+pretty subtle kind of lead but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle kind of lead but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty subtle kind of lead but it's not
+a subtle kind of effect it's about as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subtle kind of effect it's about as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subtle kind of effect it's about as I
+recall a 15 mile an hour kind of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a 15 mile an hour kind of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a 15 mile an hour kind of effect
+which is the sort of thing that has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of thing that has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of thing that has uh
+an impact you should Harden the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact you should Harden the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impact you should Harden the
+expression on what a jury is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on what a jury is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on what a jury is going to
+think about whether or not you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether or not you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether or not you the
+driver of that red car was it fault or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver of that red car was it fault or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver of that red car was it fault or
+not if you're screaming through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if you're screaming through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if you're screaming through the
+intersection at 45 miles an hour that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection at 45 miles an hour that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection at 45 miles an hour that's
+worse than if you're uh screaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than if you're uh screaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than if you're uh screaming
+through the intersection at 30 miles an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intersection at 30 miles an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intersection at 30 miles an
+hour or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or something like that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+your memory can be influenced about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory can be influenced about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory can be influenced about the
+in in the by the way that you are asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the by the way that you are asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the by the way that you are asked
+about that memory this shows up not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that memory this shows up not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that memory this shows up not just
+on the stand well actually this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stand well actually this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stand well actually this shows
+that a version of this shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a version of this shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a version of this shows up
+beautifully in the experience of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully in the experience of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully in the experience of most
+people at some point who come to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at some point who come to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at some point who come to MIT
+um most people who get to MIT are smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people who get to MIT are smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most people who get to MIT are smart
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and they would do well to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would do well to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would do well to remember that
+because most people sometime like within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people sometime like within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people sometime like within
+the first few weeks of being at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few weeks of being at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few weeks of being at MIT
+receive a data point of some sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a data point of some sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a data point of some sort that
+suggests that this might not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that this might not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that this might not be true
+right like the first calculus test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the first calculus test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like the first calculus test is
+something like that you've never gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you've never gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you've never gotten
+a score below 99.8 on a math test in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a score below 99.8 on a math test in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a score below 99.8 on a math test in
+your life you get back the first test in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life you get back the first test in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life you get back the first test in
+180 whatever it was and and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 whatever it was and and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 whatever it was and and and and and
+you know ten cool tenants oh man it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ten cool tenants oh man it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ten cool tenants oh man it's
+not 10 out of 10 is it yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 10 out of 10 is it yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 10 out of 10 is it yeah this is
+really bad and and so that's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and and so that's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad and and so that's that that's
+a depressing data point but a surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depressing data point but a surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a depressing data point but a surprising
+number of people come to the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people come to the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people come to the conclusion
+from that that they not only are stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that they not only are stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that they not only are stupid
+but always were stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always were stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always were stupid
+and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and
+um and probably unlovely and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and probably unlovely and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and probably unlovely and and
+generally you know bad horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know bad horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know bad horrible
+individuals and and and it's really and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and and and it's really and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and and and it's really and
+you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should remember
+this is one of these sort of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these sort of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these sort of context
+effects so you know and that may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so you know and that may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so you know and that may be a
+little overstating it but look you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overstating it but look you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overstating it but look you know
+that and this has actually been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this has actually been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this has actually been tested
+with with clinical populations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with clinical populations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with clinical populations of
+depressive people who go from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressive people who go from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressive people who go from being
+depressed to being uh undepressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed to being uh undepressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed to being uh undepressed
+suppose you ask somebody who's depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you ask somebody who's depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you ask somebody who's depressed
+clinically or otherwise you wake up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically or otherwise you wake up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically or otherwise you wake up in
+the morning it's pouring cold rain out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning it's pouring cold rain out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning it's pouring cold rain out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um the problem set didn't get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem set didn't get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem set didn't get done
+because you fell asleep and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you fell asleep and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you fell asleep and there are
+now drool marks on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now drool marks on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now drool marks on it
+um and and and not only is there a jewel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and not only is there a jewel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and not only is there a jewel
+Mark there's a little heart-shaped note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark there's a little heart-shaped note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark there's a little heart-shaped note
+next to it saying I'm leaving you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it saying I'm leaving you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it saying I'm leaving you for
+your roommate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roommate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roommate right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I ask you at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you at that point
+how was your childhood not how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was your childhood not how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was your childhood not how do you
+feel but what kind of childhood did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel but what kind of childhood did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel but what kind of childhood did you
+have you had um not maybe not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had um not maybe not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you had um not maybe not a
+miserable childhood but to exaggerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable childhood but to exaggerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable childhood but to exaggerate
+you know you grew up in a closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you grew up in a closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you grew up in a closet
+bet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on
+later on if you're feeling better I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if you're feeling better I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if you're feeling better I ask
+you about the same childhood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the same childhood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the same childhood the
+childhood has magically improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood has magically improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood has magically improved
+all right we'll see you on uh Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see you on uh Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see you on uh Thursday
+if I remember correctly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gQHbZlo4Exo.txt b/gQHbZlo4Exo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81946217959100eacbe05b6f51857beb338ddbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gQHbZlo4Exo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh so schedule for today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so schedule for today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so schedule for today um
+it's again another one of those 1H hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again another one of those 1H hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again another one of those 1H hour
+lecture 2hour group work days um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 2hour group work days um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 2hour group work days um we've
+got a guest lecture today we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a guest lecture today we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a guest lecture today we've got
+Luigi here to talk to us about um art um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi here to talk to us about um art um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi here to talk to us about um art um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+artists when it comes to to game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists when it comes to to game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists when it comes to to game and
+particularly visual artists yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly visual artists yeah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly visual artists yeah yes
+yeah so visual artists when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so visual artists when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so visual artists when it comes to
+um uh game development um after his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh game development um after his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh game development um after his
+lecture um and after Q&A um we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um and after Q&A um we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um and after Q&A um we don't
+have any scheduled play test today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any scheduled play test today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any scheduled play test today but
+we do have a couple of guests here who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have a couple of guests here who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have a couple of guests here who
+have some really good experience uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really good experience uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really good experience uh
+making games so if you'd like to to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games so if you'd like to to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games so if you'd like to to set
+aside 10 to 15 minutes per team to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside 10 to 15 minutes per team to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside 10 to 15 minutes per team to kind
+of have have a person come play your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have have a person come play your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have have a person come play your
+game um I highly recommend taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um I highly recommend taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um I highly recommend taking
+advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of
+it all depends I I think on at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all depends I I think on at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all depends I I think on at what
+state your games are in um so actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state your games are in um so actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state your games are in um so actually I
+do want to know that how many teams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to know that how many teams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to know that how many teams are
+now working in what they what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working in what they what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working in what they what is going
+to be their final development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be their final development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be their final development
+environment so if you're working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so if you're working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so if you're working in
+phaser you're building in phaser now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser you're building in phaser now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser you're building in phaser now if
+you're working in unity you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in unity you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in unity you're working
+in unity now it's like one team two team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unity now it's like one team two team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unity now it's like one team two team
+three team is that two different teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three team is that two different teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three team is that two different teams
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there here okay okay great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here okay okay great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here okay okay great so
+everybody's pretty much working in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's pretty much working in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's pretty much working in new
+development of great cool um so um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of great cool um so um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of great cool um so um like
+I said on and and as it's it says on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said on and and as it's it says on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said on and and as it's it says on
+Stellar um Wednesday we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar um Wednesday we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar um Wednesday we're going to have
+a play test at 3:00 um so at 3:00 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play test at 3:00 um so at 3:00 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play test at 3:00 um so at 3:00 we're
+going to have a guest Class come in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a guest Class come in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a guest Class come in uh
+to play your games we'll do a play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your games we'll do a play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your games we'll do a play test
+just like we we've always been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we we've always been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we we've always been doing
+play tests um and then before that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tests um and then before that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tests um and then before that um
+I'm going to be giving a a talk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be giving a a talk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be giving a a talk on
+fiction and story uh for your games um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and story uh for your games um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and story uh for your games um
+and in between there'll be time for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between there'll be time for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between there'll be time for you
+to to to meet in teams and and set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to meet in teams and and set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to meet in teams and and set up
+for your play test cool Artisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your play test cool Artisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your play test cool Artisan
+games um so this talk sort of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um so this talk sort of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games um so this talk sort of going to
+be about what artists do in games how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about what artists do in games how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about what artists do in games how to
+find artists how to work with artists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find artists how to work with artists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find artists how to work with artists um
+how artists you know are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how artists you know are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how artists you know are involved in
+game development uh the different roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development uh the different roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development uh the different roles
+that are assigned to them uh I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are assigned to them uh I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are assigned to them uh I'm sort of
+going to be talking from the Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking from the Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking from the Independent
+games perspective so smaller teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games perspective so smaller teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games perspective so smaller teams
+because that's sort of my background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of my background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of my background and
+my experience with games so but I will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience with games so but I will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience with games so but I will I
+will talk a little bit about the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about the the uh
+diversification of artist roles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification of artist roles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification of artist roles in
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Studios first uh who am I uh I'm me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios first uh who am I uh I'm me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios first uh who am I uh I'm me I'm
+this dude in the corner uh my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dude in the corner uh my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dude in the corner uh my name is
+Luigi gueri I'm a local Boston uh Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi gueri I'm a local Boston uh Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi gueri I'm a local Boston uh Indie
+artist when it um when it comes to games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist when it um when it comes to games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist when it um when it comes to games
+at least not so much Comics anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yeah so I I work with a lot of teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so I I work with a lot of teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so I I work with a lot of teams
+in Boston uh developing games uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston uh developing games uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston uh developing games uh since
+so so few of these developers know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so few of these developers know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so few of these developers know a lot
+of artists I get to work on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artists I get to work on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artists I get to work on a lot of
+different projects because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects because they don't
+have a lot of people to turn to um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people to turn to um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people to turn to um and
+I'll go into into that in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into into that in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into into that in a little bit
+uh sort of games I've developed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of games I've developed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of games I've developed in the
+past I worked on girls like robots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I worked on girls like robots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I worked on girls like robots with
+zba Scott up there uh which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zba Scott up there uh which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zba Scott up there uh which was
+published by Adult Swim iOS and he likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Adult Swim iOS and he likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Adult Swim iOS and he likes
+to touted as the 13th best rated iOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touted as the 13th best rated iOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touted as the 13th best rated iOS
+game of 2012 I don't really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of 2012 I don't really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of 2012 I don't really care about
+that statistic but I'll mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic but I'll mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic but I'll mention it
+anyways um I worked on the county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways um I worked on the county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways um I worked on the county
+Kingdom with Jenna hoffstein which uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom with Jenna hoffstein which uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom with Jenna hoffstein which uh is
+actually coming out this week on iOS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming out this week on iOS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming out this week on iOS so
+U if you have kids please buy it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U if you have kids please buy it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U if you have kids please buy it if
+you're not a kid buy it anyways um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a kid buy it anyways um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a kid buy it anyways um uh
+I've I've been working on L for de World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've been working on L for de World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've been working on L for de World
+also with zba and uh as a partnership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with zba and uh as a partnership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with zba and uh as a partnership
+with debond Studios which had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with debond Studios which had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with debond Studios which had a
+successful Kickstarter so if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful Kickstarter so if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful Kickstarter so if anybody
+backed it in here that would great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed it in here that would great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed it in here that would great if
+none of you did then you know sucks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you did then you know sucks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you did then you know sucks for
+you um all right that's sort of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um all right that's sort of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um all right that's sort of my
+summary I'm not going to show my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary I'm not going to show my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary I'm not going to show my
+portfolio or anything uh but let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or anything uh but let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or anything uh but let's get
+into it so you need an artist you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so you need an artist you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it so you need an artist you're a
+programmer or a designer or a sound guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer or a designer or a sound guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer or a designer or a sound guy
+and you can't draw for crap uh you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't draw for crap uh you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't draw for crap uh you think
+you can be like oh no I'll just I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like oh no I'll just I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like oh no I'll just I'll
+just Wing the art it'll be fine I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Wing the art it'll be fine I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Wing the art it'll be fine I'll
+release my game uh no don't do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release my game uh no don't do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release my game uh no don't do that uh
+get an artist uh G artists make games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an artist uh G artists make games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an artist uh G artists make games
+look pretty artists make games more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty artists make games more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty artists make games more
+immersive artists take a player who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersive artists take a player who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersive artists take a player who you
+know maybe you have the most amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you have the most amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you have the most amazing
+game mechanics in the game um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics in the game um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics in the game um sort of
+like a Dwarf Fortress or something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Dwarf Fortress or something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Dwarf Fortress or something uh
+which turns away so many people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns away so many people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns away so many people because
+of how ugly it is no you need artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how ugly it is no you need artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how ugly it is no you need artists
+artists make your game better more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists make your game better more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists make your game better more
+interesting um even objectively better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um even objectively better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um even objectively better
+in a lot of ways if you get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of ways if you get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of ways if you get the right
+arti of course and I mean it also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arti of course and I mean it also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arti of course and I mean it also make
+something you're proud of looking at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're proud of looking at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're proud of looking at and
+proud of showing off at shows when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of showing off at shows when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of showing off at shows when you
+have your booth at packs and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your booth at packs and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your booth at packs and you've got
+you know all the AAA studios around all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the AAA studios around all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the AAA studios around all
+the high-end Indies and then the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-end Indies and then the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high-end Indies and then the you
+with blocks that hit each other um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks that hit each other um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks that hit each other um you
+know you're going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're going to be kind of
+disappointed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed in
+yourself but cool what kind of artist do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but cool what kind of artist do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but cool what kind of artist do
+you need but of course it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need but of course it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need but of course it depends on
+what kind of game you're making uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of game you're making uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of game you're making uh
+obviously here I have sort of just do l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously here I have sort of just do l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously here I have sort of just do l
+a few different styles style is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different styles style is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different styles style is a big
+part of art for games um but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of art for games um but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of art for games um but of course
+uh there's different roles and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's different roles and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's different roles and different
+kinds of artists in the world I'm sure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of artists in the world I'm sure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of artists in the world I'm sure a
+lot of this will be redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this will be redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this will be redundant
+uh to any of those who really like games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to any of those who really like games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to any of those who really like games
+but I'm sort of going to go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sort of going to go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sort of going to go over it
+anyways uh you know obviously in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh you know obviously in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways uh you know obviously in big
+studios you have a lot of you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios you have a lot of you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios you have a lot of you know very
+specific roles for artists this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific roles for artists this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific roles for artists this is the
+character artist the environment artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist the environment artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist the environment artist
+the texture artist this is the animator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the texture artist this is the animator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the texture artist this is the animator
+uh but when it comes to Indie Studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but when it comes to Indie Studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but when it comes to Indie Studios
+I'm the guy who does everything I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the guy who does everything I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm the guy who does everything I do the
+concept art the 2D assets um I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art the 2D assets um I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art the 2D assets um I do the
+promotional material I do the graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional material I do the graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional material I do the graphic
+design I do the logo design i' make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I do the logo design i' make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I do the logo design i' make
+trailers uh because usually Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers uh because usually Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers uh because usually Indie
+Studios don't have the funds they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios don't have the funds they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios don't have the funds they don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the ability or the time and or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability or the time and or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability or the time and or the
+resources to get more than one artist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to get more than one artist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to get more than one artist so
+it sort of comes down to the one guy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of comes down to the one guy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of comes down to the one guy but
+sort of going to go through uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to go through uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to go through uh the
+different kinds of art that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of art that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of art that are
+typically done in games um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done in games um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done in games um I'm going to
+sort of break it down to their specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of break it down to their specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of break it down to their specific
+roles and I'll talk about sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and I'll talk about sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and I'll talk about sort of uh
+I'll probably I'll be showing mostly my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably I'll be showing mostly my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably I'll be showing mostly my
+work here um I'll sort of break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here um I'll sort of break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here um I'll sort of break it down
+to the different kinds of Art and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different kinds of Art and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different kinds of Art and the
+different kinds of artists that work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of artists that work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of artists that work on
+these so uh first is you know swath of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so uh first is you know swath of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so uh first is you know swath of
+indie game are 2D now uh it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game are 2D now uh it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie game are 2D now uh it used to be
+that retro games were 2D uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retro games were 2D uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retro games were 2D uh and then you
+know older older games before polygons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know older older games before polygons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know older older games before polygons
+and all sorts of things were all 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things were all 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things were all 2
+dimensionals uh two Dimension so 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionals uh two Dimension so 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionals uh two Dimension so 2D
+makes up sort of like illustrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up sort of like illustrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up sort of like illustrators
+graphic designers concept artists Sprite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic designers concept artists Sprite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic designers concept artists Sprite
+artists texture artists 2D animators UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists texture artists 2D animators UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists texture artists 2D animators UI
+designers um it it it is a large field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers um it it it is a large field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers um it it it is a large field
+again with Indie developers it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with Indie developers it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with Indie developers it's easy to
+go 2D because you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go 2D because you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go 2D because you don't have to worry
+about 3D which takes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3D which takes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3D which takes a lot more
+time so this is sort of some uh 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is sort of some uh 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is sort of some uh 2D
+assets from from uh a prototype that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets from from uh a prototype that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets from from uh a prototype that I
+worked on a while back but um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a while back but um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a while back but um this is
+sort of like old in-game stuff but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like old in-game stuff but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like old in-game stuff but of
+course the first part of 2D art uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the first part of 2D art uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the first part of 2D art uh which
+also pertains to 3D art and um at bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pertains to 3D art and um at bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pertains to 3D art and um at bigger
+Studios they have specific roles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios they have specific roles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios they have specific roles for
+this this is concept art concept art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is concept art concept art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is concept art concept art is
+probably my favorite part of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my favorite part of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my favorite part of uh
+pre-production at least in terms of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production at least in terms of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production at least in terms of you
+get to take what the programmer wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to take what the programmer wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to take what the programmer wants
+and actually make it look like what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually make it look like what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually make it look like what they
+think in their head it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in their head it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in their head it's supposed to
+look like they'll come to you with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they'll come to you with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they'll come to you with a
+crappy pencil sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy pencil sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy pencil sketch
+on some paper and be like here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some paper and be like here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some paper and be like here I've got
+like a knight and he's on a mountain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a knight and he's on a mountain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a knight and he's on a mountain and
+he's fighting a dragon and I'll be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fighting a dragon and I'll be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's fighting a dragon and I'll be like
+I don't this doesn't look anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't this doesn't look anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't this doesn't look anything like
+that but I know exactly what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I know exactly what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I know exactly what you're
+talking about and he's like and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and he's like and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and he's like and I'm
+feeling red I want red and then he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling red I want red and then he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling red I want red and then he just
+took like a Sharpie or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took like a Sharpie or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took like a Sharpie or something and
+just scribbled all over the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scribbled all over the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scribbled all over the piece of
+paper so I'm like all right I got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I'm like all right I got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I'm like all right I got that
+give me like a day and I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me like a day and I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me like a day and I'll come back
+and then you have this painting of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this painting of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this painting of a
+knight you know fighting a dragon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knight you know fighting a dragon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knight you know fighting a dragon and
+the programmer is like yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer is like yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer is like yes that's
+exactly what I drew on my piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I drew on my piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I drew on my piece of paper
+it isn't but you let them have that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't but you let them have that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't but you let them have that and
+it makes them feel better um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes them feel better um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes them feel better um so you know
+concept art is definitely for both 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art is definitely for both 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art is definitely for both 2D
+and 3D you need to know what your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3D you need to know what your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3D you need to know what your game
+is going to look like before you dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like before you dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like before you dive
+straight into it into the visuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight into it into the visuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight into it into the visuals and
+even some of the design before you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some of the design before you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some of the design before you have
+a clear idea of what the game's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear idea of what the game's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear idea of what the game's going to
+look like if you have no idea what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like if you have no idea what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like if you have no idea what the
+game's going to look like and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's going to look like and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game's going to look like and you you
+already have an artist and you've you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have an artist and you've you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have an artist and you've you
+made this amazing prototype you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this amazing prototype you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this amazing prototype you're like
+look just just swap out my art and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just just swap out my art and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just just swap out my art and put
+it yours in um that's not always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yours in um that's not always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yours in um that's not always going
+to work uh there's a lot of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work uh there's a lot of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work uh there's a lot of design
+decisions you have to make around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to make around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you have to make around the
+art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art
+uh you know what how the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what how the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what how the characters
+contrast from the environment how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast from the environment how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast from the environment how the
+the environments will animate how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environments will animate how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environments will animate how the
+character you know how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you know how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you know how the the
+environments will disappear into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments will disappear into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments will disappear into the
+mist or you know how this sort of UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mist or you know how this sort of UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mist or you know how this sort of UI
+will work these are all things that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work these are all things that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work these are all things that um
+it's really good to have an artist Eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good to have an artist Eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really good to have an artist Eye
+on very as early as possible and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very as early as possible and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very as early as possible and it also
+gives a sort of visual Bible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a sort of visual Bible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a sort of visual Bible for the
+game uh concept art helps you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh concept art helps you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh concept art helps you know you
+you know the artist draws it and hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the artist draws it and hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the artist draws it and hands
+it out to the rest of the team and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to the rest of the team and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to the rest of the team and sort
+of like this is what we're aiming for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this is what we're aiming for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this is what we're aiming for uh
+you know big Studio you'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big Studio you'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big Studio you'd have the
+concept artist would hand that off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept artist would hand that off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept artist would hand that off to
+the 3D artists or two the other 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D artists or two the other 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D artists or two the other 2D
+artists the animator the modelers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists the animator the modelers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists the animator the modelers
+texture artists and say like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture artists and say like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture artists and say like this is
+what we're aiming for this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're aiming for this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're aiming for this is what I
+want the final product to look as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the final product to look as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the final product to look as close
+as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible
+to um but of course if you making 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um but of course if you making 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um but of course if you making 2D
+games you go into 2D assets is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you go into 2D assets is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you go into 2D assets is a
+screenshot an early screenshot from L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshot an early screenshot from L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenshot an early screenshot from L
+for a dead world uh so with this I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a dead world uh so with this I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a dead world uh so with this I sort
+of made the concept art cut it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made the concept art cut it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made the concept art cut it up and
+stuck it in the game uh this is that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the game uh this is that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck it in the game uh this is that's a
+really basic way of making 2D art uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic way of making 2D art uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic way of making 2D art uh I
+sort of with a sort of painal style that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of with a sort of painal style that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of with a sort of painal style that
+I I decided to go with with concept art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I decided to go with with concept art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I decided to go with with concept art
+I sort of made a painting I I'd said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of made a painting I I'd said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of made a painting I I'd said
+this is the style that we're aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the style that we're aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the style that we're aiming for
+uh so I cut it up and put it in game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I cut it up and put it in game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I cut it up and put it in game and
+now you can move around and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can move around and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can move around and things
+happen and you can explore this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you can explore this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you can explore this piece of
+art and you know 2D assets are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and you know 2D assets are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and you know 2D assets are you know
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+of all right illustration um it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all right illustration um it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all right illustration um it's more
+of a old school term uh especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a old school term uh especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a old school term uh especially when
+it comes to games now people don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to games now people don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to games now people don't uh
+think of it as illustration so much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as illustration so much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as illustration so much but
+illustration is used for promotional art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration is used for promotional art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration is used for promotional art
+for advertising your game for inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advertising your game for inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for advertising your game for inspiring
+your team for websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team for websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team for websites
+for trying to solidify your game into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying to solidify your game into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying to solidify your game into
+like a poster or an image or a banner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poster or an image or a banner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a poster or an image or a banner so
+many games are sold on Steam now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games are sold on Steam now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games are sold on Steam now with
+just a tiny little little Banner um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tiny little little Banner um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tiny little little Banner um that
+you click on then you get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on then you get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on then you get a little
+slightly bigger banner and then maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger banner and then maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger banner and then maybe a
+gameplay video uh so much of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay video uh so much of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay video uh so much of that first
+click like making that person go oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click like making that person go oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click like making that person go oh that
+tiny little Banner looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little Banner looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little Banner looks kind of
+interesting let me click on it um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let me click on it um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let me click on it um is
+such a crucial Point uh especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a crucial Point uh especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a crucial Point uh especially if
+you haven't done your job marketing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done your job marketing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done your job marketing that
+you need to have illustrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have illustrations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have illustrations and
+promotional art and posters and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional art and posters and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional art and posters and sort of
+graphic design and that sort of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic design and that sort of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic design and that sort of goes
+under the illustrator uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the illustrator uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the illustrator uh sort of
+dome in a big Studio they usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome in a big Studio they usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome in a big Studio they usually have
+the concept art also be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept art also be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept art also be the
+illustrations a lot of the time but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations a lot of the time but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations a lot of the time but um
+usually the concept artists are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the concept artists are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the concept artists are very
+proficient because they have to be fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient because they have to be fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient because they have to be fast
+and they also make the illustrations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also make the illustrations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also make the illustrations for
+a game obviously as an indie you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game obviously as an indie you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game obviously as an indie you're
+you're making the illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to uh UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh UI
+design uh this is a this is sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh this is a this is sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh this is a this is sort of in
+between you know this is like in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know this is like in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know this is like in between
+three different facets you got design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different facets you got design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different facets you got design
+illustration and graphic design graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and graphic design graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and graphic design graphic
+design I mean by like sort of logos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I mean by like sort of logos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I mean by like sort of logos and
+making things more readable to users uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things more readable to users uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things more readable to users uh
+but that sort of goes into you know game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that sort of goes into you know game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that sort of goes into you know game
+design in terms of how the UI is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in terms of how the UI is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in terms of how the UI is going
+to work and then you also need an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then you also need an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and then you also need an artist
+or a graphic designer to actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a graphic designer to actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a graphic designer to actually make
+it look good uh this is a big part of 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look good uh this is a big part of 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look good uh this is a big part of 2D
+design obviously it's in 2D games it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design obviously it's in 2D games it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design obviously it's in 2D games it's
+Al uh but usually UI is flat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al uh but usually UI is flat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al uh but usually UI is flat because
+you're dealing with buttons and menus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with buttons and menus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with buttons and menus
+and HUD overlays uh so that that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and HUD overlays uh so that that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and HUD overlays uh so that that's sort
+of a weird intersection between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird intersection between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird intersection between all
+three of the all three of these facets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the all three of these facets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the all three of these facets
+where it sort of have to be usable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it sort of have to be usable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it sort of have to be usable as
+makes sense in the game design world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense in the game design world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense in the game design world and
+it has to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to look
+good let's jump into 3D uh 3D is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's jump into 3D uh 3D is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's jump into 3D uh 3D is the
+more complicated side of the art uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated side of the art uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated side of the art uh
+painting a picture doesn't take me very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting a picture doesn't take me very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting a picture doesn't take me very
+long time but making a 3D model takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but making a 3D model takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but making a 3D model takes
+much longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer time
+especially if uh it's highly detailed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if uh it's highly detailed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if uh it's highly detailed or
+you know has needs a lot of texturing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has needs a lot of texturing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has needs a lot of texturing or
+you know I need to make it work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I need to make it work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I need to make it work in a
+very specific type of game uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific type of game uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific type of game uh there's
+the reason a lot of Indies avoid 3D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason a lot of Indies avoid 3D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason a lot of Indies avoid 3D is
+because I mean especially it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean especially it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean especially it's getting
+easier all the time especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier all the time especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier all the time especially with
+tools like Unity uh and blender but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like Unity uh and blender but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like Unity uh and blender but a
+lot of Indies do stick to 2D because 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Indies do stick to 2D because 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Indies do stick to 2D because 3D
+just gives you a lot of hassles that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a lot of hassles that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a lot of hassles that you
+don't have to deal with in 2D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to deal with in 2D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to deal with in 2D and
+usually you need more artists to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you need more artists to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you need more artists to work
+with 3D uh because to make a game in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3D uh because to make a game in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3D uh because to make a game in 3D
+uh it takes a long time you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it takes a long time you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it takes a long time you have to
+model environments you have to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model environments you have to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model environments you have to model
+characters you have to model objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you have to model objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you have to model objects
+whereas you know in a 2d game I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know in a 2d game I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you know in a 2d game I'd be
+like all right a boxes just four lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right a boxes just four lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right a boxes just four lines
+and just color it in uh you know box in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just color it in uh you know box in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just color it in uh you know box in
+3D all right I made the I made the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D all right I made the I made the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D all right I made the I made the cube
+that's easy whatever and I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy whatever and I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy whatever and I got to
+texture it and I got inclusion map it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture it and I got inclusion map it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture it and I got inclusion map it
+normal map it um it takes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal map it um it takes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal map it um it takes a lot more
+time and I mean it it usually ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I mean it it usually ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I mean it it usually ends up
+looking really nice but uh usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking really nice but uh usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking really nice but uh usually you
+need more artists so sort of the roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more artists so sort of the roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more artists so sort of the roles
+in 3D is modeling uh this is one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D is modeling uh this is one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D is modeling uh this is one of my
+early attempts at modeling uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early attempts at modeling uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early attempts at modeling uh sort of
+the modelers they sculpt 3D characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modelers they sculpt 3D characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modelers they sculpt 3D characters
+and environments they sculpt what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environments they sculpt what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environments they sculpt what what's
+going to be put into the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be put into the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be put into the world uh
+modeling and texturing makes up the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and texturing makes up the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and texturing makes up the bulk
+of sort of 3D work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of 3D work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of 3D work it
+uh it takes a long time to get right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it takes a long time to get right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it takes a long time to get right and
+then sort of having to make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of having to make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of having to make it work
+within your game is another big facet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your game is another big facet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your game is another big facet of
+that uh because you know you zbrush is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because you know you zbrush is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because you know you zbrush is a
+really fancy tool that a lot of 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fancy tool that a lot of 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fancy tool that a lot of 3D
+artists use and they will sculpt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists use and they will sculpt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists use and they will sculpt the
+crap out of it and be like oh man you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap out of it and be like oh man you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap out of it and be like oh man you
+can see every I I sculpted every skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see every I I sculpted every skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see every I I sculpted every skin
+poure on this guy's face and every like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poure on this guy's face and every like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poure on this guy's face and every like
+vein is actually underneath his skin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein is actually underneath his skin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein is actually underneath his skin and
+the fat and the muscle and the bone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat and the muscle and the bone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat and the muscle and the bone uh
+yeah good luck getting that to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good luck getting that to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good luck getting that to run in
+any game uh right now obviously things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any game uh right now obviously things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any game uh right now obviously things
+are getting more powerful again as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting more powerful again as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting more powerful again as an
+indie guy if you tried to SC sculpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie guy if you tried to SC sculpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie guy if you tried to SC sculpt
+every uh pore into a guy's skin you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh pore into a guy's skin you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh pore into a guy's skin you're
+going to end up spending a month working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up spending a month working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up spending a month working
+on that where you should just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that where you should just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that where you should just been
+spending a month just pumping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a month just pumping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a month just pumping out
+art uh so those get broken down further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh so those get broken down further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh so those get broken down further
+into uh character art which is um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh character art which is um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh character art which is um at
+bigger Studios you do have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Studios you do have a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Studios you do have a specific
+character artist they only work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist they only work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist they only work on the
+characters because the characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters because the characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters because the characters are
+very important part of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of the game
+obviously and usually they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and usually they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and usually they have to be
+more detailed than a lot of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed than a lot of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed than a lot of the other
+parts of the game especially if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the game especially if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the game especially if it's the
+player character you're always staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player character you're always staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player character you're always staring
+at them if they're a third person game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them if they're a third person game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them if they're a third person game
+or if they're NPCs you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they're NPCs you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they're NPCs you deal with
+regularly in the world you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in the world you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly in the world you know they're
+always there that you're always looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there that you're always looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there that you're always looking
+at them they have to be visually nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them they have to be visually nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them they have to be visually nice to
+look at and you the modelers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and you the modelers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and you the modelers have to
+spend a lot of time making that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time making that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time making that work
+right and look right they also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and look right they also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and look right they also have to
+deal with a lot of like uncanny valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot of like uncanny valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a lot of like uncanny valley
+stuffs which uh none of you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs which uh none of you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuffs which uh none of you know what
+the PNY Valley is if you try to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PNY Valley is if you try to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PNY Valley is if you try to make it
+realistic and it doesn't quite look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and it doesn't quite look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and it doesn't quite look
+realistic uh like this guy uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh like this guy uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh like this guy uh people
+look weird and people are weirded out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look weird and people are weirded out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look weird and people are weirded out by
+that and it's it's a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's it's a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's it's a big problem
+character artists have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artists have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artists have to deal with
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+artists um they're the ones who make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists um they're the ones who make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists um they're the ones who make the
+world they make the buildings they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they make the buildings they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they make the buildings they make
+the trees they make the mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees they make the mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees they make the mountains
+they're the ones who fill up the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who fill up the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ones who fill up the uh the
+uh the world uh sometimes concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the world uh sometimes concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the world uh sometimes concept
+artists are actually broken up between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are actually broken up between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are actually broken up between
+character artists and environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artists and environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artists and environment
+artists too depending on how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists too depending on how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists too depending on how big the
+studio is again as an indie you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio is again as an indie you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio is again as an indie you're
+always is making the environment art the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is making the environment art the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is making the environment art the
+character art concept art UI everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character art concept art UI everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character art concept art UI everything
+uh so but usually when you hand in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but usually when you hand in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but usually when you hand in a
+portfolio to a big Studio as an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio to a big Studio as an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio to a big Studio as an artist
+they always ask first are you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always ask first are you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always ask first are you a
+character artist or are you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist or are you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character artist or are you an
+environment artist unless you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment artist unless you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment artist unless you're going
+for like a UA design uh but if if you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a UA design uh but if if you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a UA design uh but if if you an
+as an artist if you go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist if you go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist if you go up and
+say uh I don't I kind of both which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I don't I kind of both which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I don't I kind of both which is
+what I do kind of both they they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do kind of both they they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do kind of both they they just
+turn you away they don't have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you away they don't have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you away they don't have time for
+you uh unless you're just unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh unless you're just unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh unless you're just unbelievably
+amazing at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing at both
+so the big facet I skipped out on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big facet I skipped out on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big facet I skipped out on both
+of those things is animation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things is animation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things is animation which
+pertains to 2D and 3D animation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to 2D and 3D animation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertains to 2D and 3D animation is very
+very difficult to get right in 2D and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to get right in 2D and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to get right in 2D and in
+3D but 3D is way easier there's a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but 3D is way easier there's a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but 3D is way easier there's a reason
+Disney close down all their 2D Animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney close down all their 2D Animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney close down all their 2D Animation
+Studios because it's a waste of time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios because it's a waste of time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios because it's a waste of time now
+uh it looks good but it's very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks good but it's very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks good but it's very expensive
+very timec consuming uh a good reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timec consuming uh a good reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timec consuming uh a good reference
+point is uh has anyone played skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is uh has anyone played skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is uh has anyone played skull
+girls which was like a 2d IND fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls which was like a 2d IND fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls which was like a 2d IND fighting
+game they they wanted to add a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game they they wanted to add a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game they they wanted to add a single
+character to their game and they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to their game and they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to their game and they started
+a Kickstarter and they asked for 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kickstarter and they asked for 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kickstarter and they asked for 250
+Grand just to add one character uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand just to add one character uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand just to add one character uh
+because of the how exact the animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the how exact the animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the how exact the animations
+had to be and the quality of the 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be and the quality of the 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be and the quality of the 2D
+animations hand drawing animations is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations hand drawing animations is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations hand drawing animations is uh
+very timec consuming uh for Sprites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timec consuming uh for Sprites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very timec consuming uh for Sprites and
+sorry for uh you know sort of you hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for uh you know sort of you hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for uh you know sort of you hand
+animating 2D guys uh so that was of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animating 2D guys uh so that was of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animating 2D guys uh so that was of
+solved by tweening tweening is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by tweening tweening is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by tweening tweening is as you
+probably all know it's like I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all know it's like I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all know it's like I have my
+arm and I draw it and I can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and I draw it and I can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and I draw it and I can do this with
+it um and that makes animation more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and that makes animation more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and that makes animation more
+fluid and you can sort of blend in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and you can sort of blend in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and you can sort of blend in
+animations with u you know other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations with u you know other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations with u you know other
+animations much easier and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations much easier and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations much easier and especially
+with like uh I've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like uh I've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like uh I've been using
+uh what's it called spine that's it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's it called spine that's it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's it called spine that's it uh
+spine in unity uh to help blend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine in unity uh to help blend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spine in unity uh to help blend a lot of
+my tweening animations uh 3D only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tweening animations uh 3D only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tweening animations uh 3D only
+usually only works with tweening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually only works with tweening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually only works with tweening
+animations and sort of you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations and sort of you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animations and sort of you have the
+animation rig and you move the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation rig and you move the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation rig and you move the body
+parts around and sort of algorithmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts around and sort of algorithmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts around and sort of algorithmically
+draws in the in between frames whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws in the in between frames whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws in the in between frames whereas
+in hand draw 2D animation old school 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hand draw 2D animation old school 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hand draw 2D animation old school 2D
+animation uh characters you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation uh characters you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation uh characters you know if you
+want to move the character like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move the character like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move the character like this you
+have to draw all of those frames usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw all of those frames usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw all of those frames usually
+uh so that's why a lot of Indies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's why a lot of Indies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's why a lot of Indies they
+turn to pixel art because an arm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to pixel art because an arm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to pixel art because an arm doing
+this is like two blocks moving which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like two blocks moving which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like two blocks moving which it
+takes way less time uh it's way easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes way less time uh it's way easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes way less time uh it's way easier
+and it's a style that a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a style that a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a style that a lot of people
+like so a lot of people um so it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so a lot of people um so it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so a lot of people um so it's of
+easy to sell it if there was no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sell it if there was no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sell it if there was no such
+thing as pixel art and you tried to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as pixel art and you tried to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as pixel art and you tried to make
+a pixel art game now uh people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pixel art game now uh people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pixel art game now uh people would be
+like this kind of lazy if the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of lazy if the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this kind of lazy if the whole
+world was Disney quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was Disney quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world was Disney quality
+animation all right great so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation all right great so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation all right great so you're
+thinking about what kind of artists you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what kind of artists you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what kind of artists you
+need uh what roles you need to feel fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh what roles you need to feel fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh what roles you need to feel fill
+for your game but wait the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your game but wait the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your game but wait the most
+important thing is how much money do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is how much money do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is how much money do you
+have like you know in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like you know in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like you know in your in your
+wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet
+because artists cost money obviously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because artists cost money obviously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because artists cost money obviously um
+you know they have to eat as much as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have to eat as much as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they have to eat as much as the
+starving artist stereotype is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving artist stereotype is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving artist stereotype is
+perpetuated uh obviously if you're a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuated uh obviously if you're a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuated uh obviously if you're a big
+Studio you can just throw down the fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio you can just throw down the fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studio you can just throw down the fat
+stacks of cash and say I want four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of cash and say I want four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of cash and say I want four
+concept artists an army of VFX artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept artists an army of VFX artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept artists an army of VFX artists
+uh 3D art modelers I need 2D um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3D art modelers I need 2D um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3D art modelers I need 2D um you know
+texture guys and UI designers you name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture guys and UI designers you name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture guys and UI designers you name
+it um and they can sort of just bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and they can sort of just bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and they can sort of just bring in
+everyone and get the best of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and get the best of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and get the best of the best
+because they have millions of dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have millions of dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have millions of dollars to
+work with as an indie you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with as an indie you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with as an indie you don't have
+anything to work with uh usually unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to work with uh usually unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to work with uh usually unless
+you've kickstarted magically now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kickstarted magically now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kickstarted magically now and
+made a ton of money or you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a ton of money or you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a ton of money or you have some
+sort of outside funding you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of outside funding you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of outside funding you sort of have
+to coach an artist into your grasp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach an artist into your grasp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach an artist into your grasp and
+either promise them with some money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either promise them with some money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either promise them with some money you
+have or Revenue share um but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or Revenue share um but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or Revenue share um but you're
+usually going to only end up with maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually going to only end up with maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually going to only end up with maybe
+one two artists depending on the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two artists depending on the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two artists depending on the size of
+your team uh it it's it's tough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team uh it it's it's tough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team uh it it's it's tough uh
+amazing artists cost a lot of money if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing artists cost a lot of money if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing artists cost a lot of money if
+you're trying to go for the best of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to go for the best of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to go for the best of the
+best the famous guy you saw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the famous guy you saw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the famous guy you saw on the
+internet one time uh they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet one time uh they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet one time uh they're going to
+they're going to charge for being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to charge for being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to charge for being the
+famous guy on the internet you saw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous guy on the internet you saw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous guy on the internet you saw one
+time middle of the road artists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time middle of the road artists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time middle of the road artists are
+harder to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to find
+because how do I put this they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do I put this they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how do I put this they have
+either they're too old to have kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they're too old to have kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they're too old to have kept
+going with art and they've given up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with art and they've given up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with art and they've given up
+because they couldn't be an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they couldn't be an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they couldn't be an amazing
+artist and they're not making enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and they're not making enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and they're not making enough
+money as an artist making a living um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as an artist making a living um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money as an artist making a living um
+and they've sort of given up or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've sort of given up or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've sort of given up or you can
+NAB them right out of school at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAB them right out of school at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAB them right out of school at some
+some point or in school uh but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point or in school uh but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point or in school uh but there are
+a lot of crappy artists out there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of crappy artists out there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of crappy artists out there if you
+want to find any artist there's a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find any artist there's a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find any artist there's a ton of
+them uh I will go into how to find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I will go into how to find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh I will go into how to find those
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+too first back to you know one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too first back to you know one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too first back to you know one of my
+early slides here artists are import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early slides here artists are import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early slides here artists are import
+important I know as a designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I know as a designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I know as a designer
+programmer you think you can do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer you think you can do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer you think you can do it all
+um but don't skimp on artists if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but don't skimp on artists if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but don't skimp on artists if you if
+you have an amazing game idea you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an amazing game idea you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an amazing game idea you want
+to make that product the best you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that product the best you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that product the best you can uh
+and having a really good artist is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a really good artist is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a really good artist is a big
+part of that you might think yo I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that you might think yo I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that you might think yo I'm just
+G to sell my game on mechanics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to sell my game on mechanics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to sell my game on mechanics it's
+gonna be great I'm just it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be great I'm just it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be great I'm just it's the best
+mechanics you've ever seen uh but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you've ever seen uh but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you've ever seen uh but but
+why stop there why not have amazing art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why stop there why not have amazing art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why stop there why not have amazing art
+to go with your mechanics if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with your mechanics if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with your mechanics if you can
+hire multiple artists please do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire multiple artists please do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire multiple artists please do uh
+because it's it'll take a load off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it'll take a load off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it'll take a load off of
+them because you know especially at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you know especially at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you know especially at a
+big Studio even IND these Studios making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Studio even IND these Studios making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Studio even IND these Studios making
+art is a huge chunk of time um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is a huge chunk of time um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is a huge chunk of time um as
+Graphics get more and more intense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics get more and more intense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graphics get more and more intense and
+more and more realistic art uh become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more realistic art uh become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more realistic art uh become
+you know is is the thing that takes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is is the thing that takes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is is the thing that takes up
+the most amount of time during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most amount of time during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most amount of time during
+development and it's the money sync now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and it's the money sync now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and it's the money sync now
+you know okay let's say we're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay let's say we're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay let's say we're working on
+the new Call of Duty just came out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Call of Duty just came out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Call of Duty just came out uh
+you know all right we this is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right we this is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right we this is a first
+person shooter we can do some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person shooter we can do some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person shooter we can do some level
+design there's some added uh features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there's some added uh features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there's some added uh features
+but like all right we need robots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like all right we need robots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like all right we need robots and
+destructible buildings and soldiers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructible buildings and soldiers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructible buildings and soldiers and
+you know everything has to look as top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything has to look as top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything has to look as top
+quality as possible or else no everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality as possible or else no everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality as possible or else no everyone
+will decry the game as looking like crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decry the game as looking like crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decry the game as looking like crap
+um because of one other game that did go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of one other game that did go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of one other game that did go
+that extra mile and as an indie you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra mile and as an indie you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extra mile and as an indie you know
+you you maybe you you you do want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you maybe you you you do want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you maybe you you you do want to try
+and compete with that in that like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compete with that in that like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compete with that in that like let's
+say all right you have your illustrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right you have your illustrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right you have your illustrator
+he can do the concept art he can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do the concept art he can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do the concept art he can do the
+2D assets um in a lot of ways but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D assets um in a lot of ways but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D assets um in a lot of ways but you
+know maybe he's not the best at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe he's not the best at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe he's not the best at
+animation I'm not the best at animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation I'm not the best at animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation I'm not the best at animation
+so we'll get an animator as well who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get an animator as well who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get an animator as well who can
+doesn't have to come up with the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to come up with the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to come up with the cool
+designs uh maybe you can help or she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh maybe you can help or she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh maybe you can help or she can
+help uh but you have this artist you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh but you have this artist you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh but you have this artist you be
+like look these are these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look these are these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look these are these are the
+monsters I need animated can you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters I need animated can you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters I need animated can you do the
+animation while I move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation while I move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation while I move on to the next
+thing and that and especially even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that and especially even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that and especially even
+especially if you're work in 3D having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're work in 3D having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're work in 3D having
+multiple artists is almost a must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple artists is almost a must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple artists is almost a must
+because otherwise you're never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you're never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you're never really
+going to get anything done unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get anything done unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get anything done unless you
+can sort of design around having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of design around having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of design around having one
+artist which becomes a huge limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist which becomes a huge limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist which becomes a huge limiting
+factor but again with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but again with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but again with everything
+especially in game development uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in game development uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in game development uh you
+get sort of a law of diminishing returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of a law of diminishing returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sort of a law of diminishing returns
+the more artists you have on your or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more artists you have on your or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more artists you have on your or the
+bigger your team is uh you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your team is uh you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your team is uh you know going
+back to sort of you know Destiny with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sort of you know Destiny with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to sort of you know Destiny with
+its ridiculously high budget it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ridiculously high budget it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ridiculously high budget it was like
+300 million or something 500 million um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million or something 500 million um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 million or something 500 million um
+you know how much more game did they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much more game did they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much more game did they get
+how much more entertainment value did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more entertainment value did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more entertainment value did
+they get with their like Studios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get with their like Studios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get with their like Studios of
+artists they didn't just have one Studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists they didn't just have one Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists they didn't just have one Studio
+Art of artists working on that game they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art of artists working on that game they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art of artists working on that game they
+had multiple uh so like if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had multiple uh so like if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had multiple uh so like if you're an
+indie studio and you're like right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie studio and you're like right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie studio and you're like right we
+have two programmers and like eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two programmers and like eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two programmers and like eight
+artists you know eight artists that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists you know eight artists that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists you know eight artists that work
+gets diluted between them you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets diluted between them you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets diluted between them you have to
+try and make sure that each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make sure that each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make sure that each one of them
+is working in the exact same style you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working in the exact same style you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working in the exact same style you
+have to understand you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand you know you have to
+sort of understand that it is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand that it is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of understand that it is difficult
+to switch your art style it's it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch your art style it's it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch your art style it's it's if
+you've been drawing one way your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been drawing one way your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been drawing one way your whole
+life um and then so and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um and then so and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um and then so and then you have to
+you're hired to a team maybe wrongly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hired to a team maybe wrongly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hired to a team maybe wrongly to
+uh work on this game that looks nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work on this game that looks nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work on this game that looks nothing
+like anything you've ever done and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything you've ever done and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anything you've ever done and you
+can't you know work within those limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know work within those limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know work within those limits
+uh within that style uh you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within that style uh you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within that style uh you're going to
+make work that looks different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make work that looks different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make work that looks different from the
+other artists and it will stand out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other artists and it will stand out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other artists and it will stand out and
+it'll look weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes really artists are important I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes really artists are important I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes really artists are important I got
+to really stress this point because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really stress this point because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really stress this point because I
+like work um artists not only make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work um artists not only make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work um artists not only make the
+game look good but they Inspire the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look good but they Inspire the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look good but they Inspire the rest
+of the team if you're just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team if you're just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team if you're just sitting
+staring at blocks hitting you know pongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at blocks hitting you know pongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at blocks hitting you know pongs
+hitting a block back and forth all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a block back and forth all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a block back and forth all day
+you're going to get tired of it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get tired of it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get tired of it if
+you're working on it for a year if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on it for a year if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on it for a year if you
+have constant art coming in like concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant art coming in like concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constant art coming in like concept
+art animations illustrations and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art animations illustrations and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art animations illustrations and you see
+it you know on when a when a website or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know on when a when a website or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know on when a when a website or
+writes about your game or a YouTuber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about your game or a YouTuber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes about your game or a YouTuber
+does a stre about stream about your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a stre about stream about your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a stre about stream about your game
+it's exciting to see like look how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exciting to see like look how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exciting to see like look how good
+my game is and I need to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my game is and I need to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my game is and I need to make this
+better to like match to the awesome art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to like match to the awesome art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to like match to the awesome art
+that I have in the game I need and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in the game I need and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in the game I need and it it
+helps motivate everyone to um be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps motivate everyone to um be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps motivate everyone to um be excited
+about the project they're working on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project they're working on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project they're working on to
+know that look when this comes out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that look when this comes out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that look when this comes out it's
+going to look great and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look great and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look great and it's going to be
+compared to the best of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the best of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the best of them because
+that's awesome and everyone should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's awesome and everyone should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's awesome and everyone should be
+inspired and art is such a quick way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired and art is such a quick way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired and art is such a quick way of
+inspiring people that it's almost worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring people that it's almost worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring people that it's almost worth
+the money to pay the artist just to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to pay the artist just to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to pay the artist just to keep
+your wheels turning uh because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wheels turning uh because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wheels turning uh because if you're
+just again if you're just watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again if you're just watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again if you're just watching
+blocks bounce back and forth yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks bounce back and forth yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks bounce back and forth yeah great
+okay if you get excited about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you get excited about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you get excited about that
+that's great but if you've got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but if you've got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but if you've got five
+other people on your team and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on your team and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on your team and they're
+all just working on blocks walk bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just working on blocks walk bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just working on blocks walk bouncing
+back and forth they're going to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth they're going to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth they're going to go and
+work on something else that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting so where do you find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so where do you find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so where do you find these
+so-called artists um usually in sewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called artists um usually in sewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called artists um usually in sewers
+like the Ninja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Ninja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Ninja
+Turtles um but artists in general are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtles um but artists in general are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turtles um but artists in general are
+usually introverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually introverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually introverted
+people uh sort of like a upbringing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh sort of like a upbringing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh sort of like a upbringing of
+I'm just going to sit in the corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to sit in the corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to sit in the corner and
+doodle all the time you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodle all the time you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodle all the time you know a lot of
+programers have the same thing I'm sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programers have the same thing I'm sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programers have the same thing I'm sit
+on my computer and code uh they don't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my computer and code uh they don't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my computer and code uh they don't a
+lot of them don't go out of their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them don't go out of their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them don't go out of their way to
+make attention to themselves uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make attention to themselves uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make attention to themselves uh I I
+first learned this when I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learned this when I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learned this when I was sort of
+going to meetups around Boston uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to meetups around Boston uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to meetups around Boston uh for
+game development and how few artists I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development and how few artists I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development and how few artists I
+was meeting it it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meeting it it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meeting it it was kind of
+disheartening in a lot of ways I was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disheartening in a lot of ways I was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disheartening in a lot of ways I was and
+the few artists I was meeting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few artists I was meeting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few artists I was meeting a lot of
+them were like okay you're yeah get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were like okay you're yeah get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were like okay you're yeah get out
+of here you're done um it it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here you're done um it it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here you're done um it it because
+artists sort of you know even some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists sort of you know even some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists sort of you know even some of
+the best artists I know they sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best artists I know they sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best artists I know they sit in
+their rooms they make their art maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rooms they make their art maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rooms they make their art maybe
+they get a blog post on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a blog post on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a blog post on the internet
+that does really well but a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does really well but a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does really well but a lot of them
+are just sort of like oh just I'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just sort of like oh just I'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just sort of like oh just I'll work
+on this drawing it's okay yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this drawing it's okay yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this drawing it's okay yeah that's
+crap work on the next one uh so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap work on the next one uh so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap work on the next one uh so you do
+have to look for the right artist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for the right artist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for the right artist uh
+which is sometimes more difficult than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes more difficult than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sometimes more difficult than
+you think it would be you think oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it would be you think oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it would be you think oh
+artists are always looking for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are always looking for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists are always looking for work
+they're all starving uh they need work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all starving uh they need work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all starving uh they need work
+they need work to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need work to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need work to live
+well yeah sure a lot of them but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah sure a lot of them but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah sure a lot of them but um
+they're not going to be coming looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be coming looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be coming looking
+for you specifically so uh here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you specifically so uh here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you specifically so uh here's some
+you know ideas of how to track down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ideas of how to track down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ideas of how to track down this
+elusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive
+species uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh
+networking uh meetups like I mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh meetups like I mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking uh meetups like I mentioned a
+lot of Game Dev meetups there are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Game Dev meetups there are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Game Dev meetups there are they
+do exist there are there there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exist there are there there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exist there are there there's um
+there's some comic book meetups in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some comic book meetups in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some comic book meetups in
+Boston with a lot of artists uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston with a lot of artists uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston with a lot of artists uh you know
+it's all about maybe you'll meet someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about maybe you'll meet someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about maybe you'll meet someone
+who knows someone that's how most of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows someone that's how most of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows someone that's how most of my
+work comes in is someone uh who knows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes in is someone uh who knows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes in is someone uh who knows me
+from someone or from a project I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone or from a project I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone or from a project I worked
+on through networking they get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on through networking they get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on through networking they get in
+contact with me and I get work um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with me and I get work um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with me and I get work um I
+actually use this in a slide for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this in a slide for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this in a slide for one of
+my classes this is uh this is PAX so Pax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my classes this is uh this is PAX so Pax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my classes this is uh this is PAX so Pax
+is actually another great place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually another great place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually another great place
+surprisingly to meet other artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly to meet other artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly to meet other artists
+because uh a lot of people are walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a lot of people are walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh a lot of people are walking
+around Booth looking for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Booth looking for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Booth looking for work
+surprisingly at packs which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly at packs which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly at packs which is kind of
+weird but they and sort of they'll hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but they and sort of they'll hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but they and sort of they'll hand
+you business cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you business cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you business cards
+and you know you be like oh I'll check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you be like oh I'll check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you be like oh I'll check
+out your portfolio later maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your portfolio later maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your portfolio later maybe they're
+pretty good and then maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good and then maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good and then maybe there's
+something to that obviously bigger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to that obviously bigger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to that obviously bigger uh
+conferences like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences like
+GDC uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDC uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDC uh
+indk uh like unite or something there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indk uh like unite or something there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indk uh like unite or something there's
+a lot of artists there that hang out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of artists there that hang out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of artists there that hang out and
+they're and they're a great place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and they're a great place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and they're a great place to
+meet socialize see if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet socialize see if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet socialize see if you can find
+someone you sort of can relate to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone you sort of can relate to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone you sort of can relate to and
+hang out with and maybe they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out with and maybe they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out with and maybe they have some
+really cool work they can make for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool work they can make for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool work they can make for you
+uh I just thought it was funny because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just thought it was funny because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just thought it was funny because I
+randomly found this picture of paxis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly found this picture of paxis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly found this picture of paxis on
+the internet u z and I at our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet u z and I at our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet u z and I at our first
+Booth we're actually in it I circled our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Booth we're actually in it I circled our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Booth we're actually in it I circled our
+birth how was very excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth how was very excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth how was very excited about
+that uh internet you know that's scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh internet you know that's scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh internet you know that's scary
+place uh there are a lot of artists on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh there are a lot of artists on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh there are a lot of artists on
+the internet obviously uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet obviously uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet obviously uh there are some
+big sites that are great to find artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sites that are great to find artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sites that are great to find artists
+and sort of you know remotely uh discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of you know remotely uh discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of you know remotely uh discuss
+with them uh CG Hub used to be a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them uh CG Hub used to be a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them uh CG Hub used to be a big one
+but that one sh some reason the guy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that one sh some reason the guy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that one sh some reason the guy just
+shut it down I don't know why but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut it down I don't know why but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut it down I don't know why but uh
+Deviant Art you have to shift through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deviant Art you have to shift through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deviant Art you have to shift through a
+pile of to find good art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of to find good art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of to find good art and
+Deviant Art but it exists uh Tumblr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deviant Art but it exists uh Tumblr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deviant Art but it exists uh Tumblr is
+actually really good a lot of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really good a lot of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really good a lot of lot of
+artists I know especially good artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists I know especially good artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists I know especially good artists
+post their art on Tumblr and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post their art on Tumblr and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post their art on Tumblr and usually
+with tags like game art or concept art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tags like game art or concept art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tags like game art or concept art
+or Indie art and you again you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Indie art and you again you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Indie art and you again you have to
+shift through a lot of crap to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift through a lot of crap to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift through a lot of crap to find the
+good stuff but um I know a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff but um I know a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stuff but um I know a lot of people
+who find work through Tumblr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who find work through Tumblr uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who find work through Tumblr uh
+conceptart.org has some of the bigger um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptart.org has some of the bigger um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptart.org has some of the bigger um
+art well-known artists but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art well-known artists but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art well-known artists but there's also
+a lot of smaller artists there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of smaller artists there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of smaller artists there's like a
+jobs board that you can post on there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs board that you can post on there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs board that you can post on there uh
+this was yeah this was concept do.org A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was yeah this was concept do.org A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was yeah this was concept do.org A
+lot of the big studios post there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the big studios post there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the big studios post there
+looking for job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for job
+that this is this is more for um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this is more for um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this is more for um you
+know 2D painters and concept artists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2D painters and concept artists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2D painters and concept artists and
+2D guys more this poly count for 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D guys more this poly count for 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D guys more this poly count for 3D
+artists which is another great website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists which is another great website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists which is another great website
+resource um but if you want to scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource um but if you want to scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource um but if you want to scrape
+the bottom of the barrel uh schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the barrel uh schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the barrel uh schools
+schools are a great way to get free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools are a great way to get free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools are a great way to get free
+artists um I like the co claw Grabber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists um I like the co claw Grabber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists um I like the co claw Grabber
+because that's basically what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's basically what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's basically what you're
+getting uh there I mean I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh there I mean I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh there I mean I'm not saying
+there aren't amazing artists at school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't amazing artists at school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't amazing artists at school
+of course there are but most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are but most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are but most of them
+obviously they're inexperienced uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're inexperienced uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're inexperienced uh most
+of them will work for cheap to nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will work for cheap to nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will work for cheap to nothing
+because they're just excited about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just excited about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just excited about the
+fact to work on a game uh so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to work on a game uh so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to work on a game uh so if you just
+desperately need an artist and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately need an artist and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately need an artist and you don't
+you're just like I got this prototype I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like I got this prototype I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like I got this prototype I
+want to pitch it somewhere else uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pitch it somewhere else uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pitch it somewhere else uh but I
+just need some art in it uh schools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need some art in it uh schools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need some art in it uh schools are
+a great place there's lots of schools in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great place there's lots of schools in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great place there's lots of schools in
+the Boston area a lot of art schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston area a lot of art schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston area a lot of art schools
+around here um with lots of people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here um with lots of people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here um with lots of people you
+know looking for work obviously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking for work obviously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking for work obviously but
+again scraping the bottom of the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again scraping the bottom of the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again scraping the bottom of the barrel
+uh there's a lot of shows that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of shows that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of shows that aren't
+about games where are great to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about games where are great to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about games where are great to pick up
+artists in BOS in Boston we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists in BOS in Boston we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists in BOS in Boston we have the
+Massachusetts Independence Comics Expo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Independence Comics Expo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Independence Comics Expo
+where a bunch of artists sit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bunch of artists sit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bunch of artists sit around
+tables and they sell their Comics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and they sell their Comics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and they sell their Comics uh
+this is a great place to beat artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great place to beat artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great place to beat artists
+who maybe aren't into games but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who maybe aren't into games but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who maybe aren't into games but maybe
+you find someone who's like wow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find someone who's like wow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find someone who's like wow your
+style is really unique your style is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is really unique your style is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is really unique your style is
+really cool come work for me like come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool come work for me like come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool come work for me like come
+be a part of my team and we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part of my team and we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a part of my team and we can make
+something really interesting together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting together uh
+there's a lot of artist tables there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of artist tables there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of artist tables there's a
+lot of like just sort of uh you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of like just sort of uh you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of like just sort of uh you know I I
+I used to do these a lot I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to do these a lot I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to do these a lot I don't really
+do them so much anymore but sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them so much anymore but sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them so much anymore but sort of just
+selling your prints on tables there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling your prints on tables there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling your prints on tables there's
+sort of lots of festivals all the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lots of festivals all the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lots of festivals all the time I
+know this isn't really stereotypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't really stereotypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this isn't really stereotypical
+where to find a game artist but um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to find a game artist but um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to find a game artist but um there
+are great places to find artists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great places to find artists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great places to find artists who
+maybe never thought about making games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe never thought about making games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe never thought about making games
+and maybe they have a really cool style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe they have a really cool style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe they have a really cool style
+that will fit games perfectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will fit games perfectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will fit games perfectly but
+they've just never even thought about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've just never even thought about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've just never even thought about it
+because again in this you know this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again in this you know this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again in this you know this very
+competitive environment that we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive environment that we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive environment that we are in
+uh game development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh game development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh game development
+it's you want to make your game stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you want to make your game stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you want to make your game stand
+out you be unique you don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you be unique you don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you be unique you don't want it to
+look like again Call of Duty number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like again Call of Duty number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like again Call of Duty number five
+like it's why you bothering at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's why you bothering at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's why you bothering at that
+point just why don't you find someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just why don't you find someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just why don't you find someone
+who has like no one can draw like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has like no one can draw like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has like no one can draw like this
+person it might not be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it might not be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it might not be the most
+realistic but and it might not be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but and it might not be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but and it might not be you
+know you know the St this you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the St this you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know the St this you know the
+theme of the time like low poly is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the time like low poly is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the time like low poly is a big
+thing now but like you know this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now but like you know this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now but like you know this guy
+will stand out this guy will make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stand out this guy will make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stand out this guy will make my
+game look so unique and so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look so unique and so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game look so unique and so interesting
+to people who may not even been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who may not even been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who may not even been
+interested in my mechanics in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in my mechanics in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in my mechanics in the first
+place um and it jives with my theme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um and it jives with my theme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um and it jives with my theme that
+you know I want I want this person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want I want this person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want I want this person to
+work for me uh to make my game the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for me uh to make my game the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for me uh to make my game the best
+it can be because that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be because that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be because that's really what
+it's about it's all about finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about it's all about finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about it's all about finding that
+special someone uh you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special someone uh you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special someone uh you're going to have
+a working relationship together you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working relationship together you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working relationship together you're
+going to have uh some rough times you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have uh some rough times you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have uh some rough times you're
+going to have some good times together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some good times together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some good times together
+so you really want to find someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to find someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to find someone
+especially as an artist who you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as an artist who you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as an artist who you guys can
+work together very well you understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together very well you understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together very well you understand a
+common goal you're going to be both or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common goal you're going to be both or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common goal you're going to be both or
+you know if you have multips you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have multips you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have multips you're
+going to be old all your harshest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be old all your harshest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be old all your harshest
+critics including themselves you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics including themselves you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics including themselves you're
+going to you know you because if no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know you because if no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know you because if no if
+no one in your group is telling you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one in your group is telling you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one in your group is telling you what
+you're doing is bad then everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is bad then everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is bad then everyone else
+will and they will do it much harsher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and they will do it much harsher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and they will do it much harsher
+and much meaner uh than anybody in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much meaner uh than anybody in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much meaner uh than anybody in your
+group because if you're like hey man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because if you're like hey man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because if you're like hey man
+look you know this is a good drawing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know this is a good drawing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you know this is a good drawing but
+you know why don't you try doing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why don't you try doing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why don't you try doing this to
+make it better um is much better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it better um is much better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it better um is much better than a
+comment on like Kotaku saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on like Kotaku saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on like Kotaku saying this
+ sucks don't buy this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ sucks don't buy this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ sucks don't buy this piece of
+ because that's yeah uh you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ because that's yeah uh you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ because that's yeah uh you want
+again you want to find someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you want to find someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you want to find someone who's
+good as an artist you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as an artist you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as an artist you want to find
+someone who's competent uh who turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's competent uh who turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's competent uh who turns
+things in on time which is a big thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in on time which is a big thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in on time which is a big thing I
+I have recommended too many artists to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have recommended too many artists to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have recommended too many artists to
+uh developer friends who did not turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developer friends who did not turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh developer friends who did not turn
+things in on time and that look made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in on time and that look made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in on time and that look made me
+look bad in a lot of ways uh because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look bad in a lot of ways uh because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look bad in a lot of ways uh because I
+re I thought these I'm like these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re I thought these I'm like these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re I thought these I'm like these guys
+are great they work hard uh but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great they work hard uh but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great they work hard uh but they
+weren't hitting their deadlines they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't hitting their deadlines they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't hitting their deadlines they
+weren't getting stuff in uh so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting stuff in uh so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't getting stuff in uh so they
+obviously lost that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously lost that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously lost that those
+contracts cuz you guys are really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts cuz you guys are really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts cuz you guys are really going
+to be like partners in crime especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like partners in crime especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like partners in crime especially
+if you're in a small Twan group so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a small Twan group so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a small Twan group so these
+are some of my uh working relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of my uh working relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of my uh working relationships
+I'll talk about girls like robots I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about girls like robots I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about girls like robots I
+develop with zba who's up there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop with zba who's up there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop with zba who's up there you can
+all look at him if you want um he sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look at him if you want um he sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all look at him if you want um he sort
+of he took a chance on me I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he took a chance on me I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he took a chance on me I was sort of
+out of college and uh I know done my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of college and uh I know done my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of college and uh I know done my
+thre Monon period of mour looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre Monon period of mour looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre Monon period of mour looking for a
+job and he found me and said okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and he found me and said okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and he found me and said okay you're
+okay enough I'll let you work on my game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enough I'll let you work on my game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enough I'll let you work on my game
+and so we you know we really H it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we you know we really H it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we you know we really H it off
+and we worked really well together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we worked really well together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we worked really well together and
+we this game went places we didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this game went places we didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this game went places we didn't think
+it was going to go which was great uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to go which was great uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to go which was great uh we
+still it's still doing things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's still doing things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's still doing things that I
+didn't think it could do as a game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think it could do as a game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think it could do as a game uh
+and so we've continued to work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've continued to work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've continued to work together
+from this uh this was this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh this was this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh this was this was the
+counting Kingdom with little worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Kingdom with little worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting Kingdom with little worlds
+interactive Jenna hofstein uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Jenna hofstein uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive Jenna hofstein uh this was a
+more uh standard contractual like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh standard contractual like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh standard contractual like um
+game devel artist hiring game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game devel artist hiring game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game devel artist hiring game
+development cycle Jenna came to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development cycle Jenna came to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development cycle Jenna came to me and
+was like I need these five things done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I need these five things done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I need these five things done I
+need these 10 things done I need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these 10 things done I need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these 10 things done I need these
+five things done all done with scopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things done all done with scopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things done all done with scopes of
+works and uh you know work for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh you know work for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and uh you know work for higher
+contracts and then she's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then she's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and then she's the most
+efficient game designer I've ever met in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient game designer I've ever met in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient game designer I've ever met in
+my life it was just boom boom boom boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life it was just boom boom boom boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life it was just boom boom boom boom
+we're aiming for this release done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aiming for this release done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aiming for this release done
+released um it it was kind of amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released um it it was kind of amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released um it it was kind of amazing
+and I don't think any other game I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think any other game I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think any other game I've
+ever seen in my life went developed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen in my life went developed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen in my life went developed that
+smoothly uh and she didn't do any coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly uh and she didn't do any coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly uh and she didn't do any coding
+which was also the crazy thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also the crazy thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also the crazy thing as the
+lead designer and cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead designer and cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead designer and cod
+coder she will use playmaker which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder she will use playmaker which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder she will use playmaker which was
+kind of fascinating to me uh elegy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fascinating to me uh elegy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fascinating to me uh elegy for
+dead world was was a weird gig in that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead world was was a weird gig in that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead world was was a weird gig in that I
+worked with ziba again from pop cannibal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with ziba again from pop cannibal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with ziba again from pop cannibal
+uh but this was a game Jam game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this was a game Jam game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this was a game Jam game that
+turned into a full game when it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into a full game when it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into a full game when it started
+getting some attention uh we sort of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some attention uh we sort of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some attention uh we sort of it
+started out as sort of like a REV share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as sort of like a REV share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as sort of like a REV share
+agreement between two between a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between two between a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between two between a few
+different studios in the office and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different studios in the office and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different studios in the office and it's
+it's been uh less of these are my bosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been uh less of these are my bosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been uh less of these are my bosses
+working on the game but I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the game but I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the game but I've sort of
+been like a partner in crime to I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like a partner in crime to I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like a partner in crime to I'm on
+the same level as old the designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level as old the designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level as old the designers
+which is kind of interesting for once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting for once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting for once
+all right enough of that great you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right enough of that great you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right enough of that great you found
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+artist now what do you do with them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist now what do you do with them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist now what do you do with them you
+have them all right you're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them all right you're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them all right you're just going to
+poke them a little bit hey make some art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke them a little bit hey make some art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke them a little bit hey make some art
+well no first you have to hire them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no first you have to hire them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no first you have to hire them
+and there's one way I like to think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one way I like to think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one way I like to think the
+artist should be hired is with an art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist should be hired is with an art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist should be hired is with an art
+test before you sign them up for a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test before you sign them up for a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test before you sign them up for a huge
+massive contract you should say look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive contract you should say look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive contract you should say look you
+know your portfolio looks great I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your portfolio looks great I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your portfolio looks great I really
+like you as a person I think we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you as a person I think we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you as a person I think we're going
+to work really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work really well
+together but how about you like take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but how about you like take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but how about you like take
+this design that I did and I want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design that I did and I want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design that I did and I want to see
+it I want to see the final product and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to see the final product and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to see the final product and I
+want to see how long it takes you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how long it takes you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how long it takes you I want
+to understand your workflow and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand your workflow and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand your workflow and your
+process because they might have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because they might have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because they might have the most
+amazing portfolio in the world but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing portfolio in the world but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing portfolio in the world but if it
+takes them three months to draw a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes them three months to draw a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes them three months to draw a single
+picture then it's not worth your time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture then it's not worth your time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture then it's not worth your time uh
+and if maybe they just lied that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if maybe they just lied that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if maybe they just lied that's
+always a that's always a thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a that's always a thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a that's always a thing they
+might just been like I just found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just been like I just found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just been like I just found this
+picture I kind of like I I found a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I kind of like I I found a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I kind of like I I found a photo
+and I drew over it um which you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drew over it um which you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drew over it um which you know a
+lot of concept Arts do to get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of concept Arts do to get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of concept Arts do to get things
+done quickly but it you know they maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done quickly but it you know they maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done quickly but it you know they maybe
+can't do what you think they can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do what you think they can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do what you think they can do and
+this is a good way to figure out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to figure out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to figure out exactly
+what they can do so you do pay them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do so you do pay them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do so you do pay them for
+this you pay them for their time whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you pay them for their time whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you pay them for their time whether
+you hire them or not how many art tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hire them or not how many art tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hire them or not how many art tests
+I've gotten which were like oh no no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten which were like oh no no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten which were like oh no no I'm
+not going to pay you for the art test uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pay you for the art test uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to pay you for the art test uh
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know it's just an art test I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just an art test I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just an art test I want to
+see if I want to hire you no no no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I want to hire you no no no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I want to hire you no no no they
+took time out of their schedule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took time out of their schedule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took time out of their schedule it
+doesn't matter if they're busy or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if they're busy or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if they're busy or not to
+make this art test to show they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this art test to show they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this art test to show they are
+capable of doing the work you pay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the work you pay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of doing the work you pay them
+for the time they spent on it whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time they spent on it whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time they spent on it whether
+you they continue to work for you or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they continue to work for you or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they continue to work for you or not
+if they don't you say thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't you say thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't you say thank you for your
+time I don't think you're exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't think you're exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I don't think you're exactly what
+we're looking for get lost um but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for get lost um but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for get lost um but you do
+pay them for their time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them for their time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them for their time uh
+Contracting most Indies are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting most Indies are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting most Indies are going to be
+on on work for higher basis for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on work for higher basis for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on work for higher basis for uh
+independent for uh for the artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for uh for the artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for uh for the artists
+they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to
+be you know what I mean by work for hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know what I mean by work for hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know what I mean by work for hire
+those of you don't know uh any work they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know uh any work they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know uh any work they
+make they don't own anymore uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they don't own anymore uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they don't own anymore uh when I
+draw a picture on my own it is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture on my own it is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture on my own it is my
+copyright I can do whatever I want with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I can do whatever I want with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I can do whatever I want with
+it I can hire a 70 foot billboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can hire a 70 foot billboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can hire a 70 foot billboard and
+put put it up and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it up and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it up and there's nothing
+anybody can do about it but if I have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can do about it but if I have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can do about it but if I have if
+I'm under a work for hire contract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm under a work for hire contract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm under a work for hire contract and
+I'm working for a game designer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working for a game designer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working for a game designer or a
+game company and someone and I make art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game company and someone and I make art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game company and someone and I make art
+for that game I no longer can put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that game I no longer can put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that game I no longer can put it up
+on 70 foot billboard without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 70 foot billboard without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 70 foot billboard without any
+permissions the uh the company or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions the uh the company or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissions the uh the company or the
+designer or the person I'm working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer or the person I'm working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer or the person I'm working for
+now owns that art and that is what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now owns that art and that is what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now owns that art and that is what most
+uh artists and you know program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh artists and you know program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh artists and you know program and
+other people work as for game companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people work as for game companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people work as for game companies
+um in art school I was always told work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in art school I was always told work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in art school I was always told work
+for higher contracts aren't Fair because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher contracts aren't Fair because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for higher contracts aren't Fair because
+then I can't sell my art again and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't sell my art again and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can't sell my art again and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a I mean that that's good as an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean that that's good as an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean that that's good as an artist
+meaning like good I can sell my same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like good I can sell my same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning like good I can sell my same
+painting again and again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting again and again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting again and again and again and
+again for lots of money and make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for lots of money and make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for lots of money and make more
+money off of this one painting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off of this one painting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off of this one painting but it's
+not the Norman game industry it's a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Norman game industry it's a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Norman game industry it's a norm
+in other illust some in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other illust some in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other illust some in other
+illustration Fields you can do that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration Fields you can do that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration Fields you can do that some
+magazine publishing they're since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine publishing they're since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine publishing they're since
+they're all dying they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all dying they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all dying they're much more
+lenient on that thing on sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenient on that thing on sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenient on that thing on sort of that
+but most game companies is you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most game companies is you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most game companies is you no longer
+own the art so you're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the art so you're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the art so you're going to sort of
+have to make a workf far- higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a workf far- higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a workf far- higher
+contract usually with a scope of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract usually with a scope of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract usually with a scope of work
+attached to it of what exactly is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it of what exactly is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it of what exactly is needed
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+artists another interesting point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists another interesting point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists another interesting point for
+independent contract when you're hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contract when you're hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contract when you're hiring
+for work for higher work is uh software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work for higher work is uh software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work for higher work is uh software
+licensing um it's usually up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing um it's usually up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing um it's usually up to the
+artists to have their own software uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists to have their own software uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists to have their own software uh if
+they're hired fulltime if you somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hired fulltime if you somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hired fulltime if you somehow
+magically magically are able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically magically are able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically magically are able to do that
+uh usually you have to supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually you have to supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually you have to supply the
+software especially if they're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software especially if they're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software especially if they're working
+at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an
+office great so you've hired them you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office great so you've hired them you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office great so you've hired them you've
+got them down they're sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them down they're sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them down they're sitting there
+they've got their tablet out they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got their tablet out they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got their tablet out they got
+their pen now what do you do uh well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pen now what do you do uh well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pen now what do you do uh well um
+you got to Art direct them you go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to Art direct them you go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to Art direct them you go you
+have to play art direct even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play art direct even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play art direct even if you
+can't draw as the person who hired this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw as the person who hired this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw as the person who hired this
+artist you have to critique them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you have to critique them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you have to critique them and
+understand how they work and to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they work and to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they work and to give
+them feedback constantly um even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feedback constantly um even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feedback constantly um even if it's
+just encouragement uh you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encouragement uh you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encouragement uh you sort of have
+to make them make the art that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them make the art that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them make the art that you want
+them to make for you they're not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make for you they're not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make for you they're not making
+the art for themselves they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art for themselves they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art for themselves they're making
+art for you uh they're not fine artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art for you uh they're not fine artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art for you uh they're not fine artists
+fine artists just sort of you know waft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine artists just sort of you know waft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine artists just sort of you know waft
+in the air and discover what they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and discover what they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and discover what they want
+but as an illustrator or 3D artist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an illustrator or 3D artist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an illustrator or 3D artist uh
+you're you're you know you're like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you know you're like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you know you're like a
+plumber I need to do the fix this pipe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumber I need to do the fix this pipe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumber I need to do the fix this pipe I
+need you to draw this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to draw this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to draw this picture
+specifically uh it's sort it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh it's sort it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh it's sort it's it's a
+great um VAR variation of do what I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um VAR variation of do what I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um VAR variation of do what I say
+not what I do especially with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I do especially with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I do especially with a
+programmer or designer who can draw but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer or designer who can draw but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer or designer who can draw but
+here are some helpful things to yell at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some helpful things to yell at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some helpful things to yell at
+artists uh aesthetic aesthe and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists uh aesthetic aesthe and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists uh aesthetic aesthe and you know
+just instead of saying do it better this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of saying do it better this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of saying do it better this
+time just not as crap aesthetic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just not as crap aesthetic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just not as crap aesthetic the
+general feel of the art this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general feel of the art this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general feel of the art this one is a
+little um it's a little hard to critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um it's a little hard to critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um it's a little hard to critique
+aesthetic but if you have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic but if you have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic but if you have a general
+sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what
+the theme of the game you're going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of the game you're going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of the game you're going for
+defin be like all right this is zombie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin be like all right this is zombie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin be like all right this is zombie
+shooter okay you put Hello Kitty in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooter okay you put Hello Kitty in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooter okay you put Hello Kitty in here
+this isn't really the aesthetic I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't really the aesthetic I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't really the aesthetic I'm
+looking for the game and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the game and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the game and that sort of
+ties into style they're sort of they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties into style they're sort of they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties into style they're sort of they're
+very uh close together but style is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh close together but style is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh close together but style is very
+easy to point to and be like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to point to and be like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to point to and be like we're
+looking for this style of game um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this style of game um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this style of game um and
+that sort of helps guide the artist be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of helps guide the artist be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of helps guide the artist be
+like okay that's what they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay that's what they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay that's what they're thinking
+it's a bad idea idea but I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea idea but I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bad idea idea but I'll sort of
+work with it and see what I can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it and see what I can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it and see what I can come up
+with uh contrast is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh contrast is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh contrast is probably the most
+important term um in art in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term um in art in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term um in art in general and
+specifically for game development art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for game development art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for game development art
+contrast is how different things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is how different things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is how different things look
+like in contrast in real life like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in contrast in real life like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in contrast in real life like when
+two things contrast against other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things contrast against other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things contrast against other that
+you're telling the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling the difference between
+them or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or the
+similarities um in games you want like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities um in games you want like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities um in games you want like
+the character to stand out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character to stand out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character to stand out from the
+background you need items to be obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you need items to be obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you need items to be obvious
+you need c you need certain certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need c you need certain certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need c you need certain certain
+things to stand out more than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to stand out more than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to stand out more than others
+maybe things to disappear more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe things to disappear more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe things to disappear more than
+others maybe things to be more similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others maybe things to be more similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others maybe things to be more similar
+and be more hidden like if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more hidden like if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more hidden like if you're making
+like a metal gear solid game is like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a metal gear solid game is like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a metal gear solid game is like oh
+I need the character to blend into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the character to blend into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the character to blend into the
+environment contrast is a very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment contrast is a very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment contrast is a very helpful
+word when you're having trouble defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word when you're having trouble defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word when you're having trouble defining
+what's wrong with this image why isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this image why isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with this image why isn't
+it working in the game oh okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working in the game oh okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working in the game oh okay it's
+because these animations blend in too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these animations blend in too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these animations blend in too
+much with the character animations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with the character animations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with the character animations I
+can't tell what's going on or this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell what's going on or this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell what's going on or this image
+there's not enough depth in it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough depth in it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough depth in it this
+image I need more depth contrast is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I need more depth contrast is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I need more depth contrast is a
+big word it's a really great word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big word it's a really great word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big word it's a really great word that
+helps with that saturation is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with that saturation is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with that saturation is another
+handy one but that just sort of means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy one but that just sort of means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy one but that just sort of means
+like how colorful something is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how colorful something is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how colorful something is the more
+saturated something is the more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated something is the more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated something is the more sort of
+vibrant and colorful it is the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant and colorful it is the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant and colorful it is the less
+saturated is the more gray into whites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated is the more gray into whites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated is the more gray into whites
+and blacks it is uh that really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blacks it is uh that really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blacks it is uh that really helps
+with sort of saying you know all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of saying you know all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of saying you know all right
+this is this is sort of the objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sort of the objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is sort of the objects and
+the theme I'm going for but why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme I'm going for but why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme I'm going for but why don't
+you make it more colorful might more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it more colorful might more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it more colorful might more
+more saturated so the world feels more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more saturated so the world feels more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more saturated so the world feels more
+Fantastical and interesting or it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastical and interesting or it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastical and interesting or it's like
+I want this to be dark and Grim let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be dark and Grim let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to be dark and Grim let's
+lower the saturation quite a bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the saturation quite a bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the saturation quite a bit to
+really to really make it feel like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to really make it feel like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to really make it feel like oh
+it's a gray day and it's dark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gray day and it's dark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gray day and it's dark and
+dreary uh composition just the layout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreary uh composition just the layout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreary uh composition just the layout of
+Art and the layout of levels or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art and the layout of levels or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art and the layout of levels or the
+layout of you know what the player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of you know what the player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout of you know what the player is
+seeing and what the player is dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and what the player is dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and what the player is dealing
+with is just sort of the arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is just sort of the arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is just sort of the arrangement of
+items just another handy word to know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items just another handy word to know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items just another handy word to know um
+but of course encouragement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course encouragement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course encouragement
+encouragement is always needed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement is always needed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement is always needed and
+anying part of game development it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anying part of game development it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anying part of game development it's
+always great to hear you're doing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great to hear you're doing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always great to hear you're doing a good
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+give yourself a high five or me a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a high five or me a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a high five or me a high
+five whatever um it's really helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five whatever um it's really helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five whatever um it's really helpful to
+you encourage your artists to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encourage your artists to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encourage your artists to keep
+making so it makes them make the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so it makes them make the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making so it makes them make the best
+work they can if you're just yelling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they can if you're just yelling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they can if you're just yelling at
+them all the time and they're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the time and they're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the time and they're not doing
+good job or you don't think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job or you don't think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job or you don't think they're
+doing a good job maybe they aren't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job maybe they aren't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job maybe they aren't uh
+but they're not going to get better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to get better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to get better if
+you're just always dissing what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just always dissing what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just always dissing what they've
+got uh and it's not fun let's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh and it's not fun let's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh and it's not fun let's sort of
+like go into you so you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go into you so you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go into you so you've got the
+artists you're going to Art direct them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists you're going to Art direct them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists you're going to Art direct them
+now what are the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what are the phases
+pre-production pre-production is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production pre-production is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production pre-production is the
+happiest part of gain development you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiest part of gain development you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiest part of gain development you're
+coming up with all the ideas your scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with all the ideas your scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with all the ideas your scope
+is increasing through the roof you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing through the roof you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing through the roof you're
+like oh no we're going to have open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh no we're going to have open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh no we're going to have open
+world this you're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this you're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this you're going to have the
+world's Dynamic the characters die their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's Dynamic the characters die their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's Dynamic the characters die their
+families grow up it's going to be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families grow up it's going to be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families grow up it's going to be great
+the art is going to be like realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is going to be like realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art is going to be like realistic
+we're going to it's going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to it's going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to it's going to go into
+space we got to have all these textures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we got to have all these textures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we got to have all these textures
+and the concept art is amazing um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concept art is amazing um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the concept art is amazing um but
+you know as an artist you're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as an artist you're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as an artist you're working on
+usually the concept art for the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the concept art for the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the concept art for the game
+you're helping with ideas sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping with ideas sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping with ideas sometimes
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+your designer is you know he's he he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your designer is you know he's he he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your designer is you know he's he he's
+so happy to have you he helps he lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to have you he helps he lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy to have you he helps he lets
+you help out with ideas for the game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you help out with ideas for the game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you help out with ideas for the game uh
+pitches another good thing if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches another good thing if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches another good thing if you're
+making concept art uh you can if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making concept art uh you can if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making concept art uh you can if you're
+pitching a game to get funding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching a game to get funding like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching a game to get funding like
+Kickstarter or maybe to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter or maybe to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter or maybe to one of the
+biggest Studios like Sony Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest Studios like Sony Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest Studios like Sony Microsoft
+Nintendo or others if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo or others if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo or others if you if you're
+trying to get money up front art really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get money up front art really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get money up front art really
+helps a pitch because you have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a pitch because you have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a pitch because you have nothing
+to show on Kickstarter you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show on Kickstarter you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show on Kickstarter you're selling
+hopes and dreams you're selling a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes and dreams you're selling a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes and dreams you're selling a game
+uh because people are imagining in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people are imagining in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because people are imagining in their
+heads what the actual game is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what the actual game is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what the actual game is going to
+be and it's way better than what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it's way better than what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it's way better than what you're
+going to put uh what you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put uh what you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put uh what you're actually
+going to make because they have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make because they have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make because they have no idea
+what they're think thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're think thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're think thinking about uh
+pitches uh with art work better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches uh with art work better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches uh with art work better than
+pitches with nothing if you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches with nothing if you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches with nothing if you just have
+text and just be like here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and just be like here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and just be like here's some
+scribbles of how my game's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribbles of how my game's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribbles of how my game's going to work
+you're be like I'm not excited but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're be like I'm not excited but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're be like I'm not excited but if
+you have like here's a painting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like here's a painting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like here's a painting and then
+they're like wow that's amazing how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like wow that's amazing how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like wow that's amazing how's
+the game going to work don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game going to work don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game going to work don't worry about
+that just look at the painting uh web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just look at the painting uh web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just look at the painting uh web
+stuff so making your website obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so making your website obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so making your website obviously
+it's early pre-production like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's early pre-production like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's early pre-production like you want
+to sort of you know start maybe you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you know start maybe you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of you know start maybe you want
+to make a blog or something about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a blog or something about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a blog or something about your
+game it's a great place to start sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it's a great place to start sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it's a great place to start sort of
+posting about the uh you know art as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting about the uh you know art as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting about the uh you know art as it
+comes in from concept art and um pites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in from concept art and um pites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in from concept art and um pites
+logo logos are another big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo logos are another big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo logos are another big thing
+especially if you're doing a pitch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're doing a pitch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're doing a pitch uh
+logos really help with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logos really help with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logos really help with you know
+identifying your game uh not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying your game uh not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying your game uh not only to
+yourselves but if you ever want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but if you ever want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but if you ever want to talk
+about it really early on it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it really early on it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it really early on it's a really
+good way of getting your icon out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of getting your icon out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of getting your icon out
+there and early prototype work so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and early prototype work so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and early prototype work so if
+you've made a prototype and you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a prototype and you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a prototype and you're like
+look let's just slap some art in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let's just slap some art in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let's just slap some art in there
+to see what this game's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what this game's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what this game's actually going
+to visually feel like this is all part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visually feel like this is all part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visually feel like this is all part
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+pre-production production the bulk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production production the bulk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production production the bulk of
+the work uh so this is all the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work uh so this is all the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work uh so this is all the asset
+creation this is maybe you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation this is maybe you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation this is maybe you're doing
+concept art here too maybe you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art here too maybe you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art here too maybe you've got
+you've said all right that style isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've said all right that style isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've said all right that style isn't
+working let's go back a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working let's go back a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working let's go back a little bit but
+we'll keep work moving forward with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep work moving forward with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll keep work moving forward with you
+know making models and texturing uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know making models and texturing uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know making models and texturing uh it's
+all about iterations too in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about iterations too in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about iterations too in production
+is sort of you know oh okay this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know oh okay this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know oh okay this level
+doesn't quite look right let's change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite look right let's change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite look right let's change a
+little bit let's make it look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let's make it look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let's make it look like this
+this is the longest part of game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longest part of game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longest part of game design
+usually unless your pre-production was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually unless your pre-production was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually unless your pre-production was
+I've thought of this as a game from 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've thought of this as a game from 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've thought of this as a game from 5
+years ago uh this is you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh this is you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh this is you know just
+making the stuff that will actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the stuff that will actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the stuff that will actually go
+in the game and making it uh fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game and making it uh fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game and making it uh fit
+together near end of production uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together near end of production uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together near end of production uh this
+is when you start panicking and realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you start panicking and realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you start panicking and realize
+your open world space game with Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your open world space game with Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your open world space game with Dynamic
+NPCs and families that live and die and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPCs and families that live and die and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPCs and families that live and die and
+have children uh isn't exactly panning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children uh isn't exactly panning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children uh isn't exactly panning
+out you start cutting things just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you start cutting things just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you start cutting things just to get
+things done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things done
+uh the artist is usually hopefully done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the artist is usually hopefully done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the artist is usually hopefully done
+by now towards the end but they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now towards the end but they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now towards the end but they have to
+start doing the promotional push they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing the promotional push they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing the promotional push they
+have to start making the illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start making the illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start making the illustrations
+and the art and the graphic designs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the art and the graphic designs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the art and the graphic designs and
+the steam banners and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steam banners and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steam banners and making sure
+everything looks as best as it can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks as best as it can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks as best as it can so
+when this game fires out to the world a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this game fires out to the world a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this game fires out to the world a
+lot of people get it uh as Indies I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people get it uh as Indies I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people get it uh as Indies I have
+to make trailers too uh usually you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make trailers too uh usually you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make trailers too uh usually you have
+a trailer dude for that at a big Studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trailer dude for that at a big Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trailer dude for that at a big Studio
+but as Indies you have to make usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Indies you have to make usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Indies you have to make usually
+the artist has to make the trailer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artist has to make the trailer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artist has to make the trailer so
+that takes up more time you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes up more time you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes up more time you would think
+on the counting Kingdom uh Jenna came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the counting Kingdom uh Jenna came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the counting Kingdom uh Jenna came to
+me and said I need a trailer in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said I need a trailer in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said I need a trailer in two
+weeks and that was harrowing uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and that was harrowing uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and that was harrowing uh because
+I fully animated it for some reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fully animated it for some reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fully animated it for some reason uh
+but you know a lot of the art is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know a lot of the art is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know a lot of the art is also
+like putting together store assets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting together store assets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting together store assets like
+trailers and Banners and promotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers and Banners and promotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers and Banners and promotional
+stuff so sort of in conclusion Indie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so sort of in conclusion Indie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so sort of in conclusion Indie
+artists they fill many roles they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists they fill many roles they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists they fill many roles they do
+lots of things at a big Studio you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things at a big Studio you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things at a big Studio you sort
+of have these very specific jobs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have these very specific jobs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have these very specific jobs that
+everyone has assigned they go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has assigned they go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has assigned they go in the
+morning and they know I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and they know I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning and they know I'm going to be
+the guy who animates shattering glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who animates shattering glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who animates shattering glass
+all day and they do it for 3 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day and they do it for 3 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day and they do it for 3 years and
+the Avengers comes out but um at a at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avengers comes out but um at a at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avengers comes out but um at a at a
+smaller Studio you know all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Studio you know all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Studio you know all right I'm
+doing the concept art at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the concept art at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the concept art at the same time
+I'm sort of learning how to model it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of learning how to model it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of learning how to model it at
+the same time I'm figuring out what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I'm figuring out what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I'm figuring out what how
+the game's going to you know the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game's going to you know the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game's going to you know the items
+in the game are going to work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game are going to work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game are going to work at the
+same time making the logo and maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time making the logo and maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time making the logo and maybe some
+early illustration promotional art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early illustration promotional art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early illustration promotional art and
+you sort of have to like balance a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have to like balance a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have to like balance a lot
+of these things so this this is me in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things so this this is me in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things so this this is me in my
+zen drawing State I feel like I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zen drawing State I feel like I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zen drawing State I feel like I I don't
+usually get to that I usually get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get to that I usually get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually get to that I usually get really
+angry and I don't get this calm when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry and I don't get this calm when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry and I don't get this calm when it
+comes to that but yeah Indie artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to that but yeah Indie artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to that but yeah Indie artists
+they have so much stuff to do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much stuff to do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so much stuff to do they have
+so much stuff to offer uh hire artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff to offer uh hire artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff to offer uh hire artists
+don't make your game without an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make your game without an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make your game without an artist
+that's boring if you think you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's boring if you think you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's boring if you think you can do it
+yourself that's great but artists they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's great but artists they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's great but artists they
+add a lot they inspire you they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a lot they inspire you they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a lot they inspire you they usually
+work hard if you f find the right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard if you f find the right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hard if you f find the right one
+and you can form long-term meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can form long-term meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can form long-term meaningful
+Partnerships with them and it's great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you there's my email address in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you there's my email address in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you there's my email address in my
+website if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cares cool 44 minutes was close all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares cool 44 minutes was close all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares cool 44 minutes was close all
+right got time for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is
+that so quick there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so quick there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so quick there you
+go do you ever M projects I usually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do you ever M projects I usually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do you ever M projects I usually work
+on multiple projects at the same time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on multiple projects at the same time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on multiple projects at the same time um
+I guess that was a good point I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that was a good point I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that was a good point I need to
+bring up that was a good question uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up that was a good question uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up that was a good question uh as
+a Indie artist I'm not getting paid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Indie artist I'm not getting paid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Indie artist I'm not getting paid a
+lot of money in the story uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in the story uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money in the story uh it doesn't
+happen so usually I have to work on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so usually I have to work on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so usually I have to work on more
+than one project at the same time just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one project at the same time just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one project at the same time just
+to sort of get hit let ends meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get hit let ends meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get hit let ends meet
+um because yeah it usually the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because yeah it usually the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because yeah it usually the work
+isn't full-time because either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't full-time because either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't full-time because either the
+company can't afford to have it full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can't afford to have it full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can't afford to have it full
+time or the amount of work they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the amount of work they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the amount of work they need
+isn't full-time and sort of you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't full-time and sort of you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't full-time and sort of you have to
+juggle a lot as an artist so like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggle a lot as an artist so like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggle a lot as an artist so like I'm
+working on a couple projects doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a couple projects doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a couple projects doing
+contract work sort of freelance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract work sort of freelance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract work sort of freelance
+illustration on the side I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration on the side I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration on the side I'm also
+teaching a class and you sort of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class and you sort of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class and you sort of have to
+like juggle all these things at once to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like juggle all these things at once to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like juggle all these things at once to
+really to to survive basically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to to survive basically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to to survive basically because
+as sad as it sounds Indie Games don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sad as it sounds Indie Games don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sad as it sounds Indie Games don't
+make a lot of money usually unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money usually unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money usually unless
+you're Goat Simulator yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Goat Simulator yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Goat Simulator yes
+go I said 2D animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I said 2D animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I said 2D animation
+harder so 2D so have you ever seen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so 2D so have you ever seen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so 2D so have you ever seen like
+an old Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old Disney
+movie okay so every so they usually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie okay so every so they usually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie okay so every so they usually had
+armies of what they called in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies of what they called in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armies of what they called in between
+Inbetweeners in that you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inbetweeners in that you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inbetweeners in that you know there
+would be a key frame artist he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a key frame artist he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a key frame artist he would
+draw Snow White Dancing like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw Snow White Dancing like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw Snow White Dancing like this and
+then there would be the poor bastards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be the poor bastards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be the poor bastards
+who had to draw every single frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had to draw every single frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had to draw every single frame of
+her going like this all like 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her going like this all like 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her going like this all like 30 or 40
+frames so in a game if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so in a game if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames so in a game if you want
+handdrawn like art to that animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn like art to that animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handdrawn like art to that animations
+that look really interesting and nice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look really interesting and nice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look really interesting and nice um
+you have to get someone who will bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get someone who will bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get someone who will bother
+like Street Fighter 3 is a great examp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Street Fighter 3 is a great examp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Street Fighter 3 is a great examp
+or like King of Fighters those games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like King of Fighters those games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like King of Fighters those games
+take forever to animate because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forever to animate because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forever to animate because they are
+done in that Disney style in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in that Disney style in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in that Disney style in terms of
+like just frame by frame by frame by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just frame by frame by frame by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just frame by frame by frame by
+frame by frame but the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame by frame but the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame by frame but the other thing is
+they have to worry about is to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to worry about is to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to worry about is to make sure
+that the hit points are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hit points are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hit points are in the right
+place that the Collision boxes are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that the Collision boxes are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that the Collision boxes are in
+the right place uh it takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place uh it takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place uh it takes a lot of
+time to do that that's why when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that that's why when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that that's why when I
+mentioned tweening as a quick way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned tweening as a quick way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned tweening as a quick way of
+trying to mimic that it doesn't look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mimic that it doesn't look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to mimic that it doesn't look as
+good usually and a lot of games that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good usually and a lot of games that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good usually and a lot of games that use
+a lot of tweening like limbo for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tweening like limbo for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tweening like limbo for example
+they hide it with Silhouettes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hide it with Silhouettes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hide it with Silhouettes because
+you get these weird seams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these weird seams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these weird seams
+and you know it doesn't look as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it doesn't look as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it doesn't look as good
+there obviously tools that help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there obviously tools that help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there obviously tools that help with
+this like flash animation um help is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like flash animation um help is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like flash animation um help is
+like you can sort of do an in between of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can sort of do an in between of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can sort of do an in between of
+tweening and hand animation uh but sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweening and hand animation uh but sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweening and hand animation uh but sort
+of frame by frame sprite animation takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame by frame sprite animation takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame by frame sprite animation takes
+a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+time and 3D I mean is easy easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and 3D I mean is easy easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and 3D I mean is easy easier
+because it's all tweening usually unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all tweening usually unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all tweening usually unless
+you have like some character that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like some character that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like some character that
+transforms all the time uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms all the time uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms all the time uh it's it's
+it's the same way in 2D in that like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same way in 2D in that like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same way in 2D in that like a
+3D arm that is rigged like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D arm that is rigged like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D arm that is rigged like this is
+always going to look like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to look like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to look like this because
+you can just sort of manipulate it in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of manipulate it in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of manipulate it in 3D
+space doing doing this in 3D is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space doing doing this in 3D is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space doing doing this in 3D is really
+easy doing this in 2D takes forever if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy doing this in 2D takes forever if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy doing this in 2D takes forever if
+you know what I mean does that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean does that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean does that answer
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+question is there something you need me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there something you need me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there something you need me
+to to follow up on I see what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah don't yeah that's one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't yeah that's one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't yeah that's one way to do it
+that's one way to solve it um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to solve it um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to solve it um because
+but then you have to make all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to make all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to make all your
+models in 3D first and then animate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in 3D first and then animate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in 3D first and then animate in
+3D which you have the modeling process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D which you have the modeling process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D which you have the modeling process
+takes time as well so it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time as well so it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time as well so it's sort of like
+and then you have to think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to think about all
+right I have a 2d artist can I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a 2d artist can I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a 2d artist can I do this
+or no I need a 3D artist to do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no I need a 3D artist to do this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no I need a 3D artist to do this um
+it's just something to think about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just something to think about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just something to think about but
+yeah that's that's a way around it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a way around it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's a way around it a lot
+of people use uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes sorry could you repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh yes I programmers designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh yes I programmers designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh yes I programmers designers
+software Engineers should totally try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Engineers should totally try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Engineers should totally try to
+understand uh the basics of Art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh the basics of Art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh the basics of Art and
+color theory and sort of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color theory and sort of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color theory and sort of the process of
+making art so when it comes time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art so when it comes time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art so when it comes time to
+either advising the artist on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either advising the artist on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either advising the artist on what they
+need to change or what might not fit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change or what might not fit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change or what might not fit uh
+you have an you have a good you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an you have a good you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an you have a good you have
+some understanding of all right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some understanding of all right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some understanding of all right these
+colors go together these colors don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors go together these colors don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors go together these colors don't go
+together uh could you composition this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh could you composition this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh could you composition this a
+little better so you like put these down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better so you like put these down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better so you like put these down
+here and that over there uh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that over there uh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that over there uh because you
+know but again a lot of art direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but again a lot of art direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but again a lot of art direction is
+sort of about contrast and composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about contrast and composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about contrast and composition
+and color is a big one I didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color is a big one I didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and color is a big one I didn't really
+talk about color color theory too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about color color theory too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about color color theory too much
+but like for instance Jenna from Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like for instance Jenna from Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like for instance Jenna from Little
+world's interactive when I worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's interactive when I worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's interactive when I worked with
+her she already had a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she already had a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she already had a pretty good
+graphic design sense which really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic design sense which really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic design sense which really helped
+in when I gave her art in the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when I gave her art in the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when I gave her art in the sort of
+feedback she she could give me and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback she she could give me and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback she she could give me and also
+when she utilized my art so I didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she utilized my art so I didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she utilized my art so I didn't put
+I didn't put anything into that game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put anything into that game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put anything into that game I
+wasn't directly working Unity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't directly working Unity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't directly working Unity on the
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+uh she she knew how things look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she she knew how things look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she she knew how things look good
+together just because she' already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just because she' already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just because she' already had
+like a background in web design so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually someone a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually someone a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually someone a game
+designer and then you have to artist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer and then you have to artist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer and then you have to artist to
+do all the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the game
+um do you ever finders to that extion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you ever finders to that extion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you ever finders to that extion
+someone does everything Andes up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone does everything Andes up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone does everything Andes up of
+course there's always there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's always there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's always there's always
+exceptions there's always some magic man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions there's always some magic man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions there's always some magic man
+who can do it all or Magic Woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can do it all or Magic Woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can do it all or Magic Woman
+um an example of an artist who can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example of an artist who can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example of an artist who can do it
+all a game designer who can do it all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a game designer who can do it all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a game designer who can do it all I
+don't know can you name anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than Fortress door Fortress yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Fortress door Fortress yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Fortress door Fortress yes I
+mean a lot a lot of game designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot a lot of game designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot a lot of game designers
+especially if they do it as a hobby they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if they do it as a hobby they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if they do it as a hobby they
+work on they make their own stuff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on they make their own stuff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on they make their own stuff they
+make their own art uh it's just a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their own art uh it's just a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their own art uh it's just a good
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+to spread the work out because as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread the work out because as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread the work out because as an
+indie and I've seen a lot of my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie and I've seen a lot of my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indie and I've seen a lot of my um
+developer friends they have to focus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer friends they have to focus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer friends they have to focus so
+much of the time on marketing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the time on marketing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the time on marketing and
+programming and designing that to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and designing that to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and designing that to also
+add art to that like you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add art to that like you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add art to that like you've just
+extended your game development cycle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended your game development cycle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended your game development cycle by
+a lot you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot you're not just
+you know and maybe you're not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and maybe you're not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and maybe you're not as
+competent in that and people are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent in that and people are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent in that and people are more
+apt at telling bad art than they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apt at telling bad art than they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apt at telling bad art than they are
+from telling bad game design because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from telling bad game design because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from telling bad game design because all
+you need to be able to see is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to see is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to see is just a
+picture of the game or video from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the game or video from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the game or video from the
+game and go that doesn't look very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and go that doesn't look very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and go that doesn't look very good
+um even if they the the the viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they the the the viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they the the the viewer
+doesn't understand why it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand why it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand why it doesn't look
+good they're they can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good they're they can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good they're they can tell that
+immediately like it you know I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like it you know I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately like it you know I I don't
+like that so if if the designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so if if the designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so if if the designer
+programmer is confident enough uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is confident enough uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is confident enough uh you
+have more power to them but it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more power to them but it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more power to them but it I'm
+you're going to be putting a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be putting a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be putting a lot of work
+on yourself and you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourself and you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourself and you're not going to get
+your game done in a timely fashion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game done in a timely fashion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game done in a timely fashion at
+all and it probably won't be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and it probably won't be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and it probably won't be the best
+you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+sure you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video uh so I work with a few developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh so I work with a few developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video uh so I work with a few developers
+now and I'm always giving my design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm always giving my design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm always giving my design
+ideas uh I always have ideas for games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh I always have ideas for games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh I always have ideas for games
+love I love coming up with ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I love coming up with ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I love coming up with ideas for
+games I don't think I'm I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games I don't think I'm I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games I don't think I'm I would call
+myself apt enough to design I don't my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself apt enough to design I don't my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself apt enough to design I don't my
+whole game buy myself yet uh so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole game buy myself yet uh so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole game buy myself yet uh so I'm
+definitely still focused on the art side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still focused on the art side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still focused on the art side
+of things but yeah I I love designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but yeah I I love designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but yeah I I love designing
+games it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun yes what have you had to do for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yes what have you had to do for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun yes what have you had to do for an
+art test so usually for an art test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art test so usually for an art test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art test so usually for an art test it
+depends on the game so I once I recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the game so I once I recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the game so I once I recently
+did an art test for some sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an art test for some sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an art test for some sort of uh
+mobile mopa game and and what they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile mopa game and and what they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile mopa game and and what they asked
+they said like here are character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said like here are character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said like here are character
+descriptions uh design these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions uh design these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions uh design these characters
+and I said all right that'll take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said all right that'll take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said all right that'll take me
+this amount of time uh they said great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of time uh they said great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of time uh they said great
+that's fine this is my rate so they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine this is my rate so they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine this is my rate so they sort
+of they quick contract out the door for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they quick contract out the door for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they quick contract out the door for
+that and I designed the characters I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I designed the characters I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I designed the characters I end
+up getting the work but uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting the work but uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting the work but uh I don't think
+my style was really what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my style was really what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my style was really what they were
+looking for but they but yeah it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but they but yeah it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but they but yeah it was
+that I designed the characters I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I designed the characters I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I designed the characters I did a
+quick turnaround so sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick turnaround so sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick turnaround so sort of like
+character standing this way this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character standing this way this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character standing this way this way
+this way this way you know from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way this way you know from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way this way you know from the back
+uh of each character uh I fully painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of each character uh I fully painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of each character uh I fully painted
+one of them and said this is what I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and said this is what I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and said this is what I got
+uh and that that I think that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that that I think that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that that I think that's a pretty
+good art test especially if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good art test especially if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good art test especially if you're
+building a game focused on characters if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a game focused on characters if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a game focused on characters if
+you're building a game focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building a game focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building a game focused on
+environments be like draw this mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments be like draw this mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments be like draw this mountain
+for me that I'm describing in this text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that I'm describing in this text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that I'm describing in this text
+so usually an art test is here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually an art test is here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually an art test is here's a
+description uh draw this for especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh draw this for especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh draw this for especially
+for an illustrator or a concept artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an illustrator or a concept artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an illustrator or a concept artist
+uh it's not so much here's a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not so much here's a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not so much here's a quick
+doodle I did make it better it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodle I did make it better it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doodle I did make it better it's usually
+here's you know a paragraph of text make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's you know a paragraph of text make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's you know a paragraph of text make
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+exist I feel like that's a pretty solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I feel like that's a pretty solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I feel like that's a pretty solid
+art test yes you talk about finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art test yes you talk about finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art test yes you talk about finding
+someone who has the style that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has the style that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has the style that you're
+looking for yes is that generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for yes is that generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for yes is that generally the
+case with artists or are there artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with artists or are there artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with artists or are there artists
+who can are more flexible in style so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can are more flexible in style so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can are more flexible in style so I
+like to think I'm more flexible I def um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think I'm more flexible I def um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think I'm more flexible I def um
+I didn't used to work on a lot of cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't used to work on a lot of cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't used to work on a lot of cute
+games but now I do uh this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but now I do uh this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games but now I do uh this is what
+happened uh there are definitely artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh there are definitely artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened uh there are definitely artists
+who are more so I'm going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are more so I'm going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are more so I'm going to go back to
+art school here a little bit as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art school here a little bit as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art school here a little bit as time
+travel and I'm going to remind myself of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and I'm going to remind myself of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and I'm going to remind myself of
+what my Illustrated professors told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my Illustrated professors told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my Illustrated professors told me
+is to never do anything else other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to never do anything else other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to never do anything else other than
+your style get really good at that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your style get really good at that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your style get really good at that one
+thing and don't bother with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and don't bother with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and don't bother with anything
+else because you need to beat the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because you need to beat the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because you need to beat the best
+what you do and I was like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and I was like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and I was like that's
+boring um most artists have their style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring um most artists have their style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring um most artists have their style
+they work in a lot of video game artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work in a lot of video game artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work in a lot of video game artists
+they go for the sort of hyperrealism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go for the sort of hyperrealism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go for the sort of hyperrealism
+concept art sort of you know the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art sort of you know the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept art sort of you know the art of
+movie books that you see from VFX houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie books that you see from VFX houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie books that you see from VFX houses
+that's why a lot of them can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a lot of them can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a lot of them can work
+together in big groups because they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in big groups because they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in big groups because they all
+have a very similar kind of like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar kind of like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar kind of like we're
+going for realism robots tanks like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for realism robots tanks like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for realism robots tanks like okay
+we can all work together uh the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all work together uh the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all work together uh the more
+unique your style is I think the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique your style is I think the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique your style is I think the more
+time you have to spend working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have to spend working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have to spend working on that
+style and the more reason if this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and the more reason if this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and the more reason if this person
+style is very unique you're hiring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is very unique you're hiring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style is very unique you're hiring for
+them for the style not their art talents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the style not their art talents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the style not their art talents
+that's again that's why a lot of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again that's why a lot of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again that's why a lot of big
+studios they hire people who can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios they hire people who can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios they hire people who can do
+realism because that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism because that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism because that's a little bit more
+Mal malleable in terms of what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal malleable in terms of what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mal malleable in terms of what they can
+turn that into but if you're hiring an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into but if you're hiring an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that into but if you're hiring an
+artist for the very specific Unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist for the very specific Unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist for the very specific Unique
+Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style
+um you're getting them for that one task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're getting them for that one task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're getting them for that one task
+but again it depends on the contract for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it depends on the contract for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it depends on the contract for
+me if I all right this is for children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I all right this is for children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I all right this is for children's
+magazine I'm not going to put the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine I'm not going to put the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine I'm not going to put the bad
+guy from Doom in there like obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from Doom in there like obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from Doom in there like obviously it
+doesn't make sense uh so think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense uh so think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense uh so think you know
+as an artist you have to I say yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist you have to I say yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist you have to I say yes to
+almost every job that comes my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every job that comes my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every job that comes my way
+because I don't know when the next one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know when the next one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know when the next one's
+going to come my way that's just how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come my way that's just how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come my way that's just how it
+works uh but that's how I work all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh but that's how I work all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh but that's how I work all the
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different all right is that it thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different all right is that it thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different all right is that it thank you
+very much was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome all right so um take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome all right so um take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome all right so um take five
+minutes to to get into your teams um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to to get into your teams um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to to get into your teams um if
+you'd like to have them take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have them take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have them take a look at
+your work um just have a computer set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work um just have a computer set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work um just have a computer set
+aside close to the edge so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside close to the edge so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside close to the edge so they can
+easily see it and at 210 we'll walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see it and at 210 we'll walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see it and at 210 we'll walk
+around and see um who wants some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and see um who wants some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and see um who wants some
+feedback on our games from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on our games from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on our games from from
+Luigi wait do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gcs7PQaQeS4.txt b/gcs7PQaQeS4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa396d0a48b96ceb11982f1e2e6dd489b2f09772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcs7PQaQeS4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so advice about time management I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so advice about time management I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so advice about time management I think
+like for the first experiment I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the first experiment I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the first experiment I did it
+was a 20 21 centimeter astrophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 20 21 centimeter astrophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 20 21 centimeter astrophysics
+experiment that took a really long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that took a really long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that took a really long time
+so like we we had so I basically spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like we we had so I basically spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like we we had so I basically spent
+the entire weekend on the analysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire weekend on the analysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire weekend on the analysis so
+like after that I thought like I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after that I thought like I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after that I thought like I should
+like read about like how to do analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like read about like how to do analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like read about like how to do analysis
+like beforehand like I guess try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like beforehand like I guess try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like beforehand like I guess try to do
+everything beforehand because whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything beforehand because whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything beforehand because whatever
+you plan out it will only be like slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan out it will only be like slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan out it will only be like slower
+than what you planned out if one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you planned out if one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you planned out if one it
+would never be faster than what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be faster than what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be faster than what you
+planned out so I try to do everything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned out so I try to do everything as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned out so I try to do everything as
+soon as possible and just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as possible and just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as possible and just don't
+procrastinate I guess
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hRAlCx8Xd0Q.txt b/hRAlCx8Xd0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59c9768a4cd852a815c98baca0d0d97681059866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hRAlCx8Xd0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+the social mind let me see if I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social mind let me see if I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social mind let me see if I can just
+go through these slides here one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these slides here one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these slides here one might
+ask the question in the origin of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question in the origin of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question in the origin of human
+intelligence ok I just want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence ok I just want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence ok I just want to get a
+little bit of background Nancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background Nancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background Nancy
+summarized my career very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized my career very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized my career very nicely
+I started out recording from retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started out recording from retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started out recording from retinal
+ganglion cells and and animals that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cells and and animals that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cells and and animals that was
+a very long time ago and I was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time ago and I was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time ago and I was kind of
+into reductionism trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reductionism trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into reductionism trying to understand
+how mental ganghwa cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how mental ganghwa cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how mental ganghwa cells
+determined how we see certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined how we see certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined how we see certain
+psychophysical phenomenon so what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysical phenomenon so what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysical phenomenon so what am I
+doing here talking about some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here talking about some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here talking about some of that
+social processing well it's been a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social processing well it's been a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social processing well it's been a long
+time ago so you in your career you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago so you in your career you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago so you in your career you do
+different things but as I'll say in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but as I'll say in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but as I'll say in a
+moment I happen to read an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I happen to read an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I happen to read an interesting
+paper I was in the University of Tokyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I was in the University of Tokyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I was in the University of Tokyo
+library and kind of bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and kind of bored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and kind of bored
+and I found a book and I found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found a book and I found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I found a book and I found an
+article which I'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which I'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which I'll talk about that
+didn't change my life exactly but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change my life exactly but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change my life exactly but it
+reoriented me towards this social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoriented me towards this social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoriented me towards this social
+processing and you'll see there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and you'll see there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and you'll see there's many
+different ways of studying I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of studying I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of studying I think the
+realization that social processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that social processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that social processing and
+the human mind are really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human mind are really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human mind are really very
+inextricably connected opens the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inextricably connected opens the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inextricably connected opens the door
+for kinds of investigations that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kinds of investigations that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kinds of investigations that I think
+are sort of really open-ended and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of really open-ended and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of really open-ended and
+somewhat limited just by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat limited just by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat limited just by your
+imagination so I encourage some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so I encourage some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so I encourage some of you
+with that bent to think about this since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that bent to think about this since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that bent to think about this since
+I study vision I will just talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I study vision I will just talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I study vision I will just talk a little
+bit about the visual system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the visual system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the visual system as a
+preamble and I was studying vision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamble and I was studying vision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamble and I was studying vision about
+50 years ago and I think I was sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago and I think I was sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago and I think I was sleeping
+for about 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 10 years
+and all of a sudden I found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden I found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden I found out
+something interesting here's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting here's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting here's the picture
+the visual system when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system when I started
+graduate school there was the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school there was the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school there was the motor
+system the somatosensory system couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the somatosensory system couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the somatosensory system couple
+sensory systems and vision was the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems and vision was the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems and vision was the area
+17 v1 in the cortex I think I slept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 v1 in the cortex I think I slept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 v1 in the cortex I think I slept for
+a little more a little bit and also my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more a little bit and also my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more a little bit and also my
+and oops a little bit past 1970 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops a little bit past 1970 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops a little bit past 1970 there
+was a lot almost the whole half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot almost the whole half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot almost the whole half of the
+brain in the back and the front was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in the back and the front was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain in the back and the front was
+devoted to vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to vision
+you probably heard lectures by that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard lectures by that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably heard lectures by that and
+so I think that's that's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's that's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's that's really an
+important fact because the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact because the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact because the fact that the
+brain is very visual I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is very visual I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is very visual I mean that's
+humans I mean mices might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans I mean mices might be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans I mean mices might be different
+they may be its own faction or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be its own faction or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be its own faction or something
+like that but for primates I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but for primates I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but for primates I think it's
+very important you've probably learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important you've probably learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important you've probably learned
+about the different systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different systems
+that's the posterior part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the posterior part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the posterior part of the brain
+there's a lot of energy or parts David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of energy or parts David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of energy or parts David
+Maher said anybody heard of David Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maher said anybody heard of David Moore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maher said anybody heard of David Moore
+okay David Maher said vision to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay David Maher said vision to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay David Maher said vision to come
+where is what by Loki what is where by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is what by Loki what is where by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is what by Loki what is where by
+looking I just want to say it's way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I just want to say it's way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I just want to say it's way way
+more than that the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that the visual system
+I mean if visions have the brain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if visions have the brain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if visions have the brain that's
+just a pretty puny problem so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pretty puny problem so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pretty puny problem so we have to
+think of all the things that the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the things that the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the things that the visual
+system might do and we really haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might do and we really haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might do and we really haven't
+thought of them well here's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of them well here's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of them well here's some more
+pictures of a visual system so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of a visual system so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of a visual system so I mean
+it's a little bit like it started over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit like it started over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit like it started over
+here like on the west and go east it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like on the west and go east it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like on the west and go east it
+sort of like Russia going all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Russia going all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Russia going all the way to
+to the Pacific Ocean the vision visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Pacific Ocean the vision visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Pacific Ocean the vision visuals
+doesn't really expand I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really expand I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really expand I think it's kind
+of slowed down recently but so we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slowed down recently but so we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slowed down recently but so we I
+would just say the visual system is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say the visual system is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say the visual system is very
+big in primates and just think of here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in primates and just think of here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in primates and just think of here's
+vision just if it's half the brain well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision just if it's half the brain well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision just if it's half the brain well
+all the other stuff like you know greed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other stuff like you know greed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other stuff like you know greed
+sex power music all that other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex power music all that other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex power music all that other stuff
+it's about the same so so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same so so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same so so that means
+that we just don't really understand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just don't really understand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just don't really understand I
+mean that's a lot of stuff over there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a lot of stuff over there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a lot of stuff over there on
+the right that means on the left we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right that means on the left we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right that means on the left we
+don't know squat so just have that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know squat so just have that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know squat so just have that in
+mind there's plenty for you to do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there's plenty for you to do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there's plenty for you to do as
+young scientists so I don't know must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists so I don't know must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientists so I don't know must be
+I don't know this is a very tiny list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this is a very tiny list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this is a very tiny list
+it's lots of things you know just a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lots of things you know just a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lots of things you know just a bit
+more the kind of thing so it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the kind of thing so it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the kind of thing so it's more than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna talk about visual motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna talk about visual motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna talk about visual motor
+control I'm a psychologist for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm a psychologist for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm a psychologist for some
+reason I think a lot of our Roger Sperry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I think a lot of our Roger Sperry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I think a lot of our Roger Sperry
+said almost 70 years ago that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said almost 70 years ago that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said almost 70 years ago that the
+ultimate arbiter of your mind is action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate arbiter of your mind is action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate arbiter of your mind is action
+I mean if you don't do something if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you don't do something if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you don't do something if we
+can have I mean I study perception most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have I mean I study perception most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have I mean I study perception most
+of my life but if you don't do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life but if you don't do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my life but if you don't do something
+you're not going to pass your genes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to pass your genes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to pass your genes on
+to the next generation so action is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation so action is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next generation so action is it
+psychologists they don't study action at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists they don't study action at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists they don't study action at
+all that's like they forgotten that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's like they forgotten that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's like they forgotten that so I
+just like to put a plug in for action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to put a plug in for action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to put a plug in for action
+there's people are studying the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people are studying the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people are studying the motor
+system that are kind of picky so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that are kind of picky so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that are kind of picky so and
+even if they are and don't let you in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they are and don't let you in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they are and don't let you in to
+the field it's important field I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field it's important field I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field it's important field I think
+you should push your way in I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should push your way in I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should push your way in I think it's
+extremely important for navigation most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for navigation most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for navigation most
+animals live in a widely extended space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals live in a widely extended space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals live in a widely extended space
+they know how to go home quickly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to go home quickly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know how to go home quickly if
+there's trouble and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's trouble and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's trouble and things like that
+I'll talk a little bit about some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about some kind
+of animals like that the range of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals like that the range of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals like that the range of area
+that animals go over is is astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that animals go over is is astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that animals go over is is astonishing
+and so I think the understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think the understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think the understanding of
+animals in their natural environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in their natural environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in their natural environment
+there's lots of work on it but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of work on it but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of work on it but I think
+it's a lot of it's quite mysterious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of it's quite mysterious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of it's quite mysterious but
+I'm just going to talk mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to talk mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to talk mostly about
+social perception and there's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social perception and there's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social perception and there's this this
+is the paper I read long time ago I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the paper I read long time ago I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the paper I read long time ago I've
+never met this guy his name is Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never met this guy his name is Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never met this guy his name is Nick
+Humphrey and he wrote this paper Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey and he wrote this paper Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humphrey and he wrote this paper Oh
+maybe 30 years ago I just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 years ago I just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 years ago I just happened to
+come upon it and it was in a book a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon it and it was in a book a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come upon it and it was in a book a book
+and he said he was not very nice he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he was not very nice he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he was not very nice he said
+Experimental Psychology and Britain have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimental Psychology and Britain have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimental Psychology and Britain have
+tended to regard social psychology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to regard social psychology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to regard social psychology a
+poor country cousin of their subject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor country cousin of their subject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor country cousin of their subject so
+basically he's putting down but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he's putting down but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he's putting down but he
+really wasn't because he really said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't because he really said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wasn't because he really said
+something different he said wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different he said wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different he said wait a
+second and that he sort of turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that he sort of turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that he sort of turned
+psychology upside down and he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology upside down and he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology upside down and he said you
+know actually the social part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually the social part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually the social part of
+intelligence is the thing that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is the thing that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is the thing that drives
+everything else I mean it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I mean it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else I mean it might be
+overstating it but let's see what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstating it but let's see what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstating it but let's see what he
+says here oh I'll come back to that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here oh I'll come back to that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here oh I'll come back to that a
+minute the intellectual faculties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the intellectual faculties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the intellectual faculties of
+primates have evolved as an adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates have evolved as an adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates have evolved as an adaptation
+the complexity of social living for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of social living for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of social living for
+better worth stars of thinking which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worth stars of thinking which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worth stars of thinking which are
+primarily suited to social problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily suited to social problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily suited to social problems
+solve them color the behavior of man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them color the behavior of man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them color the behavior of man and
+other primates even towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other primates even towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other primates even towards the
+inanimate world so he sort of making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate world so he sort of making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate world so he sort of making the
+implication when I said where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication when I said where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication when I said where as
+intelligence come from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence come from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence come from one of the
+sources of intelligence are the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of intelligence are the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of intelligence are the nature
+of the social world and it's a quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social world and it's a quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the social world and it's a quite a
+complicated world here because this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated world here because this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated world here because this guy
+Dunbar you've heard of this guy he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunbar you've heard of this guy he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunbar you've heard of this guy he he
+sort of I'm not sure this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I'm not sure this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of I'm not sure this is a really
+good study but what he did was he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good study but what he did was he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good study but what he did was he he
+made a got the size of the cortex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a got the size of the cortex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a got the size of the cortex of
+lots of different primates and he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different primates and he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different primates and he made
+some kind of estimate have no idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of estimate have no idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of estimate have no idea how
+he did this how many animals are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this how many animals are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this how many animals are in
+their troop so but you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their troop so but you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their troop so but you can sort of
+imagine if you have a different social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you have a different social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you have a different social
+group it's not just it doesn't just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's not just it doesn't just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's not just it doesn't just go
+by n because let's say you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n because let's say you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n because let's say you know it's not
+just how many people you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many people you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many people you have to deal
+but those people deal with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those people deal with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those people deal with other people
+they might be plotting against you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be plotting against you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be plotting against you so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the number of permutations of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of permutations of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of permutations of social
+behavior really I mean only one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior really I mean only one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior really I mean only one other
+person it's not too complicated as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's not too complicated as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's not too complicated as soon
+as you get like six two people might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get like six two people might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get like six two people might be
+plotting against the third one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting against the third one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting against the third one over
+there all kinds of possible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of possible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of possible things
+happen then and as some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then and as some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then and as some of the
+primatologists if you read some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primatologists if you read some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primatologists if you read some of the
+accounts that there's you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts that there's you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts that there's you know there's
+planned murders of of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned murders of of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned murders of of all kinds of
+people on the top it really looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the top it really looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the top it really looks a
+little bit like the meta cheese back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like the meta cheese back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like the meta cheese back in
+the Machiavellian intelligence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machiavellian intelligence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machiavellian intelligence that
+sounds so weird okay so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds so weird okay so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds so weird okay so so basically
+idea is that intelligence we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that intelligence we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that intelligence we have to
+think of intelligence in the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of intelligence in the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of intelligence in the social
+world I'm just scratching the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm just scratching the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm just scratching the surface
+here so let me just talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me just talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me just talk a little bit
+about prediction that's kind of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prediction that's kind of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about prediction that's kind of what we
+think one of the hallmarks of science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the hallmarks of science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the hallmarks of science is
+prediction right so what what's what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction right so what what's what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction right so what what's what are
+in what area is prediction better any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what area is prediction better any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what area is prediction better any
+thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts
+suppose I took a rock and threw it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I took a rock and threw it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I took a rock and threw it down
+the mountainside I couldn't do squat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountainside I couldn't do squat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mountainside I couldn't do squat
+right I mean it might be yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it might be yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it might be yeah but
+nobody's gonna do that right okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna do that right okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's gonna do that right okay okay
+biology I mean we know for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology I mean we know for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology I mean we know for example we
+know that the behavior of atoms we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the behavior of atoms we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the behavior of atoms we can't
+really predict the behavior of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really predict the behavior of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really predict the behavior of atoms
+over long trajectories but we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long trajectories but we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long trajectories but we can we can
+show that you know at a certain day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know at a certain day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know at a certain day
+maybe next year in Woods Hole people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next year in Woods Hole people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe next year in Woods Hole people
+from all over the world cooling Nancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over the world cooling Nancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all over the world cooling Nancy
+are going to show up at 9 o'clock here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to show up at 9 o'clock here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to show up at 9 o'clock here
+we can predict that so and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can predict that so and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can predict that so and we can
+predict things like you know my alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict things like you know my alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict things like you know my alarm
+clock is gonna go off tomorrow ok good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock is gonna go off tomorrow ok good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock is gonna go off tomorrow ok good
+at a certain time because I said it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain time because I said it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain time because I said it so
+what I'm trying to talk about is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to talk about is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to talk about is kind of
+a point that Dan Dennett made who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that Dan Dennett made who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that Dan Dennett made who is a
+philosopher whom I think is really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher whom I think is really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher whom I think is really it
+really made really seminal contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made really seminal contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made really seminal contributions
+at least to my understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to my understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least to my understanding of
+psychology to a large extent because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology to a large extent because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology to a large extent because he
+really talks about explaining things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about explaining things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about explaining things at
+different levels and here's a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels and here's a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels and here's a this is
+another I started out as a reductionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I started out as a reductionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I started out as a reductionist
+in a sense but let me just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense but let me just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense but let me just give you a
+give you a sort of a sort of a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sort of a sort of a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sort of a sort of a thought
+here have you ever noticed that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have you ever noticed that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have you ever noticed that when the
+moon is setting over the Western skies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon is setting over the Western skies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon is setting over the Western skies
+the new moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new moon
+it sometimes seems kinds a whole moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes seems kinds a whole moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes seems kinds a whole moon
+seems to be illuminated a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be illuminated a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be illuminated a little bit
+it's not it's not just that Crescent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not just that Crescent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not just that Crescent you
+think of the if you think of the the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the if you think of the the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the if you think of the the Sun
+you show me be a little crescent so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show me be a little crescent so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show me be a little crescent so why
+do you see the rest of the moon filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the rest of the moon filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the rest of the moon filled
+in well there's the possibility that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well there's the possibility that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well there's the possibility that the
+Sun reflecting off the earth which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun reflecting off the earth which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun reflecting off the earth which then
+sends light back to the moon that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends light back to the moon that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends light back to the moon that's an
+explanation do we didn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation do we didn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation do we didn't know about
+photons do we end up about duality waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons do we end up about duality waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons do we end up about duality waves
+and particles no that's an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particles no that's an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particles no that's an explanation
+that's all I'm trying to say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I'm trying to say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I'm trying to say some
+explanations are pretty darn simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations are pretty darn simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations are pretty darn simple and
+in science I think we're looking for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science I think we're looking for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science I think we're looking for any
+fun interesting explanation can find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun interesting explanation can find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun interesting explanation can find so
+I think then it is is nailed it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think then it is is nailed it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think then it is is nailed it to some
+extent okay so he basically has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent okay so he basically has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent okay so he basically has three
+levels for predicting behavior the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for predicting behavior the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels for predicting behavior the
+physical stance I mean if we have ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical stance I mean if we have ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical stance I mean if we have ideal
+situation of Galileo dropping his balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of Galileo dropping his balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of Galileo dropping his balls
+and stuff like that assuming there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that assuming there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that assuming there's no
+resistance to air and stuff like that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to air and stuff like that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to air and stuff like that we
+can make nice predictions biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make nice predictions biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make nice predictions biology and
+engineering we know that you know seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we know that you know seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we know that you know seven
+minutes the coffee's gonna be ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the coffee's gonna be ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes the coffee's gonna be ready
+because that's what it was designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it was designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it was designed for
+but then he's got something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he's got something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he's got something called
+intentional stance which is in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional stance which is in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional stance which is in order to
+really understand what people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand what people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand what people are going
+to do the church some would say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the church some would say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the church some would say well we
+go in to look at their nervous system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in to look at their nervous system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in to look at their nervous system we
+record from their neurons and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from their neurons and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from their neurons and stuff like
+that but denim would say no we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but denim would say no we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but denim would say no we can't
+really use a physics thing or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use a physics thing or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use a physics thing or even
+design we just used some other heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we just used some other heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we just used some other heuristic
+which is very explanatory what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very explanatory what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very explanatory what people
+desire and what their beliefs are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and what their beliefs are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and what their beliefs are you
+know that we really can understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we really can understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we really can understand what
+they're going to do and of course your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do and of course your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do and of course your
+grandma knew that or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma knew that or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma knew that or your
+great-grandmother knows that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandmother knows that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandmother knows that as well
+so but these are really great ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but these are really great ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but these are really great ways to
+understand people and so I think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand people and so I think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand people and so I think that we
+can't just turn our backs to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just turn our backs to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just turn our backs to these
+things and and I think then it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and I think then it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and I think then it the
+question is and we might come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and we might come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and we might come back to
+the end what's what's this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what's what's this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what's what's this sort of
+scientific sort of status of some those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific sort of status of some those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific sort of status of some those
+types of explanations a scientific or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of explanations a scientific or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of explanations a scientific or
+what are they maybe if you have time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they maybe if you have time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they maybe if you have time we
+can talk about that okay I'll skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about that okay I'll skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about that okay I'll skip that
+part here so so I sort of feel just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here so so I sort of feel just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here so so I sort of feel just as
+what I'm saying is if some non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is if some non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is if some non
+reductionistic way of looking at thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic way of looking at thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic way of looking at thing
+you should open your mind and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should open your mind and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should open your mind and actually
+CBMM or brains minds and machines it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBMM or brains minds and machines it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBMM or brains minds and machines it's
+kind of you're kind of conditioned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you're kind of conditioned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you're kind of conditioned to
+that because some of you become computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because some of you become computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because some of you become computer
+science I mean you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I mean you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I mean you can't really
+understand the computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the computer and
+of atoms and molecules you really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and molecules you really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and molecules you really can
+only understand the computer ads at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only understand the computer ads at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only understand the computer ads at some
+kind of a higher level so that's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a higher level so that's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a higher level so that's I'm
+just telling you that's fine if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling you that's fine if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling you that's fine if you're
+neuroscientist and want to reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist and want to reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist and want to reduce it to
+synapses things like that good try but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses things like that good try but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses things like that good try but
+it might be difficult to do there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be difficult to do there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be difficult to do there many
+other valid things to do well one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other valid things to do well one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other valid things to do well one of the
+things to do what let's just examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do what let's just examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do what let's just examine
+some things about them and explore them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about them and explore them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about them and explore them
+I think as I say there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as I say there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think as I say there's so many
+possible things in this realm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things in this realm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things in this realm doing
+anything I mean people who have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean people who have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean people who have all
+kinds of principles my will approach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of principles my will approach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of principles my will approach in
+the area this kind of area of science or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area this kind of area of science or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area this kind of area of science or
+any science that I've done it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any science that I've done it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any science that I've done it's the
+development of tools and and that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of tools and and that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of tools and and that helps
+you explore ok so there's lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore ok so there's lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore ok so there's lots of things
+that humans do and but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humans do and but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humans do and but what I want to
+stress in the first part of this talk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the first part of this talk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the first part of this talk is
+that our human social behavior is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our human social behavior is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our human social behavior is really
+not unique in many ways they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique in many ways they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique in many ways they're very
+they're very important things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important things that
+animals do animal and I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals do animal and I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals do animal and I'll talk about
+them it shortly animals really are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it shortly animals really are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it shortly animals really are very
+social they're there's certain animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social they're there's certain animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social they're there's certain animals
+like octopus apparently is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like octopus apparently is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like octopus apparently is not very
+intelligent not very social but by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent not very social but by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent not very social but by and
+large many animals are very social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large many animals are very social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large many animals are very social
+doesn't explain everything but it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain everything but it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain everything but it's I
+think we share some core things and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we share some core things and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we share some core things and if
+we can understand some of the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand some of the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand some of the behavior
+of animals or why their social how their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals or why their social how their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animals or why their social how their
+social mechanisms work I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social mechanisms work I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social mechanisms work I think I think
+we have a treasure so I'm the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a treasure so I'm the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a treasure so I'm the area of
+animal behavior is very underfunded area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal behavior is very underfunded area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal behavior is very underfunded area
+right now I sort of feel I just happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I sort of feel I just happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I sort of feel I just happen
+to like to watch nature videos and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like to watch nature videos and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like to watch nature videos and I'll
+show you a few you'll have to indulge me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few you'll have to indulge me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few you'll have to indulge me
+a few of these but I sort of feel these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of these but I sort of feel these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of these but I sort of feel these
+can be more important than careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more important than careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more important than careful
+psychophysics because I think they open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics because I think they open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics because I think they open
+your mind to things that you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind to things that you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind to things that you may not
+have thought about so I'm a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about so I'm a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about so I'm a kind of
+devotee of these things okay so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotee of these things okay so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotee of these things okay so do
+animals have an intentional stance etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have an intentional stance etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have an intentional stance etc
+kinds of things like that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that we don't know
+here's a fun video I think um the behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun video I think um the behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fun video I think um the behalf
+of the audience have seen this video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the audience have seen this video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the audience have seen this video and
+although it may be I'll show the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may be I'll show the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it may be I'll show the whole
+thing because I think we have time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because I think we have time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because I think we have time it
+was taken just by chance I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken just by chance I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taken just by chance I think it's
+been a TV program now and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a TV program now and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a TV program now and I think it's
+got like 50 million viewers it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like 50 million viewers it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like 50 million viewers it's about
+different kinds of animals interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of animals interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of animals interacting
+their social behavior it's about animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social behavior it's about animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social behavior it's about animals
+that you do not think are that smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do not think are that smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do not think are that smart and
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+I don't know what buffaloes are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what buffaloes are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what buffaloes are exactly
+but we've never thought of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've never thought of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've never thought of them as
+highly intelligent or social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a huge that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're crouches right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you swat it and we keep that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swat it and we keep that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swat it and we keep that that's
+kicking at him look he's kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get to lionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cap still alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap still alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cap still alive
+yeah it's trying to get away he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's trying to get away he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's trying to get away he's
+standing up there's much more to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up there's much more to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up there's much more to this
+there's many other videos about lions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many other videos about lions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many other videos about lions
+Buffalo finding a layer of baby baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo finding a layer of baby baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo finding a layer of baby baby
+lions and the mother is gone and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lions and the mother is gone and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lions and the mother is gone and they
+just killed all the Lions in the air for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just killed all the Lions in the air for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just killed all the Lions in the air for
+a revenge or whatever it is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revenge or whatever it is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revenge or whatever it is your
+interpretation I don't know but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I don't know but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I don't know but anyway
+so I'm just trying to tell you I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just trying to tell you I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just trying to tell you I'm not
+going to show you more but this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you more but this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you more but this out in
+the lectures there's gonna be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures there's gonna be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures there's gonna be a number
+of videos here I'll show one more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of videos here I'll show one more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of videos here I'll show one more I
+think but I think this is no I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but I think this is no I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but I think this is no I think you
+can see this is better than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is better than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is better than an
+experiment okay you just really get oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay you just really get oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay you just really get oh
+let me get sir I mean to me it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get sir I mean to me it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get sir I mean to me it really
+showed me a kind of kind of a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed me a kind of kind of a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed me a kind of kind of a social
+organization kind of these animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization kind of these animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization kind of these animals
+conscious with all these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious with all these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious with all these kinds of
+questions here that I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here that I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here that I think you should
+think about okay so my website on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay so my website on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay so my website on the
+lecture there's going to be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there's going to be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there's going to be some other
+videos that you can look at things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that you can look at things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos that you can look at things like
+that I won't do this one here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won't do this one here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I won't do this one here this is a
+very interesting video someone might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting video someone might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting video someone might
+have seen it as well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it as well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen it as well I don't know
+exactly what the origin I won't show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the origin I won't show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the origin I won't show it
+here today but it's about a on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today but it's about a on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today but it's about a on the web
+it says monkey teases tiger it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says monkey teases tiger it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says monkey teases tiger it's a it's
+a given or something like that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given or something like that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given or something like that but it's
+a really amazing show that goes on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really amazing show that goes on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really amazing show that goes on for
+about five minutes were given just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes were given just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five minutes were given just
+swinging around and and and making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around and and and making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around and and and making them
+so ready for attack he runs along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ready for attack he runs along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ready for attack he runs along the
+ground the guys are chasing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the guys are chasing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground the guys are chasing it's like
+playing tag and here ends up at Rooney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing tag and here ends up at Rooney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing tag and here ends up at Rooney
+he jumps over them he pulls their tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he jumps over them he pulls their tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he jumps over them he pulls their tail
+and grabs their ears there are two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grabs their ears there are two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grabs their ears there are two lines
+two Tigers there and he's just putted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Tigers there and he's just putted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Tigers there and he's just putted
+his life at risk but he's doing it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life at risk but he's doing it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life at risk but he's doing it maybe
+that's that the theory is maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the theory is maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the theory is maybe that
+says territories and want those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says territories and want those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says territories and want those people
+around there but it's pretty amazing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there but it's pretty amazing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there but it's pretty amazing so
+so just Google monkey you know Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Google monkey you know Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just Google monkey you know Jesus
+Tiger you'll see the full video it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiger you'll see the full video it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiger you'll see the full video it's a
+pretty damn amazing video another video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn amazing video another video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn amazing video another video
+that is fairly interesting and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fairly interesting and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fairly interesting and this is
+just just shows you this is a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just shows you this is a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just shows you this is a guy named
+Jack pants Skype I used to be on a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack pants Skype I used to be on a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack pants Skype I used to be on a study
+section where this guy couldn't figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where this guy couldn't figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where this guy couldn't figure
+out what these guys talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what these guys talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what these guys talking about this
+was many years ago and he's now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was many years ago and he's now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was many years ago and he's now an
+expert on laughter in rats and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on laughter in rats and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on laughter in rats and he's
+pickles rats and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickles rats and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickles rats and and
+and they follow them around and and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they follow them around and and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they follow them around and and can
+you hear them laughs no you can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear them laughs no you can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear them laughs no you can't hear
+them laughs so we got this bat detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them laughs so we got this bat detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them laughs so we got this bat detector
+and but she takes ultrasonic sounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but she takes ultrasonic sounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but she takes ultrasonic sounds and
+brings it down to our frequency level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it down to our frequency level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it down to our frequency level
+and you can hear the rats laughing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear the rats laughing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear the rats laughing so
+try that out as well so you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that out as well so you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that out as well so you can do that
+in your spare time so he's got some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spare time so he's got some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spare time so he's got some very
+oh this one is kind of interesting war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this one is kind of interesting war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this one is kind of interesting war
+one of the interesting things about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things about we
+have sort of a whole vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a whole vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a whole vehicle
+evolutionary psychology and whatwhat's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychology and whatwhat's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary psychology and whatwhat's
+the reasons why why animals might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why why animals might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why why animals might
+cooperate a lot that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate a lot that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate a lot that's what we're
+talking about here these are really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here these are really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here these are really a
+lot of these things are up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things are up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things are up in the air
+and there's a lot of debates but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of debates but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of debates but one
+possibility is if animals cooperate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is if animals cooperate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is if animals cooperate they
+can deal with a rival group of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with a rival group of animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with a rival group of animals
+who might be taking over their territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be taking over their territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be taking over their territory
+animals have private property you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have private property you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have private property you might
+call it territory they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it territory they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it territory they don't have
+contracts or anything like that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts or anything like that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts or anything like that but it's
+pretty close and if they have territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close and if they have territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close and if they have territory
+that they have and there's another group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have and there's another group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have and there's another group
+has territory they have there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has territory they have there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has territory they have there's gonna be
+conflicts and what might not call it war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and what might not call it war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts and what might not call it war
+and you know if humans have had war for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if humans have had war for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if humans have had war for
+many generations and I I just like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many generations and I I just like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many generations and I I just like to
+show a little bit that this these videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a little bit that this these videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a little bit that this these videos
+are incredible videos that the guys name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incredible videos that the guys name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incredible videos that the guys name
+is Tim Timothy Clutton Brock he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tim Timothy Clutton Brock he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tim Timothy Clutton Brock he's a
+pathologist at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist at the University of
+Cambridge he's studied many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge he's studied many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge he's studied many different
+kinds of animals and these meerkats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of animals and these meerkats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of animals and these meerkats
+there's been a there's actually been a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a there's actually been a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a there's actually been a a
+TV show somebody if you ever watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV show somebody if you ever watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV show somebody if you ever watched the
+BBC show anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC show anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC show anybody here
+it's a BBC show and it's going for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a BBC show and it's going for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a BBC show and it's going for four
+years I mean how long did dynasty go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I mean how long did dynasty go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I mean how long did dynasty go for
+a lot of these ones that you guys watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these ones that you guys watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these ones that you guys watch
+I mean four years of this lives of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean four years of this lives of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean four years of this lives of these
+animals here and the really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals here and the really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals here and the really interesting
+thing about they're about 1 foot tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about they're about 1 foot tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about they're about 1 foot tall
+and they run in troops this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run in troops this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run in troops this group of
+animals is really instrument you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals is really instrument you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals is really instrument you think
+these are female dominated societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are female dominated societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are female dominated societies
+there's a alpha female and she has she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a alpha female and she has she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a alpha female and she has she
+has many children and then her daughters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many children and then her daughters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many children and then her daughters
+are supposed to take care of her kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to take care of her kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to take care of her kids
+not their kids what happens is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not their kids what happens is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not their kids what happens is sometimes
+the daughter wanders off and some Romeo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter wanders off and some Romeo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daughter wanders off and some Romeo
+was coming around they had babies stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coming around they had babies stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coming around they had babies stuff
+like that that daughter has to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that daughter has to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that daughter has to really be
+nice to the mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to the mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to the mom
+to stay usually she's banished and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay usually she's banished and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay usually she's banished and she
+dies or she joins that other troop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies or she joins that other troop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies or she joins that other troop
+there's so many different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different things and
+these animals you can see these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals you can see these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these animals you can see these guys
+here see the the investigators and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the the investigators and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here see the the investigators and the
+BBC show these animals somehow of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC show these animals somehow of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC show these animals somehow of their
+totally inure to humans so they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally inure to humans so they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally inure to humans so they're doing
+all their thing and people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their thing and people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their thing and people are just
+walking around with their cameras so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around with their cameras so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around with their cameras so
+this is you don't have to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you don't have to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you don't have to set up a
+laboratory to go out there and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory to go out there and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory to go out there and and and
+you have to go to the Kalahari Desert so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to the Kalahari Desert so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go to the Kalahari Desert so
+but I think that this is an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that this is an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that this is an incredible
+research enterprise that's been going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research enterprise that's been going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research enterprise that's been going on
+for about ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things is they I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things is they I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things is they I think that
+in many ways it's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways it's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways it's one of the most
+studied social animals because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied social animals because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied social animals because the
+Kalahari Desert is just open you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalahari Desert is just open you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kalahari Desert is just open you can see
+everything one of the things they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything one of the things they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything one of the things they do is
+they dig down into burrows and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dig down into burrows and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dig down into burrows and and and
+so when they're digging way down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they're digging way down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they're digging way down they
+can eat scorpions or not they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat scorpions or not they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat scorpions or not they don't
+they're not bother if it gets stung by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not bother if it gets stung by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not bother if it gets stung by a
+scorpion and but if they're down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorpion and but if they're down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scorpion and but if they're down there
+and there's hawks going over they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hawks going over they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hawks going over they can
+just pick them off so they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick them off so they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick them off so they have these
+sentries and things like that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentries and things like that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentries and things like that so they
+they sort of double up then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of double up then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of double up then they have
+babysitting coops where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting coops where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting coops where they're
+teenagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers
+then they have these burrows underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have these burrows underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have these burrows underground
+but of course you can't if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you can't if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you can't if you're
+growing up as a meerkat by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up as a meerkat by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up as a meerkat by the way
+meerkats have nothing to do with cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meerkats have nothing to do with cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meerkats have nothing to do with cats
+but they're somehow related to Mongoose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're somehow related to Mongoose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're somehow related to Mongoose
+they're sort of more in that category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of more in that category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of more in that category
+but anyway they have a babysitting kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway they have a babysitting kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway they have a babysitting kind
+of thing where they let the kids out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where they let the kids out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where they let the kids out on
+there they play a little bit and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they play a little bit and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they play a little bit and if it
+gets strange they run back and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets strange they run back and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets strange they run back and so
+there's a whole babysitting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole babysitting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole babysitting thing
+because every day they have to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every day they have to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every day they have to go out
+and forage for food and they go very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forage for food and they go very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forage for food and they go very
+long distances the territories of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances the territories of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances the territories of these
+meerkats could be as much as a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meerkats could be as much as a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meerkats could be as much as a square
+millimeter mat that's amazing just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter mat that's amazing just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter mat that's amazing just think
+of these animals this big going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals this big going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these animals this big going over
+square millimetre kilometres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square millimetre kilometres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square millimetre kilometres
+that's territory so what we have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's territory so what we have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's territory so what we have of
+course in the human situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hell they see that their home has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell they see that their home has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell they see that their home has been
+overrun by the Atlanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rival groups spot the owners of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rival groups spot the owners of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rival groups spot the owners of the
+borough and the angry whiskers wastes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borough and the angry whiskers wastes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borough and the angry whiskers wastes no
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last year like the good guys won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year like the good guys won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last year like the good guys won
+what I'm going to tell you is a pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to tell you is a pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to tell you is a pale
+sort of version of all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of version of all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of version of all that stuff
+but I think we have to study stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we have to study stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we have to study stuff in
+the laboratory so a lot of my interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory so a lot of my interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory so a lot of my interest
+comes from the work of nominee embody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the work of nominee embody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the work of nominee embody
+who was a colleague of mine long ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a colleague of mine long ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a colleague of mine long ago in
+psychology department and what she so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology department and what she so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology department and what she so
+we're gonna go I'm gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go I'm gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go I'm gonna talk about
+humans now because that that's how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans now because that that's how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans now because that that's how what
+I've been able to do I'm not but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to do I'm not but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to do I'm not but I do
+think that we really need to look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we really need to look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we really need to look at all
+different parts of the animal kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the animal kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the animal kingdom
+but she did something that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she did something that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she did something that's really
+quite interesting as a social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting as a social psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting as a social psychology
+most people have been handing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people have been handing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people have been handing out
+questionnaires and people how what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and people how what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires and people how what do
+you think about things social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about things social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about things social
+psychologists mostly been about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists mostly been about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists mostly been about you know
+attitudes and it had a rightful good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes and it had a rightful good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes and it had a rightful good
+history about prejudice and how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history about prejudice and how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history about prejudice and how people
+who have a lot of the social psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a lot of the social psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a lot of the social psychology
+came out of was stimulated by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of was stimulated by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of was stimulated by what
+happened in the Second World War the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Second World War the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Second World War the
+atrocities things like that how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities things like that how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocities things like that how could
+people do things like that so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things like that so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do things like that so those are
+really important things and you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important things and you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important things and you read
+about them but she did something some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but she did something some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but she did something some
+more more to everyday level in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more to everyday level in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more to everyday level in a sense
+and just take a pictures very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take a pictures very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take a pictures very few
+pictures of different people and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of different people and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of different people and just
+see what people get from these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people get from these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what people get from these pictures
+so clip movie clips and basically she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clip movie clips and basically she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clip movie clips and basically she
+did one thing and just had people rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one thing and just had people rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one thing and just had people rate
+teachers that they're you this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers that they're you this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers that they're you this is at
+Harvard we had Teaching Fellows and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard we had Teaching Fellows and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard we had Teaching Fellows and they
+were just talking to their class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking to their class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking to their class and
+things like that and and then student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and and then student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and and then student
+just rated them what they thought how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rated them what they thought how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rated them what they thought how
+could a teacher their world just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could a teacher their world just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could a teacher their world just from
+different adjectives and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adjectives and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adjectives and that really
+predicted the student the ratings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the student the ratings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted the student the ratings of the
+the whole course in other words 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole course in other words 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole course in other words 10
+seconds was able to predict the ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds was able to predict the ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds was able to predict the ratings
+of the whole course so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole course so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole course so remember that
+when you do teaching I'm hopeless but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do teaching I'm hopeless but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do teaching I'm hopeless but
+who knows anyway basically here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows anyway basically here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows anyway basically here's
+another thing they did okay there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing they did okay there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing they did okay there's that
+gaydar can tell somebody's gay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaydar can tell somebody's gay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaydar can tell somebody's gay or
+straight or something about it it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight or something about it it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight or something about it it's only
+presenting the thing for 50 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the thing for 50 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the thing for 50 milliseconds
+I find that hard to believe if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that hard to believe if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that hard to believe if you see
+look at a video two people talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a video two people talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a video two people talking
+together or you can tell whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or you can tell whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together or you can tell whether they're
+friends or strangers then we said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or strangers then we said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or strangers then we said a
+really interesting one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting one this is
+the outcome is you have an interview or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is you have an interview or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome is you have an interview or
+tapes between doctors and patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes between doctors and patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes between doctors and patients and
+you can outcome variables like was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can outcome variables like was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can outcome variables like was it
+that doctor got sued or not you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doctor got sued or not you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doctor got sued or not you can have
+people great have it adjectives and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people great have it adjectives and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people great have it adjectives and it's
+like a little bit like you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit like you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit like you can think of
+doing machine learning just taking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing machine learning just taking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing machine learning just taking all
+those adjectives and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjectives and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjectives and then sort of
+predict whether whether that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether whether that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether whether that person
+gonna make so you can see just by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make so you can see just by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make so you can see just by this
+is a kind of a crowdsourcing way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of a crowdsourcing way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of a crowdsourcing way of
+dealing with all kinds of real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all kinds of real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all kinds of real-world
+social significant things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social significant things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social significant things okay
+so I've worked a lot on face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've worked a lot on face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've worked a lot on face recognition
+if that's a very important thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a very important thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's a very important thing in the
+sense that in order to negotiate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in order to negotiate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in order to negotiate our
+social world if you can't do a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social world if you can't do a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social world if you can't do a face
+recognition you're in trouble I work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition you're in trouble I work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition you're in trouble I work a
+lot of people approach the peg Nozick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people approach the peg Nozick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people approach the peg Nozick
+Oliver Sacks remote men even know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Sacks remote men even know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Sacks remote men even know who
+Oliver Sacks that he's definitely pros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Sacks that he's definitely pros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Sacks that he's definitely pros
+up agnostic and and if he's at a party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up agnostic and and if he's at a party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up agnostic and and if he's at a party
+he's a little bit lost and but he's a he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a little bit lost and but he's a he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a little bit lost and but he's a he
+has so many other charming characters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many other charming characters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many other charming characters so
+that he can manage people come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can manage people come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can manage people come up and
+talk to him but you can imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to him but you can imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to him but you can imagine if
+you're not that charming witty funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that charming witty funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that charming witty funny
+person and you don't recognize people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you don't recognize people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you don't recognize people
+who you're supposed to recognize you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're supposed to recognize you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you're supposed to recognize you're
+in trouble one of this subject I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble one of this subject I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble one of this subject I worked
+with she was a quite a well-known author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with she was a quite a well-known author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with she was a quite a well-known author
+and she goes on book tours she's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she goes on book tours she's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she goes on book tours she's happy
+and she's she does very very well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's she does very very well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's she does very very well but
+she has a problem with face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a problem with face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a problem with face recognition
+but she can't really recognize a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she can't really recognize a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she can't really recognize a lot of
+the guys and her department she teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys and her department she teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys and her department she teaches
+it's an English literature professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an English literature professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an English literature professor
+she's about four guys in our department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's about four guys in our department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's about four guys in our department
+she can't really recognize one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't really recognize one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't really recognize one from
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+that makes social interactions are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes social interactions are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes social interactions are very
+difficult so we all are experts at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so we all are experts at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult so we all are experts at face
+recognition but I've studied something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but I've studied something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but I've studied something
+called face blindness but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called face blindness but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called face blindness but I just want to
+step back as just thought occurred to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back as just thought occurred to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back as just thought occurred to me
+this is one thing that's really we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one thing that's really we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one thing that's really we just
+published not my stuff with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published not my stuff with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published not my stuff with my
+collaborators we've well I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators we've well I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators we've well I'll come back
+to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later
+it's called face recognition under early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called face recognition under early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called face recognition under early
+stress I'll come back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress I'll come back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress I'll come back to that later
+remind me okay so over the last hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me okay so over the last hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me okay so over the last hundred
+years or so there's something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so there's something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so there's something because
+acquired prosopagnosia which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired prosopagnosia which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired prosopagnosia which means that
+I think that the best case was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the best case was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the best case was I think
+World War two victims German soldiers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two victims German soldiers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War two victims German soldiers in
+the Second World War and that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second World War and that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Second World War and that those
+people you could tell they have face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you could tell they have face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you could tell they have face
+recognition problems because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition problems because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition problems because of course
+they were able to recognize faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to recognize faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to recognize faces and
+later they were able to do it and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to do it and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to do it and so but
+more recently and I've studied you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently and I've studied you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently and I've studied you know
+make hundreds of these people and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make hundreds of these people and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make hundreds of these people and we've
+actually signed up thousands of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually signed up thousands of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually signed up thousands of other
+people we just went to the we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we just went to the we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we just went to the we put a
+website out and we basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website out and we basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website out and we basically have
+studied huge numbers of people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied huge numbers of people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied huge numbers of people who were
+just naturally occurring people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally occurring people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just naturally occurring people can't
+recognize faces very well at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces very well at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces very well at all and
+we've got about six thousand registrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got about six thousand registrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got about six thousand registrants
+we really don't test them that much now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't test them that much now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't test them that much now
+but we can test them on the web as Nancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can test them on the web as Nancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can test them on the web as Nancy
+mentioned we do that kind of thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we do that kind of thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we do that kind of thing just
+some testimonials from these people one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some testimonials from these people one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some testimonials from these people one
+or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+this shows the problem they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the problem they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the problem they have this
+week I went to the wrong baby at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I went to the wrong baby at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I went to the wrong baby at my
+son's daycare and only realized he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son's daycare and only realized he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son's daycare and only realized he was
+not my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my son
+blah blah blah so in an audience like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so in an audience like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah so in an audience like
+this you don't have to identify yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have to identify yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you don't have to identify yourself
+since you guys so many people are stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you guys so many people are stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you guys so many people are stand
+people stand people sometimes have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stand people sometimes have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stand people sometimes have these
+problems you see if I give a lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see if I give a lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you see if I give a lecture to
+an audience like that somebody will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audience like that somebody will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audience like that somebody will come
+up and say that's me so I this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and say that's me so I this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and say that's me so I this one this
+is Lady I know quite well she's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lady I know quite well she's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lady I know quite well she's got a
+PhD and difference of geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD and difference of geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD and difference of geometries
+mathematician she she's has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician she she's has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician she she's has lots of
+problems she's the one of the few so dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems she's the one of the few so dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems she's the one of the few so dad
+I said I think is kind of mine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I think is kind of mine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I think is kind of mine was
+mildly on the spectrum but most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly on the spectrum but most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly on the spectrum but most the
+people our study are not autistic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people our study are not autistic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people our study are not autistic or
+Asperger's of any way but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asperger's of any way but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asperger's of any way but a lot of
+people have problem it's I claim it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have problem it's I claim it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have problem it's I claim it's a
+visual problem it's not a psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual problem it's not a psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual problem it's not a psychiatric
+problem work social fun but it does lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem work social fun but it does lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem work social fun but it does lead
+to social problems and I with Brad this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to social problems and I with Brad this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to social problems and I with Brad this
+shame I study these people quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame I study these people quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame I study these people quite
+extensively and the thing that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively and the thing that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively and the thing that I just
+want to say in order to study them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say in order to study them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say in order to study them we
+developed a face recognition test I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a face recognition test I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a face recognition test I got
+into the testing business in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the testing business in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the testing business in this way
+because the tests that were out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tests that were out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tests that were out there
+weren't very good they were really bad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very good they were really bad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very good they were really bad I
+mean they were I won't go into how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were I won't go into how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they were I won't go into how bad
+they were so we had to we spent three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so we had to we spent three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were so we had to we spent three or
+four years just making up a test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years just making up a test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years just making up a test which
+is now used widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now used widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now used widely
+the world but and I was just I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but and I was just I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but and I was just I don't
+want to go into the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go into the details of the
+tempest but basically enables people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempest but basically enables people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempest but basically enables people
+sort of over learn about six phases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over learn about six phases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over learn about six phases it's
+a little bit like natural face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like natural face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit like natural face
+recognition it's not it I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's not it I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition it's not it I think it's a
+very good test I won't go into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good test I won't go into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good test I won't go into things
+like that and and it gets harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and and it gets harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and and it gets harder and
+harder but I just want to say that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but I just want to say that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but I just want to say that we've
+been able to characterize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to characterize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to characterize these
+prosopagnosia people but somebody all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosopagnosia people but somebody all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosopagnosia people but somebody all
+the sudden shows up and says well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudden shows up and says well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudden shows up and says well I'm
+not one of them I'm super so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of them I'm super so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of them I'm super so we've
+studied those people as well I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied those people as well I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied those people as well I won't go
+into detail we've made a lot of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail we've made a lot of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into detail we've made a lot of studies
+about them just a couple testimonials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them just a couple testimonials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them just a couple testimonials I
+pretend I don't remember people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I don't remember people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I don't remember people because
+people think I'm stalking them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think I'm stalking them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think I'm stalking them or
+something like that so now we're we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so now we're we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so now we're we've
+studied half a dozen of them and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied half a dozen of them and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied half a dozen of them and now
+we're studying a much larger population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying a much larger population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying a much larger population
+of them I would all I'd like to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I would all I'd like to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I would all I'd like to say is
+these people are as good as pros a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are as good as pros a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are as good as pros a
+potent ozox are bad they're really but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent ozox are bad they're really but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent ozox are bad they're really but
+we haven't found that in any of the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't found that in any of the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't found that in any of the we
+bleep up probably identified about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleep up probably identified about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleep up probably identified about
+thirty of them and I've been looking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty of them and I've been looking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty of them and I've been looking and
+we give we give them much harder tests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give we give them much harder tests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give we give them much harder tests a
+face recognition some of you if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition some of you if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition some of you if you can
+recognize all four of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all four of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all four of these people
+before they're famous or come up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they're famous or come up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they're famous or come up and you
+might be one of our people but I doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of our people but I doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of our people but I doubt
+it most people think they're very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most people think they're very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it most people think they're very good
+at face recognition when we test them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at face recognition when we test them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at face recognition when we test them
+they're not that good so nature versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that good so nature versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that good so nature versus
+nurture in Toronto I pop my time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurture in Toronto I pop my time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurture in Toronto I pop my time here
+just you know most of you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know most of you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know most of you are not
+psychic how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic how many people are
+psychologists here okay so you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists here okay so you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists here okay so you you know
+that this this is some there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is some there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this is some there's some
+experiments called twin studies where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments called twin studies where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments called twin studies where
+you you character you study some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you character you study some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you character you study some
+characteristics in monozygotic twins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in monozygotic twins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in monozygotic twins and
+then different dyes Otakon tars I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different dyes Otakon tars I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different dyes Otakon tars I got it
+towards and so the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards and so the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards and so the idea here is that
+they sort of share the same family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of share the same family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of share the same family
+environment of course each person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of course each person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of course each person is
+different they're different way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different way to deal
+with a family stuff like that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a family stuff like that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a family stuff like that but that's
+the best we can do but if you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do but if you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do but if you can show
+that the correlation between twin at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the correlation between twin at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the correlation between twin at one
+and twin two is very very high and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twin two is very very high and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twin two is very very high and in
+our case it's going to be extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case it's going to be extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case it's going to be extremely high
+in fact it's just as high if twin one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's just as high if twin one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's just as high if twin one
+took the test twice that indicates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the test twice that indicates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the test twice that indicates and
+then if you compare it with dizygotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you compare it with dizygotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you compare it with dizygotic
+twins there's a real difference there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins there's a real difference there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins there's a real difference there
+and that's what we've shown essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've shown essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've shown essentially
+is that I'm just saying the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm just saying the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm just saying the test
+reliability is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is very good
+it's a secular set has a R of of 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a secular set has a R of of 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a secular set has a R of of 0.7
+which is very good and we had fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very good and we had fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very good and we had fit
+there's a 350 just random people took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 350 just random people took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 350 just random people took
+the test twice but now what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test twice but now what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test twice but now what you can do
+we we have this online way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have this online way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have this online way of doing
+research where we can just have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research where we can just have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research where we can just have people
+come up and the real hard thing in twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and the real hard thing in twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and the real hard thing in twin
+studies is not to get monozygotic twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies is not to get monozygotic twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies is not to get monozygotic twins
+it's get dizygotic towards eyes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's get dizygotic towards eyes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's get dizygotic towards eyes like
+ones don't really care about being twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones don't really care about being twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones don't really care about being twins
+that much but monozygotic feel hey I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but monozygotic feel hey I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much but monozygotic feel hey I'm a
+twin that's my wife is a mother's I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin that's my wife is a mother's I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin that's my wife is a mother's I got
+a twin so I know all about this but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twin so I know all about this but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twin so I know all about this but so
+we have a slim thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a slim thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a slim thing called the
+Australian trend registry and we pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian trend registry and we pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian trend registry and we pay
+them and they a very nominal fee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they a very nominal fee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they a very nominal fee and
+they do our tests online and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do our tests online and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do our tests online and what's
+really interesting we found if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting we found if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting we found if you
+correlate twin one and twin two it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate twin one and twin two it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate twin one and twin two it they
+have to be this obviously the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be this obviously the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be this obviously the same
+gender the correlation you'll see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender the correlation you'll see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender the correlation you'll see here
+is 0.7 it's just as good if the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.7 it's just as good if the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.7 it's just as good if the twin
+took the test twice that's pretty darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the test twice that's pretty darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the test twice that's pretty darn
+amazing and the dizygotic is 0.3 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and the dizygotic is 0.3 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and the dizygotic is 0.3 so in
+this particular situation I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular situation I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular situation I think we've
+shown to our astonishment that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to our astonishment that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to our astonishment that the
+ability of this face that the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of this face that the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of this face that the ability to
+learn new faces is almost entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new faces is almost entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new faces is almost entirely
+heritable whatever that means and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable whatever that means and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable whatever that means and it's a
+it's a it's a technical definition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a technical definition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a technical definition but
+it's it it it indicates that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it it indicates that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it it indicates that your
+ability to recognize faces is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recognize faces is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recognize faces is strongly
+controlled by other factors than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by other factors than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by other factors than
+experience that's what I want to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's what I want to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's what I want to bring
+up this childhood adversity thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this childhood adversity thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this childhood adversity thing here
+Laura Germain has done a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura Germain has done a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laura Germain has done a very large
+survey I think over a thousand people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey I think over a thousand people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey I think over a thousand people
+who were were and these are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were were and these are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were were and these are things that
+trouble the IRB here but people talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the IRB here but people talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the IRB here but people talked
+about all their horrible things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all their horrible things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all their horrible things that
+happened to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to them
+Charles thought sexual abuse neglect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles thought sexual abuse neglect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles thought sexual abuse neglect by
+their parents all kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents all kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents all kinds of things that
+are really bad at when you're growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really bad at when you're growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really bad at when you're growing up
+and then we did a lot of tests on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did a lot of tests on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did a lot of tests on the
+web and with everything all our tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and with everything all our tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and with everything all our tests
+showed real deficits in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed real deficits in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed real deficits in cognitive
+abilities in even emotion recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities in even emotion recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities in even emotion recognition
+but there was no deficit in ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no deficit in ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no deficit in ability
+learn faces so that's pretty so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn faces so that's pretty so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn faces so that's pretty so what I
+would like to suggest is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to suggest is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to suggest is that somehow
+we're sort of topped out with we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of topped out with we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of topped out with we have
+enough experience seeing faces and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experience seeing faces and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough experience seeing faces and we've
+reached our asymptote that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached our asymptote that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached our asymptote that's just a
+point that might be of interest here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that might be of interest here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that might be of interest here so
+another thing we've done recently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we've done recently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we've done recently I
+don't have any data to here but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any data to here but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any data to here but we just
+got it paper accepted was to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it paper accepted was to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it paper accepted was to show that
+using the same sort of paradigm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same sort of paradigm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same sort of paradigm of
+monozygotic and dizygotic twins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monozygotic and dizygotic twins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monozygotic and dizygotic twins that
+face attractiveness is it's not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face attractiveness is it's not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face attractiveness is it's not there's
+no genetic component at all basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no genetic component at all basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no genetic component at all basically
+zero so here's a face attractiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so here's a face attractiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so here's a face attractiveness
+test that we've cooked up here here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that we've cooked up here here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that we've cooked up here here's a
+bunch of faces you have a bunch of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of faces you have a bunch of cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of faces you have a bunch of cards
+you sort them and that's all you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort them and that's all you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort them and that's all you do you
+get the mean ratings for all the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean ratings for all the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the mean ratings for all the faces
+and then you rate the faces and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you rate the faces and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you rate the faces and I'm
+gonna say okay you're let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say okay you're let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say okay you're let's say that
+upper left-hand corner that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left-hand corner that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left-hand corner that's one
+person's ratings versus the mean ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ratings versus the mean ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's ratings versus the mean ratings
+that's a correlation point seven for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a correlation point seven for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a correlation point seven for the
+next person's point nine one can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person's point nine one can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person's point nine one can you
+that's not really unimaginable to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really unimaginable to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really unimaginable to me
+that that person there's correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that person there's correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that person there's correlation
+with the mean rating is so high and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mean rating is so high and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mean rating is so high and look
+at these ratings so they're very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these ratings so they're very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these ratings so they're very very
+high of course these are Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high of course these are Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high of course these are Harvard
+undergraduates they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates they all have the same
+kind of mentality perhaps that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentality perhaps that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mentality perhaps that's maybe
+that's the point but the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point but the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point but the correlation
+would the mean these this is just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the mean these this is just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the mean these this is just from
+one of my courses it's unbelievable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my courses it's unbelievable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my courses it's unbelievable the
+correlation the agreement of who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation the agreement of who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation the agreement of who's
+attractive who's not attractive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive who's not attractive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive who's not attractive is
+astonishing so what we did was we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing so what we did was we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing so what we did was we had
+these MZ versus DZ twins and has them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these MZ versus DZ twins and has them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these MZ versus DZ twins and has them
+rate then we have a kind of a jingle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then we have a kind of a jingle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then we have a kind of a jingle we
+say how quirky are you and your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how quirky are you and your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how quirky are you and your your
+your face your beauty judge or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face your beauty judge or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face your beauty judge or something
+like that so there because our website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there because our website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there because our website
+we don't pay anybody or the in the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't pay anybody or the in the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't pay anybody or the in the twin
+study we do but we'd like to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we do but we'd like to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we do but we'd like to make the
+test fun and interesting to the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test fun and interesting to the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test fun and interesting to the people
+and we most of the time gives them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we most of the time gives them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we most of the time gives them
+feedback as to how they done so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as to how they done so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as to how they done so all I'm
+trying to tell you there is that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you there is that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell you there is that that we
+don't see any genetic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any genetic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any genetic components
+involved when you do the money not as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved when you do the money not as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved when you do the money not as I
+got a concise aquatic twins here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a concise aquatic twins here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a concise aquatic twins here a
+gender versus attractiveness we gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender versus attractiveness we gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender versus attractiveness we gave a
+bunch of pictures to people and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pictures to people and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pictures to people and you say
+which looks more feminine and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks more feminine and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks more feminine and more
+masculine but you do that with girls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine but you do that with girls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine but you do that with girls and
+then you do with boys which was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do with boys which was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do with boys which was more
+masculine feminine those are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine feminine those are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine feminine those are very
+reliable ratings also it's hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable ratings also it's hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable ratings also it's hard to see
+but female attractiveness correlates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but female attractiveness correlates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but female attractiveness correlates
+very well with the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with the job
+gender judgment male attractiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender judgment male attractiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender judgment male attractiveness
+doesn't actually male attractiveness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually male attractiveness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually male attractiveness is
+quite robust people can agree on me I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite robust people can agree on me I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite robust people can agree on me I'll
+attract them there's a little but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract them there's a little but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract them there's a little but it's
+not the gender axis maybe you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the gender axis maybe you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the gender axis maybe you know two
+thousand years ago was macho Ness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago was macho Ness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years ago was macho Ness or
+something like that but in our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but in our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but in our society
+it's agreed upon but it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's agreed upon but it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's agreed upon but it's a little bit
+mysterious to Alex Todorov has published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious to Alex Todorov has published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious to Alex Todorov has published
+a paper on this which I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper on this which I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper on this which I don't understand
+but he says he explains it but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he says he explains it but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he says he explains it but I'm not
+sure but that's an interesting area what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but that's an interesting area what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but that's an interesting area what
+constitutes male is Backman a fellow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes male is Backman a fellow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes male is Backman a fellow in
+was an MIT student Richard Russell found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT student Richard Russell found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an MIT student Richard Russell found
+one of the things that deal is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that deal is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that deal is related
+to female attractiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to female attractiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to female attractiveness
+it's basically contrast facial contra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically contrast facial contra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically contrast facial contra
+not of dark your but your facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of dark your but your facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of dark your but your facial
+contrast and he just found that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and he just found that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and he just found that if
+you've just measured the contrast at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just measured the contrast at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just measured the contrast at
+pictures you find the female average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you find the female average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures you find the female average
+contrast is higher than the male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is higher than the male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is higher than the male
+contrast and if you take a picture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and if you take a picture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and if you take a picture like
+that which is an androgynous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is an androgynous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is an androgynous
+person here and you just change you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here and you just change you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here and you just change you have
+to the same picture you just you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same picture you just you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same picture you just you just
+increase the contrast the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the contrast the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the contrast the one on the
+left looks more female and maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left looks more female and maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left looks more female and maybe that's
+the reason Richard thinks that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason Richard thinks that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason Richard thinks that this is
+the basis of some cosmetics and he he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of some cosmetics and he he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of some cosmetics and he he's
+a he works with a cosmetic come he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a he works with a cosmetic come he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a he works with a cosmetic come he's not
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay so the final part of this talk I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the final part of this talk I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the final part of this talk I'd
+like to talk about is that in which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about is that in which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about is that in which I'm
+more involved in right now is I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved in right now is I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved in right now is I sort of
+feel that most of social psychology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that most of social psychology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that most of social psychology is
+involved in kind of asking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in kind of asking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in kind of asking people
+questions and things like that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and things like that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and things like that about
+social but as I said in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social but as I said in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social but as I said in the beginning of
+the talk I feel the the realm of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk I feel the the realm of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk I feel the the realm of human
+action is something that has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is something that has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is something that has not been
+investigated so I just feel it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated so I just feel it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated so I just feel it's it's
+something that we need to probe and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to probe and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to probe and I
+like to argue is that by studying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to argue is that by studying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to argue is that by studying our
+human actions we can actually reveal our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human actions we can actually reveal our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human actions we can actually reveal our
+social perceptions that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social perceptions that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social perceptions that's kind of the
+point here so most of you are have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so most of you are have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here so most of you are have been
+in very crowded places and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very crowded places and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very crowded places and you don't
+bump into people and stuff like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump into people and stuff like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump into people and stuff like that and
+there's many reasons for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many reasons for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many reasons for that but
+basically it's it's it's pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's it's pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's it's pretty amazing
+that people pretty much don't run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people pretty much don't run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people pretty much don't run into
+each other and very crowded and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and very crowded and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and very crowded and and and
+when they're very rushed and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're very rushed and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're very rushed and there are
+many situations in which that your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations in which that your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations in which that your your
+social interactions with people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interactions with people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interactions with people are
+extremely skilled and offensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely skilled and offensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely skilled and offensive
+different kinds of dancing or fencing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of dancing or fencing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of dancing or fencing or
+different kinds of athletics so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of athletics so I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of athletics so I claim
+this is the cut this is the domain about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cut this is the domain about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cut this is the domain about
+eco rapid social perception and so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco rapid social perception and so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco rapid social perception and so how
+can we study rapid social perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we study rapid social perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we study rapid social perception
+well I'm I'm ok with all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm I'm ok with all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm I'm ok with all these things
+showing movies and stuff like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing movies and stuff like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing movies and stuff like that but
+we've sort of put it into the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of put it into the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of put it into the laboratory
+more of just Greek fashion just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of just Greek fashion just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of just Greek fashion just because
+we can study easily now one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can study easily now one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can study easily now one of them is
+most of you watch the World Cup does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you watch the World Cup does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you watch the World Cup does the
+penalty kick doesn't happen all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty kick doesn't happen all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty kick doesn't happen all the time
+but every once in a while it happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every once in a while it happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every once in a while it happens and
+you know that's a really dramatic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a really dramatic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a really dramatic moment
+and of course you have to predict which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have to predict which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you have to predict which
+which way the the kicker is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the the kicker is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the the kicker is going to go
+ahead of time if you're going to if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time if you're going to if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time if you're going to if you
+go if you're the goalie so we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you're the goalie so we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you're the goalie so we set up
+something which was sort of parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which was sort of parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which was sort of parallel to
+it but I call the lab version here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I call the lab version here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I call the lab version here so
+here's this here's a kicker here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's a kicker here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's a kicker here but
+that the job is not to kick the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the job is not to kick the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the job is not to kick the ball
+into the into the into the area but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the into the area but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the into the area but just
+touch target left or right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch target left or right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch target left or right that's that's
+your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job
+that's what you do go boom boom that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you do go boom boom that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you do go boom boom that's
+it that's the trial so it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the trial so it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the trial so it's very simple
+and we tell people there's a game if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tell people there's a game if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tell people there's a game if you
+are up to the game if you the blocker if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up to the game if you the blocker if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up to the game if you the blocker if
+you get there within 150 milli we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there within 150 milli we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there within 150 milli we sort
+of titrated to match the skill of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titrated to match the skill of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of titrated to match the skill of the
+two people but it's a game Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people but it's a game Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people but it's a game Harvard
+undergraduates love the game they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates love the game they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates love the game they get
+tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+but they there's no problem Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they there's no problem Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they there's no problem Harvard
+undergraduates don't know each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates don't know each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates don't know each other
+usually so they're not friends or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so they're not friends or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so they're not friends or
+anything like that they just they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that they just they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that they just they just
+come in there so I think there's a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in there so I think there's a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in there so I think there's a movie
+here as well I'll get go this way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well I'll get go this way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well I'll get go this way okay
+so this is the game here there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the game here there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the game here there you go
+here that's it that's the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's it that's the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's it that's the game
+I'd like pretty simple experiments okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like pretty simple experiments okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like pretty simple experiments okay
+so but then what we do which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but then what we do which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but then what we do which we just
+measure the finger position of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the finger position of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the finger position of the the
+two players who just buy these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players who just buy these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players who just buy these things
+they're off the shelf they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're off the shelf they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're off the shelf they're not very
+expensive about the one I had like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive about the one I had like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive about the one I had like a
+couple thousand dollars these days that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple thousand dollars these days that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple thousand dollars these days that
+there's a very low tech he measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very low tech he measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very low tech he measures the
+position of the fingers and a high high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the fingers and a high high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the fingers and a high high
+precision very fast and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision very fast and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision very fast and stuff like that
+and you buy this thing it takes a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy this thing it takes a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy this thing it takes a while
+to get it going stuff like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it going stuff like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it going stuff like that so this
+is just I'm just gonna so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I'm just gonna so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I'm just gonna so basically we
+have once that you with then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have once that you with then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have once that you with then when you
+you just think we can map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think we can map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just think we can map the
+trajectories of them of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of them of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories of them of the various
+people and you can see they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you can see they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you can see they're there
+well well behaved like that so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well behaved like that so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well behaved like that so what's
+interesting is the timing here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the timing here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is the timing here so the
+kicker goes like this and the blocker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicker goes like this and the blocker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicker goes like this and the blocker so
+you can make little measurements here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make little measurements here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make little measurements here
+and so we can just measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just measure the
+horizontal positions here so the blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal positions here so the blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal positions here so the blue is
+the kicker and the red is the blocker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kicker and the red is the blocker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kicker and the red is the blocker
+and so obviously they can't do at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so obviously they can't do at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so obviously they can't do at the
+same time but the reaction to the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but the reaction to the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but the reaction to the yeah
+the reaction times everything what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction times everything what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction times everything what's
+what's that difference in the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that difference in the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that difference in the launch
+point there and what we found was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there and what we found was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there and what we found was it was
+actually very low it's it's you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very low it's it's you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very low it's it's you can see
+it's it's there so it's some others as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's there so it's some others as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's there so it's some others as
+low as those 100 milliseconds but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as those 100 milliseconds but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as those 100 milliseconds but it's
+it's 150 it's lower than choice reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 150 it's lower than choice reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 150 it's lower than choice reaction
+times normally so if you take if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times normally so if you take if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times normally so if you take if you
+could have a button box you put a buzzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a button box you put a buzzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a button box you put a buzzes
+or something like that choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that choice of
+reaction times are usually about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction times are usually about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction times are usually about 100
+milliseconds longer so what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds longer so what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds longer so what's going on
+here so but maybe choice reaction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so but maybe choice reaction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so but maybe choice reaction time
+isn't a really good choice so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a really good choice so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a really good choice so what we
+did was we took we actually can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we took we actually can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we took we actually can take the
+position of the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the finger
+and map it on the screen and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it on the screen and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it on the screen and we have a
+little experiment here where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment here where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment here where you
+actually instead of playing against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually instead of playing against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually instead of playing against a
+person you you just there's a little dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you you just there's a little dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you you just there's a little dot
+that zooms up there and then you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zooms up there and then you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zooms up there and then you do that
+so maybe that's it's that the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that's it's that the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe that's it's that the fact of
+that so we do this that's the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we do this that's the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we do this that's the experiment
+and it turns out this experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this experiment we're
+about 100 milliseconds long course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 milliseconds long course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 milliseconds long course in
+other words you're playing it against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you're playing it against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you're playing it against
+the human being that's on average about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human being that's on average about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human being that's on average about
+100 milliseconds so you are faster when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milliseconds so you are faster when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milliseconds so you are faster when
+you're doing with human being no I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with human being no I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing with human being no I'll
+just skip over some of this stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip over some of this stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip over some of this stuff here
+and again there's no learning here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's no learning here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's no learning here then
+basically it's just it's flat so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just it's flat so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's just it's flat so what's
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+but we think what's happening here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think what's happening here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we think what's happening here and
+this is the punchline I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the punchline I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the punchline I'll just
+elaborate a little bit more you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate a little bit more you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate a little bit more you think
+all through your life you've seen people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through your life you've seen people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through your life you've seen people
+do different kinds of actions and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different kinds of actions and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different kinds of actions and if you
+do any kind of action there's all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of action there's all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of action there's all kinds
+of postural adjustments I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of postural adjustments I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of postural adjustments I was just
+talking to one of the guys and Amelia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to one of the guys and Amelia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to one of the guys and Amelia
+beat Sealab if you sorted it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat Sealab if you sorted it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat Sealab if you sorted it in
+different kinds of sports if you lunge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of sports if you lunge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of sports if you lunge
+like that what's the first muscles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what's the first muscles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that what's the first muscles that
+contract anybody want to know your butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract anybody want to know your butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract anybody want to know your butt
+because that's to maintain your grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's to maintain your grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's to maintain your grab
+your your center of gravity so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your center of gravity so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your center of gravity so there's
+all kinds of I'm not saying people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of I'm not saying people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of I'm not saying people were
+watching you know their butts and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you know their butts and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you know their butts and stuff
+like that but when you make any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but when you make any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but when you make any kind of
+motion it's your whole body is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion it's your whole body is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion it's your whole body is connected
+and somehow we have knowledge implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow we have knowledge implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow we have knowledge implicitly
+of this so what's going on here you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so what's going on here you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so what's going on here you we
+talked about 90 milliseconds or so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about 90 milliseconds or so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about 90 milliseconds or so what
+section is the body informative well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is the body informative well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is the body informative well in
+a sense this is kind of you just block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense this is kind of you just block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense this is kind of you just block
+off different pieces and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off different pieces and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off different pieces and stuff like that
+and we just we have all different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just we have all different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just we have all different kinds
+of ways we can just limit it and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways we can just limit it and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways we can just limit it and we did
+all kinds of experiments like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of experiments like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of experiments like that and
+basically if you show all the there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you show all the there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you show all the there's an
+advantage just the torso just a head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage just the torso just a head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage just the torso just a head and
+first the computer it's it's all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the computer it's it's all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the computer it's it's all over
+the place that the information is holed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that the information is holed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that the information is holed
+up but that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not that's not
+unreasonable because when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable because when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable because when you're doing
+something all parts of your body are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all parts of your body are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all parts of your body are
+connected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so
+there's quite an advantage I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite an advantage I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite an advantage I think
+basically oh this is your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oh this is your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oh this is your question
+removing this stuff so we have we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing this stuff so we have we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing this stuff so we have we call
+them cut videos here so what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cut videos here so what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cut videos here so what we do is we
+play a video here of by the way we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a video here of by the way we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a video here of by the way we now
+have shown that people behave exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown that people behave exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown that people behave exactly
+the same cool video than they do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cool video than they do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cool video than they do to the
+other person so that makes the life a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person so that makes the life a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person so that makes the life a
+little simpler so here's a there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler so here's a there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler so here's a there we go
+there's no notice if you can tell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no notice if you can tell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no notice if you can tell but
+essentially nobody except a couple star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially nobody except a couple star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially nobody except a couple star
+athletes could tell what it was and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes could tell what it was and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes could tell what it was and it
+turns out in the cut videos in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out in the cut videos in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out in the cut videos in other
+words you you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you you don't have that
+preparatory stuff you just you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparatory stuff you just you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparatory stuff you just you just have
+all that if the person is still we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that if the person is still we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that if the person is still we don't
+even know what those motions are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what those motions are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what those motions are but
+basically they're 100 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're 100 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're 100 milliseconds
+slower with the cut videos that's it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower with the cut videos that's it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower with the cut videos that's it so
+another thing is well we even did stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is well we even did stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is well we even did stuff
+we did another series experiments we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did another series experiments we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did another series experiments we'll
+maybe this eye movements and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this eye movements and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this eye movements and basically
+we just did some more blocking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did some more blocking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did some more blocking and
+shoulders are important you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders are important you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders are important you can see here
+oh I didn't show that I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I didn't show that I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I didn't show that I don't have the
+data there but basically every even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there but basically every even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there but basically every even the
+head there's a little mean the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head there's a little mean the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head there's a little mean the all of
+those the first five except the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the first five except the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the first five except the last one
+we're very good even the last one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very good even the last one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very good even the last one you
+you can hardly see anything you just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hardly see anything you just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hardly see anything you just see
+the head attending see the eye movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head attending see the eye movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head attending see the eye movement
+is a little bit of an advantage even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of an advantage even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of an advantage even
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I'm so basically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm so basically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm so basically what I'm
+trying to say more broadly is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say more broadly is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say more broadly is that our
+ability to understand humans bodily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to understand humans bodily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to understand humans bodily
+motion predict what they're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion predict what they're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion predict what they're going to do
+is something that we've learned somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we've learned somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we've learned somewhat
+unconsciously we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously we're going to do a
+machine learning of what parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning of what parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning of what parts of the
+body it is and all kind of stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it is and all kind of stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it is and all kind of stuff like
+that I'm interested in if you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested in if you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested in if you people
+have some ideas of what other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ideas of what other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ideas of what other kinds of
+things we can do to to generalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do to to generalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do to to generalize this
+but I think it's it's an area where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's it's an area where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's it's an area where we
+it helps us understand all the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us understand all the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us understand all the kind of
+knowledge that we do have of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that we do have of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that we do have of other
+people that we can read out in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that we can read out in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that we can read out in ways that
+are very subtle but reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hgrhfkcXlAQ.txt b/hgrhfkcXlAQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1936a60bd990867fb85ccfbc58542c61a600b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hgrhfkcXlAQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this lecture i'd like you um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture i'd like you um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture i'd like you um to
+have a first connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a first connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a first connection
+between particle physics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particle physics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between particle physics and the
+laplacian formalism in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian formalism in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian formalism in classical
+mechanics you have seen that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have seen that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have seen that you can
+write down the lagrangian using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the lagrangian using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the lagrangian using the
+kinetic and the potential energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic and the potential energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic and the potential energy of a
+particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and
+from that derive equations of motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that derive equations of motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that derive equations of motions
+in quantum field theory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum field theory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum field theory you can
+translate this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this idea
+and derive lagrangian densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive lagrangian densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive lagrangian densities
+it's beyond the scope of this class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beyond the scope of this class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beyond the scope of this class to
+you know do all the mechanics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do all the mechanics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do all the mechanics of this
+we revisit this topic later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we revisit this topic later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we revisit this topic later
+um in the class when we introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the class when we introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the class when we introduce the
+higgs mechanism for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs mechanism for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs mechanism for example
+and there'll be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be a little bit more
+systematic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic then
+um i'm introducing the topic now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm introducing the topic now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm introducing the topic now because
+it allows you to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to answer
+one of the homework questions so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework questions so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework questions so you can
+just follow this lecture and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow this lecture and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow this lecture and then you
+should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to
+answer on you know the first question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on you know the first question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on you know the first question of
+the second preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second preset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second preset
+all right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just have to trust me at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to trust me at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to trust me at this point
+that you can write the question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write the question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can write the question for
+feed the direct field or lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the direct field or lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the direct field or lagrangian
+density for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for
+direct field this way um one exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct field this way um one exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct field this way um one exercise
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+to use this and show that this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this and show that this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this and show that this is like
+from this lagoon you can derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lagoon you can derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this lagoon you can derive the
+debug equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug equation
+for a spinner field but that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a spinner field but that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a spinner field but that's not what
+we're trying to do here we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do here we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do here we're trying to
+see what the effect is of um having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the effect is of um having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the effect is of um having this
+lagrange density being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrange density being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrange density being
+invariant or unchanged under global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant or unchanged under global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant or unchanged under global
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+so we are able to rotate our spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are able to rotate our spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are able to rotate our spinal
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+with a global phase and we will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a global phase and we will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a global phase and we will see that
+the lagrangian doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian doesn't change
+and there's a consequence of this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a consequence of this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a consequence of this which
+is the free current this is exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the free current this is exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the free current this is exercising
+uh neuter theory there's an overarching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuter theory there's an overarching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuter theory there's an overarching
+global symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global symmetry
+and out of the symmetry follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the symmetry follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of the symmetry follows the
+conserve property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve property
+in this case the current all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the current all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the current all right
+so we can express this symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can express this symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can express this symmetry
+with infinite infinitesimal phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinite infinitesimal phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infinite infinitesimal phase
+transformation as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation as shown here
+for our fields and for our adjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our fields and for our adjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our fields and for our adjunct
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+um for the field and the derivative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the field and the derivative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the field and the derivative then
+we just you know have to do the math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just you know have to do the math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just you know have to do the math and
+we find you know those expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find you know those expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find you know those expressions
+which we can then put back into our log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can then put back into our log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can then put back into our log
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+first of all we write the um the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we write the um the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we write the um the change
+of our lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lagrangian
+um in this way and as we just i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this way and as we just i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this way and as we just i've seen
+the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian
+is invariant under this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant under this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant under this um this
+transformation and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and therefore
+the change is going to be zero so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change is going to be zero so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change is going to be zero so when
+we use this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this information
+at this in the equations we find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this in the equations we find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this in the equations we find this
+very complicated looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated looking
+set of equations okay so now we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations okay so now we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations okay so now we get this
+um and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can
+rewrite the terms um so this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the terms um so this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the terms um so this is already
+with a vision of what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vision of what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vision of what we would like to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+find later so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find later so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find later so if we
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at the terms involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the terms involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the terms involving the
+derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to
+the mu of our spinner spinner um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu of our spinner spinner um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu of our spinner spinner um
+we can express this equations as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express this equations as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can express this equations as as
+shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here
+and with that we find the next equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that we find the next equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that we find the next equation
+um i only show this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i only show this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i only show this for the
+for the for the spinner not for the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the spinner not for the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the spinner not for the jump
+spinner this looks exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner this looks exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner this looks exactly the same
+but you however find in this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you however find in this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you however find in this part here
+this looks like euler lagrange equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like euler lagrange equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like euler lagrange equation
+and this part needs to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part needs to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part needs to be zero
+so we only have to worry about this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to worry about this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we only have to worry about this part
+of the equation and the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and the same for the
+juncture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juncture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juncture
+so this then leaves this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then leaves this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then leaves this equation here
+where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have
+i epsilon derivative of this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i epsilon derivative of this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i epsilon derivative of this part of the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and something like this you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something like this you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something like this you have seen
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+in our continuity equation something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our continuity equation something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our continuity equation something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+um it's our continuing education we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's our continuing education we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's our continuing education we
+discussed this in one of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this in one of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this in one of the last
+visitation session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitation session
+which leads us into conserved currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us into conserved currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us into conserved currents
+and let's go one step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go one step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's go one step further
+if we now identify this part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we now identify this part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we now identify this part as
+our our current we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our current we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our current we can
+we can then use the partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then use the partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then use the partial derivatives
+of our initial lagrangian and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our initial lagrangian and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our initial lagrangian and we're just
+calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+those terms here and we find that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms here and we find that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms here and we find that our
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+our conserved current is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conserved current is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conserved current is given by the
+spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we have just seen and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have just seen and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have just seen and this
+is conserved so the derivative is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved so the derivative is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved so the derivative is zero
+um we've seen that we have a lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've seen that we have a lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've seen that we have a lagrangian
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+we have a global symmetry and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a global symmetry and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a global symmetry and out of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we find that the current is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the current is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the current is conserved
+so this is all i wanted to show here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all i wanted to show here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all i wanted to show here in
+the homework set now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework set now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework set now
+we start from a different lagrangian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from a different lagrangian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from a different lagrangian so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+lagrangian for a massive spin half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian for a massive spin half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian for a massive spin half
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+which satisfies the dirac equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies the dirac equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies the dirac equation in
+the homework we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework we are looking at
+a scalar particle a muscle scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar particle a muscle scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar particle a muscle scalar
+particle and the exercise however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the exercise however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the exercise however is
+very much the same
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hwQ8RThpXZ4.txt b/hwQ8RThpXZ4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc7ee2e9ba5adef3d1d9cad80a4e3620fc32e40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hwQ8RThpXZ4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3639 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I just came across a
+couple of interesting quotes
+
+about cybernetics.
+
+What did cybernetics have
+to do with any of this?
+
+Well, an awful lot.
+
+Here's a quote from
+Jerry Wiesner.
+
+"We were all fired up by Norbert
+Wiener's cybernetics.
+
+We have explored the far-ranging
+implications of
+
+the complex concepts
+of information and
+
+communication theory.
+
+It ranged from man-made
+communications to computing
+
+systems to the sciences of
+man, inquiries into the
+
+structure and development of
+the nervous system, the
+
+phenomena of inner life and
+behavior in relation to other
+
+men."
+
+So you get the sense of, like,
+the whole interdisciplinary
+
+thing, which is a big
+topic, of course,
+
+on our campus today.
+
+RLE was one of the major kind
+of early points in that.
+
+"Neurophysiologists and other
+biologists, linguistics,
+
+economists, social scientists,
+and psychologists recognized
+
+almost intuitively the
+usefulness and relevance of
+
+feedback information theory
+to their fields.
+
+For all of them, the concepts of
+information theory, coding,
+
+feedback, prediction, and
+filtering provide new pathways
+
+to explore pathways that seemed
+to wind unendingly."
+
+So this whole idea--
+
+this is another one of these
+places where you see the
+
+relationship between the
+institutional structures at
+
+MIT, how the labs are organized,
+what the overall
+
+policy is that's coming from
+the federal government to
+
+support the work, and actually
+the content of the work, what
+
+sorts of things people are
+studying, how they're thinking
+
+about these problems, what
+the innovations are.
+
+And, I think-- and this is one
+of the threads I want to
+
+communicate to you today--
+
+there's a real common thread in
+a lot of what MIT does in
+
+these realms, including SAGE
+and Lincoln Labs and that
+
+stuff, going back from probably
+before the war around
+
+computing and interaction and
+all the different aspects of
+
+communications.
+
+The Department of Linguistics
+itself is formed by research
+
+from RLE in 1961.
+
+There's actually a real
+relationship between, for
+
+those of you familiar--
+
+anybody know what Chomsky
+and linguistics is?
+
+So Noam Chomsky, who is the sort
+of founding father, in a
+
+lot of ways, of modern
+linguistics, created this idea
+
+in the '50s called generative
+grammar, which is the idea
+
+that the structures
+of language are
+
+built into the brain.
+
+They're not things that you
+learn as a toddler or as baby.
+
+And that's one of the special
+things that makes human brains
+
+different from all other
+kinds of brains.
+
+And that's called generative
+grammar--
+
+that the basic grammars
+are some that is
+
+inherently inside of you.
+
+A very radical idea, at the
+time, for a number of
+
+different reasons, partly
+because it was connected to
+
+what's called the cognitive
+revolution in psychology.
+
+Up until that point, the kind
+of leading paradigm, even in
+
+Cambridge psychology, was
+behaviorism led by B. F.
+
+Skinner at Harvard.
+
+The idea that, well, it's too
+complicated to understand
+
+what's going on inside either
+our brains or anybody's, any
+
+animals' brains.
+
+We're just going to look at the
+behaviors, the inputs and
+
+the outputs, measure the
+behaviors, and try to
+
+understand that anything that's
+going on inside only
+
+matters if it's expressed in
+a particular behavior.
+
+Well, around this time period,
+led by many people around
+
+here, there's a thing called the
+cognitive revolution, they
+
+call it now, where people
+rejected that view.
+
+And they began looking inside
+what thinking was all about,
+
+very much driven by parallel
+developments in
+
+computing, in AI.
+
+And in some sense, the whole
+idea of psychology at MIT was
+
+superseded by what?
+
+Cognitive science.
+
+Which now we have a Department
+of Brain and Cognitive
+
+Science, which was sort of--
+do we have a psychology
+
+department here?
+
+No.
+
+We used to, at one point,
+but we don't anymore.
+
+It was sort of folded in.
+
+It's interesting.
+
+It's a separate topic and way
+to think about what those
+
+differences are.
+
+Partly, I'm dwelling on this
+because tomorrow is the
+
+symposium, the last of the 150th
+Anniversary Symposia,
+
+which is on Brains, Minds, and
+Machines, and is a new
+
+research initiative that's
+trying to look at the problem
+
+of intelligence by combining
+AI, cognitive science,
+
+neuroscience, and linguistics.
+
+And these things are all not
+that far apart, again, from
+
+this early history, but they've
+developed separately,
+
+in some ways, for the last 50
+years, and the idea is to tie
+
+them together.
+
+So if you're familiar with AI,
+there's not been a lot of
+
+neuroscience in AI.
+
+But now there's an attempt to
+bring a lot of that together.
+
+It's going to be a really
+interesting, exciting thing.
+
+I have to introduce the
+symposium tomorrow night, and
+
+I'm working on my comments.
+
+And, usually, when I introduce
+these symposia, I talk about
+
+what happened at MIT before
+the people in
+
+the room were there.
+
+And then, when they got up and
+they talk about their own
+
+experiences, then they cover
+the last 50 or 60 years.
+
+There's not much that happened
+at MIT in linguistics or in
+
+psychology or in anything
+cognitive before Marvin Minsky
+
+and Noam Chomsky and a
+few of these other
+
+sort of critical people.
+
+Interestingly, the
+whole efforts--
+
+these things also manifested
+themselves in biology.
+
+How do you think, in the 1950s,
+biology took up some of
+
+this influence from cognitive
+science or, particularly, from
+
+communications theory?
+
+What's the word that people
+use to describe DNA?
+
+A code.
+
+The whole idea of DNA as a code
+and biology as a kind of
+
+informational science emerges
+right at this time, not only
+
+at MIT, a lot of other places,
+but very much taken up there.
+
+Last year we read an article
+about that, but we compressed
+
+the syllabus a little bit.
+
+OK.
+
+The political context
+during those years--
+
+after the war, again, the
+Radiation Lab dies down.
+
+The country is really
+demobilizing.
+
+Troops are coming back
+from the war.
+
+Everybody's going away from the
+military back to civilian
+
+life, until 1949, 1952.
+
+Critical events happen then.
+
+Anybody want to guess?
+
+Russians explode an H-bomb in
+1949, much, much sooner than
+
+anybody expected, and the Korean
+War starts in 1950.
+
+And that's really the beginning
+of the Cold War.
+
+So you really have this--
+
+it's not correct to think about
+the Cold War as just the
+
+continuation of World War II.
+
+There is this sort of brief--
+but it is a kind of 5-year
+
+period where everything's
+shrinking before the Cold War
+
+really gets going.
+
+And then you begin, during the
+'50s, you really have the
+
+civilian sense of being under
+threat by nuclear warfare.
+
+It was before my time, but
+perhaps your parents or even
+
+your grandparents
+will remember.
+
+In the 1950s, if you were in an
+elementary school in this
+
+country, you were trained how to
+respond to a nuclear attack
+
+when you were in school.
+
+And you'll hear the phrase "duck
+and cover," which so
+
+many people were
+trained to do.
+
+Hide under your desk, pretty
+much, which I'll leave it as
+
+an exercise to the reader to
+what that'll do for you when
+
+there's a nuclear
+weapon coming.
+
+And so during this period, in
+some sense, it's the golden
+
+age of science policy.
+
+People often talk about that.
+
+And we'll come back to this
+after Sputnik, where
+
+scientists are involved in
+high-level decision making in
+
+a way they've never really
+been since then.
+
+In the world of computers, all
+the way up through 1960,
+
+three-quarters of the world of
+computing was simply run and
+
+funded by the government.
+
+So there was hardly any
+computation to speak of.
+
+And the quarter that was not
+there was mostly in the
+
+business world of punch cards
+and IBM punch card machines.
+
+And a lot of that work was done
+in high-end computational
+
+at Los Alamos, fluid dynamic
+simulations and things for
+
+nuclear weapons.
+
+So during the Cold War, you have
+all kinds of new kinds of
+
+institutions emerging, in
+addition to new technologies.
+
+Outside of MIT, you have
+the Rand Corporation.
+
+Anybody hear of the Rand
+Corporation before?
+
+It's still around.
+
+You still hear them issuing
+reports and things.
+
+I have colleagues
+who work there.
+
+Founded in 1946 by the Air
+Force, and that's the place
+
+that pretty much invented
+the term "think tank."
+
+So you have these kind
+of not governmental--
+
+Rand is not part of
+the government--
+
+but it's a not-for-profit
+corporation where they do a
+
+lot of large-scale strategy,
+operations
+
+research, nuclear strategy.
+
+I mentioned already the Office
+of Naval Research, which sort
+
+of carries on the OSRD tradition
+for the 10 years
+
+after the Second World War.
+
+And they came up in the reading
+because they funded
+
+the early part of Whirlwind and
+lots of different types of
+
+new theories, from engineering
+science--
+
+you hear that phrase coming up
+a lot at MIT in that period--
+
+systems engineering, systems
+dynamics, systems analysis,
+
+operations research.
+
+I mentioned cybernetics,
+control theory, general
+
+systems theory.
+
+And all this stuff is sort
+of buzzing around.
+
+And before I show you this
+film about Whirlwind--
+
+well, let me show you the
+film about Whirlwind.
+
+OK.
+
+And so then, the other one
+I called up is the--
+
+you'll remember from
+the reading
+
+that they build Whirlwind.
+
+It starts out as this sort of
+flight simulator thing.
+
+Rather quickly, Jay Forrester
+has these huge ambitions for
+
+it and starts into
+this just large
+
+machine computation project.
+
+And then they switch their Navy
+funding into Air Force
+
+funding, and they look at this
+problem of air defense.
+
+Starting in the early '50s,
+there's a physicist at MIT
+
+named George Valley.
+
+And they start looking at this
+whole business about how do we
+
+defend the continent, which is
+an interesting question.
+
+Remember, we talked last time,
+or the time before, about
+
+anti-aircraft control.
+
+SAGE is really the exact same
+thing, just the updated '50s
+
+version of it, right?
+
+How do you shoot down
+airplanes that
+
+are attacking you?
+
+And air defense is a typical
+problem that civilian
+
+scientists like, and that
+government, especially elected
+
+officials, like because it
+plays well politically.
+
+It seems to be, morally, a
+little bit more comfortable
+
+than offensive weapons.
+
+Of course, you can shoot someone
+down if they're are
+
+about to drop bombs on you.
+
+The military, also, generally
+dislikes it because the people
+
+who run the world regarding
+aircraft in the military--
+
+even at this point, they
+were the Air Force--
+
+the Air Force doesn't like to
+think a lot about shooting
+
+down airplanes.
+
+It's not one of their favorite
+hobby topics.
+
+And they generally aren't
+big on defense.
+
+They want to go out and kill
+the enemy and offense.
+
+So you constantly see this
+question of air defense rising
+
+up in scientific circles.
+
+It's still true today, actually,
+with things like
+
+missile defense.
+
+And they put this system
+together called SAGE--
+
+and, again, you read
+about it--
+
+sort of continental air defense
+system, I think,
+
+partly comes from the way that
+engineering really dominated
+
+here, above the other
+sciences.
+
+And in many of these other
+schools were--
+
+where the engineering is
+sort of separated off
+
+as a separate school--
+
+but the really high-prestige
+work was going to the
+
+mathematicians.
+
+I also think that, actually,
+a lot of the history of
+
+computing was written later
+by mathematicians.
+
+And so they kind of remade it
+the way they wanted it to.
+
+You can see--
+
+actually, even Norbert Wiener
+does that, John Von Neumann.
+
+John Von Neumann plays a role
+in the ENIAC project very,
+
+very late and does some very
+important fundamental,
+
+theoretical work, but
+it's basically
+
+an engineering project.
+
+Whereas here, partly because
+of the military connection,
+
+partly because of the Rad Lab,
+there's always this focus on
+
+the human relationship and the
+real-time interaction, and
+
+partly because they're enabled
+to do these big projects and
+
+kind of build these big,
+experimental systems, rather
+
+than having one single.
+
+There's a great quote.
+
+It's from later on, where a
+university administrator is
+
+told that they just, the
+University, just bought a
+
+giant computer for millions of
+dollars, and now they need to
+
+form a department of
+computer science.
+
+And the administrator says,
+that's ridiculous.
+
+We just bought a giant air
+conditioning unit for millions
+
+of dollars.
+
+Nobody's telling me I need to
+make a department of air
+
+conditioning science.
+
+And so the struggles of sort
+of-- is the computer just a
+
+big, glorified calculator,
+or is it something
+
+fundamentally new--
+
+are all happening during
+this period, too.
+
+Anybody know when the
+Computer Science
+
+Department here is founded?
+
+Everything I'm showing
+you here is from the
+
+'50s, 1950 to 1956.
+
+When does MIT create the
+CS part of EECS?
+
+1968.
+
+Takes a long time to actually
+recognize that there's a new
+
+science there.
+
+As I said, this is
+really IBM PR.
+
+So they were showing this to
+maybe generals and other
+
+people who would be their
+military customers or just
+
+generally the public.
+
+It's not very technical.
+
+It's, like, got the kids on the
+playground, like defending
+
+your people sort of thing.
+
+But you see throughout this
+the computers are there as
+
+these control centers.
+
+And this is real-time
+interactive computer graphics,
+
+which is going on nowhere else
+in the world at the time.
+
+And the idea of a computer,
+not as this kind of
+
+calculator/switcher, but
+as this interactive--
+
+not just interactive
+but also very much
+
+networked kind of computer.
+
+Some of the things you saw that
+were really done for the
+
+first time with SAGE and
+Whirlwind, real time, they
+
+mention graphic displays.
+
+Modems were invented
+for this system.
+
+You don't even use
+modems anymore.
+
+Does anybody have a modem that
+they use these days?
+
+I haven't used one in, probably,
+close to 10 years at
+
+this point, but used
+to use them a lot.
+
+Real-time memory allocation,
+all kinds of stuff that you
+
+use in the software
+engineering world.
+
+And SAGE was really the first
+big software project, too.
+
+It really taught the American
+industry how to organize these
+
+big software projects.
+
+And there were many others
+that were built that were
+
+similar to it.
+
+And as the film kind of
+makes clear, it's
+
+oriented towards civilians.
+
+It's built to make civilians
+feel comfortable.
+
+It's not built because the
+military wants to go out and
+
+get the Soviet Union.
+
+That's what they do
+for a living.
+
+And it's built to make people
+feel comfortable.
+
+And was pretty much obsolete
+by the time it was
+
+operational, so it had,
+essentially, no military
+
+impact despite all the money
+that was spent on it.
+
+But it had some technological
+input.
+
+Nobody's really ever was able
+to know if it would have
+
+worked if we were actually
+attacked.
+
+But there was a brief period
+where air attack by Soviet
+
+bombers over the North Pole was
+a great fear of people.
+
+What ended that fear or
+made it irrelevant?
+
+AUDIENCE: ICBMs.
+
+PROFESSOR: ICBMs.
+
+Where this system wouldn't
+work against ICBMs.
+
+But you still see that fear.
+
+And all the debates about
+missile defense
+
+in the last 20 years--
+
+Patriot missile during the Gulf
+War and all that stuff--
+
+is just an extension of
+this kind of fear.
+
+So this is sort of
+what's going on
+
+around here in the '50s.
+
+I have a couple more videos,
+let me see which ones.
+
+And a lot of people really
+actually did question, is this
+
+really the kind of MIT that
+we want to be living in--
+
+big military projects, lots of
+money flowing in, lots of
+
+focus on building
+large systems--
+
+as opposed to research projects
+or kind of individual
+
+scientists doing things?
+
+And that's where-- and I want to
+say a little bit before we
+
+move on, and Roz Williams
+mentioned this.
+
+I don't think we've assigned
+it this year for reading.
+
+Was a bunch of people at MIT
+got together in 1949.
+
+It was called the Committee on
+the Educational Survey, but it
+
+became known as the
+Lewis Report.
+
+And, again, Roz Williams
+mentions it.
+
+The Lewis--
+
+who it was named after was her
+grandfather, Doc Louis of
+
+chemical engineering.
+
+Other people on the committee
+were Stratton, who I
+
+mentioned, Elting Morison, who
+was a historian who actually
+
+founded the department that I
+head now, Viki Weisskopf, who
+
+was a famous Manhattan
+Project-era physicist.
+
+Jerry Wiesner we've
+talked about.
+
+Gordon Brown we talked about.
+
+John Burchard, who was the first
+Dean of Humanities and
+
+Social Sciences, and Harold
+Hazen, who was the Dean of
+
+Engineering at the time that
+we talked about before.
+
+And there were these problems
+that were on peoples' mind at
+
+the beginning of the Cold War.
+
+I'll read you a couple of quotes
+from it, which are
+
+pretty interesting.
+
+"We continue to claim that our
+primary mission is to teach,
+
+but other activities
+have assumed an
+
+unprecedented role at MIT.
+
+Service to the community and to
+the national government has
+
+always been recognized as a
+primary obligation, but now
+
+the dollar volume of government
+contracts,
+
+government-sponsored research,
+amounts to far more than the
+
+academic budget.
+
+Postwar government funds have
+been used to maintain a very
+
+large technical staff without
+the privilege of tenure.
+
+And the major part of the
+Institute's personnel is now
+
+dependent on the
+continuation of
+
+short-term financial support.
+
+Government money has made
+available to us magnificent
+
+facilities that have become
+a permanent part of the
+
+Institute and that involve
+continued responsibility for
+
+their maintenance."
+
+So there was this problem
+of just big size.
+
+Like how do you maintain it?
+
+Once the Institute grew that
+big, people had to-- it's like
+
+a big animal in a cage that you
+need to shovel money into
+
+all the time.
+
+Whereas before, the Institute
+was primarily focused on
+
+undergraduate education, and
+it was really a kind of
+
+technical institute college
+kind of environment.
+
+It became much more focused
+on research.
+
+And these sponsored projects,
+particularly military
+
+sponsored, were bigger
+and bigger.
+
+They asked, "Is all this work
+genuinely creative?
+
+Can it, indeed, be justified
+on the ground that it
+
+strengthens our educational
+program?
+
+Have our staff members not
+on occasion been lured by
+
+prestige that accompanies an
+enlargement of activities
+
+without considering the loss
+in their professional
+
+competence that the undertaking
+of added
+
+administrative burdens
+may entail?
+
+So these were all real questions
+that come up for the
+
+next 60 years, in
+a way, about--
+
+are the faculty members now
+big managers managing big
+
+research projects more than real
+thinkers sitting down and
+
+actually thinking
+things through?
+
+"Is there not a danger that the
+interests and energy of
+
+our faculty are being diverted
+from education to
+
+income-producing work?
+
+And secondly, many large
+projects emphasize design and
+
+construction problems--
+
+like Whirlwind, SAGE--
+
+engineering development or
+applications of science rather
+
+than fundamental scientific
+inquiry.
+
+We must be careful lest the
+great preponderance of
+
+activities of this type divert
+interest from the more
+
+fundamental aspects of
+scientific research.
+
+And the third concern is the
+preponderance of military
+
+projects in the sponsored
+programs.
+
+Two difficulties--
+
+first, national security
+requires some of
+
+it be done in secret.
+
+And second, it would be
+unfortunate for MIT to become
+
+regarded as an institution
+that is dependent on the
+
+development of war weapons as
+it is for an industrial
+
+organization to be
+[? required ?]
+
+in a similar light.
+
+We suggest that future planning
+should look forward
+
+to the possibility of increased
+emphasis on
+
+activities more directly
+related to the public
+
+welfare."
+
+This is a very interesting
+moment where major people at
+
+MIT get together and they say,
+is this really the world that
+
+we want to live in?
+
+What's happening to MIT?
+
+Is this really a good idea?
+
+And again, that's 1949, right--
+really, the year
+
+before the Cold War
+really hits.
+
+And a lot of people feel those
+concerns were sort of buried
+
+throughout the '50s, in a way,
+as the Institute became more
+
+and more dependent
+on these things.
+
+A couple other things to mention
+from that period.
+
+Baker House is built in 1947,
+and it's really the beginning.
+
+We've talked about this before,
+I think, of the
+
+residential part of campus
+growing on the west side of
+
+Mass Ave. and then on down
+the street, of course.
+
+The other dorms are
+built then.
+
+The mid-century convocation is
+1949, when Winston Churchill
+
+comes to town and speaks.
+
+And, again, sort of says MIT
+has an obligation to think,
+
+not just about the sciences and
+technology it's creating,
+
+but what are the social
+implications of those
+
+technologies.
+
+And that's when--
+
+the School of Humanities and
+Social Sciences is founded,
+
+essentially, right after
+he says that in 1949.
+
+And also at that mid-century
+convocation is the
+
+inauguration of James
+Frank Killian--
+
+James Killian, James
+R. Killian,
+
+forget his middle name--
+
+as president.
+
+He's the first alumni, alumnus,
+to become president,
+
+which is kind of interesting.
+
+It took almost 100 years
+for that to happen.
+
+And he's as much of a kind of
+executive manager, not a
+
+career scientist, in the way
+that his predecessor Karl
+
+Compton was.
+
+He really ran MIT during World
+War II when Compton, as we
+
+mentioned, was off around the
+globe getting these weapons
+
+into service.
+
+So what is the end of this sort
+of early Cold War period?
+
+When does the world that this
+film is describing really come
+
+to a shocking end?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sputnik.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+October 4, 1957 you
+have Sputnik.
+
+We read a piece about that.
+
+And there is this just this
+incredible sense of shock.
+
+You can see from this video--
+
+I actually don't remember what
+the year on this was--
+
+1956, so right before then.
+
+And there's a sort of sense of
+arrogant confidence that we're
+
+doing everything right, and the
+whole world follows us.
+
+Couple people raised this in
+the response papers, too.
+
+And then Sputnik is launched.
+
+And it's this incredible
+shock to the American
+
+system because suddenly--
+
+it's somewhat similar
+to the explosion
+
+of the Soviet H-bomb.
+
+Remember, we come
+out of the war.
+
+We have this world-changing
+new weapon and
+
+nobody else has it.
+
+And then, not only the Soviets
+get that one, but
+
+they get the A-bomb.
+
+They get the H-bomb, also,
+in very short order.
+
+And there's a lot happening in
+the '50s, and there's a lot of
+
+debate going on.
+
+And people see space, somewhat
+like computing, as sort of
+
+like this exotic new field.
+
+Nobody's quite sure what it's
+good for, but it must be
+
+important for the military
+somehow.
+
+And there's a lot of
+debate about that.
+
+Meanwhile, President Eisenhower
+is this sort of
+
+interesting, ironic figure in
+that we have a military
+
+general in the White House,
+which doesn't happen that
+
+often in American history.
+
+And yet, at the same time,
+he's a conservative
+
+Republican.
+
+He wants to keep government
+small.
+
+He wants to rein things in and
+control military spending as
+
+best he can.
+
+He actually calls military
+spending theft at one point.
+
+But in a certain sense, he's
+pushed by the forces of
+
+history in ways that he's not
+able to control and is,
+
+actually, not very sensitive
+to what Sputnik means.
+
+And a lot of people aren't,
+even as soon as
+
+it first goes up.
+
+And somebody mentioned
+this about--
+
+why wasn't the US first?
+
+Well, partly the US wasn't first
+because they didn't see
+
+that being first was going
+to be a priority.
+
+And it wasn't, necessarily, an
+objective comparison of US
+
+technical competence versus
+Soviet technical competence.
+
+That's how most people in the
+world, including in Congress
+
+and the American public and
+the media, read it, but it
+
+wasn't necessarily that way.
+
+Eisenhower was very concerned
+about some of the legal
+
+implications of--
+
+if you send a satellite over
+somebody's territory, is that
+
+considered an invasion, or
+is the space above your--
+
+it had already been legally
+established that air space is
+
+like territory.
+
+You can't go into it
+without permission.
+
+But that wasn't established
+about orbital space.
+
+And they were actually,
+in some ways, happy.
+
+One of the Assistant Secretaries
+of Defense
+
+immediately wrote, "The Russians
+have, in fact, done
+
+us a good turn in establishing
+the concept of the freedom of
+
+international space." And now
+we can overfly them with
+
+impunity because they've
+done it to us.
+
+And so, there was this
+sort of question.
+
+Eisenhower said, "Sputnik
+does not rouse my
+
+apprehension not one iota.
+
+They've put one small
+ball into the air."
+
+Yet, the press assumed that this
+meant Soviet superiority
+
+in technology.
+
+They sort of pushed
+the panic button.
+
+People in Congress, particularly
+Lyndon Johnson,
+
+took every opportunity
+to rub it in.
+
+Let me see if I have
+the quote.
+
+Because the US military said,
+oh, that's not a big deal.
+
+We have four projects that
+are going to get that
+
+going, at the time.
+
+And Johnson said, in public, he
+said, knowing that we have
+
+better rockets on the drawing
+boards is not very reassuring.
+
+It's like being told that, I
+suppose, our next model will
+
+have tail fins and automatic
+windshield wipers, which was
+
+sort of the sarcastic comment
+about what we're going to do.
+
+What they hadn't really
+recognized was that space was
+
+this incredibly, symbolically,
+potent thing and that people
+
+responded to it way out of
+proportion to what the direct
+
+implications of it were.
+
+If the US had decided that
+being first in space was
+
+important, they probably could
+have rushed ahead and gone
+
+first in space.
+
+They didn't.
+
+They had some bureaucratic
+infighting.
+
+They had the unfortunate failure
+of another rocket
+
+right after there.
+
+And the world really changed,
+in 1957, from a science and
+
+technology point of view
+in this country.
+
+I teach a lot about
+science policy.
+
+And one of the things you learn
+about science policy in
+
+this country is that practically
+every agency that
+
+exists in the federal government
+concerned with
+
+science and technology arose in
+response to a crisis of one
+
+kind or another.
+
+The most recent example is the
+Department of Homeland
+
+Security, which was created
+after 9/11.
+
+No matter what a good idea they
+thought it might have
+
+been or not been beforehand, it
+was a response to crisis.
+
+And after Sputnik, you had
+several things which were
+
+really quite important for MIT
+and for the development of
+
+technology.
+
+One was reorganizing R&D in
+the Defense Department to
+
+avoid what they called
+technological surprise.
+
+And that involved creating a new
+agency called the Advanced
+
+Research Project Agency,
+called ARPA, which
+
+was founded in 1958.
+
+Its first director was a
+professor from MIT named Jack
+
+Ruina, who's still around.
+
+And I'll talk about that a
+little bit in a minute.
+
+Vastly increased accelerations
+in R&D funding and also, of
+
+course, the NACA, National
+Advisory Committee for
+
+Aeronautics became what?
+
+NASA, National Air and Space
+Administration in 1958.
+
+Both those agencies were
+founded in 1958.
+
+And then there's also
+the National Defense
+
+Education Act in 1958.
+
+This may sound like a long time
+ago, but most, if not
+
+many, of your professors--
+
+if they're older, age 50--
+
+were probably educated with
+funds from that Act, including
+
+President Susan Hockfield.
+
+She came here-- in her inaugural
+speech she said, I
+
+was a post-Sputnik child.
+
+I was educated and got into
+science because there was a
+
+huge push in scientific
+education in the late '50s and
+
+early '60s to get kids
+into science.
+
+And I was one of the
+beneficiaries of that.
+
+So we're very much living in
+this kind of post-Sputnik
+
+world in that way.
+
+And I want to talk
+then a little bit
+
+about ARPA and DARPA.
+
+Show you a couple more movies
+that take this whole same
+
+story, in a way, into
+another realm.
+
+People have heard of DARPA
+before this, right?
+
+Has anybody not heard
+of DARPA?
+
+So, obviously, it's most famous
+because the internet
+
+started as the ARPANET and was
+created in very much this
+
+period, slightly after, but
+only in the early '60s.
+
+And one of the things
+about computing--
+
+one of things that's special
+about DARPA was that it's not
+
+the Office of Naval Research
+or the Air Force Office of
+
+Scientific Research or the
+Army Research Lab.
+
+ARPA reports directly to the
+Secretary of Defense, so it's
+
+outside of all of these
+inter-service rivalries.
+
+And it doesn't own-- in fact,
+it tends to stay away from
+
+things like big ships and big
+airplanes, much like the OSRD
+
+did, and focus on these
+technologies that are so far
+
+out and wacky that nobody
+really knows what
+
+they're good for.
+
+At the time, space
+was one of them.
+
+In fact, ARPA was responsible
+for space until--
+
+it was only a few months
+NASA was created--
+
+and then they had space
+taken away from them.
+
+And computing was another one.
+
+That everybody had the sense it
+was good for something but
+
+nobody really knew what.
+
+And so let me show you a
+coupleof images, couple of
+
+other neat little films about
+what some of the ARPA
+
+computing work did.
+
+So that's another kind of late
+'50s version of this whole
+
+idea of machine control, which
+is Air Force still and not
+
+ARPA funded.
+
+But then you get into the
+ARPA-funded stuff.
+
+So this is sort of the
+next logical step in
+
+a lot of this work.
+
+And Ivan Sutherland is someone
+who's, remarkably, still alive
+
+today, too.
+
+Not that he's remarkably
+still alive,but.
+
+He went from here out to the
+University of Utah where he
+
+founded the computer graphics
+program there.
+
+And practically every
+fundamental concept in
+
+computer graphics came out of
+either his work or his lab.
+
+And then his students went on
+to found Silicon Graphics,
+
+Adobe, many of the other
+really critical--
+
+a lot of them worked for
+Industrial Light and Magic,
+
+the George Lucas company and
+sort of migrated west,
+
+continuing into Hollywood.
+
+Pixar, that was the other one
+I was trying to think of.
+
+And that, again, comes
+from this.
+
+We didn't watch that part of the
+film on SAGE, but they had
+
+these light pens in SAGE, too,
+as the beginning of this sort
+
+of graphical user interface.
+
+And then the last one I want
+to show you about has to do
+
+with time-sharing.
+
+So Corbato is still around.
+
+I saw him last week,
+and he still
+
+teaches in computer science.
+
+And they came up with this
+time-sharing system where--
+
+I mean, how many of you use
+a console window ever
+
+on your Mac or PC?
+
+So, basically, that's the idea
+behind time-sharing.
+
+That you have a computer there,
+before a graphical
+
+interface, that you could type
+commands and programs to, and
+
+it would respond to
+you immediately.
+
+Before that, you had only batch
+processing, where you'd
+
+put your punch cards in at
+night, and you go home and
+
+come back the next morning, and
+there would be the thing.
+
+And they're again, following
+this thread.
+
+There was this idea that you
+could be so much more creative
+
+with a computer if you could sit
+there and hack away at it,
+
+and it would respond to
+you in real time.
+
+And that's really where
+time-sharing comes from.
+
+That led to a thing called
+Project MAC in the 1960s,
+
+which was a DARPA funded--
+
+it was the predecessor to the
+Laboratory for Computer
+
+Science, which is now CSAIL.
+
+And Project MAC was run by Bob
+Fano, who I mentioned before.
+
+And had all these different
+kinds of creative computing
+
+things inside it, including a
+lot of Minsky's work in AI,
+
+although they split out and
+formed a separate AI lab.
+
+Then they came together
+with CSAIL.
+
+And all these sort of
+time-sharing experiments, the
+
+origins of a lot of the
+late-night hacker culture from
+
+MIT, come from people working
+late at night
+
+on Project MAC projects.
+
+A lot of the early computer
+games, Spacewar and whatnot,
+
+were developed in
+that context.
+
+And even a lot of the early
+later stuff for PCs, like
+
+spreadsheets, sort
+of came out of a
+
+Project MAC sort of setting.
+
+And then I also mentioned, of
+course, the internet, or the
+
+early ARPANET, one of
+the first nodes on
+
+the ARPANET was MIT.
+
+A lot of the first routers were
+built by a company called
+
+Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, which
+still exists here, sort
+
+of down the street.
+
+So there's this sort of
+continuous thread that's then
+
+updated through all these
+different crises and periods
+
+and whatnot.
+
+And through the '60s, that's
+sort of how this very, very
+
+heavily military still, but sort
+of different agencies and
+
+different contexts bears
+on the campus.
+
+I think you're right on.
+
+I mean, I think the atomic bomb
+had a lot to do with--
+
+it's hard for us to imagine,
+but before
+
+World War II, two things.
+
+First of all, science was
+mostly the realm of
+
+pointy-headed professors and
+was very interesting and
+
+philosophically important but
+didn't always feel like it had
+
+a big impact on daily life and
+certainly not on public
+
+policy, per se.
+
+Again, the US government was
+hardly involved in the
+
+scientific world.
+
+Maybe in the world of
+agriculture it seemed to have
+
+a big impact.
+
+Most of industry didn't
+have a lot of science
+
+associated with it.
+
+And it really took the atomic
+bomb, not just for technology,
+
+but also for science itself,
+the idea that it--
+
+like something that presidents
+should care about.
+
+I mean, even--
+
+you look at the scientific
+revolution and the Copernican
+
+view of the universe--
+
+doesn't affect the
+way I govern my
+
+kingdom an awful lot.
+
+And secondly, same thing with
+technology, where the idea
+
+today that whoever has the best
+technology wins the war
+
+was just not an accepted idea.
+
+And there was no real evidence
+for it up until that point.
+
+Maybe a little bit here in the
+Naval arms race around the
+
+turn of the 19th century, the
+turn of the 20th century.
+
+But today, almost everyone who
+is a leader in the military is
+
+trained in engineering in one
+way or another, not everybody
+
+but a very large
+amount of them.
+
+That was not true, even at the
+beginning of World War II.
+
+Military science was
+this other thing.
+
+There was this whole sort of
+tradition about fighting wars.
+
+There still is, still
+very prominent.
+
+And it took World War
+II to really bring
+
+those two ideas together.
+
+And even then it was still a
+little bit under question
+
+because it was really about who
+had the most planes and
+
+the most tanks, not always the
+best tanks and the best guns.
+
+Then, to some degree, you can
+say that Bush sort of served
+
+as the president's science
+adviser during the
+
+Second World War.
+
+But, again, most of the
+decisions to be made were
+
+either grand political decisions
+for the president as
+
+far as how to be allied with
+the Soviet Union and how to
+
+work with the British.
+
+And at the same time,
+military decisions--
+
+where do we invade?
+
+At what time do we do it?
+
+And there's technologies that
+bear on that, but they're not
+
+things that rise to the
+presidential level.
+
+It's really during the Cold
+War that you see the
+
+prevalence of atomic
+weapons and ICBMs.
+
+Again, ICBMs don't really come
+out until the late '50s.
+
+It's all through the Cold War
+you're living with bombers and
+
+nuclear bombs that are as big
+as this room that you need a
+
+huge bomber to deliver.
+
+That's why something
+like SAGE came out.
+
+It's only around the late '50s
+you get this sense of mutual
+
+assured destruction, where we've
+got all these missiles
+
+ready to go, and they've
+got all these
+
+missiles ready to go.
+
+That's the world that
+dominated the
+
+next 30 years or so.
+
+And that's where arms control,
+different technical issues,
+
+become merged with politics
+in a way.
+
+And the presidential
+science adviser--
+
+it varies from administration
+to administration--
+
+but it's never been as prominent
+a position as it was
+
+when Killian and Wiesner
+were in that job.
+
+Nixon actually outright
+abolished it in the '70s,
+
+didn't want it all.
+
+Anybody know why that's
+a troubled position?
+
+So it's sort of science policy
+talk more than an MIT talk,
+
+but it's relevant.
+
+There's an inherent
+contradiction in being the
+
+president's science advisor.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not pure
+science [? anymore ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+There's a lot of people
+who do that.
+
+So, first of all, are you
+representing to the president
+
+the conclusions of the
+scientific community, or are
+
+you representing the president's
+opinion and his
+
+policy goals to the scientific
+community?
+
+Right?
+
+And those things can easily
+be 180 degrees at odds.
+
+In fact, the story was-- this
+was all kind of leaked in the
+
+newspaper--
+
+that George W. Bush
+asked Chuck Vest
+
+to be science adviser.
+
+And Vest said no because he
+felt he would be forced to
+
+take positions on things like
+climate change that he didn't
+
+think were going to be
+acceptable to him.
+
+So, if you look at what the
+Secretary of Defense does, or
+
+even the head of NASA, their job
+is to take the president's
+
+policies and implement them
+through the agency.
+
+And any time a big decision
+comes up you'll always see
+
+them on TV saying, well,
+that's for the
+
+president to decide.
+
+Robert Gates doesn't decide
+whether we're in
+
+Afghanistan or not.
+
+That's the president's
+job to decide that.
+
+Well, what happens when--
+
+in the defense world, at least
+there's an understanding that
+
+decisions on defense
+are sort of partly
+
+political and whatnot.
+
+In the science world that's
+not so clear.
+
+And there's any number of cases
+where the president's
+
+policy preferences are at odds
+with what the science says,
+
+and that was very clear in the
+previous administration.
+
+But I'm sure that John Holdren,
+who is now the
+
+president's science adviser,
+who is a much more powerful
+
+guy and better-respected science
+adviser and scientist
+
+than the previous guy was,
+gets pulled in a lot of
+
+competing directions
+all the time.
+
+So it's a very difficult
+job and not
+
+everyone succeeds at that.
+
+I thought it was interesting
+that, even in the little,
+
+short film clip I showed you
+about the APT programming
+
+language, the guy on the board
+said, well, now there's a new
+
+kind of person in here who is
+the kind of machine-oriented
+
+programmer.
+
+And he's going to take these
+requirements and--
+
+let me give you a little
+background on David Noble,
+
+which is actually interesting.
+
+He was a professor here in the
+kind of early to mid-1980s and
+
+was in STS and did a lot of
+collaboration with the
+
+engineering departments.
+
+And he wrote this book that was
+extremely critical of both
+
+the Air Force and MIT's role
+in numerically-controlled
+
+machine tools.
+
+And he was turned down for
+tenure a couple years later,
+
+and ended up suing MIT.
+
+He said because he was a
+Marxist, and they turned him
+
+down for tenure because
+he was a Marxist.
+
+MIT's response was, you didn't
+get denied tenure because
+
+you're a Marxist.
+
+You got denied tenure because
+you're a jerk.
+
+And that's actually legal.
+
+It's not legal to deny
+tenure to someone
+
+because of their politics.
+
+It is legal to deny tenure to
+them because of their personal
+
+style of interaction.
+
+I don't know many of
+the stories there.
+
+And I actually only have
+met the guy once.
+
+He died about three months ago
+at a fairly young age.
+
+And he's a well-respected
+historian.
+
+And he's always raised these
+sort of questions about these
+
+kinds of arrangements.
+
+And it's very worth reading it
+because of the questions it
+
+raises, although I do think he
+misses a couple of things--
+
+kind of like what you said.
+
+In his world-- and I don't
+remember if this comes through
+
+in that essay or if it's
+in the larger book--
+
+people who operate computers are
+managers, and people who
+
+operate machines are workers.
+
+And anything like
+numerically-controlled machine
+
+tools has that worker--
+
+white-collar managers oppressing
+the workers.
+
+I mean, first of all today,
+almost everybody sits in front
+
+of a computer.
+
+Many, many jobs-- some of them
+are high-level executives and
+
+some of them are blue-collar
+operatives--
+
+but the fact that you're using
+a computer has almost nothing
+
+to say about what level
+job you're in.
+
+And in the world that he came
+out of, he only had this
+
+association of white-collar
+managers.
+
+So anytime anything became
+computerized, it also became
+
+white collarized for him.
+
+Where, actually, we actually
+know today that the opposite
+
+is often the case.
+
+That when something becomes
+computerized, the skill level
+
+of the people who operate the
+computer is lower than the
+
+skill level of the people who
+did it before it was operated.
+
+And it's funny because he
+actually wrote an essay, after
+
+he wrote the book, about a
+study of machine tools in
+
+Sweden, where he was like, oh
+look, they did it this way.
+
+It's much more democratic and
+open, the way they use
+
+numerically-controlled
+machine tools.
+
+And there's an implication
+in his work that a given
+
+technology has a given social
+organization that comes along
+
+with it because of what's
+inherent in the technology.
+
+That's basically what he
+says in that "Command
+
+Performance" piece.
+
+And the jargon in the field is
+called, it's deterministic.
+
+A certain technology dictates
+a certain set of social
+
+conditions.
+
+But actually, if there's one
+thing we know from research in
+
+the field is that you can have
+lots of different social
+
+organizations around any
+particular technology.
+
+You can use the internet as
+a tool of authoritarian
+
+repression, or you can use the
+internet as a tool of people's
+
+liberation.
+
+Depends how you use it, but the
+tool itself can be used in
+
+different ways.
+
+I don't think that Noble would
+have seen himself, at the
+
+time, as a technological
+determinist, although, to some
+
+degree, all Marxists are
+technological determinists
+
+because Marx was a technological
+determinist.
+
+He said--
+
+I'm not going to get the quote
+exactly right, but
+
+it's sort of like--
+
+the spinning wheel gives
+you feudal society.
+
+Industrial production gives
+you capitalist society.
+
+And he, more or less,
+put it that way.
+
+And we actually know that's just
+empirically incorrect.
+
+What Noble did say that I think
+is really valuable to
+
+keep in mind that underlies a
+lot of the stuff that we saw
+
+in the video is that--
+
+what are the implications of all
+of this military funding
+
+going to support university
+research and engineering
+
+research and scientific
+research?
+
+And I've tried to show the
+connections between where the
+
+money comes from and what the
+ideas are that got created.
+
+And I think one of the most
+legitimate criticisms of it is
+
+that military systems end up
+focusing almost exclusively on
+
+performance.
+
+And that's kind of the title
+of his piece, "Command
+
+Performance." That everyone
+was always pushing toward
+
+thinner wings and more precise
+tools and, obviously, faster
+
+airplanes, bigger bombs,
+heavier rockets.
+
+You don't care about costs.
+
+You don't, necessarily, care as
+much about schedule, other
+
+things which are sort of related
+like maintainability,
+
+sustainability.
+
+Lots of other ways to think
+about how a system performs
+
+besides simply performance.
+
+You know, an interesting example
+of that was the-- has
+
+anybody ever heard of the SST?
+
+What was the SST?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boeing's supersonic
+transport [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Newer version of the Concorde.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So Boeing was trying to make,
+in the '60s, a supersonic
+
+transport--it was actually a
+competitor to the Concorde--
+
+that would be Mach 3.
+
+And it was a big American
+project.
+
+And the idea was, gee, the
+Wright brothers were going at
+
+20 miles an hour, and we went
+200 miles an hour in 1940.
+
+And we're doing 500 miles
+an hour with jet
+
+aircraft in the '60s.
+
+Clearly, the whole world is
+going to go supersonic.
+
+And if you focus only on
+performance, as the military
+
+does, and sure enough,
+military systems go
+
+supersonic.
+
+And that's the faster, the
+better, generally.
+
+Also just straight
+economics of--
+
+I just read this
+the other day.
+
+The Concorde took as much fuel
+to put 100 people across the
+
+Atlantic as a 747
+takes to put 400
+
+people across the Atlantic.
+
+So, just run the numbers
+on that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also, there
+was the huge noise
+
+problem with the Concorde.
+
+PROFESSOR: Noise problems.
+
+AUDIENCE: Anyone who lived
+anywhere near the place where
+
+it lands with the rumbling.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So actually it's a very
+interesting moment because, in
+
+the civilian world, the
+cancellation of the SST and a
+
+lot of other things that
+happened in 1970 are all about
+
+this sort of, like,
+you know what?
+
+Performance isn't the
+be all and end all.
+
+There are other things that
+matter with our systems like,
+
+especially, cost because
+that's a
+
+straight economic one.
+
+But also environmental impact in
+a bunch of different ways,
+
+whether it's noise
+or emissions.
+
+Reliability is a big one that
+often ends up being cost.
+
+And the reason I'm bringing this
+up, partly, is it gets us
+
+to a little bit later part of
+MIT's life in the 1980s.
+
+What's happening in the 1980s?
+
+Maybe this is the Sputnik
+moment of the 1980s.
+
+Actually, it's not as
+much of a moment.
+
+What causes the US
+a big crisis of
+
+confidence in the 1980s?
+
+AUDIENCE: There was
+a fuel crisis.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the fuel crisis
+precipitates it for sure.
+
+That's in the '70s
+really, 1973.
+
+What's the big issue
+in the '80s?
+
+AUDIENCE: Iran-Contra.
+
+Iran-Contra, or is that
+the late 70's?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+political more.
+
+That's '80s.
+
+But it's the Japanese
+car companies
+
+start eating our lunch.
+
+And we have the greatest car
+industry in the world--
+
+General Motors and Henry Ford,
+and we invented it all.
+
+And suddenly, Toyota and Honda,
+which were making
+
+motorcycles, start coming in.
+
+And not only are they doing well
+economically, but their
+
+cars are better.
+
+They get better mileage.
+
+They're much higher quality.
+
+And the American car companies
+just will not listen
+
+or learn from it.
+
+And then people say,
+very much like with
+
+Sputnik, what do you mean?
+
+We're the most technologically
+advanced nation in the world
+
+with the biggest economy.
+
+How is it that these car
+companies from this little
+
+island that we defeated in World
+War II are now doing so
+
+much better than us?
+
+And it led to this thing
+called the crisis of
+
+competitiveness.
+
+You may hear that phrase
+sometimes.
+
+It was a big issue
+in the '80s.
+
+And one of the things people
+said was, gee, are we not
+
+spending enough on R&D?
+
+Now we're spending tons and tons
+on R&D, but it's all in
+
+the military realm or so heavily
+in the military realm.
+
+And the military is focusing
+on performance--
+
+very, very high-speed computers,
+very, very advanced
+
+materials for this, that,
+and the other thing.
+
+And none of that technology is
+getting out of the lab into
+
+the field as much.
+
+MIT does a big study in--
+
+I want to say it comes
+out in about 1988--
+
+called Made in America.
+
+And it's edited by Richard
+Lester, who is now the head of
+
+nuclear engineering, Michael
+Dertouzos, who is the Director
+
+of the Computer Science
+Laboratory, a few others,
+
+Lester Thurow, who is the Noble
+Prize winner, Dean of
+
+the Sloan School.
+
+And Made in America
+sort of says--
+
+how do we get the same level
+of achievement in the
+
+manufacturing industry in this
+country that we've got in the
+
+military industry?
+
+And there's a whole series of
+concrete steps that they
+
+suggest to do that.
+
+One of them is creating a dual
+master's program, which is
+
+still here, called--
+
+it was called Leaders for
+Manufacturing, where you get a
+
+master's at Sloan and a master's
+in engineering.
+
+They changed the name, and I
+think it's Leaders for Global
+
+Systems or something now.
+
+So the competitiveness crisis
+very much came up as, like,
+
+this military focuses too
+much on performance,
+
+too much only on--
+
+if you look in AeroAstro, it's
+all about supersonic, or
+
+dynamics, and not enough about
+more efficient engines or
+
+cleaner engines.
+
+And there really was a
+kind of shift after
+
+the '80s toward that.
+
+Interestingly enough, another
+flip side of that, which a lot
+
+of people don't realize--
+because someone mentioned it
+
+in one of your response
+papers that--
+
+well, you know, it looks like
+when I'm in my double E
+
+classes, I end up learning a lot
+about consumer technology.
+
+And I'm building mobile
+technology and
+
+mobile this and that.
+
+And where does all that
+stuff come from?
+
+Where do we end up developing
+advanced, small RF and
+
+microwave integrated circuits?
+
+I can tell you that stuff wasn't
+originally developed
+
+for the cell phone industry.
+
+That was all military
+communications stuff.
+
+And Qualcomm and a lot of those
+other big companies
+
+really developed a lot
+of those techniques
+
+early in that world.
+
+Then, there is a general
+consensus, probably somewhere
+
+in the '90s, the sophistication
+of computation
+
+and information technology in
+the commercial world exceeded
+
+that of what happens in
+the military world.
+
+Now I go to meetings and half
+the problem is, how does the
+
+Navy and the Air Force take
+advantage of all the amazing
+
+stuff that's coming out instead
+of having obsolete
+
+electronics and all
+those things.
+
+But that was somewhere
+in there.
+
+What's their concern?
+
+Well, actually it was something
+that was raised by
+
+Norbert Wiener, late in his
+career in the early '60s, that
+
+all of this automatic technology
+was going to put
+
+all the workers out of work.
+
+And I think the Air Force
+was then concerned--
+
+gee, is there going to be a
+workers' revolt, and we're
+
+going to be facing a communist
+revolution sort of thing?
+
+So when people talked about
+social implications of
+
+automation, they talked about
+technological unemployment,
+
+essentially.
+
+Some of which did come to pass,
+and there's certainly
+
+fields today.
+
+I think, today, it gets more
+called outsourcing than it
+
+does called replacing workers,
+but it has the same effect on
+
+unemployment in this country.
+
+And it is interesting,
+especially at a place like
+
+Boeing, where all the engineers
+at Boeing are
+
+basically workers.
+
+They're unionized.
+
+And Boeing, these days, makes
+big decisions based on their
+
+relationships with their unions,
+both machinists and
+
+the engineers.
+
+And so, again, the clean
+distinction between factory
+
+workers as blue collar and
+white-collar engineers--
+
+engineers in many places are
+more and more like blue-collar
+
+workers in a lot of ways, partly
+because of CAD and
+
+computer-aided design.
+
+How many people in here have
+ever designed a circuit,
+
+actually designed a new circuit
+that no one's built?
+
+I mean, I can open up my CAD
+software, and I get a library
+
+of all these demo circuits,
+and I can sort of copy and
+
+this sort of thing.
+
+And there's certainly changes
+that have come into what
+
+engineering practice means in
+a lot of different fields
+
+because of computer-aided design
+in different ways.
+
+Which, arguably, maybe makes it
+easier to outsource jobs in
+
+ways than it was before.
+
+Running a university has become
+a 24-hour job in a way
+
+that maybe it wasn't always
+before, partly for reasons
+
+that all jobs have become
+so 24-hours.
+
+And it's just a very
+big complex place,
+
+and it's harder for--
+
+it's hard to picture an
+MIT president taking a
+
+simultaneous job in
+the government.
+
+I don't remember what Killian
+did, if he stepped down when
+
+he took that job, or if he did
+them both at the same time and
+
+for how long.
+
+And yet, at the same time,
+the presidents do--
+
+like, Chuck Vest chaired one of
+the big review committees
+
+on the space station, and it's
+called the Vest Report.
+
+And it was kind of a midway
+design review in the early
+
+'90s, and the cultural authority
+of being the MIT
+
+president, I think, had
+a lot of impact there.
+
+And he sat on the President's
+Council on Competitiveness.
+
+And I don't know what Susan
+Hockfield's official titles
+
+are that way.
+
+But she does--
+
+when Obama rolled out a big
+energy initiative two or three
+
+years ago that was part of his
+administration's science
+
+policy, she was standing
+right there next
+
+to him on the stage.
+
+So she's very involved with
+presidential science
+
+advice in that way.
+
+And I think it's also true that
+different presidents just
+
+emphasize different
+parts of the role.
+
+There is a sense--
+
+and Chuck Vest was extremely
+enthusiastic about this--
+
+where, from this earlier history
+of a lot of these
+
+things you've read about by now,
+there is a sense that the
+
+president of MIT is not just
+in Washington speaking for
+
+MIT, but is speaking for the
+research enterprise in general
+
+and research universities
+in general.
+
+And that the kind of privilege
+of the bully pulpit that you
+
+get from being the president of
+MIT is not used to go down
+
+to Washington to just scoop up
+more money for Cambridge.
+
+Clearly, we've seen
+that happen quite
+
+a lot in the history.
+
+But also to go down and speak
+for research overall and why
+
+it's important to maintain
+that in the economy.
+
+And when Vest became president,
+which I think was
+
+'91, was really right after the
+fall of the Berlin Wall.
+
+And there was this thing people
+kept talking about
+
+called the peace dividend.
+
+And there was the sense that
+all of that DOD funding--
+
+and some of it really
+did-- was about to
+
+fall off the cliff.
+
+And people were really
+questioning, why are we
+
+spending money on universities
+at all.
+
+When Newt Gingrich was Speaker
+of the House, he basically
+
+wanted to end it altogether, and
+Vest, and a lot of related
+
+similar people, really spoke
+out against that.
+
+By the way, that's about
+to happen again.
+
+And I do think you'll see Susan
+Hockfield in Washington
+
+speaking on that behalf.
+
+Anybody see her?
+
+She was on Charlie Rose a couple
+of months ago with the
+
+President of Harvard talking
+about almost
+
+exactly that topic.
+
+So I think there's a lot
+of behind the scenes
+
+work that goes on.
+
+It's not necessarily secret or
+hidden, but it doesn't have a
+
+big public role.
+
+And at the same time-- you know,
+MIT has an office in
+
+Washington.
+
+And the guy who runs it is a
+very experienced guy, and they
+
+are registered lobbyists.
+
+And they're extremely effective
+at taking MIT
+
+professors and showing them
+around Washington.
+
+And I know this because about
+2 and 1/2 years ago, I was
+
+part of a group that wrote
+a report on space policy.
+
+And we called these guys
+up-- we developed it in
+
+parallel with them.
+
+And within a few weeks, we were
+sitting in the room with
+
+the transition team for Obama,
+who was working on NASA, and
+
+the people in the White House
+who work on space policy.
+
+And that's what lobbyists do.
+
+They open the door, and
+they get you in there.
+
+Now they're not lobbyists in the
+sense of they go down and
+
+say, give us more money, but
+they have to be registered
+
+because they are performing
+that function.
+
+Now, MIT hasn't always had that
+office in Washington, and
+
+may not always have that office
+in Washington, but
+
+there's a lot of that sort
+of stuff that goes on.
+
+So, it is harder to picture--
+
+again, I think it has much to
+do with just the demands on
+
+one's time than happened
+before.
+
+Fundraising--
+
+most of what the president does
+these days is fundraising
+
+as far as out on the road,
+getting the alumni excited
+
+about what's going on here.
+
+And that's a pretty
+time-consuming job.
+
+Any other comments about that?
+
+It's not an exaggeration to
+say the field of computer
+
+science was created by DARPA
+over about 25-year period from
+
+1960 to 1985 or so.
+
+And then from Star Wars, which
+is a separate agency but
+
+similar kind of thing.
+
+Just wouldn't exist without
+that kind of money.
+
+Still today, a lot of the CSAIL
+funds are from DARPA, in
+
+a lot of different ways, or
+other parts of the military.
+
+How many people here
+have worked on an
+
+industrially-funded project?
+
+Nobody?
+
+How many people here know where
+the funding comes from
+
+for the projects you work on?
+
+Only a few.
+
+OK, interesting.
+
+So you know, again, the military
+funding is not
+
+as big as it was.
+
+I think it's very clear to say
+the mindset of that kind of
+
+work does not dominate the way
+that it did during the period
+
+when we were watching those.
+
+But there's still a lot of it,
+and the industrial funding has
+
+its own set issues, too.
+
+And then there's always new
+forms of this kind of thing.
+
+What's down the street there--
+
+down the street, it's right
+over there-- is the Koch
+
+Institute that opened up just,
+what, a month ago.
+
+And that would seem to
+be, oh, how perfect.
+
+It's endowed by a private
+individual.
+
+Doesn't have any of the strings
+that government or
+
+industrial funding comes with
+or any of the sort of
+
+implications, but what were the
+issues there that came up?
+
+Anybody read about it when the
+Koch Institute was opened?
+
+Well, that man, David Koch, he
+has a lot of funding for other
+
+kinds of political--
+
+well, not other kinds--
+but political.
+
+He funds a lot of Tea Party,
+right-wing conservative stuff
+
+in the country.
+
+I mean, MIT is very clear about
+what the boundaries are
+
+for what's acceptable when
+money is accepted.
+
+I mean, there's any
+number times.
+
+It's happened to me.
+
+I had, essentially, a contract
+with an oil company that
+
+wanted to fund some of the work
+I did C, but they had a
+
+restriction in what the contract
+was supposed to say
+
+about intellectual property.
+
+That's actually the place
+it most comes up.
+
+That was just totally
+unacceptable, both to me and
+
+to the lawyers at MIT, who
+looked at it, and we ended up
+
+not taking the money because you
+couldn't work under those
+
+conditions.
+
+And those things get massaged
+in a lot of different ways,
+
+but people have a pretty clear
+sense of their intellectual
+
+freedom and aren't always
+willing to sell
+
+that off in that way.
+
+So, there's all sorts
+of things.
+
+Another one that comes up
+a lot now is foreign
+
+governments.
+
+And we have a lot of potential
+arrangements with foreign
+
+governments that raise
+interesting questions.
+
+Like, say the government of
+India were to come to MIT and
+
+say, we'd like to give you $50
+million to help study poverty.
+
+Well, a lot of professors on
+campus would say, I don't feel
+
+comfortable taking research
+money from a country that has
+
+x numbers of hundreds of
+millions of poor people in
+
+their country and shouldn't be
+MIT's role in the world to
+
+take money from governments that
+have very, very serious
+
+pressing things.
+
+Or Saudi Arabia, where they
+don't allow women students or
+
+women professors or Jewish
+students or Jewish professors
+
+on their campuses.
+
+Should we go into collaborations
+with them?
+
+So it's actually pretty hard
+to think about a source of
+
+funding that comes to the
+Institute that doesn't have
+
+some kind of complicated set
+of circumstances around it.
+
+And that's one of the
+interesting things in your own
+
+work but also, as a historian,
+to look at this about how
+
+those things get negotiated
+in any given era.
+
+There's certainly, clearly,
+things that are just off
+
+limits that won't be done.
+
+There are other things that
+are pretty easy, like the
+
+National Science Foundation,
+where they come and they give
+
+you money and your only job in
+response is to write a paper.
+
+And there's a lot of
+things that are
+
+kind of in the middle.
+
+I actually happen to think
+that some of the military
+
+funding, particularly the DARPA
+funding, is actually a
+
+lot freer and has fewer strings
+attached than the NSF
+
+funding because the NSF is
+always peer reviewed.
+
+And you're always being pulled
+by other people in your field
+
+who want you to do
+what they do.
+
+Whereas with, sometimes, with
+what-- it's a little bit less
+
+true now than it used to be--
+
+with DARPA funding, they can
+really just give you the money
+
+and let you do want you want to
+do because they're a little
+
+bit protected politically
+because
+
+they're within the DOD.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iBqEF1cB7nE.txt b/iBqEF1cB7nE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d495f2b07f4bbebd870e7aab8da72cc284790fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iBqEF1cB7nE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the purpose of this segment is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this segment is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of this segment is to give
+you a little bit of the bigger picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of the bigger picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of the bigger picture
+we did discuss some inequalities we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did discuss some inequalities we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did discuss some inequalities we did
+discuss convergence of the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss convergence of the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss convergence of the sample mean
+that's the weak law of large numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the weak law of large numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the weak law of large numbers and
+we did discuss a particular notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did discuss a particular notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did discuss a particular notion of
+convergence of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of random variables
+convergence in probability how far can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability how far can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability how far can
+we take those topics let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take those topics let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take those topics let's start with
+the issue of inequalities here one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of inequalities here one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of inequalities here one would
+like to obtain bounds and approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to obtain bounds and approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to obtain bounds and approximations
+on tail probabilities that are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tail probabilities that are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tail probabilities that are better
+than the mark of an chebyshev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mark of an chebyshev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mark of an chebyshev
+inequalities that we have seen this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that we have seen this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that we have seen this is
+indeed possible for example there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed possible for example there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed possible for example there is a
+so called Chernoff bound that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called Chernoff bound that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called Chernoff bound that takes the
+following form the Chernoff bound tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form the Chernoff bound tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form the Chernoff bound tells
+us that the probability that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the probability that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the probability that the sample
+mean is away from the true mean by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is away from the true mean by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is away from the true mean by at
+least a where a is a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a where a is a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a where a is a positive number
+this probability is bounded above by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is bounded above by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability is bounded above by a
+function that falls exponentially with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that falls exponentially with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that falls exponentially with n
+and where the exponent depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the exponent depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the exponent depends on the
+particular number a that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number a that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number a that we are
+considering but in any case this term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering but in any case this term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering but in any case this term in
+the exponent is a positive quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is a positive quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is a positive quantity
+notice that this is much better much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is much better much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is much better much
+stronger than what we obtained from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than what we obtained from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than what we obtained from the
+chebyshev inequality because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality because in the
+chebyshev inequality we only obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality we only obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chebyshev inequality we only obtain an
+inequality for this probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for this probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for this probability that
+falls off at the rate of 1 over N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off at the rate of 1 over N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off at the rate of 1 over N so
+this Falls much faster and so it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Falls much faster and so it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Falls much faster and so it tells
+us that this probability is indeed much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this probability is indeed much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this probability is indeed much
+smaller than what the chebyshev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than what the chebyshev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than what the chebyshev
+inequality might predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality might predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality might predict
+however this inequality requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this inequality requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this inequality requires some
+additional assumptions on the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumptions on the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumptions on the random
+variables involved another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved another type of
+approximation on this tail probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on this tail probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on this tail probability
+can be obtained through the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained through the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be obtained through the central
+limit theorem which will actually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem which will actually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem which will actually be the
+next topic that we will be studying very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic that we will be studying very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic that we will be studying very
+loosely speaking the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely speaking the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely speaking the central limit
+theorem tells us that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells us that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells us that the random
+variable M sub n which is the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable M sub n which is the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable M sub n which is the sample
+mean behaves as if it were a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean behaves as if it were a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean behaves as if it were a normal
+random variable with the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with the mean and the
+variance that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that it should
+have we know that this is the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we know that this is the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we know that this is the mean and
+the variance of the sample mean but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the sample mean but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the sample mean but the
+central limit theorem tells us that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells us that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem tells us that in
+addition to that we can also pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that we can also pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that we can also pretend
+that the sample mean is normal and carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean is normal and carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean is normal and carry
+out approximations as if this were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out approximations as if this were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out approximations as if this were a
+normal random variable now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable now this
+statement that I'm making here is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I'm making here is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I'm making here is only a
+loose statement is not mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose statement is not mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose statement is not mathematically
+completely accurate we will see later a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely accurate we will see later a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely accurate we will see later a
+more accurate statement of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate statement of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate statement of the central
+limit theorem in a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem in a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem in a different direction
+we can talk about different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about different types of
+convergence we did define convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we did define convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we did define convergence in
+probability but that's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but that's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but that's not the only
+notion of convergence that's relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence that's relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence that's relevant to
+random variables there's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables there's an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables there's an alternative
+notion which is convergence with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion which is convergence with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion which is convergence with
+probability one here is what it means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one here is what it means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one here is what it means we
+have a single probabilistic experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single probabilistic experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single probabilistic experiment
+and within that experiment we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that experiment we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within that experiment we have a
+sequence of random variables and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random variables and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random variables and another
+random variable and we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and we want to talk
+about this random variable convergent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this random variable convergent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this random variable convergent to
+that random variable what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random variable what do we mean by
+that we consider a typical outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we consider a typical outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we consider a typical outcome of
+the experiment that is some Omega look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that is some Omega look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that is some Omega look
+at the values of the random variable Y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the values of the random variable Y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the values of the random variable Y n
+under that particular Omega and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that particular Omega and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that particular Omega and look at
+that sequence of values the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of values the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence of values the values of
+the different random variables under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different random variables under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different random variables under
+that particular outcome under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular outcome under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular outcome under that
+particular outcome Y also has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcome Y also has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcome Y also has a certain
+numerical value and we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value and we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value and we're interested in
+to whether this convergence takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether this convergence takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether this convergence takes place
+as n goes to infinity now for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity now for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity now for some
+outcomes Omega this will happen for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes Omega this will happen for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes Omega this will happen for some
+it will not happen we will say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not happen we will say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not happen we will say that we
+have convergence with probability one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence with probability one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have convergence with probability one if
+this event has probability equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event has probability equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event has probability equal to one
+that is there is probability one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there is probability one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there is probability one that is
+essential certainty that when an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential certainty that when an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential certainty that when an outcome
+of the experiment is obtained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment is obtained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment is obtained the
+resulting sequence of values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sequence of values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting sequence of values of the
+round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+variables yn will converge to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables yn will converge to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables yn will converge to the value
+of the random variable Y now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Y now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Y now this
+definition is easy to write down but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is easy to write down but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is easy to write down but to
+actually understand what it really means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand what it really means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand what it really means
+and the ways it is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ways it is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ways it is different from
+convergence in probability is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability is not so
+easy it does take some conceptual effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it does take some conceptual effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it does take some conceptual effort
+and we will not discuss it any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will not discuss it any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will not discuss it any further
+at this point let me just say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point let me just say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point let me just say that this
+is a stronger notion of convergence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stronger notion of convergence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a stronger notion of convergence if
+you have convergence with probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have convergence with probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have convergence with probability 1
+you also get convergence in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get convergence in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get convergence in probability
+and it turns out that the law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the law of large
+numbers also holds under this stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers also holds under this stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers also holds under this stronger
+notion of convergence that is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence that is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence that is we have
+that the sample mean converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sample mean converges to the
+true mean with probability 1 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean with probability 1 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean with probability 1 this is the
+so-called strong law of large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called strong law of large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called strong law of large numbers
+and because this is a stronger notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this is a stronger notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this is a stronger notion of
+convergence a more demanding one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence a more demanding one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence a more demanding one that's
+why this is called the strong law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is called the strong law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is called the strong law
+incidentally at this point you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally at this point you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally at this point you might be
+quite uncertain and confused as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uncertain and confused as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uncertain and confused as to what
+is really the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the difference between these
+two notions of convergence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notions of convergence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notions of convergence the
+definitions do look different but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions do look different but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions do look different but what
+is the real difference this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real difference this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real difference this is quite
+subtle and it does take quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and it does take quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and it does take quite a bit of
+thinking it's not supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's not supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's not supposed to be
+something that is obvious so the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is obvious so the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is obvious so the purpose
+of this discussion is only to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discussion is only to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discussion is only to point out
+this further direction but without at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this further direction but without at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this further direction but without at
+this point going into it in any depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point going into it in any depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point going into it in any depth
+finally there is another notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there is another notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there is another notion of
+convergence in which we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in which we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in which we are looking at
+the distributions of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions of the random
+variables involved so we may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved so we may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved so we may have a
+sequence of random variables each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random variables each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of random variables each one of
+them has a certain distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has a certain distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has a certain distribution
+described by a CDF and we can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a CDF and we can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a CDF and we can ask the
+question does this sequence of CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does this sequence of CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does this sequence of CDF
+converge to a limiting CDF if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a limiting CDF if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a limiting CDF if that
+happens then we say that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we say that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we say that we have
+convergence in distribution and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in distribution and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in distribution and this is
+more or less the type of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the type of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the type of convergence
+that shows up when we deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up when we deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up when we deal with the
+central limit theorem because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem because this is
+really a statement about distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a statement about distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a statement about distributions
+that the distribution of the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distribution of the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distribution of the sample mean
+in some sense starts to approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense starts to approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense starts to approach the
+distribution of a normal random variable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j4b9U9m9MQA.txt b/j4b9U9m9MQA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4d12678e5d8edb7ec37140d7d8e7cb8f09206d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j4b9U9m9MQA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is Rajesh Christian I'm one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rajesh Christian I'm one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rajesh Christian I'm one of
+the cofounders of climate X which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofounders of climate X which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofounders of climate X which is one
+of the co-sponsors of this event along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co-sponsors of this event along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co-sponsors of this event along
+with fossil-free MIT and many many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fossil-free MIT and many many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fossil-free MIT and many many other
+organizations on the MIT campus we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations on the MIT campus we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations on the MIT campus we also
+have non MIT people here several of whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have non MIT people here several of whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have non MIT people here several of whom
+some of whom are MIT alums so jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of whom are MIT alums so jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of whom are MIT alums so jeff
+warren is one of our speakers Britta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warren is one of our speakers Britta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warren is one of our speakers Britta
+Voss who is on skype over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voss who is on skype over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voss who is on skype over there is
+another speaker and then we have Nathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speaker and then we have Nathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speaker and then we have Nathan
+Philips and Audrey Schulman so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips and Audrey Schulman so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips and Audrey Schulman so we have a
+really really fantastic lineup but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fantastic lineup but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really fantastic lineup but let
+me just explain what we are doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just explain what we are doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just explain what we are doing and
+why so climate X the idea is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so climate X the idea is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so climate X the idea is to create
+an open climate learning platform for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open climate learning platform for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open climate learning platform for
+the whole world but starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world but starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole world but starting with the
+MIT community and then broadening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT community and then broadening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT community and then broadening that
+to the Greater Boston area so IP as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Greater Boston area so IP as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Greater Boston area so IP as some
+of you know is the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know is the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know is the independent
+activities period at MIT and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities period at MIT and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities period at MIT and that's the
+time when we do all kinds of fun things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we do all kinds of fun things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we do all kinds of fun things
+and there are many many climate-related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many many climate-related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many many climate-related
+courses being offered which we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses being offered which we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses being offered which we decided
+why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not
+bring them under one umbrella and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them under one umbrella and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them under one umbrella and call
+it the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the climate
+so if you go to sites.google.com slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to sites.google.com slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to sites.google.com slash
+clay P you will see all the courses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay P you will see all the courses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay P you will see all the courses that
+are being organized and in that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being organized and in that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being organized and in that entire
+so that's across the spectrum everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's across the spectrum everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's across the spectrum everything
+from climate science to policy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from climate science to policy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from climate science to policy to
+energy negotiations in places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy negotiations in places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy negotiations in places like
+Mexico so what we are doing here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico so what we are doing here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico so what we are doing here is to
+say how can citizens directly take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how can citizens directly take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how can citizens directly take
+action which is grounded in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is grounded in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is grounded in science and
+we have actually some fantastic speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually some fantastic speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually some fantastic speakers
+here today who have contributed to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today who have contributed to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today who have contributed to that
+in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different ways
+our first speaker who will be introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first speaker who will be introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first speaker who will be introduced
+by Britta will be Jeff Warren and Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Britta will be Jeff Warren and Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Britta will be Jeff Warren and Jeff
+Warren is one of the founders of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren is one of the founders of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren is one of the founders of public
+lab which does you could say community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab which does you could say community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab which does you could say community
+signs around environmental questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs around environmental questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs around environmental questions
+both building the hardware that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both building the hardware that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both building the hardware that allows
+you to sense environmental variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sense environmental variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sense environmental variables and
+the discussion and analysis that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion and analysis that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion and analysis that comes
+from collecting their data we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from collecting their data we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from collecting their data we have
+Nathan Phillips and additional men who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan Phillips and additional men who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan Phillips and additional men who
+have done some great work together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some great work together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some great work together on
+gas leaks in the Greater Boston area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks in the Greater Boston area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks in the Greater Boston area and
+those gas leaks will be the focus of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gas leaks will be the focus of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those gas leaks will be the focus of not
+just this session but also the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this session but also the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this session but also the next
+three so we have three more sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we have three more sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we have three more sessions
+after this one there's one on the 23rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this one there's one on the 23rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this one there's one on the 23rd
+which is a data hackathon so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data hackathon so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data hackathon so we're going
+to take a dump of data from Audrey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a dump of data from Audrey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a dump of data from Audrey and
+Nathan and we're gonna do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan and we're gonna do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan and we're gonna do really
+fantastic things with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic things with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic things with it
+and then if you're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're really interested in
+seeing where these gas leaks are we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing where these gas leaks are we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing where these gas leaks are we're
+gonna go on a tour on the 30th across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go on a tour on the 30th across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go on a tour on the 30th across
+the Cambridge Somerville area and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge Somerville area and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge Somerville area and do
+some gas sensing on our own and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gas sensing on our own and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gas sensing on our own and once
+that's done we're gonna come back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done we're gonna come back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done we're gonna come back on the
+first of February and say how do we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of February and say how do we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of February and say how do we take
+this and put it in make that work for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and put it in make that work for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and put it in make that work for us
+in the public interest right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public interest right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the public interest right and so
+generally I think the flow that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I think the flow that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I think the flow that we are
+trying to prototype here in these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prototype here in these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prototype here in these four
+sessions is that citizens can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions is that citizens can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions is that citizens can work with
+scientists and policy makers and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and policy makers and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and policy makers and others
+to directly take charge of the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to directly take charge of the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to directly take charge of the climate
+challenges that affect them where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that affect them where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that affect them where
+where they are and that by doing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are and that by doing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are and that by doing so we
+can contribute to climate action but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contribute to climate action but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contribute to climate action but
+climate action that's grounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate action that's grounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate action that's grounded in
+knowledge and not just pure advocacy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and not just pure advocacy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and not just pure advocacy so
+I think that's a really fantastic new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a really fantastic new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a really fantastic new
+opportunity that did not exist even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that did not exist even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that did not exist even a
+few years ago so I'm really really happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago so I'm really really happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years ago so I'm really really happy
+that we have a wonderful cast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a wonderful cast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a wonderful cast of
+speakers I'm going to turn it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers I'm going to turn it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers I'm going to turn it over to
+rid of us to introduce today's session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of us to introduce today's session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of us to introduce today's session
+great all right thanks for fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right thanks for fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right thanks for fish
+can everybody hear me yes okay so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can everybody hear me yes okay so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can everybody hear me yes okay so my
+name is Burton Foss I'm an MIT alum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Burton Foss I'm an MIT alum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Burton Foss I'm an MIT alum from
+2414 so I just want to start off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2414 so I just want to start off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2414 so I just want to start off with a
+sort of a brief overview of kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a brief overview of kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a brief overview of kind of our
+motivation and the idea behind community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and the idea behind community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and the idea behind community
+science and so we called this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and so we called this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and so we called this session
+from community science to community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from community science to community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from community science to community
+action and that really gets a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and that really gets a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and that really gets a sort of a
+larger motivation for this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger motivation for this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger motivation for this series of
+seminars of taking science and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars of taking science and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars of taking science and putting
+it to use for people and it's really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to use for people and it's really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to use for people and it's really it
+gets up the the mission of M idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets up the the mission of M idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets up the the mission of M idea of
+using science for this up I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using science for this up I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using science for this up I suppose
+start off really really broad here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off really really broad here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off really really broad here and
+ask the question of what is science even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question of what is science even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question of what is science even
+for why do we have science and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why do we have science and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why do we have science and my
+interpretation of this is that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this is that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of this is that humans
+are naturally curious and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are naturally curious and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are naturally curious and we want to
+understand the world around us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the world around us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the world around us and we
+also have needs we need food and shelter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have needs we need food and shelter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have needs we need food and shelter
+and transportation and so science has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation and so science has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transportation and so science has
+this double purpose for Humanity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this double purpose for Humanity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this double purpose for Humanity it
+feeds our curiosity but it also helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds our curiosity but it also helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds our curiosity but it also helps us
+solve problems and it gives us a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems and it gives us a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems and it gives us a process
+and a framework for addressing both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a framework for addressing both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a framework for addressing both of
+those issues and we all know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues and we all know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues and we all know that
+science is very important in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is very important in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is very important in modern
+society it's pretty much everywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's pretty much everywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's pretty much everywhere you
+go from your smart phones social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from your smart phones social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from your smart phones social
+networking to the systems of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking to the systems of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking to the systems of the
+infrastructure that make modern life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that make modern life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that make modern life
+possible and although we're all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and although we're all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and although we're all very
+aware of that very few people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that very few people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that very few people have a
+direct relationship with science either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct relationship with science either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct relationship with science either
+by doing it themselves in their day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing it themselves in their day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing it themselves in their day to
+day lives or even the other people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day lives or even the other people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day lives or even the other people in
+their lives and so another motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and so another motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives and so another motivation
+for this seminar series is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seminar series is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seminar series is that we're
+looking for an angle that will help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an angle that will help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an angle that will help us
+make science more relevant to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make science more relevant to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make science more relevant to people
+make people care more about science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people care more about science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people care more about science
+because it has very important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has very important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has very important role in
+our society and despite how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and despite how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and despite how important
+science is we all know that science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is we all know that science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is we all know that science is
+often misused and mischaracterized at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often misused and mischaracterized at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often misused and mischaracterized at
+shockingly high levels of our art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockingly high levels of our art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockingly high levels of our art
+leadership when you see people very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership when you see people very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership when you see people very
+prominent people making comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent people making comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent people making comments about
+scientifically false issues and even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically false issues and even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically false issues and even to
+the point of someone like a u.s. senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of someone like a u.s. senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of someone like a u.s. senator
+bringing a snowball to the floor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a snowball to the floor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a snowball to the floor of the
+Senate to prove that climate change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate to prove that climate change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate to prove that climate change is
+false so there's there's obviously a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so there's there's obviously a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so there's there's obviously a lot
+that needs to be done to make society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done to make society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done to make society
+more aware of and informed about science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware of and informed about science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware of and informed about science
+and so how can you community science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how can you community science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how can you community science
+address that community science is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that community science is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that community science is a way
+of making science speak for communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making science speak for communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making science speak for communities
+so climate change is probably the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so climate change is probably the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so climate change is probably the best
+way or the best example of an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the best example of an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the best example of an area of
+science where community involvement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science where community involvement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science where community involvement is
+critical because here for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because here for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because here for example you
+can see the effects of climate change on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the effects of climate change on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the effects of climate change on
+agriculture affect people's livelihoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture affect people's livelihoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture affect people's livelihoods
+say affects the economy and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say affects the economy and people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say affects the economy and people who
+depend on agriculture which is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on agriculture which is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on agriculture which is not just
+all of us the food we eat but people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us the food we eat but people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us the food we eat but people can
+make their likelihood of farming need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their likelihood of farming need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their likelihood of farming need to
+understand how climate change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how climate change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how climate change is
+affecting agricultural productivity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting agricultural productivity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting agricultural productivity from
+droughts and wildfires and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droughts and wildfires and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droughts and wildfires and all sorts of
+issues and so science can help them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and so science can help them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and so science can help them with
+that if it is directly addressing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it is directly addressing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it is directly addressing their
+needs and as a few more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and as a few more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and as a few more examples
+climate change is affecting water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is affecting water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is affecting water
+temperature in rivers which has effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in rivers which has effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in rivers which has effects
+on migratory fish populations that serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on migratory fish populations that serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on migratory fish populations that serve
+as important cultural and economic basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important cultural and economic basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as important cultural and economic basis
+for Native American populations nuisance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Native American populations nuisance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Native American populations nuisance
+flooding in cities like Boston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding in cities like Boston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding in cities like Boston and
+especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+South Florida is becoming a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Florida is becoming a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Florida is becoming a big problem
+for quality of life and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality of life and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quality of life and economic
+vitality in a lot of areas communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality in a lot of areas communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality in a lot of areas communities
+from the Arctic are literally falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Arctic are literally falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Arctic are literally falling
+into the sea in some places because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sea in some places because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sea in some places because of
+fine permafrost and then of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine permafrost and then of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine permafrost and then of course in
+northern Alberta you have tar sands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Alberta you have tar sands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Alberta you have tar sands
+mining that's wiping out the forests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining that's wiping out the forests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining that's wiping out the forests and
+stuff and dumping lots of toxins into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and dumping lots of toxins into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and dumping lots of toxins into
+local rivers and these toxins are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local rivers and these toxins are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local rivers and these toxins are going
+downstream and making First Nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and making First Nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and making First Nations
+communities sick and so by producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities sick and so by producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities sick and so by producing
+independent science for those groups you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent science for those groups you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent science for those groups you
+can help them fight back against these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help them fight back against these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help them fight back against these
+sorts of environmental threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of environmental threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of environmental threats
+communities living downwind new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities living downwind new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities living downwind new
+coal-fired power plants similarly are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants similarly are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal-fired power plants similarly are at
+serious risk of things like mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious risk of things like mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious risk of things like mercury
+contamination particulate aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination particulate aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination particulate aerosols
+another negative health effects and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another negative health effects and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another negative health effects and so
+if these communities have tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these communities have tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these communities have tools of
+science they might be able to file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science they might be able to file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science they might be able to file
+lawsuits or come to their policymakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits or come to their policymakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits or come to their policymakers
+and say that they need a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that they need a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that they need a certain
+regulation or policy and another good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or policy and another good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or policy and another good
+example of course is fracking where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of course is fracking where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of course is fracking where the
+global communities especially if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global communities especially if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global communities especially if there's
+a wastewater injection going on might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wastewater injection going on might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wastewater injection going on might be
+at risk for groundwater contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk for groundwater contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at risk for groundwater contamination
+irregular seismic activity and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular seismic activity and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular seismic activity and lots of
+other environmental risks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other environmental risks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other environmental risks so the
+motivations for community science would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for community science would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for community science would
+be empowering communities by getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empowering communities by getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be empowering communities by getting
+them ownership of their data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ownership of their data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them ownership of their data and
+responding to their specific needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to their specific needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to their specific needs
+Kling from the perspective of scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kling from the perspective of scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kling from the perspective of scientists
+that increased public awareness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increased public awareness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increased public awareness and
+interest in science which is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in science which is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in science which is important
+to making sure that science is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making sure that science is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making sure that science is still a
+part of decision-making and that science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of decision-making and that science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of decision-making and that science
+is supported long term and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported long term and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported long term and also
+importantly especially in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly especially in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly especially in the context of
+climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+is making sure that scientists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure that scientists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making sure that scientists have
+access to local knowledge that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to local knowledge that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to local knowledge that they
+might not otherwise be aware of but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not otherwise be aware of but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not otherwise be aware of but of
+course there's also challenges so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's also challenges so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's also challenges so just
+like with traditional science community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with traditional science community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with traditional science community
+science needs to ensure the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science needs to ensure the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science needs to ensure the data is
+high-quality and that it can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-quality and that it can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-quality and that it can be used for
+the purposes that the community needs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes that the community needs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes that the community needs it
+for instance that it'll hold up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that it'll hold up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance that it'll hold up in a
+court of law these projects need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court of law these projects need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court of law these projects need to have
+long term support so if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term support so if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term support so if you're looking
+at you know a long term monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know a long term monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know a long term monitoring
+program it can be hard to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it can be hard to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it can be hard to make sure that
+that's financially viable over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's financially viable over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's financially viable over the long
+term and then the community's needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then the community's needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then the community's needs
+might change over time if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change over time if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change over time if the
+environmental threats change or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental threats change or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental threats change or if the
+makeup of the community changes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the community changes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup of the community changes and so
+research projects need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects need to be able to
+respond to that and I'm sure Jeff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to that and I'm sure Jeff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to that and I'm sure Jeff can
+talk more about this but just if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this but just if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this but just if you
+have a few ideas about what can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few ideas about what can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few ideas about what can make
+community science successful a few key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science successful a few key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science successful a few key
+factors are making data and methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are making data and methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are making data and methods
+open-source so they're freely available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source so they're freely available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source so they're freely available
+and open for discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open for discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open for discussion
+and similarly open communication between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly open communication between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly open communication between
+the community members and the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community members and the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community members and the scientists
+themselves to make sure that everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to make sure that everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to make sure that everyone is
+working together and not for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and not for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and not for their own
+purposes and probably the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and probably the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and probably the most important
+thing isn't making sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't making sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing isn't making sure that the
+community is involved from the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is involved from the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is involved from the planning
+stages and not just brought in later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages and not just brought in later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages and not just brought in later on
+and that's basically the key difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the key difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's basically the key difference
+between community science and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between community science and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between community science and what's
+usually known as citizen science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually known as citizen science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually known as citizen science and
+finally just in terms of the appeal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just in terms of the appeal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just in terms of the appeal of
+community science it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science it's important to
+encourage creativity both from science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage creativity both from science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage creativity both from science
+scientists and the community members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and the community members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and the community members and
+I think one of the really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one of the really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one of the really important
+aspects of community science is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of community science is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of community science is that it
+can be a synthesis of tools and ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a synthesis of tools and ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a synthesis of tools and ideas
+from different fields that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different fields that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different fields that might not
+happen naturally in traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen naturally in traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen naturally in traditional
+scientific enterprise so just finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific enterprise so just finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific enterprise so just finally
+some examples there's probably many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples there's probably many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples there's probably many more
+out there but a public lab as Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there but a public lab as Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there but a public lab as Josh
+mentioned you're going to hear from Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you're going to hear from Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you're going to hear from Jeff
+about it pretty soon and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it pretty soon and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it pretty soon and then there's
+also the earthworks community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the earthworks community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the earthworks community
+empowerment project which gives these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment project which gives these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment project which gives these
+forward-looking infrared cameras to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking infrared cameras to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking infrared cameras to
+communities that want to monitor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that want to monitor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that want to monitor air
+pollutants from local operations such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants from local operations such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants from local operations such as
+fracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking
+I just learned about its failsafe cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just learned about its failsafe cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just learned about its failsafe cast
+which is in response to the Fukushima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in response to the Fukushima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in response to the Fukushima
+nuclear meltdown which is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear meltdown which is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear meltdown which is giving
+communities scientific tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities scientific tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities scientific tools for
+monitoring radiation contamination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring radiation contamination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring radiation contamination in
+their communities so with that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communities so with that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communities so with that I will
+turn it over to Jeff to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over to Jeff to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over to Jeff to tell you about
+some more specific tools for community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more specific tools for community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more specific tools for community
+science you know as for the said thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you know as for the said thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you know as for the said thank
+you Berta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Berta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Berta
+you know I'm one of I'm one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm one of I'm one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm one of I'm one of the
+founders of public lab there were seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of public lab there were seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders of public lab there were seven
+founders and I'll get into a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders and I'll get into a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders and I'll get into a little bit
+about where public lab came from but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where public lab came from but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where public lab came from but I
+really wanted to talk about sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to talk about sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to talk about sort of what
+makes public lab different and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes public lab different and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes public lab different and what that
+has to do with some of the topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with some of the topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with some of the topics that
+you know we're gonna dive into in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're gonna dive into in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're gonna dive into in this
+course I the talk renegotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I the talk renegotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I the talk renegotiating
+expertise because I think there's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise because I think there's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise because I think there's kind
+of this moment we're in now where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this moment we're in now where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this moment we're in now where people
+are beginning to be more aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beginning to be more aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are beginning to be more aware of the
+mechanisms of expertise and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of expertise and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of expertise and where you
+know where they are working and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are working and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are working and whether
+they're they need improvement and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they need improvement and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they need improvement and so I I
+had some thoughts on this and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some thoughts on this and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some thoughts on this and these are
+the other preliminaries so I'm eager for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other preliminaries so I'm eager for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other preliminaries so I'm eager for
+the discussion portion of the talk to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion portion of the talk to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion portion of the talk to to
+sort of dive into some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dive into some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dive into some of these
+questions and also they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and also they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and also they're not
+necessarily they're not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily they're not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily they're not necessarily
+right but I'm gonna put them out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm gonna put them out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm gonna put them out there
+and and I'm eager to hear your thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm eager to hear your thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'm eager to hear your thoughts
+so public lab does what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so public lab does what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so public lab does what we call
+community science and this involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science and this involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community science and this involves
+supporting community knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting community knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting community knowledge
+production which means creating bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production which means creating bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production which means creating bridges
+and shared spaces between formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shared spaces between formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shared spaces between formal
+expertise and community needs so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and community needs so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and community needs so in the
+picture above you can see a group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture above you can see a group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture above you can see a group that
+is on the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn
+which is a Superfund site it's heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a Superfund site it's heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a Superfund site it's heavily
+contaminated with poly aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated with poly aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated with poly aromatic
+hydrocarbons and raw sewage I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons and raw sewage I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons and raw sewage I think
+somewhere in the order of three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the order of three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the order of three hundred
+million gallons of raw sewage go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million gallons of raw sewage go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million gallons of raw sewage go into
+the canal every year and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal every year and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal every year and that's actually
+part of how the New York sanitary system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of how the New York sanitary system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of how the New York sanitary system
+works that there aren't think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that there aren't think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that there aren't think there are
+any current plans to change change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current plans to change change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current plans to change change that
+that's it functioning proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it functioning proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it functioning proper
+but this picture is actually the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this picture is actually the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this picture is actually the day
+after Hurricane sandy and folks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Hurricane sandy and folks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Hurricane sandy and folks in the
+Brooklyn sort of chapter of or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn sort of chapter of or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn sort of chapter of or sort of
+local group of public lab public lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local group of public lab public lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local group of public lab public lapse
+and open community so anyone can join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open community so anyone can join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open community so anyone can join
+went out in canoes as they had done many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in canoes as they had done many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in canoes as they had done many
+times before in part of their monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before in part of their monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before in part of their monitoring
+of the cleanup and took a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cleanup and took a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cleanup and took a bunch of
+remarkable images of lots of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable images of lots of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable images of lots of stuff
+having been washed into the canal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been washed into the canal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been washed into the canal as
+well as also some of the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as also some of the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as also some of the infrastructure
+that's been put in place like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been put in place like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been put in place like these
+booms to prevent pollution from entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booms to prevent pollution from entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booms to prevent pollution from entering
+the canal this is next to what is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal this is next to what is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canal this is next to what is now
+Whole Foods so that was this boom was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods so that was this boom was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whole Foods so that was this boom was
+actually added in response to previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added in response to previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually added in response to previous
+monitoring by that group of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring by that group of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring by that group of the
+construction site and I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction site and I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction site and I think people
+sometimes misunderstand what public lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes misunderstand what public lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes misunderstand what public lab
+is like a friend once told me that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a friend once told me that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a friend once told me that it's
+great that we're helping the public to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that we're helping the public to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that we're helping the public to
+understand science and I think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand science and I think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand science and I think that is
+part of it but that's really not the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but that's really not the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but that's really not the the
+core function or the core purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core function or the core purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core function or the core purpose of
+public lab I think it's public I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab I think it's public I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab I think it's public I was
+different because we focus a lot on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because we focus a lot on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because we focus a lot on on
+the question of who above what we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of who above what we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of who above what we're not
+necessarily teaching people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily teaching people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily teaching people about
+science exclusively we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science exclusively we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science exclusively we're trying to
+negotiate a new relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a new relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate a new relationship between
+science practice and the public perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science practice and the public perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science practice and the public perhaps
+a more equitable or mutually beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more equitable or mutually beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more equitable or mutually beneficial
+relationship and that involves a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that involves a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that involves a lot of
+you know big you know obviously big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big you know obviously big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big you know obviously big
+issues but I think just through our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but I think just through our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but I think just through our work
+in trying to support communities facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to support communities facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to support communities facing
+pollution the the the question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution the the the question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution the the the question of how
+our expertise works how it functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expertise works how it functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expertise works how it functions
+comes up a great deal and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up a great deal and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up a great deal and that's
+something we've been sort of receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been sort of receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've been sort of receptive
+to in the community you know coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the community you know coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the community you know coming from
+communities we've worked with and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities we've worked with and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities we've worked with and try to
+understand deeply these questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand deeply these questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand deeply these questions like
+who builds knowledge who is it for who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who builds knowledge who is it for who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who builds knowledge who is it for who
+asks the questions and who understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks the questions and who understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks the questions and who understands
+the answers these are pretty deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers these are pretty deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers these are pretty deep
+questions and I doubt we'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I doubt we'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I doubt we'd be able to
+unwrap them all like in this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrap them all like in this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwrap them all like in this session
+today but they're pretty fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but they're pretty fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but they're pretty fundamental to
+some of the issues that we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues that we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the issues that we're gonna talk
+about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later
+I think what's key is that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's key is that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what's key is that we're really
+trying not only to seek to make science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not only to seek to make science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not only to seek to make science
+findings accessible I think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings accessible I think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings accessible I think that is
+important but also its methods its tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but also its methods its tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but also its methods its tools
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+it's structure of participation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structure of participation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structure of participation and the
+depth of participation that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of participation that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of participation that people have
+in in how science functions this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in how science functions this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in how science functions this this
+means both making more accessible on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means both making more accessible on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means both making more accessible on
+ramps to make it I won't necessarily say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramps to make it I won't necessarily say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramps to make it I won't necessarily say
+easier but I think accessible is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but I think accessible is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but I think accessible is a
+slightly different shade than easier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different shade than easier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different shade than easier but
+it also means challenging what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means challenging what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means challenging what's
+possible in science practice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in science practice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in science practice by
+leveraging things like peer production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging things like peer production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging things like peer production
+open-source is pretty mentioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source is pretty mentioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source is pretty mentioned and
+things like the the maker community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the the maker community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the the maker community
+which i think is changing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is changing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is changing our
+understanding of what what technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what what technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what what technology
+development and you can do and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and you can do and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and you can do and how it
+can how it can function so just to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how it can function so just to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how it can function so just to for
+some concrete's you may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concrete's you may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some concrete's you may have heard of
+public lofts baloon mapping project this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lofts baloon mapping project this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lofts baloon mapping project this
+is our oldest project and we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our oldest project and we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our oldest project and we developed
+this technique with a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique with a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique with a number of
+communities in the Gulf Coast to monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in the Gulf Coast to monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in the Gulf Coast to monitor
+the BP oil spill to take aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BP oil spill to take aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BP oil spill to take aerial
+photographs a very high resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs a very high resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs a very high resolution of
+spill affected sites before during and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill affected sites before during and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill affected sites before during and
+after the spill and basically you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the spill and basically you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the spill and basically you just
+attach a camera to a balloon I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a camera to a balloon I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach a camera to a balloon I mean it's
+easy to say it like that but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say it like that but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to say it like that but there's a
+lot of little things about it and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of little things about it and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of little things about it and how
+you connect things up with string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect things up with string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect things up with string and
+rubber bands and how you archive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bands and how you archive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bands and how you archive the
+data and interpret it and it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and interpret it and it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and interpret it and it really is
+this whole embodied research project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole embodied research project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole embodied research project in
+a community that is primarily made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community that is primarily made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community that is primarily made up of
+non scientists or non non professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non scientists or non non professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non scientists or non non professional
+scientists will say this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists will say this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists will say this is a good
+example there's a group of two people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a group of two people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a group of two people in
+a canoe again on the Gowanus Canal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canoe again on the Gowanus Canal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canoe again on the Gowanus Canal this
+time in the middle of the winter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the middle of the winter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the middle of the winter in the
+box and it's hard to see with the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and it's hard to see with the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and it's hard to see with the color
+on the projector but this is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the projector but this is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the projector but this is a large
+plume of raw sewage that's on the canal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume of raw sewage that's on the canal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume of raw sewage that's on the canal
+as I mentioned this happens all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned this happens all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned this happens all the time
+so people who live there are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who live there are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who live there are really
+familiar with when and where it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when and where it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with when and where it happens
+you know how often into what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how often into what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how often into what what
+volumes and they've structured their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and they've structured their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and they've structured their
+research project based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project based on their
+understanding their deep knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding their deep knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding their deep knowledge of
+this particular site and one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular site and one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular site and one thing that
+they discovered oh this is not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered oh this is not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered oh this is not in this
+picture next that later slide teaser so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture next that later slide teaser so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture next that later slide teaser so
+we also focus on making your own tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also focus on making your own tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also focus on making your own tools
+now I wouldn't say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wouldn't say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wouldn't say this is a
+prerequisite or an absolutely necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite or an absolutely necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite or an absolutely necessary
+portion of our work but it has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of our work but it has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of our work but it has been a
+really important part of it we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of it we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part of it we've
+managed to engage pretty large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to engage pretty large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to engage pretty large numbers
+of people in constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in constructing
+constructing tools and experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing tools and experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing tools and experimental
+setups for example paper craft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups for example paper craft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups for example paper craft
+spectrometers optical range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers optical range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers optical range
+spectrometers built around a webcam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers built around a webcam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometers built around a webcam and
+doing comparative work using you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing comparative work using you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing comparative work using you know
+different sample preparations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample preparations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample preparations and in
+some cases ultraviolet light to induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases ultraviolet light to induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases ultraviolet light to induce
+fluorescence and so this is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and so this is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and so this is just a a
+graph of like how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of like how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of like how many people have
+actually built and uploaded data using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built and uploaded data using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built and uploaded data using a
+spectrometer they built themselves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer they built themselves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer they built themselves this
+graph is I think the past 52 weeks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is I think the past 52 weeks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is I think the past 52 weeks but
+overall almost 10,000 people which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall almost 10,000 people which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall almost 10,000 people which I
+think is is a is a pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is a is a pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is a is a pretty interesting
+it's an interesting project for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting project for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting project for us
+so all people come to public lab org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all people come to public lab org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all people come to public lab org
+they post their work to share it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they post their work to share it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they post their work to share it with
+others but also to ask for help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but also to ask for help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but also to ask for help the
+people these people might be scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these people might be scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people these people might be scientists
+many of them are but they're just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are but they're just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are but they're just as
+likely to be educators to be hobbyists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be educators to be hobbyists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be educators to be hobbyists
+and the group were most interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the group were most interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the group were most interested in
+serving are those community groups who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving are those community groups who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving are those community groups who
+experience environmental problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience environmental problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience environmental problems
+firsthand so I guess it's a big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand so I guess it's a big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand so I guess it's a big question
+why why do it yourself why go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do it yourself why go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do it yourself why go beyond
+simply dissemination of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply dissemination of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply dissemination of science
+knowledge to the public and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to the public and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to the public and I think
+there's a bunch of different reasons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different reasons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of different reasons to
+this but this is sort of the crux in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is sort of the crux in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is sort of the crux in
+some ways it's because experts I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's because experts I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's because experts I think
+often have a pretty narrow conception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a pretty narrow conception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a pretty narrow conception of
+where the public could become involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the public could become involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the public could become involved
+for example public dissemination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example public dissemination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example public dissemination of
+science is part of like most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is part of like most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is part of like most most
+federal grants right like it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal grants right like it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal grants right like it's there's
+some portion of it where you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some portion of it where you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some portion of it where you'd have to
+communicate your findings this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate your findings this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate your findings this is an
+area that people I think are making good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that people I think are making good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that people I think are making good
+progress on but involvement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on but involvement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on but involvement in the
+design of experiments in the formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments in the formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of experiments in the formulation
+of quite research questions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quite research questions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quite research questions in the
+interpretation and application of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and application of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and application of those
+findings to real-world scenarios those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings to real-world scenarios those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings to real-world scenarios those
+are often considered outside the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often considered outside the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often considered outside the scope
+sometimes even of science practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even of science practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes even of science practitioners
+but but certainly outside the scope of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but certainly outside the scope of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but certainly outside the scope of a
+partnership with it with a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership with it with a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership with it with a community
+group facing a challenge or a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group facing a challenge or a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group facing a challenge or a problem of
+course I think with the do-it-yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I think with the do-it-yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I think with the do-it-yourself
+kits and so forth the cost barrier is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits and so forth the cost barrier is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits and so forth the cost barrier is is
+definitely a factor for us it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a factor for us it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a factor for us it's hard to
+get more people involved in performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more people involved in performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more people involved in performing
+science doing science in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science doing science in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science doing science in understanding
+science any of those unless there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science any of those unless there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science any of those unless there's
+cheaper instrumentation this is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper instrumentation this is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper instrumentation this is not true
+for all fields but it's certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all fields but it's certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all fields but it's certainly true
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+but I think really to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think really to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think really to answer this
+question more thoroughly I think we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more thoroughly I think we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question more thoroughly I think we need
+to take a few steps back and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a few steps back and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a few steps back and try to
+better understand how shared knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how shared knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand how shared knowledge
+is produced key word there being shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced key word there being shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced key word there being shared
+knowledge not just knowledge that's held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge not just knowledge that's held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge not just knowledge that's held
+by scientists but knowledge that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scientists but knowledge that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scientists but knowledge that is
+commonly held which I hope is the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly held which I hope is the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly held which I hope is the goal
+and how expertise worked so depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how expertise worked so depressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how expertise worked so depressing
+slide I know but this is like the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I know but this is like the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I know but this is like the this
+is the New York Times upshots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the New York Times upshots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the New York Times upshots
+sort of meta poll of polls so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of meta poll of polls so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of meta poll of polls so they're
+listing all of the projections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing all of the projections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing all of the projections of the
+outcome of the November 8th election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the November 8th election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the November 8th election
+obviously there was the data didn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there was the data didn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there was the data didn't fit
+the outcome but I do think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome but I do think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome but I do think it's an
+interesting case in part because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case in part because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case in part because it has
+a lot to do with in my eyes has a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with in my eyes has a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to do with in my eyes has a lot to
+do with how how expertise is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how how expertise is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how how expertise is represented
+today and how its communicated how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and how its communicated how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and how its communicated how our
+projections are predictions made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are predictions made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are predictions made this
+isn't representative of that many forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't representative of that many forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't representative of that many forms
+of you know forms of science but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know forms of science but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know forms of science but I think
+it's a relevant data point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relevant data point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relevant data point and
+specifically why and when people trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically why and when people trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically why and when people trust
+these kinds of projections and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of projections and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of projections and I'm not
+necessarily calling these like wrong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily calling these like wrong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily calling these like wrong I
+think there's something really I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something really I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's something really I'll get
+into this in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in a moment
+sorry so data and insert importation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so data and insert importation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so data and insert importation
+increasingly drives decision making in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly drives decision making in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly drives decision making in
+our society and this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and this is something that
+happens a little bit outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a little bit outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a little bit outside of the
+scope of what we typically understand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of what we typically understand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of what we typically understand as
+science practice but it is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science practice but it is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science practice but it is an important
+ramification and I think I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramification and I think I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramification and I think I just want to
+suggest this I think you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest this I think you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest this I think you can see how
+this might become a problem we're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might become a problem we're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might become a problem we're not in
+itself but where it displaces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but where it displaces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but where it displaces where
+happens at the cut at the cost of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the cut at the cost of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the cut at the cost of a more
+discursive mode of debate you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discursive mode of debate you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discursive mode of debate you know in
+Adam in a democracy and I really am NOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam in a democracy and I really am NOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam in a democracy and I really am NOT
+saying that we should use democracy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we should use democracy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that we should use democracy to
+do science what I'm saying is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do science what I'm saying is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do science what I'm saying is that there
+is a relationship between the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relationship between the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relationship between the two that
+we need to better understand and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to better understand and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to better understand and I think
+this could present challenges not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could present challenges not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could present challenges not only
+because of possible biases I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of possible biases I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of possible biases I mean
+there's clear problems with science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clear problems with science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clear problems with science
+being paid for in certain spheres as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid for in certain spheres as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid for in certain spheres as
+well as ideological issues and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as ideological issues and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as ideological issues and their
+relationship with science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with science
+in Congress as was mentioned earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Congress as was mentioned earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Congress as was mentioned earlier but
+I think also it has to do with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think also it has to do with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think also it has to do with some of
+the areas that public lab is focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that public lab is focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that public lab is focusing on
+which may be the most subjective parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be the most subjective parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be the most subjective parts
+of science the selection of problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science the selection of problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science the selection of problems and
+questions to pursue and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to pursue and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to pursue and of course the
+application of Sciences findings these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Sciences findings these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Sciences findings these
+are sometimes outside the scope please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes outside the scope please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes outside the scope please
+no please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh timescales I mean last two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh timescales I mean last two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh timescales I mean last two or three
+hundred years sorry very cutely I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years sorry very cutely I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years sorry very cutely I'm I
+desperately want to talk about that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately want to talk about that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately want to talk about that I'm
+a little being a little roundabout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little being a little roundabout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little being a little roundabout
+psychologist yeah so I mean as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist yeah so I mean as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist yeah so I mean as you said
+it's concerning when people lose trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's concerning when people lose trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's concerning when people lose trust
+this is a graph of like the 48 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a graph of like the 48 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a graph of like the 48 hours
+surrounding the election and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the election and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the election and the
+projections of the elections outcome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of the elections outcome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of the elections outcome and
+it's a really depressing graph to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really depressing graph to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really depressing graph to look
+at for me I found it really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for me I found it really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at for me I found it really interesting
+so this is New York Times upshot but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is New York Times upshot but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is New York Times upshot but I
+found it very interesting the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it very interesting the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it very interesting the language
+that fivethirtyeight.com used and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fivethirtyeight.com used and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fivethirtyeight.com used and a lot
+of other data-driven analysts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other data-driven analysts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other data-driven analysts are
+increasingly using to tune their how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly using to tune their how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly using to tune their how
+they communicate certainty and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they communicate certainty and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they communicate certainty and this is
+something where you know in the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you know in the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you know in the days
+that following the election you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that following the election you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that following the election you heard
+some analysts talking about well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analysts talking about well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some analysts talking about well you
+know we said it was you know 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we said it was you know 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we said it was you know 70
+something percent or whatever and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something percent or whatever and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something percent or whatever and that
+that's not that's actually not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's actually not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that's actually not very
+certain you know like there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you know like there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you know like there's something
+hidden in in that or something that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in in that or something that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in in that or something that used
+to be unwrapped about the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unwrapped about the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unwrapped about the communication
+of certainty and and I think it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty and and I think it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certainty and and I think it's a real
+challenge I don't know that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge I don't know that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge I don't know that people have
+answers to this but it's something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this but it's something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to this but it's something I'm
+interested in I know I know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I know I know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in I know I know they they
+that sometimes would say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes would say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes would say things like
+more probable than making a field goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probable than making a field goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probable than making a field goal
+that didn't help me because I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't help me because I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't help me because I don't know
+anything about football but but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about football but but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about football but but they're
+trying to communicate what the graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate what the graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate what the graphs
+mean you know it's easy to just look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know it's easy to just look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know it's easy to just look and
+see all blue dots but it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all blue dots but it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all blue dots but it's it's a very
+different thing to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing to understand what the
+ramifications are for how reality plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications are for how reality plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications are for how reality plays
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and then of course yeah this is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course yeah this is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course yeah this is the big
+thing this that sort of scenario plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this that sort of scenario plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this that sort of scenario plays
+out on a lot of other narratives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a lot of other narratives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a lot of other narratives right
+adjacent displays and communications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent displays and communications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent displays and communications of
+data you know many of you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know many of you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know many of you may have seen
+this Bloomberg thing it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bloomberg thing it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bloomberg thing it's very
+interactive extremely data dense like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive extremely data dense like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive extremely data dense like
+there's so many studies and so many data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many studies and so many data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many studies and so many data
+points that have been summarized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have been summarized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have been summarized and
+meta summarized to create something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta summarized to create something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta summarized to create something
+which communicates I think very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which communicates I think very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which communicates I think very
+effectively about warming trends if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively about warming trends if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively about warming trends if you
+haven't used it go and play with it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used it go and play with it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used it go and play with it like
+it's really really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really really interesting
+and and so you sort of have to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you sort of have to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you sort of have to ask you
+know what why isn't it persuasive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what why isn't it persuasive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what why isn't it persuasive to
+everybody you know because it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you know because it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody you know because it's pretty
+good you know I and I think it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know I and I think it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know I and I think it's easy to
+demonize experts for not being good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonize experts for not being good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonize experts for not being good
+communicators when things go wrong I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicators when things go wrong I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicators when things go wrong I
+think a lot of complex knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of complex knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of complex knowledge is
+communicated in pretty rich and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated in pretty rich and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated in pretty rich and pretty
+interactive ways it's not just learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive ways it's not just learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive ways it's not just learn
+this by rote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by rote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by rote
+you know it's bloomberg.com what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's bloomberg.com what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's bloomberg.com what's
+warming the world and it's it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming the world and it's it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming the world and it's it's a pretty
+I think it's pretty great so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty great so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty great so I think
+yeah with with such a wealth of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with with such a wealth of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with with such a wealth of data and
+such persuasive communication of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such persuasive communication of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such persuasive communication of that
+data with all the tools we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with all the tools we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with all the tools we have today
+what what is or is something broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is or is something broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is or is something broken
+about expertise you know and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expertise you know and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expertise you know and I think
+that in some cases people are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some cases people are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some cases people are very much
+afraid that there is something broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that there is something broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that there is something broken
+maybe not about all expertise but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not about all expertise but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not about all expertise but about
+some portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of experts that no one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experts that no one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experts that no one has the
+patience or wherewithal to listen yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience or wherewithal to listen yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience or wherewithal to listen yep
+when you add that to the conflation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add that to the conflation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add that to the conflation not
+a station of fact by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding I agree with that I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding I agree with that I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding I agree with that I think the
+way that I'm using the term expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I'm using the term expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I'm using the term expertise
+here is potentially trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is potentially trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is potentially trying to understand
+it in a wider scope which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a wider scope which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a wider scope which is to say
+expertise could be defined as a body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise could be defined as a body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise could be defined as a body of
+knowledge which is which is contained or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is which is contained or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is which is contained or
+known or collected but what I mean broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or collected but what I mean broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known or collected but what I mean broke
+what I'm using when I'm using the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm using when I'm using the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm using when I'm using the term
+here I'm talking about it as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm talking about it as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm talking about it as a set of
+relationships as well expertise yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships as well expertise yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships as well expertise yeah and
+and relationships with experts and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships with experts and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships with experts and who
+are experts how are they identified how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experts how are they identified how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are experts how are they identified how
+do we trust what they say how do we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we trust what they say how do we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we trust what they say how do we if
+we are experts communicate in a trustful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are experts communicate in a trustful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are experts communicate in a trustful
+manner to people there's a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner to people there's a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner to people there's a whole set of
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's not give up in it yeah no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's not give up in it yeah no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's not give up in it yeah no I
+yeah it's true no no no please and thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true no no no please and thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true no no no please and thank
+you no I I'm glad you're engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no I I'm glad you're engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no I I'm glad you're engaging
+because I did something I I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did something I I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did something I I think about
+a great deal and have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal and have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal and have thought about
+especially recently I think so Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially recently I think so Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially recently I think so Harry
+Collins is not popular in in all fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins is not popular in in all fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins is not popular in in all fields
+but but he does do a very close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he does do a very close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he does do a very close and
+careful examination of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful examination of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful examination of different kinds
+of expertise and I think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expertise and I think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expertise and I think it's a very
+interesting thing to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing to think about what
+distinguishes different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes different kinds of
+expertise and one in particular they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and one in particular they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and one in particular they
+talks about he talks about is meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about he talks about is meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about he talks about is meta
+expertise and it's the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and it's the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and it's the ability to
+distinguish expertise is the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish expertise is the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish expertise is the ability to
+compare and to choose an expert among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and to choose an expert among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and to choose an expert among
+several who are purporting to be experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several who are purporting to be experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several who are purporting to be experts
+and he says you know and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says you know and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says you know and I think this is
+a persuasive point of his that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a persuasive point of his that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a persuasive point of his that it's a
+particularly difficult one but it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly difficult one but it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly difficult one but it's one
+which many people are called upon to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which many people are called upon to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which many people are called upon to to
+have it's one that is often based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's one that is often based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's one that is often based on
+long long term reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long term reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long term reputation
+it's based on in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on in some cases
+relationships personal relationships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships personal relationships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships personal relationships and
+and it it can sometimes be affected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it can sometimes be affected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it can sometimes be affected by a
+different kind of expertise which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of expertise which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of expertise which he
+calls I think he calls it downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls I think he calls it downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls I think he calls it downward
+discrimination expertise which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination expertise which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination expertise which is the
+the the essentially the ignoring of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the essentially the ignoring of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the essentially the ignoring of one
+expert because you you perceive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert because you you perceive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert because you you perceive a
+different expert to be of a grade of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expert to be of a grade of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expert to be of a grade of a
+greater authority so I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater authority so I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater authority so I don't know about
+every observation he's made but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every observation he's made but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every observation he's made but I do
+appreciate that the the taxonomy he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that the the taxonomy he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that the the taxonomy he's
+created and the attempt to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and the attempt to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and the attempt to understand
+what are the mechanisms that that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the mechanisms that that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the mechanisms that that allow
+expertise to occur in our society and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise to occur in our society and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise to occur in our society and I
+think the question for for public lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question for for public lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question for for public lab
+and for for some of us is how what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for some of us is how what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for some of us is how what do we
+do about the widening gap because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about the widening gap because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about the widening gap because
+although there's a tendency to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a tendency to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there's a tendency to think
+that the ability to question expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ability to question expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ability to question expertise
+is driving a wedge the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving a wedge the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driving a wedge the the the
+democratization of knowledge production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization of knowledge production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratization of knowledge production
+is is an assault on expertise but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an assault on expertise but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an assault on expertise but I
+actually think that's maybe it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that's maybe it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think that's maybe it's like
+there's a few other dimensions to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few other dimensions to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few other dimensions to that
+and and although I'm not gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and although I'm not gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and although I'm not gonna say
+that's not true in some some ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in some some ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in some some ways I
+think that there are other ways we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are other ways we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there are other ways we can
+think about it as well so what public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as well so what public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as well so what public
+lab tries to do is to focus on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tries to do is to focus on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tries to do is to focus on problem
+definitions so this is the the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so this is the the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so this is the the earliest
+stage in the sort of sequence that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the sort of sequence that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the sort of sequence that might
+encompass scientific inquiry and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass scientific inquiry and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass scientific inquiry and and and
+staying close to real world problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying close to real world problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying close to real world problems
+Britta mentioned communicating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britta mentioned communicating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britta mentioned communicating with
+people as early as possible building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as early as possible building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as early as possible building
+projects in collaboration with groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in collaboration with groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in collaboration with groups
+that face problems engaging them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face problems engaging them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face problems engaging them in the
+problem selection in the formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem selection in the formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem selection in the formulation of
+questions and in some cases in research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and in some cases in research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and in some cases in research
+design there are specific expertise 'iz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there are specific expertise 'iz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there are specific expertise 'iz
+and and capacities to to formulate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and capacities to to formulate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and capacities to to formulate an
+experiment but those those may be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but those those may be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but those those may be in
+some cases the places where it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the places where it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the places where it's it's
+most likely that you would learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely that you would learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely that you would learn
+something from a group that has deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a group that has deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a group that has deep
+understanding of a particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of a particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of a particular problem
+first-hand knowledge so I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-hand knowledge so I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-hand knowledge so I'm really
+interested in that put that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that put that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that put that potential
+and in really in collaborating as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in really in collaborating as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in really in collaborating as much
+in asking questions as in answering them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asking questions as in answering them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asking questions as in answering them
+but really like what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really like what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really like what what are the
+sources of mistrust this is this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of mistrust this is this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of mistrust this is this is I
+think there are many but I'm gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are many but I'm gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are many but I'm gonna try
+to dig into a few of them I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dig into a few of them I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dig into a few of them I think one of
+them is limited develop ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is limited develop ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is limited develop ability to
+evaluate our tests so this effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our tests so this effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate our tests so this effects
+perhaps climate science more than almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps climate science more than almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps climate science more than almost
+any other type of science although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other type of science although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other type of science although I
+guess the like the LHC is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the like the LHC is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the like the LHC is another
+example but like how do you how do how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but like how do you how do how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but like how do you how do how
+can people evaluate empirically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people evaluate empirically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people evaluate empirically what
+what climate science is saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what climate science is saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what climate science is saying and
+there's it's it's it's not it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's it's not it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's it's it's not it's not very
+possible you can observational II do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you can observational II do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you can observational II do it
+in some cases but understanding that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases but understanding that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases but understanding that in
+a context is difficult and I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context is difficult and I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context is difficult and I mentioned
+this one mainly because it underlies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one mainly because it underlies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one mainly because it underlies a
+lot of what we do a public law public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we do a public law public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we do a public law public
+labs not primarily interested or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs not primarily interested or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs not primarily interested or not
+primarily engaged in climate research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily engaged in climate research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily engaged in climate research
+we're primarily gated pollution research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're primarily gated pollution research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're primarily gated pollution research
+but we take it as a powerful thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we take it as a powerful thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we take it as a powerful thing to be
+able to empirically verify something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to empirically verify something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to empirically verify something and
+that's why we're focused on low-cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're focused on low-cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're focused on low-cost
+tools and and democratization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and and democratization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and and democratization of the
+technologies but this is linked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but this is linked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies but this is linked in
+climate to the following one processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate to the following one processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate to the following one processes
+are too big to see feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too big to see feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too big to see feedback loop
+personally when you go and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally when you go and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally when you go and you do
+something you it's one of the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you it's one of the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you it's one of the longest
+feedback loops that we are confronted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops that we are confronted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops that we are confronted
+with in research but yeah oh sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in research but yeah oh sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in research but yeah oh sorry I
+already mentioned this but basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned this but basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned this but basically we
+do focus on testability at public lab on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do focus on testability at public lab on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do focus on testability at public lab on
+you know sort of the question can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the question can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the question can you
+also build this do you also get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also build this do you also get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also build this do you also get the same
+result and this is a picture of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this is a picture of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this is a picture of one of
+our spectrometer prototypes someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spectrometer prototypes someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spectrometer prototypes someone
+literally like tweeted a picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like tweeted a picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like tweeted a picture and
+someone else and and a link to plans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and and a link to plans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and and a link to plans and
+someone else built one and tweeted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else built one and tweeted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else built one and tweeted that
+they had you know as close as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had you know as close as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had you know as close as possible
+reproduce this Harry Collins talks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this Harry Collins talks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce this Harry Collins talks a lot
+about the the infinite regress that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the infinite regress that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the infinite regress that it's
+the the what's the anyway whatever I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the what's the anyway whatever I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the what's the anyway whatever I'll
+get back to it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to it later
+Harry Collins yeah yeah I'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Collins yeah yeah I'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry Collins yeah yeah I'll talk a
+little more about him later too I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about him later too I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about him later too I should
+probably start moving a little faster a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start moving a little faster a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start moving a little faster a
+couple others environmental issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple others environmental issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple others environmental issues
+affect someone else I think this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect someone else I think this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect someone else I think this is one
+where it's not just about it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not just about it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not just about it's not just
+about I think there's many sides to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think there's many sides to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think there's many sides to that
+one it's a tough one but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a tough one but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a tough one but I think
+increasingly people are understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly people are understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly people are understanding
+environmental problems as one ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental problems as one ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental problems as one ones which
+affect people that's a major step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people that's a major step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect people that's a major step
+forward I think I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I think I think the
+environmental movement had been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement had been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement had been very
+close to associated with conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to associated with conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to associated with conservation
+and I think conservation is great but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think conservation is great but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think conservation is great but I
+do think that it's it's it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that it's it's it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think that it's it's it is important
+for people to recognize that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to recognize that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to recognize that there are
+justice issues at stake with communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice issues at stake with communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice issues at stake with communities
+that are facing pollution and don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are facing pollution and don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are facing pollution and don't have
+a way to respond to it or sometimes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to respond to it or sometimes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to respond to it or sometimes even
+to understand it but increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it but increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it but increasingly
+pollution is affecting everybody and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution is affecting everybody and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution is affecting everybody and the
+climate is affecting everybody and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate is affecting everybody and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate is affecting everybody and I
+think this is an opportunity for common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is an opportunity for common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is an opportunity for common
+cause the other one is one that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the other one is one that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the other one is one that affects
+poor communities perhaps more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communities perhaps more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communities perhaps more than
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+and that's that they have very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that they have very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that they have very limited
+ability to respond and in many cases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to respond and in many cases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to respond and in many cases to
+question and therefore they have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and therefore they have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and therefore they have they
+already have the experience of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the experience of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the experience of having
+been lied to and hurt by industries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lied to and hurt by industries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lied to and hurt by industries and
+sometimes by the scientists that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes by the scientists that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes by the scientists that those
+industries employ I know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries employ I know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries employ I know this is a
+difficult one for all of us but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one for all of us but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one for all of us but I think
+that if you talk to communities who face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you talk to communities who face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you talk to communities who face
+the pollution firsthand this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pollution firsthand this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pollution firsthand this is a very
+common experience and it's unfortunate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience and it's unfortunate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience and it's unfortunate a
+hair column actually hair Collins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair column actually hair Collins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair column actually hair Collins
+actually mentions that he feels that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentions that he feels that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentions that he feels that the
+fact that we are upset when we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are upset when we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we are upset when we see that
+there's been an exchange of money which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been an exchange of money which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been an exchange of money which
+has influenced the findings of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has influenced the findings of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has influenced the findings of a
+research project we are upset because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project we are upset because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research project we are upset because we
+know that that's wrong because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's wrong because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's wrong because there's
+something essential and fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something essential and fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something essential and fundamental
+about science which is being broken when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science which is being broken when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science which is being broken when
+that happens so complex but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so complex but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so complex but but
+interesting so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so okay
+so what can I do as a scientist or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can I do as a scientist or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can I do as a scientist or a
+technologist these aren't the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist these aren't the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologist these aren't the same thing
+but but the question might be relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the question might be relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but the question might be relevant
+to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both
+uh tough we're gonna try to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tough we're gonna try to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tough we're gonna try to get into
+this I have some ideas for broad ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have some ideas for broad ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have some ideas for broad ideas
+this is an article which I found very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an article which I found very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an article which I found very
+interesting it actually it recaps a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it actually it recaps a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it actually it recaps a lot
+of ideas which public lab has championed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas which public lab has championed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas which public lab has championed
+over the last six years but it also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last six years but it also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last six years but it also it
+shows how difficult it is to have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how difficult it is to have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how difficult it is to have a an
+articulate conversation about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate conversation about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate conversation about these
+things because it is very complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it is very complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it is very complex the
+subtitle is maybe more important experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitle is maybe more important experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitle is maybe more important experts
+need to listen to the public I went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to listen to the public I went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to listen to the public I went into
+the comments all right I know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments all right I know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comments all right I know that's not
+always a productive place to find things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a productive place to find things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a productive place to find things
+but for once I actually I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for once I actually I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for once I actually I thought it was
+really really educational yep so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really educational yep so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really educational yep so I'll
+just read it no scientists need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read it no scientists need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read it no scientists need to do
+science not run a PR campaign and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science not run a PR campaign and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science not run a PR campaign and become
+marketing experts they aren't trained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experts they aren't trained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing experts they aren't trained to
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+and it's silly to expect them to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's silly to expect them to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's silly to expect them to what
+the rest of us need to do is invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us need to do is invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of us need to do is invest in
+the school system oh that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school system oh that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school system oh that's interesting
+what the rest of us so John the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rest of us so John the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rest of us so John the room
+does not identify as a scientist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not identify as a scientist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not identify as a scientist is
+invest in the school system that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the school system that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the school system that we've
+basically let in many places so that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let in many places so that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically let in many places so that our
+citizenry has knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenry has knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenry has knowledge of the
+scientific method beyond a third grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method beyond a third grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method beyond a third grade
+level if they understand what science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if they understand what science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if they understand what science is
+and what it has accomplished then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it has accomplished then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it has accomplished then
+they'll appreciate its value it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll appreciate its value it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll appreciate its value it's the
+job of the public schools to teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of the public schools to teach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of the public schools to teach us
+not career scientists there's almost too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not career scientists there's almost too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not career scientists there's almost too
+much in that statement for me to peel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in that statement for me to peel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in that statement for me to peel
+apart but I will try to get to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart but I will try to get to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart but I will try to get to some of
+these questions as we go and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions as we go and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions as we go and I'm not
+putting up here because I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up here because I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up here because I think this
+person is completely wrong I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is completely wrong I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is completely wrong I'm putting
+up here because it's a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here because it's a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here because it's a series of
+statements that from from that have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that from from that have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that from from that have some
+value I think that it is overlooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I think that it is overlooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I think that it is overlooking
+other things but the next two are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but the next two are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but the next two are even
+better this boils down and wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this boils down and wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this boils down and wanting
+scientists to basically add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to basically add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to basically add some
+responsibilities to the number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities to the number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities to the number of things
+they have to do already yet it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do already yet it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do already yet it doesn't
+seem to dangle much in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to dangle much in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to dangle much in the way of
+tangible money for that extra work true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible money for that extra work true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible money for that extra work true
+TLDR less it's more photo ops I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLDR less it's more photo ops I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLDR less it's more photo ops I think
+that wasn't a helpful comment but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't a helpful comment but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't a helpful comment but I
+think it's reductive in a way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reductive in a way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reductive in a way that is
+helpful for us as we're looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for us as we're looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for us as we're looking at this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so educate yourself that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so educate yourself that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so educate yourself that's what the
+first commenter is saying but actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first commenter is saying but actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first commenter is saying but actually I
+want to say it to everybody including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say it to everybody including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say it to everybody including
+scientists and technologists I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and technologists I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and technologists I think
+it's really important because we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important because we tend to
+think and we're taught science often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we're taught science often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and we're taught science often in
+the public schools somewhat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public schools somewhat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public schools somewhat a
+historically where did it come from how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically where did it come from how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically where did it come from how
+long has it been around why does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long has it been around why does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long has it been around why does it work
+this way and how did it develop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and how did it develop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and how did it develop into
+this into what it is today I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into what it is today I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into what it is today I mean
+science studies MIT is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science studies MIT is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science studies MIT is a great
+department of science technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of science technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of science technology and
+society you know basically I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society you know basically I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society you know basically I think it's
+important not to be an Avett naive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not to be an Avett naive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not to be an Avett naive about
+this understand how the field works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this understand how the field works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this understand how the field works
+empirically as well as theoretically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically as well as theoretically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically as well as theoretically as
+in you know what do we what how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know what do we what how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know what do we what how do we
+aspire for it to work versus empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspire for it to work versus empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspire for it to work versus empirically
+how can we measure it to be working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we measure it to be working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we measure it to be working or
+not or in what ways who it's benefited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or in what ways who it's benefited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or in what ways who it's benefited
+and how it developed over time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it developed over time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it developed over time this is
+one thing that I do that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I do that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I do that I really
+respect folks like Harry Collins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect folks like Harry Collins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect folks like Harry Collins for
+trying to understand apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand apart from the
+different ways that people have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that people have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that people have actually
+come up with to understand it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with to understand it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with to understand it I mean
+Eric Collins is just one perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Collins is just one perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Collins is just one perspective
+part of this I think is vocabulary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this I think is vocabulary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this I think is vocabulary and
+just about this particular topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about this particular topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about this particular topic that
+work that public lab is engaged in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that public lab is engaged in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that public lab is engaged in you
+might have seen three different phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen three different phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen three different phrases
+you come across the three phrases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across the three phrases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across the three phrases to
+describe describe closely related ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe describe closely related ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe describe closely related ideas
+public lab uses community science it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab uses community science it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab uses community science it's a
+term that we'd help to define in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we'd help to define in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we'd help to define in part
+we've used it because there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used it because there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used it because there's actually
+two definitions of citizen science which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two definitions of citizen science which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two definitions of citizen science which
+are competing and quite confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competing and quite confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competing and quite confusing
+there's 1995 Alan Irwin's definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 1995 Alan Irwin's definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 1995 Alan Irwin's definition of
+citizen science Rick Bonney describes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science Rick Bonney describes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science Rick Bonney describes it
+as a methodology for engaging a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a methodology for engaging a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a methodology for engaging a large
+group of people outside of the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people outside of the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people outside of the science
+of science practice in performing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science practice in performing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science practice in performing data
+collection and for example doing bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and for example doing bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and for example doing bird
+counts submitting data being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts submitting data being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts submitting data being an
+extension of science this ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of science this ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of science this ability to
+interrogate the world and there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate the world and there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate the world and there's a very
+powerful thing that I think the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful thing that I think the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful thing that I think the public
+lab uses as well but actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab uses as well but actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab uses as well but actually I think
+public lab was perhaps more inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab was perhaps more inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public lab was perhaps more inspired by
+the older definition of citizen science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older definition of citizen science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older definition of citizen science
+by Irwin and Irwin described the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Irwin and Irwin described the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Irwin and Irwin described the work of
+of HIV activists in the 90s and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HIV activists in the 90s and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HIV activists in the 90s and and
+earlier who included AIDS patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier who included AIDS patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier who included AIDS patients who
+were and who were involved in drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and who were involved in drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and who were involved in drug
+trials in in you know early AIDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials in in you know early AIDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials in in you know early AIDS
+treatments and they they organized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and they they organized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and they they organized they
+protested they did they did Diane's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protested they did they did Diane's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protested they did they did Diane's at
+the National Institutes of Health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Institutes of Health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Institutes of Health and
+ultimately they they gained what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately they they gained what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately they they gained what and
+again I'm over ins term by a Collins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm over ins term by a Collins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm over ins term by a Collins
+interactional expertise which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactional expertise which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactional expertise which is that
+they could read and debate papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could read and debate papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could read and debate papers and
+and peer-reviewed research they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and peer-reviewed research they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and peer-reviewed research they could
+challenge the structure of drug trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the structure of drug trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the structure of drug trials
+and they successfully did so persuading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they successfully did so persuading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they successfully did so persuading
+the those who ran the trials to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those who ran the trials to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those who ran the trials to modify
+how they worked and in some cases they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they worked and in some cases they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they worked and in some cases they
+did so in an extremely disruptive way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so in an extremely disruptive way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so in an extremely disruptive way to
+the researchers which is to say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers which is to say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers which is to say they
+sometimes exchanged the the drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exchanged the the drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exchanged the the drugs that
+were given in order to to intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given in order to to intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given in order to to intentionally
+mix placebos with non placebos because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix placebos with non placebos because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix placebos with non placebos because
+they found it to be unethical to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found it to be unethical to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found it to be unethical to do
+double-blind research on people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-blind research on people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-blind research on people who are
+suffering so they it was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering so they it was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering so they it was it's
+complicated story many sides many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story many sides many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story many sides many many
+important aspects of this but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of this but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of this but what
+happened was not that science scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was not that science scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was not that science scientists
+per se decided to include people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se decided to include people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se decided to include people in
+their research but that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research but that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research but that they were
+persuaded to do so and they eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded to do so and they eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded to do so and they eventually
+did so some of them voluntarily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so some of them voluntarily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so some of them voluntarily and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with activists in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with activists in some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order to recruit for new trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order to recruit for new trials
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+
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+so there were constructive
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+
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+so there were constructive
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+collaborations that led out of this
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+collaborations that led out of this
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+sequence of events and it's a
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+
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+sequence of events and it's a
+fascinating history it's a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating history it's a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating history it's a fascinating
+set of new organizations or new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of new organizations or new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of new organizations or new
+relationships between people who did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between people who did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between people who did not
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+
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+originally have almost any kind of
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+
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+originally have almost any kind of
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+expertise besides the immediate
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of being a victim or patient
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who had expertise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who had expertise of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a the kind of we're more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a the kind of we're more familiar
+with so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so okay
+fascinating and difficult to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating and difficult to distinguish
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+
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+fascinating and difficult to distinguish
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two now that the terminology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two now that the terminology has
+been overwritten but so hare Collins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been overwritten but so hare Collins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been overwritten but so hare Collins
+also Sandra Harding another country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Sandra Harding another country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Sandra Harding another country
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but one who I really appreciate
+ 
+
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+figure but one who I really appreciate
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+with scientific research and she just
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so much to say it's amazing but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so much to say it's amazing but one
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+
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+thing that I really appreciated was her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I really appreciated was her
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+
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+focus on the selection of problematics
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choosing of scientific questions as
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+she has a lot to say about that
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+
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+she has a lot to say about that
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+
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+
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+hare Collins has a book all we are are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all scientific experts now spoiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all scientific experts now spoiler
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert
+ 
+
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+alert
+no he's definitively he says no and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he's definitively he says no and and
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+
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+no he's definitively he says no and and
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+
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+I'm persuaded by a lot of what he says
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+
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+
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+but but not by all of it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins also did a really interesting
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+
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+Collins also did a really interesting
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+sort of retrospective of this of this
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of studies from the Chernobyl after
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of studies from the Chernobyl after
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+work called the science of the lambs as
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+
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+
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+of radiations effects on sheep in in
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+
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+
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+Cumbria and other parts of the UK were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cumbria and other parts of the UK were
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+he worked with Trevor pinch as well he
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+quantify radiation did and did not
+ 
+
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+quantify radiation did and did not
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+
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+succeed in working with farmers and and
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+interesting read in a fairly short
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+
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+so yeah senator Harding you know as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah senator Harding you know as I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah senator Harding you know as I
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+
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+
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+
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+really a really important one I don't
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+
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+
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+so okay some tough ones here the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay some tough ones here the
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+
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+and I really want to be clear I'm
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+
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+and I really want to be clear I'm
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+
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+absolutely not saying we should try to
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+recognize climate denial no that's not
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+
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+I think that's really part of a parallel
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+
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+
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+I'm not I'm not even going to try to
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that you work with immediately
+how do people know where your expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people know where your expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people know where your expertise
+comes from I mean you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from I mean you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from I mean you know I think
+titles degrees credentials help here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles degrees credentials help here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles degrees credentials help here but
+they're not the whole story and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the whole story and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the whole story and the
+there's this really interesting sidebar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this really interesting sidebar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this really interesting sidebar
+like there's a the Quechua language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a the Quechua language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a the Quechua language
+group in Peru has this fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Peru has this fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Peru has this fascinating
+quality which is that it has a suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality which is that it has a suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality which is that it has a suffix
+which indicates the source of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which indicates the source of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which indicates the source of your
+knowledge so you can say the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so you can say the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so you can say the same thing
+and indicate grammatically whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indicate grammatically whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indicate grammatically whether you
+heard it from someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it from someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard it from someone else
+whether you experienced it firsthand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you experienced it firsthand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you experienced it firsthand and
+several other forms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other forms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other forms of you know
+empirical context and and I often wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical context and and I often wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical context and and I often wish
+that I did a better job at that full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did a better job at that full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did a better job at that full
+disclosure in terms of communicating how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure in terms of communicating how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure in terms of communicating how
+you get your expertise I'm not a scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your expertise I'm not a scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your expertise I'm not a scholar
+of science studies although I'm a fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science studies although I'm a fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science studies although I'm a fan of
+it as you can tell I also have no formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you can tell I also have no formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you can tell I also have no formal
+science training I just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science training I just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science training I just have some
+thoughts I think interactional expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I think interactional expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts I think interactional expertise
+what Collins talks about the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Collins talks about the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Collins talks about the ability to
+speak the language of science which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the language of science which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the language of science which is
+on the way to being able to perform at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way to being able to perform at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way to being able to perform at
+science to actually do science it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to actually do science it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to actually do science it's hard
+to develop he notes that AIDS activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop he notes that AIDS activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop he notes that AIDS activists
+were able to do so with a lot of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do so with a lot of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to do so with a lot of hard
+work he also ran this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he also ran this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he also ran this interesting
+experiment hard to know what to make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment hard to know what to make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment hard to know what to make of
+it but where he did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but where he did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but where he did a
+quiz along with a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz along with a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz along with a number of
+gravitational wave researchers and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave researchers and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave researchers and then
+showed the answers his answers as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the answers his answers as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the answers his answers as he
+studied the community for over a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the community for over a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the community for over a decade
+but he doesn't do gravitational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't do gravitational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't do gravitational wave
+science and actually a panel was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and actually a panel was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and actually a panel was I think
+like seven out of nine of a panel were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven out of nine of a panel were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven out of nine of a panel were
+unable to distinguish his answers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to distinguish his answers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to distinguish his answers from
+those of gravitational wave practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of gravitational wave practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of gravitational wave practice and
+gravitational wave scientists and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave scientists and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave scientists and that
+wasn't to say that he thinks it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't to say that he thinks it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't to say that he thinks it's easy
+he did this for decades he worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this for decades he worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did this for decades he worked with
+these folks for decades to acquire that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks for decades to acquire that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these folks for decades to acquire that
+level of interactional expertise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of interactional expertise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of interactional expertise but
+what he's trying to say is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's trying to say is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's trying to say is that there is
+a fine line of distinction between be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine line of distinction between be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine line of distinction between be
+able to communicate and critique and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to communicate and critique and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to communicate and critique and and
+interact with people in a field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with people in a field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with people in a field of
+expertise versus being able to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise versus being able to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise versus being able to design
+and perform experiments and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform experiments and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform experiments and I don't
+think it's a matter of dumbing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a matter of dumbing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a matter of dumbing things
+down and when we talk about inviting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when we talk about inviting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when we talk about inviting
+other people in to work I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in to work I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in to work I think you know
+as the commenter said and scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the commenter said and scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the commenter said and scientists
+aren't necessarily the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily the best of
+communicating knowledge but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating knowledge but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating knowledge but that doesn't
+mean that they're off the hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they're off the hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that they're off the hook
+necessarily or that the burden is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or that the burden is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or that the burden is on
+exclusively everyone else I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively everyone else I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively everyone else I think that
+there has to be some teamwork here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some teamwork here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some teamwork here I'm
+going to move forward cuz I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move forward cuz I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move forward cuz I think we're
+running out of time here I did want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time here I did want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time here I did want to
+say let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I know that we often talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know that we often talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I know that we often talk about
+mass communication and and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass communication and and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass communication and and and so forth
+but when when outsider groups are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when when outsider groups are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when when outsider groups are more
+able to challenge or expertise where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to challenge or expertise where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to challenge or expertise where
+we're living in a an interesting time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in a an interesting time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in a an interesting time I
+think there are positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are positive and negative
+ramifications of this I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications of this I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications of this I think that the
+limitations of science practice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of science practice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of science practice that
+capacity budgets some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity budgets some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity budgets some of the things
+these commenters very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commenters very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these commenters very clearly
+articulated the fact that science isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the fact that science isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated the fact that science isn't
+suited for every problem we have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited for every problem we have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited for every problem we have on
+earth you know it's not the end-all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth you know it's not the end-all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth you know it's not the end-all and
+it cannot contain all knowledge but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot contain all knowledge but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot contain all knowledge but I do
+think that there there are alliances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there there are alliances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there there are alliances
+that that may be formed I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be formed I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be formed I mentioned the
+maker community the hacker community but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker community the hacker community but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker community the hacker community but
+also environmental justice groups who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also environmental justice groups who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also environmental justice groups who
+have worked for decades to to do science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked for decades to to do science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked for decades to to do science
+but to do it to answer questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do it to answer questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do it to answer questions about
+threats to their own health to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats to their own health to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats to their own health to find
+relationships and between knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and between knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and between knowledge
+production and justice social justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and justice social justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and justice social justice
+and who have been doing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who have been doing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who have been doing their own
+monitoring watchdogging often with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring watchdogging often with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring watchdogging often with very
+good relationships with the researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationships with the researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good relationships with the researchers
+who choose to work with them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose to work with them yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who choose to work with them yeah
+again I think you can look at groups who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think you can look at groups who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think you can look at groups who
+use aerial photography as public lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aerial photography as public lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aerial photography as public lab
+does or Google Streetview to investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does or Google Streetview to investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does or Google Streetview to investigate
+pollution issues there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution issues there are more
+empirical means at our disposal today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical means at our disposal today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical means at our disposal today
+and and I wanted to mention sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I wanted to mention sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I wanted to mention sort of
+wrapping things up here that public lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping things up here that public lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping things up here that public lab
+is participating in the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is participating in the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is participating in the environmental
+data governance initiative so public lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data governance initiative so public lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data governance initiative so public lab
+began is an effort to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began is an effort to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began is an effort to create an
+independent record of the BP spill a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent record of the BP spill a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent record of the BP spill a
+separate data set but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate data set but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate data set but with the
+transition happening the presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition happening the presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition happening the presidential
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+II D GI is an effort to download an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II D GI is an effort to download an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II D GI is an effort to download an
+archive EPA data before the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive EPA data before the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive EPA data before the transition
+potentially cuts off axis or destroys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially cuts off axis or destroys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially cuts off axis or destroys
+data as actually has happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as actually has happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as actually has happened in
+previous presidential transitions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous presidential transitions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous presidential transitions it's
+sort of a breakneck effort that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a breakneck effort that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a breakneck effort that's been
+put together over the past ten weeks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together over the past ten weeks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together over the past ten weeks to
+literally like scrape and download all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like scrape and download all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like scrape and download all
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+the government has online currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government has online currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government has online currently
+anyway i i mostly you know i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i i mostly you know i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i i mostly you know i don't have
+anywhere near all the answers here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near all the answers here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near all the answers here but
+i'm trying to ask hard questions and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to ask hard questions and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to ask hard questions and and
+and proposed ways forward i really am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed ways forward i really am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposed ways forward i really am
+trying to find places to build bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find places to build bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find places to build bridges
+and to build alliances and not walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to build alliances and not walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to build alliances and not walls and
+i think that getting closer to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that getting closer to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that getting closer to people
+personally getting to know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally getting to know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally getting to know people
+personally who are outside of your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally who are outside of your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally who are outside of your your
+particular circle is really powerful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circle is really powerful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular circle is really powerful to
+learn what people know what they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what people know what they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what people know what they need
+even if you don't always agree and and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't always agree and and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't always agree and and i
+primarily just assume to not assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily just assume to not assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily just assume to not assume that
+information flow is only one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is only one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is only one direction
+so okay I'll put the hardest question up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay I'll put the hardest question up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay I'll put the hardest question up
+is bad science like science that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad science like science that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad science like science that doesn't
+serve the public or that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the public or that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the public or that that is
+misleading is it science gone wrong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading is it science gone wrong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading is it science gone wrong or
+is it science as usual is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it science as usual is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it science as usual is there
+something fundamental about the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental about the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental about the way that
+we're doing science today that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing science today that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing science today that needs to
+be reformed in some way or are there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reformed in some way or are there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reformed in some way or are there a
+number of bad actors who are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bad actors who are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bad actors who are taking
+advantage of science and really those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of science and really those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of science and really those
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+I mean instant in the sense that that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean instant in the sense that that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean instant in the sense that that if
+there are bad actors we could reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bad actors we could reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bad actors we could reform
+science to try to stop them so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to try to stop them so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to try to stop them so and
+Collins says it's well I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins says it's well I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins says it's well I mentioned this
+sort of idea of when we abhor when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of when we abhor when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of when we abhor when there
+are bad actors when we can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad actors when we can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad actors when we can recognize
+when it is going wrong so and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is going wrong so and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is going wrong so and then you
+know really these are things that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really these are things that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really these are things that I'm
+sure people have thought about but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people have thought about but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people have thought about but you
+know is science more inclusive as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is science more inclusive as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is science more inclusive as a
+profession is it more inclusive in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is it more inclusive in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession is it more inclusive in its
+conclusions and and I guess or is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and and I guess or is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and and I guess or is the
+broader direction of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader direction of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader direction of science and
+specifically its questions more than its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically its questions more than its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically its questions more than its
+answers simply what we make of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers simply what we make of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers simply what we make of it and
+I'm very clear in that distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very clear in that distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very clear in that distinction
+because I don't mean that his answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't mean that his answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't mean that his answers
+are what we make of it but I do mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we make of it but I do mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we make of it but I do mean
+that you know we can choose to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can choose to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can choose to pursue
+inquiry in different directions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry in different directions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry in different directions and we
+can choose to to structure what we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to to structure what we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to to structure what we ask
+even if we can't choose structure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't choose structure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't choose structure what
+we find out thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but a really important area for citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a really important area for citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a really important area for citizens
+communities in having the skill to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in having the skill to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in having the skill to you
+might say cross-examine the experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say cross-examine the experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say cross-examine the experts
+especially around infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially around infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially around infrastructure
+projects and the gas projects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and the gas projects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and the gas projects in
+Massachusetts where there have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where there have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where there have been a
+lot of hearings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hearings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hearings
+scientists are they community the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are they community the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are they community the
+utility representatives have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility representatives have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility representatives have a lot of
+expertise yep it's so clear you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise yep it's so clear you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise yep it's so clear you have a
+great deal of information on your part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of information on your part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of information on your part
+and then you have these limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have these limited
+opportunities for citizens to like raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for citizens to like raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for citizens to like raise
+their family bereavement event we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family bereavement event we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their family bereavement event we
+getting to to or were dependent on gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to to or were dependent on gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to to or were dependent on gas
+and but we don't have is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we don't have is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we don't have is equivalent
+ability to to question the basis for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to question the basis for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to question the basis for how
+do you make decisions about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make decisions about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make decisions about these things
+influence the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the decision
+so I see a gap there whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's certainly an asymmetry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's certainly an asymmetry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's certainly an asymmetry to
+it and it's very difficult to have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's very difficult to have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's very difficult to have I
+mean yeah I mean for example stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah I mean for example stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah I mean for example stuff
+reporting is a common mechanism you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting is a common mechanism you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting is a common mechanism you know
+in terms of regulations for producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of regulations for producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of regulations for producing
+knowledge about emissions or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about emissions or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about emissions or about
+potential pollution but self reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential pollution but self reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential pollution but self reporting
+is not is not blind you know incites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not blind you know incites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not is not blind you know incites
+it's telling people what you did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling people what you did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling people what you did and
+often you know it like in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know it like in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know it like in in in
+Louisiana a lot of say smokestack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana a lot of say smokestack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana a lot of say smokestack
+emissions are based on estimates they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are based on estimates they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions are based on estimates they're
+not even actually based on empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even actually based on empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even actually based on empirical
+measurements that you perform yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you perform yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that you perform yourself
+as a as an operator of a gas facility or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as an operator of a gas facility or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as an operator of a gas facility or
+a refinery so it's very alarming because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refinery so it's very alarming because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refinery so it's very alarming because
+the standard of evidence is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of evidence is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of evidence is almost
+meaningless you know it's like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless you know it's like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless you know it's like I think
+we probably maybe you know emitted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably maybe you know emitted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably maybe you know emitted this
+much lead last night we're next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lead last night we're next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lead last night we're next to a
+community you know like a residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you know like a residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community you know like a residential
+community so that's very troubling I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so that's very troubling I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so that's very troubling I
+mean part of this the asymmetry is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean part of this the asymmetry is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean part of this the asymmetry is is
+cost you know as well as expertise and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know as well as expertise and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know as well as expertise and I
+think the equipment to measure gas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the equipment to measure gas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the equipment to measure gas if
+it's cheaper it makes a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper it makes a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper it makes a lot of this
+easier but it's not the whole equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but it's not the whole equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but it's not the whole equation
+for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure
+one example I wanted to share actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example I wanted to share actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example I wanted to share actually
+that I forgot was so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I forgot was so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I forgot was so a lot of the
+community groups we worked with in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community groups we worked with in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community groups we worked with in in
+places affected by oil and gas will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places affected by oil and gas will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places affected by oil and gas will do
+grab sample measurements so they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab sample measurements so they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab sample measurements so they take a
+bucket and they use a vacuum and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and they use a vacuum and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and they use a vacuum and they
+suck air into a gas a bag inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck air into a gas a bag inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck air into a gas a bag inside the
+bucket and then they mailed that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and then they mailed that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket and then they mailed that entire
+bucket to a lab to get a certified test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket to a lab to get a certified test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket to a lab to get a certified test
+on of analysis of the contents and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of analysis of the contents and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of analysis of the contents and well
+what this what is nice about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this what is nice about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this what is nice about this is
+that it allows these community groups to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it allows these community groups to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it allows these community groups to
+choose based on their deep knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on their deep knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on their deep knowledge of
+the patterns like do the facility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns like do the facility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patterns like do the facility is
+typically emit at night do they emit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically emit at night do they emit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically emit at night do they emit at
+certain time certain days of the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time certain days of the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time certain days of the week
+are there signals like is there a flare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there signals like is there a flare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there signals like is there a flare
+up that you see or is there an alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that you see or is there an alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that you see or is there an alarm
+stuff like that that enables them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that that enables them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that that enables them to
+structure when they take the samples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when they take the samples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure when they take the samples in
+order to you know sort of like catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to you know sort of like catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to you know sort of like catch
+the emission at the right moment what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emission at the right moment what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emission at the right moment what's
+nice about it also is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about it also is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about it also is that it's a
+standardized test so they can send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized test so they can send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized test so they can send it to
+different labs they're sort of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labs they're sort of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different labs they're sort of in a
+sense made it a service that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense made it a service that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense made it a service that the that
+the labs these labs provide as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs these labs provide as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs these labs provide as opposed
+to the the people collecting the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the people collecting the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the people collecting the sample
+being the service part of it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the service part of it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the service part of it so it's
+sort of inverting that in a nice way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inverting that in a nice way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inverting that in a nice way and
+the thing that was really remarkable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that was really remarkable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that was really remarkable to
+me is that several of these communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that several of these communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that several of these communities
+that we've spoken with and worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've spoken with and worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've spoken with and worked with
+will actually not trust labs one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually not trust labs one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually not trust labs one of them
+didn't trust in state labs and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't trust in state labs and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't trust in state labs and one of
+them just doesn't trust a lot of labs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just doesn't trust a lot of labs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just doesn't trust a lot of labs in
+general because they feel that there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general because they feel that there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general because they feel that there may
+be some of these labs do work for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some of these labs do work for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some of these labs do work for and
+accept money from from oil and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept money from from oil and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept money from from oil and gas
+companies and and so what they did which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and and so what they did which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and and so what they did which
+was really remarkable is to me is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really remarkable is to me is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really remarkable is to me is they
+faked samples they made positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faked samples they made positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faked samples they made positive and
+negative control samples and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative control samples and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative control samples and then they
+sent those to labs at a cost of hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent those to labs at a cost of hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent those to labs at a cost of hundreds
+of dollars per sample in order to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars per sample in order to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars per sample in order to test
+the labs and only after confirming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs and only after confirming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs and only after confirming that
+these labs would correctly report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labs would correctly report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labs would correctly report
+different levels of pre-prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of pre-prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of pre-prepared
+positive negative samples did they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative samples did they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative samples did they then
+use that lab for their own real sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that lab for their own real sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that lab for their own real sampling
+and you can imagine that if community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that if community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can imagine that if community
+groups are already under resourced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are already under resourced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are already under resourced and
+and you know find it difficult to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know find it difficult to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know find it difficult to you
+know marshal the resources to do testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know marshal the resources to do testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know marshal the resources to do testing
+at all that it's not it's not trivial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all that it's not it's not trivial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all that it's not it's not trivial to
+to spend all that money to to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend all that money to to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend all that money to to establish
+trust but it's I thought it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust but it's I thought it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust but it's I thought it was a really
+interesting example of of science being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of of science being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of of science being
+done on science you know and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on science you know and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on science you know and I think
+it's it's a positive it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a positive it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a positive it's actually a
+positive thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jbIQW0gkgxo.txt b/jbIQW0gkgxo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b788ace855c6329eb7517ba72f712ad8b5ed5cbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jbIQW0gkgxo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1912 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Professor: So, again
+welcome to 18.01.
+
+We're getting started today
+with what we're calling
+
+Unit One, a highly
+imaginative title.
+
+And it's differentiation.
+
+So, let me first tell you,
+briefly, what's in store in
+
+the next couple of weeks.
+
+The main topic today is
+what is a derivative.
+
+And, we're going to look at
+this from several different
+
+points of view, and
+the first one is the
+
+geometric interpretation.
+
+That's what we'll spend
+most of today on.
+
+And then, we'll also talk about
+a physical interpretation
+
+of what a derivative is.
+
+And then there's going to be
+something else which I guess is
+
+maybe the reason why Calculus
+is so fundamental, and why we
+
+always start with it in most
+science and engineering
+
+schools, which is the
+importance of derivatives, of
+
+this, to all measurements.
+
+So that means pretty
+much every place.
+
+That means in science, in
+engineering, in economics,
+
+in political science, etc.
+
+Polling, lots of commercial
+applications, just
+
+about everything.
+
+Now, that's what we'll be
+getting started with, and then
+
+there's another thing that
+we're gonna do in this unit,
+
+which is we're going to explain
+how to differentiate anything.
+
+So, how to differentiate
+any function you know.
+
+And that's kind of a tall
+order, but let me just
+
+give you an example.
+
+If you want to take the
+derivative - this we'll see
+
+today is the notation for the
+derivative of something - of
+
+some messy function
+like e ^ x arctanx.
+
+We'll work this out by
+the end of this unit.
+
+All right?
+
+Anything you can think of,
+anything you can write down,
+
+we can differentiate it.
+
+All right, so that's what we're
+gonna do, and today as I said,
+
+we're gonna spend most of our
+time on this geometric
+
+interpretation.
+
+So let's begin with that.
+
+So here we go with the
+geometric interpretation
+
+of derivatives.
+
+And, what we're going to do is
+just ask the geometric problem
+
+of finding the tangent line
+to some graph of some
+
+function at some point.
+
+Which is to say (x0, y0).
+
+So that's the problem that
+we're addressing here.
+
+Alright, so here's our
+problem, and now let me
+
+show you the solution.
+
+So, well, let's
+graph the function.
+
+Here's it's graph.
+
+Here's some point.
+
+All right, maybe I should
+draw it just a bit lower.
+
+So here's a point P.
+
+Maybe it's above the point
+x0. x0, by the way, this
+
+was supposed to be an x0.
+
+That was some fixed
+place on the x-axis.
+
+And now, in order to perform
+this mighty feat, I will use
+
+another color of chalk.
+
+How about red?
+
+OK.
+
+So here it is.
+
+There's the tangent line,
+Well, not quite straight.
+
+Close enough.
+
+All right?
+
+I did it.
+
+That's the geometric problem.
+
+I achieved what I wanted to do,
+and it's kind of an interesting
+
+question, which unfortunately I
+can't solve for you in
+
+this class, which is,
+how did I do that?
+
+That is, how physically did
+I manage to know what to do
+
+to draw this tangent line?
+
+But that's what geometric
+problems are like.
+
+We visualize it.
+
+We can figure it out
+somewhere in our brains.
+
+It happens.
+
+And the task that we have now
+is to figure out how to do it
+
+analytically, to do it in a way
+that a machine could just as
+
+well as I did in drawing
+this tangent line.
+
+So, what did we learn in
+high school about what
+
+a tangent line is?
+
+Well, a tangent line has an
+equation, and any line through
+
+a point has the equation y -
+y0 is equal to m the
+
+slope, times x - x0.
+
+So here's the equation for that
+line, and now there are two
+
+pieces of information that
+we're going to need to work
+
+out what the line is.
+
+The first one is the point.
+
+That's that point P there.
+
+And to specify P, given x, we
+need to know the level of y,
+
+which is of course just f(x0).
+
+That's not a calculus problem,
+but anyway that's a very
+
+important part of the process.
+
+So that's the first
+thing we need to know.
+
+And the second thing we
+need to know is the slope.
+
+And that's this number m.
+
+And in calculus we have
+another name for it.
+
+We call it f prime of x0.
+
+Namely, the derivative of f.
+
+So that's the calculus part.
+
+That's the tricky part, and
+that's the part that we
+
+have to discuss now.
+
+So just to make that explicit
+here, I'm going to make a
+
+definition, which is that f
+'(x0) , which is known as the
+
+derivative, of f, at x0, is the
+slope of the tangent line to y
+
+= f (x) at the point,
+let's just call it p.
+
+All right?
+
+So, that's what it is, but
+still I haven't made any
+
+progress in figuring out any
+better how I drew that line.
+
+So I have to say something
+that's more concrete, because
+
+I want to be able to cook
+up what these numbers are.
+
+I have to figure out
+what this number m is.
+
+And one way of thinking about
+that, let me just try this, so
+
+I certainly am taking for
+granted that in sort of
+
+non-calculus part that I know
+what a line through a point is.
+
+So I know this equation.
+
+But another possibility might
+be, this line here, how do I
+
+know - well, unfortunately, I
+didn't draw it quite straight,
+
+but there it is - how do I know
+that this orange line is not a
+
+tangent line, but this other
+line is a tangent line?
+
+Well, it's actually not so
+obvious, but I'm gonna
+
+describe it a little bit.
+
+It's not really the fact, this
+thing crosses at some other
+
+place, which is this point Q.
+
+But it's not really the fact
+that the thing crosses at two
+
+place, because the line could
+be wiggly, the curve could be
+
+wiggly, and it could cross back
+and forth a number of times.
+
+That's not what distinguishes
+the tangent line.
+
+So I'm gonna have to somehow
+grasp this, and I'll
+
+first do it in language.
+
+And it's the following idea:
+it's that if you take this
+
+orange line, which is called a
+secant line, and you think of
+
+the point Q as getting closer
+and closer to P, then the slope
+
+of that line will get closer
+and closer to the slope
+
+of the red line.
+
+And if we draw it close
+enough, then that's gonna
+
+be the correct line.
+
+So that's really what I did,
+sort of in my brain when
+
+I drew that first line.
+
+And so that's the way I'm
+going to articulate it first.
+
+Now, so the tangent line
+is equal to the limit of
+
+so called secant lines
+PQ, as Q tends to P.
+
+And here we're thinking of P as
+being fixed and Q as variable.
+
+All right?
+
+Again, this is still the
+geometric discussion, but now
+
+we're gonna be able to put
+symbols and formulas
+
+to this computation.
+
+And we'll be able to work out
+formulas in any example.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So first of all, I'm
+gonna write out these
+
+points P and Q again.
+
+So maybe we'll put
+P here and Q here.
+
+And I'm thinking of this
+line through them.
+
+I guess it was orange, so
+we'll leave it as orange.
+
+All right.
+
+And now I want to
+compute its slope.
+
+So this, gradually, we'll
+do this in two steps.
+
+And these steps will introduce
+us to the basic notations which
+
+are used throughout calculus,
+including multi-variable
+
+calculus, across the board.
+
+So the first notation that's
+used is you imagine here's
+
+the x-axis underneath, and
+here's the x0, the location
+
+directly below the point P.
+
+And we're traveling here a
+horizontal distance which
+
+is denoted by delta x.
+
+So that's delta x, so called.
+
+And we could also call
+it the change in x.
+
+So that's one thing we want
+to measure in order to get
+
+the slope of this line PQ.
+
+And the other thing
+is this height.
+
+So that's this distance here,
+which we denote delta f,
+
+which is the change in f.
+
+And then, the slope is just
+the ratio, delta f / delta x.
+
+So this is the slope
+of the secant.
+
+And the process I just
+described over here with this
+
+limit applies not just to the
+whole line itself, but also in
+
+particular to its slope.
+
+And the way we write that is
+the limit as delta x goes to 0.
+
+And that's going
+to be our slope.
+
+So this is slope of
+the tangent line.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, This is still a little
+general, and I want to work out
+
+a more usable form here, a
+better formula for this.
+
+And in order to do that, I'm
+gonna write delta f, the
+
+numerator more explicitly here.
+
+The change in f, so remember
+that the point P is
+
+the point (x0, f(x0)).
+
+All right, that's what we got
+for the formula for the point.
+
+And in order to compute these
+distances and in particular
+
+the vertical distance here,
+I'm gonna have to get a
+
+formula for Q as well.
+
+So if this horizontal distance
+is delta x, then this
+
+location is (x0
+
+delta x).
+
+And so the point above
+that point has a
+
+formula, which is (x0
+
+delta x, f(x0 and
+this is a mouthful,
+
+delta x)).
+
+All right, so there's the
+formula for the point Q.
+
+Here's the formula
+for the point P.
+
+And now I can write a different
+formula for the derivative,
+
+which is the following: so this
+f'(x0) , which is the same as
+
+m, is going to be the limit as
+delta x goes to 0 of the change
+
+in f, well the change in f is
+the value of f at the upper
+
+point here, which is (x0
+
+delta x), and minus its value
+at the lower point P, which is
+
+f(x0), divided by delta x.
+
+All right, so this
+is the formula.
+
+I'm going to put this in a
+little box, because this is by
+
+far the most important formula
+today, which we use to derive
+
+pretty much everything else.
+
+And this is the way that
+we're going to be able to
+
+compute these numbers.
+
+So let's do an example.
+
+This example, we'll
+call this example one.
+
+We'll take the function
+f(x) , which is 1/x .
+
+That's sufficiently complicated
+to have an interesting answer,
+
+and sufficiently
+straightforward that we can
+
+compute the derivative
+fairly quickly.
+
+So what is it that
+we're gonna do here?
+
+All we're going to do is we're
+going to plug in this formula
+
+here for that function.
+
+That's all we're going to do,
+and visually what we're
+
+accomplishing is somehow to
+take the hyperbola, and take a
+
+point on the hyperbola, and
+figure out some tangent line.
+
+That's what we're accomplishing
+when we do that.
+
+So we're accomplishing this
+geometrically but we'll be
+
+doing it algebraically.
+
+So first, we consider this
+difference delta f / delta x
+
+and write out its formula.
+
+So I have to have a place.
+
+So I'm gonna make it again
+above this point x0, which
+
+is the general point.
+
+We'll make the
+general calculation.
+
+So the value of f at the top,
+when we move to the right by
+
+f(x), so I just read off from
+this, read off from here.
+
+The formula, the first thing
+I get here is 1 / x0
+
+delta x.
+
+That's the left hand term.
+
+Minus 1 / x0, that's
+the right hand term.
+
+And then I have to
+divide that by delta x.
+
+OK, so here's our expression.
+
+And by the way this has a name.
+
+This thing is called a
+difference quotient.
+
+It's pretty complicated,
+because there's always a
+
+difference in the numerator.
+
+And in disguise, the
+denominator is a difference,
+
+because it's the difference
+between the value on the
+
+right side and the value
+on the left side here.
+
+OK, so now we're going to
+simplify it by some algebra.
+
+So let's just take a look.
+
+So this is equal to,
+let's continue on
+
+the next level here.
+
+This is equal to 1
+/ delta x times...
+
+All I'm going to do is put it
+over a common denominator.
+
+So the common
+denominator is (x0
+
+delta x)x0.
+
+And so in the numerator for
+the first expressions I
+
+have x0, and for the second
+expression I have x0
+
+delta x.
+
+So this is the same thing as I
+had in the numerator before,
+
+factoring out this denominator.
+
+And here I put that numerator
+into this more amenable form.
+
+And now there are two
+basic cancellations.
+
+The first one is that x0 and
+x0 cancel, so we have this.
+
+And then the second step is
+that these two expressions
+
+cancel, the numerator
+and the denominator.
+
+Now we have a cancellation
+that we can make use of.
+
+So we'll write that under here.
+
+And this is equals -1 / (x0
+
+delta x)x0.
+
+And then the very last step is
+to take the limit as delta
+
+x tends to 0, and
+now we can do it.
+
+Before we couldn't do it.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the numerator and the
+denominator gave us 0 / 0.
+
+But now that I've made
+this cancellation, I
+
+can pass to the limit.
+
+And all that happens is
+I set this delta x to
+
+0, and I get -1/x0^2.
+
+So that's the answer.
+
+All right, so in other words
+what I've shown - let me put
+
+it up here- is that
+f'(x0) = -1/x0^2.
+
+Now, let's look at the graph
+just a little bit to check this
+
+for plausibility, all right?
+
+What's happening here, is
+first of all it's negative.
+
+It's less than 0, which
+is a good thing.
+
+You see that slope
+there is negative.
+
+That's the simplest check
+that you could make.
+
+And the second thing that I
+would just like to point out is
+
+that as x goes to infinity,
+that as we go farther to the
+
+right, it gets less
+and less steep.
+
+So as x0 goes to infinity,
+less and less steep.
+
+So that's also consistent here,
+when x0 is very large, this is
+
+a smaller and smaller number
+in magnitude, although
+
+it's always negative.
+
+It's always sloping down.
+
+All right, so I've managed
+to fill the boards.
+
+So maybe I should stop
+for a question or two.
+
+Yes?
+
+Student: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Professor: So the question
+is to explain again
+
+this limiting process.
+
+So the formula here is we
+have basically two numbers.
+
+So in other words, why is it
+that this expression, when
+
+delta x tends to 0, is
+equal to -1/x0^2 ?
+
+Let me illustrate it by
+sticking in a number for x0
+
+to make it more explicit.
+
+All right, so for instance,
+let me stick in here
+
+for x0 the number 3.
+
+Then it's -1 / (3
+
+delta x)3.
+
+That's the situation
+that we've got.
+
+And now the question is what
+happens as this number gets
+
+smaller and smaller and
+smaller, and gets to
+
+be practically 0?
+
+Well, literally what we
+can do is just plug in 0
+
+there, and you get (3
+
+0)3 in the denominator.
+
+Minus one in the numerator.
+
+So this tends to
+-1/9 (over 3^2).
+
+And that's what I'm saying
+in general with this
+
+extra number here.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+Student: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Professor: So the question is
+what happened between this
+
+step and this step, right?
+
+Explain this step here.
+
+Alright, so there were
+two parts to that.
+
+The first is this delta x which
+is sitting in the denominator,
+
+I factored all the
+way out front.
+
+And so what's in the
+parentheses is supposed to
+
+be the same as what's in
+
+the numerator of this
+other expression.
+
+And then, at the same time as
+doing that, I put that
+
+expression, which is the
+difference of two fractions, I
+
+expressed it with a
+common denominator.
+
+So in the denominator here,
+you see the product of
+
+the denominators of
+the two fractions.
+
+And then I just figured out
+what the numerator had
+
+to be without really...
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So I claim that on the whole,
+calculus gets a bad rap, that
+
+it's actually easier
+than most things.
+
+But there's a perception
+that it's harder.
+
+And so I really have a duty
+to give you the calculus
+
+made harder story here.
+
+So we have to make things
+harder, because that's our job.
+
+And this is actually what most
+people do in calculus, and it's
+
+the reason why calculus
+has a bad reputation.
+
+So the secret is that when
+people ask problems in
+
+calculus, they generally
+ask them in context.
+
+And there are many, many
+other things going on.
+
+And so the little piece of the
+problem which is calculus is
+
+actually fairly routine and has
+to be isolated and
+
+gotten through.
+
+But all the rest of it, relies
+on everything else you learned
+
+in mathematics up to this
+stage, from grade school
+
+through high school.
+
+So that's the complication.
+
+So now we're going to
+do a little bit of
+
+calculus made hard.
+
+By talking about
+a word problem.
+
+We only have one sort of word
+problem that we can pose,
+
+because all we've talked about
+is this geometry point of view.
+
+So far those are the only kinds
+of word problems we can pose.
+
+So what we're gonna do is
+just pose such a problem.
+
+So find the areas of triangles,
+enclosed by the axes and
+
+the tangent to y = 1/x.
+
+OK, so that's a
+geometry problem.
+
+And let me draw a
+picture of it.
+
+It's practically the same as
+the picture for example one.
+
+We only consider the
+first quadrant.
+
+Here's our shape.
+
+All right, it's the hyperbola.
+
+And here's maybe one of our
+tangent lines, which is
+
+coming in like this.
+
+And then we're trying to
+find this area here.
+
+Right, so there's our problem.
+
+So why does it have
+to do with calculus?
+
+It has to do with calculus
+because there's a tangent line
+
+in it, so we're gonna need
+to do some calculus to
+
+answer this question.
+
+But as you'll see, the
+calculus is the easy part.
+
+So let's get started
+with this problem.
+
+First of all, I'm gonna
+label a few things.
+
+And one important thing to
+remember of course, is that
+
+the curve is y = 1/x.
+
+That's perfectly
+reasonable to do.
+
+And also, we're gonna calculate
+the areas of the triangles, and
+
+you could ask yourself,
+in terms of what?
+
+Well, we're gonna have to pick
+a point and give it a name.
+
+And since we need a number,
+we're gonna have to do
+
+more than geometry.
+
+We're gonna have to do some
+of this analysis just
+
+as we've done before.
+
+So I'm gonna pick a point and,
+consistent with the labeling
+
+we've done before, I'm
+gonna to call it (x0, y0).
+
+So that's almost half the
+battle, having notations, x and
+
+y for the variables, and x0 and
+y0, for the specific point.
+
+Now, once you see that you have
+these labellings, I hope it's
+
+reasonable to do the following.
+
+So first of all, this is
+the point x0, and over
+
+here is the point y0.
+
+That's something that
+we're used to in graphs.
+
+And in order to figure out the
+area of this triangle, it's
+
+pretty clear that we should
+find the base, which is that we
+
+should find this location here.
+
+And we should find the
+height, so we need to
+
+find that value there.
+
+Let's go ahead and do it.
+
+So how are we going to do this?
+
+Well, so let's
+just take a look.
+
+So what is it that
+we need to do?
+
+I claim that there's only one
+calculus step, and I'm gonna
+
+put a star here for
+this tangent line.
+
+I have to understand what
+the tangent line is.
+
+Once I've figured out what the
+tangent line is, the rest of
+
+the problem is no
+longer calculus.
+
+It's just that slope
+that we need.
+
+So what's the formula
+for the tangent line?
+
+Put that over here. it's going
+to be y - y0 is equal to,
+
+and here's the magic number,
+we already calculated it.
+
+It's in the box over there.
+
+It's -1/x0^2 ( x - x0).
+
+So this is the only bit of
+calculus in this problem.
+
+But now we're not done.
+
+We have to finish it.
+
+We have to figure out all the
+rest of these quantities so
+
+we can figure out the area.
+
+All right.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+Well, to find this
+point, this has a name.
+
+We're gonna find the so
+called x-intercept.
+
+That's the first thing
+we're going to do.
+
+So to do that, what we need
+to do is to find where
+
+this horizontal line
+meets that diagonal line.
+
+And the equation for the
+x-intercept is y = 0.
+
+So we plug in y = 0, that's
+this horizontal line,
+
+and we find this point.
+
+So let's do that into star.
+
+We get 0 minus, oh one other
+thing we need to know.
+
+We know that y0 is f(x0)
+, and f(x) is 1/x , so
+
+this thing is 1/x0.
+
+And that's equal to -1/x0^2.
+
+And here's x, and here's x0.
+
+All right, so in order to find
+this x value, I have to plug in
+
+one equation into the other.
+
+So this simplifies a bit.
+
+This is -x/x0^2.
+
+And this is plus 1/x0
+because the x0 and
+
+x0^2 cancel somewhat.
+
+And so if I put this on
+the other side, I get x /
+
+x0^2 is equal to 2 / x0.
+
+And if I then multiply through
+- so that's what this implies -
+
+and if I multiply through
+by x0^2 I get x = 2x0.
+
+OK, so I claim that this point
+weve just calculated it's 2x0.
+
+Now, I'm almost done.
+
+I need to get the other one.
+
+I need to get this one up here.
+
+Now I'm gonna use a very
+big shortcut to do that.
+
+So the shortcut to the
+y-intercept is to use symmetry.
+
+All right, I claim I can stare
+at this and I can look at that,
+
+and I know the formula
+for the y-intercept.
+
+It's equal to 2y0.
+
+All right.
+
+That's what that one is.
+
+So this one is 2y0.
+
+And the reason I know this is
+the following: so here's the
+
+symmetry of the situation,
+which is not completely direct.
+
+It's a kind of mirror symmetry
+around the diagonal.
+
+It involves the exchange of (x,
+y) with (y, x); so trading
+
+the roles of x and y.
+
+So the symmetry that I'm using
+is that any formula I get that
+
+involves x's and y's, if I
+trade all the x's and replace
+
+them by y's and trade all the
+y's and replace them by x's,
+
+then I'll have a correct
+formula on the other ways.
+
+So if everywhere I see a y I
+make it an x, and everywhere I
+
+see an x I make it a y, the
+switch will take place.
+
+So why is that?
+
+That's just an accident
+of this equation.
+
+That's because, so the symmetry
+explained... is that the
+
+equation is y= 1 / x.
+
+But that's the same thing as xy
+= 1, if I multiply through by
+
+x, which is the same
+thing as x = 1/y.
+
+So here's where the x
+and the y get reversed.
+
+OK now if you don't trust this
+explanation, you can also get
+
+the y-intercept by plugging x
+= 0 into the equation star.
+
+OK?
+
+We plugged y = 0 in and
+we got the x value.
+
+And you can do the same thing
+analogously the other way.
+
+All right so I'm almost done
+with the geometry problem,
+
+and let's finish it off now.
+
+Well, let me hold off for one
+second before I finish it off.
+
+What I'd like to say is just
+make one more tiny remark.
+
+And this is the hardest part
+of calculus in my opinion.
+
+So the hardest part of calculus
+is that we call it one variable
+
+calculus, but we're perfectly
+happy to deal with four
+
+variables at a time or
+five, or any number.
+
+In this problem, I had an
+x, a y, an x0 and a y0.
+
+That's already four different
+things that have various
+
+relationships between them.
+
+Of course the manipulations we
+do with them are algebraic, and
+
+when we're doing the
+derivatives we just consider
+
+what's known as one
+variable calculus.
+
+But really there are millions
+of variable floating
+
+around potentially.
+
+So that's what makes things
+complicated, and that's
+
+something that you
+have to get used to.
+
+Now there's something else
+which is more subtle, and that
+
+I think many people who teach
+the subject or use the subject
+
+aren't aware, because they've
+already entered into the
+
+language and they're so
+comfortable with it that they
+
+don't even notice
+this confusion.
+
+There's something deliberately
+sloppy about the way we
+
+deal with these variables.
+
+The reason is very simple.
+
+There are already
+four variables here.
+
+I don't wanna create six
+names for variables or
+
+eight names for variables.
+
+But really in this problem
+there were about eight.
+
+I just slipped them by you.
+
+So why is that?
+
+Well notice that the first time
+that I got a formula for y0
+
+here, it was this point.
+
+And so the formula for y0,
+which I plugged in right here,
+
+was from the equation of
+the curve. y0 = 1 / x0.
+
+The second time I did it,
+I did not use y = 1 / x.
+
+I used this equation here,
+so this is not y = 1/x.
+
+That's the wrong thing to do.
+
+It's an easy mistake to make if
+the formulas are all a blur to
+
+you and you're not paying
+attention to where they
+
+are on the diagram.
+
+You see that x-intercept
+calculation there involved
+
+where this horizontal line met
+this diagonal line, and y = 0
+
+represented this line here.
+
+So the sloppines is that y
+means two different things.
+
+And we do this constantly
+because it's way, way more
+
+complicated not to do it.
+
+It's much more convenient for
+us to allow ourselves the
+
+flexibility to change the role
+that this letter plays in
+
+the middle of a computation.
+
+And similarly, later on, if I
+had done this by this more
+
+straightforward method, for
+the y-intercept, I would
+
+have set x equal to 0.
+
+That would have been this
+vertical line, which is x = 0.
+
+But I didn't change the letter
+x when I did that, because
+
+that would be a waste for us.
+
+So this is one of the main
+confusions that happens.
+
+If you can keep yourself
+straight, you're a lot better
+
+off, and as I say this is
+one of the complexities.
+
+All right, so now let's
+finish off the problem.
+
+Let me finally get
+this area here.
+
+So, actually I'll just
+finish it off right here.
+
+So the area of the triangle
+is, well it's the base
+
+times the height.
+
+The base is 2x0 the height
+is 2y0, and a half of that.
+
+So it's 1/2( 2x0)(2y0) ,
+which is (2x0)(y0), which
+
+is, lo and behold, 2.
+
+So the amusing thing in this
+case is that it actually didn't
+
+matter what x0 and y0 are.
+
+We get the same
+answer every time.
+
+That's just an accident
+of the function 1 / x.
+
+It happens to be the function
+with that property.
+
+All right, so we have some
+more business today,
+
+some serious business.
+
+So let me continue.
+
+So, first of all, I want to
+give you a few more notations.
+
+And these are just other
+notations that people use
+
+to refer to derivatives.
+
+And the first one is the
+following: we already
+
+wrote y = f(x).
+
+And so when we write delta
+y, that means the same
+
+thing as delta f.
+
+That's a typical notation.
+
+And previously we wrote f'
+for the derivative, so
+
+this is Newton's notation
+for the derivative.
+
+But there are other notations.
+
+And one of them is df/dx, and
+another one is dy/ dx, meaning
+
+exactly the same thing.
+
+And sometimes we let the
+function slip down below
+
+so that becomes d /
+dx (f) and d/ dx(y) .
+
+So these are all notations
+that are used for the
+
+derivative, and these were
+initiated by Leibniz.
+
+And these notations are used
+interchangeably, sometimes
+
+practically together.
+
+They both turn out to
+be extremely useful.
+
+This one omits - notice that
+this thing omits- the
+
+underlying base point, x0.
+
+That's one of the nuisances.
+
+It doesn't give you
+all the information.
+
+But there are lots of
+situations like that where
+
+people leave out some of the
+important information, and
+
+you have to fill it
+in from context.
+
+So that's another
+couple of notations.
+
+So now I have one more
+calculation for you today.
+
+I carried out this calculation
+of the derivative of
+
+the function 1 / x.
+
+I wanna take care of
+some other powers.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So Example 2 is going to be
+the function f(x) = x^n.
+
+n = 1, 2, 3; one of these guys.
+
+And now what we're trying to
+figure out is the derivative
+
+with respect to x of x^n in
+our new notation, what
+
+this is equal to.
+
+So again, we're going to
+form this expression,
+
+delta f / delta x.
+
+And we're going to make some
+algebraic simplification.
+
+So what we plug in
+for delta f is ((x
+
+delta x)^n - x^n)/delta x.
+
+Now before, let me just
+stick this in then
+
+I'm gonna erase it.
+
+Before, I wrote x0
+here and x0 there.
+
+But now I'm going to get rid of
+it, because in this particular
+
+calculation, it's a nuisance.
+
+I don't have an x floating
+around, which means something
+
+different from the x0.
+
+And I just don't wanna
+have to keep on writing
+
+all those symbols.
+
+It's a waste of
+blackboard energy.
+
+There's a total amount of
+energy, and I've already filled
+
+up so many blackboards that,
+there's just a limited amount.
+
+Plus, I'm trying to
+conserve chalk.
+
+Anyway, no 0's.
+
+So think of x as fixed.
+
+In this case, delta x moves and
+x is fixed in this calculation.
+
+All right now, in order to
+simplify this, in order to
+
+understand algebraically what's
+going on, I need to understand
+
+what the nth power of a sum is.
+
+And that's a famous formula.
+
+We only need a little tiny
+bit of it, called the
+
+binomial theorem.
+
+So, the binomial theorem which
+is in your text and explained
+
+in an appendix, says that if
+you take the sum of two guys
+
+and you take them to the nth
+power, that of course is (x
+
+delta x) multiplied
+by itself n times.
+
+And so the first term is
+x^n, that's when all of
+
+the n factors come in.
+
+And then, you could have
+this factor of delta x
+
+and all the rest x's.
+
+So at least one term of the
+form (x^(n-1))delta x.
+
+And how many times
+does that happen?
+
+Well, it happens when there's a
+factor from here, from the next
+
+factor, and so on, and
+so on, and so on.
+
+There's a total of n possible
+times that that happens.
+
+And now the great thing is
+that, with this alone, all the
+
+rest of the terms are junk that
+we won't have to worry about.
+
+So to be more specific,
+there's a very careful
+
+notation for the junk.
+
+The junk is what's called
+big O((delta x)^2).
+
+What that means is that these
+are terms of order, so with
+
+(delta x)^2, (delta
+x)^3 or higher.
+
+All right, that's how.
+
+Very exciting,
+higher order terms.
+
+OK, so this is the only algebra
+that we need to do, and now
+
+we just need to combine it
+together to get our result.
+
+So, now I'm going to just
+carry out the cancellations
+
+that we need.
+
+So here we go.
+
+We have delta f / delta x,
+which remember was 1 / delta
+
+x times this, which is this
+times, now this is (x^n
+
+nx^(n-1) delta x
+
+this junk term) - x^n.
+
+So that's what we have
+so far based on our
+
+previous calculations.
+
+Now, I'm going to do the main
+cancellation, which is this.
+
+All right.
+
+So, that's 1/delta x(
+nx^(n-1) delta x
+
+this term here).
+
+And now I can divide
+in by delta x.
+
+So I get nx^(n-1)
+
+now it's O(delta x).
+
+There's at least one factor of
+delta x not two factors of
+
+delta x, because I have
+to cancel one of them.
+
+And now I can just
+take the limit.
+
+And the limit this
+term is gonna be 0.
+
+That's why I called
+it junk originally,
+
+because it disappears.
+
+And in math, junk is
+something that goes away.
+
+So this tends to, as delta
+x goes to 0, nx ^ (n-1).
+
+And so what I've shown you is
+that d/dx of x to the n minus -
+
+sorry -n, is equal to nx^(n-1).
+
+So now this is gonna be super
+important to you right on your
+
+problem set in every possible
+way, and I want to tell you one
+
+thing, one way in which
+it's very important.
+
+One way that extends
+it immediately.
+
+So this thing extends
+to polynomials.
+
+We get quite a lot out of
+this one calculation.
+
+Namely, if I take d / dx
+of something like (x^3
+
+5x^10) that's gonna be equal
+to 3x^2, that's applying
+
+this rule to x^3.
+
+And then here, I'll
+get 5*10 so 50x^9.
+
+So this is the type of thing
+that we get out of it, and
+
+we're gonna make more hay
+with that next time.
+
+Question.
+
+Yes.
+
+I turned myself off.
+
+Yes?
+
+Student: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Professor: The question was the
+binomial theorem only works
+
+when delta x goes to 0.
+
+No, the binomial theorem is a
+general formula which also
+
+specifies exactly
+what the junk is.
+
+It's very much more detailed.
+
+But we only needed this part.
+
+We didn't care what all
+these crazy terms were.
+
+It's junk for our purposes now,
+because we don't happen to need
+
+any more than those
+first two terms.
+
+Yes, because delta x goes to 0.
+
+OK, see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k12GMjtN8aA.txt b/k12GMjtN8aA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1916ffb7a9624616ca17f9891a216f0221b515b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k12GMjtN8aA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Hello, everyone.
+
+Today we'll talk
+about doping, which
+
+is the process of
+intentionally adding impurities
+
+to a semiconductor
+in order to change
+
+its electrical properties.
+
+Doping is a critical
+process in the tech world.
+
+It's used in manufacturing
+almost all semiconductor
+
+technologies today.
+
+Without doping, the solar
+industry would not exist,
+
+but even though doping
+is common today,
+
+the effects of impurities
+confused semiconductor
+
+physicists in the 1950s, who
+had trouble reproducing results.
+
+Eventually, they realized
+that contamination levels,
+
+as low as 1 in a
+billion, were vastly
+
+changing the electrical
+properties of their samples.
+
+Today, we'll show
+you how this works
+
+with a very simple experiment.
+
+We'll be measuring the
+electrical conductivity
+
+of two silicon slabs
+using an ohmmeter.
+
+One is doped with impurities,
+phosphorus in our case,
+
+and the other is ultra-pure,
+or what we call intrinsic.
+
+Let's go over our experiment.
+
+We'll start with
+a slab of silicon,
+
+which we attach
+metal contacts to.
+
+We'll use an ohmmeter,
+that we connect
+
+to our sample with metal wires
+to measure the conductivity.
+
+The conductivity
+describes how well
+
+electricity can flow
+through the material.
+
+The measured resistance
+from our ohmmeter
+
+is related to the inverse
+of the conductivity.
+
+The resistance also varies
+according to the physical size
+
+and shape of our
+sample, which adds
+
+a length over area term
+to our equation, like so.
+
+Rearranging this equation,
+gives is what we're looking for,
+
+the conductivity.
+
+Let's measure our samples,
+and estimate the conductivity.
+
+Here are two samples, notice
+that the doped sample looks
+
+identical to the intrinsic
+one, or undoped sample.
+
+Because we've only
+added trace impurities,
+
+the optical
+properties are nearly
+
+identical between
+the two samples.
+
+Let's hook up the ohmmeter
+to the intrinsic sample.
+
+We can see that the resistance
+is 130,000 ohms, which roughly
+
+corresponds to a conductivity of
+0.0002 inverse ohm centimeters.
+
+Let's compare this
+to the doped sample.
+
+We read a resistance
+of 34 ohms, which
+
+corresponds to roughly 0.6
+inverse ohm centimeters.
+
+So we can see that the dope
+sample is around 3,000 times
+
+more conductive.
+
+But why would
+adding small amount
+
+of our doping,
+about one phosphorus
+
+atom for every
+million silicon atoms,
+
+make our sample 3,000
+times more conductive?
+
+On the periodic table,
+we see that silicon
+
+is in the fourth
+column, which means
+
+it has four valence electrons.
+
+Phosphorus, which is just
+to the right in column five,
+
+has five valence electrons,
+one extra compared to silicon.
+
+I'd also like to point
+out boron in column three,
+
+with one fewer valence
+electron than silicon.
+
+Later, I'll explain what happens
+when you add boron as a dopant.
+
+We'll start with a
+2D representation
+
+of a single silicon atom, with
+the nucleus in the center,
+
+and its four valence electrons
+in a silicon crystal,
+
+each silicon atom bonds to four
+other silicon atoms around it.
+
+These rigid covalent
+bonds, shown here,
+
+keep all of the electrons
+effectively immobile, and are
+
+therefore, unable to aid
+in the full electricity.
+
+Our intrinsic silicon,
+or undoped example,
+
+has this material
+structure, which
+
+is why it has a very
+low conductivity.
+
+Let's quantify this relationship
+between conductivity and mobile
+
+electrons.
+
+Conductivity is defined
+as n times mu times e.
+
+n is a number of free
+or mobile electrons.
+
+Again, in this drawing
+of intrinsic silicon,
+
+all electrons are
+covalently bonded so there
+
+are no mobile
+electrons, and n is 0.
+
+The symbol mu represents the
+mobility, a material parameter
+
+which you can look up in
+a textbook, or online,
+
+and it basically describes how
+well the charge can move around
+
+in the material.
+
+e is simply the amount of
+charge that each mobile particle
+
+possesses, which in
+all of our cases,
+
+is simply the charge
+of an electron.
+
+So let's ask, what happens when
+we add dopants like phosphorus
+
+and boron to the
+silicon lattice?
+
+Now, let's dope our material
+by replacing one of the silicon
+
+atoms with a phosphorus atom.
+
+First, we'll remove
+a silicon atom,
+
+and for contrast, we'll dim
+the background silicon lattice
+
+so we can emphasize
+the dopant atom.
+
+Notice that the
+inserted phosphorus atom
+
+has five valence
+electrons, four of which
+
+form four covalent bonds with
+their neighboring silicon atoms
+
+and are immobile.
+
+The fifth electron is not
+bonded, and as a result,
+
+is free to move
+around the lattice.
+
+When the negatively
+charged electron leaves,
+
+the phosphorus dopant is
+now positively charged.
+
+So we see that each
+phosphorus atom that is added
+
+will contribute a
+single mobile electron.
+
+So basically, in our case,
+the number of mobile electrons
+
+is roughly equal to the
+number of phosphorus
+
+atoms in our system.
+
+Now, let's remove
+our phosphorus atom
+
+and put in an element with
+three valence electrons,
+
+such as boron.
+
+We see here that boron lacks
+the necessary valence electrons
+
+to form covalent bonds to its
+four neighboring silicon atoms.
+
+This missing electron is
+actually referred to as a hole,
+
+and is represented
+by an H+ symbol.
+
+This hole acts as a
+mobile positive charge
+
+because it can swap places with
+neighboring covalently bonded
+
+electrons and move
+around the crystal.
+
+When the positively charged
+hole leaves its nucleus,
+
+the boron atom becomes
+negatively charged.
+
+So we've demonstrated
+that introducing
+
+atoms that have one more, or
+one less, valence electron
+
+than silicon, can
+add mobile charges
+
+and make the material
+more conductive.
+
+In our examples, the
+conductivity of silicon
+
+is proportional with the density
+of either phosphorus or boron
+
+atoms.
+
+While phosphorus and boron
+both affect the conductivity
+
+in a very similar
+manner, they introduce
+
+mobile and static charges
+of the opposite sign.
+
+Phosphorus introduces
+mobile negative charges
+
+and immobile positive
+charges, while boron
+
+creates mobile positive charges
+and immobile negative charges.
+
+This subtle difference between
+phosphorus and boron dopants
+
+will be crucial
+in our final video
+
+when we discuss
+solar cell operation.
+
+Today we learned that
+we can use doping
+
+to control the conductivity
+of semiconductors
+
+by changing the number of
+mobile charges in the material.
+
+When we look at the
+range of conductivities
+
+that silicon possess,
+it is truly amazing.
+
+Through doping, we have
+a very powerful way
+
+of varying the conductivity
+of semiconductors.
+
+This is something that is
+not possible in other classes
+
+of materials, like metals.
+
+Next time, we'll
+be discussing how
+
+light can be used to generate
+mobile charges in silicon,
+
+so watch our next video.
+
+I'm Joe Sullivan, and
+thanks for watching.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k2-dTdj5wkk.txt b/k2-dTdj5wkk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6104df55b85ad5dd311264b7a2243c2574d685e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k2-dTdj5wkk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so welcome back to 8701 we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so welcome back to 8701 we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so welcome back to 8701 we'll
+continue our discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our discussion on
+feminine calculus and here we dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine calculus and here we dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminine calculus and here we dive into
+a toy theory so this theory is a toy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy theory so this theory is a toy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy theory so this theory is a toy um
+and it's just an example to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just an example to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just an example to illustrate
+finance rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance rules
+um what we do the simplification we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we do the simplification we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we do the simplification we
+employ here is leaving out the spin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ here is leaving out the spin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ here is leaving out the spin of
+the particle involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle involved
+if we consider the spin um we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider the spin um we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we consider the spin um we add
+another algebraic complication which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another algebraic complication which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another algebraic complication which is
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+confusing so we leave this out for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so we leave this out for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so we leave this out for now
+we come back later to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back later to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back later to this
+so we're supposed to have three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're supposed to have three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're supposed to have three kinds of
+particles involved here particle a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved here particle a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved here particle a b
+and c and so we can have a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c and so we can have a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c and so we can have a primary
+vertex where this all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex where this all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex where this all three
+particles are interacting like shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are interacting like shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are interacting like shown
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might decay into particle b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decay into particle b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decay into particle b and c
+um you can assume that particle a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can assume that particle a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can assume that particle a is
+heavier than the sum of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the sum of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the sum of b
+and c so this is kinematically allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c so this is kinematically allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c so this is kinematically allowed
+um we might also have corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might also have corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might also have corrections
+involved here as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved here as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved here as shown here
+and what we'll be interested in is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll be interested in is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll be interested in is now
+for example calculating the lifetime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example calculating the lifetime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example calculating the lifetime of
+this particle a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle a um
+we might do this just for this primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might do this just for this primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might do this just for this primitive
+vertex or we might do this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex or we might do this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex or we might do this for this
+complicated set of corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated set of corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated set of corrections
+we might also be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might also be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might also be interested in
+calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating
+scattering processes where particle a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering processes where particle a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering processes where particle a's
+get us with particle a and produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us with particle a and produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us with particle a and produces
+particle b and particle b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle b and particle b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle b and particle b
+or we scatter particle a with particle b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we scatter particle a with particle b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we scatter particle a with particle b
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so in this theory at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this theory at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this theory at the end of the
+lecture we have all tools in hand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we have all tools in hand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we have all tools in hand to
+calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this
+no worries i will not leave you alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worries i will not leave you alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no worries i will not leave you alone
+with this in this lecture we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in this lecture we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in this lecture we go through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+recipe and then later on we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and then later on we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe and then later on we'll see how
+we actually apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually apply this
+so let's look at this recipe so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this recipe so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this recipe so the
+recipe has a number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe has a number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe has a number of steps
+and the key is to just follow those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key is to just follow those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key is to just follow those
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+um in order to get to the desired result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to get to the desired result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to get to the desired result
+the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step
+is to label incoming and outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to label incoming and outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to label incoming and outgoing
+formamenta of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formamenta of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formamenta of particles
+so we label them with p1 p2 and 2pn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we label them with p1 p2 and 2pn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we label them with p1 p2 and 2pn
+and we also want to label all internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also want to label all internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also want to label all internal
+momenta so if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta so if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta so if we have an
+internal line then we want to label this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal line then we want to label this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal line then we want to label this
+internal momentum with q1 q2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal momentum with q1 q2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal momentum with q1 q2 and so on
+we want to add errors to each line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to add errors to each line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to add errors to each line to
+keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of
+what is the positive direction as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the positive direction as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the positive direction as we
+discussed before particles might travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before particles might travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before particles might travel
+backwards time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards time
+you know typically anti-particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically anti-particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically anti-particles and
+for those we have to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those we have to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those we have to make sure that we
+correctly account for the momento
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly account for the momento
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly account for the momento
+for each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a factor we write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a factor we write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a factor we write down this
+vector minus ig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus ig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus ig
+where g is the coupling constant so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where g is the coupling constant so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where g is the coupling constant so this
+is a measure of the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the strength of the
+interaction involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction involved
+then we have a propagator so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a propagator so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a propagator so for each
+internal line the internal lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal line the internal lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal line the internal lines are
+also called propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called propagator
+we write down a factor i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down a factor i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down a factor i over
+qj squared minus mj squared c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qj squared minus mj squared c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qj squared minus mj squared c squared
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q j squared doesn't have to be m j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q j squared doesn't have to be m j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q j squared doesn't have to be m j
+squared c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared c square
+meaning that the particle can be off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the particle can be off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the particle can be off of
+shell of mass shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of mass shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of mass shell
+you also see that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that there is a
+complication in the integral when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication in the integral when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication in the integral when you
+actually have those vectors being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have those vectors being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have those vectors being the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to make sure that energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that energy and
+momentum is conserved so for each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is conserved so for each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is conserved so for each vertex
+you write down a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a delta function
+um with those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with those um
+with the conditions this is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the conditions this is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the conditions this is for this
+three vertex where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex where
+momentum of the first one pluses second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the first one pluses second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the first one pluses second
+plus a third is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a third is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a third is equal to
+zero only then the value of the velter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only then the value of the velter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only then the value of the velter
+function is 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is 1.
+remember there's a minus sign somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a minus sign somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there's a minus sign somewhere
+most likely here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely here for this
+k1 value then you want to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 value then you want to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 value then you want to integrate over
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+internal momenta so for each internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal momenta so for each internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal momenta so for each internal
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+you write a factor one over two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a factor one over two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a factor one over two pi
+to the fourth power um d4s on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power um d4s on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power um d4s on your
+momentum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then
+this all will result in a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all will result in a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all will result in a delta function
+which you just eliminate and you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you just eliminate and you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you just eliminate and you do that
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+um by multiplying it you erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by multiplying it you erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by multiplying it you erase this
+delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function
+and you replace it by a factor i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace it by a factor i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace it by a factor i
+so this seems like very confusing why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems like very confusing why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems like very confusing why do
+you at delta functions first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at delta functions first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at delta functions first and then
+you erase them later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you erase them later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you erase them later
+notes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+the fermis golden rule we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermis golden rule we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermis golden rule we use the
+squared of the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the amplitude
+and you also saw that the phase base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also saw that the phase base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also saw that the phase base
+factors already have this kind of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors already have this kind of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors already have this kind of phase
+of this um delta functions included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um delta functions included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um delta functions included
+so we get out of the complication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get out of the complication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get out of the complication that
+we don't really know what the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know what the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know what the square of
+the delta function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta function is
+by erasing it by adding the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by erasing it by adding the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by erasing it by adding the i
+and then keeping track of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keeping track of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keeping track of the momentum
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+this conservation here when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conservation here when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conservation here when we
+apply the facebook factor and then voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the facebook factor and then voila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the facebook factor and then voila
+you just calculated a matrix element all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just calculated a matrix element all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just calculated a matrix element all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so those are the rules now the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the rules now the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the rules now the key is
+to practice how to apply them so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice how to apply them so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice how to apply them so what
+we'll do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do next
+is to practice using this toy experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to practice using this toy experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to practice using this toy experiment
+and how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to calculate
+the matrix element the phase space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element the phase space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element the phase space and
+the set decay rates and cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set decay rates and cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set decay rates and cross sections
+and then the following step we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the following step we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the following step we will see
+how this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this all
+unfolds when we have a real theory like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds when we have a real theory like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds when we have a real theory like
+qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qed
+like the weak interaction the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k6HCdJ9lKho.txt b/k6HCdJ9lKho.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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+
+HONG LIU: So last time, we
+talked about-- we introduced
+
+the concept of D-branes.
+
+And then we quantized open
+strings on the D-branes.
+
+And we see the massive
+spectrum on the D-branes
+
+includes, say,
+massless gauge field,
+
+and also some massless
+scalar fields.
+
+And then I described
+that one can interpolate
+
+the dynamics of
+the scalar fields
+
+actually as the motion
+of the D-branes.
+
+So in other words,
+at the beginning,
+
+even when we quantize
+the open string,
+
+we started with a rigid
+boundary condition,
+
+so we started with a rigid ring.
+
+But now, after you quantize it,
+then you get the fluctuations.
+
+And because of
+those fluctuations,
+
+the D-branes become dynamical.
+
+Those fluctuations
+of the D-branes
+
+make it into a dynamic
+object in principle
+
+to make it move, or et cetera.
+
+So now let's say a
+little bit regarding
+
+the math of a D-brane.
+
+In the gravitational
+theory, anything gravitates.
+
+D-brane will have energy.
+
+It will have a mass, et cetera.
+
+so let's talk about what
+should be the mass of a D-brane
+
+if it's a dynamic object.
+
+So here, there's a very
+simple and intuitive answer.
+
+So on the D-brane, there
+are many open strings.
+
+In principle, there
+are an infinite number
+
+of open string excitations
+live on the D-brane.
+
+And each of them can
+be considered, say,
+
+as a space time field living
+on the D-brane, et cetera.
+
+So actual definition for
+the mass of a D-brane
+
+is that this should be the
+energy of a D-brane, which
+
+essentially should be the ground
+state, the energy of the ground
+
+state of the D-brane.
+
+The energy of the ground
+state of a D-brane
+
+could be corresponding to the
+energy of the D-brane none
+
+of those strings are excited.
+
+That should correspond
+to the vacuum energy
+
+of open strings living on it.
+
+So this is very
+intuitive definition
+
+and obviously makes sense.
+
+So we can write the mass
+of a D-brane, DP-brane,
+
+as the tension, which
+is the mass per unit
+
+volume times the total volume.
+
+And this should be
+equal to the vacuum
+
+energy of all the open strings.
+
+So say each open string
+excitation corresponding
+
+to a field.
+
+You have a tachyon.
+
+You have gauge field.
+
+You have massive
+scalar field, and also
+
+infinite number
+of massive fields.
+
+All those fields, they
+have vacuum energy.
+
+So you need to sum
+all of them together.
+
+The sum of those
+vacuum energies would
+
+be the mass of the D-brane.
+
+So this can be achieved
+just by doing the vacuum
+
+diagram of open strings.
+
+So we describe in the
+closed stream case,
+
+if you want to find the vacuum
+energy in the closed string,
+
+you just sum of all possible.
+
+So this will be just
+the vacuum diagram.
+
+In other words,
+so the difference
+
+between the open string is
+that open strings have boundary
+
+and closed strings are closed.
+
+So that means the sum of
+all two dimensional surfaces
+
+with this one boundaries but
+no external open strings.
+
+This is the natural definition
+of the vacuum diagram,
+
+as we would do.
+
+And we will do in the
+Euclidean path integral.
+
+So you can do this in the
+Euclidean path integral.
+
+You sum over all surfaces.
+
+In the case when you need
+the sum of all surfaces,
+
+in some sense, the only way we
+know how to define such a sum
+
+is to do the Euclidean
+path integral.
+
+And this sum-- so previously,
+we talked about the vacuum
+
+energy of the closed
+stream, the sum
+
+of all possible closed surfaces,
+say of different topology.
+
+So here, again, you sum
+of all possible surfaces
+
+with this one boundaries.
+
+So the simplest surface
+with one boundary is a disk.
+
+The difference with
+closed string case,
+
+now you have to sum over
+surfaces with boundaries.
+
+So the simplest one
+would be a disk.
+
+And the next would be annulus.
+
+Now you have two boundaries
+rather than one boundary.
+
+And exactly you can consider
+more and more complicated
+
+diagrams.
+
+You can consider more and
+more complicated diagrams.
+
+And the way to weight those
+surfaces exactly the same
+
+as before is that you
+have this g string
+
+than to the power
+minus chi, and the chi
+
+is the Euler number, just
+exactly as we described before.
+
+And Euler number now to apply
+surfaces with boundaries
+
+would be-- so previously,
+Euler number is 2 minus 2h.
+
+h is number of genuses,
+or number of holes.
+
+But now you also need to include
+the number of boundaries,
+
+which are called b.
+
+So when you include
+the boundaries,
+
+then that will change
+your Euler number,
+
+and also change the
+weight for each diagram.
+
+You can also add handles here.
+
+You can also add
+genuses to the disk.
+
+You can also add h here.
+
+So according to this
+counting, then this
+
+would count as gs minus 1.
+
+So this one has zero
+holes and one boundaries.
+
+So this is 2 minus 1.
+
+So this is 1.
+
+So this is gs to the
+power negative 1.
+
+And this one has low
+hole but two boundaries.
+
+2 minus 2 is 0.
+
+This is 1 to the
+power gs to the 0.
+
+And then you have
+higher diagrams.
+
+You have higher surfaces
+with all positive powers, gs.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What about
+like a Mobius strip
+
+that has one boundary?
+
+HONG LIU: Right.
+
+So the Mobius strip is
+a very good question.
+
+A Mobius strip is
+unoriented surface.
+
+So here, we can see
+the oriented string.
+
+You can consider
+unoriented string.
+
+But most of what we said
+applies to that case.
+
+It's just we have to worry a
+little bit about orientation,
+
+so we don't go there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Will that
+really contribute
+
+to the vector [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Will the Mobius
+strip contribute to the--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah, yeah, it will.
+
+In the case when you
+have unoriented string.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you make
+a restriction and say,
+
+on this D-brane, we have
+or not have unoriented--
+
+HONG LIU: Here, we only
+consider oriented surfaces.
+
+We only consider
+oriented strings.
+
+We have not talked about
+unoriented strings.
+
+AUDIENCE: But no
+restriction in principle.
+
+HONG LIU: You can.
+
+It's actually a
+technical complication
+
+I don't want to
+go into right now.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we think of
+vertical axis as time.
+
+So the disk would
+be a string kind
+
+of nucleating and propagating--
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+This is a Euclidean and
+you can think of time
+
+as whatever you want.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+But still, so the disk would be
+like a nucleating open string
+
+that propagates and
+then disappears, right?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+For example, this open
+string you can consider.
+
+Heuristically, you
+may be able to think
+
+of some kind of a single string,
+just rotate, for example.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like forever?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+For example, I
+just said a single.
+
+I'm just saying it's hard
+to interpret as a time now.
+
+But the time in this direction
+would be periodic time
+
+if you think from
+that point of view.
+
+But the good thing
+is that when you
+
+go to Euclidean, what you call
+time and the spatial direction
+
+then becomes obscured.
+
+It depends on your convenience.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the
+center, is that a genus?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+The center is completely smooth.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not like a torus?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+A disk is a disk.
+
+A disk is not a torus.
+
+AUDIENCE: But there's a--
+
+HONG LIU: You're
+talking about this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+HONG LIU: Oh.
+
+This one is annulus.
+
+This guy is annulus.
+
+This is a flat surface.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the inside
+and outside are the--
+
+HONG LIU: They are different.
+
+If you identify this and that,
+then they become a torus.
+
+When you identify
+this one and that one,
+
+then they become a torus.
+
+Then you get rid
+of the boundaries.
+
+When you identify them, then
+there's no boundary anymore
+
+because they become a circle.
+
+Good?
+
+So that means if I have
+weak coupling, that
+
+means when gs is much smaller
+than 1, which is the cases we
+
+can only consider because if
+you have gs more than 1, then
+
+you have some infinite
+number of diagrams.
+
+And we don't know how
+to deal with this.
+
+So weak coupling, when gs more
+than 1, then the brane tension,
+
+then the D-brane
+will be always scaled
+
+with string coupling at 1
+over gs because of that,
+
+because this term will dominate.
+
+This term will dominate.
+
+And then the energy
+should be 1 over gs.
+
+This is a very important result.
+It's a very important result.
+
+The mass of the D-brane
+is actually 1 over gs.
+
+So on dimensional ground, you
+can just essentially write down
+
+what's the tension
+of the D-brane
+
+because the only dimensional
+parameter is alpha prime.
+
+So the dimension of
+the D-brane should
+
+be-- so this is mass
+per unit volume.
+
+So you have a p
+dimension of volume, then
+
+that would be p plus 1.
+
+So the mass dimension of the
+tension would be p plus 1.
+
+So just on dimension
+ground, I can write gs
+
+because it's 1 over s,
+alpha prime 1/2 p plus 1.
+
+So that gives you
+the right dimension.
+
+And then you can have
+some numerical constant
+
+which you need to determine.
+
+You have some numerical
+constant which
+
+you can determine string theory
+by doing that path integral.
+
+Any questions about this?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do these open
+string vacuum diagrams
+
+have any interpretations
+like half of a closed string
+
+diagram?
+
+So if you put two disks
+together, you have a sphere.
+
+HONG LIU: Right.
+
+We will talk about
+this in a minute.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: With the
+logical decomposition
+
+of the powers of g, why
+is the disk g minus 1.
+
+HONG LIU: This comes
+from this formula.
+
+As we discussed before, the
+weight of different topology
+
+is always weighted by some
+constant to the power of Euler
+
+number.
+
+Now, the Euler number, if you
+have surfaces with boundaries,
+
+then the Euler number depends
+on the number of boundaries.
+
+And then you can
+just work it out.
+
+So this is based
+on simple topology.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+I'm just a little bit confused
+about the vacuum energy
+
+here as the one-- remember
+when you calculate
+
+the mass of the string.
+
+You know, we have a
+naught term there.
+
+There is no excitation.
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry.
+
+Say it again.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when we calculate
+the mass of the open string
+
+and there is a0 term, which
+is completely different.
+
+HONG LIU: That's
+completely different.
+
+So that a0, we
+considered before, it's
+
+the zero point energy
+for the oscillation
+
+modes on the screen.
+
+So that a0 is that
+we are considering
+
+this string, and the zero point
+energy for the oscillation
+
+mode on this string.
+
+But here, we are
+considering the zero point
+
+energy not of the string.
+
+We are considering the zero
+point energy of the D-brane.
+
+And the zero point
+energy of the D-brane
+
+would be to write down the
+vacuum energy of all the fields
+
+living on the D-brane.
+
+And all the fields living
+on the D-brane corresponding
+
+to all the-- now,
+each string excitation
+
+becomes a field on the D-brane.
+
+And so that's corresponding
+to sum of that.
+
+And that, then, in
+turn corresponding
+
+to sum of these
+kind of surfaces.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So there's an
+alternative way to think
+
+about how to compute
+the D-brane mass
+
+or energy as follows, which is
+actually extremely instructive.
+
+There is an alternative
+way of doing this.
+
+So let's consider just D-brane.
+
+So consider the interaction
+between the two D-branes.
+
+So let's consider two D-branes
+separated by some distance.
+
+And then they have a mass.
+
+Then they will interact
+gravitationally.
+
+In particular, in a
+weak coupling limit
+
+they're pretty massive.
+
+They're very massive because
+it's 1 over the g string.
+
+So when g string is small,
+which is the only regime
+
+we're working with, so
+the D-brane is very heavy.
+
+And so you can ask, what is
+the gravitational attraction
+
+between the two?
+
+What is the interaction
+between the two?
+
+And we know that
+at low energies,
+
+say if the two D-branes
+are not excited,
+
+if their distance
+are very far apart,
+
+then the leading
+interaction between them
+
+just comes from
+the massless mode
+
+because only massless mode
+mediates normal interactions.
+
+And so interaction
+between them just
+
+comes from graviton
+or this [INAUDIBLE],
+
+essentially just corresponding
+to small number of massless
+
+closed string modes.
+
+Only those massless
+modes will contribute
+
+because the massive mode
+only contributes short range
+
+interactions.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why not the
+vector mode in open string?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+Vector mode of open string
+only lives on each brane.
+
+AUDIENCE: But we can have
+an open string like--
+
+HONG LIU: I will talk
+about that separately.
+
+Just wait a little bit.
+
+So if I think purely from
+the alternative gravity
+
+point of view, not from
+string theory point of view,
+
+I have two massive objects.
+
+I want to look at the
+interaction between them.
+
+And then interaction will
+be proportional to gn,
+
+say their mass.
+
+So if I factor out
+the volume factor,
+
+it would be just GN TP squared.
+
+So this essentially is the
+gravitational interaction
+
+between the two.
+
+And from the string
+theory point of view,
+
+such a diagram
+corresponding to you
+
+exchange your closed string.
+
+So this diagram
+corresponding says,
+
+suppose you have
+brane one, brane two.
+
+So this picture that brane
+one will emit graviton
+
+absorbed by the other brane.
+
+And then that's how we
+measure, say, the newtons
+
+force between them.
+
+And it translates to the
+string theory picture.
+
+This corresponding to one
+D-brane emits a closed string,
+
+and then absorbed by
+the other D-brane.
+
+And when you go to
+[INAUDIBLE], which
+
+only massless mode matters,
+and then becomes this picture.
+
+So this is the string theory
+version of that diagram.
+
+So now essentially,
+what you need
+
+to do to calculate this
+thing in the string theory
+
+is to calculate this
+thing in the diagram.
+
+So form the string
+theory point of view,
+
+now what you need to consider
+is to do path integral
+
+on the topology of
+a cylinder with one
+
+boundary on the brane one
+and the other boundary
+
+on brane two.
+
+So this corresponds to
+exchange of a closed
+
+string in this direction.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+HONG LIU: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the mechanism
+for the D-brane emitting
+
+a closed string?
+
+Or equivalently, on
+the other picture,
+
+why can it emit a graviton?
+
+HONG LIU: It's
+coupled to graviton.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how did we
+introduce the coupling?
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: How did we
+introduce the coupling?
+
+I mean, we introduced them
+as boundary conditions
+
+for open strings.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So does that
+naturally introduce coupling?
+
+HONG LIU: No, no, no.
+
+This is what I'm writing here.
+
+And this diagram, you emit from
+a closed string corresponding
+
+to look at the cylinder.
+
+One boundary of the cylinder on
+the location with one D-brane,
+
+and the other boundary of
+the cylinder on the location
+
+of the other D-brane.
+
+And then you just integrate
+over this surface.
+
+And then that will give
+you the graviton exchange.
+
+That will give you
+the closed string
+
+exchange between the two.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the coupling of the
+closed string to the brane kind
+
+of naturally arises?
+
+HONG LIU: In the boundary
+condition imposed here.
+
+So you impose this closed
+string to initiate it
+
+from-- so you impose the
+boundary condition here
+
+so that this closed string
+starts from brane one
+
+and then ends on brane two.
+
+And then you integrate
+over all surfaces
+
+this cylinder topology.
+
+AUDIENCE: We know the
+interaction constant
+
+for closed string is g closed,
+but is it the same here?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+That's what I'm
+going to talk about.
+
+Is this clear?
+
+OK.
+
+So now I'm going to
+mention two things.
+
+First, as I said
+before, whenever
+
+we do some calculations, we
+often do analytic integration
+
+to the Euclidean signature.
+
+So now it will be the same.
+
+When we do this calculation,
+we have a closed string start
+
+at location of the brane
+one, and move forward
+
+in time to end on the brane two.
+
+So this is the simplest diagram.
+
+You can also add
+some holes here.
+
+And then that corresponds to
+higher order diagram structure.
+
+So now don't worry about that.
+
+Just the simplest diagram.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Was it time
+dimension inside brane
+
+to define time dimension
+as one of the dimensions
+
+that lived inside brane?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+But this is not a
+space time [INAUDIBLE].
+
+This is virtual time.
+
+This is virtual time
+associated with this graviton.
+
+So essentially, I do create
+the closed string here
+
+on this brane and then
+propagate then absorbed
+
+by the other D-brane.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you also
+think about this as
+
+like an open string--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+One second.
+
+I'm going to explain.
+
+So now there are two remarkable
+things about this diagram.
+
+The two remarkable things
+about this diagram.
+
+First, this is a
+cylinder diagram.
+
+And this is a diagram
+with two boundaries
+
+because we have to emit a
+closed string from here.
+
+And so you have one boundary.
+
+You have an initial
+closed string,
+
+then you have a
+final closed string.
+
+So this is a surface with
+two boundaries with no holes.
+
+And if you calculate the
+chi, so this would be zero.
+
+Then that means this
+diagram is gs to power of 0.
+
+And then from here,
+we know that then
+
+this from string
+theory point of view
+
+will be gs to the power of 0.
+
+And so this is another way
+to see that the TP should
+
+be 1 over g string.
+
+Because we said before
+that the G Newton--
+
+so we explained before G Newton
+would be order of gs squared.
+
+G Newton is the
+g string squared.
+
+So do you remember G
+Newton is g string squared?
+
+Good.
+
+But something remarkable
+about this diagram
+
+is that you can also
+view this diagram.
+
+So right now, we see
+it from this direction.
+
+Now we can also view it
+from the other direction.
+
+Viewed from this
+direction, so now
+
+try to think about
+this direction
+
+as the time and this
+direction as the sigma.
+
+So right now, we are
+seeing this as virtual time
+
+and this as sigma.
+
+This is a closed string.
+
+So now think about
+this direction as sigma
+
+and this direction as time.
+
+And then this is an open
+string with one end ending
+
+on brane two and the other
+end ending on brane one,
+
+and then going in the loop.
+
+So this is the one
+loop open string.
+
+So even though this
+is tree-level exchange
+
+in closed string.
+
+So here is the tree-level
+exchange in closed string.
+
+So here is one loop
+in open string.
+
+So this tells you
+the same process.
+
+You can really view it
+from two perspectives.
+
+From one perspective, it's
+the standard point of view,
+
+is that we exchange
+some closed strings.
+
+So we exchange some gravitons,
+some massless particles,
+
+some particles
+between these two.
+
+But there's another way to
+think about it is we say,
+
+because we have
+two D-branes here
+
+and because D-branes correspond
+in two places, open string
+
+can end, then I have open
+string connect between them.
+
+And this one loop open
+string is essentially
+
+corresponding to the vacuum
+diagram of those open strings
+
+connect between them.
+
+So when you add
+the vacuum energy
+
+of all those open strings
+ending between them,
+
+then you're effectively
+calculating the interaction
+
+between the two D-branes.
+
+So we have two completely
+different perspectives
+
+to look at the same process.
+
+And this is very, very
+deep and profound.
+
+Deep is profound.
+
+Because that means
+the process that you
+
+can think from closed
+string perspective
+
+can be fully understood
+in a different way
+
+from the open
+string perspective,
+
+in a completely equivalent way.
+
+And this is normally
+called the channel duality.
+
+So it's a very
+simple geometric fact
+
+about two dimensional surfaces.
+
+But physical significance
+is very profound.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+HONG LIU: One second.
+
+Let me finish.
+
+And this is precisely
+the string theory
+
+origin of the holographic
+duality or the idea, say, of t
+
+we are going to see in
+a couple of lectures.
+
+Just because of this
+simple geometric picture.
+
+This side is gravity, and the
+D-brane is about gauge theory.
+
+And then we see gravity to be
+equivalent to gauge theory.
+
+That's something we
+are going to see later.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you said the
+dynamics of closed string
+
+can be fully understood
+by open string.
+
+Is that why you say
+it's a closed surface
+
+formed by a closed string?
+
+How can you interpret?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+I'm talking about this
+particular diagram.
+
+I'm just saying this gives
+you a hint of something
+
+very profound.
+
+AUDIENCE: And one more thing.
+
+Why is the gs 0?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+This is the surface
+of two boundaries.
+
+AUDIENCE: But that
+is for open string.
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+Chi is for everything.
+
+Chi is everything.
+
+Doesn't matter open
+or closed string.
+
+This is the universal formula.
+
+This is open.
+
+The open string just means we
+imposed the boundary condition
+
+on the open string.
+
+The topology is the same.
+
+We understand the
+topology is the same.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do you
+call it one loop string?
+
+Where is the loop?
+
+HONG LIU: Because this
+is the open string.
+
+So this is the open.
+
+Think from this point of view.
+
+This is the open string on
+brane one and brane two.
+
+And then you go around
+once, go around in circle.
+
+So this is one loop.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's
+the free momentum?
+
+HONG LIU: What is this?
+
+What is this?
+
+This is one loop if
+you have a particle.
+
+And so you have a string.
+
+Then you go around the circle.
+
+This is one loop.
+
+And indeed, when you
+sum over such surfaces,
+
+you will lead to sum of all
+possible momentums, et cetera.
+
+So the field theory
+momentum is one
+
+of the modes you
+have to sum over
+
+when you do past integral
+over surface of such topology.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once you go to strings
+connecting different branes,
+
+your quantization
+conditions change.
+
+HONG LIU: We will
+talk about that.
+
+Quantization condition
+almost does not change.
+
+We will talk about that.
+
+We'll talk about
+that in a little bit.
+
+But right now, it's
+just intuitively
+
+clear you have open string
+connect between them
+
+and they just go around.
+
+You have open string
+connect between them.
+
+You can just go
+around the circle.
+
+AUDIENCE: But this
+correspondence
+
+doesn't count the tree-level
+around the open string.
+
+HONG LIU: Count what?
+
+AUDIENCE: If we generalize
+the tree-level open string.
+
+HONG LIU: No, no, no.
+
+This doesn't have to account
+for the tree-level open string.
+
+AUDIENCE: Tree-level open string
+contributes to the interaction?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+Here, I'm only talking
+about this diagram
+
+and just say this
+hints that there
+
+are certain closed string
+processes can be completely
+
+described by the open string.
+
+So what want to extrapolate
+is that open string
+
+is a more fundamental
+description
+
+because the tree-level
+diagram in closed string
+
+can be described
+by the open string.
+
+And now if you can generalize
+that maybe everything closed
+
+string can be described
+by open string.
+
+But you don't want to
+do in the opposite way.
+
+Open string is open string.
+
+Good?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Once you
+go higher dimensions,
+
+when you leave tree-level
+closed string can be distinct?
+
+HONG LIU: Yes.
+
+Things become more complicated.
+
+Things become more complicated.
+
+But the similar
+picture will exist.
+
+But nobody has made it work.
+
+Nobody has made it work at
+full string theory level
+
+to construct the whole
+closed string theory
+
+from the open string theory.
+
+Nobody has made it work.
+
+But there are many such kind of
+indications from the geometry
+
+of the surface point of view.
+
+So now let's talk about relaxing
+the strength of open string
+
+interactions.
+
+Actually, before I do
+that, now is a good place
+
+to go back to examine
+what we discussed
+
+at the end of last lecture.
+
+Now is a good time to go back
+to talk about what we did
+
+at the end of the last lecture.
+
+So in the last
+lecture, at the end,
+
+we described that
+one can work out
+
+the low energy effective
+action of the massless modes
+
+on the D-branes.
+
+So the massless modes on
+the D-branes on the gauge
+
+fields along the D-brane,
+so A alpha from 0, 1, to p.
+
+And then the scalar field and
+a label all the perpendicular
+
+directions.
+
+So you can write down
+effective action for them.
+
+I mentioned if you work
+out things carefully,
+
+then you find the
+prefactor is actually
+
+just the brane tension.
+
+And if last thing is
+excited, p plus 1.
+
+If last thing is
+excited, then you just
+
+have the vacuum energy,
+so you will have a one.
+
+So this is just the brane
+mass, the total brane mass.
+
+This is et.
+
+So if last thing is
+excited, then you just
+
+have the zero
+point energy, which
+
+is just tp times the volume.
+
+But now, if you also
+have gauge field, then
+
+based on general argument,
+you must have the Maxwell.
+
+And if the scalar
+field is excited,
+
+then you also have the action
+for massless scalar field.
+
+And then we mentioned
+that for example, you
+
+can consider special case.
+
+Suppose A alpha is not excited
+but the brane, rather than
+
+a scalar field that
+moves in a coherent way
+
+the same at all points on
+the D-brane, just phi a,
+
+is a function of
+t rather than x.
+
+So phi, in general.
+
+Suppose the brane
+coordinates our x0 and the p.
+
+So in general, A alpha is
+the function of x0, xp.
+
+And phi a is x0 and xp.
+
+So they describe you can
+have arbitrary profile
+
+on the world-volume.
+
+But suppose, say, let me
+consider the uniform situation
+
+which I only consider
+every point has
+
+the same behavior for phi.
+
+And then this s just becomes
+1/2, dt just becomes dt.
+
+And D-brane plus 1/2 and
+D-brane phi dot squared.
+
+So this is precisely the motion
+of just a massive object.
+
+OK And m is just this guy.
+
+So if last thing depends
+on the spatial coordinate,
+
+then the integration of
+the spatial coordinate
+
+becomes the volume.
+
+Combine the volume with
+that, becomes the mass,
+
+and then just becomes that.
+
+I think this is minus sign.
+
+This is plus sign.
+
+So as I mentioned,
+this is another way
+
+to see that the D-brane
+becomes dynamical,
+
+and that in particular,
+this phi describes
+
+the motion of the D-brane.
+
+So in fact, this result can
+be much, much strengthened.
+
+But I will only
+quote the result.
+
+I will only quote the result.
+
+It turns out for
+D-brane with constant.
+
+So as opposed to the D-brane
+move with constant velocity,
+
+so now you can
+also have a motion
+
+in the spatial direction.
+
+You have a constant of
+this and F alpha beta.
+
+You can also excite
+the gauge field,
+
+but the field
+strength is constant.
+
+Or this quantity is small.
+
+They don't have to
+be strictly constant,
+
+but at least their
+derivatives are small.
+
+In such a situation,
+one can actually
+
+sum all the higher order terms
+from string theory corrections.
+
+So this is just a low energy,
+just like field theory.
+
+And in such a situation,
+you can actually
+
+sum over infinite number
+of higher order terms.
+
+And what do you find?
+
+You find so-called wave sum
+of all infinite number higher
+
+terms.
+
+You find so-called
+Dirac-Born-Infeld action.
+
+You find that this effective
+action becomes like this.
+
+This is very [INAUDIBLE] result.
+So I just want to mention it.
+
+You can actually
+sum into this form.
+
+So you can sum into this form.
+
+And this g alpha beta
+is the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So let me just explain
+a little bit the physics
+
+of this formula.
+
+So let's consider
+the case of the phi
+
+is not excited at all,
+just phi for the constant,
+
+say, for example.
+
+Then this term vanishes.
+
+Then this g alpha beta just
+becomes eta alpha beta.
+
+And now you just
+have a square root,
+
+say, your Minkowski
+metric plus F alpha beta.
+
+Forget about this
+2 pi alpha prime.
+
+This is just some
+dimensional factor.
+
+And then you just have eta
+alpha beta plus F alpha beta.
+
+And then you write
+the determinant.
+
+And suppose when F alpha beta is
+small, when alpha prime times F
+
+alpha beta is small,
+then you can expand it
+
+in powers of F alpha beta.
+
+It's a simple exercise
+but instructive exercise.
+
+You see that precisely
+reproduces the Maxwell term.
+
+But this will give rise
+to higher nonlinear terms.
+
+There will be higher
+order nonlinear terms.
+
+So this can be considered as
+a nonlinear generalization
+
+of the Maxwell theory.
+
+It turns out
+actually, this theory
+
+was considered in the '30s
+by this guy, Born and Infeld.
+
+Actually, maybe '30s or '40s.
+
+Anyway, prehistory.
+
+They invented as a
+way to avoid-- they
+
+want to avoid the similarity
+of the Maxwell theory.
+
+So in the Maxwell theory, if
+you have a charged particle,
+
+and then the location
+of the charged particle,
+
+then the field due
+to that charged
+
+particle is singular and the
+location of that particle.
+
+And so they want to avoid
+that singular behavior,
+
+so they invented this
+Born-Infeld action.
+
+And for many years, this action
+does not have any applications.
+
+But if you invent something
+nice, it will find its use.
+
+Just like in this
+movie, Jurassic Park,
+
+life finds a way.
+
+Life always finds a way.
+
+So that's Born-Infeld.
+
+Now let's set F equal to 0.
+
+Let's just look at g alpha beta.
+
+Now let's look at g alpha beta.
+
+So g alpha beta, we can write it
+in a slightly more transparent
+
+form.
+
+We can write a form which makes
+it a bit more transparent.
+
+I can write it as the following.
+
+So even mu, remember,
+is the Minkowski metric
+
+of the full space time.
+
+And I can write
+this as following.
+
+x mu beta x mu x mu with
+x alpha equal to x alpha,
+
+which is along the brane
+direction, and xa to be phi a.
+
+So if you look at
+this formula, you
+
+can see this is an induced
+metric for some brane embedded
+
+in the full
+Minkowski space time.
+
+And the x describes
+such embedding.
+
+This generalization of this
+induces the metric formula
+
+we encountered before
+for the string.
+
+But right now, the
+only difference
+
+is that now alpha
+beta, they run all
+
+in the world-volume
+direction of the D-brane.
+
+And then this becomes
+an induced metric
+
+on the D-brane when it's
+embedded in the space time.
+
+And this x alpha
+equal to x alpha,
+
+it just means that
+when we embed it,
+
+and we choose the
+world-volume direction
+
+to be the same as the
+space time direction
+
+along the brane direction.
+
+And in the perpendicular
+direction, this is just phi a.
+
+And if you look at this,
+this is exactly that.
+
+It's exactly that because
+x alpha equal to x alpha.
+
+And then you just get
+the eta alpha beta.
+
+And then for the other
+direction, you get this one.
+
+Is this clear?
+
+So when f equal to 0, so this S
+just becomes eta g alpha beta.
+
+So this is precisely the
+volume element of DB-brane.
+
+Because this is the induced
+metric, and then this
+
+is just the total volume
+element of the DP-brane.
+
+And we see this is precisely
+is the relativistic
+
+generalization.
+
+So this is just a generalization
+of the [INAUDIBLE] action
+
+we wrote earlier,
+which is for a string.
+
+Then this would be a
+two dimensional area.
+
+And here, you just integrate
+over the volume element
+
+of the whole D-brane.
+
+So we see that this
+Born-Infeld corresponding
+
+to really describes the
+relativistic motion of a p
+
+dimensional object.
+
+Describes the relativistic
+motion of a p dimensional
+
+object.
+
+And this Dirac-Born-Infeld, when
+you combine these two together,
+
+it magically combines these
+two things into a single thing.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I recall
+you saying earlier
+
+that-- you said that
+people have played
+
+with this idea of
+thinking about branes
+
+instead of just generically
+higher dimensional objects
+
+and strings but no one
+really understood the theory
+
+of these things because
+the topology and geometry
+
+were too complicated.
+
+So it seems to me that wouldn't
+you run into that same problem
+
+right here if it's indeed
+some generalization
+
+of the [INAUDIBLE] action?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah, but we
+don't try to quantize it.
+
+At least we don't try
+to quantize this action.
+
+And we know how to
+quantize this action.
+
+And this is just our
+ordinary field theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+Here, we must impose the
+big x as the coordinates
+
+in the target space.
+
+HONG LIU: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So phi a must
+be kind of a constant?
+
+I mean, why there should
+be a constant part on--
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+If the derivative of those
+things are not small,
+
+then there will be
+many other terms.
+
+This will not be
+the only action.
+
+AUDIENCE: Given a constant.
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: You said
+with a constant.
+
+HONG LIU: The partial alpha
+phi a equal to constant.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, equals a constant.
+
+So that means--
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+What I'm saying is that if
+these are constants, then
+
+this is our exact
+string theory action.
+
+And when these
+are not constants,
+
+and then this is a
+leading approximation,
+
+there will be higher
+order terms which
+
+depend on their derivatives.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+One thing I just
+don't understand--
+
+why is it that we don't want
+to try to quantize anything?
+
+Shouldn't it be
+quantized in principle?
+
+These are the sort
+of classical analogs
+
+of things you want to quantize.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is
+to say that this object
+
+that we don't really
+know how to quantize
+
+is-- we just don't do it
+because we don't know how.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+OK.
+
+It's not because-- fair enough.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+You should try anything.
+
+And only those people who have
+succeeded in the history books.
+
+Only a few have won the
+battle in the history books.
+
+And if you just fail the battle,
+you're not in the history book.
+
+So people have tried
+this but failed it,
+
+but that won't be
+written in the books.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+So you did the square
+root by summing over
+
+all the massive terms in the--
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: You get
+the square root term
+
+by summing the series,
+including the massive fields?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+This is still the gauge
+field and the phi.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So how do you get it?
+
+What's the series
+that you're summing?
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+series that you're summing?
+
+HONG LIU: Oh.
+
+I'm just saying in
+the string theory,
+
+typically you don't
+start by f squared.
+
+You have f cubed,
+f four, et cetera.
+
+You can sum all
+of them together.
+
+Even for the massless mode,
+these are just leading terms.
+
+And these terms would be the
+smallest number of derivatives,
+
+and so they dominate
+at low energies.
+
+But in general, even just
+for the effective serial
+
+massless mode, you can have
+many, many other terms.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+If we assume that partial
+alpha phi a is a constant,
+
+then we can solve out the phi
+a is proportional to x alpha.
+
+But how can you
+assume they're just
+
+the coordinate in target space?
+
+HONG LIU: No, no.
+
+This is a function of alpha.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+But since it's a
+function of x alpha,
+
+why it can be regarded as the
+coordinate in target space?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry.
+
+I don't understand.
+
+AUDIENCE: All the
+coordinates should
+
+be independent in target space.
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry.
+
+I don't understand.
+
+They are independent.
+
+These are the
+virtual coordinates.
+
+These are the volume
+coordinates of D-brane.
+
+And these are the target
+space coordinates.
+
+I'm just choosing the
+function of the target
+
+space coordinates.
+
+I'm choosing here
+just to be identical
+
+to the world-volume coordinate.
+
+And this one I choose
+to be some function
+
+of the world-volume coordinate.
+
+Of course I can do that.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So again, this highlights
+that D-brane is really
+
+a dynamical object.
+
+In fact, at low energies, they
+move like [INAUDIBLE] motion.
+
+And they actually
+move relativistically
+
+if you give enough
+velocity, et cetera.
+
+Because of the fluctuations
+of the D-brane,
+
+they become a really
+full dynamical object.
+
+They have a mass.
+
+They can move around.
+
+And now you can
+deform their shape.
+
+If you have enough energy,
+you can bend them, et cetera.
+
+You can do whatever you want.
+
+So let me mention
+one last thing.
+
+So you may ask,
+why somehow those
+
+fields which describe the
+motion of the D-brane,
+
+they're corresponding
+to the massless modes
+
+on the world-volume
+of the D-branes?
+
+Whether this is a
+coincidence, or why it somehow
+
+happens to be the massless
+mode on the D-brane
+
+which describes the
+motion of the D-brane.
+
+So this is not an accident.
+
+This is not an accident.
+
+The reason is
+that-- so why modes
+
+describing motions of D-branes
+appear as massless modes?
+
+So this is not accident.
+
+So underlying reason, it's
+because the underlying
+
+Minkowski space is
+translation invariant.
+
+So that means that no matter
+where you put the D-brane,
+
+it should be a
+well-defined configuration.
+
+Should be a well-defined
+configuration no matter where
+
+you put on the D-brane.
+
+Then that means that the
+[INAUDIBLE] action for the phi
+
+cannot contain a potential term.
+
+They cannot be potential term.
+
+They should not be, say,
+somewhere is the minimum,
+
+somewhere is the
+maximum, cannot happen.
+
+Everywhere must be the same.
+
+So it means the dependence
+on y can only be derivative.
+
+Can only depend on derivatives.
+
+And of course, at low energies,
+if you have derivatives,
+
+then can only be the
+massless particle.
+
+So translation invariant.
+
+So this means that any
+phi a equal to constant
+
+should be allowed
+configurations.
+
+That means cannot
+have potential.
+
+So max term is like
+a potential for phi.
+
+To say in the fancy words
+of Quantum Field Theory
+
+II or Quantum Field Theory III,
+that the phi a, in other words,
+
+phi a are the Goldstone
+bosons for breaking
+
+translation symmetries.
+
+So previously, Minkowski space
+is translation invariant.
+
+And now if you put
+a D-brane there,
+
+then you break that
+translation symmetry.
+
+The location of the D-brane
+breaks that translation
+
+symmetry.
+
+If I even put the
+D-brane anywhere,
+
+then that means the
+modes, the dynamics
+
+control the location
+of the D-brane
+
+must not have any potential,
+can only have derivative terms.
+
+So in other words, when
+you put the D-brane in,
+
+you spontaneously break
+the translation symmetry
+
+on the line in Minkowski space.
+
+So let me mention one thing.
+
+Then we can have a break.
+
+I'll mention one quick thing.
+
+So let me say a few words on
+the strength of the open string
+
+interactions.
+
+So previously, we described
+that the closed strings, they
+
+interact by such joining
+and splitting procedure.
+
+And the strength
+here is capped by gs.
+
+So the closed string coupling
+is essentially the gs,
+
+which describes such a process.
+
+So if you have an open
+string, of course you
+
+have a similar process, just
+string ends joined together.
+
+You can join string
+ends together.
+
+So here, you really
+just have open string.
+
+So now these lines are the
+boundaries of open string,
+
+or the endpoints of open string.
+
+So you have two open
+strings joined together
+
+from another one.
+
+So let's call this
+interaction go
+
+describing the interaction
+of the open string.
+
+So the question is, how
+is this go related to gs?
+
+And there's a single way
+we can figure it out.
+
+So let's consider the
+simplest situation.
+
+Just have open string
+propagate in time.
+
+Again, this is two
+boundaries open string.
+
+We just propagate in time.
+
+Now let's consider a
+more complicated process.
+
+So the open string
+propagates in time.
+
+So this is just a simple surface
+with one initial open string
+
+and one final open string.
+
+And you can see the
+complicated process
+
+because we have a
+hole in the middle.
+
+So now the string worksheet
+is like this, just this part.
+
+We have a hole in the middle.
+
+And this is another
+configuration
+
+to have some initial
+open string propagate
+
+to some final open string.
+
+So now we know, by counting
+we did before described here.
+
+So here, we're
+adding one boundary.
+
+We are adding one boundary.
+
+So this adds a boundary.
+
+So that means we must
+add a factor of gs.
+
+Because from this formula,
+this is g minus chi.
+
+And chi is minus b.
+
+So if we increase one
+boundary, then you
+
+increase a factor of gs.
+
+But we can also
+view this diagram
+
+as a single open
+string comes in.
+
+The opposite of this splits
+into two open strings
+
+and then they close together.
+
+So one split operation,
+and the one join operation.
+
+So that should
+correspond to go squared.
+
+So then this means that
+we conclude that gs must
+
+be proportional to go squared.
+
+The open string coupling
+strings is the square root
+
+of the closed
+string interaction.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+strength of the process when
+
+closed string becomes open
+string and vice versa?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the strength
+of the process when closed
+
+string becomes and open string?
+
+HONG LIU: Right.
+
+Yeah, you can
+consider such process.
+
+Again, you can just
+do it by counting
+
+the topology of the surface.
+
+Such process can exist.
+
+OK.
+
+Then let's have a short break.
+
+So what time is it?
+
+It's 38.
+
+When should we start again?
+
+41?
+
+OK, 41.
+
+Let's start at 41.
+
+So we have talked about
+D-branes, et cetera.
+
+And we have already seen
+some remarkable aspects
+
+of the D-brane,
+including this channel
+
+duality between the
+closed string exchange
+
+can be considered
+open string loop.
+
+And now we are going to see a
+lot of magic of the D-brane.
+
+And this comes when you put
+several D-branes together.
+
+So normally, our
+conventional intuition
+
+says if you find some
+particle, say in this case,
+
+you find the D-brane.
+
+So if you put two
+particles together,
+
+nothing much really changes.
+
+It's two particles.
+
+Put three particles together.
+
+Not much changes.
+
+It's three particles.
+
+But when you put multiple
+D-branes together,
+
+things change a lot in
+a very profound way.
+
+So now let's consider
+just two D-branes.
+
+So let's consider two D-branes.
+
+Let's consider example.
+
+So let me first just tell
+you the naive intuition.
+
+Suppose you have D-brane
+one, D-brane two.
+
+So for this one, we
+have a u1 gauge field.
+
+For this one, you
+have a u1 gauge field.
+
+Because each one, we have
+a gauge field, a Maxwell.
+
+When you put together,
+from conventional wisdom,
+
+you say, maybe I just
+have two Maxwell.
+
+From conventional
+wisdom, you two Maxwell.
+
+Naively, if I put them together,
+I just have two Maxwells.
+
+1 plus 1 equal to 2.
+
+But in string theory,
+1 plus 1 equal to 4.
+
+It's actually equal to 2.
+
+It's also equal to 2, depending
+on how you think about it.
+
+Anyway, one way to think about
+it is 1 plus 1 becomes 4.
+
+So to see 1 plus 1
+become 4 is very easy.
+
+So let's consider these two
+branes on top of each other.
+
+But in order to distinguish
+these two branes,
+
+I just separate
+them a little bit.
+
+But you should really think
+of them on top of each other.
+
+And so now you have
+four types of strings.
+
+You can have string going
+to 1, 1, going to 2, 2,
+
+then going to 1,
+2, going to 2, 1.
+
+So 2, 1 and 1, 2 are different
+because the oriented string.
+
+So I put arrow there.
+
+So this is from 1 to 2.
+
+This is from 2 to 1.
+
+So we have four types of
+strings-- 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1,
+
+2, 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is oriented--
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why the 1 to
+2, 2 to 1 are different?
+
+HONG LIU: It's because for
+this string, sigma 0 here.
+
+For this one, sigma pi there.
+
+For this string, sigma 0 there.
+
+And for this one,
+sigma pi there.
+
+Let me just elaborate
+on this point.
+
+So suppose I have
+a string like this.
+
+Then this string is sigma
+0 point ending on 1,
+
+sigma equal to pi ending on 2.
+
+But if I have a
+string like that,
+
+then there's a sigma 0 ending
+here and sigma pi ending there.
+
+So you have four
+types of open strings.
+
+And now if you think
+about how we quantize
+
+those strings, and the
+four types of open strings,
+
+they actually have
+identical spectrum.
+
+Because for all of them,
+the boundary conditions
+
+are exactly the same.
+
+Because the boundary
+conditions only
+
+know the location
+of the D-branes.
+
+So all four types
+of open strings
+
+have identical spectrum.
+
+So in other words, each
+string excitation--
+
+say this is the state on the
+worksheet-- each state becomes
+
+four states because
+I can label IJ.
+
+Now suppose I use I and
+J to label 1 and the 2.
+
+I and J can be 1 and 2.
+
+So depending on whether this
+is 1, 1 string, or 1, 2 string,
+
+or 2, 1 string, or 2, 2 string.
+
+So this is what I said
+1 plus 1 equal to 4.
+
+Because naively, you would
+say I have two massless modes.
+
+But now I have four.
+
+For example, the massless modes
+become four copies of them.
+
+In other words, you can think
+each open string excitation a 2
+
+by 2 matrix.
+
+I can use 2 index to label them.
+
+In particular, for example,
+the corresponding fields--
+
+so each string excitation
+corresponding to some field.
+
+For example, the gauge
+field associated with this
+
+now has two index, I
+J. And similar with phi
+
+a I J. Of course, this
+generalizes immediately
+
+to if you have n branes,
+then just becomes n times
+
+n matrices.
+
+So 1 plus 1 plus 1 to
+n becomes n squared.
+
+So now let me give some remarks.
+
+So this basic
+structure turns out
+
+to be, again, very,
+very profound.
+
+Now let me give some remarks.
+
+So there's a reason
+I call-- so this
+
+is something with the 2 index.
+
+So of course, you
+naturally call it a matrix.
+
+But there's another reason
+to think about this really
+
+as a matrix.
+
+It's because the
+strings, as we were
+
+doing there, the open
+strings, they interact
+
+by joining their ends.
+
+So this naturally leads to--
+when those strings interact
+
+with each other, and
+those parts naturally
+
+just emerges as a matrix
+product, I, J indices.
+
+So it's easy to see.
+
+So let me just draw that.
+
+Let me just do it here
+to save some time.
+
+Suppose this is I. This is J.
+So this is sigma equal to 0,
+
+sigma equal to pi.
+
+And the sigma equal to
+pi joins with stigma 0
+
+to end of the other one.
+
+But of course, if you want
+to join them together,
+
+their J's have to be the same.
+
+This is K. Then you go to I,
+K. And when they join together,
+
+then you sum of
+all possible J's.
+
+Then this is like
+a matrix product.
+
+So if I draw it in the
+diagram not very well.
+
+Now let me separate I,
+J, K to be three things.
+
+But they don't have
+to be separated.
+
+I, J, K can also be the same.
+
+But in order to
+emphasize this picture is
+
+that you have a string to go
+from I to J. Suppose this is I,
+
+this is J, this is
+K. Go from I to J,
+
+then from J to K. So
+sigma 0, sigma pi.
+
+And the pi end joins
+with the sigma 0 end.
+
+And then here, you
+get the string.
+
+So that diagram
+roughly can also be
+
+think of a diagram like this.
+
+Two strings join into one
+string with index I and K.
+
+And the I, K, K can
+all be the same.
+
+I just make them different
+to make it clear.
+
+And of course, when
+you join J together,
+
+you have the sum of them because
+they can be in principle all
+
+possible J's.
+
+So it naturally appears
+as a matrix product.
+
+Just follows by the nature
+of string interaction.
+
+And now there's another
+remarkable thing
+
+is that if you can see the phi
+a, so the same thing applies
+
+for a alpha applies
+to any field.
+
+It's that 1q-- so
+this corresponds
+
+to a string with sigma equal
+to 0 at 1 and sigma pi.
+
+So this corresponds
+to a 1, 2 string.
+
+And then we can also think
+about the 2, 1 string.
+
+So it turns out
+that these two can
+
+be considered as complex
+conjugates of each other
+
+for the following reason.
+
+Again, now let me just
+again separate this 1 and 2
+
+to make it clear.
+
+So this is a 1, 2 string.
+
+So this is a 2, 1 string.
+
+So I claim string interactions
+defined by this way
+
+have the following symmetry.
+
+So string interactions
+described by joining the ends
+
+or splitting the ends have
+the following symmetry.
+
+It's that I can associate
+each brane by a phase factor.
+
+So I explained to you i theta
+I. So I labeled to the brane
+
+and the theta can be some
+different-- can be a phase
+
+factor.
+
+And now the rule is
+that if the sigma is
+
+equal to 0 and on
+that brane, then
+
+I multiply it by the
+exponential of i theta I.
+
+And the sigma equal to pi
+ends on that brane, ends on I.
+
+Let me write it more explicit.
+
+So if sigma 0 ending
+on I, then I multiply
+
+by a phase factor,
+exponential i theta I.
+
+And if the sigma equal
+to pi factor ending on I,
+
+then I multiply by
+exponential minus i theta I.
+
+So let's consider
+this operation.
+
+And I claim this operation
+is the symmetry of the string
+
+interaction.
+
+So let's first consider if
+you just have a single brane.
+
+So if you have a single
+brane like this, then just
+
+nothing changes
+because you multiply
+
+one end by i theta and the other
+by exponential minus i theta,
+
+does not change.
+
+But now, if you have such
+kind of interactions,
+
+because the sigma 0 and
+sigma pi ends join together,
+
+and they can only join if they
+are ending on the same brane,
+
+then those factors
+always cancel each other.
+
+And so this would be a symmetry.
+
+Is this clear?
+
+So under this operation, phi
+a ending on the same brane
+
+is invariant.
+
+And phi a I J then transforms
+by a phase factor theta
+
+I minus theta J of phi
+a I J. And the phi a J
+
+I transforms as a factor
+minus I theta I minus theta J.
+
+So we can actually think of
+them as complex conjugates.
+
+So they're transforming opposite
+way under this phase change.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: And this is
+because we're considering
+
+them to be u1 branes?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this because we're
+considering them to be u1?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+This is a good point.
+
+I will talk about this more.
+
+Right now, let's think
+about each brane separately.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+In principle, can we write
+the interaction of open string
+
+with the same note,
+J, J by random number?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry.
+
+What do you mean
+by random number?
+
+AUDIENCE: Say it's I, J, K, L.
+
+HONG LIU: No, no, no.
+
+The strings can
+only join together
+
+if they're ending
+on the same brane.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+HONG LIU: So the J's
+have to be the same.
+
+So this guarantees that
+this will symmetry.
+
+Good?
+
+So in this sense, they're
+complex conjugates.
+
+And now we can build on
+this a little bit further.
+
+So this actually works.
+
+Doesn't matter
+whether the branes are
+
+coincident or not coincident.
+
+This is a generally true.
+
+Now let's consider
+all the branes
+
+are coincident with each other.
+
+So for coincidental
+branes, since branes
+
+are indistinguishable
+from each other,
+
+so they are higher
+dimensional generalization
+
+of what we call
+identical particles.
+
+So if they're
+indistinguishable from each,
+
+we can shuffle their indices.
+
+We should have the symmetry
+to reshuffle their symmetries.
+
+So whether we call this 1,
+1 or this 1, 2 or this 1,
+
+1 should not matter.
+
+So if I combine these two facts,
+two observations together,
+
+then when we have n
+coincidental branes,
+
+then there's in
+fact u(n) symmetry.
+
+If that whole string
+interaction is invariant, say
+
+if I have psi, I, J goes to say
+U, I, K, U, J, L, star, psi, K,
+
+L. So back here on U
+just corresponding to I
+
+reshuffle all the indices.
+
+So I have to do the same to U.
+So I reshuffle the two indices
+
+in the same way.
+
+But I have a star here.
+
+It's because of this reason.
+
+Because in some sense,
+the sigma 0 and sigma pi,
+
+they're only symmetries if I
+multiply opposite phase factor.
+
+I can rewrite this
+as a matrix notation.
+
+If you think about
+each side as a matrix,
+
+then this is the
+symmetry corresponding
+
+to psi U psi dagger.
+
+And the U can be arbitrary
+unitary matrices.
+
+So in fact, when you have n
+coincidental branes together,
+
+there's u(n) symmetries for
+the string interactions.
+
+So to say it in a more
+fancy mathematical language
+
+is that each open
+string excitation
+
+transforms under the adjunct
+representation of this u(n).
+
+So this is like a
+join representation.
+
+If you have u(n)
+symmetry, then this
+
+is like a join representation.
+
+So on the string worksheet, this
+is really a global symmetry.
+
+So it's just a phase factor
+associated with each n.
+
+There's nothing.
+
+It's a global symmetry.
+
+But the remarkable thing
+is that in the space time,
+
+this becomes a gauge symmetry.
+
+So this tells you, because of
+the presence of this u(n) gauge
+
+symmetry and
+because of each mode
+
+transforms under a join
+representation of some u(n),
+
+that as a space-time
+field, they also
+
+must transform under a join
+representation of some u(n).
+
+And interpreting the
+space-time, then this u(n)
+
+must be a gauge symmetry.
+
+On the worksheet, it's
+a global symmetry.
+
+But in space-time-- so
+let me just write it down.
+
+In space-time--
+or in other words,
+
+in the world volume
+of D-branes, this u(n)
+
+must be a gauge symmetry
+for the following reason.
+
+Because the only way
+we know-- for example,
+
+this gauge field
+becomes transformed
+
+under a join representation
+of some u(n) symmetry.
+
+And all the excitations
+will have this symmetry.
+
+And then the only
+way we can make
+
+sense the gauge field
+under such symmetry
+
+is that this is a gauge
+symmetry and this is the gauge
+
+boson for that symmetry.
+
+Is it clear?
+
+So let me just say it in words.
+
+It must be a gauge symmetry.
+
+And in particular, a alpha I J
+must be the corresponding gauge
+
+bosons.
+
+Because this is the only way
+we know how to make sense,
+
+because this is the
+only way we know
+
+can happen at low energies.
+
+Some gauge fields transformed
+as a matrix interact
+
+with each other.
+
+And this can only be
+Yang-Mills theory.
+
+And if this is
+Yang-Mills theory,
+
+then this must be
+a gauge symmetry.
+
+So this is the basic argument.
+
+And at low energies, we
+must have Yang-Mills theory.
+
+So something remarkable happens.
+
+So each D-brane, when
+we separate them.
+
+is a Maxwell theory.
+
+When you put them together,
+they become Yang-Mills theory.
+
+And somehow, they
+become non-Rubinian.
+
+And everything comes from,
+in the very trivial way
+
+in string theory, you
+just count the indicies.
+
+But the physical
+implication is profound.
+
+And this can be
+confirmed, again,
+
+by just starting
+the explicit string
+
+theory scattering amplitude.
+
+You can calculate the scattering
+of 3a in string theory.
+
+Then you find it's precisely--
+at low energy, precisely given,
+
+but the same vertex as the
+Yang-Mills theory, et cetera.
+
+So you can do that.
+
+Then you find the low
+energy effective action can
+
+be written as the following.
+
+Some Yang-Mills coupling trace.
+
+Let me just write down
+the Yang-Mills theory.
+
+You find the low
+energy effective action
+
+can be written in this form.
+
+So this is standard
+Yang-Mills field strings
+
+because now everything
+is a matrix.
+
+Everything is a matrix.
+
+And both A alpha and phi a
+now are embedded in matrices.
+
+So this g Yang-Mills is
+the Yang-Mills coupling
+
+which describes how the
+gauge fields interact
+
+with each other.
+
+And obviously, this should
+be related to the open string
+
+interaction because-- I think
+I have already erased it.
+
+This kind of interaction,
+joining the string.
+
+This corresponding
+to two strings
+
+joined into one string, and
+this proportional to g0.
+
+And this, from the field
+theory point of view,
+
+it just controls the
+interaction of the three A's.
+
+So that must be the
+Yang-Mills coupling.
+
+So this must be the
+Yang-Mills coupling.
+
+And then this should
+be related to gs
+
+to the power 1/2, which we
+just derived slightly earlier.
+
+So now, on dimensional ground,
+the g Yang-Mills square
+
+can be written as--
+let me write it here.
+
+This is an important formula.
+
+On dimensional grounds,
+the g Yang-Mills square,
+
+I should be able
+to write it as gs.
+
+So on the Yang-Mills
+coupling, we
+
+will use the standard
+convention that A
+
+has the dimension of mass.
+
+And then this is a
+dimension 4 object.
+
+And this is a
+dimension p plus 1.
+
+And so the Yang-Mills
+coupling, you
+
+can deduce the dimension of
+the Yang-Mills coupling there.
+
+And it just turns out to
+be p minus 3 dense-- again,
+
+because alpha prime in string
+theory is only length scale.
+
+So the alpha prime
+must come from here.
+
+And then times some constant.
+
+So again, dp is just
+some numerical constant.
+
+And you can see explicitly
+that when p equal to 3,
+
+then you have d3 brane.
+
+Then the world volume
+theory is four dimensional.
+
+Then we recall that
+in four dimensions,
+
+Yang-Mills theory
+is dimensionless.
+
+QCD [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Good?
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What to do with phi h?
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: What to do with phi h?
+
+HONG LIU: What to do with phi h?
+
+What do you mean what
+to do with phi h?
+
+AUDIENCE: Scalar
+color particles?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+I forgot to mention here is the
+standard derivative, covariant
+
+derivative.
+
+So the alpha phi a is just
+the standard particle phi
+
+a minus i a alpha phi a.
+
+So it's the standard gauge
+covariant derivative.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't phi be more
+fundamental presentation of--
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+Everything is to the
+join because everything
+
+has two ends.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how to
+interpret phi, then, in our--
+
+HONG LIU: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: From the present
+zoology of particles,
+
+where to put phi, the
+observed particles?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: If a is just the
+gauge boson [INAUDIBLE]
+
+or something, what is phi?
+
+HONG LIU: Phi is
+some scalar field
+
+transformed on the join
+representation of the gauge
+
+group.
+
+It's a matter field describing
+the motion of the brane.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+There you say that we can
+reshuffle their indexes.
+
+So that symmetry should
+be permutation symmetry?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+HONG LIU: But I reshuffle
+because I say it
+
+in the more heuristic way.
+
+But normally, if the indices
+is not-- these are the states.
+
+And you can just
+swivel-post them.
+
+A different i, they
+should be the same thing.
+
+They're just corresponding to
+relabeling, I'm just saying.
+
+The lateral action of anything
+on the state, of course,
+
+is the unitary transformation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there
+anything to do with that?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+That thing is
+related to this star,
+
+why we put this star here.
+
+This is the reason why
+we put the star there,
+
+because the two
+endpoints, they should
+
+transform in opposite way.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Since the
+branes become dynamical,
+
+can't they fluctuate
+in different ways
+
+and so no longer coincide?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Since the
+branes are dynamical,
+
+you put them all in
+one place at first.
+
+But can't they now start
+fluctuating and separate?
+
+HONG LIU: They can certainly.
+
+AUDIENCE: They're
+no longer symmetric.
+
+They become distinguishable.
+
+HONG LIU: They can
+certainly start
+
+moving apart if you give
+them some initial motion.
+
+But the fluctuation,
+the system is isotropic.
+
+There's no place for them
+to-- they will fluctuate,
+
+but they will still at
+that point on average.
+
+There's no preferred
+direction for them
+
+to go unless you give
+them a direction.
+
+You say, I want them to
+go in that direction.
+
+Then you push them.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you
+can still think
+
+of them fluctuating
+kind of separately,
+
+separating in
+their fluctuations?
+
+HONG LIU: Sure.
+
+This a are their fluctuations.
+
+Phi are their fluctuations.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this commutative
+term belonging to the effective
+
+action an interaction between
+the D-branes or is it--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+Good point.
+
+Let me just comment
+on this term.
+
+So if you think about
+it, as we said before,
+
+a D-brane, no matter
+what dimension
+
+of the D-brane, the story
+when we quantize them,
+
+they're almost the same.
+
+It's the same spectrum.
+
+If you have a
+space-feeling brane
+
+that everything is
+A alpha, and then
+
+if you have some lower
+dimensional brane, some of them
+
+become scalar field, et cetera.
+
+So essentially, they all
+have the same dynamics.
+
+So this interaction can be
+considered just come from here.
+
+So you can start with a
+space time feeling brane,
+
+and then you go to
+lower dimensions.
+
+And then this just can be
+considered to come from there.
+
+It's part of the gauge theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the whole
+low energy actions
+
+are the action of supergravity
+plus this D-brane interaction,
+
+you can think of the
+whole low energy action?
+
+HONG LIU: You mean if you
+include the closed string?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+That's right, if
+you have D-branes.
+
+That's right.
+
+This is effective
+action on the D-brane.
+
+This is the effective
+action on the D-brane.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean if you
+extend D-brane [INAUDIBLE],
+
+then where does this
+action come from?
+
+HONG LIU: No, that's
+what you said.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's just two
+actions crossed together?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+Good?
+
+AUDIENCE: Excuse me.
+
+How come it has the
+term in action that's
+
+proportional to phi
+without derivative?
+
+HONG LIU: No.
+
+They have derivative.
+
+This is covariant derivatives.
+
+AUDIENCE: The commutator.
+
+HONG LIU: No, but phi have
+covariant derivatives.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the next time.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: That thing appears
+to be proportional to phi
+
+without derivative.
+
+HONG LIU: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: But this is the
+Minkowski space or something.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+That's a very good point.
+
+I'm going to mention that point.
+
+But the key is that this
+particular potential-- this
+
+is a very good point.
+
+I'm going to mention that.
+
+I will mention that
+in a few minutes.
+
+I do because I do want
+you to do your p-set.
+
+So now let's consider
+separating the branes.
+
+Now we will consider
+separating the branes.
+
+Again, let's consider
+the situation
+
+we just have two of them.
+
+So at the beginning,
+they're coincidental.
+
+And then now let's separate
+them in some direction.
+
+Let's call that direction x.
+
+So let's say they separate
+by some distance, d.
+
+This is 1, this is 2.
+
+So of course, this 1, 1
+and 2, 2 string, nothing
+
+changes because they're just
+still ending on the same brane.
+
+But those strings
+are now different.
+
+So now 1, 2 and 2, 1
+strings become different.
+
+So 1, 1, 2, 2, exactly
+the same as before.
+
+And the 1, 2 string.
+
+For example, let's
+consider the 1, 2 string.
+
+Then the boundary
+condition changes
+
+in the way I have sigma equal
+to 0, say, in the x direction.
+
+Sigma equal to 0.
+
+Tau, say, is at some location.
+
+Let's call this x0.
+
+And then x sigma equal to pi
+tau then becomes x0 plus d.
+
+So now it means when
+you contact this string,
+
+you have to do a slightly
+modified boundary condition.
+
+So you have start
+with x equal to 0.
+
+Now you must include a
+term depend on sigma.
+
+And again, as before,
+we take the xL
+
+to be minus xR and
+periodic, et cetera.
+
+So for sigma equal to 0,
+then this boundary condition
+
+is satisfied.
+
+But in order to satisfy the
+boundary condition at pi,
+
+then you now need this w
+equal to d divided by pi.
+
+You need to develop
+d divided by pi.
+
+So now, you have a sigma term.
+
+So that will change your
+[INAUDIBLE] condition.
+
+So remember the
+[INAUDIBLE] condition
+
+we had before is something like
+this, q alpha prime p minus,
+
+say, is p plus 4 pi alpha prime.
+
+Say for the open string.
+
+I'm writing the
+open string version,
+
+which is, up to some numerical
+factor, the same as closed
+
+string we wrote down before.
+
+So now, because of
+this term, then there's
+
+additional contribution
+on the right hand side.
+
+It makes sense
+because now string
+
+has to be stretched
+over some distance.
+
+That costs energy.
+
+So take one minute
+to do it yourselves.
+
+Just plug this into here.
+
+You only need to look at
+the behavior of this term.
+
+Just plug in there.
+
+Take you, say, five seconds.
+
+You find that the
+massless condition now
+
+has one more term plus
+the rest, as before.
+
+And that means now all the
+previously massless particle,
+
+this here with the
+corresponding a alpha and phi a,
+
+are no longer massless.
+
+Because previously,
+they were massless
+
+because those terms are 0.
+
+But now you have one more term.
+
+And they have a mass
+given by M divided
+
+by d divided by 2 alpha prime.
+
+Just take the
+square root of that.
+
+And because this is precisely
+the d times the string tension,
+
+because 1 over 2 pi alpha
+prime is the string tension.
+
+So this is exactly the
+energy we expect, just
+
+from a classical picture.
+
+You have a string
+stretched between the two.
+
+Then this is the tension times
+the length of the string.
+
+So now you can also
+easily understand
+
+what's going on from field
+theory point of view.
+
+And now you only have two
+sets of massless modes
+
+now rather than four.
+
+So what's happening is that now,
+the gauge symmetry is broken
+
+from u(2) to u(1) times u(1).
+
+So the separation of
+the branes essentially
+
+corresponding to
+the Higgs mechanism
+
+in the following sense.
+
+When you separate
+the brane, I said
+
+before phi should be
+interpreted as the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+location of the brane.
+
+But you separate the brane.
+
+That means one of the
+five fields corresponding
+
+to the x-- the x is in
+the transverse direction
+
+for the brane.
+
+One of the five fields
+corresponding to the x
+
+must develop expectation value.
+
+And that expectation value
+then gives rise to this mass.
+
+So this is precisely
+a Higgs mechanism.
+
+So now let's go
+back to the question
+
+what this potential term
+means, whether we can actually,
+
+as we said before, because
+of the translation symmetry,
+
+in principle, we can
+pull the brane anywhere.
+
+And now, I'm out of time.
+
+So let me just say, if you
+look at this potential,
+
+this becomes 0 precisely
+when phi a and phi b all
+
+become commutes.
+
+So that means we can diagonalize
+the phi corresponding to all
+
+the transverse directions.
+
+You can diagonalize
+phi corresponding
+
+to all the transverse
+directions.
+
+And then they correspond
+to the location
+
+you put all your branes.
+
+Go do your p-set, and you will
+see a more explicit discussion
+
+of this.
+
+And then one final remark.
+
+At the beginning, you started
+with n branes together.
+
+And then because of this,
+we can separate them.
+
+So we can find a solution
+which, say they commute.
+
+We separate them into different
+stacks, n1, n2, n3, et cetera.
+
+So this corresponds to
+the configuration of phi.
+
+So let me just write
+all phi as a vector.
+
+Say there's a1, n1 of
+them at location a1,
+
+and n2 of them at
+location a2, and ak.
+
+If I separate them into n
+stacks, then will be like this.
+
+So n1 of them at location a1,
+and n2 of them at location a2.
+
+You can check.
+
+So this is n1 times
+n1 identity matrix.
+
+This is n2 times n2.
+
+And you can check that such
+a configuration does satisfy
+
+this condition so
+that you actually
+
+can separate the brane
+into such configurations.
+
+And in this case, then
+the gauge symmetry
+
+is broken into u
+n1 times u n2 times
+
+u nk, because only those points
+[INAUDIBLE] parts survives.
+
+And all the other strings
+between them become massive.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's stop here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kC2SEiGaqoA.txt b/kC2SEiGaqoA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e133a9bae058e8a48f656ef9b5aa5fb70dd9c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kC2SEiGaqoA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
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+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so uh I want to welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh I want to welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh I want to welcome
+everybody here in Singapore or there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here in Singapore or there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here in Singapore or there in
+Singapore and here in Cambridge uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and here in Cambridge uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and here in Cambridge uh my
+name is Dwayne bonning I'll be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Dwayne bonning I'll be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Dwayne bonning I'll be one of
+the two lecturers for our class uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lecturers for our class uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lecturers for our class uh we'll
+get into some of those those Logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of those those Logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of those those Logistics
+and details in a minute but we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details in a minute but we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details in a minute but we've got
+some preliminary things since we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some preliminary things since we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some preliminary things since we've uh
+started uh videotaping you already one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh videotaping you already one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh videotaping you already one
+thing uh you need to know is there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh you need to know is there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh you need to know is there is a
+video recording policy pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video recording policy pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video recording policy pretty much
+everybody here will be vide taped if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here will be vide taped if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here will be vide taped if you
+don't want to be videotaped there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be videotaped there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be videotaped there are a
+couple of seats here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of seats here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of seats here on the right
+if you do want to be videotaped you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do want to be videotaped you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do want to be videotaped you can
+come and and be accessible and viewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and and be accessible and viewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and and be accessible and viewable
+right at the front you can see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the front you can see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the front you can see there's
+these little red tabs on the on the desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little red tabs on the on the desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little red tabs on the on the desk
+that's in the blind spot of the video so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the blind spot of the video so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the blind spot of the video so
+um I think some of these were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think some of these were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think some of these were being
+handed out as you were coming in but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out as you were coming in but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out as you were coming in but if
+you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get
+them here's another copy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here's another copy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here's another copy of that
+videotaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy so what what we do is uh most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so what what we do is uh most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so what what we do is uh most of
+these lectures are of course live uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures are of course live uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures are of course live uh
+video link with Singapore uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video link with Singapore uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video link with Singapore uh there are
+occasions in the calendar where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions in the calendar where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions in the calendar where it's a
+holiday in one place or the other when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday in one place or the other when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday in one place or the other when
+it's a holiday here we don't meet when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a holiday here we don't meet when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a holiday here we don't meet when
+it's a h holiday in Singapore but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a h holiday in Singapore but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a h holiday in Singapore but not a
+holiday here we will still meet here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday here we will still meet here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday here we will still meet here in
+Cambridge but the video version uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge but the video version uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge but the video version uh of
+the local lecture will be available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local lecture will be available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local lecture will be available on
+the website so that uh folks in sing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so that uh folks in sing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so that uh folks in sing can
+can catch up uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catch up uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catch up uh on
+that and in fact we understand the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact we understand the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact we understand the first
+one of those is this coming Thursday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is this coming Thursday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is this coming Thursday is
+everybody ready for your your holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody ready for your your holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody ready for your your holiday
+it's been a a long hard term already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a a long hard term already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a a long hard term already
+right is that right Singapore okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that right Singapore okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that right Singapore okay so
+yeah that's the Chinese New Year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the Chinese New Year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the Chinese New Year so
+there'll be no no class meeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be no no class meeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be no no class meeting in
+Singapore on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evening let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh has everybody found their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh has everybody found their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh has everybody found their way to
+the Stellar website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stellar website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stellar website
+already anybody who has not seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already anybody who has not seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already anybody who has not seen the
+Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar
+website for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for this
+class um I'm asking in part because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I'm asking in part because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I'm asking in part because if
+you are not actually registered let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not actually registered let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not actually registered let me
+go to the Stellar site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Stellar site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Stellar site
+here I think this is oh this may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this is oh this may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this is oh this may not be
+viewable in in Singapore but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewable in in Singapore but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewable in in Singapore but you
+basically uh this is accessible only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh this is accessible only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh this is accessible only to
+those registered in the class I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those registered in the class I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those registered in the class I believe
+uh so if if you're having trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if if you're having trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if if you're having trouble
+getting to the website please email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the website please email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the website please email me
+right away and we will add you to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away and we will add you to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away and we will add you to the to
+the roster even even before you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roster even even before you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roster even even before you get
+registered uh it will be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered uh it will be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered uh it will be important
+because all of the materials for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the materials for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of the materials for the
+class are deployed through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are deployed through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are deployed through the uh
+through the website in fact it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the website in fact it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the website in fact it'll be
+very rare when we have any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare when we have any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare when we have any kind of
+handouts to give in class the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts to give in class the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts to give in class the lecture
+notes reading material reading uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes reading material reading uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes reading material reading uh uh
+backup uh assignments weekly problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup uh assignments weekly problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup uh assignments weekly problem
+sets all of that material is through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets all of that material is through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets all of that material is through the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+okay now what I will typically do let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I will typically do let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I will typically do let me
+see if I can get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can get back
+here uh usually I will try to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh usually I will try to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh usually I will try to have the
+uh the PowerPoint slides loaded a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the PowerPoint slides loaded a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the PowerPoint slides loaded a day
+before the lecture uh one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture uh one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture uh one thing that I
+noticed in a few past years is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in a few past years is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in a few past years is is
+sometimes little groups of of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes little groups of of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes little groups of of students
+would uh work together and delegate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh work together and delegate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh work together and delegate
+somebody to print out the lecture slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to print out the lecture slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to print out the lecture slides
+uh and bring a set of copies for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and bring a set of copies for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and bring a set of copies for their
+little group so for example the lfm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little group so for example the lfm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little group so for example the lfm
+students would often have one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would often have one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would often have one person
+printing out that morning or or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out that morning or or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out that morning or or or the
+night before if they were available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before if they were available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before if they were available so
+you guys can self-organize if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can self-organize if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can self-organize if you
+actually like having any kind of print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like having any kind of print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like having any kind of print
+out to take notes on a copy of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to take notes on a copy of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to take notes on a copy of the the
+PowerPoint slides uh feel free to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides uh feel free to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides uh feel free to print
+those out or self-organize to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out or self-organize to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out or self-organize to uh to to
+share that share that Duty again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that share that Duty again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that share that Duty again we're
+not going to uh be making copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to uh be making copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to uh be making copies
+available uh directly uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh directly uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh directly uh in the
+class so what I want to do first off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so what I want to do first off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so what I want to do first off uh
+uh is talk a little bit about uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is talk a little bit about uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is talk a little bit about uh the the
+class and the assumed prerequisites for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the assumed prerequisites for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the assumed prerequisites for
+the class and then we'll come back and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then we'll come back and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then we'll come back and I
+want to sort of get us uh to know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of get us uh to know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of get us uh to know each
+other I know many of you have had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I know many of you have had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I know many of you have had some
+classes together uh others of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes together uh others of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes together uh others of you are
+perhaps new uh to each other so want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps new uh to each other so want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps new uh to each other so want to
+share a little bit of experiences so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a little bit of experiences so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a little bit of experiences so we
+know what the Baseline of experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the Baseline of experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the Baseline of experience is
+uh because this class is meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this class is meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this class is meant to be
+fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+interactive uh it is a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive uh it is a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive uh it is a manufacturing
+process control class and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control class and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control class and one of the
+best things about it is many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things about it is many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best things about it is many of the
+students in the class have an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class have an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class have an awful lot
+of experience for example the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience for example the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience for example the students
+in the leaders for manufacturing program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the leaders for manufacturing program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the leaders for manufacturing program
+lfm uh are typically coming from several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lfm uh are typically coming from several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lfm uh are typically coming from several
+years of industrial experience uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of industrial experience uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of industrial experience uh
+similarly uh you know students have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh you know students have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly uh you know students have had
+a lot of experience whether it be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience whether it be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience whether it be doing
+experimental uh uh work with processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh uh work with processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uh uh work with processes
+in as part of their PHD program or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as part of their PHD program or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as part of their PHD program or what
+have you so so uh it is meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so so uh it is meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so so uh it is meant to be
+interactive we depend on you sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive we depend on you sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive we depend on you sharing
+your experiences your insights your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiences your insights your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiences your insights your
+doubts in many cases those can be often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts in many cases those can be often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts in many cases those can be often
+the most interesting part of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting part of the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting part of the subject
+say I tried that it didn't work here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I tried that it didn't work here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I tried that it didn't work here's
+why because a lot of the class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a lot of the class is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because a lot of the class is about
+tools and experiences uh for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and experiences uh for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and experiences uh for dealing
+with manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manufacturing
+processes uh and then we'll get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh and then we'll get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh and then we'll get into a
+little bit more of the the details some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of the the details some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of the the details some
+of the core schedule and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core schedule and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core schedule and some of the
+other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh
+Logistics in fact jumping ahead a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics in fact jumping ahead a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics in fact jumping ahead a little
+bit here there's kind of a long chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here there's kind of a long chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here there's kind of a long chain
+listed formally on the uh uh course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed formally on the uh uh course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed formally on the uh uh course
+catalog for prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog for prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog for prerequisite
+says things like 2.8 or 2810 or 6152 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says things like 2.8 or 2810 or 6152 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says things like 2.8 or 2810 or 6152 J
+uh and then also a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also a couple of other
+subjects like 6041 or 15064 J what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects like 6041 or 15064 J what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects like 6041 or 15064 J what I
+mean what we intend to convey with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what we intend to convey with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what we intend to convey with these
+prerequisites is number one they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites is number one they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites is number one they're not
+specific hard prerequisites for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific hard prerequisites for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific hard prerequisites for those
+subjects what we mean to convey is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects what we mean to convey is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects what we mean to convey is you
+should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have
+hopefully uh some substantial experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh some substantial experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully uh some substantial experience
+with some manufacturing process process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some manufacturing process process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some manufacturing process process
+so that's things like 2810 6152 J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's things like 2810 6152 J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's things like 2810 6152 J so
+2810 is essentially the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2810 is essentially the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2810 is essentially the manufacturing
+physics subject uh manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics subject uh manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics subject uh manufacturing
+processes subject in course two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes subject in course two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes subject in course two I
+recognize some of you for that I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some of you for that I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some of you for that I think I
+gave a a guest lecture in in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a a guest lecture in in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a a guest lecture in in in that
+subject uh uh ON Semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh uh ON Semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject uh uh ON Semiconductor
+manufacturing so so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so so that would be one
+example uh 6152 J is a course 6 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh 6152 J is a course 6 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh 6152 J is a course 6 uh
+electrical engineering computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering computer science
+subject on microfabrication not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject on microfabrication not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject on microfabrication not only
+semiconductor but also Mims uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor but also Mims uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor but also Mims uh
+microfabrication and so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabrication and so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabrication and so that would be
+another example through coursework where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example through coursework where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example through coursework where
+you might have gotten that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have gotten that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have gotten that kind of
+experience and then similarly you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then similarly you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then similarly you might
+have actual true industrial experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual true industrial experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actual true industrial experience
+so the goal here is actually to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal here is actually to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal here is actually to just go
+deep enough or or build on uh a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep enough or or build on uh a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep enough or or build on uh a deep
+enough knowledge of some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowledge of some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowledge of some process
+technology in this semester of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in this semester of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in this semester of this
+subject I will actually be uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I will actually be uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject I will actually be uh using
+semiconductor process technology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process technology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process technology a
+little bit more than we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than we have some
+semesters in the past to illustrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semesters in the past to illustrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semesters in the past to illustrate and
+demonstrate and uh to get some practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate and uh to get some practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate and uh to get some practice
+with some of the concepts that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the concepts that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the concepts that we're
+dealing with here but many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here but many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here but many of the
+problems will also deal with macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will also deal with macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems will also deal with macroscopic
+uh processes from metal bending to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes from metal bending to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes from metal bending to to uh
+to uh forming and other other sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh forming and other other sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh forming and other other sorts of
+uh processes uh a little later uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes uh a little later uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processes uh a little later uh we
+expect Dave Hart who is the co- lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Dave Hart who is the co- lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Dave Hart who is the co- lecture
+he'll be here and and his background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be here and and his background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll be here and and his background
+especially emphasizes sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially emphasizes sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially emphasizes sort of the the
+panoply of mechanical uh uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoply of mechanical uh uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoply of mechanical uh uh and
+broad-based uh process Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad-based uh process Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad-based uh process Technologies
+whereas my experience is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas my experience is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas my experience is a little bit
+more solidly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solidly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solidly in
+microfabrication uh both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabrication uh both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabrication uh both in
+semiconductor and more recently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and more recently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and more recently in
+microelectromechanical systems or mems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectromechanical systems or mems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectromechanical systems or mems
+uh fabrication so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fabrication so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fabrication so that's one of the
+prerequisites now the other prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites now the other prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites now the other prerequisite
+that we kind of assume assume and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of assume assume and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of assume assume and if you
+don't have you might be uh doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you might be uh doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you might be uh doing a
+little bit of quick background reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of quick background reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of quick background reading
+is indicated by things like 6041 or 1564
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indicated by things like 6041 or 1564
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indicated by things like 6041 or 1564
+and that is some basic probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is some basic probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is some basic probability in
+statistics uh we'll actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh we'll actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics uh we'll actually be
+developing quite a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing quite a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing quite a bit of the
+statistical Machinery so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Machinery so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical Machinery so if you don't
+haven't had a full subject in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had a full subject in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had a full subject in that uh
+not to worry I recognize many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to worry I recognize many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to worry I recognize many of you
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+from is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it
+2853 2854
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2853 2854
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2853 2854
+get that subject right that's Stan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that subject right that's Stan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that subject right that's Stan
+gershwin's manufacturing process or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gershwin's manufacturing process or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gershwin's manufacturing process or what
+is it manufacturing uh systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it manufacturing uh systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it manufacturing uh systems
+Manufacturing Systems where where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing Systems where where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing Systems where where we had
+a a two or three lecture sequence on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a two or three lecture sequence on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a two or three lecture sequence on on
+basic uh statistics and statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh statistics and statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh statistics and statistical
+modeling we'll actually revisit some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we'll actually revisit some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we'll actually revisit some of
+that uh so you'll see some of that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so you'll see some of that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so you'll see some of that again
+but then be applying that to uh problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then be applying that to uh problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then be applying that to uh problems
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+manufacturing okay this year there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing okay this year there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing okay this year there are
+I'll go over this uh detail and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over this uh detail and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over this uh detail and then
+we'll come back to um get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to um get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to um get some
+introductions from you guys uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions from you guys uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions from you guys uh this
+semester we actually have two required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we actually have two required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we actually have two required
+textbooks uh the great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh the great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh the great thing
+is a new book has come out it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new book has come out it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new book has come out it came out
+nominally 2006 but it was only available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally 2006 but it was only available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally 2006 but it was only available
+starting last year and that's uh book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting last year and that's uh book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting last year and that's uh book by
+Gary May and Costa Spanos uh Gary May is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gary May and Costa Spanos uh Gary May is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gary May and Costa Spanos uh Gary May is
+a Georgia Tech C spanis at UC Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Georgia Tech C spanis at UC Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Georgia Tech C spanis at UC Berkeley
+and they uh had developed a course ON
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh had developed a course ON
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh had developed a course ON
+Semiconductor process control that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor process control that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor process control that was
+very close to a subject in the dim dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to a subject in the dim dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to a subject in the dim dark
+past that I used to teach dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that I used to teach dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that I used to teach dedicated
+entirely to semiconductor process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely to semiconductor process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely to semiconductor process
+control so finally we have a book for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so finally we have a book for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so finally we have a book for
+that uh it's a nice condensed book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's a nice condensed book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's a nice condensed book and
+you all should uh try to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all should uh try to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all should uh try to get that
+because we're going to have readings uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have readings uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have readings uh
+from this book starting pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book starting pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book starting pretty quickly
+so you might have to go to Amazon do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have to go to Amazon do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have to go to Amazon do
+two-day shipping or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-day shipping or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-day shipping or something like that
+if somebody has Amazon Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody has Amazon Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody has Amazon Prime
+you can you can use that and get free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can use that and get free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can use that and get free
+shipping I don't know if any of you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping I don't know if any of you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping I don't know if any of you do
+that but the other book is Introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the other book is Introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the other book is Introduction
+to statistical quality control this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to statistical quality control this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to statistical quality control this is
+more broad-based this illustrates uh May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broad-based this illustrates uh May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broad-based this illustrates uh May
+Spanos illustrate everything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanos illustrate everything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanos illustrate everything with
+semiconductor process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process
+technology uh Montgomery is uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh Montgomery is uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh Montgomery is uh basically
+statistical process control a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control a little bit
+of design of experiments it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design of experiments it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design of experiments it really
+emphasizes the statistical Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the statistical Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the statistical Machinery
+that we're going to be using uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be using uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be using uh so you
+are expected to either go and get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to either go and get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expected to either go and get both
+of those both of these books have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those both of these books have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those both of these books have been
+put on reserve in the MIT Library so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on reserve in the MIT Library so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on reserve in the MIT Library so if
+you don't want to spend the money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to spend the money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to spend the money you
+can I guess do the painful thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I guess do the painful thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I guess do the painful thing of
+trying to go to the library and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go to the library and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go to the library and and and
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um at least the Montgomery book is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least the Montgomery book is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least the Montgomery book is a
+great book to have on your bookshelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book to have on your bookshelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book to have on your bookshelf
+long term it's a very it'll be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term it's a very it'll be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term it's a very it'll be a great
+reference book throughout your career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference book throughout your career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference book throughout your career
+the semiconductor process control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor process control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor process control
+certainly if you're going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you're going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you're going in the
+semiconductor area that's that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor area that's that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor area that's that's also
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+useful okay so the grading in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so the grading in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so the grading in the class
+the way this works is we will have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this works is we will have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this works is we will have I
+think it's something like eight weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's something like eight weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's something like eight weekly
+problem sets primarily in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets primarily in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets primarily in the first
+two-thirds of the class and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the class and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of the class and then in the
+last third of the class we stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last third of the class we stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last third of the class we stop the
+problem sets uh and you'll go into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets uh and you'll go into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets uh and you'll go into a a
+uh Team project the problem sets will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Team project the problem sets will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Team project the problem sets will
+comprise about 40% of the grade in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 40% of the grade in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 40% of the grade in the
+class we'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll have two
+quizzes uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes uh one
+about a little bit more than a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit more than a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit more than a third of
+the way through another one a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through another one a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through another one a little bit
+more than 2/ thirds of the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 2/ thirds of the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 2/ thirds of the way through
+uh those are about 40% of the grade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are about 40% of the grade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are about 40% of the grade in
+the class the good thing about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the good thing about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the good thing about having
+those quizzes during the term is we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quizzes during the term is we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quizzes during the term is we do
+not have a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a final
+exam anybody heartbroken about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam anybody heartbroken about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam anybody heartbroken about
+that okay however uh the reason we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay however uh the reason we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay however uh the reason we don't
+is that in that last third or quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in that last third or quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in that last third or quarter of
+the class class we we switch gears a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class class we we switch gears a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class class we we switch gears a
+little bit and ask you to start applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and ask you to start applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and ask you to start applying
+some of the techniques and and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the techniques and and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the techniques and and tools
+that will have been talked about through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have been talked about through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have been talked about through
+most of the semester in a team project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the semester in a team project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the semester in a team project
+I'll talk more about what that team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about what that team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about what that team
+project is a little bit a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a little bit a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a little bit a little bit
+later uh so so that's meant to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh so so that's meant to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh so so that's meant to be a a
+fairly substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly substantial
+effort the team project is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the team project is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort the team project is going to be a
+team project it's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team project it's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team project it's going to be uh
+typically three uh student teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three uh student teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three uh student teams
+uh and of course that should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course that should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and of course that should be very
+collaborative uh in nature in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative uh in nature in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative uh in nature in contrast
+to that the other assignments are meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the other assignments are meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the other assignments are meant
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+individual uh individual efforts now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh individual efforts now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh individual efforts now uh
+working on the problem set I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problem set I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problem set I think it's
+great to interact talk with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to interact talk with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to interact talk with each other
+to understand the problems even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the problems even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the problems even to
+bounce off possible uh lines of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off possible uh lines of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off possible uh lines of attack
+or solution approaches where we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or solution approaches where we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or solution approaches where we mean
+especially on the assignments the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the assignments the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the assignments the the
+weekly assignments the problem sets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly assignments the problem sets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly assignments the problem sets is
+everybody should do their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should do their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should do their own
+independent write up I find that writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent write up I find that writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent write up I find that writing
+and explaining not just writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explaining not just writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explaining not just writing down the
+answer number by the way we will expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer number by the way we will expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer number by the way we will expect
+uh actually articulation of your thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually articulation of your thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually articulation of your thought
+process uh that should be an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh that should be an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh that should be an individual
+effort okay now we'll we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort okay now we'll we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort okay now we'll we'll come back to
+that on the on the on the assignments a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the on the on the assignments a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the on the on the assignments a
+little bit we'll try to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we'll try to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit we'll try to emphasize this
+perhaps as well a little bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as well a little bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as well a little bit more on the
+assignments themselves the perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments themselves the perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments themselves the perspective I
+kind of like you to take on these weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you to take on these weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you to take on these weekly
+problem sets is not that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets is not that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets is not that you're trying
+to come up with the the answer number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the the answer number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the the answer number
+like you might on a on an exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might on a on an exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might on a on an exam or
+something like that where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where you just
+needed needed the number but instead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed needed the number but instead a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed needed the number but instead a
+little bit of a what I think of as a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a what I think of as a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a what I think of as a a a
+practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+manufacturing perspective maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing perspective maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing perspective maybe it's
+even it's I I couldn't call it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's I I couldn't call it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's I I couldn't call it an
+industrial perspective or an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial perspective or an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial perspective or an academic
+perspective but the key thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but the key thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but the key thing that you
+have to do and will have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and will have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do and will have to do
+throughout your career is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your career is
+convince okay so you have to convince us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince okay so you have to convince us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince okay so you have to convince us
+that the answer that you're putting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer that you're putting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer that you're putting down
+makes sense why it's reasonable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense why it's reasonable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense why it's reasonable right so
+you need to articulate the thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to articulate the thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to articulate the thought
+process not just come up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not just come up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not just come up with with
+answers and that's part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and that's part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and that's part of the reason
+why we really want that to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we really want that to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we really want that to be an
+individual effort an individ an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual effort an individ an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual effort an individ an
+individual right up and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right up and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right up and of course
+everybody's already gotten to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's already gotten to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's already gotten to the uh the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+URL so going backwards a step here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL so going backwards a step here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL so going backwards a step here uh
+let me introduce and hope that Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce and hope that Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce and hope that Dave
+would be here by now he must be having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here by now he must be having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here by now he must be having a
+very difficult decision point in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult decision point in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult decision point in the in
+the voting booth there who who to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voting booth there who who to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voting booth there who who to vote
+for uh again I'm Dwayne bonning I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh again I'm Dwayne bonning I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh again I'm Dwayne bonning I'm a
+professor of electrical engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of electrical engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of electrical engineering and
+computer science uh Dave Hart will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science uh Dave Hart will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science uh Dave Hart will be
+here a little bit later let me introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit later let me introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit later let me introduce
+for you uh the teaching assistant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh the teaching assistant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh the teaching assistant uh
+Hayden Taylor why don't you we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden Taylor why don't you we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden Taylor why don't you we do have
+micr here why don't you say a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr here why don't you say a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr here why don't you say a couple of
+words yeah good there's the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words yeah good there's the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words yeah good there's the camera
+helloing I'm Hayden uh I actually I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helloing I'm Hayden uh I actually I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helloing I'm Hayden uh I actually I'm in
+electrical engineering I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering I work with
+Dwayne on manufacturing approaches for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwayne on manufacturing approaches for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dwayne on manufacturing approaches for
+microfluidic devices we work a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfluidic devices we work a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfluidic devices we work a lot with
+polymers and uh I'm excited to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and uh I'm excited to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and uh I'm excited to work with
+you all this term feel free to email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all this term feel free to email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all this term feel free to email me
+at any time uh I'll be organizing office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time uh I'll be organizing office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time uh I'll be organizing office
+hours and I'll announce that on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I'll announce that on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and I'll announce that on on the
+website when when the time is come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website when when the time is come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website when when the time is come
+uh for those of you in Singapore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those of you in Singapore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those of you in Singapore I
+suppose we'll have to have Virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we'll have to have Virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we'll have to have Virtual
+Office hours I'm very happy to talk over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office hours I'm very happy to talk over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Office hours I'm very happy to talk over
+Skype or something like that if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype or something like that if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype or something like that if you want
+so feel free to drop me an email uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks and Hayden just got back uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and Hayden just got back uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and Hayden just got back uh a
+little over a week ago is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a week ago is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a week ago is that right
+from from Singapore right spent a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Singapore right spent a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Singapore right spent a we
+spent a couple of weeks there for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a couple of weeks there for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a couple of weeks there for some
+of the SMA program things uh the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SMA program things uh the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SMA program things uh the course
+secretary will be my assistant uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary will be my assistant uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary will be my assistant uh over
+near my office and uh ECS headquarters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near my office and uh ECS headquarters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near my office and uh ECS headquarters
+uh in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in building
+38 uh and that's Charlene Blake so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 uh and that's Charlene Blake so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 uh and that's Charlene Blake so if
+you have some administrative questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some administrative questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some administrative questions
+your best bet is probably emailing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best bet is probably emailing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best bet is probably emailing uh
+Hayden and me directly uh I'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden and me directly uh I'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden and me directly uh I'll be the
+lead lecturer this term uh normally Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lecturer this term uh normally Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lecturer this term uh normally Dave
+Hart is the lead lecturer he's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hart is the lead lecturer he's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hart is the lead lecturer he's actually
+nominally on sabatical this term uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally on sabatical this term uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally on sabatical this term uh but
+uh so I'll be taking care of more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll be taking care of more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'll be taking care of more of the
+administrative things uh and he'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative things uh and he'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative things uh and he'll get
+to give fun lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give fun lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give fun lectures
+uh so if you have administrative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you have administrative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you have administrative things
+uh please probably probably best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please probably probably best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please probably probably best to
+contact either me or Hayden directly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact either me or Hayden directly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact either me or Hayden directly uh
+if you have questions uh or need to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have questions uh or need to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have questions uh or need to drop
+off for example late problem sets uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for example late problem sets uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for example late problem sets uh uh
+that can be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done with
+charene and we'll have to have to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charene and we'll have to have to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charene and we'll have to have to let
+Charlene know that she she really outdid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlene know that she she really outdid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlene know that she she really outdid
+herself on the breakfast uh here so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself on the breakfast uh here so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself on the breakfast uh here so at
+any time as soon as you're done with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time as soon as you're done with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time as soon as you're done with one
+we have lots more to eat so feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots more to eat so feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots more to eat so feel free to
+wander over and and and grab a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander over and and and grab a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander over and and and grab a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more okay we we'll dive back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay we we'll dive back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay we we'll dive back into a
+little bit more about the the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the the course but
+I thought uh it would be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought uh it would be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought uh it would be a little bit
+fun to just quickly go around and hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to just quickly go around and hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to just quickly go around and hear a
+sentence or two about and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or two about and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence or two about and I'm
+particularly interested in what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in what kind of
+process background or manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process background or manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process background or manufacturing
+background or technology background you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or technology background you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or technology background you
+have or if you don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or if you don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or if you don't have much
+background what what kind of areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background what what kind of areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background what what kind of areas
+you're especially interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're especially interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're especially interested in
+uh or po potentially interested in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or po potentially interested in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or po potentially interested in so
+we'll do that uh quickly here on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that uh quickly here on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that uh quickly here on the on
+the Cambridge in first uh I know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge in first uh I know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge in first uh I know many of
+you again have been taking classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again have been taking classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again have been taking classes
+together so you know each other better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you know each other better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you know each other better
+than I know you I I recognize some faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I know you I I recognize some faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I know you I I recognize some faces
+here a little bit but uh this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit but uh this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit but uh this is part of
+my way to get to know you as well as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way to get to know you as well as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way to get to know you as well as for
+you guys to get to know get to know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to get to know get to know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to get to know get to know each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me go through a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go through a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go through a few of the
+other logistics and then we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logistics and then we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logistics and then we'll start
+getting into a little bit of uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a little bit of uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a little bit of uh back
+introductory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory uh
+material uh I think we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh I think we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh I think we've already done
+some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let me come back to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me come back to the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me come back to the the the
+team projects because I think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team projects because I think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team projects because I think it'll be
+important for you folks to be starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you folks to be starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you folks to be starting
+to think very early about possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think very early about possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think very early about possible
+projects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh
+in possible team formation uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in possible team formation uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in possible team formation uh because
+that will help as you're learning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help as you're learning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help as you're learning some
+of the tools and techniques uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tools and techniques uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tools and techniques uh in these
+different kinds of topical areas uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of topical areas uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of topical areas uh you
+can sort of pay more attention because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of pay more attention because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of pay more attention because
+you'll know okay I really want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know okay I really want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know okay I really want to think
+about process diagnosis for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about process diagnosis for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about process diagnosis for this
+particular project or what have you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project or what have you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project or what have you so
+the typical kinds of topics generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical kinds of topics generically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical kinds of topics generically
+the topics in these team projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics in these team projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics in these team projects
+involve things like process diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve things like process diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve things like process diagnosis
+uh uh process Improvement often with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh process Improvement often with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh process Improvement often with a
+little bit of statistical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of statistical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of statistical process
+control uh uh detection and debug uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh uh detection and debug uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh uh detection and debug uh
+kinds of things uh process optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh process optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh process optimization
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+robustness things like use of design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness things like use of design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness things like use of design of
+experiments to uh uh characterize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to uh uh characterize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to uh uh characterize a
+process and then seek to uh optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then seek to uh optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then seek to uh optimize
+some outputs as well as minimize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outputs as well as minimize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some outputs as well as minimize some
+variations and get to a robust process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and get to a robust process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and get to a robust process
+and then a number of uh more Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a number of uh more Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a number of uh more Advanced
+applications perhaps dealing with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications perhaps dealing with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications perhaps dealing with things
+like yield modeling or defect modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yield modeling or defect modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yield modeling or defect modeling
+uh these sorts of of of projects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sorts of of of projects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sorts of of of projects and the
+basic expectation in these team projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic expectation in these team projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic expectation in these team projects
+is you'll need to learn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll need to learn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll need to learn a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+background uh on on the basic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh on on the basic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background uh on on the basic process
+and what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the problem
+is a really interesting aspect of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really interesting aspect of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really interesting aspect of these
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+is it's best it really works nicely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's best it really works nicely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's best it really works nicely if
+we can tap into a nice rich set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tap into a nice rich set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tap into a nice rich set of
+existing data or in some cases even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing data or in some cases even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing data or in some cases even
+generation of new data arising out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of new data arising out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of new data arising out of
+either your past experience or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your past experience or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your past experience or your
+current research yay um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current research yay um so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current research yay um so for example
+one of the say typical three team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the say typical three team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the say typical three team
+members might have access to hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members might have access to hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members might have access to hopefully
+only public uh you know sharable nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only public uh you know sharable nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only public uh you know sharable nothing
+secret uh public data from from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret uh public data from from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret uh public data from from their
+work experience or some of the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work experience or some of the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work experience or some of the students
+may be generated some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be generated some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be generated some of you may have
+generated a big set of data for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a big set of data for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated a big set of data for your
+Master's thesis or this or that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master's thesis or this or that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master's thesis or this or that and
+we're only able to look at this aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only able to look at this aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only able to look at this aspect
+of the problem because that was the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem because that was the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem because that was the key
+question but it was sort of nagging at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it was sort of nagging at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it was sort of nagging at
+you there's all this other Rich data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's all this other Rich data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's all this other Rich data
+that you would have uh uh thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have uh uh thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have uh uh thought it
+interesting to look at from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at from other
+perspectives uh things like building uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives uh things like building uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives uh things like building uh
+very simple response surface models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple response surface models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple response surface models for
+uh but you didn't really have the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you didn't really have the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you didn't really have the chance
+to go down that path so keep your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down that path so keep your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down that path so keep your mind
+open thinking ahead to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open thinking ahead to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open thinking ahead to the to the
+project as we go out go throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project as we go out go throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project as we go out go throughout the
+term and say oh that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and say oh that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and say oh that's an interesting
+topic that's an interesting technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's an interesting technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's an interesting technique
+that reminds me of a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reminds me of a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reminds me of a very interesting
+data set that I came across back a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that I came across back a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that I came across back a year
+ago or whatever because that might form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or whatever because that might form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or whatever because that might form
+the basis for a very interesting team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for a very interesting team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for a very interesting team
+project okay now the expectations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay now the expectations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay now the expectations the
+output of this are two parts there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this are two parts there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this are two parts there will
+be a oral presentation so the team will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a oral presentation so the team will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a oral presentation so the team will
+will present in fact the last two class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will present in fact the last two class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will present in fact the last two class
+periods the very last week of class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the very last week of class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the very last week of class will
+be dedicated to these team presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dedicated to these team presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dedicated to these team presentations
+and then there will also be a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there will also be a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there will also be a project
+report unlike the problem sets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report unlike the problem sets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report unlike the problem sets where
+everybody writes their own separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody writes their own separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody writes their own separate
+problem set the team writes the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set the team writes the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set the team writes the project
+report so that's one document that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report so that's one document that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report so that's one document that that
+comes together from the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together from the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together from the team
+okay good so uh let me pop back we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so uh let me pop back we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so uh let me pop back we we're
+not going to ask you who you voted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you who you voted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you who you voted for
+but uh we figured it was a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we figured it was a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh we figured it was a tough
+decision because it was taking you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision because it was taking you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision because it was taking you a
+little while you want to come up and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while you want to come up and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while you want to come up and uh
+we've already done all the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done all the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done all the introduction
+so now you fortunately know every most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you fortunately know every most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you fortunately know every most
+everybody I hope everybody know I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I hope everybody know I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I hope everybody know I got
+dressed for the occasion um what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed for the occasion um what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed for the occasion um what am I
+supp you have to wear a tie to vote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp you have to wear a tie to vote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp you have to wear a tie to vote in
+in the US you may not know that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you may not know that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US you may not know that for
+those of you who don't already know me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who don't already know me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who don't already know me
+I'm David Hart and I'm actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm David Hart and I'm actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm David Hart and I'm actually on
+sabatical this semester which means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical this semester which means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabatical this semester which means I
+don't teach any classes and I don't sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't teach any classes and I don't sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't teach any classes and I don't sit
+on any committees why do you wear a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any committees why do you wear a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any committees why do you wear a tie
+if you're so I'm here today to to sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're so I'm here today to to sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're so I'm here today to to sit on
+a committee and do some teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a committee and do some teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a committee and do some teaching
+yeah but uh uh I welcome you all to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh uh I welcome you all to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh uh I welcome you all to the
+to probably the best class at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably the best class at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably the best class at
+MIT and uh hello to all all our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and uh hello to all all our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and uh hello to all all our students
+there in Singapore as well hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Singapore as well hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in Singapore as well hope you're
+enjoying the weather it's beautiful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying the weather it's beautiful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoying the weather it's beautiful here
+uh and the only reason I'm late is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the only reason I'm late is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the only reason I'm late is that
+I had to drive the other way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to drive the other way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to drive the other way to get to
+the polling station and I got trapped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polling station and I got trapped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polling station and I got trapped by
+huge traffic jam so I'm a dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge traffic jam so I'm a dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge traffic jam so I'm a dedicated
+voter thank you Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's get a little bit into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get a little bit into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get a little bit into the
+an overview of what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of what we're going to be
+dealing with uh throughout the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh throughout the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh throughout the semester
+and and then dive in a little bit on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then dive in a little bit on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then dive in a little bit on uh
+some Concepts and basic background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Concepts and basic background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Concepts and basic background in
+terminology so some of the key ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so some of the key ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so some of the key ideas
+that we're after in this in this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're after in this in this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're after in this in this subject
+is really dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really dealing
+with basically the problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basically the problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basically the problems in
+manufacturing and the biggest problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and the biggest problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and the biggest problem of
+of all is is really dealing with quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all is is really dealing with quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all is is really dealing with quality
+and Manufacturing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manufacturing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Manufacturing uh
+variation other aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation other aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation other aspects of
+manufacturing uh are often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh are often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh are often very
+particular to the the specific process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to the the specific process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to the the specific process
+technology uh that's arising but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh that's arising but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh that's arising but there's
+a lot of very generic issues with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of very generic issues with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of very generic issues with with
+variation and the control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the control and
+elimination and modeling of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and modeling of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and modeling of the process
+and and the variation and ways to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the variation and ways to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the variation and ways to to
+reduce it so in some sense uh dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it so in some sense uh dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it so in some sense uh dealing
+with variation in one of the key themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variation in one of the key themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variation in one of the key themes
+uh in the subject and what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the subject and what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the subject and what we're going
+to start with in the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with in the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with in the first couple of
+lectures is basically dive in get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is basically dive in get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is basically dive in get a
+little bit of process physics background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of process physics background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of process physics background
+uh on Thursday we'll we'll we'll dive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on Thursday we'll we'll we'll dive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on Thursday we'll we'll we'll dive in
+a little bit more ON Semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more ON Semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more ON Semiconductor
+fabrication and then on Tuesday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication and then on Tuesday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication and then on Tuesday we'll
+see a variety uh uh Dave will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a variety uh uh Dave will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a variety uh uh Dave will talk about
+a variety of uh forging and other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of uh forging and other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of uh forging and other other
+process examples that give a a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process examples that give a a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process examples that give a a wider
+perspective on Manufacturing in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on Manufacturing in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on Manufacturing in and the
+physics that are at work and the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that are at work and the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that are at work and the where
+variation naturally inherently arises uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation naturally inherently arises uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation naturally inherently arises uh
+in those processes then we'll once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those processes then we'll once we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those processes then we'll once we've
+got sort of an a little bit of a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sort of an a little bit of a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sort of an a little bit of a feel
+for where variation comes from we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where variation comes from we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where variation comes from we want
+to dive into some of the techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into some of the techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive into some of the techniques for
+understanding that and dealing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that and dealing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that and dealing with it
+and that really gets us into statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really gets us into statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really gets us into statistical
+models okay um there's and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay um there's and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models okay um there's and we'll we'll
+talk in great length about the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in great length about the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in great length about the contrast
+between physical models of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between physical models of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between physical models of the process
+based on uh detailed understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh detailed understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh detailed understanding of
+the specific mechanisms at work versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific mechanisms at work versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific mechanisms at work versus
+empirical modeling of the process Based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical modeling of the process Based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical modeling of the process Based
+on data and data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data and data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data and data and
+observations uh the wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh the wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations uh the wonderful thing
+about data is it's real and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data is it's real and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data is it's real and it
+encompasses all of both the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses all of both the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses all of both the ideal
+Behavior and the nonideal behavior and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the nonideal behavior and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the nonideal behavior and a
+lot of what we'll be de dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we'll be de dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we'll be de dealing with
+again is the problems really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the problems really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is the problems really trying to
+understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where
+variation uh uh is coming from what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh uh is coming from what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation uh uh is coming from what its
+characteristics are if we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are if we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are if we can start to
+get a model for some of that variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a model for some of that variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a model for some of that variation
+now we've got a handle that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got a handle that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got a handle that we can use
+to try to eliminate it either eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to eliminate it either eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to eliminate it either eliminate
+it up front or control it and compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up front or control it and compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up front or control it and compensate
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+it some of the techniques that we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some of the techniques that we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some of the techniques that we deal
+with for dealing with again that data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for dealing with again that data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for dealing with again that data is
+building effects models designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building effects models designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building effects models designed
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+may have run across doe design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have run across doe design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have run across doe design of
+experiments as a formal statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as a formal statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as a formal statistical
+technique and we will be uh uh learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and we will be uh uh learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and we will be uh uh learning
+the details of that and applying some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that and applying some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that and applying some of
+some of those approaches with uh basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those approaches with uh basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those approaches with uh basic
+input output data sets and data models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output data sets and data models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output data sets and data models
+both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in
+specifying the right set of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the right set of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the right set of experiments
+to perform to very efficiently sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform to very efficiently sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform to very efficiently sort of
+sample our process and then the ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample our process and then the ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample our process and then the ways to
+to model that and perhaps one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that and perhaps one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model that and perhaps one of the
+most important ways of using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ways of using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ways of using those
+empirical models that we get of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical models that we get of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical models that we get of the
+process is to improve the process do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to improve the process do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to improve the process do
+process optimization really looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process optimization really looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process optimization really looking for
+improved operating points that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved operating points that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved operating points that have
+reduced sensitivity to variation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced sensitivity to variation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced sensitivity to variation that
+really improve uh uh the robustness as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve uh uh the robustness as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve uh uh the robustness as
+well as meet multiple objectives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as meet multiple objectives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as meet multiple objectives so
+we'll do a little bit of optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit of optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little bit of optimization
+multi-objective optimization uh coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization uh coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-objective optimization uh coverage
+uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's talk a little bit about
+about what are the oops well what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the oops well what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the oops well what are
+the uh the goals of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the goals of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the goals of manufacturing
+process control and Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control and Manufacturing
+processes what are some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes what are some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes what are some of the key
+characteristics you would have of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics you would have of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics you would have of a good
+process what are the things you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what are the things you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what are the things you would
+like to either minimize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to either minimize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to either minimize or
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+so I I already gave you an advanced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I already gave you an advanced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I already gave you an advanced uh
+look at one I'll throw out one of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one I'll throw out one of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one I'll throw out one of course
+we're very often interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very often interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very often interested in
+minimizing the cost right uh and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the cost right uh and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the cost right uh and cost
+arises in a lot of different ways what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in a lot of different ways what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in a lot of different ways what
+are some of the ways that cost arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the ways that cost arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the ways that cost arise
+there's the inherent materials coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the inherent materials coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the inherent materials coming in
+right what are some of the other costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are some of the other costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are some of the other costs
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+process anybody Singapore as well labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process anybody Singapore as well labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process anybody Singapore as well labor
+labor y over support overhead support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor y over support overhead support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor y over support overhead support
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+time yeah in fact time process uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah in fact time process uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah in fact time process uh time
+is a certainly a characteristic that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certainly a characteristic that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a certainly a characteristic that we
+might want to optimize for and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to optimize for and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to optimize for and that
+would be a iCal characteristic cost uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a iCal characteristic cost uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a iCal characteristic cost uh
+has many of these flavors yes setup cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many of these flavors yes setup cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many of these flavors yes setup cost
+setup costs right so setup costs are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup costs right so setup costs are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup costs right so setup costs are are
+an an interesting one we we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an interesting one we we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an interesting one we we'll get to
+some of in in various times we'll touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of in in various times we'll touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of in in various times we'll touch
+on some of these operational issues many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these operational issues many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these operational issues many
+of you have had 2853 we said uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had 2853 we said uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had 2853 we said uh which
+was really about Manufacturing Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about Manufacturing Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about Manufacturing Systems
+and things like scheduling throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like scheduling throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like scheduling throughput
+those those kind of issues and it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those kind of issues and it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those kind of issues and it so
+time is a little bit of that as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a little bit of that as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is a little bit of that as well uh
+not just the inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the inherent
+manufacturing physical action uh on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing physical action uh on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing physical action uh on on
+the product time but also transport time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product time but also transport time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product time but also transport time
+all of these kinds of other issues this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these kinds of other issues this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these kinds of other issues this
+subject will not be dealing so much with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject will not be dealing so much with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject will not be dealing so much with
+Logistics it'll really be much closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics it'll really be much closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics it'll really be much closer to
+the things that impact directly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that impact directly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that impact directly the
+product itself but uh uh certainly setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product itself but uh uh certainly setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product itself but uh uh certainly setup
+time can have an interaction or setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can have an interaction or setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can have an interaction or setup
+processes setup in general can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes setup in general can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes setup in general can have a
+strong impact on process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong impact on process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong impact on process
+quality right uh very often for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right uh very often for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right uh very often for example
+in semiconductor processing maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor processing maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semiconductor processing maybe you
+this will resonate with your experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will resonate with your experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will resonate with your experiences
+in other processes if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other processes if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other processes if we change
+substantially the process setup in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially the process setup in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially the process setup in a
+particular piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece of
+equipment the first few Wafers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment the first few Wafers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment the first few Wafers will
+behave very differently before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very differently before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave very differently before the
+equipment gets to a stable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment gets to a stable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment gets to a stable state
+sometimes we even run dummy wafers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we even run dummy wafers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we even run dummy wafers in
+order to equilibrate that that setup so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to equilibrate that that setup so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to equilibrate that that setup so
+setup is a good one some more what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is a good one some more what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is a good one some more what are
+other other things what I'm sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other things what I'm sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other things what I'm sorry to
+life to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to life
+certainly equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly equipment
+equipment yep we want to uh use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment yep we want to uh use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment yep we want to uh use the
+equipment as efficiently as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment as efficiently as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment as efficiently as possible and
+maintain it but have like a good machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it but have like a good machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it but have like a good machine
+or a bad machine ah good machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad machine ah good machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bad machine ah good machines and
+bad machines absolutely and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad machines absolutely and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad machines absolutely and in fact
+probably the first third of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first third of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first third of the class
+the classic statistical process control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic statistical process control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic statistical process control
+will be all about detecting whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all about detecting whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all about detecting whether the
+equipment is behaving as it should is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is behaving as it should is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment is behaving as it should is it
+is it in a good state or in a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so here we had quality control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so here we had quality control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so here we had quality control and
+rework and rework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and rework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework and rework
+yeah singer energy yeah energy yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah singer energy yeah energy yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah singer energy yeah energy yes
+that's a good point actually uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point actually uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point actually uh I think
+uh dealing with energy as well as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dealing with energy as well as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dealing with energy as well as the uh
+consumption of materials and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of materials and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of materials and the output
+of materials is becoming a more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials is becoming a more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials is becoming a more and more
+interesting aspect of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of manufacturing
+processes and see when was it Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and see when was it Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and see when was it Sunday
+night just to share another anecdote I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night just to share another anecdote I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night just to share another anecdote I
+was uh serving on a panel at a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh serving on a panel at a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh serving on a panel at a big
+semiconductor conference uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor conference uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor conference uh actually
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+semiconductor uh the biggest circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor uh the biggest circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor uh the biggest circuit
+design conference in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design conference in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design conference in the semiconductor
+industry and I was on a panel all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and I was on a panel all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and I was on a panel all about
+environmental or green manufacturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental or green manufacturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental or green manufacturing and
+so the the uh reduction of energy usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the uh reduction of energy usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the uh reduction of energy usage
+is becoming a very big deal as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming a very big deal as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming a very big deal as well as
+the output of things in semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of things in semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of things in semiconductor
+side output of global warming gases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side output of global warming gases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side output of global warming gases and
+so on the reduction of those so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the reduction of those so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the reduction of those so that's a
+good a good point by the way I was on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good point by the way I was on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good point by the way I was on a
+panel at 7:30 on Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evening people here what happened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening people here what happened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening people here what happened on
+Sunday that was Super Bowl here I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday that was Super Bowl here I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday that was Super Bowl here I was
+not very happy to have to attend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very happy to have to attend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very happy to have to attend the
+panelist dinner the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist dinner the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelist dinner the second half of the
+Super Bowl but as it turned out I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Bowl but as it turned out I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Bowl but as it turned out I'm very
+glad I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad I missed
+it Okay so we've we've hit some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Okay so we've we've hit some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Okay so we've we've hit some of these
+other ideas here oh here's one that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas here oh here's one that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas here oh here's one that uh
+nobody mentioned flexibility is also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody mentioned flexibility is also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody mentioned flexibility is also uh
+very key in in manufacturing processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key in in manufacturing processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key in in manufacturing processes
+uh as well we're we're increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well we're we're increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well we're we're increasingly
+finding that the same manufacturing line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that the same manufacturing line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that the same manufacturing line
+needs to be adaptable uh rapidly to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be adaptable uh rapidly to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be adaptable uh rapidly to be
+be able to to deal with a a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to to deal with a a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to to deal with a a bigger
+product mix uh than ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product mix uh than ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product mix uh than ever
+before so some of the focus in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so some of the focus in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so some of the focus in this
+subject again is going to really be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject again is going to really be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject again is going to really be on
+the processes and variation and quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and variation and quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and variation and quality
+in the processes a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the processes a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the processes a little bit bigger
+emphasis is going to be on unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is going to be on unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is going to be on unit
+processes uh the entire aggregation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh the entire aggregation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh the entire aggregation of
+the overall sequence of product to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall sequence of product to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall sequence of product to make
+the overall Pro or sequence of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall Pro or sequence of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall Pro or sequence of processes
+the aggre of the unit processes to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggre of the unit processes to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggre of the unit processes to make
+the entire process line and process flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire process line and process flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire process line and process flow
+and the the final product is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the final product is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the final product is important
+we'll touch on some of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll touch on some of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll touch on some of these kinds of
+things of Stack Up of quality across uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of Stack Up of quality across uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of Stack Up of quality across uh
+multiple processes but we'll be end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processes but we'll be end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processes but we'll be end up
+emphasizing uh developing techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing uh developing techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing uh developing techniques
+like statistical process control design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like statistical process control design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like statistical process control design
+of op uh experiments and optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of op uh experiments and optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of op uh experiments and optimization
+with a little bit more of an emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit more of an emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit more of an emphasis on
+the unit the unit operations part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit the unit operations part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit the unit operations part of the
+reason is more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is more and
+more for really high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for really high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for really high quality
+manufacturing the recognition is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the recognition is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the recognition is you
+can't simply inspect or hope to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't simply inspect or hope to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't simply inspect or hope to control
+at the end of the overall process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the overall process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the overall process you
+have to have every unit process along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have every unit process along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have every unit process along
+the way running uh uh as as effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way running uh uh as as effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way running uh uh as as effectively
+and at the highest quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the highest quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the highest quality
+possible so again the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so again the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so again the number one
+emphasis here is going to be dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis here is going to be dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis here is going to be dealing
+with maximizing quality conformance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximizing quality conformance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximizing quality conformance to
+specifications and so on and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and so on and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and so on and some of
+these other things that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other things that we've already
+talked about here things like improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about here things like improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about here things like improving
+throughput improving flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput improving flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput improving flexibility
+reducing cost those are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing cost those are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing cost those are going to be
+secondary there will be interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary there will be interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary there will be interactions
+with these some of these topics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these some of these topics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these some of these topics that you
+have run into or might run into in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into or might run into in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into or might run into in other
+in other subjects and actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other subjects and actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other subjects and actually a very
+interesting area of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting area of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting area of of
+research uh in fact in Ive area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh in fact in Ive area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh in fact in Ive area of
+research of Stan gerswin who some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of Stan gerswin who some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of Stan gerswin who some of you
+had in in 2853 is this interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in 2853 is this interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in 2853 is this interaction
+between quality and quantity that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quality and quantity that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between quality and quantity that is uh
+typical operations and how you manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical operations and how you manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical operations and how you manage
+the sequencing of Parts uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequencing of Parts uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequencing of Parts uh through
+through uh through the line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through the line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through the line the
+interaction between throughput and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between throughput and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between throughput and
+quality uh for example dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh for example dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality uh for example dealing with
+issues of setup uh dealing with issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of setup uh dealing with issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of setup uh dealing with issues
+of slight degradations in in quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slight degradations in in quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slight degradations in in quality and
+how that might impact things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that might impact things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that might impact things like
+scheduled maintenance uh or unscheduled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled maintenance uh or unscheduled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled maintenance uh or unscheduled
+maintenance so it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so it's a very interesting
+topic will'll occasionally again overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will'll occasionally again overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will'll occasionally again overlap
+slightly with that but our number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly with that but our number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly with that but our number one
+emphasis here is is dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis here is is dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis here is is dealing with the
+process uh understanding and modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh understanding and modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh understanding and modeling
+the process and dealing with quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process and dealing with quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process and dealing with quality and
+variation so here's a a few typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so here's a a few typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so here's a a few typical
+process control problems I'll I'll share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control problems I'll I'll share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control problems I'll I'll share
+a couple of these and uh just to wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these and uh just to wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these and uh just to wake up
+Dave on the on the next slide we'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave on the on the next slide we'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave on the on the next slide we'll let
+him say a few words about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him say a few words about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him say a few words about some of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+examples okay so here's here's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so here's here's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so here's here's a typical
+example uh probably in fact the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh probably in fact the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh probably in fact the number
+one problem or number one challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem or number one challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem or number one challenge in
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+manufacturing is the minimum feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is the minimum feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is the minimum feature
+size is very very small becoming smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is very very small becoming smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is very very small becoming smaller
+with each technology generation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each technology generation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each technology generation the
+minimum feature size is typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature size is typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum feature size is typically the
+channel length of an individual MOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length of an individual MOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length of an individual MOS
+transistor that's often the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor that's often the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor that's often the most
+critical parameter and it varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameter and it varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameter and it varies with
+current technology we're down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technology we're down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technology we're down in
+heavyduty manufacturing at 90 NM some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavyduty manufacturing at 90 NM some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavyduty manufacturing at 90 NM some of
+the Leading Edge uh manufacturers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge uh manufacturers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leading Edge uh manufacturers have
+uh gate or Channel patterned lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gate or Channel patterned lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gate or Channel patterned lengths of
+65 nanometer occasionally you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 nanometer occasionally you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 nanometer occasionally you'll hear
+those those terms thrown out what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those terms thrown out what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those terms thrown out what that
+means is the minimum feature size being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is the minimum feature size being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is the minimum feature size being
+patterned is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned is about
+65 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 nanometers
+wide that's small that's tiny and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide that's small that's tiny and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide that's small that's tiny and as we
+continue to scale that variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to scale that variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to scale that variability in
+the the width of that is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the width of that is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the width of that is becoming
+tougher and tougher to it to achieve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher and tougher to it to achieve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher and tougher to it to achieve so
+so uh very often there will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh very often there will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh very often there will be uh
+challenges on the manufacturing line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges on the manufacturing line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges on the manufacturing line to
+uh detect monitor detect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detect monitor detect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detect monitor detect and then
+compensate for those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for those kinds of
+variability uh an emerging technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability uh an emerging technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability uh an emerging technology
+here's an interesting one that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting one that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting one that connects
+up with for for example some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with for for example some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with for for example some of the
+Singapore MIT Alliance research efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance research efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance research efforts
+a DNA diagnostic chip might have uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA diagnostic chip might have uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA diagnostic chip might have uneven
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+channels so for example here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so for example here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so for example here these are
+often microfluidic devices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often microfluidic devices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often microfluidic devices uh
+manufactured through embossing processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured through embossing processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured through embossing processes
+where one might be using a polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one might be using a polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one might be using a polymer and
+trying to create channels that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create channels that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create channels that might be
+10 microns wide 10 microns deep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns wide 10 microns deep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns wide 10 microns deep and
+maybe in some places very very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in some places very very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in some places very very narrow
+for example or or very very shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or or very very shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or or very very shallow
+maybe 20 to 40 nmet deep I'm mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 20 to 40 nmet deep I'm mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 20 to 40 nmet deep I'm mentioning
+those because those are actually real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because those are actually real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because those are actually real
+numbers for uh some of the the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for uh some of the the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for uh some of the the research
+ships that are being developed uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that are being developed uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that are being developed uh uh
+here at MIT and in in uh electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT and in in uh electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT and in in uh electrical
+engineering mechanical engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering mechanical engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering mechanical engineering and
+elsewhere very interesting properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere very interesting properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere very interesting properties
+when one gets down to that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one gets down to that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one gets down to that small
+Dimension and some of those properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and some of those properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and some of those properties
+depend critically on those Dimensions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend critically on those Dimensions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend critically on those Dimensions as
+you can imagine okay so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine okay so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine okay so in fact the
+manufacturing process problem is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process problem is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process problem is how do
+how do you get processes that work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get processes that work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get processes that work in a
+controllable fashion how do you inspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable fashion how do you inspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable fashion how do you inspect
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+detect feature sizes uh uh G geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect feature sizes uh uh G geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect feature sizes uh uh G geometric
+parameters roughness of the geometry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters roughness of the geometry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters roughness of the geometry as
+well as some other material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as some other material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as some other material properties
+uh uh in order to achieve the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in order to achieve the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in order to achieve the ultimate
+functionality that one might need uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality that one might need uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality that one might need uh for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+controlling the flow of of individual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the flow of of individual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the flow of of individual uh
+DNA from one place to another through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from one place to another through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from one place to another through
+these incredibly tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredibly tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredibly tiny tiny
+channels what another example somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels what another example somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels what another example somebody
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+assembly assem is a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly assem is a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly assem is a manufacturing
+process the and and the worst example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the and and the worst example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the and and the worst example of
+this is that uh toys that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh toys that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh toys that come
+disassembled they never fit at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembled they never fit at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembled they never fit at least
+when I try to assemble them uh at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to assemble them uh at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try to assemble them uh at home
+so fit and geometric fit and how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fit and geometric fit and how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fit and geometric fit and how uh
+those uh uh imperfections can build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh uh imperfections can build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh uh imperfections can build up
+even if an interesting aspect even if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if an interesting aspect even if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if an interesting aspect even if uh
+uh a few parts are close to nominal when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few parts are close to nominal when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a few parts are close to nominal when
+you try to put them together sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to put them together sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to put them together sometimes
+the aggregate uh doesn't work work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate uh doesn't work work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate uh doesn't work work out
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well and then there may be other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then there may be other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then there may be other example
+for example uh very high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh very high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh very high density
+Electrical uh connectors I think Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrical uh connectors I think Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electrical uh connectors I think Dave
+you had some examp example this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some examp example this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some examp example this comes
+out of an lfm thesis or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thisch actually a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisch actually a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisch actually a all
+these had Elric Conn years us to can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these had Elric Conn years us to can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these had Elric Conn years us to can you
+guys in Singapore hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in Singapore hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in Singapore hear
+Dave no no we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hear just because this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear just because this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear just because this is sort of a
+theme um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme um
+uh you can imagine electrical connectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can imagine electrical connectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can imagine electrical connectors
+big heavy ones like used in cars or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heavy ones like used in cars or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heavy ones like used in cars or in
+old electronics back in the tube days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old electronics back in the tube days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old electronics back in the tube days
+where you know you could grab hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you could grab hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you could grab hold of
+some of these connectors with your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these connectors with your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these connectors with your hand
+I mean just just the the the metal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just just the the the metal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just just the the the metal part
+itself now as as Electronics has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now as as Electronics has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now as as Electronics has become
+more and more dense as things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more dense as things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more dense as things have
+become smaller and smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become smaller and smaller the
+requirement for higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for higher and higher
+density of connectors if if not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of connectors if if not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of connectors if if not just to
+handle these highdensity chips um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these highdensity chips um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these highdensity chips um but
+just look at the back of your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the back of your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the back of your computer
+some of those connectors there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those connectors there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those connectors there
+particular the interconnect uh type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the interconnect uh type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the interconnect uh type of
+of uh connectors well the industry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh connectors well the industry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh connectors well the industry that
+made that made it the same way for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that made it the same way for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that made it the same way for years
+and it worked fine and it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked fine and it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it worked fine and it's a great
+example of of how variability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of how variability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of how variability is
+actually a relative term and so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a relative term and so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a relative term and so uh the
+variability was relatively small it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was relatively small it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability was relatively small it was
+small relative to the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to the characteristic
+Dimension that you needed but as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that you needed but as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that you needed but as that
+shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk
+down uh these major manufacturers found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh these major manufacturers found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh these major manufacturers found
+out that they they really couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that they they really couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that they they really couldn't use
+their old technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their old technology
+to meet this they of course they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet this they of course they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet this they of course they went
+through a lot of the procedures we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of the procedures we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of the procedures we're
+going to go through and they improv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through and they improv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through and they improv
+things but they couldn't meet those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they couldn't meet those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they couldn't meet those
+dimensions and had to make a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and had to make a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and had to make a technology
+change uh as well and this is my sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh as well and this is my sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh as well and this is my sneaky
+way to get an extra cup of and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get an extra cup of and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get an extra cup of and it it
+also uh on this minimum feature size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh on this minimum feature size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh on this minimum feature size uh
+and I asked Dwayne to comment on this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked Dwayne to comment on this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I asked Dwayne to comment on this I
+was once with a a gentleman from IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once with a a gentleman from IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was once with a a gentleman from IBM
+research who told me they were just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research who told me they were just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research who told me they were just now
+this was maybe five six years ago just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was maybe five six years ago just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was maybe five six years ago just
+now getting into some of the Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now getting into some of the Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now getting into some of the Advanced
+Techniques that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techniques that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Techniques that we're going to talk
+about near the end of the term here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about near the end of the term here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about near the end of the term here and
+I was a little bit surprised but then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a little bit surprised but then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a little bit surprised but then he
+pointed out you know back when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out you know back when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out you know back when when the
+feature size on the on the chips was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size on the on the chips was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size on the on the chips was
+large I don't know what what large was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I don't know what what large was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I don't know what what large was
+you know Micron scale or several microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Micron scale or several microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Micron scale or several microns
+the inherent variability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherent variability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherent variability of the
+processes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes was
+fine uh fine to manufacture these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh fine to manufacture these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh fine to manufacture these things
+but when you get down to the nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get down to the nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you get down to the nanometer
+range all of a sudden you have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range all of a sudden you have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range all of a sudden you have to look
+at uh some other techniques so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh some other techniques so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh some other techniques so there are
+these these these uh uh uh Timeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these these uh uh uh Timeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these these uh uh uh Timeless
+things like toys don't fit together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like toys don't fit together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like toys don't fit together and
+uh and other things related to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other things related to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other things related to large
+dimensions but then this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but then this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but then this idea of the
+ever shrinking mechanical dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever shrinking mechanical dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever shrinking mechanical dimensions of
+things leads to an ever increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things leads to an ever increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things leads to an ever increasing
+importance of uh process control so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of uh process control so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of uh process control so our
+future is guaranteed I'll skip ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is guaranteed I'll skip ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is guaranteed I'll skip ahead
+because maybe not going through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe not going through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe not going through all of
+these but if there's a another one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but if there's a another one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but if there's a another one or
+two of these from your experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these from your experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these from your experience that
+you want to well these are these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to well these are these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to well these are these are all
+pretty large scale uh issues um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large scale uh issues um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large scale uh issues um I
+usually this is usually where I ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is usually where I ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is usually where I ask if
+anybody here works for Boeing or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here works for Boeing or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here works for Boeing or any
+other airframe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other airframe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other airframe
+manufacturer we have some Automotive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer we have some Automotive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer we have some Automotive we
+have some past semic I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some past semic I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some past semic I mean the
+automotive actually does a lot better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive actually does a lot better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive actually does a lot better on
+variation control because they have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation control because they have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation control because they have as
+you'll see it helps to have some volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it helps to have some volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it helps to have some volume
+and to be able to learn and and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to learn and and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to learn and and to get
+your processes in steady state things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your processes in steady state things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your processes in steady state things
+like airframes are still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like airframes are still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like airframes are still sort of
+oneoff um and because of the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneoff um and because of the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneoff um and because of the large
+Dimension there it's really not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension there it's really not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension there it's really not an
+unpleasant it's not a pleasant thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant it's not a pleasant thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant it's not a pleasant thing to
+watch two halves of an airplane being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch two halves of an airplane being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch two halves of an airplane being
+put together um although they've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together um although they've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together um although they've gotten
+a lot better than they used to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better than they used to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better than they used to be what
+was it they used to say that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it they used to say that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it they used to say that the number
+of of thousands of pounds of shims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of thousands of pounds of shims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of thousands of pounds of shims
+flying in a 747 pretty hard uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in a 747 pretty hard uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in a 747 pretty hard uh we're
+also going to talk later actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to talk later actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to talk later actually I'm
+not sure we will this term but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure we will this term but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure we will this term but there
+there was an interesting lfm thesis done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an interesting lfm thesis done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an interesting lfm thesis done
+on these plastic throttle bodies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these plastic throttle bodies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these plastic throttle bodies for
+fuel injection this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel injection this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel injection this is a little bit
+different issue this was a an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issue this was a an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issue this was a an entirely
+different way of making a classical part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of making a classical part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of making a classical part
+it been made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it been made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it been made for
+years uh out of aluminum machined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh out of aluminum machined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh out of aluminum machined
+aluminum well defined process well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum well defined process well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum well defined process well
+process control then for good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control then for good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control then for good and
+sufficient reasons mainly weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient reasons mainly weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient reasons mainly weight and
+production economy they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production economy they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production economy they went to
+injection molded uh parts and variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection molded uh parts and variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection molded uh parts and variation
+became a big problem and how to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a big problem and how to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a big problem and how to get rid
+of it was a was and still is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was a was and still is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was a was and still is an
+interesting issue so a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue so a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue so a number of things
+come up uh often because of change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up uh often because of change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up uh often because of change uh
+not always just because of things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always just because of things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always just because of things being
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+stasis thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so again some of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so again some of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so again some of these uh
+points that Dave Dave made about uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that Dave Dave made about uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that Dave Dave made about uh for
+example the question or or or example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the question or or or example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the question or or or example
+you posed on semiconduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you posed on semiconduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you posed on semiconduction
+manufacturing we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we'll talk a little bit
+more about on Thursday it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about on Thursday it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about on Thursday it was a very
+interesting transformation from defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting transformation from defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting transformation from defect
+oriented problems as the real yield uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented problems as the real yield uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented problems as the real yield uh
+and quality limiter two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality limiter two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quality limiter two dimensional
+control and essentially parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and essentially parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and essentially parametric
+variation is the killer the killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is the killer the killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is the killer the killer
+now okay so one of the things this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so one of the things this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so one of the things this this
+connects up again also to a point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects up again also to a point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects up again also to a point that
+Dave just made is that there is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave just made is that there is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave just made is that there is a an
+evolution of manufacturing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of manufacturing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of manufacturing process
+control that many Industries have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that many Industries have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that many Industries have gone
+through and you will often see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you will often see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you will often see a
+trajectory where an industry may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory where an industry may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory where an industry may
+actually start with a process that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start with a process that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start with a process that is
+not all that stable and they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that stable and they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that stable and they essentially
+have to inspect every single part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inspect every single part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inspect every single part that
+comes out 100% inspection may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out 100% inspection may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out 100% inspection may have
+relatively High scrap rates uh even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively High scrap rates uh even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively High scrap rates uh even a
+few percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few percent
+for example with low throughput and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with low throughput and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with low throughput and
+correspondingly high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly high
+cost so this might be thought to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so this might be thought to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so this might be thought to be a
+characteristic of immature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of immature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of immature
+processes but it's also a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it's also a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it's also a characteristic
+characteristic of incredibly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of incredibly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of incredibly complex
+processes so you would really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so you would really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so you would really like to
+avoid that quick question for well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that quick question for well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that quick question for well some
+of the guys from semiconductor know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guys from semiconductor know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guys from semiconductor know this
+do we have 100% inspection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have 100% inspection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have 100% inspection of
+semiconductor chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today what do you think you think every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what do you think you think every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what do you think you think every
+single chip that comes off the line gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip that comes off the line gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip that comes off the line gets
+inspected measured verified that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected measured verified that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected measured verified that it
+produces do we have high costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or somebody who knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody who knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somebody who knows the
+answer well I think it perhaps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I think it perhaps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well I think it perhaps it
+depends on what the chip is uh you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the chip is uh you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the chip is uh you think
+every single microprocessor chip gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single microprocessor chip gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single microprocessor chip gets
+inspected Ed before it gets packaged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected Ed before it gets packaged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected Ed before it gets packaged and
+uh put in a PC you bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put in a PC you bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put in a PC you bet you
+bet on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on the other
+hand oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand oh
+absolutely of course you know the C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely of course you know the C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely of course you know the C the
+the quality or or or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality or or or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality or or or the the
+uh you know a microprocessor chip might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a microprocessor chip might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a microprocessor chip might
+sell for a couple hundred dollars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for a couple hundred dollars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for a couple hundred dollars so
+it's worth it now if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it now if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it now if you're talking
+about a semiconductor chip that is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a semiconductor chip that is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a semiconductor chip that is a you
+know a discrete diode where worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a discrete diode where worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a discrete diode where worth
+probably a fraction of a penny uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fraction of a penny uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a fraction of a penny uh in
+terms of the manufacturing cost yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the manufacturing cost yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the manufacturing cost yeah
+you're you it's a much more simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you it's a much more simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you it's a much more simple and
+less complex thing and you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less complex thing and you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less complex thing and you probably
+don't need 100% inspection there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need 100% inspection there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need 100% inspection there but
+most integrated circuits at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most integrated circuits at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most integrated circuits at the end of
+the day still need inspection at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day still need inspection at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day still need inspection at the end
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hayden I think to speak loudly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden I think to speak loudly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayden I think to speak loudly yeah
+right can can everyone hear me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can everyone hear me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can everyone hear me in
+Singapore no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore no
+this shout okay um I I think Intel when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shout okay um I I think Intel when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shout okay um I I think Intel when
+they test their chips they determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test their chips they determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they test their chips they determine
+what the maximum operating frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum operating frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximum operating frequency of
+Any Given chip is and they sort them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any Given chip is and they sort them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any Given chip is and they sort them so
+the chips that happen to operate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chips that happen to operate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chips that happen to operate at the
+faster are put in the more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster are put in the more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster are put in the more expensive
+machines and those that are slower go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and those that are slower go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and those that are slower go in
+the cheaper machines so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper machines so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheaper machines so they actually
+get some extra benefit from the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some extra benefit from the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some extra benefit from the testing
+process right so based on the quality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so based on the quality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so based on the quality or
+the or the performance they can bend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the performance they can bend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the performance they can bend the
+chips and get differential pricing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and get differential pricing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and get differential pricing of
+course they would be most beneficial if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they would be most beneficial if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they would be most beneficial if
+all of the chips operated at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chips operated at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chips operated at the high
+end and so in some sense that's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and so in some sense that's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and so in some sense that's a uh
+both a limitation uh and and and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a limitation uh and and and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a limitation uh and and and an
+advantage you can get a premium for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage you can get a premium for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage you can get a premium for the
+the the highest performing but uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the highest performing but uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the highest performing but uh it's a
+great example of uh the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of uh the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of uh the range of
+variation and the effect ultimately on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the effect ultimately on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and the effect ultimately on
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+performance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh
+uh sort of a Next Step typically in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a Next Step typically in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of a Next Step typically in in
+some of the evolution of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the evolution of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the evolution of these
+manufacturing processes involve whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes involve whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes involve whoops
+involve uh rework both at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve uh rework both at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve uh rework both at the end of the
+line but more often pushing down to unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but more often pushing down to unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but more often pushing down to unit
+processes where if you can do a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes where if you can do a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes where if you can do a uh
+inspection you still have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you still have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you still have limited
+control perhaps over the individual unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control perhaps over the individual unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control perhaps over the individual unit
+process but you can inspect it determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but you can inspect it determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but you can inspect it determine
+something went wrong and if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong and if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong and if there is a
+possibility of fixing it then and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of fixing it then and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of fixing it then and there
+now you've you you've got a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've you you've got a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've you you've got a a big
+Advantage we already talked about also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage we already talked about also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage we already talked about also
+uh High variability at at change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh High variability at at change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh High variability at at change over
+and that's an example we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an example we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an example we already talked
+about about uh how cost rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh how cost rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about uh how cost rate and
+flexibility are linked of course all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility are linked of course all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility are linked of course all of
+these if you can get the quality up get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you can get the quality up get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you can get the quality up get
+to higher and higher yield that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher and higher yield that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher and higher yield that has a
+dramatic effect perhaps the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effect perhaps the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effect perhaps the strongest
+effect on overall throughput and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on overall throughput and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on overall throughput and the
+ultimate output uh uh from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate output uh uh from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate output uh uh from your
+Manufacturing plant especially in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing plant especially in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing plant especially in those
+Industries where where yield may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries where where yield may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries where where yield may not be
+uh all that all that high for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all that all that high for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all that all that high for example in
+many of the semiconductor processes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the semiconductor processes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the semiconductor processes if
+you have 90% yield on a very complex M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 90% yield on a very complex M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 90% yield on a very complex M
+microprocessor you're doing pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor you're doing pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessor you're doing pretty well
+that's not great is it can you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great is it can you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great is it can you imagine
+90% uh uh output of uh you know 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% uh uh output of uh you know 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% uh uh output of uh you know 90%
+functioning output of uh syringe needles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning output of uh syringe needles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning output of uh syringe needles
+that that we saw you know where 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we saw you know where 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we saw you know where 10% of
+them were defective in some way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were defective in some way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were defective in some way that
+wouldn't be very satisfying I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very satisfying I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very satisfying I think
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+so one of the things that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that we're going to
+do a little bit in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit in the next couple of
+lectures uh and I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh and I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh and I'm going to talk about
+a little bit generically to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit generically to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit generically to set the
+stage for that in the last 10 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for that in the last 10 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage for that in the last 10 minutes or
+so of class is character characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of class is character characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of class is character characteristics
+of manufacturing processes uh in in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing processes uh in in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manufacturing processes uh in in fact
+something of a taxonomy that Dave will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a taxonomy that Dave will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of a taxonomy that Dave will
+cover on on Thursday uh based on uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover on on Thursday uh based on uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover on on Thursday uh based on uh some
+of the inherent characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inherent characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inherent characteristics of the
+physical action uh of of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical action uh of of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical action uh of of manufacturing
+processes and we've already chatted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and we've already chatted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and we've already chatted a
+little bit and we'll see more uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we'll see more uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we'll see more uh as we
+dive into those processes about why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those processes about why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those processes about why they
+don't always work correctly so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always work correctly so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always work correctly so here I'm
+going to try to get a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get a little bit of the
+terminology out and give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology out and give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology out and give you a little
+bit of a framework uh for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a framework uh for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a framework uh for thinking about
+the processes and then some reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and then some reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes and then some reflection
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the different segments of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different segments of the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different segments of the subject
+that we uh have mentioned are are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh have mentioned are are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh have mentioned are are coming
+up and how they relate to uh a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and how they relate to uh a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and how they relate to uh a very high
+level generic view of the of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level generic view of the of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level generic view of the of the process
+so the key idea in a process of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key idea in a process of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key idea in a process of course
+is that we have some part that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have some part that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have some part that we want
+to produce at the end we do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce at the end we do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce at the end we do that by
+working on a workpiece there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a workpiece there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a workpiece there is some
+physical material that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical material that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical material that we are
+transforming in some important way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming in some important way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming in some important way we
+are changing the geometry we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing the geometry we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are changing the geometry we are
+changing uh the material properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing uh the material properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing uh the material properties of
+that part how do we do that well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part how do we do that well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part how do we do that well we have
+to subject it to some process and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subject it to some process and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subject it to some process and we do
+that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through
+equipment uh and in some cases parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh and in some cases parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment uh and in some cases parts of
+the equipment things like tooling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment things like tooling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment things like tooling uh
+that come in contact with uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in contact with uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in contact with uh with the
+part so some examples of broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so some examples of broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so some examples of broadly
+equipment and and here equipment we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and and here equipment we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and and here equipment we may
+even characterize a little bit as both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even characterize a little bit as both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even characterize a little bit as both
+the physical machinery and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical machinery and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical machinery and the process
+environment that that Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that that Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that that Machinery
+generates around the workpiece so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates around the workpiece so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates around the workpiece so
+examples might be an etch bath okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples might be an etch bath okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples might be an etch bath okay so
+that is a a liquid chemical uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a a liquid chemical uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a a liquid chemical uh uh
+environment that might be done under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that might be done under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that might be done under the
+control of of uh a piece of equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of of uh a piece of equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of of uh a piece of equipment
+other other equipment that many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other equipment that many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other equipment that many of you
+may have come in contact with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have come in contact with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have come in contact with things
+like injection molders uh lathes Dr uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like injection molders uh lathes Dr uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like injection molders uh lathes Dr uh
+draw presses and the whole goal of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw presses and the whole goal of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw presses and the whole goal of those
+are to act on some workpiece so we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to act on some workpiece so we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to act on some workpiece so we may
+have silicon with certain layers already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have silicon with certain layers already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have silicon with certain layers already
+coated on them we may have feed stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated on them we may have feed stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated on them we may have feed stock
+things like plastic pellets or bar stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like plastic pellets or bar stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like plastic pellets or bar stock
+that come in we may have sheet metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in we may have sheet metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in we may have sheet metal
+sheet metal already may have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal already may have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal already may have gone
+through an awful lot of processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an awful lot of processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an awful lot of processing and
+we're looking at a unit step that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at a unit step that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at a unit step that's
+doing some additional uh processing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some additional uh processing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some additional uh processing on
+that oops and then the output uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops and then the output uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops and then the output uh can
+either be uh a finished part direct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be uh a finished part direct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be uh a finished part direct for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+or a part that is in some intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a part that is in some intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a part that is in some intermediate
+stage that will again go and be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that will again go and be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that will again go and be used in
+some larger manufacturing process so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some larger manufacturing process so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some larger manufacturing process so it
+might be a shaft or a hood or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a shaft or a hood or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a shaft or a hood or something
+like that that's going to be further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's going to be further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's going to be further
+assembled or an IC chip which from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled or an IC chip which from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled or an IC chip which from the
+semiconductor Fab that's the finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Fab that's the finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Fab that's the finished
+product but from somebody can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but from somebody can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but from somebody can't remember
+who said they worked at Dell you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said they worked at Dell you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said they worked at Dell you know
+the IC chip that's not a finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IC chip that's not a finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IC chip that's not a finished
+product right the PC uh and the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right the PC uh and the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right the PC uh and the assembly
+uh the packaging and the assembly onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the packaging and the assembly onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the packaging and the assembly onto
+boards and the Assembly of boards into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and the Assembly of boards into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and the Assembly of boards into
+into the uh the back plane and so on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh the back plane and so on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh the back plane and so on are
+an important manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important manufacturing
+process so by definition we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so by definition we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so by definition we're thinking
+of a manufacturing process as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a manufacturing process as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a manufacturing process as uh a
+change or the sequence of changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or the sequence of changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or the sequence of changes in
+some workpiece U material the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some workpiece U material the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some workpiece U material the easiest
+way to conceptualize this is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to conceptualize this is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to conceptualize this is that it's
+going to be a change in Geometry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a change in Geometry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a change in Geometry right
+we're building up some part but equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building up some part but equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building up some part but equally
+important is a change change in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is a change change in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is a change change in some
+material properties some constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties some constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties some constitutive
+properties uh of of that structure we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of of that structure we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of of that structure we'll
+see lots of examples of that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lots of examples of that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lots of examples of that uh in
+semiconductor fabrication here I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication here I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor fabrication here I want to
+give you a kind of a generic conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a kind of a generic conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a kind of a generic conceptual
+semiconductor process model and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model and actually
+I want to mention a little bit this ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention a little bit this ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention a little bit this ties
+into the history of the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the history of the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the history of the evolution of
+this subject uh back oh God it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject uh back oh God it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject uh back oh God it's getting
+to be 18 years ago already uh um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 18 years ago already uh um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 18 years ago already uh um when we
+were starting to look at ways to form Iz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting to look at ways to form Iz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting to look at ways to form Iz
+discussion of semiconductor processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of semiconductor processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of semiconductor processing
+we came up with uh myself and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with uh myself and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with uh myself and some other
+co-workers here at MIT came up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers here at MIT came up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers here at MIT came up with some
+terminology for this conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for this conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for this conceptual
+semiconductor process model and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model and we
+talked about it in terms of states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in terms of states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in terms of states and
+transformations of States these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of States these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of States these states
+being the geometric State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the geometric State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the geometric State and the
+constitutive properties uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive properties uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive properties uh of the
+workpiece in semiconductor fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workpiece in semiconductor fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workpiece in semiconductor fabrication
+that's the typically the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the typically the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the typically the wafer and
+around that one is generating a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that one is generating a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that one is generating a process
+or some environment around the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some environment around the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some environment around the wafer
+that may be gases uh temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be gases uh temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be gases uh temperature
+environment other kinds of uh uh uh ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment other kinds of uh uh uh ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment other kinds of uh uh uh ways
+of generating and directing uh energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generating and directing uh energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generating and directing uh energy uh
+and material at the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material at the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and material at the surface of the
+wafer the machine itself is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the machine itself is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the machine itself is a key
+controlling parameter for how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling parameter for how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling parameter for how one
+generates that environment and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates that environment and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates that environment and the rest
+of the facility also impacts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facility also impacts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the facility also impacts that
+environment the feed material coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the feed material coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the feed material coming in
+the very very High Purity Chemicals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very High Purity Chemicals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very High Purity Chemicals uh
+for example now what's important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example now what's important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example now what's important about
+the machine is that the operator only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is that the operator only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is that the operator only
+has limited access the operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has limited access the operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has limited access the operator which
+may be human or may be an automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be human or may be an automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be human or may be an automation
+system has only limited access to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has only limited access to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has only limited access to to
+that to that equipment and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that equipment and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that equipment and and the
+facility through some settings some knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility through some settings some knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility through some settings some knob
+settings if you will that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings if you will that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings if you will that you can you
+can perform on the equipment but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform on the equipment but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform on the equipment but you
+also have other directional uh sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have other directional uh sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have other directional uh sensing
+capability you have some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability you have some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability you have some number of
+readings that are telling you indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that are telling you indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that are telling you indirectly
+things about the machine machine State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the machine machine State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the machine machine State
+sensor States thermocouple states which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor States thermocouple states which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor States thermocouple states which
+are telling you things about the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling you things about the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling you things about the wafer
+environment and then indirectly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then indirectly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then indirectly if
+you're lucky directly things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky directly things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky directly things about the
+state of the workpiece itself telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the workpiece itself telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the workpiece itself telling
+you things like the thickness uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things like the thickness uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things like the thickness uh of the
+film uh being grown on the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh being grown on the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh being grown on the wafer and
+then we had a term uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had a term uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had a term uh which is
+really kind of generic to semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of generic to semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of generic to semiconductor
+process in of a recipe that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in of a recipe that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in of a recipe that basically
+defined the settings and perhaps even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the settings and perhaps even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the settings and perhaps even
+could be generalized to a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be generalized to a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be generalized to a control
+algorithm if you will which might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you will which might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you will which might be a
+little bit more of a a generic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a a generic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more of a a generic uh
+terminology for dealing with responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for dealing with responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for dealing with responses
+to the readings so now you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the readings so now you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the readings so now you can think
+about things like realtime control or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like realtime control or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like realtime control or
+runby run control which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runby run control which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runby run control which we'll talk about
+later that looks at how one determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that looks at how one determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that looks at how one determines
+what the settings should be uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the settings should be uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the settings should be uh on the
+equipment now we came up with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment now we came up with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment now we came up with a a
+slightly uh simplified version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uh simplified version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uh simplified version of this
+semiconductor process model just focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model just focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process model just focused
+on the the wafer the process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the wafer the process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the wafer the process and the
+settings and I want to give you a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and I want to give you a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and I want to give you a real
+quick example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick example of
+this uh actually I'll probably skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh actually I'll probably skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh actually I'll probably skip this
+and come back to this uh next time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to this uh next time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to this uh next time this
+is uh looking at examples for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh looking at examples for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh looking at examples for one
+particular process dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular process dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular process dealing with
+oxidation now what was interesting is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation now what was interesting is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation now what was interesting is we
+we came up with this generic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with this generic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came up with this generic process
+model this was a sort of early 90s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this was a sort of early 90s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this was a sort of early 90s uh
+when I came back to MIT I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came back to MIT I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came back to MIT I started
+teaching a a subject ON Semiconductor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a a subject ON Semiconductor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a a subject ON Semiconductor uh
+process control dealing with statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control dealing with statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process control dealing with statistical
+process modeling yield design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process modeling yield design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process modeling yield design of
+experiments and so on and then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so on and then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so on and then I got
+involved in some research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in some research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in some research that
+overlapped with Dave Hart and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped with Dave Hart and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapped with Dave Hart and some
+others and he had a course and uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and he had a course and uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and he had a course and uh on
+manufacturing process control and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process control and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process control and he had
+a process model for control Circa 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process model for control Circa 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process model for control Circa 1995
+maybe you would come up with it uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would come up with it uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you would come up with it uh even
+earlier and one of the readings that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and one of the readings that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and one of the readings that you
+need to grab off of the website is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to grab off of the website is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to grab off of the website is an
+overview of manufacturing processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of manufacturing processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of manufacturing processes that
+is Circa 1995 96 where the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Circa 1995 96 where the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Circa 1995 96 where the terminology
+is almost exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly the
+same and in fact the overlap was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact the overlap was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and in fact the overlap was
+astonishing the tools and techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing the tools and techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing the tools and techniques
+that I was teaching in my separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was teaching in my separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was teaching in my separate
+subject and Dave was teaching in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and Dave was teaching in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and Dave was teaching in his
+subject was about 80% the same and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject was about 80% the same and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject was about 80% the same and then
+just the process details kind of changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the process details kind of changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the process details kind of changed
+so in fact we merged the subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we merged the subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we merged the subject and
+that's how this subject uh uh came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how this subject uh uh came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how this subject uh uh came about
+and again the key ideas here are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the key ideas here are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the key ideas here are there
+are controls there is the operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controls there is the operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are controls there is the operator and
+some settings and the equipment material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settings and the equipment material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settings and the equipment material
+that we're all about changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all about changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're all about changing the
+geometry and property through the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and property through the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and property through the action
+of the process environment or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process environment or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process environment or these
+energy states now in this class we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states now in this class we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states now in this class we're
+really going to be focused a lot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be focused a lot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be focused a lot on the
+overall process outputs of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process outputs of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process outputs of unit
+processes and in some cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and in some cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and in some cases the
+aggregation of those and just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of those and just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation of those and just to get a
+little bit of terminology as a prelude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of terminology as a prelude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of terminology as a prelude
+for both uh uh Thursday and next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both uh uh Thursday and next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both uh uh Thursday and next Tuesday
+one can think about a vector y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think about a vector y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think about a vector y of
+characteristics of the product that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the product that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the product that are
+important shape parameters particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important shape parameters particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important shape parameters particular
+thicknesses perhaps material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses perhaps material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses perhaps material properties
+like index of refraction of thin films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like index of refraction of thin films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like index of refraction of thin films
+uh the conductivity of particular layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the conductivity of particular layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the conductivity of particular layers
+uh as well as transistor characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as transistor characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as transistor characteristics
+for example and and that is a pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and and that is a pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and and that is a pH
+function of the process parameters both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process parameters both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process parameters both
+controls that one can change and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that one can change and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls that one can change and other
+parameters that may be fixed and set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that may be fixed and set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that may be fixed and set for
+for the process so a key question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process so a key question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process so a key question is
+what are these Alphas what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these Alphas what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these Alphas what are these
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters and how do we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and how do we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and how do we go about
+controlling those so we'll we'll touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling those so we'll we'll touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling those so we'll we'll touch
+on this uh picture a little bit more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh picture a little bit more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh picture a little bit more uh
+next time but what I want to skip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but what I want to skip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but what I want to skip to
+here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+we'll hear hear about these different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear hear about these different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear hear about these different uh
+characterizations or taxonomy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations or taxonomy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations or taxonomy of the
+process next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I want to give you one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to give you one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to give you one last
+description building on this this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description building on this this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description building on this this uh uh
+sort of very simplified mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very simplified mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very simplified mathematical
+terminology at least for the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology at least for the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology at least for the process
+which is we can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we can go in
+and here we go here we go we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we go here we go we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we go here we go we can we can
+uh split out some of those process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh split out some of those process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh split out some of those process
+parameters as those things that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as those things that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as those things that we have
+control over as inputs to the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over as inputs to the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over as inputs to the process
+and now if we do just a very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we do just a very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we do just a very very simple
+first order tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order tailor
+expansion we get some nice insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we get some nice insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we get some nice insight into
+where variation comes in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where variation comes in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where variation comes in a typical
+process so this is kind of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this is kind of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so this is kind of the very
+simple variation equation that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple variation equation that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple variation equation that in some
+sense helps structure what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense helps structure what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense helps structure what we're going
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+one can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can think about
+deviations in the output Deltas in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in the output Deltas in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in the output Deltas in those
+characteristics and we can expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and we can expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and we can expand that
+in terms of some of the alpha parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some of the alpha parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some of the alpha parameters
+and some of the controllable parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the controllable parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the controllable parameters
+all right so this Dy d alpha that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this Dy d alpha that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this Dy d alpha that's
+sensitivity to Delta a Alphas what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to Delta a Alphas what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to Delta a Alphas what's
+Delta Alphas those are disturbances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Alphas those are disturbances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Alphas those are disturbances that
+you would prefer were not there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would prefer were not there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would prefer were not there they are
+not things that you intentionally are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things that you intentionally are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things that you intentionally are
+changing those are uh inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing those are uh inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing those are uh inherent
+disturbances in the in the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the in the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the in the process so
+there's one component that deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one component that deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one component that deals with
+disturbances and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances and then there's also
+intentional changes we might have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional changes we might have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional changes we might have when
+we want to or intentionally make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to or intentionally make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to or intentionally make a
+change to the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the control
+inputs and so what's interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and so what's interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and so what's interesting is the
+strategies that we might use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that we might use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that we might use for
+minimizing this Delta Delta Y and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this Delta Delta Y and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this Delta Delta Y and in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+sense see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me get to a a nice summary here here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get to a a nice summary here here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get to a a nice summary here here we
+go in some sense the goal of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in some sense the goal of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in some sense the goal of the first
+kind of third of the class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of third of the class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of third of the class the
+techniques will be talking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques will be talking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques will be talking about our
+statistical process control which is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control which is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control which is all
+about detecting these inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about detecting these inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about detecting these inherent
+deviations these disturbances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations these disturbances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations these disturbances and
+seeking to minimize them then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking to minimize them then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking to minimize them then we can
+talk about process optimization things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about process optimization things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about process optimization things
+like design of experiments where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design of experiments where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like design of experiments where we're
+basically trying to build a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to build a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to build a model for
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+the output as a function of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output as a function of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output as a function of process
+parameters and seek to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and seek to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and seek to minimize the
+sensitivity to those disturbances to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to those disturbances to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to those disturbances to
+have as robust a process as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as robust a process as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as robust a process as possible and
+then finally we can also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we can also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally we can also think about
+active modes of process control where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active modes of process control where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active modes of process control where
+you actually manipulate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually manipulate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually manipulate some of the
+control parameters perhaps in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameters perhaps in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameters perhaps in response
+to observed deviations to ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observed deviations to ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observed deviations to ultimately
+minimize or counteract through feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize or counteract through feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize or counteract through feedback
+control the the effects of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the effects of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the effects of those
+disturbances so that in kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances so that in kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances so that in kind of the
+nutshell is the map for what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell is the map for what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell is the map for what we're going
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing through the rest of the term
+we're going to be dealing first off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing first off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing first off with
+statistical process control and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control and the
+statistical background for that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical background for that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical background for that we're
+then going to be modeling the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be modeling the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to be modeling the process
+building up uh design of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up uh design of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up uh design of experiments
+response surface modeling Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling Technologies
+for uh um modeling and optimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh um modeling and optimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh um modeling and optimizing the
+process and then thirdly we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then thirdly we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then thirdly we'll talk
+about some basic strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some basic strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some basic strategies for
+feedback control to compensate uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control to compensate uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control to compensate uh for
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+processes so with that uh we'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so with that uh we'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so with that uh we'll leave
+you folks in Singapore we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks in Singapore we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks in Singapore we'll see you
+again next week again do catch the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next week again do catch the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next week again do catch the uh
+videotape of uh Thursday's lecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape of uh Thursday's lecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape of uh Thursday's lecture um
+please go to the website this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to the website this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to the website this lecture is
+on there but also there are two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but also there are two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but also there are two well
+there's one reading that uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one reading that uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one reading that uh you should
+grab right away which is about a is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab right away which is about a is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab right away which is about a is it
+six or seven pages process overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven pages process overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven pages process overview
+which defines uh some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines uh some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which defines uh some of this
+terminology in in written form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in in written form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology in in written form that
+we've talked about here and I will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about here and I will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about here and I will also
+post what the reading assignment is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post what the reading assignment is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post what the reading assignment is that
+you can get started on uh I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get started on uh I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get started on uh I don't think
+it's posted up there yet but go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's posted up there yet but go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's posted up there yet but go out and
+try to get these books because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get these books because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get these books because there
+will be the reading assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the reading assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the reading assignment is
+basically start on the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically start on the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically start on the first two
+chapters which are kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters which are kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters which are kind of very
+talkative overview uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talkative overview uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talkative overview uh of of
+manufacturing processes so we'll get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes so we'll get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes so we'll get you
+started on on those uh one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on on those uh one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on on those uh one quick
+question Dave is there any information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Dave is there any information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Dave is there any information
+on is there Pro seminar when that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is there Pro seminar when that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is there Pro seminar when that starts
+up that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starts okay so we'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts okay so we'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts okay so we'll have more
+information on that many of you uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on that many of you uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on that many of you uh like
+those in enrolled in the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in enrolled in the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in enrolled in the mechanical
+engineering M program will know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering M program will know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering M program will know about
+this already but this series of seminars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already but this series of seminars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already but this series of seminars
+from folks from industry and so on will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from folks from industry and so on will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from folks from industry and so on will
+uh quite likely be of interest uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite likely be of interest uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite likely be of interest uh to
+other people in the class so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the class so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the class so we'll we'll
+start alerting you about those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start alerting you about those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start alerting you about those those
+evening seminars here uh as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening seminars here uh as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening seminars here uh as well so
+welcome to the class and we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the class and we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the class and we'll see you
+on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kpbG3L5awgk.txt b/kpbG3L5awgk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de6290825b14c0eb4bbee4d939faabdd7470f1a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kpbG3L5awgk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I guess I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I guess I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well I guess I may
+as well start um I don't know if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well start um I don't know if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well start um I don't know if anybody
+else is going to come so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is going to come so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is going to come so I wanted to
+finish up by talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up by talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up by talking a little bit about
+biomimicking and some of these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicking and some of these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicking and some of these examples
+you've seen before but I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before but I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before but I just thought
+I'd put them all together and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd put them all together and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd put them all together and we could
+sort of look at them as as one thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at them as as one thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at them as as one thing so
+if you remember when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember when we talked about
+wood one of the things that uh I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood one of the things that uh I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood one of the things that uh I showed
+you was that people have taken wood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was that people have taken wood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was that people have taken wood and
+pyrolized it so they get a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrolized it so they get a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrolized it so they get a carbon
+template of the wood cells and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template of the wood cells and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template of the wood cells and then they
+um infiltrate that with um silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um infiltrate that with um silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um infiltrate that with um silicon
+carbide and with a silicon Vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide and with a silicon Vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide and with a silicon Vapor
+infiltration and make a silk and carbide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltration and make a silk and carbide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltration and make a silk and carbide
+ceramic so they can get a replica of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic so they can get a replica of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic so they can get a replica of the
+structure so sometimes when people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so sometimes when people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so sometimes when people say
+biomimicking some people think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicking some people think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicking some people think of it as
+kind of replicating something but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of replicating something but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of replicating something but it
+doesn't have to be just replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be just replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be just replicating
+something it can be also just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it can be also just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it can be also just some
+design inspired by the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design inspired by the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design inspired by the biological
+material but this thing really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but this thing really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but this thing really is a
+replica and this was another version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replica and this was another version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replica and this was another version
+where there was the they took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was the they took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was the they took the
+silicon carbide material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide material and then
+infiltrated that uh with liquid silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrated that uh with liquid silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrated that uh with liquid silicon
+uh to get a fiber forced uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get a fiber forced uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get a fiber forced uh material
+really so that was the wood Composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so that was the wood Composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so that was the wood Composites
+we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked
+about uh Jennifer Lewis's group up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh Jennifer Lewis's group up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh Jennifer Lewis's group up at
+Harvard is doing 3D printing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard is doing 3D printing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard is doing 3D printing of
+Honeycombs and one of the things they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honeycombs and one of the things they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honeycombs and one of the things they've
+been interested in is not just printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in is not just printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in is not just printing
+the the pure resin but having a fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pure resin but having a fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pure resin but having a fiber
+reinforced resin and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced resin and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced resin and the first thing
+they did was they made these Honeycombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they made these Honeycombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was they made these Honeycombs
+like this and the they had small silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the they had small silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the they had small silicon
+car carbon fibers or silic carbon maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car carbon fibers or silic carbon maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car carbon fibers or silic carbon maybe
+just carbon fibers in the in the ink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carbon fibers in the in the ink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just carbon fibers in the in the ink and
+so they would just you know if the ink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would just you know if the ink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would just you know if the ink
+was being laid down the fibers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being laid down the fibers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being laid down the fibers would
+just line up in the direction of the ink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just line up in the direction of the ink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just line up in the direction of the ink
+and so the fibers tended to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fibers tended to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fibers tended to be in the
+plane of the honeycomb and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the honeycomb and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the honeycomb and if you think
+of things like wood you want the fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like wood you want the fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like wood you want the fibers
+to be normal to that plane and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normal to that plane and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normal to that plane and more
+recently they've hello hello hello look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently they've hello hello hello look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently they've hello hello hello look
+oh look almost everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look almost everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look almost everybody is
+here so more recently they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so more recently they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so more recently they've got a
+technology now where they're rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology now where they're rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology now where they're rotating
+the nozzle as they print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nozzle as they print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nozzle as they print the
+honeycomb and as they rotate the nozzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and as they rotate the nozzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and as they rotate the nozzle
+they get some change in the Ori entation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some change in the Ori entation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get some change in the Ori entation
+of the fiber so they're beginning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fiber so they're beginning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fiber so they're beginning to be
+able to make Honeycombs that are fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make Honeycombs that are fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make Honeycombs that are fiber
+reinforced and they can get the fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced and they can get the fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced and they can get the fibers
+aligned with the prism axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the prism axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the prism axis of the
+honeycomb which is more more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb which is more more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb which is more more or less
+what the wood does so I wasn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wood does so I wasn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wood does so I wasn't going to
+write anything on the board today I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write anything on the board today I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write anything on the board today I was
+just going to go over some of the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go over some of the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go over some of the slides
+and do the review um so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the review um so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the review um so they're
+beginning to make Honeycombs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to make Honeycombs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to make Honeycombs that have
+the same sort of uh structure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of uh structure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of uh structure on the
+cell wall level or at least a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall level or at least a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall level or at least a similar
+structure as to what the wood Composites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as to what the wood Composites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as to what the wood Composites
+have so that's another example there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so that's another example there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so that's another example there uh
+the this is just sort of another closeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is just sort of another closeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is just sort of another closeup
+of their um fiber reinforced walls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their um fiber reinforced walls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their um fiber reinforced walls in
+honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb
+specimens uh we talked about tricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens uh we talked about tricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens uh we talked about tricular
+bone and we talked about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and we talked about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone and we talked about the fact that
+people are starting to look at using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to look at using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to look at using uh
+foamed Metals as coatings on Orthopedic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foamed Metals as coatings on Orthopedic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foamed Metals as coatings on Orthopedic
+implants and there's been some interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants and there's been some interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants and there's been some interest
+in looking at um using foamed Metals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at um using foamed Metals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in looking at um using foamed Metals for
+uh more permanent parts of the body more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more permanent parts of the body more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more permanent parts of the body more
+permanent bone Parts things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent bone Parts things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent bone Parts things like
+vertebral cages stuff like that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral cages stuff like that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebral cages stuff like that um and
+so this is just an example here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an example here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just an example here with the
+tacular bone on the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacular bone on the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacular bone on the left and the
+tantalum foam that's made by replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantalum foam that's made by replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantalum foam that's made by replicating
+an open cell polyurethane foam on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cell polyurethane foam on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cell polyurethane foam on the
+right you can see the similarity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see the similarity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see the similarity in the
+structures of those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of those two things
+there then we talked about tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then we talked about tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then we talked about tissue
+engineering scaffolds and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering scaffolds and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering scaffolds and if you
+remember these two scaffolds here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these two scaffolds here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these two scaffolds here on the
+bottom were made from pig heart tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom were made from pig heart tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom were made from pig heart tissue
+and they're made by just removing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're made by just removing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're made by just removing all
+the cells so that actually is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells so that actually is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells so that actually is the
+natural extracellular Matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural extracellular Matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural extracellular Matrix and then
+these other structures up here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other structures up here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other structures up here these
+were all engineered tissue engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all engineered tissue engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all engineered tissue engineering
+scaffolds that are made in a synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds that are made in a synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds that are made in a synthetic
+way and the idea is to try to uh mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the idea is to try to uh mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the idea is to try to uh mimic
+The extracellular Matrix in the body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The extracellular Matrix in the body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The extracellular Matrix in the body so
+you can kind of see the similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see the similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see the similarities
+there and then more recently we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then more recently we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then more recently we were
+talking about sandwich panels so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sandwich panels so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sandwich panels so this is
+a the example from the helicopter rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the example from the helicopter rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the example from the helicopter rotor
+blade that's from an aircraft flooring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade that's from an aircraft flooring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade that's from an aircraft flooring
+panel and this was the iris leaf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and this was the iris leaf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and this was the iris leaf and
+these were the bird skulls so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the bird skulls so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the bird skulls so the same
+sort of idea that there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea that there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea that there's these
+engineering lightweight structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering lightweight structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering lightweight structures and
+there's also similar SAR things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also similar SAR things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also similar SAR things in
+nature and then I think last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and then I think last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and then I think last time we
+also were talking about palms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also were talking about palms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also were talking about palms and the
+Palm stems had density gradients in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palm stems had density gradients in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palm stems had density gradients in them
+and one of the things we showed was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we showed was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things we showed was that
+by having that density gradient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having that density gradient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having that density gradient the
+stress distribution across the say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress distribution across the say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress distribution across the say the
+radius of the Palm was almost matched by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the Palm was almost matched by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the Palm was almost matched by
+the strength distribution so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength distribution so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength distribution so it was a
+very efficient way to use the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way to use the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient way to use the material
+and at MIT there was a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at MIT there was a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at MIT there was a student in
+architecture who was looking at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture who was looking at doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture who was looking at doing
+this with concretes with sort of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with concretes with sort of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with concretes with sort of air
+rated or foamed concretes and making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated or foamed concretes and making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rated or foamed concretes and making a
+Ral density distribution so we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral density distribution so we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral density distribution so we made
+beams he made columns he made different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams he made columns he made different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams he made columns he made different
+kinds of things uh with the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh with the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things uh with the concrete
+there's a little bit of a limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a limitation
+because the concrete is much stronger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concrete is much stronger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concrete is much stronger in
+compression than it is in tension so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression than it is in tension so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression than it is in tension so you
+know if you had the a beam loaded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had the a beam loaded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you had the a beam loaded in
+tension or a concrete that a column that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or a concrete that a column that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or a concrete that a column that
+might Buckle you'd still have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Buckle you'd still have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might Buckle you'd still have to have
+some reinforcing bars in there to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reinforcing bars in there to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reinforcing bars in there to to
+take the tensile loads um and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tensile loads um and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tensile loads um and one thing
+I think I didn't really talk about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I didn't really talk about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I didn't really talk about was
+animal quills and other sorts of plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal quills and other sorts of plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal quills and other sorts of plant
+stems and many of these have a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems and many of these have a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems and many of these have a structure
+that's made up of cylindrical shell with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made up of cylindrical shell with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made up of cylindrical shell with
+a foam or Honeycomb Core so here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foam or Honeycomb Core so here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foam or Honeycomb Core so here's some
+examples in nature if you look at grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in nature if you look at grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in nature if you look at grass
+stems uh there's a sort of dense layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems uh there's a sort of dense layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems uh there's a sort of dense layer
+on the outside and then sort of a foamy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside and then sort of a foamy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside and then sort of a foamy
+layer on the inside and then just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on the inside and then just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on the inside and then just a
+hollow layer in the middle and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow layer in the middle and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow layer in the middle and if you
+look at porcupine quills this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at porcupine quills this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at porcupine quills this is a
+porcupine quill these are made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porcupine quill these are made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porcupine quill these are made of
+keratin they're like modified hairs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keratin they're like modified hairs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keratin they're like modified hairs uh
+so it has a dense layer on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a dense layer on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a dense layer on the outside
+and then this foamy stuff on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this foamy stuff on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this foamy stuff on the inside
+this is a hedgehog spine here and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hedgehog spine here and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hedgehog spine here and again
+you can see there a dense layer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there a dense layer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see there a dense layer on the
+outside and these kind of ribs on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and these kind of ribs on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and these kind of ribs on the
+inside and this is is the toucan beak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and this is is the toucan beak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and this is is the toucan beak
+you know the toucans that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the toucans that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the toucans that live in
+Central America um and they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central America um and they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central America um and they have the
+beak has a foam core again they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak has a foam core again they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beak has a foam core again they're
+carrot and structures and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot and structures and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot and structures and the the
+outside is sort of solid but the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is sort of solid but the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is sort of solid but the inside
+has a foamy structure and Mark Meers did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a foamy structure and Mark Meers did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a foamy structure and Mark Meers did
+a paper on this a while ago so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper on this a while ago so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper on this a while ago so we got
+interested in these structures that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these structures that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these structures that have
+a sort of solid shell on the outside but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of solid shell on the outside but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of solid shell on the outside but
+a foamy thing on the inside and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foamy thing on the inside and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foamy thing on the inside and we
+wondered if there was a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered if there was a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered if there was a mechanical
+reason for that and you can show that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that and you can show that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that and you can show that at
+least in some of them um if say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some of them um if say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some of them um if say you have
+a grass stem it's really common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grass stem it's really common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grass stem it's really common in
+plants I think I have some more plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants I think I have some more plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants I think I have some more plant
+stems yeah here we go here's a milked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems yeah here we go here's a milked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems yeah here we go here's a milked
+stem so it's got these sort of dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so it's got these sort of dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so it's got these sort of dense
+fibers with this sort of foamy core here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers with this sort of foamy core here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers with this sort of foamy core here
+and blue J feathers feathers have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue J feathers feathers have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue J feathers feathers have this
+as well so they have an outside layer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so they have an outside layer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so they have an outside layer on
+the quill that's solid and then inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quill that's solid and then inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quill that's solid and then inside
+layer that's foamy if you look at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's foamy if you look at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's foamy if you look at things
+like plant stems you know they blow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plant stems you know they blow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plant stems you know they blow in
+the wind and you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind and you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind and you can look at the
+buckling resistance of the stem and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling resistance of the stem and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling resistance of the stem and uh
+because there's this shell with the foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's this shell with the foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's this shell with the foam
+like core it's not just the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like core it's not just the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like core it's not just the overall
+buckling of the whole thing you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling of the whole thing you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling of the whole thing you can get
+that local kind of face wrinkling kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that local kind of face wrinkling kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that local kind of face wrinkling kind
+of mode again so that the outer shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode again so that the outer shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mode again so that the outer shell
+can wrinkle and you can show that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrinkle and you can show that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wrinkle and you can show that having
+a foam like core helps prevent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foam like core helps prevent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foam like core helps prevent that
+wrinkling from happening the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkling from happening the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkling from happening the same is
+with the sandwich panel remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sandwich panel remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sandwich panel remember we
+talked about the face wrinkling on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the face wrinkling on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the face wrinkling on the
+sandwich panel well on these stems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich panel well on these stems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich panel well on these stems you
+can get wrinkling of the outer shell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get wrinkling of the outer shell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get wrinkling of the outer shell and
+the foam helps prevent that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam helps prevent that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam helps prevent that from
+happening and you can show that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you can show that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and you can show that you can
+actually for the same buckling load you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for the same buckling load you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for the same buckling load you
+can reduce the weight of the the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce the weight of the the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce the weight of the the plant
+stem or the bird feather quill or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem or the bird feather quill or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem or the bird feather quill or
+whatever um by having that foamy core so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um by having that foamy core so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um by having that foamy core so
+so people have looked at this too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have looked at this too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have looked at this too and
+there's a group in Germany had looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group in Germany had looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group in Germany had looked at
+the idea of mimicking the horse tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of mimicking the horse tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of mimicking the horse tail
+stem so this is a plant stem here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so this is a plant stem here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem so this is a plant stem here the
+horsetail plant and they made something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsetail plant and they made something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsetail plant and they made something
+they called a technical plant stem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called a technical plant stem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called a technical plant stem where
+they made this structure here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made this structure here and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made this structure here and they
+made it out of um fiber reinforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it out of um fiber reinforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it out of um fiber reinforced
+Composites and you can see the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Composites and you can see the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Composites and you can see the little
+holes here kind of uh represent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes here kind of uh represent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes here kind of uh represent those
+holes there in the plant stem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes there in the plant stem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes there in the plant stem so the
+idea was to try to get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to try to get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to try to get something that
+was good at resisting the buckling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good at resisting the buckling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good at resisting the buckling uh
+but at lowerer weight and they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at lowerer weight and they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at lowerer weight and they were they
+were doing that with this thing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing that with this thing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing that with this thing here and
+there was a group in Japan did a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group in Japan did a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group in Japan did a similar
+thing uh they used um I think they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh they used um I think they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh they used um I think they took
+a copper tube and then they took uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copper tube and then they took uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copper tube and then they took uh
+copper and aluminum wires and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and aluminum wires and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and aluminum wires and sort of
+filled the copper tube with the wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled the copper tube with the wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled the copper tube with the wires
+they extruded that and then they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they extruded that and then they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they extruded that and then they um
+melted out the aluminum which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melted out the aluminum which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melted out the aluminum which I think
+also helped to sort of soften and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helped to sort of soften and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also helped to sort of soften and and
+make the copper bond together and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copper bond together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the copper bond together and they
+got these structures here and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these structures here and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these structures here and you can
+see that's similar to some of the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's similar to some of the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's similar to some of the plant
+stems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems as
+well so these are all examples of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so these are all examples of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so these are all examples of um
+cellular structures that have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular structures that have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular structures that have sort of
+mechanically efficient structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically efficient structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically efficient structures
+they're lightweight or and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lightweight or and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lightweight or and they're
+strong and they're stiff and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and they're stiff and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong and they're stiff and these
+natural structures um have been mimicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural structures um have been mimicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural structures um have been mimicked
+in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering
+applications so that's really all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so that's really all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so that's really all I
+wanted to talk about today but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about today but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about today but I think
+we wanted to use the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use the rest of the class
+as a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I haven't I haven't made like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't I haven't made like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't I haven't made like one
+hour summary of of the last six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour summary of of the last six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour summary of of the last six weeks
+because that's not really possible so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not really possible so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not really possible so I
+thought I would just answer questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would just answer questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would just answer questions if
+you have questions I'll try and answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions I'll try and answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions I'll try and answer
+them so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so for the
+test um so the test on Wednesday you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test um so the test on Wednesday you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test um so the test on Wednesday you can
+bring one 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring one 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring one 8 and 1 half by 11 sheet I
+wasn't going to give you all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to give you all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to give you all those
+honeycomb and foam equations partly cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and foam equations partly cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and foam equations partly cuz
+I mean the only thing I would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the only thing I would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the only thing I would really
+want you to know is open cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know is open cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know is open cell phone
+and I was kind of hoping by now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was kind of hoping by now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was kind of hoping by now that you
+might have sort of registered those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have sort of registered those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have sort of registered those
+equations somewhere in your brain um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations somewhere in your brain um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations somewhere in your brain um so
+you know I'm not going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not going to ask you
+for um you know some equation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um you know some equation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um you know some equation that's
+kind of obscure I mean I might ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obscure I mean I might ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obscure I mean I might ask you
+expect you to know what the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know what the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to know what the Young's
+modulus of an open cell foam is by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of an open cell foam is by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of an open cell foam is by now
+or you know the axial modulus of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know the axial modulus of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know the axial modulus of a
+honeycomb or something but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb or something but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb or something but I don't think
+I'm going to ask you anything like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you anything like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you anything like um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+calculate uh air pressure contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh air pressure contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh air pressure contributions
+to the modulus of the Clos cell foam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modulus of the Clos cell foam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modulus of the Clos cell foam I
+don't think we're going to do that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we're going to do that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we're going to do that on
+this test so you know I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test so you know I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test so you know I think you should
+you should know what uh the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what uh the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what uh the modulus of
+a the young modulus of an open cell foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the young modulus of an open cell foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the young modulus of an open cell foam
+is the sheer modulus of a foam because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sheer modulus of a foam because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sheer modulus of a foam because
+you need that for the sandwich panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that for the sandwich panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that for the sandwich panels
+but you don't need you know Reams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need you know Reams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need you know Reams and
+reams of those equations so I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reams of those equations so I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reams of those equations so I wasn't
+going to give you those this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you those this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you those this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay so Jenny did you have so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Jenny did you have so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Jenny did you have so I I
+finished the biomimicking thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the biomimicking thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the biomimicking thing we're
+just going to do a review I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do a review I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do a review I don't know
+if you want want to stay or if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want want to stay or if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want want to stay or if you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+go you want say well whatever so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you want say well whatever so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you want say well whatever so do you
+have questions Jenny uh I do I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions Jenny uh I do I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions Jenny uh I do I just
+wanted to I just wanted to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to I just wanted to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to I just wanted to have a
+question for from the last P set re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for from the last P set re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for from the last P set re
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+because I know that you explained it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you explained it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that you explained it to
+me in office hours and I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in office hours and I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in office hours and I know that the
+solutions are online and I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are online and I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are online and I looked at
+them I'm still confused okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm still confused okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm still confused okay so you're
+going to have to remind me what problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to remind me what problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to remind me what problem
+four is I don't remember says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is I don't remember says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is I don't remember says
+poly B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly B
+uh solid strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of. modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather. is considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. is considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. is considered the
+layer okay I'll tell you what I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay I'll tell you what I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay I'll tell you what I think I
+have it on my little disc here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on my little disc here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it on my little disc here maybe
+that's easier because then I can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier because then I can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier because then I can read it
+um maybe easier yeah let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe easier yeah let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe easier yeah let
+me let me just see if that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just see if that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just see if that's going to
+come up there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this one here about the foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one here about the foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one here about the foam
+about the um energy absorption I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um energy absorption I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um energy absorption I'm just
+a little bit confused by the graphs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit confused by the graphs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit confused by the graphs okay
+um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can make this bigger hang on a sec my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make this bigger hang on a sec my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make this bigger hang on a sec my
+computer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay and I think I gave you right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and I think I gave you right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and I think I gave you right I
+gave you this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you this graph
+here right okay so can can you read what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right okay so can can you read what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right okay so can can you read what
+I've got here or it should I make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger that
+help okay so I have to admit when I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay so I have to admit when I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay so I have to admit when I put
+this together somebody I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together somebody I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together somebody I can't remember
+who it was told me you were told me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was told me you were told me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was told me you were told me you
+thought it was over constrained and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was over constrained and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was over constrained and it
+turned out it was over constrained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it was over constrained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out it was over constrained and
+then I said forget the thickness forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said forget the thickness forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said forget the thickness forget
+that I've given you the thickness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've given you the thickness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've given you the thickness right
+so disregard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disregard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disregard the
+thickness oh the speed speed the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness oh the speed speed the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness oh the speed speed the speed
+right okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the
+speed um no I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed um no I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed um no I don't want to
+register okay so from what I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register okay so from what I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register okay so from what I gave you
+you can figure out the normalized peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out the normalized peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out the normalized peak
+stress right so you can get so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress right so you can get so if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress right so you can get so if I do
+this is this good you can see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this good you can see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this good you can see what I'm
+pointing at so you get the peak stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at so you get the peak stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at so you get the peak stress
+is just mass times the acceleration over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just mass times the acceleration over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just mass times the acceleration over
+the area are we good with that divid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area are we good with that divid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area are we good with that divid by
+es which I gave you so I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es which I gave you so I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es which I gave you so I think most
+people probably got the Peak stress here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably got the Peak stress here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably got the Peak stress here
+and then because I had given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because I had given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because I had given you the
+velocity and the thickness I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the thickness I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the thickness I was
+thinking you could calculate the strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you could calculate the strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you could calculate the strain
+rate but if I don't give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but if I don't give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but if I don't give you the
+velocity say we're not calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity say we're not calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity say we're not calculating the
+strain rate at this point here okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rate at this point here okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rate at this point here okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here uh we're ah did I put this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we're ah did I put this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we're ah did I put this I don't
+know if I have the graph on the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have the graph on the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have the graph on the solution
+there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we
+go so this point here is the 22 * 10us 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so this point here is the 22 * 10us 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so this point here is the 22 * 10us 4
+for the peak stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the peak stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the peak stress
+and if you're not given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not given the
+velocity um I think what I did what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity um I think what I did what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity um I think what I did what I
+sort of thought you would do then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought you would do then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thought you would do then would
+be just assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just assume a
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+and and then you can check it at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can check it at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can check it at the end
+so since I had given you this velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I had given you this velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I had given you this velocity
+of 12 let's just say that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 let's just say that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 let's just say that's what we
+assumed okay so then You' get a strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed okay so then You' get a strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed okay so then You' get a strain
+rate of 480 per second so let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 480 per second so let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 480 per second so let's just say
+we assumed that velocity then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed that velocity then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assumed that velocity then we could
+scoot back over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoot back over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoot back over here
+so we know we're on this line here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we're on this line here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know we're on this line here for
+the sigma p over es and we want to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma p over es and we want to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma p over es and we want to be up
+towards the top of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the top of these different
+strain rates so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rates so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rates so if you look at the
+strain rate see the very last one at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rate see the very last one at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain rate see the very last one at the
+top is a th000 per second and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is a th000 per second and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is a th000 per second and the next
+one's 100 per second so we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's 100 per second so we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's 100 per second so we're kind of
+halfway in between those and they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between those and they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in between those and they're so
+close together you can't really read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together you can't really read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together you can't really read the
+difference but we're up here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but we're up here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but we're up here somewhere
+so then we read off a w over es for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we read off a w over es for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we read off a w over es for that
+okay are we good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are we good and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are we good and then
+oop then if we know the W over es this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oop then if we know the W over es this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oop then if we know the W over es this
+is the number here that I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number here that I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number here that I read
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+um you know what the es is so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what the es is so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what the es is so you can
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+W if you can get W W's in Jews per cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W if you can get W W's in Jews per cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W if you can get W W's in Jews per cubic
+meter it's an energy perun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter it's an energy perun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter it's an energy perun
+volume um but you know the area and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um but you know the area and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um but you know the area and you
+know the thickness so you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thickness so you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the thickness so you can get the
+energy in jewels and then oh did I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in jewels and then oh did I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in jewels and then oh did I I
+must have rubbed it off oh I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have rubbed it off oh I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have rubbed it off oh I didn't have
+it on this version the version in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this version the version in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this version the version in my
+notebook I then calculated what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook I then calculated what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook I then calculated what the
+velocity would be the Cor response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity would be the Cor response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity would be the Cor response to
+this and I think it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I think it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I think it turned out to be
+like 8 m/s or something so I had assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 m/s or something so I had assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 m/s or something so I had assumed
+12 and I think it worked out to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and I think it worked out to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and I think it worked out to eight
+and on those log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on those log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on those log log
+graphs this you know this whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs this you know this whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs this you know this whether or not
+it's a strain rate of 480 or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strain rate of 480 or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strain rate of 480 or a little
+bit less or a little bit more you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less or a little bit more you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less or a little bit more you can't
+read the difference on these things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the difference on these things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the difference on these things okay
+can you explain how thises to the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain how thises to the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you explain how thises to the others
+from lecture that were similar we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture that were similar we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture that were similar we had
+ones that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay um hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay um hang
+on so let me see if I can hang on no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let me see if I can hang on no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let me see if I can hang on no I
+think I you so I want to pull up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I you so I want to pull up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I you so I want to pull up the
+leure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leure
+notes find the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes find the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes find the right
+thing here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the lecture notes there was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the lecture notes there was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the lecture notes there was a a
+thing that looked like this is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looked like this is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looked like this is that what
+you're talking about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about yeah
+so so the top set are the stress strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the top set are the stress strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the top set are the stress strain
+curves so those are okay you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so those are okay you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so those are okay you do a
+compression test you measure that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression test you measure that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression test you measure that then
+the middle set you take um say for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle set you take um say for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle set you take um say for one
+density for one stress strain curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for one stress strain curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density for one stress strain curve you
+you know say that's your curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say that's your curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say that's your curve the
+middle one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one there
+03 say you loaded it up to some point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 say you loaded it up to some point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+03 say you loaded it up to some point or
+say you looked at some point here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you looked at some point here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you looked at some point here on the
+curve you would figure out the for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you would figure out the for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you would figure out the for that
+stress what's the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress what's the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress what's the area under the curve
+up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that
+stress so you'd have a stress and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so you'd have a stress and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so you'd have a stress and an
+area under the curve up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve up to that
+stress and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and you could
+then say we know what this foam is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say we know what this foam is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say we know what this foam is it's
+I don't know polyurethane or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know polyurethane or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know polyurethane or something
+so say we know es then we could divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say we know es then we could divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say we know es then we could divide
+those two numbers by es and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers by es and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers by es and we would
+plot that one thing and on this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that one thing and on this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that one thing and on this let me
+just walk over here so this is the 03 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk over here so this is the 03 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk over here so this is the 03 so
+if it's in linear elastic regime would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in linear elastic regime would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in linear elastic regime would
+be somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere in
+here then I would scoot along say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I would scoot along say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I would scoot along say to
+here someplace like I I would do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here someplace like I I would do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here someplace like I I would do a whole
+bunch of points all the way along there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of points all the way along there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of points all the way along there
+and at every point I would say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at every point I would say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at every point I would say what's
+the stress and what's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and what's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and what's the energy
+absorbed up to that stress okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed up to that stress okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed up to that stress okay and then
+I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would
+plot up here I would plot all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot up here I would plot all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot up here I would plot all those
+points okay and then when I got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and then when I got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay and then when I got to this
+part here that corresponds to that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here that corresponds to that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here that corresponds to that part
+over there okay are we all good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there okay are we all good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there okay are we all good with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so then we repeat so we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we repeat so we get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we repeat so we get one
+curve on the middle chart then for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on the middle chart then for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on the middle chart then for the
+different um densities the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um densities the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um densities the different
+stress strain curves we plot a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curves we plot a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curves we plot a different
+curve for each of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for each of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for each of the different
+densities doing the same process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities doing the same process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities doing the same process and the
+thing we notice is that these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we notice is that these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we notice is that these these
+points here are really the optimum point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here are really the optimum point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here are really the optimum point
+because at that point there you absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point there you absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point there you absorb
+as much energy as you possibly can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much energy as you possibly can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much energy as you possibly can for
+that stress Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress Okay so
+and we notice happily that those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we notice happily that those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we notice happily that those points
+lie on a on a line basically on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on a on a line basically on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie on a on a line basically on a
+straight line okay and we take off what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay and we take off what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay and we take off what
+the different densities are so 01 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different densities are so 01 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different densities are so 01 03
+.13 okay and that line there and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.13 okay and that line there and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.13 okay and that line there and all of
+these stress strain curves and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stress strain curves and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stress strain curves and all these
+lines here curves here they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here curves here they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here curves here they all
+correspond to one strain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to one strain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to one strain rate
+right so now I could take that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I could take that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I could take that line
+there for that first strain rate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that first strain rate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that first strain rate and it
+would be one of these thinner lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one of these thinner lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one of these thinner lines here
+for a particular strain rate and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular strain rate and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular strain rate and I would
+mark off you know just the same as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark off you know just the same as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark off you know just the same as I've
+got here 01 03 I go 01 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here 01 03 I go 01 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here 01 03 I go 01 03
+0.13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.13
+right and then I would repeat this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I would repeat this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I would repeat this whole
+process again for a different strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process again for a different strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process again for a different strain
+rate so i' go back to doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so i' go back to doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so i' go back to doing some
+mechanical tests at now a new strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tests at now a new strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tests at now a new strain
+rate and typically the new strain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and typically the new strain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and typically the new strain rate
+is going to be bigger or smaller by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be bigger or smaller by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be bigger or smaller by a
+factor of 10 or so because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 or so because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 or so because you're not
+going to see much difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see much difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see much difference in the
+behavior unless you get big changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior unless you get big changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior unless you get big changes in
+the strain rate so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strain rate so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strain rate so you're going to
+change the strain rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the strain rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the strain rate
+significantly you get a new series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly you get a new series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly you get a new series of
+these stress strin curves then You' get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stress strin curves then You' get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stress strin curves then You' get
+a similar very similar but not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar very similar but not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar very similar but not quite the
+same series of these curves here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same series of these curves here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same series of these curves here and
+what you'd find is you'd have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd find is you'd have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd find is you'd have another
+line here that would be offset a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here that would be offset a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here that would be offset a little
+from the first one and the positions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one and the positions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first one and the positions of
+where these densities were would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these densities were would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these densities were would also be
+offset a little from the first one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset a little from the first one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset a little from the first one and
+then you draw the second one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you draw the second one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you draw the second one so the
+second strain rate diag or line would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second strain rate diag or line would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second strain rate diag or line would go
+here and the little density positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the little density positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the little density positions
+would be offset a little bit and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be offset a little bit and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be offset a little bit and you
+would mark them off and you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mark them off and you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mark them off and you basically
+repeat it for different strain rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it for different strain rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it for different strain rates and
+then you build this thing up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you build this thing up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you build this thing up and then
+the density lines connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density lines connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density lines connect
+too is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is that
+okay so that's kind of how you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of how you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of how you generate
+that so this so the idea is this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this so the idea is this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this so the idea is this bottom
+diagram is really summarizing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is really summarizing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is really summarizing all of
+those shoulder points you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shoulder points you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shoulder points you know for the
+bottom diagram is really summarizing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom diagram is really summarizing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom diagram is really summarizing all
+of these points where the stress starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these points where the stress starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these points where the stress starts
+to scoot up at the densification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scoot up at the densification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scoot up at the densification
+regime yeah so so in question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime yeah so so in question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime yeah so so in question we
+constructing the in the middle for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the in the middle for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the in the middle for this
+particular one what confus me was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one what confus me was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one what confus me was that
+on on the graph the variable on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the graph the variable on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the graph the variable on like the
+x- axis is stress whereas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis is stress whereas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- axis is stress whereas in the
+question we were given the stress so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were given the stress so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were given the stress so I I
+drew something that looked as it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew something that looked as it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew something that looked as it should
+have looked and took out to be right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked and took out to be right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked and took out to be right but
+I'm very confused as why okay let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very confused as why okay let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very confused as why okay let me try
+and get rid of that I'm going have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of that I'm going have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of that I'm going have to
+run myself what the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run myself what the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run myself what the question is
+again okay so we have an open cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so we have an open cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so we have an open cell
+aluminum form foam uh I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum form foam uh I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum form foam uh I asked you to
+write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+equations for each of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for each of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for each of the different
+regimes and those were straight out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and those were straight out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and those were straight out of
+the notes I think right yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I think right yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I think right yeah the
+different inputs were different relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs were different relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs were different relative
+densities yeah and then you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities yeah and then you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities yeah and then you had to
+construct the energy absor ion curve um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the energy absor ion curve um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the energy absor ion curve um
+based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those
+equations um and I I give you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um and I I give you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um and I I give you three
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+densities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities okay
+so so this was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this was my
+solution so all this stuff here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so all this stuff here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so all this stuff here I think
+was straight out of the notes so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was straight out of the notes so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was straight out of the notes so there
+was the oops let me back up so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the oops let me back up so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the oops let me back up so we start
+at the beginning so there was the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning so there was the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning so there was the linear
+elastic part there was the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic part there was the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic part there was the stress
+Plateau there was just as it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau there was just as it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plateau there was just as it starts to
+densify and then there's that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densify and then there's that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densify and then there's that line
+joining up the point so so were okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining up the point so so were okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining up the point so so were okay
+with all that yeah no um the only part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that yeah no um the only part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that yeah no um the only part
+that confused me is because um once like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confused me is because um once like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confused me is because um once like
+I simplified I inputed all of our all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simplified I inputed all of our all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simplified I inputed all of our all
+the what we were given so I I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we were given so I I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we were given so I I had
+equations in terms of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in terms of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in terms of the relative
+density so I could just apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so I could just apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so I could just apply it to the
+once given but um then I wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once given but um then I wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once given but um then I wasn't very
+sure how because I got constants I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how because I got constants I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how because I got constants I
+wasn't very sure how the slopes should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very sure how the slopes should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very sure how the slopes should
+look like because they were constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because they were constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because they were constant so
+you got I'm not sure what you mean about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got I'm not sure what you mean about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got I'm not sure what you mean about
+you got constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got constant
+so what I did was I I said well I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I did was I I said well I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I did was I I said well I know
+that the diagram has to have this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagram has to have this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagram has to have this basic
+shape right and the first part here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape right and the first part here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape right and the first part here is
+where it's linear elastic and this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's linear elastic and this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's linear elastic and this part
+here is the stress plateau and that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the stress plateau and that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the stress plateau and that part
+there's the densification okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the densification okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the densification okay and I
+said well if I can find these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well if I can find these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well if I can find these two points
+that correspond to the change between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the change between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the change between
+the linear elastic part and the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear elastic part and the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear elastic part and the stress
+plateau and the point that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and the point that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and the point that corresponds
+to the stress plateau and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stress plateau and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stress plateau and the
+densification then I've got the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification then I've got the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification then I've got the diagram
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah oh can I stop talking now I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh can I stop talking now I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh can I stop talking now I mean if
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+to well it's for you I mean so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well it's for you I mean so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well it's for you I mean so you're
+okay I think WR we're wrong you oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think WR we're wrong you oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think WR we're wrong you oh so
+what confused me about this question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what confused me about this question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what confused me about this question was
+that like in order to find the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in order to find the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in order to find the two
+points you need to know like the strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you need to know like the strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you need to know like the strain
+at which that point so I wasn't sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which that point so I wasn't sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which that point so I wasn't sure how
+you would find that strain yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find that strain yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find that strain yeah I think
+I didn't tell you let's see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't tell you let's see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't tell you let's see uh
+well let's see do you have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see do you have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see do you have to have the
+strain you need you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain you need you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain you need you have
+that I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um now I think you don't have to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I think you don't have to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I think you don't have to have it
+in terms of the strain I suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the strain I suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the strain I suppose you
+could put it in terms of the strain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put it in terms of the strain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put it in terms of the strain but
+I mean that would be a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that would be a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that would be a different way to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+isn't in terms of the yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in terms of the yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in terms of the yeah but
+um so but this assumes that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but this assumes that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but this assumes that the the
+stress Plateau is just perfectly flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress Plateau is just perfectly flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress Plateau is just perfectly flat
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh this thing here would be useful The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing here would be useful The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing here would be useful The
+Strain at which the plateau starts but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strain at which the plateau starts but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strain at which the plateau starts but I
+think that's the same as kind of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the same as kind of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the same as kind of saying
+you know that's the same point as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the same point as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's the same point as saying
+you're at that point there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at that point there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at that point there because
+that's where the plateau starts okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the plateau starts okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the plateau starts okay so
+I think there's different ways you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's different ways you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's different ways you could
+try to approach this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to approach this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to approach this um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I
+think let's see I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let's see I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let's see I'm just trying to
+remember what I did here yeah so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I did here yeah so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I did here yeah so what I
+did here so to get point a I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here so to get point a I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here so to get point a I said well
+this is the equation for the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation for the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation for the linear
+elastic bit right and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic bit right and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic bit right and this is the
+equation for the stress plateau and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the stress plateau and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the stress plateau and
+where oops where I'm at Point a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where oops where I'm at Point a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where oops where I'm at Point a here
+this stress is the stress Plateau so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stress is the stress Plateau so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stress is the stress Plateau so
+that's why I've put Sigma star plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've put Sigma star plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've put Sigma star plastic
+there and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I
+said this is the sigma star plastic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is the sigma star plastic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is the sigma star plastic is
+this works out to some number here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works out to some number here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works out to some number here some
+number times the relative density to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the relative density to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the relative density to the
+three halfes power and then I just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halfes power and then I just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halfes power and then I just made
+this little table here where I said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little table here where I said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little table here where I said okay
+these are the densities I need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the densities I need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the densities I need to get
+the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+for um this is going to be my Sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um this is going to be my Sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um this is going to be my Sigma star
+plastic for those densities and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic for those densities and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic for those densities and from
+that then I can get this column here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I can get this column here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then I can get this column here is
+basically just that equation with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just that equation with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just that equation with this
+substituted in and you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in and you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in and you see that that
+corresponds to the point a so I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the point a so I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the point a so I mean you
+could do it by figuring out what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by figuring out what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by figuring out what that
+strain is and then you know figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain is and then you know figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain is and then you know figuring out
+all the points along that line uh up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points along that line uh up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points along that line uh up to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+strain but you don't have to do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain but you don't have to do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain but you don't have to do it that
+way you know what I'm saying so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know what I'm saying so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you know what I'm saying so you're
+saying like if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so say I have my sort of idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so say I have my sort of idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so say I have my sort of idealized
+stress string curve like that right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress string curve like that right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress string curve like that right here
+saying well I had to know that strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I had to know that strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well I had to know that strain
+there so that I know where this stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that I know where this stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that I know where this stops
+right and I'm saying that corres and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm saying that corres and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm saying that corres and you
+could do it this way if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it this way if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it this way if you wanted to
+you could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+um you know this is the energy absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is the energy absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is the energy absorbed
+up to that point and if you know um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that point and if you know um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that point and if you know um that
+the modulus goes as the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus goes as the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus goes as the relative
+density squar * es s and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean if you know those two things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you know those two things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you know those two things you
+can figure out what that strain is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what that strain is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what that strain is so
+you could do it that way if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it that way if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it that way if you wanted
+to but I I just did it a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I I just did it a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I I just did it a slightly
+different way yeah so I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way yeah so I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way yeah so I don't understand
+how like how you just like um were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like how you just like um were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like how you just like um were able
+to get rid of the Epson epon oh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the Epson epon oh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the Epson epon oh let's
+see so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I
+think in the first part where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the first part where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the first part where it's
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+elastic I just go up to Epsilon KN right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic I just go up to Epsilon KN right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic I just go up to Epsilon KN right
+so this part here doesn't really involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part here doesn't really involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part here doesn't really involve
+the Epsilon because I've gotten rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon because I've gotten rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon because I've gotten rid of
+it by taking the square of the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by taking the square of the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by taking the square of the stress
+and then here uh the other point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here uh the other point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here uh the other point I'm
+looking at is this point here and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is this point here and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is this point here and I've
+assumed that Epsilon KN is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that Epsilon KN is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that Epsilon KN is much smaller
+than Epsilon D and I've ignored it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon D and I've ignored it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon D and I've ignored it and
+that's kind of I think how I did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of I think how I did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of I think how I did it in
+in the notes in the class okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes in the class okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes in the class okay so when
+you get to that point you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that point you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to that point you know this
+strain here is usually a few percent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain here is usually a few percent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain here is usually a few percent at
+most and this strain here is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and this strain here is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and this strain here is typically
+like 80 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80 or
+90% so it's pretty common to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so it's pretty common to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% so it's pretty common to do that
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+questions so don't forget this covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so don't forget this covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so don't forget this covers
+the test covers everything from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test covers everything from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test covers everything from uh the
+thermal conductivity of the Foams covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity of the Foams covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity of the Foams covers
+the stuff on tricular bone sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff on tricular bone sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff on tricular bone sandwich
+panels and then the energy absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and then the energy absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and then the energy absorption
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+no are you a little exhausted already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no are you a little exhausted already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no are you a little exhausted already
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so I'm guessing that this week and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm guessing that this week and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm guessing that this week and next
+week you have like everything due you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you have like everything due you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week you have like everything due you
+have papers and projects and tests do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have papers and projects and tests do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have papers and projects and tests do
+you have many exams left like final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many exams left like final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have many exams left like final
+exams yeah you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finals all right anybody else have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals all right anybody else have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals all right anybody else have any
+questions because I think we can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because I think we can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because I think we can just go
+and do other things if nobody has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do other things if nobody has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do other things if nobody has any
+other questions so the test is on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions so the test is on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions so the test is on so
+let's just review where we're at for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just review where we're at for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just review where we're at for the
+rest of the term so the Test's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term so the Test's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term so the Test's on
+Wednesday um and you can bring one cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um and you can bring one cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um and you can bring one cheat
+sheet but I not giving you all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet but I not giving you all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet but I not giving you all those
+equations with Honeycombs and Foams so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with Honeycombs and Foams so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with Honeycombs and Foams so I
+think on your cheat sheet you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on your cheat sheet you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on your cheat sheet you would want
+to put like Young's modulus of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put like Young's modulus of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put like Young's modulus of an open
+cell foam sheer modulus of an open cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam sheer modulus of an open cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam sheer modulus of an open cell
+foam you know compressive strength of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam you know compressive strength of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam you know compressive strength of an
+open cell foam sheer strength of an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cell foam sheer strength of an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cell foam sheer strength of an open
+cell foam but I don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam but I don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell foam but I don't think there's
+going to be anything more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be anything more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be anything more complicated
+than that um and um Monday I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that um and um Monday I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that um and um Monday I was going
+to do the how I became a Professor talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the how I became a Professor talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the how I became a Professor talk
+so if you've seen it and you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've seen it and you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've seen it and you don't want
+to see it again you're welcome to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it again you're welcome to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it again you're welcome to not
+come but for you guys I just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but for you guys I just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but for you guys I just talk about
+how it got here uh and it's about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it got here uh and it's about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it got here uh and it's about my
+life it's not about cellular solid ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's not about cellular solid ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's not about cellular solid ready
+and I don't know you guys liked it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know you guys liked it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know you guys liked it you
+like it don't you yeah yeah so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it don't you yeah yeah so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it don't you yeah yeah so if you
+want to come I'll do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come I'll do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come I'll do that and then
+Wednesday I thought I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I thought I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday I thought I just need to
+collect the projects I wasn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the projects I wasn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the projects I wasn't going to
+do anything on Wednesday um and so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything on Wednesday um and so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything on Wednesday um and so I've
+been thinking about the how I became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about the how I became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about the how I became a
+professor talk and I think so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor talk and I think so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor talk and I think so I have
+this idea that students would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that students would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that students would like to
+hear more of these talks from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more of these talks from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more of these talks from other
+faculty would that be true ah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty would that be true ah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty would that be true ah because
+I've been in touch with Cindy Barnhart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been in touch with Cindy Barnhart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been in touch with Cindy Barnhart
+and we're going to try and organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to try and organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to try and organize
+something for the fall so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the fall so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the fall so I'm going to
+approach some other professors like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach some other professors like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach some other professors like not
+just in our department across all of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in our department across all of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in our department across all of MIT
+and see if I can get other people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I can get other people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I can get other people to do
+the how I became a professor talk so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how I became a professor talk so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how I became a professor talk so you
+would like that okay yeah so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like that okay yeah so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like that okay yeah so we'll see
+if we can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ksyY5wa5_50.txt b/ksyY5wa5_50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9efcbad358cb290eb87ca8144eb3b99b84f1c12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ksyY5wa5_50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back I hope you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I hope you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I hope you've got your
+coffee I see somebody has a muffin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee I see somebody has a muffin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee I see somebody has a muffin
+they'll be in a carb coma Frances I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in a carb coma Frances I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in a carb coma Frances I'm
+relying on you answer all the hard hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you answer all the hard hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you answer all the hard hard
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+that's not authorized all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not authorized all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not authorized all right
+so multi engine and Jets the piston twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi engine and Jets the piston twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi engine and Jets the piston twin
+the good news is when both engines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is when both engines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is when both engines are
+spinning it's easier to fly than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's easier to fly than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's easier to fly than a
+single because you don't need as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single because you don't need as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single because you don't need as much
+right rudder or really any right rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rudder or really any right rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rudder or really any right rudder
+it doesn't have all those left-turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have all those left-turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have all those left-turning
+tendencies necessarily the training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendencies necessarily the training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendencies necessarily the training and
+rating especially the seminole which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating especially the seminole which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating especially the seminole which has
+counter rotating props all your training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter rotating props all your training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter rotating props all your training
+for a multi-engine airplane is flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a multi-engine airplane is flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a multi-engine airplane is flying
+around on one engine because flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on one engine because flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on one engine because flying
+around on two engines is pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on two engines is pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on two engines is pretty much the
+same so basically almost all the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so basically almost all the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so basically almost all the flight
+time that you accumulate during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you accumulate during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you accumulate during your
+multi-engine training will be with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine training will be with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-engine training will be with one
+engine pulled back to idle or in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine pulled back to idle or in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine pulled back to idle or in some
+cases stopped altogether you have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases stopped altogether you have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases stopped altogether you have six
+power lovers in a twin-engine piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power lovers in a twin-engine piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power lovers in a twin-engine piston
+airplane to four throttle to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to four throttle to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to four throttle to four
+mixture and to four prop you may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and to four prop you may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and to four prop you may also
+have cowl flaps to bring more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cowl flaps to bring more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cowl flaps to bring more or less
+cooling air into these piston engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling air into these piston engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling air into these piston engines
+there is by FAA certification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is by FAA certification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is by FAA certification
+requirements as I think I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as I think I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements as I think I mentioned
+earlier there's no required climb rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there's no required climb rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there's no required climb rate
+it may be a truly crummy airplane on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a truly crummy airplane on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a truly crummy airplane on one
+engine so that's why people say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so that's why people say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so that's why people say you know
+that second engine either takes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second engine either takes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second engine either takes you to
+the scene of the accident one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene of the accident one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene of the accident one engine
+expert Mike Bush he said you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert Mike Bush he said you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert Mike Bush he said you know he
+came to appreciate the cirrus parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to appreciate the cirrus parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to appreciate the cirrus parachute
+it's not like having that extra engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like having that extra engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like having that extra engine
+out there on the wing trying to kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there on the wing trying to kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there on the wing trying to kill you
+all the time it just waits there quietly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it just waits there quietly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it just waits there quietly
+until you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you need it
+piston twins have an illustrious history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston twins have an illustrious history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston twins have an illustrious history
+here's a Aero commander piston driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a Aero commander piston driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a Aero commander piston driven
+twin that was actually Eisenhower's Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin that was actually Eisenhower's Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin that was actually Eisenhower's Air
+Force One this also tells you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force One this also tells you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force One this also tells you something
+about the growth of government when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the growth of government when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the growth of government when
+Eisenhower was president and wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower was president and wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower was president and wanted to
+go to a smaller Airport this is how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a smaller Airport this is how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a smaller Airport this is how he
+would go in an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go in an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go in an airplane
+designed for about six people okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for about six people okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for about six people okay this
+is probably what you'll be flying which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably what you'll be flying which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably what you'll be flying which
+is the piper Seminole it is unusual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the piper Seminole it is unusual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the piper Seminole it is unusual in
+that the props counter rotate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the props counter rotate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the props counter rotate and that
+has some advantages that are beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some advantages that are beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some advantages that are beyond the
+scope of this talk it's a design from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this talk it's a design from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this talk it's a design from
+the 70s based on designs from the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s based on designs from the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s based on designs from the 50s
+where the problems happen so have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the problems happen so have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the problems happen so have a look
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can anybody immediately see what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody immediately see what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody immediately see what one
+problem might be let's say the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might be let's say the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might be let's say the left
+engine quits and you have to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine quits and you have to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine quits and you have to manipulate
+these what happens okay you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what happens okay you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these what happens okay you know the
+controls for the the good engine instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls for the the good engine instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls for the the good engine instead
+of for the failed engine unit written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the failed engine unit written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the failed engine unit written
+like so it's just an interface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it's just an interface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it's just an interface that's
+overly complex given human frailties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly complex given human frailties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overly complex given human frailties so
+what do you have to do if an engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to do if an engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to do if an engine
+quits you don't want the drag of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits you don't want the drag of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits you don't want the drag of that
+propeller out there that's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller out there that's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller out there that's not being
+driven by the engine so you push all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the engine so you push all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the engine so you push all the
+levers forward to try to get maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers forward to try to get maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers forward to try to get maximum
+power out of your good engine push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of your good engine push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of your good engine push
+everything forward you'll have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything forward you'll have to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything forward you'll have to put in
+some rudder to correct the yaw because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rudder to correct the yaw because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rudder to correct the yaw because
+the airplane is going to be pulled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane is going to be pulled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane is going to be pulled to
+one side of the other depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the other depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the other depending on which
+engine is still running and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is still running and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is still running and then there's
+the there's the old adage dead foot dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's the old adage dead foot dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's the old adage dead foot dead
+engine so if your left foot is flat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so if your left foot is flat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so if your left foot is flat on
+the floor and it's your right rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor and it's your right rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor and it's your right rudder
+that's in then you know that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in then you know that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in then you know that it's the
+left engine that has failed then you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left engine that has failed then you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left engine that has failed then you try
+to verify the dead engine by pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the dead engine by pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the dead engine by pulling
+back that throttle so you'll say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that throttle so you'll say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that throttle so you'll say okay I
+think the left engines failed I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the left engines failed I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the left engines failed I'm gonna
+try monkeying with the left throttle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try monkeying with the left throttle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try monkeying with the left throttle and
+if that has no effect on the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that has no effect on the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that has no effect on the flight
+characteristics you verify that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics you verify that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics you verify that it's the
+left engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left engine
+then you feather the dead engine by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you feather the dead engine by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you feather the dead engine by
+pulling the prop control all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the prop control all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the prop control all the way
+back if you're within a two pilot crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you're within a two pilot crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you're within a two pilot crew
+you'll get your copilot to verify I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get your copilot to verify I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get your copilot to verify I have
+and on the Left prop control and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the Left prop control and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the Left prop control and you
+pull that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that back
+close the Cal Cal flaps and only now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the Cal Cal flaps and only now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the Cal Cal flaps and only now do
+you have any chance of getting actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any chance of getting actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any chance of getting actual
+climb so imagine if this engine fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb so imagine if this engine fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb so imagine if this engine fails
+shortly after takeoff it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after takeoff it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly after takeoff it's a lot of
+stuff to do very quickly if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do very quickly if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do very quickly if you have to
+do it all right and if you miss even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all right and if you miss even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all right and if you miss even one
+of these things you may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things you may not be able to
+clear obstacles at the end of the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear obstacles at the end of the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear obstacles at the end of the runway
+now of course you know your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you know your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you know your typical
+piston twin takeoff is a stressful time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston twin takeoff is a stressful time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piston twin takeoff is a stressful time
+for an engine 100 percent power but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an engine 100 percent power but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an engine 100 percent power but
+there's definitely more engine failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely more engine failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely more engine failures
+that occur enroute so the generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur enroute so the generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur enroute so the generally
+negative impression of piston twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impression of piston twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impression of piston twins
+might have to be revised if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to be revised if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to be revised if you're a
+primary mission is flying around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary mission is flying around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary mission is flying around the
+Caribbean islands you might in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean islands you might in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean islands you might in that case
+actually say well I'd rather have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say well I'd rather have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say well I'd rather have that
+second engine is this within human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine is this within human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine is this within human
+capability that sequence that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability that sequence that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability that sequence that you just
+saw yes in World War two when engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw yes in World War two when engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw yes in World War two when engines
+weren't being made with as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't being made with as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't being made with as much
+precision as they are now you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision as they are now you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision as they are now you know it
+would be ordinary to have one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ordinary to have one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ordinary to have one out of
+four engines or one out of two engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four engines or one out of two engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four engines or one out of two engines
+fail on any given mission but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail on any given mission but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail on any given mission but they also
+got it wrong there's one very famous guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it wrong there's one very famous guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it wrong there's one very famous guy
+Louie Zamperini some of you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie Zamperini some of you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie Zamperini some of you may have
+seen a movie about him he floated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a movie about him he floated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a movie about him he floated in a
+raft for 47 days I think that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raft for 47 days I think that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raft for 47 days I think that was a
+record at the time for survival at sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record at the time for survival at sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record at the time for survival at sea
+he was on a four-engined aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was on a four-engined aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was on a four-engined aircraft and
+one engineer quit and I think there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engineer quit and I think there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engineer quit and I think there were
+about four pilots in the cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four pilots in the cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four pilots in the cockpit
+remember we talked about a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about a flight
+engineer also being an air man so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer also being an air man so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer also being an air man so if we
+count the flight engineer as a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the flight engineer as a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the flight engineer as a pilot
+there were at least three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were at least three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were at least three or four
+experts up front and as a team they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts up front and as a team they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts up front and as a team they
+feathered the wrong engine so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathered the wrong engine so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathered the wrong engine so they
+killed a second engine it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed a second engine it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed a second engine it was actually
+good and now they had two engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now they had two engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now they had two engines
+working on only one side of the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on only one side of the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on only one side of the airplane
+and it was uncontrollable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was uncontrollable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was uncontrollable
+so they went in the water through human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went in the water through human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went in the water through human
+error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and
+Cape air has a great retract record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape air has a great retract record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cape air has a great retract record
+they've had a handful of engine failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had a handful of engine failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had a handful of engine failures
+over the years they fly piston twins all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years they fly piston twins all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years they fly piston twins all
+day every day in the Caribbean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day every day in the Caribbean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day every day in the Caribbean and
+around New England and when they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around New England and when they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around New England and when they have a
+problem usually it's not a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem usually it's not a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem usually it's not a complete
+failure but maybe there's an ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure but maybe there's an ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure but maybe there's an ugly
+indication on one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication on one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication on one engine
+so they'll shut it down but they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll shut it down but they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll shut it down but they do a
+lot of recurrent training that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of recurrent training that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of recurrent training that's what
+they fly all day every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fly all day every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fly all day every day
+the typical family airplane doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical family airplane doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical family airplane doesn't get
+flown as often and the pilot is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown as often and the pilot is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown as often and the pilot is in this
+Perficient so the capable twins are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perficient so the capable twins are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perficient so the capable twins are very
+inexpensive now except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive now except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive now except for the
+Beechcraft Baron which is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beechcraft Baron which is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beechcraft Baron which is kind of the
+most sought-after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sought-after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sought-after
+they're a little more expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little more expensive to
+insure and the comparable signal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure and the comparable signal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure and the comparable signal a
+single just the other day I got a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single just the other day I got a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single just the other day I got a quote
+from a local insurance agency called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local insurance agency called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local insurance agency called
+plane insurance and we found out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane insurance and we found out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane insurance and we found out that if
+you look at a $200,000 aircraft being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a $200,000 aircraft being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a $200,000 aircraft being
+flown by a pilot that has 250 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown by a pilot that has 250 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown by a pilot that has 250 hours of
+experience in type in that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in type in that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in type in that exact
+aircraft and with a million dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and with a million dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and with a million dollars of
+smooth liability that means no sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth liability that means no sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth liability that means no sub
+limits so if there's just one passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so if there's just one passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so if there's just one passenger
+they would pay out all million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would pay out all million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would pay out all million dollars
+for injuries to that one passenger some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for injuries to that one passenger some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for injuries to that one passenger some
+policies have like $100,000 per person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies have like $100,000 per person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies have like $100,000 per person
+supplement anyway it was about 50% more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement anyway it was about 50% more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement anyway it was about 50% more
+for the Baron $3,700 a year versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Baron $3,700 a year versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Baron $3,700 a year versus
+$2,500 there you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,500 there you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2,500 there you have it
+again you know it's not insanely risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know it's not insanely risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know it's not insanely risky
+you can quantify the risk the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify the risk the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify the risk the insurance
+company has but it is riskier okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has but it is riskier okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has but it is riskier okay we
+have a lot of engineering geniuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of engineering geniuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of engineering geniuses in
+this class and one physics genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and one physics genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and one physics genius
+science which one was it that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which one was it that's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which one was it that's close
+enough to physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to physics
+brain incog takes a lot of physics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain incog takes a lot of physics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain incog takes a lot of physics to
+make your neurons fire obviously my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your neurons fire obviously my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your neurons fire obviously my
+neurons on firing very well so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on firing very well so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on firing very well so what is
+what's the limit to a piston engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the limit to a piston engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the limit to a piston engines
+power like why is it that we can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power like why is it that we can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power like why is it that we can't get
+you know six thousand horsepower out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know six thousand horsepower out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know six thousand horsepower out of
+our piston engine what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our piston engine what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our piston engine what do you guys think
+cooling is one sure what else like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling is one sure what else like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling is one sure what else like
+what's fundamentally limiting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fundamentally limiting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fundamentally limiting our
+ability to produce power remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to produce power remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to produce power remember all
+the power that we produce is by burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that we produce is by burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power that we produce is by burning
+fuel and oxygen yeah I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and oxygen yeah I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and oxygen yeah I think you know
+that's a good insight it's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good insight it's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good insight it's the size of
+the cylinder you only have so much fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder you only have so much fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder you only have so much fuel
+and air that you can combust and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air that you can combust and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air that you can combust and once
+you've flown all that up what do you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've flown all that up what do you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've flown all that up what do you got
+nothing so if you want to know why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so if you want to know why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so if you want to know why you
+should never be like the Silicon Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be like the Silicon Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be like the Silicon Valley
+heroes and never hire anybody over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes and never hire anybody over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroes and never hire anybody over the
+age of 30 the inventor of the modern jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 30 the inventor of the modern jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 30 the inventor of the modern jet
+engine was only 23 years old I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine was only 23 years old I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine was only 23 years old I believe
+at the time that the patent was filed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that the patent was filed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time that the patent was filed
+over in England he was a cadet when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in England he was a cadet when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in England he was a cadet when he
+conceived the idea at the Royal Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the idea at the Royal Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the idea at the Royal Air
+College and he said well look these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College and he said well look these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College and he said well look these
+Pistons you know no matter how high up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pistons you know no matter how high up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pistons you know no matter how high up
+you go no matter what you do all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go no matter what you do all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go no matter what you do all you can
+ever do is burn the volume of air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do is burn the volume of air and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do is burn the volume of air and
+fuel that's inside the cylinder so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that's inside the cylinder so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that's inside the cylinder so what
+if we just have this adapt this gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just have this adapt this gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just have this adapt this gas
+turbine which has already been invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine which has already been invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine which has already been invented
+it was kind of invented in 1791 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of invented in 1791 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of invented in 1791 but not
+really practical to fabricate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical to fabricate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical to fabricate at the
+time but look we're just sucking in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but look we're just sucking in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but look we're just sucking in all
+this air we can probably get 20 times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this air we can probably get 20 times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this air we can probably get 20 times as
+much air in if we just vacuumed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much air in if we just vacuumed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much air in if we just vacuumed it in
+and suck it into a turbine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suck it into a turbine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suck it into a turbine and then
+light it on fire so that was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire so that was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it on fire so that was the idea
+the fundamental insight for why a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental insight for why a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental insight for why a gas
+turbine is going to be a better machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine is going to be a better machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine is going to be a better machine
+for propelling aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for propelling aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for propelling aircraft
+he struggled with funding so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he struggled with funding so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he struggled with funding so you can see
+the patent was filed in 1930 and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent was filed in 1930 and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent was filed in 1930 and it was
+only until nineteen it was only a 1941
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only until nineteen it was only a 1941
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only until nineteen it was only a 1941
+that it finally got flown and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it finally got flown and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it finally got flown and that's a
+good lesson for you entrepreneurs a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lesson for you entrepreneurs a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lesson for you entrepreneurs a lot
+of MIT startups have the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT startups have the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT startups have the characteristic
+that they're a bit too early I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're a bit too early I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're a bit too early I remember
+I built in 1994 I built the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built in 1994 I built the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built in 1994 I built the world's
+first electronic medical record system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electronic medical record system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electronic medical record system
+that had a web interface so that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a web interface so that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a web interface so that had
+zero value at the time and you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero value at the time and you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero value at the time and you know but
+10 years later it was a multi-billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later it was a multi-billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later it was a multi-billion
+dollar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar idea
+so yeah Whittle died in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Whittle died in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Whittle died in relative
+obscurity in 1996 so nobody else liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscurity in 1996 so nobody else liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscurity in 1996 so nobody else liked
+this idea at the time I'll let you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the time I'll let you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea at the time I'll let you read
+that quote not totally wrong of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quote not totally wrong of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quote not totally wrong of course
+because it did take quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it did take quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it did take quite a bit of
+Engineering to make it truly practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering to make it truly practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering to make it truly practical
+but that didn't take as long as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't take as long as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't take as long as people
+thought all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought all right
+you saw this figure before this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this figure before this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this figure before this is the
+modern turbojet or turbofan engine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern turbojet or turbofan engine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern turbojet or turbofan engine where
+you have this bypass air so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this bypass air so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this bypass air so that's this
+the top of the duct is devoted to or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the duct is devoted to or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the duct is devoted to or the
+outer outer ring is devoted to air that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer outer ring is devoted to air that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer outer ring is devoted to air that
+really never goes through and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never goes through and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never goes through and gets
+burned by the in the power section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned by the in the power section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned by the in the power section and
+that provides a lot of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides a lot of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides a lot of additional
+propulsion for not a whole lot of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion for not a whole lot of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion for not a whole lot of extra
+energy so these are much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so these are much more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so these are much more efficient
+than the early pure turbojet so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the early pure turbojet so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the early pure turbojet so just to
+remind you you have the compressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you you have the compressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you you have the compressor
+section where you have air being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where you have air being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where you have air being
+squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed
+now you introduce some fuel catches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you introduce some fuel catches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you introduce some fuel catches on
+fire from the extreme heat or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire from the extreme heat or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire from the extreme heat or the
+igniters if you're just starting up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igniters if you're just starting up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igniters if you're just starting up that
+drives these power turbines and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives these power turbines and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives these power turbines and some of
+the spinning from the power turbines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning from the power turbines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning from the power turbines
+goes back to spin the compressor wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to spin the compressor wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to spin the compressor wheels
+as well as the fan in front which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the fan in front which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the fan in front which is
+kind of like the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the propeller
+all right what about having two turbojet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about having two turbojet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about having two turbojet
+engines a lot of people like to see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines a lot of people like to see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines a lot of people like to see two
+engines on their aircraft especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines on their aircraft especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines on their aircraft especially
+airline passengers if you have an engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline passengers if you have an engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline passengers if you have an engine
+failure what do you do the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure what do you do the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure what do you do the answer is
+pretty much nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much nothing
+maybe you if it hasn't been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you if it hasn't been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you if it hasn't been done
+automatically for you already you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for you already you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for you already you can
+advance the thrust levers if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the thrust levers if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance the thrust levers if the
+airplane is yawning that sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is yawning that sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane is yawning that sometimes is
+automatically corrected for you but to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically corrected for you but to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically corrected for you but to a
+substantial extent by the yaw damper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial extent by the yaw damper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial extent by the yaw damper you
+will step on a rudder to do the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will step on a rudder to do the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will step on a rudder to do the natural
+thing and bring the nose back pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and bring the nose back pointed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and bring the nose back pointed to
+where you want it pointed and it'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it pointed and it'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it pointed and it'll keep
+climbing nicely you've arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing nicely you've arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing nicely you've arranged
+everything both in terms of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything both in terms of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything both in terms of the design
+of the aircraft and the weight at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aircraft and the weight at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aircraft and the weight at which
+you took off so that no matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took off so that no matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took off so that no matter the
+environmental conditions you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental conditions you will be
+able to climb and you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to climb and you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to climb and you will be able to
+clear the obstacles this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the obstacles this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the obstacles this can be a
+challenge if you're taking off out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge if you're taking off out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge if you're taking off out of a
+mountainous high-altitude hot Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountainous high-altitude hot Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountainous high-altitude hot Airport
+you're not going to have a full load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a full load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a full load of
+fuel and a full load of people and bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and a full load of people and bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and a full load of people and bags
+but by regulation you're gonna be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by regulation you're gonna be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by regulation you're gonna be able
+to clear the terrains if safely even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear the terrains if safely even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear the terrains if safely even on
+one engine why is it so much easier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engine why is it so much easier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one engine why is it so much easier you
+don't have a propeller that'll drag back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a propeller that'll drag back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a propeller that'll drag back
+a wing and therefore there's no urgency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wing and therefore there's no urgency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wing and therefore there's no urgency
+about feathering you also have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about feathering you also have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about feathering you also have a little
+bit less of the crazy off because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less of the crazy off because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less of the crazy off because the
+engines are and some aircraft pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are and some aircraft pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are and some aircraft pretty
+close to the fuselage so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the fuselage so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the fuselage so basically you
+can still apply that cardinal rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still apply that cardinal rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still apply that cardinal rule of
+flying jets if the switch has dust on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying jets if the switch has dust on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying jets if the switch has dust on it
+don't touch it so you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch it so you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't touch it so you don't have to be
+take immediate action all right if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take immediate action all right if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take immediate action all right if it's
+turbojet-powered though you do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet-powered though you do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbojet-powered though you do need
+specific training and you have to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific training and you have to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific training and you have to pass
+the check ride specific to that aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check ride specific to that aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check ride specific to that aircraft
+so most of you guys except for Francis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of you guys except for Francis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of you guys except for Francis
+believe that captain Sully was all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that captain Sully was all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that captain Sully was all by
+himself in the a320 but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in the a320 but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in the a320 but actually
+anything that's more than about a ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's more than about a ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's more than about a ten
+seater almost always requires two pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater almost always requires two pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seater almost always requires two pilots
+and the types are according to the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the types are according to the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the types are according to the type
+certificate it's not even legal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate it's not even legal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate it's not even legal to
+operate you know even the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate you know even the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate you know even the larger
+business jets with one pilot there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is an old far 91.5 I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an old far 91.5 I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an old far 91.5 I believe that
+says there has to be a proficiency check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there has to be a proficiency check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says there has to be a proficiency check
+annually for the pilot in command of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually for the pilot in command of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually for the pilot in command of a
+to pilot aircraft and more recently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pilot aircraft and more recently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pilot aircraft and more recently the
+regulations were updated for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations were updated for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations were updated for a single
+pilot turbo jets so that a checkride has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot turbo jets so that a checkride has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot turbo jets so that a checkride has
+to be done annually which is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done annually which is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done annually which is not really
+that different from the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different from the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different from the insurance
+requirements of annual training they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of annual training they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements of annual training they
+just made it a little more formalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it a little more formalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it a little more formalized
+with FA bureaucracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with FA bureaucracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with FA bureaucracy
+all right turbojet you might own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right turbojet you might own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right turbojet you might own the
+single pilot business jet with kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pilot business jet with kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pilot business jet with kind of a
+straight wing they said initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight wing they said initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight wing they said initially the
+Cessna Citation was so slow that birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Citation was so slow that birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Citation was so slow that birds
+were hitting it from behind but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hitting it from behind but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hitting it from behind but you know
+sometimes safety and being having it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes safety and being having it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes safety and being having it be
+easy to operate by people of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to operate by people of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to operate by people of ordinary
+skill and people of lower skill levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and people of lower skill levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and people of lower skill levels
+is better than getting that last 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than getting that last 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than getting that last 50
+knots of speed and that's what Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots of speed and that's what Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots of speed and that's what Cessna
+figured out so there's still kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out so there's still kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out so there's still kind of a
+leader in this area they produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in this area they produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in this area they produce the
+Cessna Mustang which you see there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang which you see there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang which you see there at
+the right there was a Microsoft some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there was a Microsoft some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there was a Microsoft some of
+the Microsoft folks they spun off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft folks they spun off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft folks they spun off a
+design called the Eclipse it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design called the Eclipse it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design called the Eclipse it was
+supposed to have these new cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have these new cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have these new cruise
+missile inspired engines from Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile inspired engines from Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile inspired engines from Williams
+they never wrote the engines didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never wrote the engines didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never wrote the engines didn't work
+so the 1500 nautical mile airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 1500 nautical mile airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 1500 nautical mile airplane
+became you know a 900 nautical mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became you know a 900 nautical mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became you know a 900 nautical mile
+airplane with a pratt & whitney more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with a pratt & whitney more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane with a pratt & whitney more
+conventional design engine that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional design engine that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional design engine that's used
+on some of these other designs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these other designs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these other designs the
+embraer phenom 100 has the same engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraer phenom 100 has the same engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraer phenom 100 has the same engines
+essentially as the Mustang same family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as the Mustang same family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as the Mustang same family
+Honda jet has an innovative engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda jet has an innovative engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda jet has an innovative engine
+designed by GE and Honda these have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by GE and Honda these have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by GE and Honda these have all
+pretty much been business failures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much been business failures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much been business failures and
+the answer to that is the fixed costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is the fixed costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is the fixed costs of
+jet ownership are so high you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet ownership are so high you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet ownership are so high you need to
+pay you can't just you know get a tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you can't just you know get a tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you can't just you know get a tea
+hangar for $800 a month you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangar for $800 a month you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangar for $800 a month you may have to
+pay at one of the busier airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay at one of the busier airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay at one of the busier airports
+you know $40,000 a year to have an FBO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $40,000 a year to have an FBO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know $40,000 a year to have an FBO
+hangar it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangar it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangar it for you
+the insurance company will require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance company will require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insurance company will require
+simulator training annually and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator training annually and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator training annually and you'll
+probably have to have two pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to have two pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to have two pilots
+as a practical matter go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a practical matter go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a practical matter go through
+training insurance will be expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training insurance will be expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training insurance will be expensive
+because the whole value is high you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole value is high you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole value is high you know
+if you wrecked a five million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wrecked a five million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wrecked a five million dollar
+airplane or a ten million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or a ten million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or a ten million dollar
+airplane that's a bad day for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that's a bad day for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that's a bad day for the
+insurance company you get charged a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company you get charged a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company you get charged a lot
+more for landing fees and parking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for landing fees and parking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for landing fees and parking at
+airports you know when you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports you know when you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports you know when you're a little
+Cessna they kind of give you a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna they kind of give you a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna they kind of give you a break
+because they don't want you saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want you saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want you saying
+anything bad about them on air navcom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad about them on air navcom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad about them on air navcom
+but if you show up in a Gulfstream they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you show up in a Gulfstream they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you show up in a Gulfstream they
+figure you probably have a credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you probably have a credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure you probably have a credit card
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+so yeah the Mustang they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the Mustang they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah the Mustang they actually
+stopped production of that plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped production of that plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped production of that plane the
+phenom 100 is still going from Embraer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenom 100 is still going from Embraer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenom 100 is still going from Embraer
+but basically I think the phenom 300 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically I think the phenom 300 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically I think the phenom 300 is
+holds about nine or ten people and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds about nine or ten people and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds about nine or ten people and I
+think it weighs somewhere in the 15,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it weighs somewhere in the 15,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it weighs somewhere in the 15,000
+to 20,000 pound range those are the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20,000 pound range those are the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20,000 pound range those are the at
+gross those are the airplanes that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross those are the airplanes that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross those are the airplanes that seem
+to be popular phenom 300 is about nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be popular phenom 300 is about nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be popular phenom 300 is about nine
+million dollars new and three to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars new and three to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars new and three to five
+million used applies including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million used applies including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million used applies including the
+things like the Cessna cj3 a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the Cessna cj3 a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the Cessna cj3 a three
+million dollar plane could be a cj3 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar plane could be a cj3 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollar plane could be a cj3 all
+right what about single-engine jets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about single-engine jets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about single-engine jets the
+problem is they're more vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they're more vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is they're more vulnerable to
+engine failure jet engines are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure jet engines are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine failure jet engines are a little
+bit more vulnerable to failure from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more vulnerable to failure from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more vulnerable to failure from say
+a bird strike or something and a piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bird strike or something and a piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bird strike or something and a piston
+engine and therefore you need some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and therefore you need some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and therefore you need some way
+of dealing with the consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the consequence of
+having that engine fail the cirrus jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that engine fail the cirrus jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that engine fail the cirrus jet
+is pretty slow so it could actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty slow so it could actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty slow so it could actually be
+landed off the airport perhaps without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed off the airport perhaps without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed off the airport perhaps without
+too much damage but it has a parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much damage but it has a parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much damage but it has a parachute
+in case and f-16 and other fighter jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case and f-16 and other fighter jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case and f-16 and other fighter jets
+that are single-engine they obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are single-engine they obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are single-engine they obviously
+have ejection seats twin turbo props
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ejection seats twin turbo props
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ejection seats twin turbo props
+let's talk about those so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about those so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about those so if you want to
+land on a short runway we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on a short runway we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on a short runway we talked about
+turboprop engines I think on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop engines I think on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop engines I think on day one
+they can produce a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can produce a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can produce a tremendous amount of
+power so you can have a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you can have a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so you can have a much bigger
+heavier airplane but because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier airplane but because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier airplane but because they're
+driving a propeller you get to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a propeller you get to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a propeller you get to take off
+and land short they develop thrust very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land short they develop thrust very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land short they develop thrust very
+effectively at low speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively at low speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively at low speeds
+and the prop is a huge drag so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prop is a huge drag so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prop is a huge drag so when you
+land it kind of slows down and stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it kind of slows down and stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it kind of slows down and stops
+immediately or almost immediately so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or almost immediately so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or almost immediately so the
+the king air from 1964 to the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king air from 1964 to the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king air from 1964 to the present
+with these Pratt & Whitney engines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Pratt & Whitney engines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these Pratt & Whitney engines that
+were developed in the very end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed in the very end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed in the very end of the
+50s the PT six those have been hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s the PT six those have been hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s the PT six those have been hugely
+popular when you hit a bird it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular when you hit a bird it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular when you hit a bird it's a
+problem for the bird but not usually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the bird but not usually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the bird but not usually for
+the propeller the King airs and this ATR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller the King airs and this ATR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propeller the King airs and this ATR
+they have an auto feather system if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an auto feather system if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an auto feather system if one
+engine loses power the propeller will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine loses power the propeller will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine loses power the propeller will
+automatically go to this knife-edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically go to this knife-edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically go to this knife-edge
+configuration I should have said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration I should have said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration I should have said what
+feathering is you twist the propeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathering is you twist the propeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathering is you twist the propeller
+blades so that they're edge to the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades so that they're edge to the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades so that they're edge to the wind
+instead of flat to the wind so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of flat to the wind so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of flat to the wind so you
+dramatically reduce the drag of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduce the drag of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduce the drag of the
+propeller so that airplane actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so that airplane actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propeller so that airplane actually kind
+of took care of itself or should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of took care of itself or should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of took care of itself or should have
+taken care of itself pretty well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of itself pretty well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of itself pretty well you can
+read about that crash I think it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about that crash I think it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about that crash I think it was in
+Taiwan but the pilots decided to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan but the pilots decided to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan but the pilots decided to take
+heroic immediate action or at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic immediate action or at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic immediate action or at least one
+of the pilots did and shut down the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pilots did and shut down the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pilots did and shut down the good
+engine instead of just leaving well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine instead of just leaving well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine instead of just leaving well
+enough alone okay single-engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough alone okay single-engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough alone okay single-engine
+turboprop says these engines got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop says these engines got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turboprop says these engines got more
+refined and more reliable if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined and more reliable if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined and more reliable if you look at
+the PT six design it has all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PT six design it has all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PT six design it has all kinds of
+tubes and hoses and vacuum going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and hoses and vacuum going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and hoses and vacuum going from
+one place to another bleed air you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to another bleed air you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to another bleed air you'd be
+surprised that it's as reliable as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that it's as reliable as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that it's as reliable as it is
+but they supposedly don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they supposedly don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they supposedly don't really have to
+be shut down for a problem or fail more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shut down for a problem or fail more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shut down for a problem or fail more
+than about once every three four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about once every three four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about once every three four or five
+hundred thousand hours so after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand hours so after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand hours so after that
+insight people said let's let's just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight people said let's let's just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight people said let's let's just put
+one of them in and we don't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them in and we don't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them in and we don't need that
+second engine it'll save a ton of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine it'll save a ton of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine it'll save a ton of money
+so the so the Cessna Caravan is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Cessna Caravan is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Cessna Caravan is a great
+example of that that's a that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that's a that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that that's a that sort of
+boxy cargo plane that you saw on floats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxy cargo plane that you saw on floats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxy cargo plane that you saw on floats
+in the other video for personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other video for personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other video for personal
+airplanes that are pressurized and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes that are pressurized and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes that are pressurized and more
+comfortable the piper meridian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable the piper meridian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable the piper meridian which is
+figured which is down here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured which is down here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured which is down here this is
+my friend Arnold who's at Hanscom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend Arnold who's at Hanscom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend Arnold who's at Hanscom he
+says he he funded his airplanes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he he funded his airplanes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says he he funded his airplanes because
+he was practicing during the Golden Age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was practicing during the Golden Age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was practicing during the Golden Age
+of gynecology and that's what enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gynecology and that's what enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gynecology and that's what enabled
+him to afford his fancy pressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to afford his fancy pressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to afford his fancy pressurized
+pipers the TBM is a French design that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipers the TBM is a French design that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipers the TBM is a French design that's
+considerably preferred to the piper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably preferred to the piper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably preferred to the piper but
+it's a lot more expensive and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more expensive and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more expensive and then the
+Swiss Pilatus pc-12 is kind of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss Pilatus pc-12 is kind of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swiss Pilatus pc-12 is kind of a good
+airplane for a mixture of family use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for a mixture of family use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for a mixture of family use and
+charter use the piper and the TBM are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter use the piper and the TBM are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charter use the piper and the TBM are
+kind of too small to justify all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too small to justify all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of too small to justify all the
+machinery around charter alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery around charter alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery around charter alright so
+actually old King airs are cheaper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually old King airs are cheaper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually old King airs are cheaper than
+these single-engine airplanes but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these single-engine airplanes but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these single-engine airplanes but they
+cost a little more to run all right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a little more to run all right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a little more to run all right when
+you're maintaining a jet I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maintaining a jet I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're maintaining a jet I think I
+mentioned this earlier the manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this earlier the manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this earlier the manufacturers
+guidance will supersede those capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance will supersede those capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance will supersede those capsule
+rules of a 100 hour inspection for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of a 100 hour inspection for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of a 100 hour inspection for an
+airplane operated annually operated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane operated annually operated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane operated annually operated
+commercially or the annual inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially or the annual inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially or the annual inspection
+for an airplane operated privately it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an airplane operated privately it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an airplane operated privately it
+can get expensive on you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get expensive on you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get expensive on you know one of
+those Cessna Citation Jets that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cessna Citation Jets that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cessna Citation Jets that I
+mentioned coming out with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned coming out with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned coming out with a hundred
+thousand dollar bill from the annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar bill from the annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar bill from the annual
+would not be unexpected you usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be unexpected you usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be unexpected you usually have
+a time limit on the whole airframe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time limit on the whole airframe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time limit on the whole airframe
+because and if it's pressurized it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and if it's pressurized it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and if it's pressurized it's
+getting expanded and contracted expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting expanded and contracted expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting expanded and contracted expanded
+and contracted and a little bit of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contracted and a little bit of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contracted and a little bit of metal
+fatigue on every flight so you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue on every flight so you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue on every flight so you may have
+a limit on the number of cycles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit on the number of cycles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit on the number of cycles the
+number of times that's happened and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that's happened and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times that's happened and also
+on the number of hours so a 12,000 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of hours so a 12,000 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of hours so a 12,000 hour
+or 20,000 hour airframe life limit might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20,000 hour airframe life limit might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20,000 hour airframe life limit might
+be common for the Pallotta PSA's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common for the Pallotta PSA's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be common for the Pallotta PSA's it's
+20,000 hours and then they have life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hours and then they have life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 hours and then they have life
+extension program so they tear the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension program so they tear the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension program so they tear the whole
+thing apart and replace some structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apart and replace some structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apart and replace some structures
+or at least look at every structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least look at every structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least look at every structure
+people have extended them out to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have extended them out to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have extended them out to about
+32,000 hours I think now cycle limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32,000 hours I think now cycle limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32,000 hours I think now cycle limits
+also on the jet engines so the turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the jet engines so the turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the jet engines so the turbine
+blades and stuff and discs every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades and stuff and discs every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades and stuff and discs every time
+they're started and shut down there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're started and shut down there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're started and shut down there's a
+huge amount of thermal cycling so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of thermal cycling so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of thermal cycling so they
+say look after you've done that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look after you've done that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look after you've done that you know
+15 thousand times you got to throw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 thousand times you got to throw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 thousand times you got to throw that
+and that wheel inside the turboprop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wheel inside the turboprop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wheel inside the turboprop
+could be $100,000 if you guys ever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be $100,000 if you guys ever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be $100,000 if you guys ever you
+know it may seem hard to believe now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may seem hard to believe now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may seem hard to believe now
+that mit has stripped you of all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mit has stripped you of all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mit has stripped you of all of your
+savings but if you do have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings but if you do have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings but if you do have a little bit
+of money at some future date and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money at some future date and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money at some future date and you
+want to get a type rating for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a type rating for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a type rating for an
+airplane by far the cheapest type rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane by far the cheapest type rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane by far the cheapest type rating
+you get will be for a big airplane so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get will be for a big airplane so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get will be for a big airplane so it
+turns out if you want to pay flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you want to pay flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out if you want to pay flight
+safety for a Gulfstream rating or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for a Gulfstream rating or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for a Gulfstream rating or a
+Cessna Mustang rating or whatever those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang rating or whatever those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna Mustang rating or whatever those
+are pretty expensive they're relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty expensive they're relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty expensive they're relatively
+rare Boeing 737s and Airbus a320s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare Boeing 737s and Airbus a320s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare Boeing 737s and Airbus a320s so
+many were made that there's a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many were made that there's a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many were made that there's a just a
+wide variety of simulators all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of simulators all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of simulators all over the
+world and for about ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and for about ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and for about ten thousand dollars
+you can jump in and get your instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can jump in and get your instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can jump in and get your instrument
+proficiency back up to snuff as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency back up to snuff as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency back up to snuff as well as
+some well as have a lot of fun alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well as have a lot of fun alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some well as have a lot of fun alright
+so as a summary it's a good challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a summary it's a good challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a summary it's a good challenge to
+get that multi-engine rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that multi-engine rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that multi-engine rating
+I wouldn't recommend sort of practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't recommend sort of practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't recommend sort of practicing
+it unless you have an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unless you have an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unless you have an unusual
+application like you live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like you live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like you live in the
+Caribbean and you want to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean and you want to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean and you want to get from
+island to island if you're nervous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island to island if you're nervous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island to island if you're nervous and
+somebody says you know I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says you know I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says you know I don't feel
+comfortable depending on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable depending on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable depending on this
+five-year-old thousand hour just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old thousand hour just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old thousand hour just an
+engine that's in front of us the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that's in front of us the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that's in front of us the answer
+I think these days is it's better to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these days is it's better to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these days is it's better to get
+an airplane that has a ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane that has a ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane that has a ballistic
+parachute as your backup and to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute as your backup and to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute as your backup and to have the
+second engine as a backup and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine as a backup and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second engine as a backup and while
+you're formulating your questions I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're formulating your questions I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're formulating your questions I'll
+show you on the top left is a French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you on the top left is a French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you on the top left is a French
+design that's called a cree-cree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's called a cree-cree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that's called a cree-cree
+it seats one person and it's I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seats one person and it's I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seats one person and it's I believe
+fully aerobatic so you can do all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aerobatic so you can do all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aerobatic so you can do all kinds
+of crazy maneuvers and the Cree Cree if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy maneuvers and the Cree Cree if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy maneuvers and the Cree Cree if
+you want each of those engines might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want each of those engines might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want each of those engines might be
+only 30 horsepower 15 you can look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 horsepower 15 you can look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 horsepower 15 you can look it up
+at some cut it's a truly crazy design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some cut it's a truly crazy design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some cut it's a truly crazy design
+here is an AirCam that's an open cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an AirCam that's an open cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an AirCam that's an open cockpit
+although this one has a canopy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this one has a canopy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this one has a canopy that's
+from the Oshkosh seaplane base a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Oshkosh seaplane base a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Oshkosh seaplane base a great
+airplane for flying low and slow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for flying low and slow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for flying low and slow over
+remote somewhat wet locations here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote somewhat wet locations here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote somewhat wet locations here's an
+l-39 Czech military trainer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-39 Czech military trainer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-39 Czech military trainer
+and there's a company called I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a company called I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a company called I think it
+was called code one aviation they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called code one aviation they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called code one aviation they had
+that at Oshkosh where they took in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at Oshkosh where they took in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at Oshkosh where they took in a
+regular American business jet engine out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular American business jet engine out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular American business jet engine out
+of a Hawker and they stuffed it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Hawker and they stuffed it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Hawker and they stuffed it into the
+l-39 because it's cheaper to operate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-39 because it's cheaper to operate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-39 because it's cheaper to operate and
+maintain and as lower fuel burn and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and as lower fuel burn and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and as lower fuel burn and the
+military engine so you end up getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military engine so you end up getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military engine so you end up getting a
+lot longer range out of your l-39 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot longer range out of your l-39 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot longer range out of your l-39 if you
+want to those l-39s are only a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to those l-39s are only a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to those l-39s are only a couple
+hundred thousand dollars for a nice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars for a nice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars for a nice one
+so you can actually own a jet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually own a jet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually own a jet that's
+fully aerobatic and cool and look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aerobatic and cool and look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully aerobatic and cool and look like
+people will think it's an f-16 for less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think it's an f-16 for less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think it's an f-16 for less
+money than buying a Cirrus on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than buying a Cirrus on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than buying a Cirrus on the left
+is the ramp at Teterboro I said I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ramp at Teterboro I said I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ramp at Teterboro I said I was
+talking about if you want to start a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you want to start a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you want to start a if
+you're working for Bernie Sanders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for Bernie Sanders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for Bernie Sanders and
+you want to start a revolution in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to start a revolution in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to start a revolution in the US
+I would recommend starting it right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would recommend starting it right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would recommend starting it right at
+the Teterboro Airport and just film the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Teterboro Airport and just film the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Teterboro Airport and just film the
+people getting in out of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting in out of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people getting in out of there
+Gulfstream's and this is Meridian this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gulfstream's and this is Meridian this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gulfstream's and this is Meridian this
+is the lowest-cost FBO at Teterboro and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest-cost FBO at Teterboro and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest-cost FBO at Teterboro and
+that's the what the ramp looks like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the what the ramp looks like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the what the ramp looks like if
+you want to combine two piston engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to combine two piston engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to combine two piston engines
+in a jet I believe each of these there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a jet I believe each of these there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a jet I believe each of these there's
+each of these is a yak 55 and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a yak 55 and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is a yak 55 and some
+airshow performer at Oshkosh glued them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airshow performer at Oshkosh glued them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airshow performer at Oshkosh glued them
+together and put a jet engine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put a jet engine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put a jet engine in the
+middle and calls it a yak 110 so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and calls it a yak 110 so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and calls it a yak 110 so there
+you have it that combines everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it that combines everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it that combines everything
+from this talk any questions or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this talk any questions or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this talk any questions or should
+we jump right into Knight who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump right into Knight who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump right into Knight who wants to
+fly a jet excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Gary Anderson I really tried as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gary Anderson I really tried as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gary Anderson I really tried as a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the question is you know is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is you know is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is you know is it okay
+to fly a single-engine overwater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly a single-engine overwater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly a single-engine overwater in
+Hawaii and assessing the caravan with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii and assessing the caravan with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii and assessing the caravan with
+only one engine and if you well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one engine and if you well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one engine and if you well first of
+all very the the last crash of a caravan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very the the last crash of a caravan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very the the last crash of a caravan
+in Hawaii from an engine field they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaii from an engine field they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hawaii from an engine field they
+operated it just like a few hours beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated it just like a few hours beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated it just like a few hours beyond
+the manufacturers t-bo under a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturers t-bo under a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturers t-bo under a sort of a
+special program they had approved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special program they had approved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special program they had approved by the
+FAA they were not doing anything illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA they were not doing anything illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA they were not doing anything illegal
+everybody survived the crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody survived the crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody survived the crash
+one person was killed does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person was killed does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person was killed does anybody
+remember who was who was killed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who was who was killed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember who was who was killed in that
+crash and what's special what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and what's special what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and what's special what was
+special about that person it was a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about that person it was a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about that person it was a it
+was a woman who was a state state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a woman who was a state state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a woman who was a state state of
+Hawaii employee what was special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii employee what was special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii employee what was special about
+her she was the person who certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she was the person who certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her she was the person who certified
+Barack Obama's birth certificate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barack Obama's birth certificate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barack Obama's birth certificate as
+genuine think about that so anyway if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine think about that so anyway if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine think about that so anyway if
+you if you really if you open up the pt6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you really if you open up the pt6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you really if you open up the pt6
+and the manual you would say no I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manual you would say no I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manual you would say no I'm not
+going to allow this and I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow this and I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow this and I think in
+Europe Europe wouldn't even laugh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Europe wouldn't even laugh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Europe wouldn't even laugh single
+engine charter IFR until just a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine charter IFR until just a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine charter IFR until just a year or
+two ago you know they said no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago you know they said no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago you know they said no this is
+too much so I don't know it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much so I don't know it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much so I don't know it's it's a
+balancing of risk I don't think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing of risk I don't think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing of risk I don't think it's an
+unacceptable risk to I mean people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable risk to I mean people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable risk to I mean people with
+potus's they will go back and forth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potus's they will go back and forth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potus's they will go back and forth to
+Europe regularly as individuals but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe regularly as individuals but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe regularly as individuals but yeah
+maybe there should be a warning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there should be a warning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there should be a warning to
+passengers you only got one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you only got one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you only got one engine
+thanks for buying a ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kvmrpgEReX8.txt b/kvmrpgEReX8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d35b298ba07322eaf9e15c7ecaf6cdb2bae4d112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kvmrpgEReX8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3455 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what I want
+to do is continue
+
+talking about risk.
+
+We've already talked about risk
+quite a bit last time.
+
+And what I want to do partly
+is sort of emphasize some
+
+specific points and, I think,
+partly go over some of the
+
+ideas that have to do
+with a community
+
+sharing its own risk.
+
+So rather than risk through
+formal insurance markets, talk
+
+about what happens if people
+try to insure each other.
+
+And what that does is it creates
+a nice context for
+
+thinking about institutions in
+general and the fact that
+
+people live together, how that
+might actually change their--
+
+I think it's the display
+settings.
+
+I think we need to move to--
+
+SPEAKER 1: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how the fact that people live
+together in one place and
+
+have to deal with each other on
+a long run basis, how that
+
+affects the ways in which they
+can structure their economic
+
+lives to help each other.
+
+So it gets into a question
+which is beyond, I think,
+
+moving us beyond what we'd
+usually be talking about,
+
+which is individual decision
+making, towards a more
+
+collective action kind
+of perspective.
+
+So we want to slowly move
+towards not just what happens
+
+at the level of the individual,
+by why doesn't the
+
+collectivity together generate
+good outcomes?
+
+And this is a good in
+to that question.
+
+So we're going to talk.
+
+So I'll give you a set of
+examples of collective action,
+
+and we'll start talking a bit
+about the collective efforts
+
+to improve things.
+
+I'm not sure what's happening.
+
+But we'll figure this out.
+
+So the first, just to remind
+you, we were talking about
+
+risk and, in particular, the
+fact that poor people face
+
+extremely high levels of risk.
+
+I said that yesterday, and
+today I'll show you some
+
+numbers on that just to
+get us on to that.
+
+Just to summarize where we were
+last time, what we talked
+
+about primarily were sort of
+both that the poor face a lot
+
+of risk and that they do a lot
+of things to mitigate risk,
+
+but those things are not
+necessarily good for them.
+
+So the examples we talked about
+or, for example, going
+
+to work when your income
+goes down.
+
+But when you go to work when
+your income goes down,
+
+typically that's when
+everybody else's
+
+income also went down.
+
+So they also all go to work.
+
+That drives wages down
+and makes everybody
+
+potentially worse off.
+
+And the second example--
+
+what's another example of a
+costly thing you could do to
+
+mitigate risk?
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: Farm separate pieces
+of land that are far apart
+
+from each other.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Farm separate pieces of land far
+apart so that they don't
+
+have the same risk profile.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could choose not
+to take a crop that might be
+
+more successful because you're
+worried that if you spend
+
+money to buy new seeds and
+it doesn't turn to be as
+
+successful then you loose more
+money than if you just used
+
+your seeds from the
+previous crop.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any other?
+
+AUDIENCE: Choosing a bunch of
+different jobs instead of
+
+specializing in one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Choosing a bunch of different
+jobs rather than doing one.
+
+Why do you want to specialize?
+
+AUDIENCE: It allows
+you to become more
+
+productive, more skilled.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you give up--
+
+sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was just going
+to say efficiency.
+
+PROFESSOR: Efficiency,
+exactly.
+
+You just get better at a job
+if you do it more with more
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Like, if you were doing 15
+classes [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: 15 is
+a high number.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I think you can see
+the logic of this.
+
+So the question is we already
+talked a bit about kind of the
+
+market for insurance.
+
+What we didn't talk as much
+about is why don't people help
+
+each other?
+
+One solution to this problem
+is just helping each other.
+
+So the logic of helping each
+other is very, very simple.
+
+We each get maybe independent
+shocks and so it's quite
+
+likely that, you know, when
+somebody else gets a shock, I
+
+don't and vice versa.
+
+So we can kind of
+split the shock.
+
+So if anything bad happens,
+we don't bear all of it.
+
+We can pass on a part of
+it to somebody else.
+
+That seems straightforward.
+
+So why doesn't that solve
+most problems?
+
+That's sort of the question that
+we're going to spend some
+
+time thinking about.
+
+It's a very simple
+idea, right?
+
+We don't need to go to
+an insurance company.
+
+We can just pool together
+our own risk.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+like, the cost of living
+[INAUDIBLE] cost?
+
+Like, how many people are
+you going to pool
+
+together for that?
+
+And sometimes people think that
+they shouldn't have to
+
+pay for someone else's--
+
+PROFESSOR: How many people
+should we pool together?
+
+AUDIENCE: As many as possible.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why as many
+as possible?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because then it's
+more diversified.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if we think that--
+
+so you have the example, the
+probability, here, let's say
+
+they have independent
+probabilities.
+
+Two people, they have a
+probability of a quarter that
+
+they both end up with
+a bad shock, right?
+
+What's that probability if
+there were n people?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1/n squared?
+
+PROFESSOR: N squared.
+
+Think about what were
+the probability.
+
+The probability is half that--
+
+I think you meant the other.
+
+You just inverted
+the exponents.
+
+It's 1 over 2 to the power n.
+
+I think you're writing it in--
+
+it's 1 over 2 to the power n.
+
+So as n goes to infinity, the
+number of people who get
+
+shocks together is going to 0.
+
+So that's sort of a
+very simple idea.
+
+So the question is why
+doesn't it happen?
+
+And that's sort of what we're
+going to spend our time
+
+talking about.
+
+So it does happen.
+
+The first answer is
+it does happen.
+
+So here's a nice,
+nice example.
+
+And it says something about--
+
+actually, it's an interesting
+example.
+
+So it turns out that the way
+to work in Nigeria, I don't
+
+actually give you money.
+
+I don't actually give you
+money when something bad
+
+happens to you.
+
+What do I do?
+
+I loan you money and in
+particular if you're expected
+
+to pay me back, I ask
+for less payback.
+
+If I'm expected to pay you back,
+I pay you more than what
+
+I was supposed to owe you.
+
+So usually interest contracts
+tend to be completely
+
+inflexible.
+
+You know, my mortgage
+is quarter of 5.4%.
+
+I pay 5.4% every year until
+the market is paid.
+
+That's not what credit looks
+like in Nigeria.
+
+In these villages you found that
+the interest rate itself
+
+is very flexible.
+
+So I pay more than what I owed,
+in some sense, when you
+
+are doing badly and I pay less
+than what I owed when you're
+
+doing well.
+
+That's a way to provide
+insurance, but it goes through
+
+this cover of a loan.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do they determine
+if someone has an
+
+adverse [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+You know, like, through
+word of mouth?
+
+PROFESSOR: Perfectly
+good question.
+
+We'll come back.
+
+Let's come back to that.
+
+I want to spend a minute,
+before we get to that
+
+question, on a more basic
+question, which is why do you
+
+think they do this?
+
+Why do you think that they go
+through this loan mechanism?
+
+So then what they seem to be
+doing is paying you more on
+
+your loan when you do badly and
+paying you less on your
+
+loan when the payer
+is doing badly.
+
+Why does that make any sense?
+
+What could be driving
+that structure?
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because they know
+that later on when they'll
+
+probably be doing badly that
+they'll get a break and that
+
+it'll help them out.
+
+PROFESSOR: But why don't they
+just give them money?
+
+Why through the loan?
+
+The question here I'm asking is
+why is it that I give you a
+
+discount on your loan
+rather than just
+
+handing you some cash?
+
+What is that pointing to?
+
+AUDIENCE: Desire to
+not to feel like
+
+you're giving a handout.
+
+PROFESSOR: So one possibility
+is that you it's sort of a
+
+cover, right?
+
+That's an interesting idea.
+
+It's a cover for I'm giving
+you the money.
+
+But it's not so much that people
+are not seeing that I'm
+
+handing you some cash.
+
+They're seeing that I'm actually
+paying you some money
+
+back for a loan.
+
+So in that sense it's a cover.
+
+Maybe everybody else also
+knows that you are poor.
+
+It's not so clear that it's
+so hard, you know.
+
+You had a comment?
+
+AUDIENCE: They don't want them
+to think that, become
+
+dependent on things like that
+being free or, like, kind of
+
+expect that they're going to
+get handouts all the time?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, why would
+that be any different?
+
+I could always say that I'm
+doing badly, and you'll pay me
+
+more on the loan I gave you.
+
+Why would that be any
+different to loan?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe because it
+creates some sort of
+
+dependence relationship between
+the two people.
+
+So if you have to agree to it
+beforehand, the other one can
+
+just say, well, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I will come
+back to that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was just going to
+say that it sort of sets up a
+
+contractual agreement where when
+I'm not doing well, you
+
+help me out and when
+you're not doing
+
+well, I help you out.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could also say
+that if someone just gives you
+
+money that's kind of expected
+to get some of the money,
+
+something non zero benefits, a
+loan that you have to repay,
+
+there isn't really a guarantee
+how much of a discount you're
+
+going to get.
+
+You can't really take that
+into account as well.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what you're saying
+is related to what
+
+they're saying, which is that
+one thing about a loan is
+
+using the loan suggests that
+this is making use of a
+
+preexisting financial
+relationship, so an ongoing
+
+relationship.
+
+The difference between my giving
+you money seems to be
+
+mostly that in a sense these are
+people who already had a
+
+financial relationship.
+
+So it's the case that a lot of
+these people, one owes the
+
+other one money already.
+
+And adjusting the terms of that
+suggests that it's not so
+
+much-- so in other words, it's
+not clear that what this isn't
+
+telling us is simply that the
+people who have these
+
+transactions are already people
+who've had a stock
+
+against each other.
+
+So it's not the case that--
+
+so it's, you know, you keep
+count and say it's not clear.
+
+So instead of thinking of the
+loan as being a separate
+
+financial product, one way
+to think about it is
+
+that we keep accounts.
+
+And I've done you five favors.
+
+You've done me three favors.
+
+And the net is two favors.
+
+And the loan amount really
+reflects our netting out of
+
+those favors.
+
+So in other words, what is nice
+about a loan is it's a
+
+net I owe you or you owe me.
+
+It's a net accounting device
+for keeping track of who's
+
+done who how many favors.
+
+So by thinking of it in long
+terms, it creates a natural
+
+framework for thinking about
+this as kind of a social
+
+accounting device.
+
+How do I keep track of--
+
+like, maybe people also say,
+well, I did you seven favors
+
+and you've not done me one.
+
+I have heard people say things
+like that, so the same
+
+psychology.
+
+It's a good way to keep track.
+
+Thinking of it in terms of a
+loan makes it clear that what
+
+you're trying to do is keep
+track of an ongoing
+
+relationship.
+
+It's a stock.
+
+I gave you 100.
+
+You paid me back 50.
+
+Then I give you 30.
+
+Then you give me 200.
+
+And when I add those up, every
+stage, what I really care
+
+about is not how many times
+what happened but the net
+
+amount you owe me.
+
+And that's a good way to account
+for the relationship
+
+so we can keep track of am I
+someone who owes you or are
+
+you someone who owes me by sort
+of counting that amount.
+
+And that way we don't need to
+keep track of all these other
+
+numbers, whether it was 20
+ones and 15 another time.
+
+It's just one number which
+kind of measures our
+
+collective obligation.
+
+And the reason that we would
+like-- why would we like to
+
+keep track of the collective
+obligation?
+
+Why does it matter that we keep
+track of the collective
+
+obligation?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, it promises
+them security, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Security for who?
+
+AUDIENCE: I would say that in
+the community because one
+
+person who was taking thousands
+of dollars from
+
+someone else, I'd know that if
+that person asks me for money,
+
+I wouldn't loan the person
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So one advantage of
+that might be that it kind of
+
+summarizes my status in
+the collective system.
+
+So it may be that everybody
+knows I owe you 50.
+
+And then nobody will want to
+lend me much more because it
+
+looks like I'm just somebody who
+takes money from everybody
+
+and never gives them.
+
+So it's a good way to keep
+track of whether there's
+
+someone who sort of tried
+to beat the system.
+
+But there's another even
+simpler reason why.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess [INAUDIBLE],
+which is
+
+basically the same thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Speak up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just to be a way to
+avoid moral hazard, which is
+
+essentially basically
+the same thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why would they
+avoid moral hazard?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's an
+accountability system.
+
+So, like, everyone in the
+community is kind of aware of
+
+it's a way of keeping track of
+it on a smaller scale at a
+
+larger company.
+
+For example, like, in the
+city couldn't do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's basically
+the same thing.
+
+But in some ways I think there's
+an even simpler reason
+
+why you may want to keep track
+of it, which is simply it may
+
+well be that I just knew
+vis-a-vis someone else, he may
+
+want to know, how many times
+has this guy taken from me?
+
+And I may want to just put a
+limit to that because I know
+
+that at some level
+I'm going to die
+
+in 20 years or something.
+
+And so I'm going to say, look,
+you know, if it's reciprocity,
+
+so that the reason I'm giving
+him is x, that he will pay me
+
+back eventually, then I want
+to know whether it's
+
+reasonable to expect that I'll
+get enough back from him.
+
+So if I think that basically the
+reason why I'm giving him
+
+the money is because he will
+eventually give me back the
+
+money when I need it.
+
+Well, if my future is 20 years
+and I've given him $5 million
+
+dollars, I'm unlikely to
+get that much back.
+
+So I want to know roughly where
+I am in that transaction
+
+because that's the only way
+that I can kind of make a
+
+rational decision about whether
+it's worth continuing.
+
+If my reason for being in the
+relationship is that I also
+
+think that I'm going to get
+some favors from him then
+
+knowing how much he already owes
+me is a way to keep track
+
+of how much can I reasonably
+expect to get back from him.
+
+If that number's already way
+past anything then I don't
+
+need to give him extra favor
+to get more back.
+
+At some level I'm just not going
+to be able to collect.
+
+So if there's some kind
+of a rational--
+
+so I might want to limit my
+exposure to him because in
+
+some sense I know that it is
+never going to pay off to
+
+invest so much in a
+particular person.
+
+So it might be a useful
+accounting device.
+
+So I think that Chris Udry,
+who did this study, his
+
+interpretation very
+much was this.
+
+They're keeping track of how
+much they owe each other, that
+
+everybody knows roughly I owe
+this guy this much, which is
+
+within reasonable limits.
+
+It's not too much.
+
+And, therefore, I can expect
+to get it back eventually.
+
+So this is a table from
+Chris's paper.
+
+And it's just a very simple
+point, but it's worth looking
+
+at the paper.
+
+It's sort of striking.
+
+So it's the monthly
+interest rate.
+
+These are huge numbers.
+
+That's why it's worth
+looking at.
+
+The monthly interest rate,
+when the borrower gets no
+
+shock, he pays four percentage
+points less per month.
+
+That's a lot, right?
+
+Four percentage points.
+
+What's four percentage
+per month compounded?
+
+What's the compounded?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Close to 50%.
+
+So that's like 50% off.
+
+So you're getting, like,
+4% per month less.
+
+Now take a look at the number.
+
+When the lender, he has a bad
+shock, no shock, he charges
+
+basically 10 percentage points
+less per month than when he
+
+has a shock.
+
+Difference would be minus 7.5
+and 2.6, is basically 10
+
+percentage points.
+
+But when he has a shock,
+he charges 10
+
+percentage points more.
+
+So these are massive numbers.
+
+I mean, those are, like, huge.
+
+The interest rates just move
+enormously suggesting that
+
+there is actually substantial
+resource transfer
+
+that's going on.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is this like he
+actually charges or the person
+
+just chooses to pay more?
+
+PROFESSOR: He chooses.
+
+So we don't know that.
+
+All we observe is that the
+person pays that much more
+
+when the lender gets a shock.
+
+But the difference, just to get
+the order of magnitude,
+
+these are very, very
+large numbers.
+
+So these are substantial
+transfers going on in both
+
+directions.
+
+On the other hand, there's
+still 10% of a loan.
+
+So it's like, you know, the
+stock is much bigger.
+
+So these people have an ongoing
+
+ledger with each other.
+
+And then they change that
+number by changing the
+
+interest rate by a lot.
+
+Now, what's that also
+telling us?
+
+It's also telling us something
+about the scope of this
+
+relationship, right?
+
+So if the way I'm going to get
+my insurance is by getting
+
+even a 10 percentage
+point reduction in
+
+the interest rate--
+
+so let's say the interest
+rate is 15%.
+
+And I get 10 percentage points
+off, but I owe you $100.
+
+How much do I save?
+
+I save $5.00, right?
+
+I was going to pay you $15,
+and I now pay $5.
+
+The main point is that the
+amount of insurance that you
+
+can get through this system is
+still very limited by the
+
+amount of loan there is because,
+you know, if I'm
+
+giving you a discount on a loan
+then that depends on the
+
+loan amount I had.
+
+So if the loan amount was $1
+million then a discount on
+
+that is worth a lot.
+
+If these are poor people and
+their net loan amount is $10
+
+then the fact that I'm getting
+a discount from the loan is
+
+not giving me that
+much insurance.
+
+So the downside of thinking
+about it in loan terms and in
+
+principle, this could be
+relatively small number.
+
+So I think these interest
+rates are high.
+
+But they're not high enough to
+turn a small number into a
+
+small number.
+
+So that's sort of one thing
+to keep in mind.
+
+We'll come back to this because
+I want to talk a
+
+little bit more about other
+forms of insurance.
+
+So one form of insurance we
+observe is this loan.
+
+And that has its advantages,
+and it's a
+
+nice accounting device.
+
+I can keep track of
+what's going on.
+
+It has the disadvantage that if
+I haven't given you a loan
+
+then I can't help you.
+
+It sort of goes through
+this loan.
+
+So if you only owe me $5 then
+it's not going to be a big
+
+transfer because you can,
+at most, let off the
+
+interest on the $5.
+
+But the interest
+on $5 is $0.50.
+
+And that's not going to make
+a big difference to me.
+
+So in general that limits
+the scope of the system.
+
+And what I want to talk about
+is a bit of stuff from
+
+Thailand, which is different
+because our colleague, Robert
+
+Townsend, has been studying
+these villages
+
+for many, many years.
+
+And I'll show you some data
+from what he's collected.
+
+And then we'll see that the way
+insurance is offered in
+
+Thailand is very different
+in principle.
+
+And so institutional form--
+
+in Nigeria it's a loan.
+
+In Thailand we'll
+see what it is.
+
+So first here's a nice table.
+
+It's sort of a fact that I've
+been saying many times.
+
+It just says how much
+risk do people bear?
+
+So what this table is,
+each row is a farmer.
+
+They don't have data
+for every farmer.
+
+But two things to note.
+
+One is look at the best
+year and the worst
+
+year for these farmers.
+
+They're somewhat correlated
+but not perfectly, right?
+
+The best year for some
+farmers was '85.
+
+The worst year for some
+farmers was '85.
+
+The best year for some
+farmers was '88.
+
+The worst year for some
+farmers was '88.
+
+Why am I emphasizing
+the correlation?
+
+These are all within the same
+village, within one village.
+
+Why am I emphasizing
+the correlation?
+
+AUDIENCE: To emphasize that the
+shocks are independent.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So that there is scope
+for insurance.
+
+I can insure you only if we
+don't both get into trouble at
+
+the same time.
+
+So the worst year for one farmer
+is not the worst year
+
+for the other farmer.
+
+The second thing is look
+at the magnitudes.
+
+That last column is
+the percentage.
+
+If you look at the harvest
+amounts, the best year and the
+
+worst year, the differences
+are massive.
+
+It's just the amounts.
+
+I just want you to
+look the amounts.
+
+The amounts are impressive
+because think about you got an
+
+income of 50 one year and
+115 the next year.
+
+Those are big differences.
+
+Anything else that
+strikes you?
+
+Now, this may be difficult
+to see.
+
+But one thing that's interesting
+is that if you
+
+look at the--
+
+it's not that the people who
+have average less harvest, the
+
+risk seems to be independent
+of that.
+
+So richer people seem to have
+roughly the same risk as
+
+poorer people.
+
+So everybody seems to
+be exposed to risk.
+
+It's not that the rich people
+have less risk.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you
+define richness?
+
+PROFESSOR: Take the maximum
+amount of harvest, the maximum
+
+harvest, the people with the
+biggest maximum harvest
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+This table is nice too.
+
+It goes back to answering
+the implied question.
+
+What's going on?
+
+What's the source of risk?
+
+AUDIENCE: These are all
+the same households?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: These are all
+the same households?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Yeah.
+
+These are the same households
+as the previous table, same
+
+numbers, B35, 36.
+
+These are the same households.
+
+They all live in the
+same village.
+
+And this is asking why
+did you face risk?
+
+And, again, mostly it has
+to do with weather.
+
+Though, for some people, there's
+one person who says
+
+that insects is the biggest
+source of risk.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't fully
+understand how someone's best
+
+year was also someone's
+worst year, how rain
+
+could be the problem--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Someone else want to
+suggest the answer?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, I think
+it indicates that--
+
+I think there's two
+potential answers.
+
+One, rain could be the answer.
+
+Maybe some of these fields
+are irrigated.
+
+But judging by the variation on
+even the wealthiest fields,
+
+which presumably would have
+the greatest chance of
+
+irrigation, the fact that it's
+still pretty big fluctuations,
+
+that's probably not
+the answer.
+
+I mean, I think it's indicative
+that there's other
+
+factors at work other
+than rainfall.
+
+PROFESSOR: But they're saying
+that it's rain.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sure.
+
+I mean, maybe because
+they don't realize.
+
+I mean, I think if they realize
+what the other farmer
+
+was doing that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+more successful, they'd
+probably try to do it.
+
+So maybe they didn't realize
+that fertilizer-- and maybe
+
+that they got unlucky and got
+hit with a disease they
+
+weren't able to recognize.
+
+PROFESSOR: They didn't
+realize.
+
+That could be.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: It could be
+different crops.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So most of this explanation is
+that some of them are doing
+
+very different crops.
+
+So it might be some crops
+hate water and
+
+others really like it.
+
+Like, rice really
+adores water.
+
+But cotton or chilies
+hate water.
+
+So there are crops which you
+get too much rain, you get
+
+lower output and crops which
+output is always
+
+increasing in rain.
+
+And so one possible explanation
+is that they were
+
+planting different crops.
+
+So we both planted
+the same time.
+
+I'm planting a crop which will
+hurt if the rain is bad and
+
+will do well when the rain is
+good and the other way around.
+
+So that's one possibility.
+
+The other possibility is that
+they're just micro climates,
+
+that the rain is sort of--
+
+after all, what matters is not
+so much rain as such but rain
+
+at the right time.
+
+So I plant on a particular
+day.
+
+My saplings have just come
+out of the ground.
+
+That's when I need rain, when
+the plant is young.
+
+And so it may well be that
+the rain on those five
+
+days was very good.
+
+But then the guy who planted
+later, he thought the rains
+
+would be better in five days.
+
+And then the rains were
+really not better.
+
+They were really bad.
+
+So it may very well be that
+there is either geographical
+
+variation in rainfall within a
+local area or just over time.
+
+So I planted on a
+particular day.
+
+I needed the rain 10 days
+after that when the
+
+saplings came out.
+
+I got the rain.
+
+You didn't get the rain.
+
+So I think both of those
+are plausible.
+
+So I just wanted you to
+look at this because I
+
+keep talking of risk.
+
+But this is sort of a much
+better way to look at it.
+
+You just see the magnitudes of
+it and the sources of it.
+
+So I thought these tables
+were very nice.
+
+And what he goes on to do in
+this paper is asking how do
+
+people deal with risk?
+
+And so he's describing three
+villages very close to each
+
+other, to the point where one
+of the villages, people
+
+actually use the financial
+institutions
+
+in the other villages.
+
+So they're very close
+to each other.
+
+They're exactly in this
+area where the
+
+rainfall was measured.
+
+So the risk is roughly
+what you saw.
+
+So we got a sense of the risk.
+
+And in Nigeria we saw that
+people respond by borrowing
+
+from each other.
+
+Here, in this particular
+village, there are five
+
+different funds.
+
+So there's a village
+savings fund.
+
+And the village savings fund
+is actually an equity fund.
+
+These guys actually pay you
+a different rate of return
+
+depending on what the borrowers
+were willing to pay.
+
+So I put in money
+into this fund.
+
+And then you come and borrow.
+
+You're willing to pay 20%.
+
+Then that money gets
+rolled back to me.
+
+So it's a fund which has a
+variable interest which
+
+depends on the village
+demand levels.
+
+What do you think should happen
+to the interest rate in
+
+that fund when the rainfall
+is good or bad?
+
+How would it pay?
+
+Will it go up when the rainfall
+is good or down?
+
+AUDIENCE: Won't it go up because
+people are willing pay
+
+more [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So one possibility it
+will go up because when the
+
+rainfall is good, productivity
+is high.
+
+People are willing to buy
+more inputs to produce.
+
+Is that good for insurance
+or bad for insurance?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's good for
+insurance because the people
+
+who are getting high
+
+productivity shocks are borrowing.
+
+But you would imagine the
+opposite, which is a fund with
+
+a variable interest rate where
+we only borrow from it when
+
+we're desperate.
+
+Then you might see the demand
+for those funds being
+
+particularly high when rainfall
+is bad because we're
+
+all trying to borrow from
+that to survive.
+
+And at that point, very few
+people are going to lend.
+
+The interest rate is
+going to go up.
+
+That's going to be bad
+for insurance.
+
+So it depends very much.
+
+Rather a fixed interest fund,
+a variable interest fund can
+
+be either good or bad
+for insurance.
+
+Then there is a fund for
+purchase of pigs.
+
+Here, the interest
+rate is fixed.
+
+But there's a rollover
+provision.
+
+Rollover provision is if you are
+in trouble and you can't
+
+pay, I can let you keep
+the loan for longer.
+
+You pay more, but you don't
+have to pay back now.
+
+Is that good for insurance
+or bad?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, it depends
+on the person
+
+that they're insuring.
+
+If the person [INAUDIBLE]
+
+they can keep rolling it over
+and eventually drop out.
+
+But it could be good if the
+person is experiencing some
+
+transitory shock [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Assuming that the
+person is going to pay it
+
+back, it's good for insurance.
+
+Rollovers are good
+for insurance.
+
+There's a fund for purchase
+of fertilizer.
+
+So each of these is almost
+like a proper financial
+
+institution at the
+village level.
+
+So in this village,
+the leader has
+
+organized a bunch of funds.
+
+And you can save money to
+buy pigs in this fund.
+
+And right now if I've saved
+money and you want to buy
+
+pigs, you can borrow
+from this fund.
+
+And, likewise, there's money
+in a fund for buying
+
+fertilizer, a rice bank where
+the rice I grow I can store.
+
+And when I need rice, I
+can take rice from it.
+
+And there's a health care fund
+where we each put in money.
+
+And if somebody gets sick,
+he gets to spend it.
+
+So this is a village which
+is rich with financial
+
+institutions.
+
+These are not loans.
+
+In particular, the health care
+fund or the rollover is
+
+something where I'm making a
+direct transfer to the people
+
+who are hurting.
+
+But it's not bilateral loans.
+
+These are kind of financing from
+a financial institution.
+
+So the main point I'm making
+here is that here you see a
+
+very different sort
+of insurance.
+
+This is organized through
+collective action.
+
+Everybody's getting together and
+lending to everybody else.
+
+Now, he goes down a few more
+miles from May Wak to a
+
+village called Sop Wak.
+
+And what does he see?
+
+Well, on paper it looks
+very similar.
+
+But here's the problem.
+
+All the loans are in default.
+
+Not all, but a lot of loans
+are in default.
+
+Is this good or bad
+for insurance?
+
+Anybody else?
+
+Why is a default bad
+for insurance?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because then the
+people who are putting in the
+
+money won't get any money.
+
+PROFESSOR: But maybe the person
+who is defaulting is
+
+the one who needs to not pay.
+
+It's so clear that default
+is bad for insurance.
+
+The problem is with this default
+then nobody will put
+
+money into the bank.
+
+So default is, in a sense, a
+form of insurance, right?
+
+I allow you to not pay
+when you can't pay.
+
+But if there's a lot of default
+and I think that's
+
+mollified then I may not put
+money into the bank.
+
+So, again, it's not clear
+which way it goes.
+
+But he interprets this as saying
+that these places,
+
+these banks, nobody's putting
+money into them.
+
+So these banks are
+kind of defunct.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: How could it default
+and not repay?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, we could imagine
+a world where that's
+
+exactly how we provide
+insurance.
+
+So we each imagine
+that the rule is.
+
+Year one, if you have a shock
+this year, you borrow.
+
+Even year two, if you again have
+a shock then you default.
+
+We write it off, happens in
+one time out of 10 or
+
+one time out of 20.
+
+But, you know, it can
+happen to any of us.
+
+And when it's really bad and
+I've had two shocks in a row,
+
+it's better for me to not have
+to pay back than you to give
+
+me yet another loan.
+
+There's no particular reason why
+default would be bad for
+
+insurance if we could
+make sure that
+
+the default is limited.
+
+AUDIENCE: Doesn't the insurance
+company just loose
+
+all that money though?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But it counts into its--
+
+the insurance company is
+losing that money.
+
+But remember, when an insurance
+company makes a
+
+payment, it also loses money.
+
+So just think of it as
+a form of payment.
+
+Default could just be a form of
+insurance because I could
+
+be paying people in the
+form of default.
+
+You don't have to pay.
+
+Fine.
+
+You don't have any money,
+you don't have to pay.
+
+That's a perfectly legitimate
+form of insurance.
+
+Just the question is whether
+it's deliberate, in which case
+
+there will be too much of it.
+
+And in that case the
+system won't work.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: That may be the case
+when there's an insurance
+
+company or a government which
+is writing off the loan.
+
+But the latest census
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I guess a lot is
+relative to what they're
+
+willing and what they
+were planning for.
+
+There's nothing else about
+a lot of default.
+
+It's just what you're
+planning for.
+
+I could plan for, you know, one
+loan out of five will be
+
+defaulted, and the others will
+just absorb that loss.
+
+It might me fine.
+
+It may be a form of insurance.
+
+Default is a natural
+form of insurance.
+
+That's a way of understanding.
+
+There is nothing obviously
+bad about default if it's
+
+completely just I
+have no choice.
+
+I default.
+
+That's a perfectly good way to
+insure myself because then I
+
+don't need to pay when I'm
+in really bad shape.
+
+It's when I start using as an
+excuse to not pay that it
+
+makes a difference.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think I'm getting
+tripped up because usually
+
+default is when the intent is
+for you to get that paid back.
+
+So if you're using default as
+a form of insurance, to me,
+
+it's no longer default then.
+
+It's just a form of insurance.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I kind of agree with that.
+
+I mean, that seems like we're
+arguing over words.
+
+So I think default just means
+I don't pay the loan.
+
+And when I don't pay the
+loan, that might
+
+very well be desirable.
+
+Now, as you see, their view is
+a bit that it's not actually
+
+necessarily a good idea to
+collect because they're taking
+
+the view that these people are
+defaulting because they need
+
+to default.
+
+So it's not clear what
+default means here.
+
+And that's worth
+understanding.
+
+Then he walks down to
+a third village.
+
+The third village is
+a few miles down.
+
+And none of these funds exist.
+
+So one village, all the funds
+are working well.
+
+In the second village, there's
+lot of default.
+
+The funds are still there.
+
+Third village, no funds
+except one.
+
+And you are in the Nigerian
+mode where you're just
+
+borrowing from each other.
+
+So what's the advantage
+of a fund over
+
+borrowing from each other?
+
+Let me see if someone else
+wants to answer.
+
+What's the advantage
+of a fund over
+
+borrowing from each other?
+
+AUDIENCE: They have more
+resources for you to borrow?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: One individual has a
+limited constraint, whereas if
+
+people pool their
+money together.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It's a way to pool many
+more people in.
+
+So that's the advantage
+of a fund.
+
+So what do you think
+is going on?
+
+Why do these villages, which
+are very similar, have same
+
+kind of risk next to
+each other, have
+
+very different patterns?
+
+Think about what it takes for
+such an institution to exist.
+
+AUDIENCE: They need the trust
+of the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the way one of these funds
+works is by saying that I'm
+
+going to put money into it now
+because I can get money into
+
+it in the future.
+
+What does that assume?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's going to
+exist in the future.
+
+PROFESSOR: That there
+is a future.
+
+So in other words, if I think
+that everybody else is going
+
+to default today, I should
+default as well because there
+
+will be no fund in the future.
+
+So this is a classic kind of
+problem of anything that's
+
+sort of sustained
+by the future.
+
+It depends on there
+being a future.
+
+So this is the problem that
+right now a lot of microcredit
+
+organizations are facing.
+
+Microcredit organizations
+promise you a loan if you pay
+
+back your loan.
+
+Now, suppose you think that
+nobody else will pay back
+
+their loan.
+
+What's going to happen to the
+microcredit organization?
+
+It's going to go bankrupt.
+
+If it goes bankrupt, what's
+going to happen
+
+to your future loan?
+
+AUDIENCE: It doesn't exist.
+
+PROFESSOR: It doesn't exist.
+
+So basically if everybody
+expects people to default in
+
+the future then I should
+default now.
+
+So if everybody else is expected
+to default, it is
+
+rational for me to default.
+
+If everybody expected to pay
+back in the future then it's
+
+rational for me to pay back
+because then the fund will be
+
+there for a long time.
+
+So I think this is sort of
+the reason why funds--
+
+so all of these kind of informal
+institutions are
+
+fragile because they rely on
+this kind of coordination.
+
+I only want to repay if
+everybody else wants to repay
+
+or at least as long as enough
+people want to repay that the
+
+fund will be going.
+
+If I expect that lots of people
+will default in the
+
+future, I should default now
+because the fund is going to
+
+go out of business.
+
+I'm not going to get anything
+out of it in the future.
+
+So I might as well just stop
+having anything to do with it.
+
+So it totally depends
+on trust.
+
+If I believe that everybody else
+is going to behave well
+
+then I should behave well.
+
+If I think that everybody else
+is going to behave badly then
+
+it's over in some sense.
+
+That's one central weakness
+of these kinds of informal
+
+institutions.
+
+They rely on the expectation
+that I'm going to behave well
+
+in the future.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, if everyone else
+is going to pay back in
+
+the future, wouldn't it still
+be better for you to default
+
+now if you were being selfish
+because the fund's still going
+
+to exist whether or not--
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+But then you can't
+borrow again.
+
+Then they can say, look,
+you defaulted.
+
+You didn't pay the money
+when you needed to.
+
+You were supposed to pay
+money into the fund.
+
+You didn't pay.
+
+Now you're out.
+
+But if you come and ask me to
+put money into the fund and I
+
+know that everybody else is
+planning to default, I'm never
+
+going to do it.
+
+And if I ever get a loan out of
+it, I'm going to default as
+
+soon as I can because I
+know everybody else
+
+is planning to default.
+
+So in these kinds of
+institutions, default is
+
+entirely sort of
+self-fulfilling.
+
+So if I expect default,
+I'll have default.
+
+If I expect people to behave
+well, we'll probably all
+
+behave well.
+
+So probably the reason why
+these villages are so
+
+different is because of this
+expectation mechanism which is
+
+very important to understand.
+
+And it's true of lots of
+financial institutions.
+
+They rely on our future
+compliance to work.
+
+And that's why, for example,
+even banks to some extent--
+
+if I decide that I'm going to
+withdraw my money from the
+
+bank, everybody is going to
+withdraw money from the bank
+
+tomorrow, what should
+I do today?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I should
+withdraw today.
+
+That's a bank run.
+
+So a lot of financial
+institutions have
+
+exactly this feature.
+
+And that's why it's not so
+surprising to see that some
+
+villages have very good
+institutions, rich set of
+
+institutions, others don't.
+
+The fact that some villages
+have default,
+
+it's the same reasoning.
+
+Once people start defaulting,
+everybody's going to start
+
+defaulting.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could it be possible
+that in one village a default
+
+is costlier than in
+another village?
+
+Maybe, like, socially you'll
+be ostracized or something
+
+like that, and that will help
+support the program where
+
+everyone pays into the fund?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+So it could very well be that
+another thing that this tells
+
+us is that, for example,
+a leader matters.
+
+So if the leader is someone who
+can enforce punishments in
+
+the village so if I default--
+
+suppose I'm supposed to pay
+back, and I know I can pay
+
+back but, you know, I just
+refuse to do it.
+
+If the leader can basically have
+me ostracized then, in
+
+some sense, I'm not
+going to do it.
+
+And then given that I'm not
+going to do it, everybody else
+
+is willing to pay
+into the fund.
+
+So it's going to be huge
+leverage from effective
+
+leadership.
+
+That's the other actually
+conclusion of this paper is
+
+that there's a good leader in
+the first village, and he was
+
+very important in setting
+up these institutions.
+
+He made them work.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was actually
+going to ask that.
+
+It seems that you have to
+someone who's a good leader in
+
+order to make these
+things work.
+
+But what was that guy or girl
+doing to keep people confident
+
+of the performance?
+
+PROFESSOR: I can't tell you.
+
+It said that the leader was
+very energetic, et cetera.
+
+There's a description of the
+leader, but it doesn't tell me
+
+what he was doing so much.
+
+OK, so we already talked
+about moral hazard--
+
+other limits of insurance.
+
+But I wanted to emphasize that
+because I wanted to emphasize
+
+that this is not just a
+limit of insurance.
+
+It's a limit of any institution
+that is not
+
+enforced by legal punishments.
+
+Anything that's not enforced
+by legal punishments is
+
+fragile always.
+
+It will work if it works.
+
+It doesn't work, it
+doesn't work.
+
+That's sort of the main
+point of that example.
+
+If we all stop paying money
+into the fund then
+
+the fund will die.
+
+So I might as well take
+my money and run.
+
+That's true of not just
+insurance but of any other
+
+kind of institution.
+
+Now, moral hazard, we've
+talked about.
+
+I'm going to skip
+moral hazard.
+
+Here's another problem with
+informal insurance.
+
+This is all what we've been
+talking about a bit.
+
+So we've been sort of talking
+about implicitly default.
+
+But we've also been talking
+about one thing that an
+
+insurance arrangement demands is
+that when it's your time to
+
+pay, you pay.
+
+Sometimes you get money
+from the fund.
+
+Sometimes you pay
+into the fund.
+
+You have to be willing to
+pay money into the fund.
+
+That's what keeps it going.
+
+Why do you want to keep putting
+money in the fund?
+
+We said this already,
+but just to repeat.
+
+Today I am rich.
+
+I want to put money into the
+fund so that somebody else can
+
+take it out.
+
+Why would I want to do it?
+
+Why does anyone want to
+put money into a fund?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: To get more
+money back.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Eventually you pay me some
+return on the fund.
+
+But if it has to have an
+insurance component then it
+
+has to be that the return I get
+on it is lower than the
+
+market return because otherwise
+they could have
+
+borrowed from the market.
+
+It doesn't provide
+any insurance.
+
+So it can't be just because I
+want to get the money back.
+
+It must be because I expect that
+I will be able to borrow
+
+from the fund in the
+future as well.
+
+So I will be willing to put
+money into a fund which pays
+
+lower than market rate, which
+is what insurance is.
+
+Insurance is that I'm willing
+to lend to someone at lower
+
+than market rates so that when
+he's in bad shape, he doesn't
+
+suffer too much.
+
+That's what's insurance.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's probably also
+probably the reason why
+
+wealthier people would be
+less likely to give
+
+into a fund, right?
+
+Because they're already exposed
+to less risk than they
+
+have already.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought you
+said that why would a
+
+rich person do it.
+
+Because I was like, I don't
+know why a rich
+
+person would do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, one reason they
+may want to do it is that
+
+they feel the same need as--
+
+so what's an insurance fund?
+
+An insurance fund is a fund
+where I put in money so that
+
+other people can be helped in
+return for the fact that they
+
+will put in money and
+I will be helped.
+
+Why would I put in money now?
+
+Because I expect to be
+helped in the future.
+
+So what are the kinds of
+people who don't want
+
+to join that fund?
+
+You already gave one answer,
+which is people who are rich.
+
+They don't expect
+to get helped.
+
+So that's why you're going to
+see that if there's a lot of
+
+inequality in the village,
+you're unlikely to see a fund
+
+because the rich don't really
+think that they can be helped
+
+by the poor.
+
+If they ever need money, they're
+going to need, you
+
+know, $100,000.
+
+The poor won't have it.
+
+And, otherwise, they
+won't need money.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think the chapter
+also mentioned
+
+timing as one factor.
+
+I mean, if people always
+postpone, they value future
+
+outcomes less than
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you need to be forward
+looking to be willing to
+
+behave well and be
+forward looking.
+
+If I always think that, well,
+I'll just not pay now and
+
+whatever happens in
+the future, that's
+
+not going to work.
+
+You need to be forward
+looking.
+
+And what's the point
+around migration?
+
+Why is migration important?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you say that as
+you have to expect to be in
+
+that area to benefit?
+
+PROFESSOR: In the
+villiage, yeah.
+
+You need to be in the village
+to benefit from the fund.
+
+If I expect to go away, I don't
+know whether I'm going
+
+to be here to benefit
+from this fund.
+
+So if there's a lot of mobility
+in a place then
+
+everything falls apart.
+
+So villages that are closer to
+the road, to a big city, find
+
+it harder to insure
+each other.
+
+Why?
+
+Because everybody there has
+a link to the city.
+
+So they don't know whether
+they're going to help from the
+
+village or they're going
+to go to the city
+
+and get a job there.
+
+And so given that I am not
+committed to being in the
+
+village, it's very hard
+to give me insurance.
+
+So all of these things.
+
+You need low mobility, low
+inequality, and forward
+
+looking people.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also we should say
+there are people who have
+
+access to ways to save their
+money Right then--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's an
+excellent point.
+
+What would a bank account do?
+
+A bank account would undermine
+insurance.
+
+Why?
+
+Because in a bank account
+I now can get high
+
+return on my savings.
+
+So when I have money, it's more
+tempting for me to put it
+
+in the bank account rather
+than put it in this fund,
+
+which is going to pay me a
+lower return because it's
+
+trying to help out
+other people.
+
+So any outside options that
+you provide-- so financial
+
+development might undermine
+local institutions.
+
+So you might actually see worse
+institutions where the
+
+financial system is
+better formally.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I misunderstood
+the whole fund.
+
+You said that the market rate
+was higher than the fund rate.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So even if there was
+a bank and you experienced
+
+some hardship, you would
+be more inclined to
+
+borrow money from--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, absolutely.
+
+It's the other way around.
+
+The question is who do you
+borrow money from?
+
+If the bank does it, it makes
+it too easy for me.
+
+Today, I have money and
+you need money.
+
+I'm going to put my
+money in the bank.
+
+That's why you can't get
+money from the fund.
+
+The fund is a two way
+street, right?
+
+I need to put in money.
+
+You need to take out money.
+
+As my options of putting money
+elsewhere get better, it's
+
+going to be harder and harder
+to force me to put
+
+money into the fund.
+
+AUDIENCE: Even if the rates at
+the other places are higher
+
+than the rates at the fund.
+
+PROFESSOR: Especially, right?
+
+Let me be clear.
+
+What are we saying?
+
+There's a fund.
+
+What's a fund?
+
+The fund is that I put
+money into it.
+
+I get lower than market rates.
+
+Why?
+
+Because I want to give that
+money to someone else who
+
+needs it desperately,
+providing insurance.
+
+There's also a bank, which
+pays the market rate.
+
+Now, as the market rate gets
+higher, it's harder and harder
+
+for the guy who has money today
+to not feel tempted to
+
+put his money into the bank.
+
+Yeah, you had a comment.
+
+AUDIENCE: But, like, there's
+a threshold, right?
+
+You have to have a certain
+amount of money before you can
+
+open a bank account.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+So maybe the bank is not
+actually available to you.
+
+But if the bank is available to
+you, that might actually be
+
+bad for insurance.
+
+That's sort of maybe surprising
+that a bank shows
+
+up and that actually undermines
+people's ability to
+
+insure each other because it's
+too easy to now park your
+
+money elsewhere.
+
+Other reasons why informal
+insurance doesn't work very
+
+well, we've also talked
+about the
+
+coordination quite a lot already.
+
+If I expect to default
+on the fund then you
+
+will default too.
+
+That's coordination.
+
+Also you would expect that these
+funds only work because
+
+I know when you really need
+money and when you don't
+
+because otherwise you could
+always say I need money.
+
+So you're not letting people
+who are very isolated--
+
+so people who are not in the
+village network don't get into
+
+these funds.
+
+They tend to be of people who
+are relatively well connected
+
+to the village community.
+
+Why?
+
+Because I need to know whether
+you're lying or not.
+
+And if you live next to me I
+know that, yes, your cow died
+
+or whatever.
+
+Your pig was eaten up by a tiger
+or something, whatever
+
+happens to pigs.
+
+But if you live far away, how
+do I know whether you are in
+
+trouble or not?
+
+So it tends to be that this is
+concentrated among people who
+
+know each other.
+
+The scope of the insurance
+is limited.
+
+And, finally, in some sense,
+this is a very bad mechanism
+
+for dealing with shocks which
+affect everybody in the
+
+village, obviously.
+
+If there is one blight in the
+village which affects
+
+everybody, this is not going to
+help anybody because nobody
+
+can help each other.
+
+So that takes us back to where
+we were at the end of the last
+
+lecture, which is saying on
+the other hand, formal
+
+insurance markets are
+hard to develop.
+
+That's where we ended
+last time.
+
+We said formal insurance markets
+are hard to develop.
+
+Why?
+
+Because people are suspicious
+of these products.
+
+They don't understand them.
+
+They're too complicated.
+
+They have all these exclusions,
+which you don't
+
+understand.
+
+So you don't like it.
+
+I was telling the story of all
+of these women who got really
+
+upset because one of their
+friend's husband died.
+
+But the medical health insurance
+didn't pay for it.
+
+Health insurance was actually
+right in not paying for it in
+
+formal terms because their
+contract said we'll only pay
+
+for people who go
+to the hospital.
+
+He died at home.
+
+But they thought that, well,
+something bad happened.
+
+Why aren't you paying for it?
+
+So they basically
+got very upset.
+
+So insurance is confusing.
+
+Formal insurance has rules,
+which if you [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you don't understand.
+
+It tends to be quite limited
+in other ways.
+
+I know a lot about
+my neighbors.
+
+I know if his cow was eaten up
+by a tiger, for example.
+
+Insurance company doesn't know
+anything about my neighbor, so
+
+it can't insure things
+like that.
+
+But there's a very nice story.
+
+So cow insurance--
+
+I bring up the example because
+it's a good example.
+
+Insuring cows is a big issue
+in every developing country
+
+because cows are
+a major asset.
+
+In some countries, like in
+Botswana, it's the single
+
+biggest asset other than
+diamonds, it turns out.
+
+So there only two major
+assets in Botswana.
+
+They are cows and diamonds.
+
+But most people have cows.
+
+Very few people have diamonds.
+
+So insurance companies have been
+trying for a long time to
+
+insure cows.
+
+The problem is that you insure
+cows by saying if the cow
+
+dies, I'll pay you money.
+
+But it's convenient for
+cows to die because
+
+they turn into steaks.
+
+And steaks, many people
+like them.
+
+So they create a huge moral
+hazard problem.
+
+So this company, [INAUDIBLE],
+had a very clever idea.
+
+They said that if you claim that
+your cow has died, you're
+
+to bring me the ear
+of the cow.
+
+Dead cow, you're to cut his
+ear off and show it to me.
+
+I don't know.
+
+What happened?
+
+AUDIENCE: A lot of
+earless cows?
+
+AUDIENCE: So everytime my cow
+died I would start cutting off
+
+ears and creating, like, a
+black market [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So imagine my cow dies.
+
+I'm not insured.
+
+What do I do?
+
+I cut off his ear and sell it
+to somebody who's insured.
+
+It created a robust market
+for cow ears.
+
+Everybody was buying cow
+ears to go to the
+
+bank and collect insurance.
+
+So that's your primary problem
+with sort of formal insurance.
+
+They don't know where
+the cow died.
+
+They have to figure out a
+way to track that down.
+
+That's not easy to do because
+of this ear problem.
+
+So basically we're between
+a rock and a hard place.
+
+People don't understand
+insurance.
+
+Insurance is incomplete, at
+best, because you can't really
+
+insure cows because
+I don't know when
+
+your cow died or not.
+
+On the other hand, if we look
+at insurance that comes from
+
+the community, the people who
+have the information, that is
+
+too limited for these other
+reasons we've discussed.
+
+So we were kind of between
+a rock and a hard place.
+
+So I think the message of this
+particular area is that this
+
+is a classic area where a
+government providing some kind
+
+of insurance that's not expected
+to break even is much
+
+more efficient.
+
+So rather than thinking
+of insurance
+
+which is market supplied--
+
+for example, a government scheme
+which says you can come
+
+to work whenever you need to
+work and we'll pay you a
+
+minimum wage is very
+effective because
+
+the wage is low enough.
+
+You're not ever going
+to take that job if
+
+you have a real job.
+
+You only take it when
+you're desperate.
+
+So that's a very efficient
+way to provide insurance.
+
+Now, the problem is
+that that's not
+
+going to fund itself.
+
+It's a one way payment
+from the government.
+
+But on the other hand, it makes
+sure that anybody who is
+
+really desperate can
+find a job and
+
+therefore it secures them.
+
+So in some terms this
+is a classic area--
+
+or if you think of insurance
+where people don't understand
+
+the product, well, they don't
+want to buy it because they
+
+don't understand the product.
+
+But if you provide it free,
+they'll take it.
+
+So if the government were to
+actually subsidize insurance,
+
+that might be a very good way
+to help poor people because
+
+it's something that they
+don't understand
+
+that's good for them.
+
+The demand is too low because
+they don't know how to
+
+interpret it.
+
+On the other hand, they will
+get the benefits from it.
+
+I think insurance is a very,
+very natural place for public
+
+intervention.
+
+And I think that's sort of
+what makes it really
+
+interesting is how to design
+good insurance products for
+
+poor people which possibly
+combine some advantage of the
+
+market and some advantages
+of public funding.
+
+So, for example, instead of
+the government providing
+
+health care, maybe everybody
+should have health insurance
+
+with some appropriately
+designed coverage.
+
+And maybe that should be
+provided free to people.
+
+If they don't understand the
+value of it, that's fine.
+
+In the end, sick people are a
+burden of the government.
+
+So they might as well
+provide it ex-ante.
+
+Providing a job to everybody--
+
+work fair is the word people
+use in the US--
+
+to people who want a job is a
+way to make sure that people,
+
+when they're desperate, there's
+some way of generating
+
+income and that the wage at that
+income doesn't go down
+
+because everybody's
+demanding a job.
+
+So in some sense it's a
+way to secure people.
+
+And it's a way to do it
+efficiently, to make sure that
+
+the right people go to it.
+
+You don't want to
+give them money.
+
+You want to give them a job
+because a job has the
+
+advantage that you
+get targeted.
+
+So in some sense it's a
+good domain to think
+
+about public policy.
+
+I'll stop here.
+
+We might talk a little bit
+more about it later.
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/l4NoMKEHQwM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2463 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality, educational
+
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good morning.
+
+So today we're going
+to continue the
+
+subject from last time.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+derived distributions a little
+
+more, how to derive the
+distribution of a function of
+
+a random variable.
+
+So last time we discussed a
+couple of examples in which we
+
+had a function of a
+single variable.
+
+And we found the distribution
+of Y, if we're told the
+
+distribution of X.
+
+So today we're going to do an
+example where we deal with the
+
+function of two random
+variables.
+
+And then we're going to consider
+the most interesting
+
+example of this kind, in which
+we have a random variable of
+
+the form W, which is
+the sum of two
+
+independent, random variables.
+
+That's a case that shows
+up quite often.
+
+And so we want to see what
+exactly happens in this
+
+particular case.
+
+Just one comment that
+I should make.
+
+The material that we're covering
+now, chapter four, is
+
+sort of conceptually a little
+more difficult than one we
+
+have been doing before.
+
+So I would definitely encourage
+you to read the text
+
+before you jump and try
+to do the problems in
+
+your problem sets.
+
+OK, so let's start with our
+example, in which we're given
+
+two random variables.
+
+They're jointly continuous.
+
+And their distribution
+is pretty simple.
+
+They're uniform on
+the unit square.
+
+In particular, each one of the
+random variables is uniform on
+
+the unit interval.
+
+And the two random variables
+are independent.
+
+What we're going to find is the
+distribution of the ratio
+
+of the two random variables.
+
+How do we go about it? , Well,
+the same cookbook procedure
+
+that we used last time
+for the case of a
+
+single random variable.
+
+The cookbook procedure that
+we used for this case also
+
+applies to the case where you
+have a function of multiple
+
+random variables.
+
+So what was the cookbook
+procedure?
+
+The first step is to find the
+cumulative distribution
+
+function of the random variable
+of interest and then
+
+take the derivative in order
+to find the density.
+
+So let's find the cumulative.
+
+So, by definition, the
+cumulative is the probability
+
+that the random variable is
+less than or equal to the
+
+argument of the cumulative.
+
+So if we write this event in
+terms of the random variable
+
+of interest, this is the
+probability that our random
+
+variable is less than
+or equal to z.
+
+So what is that?
+
+OK, so the ratio is going to be
+less than or equal to z, if
+
+and only if the pair, (x,y),
+happens to fall below the line
+
+that has a slope z.
+
+OK, so we draw a line
+that has a slope z.
+
+The ratio is less than this
+number, if and only if we get
+
+the pair of x and y that falls
+inside this triangle.
+
+So we're talking about
+the probability of
+
+this particular event.
+
+Since this line has a slope of
+z, the height at this point is
+
+equal to z.
+
+And so we can find the
+probability of this event.
+
+It's just the area
+of this triangle.
+
+And so the area is 1
+times z times 1/2.
+
+And we get the answer, z/2.
+
+Now, is this answer
+always correct?
+
+Now, this answer is going to be
+correct only if the slope
+
+happens to be such that we get
+a picture of this kind.
+
+So when do we get a picture
+of this kind?
+
+When the slope is less than 1.
+
+If I consider a different slope,
+a number, little z --
+
+that happens to be a slope
+of that kind --
+
+then the picture changes.
+
+And in that case, we
+get a picture of
+
+this kind, let's say.
+
+So this is a line here
+of slope z, again.
+
+And this is the second case in
+which our number, little z, is
+
+bigger than 1.
+
+So how do we proceed?
+
+Once more, the cumulative is the
+probability that the ratio
+
+is less than or equal
+to that number.
+
+So it's the probability that
+we fall below the red line.
+
+So we're talking about the
+event, about this event.
+
+So to find the probability of
+this event, we need to find
+
+the area of this red shape.
+
+And one way of finding this area
+is to consider the whole
+
+area and subtract the area
+of this triangle.
+
+So let's do it this way.
+
+It's going to be 1 minus the
+area of the triangle.
+
+Now, what's the area
+of the triangle?
+
+It's 1/2 times this side, which
+is 1 times this side.
+
+How big is that side?
+
+Well, if y and the slope is z,
+now z is the ratio y over x.
+
+So if y over x--
+
+at this point we have
+y/x = z and y =1.
+
+This means that z is 1/x.
+
+So the coordinate of
+this point is 1/x.
+
+And this means that
+we're going to--
+
+1/z So here we get the
+factor of 1/z.
+
+And we're basically done.
+
+I guess if you want to have a
+complete answer, you should
+
+also give the formula
+for z less than 0.
+
+What is the cumulative when
+z is less than 0, the
+
+probability that you get the
+ratio that's negative?
+
+Well, since our random variables
+are positive,
+
+there's no way that you can
+get a negative ratio.
+
+So the cumulative down
+there is equal to 0.
+
+So we can plot the cumulative.
+
+And we can take its derivative
+in order to find the density.
+
+So the cumulative that
+we got starts at 0,
+
+when z's are negative.
+
+Then it starts going up
+in proportion to z, at
+
+the slope of 1/2.
+
+So this takes us up to 1.
+
+And then it starts increasing
+towards 1,
+
+according to this function.
+
+When you let z go to infinity,
+the cumulative is
+
+going to go to 1.
+
+And it has a shape of, more
+or less, this kind.
+
+So now to get the density, we
+just take the derivative.
+
+And the density is, of
+course, 0 down here.
+
+Up here the derivative
+is just 1/2.
+
+And beyond that point we need to
+take the derivative of this
+
+expression.
+
+And the derivative is going to
+be 1/2 times 1 over z-squared.
+
+So it's going to be a
+shape of this kind.
+
+And we're done.
+
+So you see that problems
+involving functions of
+
+multiple random variables are
+no harder than problems that
+
+deal with the functional of
+a single random variable.
+
+The general procedure is,
+again, exactly the same.
+
+You first find the cumulative,
+and then you differentiate.
+
+The only extra difficulty will
+be that when you calculate the
+
+cumulative, you need to find
+the probability of an event
+
+that involves multiple
+random variables.
+
+And sometimes this could be
+a little harder to do.
+
+By the way, since we dealt
+with this example, just a
+
+couple of questions.
+
+What do you think is going to
+be the expected value of the
+
+random variable Z?
+
+Let's see, the expected value
+of the random variable Z is
+
+going to be the integral
+of z times the density.
+
+And the density is equal to 1/2
+for z going from 0 to 1.
+
+And then there's another
+
+contribution from 1 to infinity.
+
+There the density is
+1/(2z-squared).
+
+And we get the z, since we're
+dealing with expectations, dz.
+
+So what is this integral?
+
+Well, if you look here, you're
+integrating 1/z, all the way
+
+to infinity.
+
+1/z has an integral, which
+is the logarithm of z.
+
+And since the logarithm goes to
+infinity, this means that
+
+this integral is
+also infinite.
+
+So the expectation of the random
+variable Z is actually
+
+infinite in this example.
+
+There's nothing wrong
+with this.
+
+Lots of random variables have
+infinite expectations.
+
+If the tail of the density falls
+kind of slowly, as the
+
+argument goes to infinity, then
+it may well turn out that
+
+you get an infinite integral.
+
+So that's just how
+things often are.
+
+Nothing strange about it.
+
+And now, since we are still in
+this example, let me ask
+
+another question.
+
+Would we reason, on the average,
+would it be true that
+
+the expected value of Z --
+
+remember that Z is the ratio
+Y/X -- could it be that the
+
+expected value of Z
+is this number?
+
+Or could it be that it's
+equal to this number?
+
+Or could it be that it's
+none of the above?
+
+OK, so how many people think
+this is correct?
+
+Small number.
+
+How many people think
+this is correct?
+
+Slightly bigger, but still
+a small number.
+
+And how many people think
+this is correct?
+
+OK, that's--
+
+this one wins the vote.
+
+OK, let's see.
+
+This one is not correct, just
+because there's no reason it
+
+should be correct.
+
+So, in general, you cannot
+reason on the average.
+
+The expected value of a function
+is not the same as
+
+the same function of the
+expected values.
+
+This is only true if you're
+dealing with linear functions
+
+of random variables.
+
+So this is not--
+
+this turns out to
+not be correct.
+
+How about this one?
+
+Well, X and Y are independent,
+by assumption.
+
+So 1/X and Y are also
+independent.
+
+Why is this?
+
+Independence means that one
+random variable does not
+
+convey any information
+about the other.
+
+So Y doesn't give you any
+information about X. So Y
+
+doesn't give you any information
+about 1/X. Or to
+
+put it differently, if two
+random variables are
+
+independent, functions of each
+one of those random variables
+
+are also independent.
+
+If X is independent from
+Y, then g(X) is
+
+independent of h(Y).
+
+So this applies to this case.
+
+These two random variables
+are independent.
+
+And since they are independent,
+this means that
+
+the expected value of their
+product is equal to the
+
+product of the expected
+values.
+
+So this relation actually
+is true.
+
+And therefore, this
+is not true.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's move on.
+
+We have this general procedure
+of finding the derived
+
+distribution by going through
+the cumulative.
+
+Are there some cases where
+we can have a shortcut?
+
+Turns out that there is a
+special case or a special
+
+structure in which we can get
+directly from densities to
+
+densities using directly
+just a formula.
+
+And in that case, we don't
+have to go through the
+
+cumulative.
+
+And this case is also
+interesting, because it gives
+
+us some insight about how one
+density changes to a different
+
+density and what affects the
+shape of those densities.
+
+So the case where things easy
+is when the transformation
+
+from one random variable to
+the other is a strictly
+
+monotonic one.
+
+So there's a one-to-one relation
+between x's and y's.
+
+Here we can reason directly in
+terms of densities by thinking
+
+in terms of probabilities
+of small intervals.
+
+So let's look at the small
+interval on the x-axis, like
+
+this one, when X ranges from--
+
+where capital X ranges
+from a small x to a
+
+small x plus delta.
+
+So this is a small interval
+of length delta.
+
+Whenever X happens to fall in
+this interval, the random
+
+variable Y is going
+to fall in a
+
+corresponding interval up there.
+
+So up there we have a
+corresponding interval.
+
+And these two intervals, the
+red and the blue interval--
+
+this is the blue interval.
+
+And that's the red interval.
+
+These two intervals should have
+the same probability.
+
+They're exactly the
+same event.
+
+When X falls here, g(X) happens
+to fall in there.
+
+So we can sort of say that the
+probability of this little
+
+interval is the same
+as the probability
+
+of that little interval.
+
+And we know that probabilities
+of little intervals have
+
+something to do with
+densities.
+
+So what is the probability
+of this little interval?
+
+It's the density of the random
+variable X, at this point,
+
+times the length of
+the interval.
+
+How about the probability
+of that interval?
+
+It's going to be the density of
+the random variable Y times
+
+the length of that
+little interval.
+
+Now, this interval
+has length delta.
+
+Does that mean that
+this interval
+
+also has length delta?
+
+Well, not necessarily.
+
+The length of this interval has
+something to do with the
+
+slope of your function g.
+
+So slope is dy by dx.
+
+Is how much-- the slope tells
+you how big is the y interval
+
+when you take an interval
+x of a certain length.
+
+So the slope is what multiplies
+the length of this
+
+interval to give you the length
+of that interval.
+
+So the length of this interval
+is delta times the slope of
+
+your function.
+
+So the length of the interval
+is delta times the slope of
+
+the function, approximately.
+
+So the probability of this
+interval is going to be the
+
+density of Y times the length
+of the interval that we are
+
+considering.
+
+So this gives us a relation
+between the density of X,
+
+evaluated at this point, to the
+density of Y, evaluated at
+
+that point.
+
+The two densities are
+closely related.
+
+If these x's are very likely
+to occur, then this is big,
+
+which means that that density
+will also be big.
+
+If these x's are very likely to
+occur, then those y's are
+
+also very likely to occur.
+
+But there's also another
+factor that comes in.
+
+And that's the slope
+of the function at
+
+this particular point.
+
+So we have this relation between
+the two densities.
+
+Now, in interpreting this
+equation, you need to make
+
+sure what's the relation between
+the two variables.
+
+I have both little x's
+and little y's.
+
+Well, this formula is true for
+an (x,y) pair, that they're
+
+related according to this
+particular function.
+
+So if I fix an x and consider
+the corresponding y, then the
+
+densities at those x's and
+corresponding y's will be
+
+related by that formula.
+
+Now, in the end, you want to
+come up with a formula that
+
+just gives you the density
+of Y as a function of y.
+
+And that means that you need to
+
+eliminate x from the picture.
+
+So let's see how that would
+go in an example.
+
+So suppose that we're dealing
+with the function y equal to x
+
+cubed, in which case our
+function, g(x), is the
+
+function x cubed.
+
+And if x cubed is equal to a
+little y, If we have a pair of
+
+x's and y's that are related
+this way, then this means that
+
+x is going to be the
+cubic root of y.
+
+So this is the formula that
+takes us back from y's to x's.
+
+This is the direct function from
+x, how to construct y.
+
+This is essentially the inverse
+function that tells
+
+us, from a given y what is
+the corresponding x.
+
+Now, if we write this formula,
+it tells us that the density
+
+at the particular x is going
+to be the density at the
+
+corresponding y times the slope
+of the function at the
+
+particular x that we
+are considering.
+
+The slope of the function
+is 3x squared.
+
+Now, we want to end up with a
+formula for the density of Y.
+
+So I'm going to take this
+factor, send it
+
+to the other side.
+
+But since I want it to be a
+function of y, I want to
+
+eliminate the x's.
+
+And I'm going to eliminate
+the x's using this
+
+correspondence here.
+
+So I'm going to get
+the density of X
+
+evaluated at y to the 1/3.
+
+And then this factor in the
+denominator, it's 1/(3y to the
+
+power 2/3).
+
+So we end up finally with the
+formula for the density of the
+
+random variable Y.
+
+And this is the same answer that
+you would get if you go
+
+through this exercise using the
+cumulative distribution
+
+function method.
+
+You end up getting
+the same answer.
+
+But here we sort of
+get it directly.
+
+Just to get a little more
+insight as to why
+
+the slope comes in--
+
+suppose that we have a function
+like this one.
+
+So the function is sort of flat,
+then moves quickly, and
+
+then becomes flat again.
+
+What should be --
+
+and suppose that X has some kind
+of reasonable density,
+
+some kind of flat density.
+
+Suppose that X is a pretty
+uniform random variable.
+
+What's going to happen to
+the random variable Y?
+
+What kind of distribution
+should it have?
+
+What are the typical values
+of the random variable Y?
+
+Either x falls here, and y is
+a very small number, or--
+
+let's take that number here
+to be -- let's say 2 --
+
+or x falls in this range, and
+y takes a value close to 2.
+
+And there's a small chance that
+x's will be somewhere in
+
+the middle, in which case y
+takes intermediate values.
+
+So what kind of shape do
+you expect for the
+
+distribution of Y?
+
+There's going to be a fair
+amount of probability that Y
+
+takes values close to 0.
+
+There's a small probability
+that Y takes
+
+intermediate values.
+
+That corresponds to the case
+where x falls in here.
+
+That's not a lot
+of probability.
+
+So the probability that Y takes
+values between 0 and 2,
+
+that's kind of small.
+
+But then there's a lot of x's
+that produces y's that are
+
+close to 2.
+
+So there's a significant
+probability that Y would take
+
+values that are close to 2.
+
+So you--
+
+the density of Y would have
+a shape of this kind.
+
+By looking at this picture, you
+can tell that it's most
+
+likely that either x will fall
+here or x will fall there.
+
+So the g(x) is most likely
+to be close to 0 or
+
+to be close to 2.
+
+So since y is most likely to be
+close to 0 or close to most
+
+of the probability
+of y is here.
+
+And there's a small
+
+probability of being in between.
+
+Notice that the y's that get a
+lot of probability are those
+
+y's associated with flats
+regions off your g function.
+
+When the g function is flat,
+that gives you big densities
+
+for Y.
+
+So the density of Y is inversely
+proportional to the
+
+slope of the function.
+
+And that's what you
+get from here.
+
+The density of Y is--
+
+send that term to the other
+side-- is inversely
+
+proportional to the slope of
+the function that you're
+
+dealing with.
+
+OK, so this formula works nicely
+for the case where the
+
+function is one-to-one.
+
+So we can have a unique
+association between x's and
+
+y's and through an inverse
+function, from y's to x's.
+
+It works for the monotonically
+increasing case.
+
+It also works for the
+monotonically decreasing case.
+
+In the monotonically decreasing
+case, the only
+
+change that you need to do is to
+take the absolute value of
+
+the slope, instead of
+the slope itself.
+
+OK, now, here's another example
+or a special case.
+
+Let's talk about the most
+interesting case that involves
+
+a function of two random
+variables.
+
+And this is the case where we
+have two independent, random
+
+variables, and we want to
+find the distribution of
+
+the sum of the two.
+
+We're really interested in
+the continuous case.
+
+But as a warm-up, it's useful
+to look at the discrete case
+
+first of discrete random
+variables.
+
+Let's say we want to find the
+probability that the sum of X
+
+and Y is equal to a
+particular number.
+
+And to illustrate this,
+let's take that number
+
+to be equal to 3.
+
+What's the probability that
+the sum of the two random
+
+variables is equal to 3?
+
+To find the probability that
+the sum is equal to 3, you
+
+consider all possible ways that
+you can get the sum of 3.
+
+And the different ways are the
+points in this picture.
+
+And they correspond to a line
+that goes this way.
+
+So the probability that the
+sum is equal to a certain
+
+number is the probability
+that --
+
+is the sum of the
+probabilities of
+
+all of those points.
+
+What is a typical point
+in this picture?
+
+In a typical point, the
+random variable X
+
+takes a certain value.
+
+And Y takes the value that's
+needed so that the sum is
+
+equal to W. Any combination of
+an x with a w minus x, any
+
+such combination gives
+you a sum of w.
+
+So the probability that the sum
+is w is the sum over all
+
+possible x's.
+
+That's over all these points of
+the probability that we get
+
+a certain x.
+
+Let's say x equals 2 times the
+corresponding probability that
+
+random variable Y takes
+the value 1.
+
+And why am I multiplying
+probabilities here?
+
+That's where we use the
+assumption that the two random
+
+variables are independent.
+
+So the probability that X takes
+a certain value and Y
+
+takes the complementary value,
+that probability is the
+
+product of two probabilities
+because of independence.
+
+And when we write that into our
+usual PMF notation, it's a
+
+formula of this kind.
+
+So this formula is called
+the convolution formula.
+
+It's an operation that takes
+one PMF and another PMF-- p
+
+we're given the PMF's
+of X and Y --
+
+and produces a new PMF.
+
+So think of this formula as
+giving you a transformation.
+
+You take two PMF's, you do
+something with them, and you
+
+obtain a new PMF.
+
+This procedure, what this
+formula does is --
+
+nicely illustrated sort
+of by mechanically.
+
+So let me show you a picture
+here and illustrate how the
+
+mechanics go, in general.
+
+So you don't have these slides,
+but let's just reason
+
+through it.
+
+So suppose that you are
+given the PMF of X,
+
+and it has this shape.
+
+You're given the PMF of
+Y. It has this shape.
+
+And somehow we are going
+to do this calculation.
+
+Now, we need to do this
+calculation for every value of
+
+W, in order to get the PMF of
+W. Let's start by doing the
+
+calculation just for one case.
+
+Suppose the W is equal to 0, in
+which case we need to find
+
+the sum of Px(x) and Py(-x).
+
+How do you do this calculation
+graphically?
+
+It involves the PMF of X. But it
+involves the PMF of Y, with
+
+the argument reversed.
+
+So how do we plot this?
+
+Well, in order to reverse the
+argument, what you need is to
+
+take this PMF and flip it.
+
+So that's where it's handy
+to have a pair of
+
+scissors with you.
+
+So you cut this down.
+
+And so now you take the PMF
+of the random variable Y
+
+and just flip it.
+
+So what you see here is this
+function where the argument is
+
+being reversed.
+
+And then what do we do?
+
+We cross-multiply
+the two plots.
+
+Any entry here gets multiplied
+with the
+
+corresponding entry there.
+
+And we consider all those
+products and add them up.
+
+In this particular case, the
+flipped PMF doesn't have any
+
+overlap with the PMF of X. So
+we're going to get an answer
+
+that's equal to 0.
+
+So for w's equal to 0, the Pw is
+going to be equal to 0, in
+
+this particular plot.
+
+Now if we have a different
+value of w --
+
+oops.
+
+If we have a different value
+of the argument w, then we
+
+have here the PMF of Y that's
+flipped and shifted by an
+
+amount of w.
+
+So the correct picture of what
+you do is to take this and
+
+displace it by a certain
+amount of w.
+
+So here, how much
+did I shift it?
+
+I shifted it until one
+falls just below 4.
+
+So I have shifted by a
+total amount of 5.
+
+So 0 falls under 5, whereas
+0 initially was under 0.
+
+So I'm shifting it by 5 units.
+
+And I'm now going to
+cross-multiply and add.
+
+Does this give us
+the correct--
+
+does it do the correct thing?
+
+Yes, because a typical term will
+be the probability that
+
+this random variable is 3 times
+the probability that
+
+this random variable is 2.
+
+That's a particular way that
+you can get a sum of 5.
+
+If you see here, the way that
+things are aligned, it gives
+
+you all the different ways that
+you can get the sum of 5.
+
+You can get the sum of 5 by
+having 1 + 4, or 2 + 3, or 3 +
+
+2, or 4 + 1.
+
+You need to add the
+probabilities of all those
+
+combinations.
+
+So you take this times that.
+
+That's one product term.
+
+Then this times 0,
+this times that.
+
+And so 1--
+
+you cross--
+
+you find all the products of the
+corresponding terms, and
+
+you add them together.
+
+So it's a kind of handy
+mechanical procedure for doing
+
+this calculation, especially
+when the PMF's are given to
+
+you in terms of a picture.
+
+So the summary of these
+mechanics are just what we
+
+did, is that you put the PMF's
+on top of each other.
+
+You take the PMF of
+Y. You flip it.
+
+And for any particular w that
+you're interested in, you take
+
+this flipped PMF and shift
+it by an amount of w.
+
+Given this particular shift for
+a particular value of w,
+
+you cross-multiply terms and
+then accumulate them or add
+
+them together.
+
+What would you expect to happen
+in the continuous case?
+
+Well, the story is familiar.
+
+In the continuous case, pretty
+much, almost always things
+
+work out the same way,
+except that we
+
+replace PMF's by PDF's.
+
+And we replace sums
+by integrals.
+
+So there shouldn't be any
+surprise here that you get a
+
+formula of this kind.
+
+The density of W can be obtained
+from the density of X
+
+and the density of Y by
+calculating this integral.
+
+Essentially, what this integral
+does is it fits a
+
+particular w of interest.
+
+We're interested in the
+probability that the random
+
+variable, capital W, takes a
+value equal to little w or
+
+values close to it.
+
+So this corresponds to the
+event, which is this
+
+particular line on the
+two-dimensional space.
+
+So we need to find
+the sort of odd
+
+probabilities along that line.
+
+But since the setting is
+continuous, we will not add
+
+probabilities.
+
+We're going to integrate.
+
+And for any typical point in
+this picture, the probability
+
+of obtaining an outcome in this
+neighborhood is the--
+
+has something to do with the
+density of that particular x
+
+and the density of the
+particular y that would
+
+compliment x, in order
+to form a sum of w.
+
+So this integral that we have
+here is really an integral
+
+over this particular line.
+
+OK, so I'm going to
+skip the formal
+
+derivation of this result.
+
+There's a couple of derivations
+in the text.
+
+And the one which is outlined
+here is yet a third
+
+derivation.
+
+But the easiest way to make
+sense of this formula is to
+
+consider what happens in
+the discrete case.
+
+So for the rest of the lecture
+we're going to consider a few
+
+extra, more miscellaneous
+topics, a few remarks, and a
+
+few more definitions.
+
+So let's change--
+
+flip a page and consider
+the next mini topic.
+
+There's not going to be anything
+deep here, but just
+
+something that's worth
+being familiar with.
+
+If you have two independent,
+normal random variables with
+
+certain parameters, the question
+is, what does the
+
+joined PDF look like?
+
+So if they're independent, by
+definition the joint PDF is
+
+the product of the
+individual PDF's.
+
+And the PDF's each one
+of them involves an
+
+exponential of something.
+
+The product of two exponentials
+is the
+
+exponential of the sum.
+
+So you just add the exponents.
+
+So this is the formula
+for the joint PDF.
+
+Now, you look at that formula
+and you ask, what
+
+does it look like?
+
+OK, you can understand it, a
+function of two variables by
+
+thinking about the contours
+of this function.
+
+Look at the points at
+which the function
+
+takes a constant value.
+
+Where is it?
+
+When is it constant?
+
+What's the shape of
+the set of points
+
+where this is a constant?
+
+So consider all x's and y's for
+which this expression here
+
+is a constant, that this
+expression here is a constant.
+
+What kind of shape is this?
+
+This is an ellipse.
+
+And it's an ellipse that's
+centered at--
+
+it's centered at mu x, mu y.
+
+These are the means of the
+two random variables.
+
+If those sigmas were equal,
+that ellipse would
+
+be actually a circle.
+
+And you would get contours
+of this kind.
+
+But if, on the other hand, the
+sigmas are different, you're
+
+going to get an ellipse that
+has contours of this kind.
+
+So if my contours are
+of this kind, that
+
+corresponds to what?
+
+Sigma x being bigger than
+sigma y or vice versa.
+
+OK, contours of this kind
+basically tell you that X is
+
+more likely to be spread out
+than Y. So the range of
+
+possible x's is bigger.
+
+And X out here is as likely
+as a Y up there.
+
+So big X's have roughly the same
+probability as certain
+
+smaller y's.
+
+So in a picture of this kind,
+the variance of X is going to
+
+be bigger than the
+variance of Y.
+
+So depending on how these
+variances compare with each
+
+other, that's going
+to determine the
+
+shape of the ellipse.
+
+If the variance of Y we're
+bigger, then your ellipse
+
+would be the other way.
+
+It would be elongated in
+the other dimension.
+
+Just visualize it
+a little more.
+
+Let me throw at you a
+particular picture.
+
+This is one--
+
+this is a picture of
+one special case.
+
+Here, I think, the variances
+are equal.
+
+That's the kind of shape
+that you get.
+
+It looks like a two-dimensional
+bell.
+
+So remember, for a normal random
+variables, for a single
+
+random variable you get a
+PDF that's bell shaped.
+
+That's just a bell-shaped
+curve.
+
+In the two-dimensional case, we
+get the joint PDF, which is
+
+bell shaped again.
+
+And now it looks more like a
+real bell, the way it would be
+
+laid out in ordinary space.
+
+And if you look at the contours
+of this function, the
+
+places where the function is
+equal, the typcial contour
+
+would have this shape here.
+
+And it would be an ellipse.
+
+And in this case, actually, it
+will be more like a circle.
+
+So these would be the different
+contours for
+
+different--
+
+so the contours are
+places where the
+
+joint PDF is a constant.
+
+When you change the value of
+that constant, you get the
+
+different contours.
+
+And the PDF is, of course,
+centered around the mean of
+
+the two random variables.
+
+So in this particular case,
+since the bell is centered
+
+around the (0, 0) vector, this
+is a plot of a bivariate
+
+normal with 0 means.
+
+OK, there's--
+
+bivariate normals are also
+interesting when your bell is
+
+oriented differently in space.
+
+We talked about ellipses that
+are this way, ellipses that
+
+are this way.
+
+You could imagine also bells
+that you take them, you squash
+
+them somehow, so that they
+become narrow in one dimension
+
+and then maybe rotate them.
+
+So if you had--
+
+we're not going to go into this
+subject, but if you had a
+
+joint pdf whose contours were
+like this, what would that
+
+correspond to?
+
+Would your x's and y's
+be independent?
+
+No.
+
+This would indicate that there's
+a relation between the
+
+x's and the y's.
+
+That is, when you have bigger
+x's, you would expect to also
+
+get bigger y's.
+
+So it would be a case of
+dependent normals.
+
+And we're coming back to
+this point in a second.
+
+Before we get to that point in
+a second that has to do with
+
+the dependencies between the
+random variables, let's just
+
+do another digression.
+
+If we have our two normals that
+are independent, as we
+
+discussed here, we can go and
+apply the formula, the
+
+convolution formula that we
+were just discussing.
+
+Suppose you want to find the
+distribution of the sum of
+
+these two independent normals.
+
+How do you do this?
+
+There is a closed-form formula
+for the density of the sum,
+
+which is this one.
+
+We do have formulas for the
+density of X and the density
+
+of Y, because both of them are
+normal, random variables.
+
+So you need to calculate this
+particular integral here.
+
+It's an integral with
+respect to x.
+
+And you have to calculate
+this integral for any
+
+given value of w.
+
+So this is an exercise
+in integration,
+
+which is not very difficult.
+
+And it turns out that after you
+do everything, you end up
+
+with an answer that
+has this form.
+
+And you look at that,
+and you suddenly
+
+recognize, oh, this is normal.
+
+And conclusion from this
+exercise, once it's done, is
+
+that the sum of two independent
+normal random
+
+variables is also normal.
+
+Now, the mean of W is, of
+course, going to be equal to
+
+the sum of the means of X and
+Y. In this case, in this
+
+formula I took the
+means to be 0.
+
+So the mean of W is also
+going to be 0.
+
+In the more general case, the
+mean of W is going to be just
+
+the sum of the two means.
+
+The variance of W is always the
+sum of the variances of X
+
+and Y, since we have independent
+random variables.
+
+So there's no surprise here.
+
+The main surprise in this
+calculation is this fact here,
+
+that the sum of independent
+normal random
+
+variables is normal.
+
+I had mentioned this fact
+in a previous lecture.
+
+Here what we're doing is to
+basically outline the argument
+
+that justifies this
+particular fact.
+
+It's an exercise in integration,
+where you realize
+
+that when you convolve two
+normal curves, you also get
+
+back a normal one once more.
+
+So now, let's return to the
+comment I was making here,
+
+that if you have a contour plot
+that has, let's say, a
+
+shape of this kind, this
+indicates some kind of
+
+dependence between your
+two random variables.
+
+So instead of a contour plot,
+let me throw in here a
+
+scattered diagram.
+
+What does this scattered
+diagram correspond to?
+
+Suppose you have a discrete
+distribution, and each one of
+
+the points in this diagram
+has positive probability.
+
+When you look at this diagram,
+what would you say?
+
+I would say that when
+y is big then x
+
+also tends to be larger.
+
+So bigger x's are sort of
+associated with bigger y's in
+
+some average, statistical
+sense.
+
+Whereas, if you have a picture
+of this kind, it tells you in
+
+association that the positive
+y's tend to be associated with
+
+negative x's most of the time.
+
+Negative y's tend to be
+associated mostly with
+
+positive x's.
+
+So here there's a relation
+that when one variable is
+
+large, the other one is also
+expected to be large.
+
+Here there's a relation
+of the opposite kind.
+
+How can we capture
+this relation
+
+between two random variables?
+
+The way we capture it is by
+defining this concept called
+
+the covariance, that looks at
+the relation of was X bigger
+
+than usual?
+
+That's the question, whether
+this is positive.
+
+And how does this relate to the
+answer-- to the question,
+
+was Y bigger than usual?
+
+We're asking-- by calculating
+this quantity, we're sort of
+
+asking the question, is there a
+systematic relation between
+
+having a big X with
+having a big Y?
+
+OK , to understand more
+precisely what this does,
+
+let's suppose that the random
+variable has 0 means, So that
+
+we get rid of this--
+
+get rid of some clutter.
+
+So the covariance is defined
+just as this product.
+
+What does this do?
+
+If positive x's tends to go
+together with positive y's,
+
+and negative x's tend to go
+together with negative y's,
+
+this product will always
+be positive.
+
+And the covariance will
+end up being positive.
+
+In particular, if you sit down
+with a scattered diagram and
+
+you do the calculations,
+you'll find that the
+
+covariance of X and Y in this
+diagram would be positive,
+
+because here, most of the time,
+X times Y is positive.
+
+There's going to be a few
+negative terms, but there are
+
+fewer than the positive ones.
+
+So this is a case of a
+positive covariance.
+
+It indicates a positive relation
+between the two
+
+random variables.
+
+When one is big, the other
+also tends to be big.
+
+This is the opposite
+situation.
+
+Here, when one variable--
+
+here, most of the action happens
+in this quadrant and
+
+that quadrant, which means that
+X times Y, most of the
+
+time, is negative.
+
+You get a few positive
+contributions,
+
+but there are few.
+
+When you add things up, the
+negative terms dominate.
+
+And in this case we
+have covariance of
+
+X and Y being negative.
+
+So a positive covariance
+indicates a sort of systematic
+
+relation, that there's a
+positive association between
+
+the two random variables.
+
+When one is large, the other
+also tends to be large.
+
+Negative covariance is
+sort of the opposite.
+
+When one tends to be
+large, the other
+
+variable tends to be small.
+
+OK, so what else is there to
+say about the covariance?
+
+One observation to make
+is the following.
+
+What's the covariance
+of X with X itself?
+
+If you plug in X here, you see
+that what we have is expected
+
+value of X minus expected
+of X squared.
+
+And that's just the
+definition of the
+
+variance of a random variable.
+
+So that's one fact
+to keep in mind.
+
+We had a shortcut formula for
+calculating variances.
+
+There's a similar shortcut
+formula for calculating
+
+covariances.
+
+In particular, we can calculate
+covariances in this
+
+particular way.
+
+That's just the convenient way
+of doing it whenever you need
+
+to calculate it.
+
+And finally, covariances are
+very useful when you want to
+
+calculate the variance of a
+sum of random variables.
+
+We know that if two random
+variables are independent, the
+
+variance of the sum is the
+sum of the variances.
+
+When the random variables are
+dependent, this is no longer
+
+true, and we need to supplement
+the formula a
+
+little bit.
+
+And there's a typo on
+the slides that you
+
+have in your hands.
+
+That term of 2 shouldn't
+be there.
+
+And let's see where that
+formula comes from.
+
+Let's suppose that our
+random variables are
+
+independent of --
+
+not independent --
+
+our random variables
+have 0 means.
+
+And we want to calculate
+the variance.
+
+So the variance is going
+to be expected value of
+
+(X1 plus Xn) squared.
+
+What you do is you expand
+the square.
+
+And you get the expected value
+of the sum of the Xi squared.
+
+And then you get all
+the cross terms.
+
+OK.
+
+And so now, here, let's
+assume for simplicity
+
+that we have 0 means.
+
+The expected value of this is
+the sum of the expected values
+
+of the X squared terms.
+
+And that gives us
+the variance.
+
+And then we have all the
+possible cross terms.
+
+And each one of the possible
+cross terms is the expected
+
+value of Xi times Xj.
+
+This is just the covariance.
+
+So if you can calculate all
+the variances and the
+
+covariances, then you're able to
+calculate also the variance
+
+of a sum of random variables.
+
+Now, if two random variables are
+independent, then you look
+
+at this expression.
+
+Because of independence,
+expected value of the product
+
+is going to be the product
+of the expected values.
+
+And the expected value
+of just this term is
+
+always equal to 0.
+
+You're expected deviation
+from the mean is just 0.
+
+So the covariance will
+turn out to be 0.
+
+So independent random
+variables lead to 0
+
+covariances, although the
+opposite fact is not
+
+necessarily true.
+
+So covariances give you some
+indication of the relation
+
+between two random variables.
+
+Something that's not so
+convenient conceptually about
+
+covariances is that it
+has the wrong units.
+
+That's the same comment
+that we had
+
+made regarding variances.
+
+And with variances we got out
+of that issue by considering
+
+the standard deviation, which
+has the correct units.
+
+So with the same reasoning, we
+want to have a concept that
+
+captures the relation between
+two random variables and, in
+
+some sense, that doesn't have
+to do with the units that
+
+we're dealing.
+
+We want to have a dimensionless
+quantity.
+
+That tells us how strongly two
+random variables are related
+
+to each other.
+
+So instead of considering the
+covariance of just X with Y,
+
+we take our random variables
+and standardize them by
+
+dividing them by their
+individual standard deviations
+
+and take the expectation
+of this.
+
+So what we end up doing is the
+covariance of X and Y, which
+
+has units that are the units of
+X times the units of Y. But
+
+divide with a standard
+deviation, so that we get a
+
+quantity that doesn't
+have units.
+
+This quantity, we call it the
+correlation coefficient.
+
+And it's a very useful quantity,
+a very useful
+
+measure of the strength
+of association
+
+between two random variables.
+
+It's very informative, because
+it falls always
+
+between -1 and +1.
+
+This is an algebraic exercise
+that you're going to see in
+
+recitation.
+
+And the way that you interpret
+it is as follows.
+
+If the two random variables
+are independent, the
+
+covariance is going to be 0.
+
+The correlation coefficient
+is going to be 0.
+
+So 0 correlation coefficient
+basically indicates a lack of
+
+a systematic relation between
+the two random variables.
+
+On the other hand, when rho is
+large, either close to 1 or
+
+close to -1, this is an
+indication of a strong
+
+association between the
+two random variables.
+
+And the extreme case is when
+rho takes an extreme value.
+
+When rho has a magnitude
+equal to 1, it's as
+
+big as it can be.
+
+In that case, the two
+random variables are
+
+very strongly related.
+
+How strongly?
+
+Well, if you know one random
+variable, if you know the
+
+value of y, you can recover the
+value of x and conversely.
+
+So the case of a complete
+correlation is the case where
+
+one random variable is a linear
+function of the other
+
+random variable.
+
+In terms of a scatter plot, this
+would mean that there's a
+
+certain line and that the only
+possible (x,y) pairs that can
+
+happen would lie on that line.
+
+So if all the possible (x,y)
+pairs lie on this line, then
+
+you have this relation, and the
+correlation coefficient is
+
+equal to 1.
+
+A case where the correlation
+coefficient is close to 1
+
+would be a scatter plot like
+this, where the x's and y's
+
+are quite strongly aligned with
+each other, maybe not
+
+exactly, but fairly strongly.
+
+All right, so you're going to
+hear a little more about
+
+correlation coefficients
+and covariances
+
+in recitation tomorrow.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l6YYHaV1aGc.txt b/l6YYHaV1aGc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5f3eaed18d8faa9b6b05faa16c3d8381d089fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l6YYHaV1aGc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now illustrate with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now illustrate with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now illustrate with an example
+all the calculations of n step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the calculations of n step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the calculations of n step
+transition probabilities that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities that we have
+just discussed in this example we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed in this example we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discussed in this example we are
+given a two-state Markov chain and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a two-state Markov chain and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a two-state Markov chain and as
+part of the input the one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input the one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input the one step
+transition probabilities between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities between these
+two states so given that you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states so given that you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states so given that you are in
+state 1 the probability that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 the probability that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 the probability that you will
+next go to step 2 is 0.5 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next go to step 2 is 0.5 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next go to step 2 is 0.5 and the
+priority that you will stay in state 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that you will stay in state 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that you will stay in state 1
+is 0.5 and given that you are in state 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 and given that you are in state 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 and given that you are in state 2
+the priority that you will next go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority that you will next go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority that you will next go to
+state 1 is 0.2 and the priority that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 is 0.2 and the priority that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 is 0.2 and the priority that you
+will stay in state 2 is 0.8 now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay in state 2 is 0.8 now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay in state 2 is 0.8 now suppose
+that you start in state 1 and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start in state 1 and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start in state 1 and you would
+like to calculate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to calculate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to calculate the probability of
+being in state 1 after n transitions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state 1 after n transitions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state 1 after n transitions or
+after n steps with our notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n steps with our notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n steps with our notation here
+this is our 1 1 of n that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our 1 1 of n that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our 1 1 of n that probability
+can happen in two ways after n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in two ways after n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in two ways after n minus 1
+steps you end up in state 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then for the last transition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the last transition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the last transition you
+stay in state one or after the first n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in state one or after the first n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in state one or after the first n
+minus one transition you end up in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one transition you end up in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one transition you end up in state
+two and then you transition back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then you transition back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then you transition back to
+state 1 assuming that you start again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 assuming that you start again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 assuming that you start again in
+state 1 and you would like to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and you would like to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and you would like to calculate
+the probability that you end up in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you end up in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you end up in state
+2 after n steps you could apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 after n steps you could apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 after n steps you could apply the same
+logic but these are probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic but these are probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic but these are probabilities and
+given that you started in state 1 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in state 1 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you started in state 1 after
+n steps you will either be in state 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps you will either be in state 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n steps you will either be in state 1 or
+in state 2 so our 1/2 of n is simply 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state 2 so our 1/2 of n is simply 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state 2 so our 1/2 of n is simply 1
+minus r1 1 of n and this system of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r1 1 of n and this system of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r1 1 of n and this system of two
+equations is enough to propagate r1 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is enough to propagate r1 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is enough to propagate r1 1 of
+n and r1 2 of n as a function of n let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and r1 2 of n as a function of n let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and r1 2 of n as a function of n let
+us do it and fill the blanks here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do it and fill the blanks here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do it and fill the blanks here as
+indicated before the case for N equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated before the case for N equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated before the case for N equals 0
+or N equals 1 are simple and do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or N equals 1 are simple and do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or N equals 1 are simple and do not
+require the use of the recursions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the use of the recursions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the use of the recursions here
+so for example for N equals 0 r1 1 of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for N equals 0 r1 1 of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for N equals 0 r1 1 of 0
+will simply be 1 and so as a result r1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be 1 and so as a result r1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be 1 and so as a result r1 2
+of 0 will be 0 and again our - 2 of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 will be 0 and again our - 2 of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 will be 0 and again our - 2 of 0
+will be 1 and as a result our - 1 of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1 and as a result our - 1 of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 1 and as a result our - 1 of 0
+will be 0 for N equals 1 these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 for N equals 1 these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 for N equals 1 these are the
+simple one-step transition probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one-step transition probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one-step transition probabilities
+so you have 0.5 here and 0.5 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 0.5 here and 0.5 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 0.5 here and 0.5 here and
+our - 1 here our 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our - 1 here our 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our - 1 here our 0.2
+and 0.8 the next case is for N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.8 the next case is for N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.8 the next case is for N equals
+two becomes more interesting so to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two becomes more interesting so to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two becomes more interesting so to reach
+N equals to R one one of two two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals to R one one of two two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals to R one one of two two options
+again go this way where the property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go this way where the property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again go this way where the property is
+0.5 or you can go from that to here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 or you can go from that to here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 or you can go from that to here with
+the priority 0.2 so here we obtain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority 0.2 so here we obtain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority 0.2 so here we obtain it
+all pubs you 0.25 here probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pubs you 0.25 here probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pubs you 0.25 here probability of
+zero point ten and when you sum these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point ten and when you sum these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point ten and when you sum these
+two probabilities you obtain 0.35 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities you obtain 0.35 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities you obtain 0.35 which
+is our one one of two and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our one one of two and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our one one of two and as a result
+you get 0.65 for our 1/2 of 2 then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0.65 for our 1/2 of 2 then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0.65 for our 1/2 of 2 then you
+can follow the same process for N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the same process for N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the same process for N equals
+3 and equals 4 X cetera et cetera I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and equals 4 X cetera et cetera I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and equals 4 X cetera et cetera I will
+not do it here but this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it here but this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it here but this would be an
+interesting exercise for you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exercise for you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exercise for you to do the
+next several steps perhaps within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several steps perhaps within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several steps perhaps within an
+Excel spreadsheet but you pose that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel spreadsheet but you pose that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel spreadsheet but you pose that I
+tell you with the number for N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you with the number for N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you with the number for N equals
+100 and I tell you that the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and I tell you that the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and I tell you that the number that
+you obtain here is about 2 over 7 so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain here is about 2 over 7 so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain here is about 2 over 7 so as
+a result the numbers that you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result the numbers that you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result the numbers that you are going
+to have here is about 5 over 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us then apply the simple recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us then apply the simple recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us then apply the simple recursion
+in order to find the values here for N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find the values here for N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find the values here for N
+equals 100 1 R 1 1 of 101 will be 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 100 1 R 1 1 of 101 will be 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 100 1 R 1 1 of 101 will be 2 over
+7 times 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 times 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 times 0.5
+plus five over seven times you point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five over seven times you point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five over seven times you point you
+will be one over seven for the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one over seven for the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one over seven for the first one
+plus one over seven for the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over seven for the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over seven for the second one
+and so we obtain again 2 over 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you do the same calculation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the same calculation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the same calculation you
+will end up with five over seven here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with five over seven here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with five over seven here
+this is an interesting fact when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting fact when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting fact when the
+system starts in state 1 the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system starts in state 1 the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system starts in state 1 the probability
+that I found myself in state 1 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found myself in state 1 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found myself in state 1 at the
+long period of time seems to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time seems to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time seems to converge to
+a constant value in that case to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value in that case to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value in that case to the
+constant value of 2 over 7 assume now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value of 2 over 7 assume now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value of 2 over 7 assume now
+that you want to do the same calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do the same calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do the same calculation
+for R 2 1 and R 2 - in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R 2 1 and R 2 - in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R 2 1 and R 2 - in other words you
+start in state 2 and you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 2 and you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 2 and you're interested
+in knowing and the evolution of these R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing and the evolution of these R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in knowing and the evolution of these R
+2 1 of N and R 2 2 of n as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 of N and R 2 2 of n as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 of N and R 2 2 of n as a function of
+n again I will let you do it but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n again I will let you do it but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n again I will let you do it but I can
+tell you that these probabilities will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that these probabilities will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that these probabilities will
+also seem to converge to a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to converge to a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seem to converge to a constant and
+in fact will converge to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact will converge to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact will converge to something that
+is exactly the same 2 over 7 here and 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same 2 over 7 here and 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same 2 over 7 here and 5
+over 7 here this is a second interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 here this is a second interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 here this is a second interesting
+fact irrespective of where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact irrespective of where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact irrespective of where we started
+either from state 1 or from state 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from state 1 or from state 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either from state 1 or from state 2 the
+probability of being in a state 1 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being in a state 1 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being in a state 1 after
+a long period of time seems to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time seems to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long period of time seems to converge
+to the same constant 2 over 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in some sense for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense for that particular
+example the importance of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the importance of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the importance of the initial
+state vanishes as time goes by and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vanishes as time goes by and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vanishes as time goes by and does
+not influence long term probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not influence long term probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not influence long term probabilities of
+being in any of the two states note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in any of the two states note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in any of the two states note that
+this is not true at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true at the beginning
+starting at state 2 the picture after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at state 2 the picture after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at state 2 the picture after
+few transitions will look different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few transitions will look different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few transitions will look different than
+if you had started from state 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had started from state 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had started from state 1 so the
+initial state does tell you something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state does tell you something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state does tell you something at
+the beginning but this vanishes as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but this vanishes as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning but this vanishes as time
+goes by we describe this convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by we describe this convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by we describe this convergence
+properties by saying that the Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by saying that the Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by saying that the Markov
+chain eventually enters a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain eventually enters a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain eventually enters a steady state
+what does this really mean does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this really mean does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this really mean does it mean
+that the state of the Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of the Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of the Markov chain
+itself becomes steady and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes steady and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself becomes steady and eventually
+stops at a given place no the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at a given place no the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at a given place no the state of
+the system will keep jumping forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what becomes steady are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what becomes steady are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what becomes steady are the
+probabilities that describe xn after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that describe xn after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that describe xn after the
+Markov chain enters steady state then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain enters steady state then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain enters steady state then at
+any time if you take a photo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time if you take a photo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time if you take a photo of the
+system and ask what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and ask what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and ask what is the probability
+that the chain will be in state 1 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chain will be in state 1 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chain will be in state 1 on
+that picture it will be 2 over 7 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture it will be 2 over 7 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture it will be 2 over 7 by the
+way the steady state of being in state 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the steady state of being in state 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the steady state of being in state 2
+is greater than the steady state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the steady state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the steady state of
+being in state 1 does it make sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state 1 does it make sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in state 1 does it make sense yes
+state 2 is a little bit more sticky than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 is a little bit more sticky than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 2 is a little bit more sticky than
+state 1 in the following sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 in the following sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 in the following sense
+when you get to state 2 the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to state 2 the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to state 2 the probability
+that you remain in state 2 is 0.8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remain in state 2 is 0.8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you remain in state 2 is 0.8 is
+greater than the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the corresponding
+probability for state 1 which is 0.5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for state 1 which is 0.5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for state 1 which is 0.5 so
+to conclude this Markov chain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude this Markov chain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude this Markov chain has
+exhibited some nice long term properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited some nice long term properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited some nice long term properties
+is this always the case for any Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this always the case for any Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this always the case for any Markov
+chains baracy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l6zkg3Ihg0g.txt b/l6zkg3Ihg0g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..194ce214cdf6c0974b3c2e4fd005860596a5a2b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l6zkg3Ihg0g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it looks like it's seven o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looks like it's seven o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looks like it's seven o'clock
+more or less it looks like there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less it looks like there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less it looks like there's some
+people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here
+oh this is very I haven't lectured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is very I haven't lectured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is very I haven't lectured in
+here for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for years
+we did 900 in here one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did 900 in here one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did 900 in here one year
+I don't like it except maybe they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like it except maybe they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like it except maybe they got
+the heat working this year years ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat working this year years ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat working this year years ago the
+heat didn't work in here it got kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat didn't work in here it got kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat didn't work in here it got kind of
+harsh in the winter this looks terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh in the winter this looks terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh in the winter this looks terrific
+I I I'm sure we'll have to erase some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm sure we'll have to erase some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I'm sure we'll have to erase some of
+it to explain stuff but this looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to explain stuff but this looks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to explain stuff but this looks so
+much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh
+you know some some people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some people are just
+better at drawing on the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at drawing on the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at drawing on the Blackboard
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and uh but I'll erase it as needed so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but I'll erase it as needed so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but I'll erase it as needed so uh
+what can I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I tell you
+I'm there look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what was the what was the it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was the what was the it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was the what was the it doesn't
+include uh tomorrow's lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh tomorrow's lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include uh tomorrow's lecture on
+animal language and stuff it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal language and stuff it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal language and stuff it does
+include the stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the stuff on
+adult human language from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult human language from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult human language from last time
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well the 10 and 11 are both called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 10 and 11 are both called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 10 and 11 are both called
+language and an acquisition or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and an acquisition or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and an acquisition or something
+like that but anyway last time's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but anyway last time's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but anyway last time's lecture
+was there uh next time's lecture is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there uh next time's lecture is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there uh next time's lecture is and
+so there won't be a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there won't be a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there won't be a question about
+whether or not Apes can talk to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not Apes can talk to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not Apes can talk to you and
+there will be a question on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a question on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a question on whether you
+can talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+the the sort of it's not I thought it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of it's not I thought it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of it's not I thought it's
+chapter nine what's the language chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter nine what's the language chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter nine what's the language chapter
+so the language chapter has a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the language chapter has a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the language chapter has a large
+chunk on uh on uh regular adult language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk on uh on uh regular adult language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk on uh on uh regular adult language
+I would certainly think that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would certainly think that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would certainly think that would be a
+good thing to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to know something about
+because it's the same material as was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same material as was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same material as was in
+the lecture I wouldn't sweat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I wouldn't sweat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I wouldn't sweat the
+development stuff too much this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development stuff too much this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development stuff too much this time
+because it won't the the exam must be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it won't the the exam must be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it won't the the exam must be in
+a slightly different position because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different position because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different position because
+usually this isn't where the break is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this isn't where the break is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this isn't where the break is
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+adult language not kid language not ape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult language not kid language not ape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult language not kid language not ape
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+can I go home now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as as previously advertised I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as as previously advertised I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as as previously advertised I will
+not stand up here and and review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stand up here and and review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stand up here and and review the
+course I will respond to pithy questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I will respond to pithy questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I will respond to pithy questions
+from uh members of the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh members of the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh members of the audience
+in the absence of 50 questions I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of 50 questions I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absence of 50 questions I will
+stand here for a short period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand here for a short period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand here for a short period of time
+staring blankly at you as you stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring blankly at you as you stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring blankly at you as you stare
+blankly at me and then we'll all go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankly at me and then we'll all go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blankly at me and then we'll all go home
+in a sort of faintly disappointed kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of faintly disappointed kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of faintly disappointed kind
+of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way
+so what do you got there for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you got there for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you got there for me
+you got it you gotta yell in here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it you gotta yell in here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it you gotta yell in here this
+is the Acoustics are miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+negative reinforcement and Punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reinforcement and Punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reinforcement and Punishment
+reinforcement is always a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is always a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is always a good thing
+even if it's negative reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's negative reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's negative reinforcement
+that's the way to try to get this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way to try to get this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way to try to get this into
+your memory I think if if my memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory I think if if my memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory I think if if my memory
+serves correctly I bungle this uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves correctly I bungle this uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves correctly I bungle this uh in in
+describing it at least once in class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it at least once in class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it at least once in class but
+reinforcement is always a good thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is always a good thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement is always a good thing so
+if if something says negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if something says negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if something says negative
+reinforcement there must be a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement there must be a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement there must be a good thing
+happening so a negative reinforcement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so a negative reinforcement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so a negative reinforcement is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+um you know the baby stops crying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the baby stops crying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the baby stops crying
+yeah if you're if you're a baby minder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're if you're a baby minder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're if you're a baby minder
+you'll do stuff to make that baby stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do stuff to make that baby stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do stuff to make that baby stop
+crying the cessation of something nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying the cessation of something nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying the cessation of something nasty
+is an is a negative reinforcer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is a negative reinforcer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is a negative reinforcer
+punishment is is common senseically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is is common senseically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishment is is common senseically what
+you think it is uh if I whack you every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it is uh if I whack you every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it is uh if I whack you every
+time you use whatever that is a purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you use whatever that is a purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you use whatever that is a purple
+pen you'll stop using a purple pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen you'll stop using a purple pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen you'll stop using a purple pen
+because you're not stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not stupid
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sentence I like the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sentence I like the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sentence I like the first part of
+that question that sounded precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question that sounded precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question that sounded precise
+enough to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to that
+a curved piece of chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved piece of chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curved piece of chalk
+uh all right so an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so an object
+separate energy so all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate energy so all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate energy so all right so we're
+going to get rid of the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blood eraser great eraser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood eraser great eraser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood eraser great eraser
+oh White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh White
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll it'll it'll have to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Center surround refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center surround refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center surround refers to
+receptive field organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field organization
+and its receptive field organization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its receptive field organization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its receptive field organization and
+I'm going to leave that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave that because it's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one place
+one place to see it actually is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to see it actually is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place to see it actually is in the
+skin if you go and find a a chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin if you go and find a a chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin if you go and find a a chunk of
+here's the brain here's somatosensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the brain here's somatosensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the brain here's somatosensory
+cortex here if you go and grab one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here if you go and grab one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here if you go and grab one
+little cell there what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell there what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell there what you might
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+is that it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's got
+a receptive field let's say on the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receptive field let's say on the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receptive field let's say on the arm
+um such that if you if you touch the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that if you if you touch the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that if you if you touch the arm
+here that cell gets active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that cell gets active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that cell gets active
+um but characteristically there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but characteristically there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but characteristically there will
+also be a region around that spot where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a region around that spot where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a region around that spot where
+if you touch around it that cell will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you touch around it that cell will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you touch around it that cell will be
+inhibited so that Center surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited so that Center surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited so that Center surround
+organization on on the uh the skin do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization on on the uh the skin do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization on on the uh the skin do I
+have all sorts of pretty colored chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of pretty colored chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of pretty colored chalk
+here to play with well no I have a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know plus in the center minus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know plus in the center minus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know plus in the center minus in
+in this round if you do poke around out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this round if you do poke around out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this round if you do poke around out
+here it doesn't care at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't care at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it doesn't care at all
+so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and
+um that's a good way to to localize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good way to to localize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good way to to localize
+stimulation on the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation on the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation on the skin
+um in the visual system you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the visual system you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the visual system you've got the
+same sort of thing so now this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing so now this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing so now this can be
+the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina
+with lots and lots of photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots and lots of photoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots and lots of photoreceptors
+Paving its surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you find some cell in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well I suppose a nice place to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I suppose a nice place to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I suppose a nice place to look
+for Center surround cells would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Center surround cells would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Center surround cells would be the
+the output cells of the retina the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output cells of the retina the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output cells of the retina the
+ganglion cells of the retina you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cells of the retina you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cells of the retina you might
+find that that output cell so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that output cell so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that output cell so here's a
+cell hooked up to the retina and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell hooked up to the retina and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell hooked up to the retina and going
+off to the brain somewhere and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the brain somewhere and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the brain somewhere and that
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ganglion cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion cell
+and it's hooked up in such a way that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hooked up in such a way that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hooked up in such a way that if
+you stimulate let's say any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate let's say any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate let's say any of these
+photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this cell would become more active but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell would become more active but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell would become more active but
+if you stimulate any of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate any of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate any of the ones
+immediately surrounding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately surrounding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately surrounding it
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+it would become less active these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would become less active these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would become less active these these
+photoreceptors would have an inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors would have an inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors would have an inhibitory
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+on this cell so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know a center that's excitatory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a center that's excitatory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a center that's excitatory and
+a surround that's inhibitory so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surround that's inhibitory so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surround that's inhibitory so that
+means if you have light that just fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you have light that just fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you have light that just fills
+that Center region that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Center region that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Center region that's going to be
+the optimal stimulus for this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal stimulus for this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal stimulus for this for this
+cell it's going to be really happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's going to be really happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's going to be really happy to
+see a little spot and that can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little spot and that can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little spot and that can be the
+basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for
+um you know a set of things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a set of things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a set of things like this
+then become the basis for building more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become the basis for building more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then become the basis for building more
+elaborate features later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate features later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate features later on in the
+central nervous system so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system so if you had
+um if you go up into the brain so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go up into the brain so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go up into the brain so now
+we'll go to visual cortex back here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to visual cortex back here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to visual cortex back here at
+the back of the brain right that's usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the brain right that's usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the brain right that's usual
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+so if you go back here you'd find cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go back here you'd find cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go back here you'd find cells
+that um are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um are organized
+again in a sort of a center surround way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a sort of a center surround way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a sort of a center surround way
+but now they'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a uh it's elongated so their best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's elongated so their best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh it's elongated so their best
+stimulus would be a bar that just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus would be a bar that just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus would be a bar that just has
+this particular orientation and lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular orientation and lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular orientation and lies in
+this partic in one particular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partic in one particular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partic in one particular part of
+space and you could imagine building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you could imagine building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you could imagine building
+more and more elaborate things out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more elaborate things out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more elaborate things out of
+um you know go from little photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know go from little photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know go from little photo
+detectors to spots to lines and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors to spots to lines and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors to spots to lines and so on
+it's a little simplistic it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little simplistic it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little simplistic it turns out to
+think that you're just building up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're just building up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're just building up what
+you're seeing pixel by pixel but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing pixel by pixel but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing pixel by pixel but that's
+the sort of thing that these receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that these receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thing that these receptive
+fields are doing for you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little basic parts right if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little basic parts right if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little basic parts right if you look in
+the retina you look in the retina of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina you look in the retina of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina you look in the retina of of
+a human or a monkey you find cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human or a monkey you find cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human or a monkey you find cells that
+are interested in spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in spots
+um and they're also they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're also they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they're also they also have
+certain amount of interest in color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of interest in color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of interest in color and
+that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it
+um if you they don't care about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you they don't care about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you they don't care about motion
+they don't care about orientation none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about orientation none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care about orientation none
+of that stuff go up here into the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that stuff go up here into the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that stuff go up here into the brain
+they start to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to care about
+um orientation and motion and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um orientation and motion and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um orientation and motion and more
+sensitivity to size and their color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to size and their color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to size and their color
+processing gets fancier and then you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing gets fancier and then you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing gets fancier and then you may
+recall that there are two broad paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that there are two broad paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that there are two broad paths
+coming out of visual cortex a rare path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of visual cortex a rare path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of visual cortex a rare path
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+heading up into the parietal lobe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading up into the parietal lobe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading up into the parietal lobe and
+for present purposes the more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for present purposes the more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for present purposes the more important
+one would be the what path heading down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be the what path heading down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be the what path heading down
+into the temporal lobe where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the temporal lobe where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the temporal lobe where you get
+fancier and fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier and fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier and fancier
+cells cell cells with preferences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells cell cells with preferences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells cell cells with preferences for
+more and more elaborate stimuli so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more elaborate stimuli so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more elaborate stimuli so we've
+known for 30 years that there are cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for 30 years that there are cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for 30 years that there are cells
+down here in a monkey's brain that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in a monkey's brain that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in a monkey's brain that like
+things like monkey hands and monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like monkey hands and monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like monkey hands and monkey
+faces and stuff like that what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and stuff like that what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and stuff like that what we now
+know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+fmri studies in in alert awake humans is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmri studies in in alert awake humans is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmri studies in in alert awake humans is
+that there are little chunks of brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are little chunks of brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are little chunks of brain
+down in this pathway that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this pathway that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this pathway that are
+specialized for faces in humans there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for faces in humans there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for faces in humans there
+are little chunks of brain down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little chunks of brain down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little chunks of brain down here
+that seem to be specialized for places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be specialized for places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be specialized for places
+they like to see scenes they don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to see scenes they don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to see scenes they don't care
+particularly About Faces they don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly About Faces they don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly About Faces they don't care
+about isolated objects but they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about isolated objects but they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about isolated objects but they would
+love a view of a room like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love a view of a room like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love a view of a room like this
+so spots more elaborate features heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spots more elaborate features heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spots more elaborate features heading
+on into ever more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into ever more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into ever more complicated
+stuff does that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that help
+I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say
+all right well we'll let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we'll let you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we'll let you do
+follow-up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cushion detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion detector
+um the simplest way to do it and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simplest way to do it and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simplest way to do it and this
+this is uh almost exactly this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh almost exactly this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh almost exactly this is done
+in some lower organisms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lower organisms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some lower organisms and then
+variations on it are what's being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on it are what's being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on it are what's being done
+in in uh in your brain somewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in your brain somewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in your brain somewhere so
+imagine you have two little photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have two little photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have two little photo
+detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors
+right and and let's have them both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and let's have them both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and let's have them both be
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+to one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one cell
+in an excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an excitatory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see how do I want to do this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how do I want to do this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how do I want to do this well
+we'll have it be one one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have it be one one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have it be one one of these guys
+will be excitatory so this guy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be excitatory so this guy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be excitatory so this guy can be
+excitatory and this by guy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and this by guy can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and this by guy can be
+inhibitory so if you just just a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory so if you just just a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory so if you just just a story
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+you know shine light on both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shine light on both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know shine light on both of them
+nothing much happens but what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happens but what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much happens but what we'll do
+is we'll put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll put a little
+um uh a time delay on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a time delay on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a time delay on here
+but just on one on one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just on one on one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just on one on one line
+so we'll build a little time delay in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll build a little time delay in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll build a little time delay in so
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+if you're coming from this direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're coming from this direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're coming from this direction you
+hit this positive one a positive signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this positive one a positive signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this positive one a positive signal
+gets here this cell gets excited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets here this cell gets excited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets here this cell gets excited and
+says I saw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I saw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I saw something
+but if stuff comes from this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if stuff comes from this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if stuff comes from this direction
+you hit this guy it sets up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit this guy it sets up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit this guy it sets up some
+inhibition here you hit this guy nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition here you hit this guy nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition here you hit this guy nothing
+gets through because the cell's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets through because the cell's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets through because the cell's been
+inhibited recently and it doesn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited recently and it doesn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited recently and it doesn't see
+the motion so this would be the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion so this would be the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion so this would be the minimal
+little detector that would say I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little detector that would say I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little detector that would say I got
+motion going this way and no motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion going this way and no motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion going this way and no motion and
+you know it it likes motion going that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it likes motion going that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it likes motion going that
+way and not motion going the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and not motion going the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and not motion going the other way
+uh it's it it's in the brain it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it it's in the brain it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it it's in the brain it's in
+your brain if you were a rabbit it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain if you were a rabbit it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain if you were a rabbit it would
+be or a frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or a frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or a frog
+um it would be in your retina but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be in your retina but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be in your retina but in in
+mammals like uh in in primates it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals like uh in in primates it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals like uh in in primates it's up
+in the brain there's not much motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain there's not much motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain there's not much motion
+preference cells in the retina of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference cells in the retina of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference cells in the retina of of
+humans near as we can tell and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans near as we can tell and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans near as we can tell and certainly
+if monkeys don't care about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monkeys don't care about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monkeys don't care about motion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you don't want you don't want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want you don't want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want you don't want me to
+give an hour-long lecture about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an hour-long lecture about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an hour-long lecture about what are
+known as reichart detectors because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as reichart detectors because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as reichart detectors because it's
+very cool but but but it's not not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool but but but it's not not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool but but but it's not not going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+it's not going to be a good use of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be a good use of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be a good use of your
+time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+um but the basic little circuit is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the basic little circuit is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the basic little circuit is kind
+of is might be might be worth your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is might be might be worth your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is might be might be worth your time
+there was a hand oh there's the hand yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was ganglion it was since erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ganglion it was since erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ganglion it was since erased
+so uh well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little
+retina tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina tour
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so let's have some cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's have some cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's have some cone
+photoreceptors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors here
+cone photoreceptors this would be saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone photoreceptors this would be saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone photoreceptors this would be saying
+the fovea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fovea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fovea
+would be connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bipolar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar cells
+bipolar cells in turn would be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+particularly in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in cells
+going out to the out to the brain so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out to the out to the brain so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out to the out to the brain so the
+through root would be photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through root would be photoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through root would be photoreceptors
+here cones bipolar ganglion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cones bipolar ganglion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cones bipolar ganglion and then
+there are two layers of lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two layers of lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two layers of lateral
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+up here you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you'd have
+horizontal cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal cells
+they at least have the advantage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they at least have the advantage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they at least have the advantage of a
+name that makes some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that makes some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that makes some sense
+and down here you have a second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down here you have a second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down here you have a second set of
+lateral interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral interactions
+of these so-called amacron cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and and this will this means you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and this will this means you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and this will this means you know
+how you how are you going to build a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you how are you going to build a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you how are you going to build a a
+center and a surround well you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and a surround well you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and a surround well you're going
+to have you know that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you know that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have you know that you're going to
+have these lateral connections building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these lateral connections building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these lateral connections building
+the center and Surround otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and Surround otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and Surround otherwise you
+just have you know pixel to sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have you know pixel to sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have you know pixel to sell to
+Output cell it's these connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output cell it's these connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output cell it's these connections that
+give you among other things that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you among other things that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you among other things that sort of
+Center surround kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center surround kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center surround kind of
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the difference
+is that like I asked what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like I asked what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like I asked what the difference
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+I'm just wondering you looked like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering you looked like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering you looked like you
+were quoting to me from a prior exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quoting to me from a prior exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quoting to me from a prior exam and
+I oh okay now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh okay now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I oh okay now so
+I I would for present perfect I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would for present perfect I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would for present perfect I mean you
+can sit around and argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit around and argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit around and argue about
+subtle distinctions there but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle distinctions there but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle distinctions there but really
+the the distinction that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distinction that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distinction that you want to
+make all right we'll we'll leave these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all right we'll we'll leave these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all right we'll we'll leave these
+cute little vectors because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little vectors because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little vectors because they're
+pretty too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all the rest of this has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of this has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of this has to go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implicit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit uh
+knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and
+um explicit is the stuff is explicit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explicit is the stuff is explicit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um explicit is the stuff is explicit is
+the stuff that you're gonna need on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you're gonna need on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you're gonna need on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+right that it's it's the stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's it's the stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's it's the stuff that you
+the user of the brain can go and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user of the brain can go and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user of the brain can go and somehow
+reach into your brain ask yourself for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach into your brain ask yourself for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach into your brain ask yourself for
+and get out that's explicit memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get out that's explicit memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get out that's explicit memory
+implicit memory are is a is a grab bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit memory are is a is a grab bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit memory are is a is a grab bag
+term for a bunch of other stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for a bunch of other stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for a bunch of other stuff that's
+clearly in there but that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in there but that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in there but that you don't have
+well you don't have particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you don't have particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you don't have particularly
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+um access to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um access to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um access to so
+um uh let's see under that and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see under that and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see under that and I'm not
+forgetting all the various terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting all the various terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting all the various terms that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+what were the other terms on there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the other terms on there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the other terms on there we'll
+categorize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+declarative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declarative
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so motor memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so motor memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so motor memories
+how to ride a bike how to say a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride a bike how to say a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride a bike how to say a word
+um are often listed under implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are often listed under implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are often listed under implicit
+procedural and you have people fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural and you have people fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural and you have people fight
+about this sort of thing but procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of thing but procedural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of thing but procedural
+versus declarative is is is how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus declarative is is is how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus declarative is is is how you do
+it and sort of how you talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and sort of how you talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and sort of how you talk about it
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+is used by some people as a stand-in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used by some people as a stand-in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used by some people as a stand-in for
+explicit versus implicit the the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit versus implicit the the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit versus implicit the the really
+important distinction well and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction well and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction well and another
+version another way to break this apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version another way to break this apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version another way to break this apart
+is this is the stuff that's right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the stuff that's right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the stuff that's right for
+which the hippocampus is vitally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the hippocampus is vitally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the hippocampus is vitally
+important at the encoding stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at the encoding stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at the encoding stage you
+don't get explicit memories new explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get explicit memories new explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get explicit memories new explicit
+memories without a hippocampus you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories without a hippocampus you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories without a hippocampus you do
+get a range of implicit memories without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a range of implicit memories without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a range of implicit memories without
+a hippocampus you learn to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hippocampus you learn to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hippocampus you learn to see that
+something uh looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh looks familiar
+um you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can learn
+um new associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new associations
+um yeah the classical and operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the classical and operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the classical and operant
+conditioning so let's let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning so let's let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning so let's let's call this
+Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association
+learning are all things that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are all things that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are all things that might be
+under the general rubric of of implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general rubric of of implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general rubric of of implicit
+learning so if you take hm the guy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so if you take hm the guy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so if you take hm the guy with
+the hippocampal lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampal lesion
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um every time uh you know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every time uh you know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every time uh you know I don't know
+every time you show them a bunny you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you show them a bunny you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you show them a bunny you do
+the little ad the the the the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little ad the the the the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little ad the the the the baby
+Albert baby Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert baby Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert baby Albert
+baby Albert experiment every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Albert experiment every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Albert experiment every time you
+show him a bunny you play a loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show him a bunny you play a loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show him a bunny you play a loud
+unpleasant noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant noise
+um hm would learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hm would learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hm would learn
+um that there's something he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's something he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there's something he doesn't
+like about seeing bunnies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about seeing bunnies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about seeing bunnies
+he wouldn't remember that you'd run so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wouldn't remember that you'd run so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wouldn't remember that you'd run so
+that would be an implicit Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an implicit Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an implicit Association
+that he had learned classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had learned classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had learned classically
+conditioned Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned Association
+um he would not have explicit memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he would not have explicit memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he would not have explicit memory of
+Having learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having learned it
+does that help are we are we getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that help are we are we getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that help are we are we getting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost the major difference is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the major difference is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the major difference is that I
+would be likely to use the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be likely to use the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be likely to use the explicit
+implicit language and I will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit language and I will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit language and I will tend to
+stay away from the declarative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from the declarative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay away from the declarative
+procedural language because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural language because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural language because I think it's
+hard to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to Define
+I mean I as the guy who's writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I as the guy who's writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I as the guy who's writing the
+test this is a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is a hint
+that if you've got a good if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got a good if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got a good if you've got
+a good handle on the distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good handle on the distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good handle on the distinction that
+I'm making between explicit and implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making between explicit and implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making between explicit and implicit
+your your you'll be fine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your you'll be fine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your you'll be fine there
+and I can't quite see we already asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't quite see we already asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't quite see we already asked
+one you already got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you already got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you already got one
+however nobody else wants to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however nobody else wants to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however nobody else wants to ask
+anything so go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh the schedules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the schedules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the schedules of
+reinforcement in in uh scenarian pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement in in uh scenarian pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement in in uh scenarian pigeon
+land a uh so ratio schedules refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land a uh so ratio schedules refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land a uh so ratio schedules refer to
+how many of whatever Behavior the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of whatever Behavior the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of whatever Behavior the animal
+needs to to produce in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to to produce in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to to produce in order to get
+um rewarded so let's talk about pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rewarded so let's talk about pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rewarded so let's talk about pigeons
+pecking at a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at a key
+um a fixed ratio 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fixed ratio 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fixed ratio 10
+schedule of reinforcement would mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of reinforcement would mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of reinforcement would mean the
+pigeons gotta pick 10 times exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons gotta pick 10 times exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons gotta pick 10 times exactly
+tearing times and after the 10th Peck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tearing times and after the 10th Peck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tearing times and after the 10th Peck
+the pigeon's gonna get whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's gonna get whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's gonna get whatever it is
+that the pigeon wants you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pigeon wants you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pigeon wants you know
+whatever's on offer in in this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's on offer in in this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's on offer in in this uh in
+this particular cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular cage
+um a variable ratio schedule would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a variable ratio schedule would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a variable ratio schedule would be
+one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where
+after uh an average of 10 packs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh an average of 10 packs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh an average of 10 packs the
+Beastie gets reinforced sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beastie gets reinforced sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beastie gets reinforced sometimes it's
+nine sometimes it's 12 on average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine sometimes it's 12 on average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine sometimes it's 12 on average the
+bird's gonna need to Peck 10 times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's gonna need to Peck 10 times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's gonna need to Peck 10 times so
+that's ratio interval refers to time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ratio interval refers to time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ratio interval refers to time a
+fixed interval schedule would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed interval schedule would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed interval schedule would be the
+bird gets fed for the first behavior for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird gets fed for the first behavior for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird gets fed for the first behavior for
+the first pack after a minute doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pack after a minute doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pack after a minute doesn't
+matter what else he did during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what else he did during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what else he did during that
+period of time but after a minute if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time but after a minute if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time but after a minute if he
+pecks he gets he gets some bird seed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks he gets he gets some bird seed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks he gets he gets some bird seed and
+variable interval would be on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable interval would be on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable interval would be on average
+he's got to wait a minute might be 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got to wait a minute might be 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got to wait a minute might be 50
+seconds might be 70 seconds but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds might be 70 seconds but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds might be 70 seconds but on
+average he's got to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average he's got to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average he's got to wait
+um wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait a minute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what you the sorts of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you the sorts of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you the sorts of things that you
+want to know are uh what what produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know are uh what what produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know are uh what what produces
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the most robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most robust
+kinds of behavior most robust hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavior most robust hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of behavior most robust hard to
+extinguish hard to get rid of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish hard to get rid of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish hard to get rid of behavior
+and variable ratio schedules are good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable ratio schedules are good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable ratio schedules are good uh
+for that the higher the higher a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that the higher the higher a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that the higher the higher a ratio
+that you can establish right you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can establish right you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can establish right you can't
+yeah you know in principle if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know in principle if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know in principle if you could
+get the bird to work for a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the bird to work for a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the bird to work for a you know
+variable ratio one million uh schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio one million uh schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio one million uh schedule
+that Bird's gonna work himself to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bird's gonna work himself to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bird's gonna work himself to the
+into the ground but the bird's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground but the bird's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground but the bird's never
+going to learn that but a variable ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn that but a variable ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn that but a variable ratio
+10 schedule will produce more behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 schedule will produce more behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 schedule will produce more behavior
+and be more resistant to Extinction than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more resistant to Extinction than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more resistant to Extinction than
+say a a fixed ratio of one why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a a fixed ratio of one why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a a fixed ratio of one why is that
+that's I think I use the example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think I use the example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think I use the example in
+class of the distinction between a slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the distinction between a slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the distinction between a slot
+machine and a Coke machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and a Coke machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and a Coke machine
+Coke machine better be a fixed uh ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke machine better be a fixed uh ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke machine better be a fixed uh ratio
+one reinforcer you put in your money out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reinforcer you put in your money out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reinforcer you put in your money out
+comes the can you put in your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the can you put in your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the can you put in your money
+nothing comes out you don't put in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing comes out you don't put in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing comes out you don't put in any
+more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money
+a slot machine is a variable ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slot machine is a variable ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slot machine is a variable ratio
+reinforcer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcer
+um and with a long uh with with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with a long uh with with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with a long uh with with a high
+schedule on it and so you put in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule on it and so you put in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule on it and so you put in your
+money you don't get anything out and Las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you don't get anything out and Las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you don't get anything out and Las
+Vegas is busy hoping you'll just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas is busy hoping you'll just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegas is busy hoping you'll just keep
+putting in your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in your money
+and getting reinforced on on a slow scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting reinforced on on a slow scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting reinforced on on a slow scan
+and that will reinforce much more sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will reinforce much more sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will reinforce much more sorry
+we'll extinguish much more slowly yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll extinguish much more slowly yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll extinguish much more slowly yep
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no if you pick once in all the all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if you pick once in all the all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if you pick once in all the all all
+the all the quarters fall out of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the quarters fall out of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the quarters fall out of the uh
+out of the machine you got all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the machine you got all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the machine you got all the money
+you need at least for now and you quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need at least for now and you quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need at least for now and you quit
+it it's if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's if you are
+um but it's you know this this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's you know this this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's you know this this is this
+is why the behaviorist project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the behaviorist project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the behaviorist project was
+interesting in child rearing land you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in child rearing land you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in child rearing land you
+can sit around and ask yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit around and ask yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit around and ask yourself if
+you're a little kid what's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little kid what's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little kid what's going to make
+you work harder if mommy gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work harder if mommy gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work harder if mommy gives you a
+cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+every time you do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you do anything
+how much work are you gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much work are you gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much work are you gonna do
+not that much how many cookies can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much how many cookies can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much how many cookies can you
+eat anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat anyway
+but if Mom starts by giving you cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Mom starts by giving you cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Mom starts by giving you cookies
+for all sorts of stuff and then starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sorts of stuff and then starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sorts of stuff and then starts
+to say you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say you gotta
+you know do more stuff and more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do more stuff and more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do more stuff and more stuff
+and now you gotta I'm not gonna give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you gotta I'm not gonna give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you gotta I'm not gonna give you
+cookies unless you go to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies unless you go to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies unless you go to MIT
+then you work like a lunatic you stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you work like a lunatic you stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you work like a lunatic you stay up
+all night let's see if your mother had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night let's see if your mother had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night let's see if your mother had
+been giving you cookies all the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been giving you cookies all the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been giving you cookies all the time you
+wouldn't be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here
+yes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is is there is is it no certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is there is is it no certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is there is is it no certainly not
+the same amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of work
+per cookie because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're just talking about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about the difference
+between fixed ratio and variable ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fixed ratio and variable ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fixed ratio and variable ratio
+yes that that that's yes that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that that that's yes that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that that that's yes that's really
+the same amount on average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount on average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount on average and
+the uncertainty the the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty the the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty the the uncertainty
+seems to produce both higher rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to produce both higher rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to produce both higher rates of
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+um and more resistance to look if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and more resistance to look if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and more resistance to look if you if
+you're a if you had conscious access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a if you had conscious access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a if you had conscious access to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um and and you're you're on a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you're you're on a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you're you're on a fixed
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+in schedule and you emit 10 packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schedule and you emit 10 packs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schedule and you emit 10 packs
+didn't get anything you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get anything you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get anything you stop
+but if you're on a variable ratio you oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're on a variable ratio you oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're on a variable ratio you oh
+maybe it's this is an 11. oh man maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's this is an 11. oh man maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's this is an 11. oh man maybe
+it's 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12.
+maybe it's exponentially distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's exponentially distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's exponentially distributed
+maybe it's you know this this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you know this this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you know this this one's
+coming out 150 PEX laters anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh sharper well in in both cases you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sharper well in in both cases you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sharper well in in both cases you're
+gonna need you need to shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need you need to shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need you need to shape the
+behavior right if you simply put a bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior right if you simply put a bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior right if you simply put a bird
+in a cage and and say okay 10 picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cage and and say okay 10 picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cage and and say okay 10 picks
+before you get any bird food you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get any bird food you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get any bird food you're not
+going to get much Behavior out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get much Behavior out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get much Behavior out of the
+bird you got to start with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird you got to start with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird you got to start with you know
+feeding them the cookie every time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding them the cookie every time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding them the cookie every time and
+then slowly working back to every 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly working back to every 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly working back to every 10.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the the the one thing that that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the one thing that that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the one thing that that I I
+think I can safely say is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can safely say is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can safely say is that the
+variable ratio and you can sit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio and you can sit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio and you can sit around
+and wonder about why this exactly is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonder about why this exactly is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonder about why this exactly is the
+variable ratios produce higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratios produce higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratios produce higher
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+rates of emitting Behavior than fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of emitting Behavior than fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of emitting Behavior than fixed
+for you know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know that there's
+there's buckets of long boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's buckets of long boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's buckets of long boring
+theoretical books on on distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical books on on distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical books on on distinctions
+like that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but uh
+um and and if you go on to the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and if you go on to the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and if you go on to the interval
+schedules what the birds does or the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules what the birds does or the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules what the birds does or the uh
+the rat does to show evidence of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat does to show evidence of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rat does to show evidence of being
+able to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to time
+right what they'll do particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they'll do particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they'll do particularly for
+the fixed uh interval ones for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed uh interval ones for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed uh interval ones for a fixed
+interval one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval one
+um right after he gets reinforced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right after he gets reinforced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right after he gets reinforced the
+pigeon simply doesn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon simply doesn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon simply doesn't do anything
+because he knows those pecks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knows those pecks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knows those pecks are
+valueless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valueless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valueless
+um and then he starts to think have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he starts to think have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then he starts to think have I
+waited long enough and starts to Peck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited long enough and starts to Peck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited long enough and starts to Peck
+and the rate of pecking well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of pecking well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of pecking well
+until you reinforce it and then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reinforce it and then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reinforce it and then it'll
+drop so you get this very scallopy rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so you get this very scallopy rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so you get this very scallopy rate
+of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's how you know you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how you know you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how you know you're on a
+you've got a pigeon who's on a interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a pigeon who's on a interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a pigeon who's on a interval
+schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a handout oh there's a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a handout oh there's a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a handout oh there's a hand
+talk about contention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I who
+contingency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency
+was that contingency and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that contingency and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that contingency and and and and
+contiguity I bet was the other yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguity I bet was the other yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguity I bet was the other yeah okay
+so contingent so the the important punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so contingent so the the important punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so contingent so the the important punch
+line there is that it's contingency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there is that it's contingency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line there is that it's contingency that
+counts and not contiguity in association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts and not contiguity in association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts and not contiguity in association
+learning what the animal is learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what the animal is learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning what the animal is learning is
+what predicts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what predicts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what predicts what
+um so if you just so if you go to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you just so if you go to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you just so if you go to say
+say Pavlov's dog right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Pavlov's dog right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Pavlov's dog right
+if there's bells ringing randomly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's bells ringing randomly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's bells ringing randomly and
+food showing up randomly even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food showing up randomly even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food showing up randomly even though the
+Bell and the food may be contiguous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell and the food may be contiguous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell and the food may be contiguous to
+each other in time they may show up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in time they may show up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in time they may show up a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+um you know at more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know at more or less the same
+time the animal never learns anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the animal never learns anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the animal never learns anything
+um what they learn is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they learn is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they learn is if
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell
+shows up reliably before the food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up reliably before the food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up reliably before the food and
+does not show up reliably before not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not show up reliably before not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not show up reliably before not
+food it doesn't have to it's so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food it doesn't have to it's so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food it doesn't have to it's so if it's
+perfect perfect contingency is Belle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect perfect contingency is Belle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect perfect contingency is Belle
+Food Bell food Bell food every time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food Bell food Bell food every time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Food Bell food Bell food every time so
+that would be a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a hundred percent
+contingency if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency if you have
+fifty percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent of the time
+after the Bell Rings food shows up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Bell Rings food shows up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Bell Rings food shows up the
+animal will learn that Association too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal will learn that Association too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal will learn that Association too
+it'll learn it more slowly and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll learn it more slowly and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll learn it more slowly and it will
+learn it will produce less saliva in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it will produce less saliva in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it will produce less saliva in
+this particular example but they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example but they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example but they'll
+still learn it the the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still learn it the the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still learn it the the amount of
+learning is related to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is related to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is related to the uh to the
+contingency and and not the contiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency and and not the contiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency and and not the contiguity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I could make all sorts of silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could make all sorts of silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could make all sorts of silly
+examples but does that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but does that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but does that does that
+sufficiently define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently define those
+contiguity is just just uh proximity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguity is just just uh proximity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguity is just just uh proximity in
+in time or space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or space
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+yeah lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lights on
+every time you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have ever
+um you know flunked a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know flunked a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know flunked a test
+the lights have been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights have been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights have been on
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+yeah that's not interesting even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's not interesting even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's not interesting even though
+light and and and bad outcome you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and and and bad outcome you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and and and bad outcome you know
+or bad you know bad tests you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad you know bad tests you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad you know bad tests you know those
+were contiguous events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were contiguous events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were contiguous events
+um you don't learn anything about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't learn anything about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't learn anything about that
+if every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every time
+um I turned on a red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I turned on a red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I turned on a red light
+you proceeded to you know lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you proceeded to you know lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you proceeded to you know lose
+10 points on the exam eventually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 points on the exam eventually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 points on the exam eventually you
+would come to even if you hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to even if you hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to even if you hadn't
+particularly specifically noticed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly specifically noticed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly specifically noticed this
+eventually you would come to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you would come to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you would come to have a
+queasy feeling about red lights because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queasy feeling about red lights because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queasy feeling about red lights because
+there'd now be a contingent relay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd now be a contingent relay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd now be a contingent relay I
+don't know how I've done this contingent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I've done this contingent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I've done this contingent
+relationship but you know it's red light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but you know it's red light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but you know it's red light
+syndrome or something but you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome or something but you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome or something but you know now
+there'd be a relationship between red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a relationship between red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a relationship between red
+light and bad things happening and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bad things happening and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bad things happening and you
+would learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh there's a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh Lord I could explain feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Lord I could explain feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Lord I could explain feature
+integration theory for the next you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration theory for the next you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration theory for the next you know
+12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 years
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because uh but I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh but I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh but I won't
+um so the basic idea of uh because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the basic idea of uh because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the basic idea of uh because the
+reason I can explain it for 12 years is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I can explain it for 12 years is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I can explain it for 12 years is
+because you know my major contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know my major contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know my major contribution
+to the literature is a follow-on to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the literature is a follow-on to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the literature is a follow-on to and
+triesman's feature integration Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triesman's feature integration Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triesman's feature integration Theory
+but the basic core idea of feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic core idea of feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic core idea of feature
+integration theory is that where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration theory is that where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration theory is that where my
+visual system go early in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system go early in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system go early in the visual
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+that you um have a bunch of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um have a bunch of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um have a bunch of simple
+features that are extracted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are extracted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are extracted from the
+visual image they would be things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image they would be things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual image they would be things like
+the stuff we were talking about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we were talking about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we were talking about motion
+size orientation color uh and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size orientation color uh and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size orientation color uh and a bunch of
+other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones
+um and uh and noted with interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and noted with interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and noted with interest
+treesman noted with interest that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman noted with interest that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman noted with interest that there
+seemed to be specific chunks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be specific chunks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be specific chunks to the
+brain that we're particularly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we're particularly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we're particularly interested
+in say motion you know and that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say motion you know and that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say motion you know and that now you
+can see this in fmri it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this in fmri it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this in fmri it's sort of
+hear-ish on this picture there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear-ish on this picture there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear-ish on this picture there's a
+little chunk of brain that loves motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunk of brain that loves motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunk of brain that loves motion
+there's another chunk of brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another chunk of brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another chunk of brain that
+loves color and stuff like that but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves color and stuff like that but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves color and stuff like that but when
+you look at the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the world
+you don't see that you don't see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see that you don't see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see that you don't see you
+know colors and motions and orientations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know colors and motions and orientations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know colors and motions and orientations
+you see objects that have Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see objects that have Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see objects that have Associated
+color orientation motion whatever how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color orientation motion whatever how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color orientation motion whatever how do
+you integrate those features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate those features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate those features and
+treesman proposed that a critical role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman proposed that a critical role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman proposed that a critical role
+for selective attention that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for selective attention that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for selective attention that you
+couldn't do this without putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do this without putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do this without putting
+attention onto without selecting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention onto without selecting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention onto without selecting an
+object with uh with your attentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with uh with your attentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with uh with your attentional
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+um that she originally thought actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that she originally thought actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that she originally thought actually
+that somehow the world was a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the world was a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the world was a sort of a
+soup of features beforehand that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup of features beforehand that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup of features beforehand that they
+that they were completely just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were completely just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were completely just kind of
+swimming around and then you finally got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around and then you finally got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around and then you finally got
+your attention on something and bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention on something and bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention on something and bound
+them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+um but what seems to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what seems to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what seems to be the case
+certainly is that you can't recognize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is that you can't recognize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is that you can't recognize an
+object you can't figure out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you can't figure out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you can't figure out that this
+orientation goes with this color goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation goes with this color goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation goes with this color goes
+with this motion and so on until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this motion and so on until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this motion and so on until you
+attend to that object and with luck you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to that object and with luck you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to that object and with luck you
+all remember that I did a bunch of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remember that I did a bunch of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remember that I did a bunch of cool
+demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos
+in one of those lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of those lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of those lectures
+illustrating the sorts of problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating the sorts of problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating the sorts of problems you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um keeping track of stuff outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keeping track of stuff outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keeping track of stuff outside of the
+uh outside of attention oh and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh outside of attention oh and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh outside of attention oh and since we
+met on this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met on this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met on this subject
+um Dan Simons whose name I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dan Simons whose name I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dan Simons whose name I think I
+mentioned in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in class
+um he's the guy I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's the guy I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's the guy I talked about the
+experiment at uh where you're standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at uh where you're standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at uh where you're standing
+on a street in in Ithaca and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a street in in Ithaca and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a street in in Ithaca and somebody
+walks by you're given directions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks by you're given directions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks by you're given directions to
+somebody and these two guys walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and these two guys walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody and these two guys walk through
+with a yeah yeah well that that's Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a yeah yeah well that that's Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a yeah yeah well that that's Dan
+Simons and he also did the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simons and he also did the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simons and he also did the famous
+experiment with where you don't notice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with where you don't notice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with where you don't notice a
+guy in a gorilla suit and stuff anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in a gorilla suit and stuff anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in a gorilla suit and stuff anyway
+he won an igno Bell prize you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won an igno Bell prize you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won an igno Bell prize you know about
+the ignoble prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignoble prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignoble prizes
+yeah yeah well he won one that was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well he won one that was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well he won one that was good
+it's better to win a regular old Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to win a regular old Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to win a regular old Nobel
+Prize but if you're not going to win one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize but if you're not going to win one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize but if you're not going to win one
+of those and ignoble is at least kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and ignoble is at least kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those and ignoble is at least kind of
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do I need to well no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I need to well no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do I need to well no I don't
+particularly but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly but you might
+um sure uh yeah the the uh this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sure uh yeah the the uh this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sure uh yeah the the uh this this is
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+unendingly impossible question to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unendingly impossible question to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unendingly impossible question to answer
+which is like which bits do I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like which bits do I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like which bits do I actually
+need to know of all that blankety blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know of all that blankety blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know of all that blankety blank
+neuroanatomy right because the the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy right because the the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy right because the the short
+answer is you need to know the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you need to know the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you need to know the important
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+all right I don't you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I don't you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I don't you don't need to know
+every little detail you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little detail you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little detail you just need to
+know the important stuff the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the important stuff the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the important stuff the problem is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I get to Define what the important stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to Define what the important stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to Define what the important stuff
+is and anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and anyway
+um so very useful to know uh I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very useful to know uh I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so very useful to know uh I I I I
+certainly wouldn't want to not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly wouldn't want to not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly wouldn't want to not know
+where the like four main uh lobes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the like four main uh lobes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the like four main uh lobes of the
+brain of the the the of the cortex where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of the the the of the cortex where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of the the the of the cortex where
+right frontal lobe parietal lobe up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right frontal lobe parietal lobe up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right frontal lobe parietal lobe up
+there this is a big fold the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a big fold the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a big fold the central
+sulcus big fold in the middle occipital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus big fold in the middle occipital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulcus big fold in the middle occipital
+lobe at the back temporal lobe down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe at the back temporal lobe down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe at the back temporal lobe down here
+I kind of want to know that visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of want to know that visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of want to know that visual
+cortex was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex was here
+you know somatosensory cortex up here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somatosensory cortex up here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somatosensory cortex up here on
+one side of the central sulcus motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the central sulcus motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the central sulcus motor
+cortex on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex on the other side
+um I'd want to know bits and pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd want to know bits and pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'd want to know bits and pieces of
+the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron
+um and then I wouldn't go off and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I wouldn't go off and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I wouldn't go off and stay
+up all night worrying too much about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all night worrying too much about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all night worrying too much about it
+because the worst thing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the worst thing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the worst thing that's going to
+happen is that it's going to turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that it's going to turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that it's going to turn out
+that I think that it's vitally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that it's vitally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that it's vitally important
+that you know where the hoozy fousey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know where the hoozy fousey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know where the hoozy fousey
+nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is
+and you thought that was you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you thought that was you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you thought that was you know just
+so much trivia well there's five points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much trivia well there's five points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much trivia well there's five points
+shot you know that's sad but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot you know that's sad but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot you know that's sad but it's not
+going to be the worst disaster if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the worst disaster if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the worst disaster if you
+can memorize every term in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can memorize every term in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can memorize every term in the book
+great if you lose a few of them it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you lose a few of them it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you lose a few of them it won't
+be a huge disaster yeah James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the somatosensory cortex is a sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatosensory cortex is a sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatosensory cortex is a sensory
+cortex it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex it's it's
+um they're responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're responding
+um uh it if I poke you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um some chunk of somatosensory Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some chunk of somatosensory Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some chunk of somatosensory Cortex
+lights up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights up
+corresponding with the chunk of skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding with the chunk of skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding with the chunk of skin
+that I have poked if you then haul off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have poked if you then haul off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have poked if you then haul off
+and punch me that's because some chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punch me that's because some chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punch me that's because some chunk
+of motor cortex has activated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortex has activated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortex has activated the
+relevant muscles that says you know arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant muscles that says you know arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant muscles that says you know arm
+like that so your motor is is there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so your motor is is there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so your motor is is there for
+producing voluntary motor output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing voluntary motor output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing voluntary motor output and
+this is for receiving uh sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for receiving uh sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for receiving uh sensory input
+that that's that's the basic distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's the basic distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's the basic distinction
+they're close neighbors to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close neighbors to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close neighbors to each other
+probably not accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not accidentally
+um but but uh and there's this nice map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but uh and there's this nice map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but uh and there's this nice map
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um the skin surface basically laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the skin surface basically laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the skin surface basically laid out
+over the somatosensory cortex and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the somatosensory cortex and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the somatosensory cortex and of the
+body particularly in the musculature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body particularly in the musculature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body particularly in the musculature of
+the body laid out across motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body laid out across motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body laid out across motor cortex
+and they they have a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they have a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they have a rough
+correspondence with feet up here in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with feet up here in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with feet up here in both
+cases and head down here as I recall but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and head down here as I recall but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and head down here as I recall but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um but basically the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically the important thing is
+sense you know sensory input motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know sensory input motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know sensory input motor
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+that that that would be that the tidbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that would be that the tidbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that would be that the tidbit
+to remember there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I mean I could but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean I could but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean I could but I I
+um I failed to talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I failed to talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I failed to talk about it in
+um in mainstream at all right did I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in mainstream at all right did I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in mainstream at all right did I talk
+about signal detection theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signal detection theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signal detection theory in
+mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream
+no die Dan I don't think I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no die Dan I don't think I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no die Dan I don't think I talked about
+it significantly in in Concourse either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it significantly in in Concourse either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it significantly in in Concourse either
+um it's a fascinating topic it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a fascinating topic it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a fascinating topic it's an
+endlessly complicated topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly complicated topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly complicated topic
+um but because I didn't say enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because I didn't say enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because I didn't say enough about
+it it it's it's in the book and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's it's in the book and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's it's in the book and right
+yeah all right you get another benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right you get another benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right you get another benefit
+from having uh shown up to the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having uh shown up to the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having uh shown up to the review
+session because I didn't get around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session because I didn't get around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session because I didn't get around to
+lecturing about it because I know it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing about it because I know it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing about it because I know it it
+confuses people it ain't on the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses people it ain't on the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses people it ain't on the midterm
+maybe it'll be on the final just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll be on the final just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll be on the final just because
+I know it confuses people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it confuses people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it confuses people
+but it's not on the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not on the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not on the midterm
+um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good
+ah he wasn't listening should we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah he wasn't listening should we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah he wasn't listening should we tell
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+yeah all right signal detection Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right signal detection Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right signal detection Theory
+don't you you should you do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you you should you do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you you should you do you want to
+know about it if you're a course six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it if you're a course six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it if you're a course six
+major you're probably gonna take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major you're probably gonna take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major you're probably gonna take some
+course on it eventually and stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on it eventually and stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on it eventually and stuff but
+one wonderful stuff but I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wonderful stuff but I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wonderful stuff but I I don't want
+to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+giving a full blast electron however had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a full blast electron however had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a full blast electron however had
+I remembered that it was in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remembered that it was in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remembered that it was in the book
+I would have answered that but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have answered that but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have answered that but never
+mind too late yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah baber baber's law since he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah baber baber's law since he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah baber baber's law since he's a
+good German guy uh baber's law is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good German guy uh baber's law is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good German guy uh baber's law is is
+basically the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea that
+um comparisons and sensory systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comparisons and sensory systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comparisons and sensory systems and
+actually broadly are made on in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually broadly are made on in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually broadly are made on in terms of
+ratios and not in terms of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and not in terms of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and not in terms of absolute
+value so if I can tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if I can tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so if I can tell the difference
+I'm going to make these numbers up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make these numbers up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make these numbers up these
+are not the real numbers but if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the real numbers but if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the real numbers but if I can
+tell the difference between one pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between one pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between one pound
+and one pound one ounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one pound one ounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one pound one ounce
+um well that's a lot let's do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's a lot let's do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well that's a lot let's do it in
+metric land it's easier uh one kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric land it's easier uh one kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric land it's easier uh one kilogram
+and 1.1 kilograms right let's suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1.1 kilograms right let's suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1.1 kilograms right let's suppose I
+can tell the difference between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the difference between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the difference between those
+two weights and if it's less than that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights and if it's less than that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights and if it's less than that I
+can't tell if I have 10 kilograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell if I have 10 kilograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell if I have 10 kilograms
+um I would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would need
+11 kilograms to tell the difference not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 kilograms to tell the difference not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 kilograms to tell the difference not
+10.1 right so it's it's the ratio that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 right so it's it's the ratio that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 right so it's it's the ratio that's
+important not the absolute value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not the absolute value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not the absolute value that's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh that's Weber's law and the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's Weber's law and the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's Weber's law and the vapor
+fraction if the book talks about Vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction if the book talks about Vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction if the book talks about Vapor
+fractions The Vapor fraction is well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions The Vapor fraction is well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions The Vapor fraction is well in
+in the example I just gave the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example I just gave the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example I just gave the labor
+faction be you know one over ten one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction be you know one over ten one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction be you know one over ten one
+tenth would be the difference that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth would be the difference that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth would be the difference that you
+need in order to be able to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to be able to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to be able to tell the
+difference and it would differ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and it would differ for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and it would differ for
+different you know all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know all sorts of
+different discriminations would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discriminations would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discriminations would would
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now no you don't need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no you don't need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no you don't need to know the
+particular fraction if there's is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular fraction if there's is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular fraction if there's is there
+a table of fraction Enlightenment lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of fraction Enlightenment lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of fraction Enlightenment lovely
+you can you can memorize it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can memorize it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can memorize it it's
+wonderful for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for you
+um no no you want it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no no you want it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no no you want it again
+it's again one of these things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again one of these things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again one of these things where
+um if it turns out that I think some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it turns out that I think some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it turns out that I think some
+cool detail like that is really neat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool detail like that is really neat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool detail like that is really neat and
+I ask about it you're not going to flunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask about it you're not going to flunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask about it you're not going to flunk
+the exam on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on that
+um but no I wouldn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no I wouldn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but no I wouldn't go
+memorizing The Vapor fractions but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing The Vapor fractions but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing The Vapor fractions but now
+if you um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um the the the
+uh feckner's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feckner's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feckner's law
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+basically says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh that sensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sensation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+success sensation is log stimulus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success sensation is log stimulus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success sensation is log stimulus log
+energy in some fashion so the brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in some fashion so the brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in some fashion so the brightness
+of a light and then this this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a light and then this this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a light and then this this gives you
+ratio laws right the brightness of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio laws right the brightness of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio laws right the brightness of a
+light doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light doesn't
+um go up if you double the bright if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go up if you double the bright if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go up if you double the bright if you
+double the number of photons hitting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the number of photons hitting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the number of photons hitting you
+you don't double the apparent brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't double the apparent brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't double the apparent brightness
+um the the apparent brightness goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the apparent brightness goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the apparent brightness goes up
+with the log of the number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the log of the number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the log of the number of photons
+that are hitting you or the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hitting you or the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hitting you or the um
+odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+in fact now does the book do Stephen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact now does the book do Stephen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact now does the book do Stephen's
+law too I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law too I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law too I forget
+so Labor's law is almost right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Labor's law is almost right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Labor's law is almost right but it's
+not quite right the real the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right the real the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right the real the story
+actually seems to be a little closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems to be a little closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems to be a little closer to
+you you got got the basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got got the basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got got the basic idea of
+fechner's law here so Weber's laws ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fechner's law here so Weber's laws ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fechner's law here so Weber's laws ratio
+Fitness loss is the extension of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness loss is the extension of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness loss is the extension of that to
+saying that that the stimulus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that the stimulus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that the stimulus that
+sensation is the it goes goes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation is the it goes goes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation is the it goes goes up with
+log energy what really happens is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log energy what really happens is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log energy what really happens is um uh
+sensation goes up with energy energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation goes up with energy energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation goes up with energy energy to
+some power it's a it's a power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power it's a it's a power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power it's a it's a power law
+rather than a strictly logarithmic law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a strictly logarithmic law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a strictly logarithmic law
+they're very close for uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close for uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close for uh the the
+predictions of those two are very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of those two are very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of those two are very close
+for many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many things
+um but the interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the interesting thing about
+having it be a power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it be a power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it be a power law
+is that if you do something like light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you do something like light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you do something like light
+the exponent is around 0.33 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is around 0.33 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is around 0.33 or something
+gives you this compressive function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this compressive function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you this compressive function but
+if it's a power law uh that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a power law uh that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a power law uh that gives you
+the possibility of a linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of a linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of a linear relationship
+if the exponent is one and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exponent is one and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exponent is one and an
+accelerating relationship if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating relationship if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating relationship if the
+exponent is greater than one so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is greater than one so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is greater than one so can
+anybody think of a sensory domain where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody think of a sensory domain where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody think of a sensory domain where
+the where the exponent ought to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the exponent ought to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the exponent ought to be about
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about length
+you know if you if you have a six inch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you have a six inch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you have a six inch
+hunk of wood and a 12-inch hunk of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of wood and a 12-inch hunk of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunk of wood and a 12-inch hunk of wood
+it would be really lame if the apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really lame if the apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really lame if the apparent
+length of it of of of an object over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of it of of of an object over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of it of of of an object over
+short distances particularly went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short distances particularly went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short distances particularly went up
+with log length you know things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log length you know things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log length you know things would
+look really weird that doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really weird that doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really weird that doesn't happen
+um and then there's the the entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's the the entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then there's the the entertaining
+cases of things where the sensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of things where the sensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of things where the sensation
+Rises much more rapidly than the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises much more rapidly than the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises much more rapidly than the uh
+then the the then the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the then the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the then the energy the
+stimulus where do you think you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus where do you think you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus where do you think you get
+these accelerating functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+great experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they hurt to think about so the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hurt to think about so the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hurt to think about so the exponent
+for electric shock to the teeth turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric shock to the teeth turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electric shock to the teeth turns
+out to be about 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be about 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be about 3.5
+um just to say if you you know a 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to say if you you know a 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to say if you you know a 10 10
+fold increase in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold increase in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold increase in uh
+um in in voltage gives you what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in voltage gives you what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in voltage gives you what is that
+a 50 000 times increase in perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50 000 times increase in perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50 000 times increase in perceived
+pain it's great stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain it's great stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain it's great stuff
+um so yeah watch what experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah watch what experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah watch what experiment you
+sign up for oh that reminds me to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for oh that reminds me to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for oh that reminds me to say I
+know you're in the midst of studying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in the midst of studying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in the midst of studying for
+this midterm but my lab begged me to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midterm but my lab begged me to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midterm but my lab begged me to say
+we really really really need subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really really really need subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really really really need subjects
+and we're not doing pain studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not doing pain studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not doing pain studies
+we'll you know pay you 10 bucks to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know pay you 10 bucks to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know pay you 10 bucks to to uh
+to work out further details of Ann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out further details of Ann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out further details of Ann
+treesman's feature integration Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman's feature integration Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treesman's feature integration Theory
+who knows you might get an extra five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows you might get an extra five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows you might get an extra five
+points on the exam from just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the exam from just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the exam from just the
+experience not because we'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not because we'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not because we'll give you
+extra credit but anyway if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit but anyway if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit but anyway if you want to
+be if you want to be a uh a subject uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you want to be a uh a subject uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you want to be a uh a subject uh
+you know send us email we'd love to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know send us email we'd love to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know send us email we'd love to have
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now with that advertisement done yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure uh rods are so difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh rods are so difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh rods are so difference between
+rods and cones rods are are working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods and cones rods are are working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods and cones rods are are working in
+dim illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dim illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dim illumination
+um they are concentrated if if let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are concentrated if if let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are concentrated if if let's
+make well I better not make that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make well I better not make that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make well I better not make that the
+phobia if this is the fovea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phobia if this is the fovea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phobia if this is the fovea
+the rods are concentrated away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rods are concentrated away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rods are concentrated away from the
+fovea they are actually absent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fovea they are actually absent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fovea they are actually absent in the
+central phobia all together and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central phobia all together and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central phobia all together and there's
+only one type of rod photoreceptor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one type of rod photoreceptor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one type of rod photoreceptor in
+terms of their photo pigment so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their photo pigment so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their photo pigment so there's
+only one rod photo pigment with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one rod photo pigment with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one rod photo pigment with the
+result that you cannot see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you cannot see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you cannot see
+wavelength differences so you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength differences so you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength differences so you can't do
+color with just the rod so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color with just the rod so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color with just the rod so if you go
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+um tonight when we're done here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tonight when we're done here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tonight when we're done here and you
+and and you're in dim illumination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're in dim illumination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're in dim illumination the
+world will seem to be achromatic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world will seem to be achromatic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world will seem to be achromatic not
+because something has changed about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something has changed about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something has changed about the
+physics of the world but because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the world but because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the world but because you're
+looking at it with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it with a uh
+single a single photo pigment that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single a single photo pigment that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single a single photo pigment that's the
+so-called problem of univariants by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called problem of univariants by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called problem of univariants by the
+way cones operate in brighter light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cones operate in brighter light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way cones operate in brighter light
+there are three different uh types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different uh types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different uh types of
+them uh in terms of their photo pigments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in terms of their photo pigments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in terms of their photo pigments
+one more sensitive to long one to medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more sensitive to long one to medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more sensitive to long one to medium
+and one to Shorter wavelengths that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to Shorter wavelengths that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one to Shorter wavelengths that
+gives you the possibility of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the possibility of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the possibility of color
+vision and they are most densely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and they are most densely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and they are most densely
+concentrated at the phobia which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at the phobia which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated at the phobia which is why
+you have an in daylight Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an in daylight Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an in daylight Vision
+um you know your best Acuity is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know your best Acuity is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know your best Acuity is when you
+fove8 an item when you point your phobia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fove8 an item when you point your phobia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fove8 an item when you point your phobia
+at it closest to packing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it closest to packing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it closest to packing of
+photoreceptors is here but they're cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors is here but they're cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors is here but they're cone
+photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors
+um if you are a colorblind male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you are a colorblind male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you are a colorblind male
+you are or a color deficient male that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are or a color deficient male that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are or a color deficient male that's
+because rather than having three photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rather than having three photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rather than having three photo
+pigments you either have typically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigments you either have typically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigments you either have typically two
+photo pigments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo pigments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo pigments or
+um three photo pigments but two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three photo pigments but two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three photo pigments but two of them
+are so similar that they don't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so similar that they don't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so similar that they don't do any
+work for you any differential color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for you any differential color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for you any differential color
+vision type work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision type work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision type work
+um it's very very rare to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very very rare to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's very very rare to be completely
+colorblind uh that would require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorblind uh that would require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorblind uh that would require that
+you only have one functional photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one functional photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one functional photo
+pigment those people are very rare but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment those people are very rare but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigment those people are very rare but
+eight percent of the male population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight percent of the male population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight percent of the male population
+it's a sex-linked trait eight percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sex-linked trait eight percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sex-linked trait eight percent of
+the male population has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male population has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male population has
+um some color deficiency it's only half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some color deficiency it's only half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some color deficiency it's only half
+of one percent of the female population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one percent of the female population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one percent of the female population
+and in fact there are females maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there are females maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there are females maybe even
+those some sitting amongst us tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some sitting amongst us tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some sitting amongst us tonight
+who actually have four photo pigments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually have four photo pigments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually have four photo pigments
+um which turns out to make almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which turns out to make almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which turns out to make almost no
+difference at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um because it turns out that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it turns out that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it turns out that while
+you've got four photo pigments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got four photo pigments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got four photo pigments
+um the the rest of the wiring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the rest of the wiring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the rest of the wiring that
+exploits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits this
+um is built for a nervous system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is built for a nervous system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is built for a nervous system that
+comes with three photo pigments and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with three photo pigments and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with three photo pigments and you
+lose most of the information they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose most of the information they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose most of the information they're
+very subtle differences you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle differences you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle differences you know very
+very subtle differences between what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle differences between what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle differences between what a
+quadrachromatic woman and a trichromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrachromatic woman and a trichromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrachromatic woman and a trichromatic
+woman will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman will
+say about color but if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about color but if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about color but if you want to think
+that you're sophisticated color sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sophisticated color sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sophisticated color sense is
+because you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you actually have
+for photo pigments first of all you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photo pigments first of all you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for photo pigments first of all you are
+a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman
+and I I think I think well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think I think well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I think I think well you know
+there's probably some guy out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably some guy out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably some guy out there
+somewhere but but basically you'd better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but but basically you'd better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but but basically you'd better
+be a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman
+um and and you know more power to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know more power to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know more power to you
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can you lose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you lose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you lose them
+well you'd have to be extremely clumsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd have to be extremely clumsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'd have to be extremely clumsy
+um can I can you lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I can you lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I can you lose your
+photoreceptors sure there are all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors sure there are all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors sure there are all sorts
+of things you can do to lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can do to lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you can do to lose your
+photoreceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors
+um but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're
+um I mean the the things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the the things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean the the things you can
+actively do if you're so inclined are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively do if you're so inclined are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively do if you're so inclined are to
+do what your mother said not to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what your mother said not to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what your mother said not to do and
+stare at the Sun for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at the Sun for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at the Sun for a while
+um which will actually can destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which will actually can destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which will actually can destroy
+photoreceptors but there's uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors but there's uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors but there's uh there are
+a number of disorders mostly genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of disorders mostly genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of disorders mostly genetic
+disorders rather than acquired disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders rather than acquired disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders rather than acquired disorders
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+um Munch up photoreceptors uh often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Munch up photoreceptors uh often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Munch up photoreceptors uh often in
+young adulthood and and lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young adulthood and and lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young adulthood and and lead to
+Progressive blindness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive blindness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive blindness
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+basically the the answer is nah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the answer is nah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the the answer is nah you're
+fine if you don't if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you don't if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you don't if nothing
+traumatically bad happens to your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatically bad happens to your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatically bad happens to your eye
+and you don't happen to be a carrier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't happen to be a carrier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't happen to be a carrier for
+one of these diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these diseases
+um your photoreceptors are are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your photoreceptors are are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your photoreceptors are are there
+they'll stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stay there
+um you won't get new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you won't get new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you won't get new ones
+you get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get new
+um olfactor sorry not all Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um olfactor sorry not all Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um olfactor sorry not all Factory
+receptors you get new taste receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors you get new taste receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors you get new taste receptors
+um because nature knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because nature knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because nature knew
+that you were too dumb to wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were too dumb to wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were too dumb to wait for the
+pizza to get cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza to get cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza to get cool
+right you're if you did the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're if you did the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're if you did the same thing
+to your eyeballs that you do to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your eyeballs that you do to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your eyeballs that you do to your
+tongue you'd have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue you'd have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue you'd have to be able to
+regenerate those receptors too right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate those receptors too right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate those receptors too right
+you're always doing stupid things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always doing stupid things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always doing stupid things to
+your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue
+um and so those receptors do regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so those receptors do regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so those receptors do regenerate
+um uh olfactory receptors turn over but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh olfactory receptors turn over but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh olfactory receptors turn over but
+if you destroy them they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you destroy them they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you destroy them they don't
+regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate
+um auditory hair cells The receptors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um auditory hair cells The receptors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um auditory hair cells The receptors in
+the ear very active game is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear very active game is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear very active game is to try to
+um figure out somebody I think over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um figure out somebody I think over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um figure out somebody I think over at
+Mass Eye and Ear now thinks they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Eye and Ear now thinks they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Eye and Ear now thinks they have a
+way to regenerate hair cells because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to regenerate hair cells because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to regenerate hair cells because
+they don't regenerate if you lose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't regenerate if you lose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't regenerate if you lose them
+the way oh the way that we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way oh the way that we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way oh the way that we lose
+photoreceptors they're kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors they're kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors they're kind of hard to
+lose receptors in the ear that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose receptors in the ear that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose receptors in the ear that you can
+lose the way to lose that is crank those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the way to lose that is crank those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the way to lose that is crank those
+speakers get those speakers up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers get those speakers up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers get those speakers up really
+loud because the music sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud because the music sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud because the music sounds really
+good if it hurts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if it hurts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if it hurts right
+and if it hurts if if you've ever had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it hurts if if you've ever had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it hurts if if you've ever had
+the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience
+if you've ever played your music really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever played your music really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever played your music really
+loud and then you hear a very pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and then you hear a very pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and then you hear a very pure
+single very pure tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single very pure tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single very pure tone
+that's a hair cell in your inner ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hair cell in your inner ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hair cell in your inner ear
+saying goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying goodbye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying goodbye
+and I'm not coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not coming back
+if you hear that a lot you don't that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear that a lot you don't that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear that a lot you don't that's
+not good you don't you want to turn turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good you don't you want to turn turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good you don't you want to turn turn
+the speaker down it used to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker down it used to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker down it used to be that the
+green line on the the T was the place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line on the the T was the place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line on the the T was the place to
+hear that back when I first came to town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that back when I first came to town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that back when I first came to town
+they had these cars that you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these cars that you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these cars that you you have
+you know that the big turn from Boylston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the big turn from Boylston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the big turn from Boylston
+into Park Street Station about a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Park Street Station about a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Park Street Station about a it's a
+sort of a right angle turn the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a right angle turn the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a right angle turn the cars
+going through there would produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through there would produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through there would produce this
+immensely loud high-pitched scream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely loud high-pitched scream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely loud high-pitched scream and
+that was the one time where I heard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the one time where I heard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the one time where I heard the
+beautiful tone of a hair cell dying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful tone of a hair cell dying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful tone of a hair cell dying and
+ever after that I would go through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after that I would go through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after that I would go through you
+know Boylston Street like this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Boylston Street like this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Boylston Street like this and I
+don't care that everybody else on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that everybody else on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that everybody else on the
+train thinks I look like a doofus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train thinks I look like a doofus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train thinks I look like a doofus
+because I'm gonna have my hair cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm gonna have my hair cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm gonna have my hair cells
+when I'm you know 70 and they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm you know 70 and they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm you know 70 and they're gonna
+anyway they got new trains and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they got new trains and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they got new trains and it
+doesn't sound as bad anymore is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound as bad anymore is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound as bad anymore is that a
+hand you want me to stop digressing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you want me to stop digressing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you want me to stop digressing and
+talk about something meaningful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something meaningful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about something meaningful here
+what about drinking ethanol that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about drinking ethanol that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about drinking ethanol that's not a
+good idea either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea either
+the um there are all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um there are all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um there are all sorts of things
+that are neurotoxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neurotoxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neurotoxic
+um in the world and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the world and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the world and and and and
+sufficient quantities of uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient quantities of uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient quantities of uh uh so
+ethanol is what's in regular alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol is what's in regular alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol is what's in regular alcohol
+right it's it's ethyl alcohol that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's ethyl alcohol that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's ethyl alcohol that's
+this is there's an expert out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there's an expert out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there's an expert out there
+somewhere ethyl alcohol is the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere ethyl alcohol is the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere ethyl alcohol is the stuff
+that's really bad for you it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really bad for you it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really bad for you it's a it's a
+it's a potent neurotoxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a potent neurotoxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a potent neurotoxin
+um yeah yeah but you know you can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah but you know you can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah but you know you can do you
+want to poison yourself there are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to poison yourself there are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to poison yourself there are ways
+ways to do it and a lot of poisons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it and a lot of poisons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it and a lot of poisons have
+their their primary effect on on nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their primary effect on on nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their primary effect on on nervous
+tissues of various sorts including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues of various sorts including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues of various sorts including
+receptors and actually it was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and actually it was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and actually it was a problem
+with antibiotics there's a a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibiotics there's a a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with antibiotics there's a a whole set
+of antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antibiotics
+um that had the unfortunate effect of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that had the unfortunate effect of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that had the unfortunate effect of of
+killing hair cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing hair cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing hair cells
+um and so you know it cured you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know it cured you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you know it cured you of the
+infection that was going to kill you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection that was going to kill you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection that was going to kill you and
+but you were deaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were deaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were deaf
+um and obviously they don't give those a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and obviously they don't give those a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and obviously they don't give those a
+lot at this point but that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at this point but that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot at this point but that was a
+complication of a variety is it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of a variety is it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of a variety is it which
+antibiotics is it I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics is it I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics is it I can't remember
+but yep yeah you've already asked one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yep yeah you've already asked one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yep yeah you've already asked one
+you haven't though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Amnesia and retrograde amnesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia and retrograde amnesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amnesia and retrograde amnesia
+um all right so I take this poor young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I take this poor young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I take this poor young
+woman and I hit her over the head right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and I hit her over the head right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and I hit her over the head right
+if she cannot remember what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she cannot remember what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she cannot remember what happened
+before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that
+hit which she probably wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit which she probably wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit which she probably wouldn't be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um that's a retrograde amnesia from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a retrograde amnesia from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a retrograde amnesia from
+before the point of injury and Astro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the point of injury and Astro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the point of injury and Astro
+grade is from after the point of injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade is from after the point of injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade is from after the point of injury
+so typically if you dip the hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically if you dip the hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically if you dip the hitting
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um is is is a is a good one typically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is a is a good one typically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is is a is a good one typically if
+somebody gets knocked unconscious they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets knocked unconscious they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gets knocked unconscious they
+will not remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um whatever it is that knocked them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever it is that knocked them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever it is that knocked them
+unconscious I mean that they may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious I mean that they may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious I mean that they may know
+what what it you know they they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it you know they they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it you know they they won't
+remember the point of impact or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the point of impact or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the point of impact or whatever
+that knocked them unconscious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocked them unconscious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocked them unconscious because
+that memory got lost in a retrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory got lost in a retrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that memory got lost in a retrograde
+amnesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amnesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amnesia
+um and there may be some period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there may be some period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there may be some period of time
+after they regained Consciousness where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they regained Consciousness where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they regained Consciousness where
+they have no memory subsequently because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no memory subsequently because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no memory subsequently because
+um basically probably because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically probably because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically probably because the
+hippocampus wasn't working properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus wasn't working properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus wasn't working properly and
+was failing to lay down new explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was failing to lay down new explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was failing to lay down new explicit
+memories during that that period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories during that that period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories during that that period of time
+um so that's that's the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distinction
+no that wasn't it huh retrograde before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that wasn't it huh retrograde before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that wasn't it huh retrograde before
+the injury intro grade after right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anterior and Tarot grade or antrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior and Tarot grade or antrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anterior and Tarot grade or antrograde
+that you could I think I've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could I think I've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could I think I've seen it
+spelled both ways and pronounced both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled both ways and pronounced both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled both ways and pronounced both
+ways all right how about way over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is um
+if you have a traumatic brain injury of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a traumatic brain injury of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a traumatic brain injury of
+some sort you know it it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort you know it it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort you know it it's it's like
+other injuries stuff swells it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other injuries stuff swells it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other injuries stuff swells it's not
+working all that well and and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all that well and and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working all that well and and over time
+um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as
+it heals itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it heals itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it heals itself
+um if you haven't actually destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you haven't actually destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you haven't actually destroyed
+tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue
+um you regain access to whatever it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you regain access to whatever it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you regain access to whatever it was
+that you were no longer you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were no longer you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were no longer you didn't have
+access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to
+um exactly how that works I mean apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly how that works I mean apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly how that works I mean apart
+from saying things like the swelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from saying things like the swelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from saying things like the swelling
+goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+I know I can't give you a better account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I can't give you a better account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I can't give you a better account
+of of the you know the sort of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the you know the sort of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the you know the sort of molecular
+level details I'm not actually sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level details I'm not actually sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level details I'm not actually sure
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+knows exactly what it means that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly what it means that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly what it means that you you
+recover it and and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it and and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover it and and people
+um you know that recovery period can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that recovery period can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that recovery period can
+take a long long time so after a stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long long time so after a stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long long time so after a stroke
+um it sort of looks I I take it well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it sort of looks I I take it well my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it sort of looks I I take it well my
+understanding is that it looks sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that it looks sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that it looks sort of
+exponential if you have a stroke or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if you have a stroke or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if you have a stroke or some
+sort of brain damage you get most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brain damage you get most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of brain damage you get most of
+what you're going to get pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get pretty quickly
+and then you get slow sort of recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get slow sort of recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get slow sort of recovery
+um that's not it's not a nice fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not it's not a nice fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not it's not a nice fixed
+function the sort of thing that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the sort of thing that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the sort of thing that that uh
+makes doctors humble or ought to is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes doctors humble or ought to is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes doctors humble or ought to is you
+know so and so said you know Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and so said you know Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so and so said you know Dr
+so-and-so says you know I'm really sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-and-so says you know I'm really sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-and-so says you know I'm really sorry
+but this patient is simply never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this patient is simply never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this patient is simply never going
+to recover function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover function
+and then and you know 90 times out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you know 90 times out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you know 90 times out of a
+hundred the doctor is probably right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred the doctor is probably right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred the doctor is probably right but
+the hundredth time when when this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth time when when this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundredth time when when this person
+comes out of a coma and and talks to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a coma and and talks to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a coma and and talks to you
+again or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or whatever
+um you know that's that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that's that's what makes
+makes doctors humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how well is memory local how well are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well is memory local how well are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well is memory local how well are
+specific memories localized in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific memories localized in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific memories localized in the brain
+um memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um memories
+almost any reasonably complex memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any reasonably complex memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any reasonably complex memory is
+distributed fairly widely I mean not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed fairly widely I mean not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed fairly widely I mean not it
+was Once Upon a Time thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Once Upon a Time thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Once Upon a Time thought that the
+whole brain was sort of a uniform motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain was sort of a uniform motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole brain was sort of a uniform motion
+it was just sort of distributed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just sort of distributed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just sort of distributed in a
+giant net that doesn't seem to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant net that doesn't seem to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant net that doesn't seem to be true
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um only very very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only very very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only very very precise
+carefully trained memories in animals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully trained memories in animals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully trained memories in animals to
+my knowledge have ever been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my knowledge have ever been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my knowledge have ever been sort of
+localized down to a sort of a cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized down to a sort of a cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized down to a sort of a cellular
+kind of a level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a level but
+you can even in humans you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even in humans you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even in humans you can get
+lesions brain damage in quite specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions brain damage in quite specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions brain damage in quite specific
+areas that produce very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that produce very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that produce very specific
+so-called agnosias right agnosia failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called agnosias right agnosia failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called agnosias right agnosia failure
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+well we'll put an agnosia in the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll put an agnosia in the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll put an agnosia in the frontal
+now I better not put it in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I better not put it in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I better not put it in the brain
+because somebody's gonna think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody's gonna think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody's gonna think it's a
+piece of brain that's going to be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of brain that's going to be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of brain that's going to be bad
+and then they're gonna blame me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're gonna blame me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're gonna blame me when
+they get it wrong so we'll just erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get it wrong so we'll just erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get it wrong so we'll just erase
+something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so agnosias are our failures to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so agnosias are our failures to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so agnosias are our failures to know
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um and they can be quite specific uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can be quite specific uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can be quite specific uh you
+can have patients who Now fail to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have patients who Now fail to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have patients who Now fail to name
+animals they're otherwise reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals they're otherwise reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals they're otherwise reasonably
+intact but they have a specific deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact but they have a specific deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact but they have a specific deficit
+in naming animals if you have a lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in naming animals if you have a lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in naming animals if you have a lesion
+do I still have my little face area here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I still have my little face area here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I still have my little face area here
+if you have a specific lesion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a specific lesion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a specific lesion in the
+face area you end up with a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area you end up with a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area you end up with a um
+patient with a so-called prosopay uproso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with a so-called prosopay uproso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with a so-called prosopay uproso
+well I'll just write the whole word same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just write the whole word same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll just write the whole word same
+agnosia on the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia on the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia on the end here
+where you have a specific problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a specific problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a specific problem
+recognizing faces so you can have um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing faces so you can have um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing faces so you can have um you
+you can't have specific losses due to SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have specific losses due to SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have specific losses due to SP
+of what boils down to memory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what boils down to memory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what boils down to memory with
+specific lesions but if you ask where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lesions but if you ask where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific lesions but if you ask where's
+my memory of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my memory of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my memory of MIT
+it will turn out not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will turn out not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will turn out not to be
+localized here it's spread out all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized here it's spread out all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized here it's spread out all over
+the place because your memory of MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place because your memory of MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place because your memory of MIT is
+this very multi-faceted thing that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very multi-faceted thing that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very multi-faceted thing that has
+you know it's got visual components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's got visual components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's got visual components
+auditory components emotional components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory components emotional components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory components emotional components
+you know taste components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taste components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taste components
+um and so on and and that'll be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and and that'll be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and and that'll be quite
+widely distributed even if it feels kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely distributed even if it feels kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely distributed even if it feels kind
+of unified when you ask about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unified when you ask about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unified when you ask about it
+yeah okay what's the main function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay what's the main function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay what's the main function
+the main function of the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main function of the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main function of the hippocampus
+appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be
+and they uh the enabling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh the enabling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they uh the enabling the
+consolidation of short-term fragile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of short-term fragile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of short-term fragile
+memories into long-term explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories into long-term explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories into long-term explicit
+memories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that
+um that's this this beautiful draw oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's this this beautiful draw oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's this this beautiful draw oh
+I've erased half of it not these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've erased half of it not these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've erased half of it not these guys
+not these implicit memories it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not these implicit memories it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not these implicit memories it's not not
+critical for that but for explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for that but for explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for that but for explicit
+memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+um no uh no hippocampus no new explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no uh no hippocampus no new explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no uh no hippocampus no new explicit
+memories it is not the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories it is not the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories it is not the place where the
+memories are stored so if if I go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories are stored so if if I go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories are stored so if if I go in and
+and and remove James's uh hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remove James's uh hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remove James's uh hippocampus
+and I would have to do it bilaterally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would have to do it bilaterally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would have to do it bilaterally by
+the way right so hippocampus almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way right so hippocampus almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way right so hippocampus almost any
+structure I've talked about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I've talked about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I've talked about is
+represented on both sides of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented on both sides of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented on both sides of the brain
+both cerebral hemisphere so if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cerebral hemisphere so if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cerebral hemisphere so if I take
+the hippocampus out on both sides James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus out on both sides James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippocampus out on both sides James
+will still remember he's James James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still remember he's James James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still remember he's James James
+will still remember all sorts of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still remember all sorts of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still remember all sorts of stuff
+James just won't learn anything new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James just won't learn anything new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James just won't learn anything new
+um which could be a little awkward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which could be a little awkward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which could be a little awkward the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the great exception that there are ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great exception that there are ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great exception that there are ver
+there are actually we're learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually we're learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually we're learning more
+and more about functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more about functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more about functions that are
+lateralized that aren't represented on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateralized that aren't represented on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateralized that aren't represented on
+both sides of the brain but the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the brain but the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the brain but the great
+classic example is language if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example is language if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example is language if you are a
+right-handed individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed individual
+the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary
+organs if you like of of language lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs if you like of of language lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs if you like of of language lie in
+the left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hemisphere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and if you're a left-handed hemis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're a left-handed hemis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're a left-handed hemis if
+you're a left-handed individual it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a left-handed individual it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a left-handed individual it's
+about 50 50 where you're where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 50 where you're where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 50 where you're where where
+language is is located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is is located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is is located
+um I just out of curiosity how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just out of curiosity how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just out of curiosity how many of
+you are lefties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lefties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lefties
+oh it's pretty scarce I once upon a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's pretty scarce I once upon a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's pretty scarce I once upon a time
+had a notion that left-handedness was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a notion that left-handedness was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a notion that left-handedness was
+overrepresented MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrepresented MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrepresented MIT
+um but it's not overrepresented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not overrepresented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not overrepresented here
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh the poor left so somebody some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the poor left so somebody some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the poor left so somebody some
+poor left-hander in this class wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor left-hander in this class wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor left-hander in this class wanted to
+know about left-handed desks in 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about left-handed desks in 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about left-handed desks in 10 to
+50. was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. was that you
+but you were a woman last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were a woman last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were a woman last time
+I remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember that
+that actually puts you in a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually puts you in a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually puts you in a much smaller
+category of people who can switch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of people who can switch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of people who can switch that
+back and forth at will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth at will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth at will
+um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is there is there a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't uh
+the late Norm geshwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late Norm geshwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late Norm geshwind
+a uh had a theory that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh had a theory that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh had a theory that there was a
+constellation of of things that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of of things that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constellation of of things that went
+together in males not in females I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in males not in females I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in males not in females I don't
+the homosexuality was not one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homosexuality was not one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homosexuality was not one of them
+but but uh it was left-handedness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh it was left-handedness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh it was left-handedness a
+certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh
+um certain brands of intellectual Talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain brands of intellectual Talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain brands of intellectual Talent
+autoimmune disease which wasn't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune disease which wasn't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune disease which wasn't too
+great but it was sort of a constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it was sort of a constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it was sort of a constellation
+of things that he thought had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that he thought had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that he thought had uh
+probably a single or or or a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a single or or or a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a single or or or a common
+genetic path in there somewhere but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic path in there somewhere but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic path in there somewhere but but
+we digress again let's see it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we digress again let's see it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we digress again let's see it's the same
+people uh dude you didn't get one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh dude you didn't get one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh dude you didn't get one in
+before oh did you I don't remember go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before oh did you I don't remember go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before oh did you I don't remember go
+ahead whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh parallel distributed processing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parallel distributed processing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parallel distributed processing uh
+you know when you go off and do Ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you go off and do Ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you go off and do Ai and
+and or computer you know the course six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or computer you know the course six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or computer you know the course six
+guys will know lots about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will know lots about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will know lots about this
+eventually if they don't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if they don't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if they don't already
+um but for present purposes it's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for present purposes it's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for present purposes it's the uh
+uh it's the notion that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the notion that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's the notion that you can do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+complicated cognitive or you know mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated cognitive or you know mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated cognitive or you know mental
+things with simple little units if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with simple little units if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with simple little units if you
+have them put together in a great big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them put together in a great big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them put together in a great big
+distributed uh Network the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh Network the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh Network the details of
+exactly how to put this together are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to put this together are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to put this together are
+probably not desperately important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not desperately important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not desperately important for
+present purposes the bits that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present purposes the bits that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present purposes the bits that are
+important from your question for present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important from your question for present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important from your question for present
+purposes are semantic priming a good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes are semantic priming a good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes are semantic priming a good a
+good probe for implicit memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probe for implicit memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probe for implicit memory so
+semantic priming are any of a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic priming are any of a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic priming are any of a variety of
+ways of showing if I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of showing if I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of showing if I uh
+so let's see let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um an example that I didn't do in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example that I didn't do in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example that I didn't do in class
+just for the fun of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I say
+what is the first word that comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first word that comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the first word that comes to
+mind if you're completing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday monkey
+money those were the three I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money those were the three I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money those were the three I could think
+of off the top of my head that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off the top of my head that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of off the top of my head that's why I
+needed to put something up that had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put something up that had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put something up that had more
+than one completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one completion
+yo mononucleosis right there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo mononucleosis right there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo mononucleosis right there's a bunch
+yeah there's a lot of things but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a lot of things but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a lot of things but there
+are some that are more common than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some that are more common than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some that are more common than
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and an example of semantic priming so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of semantic priming so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of semantic priming so I
+could figure out which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out which uh
+um you know so let let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so let let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so let let's suppose that
+the that whoops that the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that whoops that the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that whoops that the top
+winner was Monday and that monkey comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner was Monday and that monkey comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner was Monday and that monkey comes
+in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if I uh if if I went and uh got you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh if if I went and uh got you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh if if I went and uh got you to
+if I was running down a list of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was running down a list of animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was running down a list of animals
+yeah giraffe lion gorilla and then I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah giraffe lion gorilla and then I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah giraffe lion gorilla and then I put
+up this you're much more likely to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this you're much more likely to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this you're much more likely to now
+complete with monkey than with Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete with monkey than with Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete with monkey than with Monday
+it's still gonna do Monday what who what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still gonna do Monday what who what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still gonna do Monday what who what
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monte what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lost
+what something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what something about
+roles that they have were they Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles that they have were they Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles that they have were they Mountain
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+oh oh mono something Vols well you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh mono something Vols well you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh mono something Vols well you read
+too much about the voles in in well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the voles in in well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about the voles in in well in
+any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case
+we we diverge a little from the topic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we diverge a little from the topic at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we diverge a little from the topic at
+hand the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the the
+um the basic point is that we could bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic point is that we could bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic point is that we could bias
+this by semantically priming you it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by semantically priming you it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by semantically priming you it's an
+example of semantic one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of semantic one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of semantic one of the
+interesting things about how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about how do we know
+this is implicit we can do this even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is implicit we can do this even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is implicit we can do this even if
+you didn't know anything about the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know anything about the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know anything about the prime
+for example it turns out to be the did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it turns out to be the did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it turns out to be the did I
+tell you about the anesthesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the anesthesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the anesthesia
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+no very cool stuff I put you under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no very cool stuff I put you under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no very cool stuff I put you under
+anesthesia well I can't do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia well I can't do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia well I can't do this because
+the the the human subject subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the human subject subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the human subject subject
+committee won't let me but you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee won't let me but you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee won't let me but you might
+need to go under anesthesia so I I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go under anesthesia so I I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go under anesthesia so I I get a
+deal with the doctor that I can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the doctor that I can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the doctor that I can come in
+and Whisper some words to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whisper some words to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whisper some words to you
+right people as while you're underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people as while you're underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people as while you're underneath
+while you're under anesthesia so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're under anesthesia so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're under anesthesia so one of
+the words I whisper is monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words I whisper is monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words I whisper is monkey
+I wake you up later do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wake you up later do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wake you up later do you remember that
+I whispered words to you no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I whispered words to you no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I whispered words to you no I don't
+remember any stupid words all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any stupid words all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember any stupid words all right
+what's the first thing that comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing that comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing that comes to
+mind if I put up this these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I put up this these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I put up this these three
+letters monkeys so get out of my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters monkeys so get out of my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters monkeys so get out of my face
+um you actually heard the words while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you actually heard the words while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you actually heard the words while
+you were anesthetized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were anesthetized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were anesthetized
+stored them have no explicit memory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored them have no explicit memory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored them have no explicit memory but
+you have an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an implicit
+memory of it it turns this game is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of it it turns this game is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory of it it turns this game is a big
+surprise to the surgeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to the surgeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to the surgeons
+um and it causes a change in surgical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it causes a change in surgical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it causes a change in surgical
+um practice it's now considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practice it's now considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um practice it's now considered to be
+bad form to bad mouth your anesthetized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad form to bad mouth your anesthetized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad form to bad mouth your anesthetized
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+man that is the ugliest kidney I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that is the ugliest kidney I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that is the ugliest kidney I have
+ever seen or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen or or
+um you know I don't think she's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I don't think she's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I don't think she's gonna
+make it and those sort of things well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it and those sort of things well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it and those sort of things well if
+she doesn't make it it's not it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't make it it's not it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't make it it's not it doesn't
+turn out to be a big implicit memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a big implicit memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a big implicit memory
+thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it did turn out that people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did turn out that people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did turn out that people were
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+um you know I when I see the surgeon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I when I see the surgeon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I when I see the surgeon I
+feel angry or something I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel angry or something I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel angry or something I couldn't
+things that you didn't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you didn't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you didn't quite understand
+and and and some of it may be this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and some of it may be this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and some of it may be this sort
+of semantic priming effect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semantic priming effect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semantic priming effect that the
+information got in it's activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got in it's activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information got in it's activating
+chunks of this semantic Network that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of this semantic Network that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of this semantic Network that's
+what the priming piece means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the priming piece means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the priming piece means
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but you have no explicit access to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have no explicit access to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have no explicit access to it
+you just you just somehow implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you just somehow implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you just somehow implicitly
+know that somebody's been dissing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that somebody's been dissing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that somebody's been dissing your
+kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidneys
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there was one more Stroop effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one more Stroop effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one more Stroop effect the
+Stroop effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stroop effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stroop effect
+um a lovely demo is there a demo of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lovely demo is there a demo of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lovely demo is there a demo of it
+in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book
+so I should I should have done it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should I should have done it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should I should have done it as a
+demo in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo in class
+um this is uh uh it's taken as among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh uh it's taken as among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is uh uh it's taken as among
+other things evidence for automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things evidence for automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things evidence for automatic
+assessing some things that you 'd over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing some things that you 'd over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing some things that you 'd over
+and over again become so ingrained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again become so ingrained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again become so ingrained that
+it's very hard not to do them for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard not to do them for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard not to do them for most
+of us reading is one of those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us reading is one of those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us reading is one of those things and
+so the classic Stroop effect is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the classic Stroop effect is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the classic Stroop effect is that I
+write a bunch of words up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of words up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of words up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't have colored chalk sadly but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have colored chalk sadly but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have colored chalk sadly but you
+know I I just say tell me I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I just say tell me I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I just say tell me I don't care
+what the stupid word is just tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stupid word is just tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the stupid word is just tell me
+what color it is so it's white okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so what color is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what color is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what color is it
+p e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p e
+people say white mostly they sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say white mostly they sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say white mostly they sometimes
+they make a mistake but they're even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a mistake but they're even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a mistake but they're even
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+like you or me who know about the Stroop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you or me who know about the Stroop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you or me who know about the Stroop
+effects now this is the soup effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects now this is the soup effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects now this is the soup effect
+um our slowed substantially slowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our slowed substantially slowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our slowed substantially slowed
+because the reading of green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading of green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading of green is
+automatic and it competes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic and it competes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic and it competes with the
+response you can't get that white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you can't get that white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you can't get that white
+response out because this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response out because this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response out because this thing is
+screaming it's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming it's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming it's green
+um there's a whole lot of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a whole lot of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a whole lot of these sort of
+Stroop effect effects a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stroop effect effects a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stroop effect effects a very big
+literature on it which mostly is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on it which mostly is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on it which mostly is there
+to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that there are processes that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are processes that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are processes that happen
+automatically that you simply can't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically that you simply can't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically that you simply can't so
+the one of the more interesting ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the more interesting ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the more interesting ones is
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+um oh what's the official term for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh what's the official term for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh what's the official term for it
+I'll talk about it later in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about it later in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about it later in the term
+but it it's uh it turns out to be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's uh it turns out to be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's uh it turns out to be easier
+to associate young and good for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to associate young and good for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to associate young and good for example
+than old and good so one is just as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than old and good so one is just as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than old and good so one is just as you
+have an automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an automatic
+reading a bill you also have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a bill you also have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a bill you also have these
+automatic biases in your um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic biases in your um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic biases in your um uh you know
+in this giant semantic Network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this giant semantic Network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this giant semantic Network that
+makes it yeah that show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it yeah that show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it yeah that show up in
+stroop-like effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroop-like effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroop-like effects
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if I well I'll talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I well I'll talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I well I'll talk about that later
+in the term it's cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term it's cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term it's cool stuff
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh depth cues and how we perceive Motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depth cues and how we perceive Motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depth cues and how we perceive Motion
+in this well the uh all right well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this well the uh all right well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this well the uh all right well here
+let's let's let's let's let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's let's let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's let's let's let's do
+this collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collaboratively
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give me some depth cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no give me some hands that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no give me some hands that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no give me some hands that are going
+to give me some depth cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me some depth cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me some depth cues
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+stereopsis oh start with the fancy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereopsis oh start with the fancy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereopsis oh start with the fancy stuff
+so stereopsis there's our the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stereopsis there's our the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stereopsis there's our the difference
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+images on the two retinas because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on the two retinas because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on the two retinas because the
+two retinas are looking at a 3D World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two retinas are looking at a 3D World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two retinas are looking at a 3D World
+from different positions that so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different positions that so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different positions that so-called
+binocular disparity is a depth cue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binocular disparity is a depth cue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binocular disparity is a depth cue that
+you are extremely sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are extremely sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are extremely sensitive to
+um if you've got two eyes that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got two eyes that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got two eyes that work
+together if you were particularly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you were particularly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you were particularly if you
+were a kid with one eye turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a kid with one eye turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a kid with one eye turned
+um that's a cue that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a cue that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a cue that you don't have
+um typically your so-called stereo blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically your so-called stereo blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically your so-called stereo blind
+okay there's one good one what else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one good one what else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one good one what else we
+got yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got yep
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+overlapping or occlusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping or occlusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping or occlusion
+um yep if one thing is in front of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep if one thing is in front of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep if one thing is in front of if
+one thing is blocking another thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is blocking another thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is blocking another thing it's
+probably in front of that other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in front of that other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in front of that other thing
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um texture well here we're lumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um texture well here we're lumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um texture well here we're lumped
+together for present purposes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for present purposes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for present purposes sort of
+texture and sides all of which get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture and sides all of which get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture and sides all of which get to
+the same basic idea that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic idea that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic idea that we know that
+things get smaller their retinal images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get smaller their retinal images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get smaller their retinal images
+get smaller as they get further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller as they get further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller as they get further away
+right and that's use the depth here yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's use the depth here yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's use the depth here yep
+oh you're cheating you're reading them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're cheating you're reading them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're cheating you're reading them
+out of the book you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the best the best uh in in 25 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the best uh in in 25 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best the best uh in in 25 years of
+teaching intro was uh we were given I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching intro was uh we were given I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching intro was uh we were given I
+think it was actually the final not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was actually the final not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was actually the final not the
+midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and over in Walker with all the cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and over in Walker with all the cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and over in Walker with all the cute
+little desks and and you know one poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little desks and and you know one poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little desks and and you know one poor
+student has her head down on the desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has her head down on the desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has her head down on the desk
+and it just you know looks like she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just you know looks like she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just you know looks like she's
+probably it didn't get her flu shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it didn't get her flu shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it didn't get her flu shot
+because none of us are going to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of us are going to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of us are going to get our
+flu shot so we're on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot so we're on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu shot so we're on it
+um you know it's just looking miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's just looking miserable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's just looking miserable
+and so one of the Tas goes over to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the Tas goes over to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the Tas goes over to see
+if she's okay and she's not only okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's okay and she's not only okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's okay and she's not only okay
+she's got the textbook open on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got the textbook open on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's got the textbook open on the floor
+she's turning the pages with her foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's turning the pages with her foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's turning the pages with her foot
+you know that wasn't good but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that wasn't good but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that wasn't good but anyway
+what do you what do you got for us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you got for us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you got for us there
+Melville there whatever you the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melville there whatever you the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melville there whatever you the green
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh linear perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh linear perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh linear perspective
+lines going off you know to a Vanishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines going off you know to a Vanishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines going off you know to a Vanishing
+parallel lines going in depth are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um converge at a vanishing point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converge at a vanishing point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um converge at a vanishing point so
+linear linear perspective that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear perspective that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linear perspective that's a good
+one what else we got yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Haze aerial perspective uh is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Haze aerial perspective uh is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Haze aerial perspective uh is I
+don't know why it's called aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it's called aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it's called aerial
+perspective but that's what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but that's what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but that's what it's called
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Hayes basically things far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayes basically things far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayes basically things far away
+particularly in a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in a human
+world are Bluer and and less distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are Bluer and and less distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world are Bluer and and less distinct
+anymore yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no because if I do it with one eye it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because if I do it with one eye it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because if I do it with one eye it'll
+work just fine right so it better not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just fine right so it better not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just fine right so it better not be
+stereo anything but it's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo anything but it's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo anything but it's more or less
+the same thing that's motion parallax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that's motion parallax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that's motion parallax
+another good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+Parallax but it's the same basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax but it's the same basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallax but it's the same basic idea
+right so instead of having an eye two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having an eye two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of having an eye two
+eyes in my head that are in slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in my head that are in slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in my head that are in slightly
+different positions I have one eye that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions I have one eye that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions I have one eye that
+I move to slightly different positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move to slightly different positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move to slightly different positions
+and the differences between the image I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the differences between the image I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the differences between the image I
+can the relative motion in particular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the relative motion in particular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the relative motion in particular I
+can read off as a as a clued depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off as a as a clued depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off as a as a clued depth
+what else we got any other good yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else we got any other good yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else we got any other good yep
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so if
+this is this is the great motion queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the great motion queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the great motion queue
+from uh that all kids discover sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that all kids discover sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that all kids discover sometime
+driving down to Interstate Highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down to Interstate Highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down to Interstate Highway
+right because if you're driving down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you're driving down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you're driving down the
+interstate highway and you uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate highway and you uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstate highway and you uh you're
+fixating on on one cow out in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on on one cow out in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on on one cow out in the field
+there well I better not look at anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well I better not look at anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well I better not look at anybody
+now because I've called them a cow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I've called them a cow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I've called them a cow out
+in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field
+um we'll look at a blank chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll look at a blank chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll look at a blank chair
+um you know that that chair is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that that chair is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that that chair is in a
+fixed position on the retina the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed position on the retina the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed position on the retina the things
+in front of the point of fixation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the point of fixation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the point of fixation will
+move relatively in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move relatively in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move relatively in the opposite
+direction and the things behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the things behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the things behind the
+point of fixation will move in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of fixation will move in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of fixation will move in the same
+direction as the viewer it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as the viewer it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as the viewer it's just
+geometry that's why the moon follows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that's why the moon follows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that's why the moon follows you
+around right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right
+when you're driving down the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're driving down the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're driving down the highway
+you know what what were you guys doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what were you guys doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what were you guys doing
+when you were driving down day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were driving down day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were driving down day
+see that's maybe it's only kids who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's maybe it's only kids who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's maybe it's only kids who are
+going to turn out to be Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out to be Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out to be Vision
+researchers or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers or something
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+try it next time you're driving down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it next time you're driving down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it next time you're driving down the
+highway look look out the window look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway look look out the window look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway look look out the window look at
+the trees the one you're the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees the one you're the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees the one you're the distance
+that you're fixating on is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're fixating on is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're fixating on is relatively
+stationary everything in front moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary everything in front moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary everything in front moves
+against you everything behind moves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you everything behind moves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you everything behind moves with
+you that's a depth cue it tells you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a depth cue it tells you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a depth cue it tells you you
+know about that regularity and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that regularity and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that regularity and you use
+it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+give you uh clue to depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh clue to depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh clue to depth
+um convergence and Divergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence and Divergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence and Divergence of the
+eyes basically a triangulation cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes basically a triangulation cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes basically a triangulation cue
+um is is a weak cue to depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a weak cue to depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is is a weak cue to depth
+accommodation how you how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation how you how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation how you how you're
+focusing the eyes the weak cue to depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the eyes the weak cue to depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the eyes the weak cue to depth
+in in humans anybody think of any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in humans anybody think of any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in humans anybody think of any other
+ones that we've forgotten there of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we've forgotten there of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we've forgotten there of the
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh Shadows Shadows Shadows are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Shadows Shadows Shadows are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Shadows Shadows Shadows are good
+Clues to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues to uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to depth I showed those nice moony face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depth I showed those nice moony face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depth I showed those nice moony face
+figures that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that um
+had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um only Shadow information and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only Shadow information and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only Shadow information and you can
+recover all sorts of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover all sorts of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover all sorts of information about
+uh about a face from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monocular ones are the ones that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monocular ones are the ones that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monocular ones are the ones that work
+with one eye right right so stereopsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one eye right right so stereopsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one eye right right so stereopsis
+is the only one here that is a binocular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one here that is a binocular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one here that is a binocular
+depth cue all the other ones will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue all the other ones will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth cue all the other ones will work
+just fine with uh with one eye and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine with uh with one eye and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine with uh with one eye and P
+people tend to think that somehow depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to think that somehow depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to think that somehow depth
+vision is is vitally linked to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is is vitally linked to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is is vitally linked to having
+two eyes having two eyes is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes having two eyes is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes having two eyes is a good thing
+but you know the world doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the world doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the world doesn't go
+particularly flat if you just look with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly flat if you just look with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly flat if you just look with
+one eye so what's what's two what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye so what's what's two what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye so what's what's two what are
+two eyes good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes good for
+I mean it's clearly not worth it to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's clearly not worth it to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's clearly not worth it to uh
+in in evolutionary terms it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in evolutionary terms it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in evolutionary terms it's very hard
+to imagine that it was worth it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that it was worth it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that it was worth it for
+stereopsis it's a lovely side benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereopsis it's a lovely side benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereopsis it's a lovely side benefit
+but but what else do you get from having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what else do you get from having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what else do you get from having
+two eyes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eyes yeah
+replacement parts good very handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement parts good very handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement parts good very handy
+probably an explanation for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an explanation for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably an explanation for lots of
+bilateral stuff you know why two kidneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral stuff you know why two kidneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral stuff you know why two kidneys
+you know that it's just you know having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's just you know having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's just you know having
+two of things is is a good thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of things is is a good thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of things is is a good thing what
+else what else do you get out of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what else do you get out of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what else do you get out of two
+eyes that you don't have from one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that you don't have from one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that you don't have from one yeah
+yeah expanded field of vision so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah expanded field of vision so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah expanded field of vision so you
+know with what with one eye if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with what with one eye if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with what with one eye if I'm
+looking at you my visual field stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you my visual field stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you my visual field stops
+here with the two eyes it goes out to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the two eyes it goes out to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the two eyes it goes out to a
+little more than 180 degrees if I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than 180 degrees if I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than 180 degrees if I was a
+rabbit my visual Fields would go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit my visual Fields would go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit my visual Fields would go all the
+way around my head it turns out they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around my head it turns out they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around my head it turns out they've
+got full 360.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got full 360.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got full 360.
+um with with eyes on the side you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with eyes on the side you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with eyes on the side you know
+that they have lateral eye they can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have lateral eye they can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have lateral eye they can also
+see straight up apparently with ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see straight up apparently with ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see straight up apparently with ears
+sticking now they don't see with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking now they don't see with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking now they don't see with their
+ears they got their ears up up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears they got their ears up up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears they got their ears up up there
+um so who's but you don't why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who's but you don't why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who's but you don't why do you
+have front lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you what are you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what are you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what are you uh
+so what are you getting that the Rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are you getting that the Rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are you getting that the Rabbit
+doesn't have by having frontal eyes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have by having frontal eyes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have by having frontal eyes yeah
+now said that the more factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lower the food yeah the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the food yeah the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the food yeah the the
+distinction is uh it's not perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is uh it's not perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is uh it's not perfect but
+um it's prey animals who have the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's prey animals who have the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's prey animals who have the eyes
+on the side of their heads and predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of their heads and predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of their heads and predators
+who have eyes in the front of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have eyes in the front of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have eyes in the front of their
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+um and uh the the logic for prey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the the logic for prey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the the logic for prey is
+clear enough I mean the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough I mean the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough I mean the problem with
+being prey is that somebody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prey is that somebody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prey is that somebody wants to
+prey on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey on you
+um and they like do unfair things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they like do unfair things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they like do unfair things like
+sneak up behind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak up behind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak up behind you
+um so if you can see behind you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you can see behind you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you can see behind you you have
+a certain Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain Advantage
+um going for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going for you
+um if you've got two detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got two detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got two detectors
+looking at the same thing particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same thing particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same thing particularly
+for instance in dim light you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in dim light you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in dim light you can do
+better than if you have only one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if you have only one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than if you have only one so
+predators have uh two forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators have uh two forward-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators have uh two forward-looking
+eyes to bring two detectors basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to bring two detectors basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to bring two detectors basically to
+bear on on the same thing and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear on on the same thing and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear on on the same thing and you get
+stereo out of the deal and you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo out of the deal and you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo out of the deal and you know all
+sorts of Handy stuff like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of Handy stuff like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of Handy stuff like that but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but you are you should you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you are you should you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you are you should you should be
+happy to know that you're high on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to know that you're high on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to know that you're high on the
+food chain at least by the placement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food chain at least by the placement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food chain at least by the placement of
+your your eyes now I don't think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your eyes now I don't think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your eyes now I don't think you can
+go further with this and say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with this and say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with this and say that the
+the people would they'll narrowly placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would they'll narrowly placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people would they'll narrowly placed
+eyes are way high up on the food chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that I don't think that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question Once Upon a Time also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question Once Upon a Time also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question Once Upon a Time also said
+something about motion right where who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about motion right where who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about motion right where who
+who asked that question what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asked that question what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who asked that question what was the
+motion part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you asked about motion parallax but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked about motion parallax but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked about motion parallax but the
+original question here was depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question here was depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question here was depth
+perception and motion of how does motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and motion of how does motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and motion of how does motion
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+their stuff moves and no the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff moves and no the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff moves and no the important
+thing about the well there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the well there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the well there are a couple
+of important things to remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important things to remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important things to remember about
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+um and I can't remember which of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I can't remember which of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I can't remember which of them
+are actually discussed extensively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually discussed extensively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually discussed extensively in
+the book uh well I remember one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book uh well I remember one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book uh well I remember one bit
+that's discussed in the book one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussed in the book one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussed in the book one thing
+is that it's another case where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's another case where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's another case where you have
+to worry about ambiguities right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about ambiguities right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about ambiguities right if
+you've got oh yes this is discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got oh yes this is discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got oh yes this is discussed in
+the book I just remembered oh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book I just remembered oh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book I just remembered oh I just
+remembered all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered all sorts of things
+um which I shouldn't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I shouldn't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I shouldn't remember
+um anyway if you've got a a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving
+so you're you're looking at this line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're looking at this line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're looking at this line so
+you got a little little here imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a little little here imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a little little here imagine
+this is the receptive field of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the receptive field of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the receptive field of a cell
+it's behaving like a little aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's behaving like a little aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's behaving like a little aperture
+basically and and this thing is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and and this thing is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and and this thing is moving
+well maybe it's moving like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's moving like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's moving like that
+or maybe it's moving like this or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's moving like this or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's moving like this or maybe
+it's moving like this if all you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving like this if all you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving like this if all you can see
+is this little bit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this little bit of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this little bit of it
+you can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell
+um which direction it's moving I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which direction it's moving I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which direction it's moving I mean
+you can narrow it down to within 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can narrow it down to within 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can narrow it down to within 180
+degrees it's not going that way but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees it's not going that way but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees it's not going that way but you
+can't tell if this is a contour sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell if this is a contour sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell if this is a contour sliding
+up like that sliding down like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that sliding down like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like that sliding down like that
+moving across like that you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving across like that you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving across like that you see the
+problem it's known as the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's known as the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's known as the aperture
+problem the example that is in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the example that is in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the example that is in the book
+is the so-called barber pole illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called barber pole illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called barber pole illusion
+where you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you've got a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+that oops I need to make these exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops I need to make these exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oops I need to make these exactly
+the same here let's see if we can manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here let's see if we can manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here let's see if we can manage
+to make them exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay they're all more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay they're all more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay they're all more or less the
+same orientation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it's gonna be a messy picture oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's gonna be a messy picture oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's gonna be a messy picture oh well
+anyway what I'm going to do is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what I'm going to do is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what I'm going to do is I'm going
+to have all these guys moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all these guys moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all these guys moving
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the uh to their orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to their orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to their orientation
+but what will happen let's redraw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will happen let's redraw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will happen let's redraw this
+guy up here is that this thing if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy up here is that this thing if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy up here is that this thing if these
+guys are all actually moving like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all actually moving like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are all actually moving like that
+behind a horizontal aperture it'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a horizontal aperture it'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a horizontal aperture it'll look
+like it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's moving
+along the aperture that way and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the aperture that way and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the aperture that way and these
+guys will look like they're moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will look like they're moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will look like they're moving down
+and the reason is that you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that you're using the
+little end points to disambiguate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing is moving well that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is moving well that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is moving well that if if
+this thing is sliding however it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is sliding however it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is sliding however it's
+sliding along these little end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding along these little end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding along these little end points
+are going to all be moving like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to all be moving like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to all be moving like this
+and so I'm going to guess that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to guess that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to guess that the
+overall motion is a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall motion is a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall motion is a long
+and these little end points are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these little end points are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these little end points are all
+going to be moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be moving down
+so I'm gonna guess that it's moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna guess that it's moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna guess that it's moving down
+the important Point here the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important Point here the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important Point here the general
+point so if this doesn't make sense go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if this doesn't make sense go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if this doesn't make sense go
+back and look at the example the barber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the example the barber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the example the barber
+pole illusion example that I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole illusion example that I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole illusion example that I remember
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+in the book The important point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book The important point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book The important point is that
+you're making an inference about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making an inference about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making an inference about motion
+because little local bits of motion are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because little local bits of motion are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because little local bits of motion are
+inherently ambiguous you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently ambiguous you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently ambiguous you have to
+disambiguate it the other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate it the other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate it the other thing to
+remember about motion is that nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about motion is that nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about motion is that nothing
+actually needs to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs to move
+then nothing needs to move part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing needs to move part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing needs to move part is the
+reason you can see movies and cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can see movies and cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can see movies and cartoons
+are the clearest example of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the clearest example of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the clearest example of this but
+movies in general you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in general you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in general you know
+are a series of discrete frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a series of discrete frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a series of discrete frames
+and if I show you this this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I show you this this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I show you this this this this
+this your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your
+um uh that's called apparent motion what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's called apparent motion what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's called apparent motion what
+you will see is a nice smooth motion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is a nice smooth motion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is a nice smooth motion as
+you basically interpolate the motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically interpolate the motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically interpolate the motion in
+between in fact if I flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in fact if I flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in fact if I flash
+um a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a
+light here and a light here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here and a light here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here and a light here
+you will see that light you will swear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that light you will swear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that light you will swear
+up and down if I get the timing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down if I get the timing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down if I get the timing right
+that you see the light here move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the light here move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the light here move through
+space to here even though there's no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to here even though there's no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to here even though there's no you
+know there's never any light at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's never any light at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's never any light at this
+point you'll still see you you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you'll still see you you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you'll still see you you will see
+your your inference in that case I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your inference in that case I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your inference in that case I just
+heard a nice talk on Friday by a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a nice talk on Friday by a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a nice talk on Friday by a woman
+who's uh whose Fame is based in part on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's uh whose Fame is based in part on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's uh whose Fame is based in part on
+discovering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that if you start making these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start making these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start making these sort of
+pictures with human bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with human bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with human bodies
+that the system knows how human bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system knows how human bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system knows how human bodies
+work and so let's see can I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so let's see can I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so let's see can I make a
+motion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that
+works if I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if I go from
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+oh what's a good motion that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's a good motion that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's a good motion that doesn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+if I if I do this to something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I do this to something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I do this to something like that
+the shortest path from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from here to here
+would be some weird path through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some weird path through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some weird path through my
+upper arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper arm
+but the the more reasonable thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the more reasonable thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the more reasonable thing would
+be a swooping thing like that and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a swooping thing like that and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a swooping thing like that and you'll
+actually see the one that that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the one that that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the one that that makes
+biomechanical sense is what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomechanical sense is what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomechanical sense is what she
+discovered that that you you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that that you you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that that you you know how
+bodies move you do it with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies move you do it with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies move you do it with something
+where you don't know it'll go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't know it'll go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't know it'll go for the
+shortest path but if you use the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path but if you use the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path but if you use the human
+body where you know a lot about it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body where you know a lot about it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body where you know a lot about it it
+will go for the uh the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go for the uh the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go for the uh the shortest path
+um how are we doing here I see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are we doing here I see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how are we doing here I see another
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+yes that would be yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overshadowing so overshadowing is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshadowing so overshadowing is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshadowing so overshadowing is is a
+conditioning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Paradigm where so if I if I ring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm where so if I if I ring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm where so if I if I ring a
+little bell and I feed you ring a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bell and I feed you ring a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bell and I feed you ring a bell
+feed you ring a bell feed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed you ring a bell feed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed you ring a bell feed you
+um you'll still you'll salivate when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll still you'll salivate when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll still you'll salivate when I
+ring the bell right that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the bell right that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the bell right that's just the
+Pavlov's dog thing if I show if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov's dog thing if I show if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov's dog thing if I show if I have a
+compound event bright light Little Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound event bright light Little Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound event bright light Little Bell
+food bright light Little Bell food even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food bright light Little Bell food even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food bright light Little Bell food even
+though that's the same little bell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's the same little bell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's the same little bell that
+we had before now you'll only learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before now you'll only learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before now you'll only learn the
+association between the light and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between the light and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between the light and the
+food because the light has overshadowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food because the light has overshadowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food because the light has overshadowed
+the Bell you're noticing the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell you're noticing the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell you're noticing the most
+Salient uh relationship you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient uh relationship you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient uh relationship you don't
+necessarily notice the important one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily notice the important one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily notice the important one now
+one an interesting example of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an interesting example of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an interesting example of this it
+suddenly occurs to me is I we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly occurs to me is I we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly occurs to me is I we talked
+about taste diversions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taste diversions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taste diversions right
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+where if you eat something and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you eat something and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you eat something and then
+throw up you won't eat that thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up you won't eat that thing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up you won't eat that thing again
+but the definition of what that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the definition of what that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the definition of what that thing is
+is subject to uh to Great overshadowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to uh to Great overshadowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to uh to Great overshadowing
+effects and the great example is alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the great example is alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the great example is alcohol
+these sensory effects of alcohol are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sensory effects of alcohol are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sensory effects of alcohol are
+minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal
+doesn't taste like much so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't taste like much so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't taste like much so if you have
+um you know vodka mixed with orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know vodka mixed with orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know vodka mixed with orange
+juice drink enough of it to get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice drink enough of it to get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice drink enough of it to get sick
+what you will develop an aversion to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will develop an aversion to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will develop an aversion to is
+the orange juice because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange juice because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orange juice because it's the
+Salient sensory stimulus and the alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient sensory stimulus and the alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient sensory stimulus and the alcohol
+will be overshadowed so that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be overshadowed so that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be overshadowed so that's a nice
+practical example of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example of uh
+um of overshadowing so who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of overshadowing so who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of overshadowing so who's who's
+sitting here monitoring the game on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here monitoring the game on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here monitoring the game on
+there on on their something what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on on their something what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on on their something what's the
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well that's not good either right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not good either right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not good either right
+4-3 Yankees bottom of the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh now blocking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now blocking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now blocking is
+I know the answer and how am I gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the answer and how am I gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the answer and how am I gonna
+not managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not managed to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+confuse the issue if if I go bell tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the issue if if I go bell tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the issue if if I go bell tone
+bell tone bell tone bell tone establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell tone bell tone bell tone establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell tone bell tone bell tone establish
+a connection between Bell and tone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection between Bell and tone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection between Bell and tone and
+now I introduce a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I introduce a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I introduce a light
+light and bell tone light and bell tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bell tone light and bell tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and bell tone light and bell tone
+you don't learn the light Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't learn the light Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't learn the light Association
+it's been blocked by the pre-existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been blocked by the pre-existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been blocked by the pre-existing
+connection to the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the tone
+so the the diff the critical difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the diff the critical difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the diff the critical difference
+is the way it's built up that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way it's built up that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way it's built up that in in the
+case of overshadowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of overshadowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of overshadowing
+um these two things show up sort of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two things show up sort of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two things show up sort of at
+the same time for the first time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time for the first time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time for the first time and the
+Salient one overshadows the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient one overshadows the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient one overshadows the second one
+in the blocking case what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocking case what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blocking case what you already
+know keeps you from learning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know keeps you from learning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know keeps you from learning something
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+yes that that work well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can memories be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can memories be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can memories be what
+oh distorted all sorts of ways many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh distorted all sorts of ways many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh distorted all sorts of ways many of
+which you might discover on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might discover on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might discover on on the
+midterm right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+memories get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories get uh
+get distorted by things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distorted by things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distorted by things like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh your pre-existing biases if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh your pre-existing biases if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh your pre-existing biases if you
+if you think you know something remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you know something remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think you know something remember
+so remember that part of the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that part of the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that part of the way that
+things get into memory is by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get into memory is by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get into memory is by making
+association with stuff that's already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association with stuff that's already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association with stuff that's already in
+there that's the idea that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the idea that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the idea that you don't
+need to rehearse material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to rehearse material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to rehearse material
+um for instance if you've got some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for instance if you've got some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for instance if you've got some way
+of chunking it automatically and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chunking it automatically and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chunking it automatically and getting
+it in there based on what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there based on what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in there based on what you already
+know so if you already know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if you already know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if you already know something
+that's that that's biased or bogus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's biased or bogus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's biased or bogus or
+something like that that can distort a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that can distort a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that can distort a
+memory I can distort memory after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I can distort memory after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I can distort memory after the
+fact by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by
+um giving you new information that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um giving you new information that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um giving you new information that that
+uh interferes with it in some fashion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interferes with it in some fashion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interferes with it in some fashion so
+that's the example from the Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the example from the Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the example from the Elizabeth
+Loftus experiments of you see a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loftus experiments of you see a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loftus experiments of you see a car
+running a yield sign you're told later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a yield sign you're told later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a yield sign you're told later
+that it was a stop sign and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a stop sign and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a stop sign and you
+subsequently subsequently come to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently subsequently come to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently subsequently come to think
+it was a stop sign even if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a stop sign even if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a stop sign even if that
+information is marked as false in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is marked as false in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is marked as false in some
+fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+um you can how you're asked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can how you're asked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can how you're asked about it
+that's another Loftus example how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another Loftus example how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another Loftus example how you're
+asked about a memory can distort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about a memory can distort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about a memory can distort the
+memory if I asked you did the car smash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory if I asked you did the car smash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory if I asked you did the car smash
+into the truck you'll have that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the truck you'll have that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the truck you'll have that car
+moving faster than if I say did that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster than if I say did that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster than if I say did that car
+bump into the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump into the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump into the truck
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I know I should be able to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I should be able to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I should be able to generate a
+whole bunch of other great examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of other great examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of other great examples here
+uh well I mean they're they're ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I mean they're they're ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I mean they're they're ways to
+distort it by uh you know knocking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort it by uh you know knocking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort it by uh you know knocking you
+on the head and things like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head and things like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head and things like that I
+suppose I could come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I could come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I could come up with a
+collection of physiological techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of physiological techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of physiological techniques
+for distorting memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for distorting memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for distorting memory
+um what am I forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what am I forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what am I forgetting
+yes of my school I'm forgetting that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of my school I'm forgetting that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of my school I'm forgetting that I
+dropped the stick no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the stick no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the stick no
+no you didn't say anything you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you didn't say anything you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you didn't say anything you just
+waved your I thought you were you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved your I thought you were you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved your I thought you were you were
+you were bidding on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were bidding on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were bidding on that one
+who can think of any other great memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can think of any other great memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can think of any other great memory
+distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+oh oh there there are other distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh there there are other distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh there there are other distortions
+of memory I don't know if it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory I don't know if it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory I don't know if it's less
+active but people forget the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active but people forget the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active but people forget the source of
+of uh the the source of memory comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the source of memory comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the source of memory comes
+disentangled from the actual memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangled from the actual memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangled from the actual memory so
+they they're the one example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're the one example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're the one example of that is
+so-called Crypt Amnesia where you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Crypt Amnesia where you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Crypt Amnesia where you think
+an idea was yours and it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea was yours and it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea was yours and it was really
+somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your affective state will influence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your affective state will influence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your affective state will influence is
+that sort of a special case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a special case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a special case of the
+biased example but if you're in a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased example but if you're in a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased example but if you're in a bad
+mood what you recover tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood what you recover tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood what you recover tends to be
+different than if you were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than if you were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than if you were in a
+now good mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now good mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now good mood
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I can this is this is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can this is this is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can this is this is a beautiful
+example of the of the phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the of the phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the of the phenomenon that
+that will undoubtedly afflict some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will undoubtedly afflict some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will undoubtedly afflict some of
+you at some point during the exam I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at some point during the exam I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at some point during the exam I can
+see my handout where it had listed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my handout where it had listed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my handout where it had listed about
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+you know ways that memories can be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ways that memories can be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ways that memories can be you
+know five problems with retrieval or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five problems with retrieval or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five problems with retrieval or
+something like that and I can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and I can't quite
+read them off the uh uh off of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them off the uh uh off of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them off the uh uh off of that
+um that image so I've got this feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that image so I've got this feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that image so I've got this feeling
+I'm forgetting a couple of them in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completely false memories that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely false memories that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely false memories that are
+generated by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by um
+uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by
+uh in in the example that you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the example that you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the example that you're you're
+giving is a yet another clever Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving is a yet another clever Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving is a yet another clever Liz
+Loftus experiment where what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loftus experiment where what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loftus experiment where what you're
+doing is somebody your brother says to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is somebody your brother says to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is somebody your brother says to
+you do you remember being lost in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you remember being lost in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you remember being lost in the in
+the shopping mall you recover a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shopping mall you recover a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shopping mall you recover a memory
+that you think feels like a real memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think feels like a real memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think feels like a real memory
+but it's not a real memory it's a Memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a real memory it's a Memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a real memory it's a Memory
+based on your schema a good term from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your schema a good term from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your schema a good term from
+one of the chapters in there your schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chapters in there your schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chapters in there your schema
+of what being lost in a mall would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what being lost in a mall would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what being lost in a mall would be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um this is how uh most cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is how uh most cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is how uh most cognitive science
+sorts understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts understand
+um alien possession narratives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alien possession narratives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alien possession narratives
+right there are some people who firmly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are some people who firmly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are some people who firmly
+believe that there are guys coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are guys coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there are guys coming down
+from outer space and taking people up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outer space and taking people up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outer space and taking people up
+into their spaceship and probing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their spaceship and probing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their spaceship and probing them
+with interesting instruments and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interesting instruments and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interesting instruments and stuff
+like that and you know maybe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you know maybe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you know maybe there are
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um more the the mainstream cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more the the mainstream cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more the the mainstream cognitive
+science thought on this would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science thought on this would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science thought on this would be that
+this is an example of a false memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a false memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a false memory and
+the reason there's a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason there's a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason there's a degree of
+consistency there is that people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency there is that people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency there is that people know
+the story they know you know from I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story they know you know from I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story they know you know from I I
+don't know how much supermarket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how much supermarket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how much supermarket
+tabloid viewing you do but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabloid viewing you do but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabloid viewing you do but you know
+every every so often there's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every so often there's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every so often there's a picture
+of an alien coming down to talk to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an alien coming down to talk to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an alien coming down to talk to uh to
+uh to the current president I remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the current president I remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the current president I remember a
+particularly nice picture of an alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice picture of an alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice picture of an alien
+talking to Bill Clinton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Bill Clinton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Bill Clinton
+um and they always look the same they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they always look the same they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they always look the same they
+got the sort of smooth oblong kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the sort of smooth oblong kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the sort of smooth oblong kind of
+head with the big eyes and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head with the big eyes and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head with the big eyes and stuff like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and people know you know flying saucers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people know you know flying saucers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people know you know flying saucers
+smooth kind of aliens they poke you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth kind of aliens they poke you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth kind of aliens they poke you with
+stuff and probably do weird sexual kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and probably do weird sexual kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and probably do weird sexual kinds
+of things for whatever they're weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things for whatever they're weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things for whatever they're weird
+alien purposes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien purposes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien purposes are
+um and and they and people firmly come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and they and people firmly come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and they and people firmly come
+to believe that they have had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that they have had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe that they have had that
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+um if it ever turns out that aliens do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it ever turns out that aliens do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it ever turns out that aliens do
+look like that we may have to revise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that we may have to revise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that we may have to revise the
+cognitive science take on this but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science take on this but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science take on this but in
+the meantime it's it's a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime it's it's a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime it's it's a sort of a
+common shared story to all appearances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common shared story to all appearances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common shared story to all appearances
+well all right that's a bunch of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right that's a bunch of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right that's a bunch of good
+ways that you can distort memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can distort memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can distort memory and
+there's that great hand out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that great hand out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that great hand out there
+somewhere to give you the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to give you the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to give you the rest of them
+if we forgot one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we forgot one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we forgot one of them
+think it's time to go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's time to go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's time to go home
+it's a game over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Drive reduction theory is is is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Drive reduction theory is is is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Drive reduction theory is is is a a
+general uh class of motivation theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh class of motivation theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh class of motivation theories
+that say you've got a a set of drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say you've got a a set of drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say you've got a a set of drives
+some of them basically is sort of innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them basically is sort of innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them basically is sort of innate
+basic drives like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic drives like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic drives like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know hunger Hunger is unpleasant why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hunger Hunger is unpleasant why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hunger Hunger is unpleasant why
+do you do uh you know why do you do food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do uh you know why do you do food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do uh you know why do you do food
+kind of things you do it to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you do it to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you do it to reduce your
+hunger drive it feels bad uh sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger drive it feels bad uh sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger drive it feels bad uh sexual
+deprivation feels unpleasant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation feels unpleasant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprivation feels unpleasant you know
+why do you engage in mating behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you engage in mating behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you engage in mating behavior
+well because you want to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you want to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you want to get rid of that
+that's you want to reduce that drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you want to reduce that drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you want to reduce that drive the
+um the counter example to it is perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the counter example to it is perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the counter example to it is perhaps
+more interesting than at your drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than at your drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than at your drive
+reduction theory you get to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction theory you get to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction theory you get to a certain
+distance but um the things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but um the things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but um the things that it
+doesn't explain is why you would go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain is why you would go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't explain is why you would go and
+eat something when you weren't hungry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat something when you weren't hungry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat something when you weren't hungry or
+why you might go out hunting for food if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might go out hunting for food if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might go out hunting for food if
+you're you know a leopard or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know a leopard or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know a leopard or whatever
+before you get hungry and there you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get hungry and there you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get hungry and there you get
+the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of
+um competitive behaviors behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um competitive behaviors behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um competitive behaviors behaviors that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+rewarding even though they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding even though they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding even though they are not
+reducing a drive in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing a drive in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing a drive in the case of
+repetitive uh hunting Behavior it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive uh hunting Behavior it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive uh hunting Behavior it the
+the logic is that you want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic is that you want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic is that you want to get the
+leopard out there hunting before he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leopard out there hunting before he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leopard out there hunting before he's
+really hungry because otherwise he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hungry because otherwise he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hungry because otherwise he's
+going to run out of gas before he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of gas before he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of gas before he gets
+to catch the gazelle or something he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the gazelle or something he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the gazelle or something he's
+got to be out there while he's still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be out there while he's still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be out there while he's still got
+enough food reserves that that he can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough food reserves that that he can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough food reserves that that he can go
+and uh it's a it's a way of organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's a it's a way of organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's a it's a way of organizing
+more complicated behaviors so Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated behaviors so Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated behaviors so Drive
+reduction is a good place to start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is a good place to start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is a good place to start and
+then if you're really going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're really going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're really going to start
+explaining why complex organisms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why complex organisms do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why complex organisms do
+things you sort of have to go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you sort of have to go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you sort of have to go beyond
+go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond that
+to Yankee reduction theory anything yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Yankee reduction theory anything yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Yankee reduction theory anything yeah
+anything happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything happening here
+we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+no no no it's still four three bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's still four three bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no it's still four three bottom of
+the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right well everybody can make a run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well everybody can make a run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well everybody can make a run
+for it and catch the uh catch the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and catch the uh catch the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and catch the uh catch the bottom
+of the night if you suddenly remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night if you suddenly remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night if you suddenly remember
+more questions you can send email post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions you can send email post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions you can send email post
+them to the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the website
+good luck we'll see you uh I won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck we'll see you uh I won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck we'll see you uh I won't see
+you but I'll hear all about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I'll hear all about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I'll hear all about it
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lEnolaQmkMw.txt b/lEnolaQmkMw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1ca4108eae922d411a72590f2fd6e8879f59523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lEnolaQmkMw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements let's summarize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements let's summarize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements let's summarize what
+we've learned so far about the old staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far about the old staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far about the old staff
+and how they can be used in our concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they can be used in our concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they can be used in our concept
+of stellar archaeology to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stellar archaeology to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stellar archaeology to understand
+what happened soon after the Big Bang in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened soon after the Big Bang in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened soon after the Big Bang in
+terms of the chemical and Richmond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the chemical and Richmond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the chemical and Richmond and
+chemical evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have old stars and we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have old stars and we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have old stars and we call them
+metal-poor and there are our tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal-poor and there are our tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal-poor and there are our tool that
+our tool to study the early universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these stars are long-lived so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stars are long-lived so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stars are long-lived so they have
+a low-mass something like 0.62 open each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-mass something like 0.62 open each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low-mass something like 0.62 open each
+solar masses and that means that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar masses and that means that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar masses and that means that have
+lifetimes of 15 to 20 billion years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of 15 to 20 billion years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of 15 to 20 billion years and
+that means that they are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they are still
+observable and that is very lucky for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and that is very lucky for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable and that is very lucky for us
+and they are not just observable they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not just observable they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not just observable they're
+you know actually fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually fairly easily
+observable because they're they're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable because they're they're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable because they're they're now
+located in the Milky Way let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the Milky Way let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the Milky Way let's look at
+this again so this is very quick drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again so this is very quick drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again so this is very quick drawing
+of our Milky Way this is the Bulge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Milky Way this is the Bulge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Milky Way this is the Bulge the
+inner part of our galaxy with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part of our galaxy with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner part of our galaxy with a
+supermassive black hole and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermassive black hole and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermassive black hole and in the
+center and this here actually two disks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and this here actually two disks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and this here actually two disks
+so this is the disk and we are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the disk and we are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the disk and we are about
+here 2/3 on the way out and the Bulge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2/3 on the way out and the Bulge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2/3 on the way out and the Bulge
+contains a lot of young stars there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of young stars there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of young stars there's a
+lot of gas which means you have formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gas which means you have formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gas which means you have formed a
+lot of stars which means you make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stars which means you make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stars which means you make a lot
+of elements and four more stars so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements and four more stars so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements and four more stars so the
+Bulge is very metal rich and the disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulge is very metal rich and the disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulge is very metal rich and the disk
+here is not not quite as metal rich but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not not quite as metal rich but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not not quite as metal rich but
+still pretty pretty enriched and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty pretty enriched and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty pretty enriched and now
+this is not the only part of our galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the only part of our galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the only part of our galaxy
+this is just the most visible part maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the most visible part maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the most visible part maybe
+the Milky Way band on the night sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Milky Way band on the night sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Milky Way band on the night sky
+that's when you look into the spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you look into the spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you look into the spiral
+arms that make up the disk but we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms that make up the disk but we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms that make up the disk but we look
+in a different place for the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different place for the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different place for the all the
+stars because they are kind of located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars because they are kind of located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars because they are kind of located
+up here and below the disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and below the disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and below the disk
+in something that's called the halo it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's called the halo it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's called the halo it's
+actually much larger than what I'm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much larger than what I'm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much larger than what I'm what
+I'm drawing right now and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing right now and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing right now and so that's
+called a halo of the disk it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a halo of the disk it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a halo of the disk it's a
+spherical envelope of this disk here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical envelope of this disk here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical envelope of this disk here and
+all the old stuff is parked there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the old stuff is parked there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the old stuff is parked there it's
+bit of a junkyard yeah junkyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a junkyard yeah junkyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a junkyard yeah junkyard
+because when a galaxy forms you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when a galaxy forms you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when a galaxy forms you have
+small systems that actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems that actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small systems that actually come
+together and form a bigger system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and form a bigger system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and form a bigger system and
+then here you have a bigger system too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you have a bigger system too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you have a bigger system too
+and then they come together and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come together and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come together and make it
+an even bigger one so that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even bigger one so that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even bigger one so that's called the
+hierarchical structure formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical structure formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical structure formation
+paradigm I mean so this is the Milky Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm I mean so this is the Milky Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm I mean so this is the Milky Way
+and which means that these little guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which means that these little guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which means that these little guys
+here kind of end up in the outskirts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of end up in the outskirts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here kind of end up in the outskirts or
+at least a good amount of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a good amount of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a good amount of these little
+guys end up in the outskirts but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys end up in the outskirts but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys end up in the outskirts but they
+are completely shredded apart and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely shredded apart and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely shredded apart and what
+is left are all the stars that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left are all the stars that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left are all the stars that have been
+spilled into the Midway and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilled into the Midway and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilled into the Midway and so this is
+how old stars actually get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old stars actually get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old stars actually get into the
+outer in the outer halo of the Midway I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer in the outer halo of the Midway I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer in the outer halo of the Midway I
+should mention here that little dwarf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention here that little dwarf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention here that little dwarf
+galaxies are also actually in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies are also actually in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies are also actually in in the
+halo of the galaxy so they are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halo of the galaxy so they are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halo of the galaxy so they are also
+pretty old so these are entire little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty old so these are entire little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty old so these are entire little
+assistance here that are not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance here that are not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance here that are not completely
+shredded yet so they are just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredded yet so they are just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredded yet so they are just in the
+gravitational field here of the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field here of the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field here of the Milky
+Way in the orbiting around the disk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way in the orbiting around the disk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way in the orbiting around the disk and
+we also have globular clusters these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have globular clusters these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have globular clusters these are
+cluster stars clusters of stars with up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster stars clusters of stars with up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster stars clusters of stars with up
+to a million stars and they are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million stars and they are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million stars and they are also
+located here and here and they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located here and here and they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located here and here and they're also
+really old we don't really know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old we don't really know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really old we don't really know where
+they come from but so the halo contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from but so the halo contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from but so the halo contains
+mostly three things globular clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly three things globular clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly three things globular clusters
+dwarf galaxies they're not lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarf galaxies they're not lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarf galaxies they're not lots of
+and so without telescope we can peek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without telescope we can peek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without telescope we can peek
+from here kind of here up into the halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here kind of here up into the halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here kind of here up into the halo
+and here and observe all the old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here and observe all the old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here and observe all the old stars
+that are in this range so all in all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this range so all in all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in this range so all in all our
+mellow pastas are the local equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellow pastas are the local equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellow pastas are the local equivalent
+to what we call the high redshift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we call the high redshift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we call the high redshift
+universe in a very complimentary way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in a very complimentary way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in a very complimentary way
+both metal posters and the farthest most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both metal posters and the farthest most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both metal posters and the farthest most
+distant galaxies are used to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant galaxies are used to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant galaxies are used to study the
+early universe these faraway galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe these faraway galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early universe these faraway galaxies
+when their light comes to us we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their light comes to us we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their light comes to us we receive
+it from this early time and this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from this early time and this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from this early time and this way we
+can figure out what this galaxy can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what this galaxy can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what this galaxy can tell
+us about the early universe because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the early universe because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the early universe because it
+formed at that early time our mallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed at that early time our mallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed at that early time our mallow
+posters their light hasn't traveled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters their light hasn't traveled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posters their light hasn't traveled for
+a long time it has traveled maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time it has traveled maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time it has traveled maybe just
+from here to to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to to us
+that's a negligible amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a negligible amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a negligible amount of time
+because these stars are today located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these stars are today located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these stars are today located in
+our Milky Way but they are really old we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Milky Way but they are really old we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Milky Way but they are really old we
+see them as as when they are old not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them as as when they are old not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them as as when they are old not as
+when they were young as it's in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were young as it's in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were young as it's in the case
+of these distant galaxies but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these distant galaxies but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these distant galaxies but the fact
+that we see them all doesn't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see them all doesn't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see them all doesn't doesn't
+matter to us because these stars don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to us because these stars don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to us because these stars don't
+get wrinkly or anything they just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrinkly or anything they just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrinkly or anything they just sit
+there and they're just waiting for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they're just waiting for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they're just waiting for us to
+to observe them and as we will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe them and as we will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to observe them and as we will see in
+the following these stars are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following these stars are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following these stars are really
+undisturbed and and they just look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undisturbed and and they just look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undisturbed and and they just look like
+today they look like just what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they look like just what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they look like just what they did
+13 billion years ago so that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 billion years ago so that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 billion years ago so that's a huge
+advantage for us and of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage for us and of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage for us and of course we're
+we're gonna we're gonna make use of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna make use of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna make use of it
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lMFgfqRZYoc.txt b/lMFgfqRZYoc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49a555f356e830cadc188b029ab1cfa83b9b6782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lMFgfqRZYoc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+today we're going to just continue what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to just continue what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to just continue what
+Alan Adams was doing his away in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Adams was doing his away in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Adams was doing his away in in a
+trip in Europe so he asked me to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip in Europe so he asked me to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip in Europe so he asked me to give
+the lecture today and uh we'll just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today and uh we'll just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today and uh we'll just uh
+follow what he's uh told me to do uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what he's uh told me to do uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what he's uh told me to do uh he
+was sort of sad to give me this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of sad to give me this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of sad to give me this lecture
+because one of the most interesting ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the most interesting ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the most interesting ones
+is the one where you get to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where you get to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where you get to see the
+shredding their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding their
+equation uh but anyway had to be away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh but anyway had to be away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh but anyway had to be away so
+um we'll do it here um he also told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll do it here um he also told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll do it here um he also told me
+to take off my shoes but I won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh let's let's go ahead so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's go ahead so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's go ahead so what do we
+have so far it's going to be a a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far it's going to be a a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so far it's going to be a a list of
+items that we have uh and um what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that we have uh and um what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that we have uh and um what have
+we learned we know that uh particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned we know that uh particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned we know that uh particles or
+systems are governed by wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+described by wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave
+functions wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and those are s of X at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and those are s of X at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and those are s of X at this
+moment and these are complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and these are complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and these are complex numbers
+belong to the complex numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the complex numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the complex numbers and
+they're continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous and
+normalizable their derivatives need not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable their derivatives need not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable their derivatives need not
+be continuous but the wave function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous but the wave function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous but the wave function has
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+continuous it should be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous it should be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous it should be also
+normalizable and those are two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and those are two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and those are two important
+properties of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of it
+continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalizable second there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable second there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable second there is a
+probability associated with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with this thing
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+probability is described by this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is described by this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is described by this special
+P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of
+X and given that X is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and given that X is a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and given that X is a continuous
+variable you can't say well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you can't say well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you can't say well what is the
+probability that the particle is just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the particle is just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the particle is just at
+this point it would be zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it would be zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point it would be zero in
+General uh you have to ask typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh you have to ask typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh you have to ask typically
+what's the probability that I find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I find it in
+a range is any continuous variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range is any continuous variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range is any continuous variable
+that's postulated to be given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's postulated to be given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's postulated to be given by the
+square of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the wave
+function and DX third their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition of allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so particles can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so particles can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so particles can be in
+superposition so a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition so a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition so a wave function that
+depends of X May quickly or generally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends of X May quickly or generally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends of X May quickly or generally be
+given as a superposition of two wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and this is seen in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this is seen in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and this is seen in many ways
+you had this box as a particle with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had this box as a particle with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had this box as a particle with a
+superposition at top and side and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition at top and side and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition at top and side and hard
+and soft and Photon superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soft and Photon superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soft and Photon superposition of
+linearly polarized here or that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized here or that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized here or that way
+that's always possible to explain now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always possible to explain now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always possible to explain now in
+addition to this to motivate the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this to motivate the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this to motivate the next
+one we talk about relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we talk about relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we talk about relations between
+operators uh there was an obstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators uh there was an obstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators uh there was an obstruction
+going on in this lecture in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this lecture in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this lecture in the previous
+uh in this course in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course in the previous
+lectures in which the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in which the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in which the idea of the
+momentum of a particle became that of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle became that of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle became that of an
+operator on the wave function so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the wave function so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the wave function so we've
+been so as an aside uh operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so as an aside uh operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so as an aside uh operators
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+mum we have that the momentum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mum we have that the momentum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mum we have that the momentum of a
+particle has been associated with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has been associated with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has been associated with an
+operator H bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator H bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator H bar over I
+DDX now two things here I my taste I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX now two things here I my taste I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX now two things here I my taste I
+like to put H bar over I Allan likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put H bar over I Allan likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put H bar over I Allan likes to
+put I each bar that's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I each bar that's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put I each bar that's exactly the same
+thing but no minus signs is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but no minus signs is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but no minus signs is a good thing
+in my opinion so uh I avoid them when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion so uh I avoid them when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion so uh I avoid them when
+possible now uh there's DDX here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now uh there's DDX here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now uh there's DDX here it's a
+partial derivative and there seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative and there seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative and there seems to be
+no need for partial derivatives here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need for partial derivatives here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need for partial derivatives here uh
+why partial derivative I only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why partial derivative I only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why partial derivative I only see
+functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+X anybody why yes the complete way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X anybody why yes the complete way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X anybody why yes the complete way
+function also depends on time doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function also depends on time doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function also depends on time doesn't it
+complete the complete wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the complete wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the complete wave function
+depends on time as well yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on time as well yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on time as well yes exactly
+that's where we're going to get to today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to get to today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we're going to get to today
+this is the description of this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the description of this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the description of this particle
+at some instant so we didn't put a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some instant so we didn't put a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some instant so we didn't put a Time
+the time here is implicit it could be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time here is implicit it could be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time here is implicit it could be at
+some time now later sometime but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time now later sometime but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time now later sometime but that's
+all we know so in physics you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know so in physics you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know so in physics you're allowed
+to ask the question well if I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question well if I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question well if I know the
+way function at this time and that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function at this time and that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function at this time and that seems
+to be what I need to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what I need to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be what I need to describe the
+physics what will it be later and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what will it be later and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics what will it be later and later
+time will come in so therefore we stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will come in so therefore we stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will come in so therefore we stick
+to this partial DDX in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this partial DDX in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this partial DDX in
+here all right so how do we use that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so how do we use that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so how do we use that we
+think of this operator as acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this operator as acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this operator as acting on the
+wave functions to give you roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions to give you roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions to give you roughly the
+momentum of the particle and we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle and we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the particle and we've made
+it uh in such a way that when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in such a way that when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh in such a way that when we talk
+about the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the expectation value of the
+momentum the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the expected value of the
+momentum of a particle we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle we compute the
+following quantity we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following quantity we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following quantity we compute the
+integral from minus infinity to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from minus infinity to Infinity
+DX we put the conjugate of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX we put the conjugate of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX we put the conjugate of the wave
+function here and we put the operator H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and we put the operator H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and we put the operator H
+bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over I
+DDX acting on the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that supposed to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that supposed to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that supposed to be sort of
+like saying that this evaluates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying that this evaluates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying that this evaluates the
+momentum of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the wave
+function why is that so it is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function why is that so it is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function why is that so it is because if
+you try to say oh any wave function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to say oh any wave function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to say oh any wave function a
+general wave function need not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general wave function need not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general wave function need not be a
+state in which the particle has definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in which the particle has definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in which the particle has definite
+momentum so I cannot just say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I cannot just say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so I cannot just say the
+momentum of a particle is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a particle is the value of
+this operator on the function because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator on the function because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator on the function because if
+I act with this operator on the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I act with this operator on the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I act with this operator on the function
+on the wave function it might not return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function it might not return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function it might not return
+me the wave function in fact in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the wave function in fact in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the wave function in fact in general
+we've seen that for special wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that for special wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen that for special wave
+functions wave functions of the form SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions wave functions of the form SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions wave functions of the form SI
+a number e to the i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x then P let's think p hat as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then P let's think p hat as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then P let's think p hat as the
+operator on S would be H bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on S would be H bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on S would be H bar over I
+DDX on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX on
+SI gives you what well this H over I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI gives you what well this H over I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI gives you what well this H over I the
+H remains there when you differ it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H remains there when you differ it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H remains there when you differ it with
+respect to X the ik K goes down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X the ik K goes down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X the ik K goes down and the
+I cancel so you get h k times the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cancel so you get h k times the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cancel so you get h k times the same
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function and for this we think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for this we think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for this we think that this
+wave function is a wave function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a wave function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is a wave function with
+momentum HK because if you act with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum HK because if you act with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum HK because if you act with the
+operator p on that wave function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator p on that wave function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator p on that wave function it
+returns for you HK so we think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns for you HK so we think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns for you HK so we think of this
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+has P equal h k h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has P equal h k h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has P equal h k h bar
+k so the thing that we want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so the thing that we want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so the thing that we want to do now is
+make this a little more General this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little more General this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little more General this is
+just talking about momentum but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about momentum but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about momentum but in
+quantum mechanics we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics we're going to have
+all kinds of operators so we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of operators so we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of operators so we need to be
+more General so uh this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General so uh this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General so uh this is going to be
+as Alan calls it a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interlude based on the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlude based on the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlude based on the following
+question what is an operator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is an operator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is an operator and then
+the physics question what do measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics question what do measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics question what do measurable
+things have to do with operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to do with operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to do with operators so
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+operators and measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantities now your view of operators is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now your view of operators is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now your view of operators is
+going to evolve it's going to evolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve it's going to evolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evolve it's going to evolve in
+this course is going to evolve in 805 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is going to evolve in 805 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is going to evolve in 805 it
+probably will continue to evolve so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will continue to evolve so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will continue to evolve so we
+need to think of what operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of what operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of what operators
+are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and
+uh there is a simple way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a simple way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a simple way of thinking of
+operators that is going to be the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that is going to be the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that is going to be the basis
+of much of the intuition it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of much of the intuition it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of much of the intuition it's a
+mathematical way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical way of thinking of
+operators and we will sometimes use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and we will sometimes use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and we will sometimes use it
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+crutch and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutch and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutch and the idea is that
+basically operators are things that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically operators are things that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically operators are things that act
+on objects and scramble them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on objects and scramble them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on objects and scramble them
+so whenever you have an operator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have an operator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have an operator you
+really have to figure out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to figure out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to figure out what are the
+objects you're talking about and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're talking about and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you're talking about and then
+the operator is some instruction on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is some instruction on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is some instruction on how
+to scrumble it scrumble this object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scrumble it scrumble this object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scrumble it scrumble this object so
+for example you have an operator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have an operator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have an operator you
+must say how what it does to any object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say how what it does to any object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must say how what it does to any object
+here the operator acts on the object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the operator acts on the object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the operator acts on the object and
+gives you another object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you another object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you another object
+so in in a picture you have all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in a picture you have all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in a picture you have all kind of
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects
+sets a set of objects and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a set of objects and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets a set of objects and The
+Operators are things you can have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators are things you can have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators are things you can have a list
+of operators and they come here and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators and they come here and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators and they come here and move
+those objects scramble them do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects scramble them do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects scramble them do something
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and we should distinguish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we should distinguish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and we should distinguish them
+because the objects are not operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the objects are not operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the objects are not operators
+and operators are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operators are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operators are not
+objects so what is the simplest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so what is the simplest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so what is the simplest example
+in mathematics of this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics of this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics of this thing is
+vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and
+matrices simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are
+vectors operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors operators are
+matrices and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and how does that
+work well you have a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well you have a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well you have a 2X two
+um the case where you have a set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case where you have a set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the case where you have a set in
+which you have vectors with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have vectors with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have vectors with two
+components so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example a vector that has two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a vector that has two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a vector that has two components
+V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+V2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and the
+matrices this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices this is the
+object and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and The
+Operators a matrix a11 a12 2 a21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators a matrix a11 a12 2 a21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators a matrix a11 a12 2 a21
+a22 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 as a
+operator and M on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and M on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and M on a
+vector is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector if you act with a matrix on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector if you act with a matrix on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector if you act with a matrix on a
+vector this 2x two Matrix on this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this 2x two Matrix on this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this 2x two Matrix on this column
+Vector you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector you get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector you get another
+Vector so that's the simplest example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so that's the simplest example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so that's the simplest example of
+operators acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators acting on
+objects in our case we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in our case we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in our case we're going to talk
+about a more we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a more we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a more we're going to have to
+begin in quantum mechanics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in quantum mechanics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in quantum mechanics we're
+required to begin with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to begin with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to begin with a more
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+one in which the objects are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which the objects are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which the objects are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+objects are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions in fact I will write complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in fact I will write complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in fact I will write complex
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so let's see at the list of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's see at the list of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's see at the list of operators
+and what do the operators do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions so uh what is an operator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so uh what is an operator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so uh what is an operator is a
+rule on how to take any function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule on how to take any function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule on how to take any function and you
+must give a rule on how to obtain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must give a rule on how to obtain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must give a rule on how to obtain from
+that function another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function another
+function so let's start with a examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's start with a examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's start with a examples
+is probably the easiest thing to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the easiest thing to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the easiest thing to do so
+an operator acts on the functions so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator acts on the functions so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator acts on the functions so an
+operator for any function f ofx will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for any function f ofx will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator for any function f ofx will
+give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X and here's operator o we put a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here's operator o we put a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and here's operator o we put a hat
+sometimes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for
+operators so the simplest Operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Operator the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operator the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operator the operator
+one we always mathematicians love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we always mathematicians love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we always mathematicians love to
+begin with trivial examples some example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with trivial examples some example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with trivial examples some example
+don't illustrate anything almost and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't illustrate anything almost and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't illustrate anything almost and and
+just can confuse you many times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can confuse you many times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can confuse you many times but
+actually it's good to get them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good to get them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good to get them out of
+the way so what is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so what is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way so what is the operator
+one one possibility it takes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one possibility it takes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one possibility it takes any
+function and gives you the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and gives you the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and gives you the number
+one do you think that's it who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you think that's it who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do you think that's it who thinks
+it's that's it nobody very good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's it nobody very good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's it nobody very good that
+definitely is a not a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is a not a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is a not a good thing to do
+to give you the number one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the number one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the number one so this
+operator does the following I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator does the following I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator does the following I will write
+it like that the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that the operator
+one takes F ofx and gives you what F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes F ofx and gives you what F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes F ofx and gives you what F ofx
+correct good so it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct good so it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct good so it's a very simple
+operator but it's an operator it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but it's an operator it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but it's an operator it's like
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+Matrix the identity Matrix very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the identity Matrix very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the identity Matrix very good
+there could be a zero operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a zero operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a zero operator that
+gives you nothing and it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you nothing and it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you nothing and it would be the
+zero Matrix so let's write the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Matrix so let's write the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Matrix so let's write the more
+interesting operator the operator d d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting operator the operator d d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting operator the operator d d x
+that's interesting the derivative can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting the derivative can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting the derivative can be
+thought of an oper as an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of an oper as an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of an oper as an operator
+because if you start with f ofx it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start with f ofx it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start with f ofx it gives
+you another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another function
+DDX of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx and that's a rule to get from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and that's a rule to get from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and that's a rule to get from one
+function to another therefore that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to another therefore that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to another therefore that's an
+operator qualifies as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator qualifies as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator qualifies as an
+operator another operator that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator another operator that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator another operator that typically
+can confuse you is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can confuse you is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can confuse you is the operator
+x x an operator what does that mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x an operator what does that mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x an operator what does that mean well
+uh you just have to Define it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just have to Define it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just have to Define it you know
+at this moment it could mean many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment it could mean many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment it could mean many things
+but you will see that what I'll write is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see that what I'll write is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see that what I'll write is
+the only thing that probably makes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that probably makes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that probably makes uh
+some sense so what is the operator X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense so what is the operator X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense so what is the operator X
+well it's the operator that given F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the operator that given F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the operator that given F ofx
+gives you the function x * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the function x * F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the function x * F
+ofx that's that's a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's that's a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's that's a reasonable thing to
+do is multiplying by X it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is multiplying by X it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is multiplying by X it changes the
+function you could Define the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you could Define the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you could Define the operator
+x² that multiplies by x s and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² that multiplies by x s and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² that multiplies by x s and the only
+reasonable thing is to multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing is to multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing is to multiply it by
+you could divide by it and you may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could divide by it and you may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could divide by it and you may need
+to divide by it as well and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by it as well and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by it as well and you could
+Define the operator 1 /x that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the operator 1 /x that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the operator 1 /x that gives you
+the function * 1 /x and we will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function * 1 /x and we will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function * 1 /x and we will need
+that sometime but not now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometime but not now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometime but not now let's see
+another set of operators where we give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of operators where we give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of operators where we give a
+name name it doesn't have a name because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name name it doesn't have a name because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name name it doesn't have a name because
+it's not all that useful in fact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that useful in fact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that useful in fact but
+it's good to illustrate things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to illustrate things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to illustrate things the
+operator S Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator S Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator S Sub
+Q for square s q for the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q for square s q for the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q for square s q for the first two
+letters of the word square that takes F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the word square that takes F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters of the word square that takes F
+ofx into F ofx squar that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx into F ofx squar that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx into F ofx squar that's another
+function you could Define more functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you could Define more functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you could Define more functions
+like that the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the operator
+P 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 42
+that's another silly operator um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another silly operator um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another silly operator um well
+certainly a lot more silly than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot more silly than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a lot more silly than this one
+that's not too bad but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p42 uh takes F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p42 uh takes F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p42 uh takes F
+ofx and gives you the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and gives you the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and gives you the number
+42 times the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 times the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 times the constant
+function so that's a function of X it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's a function of X it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's a function of X it's
+trivial function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial function of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+um now enough examp examples so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now enough examp examples so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now enough examp examples so so you
+get the idea operators Act of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea operators Act of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea operators Act of functions
+and give you functions and we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you functions and we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you functions and we just need
+to Define them and we then we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define them and we then we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define them and we then we know what
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+yes uh is the D Delta an operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh is the D Delta an operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh is the D Delta an operator the
+direct Delta uh well you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct Delta uh well you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct Delta uh well you can think of it
+as an operator uh it's a so it it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an operator uh it's a so it it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an operator uh it's a so it it all
+depends how you define things so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how you define things so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how you define things so how
+could I Define the ra Delta function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I Define the ra Delta function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I Define the ra Delta function to
+be an operator What so Delta of x - A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an operator What so Delta of x - A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an operator What so Delta of x - A
+can I call it the operator Delta hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it the operator Delta hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it the operator Delta hat of
+a well I would have to tell you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I would have to tell you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well I would have to tell you what it
+does on functions and probably I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does on functions and probably I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does on functions and probably I would
+say Delta hat on a on a function of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Delta hat on a on a function of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Delta hat on a on a function of X is
+equal to Delta of x - A * the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Delta of x - A * the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Delta of x - A * the function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X and that's it it's an operator now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's it it's an operator now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's it it's an operator now the
+question is really is it a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is really is it a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is really is it a useful
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and sometimes it will be useful uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it will be useful uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it will be useful uh in
+fact um this is a more General case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um this is a more General case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um this is a more General case of
+another operator and maybe I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another operator and maybe I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another operator and maybe I could
+Define o sub f o sub h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define o sub f o sub h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define o sub f o sub h of
+X is the operator that takes F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the operator that takes F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is the operator that takes F
+ofx into h of X time F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx so that would be a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so that would be a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so that would be a another
+operator now there's op there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now there's op there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now there's op there are
+operators that are particularly nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are particularly nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are particularly nice and
+there are the so-called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the so-called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the so-called linear
+operators so what is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so what is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so what is a linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+um is one that respects superposition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one that respects superposition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one that respects superposition so
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+respects superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh hat is
+linear o hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear o hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear o hat is
+linear is a linear operator if oh hat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear is a linear operator if oh hat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear is a linear operator if oh hat on
+a * F ofx + B * G of X does what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * F ofx + B * G of X does what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * F ofx + B * G of X does what you
+would imagine it should do it acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine it should do it acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine it should do it acts on
+the first and it acts on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and it acts on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and it acts on the second
+acting on the first the number goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the first the number goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the first the number goes out
+and it doesn't do anything say on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't do anything say on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't do anything say on the
+number it's linear it's part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's linear it's part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's linear it's part of that
+idea and it gives you o on f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it gives you o on f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it gives you o on f
+ofx plus b * o on G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx plus b * o on G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx plus b * o on G of
+X so your operator may be linear or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so your operator may be linear or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so your operator may be linear or it
+may not be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we have to just test them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have to just test them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have to just test them and you
+would imagine that we can decide that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine that we can decide that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine that we can decide that of
+the list of operators that we have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of operators that we have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of operators that we have let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+DDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+um how much which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much which one
+SQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQ
+p42 and uh o sub h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X let's see let's vote on each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's see let's vote on each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's see let's vote on each one
+whether it's linear or not a a shouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's linear or not a a shouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's linear or not a a shouting
+match whether I hear a stronger yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match whether I hear a stronger yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match whether I hear a stronger yes or
+no okay one is a linear operator yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay one is a linear operator yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay one is a linear operator yes yes
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+yes all right DDX linear yes yes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right DDX linear yes yes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right DDX linear yes yes good
+that's strong enough don't need to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strong enough don't need to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's strong enough don't need to hear
+the other one X had linear operator yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one X had linear operator yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one X had linear operator yes
+or no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no yes
+good squaring linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good squaring linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good squaring linear operator
+no no no way it could be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no way it could be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no way it could be a linear
+operator if it just doesn't happen uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator if it just doesn't happen uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator if it just doesn't happen uh if
+you have SQ on F + G it would be F + G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have SQ on F + G it would be F + G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have SQ on F + G it would be F + G
+SAR which is F2 + g^ 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR which is F2 + g^ 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR which is F2 + g^ 2 plus
+unfortunately to FG and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately to FG and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately to FG and you know this
+thing ruins it because this is SQ of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ruins it because this is SQ of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ruins it because this is SQ of f
+plus SQ of G it's even worse than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus SQ of G it's even worse than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus SQ of G it's even worse than that
+you put SQ on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put SQ on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put SQ on
+AF by linearity it should be a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF by linearity it should be a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF by linearity it should be a times the
+operator but when you square a * F you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but when you square a * F you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but when you square a * F you
+get a s f^ s so it's it's you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a s f^ s so it's it's you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a s f^ s so it's it's you don't even
+need two functions to see that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two functions to see that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two functions to see that it's not
+real so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so
+definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+no how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no how about
+p42 no of course not because if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p42 no of course not because if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p42 no of course not because if you add
+two functions it still gives you 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions it still gives you 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions it still gives you 42
+doesn't give you 84 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you 84 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you 84 so
+no how about o h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no how about o h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no how about o h of
+X yes yes it does that if you act with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yes yes it does that if you act with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yes yes it does that if you act with
+this operator on a sum of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator on a sum of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator on a sum of functions
+distributive law it works so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law it works so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law it works so this is
+linear good linear operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear good linear operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear good linear operators are
+important to us because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us because we have
+superposition of allow state so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of allow state so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of allow state so if this
+is a state and this is a state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state and this is a state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state and this is a state this is
+also good state so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also good state so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also good state so if we want
+superposition to work well with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition to work well with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition to work well with our
+Theory we want linear operator so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we want linear operator so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we want linear operator so that's
+good so we have those linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we have those linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we have those linear
+operators and uh now operators have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and uh now operators have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and uh now operators have
+another thing that makes them sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that makes them sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that makes them sometimes
+special it is the idea that they act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special it is the idea that they act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special it is the idea that they act
+they simpler objects they can act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simpler objects they can act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simpler objects they can act
+on we don't assume you've studied linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we don't assume you've studied linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we don't assume you've studied linear
+algebra in this course so whatever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra in this course so whatever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra in this course so whatever I'm
+going to say take it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say take it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say take it as
+motivation to learn some of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to learn some of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to learn some of linear
+algebra at some stage you will need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at some stage you will need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at some stage you will need a
+little more linear algebra in 805 but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more linear algebra in 805 but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more linear algebra in 805 but at
+this moment just basic ideas so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment just basic ideas so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment just basic ideas so whenever
+you have matrices uh one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have matrices uh one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have matrices uh one thing that
+people do is to see if there are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is to see if there are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is to see if there are special
+vectors you know any arbitrary Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you know any arbitrary Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you know any arbitrary Vector
+when you act it with a matrix is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act it with a matrix is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you act it with a matrix is going
+to just jump and go somewhere else point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just jump and go somewhere else point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just jump and go somewhere else point
+in another Direction but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another Direction but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another Direction but there are some
+special vectors that you act if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special vectors that you act if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special vectors that you act if you have
+a given Matrix M there are some funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given Matrix M there are some funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given Matrix M there are some funny
+vectors sometimes that acted by m remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors sometimes that acted by m remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors sometimes that acted by m remain
+in the same direction they might grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction they might grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction they might grow a
+little or become smaller but they remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or become smaller but they remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little or become smaller but they remain
+in the same direction these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction these are called
+igen vectors and that constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and that constant of
+proportionality proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality proportional to the
+action of the operator on the vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the operator on the vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of the operator on the vector is
+called the igen value so these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the igen value so these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the igen value so these things
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+generalizations in um for our operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations in um for our operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations in um for our operators
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have special functions igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions igen functions what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions igen functions what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions igen functions what are these
+igen functions so let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions so let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions so let's consider the
+operator a hat is some operator I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a hat is some operator I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a hat is some operator I don't
+know which one of this but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one of this but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one of this but we're going
+to talk about linear operators or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about linear operators or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about linear operators or linear
+operators I have ion functions a hat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators I have ion functions a hat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators I have ion functions a hat so
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+hat there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat there may be
+functions that when you act with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that when you act with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that when you act with the
+operator you sort of get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you sort of get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you sort of get the same
+function up to possibly a constant a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to possibly a constant a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to possibly a constant a so
+you may get a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may get a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may get a times the
+function and uh that's a pretty unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh that's a pretty unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh that's a pretty unusual
+function because on most functions any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because on most functions any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because on most functions any
+given operator is just going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given operator is just going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given operator is just going to make a
+mess out of the function but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess out of the function but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess out of the function but sometimes
+it does that so to label them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that so to label them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that so to label them
+better with respect to the operator a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with respect to the operator a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with respect to the operator a we
+put the subscript a which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the subscript a which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the subscript a which means that
+there's some special function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some special function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some special function that has a
+parameter a for which this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter a for which this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter a for which this operator
+gives you a times that special function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a times that special function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a times that special function
+and that special function is called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that special function is called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that special function is called this
+is the igen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen function
+and this is the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value and that igen value is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that igen value is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that igen value is a number
+it's a complex number that see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex number that see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex number that see later
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there so these are special things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so these are special things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so these are special things uh
+they don't necessarily happen all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily happen all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't necessarily happen all the
+time to exist but sometimes they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to exist but sometimes they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to exist but sometimes they do and
+then they're pretty useful and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're pretty useful and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're pretty useful and we have
+one example of them that is quite nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of them that is quite nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of them that is quite nice
+for the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the operator
+a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equal
+p uh we have igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions e to the I
+KX with ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value HK so this is the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value HK so this is the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value HK so this is the connection to
+this whole thing we wanted to make clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing we wanted to make clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing we wanted to make clear
+clear for you that what you saw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for you that what you saw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for you that what you saw here
+that this operator acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this operator acting on this
+function gives you something time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives you something time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives you something time this
+function is a general fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a general fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a general fact about
+operators operators have igen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators operators have igen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators operators have igen function
+so the igen function e ofx with I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the igen function e ofx with I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the igen function e ofx with I value
+HK because indeed P hat on this e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK because indeed P hat on this e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK because indeed P hat on this e to the
+I KX as you've seen is H bar k * e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX as you've seen is H bar k * e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX as you've seen is H bar k * e to
+the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+KX so here you have P hat is the a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so here you have P hat is the a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX so here you have P hat is the a this
+is the function labeled a would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function labeled a would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function labeled a would be like
+K here is something like K again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here is something like K again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here is something like K again and
+here is this thing but the main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this thing but the main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this thing but the main thing
+operator on the function number times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the function number times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the function number times
+the function it's an N function yes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function it's an N function yes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function it's an N function yes for
+oper is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper is the
+Val well for a given operator good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val well for a given operator good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val well for a given operator good
+question a is a list of values so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a is a list of values so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a is a list of values so there
+may be many many many igon functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be many many many igon functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be many many many igon functions
+many cases infinitely many igon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases infinitely many igon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases infinitely many igon
+functions in fact here I can put for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in fact here I can put for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in fact here I can put for K
+any number I want and I get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number I want and I get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number I want and I get a different
+function so a is belongs to C and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a is belongs to C and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so a is belongs to C and may
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+many or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many or even
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+values if you remember for nice Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you remember for nice Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values if you remember for nice Matrix
+es uh n byn Matrix maybe a nice n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es uh n byn Matrix maybe a nice n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es uh n byn Matrix maybe a nice n byn
+Matrix has n vectors and igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has n vectors and igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has n vectors and igen values
+that sometimes are degenerate sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes are degenerate sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes are degenerate sometimes
+the igen values have the same numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values have the same numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values have the same numbers
+and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that so
+of okay linearity is the sum of two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay linearity is the sum of two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay linearity is the sum of two I
+vectors an igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors an igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors an igen Vector
+yes no no no no correct that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no no no no correct that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no no no no correct that's not
+necessarily true if you have two igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors they have different igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they have different igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors they have different igen values
+so things don't work out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things don't work out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things don't work out well
+necessarily so an igen Vector plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so an igen Vector plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so an igen Vector plus
+another igen Vector is not an IG Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another igen Vector is not an IG Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another igen Vector is not an IG Vector
+so if you have here for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have here for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have here for example a
+F1 uh equal A1 F1 and a F2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 uh equal A1 F1 and a F2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 uh equal A1 F1 and a F2 =
+A2 F2 then a on fub1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 F2 then a on fub1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 F2 then a on fub1 +
+FS2 would be a F1 plus A1 F1 plus A2 F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 would be a F1 plus A1 F1 plus A2 F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 would be a F1 plus A1 F1 plus A2 F2
+and that's not equal to something time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not equal to something time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not equal to something time
+fub1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 +
+FS2 it would have to be something * fub1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 it would have to be something * fub1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS2 it would have to be something * fub1
++ FS2 to be an igen Vector so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ FS2 to be an igen Vector so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ FS2 to be an igen Vector so this is
+not necessarily an igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily an igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily an igen vector
+and it doesn't help to put a constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't help to put a constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't help to put a constant in
+front of here nothing helps there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of here nothing helps there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of here nothing helps there's no
+way to construct an igen Vector from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to construct an igen Vector from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to construct an igen Vector from two
+igen vectors by adding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors by adding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors by adding or
+subtracting the size of the igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the size of the igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the size of the igen vector
+is not fixed either if f is an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed either if f is an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed either if f is an N
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+vector then 3 * f is also an nigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then 3 * f is also an nigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then 3 * f is also an nigen
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we call it the same igon Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it the same igon Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it the same igon Vector
+nobody would call it a different igon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would call it a different igon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would call it a different igon
+Vector uh it's it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh it's it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh it's it's really the
+same okay so how does that relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so how does that relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so how does that relate to
+physics well we've seen it here already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics well we've seen it here already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics well we've seen it here already
+that one operator that we've learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one operator that we've learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one operator that we've learned to
+work with is the momentum operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with is the momentum operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with is the momentum operator and
+it has those hon functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has those hon functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has those hon functions
+so back to physics we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to physics we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to physics we have other
+operators therefore we have have the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators therefore we have have the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators therefore we have have the P
+operator that's good we have the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's good we have the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's good we have the X
+operator that's nice it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's nice it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's nice it's a
+multiplication by X and why do we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by X and why do we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by X and why do we use it
+because sometimes we have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and what is the energy operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what is the energy operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what is the energy operator
+the energy operator is just the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy operator is just the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy operator is just the energy
+that you've always known but think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've always known but think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've always known but think of it
+as an operator so how do we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an operator so how do we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an operator so how do we do that well
+what is the energy of a particle we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy of a particle we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy of a particle we've
+written p^2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written p^2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written p^2 / 2
+M plus v of X well that was the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus v of X well that was the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus v of X well that was the energy
+of a particle the momentum squar over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle the momentum squar over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle the momentum squar over 2
+M plus v of X so the energy operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus v of X so the energy operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus v of X so the energy operator is
+hot here hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and now it becomes an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now it becomes an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now it becomes an interesting
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+this energy operator will be called eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy operator will be called eh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy operator will be called eh
+hat it acts on functions it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it acts on functions it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it acts on functions it is not a
+number the energy is a number but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the energy is a number but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the energy is a number but the
+energy operator is not a number far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator is not a number far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator is not a number far from
+a number in fact the energy operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number in fact the energy operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number in fact the energy operator is
+minus h^2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h^2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h^2 / 2
+m DC D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m DC D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m DC D
+X2 why that well because P was H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 why that well because P was H over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 why that well because P was H over I
+DDX X as an operator so this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX X as an operator so this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX X as an operator so this sort of
+Arrow here it's sort of the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow here it's sort of the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow here it's sort of the introduction
+but after a while you just say p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat is H over I DDX end of story it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is H over I DDX end of story it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is H over I DDX end of story it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+like Double Arrow it's it's just what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Double Arrow it's it's just what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Double Arrow it's it's just what it
+is that operator that's what we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that operator that's what we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that operator that's what we call it
+so when we Square it the I squares you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we Square it the I squares you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we Square it the I squares you
+get a minus H squares and DDX and DD X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus H squares and DDX and DD X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus H squares and DDX and DD X
+applied twice is the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied twice is the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied twice is the second derivative
+and here we get V of X hat which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get V of X hat which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we get V of X hat which is your
+good potential whatever potential you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good potential whatever potential you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good potential whatever potential you're
+interested in in which whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in which whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in which whenever you see
+an X you put an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X you put an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X you put an X
+hat and now this is an operator so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now this is an operator so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and now this is an operator so you
+see this is not a number not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is not a number not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is not a number not a function
+it's just an operator the operator has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an operator the operator has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an operator the operator has
+this sort of operator V of X now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of operator V of X now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of operator V of X now what is
+this V ofx here as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V ofx here as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V ofx here as an
+operator this V of X as an operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this V of X as an operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this V of X as an operator is
+just multiplication by the function V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplication by the function V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplication by the function V of
+X you see you have here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you see you have here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you see you have here that the
+operator X is f ofx like that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator X is f ofx like that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator X is f ofx like that I could
+have written the operator X hat to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the operator X hat to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the operator X hat to the N
+what would it be well if I act on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be well if I act on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be well if I act on a
+function I let the this is a lot of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I let the this is a lot of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I let the this is a lot of X
+hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acting on the function well let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the function well let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the function well let the
+first one act you get x * F ofx the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one act you get x * F ofx the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one act you get x * F ofx the
+second adds another X another X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second adds another X another X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second adds another X another X so this
+is just x to the N time f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just x to the N time f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just x to the N time f of
+x so lots of X hats X hat to The 100 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so lots of X hats X hat to The 100 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so lots of X hats X hat to The 100 on
+a function is just x to the 100 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is just x to the 100 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is just x to the 100 times a
+function so V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so V of
+x on a function is just V of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on a function is just V of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on a function is just V of the number
+x on a function it's just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on a function it's just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x on a function it's just like this
+operator the O in which you multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the O in which you multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the O in which you multiply by
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+function so please I hope this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so please I hope this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so please I hope this is
+completely clear what this means as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear what this means as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear what this means as an
+operator you take the wave function take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you take the wave function take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you take the wave function take
+two derivatives and add the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives and add the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives and add the product of
+the wave function times V of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function times V of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function times V of plain
+X so I'll write it here maybe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'll write it here maybe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I'll write it here maybe so
+important eat on S of X is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important eat on S of X is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important eat on S of X is therefore
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+h^2 / 2 m d second dx^ 2 of s of X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 / 2 m d second dx^ 2 of s of X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 / 2 m d second dx^ 2 of s of X Plus
+just plain V of x * P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X that's what it does that's an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's what it does that's an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's what it does that's an operator
+and for these operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these operators
+of in general so we're how math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general so we're how math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in general so we're how math
+interlude is it over not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlude is it over not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlude is it over not
+quite wow no yes Alan said at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wow no yes Alan said at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite wow no yes Alan said at this
+moment it's over when you introduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's over when you introduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's over when you introduce it
+here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here
+is I'll I'll say something more here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll I'll say something more here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll I'll say something more here but
+it's going to be over now um our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be over now um our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be over now um our three
+continues here then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to each
+observable obser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable obser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable obser
+observable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable we
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum we have the operator P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we have the operator P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum we have the operator P
+hat and for position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the operator X hat and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the operator X hat and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the operator X hat and for
+energy we have the operator e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat and these are examples of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and these are examples of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and these are examples of operators
+operators example operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators example operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators example operator a
+hat can be any of those and there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat can be any of those and there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat can be any of those and there may be
+more observables depending on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more observables depending on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more observables depending on the system
+you're working in if you have particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in if you have particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working in if you have particles
+on a line there's not too many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a line there's not too many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a line there's not too many more
+observables at this moment if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables at this moment if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables at this moment if you have a
+particle in general you can have angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in general you can have angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in general you can have angular
+momentum that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's an interesting
+observable it can be others so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable it can be others so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable it can be others so for any
+of those uh our definitions just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh our definitions just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh our definitions just like we
+did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for
+momentum the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the expectation value of the
+operator is computed by doing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is computed by doing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is computed by doing what you
+did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for
+momentum you act with the operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you act with the operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you act with the operator on
+the wave function here and multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function here and multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function here and multiply by
+the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate
+function and integrate just like you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and integrate just like you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and integrate just like you did
+for momentum this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for momentum this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for momentum this is going to be the
+value that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you
+expect after many trials on a on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect after many trials on a on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect after many trials on a on this
+wave function you would expect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you would expect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you would expect that the
+measured value of this would ex exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured value of this would ex exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured value of this would ex exhibit
+a distribution in which its expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution in which its expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution in which its expectation
+value the mean is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the mean is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the mean is given by
+this now there other definitions of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now there other definitions of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now there other definitions of one
+definition that already has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that already has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that already has been
+mentioned is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty uncertainty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty uncertainty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty uncertainty of the
+operator on the state P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the state P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the state P the
+uncertainty is computed by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is computed by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is computed by taking the
+square root of the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the expectation value of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+minus the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expectation value of
+a as a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a number
+squared now the expectation value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now the expectation value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now the expectation value of a
+squar just simply here instead of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar just simply here instead of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar just simply here instead of a you
+put a squ so you a squ here that unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a squ so you a squ here that unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a squ so you a squ here that unless
+the function is very special that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is very special that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is very special that's very
+different and always bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and always bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and always bigger than the
+expectation value of a squared so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of a squared so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of a squared so this
+is a number and it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number and it's called the
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+and that's the uncertainty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the uncertainty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the uncertainty of the
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+principle so for operators we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so for operators we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so for operators we need to
+have another observation that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another observation that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another observation that comes from
+matrices that is going to be crucial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that is going to be crucial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that is going to be crucial for
+us is the observation that operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is the observation that operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is the observation that operators
+don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily
+commute and we'll do the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and we'll do the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and we'll do the most important
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+that so we'll try to see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we'll try to see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we'll try to see if the
+operators associated with um momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators associated with um momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators associated with um momentum
+and position commute and what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position commute and what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position commute and what do we mean
+by commute or don't commute whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by commute or don't commute whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by commute or don't commute whether the
+order of multiplication matters now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of multiplication matters now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of multiplication matters now we
+talked about matrices at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about matrices at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about matrices at the beginning
+and we said matrices act on vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said matrices act on vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said matrices act on vectors to
+give you vectors so do they commute well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you vectors so do they commute well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you vectors so do they commute well
+matrices don't commute the order matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't commute the order matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't commute the order matters
+for matrix multiplication so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrix multiplication so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for matrix multiplication so these
+operators we're inventing here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we're inventing here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators we're inventing here for
+physics the order does matter as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutation so let's try to see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation so let's try to see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation so let's try to see if we
+compute the operator p and X hat is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the operator p and X hat is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the operator p and X hat is it
+equal to the operator xot *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the operator xot *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the operator xot *
+P this is a very good question this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this is a very good question this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this is a very good question this are
+two operators that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operators that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operators that we've
+defined and we just want to know if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and we just want to know if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and we just want to know if uh
+they the order matters or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the order matters or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the order matters or it doesn't
+matter so how can I check it I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so how can I check it I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so how can I check it I cannot
+just check it like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check it like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check it like this because
+operators are only clear what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are only clear what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are only clear what they do is
+when they act on functions so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they act on functions so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they act on functions so the only
+thing that I can do is test if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I can do is test if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I can do is test if this
+thing acting on functions give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing acting on functions give the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing acting on functions give the same
+so I'm going to act with this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to act with this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to act with this on the
+function f ofx and I'm going to act with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx and I'm going to act with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f ofx and I'm going to act with
+this on the function f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do I mean by acting with P * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do I mean by acting with P * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do I mean by acting with P * X
+on the function f ofx this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the function f ofx this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the function f ofx this is by
+definition you act first with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you act first with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you act first with the
+operator that is next to the F and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is next to the F and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is next to the F and then
+with the other so this is p hat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other so this is p hat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other so this is p hat on the
+function X hat * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx so here I would have this is X hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so here I would have this is X hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so here I would have this is X hat
+on the function P hat F of of X see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the function P hat F of of X see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the function P hat F of of X see if
+you have a series of matrices M1 M2 M3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of matrices M1 M2 M3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of matrices M1 M2 M3
+acting on a vector what do you mean act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector what do you mean act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector what do you mean act
+with this on the vector then with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this on the vector then with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this on the vector then with this
+on the vector then with this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vector then with this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vector then with this that's
+multiplication so we're doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so we're doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so we're doing that so
+let's evaluate what is X operator on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate what is X operator on F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate what is X operator on F
+ofx this is p hat on x * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx that's what the X operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's what the X operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx that's what the X operator the
+function is here what is X hat and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here what is X hat and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is here what is X hat and now I
+have this so I have here H over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this so I have here H over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this so I have here H over I
+DDX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of
+f let's go one more step here this is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f let's go one more step here this is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f let's go one more step here this is H
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+I DDX now of this function x f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I DDX now of this function x f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I DDX now of this function x f
+ofx and here I have just the X function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and here I have just the X function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and here I have just the X function
+times this function so H over I x d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX well are these the same no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well are these the same no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well are these the same no because
+this DDX here is not only acting on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DDX here is not only acting on F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DDX here is not only acting on F
+like here it's acting on the X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here it's acting on the X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here it's acting on the X so this
+gives you two terms one extra term when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you two terms one extra term when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you two terms one extra term when
+the DDX acts on the X and then one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DDX acts on the X and then one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DDX acts on the X and then one term
+that is equal to this so you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to this so you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to this so you don't get
+the same so you get from here H over i f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so you get from here H over i f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so you get from here H over i f
+of x X when you act at The X Plus H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x X when you act at The X Plus H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x X when you act at The X Plus H over
+IX d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX so you don't get the same so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so you don't get the same so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so you don't get the same so when I
+subtract them so when I do x p minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them so when I do x p minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract them so when I do x p minus p
+x acting on the function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x acting on the function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x acting on the function f of
+x what do I get well I put him in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x what do I get well I put him in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x what do I get well I put him in this
+order X before the P it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order X before the P it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order X before the P it doesn't matter
+which one you take but many people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you take but many people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you take but many people like
+this well this terms cancel I get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this terms cancel I get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this terms cancel I get minus
+this thing so I get min - H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so I get min - H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so I get min - H over
+i f ofx or i h bar F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i f ofx or i h bar F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i f ofx or i h bar F
+ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx
+wow you got something very strange the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you got something very strange the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you got something very strange the x
+* P minus P * X gives you a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P minus P * X gives you a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P minus P * X gives you a number and
+inary number even worse times F ofx so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inary number even worse times F ofx so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inary number even worse times F ofx so
+from this we write the following we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we write the following we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we write the following we say
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+operators are defined by the action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are defined by the action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are defined by the action and
+functions but for any function the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but for any function the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but for any function the only
+effect of XP minus PX which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of XP minus PX which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of XP minus PX which we call the
+commutator of X with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of X with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of X with
+P this definition the bracket of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this definition the bracket of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this definition the bracket of two
+things of a b is defined to be a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of a b is defined to be a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of a b is defined to be a minus
+ba a it's called the commutator XP is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba a it's called the commutator XP is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba a it's called the commutator XP is an
+operator acting on F ofx gives you I bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on F ofx gives you I bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on F ofx gives you I bar
+time F ofx so our kind of silly operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time F ofx so our kind of silly operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time F ofx so our kind of silly operator
+that does nothing has appeared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does nothing has appeared here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does nothing has appeared here
+because I could now say that X hat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could now say that X hat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could now say that X hat with
+p is equal to i h Bar times the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to i h Bar times the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to i h Bar times the unit
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apart from the shinger equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the shinger equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the shinger equation this is
+probably the most important equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important equation in
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics it's the fact that X and P are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's the fact that X and P are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's the fact that X and P are
+incompatible operators as you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible operators as you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible operators as you will see
+later they don't commute their order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they don't commute their order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they don't commute their order
+matters what's going to mean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what's going to mean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what's going to mean is that
+when you measure one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure one you have
+difficulties measuring the other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties measuring the other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties measuring the other they
+interfere they cannot be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere they cannot be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere they cannot be measured
+simultaneously all those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously all those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously all those things are
+encapsulated in a very lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in a very lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in a very lovely
+mathematical formula which says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formula which says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formula which says that
+this is the way this operators work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way this operators work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way this operators work
+um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any
+questions yes see when X the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes see when X the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes see when X the commutator
+of X and P is itself an operator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and P is itself an operator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and P is itself an operator right
+right so is that what we're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so is that what we're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so is that what we're saying the
+when we had U operators before we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had U operators before we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had U operators before we we
+can't can't simply just cancel the f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't can't simply just cancel the f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't can't simply just cancel the f ofx
+I mean we're not really canceling it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're not really canceling it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're not really canceling it but
+is it just because IH bar is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just because IH bar is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just because IH bar is the only
+igen value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of the
+operator well basically what we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator well basically what we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator well basically what we've shown
+by this calculation is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this calculation is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this calculation is that this
+operator that this combination is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that this combination is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that this combination is really
+the same as the identity operator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the identity operator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the identity operator that's
+all we've shown that some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've shown that some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've shown that some particular
+combination is the identity operator now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the identity operator now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is the identity operator now
+this is very deep this equation in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very deep this equation in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very deep this equation in fact
+that's the shinger not shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shinger not shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shinger not shinger
+Heisenberg invented quantum mechanics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg invented quantum mechanics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg invented quantum mechanics uh
+he called it Matrix mechanics because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it Matrix mechanics because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he called it Matrix mechanics because he
+knew that operators were related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that operators were related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that operators were related to
+matrices um it's a beautiful Story how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um it's a beautiful Story how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices um it's a beautiful Story how
+he came up with this ideas very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this ideas very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this ideas very
+different from what we're doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we're doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we're doing today
+that we're going to follow shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to follow shringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to follow shringer
+today but it's uh it basically his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's uh it basically his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it's uh it basically his
+analysis LED very quickly to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis LED very quickly to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis LED very quickly to this
+idea and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deep whatever uh it's why is it deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep whatever uh it's why is it deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep whatever uh it's why is it deep
+uh um depends who you ask uh if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um depends who you ask uh if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um depends who you ask uh if you ask
+a mathematician that they would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematician that they would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematician that they would probably
+tell you this equation is not deep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you this equation is not deep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you this equation is not deep this
+is scary equation and why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scary equation and why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scary equation and why is it
+scary uh because whenever mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary uh because whenever mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary uh because whenever mathematicians
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+operators they want to write m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they want to write m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they want to write m
+matrices so the mathematician is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so the mathematician is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so the mathematician is show
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation will say okay let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will say okay let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will say okay let me try to
+figure out which matrices you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which matrices you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which matrices you're talking
+about and this mathematician will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this mathematician will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this mathematician will start
+doing calculations with 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing calculations with 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing calculations with 2 by two
+matrices and we say no I can't find 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we say no I can't find 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we say no I can't find 2x
+two matrices that behave like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices that behave like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices that behave like this
+operators I can't find 3x3 matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators I can't find 3x3 matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators I can't find 3x3 matrices
+either and four by four and 5 by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and four by four and 5 by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and four by four and 5 by five
+and find no Matrix really can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find no Matrix really can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find no Matrix really can do that
+except if the Matrix is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if the Matrix is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if the Matrix is infinite
+dimensional infinite by infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional infinite by infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional infinite by infinite
+matrices so that's why it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so that's why it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so that's why it's very hard
+for a mathematician you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mathematician you know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mathematician you know this is the
+beginning of quantum mechanics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of quantum mechanics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of quantum mechanics this
+looks like a trivial equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a trivial equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a trivial equation and
+mathematicians get scared by it you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians get scared by it you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians get scared by it you show
+them for physicist there will be angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for physicist there will be angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for physicist there will be angular
+momentum the com The Operators are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the com The Operators are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the com The Operators are like
+this and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's
+complicated to the i j k l k the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to the i j k l k the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to the i j k l k the three
+components of angular momentum have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of angular momentum have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of angular momentum have this
+commutation relation and H bar here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation and H bar here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation relation and H bar here as
+well complicated three operators they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well complicated three operators they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well complicated three operators they
+mix with each other show it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix with each other show it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix with each other show it to
+mathematician and starts laughing at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and starts laughing at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and starts laughing at you
+this is the best EX the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best EX the simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best EX the simplest case
+this is easy This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated it's it's very strange but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's it's very strange but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's it's very strange but
+the reason this is easier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this is easier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason this is easier the
+mathematician goes and after 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician goes and after 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician goes and after 5 minutes
+comes to you with 3x3 matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to you with 3x3 matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to you with 3x3 matrices that
+satisfies this relation and here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this relation and here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this relation and here there
+weren't and four by four that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't and four by four that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't and four by four that satisfy
+and five by five and two by two and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five by five and two by two and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five by five and two by two and all
+of them you can calculate all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can calculate all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can calculate all of them
+for you but this one needs infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but this one needs infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but this one needs infinite
+dimensional matrices and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrices and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrices and it's very
+surprising very interesting and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising very interesting and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising very interesting and very
+deep all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep all right
+so we move on a little bit more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we move on a little bit more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we move on a little bit more to the
+other observable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observable so
+um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we
+have more General observable so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more General observable so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more General observable so let's
+talk a little about them that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about them that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about them that's another
+postulate of quantum mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate of quantum mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate of quantum mechanics that
+continues with this one postulate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with this one postulate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with this one postulate number
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+so once you measure upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measuring ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring ring
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associated with the operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat two things
+happen you measure this quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you measure this quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you measure this quantity that
+could be momentum could be energy could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be momentum could be energy could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be momentum could be energy could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+position you name it the measured value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value this must be a number is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this must be a number is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this must be a number is one of
+the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a
+hat so actually those igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so actually those igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat so actually those igen values
+remember the definition of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of the igen
+values it's there I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's there I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's there I said
+many but whenever you measure the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many but whenever you measure the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many but whenever you measure the only
+possibility is that you get this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that you get this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that you get this number
+so you measure the momentum you must get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measure the momentum you must get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you measure the momentum you must get
+this HK for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this HK for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this HK for example so
+observables we have an Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables we have an Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables we have an Associated
+operator and the measured values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the measured values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the measured values are the
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+values now those igen values in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now those igen values in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now those igen values in order to
+be observable uh they should be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observable uh they should be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observable uh they should be real
+numbers and we said oh they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we said oh they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and we said oh they can be
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+well we will limit the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will limit the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we will limit the kind of
+observables to think that have real IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables to think that have real IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables to think that have real IG
+values and these are going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and these are going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and these are going to be called
+later on her Mission operators at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on her Mission operators at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on her Mission operators at this
+moment the notes say don't mention them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the notes say don't mention them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the notes say don't mention them
+you're going to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get them
+confused so so anyway uh special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so so anyway uh special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so so anyway uh special
+operators that have real igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that have real igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that have real igen values and
+so we'll mention here they will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll mention here they will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll mention here they will have to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+real have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real have to be
+real and then then the second one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then then the second one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then then the second one which
+is a even stranger thing that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a even stranger thing that happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a even stranger thing that happens is
+something you've already seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already seen in
+examples after you measure the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples after you measure the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples after you measure the whole
+wave function goes into the state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function goes into the state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function goes into the state which
+is the igen function of the operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen function of the operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen function of the operator so
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a expect the measure Val is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a expect the measure Val is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a expect the measure Val is one of the
+igen values a of a and the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values a of a and the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values a of a and the system
+collapses into p a so SI a is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses into p a so SI a is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses into p a so SI a is such that
+a hat a is a a so this is the IG Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hat a is a a so this is the IG Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hat a is a a so this is the IG Vector
+with igen value a that you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen value a that you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen value a that you measure
+measured so after you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so after you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured so after you measure the
+momentum and you found that it's h bar k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you found that it's h bar k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and you found that it's h bar k
+the wave function is the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is the wave function
+of momentum H bar k if at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum H bar k if at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of momentum H bar k if at the beginning
+it was a superposition of many as Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a superposition of many as Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a superposition of many as Fier
+thought told you then after measuring if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought told you then after measuring if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought told you then after measuring if
+you get one component of momentum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one component of momentum that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one component of momentum that's
+all that is left of the wave function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is left of the wave function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is left of the wave function it
+collapses this collapse is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses this collapse is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses this collapse is a very
+strange thing and uh it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing and uh it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing and uh it's something
+about quantum mechanics that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum mechanics that people are
+a little uncomfortable with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little uncomfortable with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little uncomfortable with and
+uh and try to understand better but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and try to understand better but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and try to understand better but uh
+surprisingly nobody has understood it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly nobody has understood it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly nobody has understood it
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+after 60 years of thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 60 years of thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 60 years of thinking about it
+uh and works very well it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and works very well it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and works very well it's it's a very
+strange thing uh because for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing uh because for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing uh because for example if
+you have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave
+function that uh says your particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that uh says your particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that uh says your particle is
+uh can be anywhere where after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be anywhere where after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be anywhere where after you
+measure where it is the whole wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where it is the whole wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where it is the whole wave
+function becomes a Delta function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a Delta function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a Delta function at the
+position that you measured so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you measured so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you measured so everything
+on the wave function when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wave function when you do a
+measurement basically collapses as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement basically collapses as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement basically collapses as we
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+say now for example let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now for example let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now for example let's do an
+example example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position so you have a wave function s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so you have a wave function s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so you have a wave function s
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you find
+measure and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 measure and you find the particle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 measure and you find the particle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 measure and you find the particle at
+X zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so measure what it should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measure what it should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measure what it should be clear
+measure position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we said two things the measured value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said two things the measured value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said two things the measured value
+is one of the igen values of a and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the igen values of a and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the igen values of a and after
+measurement the system collapses to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the system collapses to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement the system collapses to I
+functions now here we really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now here we really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now here we really need a
+little of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of your
+intuition a position igen state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a position igen state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition a position igen state is a
+particle localized at one place what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle localized at one place what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle localized at one place what is
+the best function Associated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best function Associated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best function Associated to a
+position I state is a Delta function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I state is a Delta function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I state is a Delta function the
+function that says it's at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that says it's at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that says it's at some point
+and nowhere else else so the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere else else so the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowhere else else so the igen
+functions Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions Delta of x -
+x0 it's a function as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 it's a function as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 it's a function as a function of
+x if picks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if picks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if picks at
+x0 and it's zero everywhere else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and it's zero everywhere else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and it's zero everywhere else and
+this is when you find a particle at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you find a particle at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you find a particle at x0
+you this is the wave function the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is the wave function the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is the wave function the wave
+function must be proportional to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must be proportional to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must be proportional to this
+quantity now you can't normally ize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now you can't normally ize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now you can't normally ize this
+wave function it's a small complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function it's a small complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function it's a small complication
+but we shouldn't worry about it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we shouldn't worry about it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we shouldn't worry about it too much
+um basically you really can't localize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically you really can't localize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically you really can't localize a
+particle perfectly so that's the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle perfectly so that's the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle perfectly so that's the little
+problem with this wave function you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this wave function you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this wave function you've
+studied how you can represent Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how you can represent Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how you can represent Delta
+functions as limits and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as limits and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as limits and probably
+intuitively those limits are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively those limits are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively those limits are the best
+things but this is the wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but this is the wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but this is the wave function so
+after you measure the system you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you measure the system you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you measure the system you go into
+an igen state of the operator is this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen state of the operator is this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen state of the operator is this an
+nigen state of the X operator what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigen state of the X operator what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigen state of the X operator what a
+strange question but it is look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but it is look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange question but it is look if you
+put the X operator on Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the X operator on Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the X operator on Delta of x -
+x0 what is it supposed to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 what is it supposed to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 what is it supposed to do it's
+supposed to multiply by X so it's x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to multiply by X so it's x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to multiply by X so it's x *
+Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of x -
+x0 if you had a little experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 if you had a little experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 if you had a little experience with
+Delta functions you know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions you know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions you know that this
+function is zero everywhere except when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero everywhere except when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero everywhere except when
+X is equal to x0 so this x can be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to x0 so this x can be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to x0 so this x can be turned
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+x0 it just never any at any other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 it just never any at any other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 it just never any at any other place
+it contributes this x really can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contributes this x really can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contributes this x really can be
+turned into x0 * Delta of x - x0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into x0 * Delta of x - x0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into x0 * Delta of x - x0 because
+Delta functions are really used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are really used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions are really used to do
+integrals and if you do the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and if you do the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and if you do the integral of
+this function you will see that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function you will see that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function you will see that it gives
+you the same value as the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same value as the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same value as the integral of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function so then you have it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so then you have it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so then you have it the
+operator acting on the igen function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on the igen function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on the igen function is
+a number times this so these are indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number times this so these are indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number times this so these are indeed
+igen functions of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions of the X
+operator and what you measured was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what you measured was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what you measured was an
+igen value of the X operator igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of the X operator igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value of the X operator igen
+value of x and this is an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x and this is an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x and this is an igen
+function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can do the same with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do the same with the
+momentum igen values and igen functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum igen values and igen functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum igen values and igen functions
+we've seen them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen them more
+properly um now we'll go to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly um now we'll go to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly um now we'll go to the sixth
+postulate the last postulate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate the last postulate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate the last postulate that we
+want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about
+is the one of General operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one of General operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one of General operators and
+general ion functions and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ion functions and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general ion functions and what happens
+with them so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so let's
+take now our operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now our operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now our operator
+a and its IG functions that can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and its IG functions that can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and its IG functions that can be found
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observable a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable a hat
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions F A of X so an a runs over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F A of X so an a runs over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F A of X so an a runs over
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+values many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values okay so let's consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so let's consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so let's consider this
+case now the igen functions of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now the igen functions of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now the igen functions of an
+operator are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator are
+very interesting objects you see the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting objects you see the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting objects you see the I
+functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum where of this form and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum where of this form and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum where of this form and they
+allow you to expand via the idea of Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to expand via the idea of Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to expand via the idea of Fier
+any wave function as superpositions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wave function as superpositions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wave function as superpositions of
+these things for you cannot expand any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for you cannot expand any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for you cannot expand any
+function in igen functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in igen functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in igen functions of the
+momentum well the result is more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well the result is more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well the result is more general
+for observables in general you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for observables in general you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for observables in general you can I
+expand functions arbitrary functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand functions arbitrary functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand functions arbitrary functions in
+terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the
+functions now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now for
+that remember an igen function is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember an igen function is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember an igen function is not
+determined up to scale you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined up to scale you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined up to scale you change
+multiply by three it's an igen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by three it's an igen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by three it's an igen function
+still so people like to normalize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so people like to normalize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so people like to normalize them
+nicely the igen functions you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely the igen functions you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely the igen functions you construct
+them like this and you normalize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like this and you normalize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like this and you normalize them
+nicely so how do you normalize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so how do you normalize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely so how do you normalize them
+normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them by saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by saying that
+the integral over X of Si a star of x p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over X of Si a star of x p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over X of Si a star of x p
+b of X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of X is going to be
+what okay uh basically what you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay uh basically what you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay uh basically what you want is
+that this igon functions be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this igon functions be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this igon functions be basically
+orthogonal each one orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal each one orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal each one orthogonal to the
+next so you want this to be zero unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so you want this to be zero unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so you want this to be zero unless
+this two different igen functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two different igen functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two different igen functions are
+different and when they are the same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and when they are the same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and when they are the same you
+want them to be just like way wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be just like way wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be just like way wave
+functions that their total integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that their total integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that their total integral of
+s^ squ is equal to one so what you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^ squ is equal to one so what you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^ squ is equal to one so what you put
+here is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a now this is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now this is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now this is something that you can
+always do with hen functions it's proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do with hen functions it's proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do with hen functions it's proven
+in mathematics books uh it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics books uh it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics books uh it's not all
+that simple to prove but this can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple to prove but this can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple to prove but this can always
+be done and when we need examples we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and when we need examples we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done and when we need examples we'll
+do it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um
+ourselves so given an operator that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so given an operator that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so given an operator that you
+have its igon functions like that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its igon functions like that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its igon functions like that two
+things happen one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+p as P of X any arbitrary wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as P of X any arbitrary wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as P of X any arbitrary wave function
+as the sum and or sometimes an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum and or sometimes an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum and or sometimes an integral
+so some people like to write this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people like to write this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some people like to write this and
+put an integral on top of that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an integral on top of that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an integral on top of that uh you
+can write it with whichever way you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it with whichever way you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it with whichever way you want
+it doesn't matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter of
+coefficients times the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times the igen
+functions so just like any wave could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so just like any wave could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so just like any wave could be
+written as F coefficients time this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as F coefficients time this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as F coefficients time this F
+functions any state can be written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions any state can be written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions any state can be written a
+superposition of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of these
+things so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+two the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measuring a hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting a so a is one of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a so a is one of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a so a is one of the particular
+values that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that you can
+get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+probability is given by the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is given by the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is given by the square of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+coefficient c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ so this is p the probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this is p the probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this is p the probability to
+measure in and to get a and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in and to get a and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in and to get a and I think
+actually let's put an a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we go so it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go so it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go so it's a very interesting
+thing basically you expand the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically you expand the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically you expand the wave
+function in term terms of these igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in term terms of these igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in term terms of these igen
+functions and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and these
+coefficients give you the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients give you the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients give you the probabilities
+of measuring these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measuring these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measuring these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+so we can illustrate that again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can illustrate that again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can illustrate that again with the
+Delta functions and uh we'll do it quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh we'll do it quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions and uh we'll do it quick
+because we get to the punchline of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get to the punchline of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get to the punchline of this
+lecture with the shringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with the shringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with the shringer
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we
+have well let let me think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well let let me think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well let let me think of the
+operator X example operator X the igon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator X example operator X the igon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator X example operator X the igon
+functions are Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are Delta of x -
+x0 for all x0 these are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and we write a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we write a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we write a sort of a
+trivial equation but it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equation but it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial equation but it sort of
+illustrates what's going on S of X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates what's going on S of X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates what's going on S of X as a
+superposition over an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition over an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition over an integral over
+x0 of Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 of Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 of Delta of x -
+x0 I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 I'll
+write SI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 Delta of x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like
+this okay first let's check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay first let's check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay first let's check that this
+makes sense here we're integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense here we're integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense here we're integrating over
+x0 x0 is the variable this thing shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 x0 is the variable this thing shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 x0 is the variable this thing shoots
+and fires whenever X is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires whenever X is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fires whenever X is equal to X
+whenever x0 is equal to X therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever x0 is equal to X therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever x0 is equal to X therefore the
+whole result of that integral is p of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole result of that integral is p of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole result of that integral is p of X
+it's a little uh funny how it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little uh funny how it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little uh funny how it's written
+because you have x - x0 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have x - x0 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have x - x0 which is the
+same as Delta of x0 - x is just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Delta of x0 - x is just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Delta of x0 - x is just the same
+thing and you integrate over x0 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you integrate over x0 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you integrate over x0 and you
+get just P of X but what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just P of X but what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just P of X but what have you
+achieved here you've achieved the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved here you've achieved the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved here you've achieved the analog
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+equation in which these are the SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which these are the SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in which these are the SI
+a these are the coefficients C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and this is the
+sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this
+integral so there you go any wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so there you go any wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so there you go any wave
+function can be written as the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be written as the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be written as the sum of
+coefficient time the ion functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient time the ion functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient time the ion functions of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+operator and what is the probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what is the probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what is the probability to
+find the particle at x0 well it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the particle at x0 well it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the particle at x0 well it's from
+here the coefficiency a squ that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the coefficiency a squ that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the coefficiency a squ that's
+exactly what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had
+before so this is getting basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is getting basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this is getting basically what
+we want so this brings us to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want so this brings us to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want so this brings us to the final
+stage of this uh lecture in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of this uh lecture in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of this uh lecture in which we
+have to get the time Evolution finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does it happen well it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it happen well it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does it happen well it happens in
+a very interesting way so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting way so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting way so maybe I'll
+call it seven shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as with any fundamental equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as with any fundamental equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as with any fundamental equation in
+physics there's experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there's experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics there's experimental
+evidence and some suddenly however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and some suddenly however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and some suddenly however you
+have to do a conceptual leap you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a conceptual leap you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a conceptual leap you know
+experimental evidence doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence doesn't tell you
+the equation it suggests the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation it suggests the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation it suggests the equation
+and it tells you probably what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you probably what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you probably what you're
+doing is right so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is right so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is right so what we're going to do
+now is collect some of the evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is collect some of the evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is collect some of the evidence we
+had and look at an equation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and look at an equation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and look at an equation and then
+just have a flash of inspiration change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a flash of inspiration change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a flash of inspiration change
+something very little and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very little and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very little and suddenly
+that's the shular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Alan told me that in fact students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alan told me that in fact students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alan told me that in fact students
+sometimes are disappointed that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are disappointed that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are disappointed that we don't
+derive the Sher equation now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the Sher equation now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the Sher equation now let's
+derive it mathematically but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it mathematically but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it mathematically but you also
+don't derive Newton's equations F equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't derive Newton's equations F equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't derive Newton's equations F equal
+Ma you have an inspiration you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma you have an inspiration you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma you have an inspiration you get it
+Newton got it and then you use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton got it and then you use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton got it and then you use it and
+you see it makes sense it has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it makes sense it has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it makes sense it has to be a
+sensible equation and you can test very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible equation and you can test very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible equation and you can test very
+quickly whether you're equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly whether you're equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly whether you're equation is
+sensible but you can't quite derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but you can't quite derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but you can't quite derive it
+in 805 we come a little closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 805 we come a little closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 805 we come a little closer to
+deriving the shinger equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the shinger equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the shinger equation which we
+say unitary time Evolution something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unitary time Evolution something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unitary time Evolution something
+that I haven't explained what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't explained what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't explained what it is
+implies the shinger equation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the shinger equation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the shinger equation and that's
+a mathematical fact and you can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical fact and you can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical fact and you can begin
+unitary time Evolution Define it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary time Evolution Define it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary time Evolution Define it and you
+derive the shinger equation but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the shinger equation but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the shinger equation but that's
+just saying that you've substituted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you've substituted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you've substituted the
+shinger equation by saying there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation by saying there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation by saying there is
+unitary time Evolution the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary time Evolution the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary time Evolution the shinger
+equation really comes from something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation really comes from something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation really comes from something a
+little deeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper than
+that experimentally it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experimentally it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experimentally it comes from
+something else so how does it come well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so how does it come well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so how does it come well
+you've studied some of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied some of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied some of the history of
+this subject and you've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject and you've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject and you've seen that
+plank postulated quantized energies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank postulated quantized energies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank postulated quantized energies in
+multiples of H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of H bar
+Omega and then came Einstein and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then came Einstein and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and then came Einstein and said
+look in fact the energy of a photon is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in fact the energy of a photon is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in fact the energy of a photon is H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+Omega and the momentum of the photon was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the momentum of the photon was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the momentum of the photon was
+H bar k so uh so all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar k so uh so all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar k so uh so all these people
+starting with Plank and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Einstein understood what the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein understood what the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein understood what the photon is
+the Quantum of photons for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons you have e is equal h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you have e is equal h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you have e is equal h
+bar Omega and the momentum is equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and the momentum is equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and the momentum is equal to H
+bar K I write them as a vector because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar K I write them as a vector because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar K I write them as a vector because
+the momentum is a vector but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is a vector but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is a vector but we also
+write them in this course P equal h k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in this course P equal h k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them in this course P equal h k
+assuming you move just in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you move just in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you move just in One
+Direction and that's the way it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's the way it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's the way it's been
+written so this is the result of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so this is the result of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so this is the result of much
+work Beginning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Beginning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Beginning by
+plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank
+Einstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Compton as you may recall Einstein said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton as you may recall Einstein said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton as you may recall Einstein said
+in 1905 that there seemed to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905 that there seemed to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1905 that there seemed to be this
+Quantum of light that carry energy H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of light that carry energy H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum of light that carry energy H
+Omega plank didn't quite like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plank didn't quite like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plank didn't quite like that uh
+and people were not all that convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were not all that convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were not all that convinced
+experiments were done by milikan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments were done by milikan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments were done by milikan in
+1915 and uh people were still not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 and uh people were still not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 and uh people were still not quite
+convinced and then came Compton and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced and then came Compton and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced and then came Compton and did
+Compton scattering and then we was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering and then we was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton scattering and then we was yeah
+these seem to be particles no way out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seem to be particles no way out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seem to be particles no way out of
+that and they satisfy such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they satisfy such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they satisfy such a
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there was something about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was something about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was something about this that
+was quite nice uh that these photons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite nice uh that these photons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite nice uh that these photons are
+associated with waves and that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with waves and that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with waves and that was not
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprising because people understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because people understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because people understood
+that electromagnetic waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electromagnetic waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electromagnetic waves are
+um are waves that correspond to Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are waves that correspond to Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are waves that correspond to Photon
+so you can also see that this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also see that this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also see that this says that
+Eep is equal to H bar Omega K as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eep is equal to H bar Omega K as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eep is equal to H bar Omega K as an
+equation between vectors you see the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation between vectors you see the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation between vectors you see the E
+is the first and the p is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first and the p is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first and the p is the second
+equation and this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is actually a
+relativistic equation It's a Wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation It's a Wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation It's a Wonderful
+relativistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation
+because energy and momentum form what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy and momentum form what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because energy and momentum form what is
+called in relativity a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in relativity a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in relativity a four
+Vector it's the four Vector this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's the four Vector this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's the four Vector this is a
+little aside on relativity e p four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside on relativity e p four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside on relativity e p four
+Vector the index mu runs from 0er 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the index mu runs from 0er 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the index mu runs from 0er 1 2
+3 just like the X M's which are T and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 just like the X M's which are T and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 just like the X M's which are T and X
+run from x0 which is T X1 which is X X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from x0 which is T X1 which is X X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from x0 which is T X1 which is X X2
+which which is y 3 these are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is y 3 these are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is y 3 these are four
+vectors and uh this is a four Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and uh this is a four Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and uh this is a four Vector
+this is a four Vector this all seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a four Vector this all seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a four Vector this all seemed
+quite pretty and this was Associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pretty and this was Associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pretty and this was Associated to
+photons but then came the brogle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons but then came the brogle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons but then came the brogle and the
+Broly had a very daring idea that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broly had a very daring idea that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broly had a very daring idea that even
+that though this was written for photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though this was written for photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that though this was written for photons
+it was true for particles as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was true for particles as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was true for particles as well for
+any particle the Broly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says good for
+particles all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles and they are these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they are these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they are these particles
+are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really
+waves so what did he write he wrote s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so what did he write he wrote s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so what did he write he wrote s of
+x and t is equal a wave Associated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t is equal a wave Associated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t is equal a wave Associated to a
+matter particle and it would be an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter particle and it would be an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter particle and it would be an e to
+the I KX - Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I KX - Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I KX - Omega t
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+wave and you know that this wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you know that this wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you know that this wave has
+momentum P equal H bar k if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P equal H bar k if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P equal H bar k if K is
+positive look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive look at this
+sign if K if this sign is like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign if K if this sign is like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign if K if this sign is like that and
+K is positive this is a wave that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is positive this is a wave that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is positive this is a wave that is
+moving to the right so P being h k if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right so P being h k if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right so P being h k if K
+is positive p is positive is moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive p is positive is moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive p is positive is moving to
+the right this is a wave moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right this is a wave moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right this is a wave moving to the
+right and has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and has this
+um this uh momentum so it should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh momentum so it should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this uh momentum so it should also
+have an energy Compton said that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy Compton said that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy Compton said that this is
+relativistic because this all comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic because this all comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic because this all comes from
+Photon so if the momentum is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon so if the momentum is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon so if the momentum is given by
+that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the
+energy the energy must also be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy must also be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy must also be given by
+a similar relation in fact he mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar relation in fact he mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar relation in fact he mostly
+said said look you must have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said said look you must have the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said said look you must have the energy
+being equal to H bar Omega the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to H bar Omega the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to H bar Omega the
+momentum therefore would be equal to h k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum therefore would be equal to h k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum therefore would be equal to h k
+and I will sometimes erase these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will sometimes erase these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will sometimes erase these
+things so what happens with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what happens with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what happens with this thing
+um well momentum equal to HK we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well momentum equal to HK we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well momentum equal to HK we've
+already understood this as momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already understood this as momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already understood this as momentum
+operator being HR over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DDX so this fact that these two must go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX so this fact that these two must go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX so this fact that these two must go
+together and be true for particles was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be true for particles was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and be true for particles was
+the Broly insight and the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broly insight and the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broly insight and the connection to
+relativity now here we have this so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity now here we have this so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity now here we have this so now
+we just have to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to try to figure
+out what could we do for the energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what could we do for the energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what could we do for the energy we
+could we have an energy operator What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have an energy operator What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have an energy operator What
+would the energy operator have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the energy operator have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the energy operator have to
+do well if the energy operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if the energy operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if the energy operator is
+supposed to give us H bar Omega the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to give us H bar Omega the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to give us H bar Omega the only
+thing it can be is that the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it can be is that the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it can be is that the energy is
+iar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iar
+DDT why because you go again at the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT why because you go again at the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT why because you go again at the wave
+function and you take I bar DDT and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you take I bar DDT and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you take I bar DDT and what
+do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get
+IH bar DDT on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar DDT on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IH bar DDT on the wave
+function on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the wave
+function is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is equal
+to I bar you take the DDT you get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I bar you take the DDT you get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I bar you take the DDT you get minus
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+Omega time the whole wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega time the whole wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega time the whole wave function so
+this is equal H bar Omega time the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function times the wave function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times the wave function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times the wave function like
+that so here it is this is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here it is this is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here it is this is the operator
+that realizes the energy just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that realizes the energy just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that realizes the energy just like this
+is the operator that realizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the operator that realizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the operator that realizes the
+momentum you could say these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you could say these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you could say these are the
+main relations that we have so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main relations that we have so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main relations that we have so if you
+have this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this wave
+function it corresponds to a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it corresponds to a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it corresponds to a particle
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+momentum HK and energy h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum HK and energy h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum HK and energy h
+Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so
+now we write this so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P this P that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here H over I DDX of P of x and t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H over I DDX of P of x and t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H over I DDX of P of x and t is
+equal the value of the momentum time s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the value of the momentum time s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the value of the momentum time s
+of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and
+t that is something we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that is something we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that is something we've
+seen But then there's a second one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen But then there's a second one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen But then there's a second one for
+this P we also have that I H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P we also have that I H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P we also have that I H bar
+DDT of P of x and t is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of P of x and t is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of P of x and t is equal to the
+energy of that particle time x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that particle time x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that particle time x and t
+because the energy of that particle is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy of that particle is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy of that particle is H
+bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+look this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is
+familiar and here the T plays no role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and here the T plays no role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and here the T plays no role
+but here the T plays a role and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the T plays a role and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the T plays a role and this is
+prescribing you how a wave function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribing you how a wave function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribing you how a wave function of
+energy e evolves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e evolves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e evolves in
+time so you're almost there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you're almost there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you're almost there you have
+something very deep in here it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very deep in here it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very deep in here it's telling
+you if you know the way function and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know the way function and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know the way function and it
+has energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy
+e this is how it looks later you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is how it looks later you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e this is how it looks later you can
+take this derivative and solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this derivative and solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this derivative and solve this
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation now this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this differential equation
+is kind of trivial because e is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but if you know that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you know that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you know that you have a
+particle with energy e that's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with energy e that's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle with energy e that's how it
+evolves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves in
+time so came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so came
+shinger and looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation s of x and t equal e s of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation s of x and t equal e s of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation s of x and t equal e s of x and
+t this is true for any particle that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t this is true for any particle that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t this is true for any particle that has
+energy e how can I make out of this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e how can I make out of this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e how can I make out of this a
+full equation because maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full equation because maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full equation because maybe I don't know
+what is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy
+e the energy e might be anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the energy e might be anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the energy e might be anything in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+en what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do very simple one single replacement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very simple one single replacement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do very simple one single replacement on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+done it's over that's the shredding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's over that's the shredding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's over that's the shredding
+equation is the energy operator that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the energy operator that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the energy operator that we
+introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inspiration change e to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration change e to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration change e to e
+hat this is the shinger equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat this is the shinger equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat this is the shinger equation now
+what has really happened here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has really happened here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has really happened here this
+equation that was trivial for a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that was trivial for a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that was trivial for a wave
+function that represented a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that represented a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that represented a particle
+with energy e if this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy e if this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy e if this is the energy
+operator this is not so easy anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is not so easy anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is not so easy anymore
+because remember the energy operator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the energy operator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the energy operator for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+was P ^2 / 2 m + V of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was P ^2 / 2 m + V of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was P ^2 / 2 m + V of x
+and this was - h^2 / 2 m DC D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was - h^2 / 2 m DC D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was - h^2 / 2 m DC D
+x² plus v of X acting on Wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² plus v of X acting on Wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² plus v of X acting on Wave
+functions so now you got a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now you got a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so now you got a really
+interesting equation because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting equation because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting equation because you don't
+assume that the energy is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the energy is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the energy is a number
+because you don't know it in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know it in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know it in general if
+the particle is moving in a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is moving in a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is moving in a complicated
+potential you don't know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you don't know what are the
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+energies but this is symbolically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but this is symbolically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but this is symbolically what
+must be happening because if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be happening because if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be happening because if this
+particle has a definite energy then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a definite energy then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a definite energy then this
+energy operator gives you the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator gives you the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operator gives you the energy
+acting on the function and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the function and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the function and then you
+recover what you know is true for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what you know is true for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what you know is true for a
+particle of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of a given
+energy so in general the shingware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so in general the shingware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so in general the shingware
+equation is a complicated equation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a complicated equation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a complicated equation let's
+write it now completely so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it now completely so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it now completely so this is the
+shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and if we write it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if we write it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if we write it completely
+it will read i h d side DT is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will read i h d side DT is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will read i h d side DT is equal to
+minus H bar s/ 2 m the second the x^2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar s/ 2 m the second the x^2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar s/ 2 m the second the x^2 of
+p plus v of x * oops P of x and t s of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus v of x * oops P of x and t s of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus v of x * oops P of x and t s of x
+and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's an equation a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an equation a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an equation a differential
+equation is first order in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is first order in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is first order in time and
+second order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order in
+space so let me say three things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let me say three things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let me say three things about
+this equation and finish first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and finish first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and finish first it
+requires complex numbers if s would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires complex numbers if s would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires complex numbers if s would be
+real everything on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real everything on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real everything on the right hand side
+would be real but with an i it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be real but with an i it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be real but with an i it would
+spoil it so complex numbers have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil it so complex numbers have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil it so complex numbers have to be
+there second is a linear equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there second is a linear equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there second is a linear equation it
+satisfies superposition so if one wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies superposition so if one wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies superposition so if one wave
+function satisfies the shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function satisfies the shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function satisfies the shinger equation
+the sum of wave functions and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of wave functions and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of wave functions and another
+wave function does the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function does the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function does the sum
+does third it's deterministic if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does third it's deterministic if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does third it's deterministic if you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+P at X and time equals zero you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P at X and time equals zero you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P at X and time equals zero you can
+calculate P at any later time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate P at any later time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate P at any later time because
+this is a first order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a first order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a first order differential
+equation in time this equation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in time this equation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in time this equation will be
+the subject of all what we'll do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of all what we'll do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of all what we'll do in this
+course so that's it for today thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/llZi_4npNeo.txt b/llZi_4npNeo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62b4a4c368d8698bd913acf3690e8baf1b6660d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/llZi_4npNeo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Nolan buy I'm a senior fellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Nolan buy I'm a senior fellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Nolan buy I'm a senior fellow and
+ajun lecturer in public policy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajun lecturer in public policy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajun lecturer in public policy at the
+Kennedy School of government Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy School of government Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy School of government Harvard
+University uh this is my concise short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh this is my concise short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh this is my concise short
+summary version of U literacy policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary version of U literacy policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary version of U literacy policy
+which is a facet of information policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a facet of information policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a facet of information policy
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+se what is literacy um literacy is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se what is literacy um literacy is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se what is literacy um literacy is a lot
+more than the ability to read and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the ability to read and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the ability to read and write
+and do simple computational skills but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do simple computational skills but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do simple computational skills but
+even with those basic skills close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with those basic skills close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with those basic skills close to
+half of the adult United States has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the adult United States has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the adult United States has
+insufficient skills they levels one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient skills they levels one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient skills they levels one and
+two the bottom two ranks of literacy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the bottom two ranks of literacy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the bottom two ranks of literacy uh
+in essence they become dysfunctional the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence they become dysfunctional the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence they become dysfunctional the
+deeper we go into the information uh age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper we go into the information uh age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper we go into the information uh age
+into the knowledge economy uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the knowledge economy uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the knowledge economy uh which
+requires new skills higher skills it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires new skills higher skills it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires new skills higher skills it
+requires lifelong learning uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires lifelong learning uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires lifelong learning uh it
+requires the ability to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the ability to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the ability to learn how to
+learn um what we need well let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um what we need well let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um what we need well let me tell
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+literacy I I don't see the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy I I don't see the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy I I don't see the term
+literacies often written down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies often written down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacies often written down but
+sometimes it is but literacy itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it is but literacy itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it is but literacy itself
+encompasses not only alpha numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses not only alpha numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses not only alpha numeric
+literacy or text in Pros but also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or text in Pros but also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or text in Pros but also what
+is increasingly called information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasingly called information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasingly called information
+literacy or network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or network
+literacy or technology literacy or Civic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or technology literacy or Civic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or technology literacy or Civic
+or political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or political
+literacy uh literacy is an enabling tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh literacy is an enabling tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh literacy is an enabling tool
+literacy itself as a technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy itself as a technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy itself as a technology is
+changes as fast as the Technologies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as fast as the Technologies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as fast as the Technologies of
+communications change literacy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications change literacy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications change literacy is a
+basic skill which we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic skill which we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic skill which we need to
+communicate I would add that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate I would add that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate I would add that not only
+does it provide one with the means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it provide one with the means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it provide one with the means of
+critical thinking but also critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking but also critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking but also critical
+acting and the reason that uh literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting and the reason that uh literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting and the reason that uh literacy
+is required of everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required of everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required of everyone is
+because uh we don't live the b200 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we don't live the b200 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we don't live the b200 and we
+get most of our information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of our information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get most of our information
+vicariously uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicariously uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicariously uh from the
+outside and literacy is sort of a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and literacy is sort of a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and literacy is sort of a skill
+of uh is a pull technology skill is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh is a pull technology skill is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh is a pull technology skill is when
+we want information we know where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want information we know where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want information we know where to go
+and we can pull it out of a resource as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can pull it out of a resource as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can pull it out of a resource as
+opposed to a lesser literacy skill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a lesser literacy skill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a lesser literacy skill of
+being a good listener or viewer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good listener or viewer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a good listener or viewer and
+having information pushed at us I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having information pushed at us I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having information pushed at us I like
+say a television station push off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a television station push off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a television station push off
+information through a signals or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information through a signals or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information through a signals or the
+internet increasingly is pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet increasingly is pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet increasingly is pushing
+information following a television model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information following a television model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information following a television model
+when that happens you're more apt to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens you're more apt to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens you're more apt to get
+propaganda what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda what's the difference between
+propaganda and other kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda and other kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda and other kind of information
+sometimes not a lot but the propagandist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes not a lot but the propagandist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes not a lot but the propagandist
+tends not to disclose uh who the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends not to disclose uh who the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends not to disclose uh who the person
+is or what their agenda is or what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or what their agenda is or what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is or what their agenda is or what their
+motives are and sometimes you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives are and sometimes you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motives are and sometimes you may not
+agree with it so you sort of endanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it so you sort of endanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with it so you sort of endanger
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+um throughout the world there a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the world there a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um throughout the world there a uh
+literacy or illiteracy is a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or illiteracy is a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or illiteracy is a substantial
+problem um I have a a chart here which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um I have a a chart here which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um I have a a chart here which I
+will make available to you um with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make available to you um with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make available to you um with a
+listing of uh nations with the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of uh nations with the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of uh nations with the worst
+literacy uh record in the world at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh record in the world at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh record in the world at the
+top of the list is Niger uh in which 79%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the list is Niger uh in which 79%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the list is Niger uh in which 79%
+of the males and 93% of the females and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the males and 93% of the females and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the males and 93% of the females and
+I assume that the population is even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume that the population is even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume that the population is even in
+terms of gender uh so 86% of the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of gender uh so 86% of the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of gender uh so 86% of the adult
+population is illiterate um buana Faso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is illiterate um buana Faso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is illiterate um buana Faso
+uh 81% Nepal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 81% Nepal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 81% Nepal
+72.5% Mali 69% and it goes down uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72.5% Mali 69% and it goes down uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72.5% Mali 69% and it goes down uh these
+same Nations have the shortest life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Nations have the shortest life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Nations have the shortest life
+expectancy of birth and the probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy of birth and the probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy of birth and the probably the
+lowest quality of life uh in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest quality of life uh in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest quality of life uh in other
+areas um Can literacy turn it around not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um Can literacy turn it around not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um Can literacy turn it around not
+of and by itself uh literacy is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and by itself uh literacy is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and by itself uh literacy is an
+enabling technology uh literacy is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling technology uh literacy is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling technology uh literacy is both
+content and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and information
+technology we have to guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we have to guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we have to guarantee
+universal access to all facets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal access to all facets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal access to all facets of
+literacy the term digital divide tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy the term digital divide tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy the term digital divide tends
+to refer to uh a recognition that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to uh a recognition that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to uh a recognition that uh
+people are better off if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are better off if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are better off if they have
+access to the internet and P internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the internet and P internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the internet and P internet
+connectivity and PCs or an internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and PCs or an internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and PCs or an internet
+Appliance well I disagree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appliance well I disagree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appliance well I disagree with that
+somewhat uh what I think is essential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uh what I think is essential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uh what I think is essential is
+ready universal access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready universal access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready universal access
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Universal ready access to relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal ready access to relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal ready access to relevant
+information and what's relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and what's relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and what's relevant
+information well it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well it depends on the
+individual's needs or societal needs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's needs or societal needs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's needs or societal needs or
+the group or organizational needs was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group or organizational needs was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group or organizational needs was
+relevant and it's also uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and it's also uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and it's also uh time
+sensitive and you have to look at also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and you have to look at also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and you have to look at also
+the quality of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of that
+information uh next you need because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh next you need because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh next you need because
+information is increasingly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is increasingly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is increasingly available
+only in electronic or digital format uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in electronic or digital format uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in electronic or digital format uh
+ready access to appropriate information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready access to appropriate information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready access to appropriate information
+technology which may or may not mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which may or may not mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which may or may not mean the
+internet but in many cases May mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but in many cases May mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet but in many cases May mean a
+book a tutor a pencil and paper uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book a tutor a pencil and paper uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book a tutor a pencil and paper uh again
+what is appropriate for that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is appropriate for that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is appropriate for that individual
+to understand and within a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and within a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand and within a language that
+that person can't understand again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can't understand again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can't understand again the
+internet right now is mostly English um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet right now is mostly English um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet right now is mostly English um
+80% of the websites that may change uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the websites that may change uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the websites that may change uh
+10 years now maybe mostly in Mandarin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years now maybe mostly in Mandarin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years now maybe mostly in Mandarin or
+some other language we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other language we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other language we don't
+know uh is the uh problem of illiteracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh is the uh problem of illiteracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh is the uh problem of illiteracy
+confined to third world or developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to third world or developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to third world or developing
+countries no uh I have a article here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries no uh I have a article here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries no uh I have a article here
+that appeared in the um Boston Globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in the um Boston Globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared in the um Boston Globe
+dated September 15th 1995 where it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated September 15th 1995 where it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dated September 15th 1995 where it says
+that almost half half of the adults in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost half half of the adults in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost half half of the adults in
+this state don't read well they read at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state don't read well they read at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state don't read well they read at
+the lowest levels one and two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest levels one and two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest levels one and two more
+recent article uh in the Washington Post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent article uh in the Washington Post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent article uh in the Washington Post
+uh from last year said that 65% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from last year said that 65% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from last year said that 65% of the
+adults in the district of Colombia uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults in the district of Colombia uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults in the district of Colombia uh
+read at levels one and two the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at levels one and two the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at levels one and two the lowest
+levels of uh uh literacy which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of uh uh literacy which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of uh uh literacy which means
+that uh they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they would be
+uh dysfunctional in an information based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dysfunctional in an information based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dysfunctional in an information based
+knowledge based economy uh they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge based economy uh they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge based economy uh they would
+lack the skills to be productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack the skills to be productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack the skills to be productive
+creative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative um
+self-realized all that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-realized all that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-realized all that they can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um more recent also last year a article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more recent also last year a article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more recent also last year a article
+from um uh the globe and I just cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um uh the globe and I just cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um uh the globe and I just cut out
+the part on statistics that show reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part on statistics that show reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part on statistics that show reading
+gaps this is a study done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps this is a study done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps this is a study done by the
+national assessment of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national assessment of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national assessment of educational
+progress uh that shows that uh uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh that shows that uh uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh that shows that uh uh it's
+an assessment of uh reading proficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assessment of uh reading proficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assessment of uh reading proficiency
+levels within the fourth grade UH 60 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels within the fourth grade UH 60 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels within the fourth grade UH 60 3%
+of uh black school children in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh black school children in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh black school children in the
+fourth grade are not reading at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade are not reading at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade are not reading at
+proficiency levels uh 58% of Hispanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency levels uh 58% of Hispanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency levels uh 58% of Hispanic
+are Latino kids uh 57% of of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Latino kids uh 57% of of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Latino kids uh 57% of of American
+Indians are or Native Americans are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians are or Native Americans are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians are or Native Americans are also
+reading below level whereas uh 27% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading below level whereas uh 27% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading below level whereas uh 27% of
+whites are reading at below level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites are reading at below level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites are reading at below level and
+22% of asian-pacific Highlanders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% of asian-pacific Highlanders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22% of asian-pacific Highlanders are
+reading at the that low level um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading at the that low level um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading at the that low level um you
+might ask why Asian Pacific Islanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask why Asian Pacific Islanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask why Asian Pacific Islanders
+read have better reading skills since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read have better reading skills since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read have better reading skills since
+they tend to be bilingual bicultural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be bilingual bicultural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be bilingual bicultural uh
+than uh Native B and whites uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh Native B and whites uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh Native B and whites uh good
+question um I think part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I think part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I think part of the reason
+for low blacks low reading scores among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for low blacks low reading scores among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for low blacks low reading scores among
+blacks is still a residue of a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks is still a residue of a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks is still a residue of a history
+of uh being having been slaves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh being having been slaves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh being having been slaves and
+having U laws that had that prohibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having U laws that had that prohibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having U laws that had that prohibited
+uh the teaching of blacks how to read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the teaching of blacks how to read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the teaching of blacks how to read or
+write and then followed by uh a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and then followed by uh a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and then followed by uh a long
+history of inferior schools and Jim Crow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of inferior schools and Jim Crow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of inferior schools and Jim Crow
+segregation and also expectation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and also expectation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation and also expectation and and
+continue disparity in terms of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue disparity in terms of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue disparity in terms of quality
+of school and education which comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school and education which comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school and education which comes to
+another question can we afford to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question can we afford to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question can we afford to have a
+large or even small portions of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or even small portions of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or even small portions of our
+population of our Workforce uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of our Workforce uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of our Workforce uh having
+inadequate skills to participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate skills to participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate skills to participate in the
+uh emerging global knowledge-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emerging global knowledge-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emerging global knowledge-based
+economy because what's implied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy because what's implied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy because what's implied by
+globalization is competition compet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization is competition compet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization is competition compet was
+implied by competition is winners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by competition is winners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by competition is winners and
+losers so the question is who ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so the question is who ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so the question is who ought to
+win if it's us who is us is it all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if it's us who is us is it all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win if it's us who is us is it all of us
+or should the beneficiaries of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should the beneficiaries of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or should the beneficiaries of our
+public policies just be uh wealthy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policies just be uh wealthy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policies just be uh wealthy uh
+those who already have had advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who already have had advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who already have had advantages
+and privileges uh or of multinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and privileges uh or of multinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and privileges uh or of multinational
+corporations or corporations per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations or corporations per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations or corporations per se
+since they're not necessarily citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're not necessarily citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're not necessarily citizens
+uh and uh or should we look at it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh or should we look at it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh or should we look at it more
+broadly and say that what makes America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and say that what makes America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and say that what makes America
+America what makes our society our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America what makes our society our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America what makes our society our
+society is its people they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is its people they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is its people they are the
+citizens they are the consumers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens they are the consumers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens they are the consumers they're
+the workforce and if so how should we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce and if so how should we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce and if so how should we go
+about investing in them in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investing in them in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about investing in them in terms of uh
+ensuring that they have uh literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that they have uh literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that they have uh literacy
+skills literacy skills never stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills literacy skills never stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills literacy skills never stop
+they're always advancing they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always advancing they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always advancing they're always
+changing so how do we go about providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so how do we go about providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so how do we go about providing
+lifelong learning opportunities uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning opportunities uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning opportunities uh to
+the entire population uh I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire population uh I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire population uh I would suggest
+U uh a radical uh legislation uh based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh a radical uh legislation uh based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh a radical uh legislation uh based
+on our own history uh after after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our own history uh after after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our own history uh after after the
+Soviet Union successfully launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union successfully launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union successfully launched
+Sputnik uh Congress during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik uh Congress during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik uh Congress during the
+Eisenhower administrations passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower administrations passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower administrations passed the
+National Defense Education Act uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Defense Education Act uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Defense Education Act uh uh
+that eisenh high Administration also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eisenh high Administration also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eisenh high Administration also
+created a federal highway system based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a federal highway system based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a federal highway system based
+on National Defense rationale um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on National Defense rationale um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on National Defense rationale um so the
+nature of the U World postc War World U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the U World postc War World U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the U World postc War World U
+is increasingly one uh about competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasingly one uh about competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasingly one uh about competition
+for markets and domination of markets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for markets and domination of markets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for markets and domination of markets uh
+if that's true to the extent that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true to the extent that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true to the extent that it is
+true uh again uh what's being sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh again uh what's being sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh again uh what's being sold in
+the markets in many cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets in many cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markets in many cases are
+information products uh Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information products uh Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information products uh Information
+Services uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services uh
+um how do we enable our population to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we enable our population to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do we enable our population to uh
+uh acquire those skills uh and continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acquire those skills uh and continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh acquire those skills uh and continues
+to develop them uh I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop them uh I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop them uh I would suggest
+something like a National Defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a National Defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a National Defense
+Education Communications and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Communications and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Communications and information
+act uh so the government uh uh provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act uh so the government uh uh provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act uh so the government uh uh provides
+the means that we can all be all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means that we can all be all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means that we can all be all that we
+can be that uh we uh right now we can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be that uh we uh right now we can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be that uh we uh right now we can no
+longer afford to uh incarcerate say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer afford to uh incarcerate say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer afford to uh incarcerate say more
+than 2 million people and take them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 million people and take them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 million people and take them not
+only out of the workforce uh but keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only out of the workforce uh but keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only out of the workforce uh but keeping
+them away from uh relevant information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from uh relevant information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from uh relevant information
+and knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge and
+literacy uh the 1992 Landmark study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh the 1992 Landmark study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy uh the 1992 Landmark study on
+literacy in the United States uh showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy in the United States uh showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy in the United States uh showed
+that in particular U illiteracy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular U illiteracy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in particular U illiteracy was
+associated with uh uh low incomes uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh uh low incomes uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh uh low incomes uh and
+poverty with uh uh welfare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty with uh uh welfare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty with uh uh welfare with
+incarceration so there may be a Nexus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarceration so there may be a Nexus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarceration so there may be a Nexus or
+a link between that uh give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link between that uh give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link between that uh give people
+adequate literacy early on uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate literacy early on uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate literacy early on uh and
+perhaps uh uh they'll uh be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh uh they'll uh be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh uh they'll uh be more
+successful U another project or program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful U another project or program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful U another project or program
+I think we ought to look take a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we ought to look take a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we ought to look take a hard
+look at is u u universal access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is u u universal access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is u u universal access to
+preschool uh by the time they in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool uh by the time they in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool uh by the time they in the
+fourth grade may be too late um everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade may be too late um everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade may be too late um everyone
+ought to have uh uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have uh uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to have uh uh information
+advantages uh if in fact uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages uh if in fact uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages uh if in fact uh we're going
+to be competitive in the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be competitive in the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be competitive in the information
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where do we go from here uh how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where do we go from here uh how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where do we go from here uh how do we
+mobilize uh uh how do we uh get others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize uh uh how do we uh get others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize uh uh how do we uh get others
+to talk about literacy as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about literacy as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about literacy as being
+important uh why literacy in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh why literacy in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh why literacy in the first
+place uh we make an assumption that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh we make an assumption that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh we make an assumption that uh
+we needed for the work force but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed for the work force but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed for the work force but we also
+needed to become effective citizens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to become effective citizens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to become effective citizens and
+democracy itself needs a uh L literate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy itself needs a uh L literate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy itself needs a uh L literate
+citizenry in order to keep it in check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenry in order to keep it in check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenry in order to keep it in check
+democracy and final analysis is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy and final analysis is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy and final analysis is a system
+of govern governance based not on trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of govern governance based not on trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of govern governance based not on trust
+but on distrust and as such it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on distrust and as such it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on distrust and as such it requires
+uh uh that those who govern uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that those who govern uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that those who govern uh the
+representatives of the people uh have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of the people uh have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of the people uh have to
+be accountable to the people it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountable to the people it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountable to the people it requires
+that citizens are informed not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that citizens are informed not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that citizens are informed not just
+informed but well informed uh enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed but well informed uh enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed but well informed uh enough to
+know whether or not they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether or not they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether or not they're being
+adequately served because uh if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequately served because uh if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequately served because uh if you read
+the Bill of Rights for example or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bill of Rights for example or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bill of Rights for example or the
+Declaration of Independence citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Independence citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Independence citizens
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+duty to uh put in the new government uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty to uh put in the new government uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty to uh put in the new government uh
+if in fact it is not serving the will of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it is not serving the will of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it is not serving the will of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+people uh so the people have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh so the people have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh so the people have a
+responsibility to know and the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to know and the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to know and the only way
+they can do that is through uh literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that is through uh literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that is through uh literacy
+and that's uh also explains this uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh also explains this uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh also explains this uh new
+kind of literacy this new emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literacy this new emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literacy this new emerging
+literacy or what we're recognizing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or what we're recognizing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy or what we're recognizing as a
+new literacy uh Civic literacy which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new literacy uh Civic literacy which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new literacy uh Civic literacy which may
+also be referred to as uh political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be referred to as uh political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be referred to as uh political
+literacy um the uh results of a literate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy um the uh results of a literate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy um the uh results of a literate
+population is not only uh people who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is not only uh people who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is not only uh people who can
+read and utilize uh tools effectively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and utilize uh tools effectively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and utilize uh tools effectively to
+uh uh maneuver through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maneuver through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh maneuver through their
+environments it uh enables them to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments it uh enables them to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments it uh enables them to think
+and act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and act
+critically um I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lsqFfbpXbSQ.txt b/lsqFfbpXbSQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..369a9de39387a591d3723044a65734fe7bc28d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsqFfbpXbSQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we would like to do is to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like to do is to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like to do is to come up
+with some way to control biomolecules um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some way to control biomolecules um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some way to control biomolecules um
+in an electronic manner this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electronic manner this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an electronic manner this could be
+applied to control uh you know genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to control uh you know genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to control uh you know genes
+that are related in cancer and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related in cancer and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related in cancer and it could
+Ed a diagnosis for that or any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed a diagnosis for that or any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed a diagnosis for that or any sort of
+genetic related disease and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic related disease and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic related disease and there's a
+considerable amount of interest in gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable amount of interest in gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable amount of interest in gene
+therapy or controlling you know diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy or controlling you know diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy or controlling you know diseases
+at the genetic level and this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the genetic level and this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the genetic level and this would be a
+handle by which you could do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by which you could do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by which you could do that okay
+and so normally when you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so normally when you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so normally when you think of
+electronic control you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic control you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic control you think of
+electrodes and that's um very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and that's um very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and that's um very convenient
+for things that are quite large but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that are quite large but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that are quite large but when
+you start to go to biomolecules it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to go to biomolecules it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to go to biomolecules it's
+hard to directly interface to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to directly interface to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to directly interface to them and
+so uh what we've done is to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we've done is to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we've done is to come up with
+a new way to control um biomolecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to control um biomolecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to control um biomolecules and
+that is by using an antenna uh directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by using an antenna uh directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by using an antenna uh directly
+attached to the biomolecule and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the biomolecule and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the biomolecule and so what
+we would like to do is to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do is to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do is to use this
+antenna to control biological molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna to control biological molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna to control biological molecules
+in their real environments um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their real environments um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their real environments um but what
+we're starting with is to uh use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting with is to uh use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting with is to uh use this
+antenna to control um B molecule simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna to control um B molecule simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna to control um B molecule simply
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+solution so what Kate is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so what Kate is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so what Kate is doing is
+synthesizing gold nanop particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing gold nanop particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing gold nanop particles which
+will be our antennas for biomolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our antennas for biomolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our antennas for biomolecules
+and this occurs by a simple chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this occurs by a simple chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this occurs by a simple chemical
+reaction in which a compound containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in which a compound containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in which a compound containing
+a gold atom is converted into gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gold atom is converted into gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gold atom is converted into gold
+clusters once the gold nanoparticles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters once the gold nanoparticles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters once the gold nanoparticles
+have been made Kate reacts them with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made Kate reacts them with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made Kate reacts them with the
+biomolecule that we're going to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule that we're going to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule that we're going to control
+and once that reaction occurs uh we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once that reaction occurs uh we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once that reaction occurs uh we need
+to purify um the desired product out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purify um the desired product out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purify um the desired product out of
+that and so this is done by a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this is done by a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so this is done by a technique
+called gel electris so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gel electris so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gel electris so what you're
+seeing now is Kate pipetting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing now is Kate pipetting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing now is Kate pipetting the
+solution that's going to be purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's going to be purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's going to be purified
+into a gel um and this is placed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a gel um and this is placed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a gel um and this is placed in a
+gel electris apparatus and an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel electris apparatus and an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel electris apparatus and an electric
+field is run across the the gel and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is run across the the gel and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is run across the the gel and this
+separates out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates out all the
+products and finally once the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and finally once the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and finally once the molecule
+has been extracted from the gel sonho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extracted from the gel sonho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extracted from the gel sonho
+controls the biomolecule by placing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the biomolecule by placing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the biomolecule by placing it
+in the apparatus which sends energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apparatus which sends energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the apparatus which sends energy to
+the antenna um and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna um and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna um and this is the
+coil and then we incorporate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and then we incorporate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil and then we incorporate this with
+an apparatus which can probe whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparatus which can probe whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparatus which can probe whether or
+not the biomolecule has been controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the biomolecule has been controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the biomolecule has been controlled
+and we can see this on a computer screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see this on a computer screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see this on a computer screen
+as a change in the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a change in the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a change in the optical
+absorption there's many ways that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption there's many ways that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption there's many ways that people
+have come up with to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come up with to control
+biomolecules but uh one advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules but uh one advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules but uh one advantage of
+this technique is that uh it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is that uh it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is that uh it can go
+through tissue so um there's been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tissue so um there's been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tissue so um there's been some
+work where people have used uh lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where people have used uh lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work where people have used uh lasers
+and the problem with lasers is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with lasers is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with lasers is that they
+can't penetrate tissue unless you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't penetrate tissue unless you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't penetrate tissue unless you use
+certain wavelengths and typically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelengths and typically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelengths and typically these
+wavelengths are not very convenient um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are not very convenient um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are not very convenient um
+and in our case uh we send energy using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case uh we send energy using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case uh we send energy using
+um radio frequency fields and this radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um radio frequency fields and this radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um radio frequency fields and this radio
+frequency field can actually go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency field can actually go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency field can actually go through
+tissue so this can be done inside an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue so this can be done inside an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue so this can be done inside an
+animal you know what we're doing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal you know what we're doing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal you know what we're doing now is
+simply a proof of principle experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a proof of principle experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a proof of principle experiment
+you know that we can you can do this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we can you can do this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we can you can do this at
+very simple levels um but we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple levels um but we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple levels um but we're working
+hard on trying to get this inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on trying to get this inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on trying to get this inside of a
+cell and then after that the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then after that the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then after that the next step
+is to an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to an organism
+and so perhaps on the order of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so perhaps on the order of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so perhaps on the order of you know
+10 years we might be able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years we might be able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years we might be able to do this
+inside of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an
+organism what I'm really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism what I'm really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism what I'm really sort of
+interested in and in studying is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and in studying is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and in studying is uh
+bringing the perspective of somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the perspective of somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing the perspective of somebody
+from the physical sciences to to biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the physical sciences to to biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the physical sciences to to biology
+and uh you know more and more people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know more and more people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know more and more people are
+doing this now and uh what's clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now and uh what's clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now and uh what's clear is
+that uh you know people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know people from the
+physical sciences and Engineering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences and Engineering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences and Engineering can
+you know start to ask different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know start to ask different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know start to ask different
+questions um than than has been asked of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um than than has been asked of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um than than has been asked of
+biology or bring New Perspectives and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or bring New Perspectives and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or bring New Perspectives and I
+think that's um very exciting because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's um very exciting because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's um very exciting because a
+lot of a lot of new ideas flow and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of new ideas flow and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of new ideas flow and then
+um you know as as with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as as with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as as with any
+interdisciplinary area it's uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary area it's uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary area it's uh there's a
+lot of changes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m8_3VwHy7tE.txt b/m8_3VwHy7tE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6b5580e9deb04fd8b617ad54c4650901f2cf26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m8_3VwHy7tE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to now show you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to now show you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to now show you two
+mathematical facts about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical facts about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical facts about how we
+integrate quantities of motion suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate quantities of motion suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate quantities of motion suppose
+we have an object let's call the CI hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an object let's call the CI hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an object let's call the CI hat
+direction and it's moving and it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's moving and it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's moving and it has an
+X component of velocity and suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of velocity and suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of velocity and suppose it
+starts at some initial position and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at some initial position and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at some initial position and goes
+at some final position and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some final position and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some final position and in the
+initial position it was at time T I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position it was at time T I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position it was at time T I and
+the final position was at t final now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final position was at t final now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final position was at t final now we
+have two very important integrals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two very important integrals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two very important integrals that
+we want to look at which govern how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at which govern how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at which govern how we
+describe how we apply integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how we apply integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how we apply integrate
+acceleration with respect to time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time and
+also how we'll integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how we'll integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how we'll integrate
+acceleration with respect to space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to space now
+recall that our acceleration which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that our acceleration which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that our acceleration which may
+be a function of time is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of time is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of time is the derivative
+of the X component of velocity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X component of velocity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X component of velocity with
+respect to time so let's first look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time so let's first look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time so let's first look at a
+simple integration of acceleration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple integration of acceleration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple integration of acceleration with
+respect to time and see what we get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time and see what we get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time and see what we get so
+if we integrate acceleration I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate acceleration I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate acceleration I'm going
+to introduce an integration variable DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce an integration variable DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce an integration variable DT
+Prime and our integration variable goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and our integration variable goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and our integration variable goes
+from our initial time to some final time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our initial time to some final time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our initial time to some final time
+and if we use our fact that acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use our fact that acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use our fact that acceleration
+is the derivative of velocity then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of velocity then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of velocity then we
+can write this as DV X DT prime DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as DV X DT prime DT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as DV X DT prime DT Prime
+again after a while I'll drop the dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after a while I'll drop the dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after a while I'll drop the dummy
+variables and the endpoints of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the endpoints of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the endpoints of the
+integral and this simply becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this simply becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this simply becomes the
+integral from t prime T initial T prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t prime T initial T prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t prime T initial T prime
+equals T final of DV X Prime now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T final of DV X Prime now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals T final of DV X Prime now notice
+we've done a change of variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a change of variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a change of variables in
+integration so instead of now talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so instead of now talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so instead of now talking
+about the endpoints of the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the endpoints of the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the endpoints of the integral from
+T prime T initial to T final now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime T initial to T final now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime T initial to T final now what
+we're doing is we changed our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we changed our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we changed our
+integration variable and so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable and so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration variable and so what we have
+is we have the velocity integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have the velocity integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have the velocity integration
+variable is going from some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going from some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is going from some initial
+value and that integration variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that integration variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that integration variable is
+going to some final value so again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to some final value so again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to some final value so again our
+initial conditions may have some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions may have some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions may have some initial
+velocity and some final velocity three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and some final velocity three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and some final velocity three
+different ways of describing the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of describing the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of describing the initial
+and final States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States
+this integral is a very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is a very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is a very straightforward
+integral DX final minus VX initial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX final minus VX initial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DX final minus VX initial which
+is the change in the X component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in the X component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change in the X component of the
+velocity and that's our classic result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and that's our classic result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and that's our classic result
+that we've done that the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done that the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done that the integration of
+acceleration with respect to time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time is a
+change in velocity now let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in velocity now let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in velocity now let's see what
+happens is a comparison when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a comparison when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a comparison when we
+integrate our acceleration not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate our acceleration not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate our acceleration not with
+respect to time but suppose that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time but suppose that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time but suppose that it's a
+function of space and so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and so now we're
+integrating again we have a dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating again we have a dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating again we have a dummy
+variable we have to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we have to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we have to be careful because
+this is the X component of acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the X component of acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the X component of acceleration
+but X prime is our integration variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X prime is our integration variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X prime is our integration variable
+and that's going from some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going from some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going from some initial
+position to some final position now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to some final position now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to some final position now we
+can write this as again make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as again make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as again make the
+substitution DX DT DX prime going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution DX DT DX prime going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution DX DT DX prime going from
+the initial to the final but now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial to the final but now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial to the final but now notice
+we're going to rewrite this integrand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rewrite this integrand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to rewrite this integrand as
+DV x times DX prime DT prime DT and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV x times DX prime DT prime DT and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV x times DX prime DT prime DT and when
+we do that we have this result that DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we have this result that DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we have this result that DX
+prime DT prime is precisely what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT prime is precisely what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT prime is precisely what we mean
+by V X now I'll introduce some dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by V X now I'll introduce some dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by V X now I'll introduce some dummy
+variables there as well so what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there as well so what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there as well so what our
+integrand becomes is DV X prime VX prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand becomes is DV X prime VX prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand becomes is DV X prime VX prime
+that's not a function those are it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a function those are it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a function those are it's a
+product of an integrand of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of an integrand of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of an integrand of it
+differential times VX Prime and now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential times VX Prime and now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential times VX Prime and now our
+new integration variable is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new integration variable is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new integration variable is going from
+some integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral
+initial value to some final value once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value to some final value once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value to some final value once
+again this is a straightforward integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a straightforward integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a straightforward integral
+for those who haven't seen integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who haven't seen integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who haven't seen integrals
+like this it's just something like X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's just something like X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's just something like X DX
+is x squared over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x squared over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x squared over 2
+but our integration variable is VX Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our integration variable is VX Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our integration variable is VX Prime
+so what we get is one-half VX final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is one-half VX final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get is one-half VX final
+squared minus VX initial Square and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus VX initial Square and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus VX initial Square and so
+what we see here is two fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is two fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is two fundamentally
+different facts that if you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different facts that if you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different facts that if you integrate
+acceleration with respect to time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration with respect to time you
+get the change in velocity but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the change in velocity but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the change in velocity but if you
+integrate acceleration with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate acceleration with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate acceleration with respect to
+space you get 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you get 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you get 1/2
+time's the change not a velocity but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the change not a velocity but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the change not a velocity but of
+the X component of the velocity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X component of the velocity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X component of the velocity squared
+and both of these facts are central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these facts are central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these facts are central to
+how we'll analyze the concept of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll analyze the concept of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we'll analyze the concept of work
+and how we applied Newton's second law
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mBd1nntUgHc.txt b/mBd1nntUgHc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c675dfe2118d3519cff905afff67d1b0669255d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mBd1nntUgHc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to continue
+our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protection uh remember we have our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection uh remember we have our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection uh remember we have our three
+uh sort of protection Primitives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of protection Primitives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of protection Primitives that
+we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authorization and confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're mostly going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're mostly going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're mostly going to focus on
+authorization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confidentiality remember we've seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality remember we've seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality remember we've seen and
+we're going to continue to rely on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue to rely on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue to rely on this
+set of cryptographic Primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cryptographic Primitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cryptographic Primitives
+um so The cryptographic Primitives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so The cryptographic Primitives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so The cryptographic Primitives that
+we talked about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about are
+sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and
+verify we said that sign accepts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify we said that sign accepts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify we said that sign accepts a
+message and some key um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and some key um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and some key um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+verify accepts the message and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kate sign accepts a message and a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate sign accepts a message and a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate sign accepts a message and a key
+and outputs uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature verify accepts the message uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature verify accepts the message uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature verify accepts the message uh
+and the signature and some other key K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signature and some other key K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signature and some other key K2
+and tells us whether or not uh this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells us whether or not uh this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tells us whether or not uh this the
+tells us whether or not it believes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us whether or not it believes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us whether or not it believes that
+the message that this am actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that this am actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that this am actually
+corresponds to this signature right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this signature right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this signature right we
+talk about how if K1 is equal to K2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how if K1 is equal to K2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how if K1 is equal to K2 uh
+this is a shared key system and if K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shared key system and if K1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a shared key system and if K1 is
+not equal to K2 typically call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to K2 typically call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to K2 typically call this a
+public Key System we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Key System we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public Key System we also talked about
+our uh encrypt and decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Primitives we said that encrypt accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives we said that encrypt accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives we said that encrypt accept
+some message M and some key K1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some message M and some key K1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some message M and some key K1 and
+outputs some encoded message some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs some encoded message some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs some encoded message some
+encoded message c um and decrypt takes C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded message c um and decrypt takes C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded message c um and decrypt takes C
+and some K2 and gives back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some K2 and gives back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some K2 and gives back
+M okay and again we have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay and again we have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay and again we have the same
+separation between shared key and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between shared key and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between shared key and public
+key private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key private
+key okay so if you remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay so if you remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay so if you remember last
+time we were talking about this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about this protocol
+uh that was a protocol for doing secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was a protocol for doing secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was a protocol for doing secure
+uh commun for establishing a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh commun for establishing a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh commun for establishing a secure
+Communication channel so we got as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication channel so we got as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication channel so we got as far
+as talking about how we would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as talking about how we would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as talking about how we would uh
+actually authenticate a user we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate a user we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate a user we talked
+about the process for authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process for authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process for authentication
+then we are using our authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are using our authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are using our authentication
+process to exchange uh to build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to exchange uh to build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to exchange uh to build up a
+protocol for setting up a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for setting up a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for setting up a secure
+Communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel so um the way this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so um the way this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel so um the way this is going to
+work is that we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that we were going to
+use use a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use a public
+key uh cryptography we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh cryptography we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh cryptography we're going to use
+our uh encryption with with a public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh encryption with with a public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh encryption with with a public key
+uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and then we are going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then we are going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then we are going to use the
+shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key to encrypt our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communication okay so this was this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication okay so this was this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication okay so this was this and
+I we we went through this example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we we went through this example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we we went through this example of the
+Denning Denning sacko protocol which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denning Denning sacko protocol which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denning Denning sacko protocol which
+I'll quick review and remember I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll quick review and remember I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll quick review and remember I told
+you that this protocol is broken and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this protocol is broken and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this protocol is broken and we
+got as far as not quite figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got as far as not quite figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got as far as not quite figuring out how
+it was broken so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was broken so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was broken so let's see if we can
+figure out how it's broken now um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how it's broken now um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how it's broken now um so
+again we said the idea is Alice first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said the idea is Alice first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said the idea is Alice first
+sends a message to Charles so Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a message to Charles so Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a message to Charles so Charles
+remember in our model Charles is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in our model Charles is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in our model Charles is this
+certificate Authority the guy who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate Authority the guy who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate Authority the guy who's
+gonna uh issue who who both Alice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna uh issue who who both Alice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna uh issue who who both Alice and
+Bob know and trust um so Alice says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob know and trust um so Alice says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob know and trust um so Alice says
+sends a message to Charles saying hey um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a message to Charles saying hey um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a message to Charles saying hey um
+I would like to get the get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to get the get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to get the get the
+certificates for Alice and Bob so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for Alice and Bob so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for Alice and Bob so that
+can establish a secure Communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish a secure Communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish a secure Communication
+channel Charles goes ahead and agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel Charles goes ahead and agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel Charles goes ahead and agrees
+with this and sends a message back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and sends a message back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and sends a message back um
+which consists of these two certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of these two certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which consists of these two certificates
+um one certificate for Alice and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one certificate for Alice and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one certificate for Alice and one
+certificate for Bob both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for Bob both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for Bob both of these
+certificates have been signed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates have been signed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates have been signed with
+Charles's private key because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key because they're
+signed with Charles's private key that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with Charles's private key that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with Charles's private key that
+presumably means that only Charles could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably means that only Charles could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably means that only Charles could
+have possibly gener generated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly gener generated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have possibly gener generated these
+certificates okay and the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates okay and the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates okay and the contents of
+these certificates are simply uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificates are simply uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificates are simply uh the
+public keys of a and there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys of a and there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys of a and there's two
+certificates and each certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates and each certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates and each certificate
+contains the public key of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the public key of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the public key of the uh the
+name of the the principle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the the principle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the the principle that the
+certificate belongs to the public key of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate belongs to the public key of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate belongs to the public key of
+that principle and some time stamp which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle and some time stamp which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle and some time stamp which
+remember we said we want to use to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said we want to use to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said we want to use to make
+sure that these uh certificates are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these uh certificates are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these uh certificates are are
+fresh okay and now what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh okay and now what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh okay and now what happens is that
+Alice in order to establish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice in order to establish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice in order to establish this
+communication uh with Bob um needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh with Bob um needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh with Bob um needs to
+exchange her needs to send needs to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange her needs to send needs to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange her needs to send needs to uh
+propose a shared key that she can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a shared key that she can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose a shared key that she can go
+ahead and use with Bob so she what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use with Bob so she what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use with Bob so she what she
+does is she sends um her certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she sends um her certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she sends um her certificate
+which is something that Bob should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that Bob should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that Bob should be
+able to use that to validate that she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use that to validate that she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use that to validate that she is
+uh that she is in fact who she says she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that she is in fact who she says she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that she is in fact who she says she
+is um and remember she can't forge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and remember she can't forge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and remember she can't forge this
+because it's signed with B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's signed with B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's signed with B with
+Charles's uh private key um and she also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's uh private key um and she also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's uh private key um and she also
+goes ahead and sends um this proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ahead and sends um this proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ahead and sends um this proposed
+key and the way she encodes the proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the way she encodes the proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and the way she encodes the proposed
+key is to uh sign it with her private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to uh sign it with her private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is to uh sign it with her private
+key um so that Bob knows that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um so that Bob knows that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um so that Bob knows that it
+actually came from her and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from her and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from her and then she
+encrypts it with Bob's public key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts it with Bob's public key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts it with Bob's public key so
+that Bob believes that this message so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bob believes that this message so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bob believes that this message so
+that only Bob she so that only Bob can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only Bob she so that only Bob can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only Bob she so that only Bob can
+actually go ahead and decode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and decode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and decode this
+message okay so let's think for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay so let's think for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay so let's think for a minute
+and we we we started to get towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we we started to get towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we we started to get towards
+figuring out what's wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what's wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what's wrong with this
+protocol and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and the way that
+we want to get the the the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the the the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get the the the way that we
+started to talk about was talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to talk about was talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to talk about was talk about
+well what properties would we like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what properties would we like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what properties would we like a
+protocol like this to have we said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like this to have we said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like this to have we said one
+property we would like is for it to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we would like is for it to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we would like is for it to have
+fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+what freshness means is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what freshness means is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what freshness means is that the
+protocol shouldn't be susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol shouldn't be susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol shouldn't be susceptible to
+replay attacks that is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay attacks that is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay attacks that is somebody
+shouldn't be able to take a message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to take a message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to take a message to
+shouldn't be able to overhear a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to overhear a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to overhear a message
+um and then replay it sometime much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then replay it sometime much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then replay it sometime much
+later in order to sort of cause that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in order to sort of cause that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in order to sort of cause that
+message to happen again right so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to happen again right so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to happen again right so even if
+that person can't actually look inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can't actually look inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can't actually look inside
+the contents of the message they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of the message they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of the message they may be
+able to get something to happen simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get something to happen simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get something to happen simply
+by replaying a message so freshness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replaying a message so freshness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replaying a message so freshness is
+uh is something we want our protocols to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is something we want our protocols to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is something we want our protocols to
+have and in this case we're achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in this case we're achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and in this case we're achieving
+freshness hopefully by including this te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness hopefully by including this te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness hopefully by including this te
+which is a time stamp in the message as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a time stamp in the message as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a time stamp in the message as
+I said last time getting the time stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said last time getting the time stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said last time getting the time stamps
+to actually work correctly is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually work correctly is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually work correctly is something
+that you have to be careful about um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be careful about um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to be careful about um and
+this this is described in in section e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is described in in section e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is described in in section e
+of the notes um Fresh So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notes um Fresh So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the notes um Fresh So the first
+property is freshness the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriateness okay and that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness okay and that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness okay and that just means
+that this message is in fact uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this message is in fact uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this message is in fact uh for the
+particular sender that it applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sender that it applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sender that it applies to the
+particular sort of context in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of context in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of context in which the
+message is being used so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is being used so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is being used so that the
+message should be sent to the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message should be sent to the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message should be sent to the sender
+that the P people who people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the P people who people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the P people who people who are
+receiving the message for example are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the message for example are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the message for example are
+actually the intended recipients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the intended recipients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the intended recipients of the
+message and then the third property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then the third property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and then the third property we
+said we want is forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we want is forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we want is forward
+secrecy and this just means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy and this just means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy and this just means that it's
+possible to change the key it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to change the key it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to change the key it will be
+possible to change switch to a new set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to change switch to a new set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to change switch to a new set
+of keys at sometime later in time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys at sometime later in time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys at sometime later in time if
+there's for example is a uh the the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's for example is a uh the the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's for example is a uh the the keys
+get breached so we have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get breached so we have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get breached so we have a way of
+changing the protocol this protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the protocol this protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the protocol this protocol that
+we have also uh achieves forward secrecy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also uh achieves forward secrecy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also uh achieves forward secrecy
+the problem it has is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem it has is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem it has is with
+appropriateness and let me let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness and let me let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness and let me let me show
+you what I mean by this protocol being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I mean by this protocol being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I mean by this protocol being
+inappropriate Sor so once we've once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate Sor so once we've once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate Sor so once we've once
+we've exchanged this kab now we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've exchanged this kab now we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've exchanged this kab now we can go
+ahead and Bob and Alice can presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and Bob and Alice can presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and Bob and Alice can presumably
+communicate with each other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with each other by
+encrypting their meth by encrypting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting their meth by encrypting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting their meth by encrypting
+messages to one another with this K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to one another with this K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to one another with this K this
+kab key that they've exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kab key that they've exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kab key that they've exchanged
+um okay so let's see what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's see what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's see what the the
+problem with this with this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this with this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this with this is so
+remember Alice sends this message three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Alice sends this message three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Alice sends this message three
+to Bob now here's what the issue is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob now here's what the issue is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob now here's what the issue is the
+issue has to do with this uh this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue has to do with this uh this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue has to do with this uh this piece
+of information that Alice has encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that Alice has encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that Alice has encrypted
+and signed and the problem is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signed and the problem is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signed and the problem is that this
+this message doesn't have satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message doesn't have satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message doesn't have satisfy the
+appropri appropriateness constraint in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropri appropriateness constraint in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropri appropriateness constraint in
+particular it doesn't have any context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it doesn't have any context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it doesn't have any context
+about which conversation this message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which conversation this message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which conversation this message is
+meant to this this uh key is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to this this uh key is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to this this uh key is meant to
+apply to okay so let me show how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to okay so let me show how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to okay so let me show how you
+show you a way in which Bob might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a way in which Bob might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a way in which Bob might
+exploit this suppose Bob sends a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this suppose Bob sends a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this suppose Bob sends a message
+to Charles um and what he sends in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charles um and what he sends in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Charles um and what he sends in this
+Charles in this message he says um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles in this message he says um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles in this message he says um I'm
+Alice and I would like to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and I would like to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and I would like to set up a
+conversation with you um and here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you um and here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with you um and here is my
+public key and here's some bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and here's some bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and here's some bit of
+information that I've signed using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I've signed using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I've signed using my
+private key um that is a key that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key um that is a key that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key um that is a key that I
+would like to use for our conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use for our conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use for our conversation
+okay and now Charles has so Charles sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now Charles has so Charles sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now Charles has so Charles sees
+this thing and he says oh yes Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and he says oh yes Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and he says oh yes Alice
+signed this with her private key he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed this with her private key he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed this with her private key he can
+check with the certificate Authority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with the certificate Authority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check with the certificate Authority and
+see that in fact it was uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in fact it was uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in fact it was uh this this
+this message was uh appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message was uh appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message was uh appears to be
+authentic um the issue but but and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic um the issue but but and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic um the issue but but and now
+he may go ahead and send a message back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may go ahead and send a message back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may go ahead and send a message back
+to Bob um that's signed with this kab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob um that's signed with this kab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bob um that's signed with this kab
+okay so Charles has been fooled into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Charles has been fooled into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Charles has been fooled into
+thinking that this message is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that this message is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that this message is uh that
+that Bob is in fact Alice and has uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bob is in fact Alice and has uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bob is in fact Alice and has uh it
+goes ahead and starts to establish some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ahead and starts to establish some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ahead and starts to establish some
+communication with him okay um and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with him okay um and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with him okay um and again
+the issue is because this uh encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is because this uh encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue is because this uh encrypted
+and signed thing doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signed thing doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signed thing doesn't have any
+information about uh what conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about uh what conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about uh what conversation
+this key is meant to apply to okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key is meant to apply to okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key is meant to apply to okay so
+Alice hasn't said that this is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice hasn't said that this is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice hasn't said that this is only a
+key that applies to a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that applies to a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that applies to a conversation
+between Alice and Bob so now anybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alice and Bob so now anybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alice and Bob so now anybody who
+overhears this can use this key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhears this can use this key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhears this can use this key to
+establish a conversation uh that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a conversation uh that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a conversation uh that appears
+to be originating with Alice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be originating with Alice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be originating with Alice that in
+fact is not okay so let me show you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is not okay so let me show you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is not okay so let me show you uh
+how we go ahead and fix this so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go ahead and fix this so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we go ahead and fix this so um this
+is just exactly the protocol that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly the protocol that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly the protocol that I
+showed you before and the way that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before and the way that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before and the way that we're
+going to fix this is really it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fix this is really it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fix this is really it's pretty
+much as I've just described um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I've just described um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I've just described um we're
+going to take this this big nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this this big nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this this big nasty
+statement that we had here and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we had here and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we had here and we're
+going to basically move the encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically move the encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically move the encryption
+and sign um out from around the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign um out from around the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign um out from around the uh uh
+we're going to sign and encrypt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sign and encrypt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sign and encrypt the
+whole message instead of Simply signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole message instead of Simply signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole message instead of Simply signing
+and encrypting uh this the one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypting uh this the one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypting uh this the one little
+piece of this message which was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this message which was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this message which was the uh
+proposed key so we're going to sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed key so we're going to sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed key so we're going to sign and
+encrypt the whole thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the whole thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the whole thing together
+including Alice's public key uh Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Alice's public key uh Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Alice's public key uh Alice's
+certificate and we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and we're also going to
+include a sender and receiver in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a sender and receiver in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a sender and receiver in this
+entire message okay so now we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire message okay so now we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire message okay so now we said is
+we're going to we we add a and b as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we we add a and b as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we we add a and b as two
+members of this entire message and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of this entire message and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of this entire message and what
+this allows us to do is to guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to do is to guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to do is to guarantee
+that uh because Alice has signed uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because Alice has signed uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because Alice has signed uh this
+entire thing right Bob isn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing right Bob isn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing right Bob isn't able to
+generate a new uh version of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new uh version of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new uh version of this thing
+um or Bob isn't able to use this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Bob isn't able to use this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or Bob isn't able to use this thing
+to uh spoof a conversation with Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh spoof a conversation with Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh spoof a conversation with Charles
+between himself to spoof a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between himself to spoof a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between himself to spoof a conversation
+with Charles okay so Bob can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Charles okay so Bob can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Charles okay so Bob can go ahead
+and send this thing can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send this thing can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send this thing can go ahead and
+send this uh it could could try and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this uh it could could try and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this uh it could could try and send
+this message to Charles but Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message to Charles but Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message to Charles but Charles
+could look at this thing and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at this thing and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at this thing and obviously
+tell that this key uh was not for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that this key uh was not for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that this key uh was not for a
+conversation between himself and Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation between himself and Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation between himself and Alice
+but instead was a for a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead was a for a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead was a for a conversation
+between Bob and Alice okay and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Bob and Alice okay and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Bob and Alice okay and there's
+no way that Bob could spoof the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that Bob could spoof the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way that Bob could spoof the
+generation of this whole thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of this whole thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of this whole thing because
+he doesn't have Alice's private key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have Alice's private key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't have Alice's private key so
+he couldn't sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message okay so um that wraps up most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay so um that wraps up most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay so um that wraps up most of
+our discussion uh the the the extent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion uh the the the extent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion uh the the the extent of
+the discussion from last time so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion from last time so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion from last time so what we
+saw last time basically is a way to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time basically is a way to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time basically is a way to set
+up to to do authentication um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to to do authentication um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to to do authentication um and then
+at the very end we talked about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end we talked about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very end we talked about how we
+can use authentication to establish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use authentication to establish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use authentication to establish this
+secure Communications Channel um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communications Channel um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communications Channel um so
+establishing a he Communications Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing a he Communications Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing a he Communications Channel
+relies on sort of this uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on sort of this uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on sort of this uh the
+confidentiality piece of this story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality piece of this story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality piece of this story I
+just want to spend a few messages a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to spend a few messages a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to spend a few messages a a
+few minutes talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes talking about what
+confidentiality is and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so confidentiality obviously is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so confidentiality obviously is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so confidentiality obviously is
+the uh the protection of the protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the protection of the protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the protection of the protection
+of information exchanged between uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information exchanged between uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information exchanged between uh two
+people or two principles say Alice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or two principles say Alice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or two principles say Alice and
+Bob and the idea is to make it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob and the idea is to make it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob and the idea is to make it so that
+somebody who's overhearing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's overhearing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's overhearing this
+communication wouldn't actually be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication wouldn't actually be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication wouldn't actually be able
+to tell what the contents of the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what the contents of the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what the contents of the message
+that was overheard were so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was overheard were so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was overheard were so the idea is
+there's suppose Alice generates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's suppose Alice generates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's suppose Alice generates some
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M puts it into an encryption box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M puts it into an encryption box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M puts it into an encryption box
+encrypts it with some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts it with some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts it with some key
+K1 generates a new message C which say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 generates a new message C which say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 generates a new message C which say
+gets sent out over the internet to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent out over the internet to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent out over the internet to Bob
+um on the other side Bob feeds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other side Bob feeds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other side Bob feeds this
+thing into a decryption box decrypts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a decryption box decrypts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into a decryption box decrypts it
+with K2 and gets M out okay and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K2 and gets M out okay and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K2 and gets M out okay and this has
+the properties is that simply knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties is that simply knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties is that simply knowing
+C makes it very hard to derive M okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C makes it very hard to derive M okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C makes it very hard to derive M okay so
+given C driving m is very hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C driving m is very hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given C driving m is very hard to do
+that's because of the difficulty of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of the difficulty of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because of the difficulty of sort
+of uh breaking these cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh breaking these cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh breaking these cryptographic
+protocols that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we talked about in the
+first couple of times um and that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of times um and that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of times um and that but
+that given K2 and C uh it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given K2 and C uh it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given K2 and C uh it is possible to
+derive M okay so the only way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive M okay so the only way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive M okay so the only way that you
+can do this is by applying some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this is by applying some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this is by applying some sort of
+attack on the cryptographic mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on the cryptographic mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on the cryptographic mechanism
+hopefully and uh this but this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully and uh this but this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully and uh this but this property
+that given K2 you can drive C It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given K2 you can drive C It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given K2 you can drive C It's
+relatively easy for the receiver to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy for the receiver to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy for the receiver to go
+ahead and figure out what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure out what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure out what the the
+messages and just as and these since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and just as and these since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and just as and these since the
+we're using these encrypt and decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using these encrypt and decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using these encrypt and decrypt
+box obviously K1 could be equal to K2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box obviously K1 could be equal to K2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box obviously K1 could be equal to K2 in
+which case we' be using a shared key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we' be using a shared key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we' be using a shared key
+approach and K1 and K2 can be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and K1 and K2 can be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and K1 and K2 can be different
+in which case we're using public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we're using public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we're using public key
+like we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've talked
+about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so
+um what we built up in this what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we built up in this what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we built up in this what we did
+in in the secure Communication channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the secure Communication channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the secure Communication channel
+prot that we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um just go over here what we did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just go over here what we did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just go over here what we did in this
+C Communication channel that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Communication channel that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Communication channel that I just
+talked about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was
+to establ was to both authenticate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establ was to both authenticate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establ was to both authenticate and
+establish confidentiality and and to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish confidentiality and and to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish confidentiality and and to was
+to authenticate and then establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate and then establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to authenticate and then establish
+confidentiality so we had both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality so we had both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality so we had both
+confidentiality and authentication so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality and authentication so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality and authentication so at
+the end of this protocol Alice and Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this protocol Alice and Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of this protocol Alice and Bob
+have authenticated with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have authenticated with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have authenticated with each other and
+they have confidentiality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have confidentiality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have confidentiality because
+they've exchanged this key kab that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've exchanged this key kab that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've exchanged this key kab that they
+can use to have a private conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to have a private conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to have a private conversation
+with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is going to be a common thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a common thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a common thing
+that we're going to want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to want to be able to
+do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's
+confidentiality plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authentication um and we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication um and we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication um and we see that the
+way that we do that is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do that is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do that is exactly what we
+is is exactly the pattern that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is exactly the pattern that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is exactly the pattern that we have
+going on here in this example you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here in this example you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here in this example you take a
+message and you sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and you sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and you sign it
+um and then you encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you encrypt
+it so you have your message M um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have your message M um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you have your message M um it's
+signed with some key which we'll call km
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with some key which we'll call km
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed with some key which we'll call km
+for confidentiality or sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for confidentiality or sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for confidentiality or sorry it's
+encrypted with KM and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted with KM and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted with KM and then you're going
+to sign this whole thing with some key K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign this whole thing with some key K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign this whole thing with some key K
+off which is your key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off which is your key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off which is your key for
+authorization okay and it's okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization okay and it's okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization okay and it's okay in this
+case for these two things the sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for these two things the sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for these two things the sign and
+encrypt can be done in either order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt can be done in either order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt can be done in either order I
+can sign the message and then encrypt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign the message and then encrypt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign the message and then encrypt it
+or encrypt it and then sign it it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encrypt it and then sign it it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encrypt it and then sign it it works
+out just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out just
+fine um so this this pattern is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um so this this pattern is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um so this this pattern is going to
+be a common one we're going to often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a common one we're going to often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a common one we're going to often
+times when we're building up a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we're building up a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we're building up a secure
+system what you want to do is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what you want to do is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what you want to do is first
+authenticate you want to both guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you want to both guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate you want to both guarantee
+that the person you're talking to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person you're talking to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person you're talking to is the
+you want to know who the person you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who the person you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know who the person you're
+talking to is um and you also want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to is um and you also want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to is um and you also want the
+communication with that that that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with that that that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with that that that person
+to be secure we talked at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secure we talked at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secure we talked at the beginning
+when we first started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started talking about
+authentication we talked about a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication we talked about a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication we talked about a simpler
+example where you might just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you might just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you might just want to
+authenticate right so I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate right so I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate right so I had the
+example suppose that you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you're you're
+purchasing something and you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing something and you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing something and you don't care
+if somebody knows that you purchase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody knows that you purchase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody knows that you purchase it
+like we uh you know giving money to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we uh you know giving money to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we uh you know giving money to save
+the whales right that example you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales right that example you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales right that example you're
+giving money to save the whales you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving money to save the whales you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving money to save the whales you all
+you care about is that save the whales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is that save the whales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is that save the whales
+can actually authenticate your message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually authenticate your message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually authenticate your message
+that the message is well formed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the message is well formed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the message is well formed from the
+point of view of uh that that the save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of uh that that the save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of uh that that the save
+the whales doesn't believe that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales doesn't believe that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales doesn't believe that you're
+giving them $10,000 doll instead of $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them $10,000 doll instead of $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them $10,000 doll instead of $100
+and that save the whales knows who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that save the whales knows who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that save the whales knows who you
+are so you get credit for giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so you get credit for giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so you get credit for giving them
+that money but you don't actually maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money but you don't actually maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money but you don't actually maybe
+care whether that message is encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether that message is encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether that message is encrypted
+so another common thing you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another common thing you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another common thing you're going to
+do is just sign a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just sign a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just sign a message
+with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off okay it's less it's less common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay it's less it's less common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay it's less it's less common to
+see other the other thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other the other thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other the other thing you might
+wonder is well okay how often do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder is well okay how often do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder is well okay how often do people
+just want confidentiality just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want confidentiality just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want confidentiality just
+establishing confidentiality is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing confidentiality is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing confidentiality is sort of
+less common you you see that less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common you you see that less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common you you see that less
+frequently typically people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently typically people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently typically people want to
+either do confidentiality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do confidentiality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do confidentiality and
+authentication or just authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication or just authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication or just authentication
+but just confidentiality is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just confidentiality is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just confidentiality is a little bit
+of a weird case because um having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird case because um having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird case because um having a
+private conversation with somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private conversation with somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private conversation with somebody who
+you don't know there aren't that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know there aren't that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know there aren't that many
+that many cases where you want it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many cases where you want it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many cases where you want it you
+could imagine Anonymous communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine Anonymous communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine Anonymous communication
+systems for example where you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for example where you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for example where you'd like to
+ensure that the other person you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the other person you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the other person you don't
+actually want the other person to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the other person to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want the other person to know
+anything about who you are but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about who you are but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about who you are but that
+that's a little bit of an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of an unusual
+situation okay so um this these are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so um this these are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay so um this these are kind
+of kind of the two major forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of the two major forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of the two major forms of
+private communication that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private communication that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private communication that we've talked
+about so far um and we talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far um and we talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far um and we talked about a
+few little other details that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few little other details that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few little other details that we need
+this this example Illustrated a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this example Illustrated a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this example Illustrated a few
+other little details that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little details that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other little details that we need to
+make sure that we uh we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we uh we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we uh we need to take
+care of so um one of them was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of so um one of them was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of so um one of them was this
+freshness constraint um so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness constraint um so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshness constraint um so in this
+example uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we
+said this is eg the addition of T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is eg the addition of T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is eg the addition of T to
+this example up here okay so when we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example up here okay so when we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example up here okay so when we add
+the time stamps that makes it difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time stamps that makes it difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time stamps that makes it difficult
+for somebody to uh apply a replay attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody to uh apply a replay attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody to uh apply a replay attack
+against us the other thing that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against us the other thing that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against us the other thing that we might
+want to do is to add this to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to add this to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to add this to make sure
+that um so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so what we're going to do is
+here we're going to EG we're going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to EG we're going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to EG we're going to so
+um add to M okay so this is freshness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um add to M okay so this is freshness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um add to M okay so this is freshness so
+this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to
+add um Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um Tim
+stamp to M okay now the other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp to M okay now the other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp to M okay now the other thing we
+might want is some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want is some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want is some way to
+um guarantee appropriateness what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guarantee appropriateness what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um guarantee appropriateness what we're
+going to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriateness what we need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness what we need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriateness what we need to do to
+make sure the message is appropriate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the message is appropriate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the message is appropriate is
+we need to add context to the message so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add context to the message so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add context to the message so
+we need to add some information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add some information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to add some information that
+specifies who who was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies who who was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies who who was originally
+involved in the in in the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so those are the so uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the so uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the so uh these are
+sort of the the two major kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the two major kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the two major kinds of
+protection that we have and uh we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection that we have and uh we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection that we have and uh we need
+to make sure that our our protection our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that our our protection our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that our our protection our
+protocols that we use sort of provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we use sort of provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we use sort of provide
+these these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kinds of
+guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now what I want to do is to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what I want to do is to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what I want to do is to turn
+I'm gonna I'm going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna I'm going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna I'm going to talk a little bit
+about authorization so we've seen sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about authorization so we've seen sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about authorization so we've seen sort
+of authentication and a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authentication and a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authentication and a bit of
+confidentiality I'm going talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality I'm going talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality I'm going talk about
+authorization but I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization but I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization but I want to talk about
+it in the context of an example so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of an example so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the context of an example so that
+you guys um because you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um because you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys um because you guys know
+something about authorization techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about authorization techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about authorization techniques
+you guys have all seen for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have all seen for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have all seen for example
+passwords for logging into a system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords for logging into a system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords for logging into a system it's
+not there's not a big surprise about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's not a big surprise about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's not a big surprise about how
+passwords work we uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords work we uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords work we uh you know sort of
+the way the passwords are there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the passwords are there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the passwords are there's some
+list of passwords and when a user tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of passwords and when a user tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of passwords and when a user tries
+to log in the system checks to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log in the system checks to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log in the system checks to see if
+that uh the the person is in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the person is in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the person is in the list
+and they typically take the hash of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they typically take the hash of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they typically take the hash of the
+password that's typed in and check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that's typed in and check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that's typed in and check to
+see if the hash hash of the password is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the hash hash of the password is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the hash hash of the password is
+in the password list okay um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the password list okay um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the password list okay um this is
+described in detail in the text and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in detail in the text and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in detail in the text and
+we'll go over it a little bit uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over it a little bit uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over it a little bit uh today
+but the what I want to do is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the what I want to do is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the what I want to do is sort of
+talk about um talk about how we fit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um talk about how we fit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um talk about how we fit all
+three of these things authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these things authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these things authentication
+authorization and confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization and confidentiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization and confidentiality
+together into one system as we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into one system as we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into one system as we talk
+about authentication okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about authentication okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about authentication okay so we're going
+to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example which is the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's suppose that we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that we are in a
+situation where we've got some browser B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we've got some browser B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we've got some browser B
+communicating with some web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W over a secure Communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel if you like you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel if you like you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel if you like you can think of the
+secure Communication channel as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communication channel as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communication channel as having
+been established by a protocol like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established by a protocol like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established by a protocol like the
+one I've shown here um in practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've shown here um in practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I've shown here um in practice in
+the web the pro there's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web the pro there's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web the pro there's a common
+protocol that's used to establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's used to establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's used to establish the
+secure communication Channel called SSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure communication Channel called SSL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure communication Channel called SSL
+secure sockets layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure sockets layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure sockets layer
+okay um so this channel has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authenticated um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confidential um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's of it's typically the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's of it's typically the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's of it's typically the case for
+example that you know there may be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you know there may be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you know there may be and
+there may be some certificate Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some certificate Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some certificate Authority
+say for example which B has B has used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example which B has B has used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example which B has B has used
+to discover keys for W uh to discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover keys for W uh to discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover keys for W uh to discover a
+private key to use to talk to the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key to use to talk to the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key to use to talk to the web
+server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+W okay so there's a question though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so there's a question though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay so there's a question though that
+we haven't really really got at which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how does w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know that b is author authorized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access okay we hinted at this uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay we hinted at this uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay we hinted at this uh on the
+first lecture about security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture about security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture about security
+um but this is the the question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is the the question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is the the question that we
+want to try and address today in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and address today in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try and address today in a
+little more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the issue is that once this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that once this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that once this protocol
+is established these two guys have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established these two guys have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is established these two guys have have
+exchanged a key with each other this kab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged a key with each other this kab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged a key with each other this kab
+or KBW right and this is a a a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or KBW right and this is a a a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or KBW right and this is a a a shared
+key that these guys can use to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that these guys can use to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that these guys can use to uh
+exchange that these guys can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that these guys can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that these guys can communicate
+with each other but basically all that W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other but basically all that W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other but basically all that W
+knows about B is that uh this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about B is that uh this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about B is that uh this is still
+this is this is somebody who has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is somebody who has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is somebody who has this
+key this is the same be who initiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is the same be who initiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is the same be who initiated
+this connection with me right um W may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connection with me right um W may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connection with me right um W may
+not have actually checked to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have actually checked to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have actually checked to go ahead
+and see uh what it is on the server that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see uh what it is on the server that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see uh what it is on the server that
+the what services on WB has access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what services on WB has access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what services on WB has access to
+right so w needs to go ahead and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so w needs to go ahead and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so w needs to go ahead and figure
+out what it is that b what what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is that b what what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is that b what what it is
+that B can access and needs to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B can access and needs to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B can access and needs to sort of
+check all the accesses that b tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all the accesses that b tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all the accesses that b tries to
+make on W to make sure that uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make on W to make sure that uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make on W to make sure that uh it's it's
+authorized to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized to do so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you remember back to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember back to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember back to the very
+first lecture we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we talked about how
+authentication and authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and authorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and authorization
+work we sort of said there's two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we sort of said there's two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we sort of said there's two steps
+or uh in this case we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh in this case we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh in this case we're going to
+actually talk about three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about three steps
+so we've got three steps or three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got three steps or three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got three steps or three uh
+let's call it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authorization functions okay and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization functions okay and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization functions okay and these
+These are that these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are that these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are that these functions are
+actually uh sort of share share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh sort of share share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh sort of share share
+something in common with authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in common with authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in common with authentication
+um because we authenticating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we authenticating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we authenticating and
+authorizing um are are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing um are are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing um are are sort of
+intertwined together you'll see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined together you'll see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined together you'll see what I
+mean so the first step is we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the first step is we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the first step is we need some
+rendevu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendevu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendevu okay
+so uh this is we when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is we when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is we when we talked about
+this this is the way that uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the way that uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the way that uh two
+principles exchange decide uh exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles exchange decide uh exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles exchange decide uh exchange
+information about it initially set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it initially set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it initially set up
+this sort of communic the the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of communic the the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of communic the the access
+rights to the the the particular service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to the the the particular service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights to the the the particular service
+so this is for example you going to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for example you going to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for example you going to your
+system administrator and telling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system administrator and telling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system administrator and telling your
+system administrator that you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system administrator that you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system administrator that you would like
+an account he creates an account he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account he creates an account he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account he creates an account he
+creates a home directory for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a home directory for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a home directory for you and
+then you have the author the rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the author the rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the author the rights to
+access any of the files that are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access any of the files that are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access any of the files that are in your
+home directory okay so think of rendevu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home directory okay so think of rendevu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home directory okay so think of rendevu
+as as setup account creation uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as setup account creation uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as setup account creation uh you know
+you log on to amazon.com and create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you log on to amazon.com and create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you log on to amazon.com and create an
+account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for
+example okay so then there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so then there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so then there's some other
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+um which is this verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is this verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is this verification
+step okay and verification is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay and verification is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay and verification is simply
+making sure that you're uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you're uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you're uh this this
+when you when you reconnect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you reconnect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you reconnect to the
+system you're allowed to connect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're allowed to connect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're allowed to connect to the
+things that you want to connect to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to connect to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to connect to um
+and typically in an authorization system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically in an authorization system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically in an authorization system
+we talk about this thing this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about this thing this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about this thing this is this is
+a a this thing is mediating your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a this thing is mediating your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a this thing is mediating your your
+communic iation with the uh with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communic iation with the uh with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communic iation with the uh with this uh
+with the web server so if I log on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the web server so if I log on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the web server so if I log on to
+amazon.com and say that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com and say that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com and say that I would like to
+uh log in as a particular user this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log in as a particular user this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh log in as a particular user this
+verification step is going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification step is going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification step is going to make sure
+that I have the appropriate credentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have the appropriate credentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have the appropriate credentials
+to log on as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log on as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log on as that
+user the final thing I might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the final thing I might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user the final thing I might want to do
+um is to revoke right I might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to revoke right I might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to revoke right I might want to
+Simply remove a user from the system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply remove a user from the system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply remove a user from the system or
+make it so that the user is no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that the user is no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that the user is no longer a
+part of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+or two widely sort of used approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two widely sort of used approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two widely sort of used approaches
+for authentication that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for authentication that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for authentication that have different
+uh parts of the sort of do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts of the sort of do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts of the sort of do different
+things at these different steps so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at these different steps so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at these different steps so uh
+the two approaches are called lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two approaches are called lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two approaches are called lists and
+tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+authorization um so we got these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization um so we got these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization um so we got these two
+approaches the first one is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the first one is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the first one is we're going
+to call lists and the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call lists and the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call lists and the second one is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and we've got these three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and we've got these three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and we've got these three steps
+so we've got our setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got our setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got our setup
+step we've got our mediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we've got our mediation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we've got our mediation
+step and we've got our revocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we've got our revocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and we've got our revocation
+step okay so lists are something you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay so lists are something you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay so lists are something you may
+be familiar with a list is a list is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with a list is a list is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with a list is a list is a
+fairly common so one way that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common so one way that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly common so one way that we might
+authorize whether or not a user is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize whether or not a user is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize whether or not a user is is
+allowed to access a system is to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to access a system is to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to access a system is to check
+some list right of all the users who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some list right of all the users who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some list right of all the users who are
+allowed access and we may check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed access and we may check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed access and we may check that
+user's credentials okay so um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's credentials okay so um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's credentials okay so um you know
+for example if you go to a party and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you go to a party and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you go to a party and
+that party is that party is invite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that party is that party is invite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that party is that party is invite that
+uh party is invite only and requires you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh party is invite only and requires you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh party is invite only and requires you
+to you know show your MIT ID at the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know show your MIT ID at the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know show your MIT ID at the door
+then uh you you show up at the door you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you you show up at the door you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you you show up at the door you
+show them your MIT ID and then that lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them your MIT ID and then that lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them your MIT ID and then that lets
+you in and now you've been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in and now you've been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in and now you've been sort of
+authorized to access the party okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized to access the party okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorized to access the party okay um
+another sort of the the other approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of the the other approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of the the other approach
+is a ticket based approach so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ticket based approach so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ticket based approach so this is um
+an approach where instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach where instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach where instead of having a
+list of people and checking credentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of people and checking credentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of people and checking credentials
+when those uh sort of whenever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those uh sort of whenever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those uh sort of whenever the
+person wants access instead you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wants access instead you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wants access instead you have
+some ticket which lets anybody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ticket which lets anybody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ticket which lets anybody who has
+that ticket have access okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ticket have access okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ticket have access okay so this is
+a party is invitation only you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a party is invitation only you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a party is invitation only you get an
+invitation in the mail and now anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation in the mail and now anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation in the mail and now anybody
+who has that invitation can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has that invitation can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has that invitation can go ahead and
+go to the party okay so you guys are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the party okay so you guys are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the party okay so you guys are all
+familiar with systems that work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with systems that work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with systems that work like
+that you know it's uh baseball games or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's uh baseball games or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's uh baseball games or
+or uh carnival games or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh carnival games or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh carnival games or whatever it is
+you know they all sort of you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all sort of you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all sort of you get
+tickets and you use those tickets to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and you use those tickets to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and you use those tickets to get
+access to something and anybody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to something and anybody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to something and anybody who has
+those tickets can use them right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tickets can use them right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tickets can use them right there's
+no checking of your sort of credentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no checking of your sort of credentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no checking of your sort of credentials
+every time you try and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you try and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you try and use
+them um and as we're going to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and as we're going to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and as we're going to see and
+we'll talk about how this works in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how this works in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how this works in the
+web it's often the case that you use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it's often the case that you use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it's often the case that you use one
+of these list-based authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these list-based authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these list-based authentication
+systems to decide who you should ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to decide who you should ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to decide who you should ex
+issue tickets to and then you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue tickets to and then you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue tickets to and then you give a
+bunch of people tickets and anybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people tickets and anybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people tickets and anybody can
+do whatever they want with those tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever they want with those tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do whatever they want with those tickets
+okay so let's talk about sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about sort of the
+properties of these things and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these things and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of these things and a little
+bit about how they work in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how they work in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how they work in the context
+of a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a computer
+system so a the setup process in lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so a the setup process in lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so a the setup process in lists
+is obviously well you add someone to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously well you add someone to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously well you add someone to a
+list okay um so passwords typically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay um so passwords typically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay um so passwords typically are
+done with list based systems the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with list based systems the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with list based systems the idea is
+when you add somebody to a password list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add somebody to a password list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add somebody to a password list
+you input their name or their user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you input their name or their user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you input their name or their user
+account name and a a cryptographic hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account name and a a cryptographic hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account name and a a cryptographic hash
+of the password that they typed in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the password that they typed in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the password that they typed in so
+usually you want them to type the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you want them to type the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you want them to type the the
+password in in some secure fashion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in in some secure fashion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in in some secure fashion you
+put the cryptographic hash of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cryptographic hash of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cryptographic hash of that
+password there um and then uh where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password there um and then uh where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password there um and then uh where it
+and then in order to mediate in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to mediate in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to mediate in order to
+actually verify for example that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually verify for example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually verify for example that the
+password is going to be correct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is going to be correct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password is going to be correct um
+you're going to search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to search the
+list uh and you're going to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh and you're going to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh and you're going to verify that
+the password that and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password that and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the password that and you're going to
+verify that the password that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the password that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that the password that they
+present in fact hashes to the stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in fact hashes to the stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in fact hashes to the stored
+hash in the password file okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash in the password file okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash in the password file okay so you're
+going to search the list and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search the list and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search the list and you're
+going to also do this sort of check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also do this sort of check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also do this sort of check
+credentials step make sure the password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials step make sure the password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials step make sure the password
+is what it was supposed to be so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it was supposed to be so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it was supposed to be so it's
+relative ly easy then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative ly easy then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative ly easy then in this
+environment to revoke somebody's access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to revoke somebody's access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to revoke somebody's access
+you can remove them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list and in that case well they won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and in that case well they won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and in that case well they won't be
+able to use the system anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tickets the idea in a ticket based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets the idea in a ticket based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets the idea in a ticket based
+system is that well when you when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that well when you when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that well when you when you uh
+you're going to generate a ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and usually what that means in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually what that means in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually what that means in a
+computer system or the simplest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system or the simplest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system or the simplest way to
+generate a ticket in a computer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a ticket in a computer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a ticket in a computer system
+is to generate make a sort of uh a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to generate make a sort of uh a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to generate make a sort of uh a hard
+to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess
+number okay so this is for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so this is for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so this is for example uh
+you take the hash of some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the hash of some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the hash of some information
+you you uh you you this might be a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you you this might be a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you uh you you this might be a hash
+of something or it might just be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something or it might just be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something or it might just be a big
+random number right you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number right you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number right you want it to be
+something that if somebody picks a picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if somebody picks a picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if somebody picks a picks
+another random number out of thin air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another random number out of thin air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another random number out of thin air
+they don't have a very high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a very high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a very high probability
+of guessing a number that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guessing a number that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guessing a number that actually
+allows them to access the system um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to access the system um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to access the system um but
+if they do anybody who has this ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do anybody who has this ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do anybody who has this ticket
+should be able to access the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to access the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to access the system
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+easily okay so um tickets because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay so um tickets because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily okay so um tickets because these
+things these these tickets are just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these these tickets are just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things these these tickets are just say
+for example a big random number um users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a big random number um users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a big random number um users
+typically should feel free to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically should feel free to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically should feel free to share
+these might might be able to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might might be able to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might might be able to exchange
+these tickets with each other right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tickets with each other right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tickets with each other right they
+should be able to share them with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to share them with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to share them with other
+people um and and use them for Access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and and use them for Access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and and use them for Access
+whereas users typically are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas users typically are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas users typically are not going to
+share their passwords with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their passwords with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their passwords with other people
+um so tickets are a way that a user can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so tickets are a way that a user can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so tickets are a way that a user can
+hand off sort of the authority to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand off sort of the authority to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand off sort of the authority to the
+the the right to access the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right to access the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right to access the system to
+some other user they can delegate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other user they can delegate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other user they can delegate
+okay so now uh to to mediate well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh to to mediate well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh to to mediate well we're
+just going to um look up this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to um look up this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to um look up this is just
+going to be a table look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay um so we just need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay um so we just need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay um so we just need to make sure
+that this is a valid number that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a valid number that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a valid number that was in
+fact given to us and typically we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact given to us and typically we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact given to us and typically we don't
+have to go and check credentials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and check credentials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and check credentials right
+we don't the user doesn't have to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't the user doesn't have to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't the user doesn't have to supply
+a password when they uh Supply us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a password when they uh Supply us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a password when they uh Supply us with a
+ticket okay and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket okay and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket okay and then finally
+um in order to revoke well we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to revoke well we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to revoke well we might be
+able to invalidate a ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to invalidate a ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to invalidate a ticket
+um but in validation so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in validation so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in validation so you might be
+able to say for example remove it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say for example remove it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say for example remove it from
+this table but in validation actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table but in validation actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table but in validation actually so
+that that works fine if we're okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works fine if we're okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works fine if we're okay with
+getting rid of an entire ticket okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of an entire ticket okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of an entire ticket okay but
+um suppose for example that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose for example that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose for example that I want to
+revoke the right of a single user to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoke the right of a single user to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoke the right of a single user to
+access the system okay that's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the system okay that's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the system okay that's very hard
+to do in a ticket-based system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in a ticket-based system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in a ticket-based system because
+so suppose that you guys decide that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that you guys decide that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that you guys decide that you
+know you no longer want me looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you no longer want me looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you no longer want me looking at
+some uh discussion board about 6033 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh discussion board about 6033 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh discussion board about 6033 that
+you've set up right and suppose because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up right and suppose because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up right and suppose because
+you're writing bad things about me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing bad things about me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing bad things about me and
+you say well you don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you don't want the
+professor to be able to access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor to be able to access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor to be able to access this
+anymore so you try and revoke my access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so you try and revoke my access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so you try and revoke my access
+if you've been using a ticket based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been using a ticket based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've been using a ticket based
+system that's going to be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's going to be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's going to be very hard
+unless you invalidate that ticket and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you invalidate that ticket and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you invalidate that ticket and
+and there are many people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many people who are
+sharing the same ticket that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the same ticket that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the same ticket that's going to
+be hard to just deny me access because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to just deny me access because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to just deny me access because
+you're going to have to revoke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to revoke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to revoke that
+ticket and then go to everybody else who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket and then go to everybody else who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket and then go to everybody else who
+might be sharing that ticket and issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sharing that ticket and issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sharing that ticket and issue
+them a new one right um whereas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a new one right um whereas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a new one right um whereas in the
+password in this sort of list based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in this sort of list based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password in this sort of list based
+system you could have just removed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you could have just removed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you could have just removed my
+account okay this has an analogy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account okay this has an analogy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account okay this has an analogy in the
+real world um which is uh say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world um which is uh say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world um which is uh say for
+example if you um you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you um you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you um you know if you have a
+sort of door locks are sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of door locks are sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of door locks are sort of like a
+ticket or like a ticket based system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket or like a ticket based system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket or like a ticket based system
+right so you generate a physical key for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you generate a physical key for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you generate a physical key for
+something you could give that out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could give that out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you could give that out to
+many people and then many people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people and then many people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people and then many people can
+have access to your house the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to your house the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to your house the problem is
+if you want to revoke access to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to revoke access to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to revoke access to a single
+person then you have to uh sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person then you have to uh sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person then you have to uh sort of go
+and collect either collect the keys from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect either collect the keys from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect either collect the keys from
+everybody which may not be feasible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody which may not be feasible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody which may not be feasible or
+change the door locks which denies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the door locks which denies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the door locks which denies
+everybody access until you reissue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody access until you reissue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody access until you reissue the
+keys to the people who need them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys to the people who need them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys to the people who need them okay so
+this is uh you can if you like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you can if you like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh you can if you like you can
+think of a ticket based system sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a ticket based system sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a ticket based system sort of
+like being door locks in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being door locks in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being door locks in a
+house okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house okay so let's
+um so there's to these systems lists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's to these systems lists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's to these systems lists in
+often times the lists are uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times the lists are uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times the lists are uh sometimes
+more formally are called ACLS or Access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally are called ACLS or Access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally are called ACLS or Access
+Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lists so you'll see these you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so you'll see these you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so you'll see these you'll see
+this term used in the text in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term used in the text in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term used in the text in fact as
+well um and tickets are sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and tickets are sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and tickets are sometimes called
+uh capabilities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capabilities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capabilities okay
+so capabilities are sort of these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so capabilities are sort of these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so capabilities are sort of these the
+right to access some resource on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to access some resource on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to access some resource on the
+computer that can be delegated from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that can be delegated from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that can be delegated from one
+user to the other or one principal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to the other or one principal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user to the other or one principal to
+the other um and in practice what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um and in practice what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um and in practice what we see
+both as I said in the real world and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as I said in the real world and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as I said in the real world and in
+computer systems is that we're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems is that we're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems is that we're often
+going to use these list based mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these list based mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these list based mechanisms
+to generate uh to to to decide who to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate uh to to to decide who to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate uh to to to decide who to
+hand tickets out to right so uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand tickets out to right so uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand tickets out to right so uh you know
+in the in the in the case of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the case of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the case of you know
+okay who are we going to invite to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who are we going to invite to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who are we going to invite to our
+party who are we going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party who are we going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party who are we going to send
+invitations to in the mail well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations to in the mail well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations to in the mail well you
+might have some list that you go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some list that you go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some list that you go ahead
+and assemble uh based on either people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assemble uh based on either people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assemble uh based on either people
+who you know to be MIT students or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know to be MIT students or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know to be MIT students or you
+know people who meet some particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people who meet some particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people who meet some particular set
+of Eligibility criteria that's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eligibility criteria that's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eligibility criteria that's the sort
+of process of checking the list and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process of checking the list and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process of checking the list and then
+once you've assembled the list you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've assembled the list you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've assembled the list you're
+going to generate these tickets and send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate these tickets and send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate these tickets and send
+them out and then anybody can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and then anybody can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and then anybody can use those
+tickets okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets okay
+um okay so this this same analogy sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this this same analogy sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this this same analogy sort
+of holds true uh in the in the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holds true uh in the in the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of holds true uh in the in the internet
+so let's let's look at how we might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at how we might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at how we might uh
+build up an an authorization system on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up an an authorization system on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up an an authorization system on
+top of our uh our secure Channel between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of our uh our secure Channel between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of our uh our secure Channel between
+our browser and our uh web server so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our browser and our uh web server so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our browser and our uh web server so
+we've got our B talking over our secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our B talking over our secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our B talking over our secure
+channel to our web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to our web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel to our web
+server and the idea is going to be as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and the idea is going to be as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and the idea is going to be as as
+follows so this web server has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so this web server has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so this web server has some
+uh some service that the user wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some service that the user wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some service that the user wants to
+try and access and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and access and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and access and we're going to have
+this guard remember we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guard remember we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guard remember we talked about this
+the guard model before there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard model before there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard model before there's going to
+be some guard that sits in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some guard that sits in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some guard that sits in front of this
+service that's in charge of authorizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that's in charge of authorizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that's in charge of authorizing
+the the authorizing B to access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the authorizing B to access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the authorizing B to access this
+service okay and then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service okay and then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service okay and then there's some
+uh some authorization module that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some authorization module that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some authorization module that runs
+on B okay so the idea is that uh B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on B okay so the idea is that uh B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on B okay so the idea is that uh B is
+going to initiate a a connection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to initiate a a connection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to initiate a a connection and
+then guard is going to send a message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then guard is going to send a message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then guard is going to send a message to
+b to the authorization module on B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b to the authorization module on B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b to the authorization module on B
+saying well who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well who are
+you what are your credentials to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are your credentials to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are your credentials to access
+this system so this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so this is going to be a
+form this is going to be a form of list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is going to be a form of list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is going to be a form of list
+based access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+now this module on B is going to send go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this module on B is going to send go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this module on B is going to send go
+ahead and send a message back that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and send a message back that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and send a message back that says
+my name is uh my name is what whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is uh my name is what whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is uh my name is what whatever
+my name is name and as well as some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is name and as well as some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is name and as well as some key
+some credential like say for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some credential like say for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some credential like say for example a
+password that allows them to go that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that allows them to go that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that allows them to go that is
+is their password for accessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their password for accessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their password for accessing the
+system um notice that these two guys may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um notice that these two guys may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um notice that these two guys may
+not need to worry about uh the the don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to worry about uh the the don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to worry about uh the the don't
+don't need to worry about this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about this sort of
+the protect protecting this channel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protect protecting this channel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protect protecting this channel as
+far as the rest of the internet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the rest of the internet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the rest of the internet is
+already concerned because they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already concerned because they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already concerned because they've
+already established this secure Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established this secure Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established this secure Channel
+upon which they can do this exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which they can do this exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which they can do this exchange of
+information okay so they're not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so they're not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so they're not worried
+about other people hopefully not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people hopefully not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people hopefully not worried
+about other people overhearing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people overhearing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people overhearing this
+message they may not need to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they may not need to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they may not need to protect
+this information that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that's being
+transmitted in the same way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted in the same way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted in the same way right
+because they've already got the secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've already got the secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've already got the secure
+secure Communication channel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communication channel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure Communication channel that
+they've established at the lower levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've established at the lower levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've established at the lower levels
+of this thing so all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing so all of this
+communication is going over this secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is going over this secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is going over this secure
+Communication channel between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication channel between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication channel between these two
+guys so this is a layer that's built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this is a layer that's built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this is a layer that's built on
+top of this secure communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this secure communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this secure communication
+layer okay so now what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so now what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay so now what happens is that
+what the guard is going to do is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the guard is going to do is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the guard is going to do is he's
+going to look up this name and password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look up this name and password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look up this name and password
+say for example in some Access Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example in some Access Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example in some Access Control
+list and use that to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and use that to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and use that to determine whether
+or not this person has the rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this person has the rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this person has the rights to
+access and what they have the rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and what they have the rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and what they have the rights to
+access to right and he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to right and he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to right and he's going to
+generate for this person a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate for this person a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate for this person a set of
+tickets which represent the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets which represent the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets which represent the sort of
+services that this person can access on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that this person can access on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that this person can access on
+this system so he's going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so he's going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so he's going to have some
+table of tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of tickets
+and this table is going to have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this table is going to have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this table is going to have things
+uh is going to have the ticket number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to have the ticket number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to have the ticket number
+and the resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resource for
+example that the user is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that the user is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that the user is allowed to
+access so he's going to send back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so he's going to send back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so he's going to send back this
+some ticket number called o no back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ticket number called o no back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ticket number called o no back to
+the user so we're gonna add o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user so we're gonna add o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user so we're gonna add o
+no and then maybe this is gives him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then maybe this is gives him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then maybe this is gives him the
+right to access some account said b b's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to access some account said b b's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to access some account said b b's
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+information okay so now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so now with this
+authorization information this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ticket now every time that b wants to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket now every time that b wants to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket now every time that b wants to go
+ahead and access some you know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and access some you know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and access some you know his
+account for example he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for example he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for example he
+can um he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um he can
+read account B and then he just passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read account B and then he just passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read account B and then he just passes
+the ticket okay and he can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticket okay and he can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ticket okay and he can use this
+ticket over and over and over again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket over and over and over again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket over and over and over again to
+access the account um for as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the account um for as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the account um for as long as the
+ticket is valid so often times tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket is valid so often times tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket is valid so often times tickets
+will have some uh they'll a timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some uh they'll a timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some uh they'll a timeout
+associated with with tickets but as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with tickets but as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with tickets but as long
+as the ticket is valid he can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ticket is valid he can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ticket is valid he can go ahead
+and Supply this ticket in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Supply this ticket in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Supply this ticket in order to be
+able to access the the resource that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to access the the resource that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to access the the resource that the
+ticket gives him access to and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket gives him access to and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket gives him access to and he
+doesn't have to sort of re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to sort of re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to sort of re
+reauthenticate himself doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reauthenticate himself doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reauthenticate himself doesn't have to
+represent his credentials every time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent his credentials every time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent his credentials every time he
+wants to access this resource on uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access this resource on uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to access this resource on uh this
+his account on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+server okay so um are the hkn people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server okay so um are the hkn people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server okay so um are the hkn people
+here yes okay so we need to do HK why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes okay so we need to do HK why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes okay so we need to do HK why
+don't you just give me one more minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just give me one more minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just give me one more minute
+to wrap up and then um we can we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up and then um we can we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap up and then um we can we can go
+ahead and do the do the hkn reviews so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do the do the hkn reviews so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do the do the hkn reviews so
+uh on the internet this works th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the internet this works th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the internet this works th this
+protocol of exchanging between the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of exchanging between the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of exchanging between the so
+the I mentioned that this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mentioned that this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mentioned that this is sort of
+like SSL or that SSL Works in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like SSL or that SSL Works in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like SSL or that SSL Works in sort of
+this way so on the Internet you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so on the Internet you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so on the Internet you may have
+heard about you may have heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about you may have heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about you may have heard about
+cookies on the internet so a cookie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies on the internet so a cookie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies on the internet so a cookie on
+the Internet or on the on the web is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet or on the on the web is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Internet or on the on the web is
+essentially a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a kind of a
+ticket okay so the idea with most cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket okay so the idea with most cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket okay so the idea with most cookie
+based systems is you log in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based systems is you log in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based systems is you log in with a
+password and then when you log in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and then when you log in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and then when you log in with
+that password the system issues you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password the system issues you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password the system issues you a
+cookie and then when you want to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie and then when you want to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie and then when you want to re
+access the system you simply Supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the system you simply Supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the system you simply Supply the
+cookie okay so if you look at the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie okay so if you look at the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie okay so if you look at the if you
+were to look at the contents of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at the contents of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at the contents of a
+prototypical cookie it would typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical cookie it would typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical cookie it would typically
+have something like uh it might have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like uh it might have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like uh it might have say
+for example the user's name and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the user's name and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the user's name and some
+timeout a valid period for the cookie as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout a valid period for the cookie as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout a valid period for the cookie as
+well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a
+hash of the user's name that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the user's name that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash of the user's name that
+timeout and some say for example random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout and some say for example random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout and some say for example random
+number okay which is only known over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay which is only known over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay which is only known over
+here at the service so the the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the service so the the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the service so the the service
+is going to protect this random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to protect this random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to protect this random number
+and it's going to Hash it together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to Hash it together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to Hash it together with
+the user's ID and this timeout and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user's ID and this timeout and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user's ID and this timeout and so
+now when this cookie is supplied it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when this cookie is supplied it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when this cookie is supplied it's
+going to be hard for the it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hard for the it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hard for the it's going to
+be hard for users to generate fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard for users to generate fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard for users to generate fake
+cookies and these cookie but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and these cookie but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and these cookie but these
+cookies are going to allow the user to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies are going to allow the user to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies are going to allow the user to
+go ahead and access these services on W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and access these services on W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and access these services on W
+without having to reauthenticate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to reauthenticate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to reauthenticate every
+time and you can in fact in some cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can in fact in some cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can in fact in some cookie
+systems you can share those cookies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can share those cookies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can share those cookies you
+could copy the cookie from One browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could copy the cookie from One browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could copy the cookie from One browser
+to another and you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another and you might be able to
+reuse the brow that cookie to access the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the brow that cookie to access the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse the brow that cookie to access the
+system for as long as the cookie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for as long as the cookie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for as long as the cookie is
+valid cookies typically time out after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid cookies typically time out after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid cookies typically time out after
+an hour or two and so then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour or two and so then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour or two and so then you would
+have to reauthenticate with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reauthenticate with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reauthenticate with the system
+um okay so that's that's all I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's that's all I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's that's all I wanted to
+really say about uh about authenication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say about uh about authenication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say about uh about authenication
+um what we're going to do we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're going to do we're going to
+talk about some sort of uh Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some sort of uh Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some sort of uh Advanced
+protocols um next time I want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols um next time I want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols um next time I want to remind
+you guys that class uh is there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that class uh is there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that class uh is there is no
+class on this Wednesday so don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on this Wednesday so don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on this Wednesday so don't come
+here um so the next class is next Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so the next class is next Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so the next class is next Monday
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's it so good luck finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it so good luck finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it so good luck finishing
+your dp2 have fun doing hcan reviews
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mKMzFKgBluM.txt b/mKMzFKgBluM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4df5acefeaf9b2c882774a1bb9b9d5a98f93139f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mKMzFKgBluM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1780 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HERBERT GROSS: Hi, our lecture
+today is about curve plotting.
+
+And actually, I call it 'Curve
+Plotting with and without
+
+Calculus' to emphasize the
+fact that what we're
+
+interested in is curve plotting
+and that calculus, in
+
+particular, differentiation,
+gives us a powerful tool that
+
+is not available to us, at least
+in an accessible form
+
+without the calculus.
+
+Let's see what I mean by this
+by going back to a typical
+
+high school type analytical
+geometry problem.
+
+For example, sketch the curve
+'y' equals 'x squared'.
+
+Now we all know that the graph
+of 'y' equals 'x squared' is
+
+something like this.
+
+And how'd we find that?
+
+You may recall that in the truer
+sense of the word, the
+
+pre-calculus approach really is
+curve plotting as opposed
+
+to curve sketching.
+
+And I hope I make that
+a little bit
+
+clearer as we go along.
+
+Namely, you look to see for
+certain values of 'x' what
+
+value of 'y' corresponds
+to that.
+
+And then we locate the
+corresponding point 'x' comma
+
+'y' in the plane of
+the blackboard.
+
+And what we then do is somehow
+or other, take a French curve,
+
+or whatever it happens to be,
+and we sketch a smooth curve
+
+through the given points.
+
+This is the usual technique.
+
+The question that comes up is,
+that as long as there are
+
+spaces between the points that
+you've sketched, how can you
+
+be sure that the curve that
+you've drawn isn't inaccurate?
+
+In other words, starting in
+reverse here, let's suppose
+
+that these are the points I've
+happened to sketch for the
+
+curve 'y' equals 'x squared'.
+
+And by the way, as is often the
+case in our course, don't
+
+be misled that we pick something
+as simple as 'y'
+
+equals 'x squared'.
+
+I simply, again, wanted to
+pick something that was
+
+straightforward enough so that
+we could concentrate our
+
+attention on what the
+mathematical implications were
+
+rather than to be bogged
+down by computation.
+
+But the idea is this.
+
+Going back to the problem 'y'
+equals 'x squared', suppose we
+
+had located these points and
+now we said, let's sketch a
+
+smooth curve through these.
+
+What would have been wrong
+with say, doing
+
+something like this?
+
+Why, for example, couldn't
+this have been the curve?
+
+Now again, notice that in
+terms of mathematical
+
+analysis, not necessarily
+calculus but in terms of
+
+mathematical analysis, we could
+immediately strike out
+
+something like this.
+
+For example, notice in terms
+of our input versus output,
+
+this says that for any real
+input since the square of a
+
+real number cannot be negative,
+the output can never
+
+be negative.
+
+And pictorially, this means that
+no portion of our diagram
+
+can be below the x-axis.
+
+In other words, without
+knowing anything about
+
+calculus but knowing a little
+bit about arithmetic, we can
+
+supplement our knowledge
+of how the points go by
+
+saying look-it .
+
+Something like this can't happen
+because in this region
+
+over here 'y' would
+be negative.
+
+And we know from the
+relationship that 'y' equals
+
+'x squared' that 'y'
+cannot be negative.
+
+Well you see, armed with this
+information, we could say, OK,
+
+given the same points here,
+why couldn't the curve go
+
+through something like this?
+
+That's what the question
+mark is in here for.
+
+Obviously, this is
+not the graph of
+
+'y' equals 'x squared'.
+
+But the question is, noticing
+that this curve doesn't go
+
+below the x-axis, what's
+wrong with this?
+
+And again, we can get bailed
+out by a pre-calculus
+
+knowledge of mathematics.
+
+Among other things, notice the
+rather interesting property
+
+that if we replace 'x' by 'minus
+x' here, we get the
+
+same curve as before.
+
+To generalize this result,
+notice that in this particular
+
+case, 'f of x' gives us
+the same result as
+
+'f of 'minus x''.
+
+Now this will not happen
+in general.
+
+What does that mean if we know
+that 'f of x' equals 'f of
+
+'minus x''?
+
+Well, look it.
+
+The relationship between 'x' and
+'minus x' is clear, they
+
+are located symmetrically with
+respect to the y-axis.
+
+In other words, if this is 'x1',
+this will be 'minus x1'.
+
+Now, here's the point.
+
+Let's suppose our curve
+happens to be 'y'
+
+equals 'f of x'.
+
+When the input is 'x1', the
+output will be 'f of x1'.
+
+When the input is 'minus x1',
+the output will be 'f of
+
+'minus x1''.
+
+To say that 'f of 'minus x1''
+equals 'f of x1' is the same
+
+as saying that not only are
+these two coordinates, 'x1'
+
+and 'minus x1', symmetric with
+respect to the y-axis, but the
+
+outputs also are.
+
+In other words, to say that 'f
+of x1' equals 'f of 'minus
+
+x1'', says that not only are
+these two points the same left
+
+and right displacement for the
+y-axis, but they're also the
+
+same height above the x-axis.
+
+In short, this point is the
+mirror image of this point.
+
+In terms of a graph, if 'f of x'
+equals 'f of 'minus x'' for
+
+all 'x', the graph of 'y' equals
+'f of x' is symmetric
+
+with respect to the y-axis.
+
+By the way, that's why we could
+rule out this type of
+
+possibility here.
+
+For example, here's
+'x1' over here.
+
+Here's 'minus x1'.
+
+And notice that for this choice
+of 'x', the points on
+
+the curve are not mirror images
+of one another with
+
+respect to the y-axis.
+
+In short, even though we may
+not know what this curve is
+
+supposed to look like, the fact
+that 'f of x' equals 'f
+
+of 'minus x'' tells us that
+whatever the graph is, it
+
+should be symmetric with
+respect to the y-axis.
+
+This leads us to a rather
+interesting aside.
+
+It's something called 'even
+and odd functions' that we
+
+could technically leave out
+here, but which I think is a
+
+good place to bring in.
+
+And the fact that there are
+many, many places in our
+
+advanced treatment that will
+come up later where it's
+
+important to understand what
+these things mean, that
+
+perhaps this is a nice place
+to bring it into play.
+
+So I call this an aside
+and it's about
+
+even and odd functions.
+
+When we have the case that 'f of
+x' equals 'f of 'minus x'',
+
+that's the case where in terms
+of the graph you have symmetry
+
+with respect to the y-axis such
+a function is called an
+
+'even function'.
+
+And I'll come back in a moment
+and show you why it's called
+
+even, though it's not
+really important.
+
+The counterpart to an even
+function as you may guess
+
+almost from the association
+of ideas is
+
+called an 'odd function'.
+
+Now an odd function is one for
+which 'f of x' is the negative
+
+of 'f of 'minus x''.
+
+See for 'f' to be odd, 'f of x'
+has to be the negative of
+
+'f of 'minus x''.
+
+Now what does this
+mean pictorially?
+
+Again, 'x1' and 'minus x1' are
+symmetrically located with
+
+respect to the y-axis.
+
+This height would be called 'f
+of x1' and this height here
+
+would be called 'f
+of 'minus x1''.
+
+And to say that these two
+heights are equal in magnitude
+
+but opposite in sign
+means what?
+
+That these two lengths are equal
+but on opposite sides of
+
+the x-axis.
+
+In other words, here's
+'f of x1'.
+
+'f of 'minus x1'' is the height
+
+corresponding to this point.
+
+And the fact that these must
+be equal in magnitude but
+
+opposite in sign says that one
+of the heights must be above
+
+the axis, the other one must
+be below the axis.
+
+And if that's the case from some
+very elementary geometry,
+
+if 'f' is odd, what it
+means with respect to
+
+its graph is this.
+
+If you put a ruler connecting
+the origin with any point on
+
+the curve, if you extend that
+line that line will meet the
+
+curve again, such that these
+distances here will be equal.
+
+This is called symmetry with
+respect to the origin.
+
+By the way, an example of
+this kind of a curve is
+
+'y' equals 'x cubed'.
+
+You see, if I replace 'x' by
+'minus x', this becomes what?
+
+'Minus x cubed'.
+
+And 'minus 'minus x cubed''
+is 'x cubed'.
+
+By the way, all I'm saying
+now is what?
+
+If I were to take a ruler and
+place it here and let this
+
+line go from curve to curve.
+
+all I'm saying is that
+this portion
+
+would equal this portion.
+
+And by the way, maybe you can
+already guess where the words
+
+even and odd come from.
+
+Notice that when I dealt with
+'y' equals 'x squared' I had
+
+an even function.
+
+The exponent was even.
+
+When I dealt with 'y'
+equals 'x cubed',
+
+I had an odd function.
+
+The exponent was odd.
+
+And by the way, there
+are other examples.
+
+But for the time being, notice
+something like say, 'y' equals
+
+'x to the fourth' plus
+'x squared' say.
+
+If I replace 'x' by 'minus x',
+I get back the same thing.
+
+In other words, here's a case
+where if 'y' equals 'f of x',
+
+'f of x' is the same as
+'f of 'minus x''.
+
+An example of an odd function
+might be 'y' equals 'x cubed'
+
+say, plus 'x'.
+
+See first power over here.
+
+If I replace 'x' by 'minus
+x', I have 'minus x
+
+cubed' plus 'minus x'.
+
+That of course, is just 'minus
+x cubed' minus 'x'.
+
+And that's minus the quantity
+'x cubed + x'.
+
+That when I replace 'x' by
+'minus x' all I do is change
+
+the sign here.
+
+In other words, that would be an
+example for which 'f of x'
+
+is minus 'f of 'minus x''.
+
+By the way, while we're dealing
+with examples like
+
+this, unlike the case with whole
+numbers where a whole
+
+number is either even or odd
+but not both, it's rather
+
+important to notice that a
+function need not be either
+
+even or odd.
+
+And by the way, if you think of
+our geometric definition,
+
+that's not too hard to see.
+
+Namely, there's no reason why a
+curve drawn at random should
+
+be symmetric either with respect
+to the y-axis or with
+
+respect to the origin.
+
+In fact, maybe the quickest way
+to see this is to put an
+
+odd power of 'x' in with
+an even power of
+
+'x' in the same diagram.
+
+If I now replace 'x' by 'minus
+x' you see 'minus x' cubed is
+
+of course, 'minus x cubed'.
+
+But 'minus x' quantity squared
+is just 'x squared'.
+
+And now you'll notice that if
+I compare these two, I don't
+
+get the same thing nor
+do I get the same
+
+thing with a sign change.
+
+You see, in other words, this is
+not either equal to this or
+
+to the negative of this.
+
+Obviously you understand that
+to be the negative of this,
+
+there would also have to be
+a minus sign over here.
+
+Or if we wanted to go into more
+detail about this, it is
+
+perhaps exciting to know that
+whereas it's not true that
+
+every function is either even or
+odd, every function can be
+
+written as the sum of two
+functions, one of which is
+
+even, one of which is odd.
+
+Just to give you an idea of what
+that means let me just
+
+write down something here.
+
+This will come back to be more
+important later on, but for
+
+the time being, just to show you
+a connecting thread here
+
+as long as we're talking about
+even and odd functions, all I
+
+want to see is the following
+identity.
+
+If you write ''f of x' plus
+'f of 'minus x'' over 2.
+
+And don't worry about what
+motivates this, I just wanted
+
+to show you this to keep
+this fairly complete.
+
+Now suppose I add on to that ''f
+of x' minus 'f of 'minus
+
+x'' over 2.
+
+You see, notice that the
+expression on the right-hand
+
+side is just writing 'f
+of x' the hard way.
+
+See, here's half of 'f of x',
+here's half of 'f of x'.
+
+The sum is 'f of x'.
+
+And here's half of
+'f of 'minus x''.
+
+And I'm subtracting half
+of 'f of 'minus x''.
+
+That drops out.
+
+The point is that this is always
+an even function and
+
+this is always an
+odd function.
+
+And just to review the
+definition so that you see
+
+what happens here, all I'm
+saying is if I replace 'x' by
+
+'minus x' here, what happens?
+
+If I replace 'x' by 'minus x'
+this becomes 'f of 'minus x''.
+
+And if I replace 'x' by 'minus
+x' here since minus minus is
+
+plus, this becomes 'f of x'.
+
+Now notice that when you add
+two terms, the sum is
+
+independent of the order
+in which you add them.
+
+'f of x' plus 'f of 'minus x'',
+therefore, is the same as
+
+'f of 'minus x''
+plus 'f of x'.
+
+In other words, when I replace
+'x' by 'minus x' in this
+
+bracketed function, I do not
+change the value of what's in
+
+the brackets.
+
+On the other hand, if I
+interchange 'x' with 'minus x'
+
+here, notice that since I'm
+subtracting look what happens.
+
+I replace 'x' by 'minus x'.
+
+This gives me an 'f
+of 'minus x''.
+
+Now I make the same
+replacement here.
+
+Minus minus is positive.
+
+But now notice that if I look at
+this expression here, I've
+
+changed the order.
+
+See 'f of x' minus
+'f of 'minus x''.
+
+Here, 'f of 'minus x''
+minus 'f of x'.
+
+And when you change the order
+you change the sign.
+
+In other words then, all I'm
+saying is that when we talk
+
+about even and odd functions,
+they play a very important
+
+role in calculus and in other
+mathematical analysis topics.
+
+That not every function is
+either even or odd, but every
+
+function that's defined on the
+appropriate domain is the sum
+
+of both an even and
+an odd function.
+
+But in terms of curve plotting,
+the main point is
+
+not so much these extra remarks
+as much as what?
+
+An even function is symmetric
+with respect to the y-axis and
+
+an odd function is symmetric
+with respect to the origin.
+
+At any rate, if we now go back
+to our curve 'y' equals 'x
+
+squared' the fact that 'f of x'
+equals 'x squared' is even
+
+means that whatever our graph
+looks like, it must be
+
+symmetric with respect
+to the y-axis.
+
+Now give or take how I've drawn
+this, this should be
+
+symmetric with respect
+to the y-axis.
+
+If it doesn't look that way,
+imagine that it is that way.
+
+And so the idea is what?
+
+Well, any knowledge of calculus
+whatsoever, what I
+
+was able to do here is show that
+whatever the graph of 'y'
+
+equals 'x squared' is, it must
+never dip below the x-axis.
+
+And whatever the curve looks
+like to the right of the
+
+y-axis, it must be the mirror
+image of that to the left of
+
+the y-axis.
+
+Again, this is how much one
+can do without calculus.
+
+And most of you who are
+practicing engineers, I'm sure
+
+not only understand this type
+of technique as far as the
+
+pre-calculus is concerned, but
+can probably draw curves much
+
+better than I can.
+
+In fact, even if you're not
+practicing engineers you can
+
+probably draw curves much
+better than I can.
+
+But that part is irrelevant.
+
+What I wanted to show
+up to now--
+
+and this is what's important
+to stress--
+
+is that to get as far as I've
+gotten so far, I did not have
+
+to have any knowledge
+of calculus.
+
+The way calculus comes in, as
+I say again, is a supplement
+
+to our previous techniques.
+
+For example, let's suppose
+we did have the
+
+curve drawn this way.
+
+From this, we certainly aren't
+contradicting the fact that
+
+'x' can't be negative.
+
+We're not contradicting
+the fact that
+
+'f' is an even function.
+
+But how do we know that this
+is the wrong picture?
+
+Well, given that 'y' equals 'x
+squared', we can easily verify
+
+that 'dy dx' is '2x.' Knowing
+that 'dy dx' is '2x', that
+
+tells us among other things
+that 'dy dx' and 'x'
+
+have the same sign.
+
+In other words, 'dy dx' is
+positive if 'x' is positive,
+
+'dy dx' is negative if
+'x' is negative.
+
+In terms of geometry,
+that means what?
+
+That the curve is always rising
+for positive values of
+
+'x' and always falling for
+negative values of 'x'.
+
+Well, you see with that as
+a hint, I say ah-ha.
+
+This can't happen.
+
+Because look what's happening
+over here.
+
+Or for that matter, over here.
+
+Here the curve is falling for
+positive values of 'x'.
+
+And that contradicts the fact
+that the curve must always be
+
+rising when 'x' is positive.
+
+In a similar way, we know that
+the curve can't be rising when
+
+'x' is negative, yet get over
+here and here too, we've drawn
+
+the curve to be rising.
+
+That again is contradicted
+by this diagram.
+
+So you see the knowledge
+of the first
+
+derivative does what?
+
+It tells us where the curve is
+rising or falling, and that
+
+gives us another way of checking
+whether the graph
+
+we've drawn is accurate
+or not.
+
+By the way, it's not all
+quite that simple.
+
+And notice again, subtlety how
+step by step we strengthen our
+
+procedures each time.
+
+For example, now knowing that
+the curve must always be
+
+rising when 'x' is positive and
+always falling when 'x' is
+
+negative, how about this
+possibility for the graph of
+
+'y' equals 'x squared'.
+
+You see this curve is always
+fallen for negative values of
+
+'x', it's always rising for
+positive values of 'x'.
+
+Let's take a look now at what
+the second derivative means.
+
+If 'y' equals 'x squared',
+obviously as we saw before,
+
+'dy dx' is '2x' and the second
+derivative of 'y' with respect
+
+to 'x' is 2.
+
+And 2 is a constant, which
+is always positive.
+
+This says what?
+
+That the second derivative
+is always positive.
+
+Now what is the second
+derivative?
+
+The second derivative is the
+first derivative of the first
+
+derivative.
+
+That means the rate of change
+of the rate of change.
+
+Well, the rate of change of the
+rate of change is called
+
+acceleration.
+
+So if the rate of change of the
+rate of change is positive
+
+that means that the curve must
+be accelerating, or the
+
+function is accelerating.
+
+And if it's negative, function
+is decelerating.
+
+What does that mean in
+terms of a picture?
+
+And the author of the
+text uses a very
+
+descriptive phrase here.
+
+He talks about 'holding water'
+and 'spilling water'.
+
+Notice, for example, here the
+curve would tend to collect
+
+water, whereas here if water
+were poured on it, the curve
+
+would tend to spill water.
+
+Holding water represents
+acceleration.
+
+You see that not only is the
+curve rising here, but it's
+
+rising at a faster
+and faster rate.
+
+Again, more primitively,
+in terms of
+
+slopes, notice that what?
+
+Not only is the slope positive,
+but as you move
+
+along this portion of the curve,
+the slope increases as
+
+you move along.
+
+And what typifies
+this portion?
+
+That even though the slope is
+always positive, it decreases
+
+as you move along the curve.
+
+In other words, 'holding water'
+corresponds to the
+
+second derivative being
+positive, 'spilling water'
+
+corresponds to the second
+derivative being negative.
+
+Returning then to our original
+problem, the fact that this
+
+thing here is greater than 0
+for all 'x' says that this
+
+curve could never spill water.
+
+And that rules out this
+portion in here.
+
+In other words, now
+we put everything
+
+together, we know what?
+
+The curve can never go
+below the x-axis.
+
+It's symmetric with respect
+to the y-axis.
+
+It's always rising when
+'x' is positive and
+
+always holding water.
+
+Now you see this is what I call
+curve sketching versus
+
+curve plotting.
+
+With the information that I
+have from calculus, I know
+
+what's going on for each
+point, not just for the
+
+isolated points that I happened
+to have plotted in
+
+the data for.
+
+See, the calculus fills
+in the missing
+
+data very, very nicely.
+
+Now you see this does not mean
+I'm going to replace this by--
+
+my previous analysis
+by calculus.
+
+It means I'm going to add
+calculus as one of my bags of
+
+tools here.
+
+Notice again that there is a
+very nice relationship between
+
+pictures and analysis.
+
+And I'm not going to
+belabor that point.
+
+All I'm saying is that if
+you add to our previous
+
+identifications--
+
+what identifications?
+
+Like increase means rising.
+
+I mean this, if a derivative
+is positive,
+
+the curve is rising.
+
+If a derivative is negative,
+the curve is falling.
+
+If the second derivative
+is positive, the
+
+curve is holding water.
+
+If the second derivative is
+negative, the curve is
+
+spilling water.
+
+And again, we have ample
+exercises and portions of this
+
+in the reading material
+to illustrate the
+
+computational aspects.
+
+But again, all I want you to
+get from this lecture is
+
+what's happening here
+conceptually.
+
+Let's look at this, a few
+more applications.
+
+We're going to find in
+subsequent lectures as well as
+
+other portions of the course,
+we're going to be interested,
+
+for example, in things called
+stationary points.
+
+A 'stationary point' is a point
+at which the curve is
+
+neither rising nor falling.
+
+In other words, if the curve
+happens to be smooth, it's
+
+characterized by the fact that
+'dy dx' is 0 it such a point.
+
+In terms of the language of
+functions to say that the
+
+curve is smooth means that the
+function is differentiable and
+
+what we're saying is to be
+stationary at 'x' equals 'x1',
+
+it must be that 'f prime
+of x1' equals 0.
+
+And the importance of stationary
+points can be seen
+
+in terms of a physical
+interpretation.
+
+We haven't used our freely
+falling body for quite a
+
+while, let's go back
+to such an example.
+
+Suppose a particle is projected
+vertically upward in
+
+the absence of air resistance,
+et cetera, with an initial
+
+speed of 160 feet per second.
+
+It can then be shown that the
+height 's' to which the ball
+
+rises in feet at time
+'t' is given by
+
+'160t - 16't squared''.
+
+A very natural question to ask
+is, when will the ball be at
+
+its maximum height?
+
+And I'm sure you can see in
+terms of this physical
+
+example, the ball will be at
+its maximum height when the
+
+velocity is 0.
+
+In other words, since this is
+a smooth type of motion, if
+
+the velocity is not 0, the
+ball is still rising.
+
+If the velocity is positive,
+the ball is still rising.
+
+If the velocity is negative, the
+ball is already falling.
+
+Consequently, if the speed is
+smooth, which it is in this
+
+case, the only way it can go
+from rising to falling is to
+
+first level off and the
+velocity must be 0.
+
+But you see, what
+is the velocity?
+
+The velocity is the derivative
+of the displacement.
+
+In other words, without solving
+this problem, which is
+
+not important here, to find the
+time at which you have the
+
+maximum height, you
+simply do what?
+
+Set the derivative equal to 0.
+
+In other words, stationary
+points tell us where we have
+
+high and low points
+for functions.
+
+And knowing where we have high
+and low points is a very
+
+important portion in
+curve plotting.
+
+We'll talk about this in a
+future lecture very shortly in
+
+more detail.
+
+But coming back here to what we
+were talking about before,
+
+what we're saying in terms of
+curve plotting is that where
+
+the derivative is 0 gives us a
+good candidate to have either
+
+a low point on the curve
+or to have a high
+
+point on the curve.
+
+However, we should not read
+more into this than what's
+
+already there.
+
+Namely, it's possible
+that you have what?
+
+A situation like this, in which
+the derivative is 0
+
+here, but the curve is
+rising every place.
+
+And secondly, there is the
+possibility that if the
+
+derivative doesn't exist,
+for example, if
+
+there's a sharp corner.
+
+Where you have a sharp corner
+notice that-- see this is a
+
+straight line, this is
+a straight line.
+
+In this special case, the
+derivative is the slope of
+
+this straight line.
+
+Derivative here is the slope
+of this straight line.
+
+Therefore, the derivative is
+positive on this line,
+
+negative on this line.
+
+Yet the point is what?
+
+At their junction, there's
+a discontinuity.
+
+The function is continuous,
+but the derivative isn't.
+
+And at that particular point
+notice that you have a high
+
+point even though the derivative
+doesn't exist at
+
+that particular point.
+
+All we're saying is what?
+
+That for a smooth curve if there
+is to be a high point or
+
+a low point, a maximum or a
+minimum, and we'll talk about
+
+this as I say, in a future
+lecture, it must be that at
+
+particular point the
+derivative is 0.
+
+On the other hand, conversely,
+if the derivative is 0, you
+
+may not have a high
+or low point.
+
+It may be what we call a saddle
+point, the curve just
+
+levels off after rising
+and then rises again.
+
+And secondly, if the function
+isn't differentiable, or the
+
+curve isn't smooth at that
+particular point, you can have
+
+a high or a low point regardless
+of what the
+
+knowledge about the
+derivative is.
+
+Just a little buckshot here to
+give you an idea of how we're
+
+going to use this material.
+
+A very related topic that's also
+quite important here is
+
+something called points
+of inflection.
+
+Points of inflection are, in a
+way, to the second derivative
+
+what stationary points are
+to the first derivative.
+
+In many cases, we are interested
+in knowing, where
+
+does the curve change
+its concavity?
+
+Where does it go, in other
+words, from holding water to
+
+spelling water?
+
+And by the way, again, in
+terms of a geometrical
+
+interpretation, there's a very
+what I call exciting answer to
+
+this question.
+
+It almost results in what looks
+
+like an optical illusion.
+
+You see, if a curve is holding
+water, the tangent line lies
+
+below the curve.
+
+If the curve is spilling water,
+the tangent line to the
+
+curve at a point lies
+above the curve.
+
+Consequently, at a 'point of
+inflection', meaning where the
+
+curve changes concavity, the
+tangent line on one side must
+
+be above the curve, on the other
+side below the curve.
+
+And all I'm saying over here is
+that you recognize a point
+
+of inflection by what?
+
+It's the situation in which
+the tangent line
+
+to the curve appears--
+
+in fact, it actually does
+in the manner of
+
+speaking, cross the curve.
+
+I think we talked about
+this in the previous
+
+lecture, I'm not sure.
+
+But we talked about the idea
+that a tangent line
+
+can cross the curve.
+
+And where can it cross the curve
+and still be a tangent
+
+line at that point?
+
+At a point of inflection.
+
+By the way, if this is a
+smooth type of thing in
+
+general, what we're saying is
+that for a point of inflection
+
+to occur, the second derivative
+must be 0.
+
+You see because that
+means what?
+
+The curve is neither--
+
+it's going from holding to
+spilling, so it goes through a
+
+transition where it's
+doing neither.
+
+In the same as with first
+derivatives, the mere fact
+
+that the second derivative
+is 0 does not allow us to
+
+conclude that we have a
+point of inflection.
+
+In fact, let me close with this
+particular illustration.
+
+Let's take the curve 'y' equals
+'x to the fourth'.
+
+The first derivative
+is '4 x cubed'.
+
+The second derivative
+is '12 x squared'.
+
+The curve is symmetric
+with respect to
+
+the y-axis, et cetera.
+
+Using all of the given data you
+know the second derivative
+
+is always positive,
+what have you.
+
+We can sketch this curve.
+
+And again, in fact the
+uninitiated say this curve
+
+looks like a parabola.
+
+What do you mean it looks
+like a parabola?
+
+Well, he says, the parabola does
+something like this too.
+
+Well, what do we mean by
+something like this?
+
+I want to mention a
+few points here.
+
+One is, of course, that
+actually, the parabola 'y'
+
+equals 'x squared'.
+
+These are going to crisscross
+very shortly here.
+
+It doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+The parabola 'y' equals 'x
+squared' has the same general
+
+shape but with a few different
+properties, which we'll
+
+mention in a little while.
+
+But the point that I wanted to
+mention here first of all is
+
+simply this.
+
+At the value 'x' equals 0,
+'y double prime' is 0.
+
+So you notice that the second
+derivative is 0 over here.
+
+Yet even though the second
+derivative is 0, notice that
+
+the curve does not
+change concavity.
+
+The curve here is always
+holding water.
+
+The concluding remark that I
+wanted to make is, what is the
+
+relationship between 'y' equals
+'x squared' and 'y'
+
+equals 'x to the fourth'?
+
+Or how about 'y' equals
+'x to the sixth'?
+
+Or 'y' equals 'x to the 12th'?
+
+Notice that any curve in
+that family will look
+
+something like this.
+
+Only what?
+
+As the exponent goes up, the
+curve becomes broader in the
+
+neighborhood of 0.
+
+And then once 'x' passes 1, the
+curve rises more sharply.
+
+See what we're saying is, if the
+magnitude of 'x' is less
+
+than 1, the higher a power
+you raise it to,
+
+the smaller 'y' is.
+
+On the other hand, if the
+absolute value of 'x' is
+
+greater than 1, the higher a
+power you raise it to, the
+
+bigger the output becomes.
+
+But the idea is this.
+
+Notice that the exponent--
+
+in other words, how many
+derivatives are 0, gives you a
+
+way of getting into a problem
+that will become very, very
+
+crucial as this course
+continues.
+
+And it's the idea of, can one
+curve be more tangent to a
+
+line than another curve?
+
+You see, all of these curves are
+tangent to the line what?
+
+The x-axis, 'y' equals
+0 at 'x' equals 0.
+
+How do we distinguish between
+these curves?
+
+Well, it seems that some of
+these curves fit the x-axis
+
+better than others in a
+neighborhood of the
+
+point 'x' equals 0.
+
+See the point that I want to
+bring out as to 'y' curve
+
+plotting tells us things that we
+don't learn in the ordinary
+
+physics class is this.
+
+If you study calculus the way
+it comes up in most physics
+
+courses, we essentially don't go
+past the second derivative.
+
+Why?
+
+Because in many cases, we're
+studying distance.
+
+And the derivative of distance
+is velocity.
+
+The second derivative of
+distance, namely the
+
+derivative of velocity
+is acceleration.
+
+And we don't usually talk
+physically beyond
+
+acceleration.
+
+But notice that in terms of
+curve plotting the third,
+
+fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh,
+tenth derivatives all have a
+
+meaning that gives you
+more information
+
+than what came before.
+
+Don't be deceived by the fact
+that in other applications
+
+that you never go past the
+second derivative means that
+
+there is no value to knowing how
+higher order derivatives
+
+are related to plotting
+curves.
+
+At any rate, I think this is
+enough of an introduction to
+
+the topic of curve plotting
+and curve sketching.
+
+We'll pursue these topics
+further in our next lectures.
+
+So until next time, goodbye.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mTOi3SpJCjw.txt b/mTOi3SpJCjw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..363603c1a5a6d6d354783da13b77534abf0534b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mTOi3SpJCjw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+girls who fil okay that wasn't loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls who fil okay that wasn't loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls who fil okay that wasn't loud
+enough let's try it again go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let's try it again go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let's try it again go ahead and
+talk ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk ignore
+me girls who bills awesome good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me girls who bills awesome good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me girls who bills awesome good morning
+you guys my name is Kristen you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys my name is Kristen you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys my name is Kristen you probably
+gotten one or two emails from me thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten one or two emails from me thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten one or two emails from me thank
+you all for being here the volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all for being here the volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all for being here the volunteers
+and I they're wearing these awesome Navy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I they're wearing these awesome Navy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I they're wearing these awesome Navy
+T-shirts we're really excited to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirts we're really excited to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-shirts we're really excited to teach
+you guys engineering Concepts through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys engineering Concepts through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys engineering Concepts through
+something use every day cameras how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something use every day cameras how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something use every day cameras how many
+of you guys have a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys have a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys have a camera
+phone raise them higher okay mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone raise them higher okay mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone raise them higher okay mostly
+everyone how about does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone how about does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone how about does anyone have
+Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram
+Snapchat nice so I love those things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snapchat nice so I love those things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snapchat nice so I love those things too
+but I am also an engineer here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am also an engineer here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I am also an engineer here which is
+why I started this program it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I started this program it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I started this program it's a
+cameras are this great integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are this great integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras are this great integration of
+all these different Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different Technologies
+computer science mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science mechanical engineering
+all sorts of things and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and you guys
+interact with them every day so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with them every day so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with them every day so it looks
+like you guys have gotten your hands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys have gotten your hands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys have gotten your hands on
+them already and taken them apart did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them already and taken them apart did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them already and taken them apart did
+anything surprise you on what you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything surprise you on what you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything surprise you on what you found
+you can talk to the people next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk to the people next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can talk to the people next to you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+girls who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls who
+B okay how about this group over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay how about this group over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay how about this group over here
+did anything surprise you the tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anything surprise you the tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anything surprise you the tiny tiny
+screws tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws tiny tiny
+screws how about that corner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back compared to the whole camera great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back compared to the whole camera great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back compared to the whole camera great
+anything else different from the screws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else different from the screws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else different from the screws
+surprise you guys did anyone have a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you guys did anyone have a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you guys did anyone have a film
+camera was there anything unique about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera was there anything unique about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera was there anything unique about
+that had you ever used one before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you ever used one before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you ever used one before um
+yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+usable fil ceras I was surprised how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable fil ceras I was surprised how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable fil ceras I was surprised how
+simple they were oh great so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they were oh great so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they were oh great so you guys
+are going to learn a lot about cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to learn a lot about cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to learn a lot about cameras
+today and you're even going to build one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're even going to build one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're even going to build one
+yourself but before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but before we get
+started I would like to know who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I would like to know who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started I would like to know who comes
+to mind when you think of an engineer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind when you think of an engineer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind when you think of an engineer or
+computer scientist so close your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist so close your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist so close your eyes
+and think about what this person look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what this person look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about what this person look
+looks like and what they do during their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and what they do during their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and what they do during their
+day job think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job think about it for a
+minute all right open your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute all right open your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute all right open your
+eyes um what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I don't know they like sit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know they like sit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know they like sit on a
+computer nice how about um you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nice how about um you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nice how about um you in the
+Green Jacket what do you think um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Jacket what do you think um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Jacket what do you think um like
+coting what do they do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code anyone think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code anyone think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code anyone think of
+hacking or Mark Zuckerberg you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking or Mark Zuckerberg you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking or Mark Zuckerberg you guys have
+probably seen him before right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen him before right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen him before right so um
+those are all really good examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all really good examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all really good examples of
+what computer programming is um have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what computer programming is um have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what computer programming is um have you
+guys seen Iron Man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys seen Iron Man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys seen Iron Man
+before so he does a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so he does a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so he does a combination of
+computer science and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and mechanical
+engineering but engineering is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but engineering is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but engineering is a lot
+more broad than that and in just camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broad than that and in just camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broad than that and in just camera
+technology alone here's some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology alone here's some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology alone here's some interesting
+examples that you might not normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that you might not normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that you might not normally
+think about have you guys heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about have you guys heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about have you guys heard of
+unmanned aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanned aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanned aerial
+Vehicles drones so a big thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles drones so a big thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles drones so a big thing is
+putting cameras on them and they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting cameras on them and they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting cameras on them and they can do
+things like go inside a burning building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like go inside a burning building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like go inside a burning building
+and map it out for a fireman another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it out for a fireman another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it out for a fireman another
+example is high-speed photography for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is high-speed photography for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is high-speed photography for
+understanding how animals work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how animals work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how animals work or
+satellite imaging for figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite imaging for figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite imaging for figuring out how
+healthy Earth is and finally Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy Earth is and finally Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy Earth is and finally Instagram
+which you guys have probably heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys have probably heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys have probably heard of
+and like I said before camber technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I said before camber technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I said before camber technology
+is not just about computer science it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just about computer science it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just about computer science it
+involves materials and mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves materials and mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves materials and mechanics and
+Optics and you guys are going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and you guys are going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and you guys are going to learn
+about all those different components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all those different components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all those different components
+during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this
+Workshop so that leads me to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop so that leads me to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop so that leads me to what the
+goal of today is you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of today is you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of today is you are going to
+discover what camera technology is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what camera technology is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what camera technology is how
+to apply it and gain engineering skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply it and gain engineering skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply it and gain engineering skills
+and you're going to do this by building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to do this by building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to do this by building
+a camera programming your own Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera programming your own Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera programming your own Instagram
+filters and also learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and also learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and also learn about
+applications of camera technology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of camera technology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of camera technology we
+have an awesome lineup of speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an awesome lineup of speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an awesome lineup of speakers
+including space cameras and Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including space cameras and Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including space cameras and Medical
+Imaging and we have a bunch of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and we have a bunch of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging and we have a bunch of cool
+demos at the end including high-speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos at the end including high-speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos at the end including high-speed
+photography infrared and 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scanning so this is just an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning so this is just an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning so this is just an overview of
+today we'll begin with a keynote speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll begin with a keynote speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll begin with a keynote speaker
+from Chris Clark who I'll introduce in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chris Clark who I'll introduce in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Chris Clark who I'll introduce in a
+minute and you're going to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and you're going to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and you're going to spend the
+first half of the day building a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the day building a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the day building a camera
+you're going to start off with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start off with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start off with an
+introduction to all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to all the different
+components of a camera and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a camera and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a camera and then you're
+going to get your hands on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get your hands on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get your hands on all the
+different components and assemble them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components and assemble them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components and assemble them
+and program it to take a picture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and program it to take a picture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and program it to take a picture when
+you press the button and then during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press the button and then during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press the button and then during
+lunch we have a panel from the Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch we have a panel from the Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch we have a panel from the Society
+of women engineers and the women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women engineers and the women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of women engineers and the women's
+technology program at MIT and an all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology program at MIT and an all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology program at MIT and an all
+girls robotics team so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls robotics team so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls robotics team so if you're
+interested in certain part of today like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in certain part of today like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in certain part of today like
+you want to do more coding or you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do more coding or you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do more coding or you want
+to do more building you should pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more building you should pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more building you should pay
+attention to these programs so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to these programs so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to these programs so they'll
+talk about what you can do for longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you can do for longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what you can do for longer
+they have summer programs and programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have summer programs and programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have summer programs and programs
+throughout the year and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the year and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the year and then in the
+second half of the day we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the day we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the day we're going to do
+image processing so you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing so you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing so you're going to get
+an introduction to how a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to how a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to how a computer
+understands what an image is and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what an image is and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what an image is and how you
+can manipulate it with math and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manipulate it with math and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manipulate it with math and make
+those really cool Instagram filters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those really cool Instagram filters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those really cool Instagram filters and
+after you program your own we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you program your own we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you program your own we'll have a
+conclusion talk about what you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion talk about what you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion talk about what you learned
+and finally we have those really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have those really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we have those really cool
+demos that I mentioned before where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos that I mentioned before where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos that I mentioned before where
+you'll rotate around and check them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll rotate around and check them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll rotate around and check them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all
+received a picture of a famous female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a picture of a famous female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received a picture of a famous female
+engineer if you didn't get one I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer if you didn't get one I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer if you didn't get one I have a
+bunch of extras for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of extras for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of extras for you
+guys so if you didn't get one I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so if you didn't get one I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so if you didn't get one I'm going
+to start in the front and just pass them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in the front and just pass them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start in the front and just pass them
+down and take one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and take one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and take one okay
+okay so you guys are going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you guys are going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you guys are going to be in
+teams of four today and those famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of four today and those famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of four today and those famous
+female engineers in computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female engineers in computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female engineers in computer scientists
+are your teams so you're going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your teams so you're going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your teams so you're going to work
+together on all these challenges and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on all these challenges and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on all these challenges and the
+volunteers will work with you during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers will work with you during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers will work with you during
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activities now I have some really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities now I have some really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities now I have some really boring
+details but they are very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but they are very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but they are very important so
+in case of an emergency there is stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of an emergency there is stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of an emergency there is stairs
+in the back so when you exit turn left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back so when you exit turn left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back so when you exit turn left
+and go all the way to the back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go all the way to the back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go all the way to the back and then
+you cluster outside in the quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cluster outside in the quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cluster outside in the quad
+area and there are bathrooms when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and there are bathrooms when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and there are bathrooms when you go
+outside turn left and the bathrooms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside turn left and the bathrooms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside turn left and the bathrooms are
+on your right and the volunteers know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your right and the volunteers know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your right and the volunteers know
+where they are too if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are too if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are too if you have any
+questions and you guys are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and you guys are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and you guys are probably
+interested in this where you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this where you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this where you can find
+the photos afterwards so I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photos afterwards so I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photos afterwards so I highly
+encourage you to take as many photos as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take as many photos as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to take as many photos as
+possible with your cameras that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with your cameras that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with your cameras that you
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+and they will be posted on our Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will be posted on our Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will be posted on our Facebook
+page afterwards it's called girls who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page afterwards it's called girls who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page afterwards it's called girls who
+build and finally all the links to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and finally all the links to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and finally all the links to the
+activities that you do today and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that you do today and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that you do today and the
+code that you worked on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that you worked on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that you worked on and the
+resources like if you want to build your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like if you want to build your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like if you want to build your
+own camera at home we'll send that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own camera at home we'll send that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own camera at home we'll send that to
+you too
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nAtTW8ZW33s.txt b/nAtTW8ZW33s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59437b1496b5e7bd408355df6dd9b8d3fc8ccd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nAtTW8ZW33s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8168 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to do a quick review of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do a quick review of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do a quick review of what
+we did last time because I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last time because I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last time because I know I
+through think we proved the full six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through think we proved the full six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through think we proved the full six
+boards of math and physics at you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards of math and physics at you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards of math and physics at you guys
+we started off trying to describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off trying to describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off trying to describe this
+general situation if you have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general situation if you have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general situation if you have a small
+nucleus one firing at a large nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus one firing at a large nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus one firing at a large nucleus
+two something happens and we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something happens and we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something happens and we didn't
+specify what that was a potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what that was a potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what that was a potentially
+different nucleus three could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nucleus three could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different nucleus three could come
+shooting off at angle theta and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting off at angle theta and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting off at angle theta and a
+potentially different nucleus four goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially different nucleus four goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially different nucleus four goes
+off at a different angle fee just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a different angle fee just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a different angle fee just to
+warn you guys before you start copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warn you guys before you start copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warn you guys before you start copying
+everything from the board starting last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the board starting last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the board starting last
+week I've been taking pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I've been taking pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I've been taking pictures of the
+board at the end of class so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board at the end of class so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board at the end of class so if you
+prefer to like look and listen or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to like look and listen or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to like look and listen or just
+take a few notes rather than copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few notes rather than copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few notes rather than copy
+everything else down I'll be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else down I'll be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else down I'll be taking
+pictures of the board at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the board at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the board at the end of
+class from now on and posting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from now on and posting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class from now on and posting them to
+the stellar site so up to you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stellar site so up to you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stellar site so up to you how you
+want to do it we started off with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it we started off with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it we started off with just
+three equations we conserve mass energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations we conserve mass energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations we conserve mass energy
+and momentum mass and energy let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum mass and energy let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum mass and energy let's see
+come from the same equation C squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the same equation C squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the same equation C squared
+plus t1 plus m2 c squared plus t2 has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t1 plus m2 c squared plus t2 has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t1 plus m2 c squared plus t2 has to
+equal M 3 C squared plus t3 plus M 4 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal M 3 C squared plus t3 plus M 4 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal M 3 C squared plus t3 plus M 4 C
+squared plus t4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus t4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus t4
+we started off making one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off making one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off making one quick
+assumption that the nucleus to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the nucleus to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the nucleus to whatever
+we're firing things at has no kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're firing things at has no kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're firing things at has no kinetic
+energy so we can just forget that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we can just forget that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we can just forget that what
+we also said is that we have to conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said is that we have to conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said is that we have to conserve
+X&Y momentum so if we say the X momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X&Y momentum so if we say the X momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X&Y momentum so if we say the X momentum
+of particle one would be root 2 M 1 T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one would be root 2 M 1 T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one would be root 2 M 1 T 1
+plus 0 for a particle 2 because we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 for a particle 2 because we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 for a particle 2 because we the
+particle 2 is not moving and has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 is not moving and has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 is not moving and has no
+momentum has to equal root 2 M 3 T 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has to equal root 2 M 3 T 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum has to equal root 2 M 3 T 3
+cosine theta because it's the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta because it's the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta because it's the X
+component of the momentum plus root 2 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the momentum plus root 2 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the momentum plus root 2 M
+44 cosine fee and the last equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 cosine fee and the last equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 cosine fee and the last equation for
+y momentum I'll call this X momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y momentum I'll call this X momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y momentum I'll call this X momentum
+call that mass and energy call this Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that mass and energy call this Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that mass and energy call this Y
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+was let's say there's no y momentum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was let's say there's no y momentum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was let's say there's no y momentum at
+the beginning of this equation so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this equation so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of this equation so I'll
+just say zero plus zero equals the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say zero plus zero equals the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say zero plus zero equals the Y
+component of particle freeze momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of particle freeze momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of particle freeze momentum
+root 2m 3t3 sine theta minus almost did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2m 3t3 sine theta minus almost did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2m 3t3 sine theta minus almost did
+that wrong because it's going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong because it's going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong because it's going in the
+opposite direction root two and 44 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction root two and 44 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction root two and 44 sine
+fee we did something and we arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee we did something and we arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee we did something and we arrived at
+the Q equation I'm trying to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation I'm trying to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q equation I'm trying to make sure
+we get to something new today so the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to something new today so the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to something new today so the Q
+equation went something like and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation went something like and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation went something like and I want
+to make sure that I don't miss write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that I don't miss write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that I don't miss write it
+at all so when we refer to the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so when we refer to the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so when we refer to the Q
+equation we're referring to this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we're referring to this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we're referring to this highly
+generalized equation relating all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized equation relating all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized equation relating all of the
+quantities that we see here so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we see here so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we see here so I'm not
+going to go through all of the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through all of the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through all of the steps
+from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time
+because again you'll have a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again you'll have a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again you'll have a picture of
+the board from last time but a 20 calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board from last time but a 20 calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board from last time but a 20 calls
+t 1 times M 1 over m 4 minus 1 plus T 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 times M 1 over m 4 minus 1 plus T 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 times M 1 over m 4 minus 1 plus T 3
+times 1 plus M 3 over M 4 minus 2 root M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus M 3 over M 4 minus 2 root M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus M 3 over M 4 minus 2 root M
+1 M 3 T 1 T 3 cosine theta and last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M 3 T 1 T 3 cosine theta and last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 M 3 T 1 T 3 cosine theta and last time
+we talked about which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about which of these
+quantities are we likely to know ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are we likely to know ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities are we likely to know ahead
+of time and which ones might we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and which ones might we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and which ones might we want to
+find out chances are we know all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out chances are we know all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out chances are we know all of the
+masses involved in these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses involved in these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses involved in these particles
+because well you guys have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you guys have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well you guys have been
+calculating that for the last two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating that for the last two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating that for the last two and a
+half weeks or so so those would be known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half weeks or so so those would be known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half weeks or so so those would be known
+quantities we'd also know the Q value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we'd also know the Q value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we'd also know the Q value
+for the reaction from conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction from conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction from conservation of
+mass and energy up there and we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and energy up there and we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and energy up there and we probably
+be controlling the energy of particle 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlling the energy of particle 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlling the energy of particle 1
+as it comes in either we know if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes in either we know if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes in either we know if it's a
+neutron we know at energy its born at or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron we know at energy its born at or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron we know at energy its born at or
+if it's coming from an accelerator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's coming from an accelerator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's coming from an accelerator we
+crank up the voltage on the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank up the voltage on the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank up the voltage on the accelerator
+and control that and that leaves us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control that and that leaves us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control that and that leaves us with
+just three quanta two quantities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three quanta two quantities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three quanta two quantities that we
+don't know the kinetic energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the kinetic energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the kinetic energy of
+particle three and the angle that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle three and the angle that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle three and the angle that it
+comes off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at
+so this was the highly highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the highly highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the highly highly
+generalized form recognize also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized form recognize also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized form recognize also that
+this is a quadratic equation in root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a quadratic equation in root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a quadratic equation in root
+three or root T three and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or root T three and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or root T three and we did
+something else and we arrived at root T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and we arrived at root T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and we arrived at root T
+three equals s plus or minus root s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equals s plus or minus root s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equals s plus or minus root s
+squared plus T or SMT let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T or SMT let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T or SMT let's see I
+believe s is root m1 m3 t1 cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe s is root m1 m3 t1 cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe s is root m1 m3 t1 cosine theta
+over m3 + m4 I'll make a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m3 + m4 I'll make a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m3 + m4 I'll make a little bit more
+room T should be named it got a look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room T should be named it got a look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room T should be named it got a look I
+believe it's minus m4 q plus I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's minus m4 q plus I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's minus m4 q plus I'll just
+take a quick look all right I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick look all right I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick look all right I have it
+open right here I don't want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right here I don't want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open right here I don't want to give you
+a wrong minus sign or something I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong minus sign or something I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong minus sign or something I did
+have a wrong - I'm good thing I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be 1 over m 3 4 and so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 over m 3 4 and so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 over m 3 4 and so we started
+looking at well what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at well what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at well what are the
+implications of this solution right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this solution right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this solution right here
+for exothermic reactions where Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exothermic reactions where Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exothermic reactions where Q is
+greater than 0 any energy e1 gets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 any energy e1 gets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 any energy e1 gets this
+reaction to occur and all that that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to occur and all that that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to occur and all that that says
+well it doesn't really say much all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't really say much all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't really say much all that
+it really says is that III I'm sorry t3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really says is that III I'm sorry t3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really says is that III I'm sorry t3
+and let me make sure that I don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me make sure that I don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me make sure that I don't use
+any sneaky E's in there + t4 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sneaky E's in there + t4 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sneaky E's in there + t4 has to be
+greater than the incoming energy t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the incoming energy t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the incoming energy t1
+that's the only real implication here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only real implication here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only real implication here is
+that some of the mass from particles 1 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the mass from particles 1 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the mass from particles 1 &
+2 turned into some kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 turned into some kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 turned into some kinetic energy and
+particles 3 & 4 so that one's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles 3 & 4 so that one's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles 3 & 4 so that one's kind of a
+simpler case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case
+for the endothermic case where Q is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the endothermic case where Q is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the endothermic case where Q is less
+than zero there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero there's going to be some
+threshold energy required to overcome in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy required to overcome in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold energy required to overcome in
+order to get this reaction to occur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this reaction to occur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this reaction to occur so
+where did we say so first of all where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we say so first of all where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we say so first of all where
+would we go about deciding what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we go about deciding what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we go about deciding what is the
+most favorable set of conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most favorable set of conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most favorable set of conditions that
+would allow one of these reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow one of these reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow one of these reactions to
+occur by manipulating parameters in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur by manipulating parameters in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur by manipulating parameters in s
+and T what's the first one that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T what's the first one that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T what's the first one that you'd
+start to look at well let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at well let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to look at well let's start by
+picking the angle let's say if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the angle let's say if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the angle let's say if there was
+uh if we had what's called forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we had what's called forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we had what's called forward
+scattering then this cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then this cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then this cosine of theta
+equals one and that probably gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that probably gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that probably gives us
+the highest likelihood of a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest likelihood of a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest likelihood of a reaction
+happening or the most energy gone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening or the most energy gone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening or the most energy gone into
+let's say just moving the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say just moving the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say just moving the center of mass
+and not the particles going off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the particles going off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the particles going off in
+different directions let's see ah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions let's see ah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions let's see ah so
+what it really comes down to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really comes down to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really comes down to is a
+balance and making sure that this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and making sure that this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and making sure that this term
+right here well it can't go negative if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here well it can't go negative if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here well it can't go negative if
+it goes negative then the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes negative then the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes negative then the solutions
+imaginary and you don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary and you don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary and you don't have anything
+going on so what this implies is that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so what this implies is that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so what this implies is that s
+squared plus T has to be greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T has to be greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus T has to be greater or
+equal than zero in order for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than zero in order for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than zero in order for this to
+occur otherwise you'd have like I said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur otherwise you'd have like I said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur otherwise you'd have like I said a
+complex solution to an energy and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex solution to an energy and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex solution to an energy and energy
+is not going to be complex that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be complex that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be complex that means
+the reaction won't occur so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction won't occur so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction won't occur so this is
+where we got to last time yep it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we got to last time yep it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we got to last time yep it would
+but there's a condition here that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a condition here that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a condition here that let's
+see in this case for exothermic Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this case for exothermic Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this case for exothermic Q is
+greater than zero and that condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and that condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and that condition is
+always satisfied for an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always satisfied for an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always satisfied for an endothermic
+reaction Q is negative so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q is negative so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q is negative so that's a good
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so if endothermic then Q is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if endothermic then Q is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if endothermic then Q is less than
+zero and it's all about making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's all about making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's all about making sure that
+that some s squared plus T is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some s squared plus T is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some s squared plus T is not
+negative what that means is in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what that means is in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what that means is in order to
+balance out the fact that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out the fact that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out the fact that you've got a
+negative queue here you have to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative queue here you have to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative queue here you have to increase
+t1 in order to make that sum greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 in order to make that sum greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 in order to make that sum greater
+than or equal to zero yep that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero yep that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero yep that's correct
+if s squared plus T is smaller than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s squared plus T is smaller than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s squared plus T is smaller than zero
+which is to say that this whole sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that this whole sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that this whole sum
+right here doesn't help you balance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here doesn't help you balance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here doesn't help you balance out
+the negative Q then the reactions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative Q then the reactions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative Q then the reactions not
+going to happen and something else might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and something else might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and something else might
+happen so let's say you were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's say you were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's say you were looking at
+a case of inelastic scattering where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case of inelastic scattering where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case of inelastic scattering where a
+neutron would get absorbed by a nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron would get absorbed by a nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron would get absorbed by a nucleus
+and be readmitted at a different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be readmitted at a different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be readmitted at a different energy
+level if the energy is too small for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if the energy is too small for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if the energy is too small for
+that to occur then the neutrons not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to occur then the neutrons not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to occur then the neutrons not
+going to get absorbed instead it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get absorbed instead it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get absorbed instead it might
+bounce off and undergo elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off and undergo elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off and undergo elastic
+scattering and as a quick flash forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and as a quick flash forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and as a quick flash forward
+I'll show you a quick plot of a elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a quick plot of a elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a quick plot of a elastic
+and inelastic cross-sections that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelastic cross-sections that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelastic cross-sections that kind
+of hammers this home you'll be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hammers this home you'll be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hammers this home you'll be looking
+at a lot of these plots that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lot of these plots that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lot of these plots that are going
+to be logarithmic in energy space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be logarithmic in energy space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be logarithmic in energy space and
+probably logarithmic in microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably logarithmic in microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably logarithmic in microscopic
+cross-section to bring back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section to bring back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section to bring back that
+variable from before if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable from before if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable from before if you remember the
+cross-section is like the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is like the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is like the probability
+that a certain reaction is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain reaction is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain reaction is going to
+occur the larger the cross-section the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur the larger the cross-section the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur the larger the cross-section the
+higher the reaction rate for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the reaction rate for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the reaction rate for a given
+flux of particles and let's say we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles and let's say we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles and let's say we'll
+split this into two things we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this into two things we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this into two things we'll call it
+Sigma elastic and Sigma inelastic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma elastic and Sigma inelastic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma elastic and Sigma inelastic and
+we'll give them that'll be uh-oh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them that'll be uh-oh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give them that'll be uh-oh we have
+colors let's just use those even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors let's just use those even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors let's just use those even better
+where's my second color under the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my second color under the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my second color under the paper
+awesome so let's say the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so let's say the elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome so let's say the elastic
+cross-sections in red and the inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections in red and the inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections in red and the inelastic
+cross-sections in green and for white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections in green and for white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections in green and for white
+we'll plot Sigma total usually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plot Sigma total usually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plot Sigma total usually one of
+these cross-sections for any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross-sections for any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross-sections for any old
+interaction I'm not even being specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I'm not even being specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I'm not even being specific
+on which one let's just say neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which one let's just say neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which one let's just say neutrons
+hitting something big would tend to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting something big would tend to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting something big would tend to look
+like this there'll be some insanity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there'll be some insanity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there'll be some insanity here
+that we'll discuss and it might start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll discuss and it might start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll discuss and it might start to
+increase a little bit as it goes to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a little bit as it goes to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a little bit as it goes to high
+energies and this is definitely not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and this is definitely not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and this is definitely not to
+scale just for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale just for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale just for the purposes of
+illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration
+the elastic cross-sections going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic cross-sections going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic cross-sections going to look
+something like exactly this see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like exactly this see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like exactly this see how
+closely I can draw on top of it so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely I can draw on top of it so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely I can draw on top of it so at
+low energy is when a neutron can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy is when a neutron can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy is when a neutron can't be
+absorbed and re-emitted at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and re-emitted at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and re-emitted at a different
+energy the inelastic scattering process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the inelastic scattering process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the inelastic scattering process
+can't happen which is to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen which is to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen which is to say that the
+incoming kinetic energy so this log of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming kinetic energy so this log of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming kinetic energy so this log of e
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+better known as T 1 in the symbols up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as T 1 in the symbols up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as T 1 in the symbols up
+there it's not high enough to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not high enough to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not high enough to allow
+inelastic scattering to occur so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic scattering to occur so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic scattering to occur so if we
+want to graph the inelastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to graph the inelastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to graph the inelastic scattering
+cross-section it'll typically look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it'll typically look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it'll typically look like
+that where once you reach your threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where once you reach your threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where once you reach your threshold
+energy determined by that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy determined by that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy determined by that condition
+there then in the inelastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then in the inelastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then in the inelastic scattering
+like turns on and it's actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like turns on and it's actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like turns on and it's actually able to
+proceed so this is why we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so this is why we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so this is why we're getting
+into these threshold reactions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these threshold reactions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these threshold reactions because
+it helps you understand why does some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you understand why does some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you understand why does some of
+the cross-sections that we study have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sections that we study have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sections that we study have
+the shapes that they do and this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes that they do and this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes that they do and this holds
+true for pretty much every inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for pretty much every inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for pretty much every inelastic
+cross section I've seen is they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section I've seen is they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section I've seen is they all
+almost all of them if you're starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of them if you're starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of them if you're starting at
+the ground state require some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state require some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state require some initial
+energy input to get going whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input to get going whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input to get going whereas
+elastic scattering can happen at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering can happen at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering can happen at any
+energy so let's write that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so let's write that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so let's write that last
+condition right here elastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means things just bounce off like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means things just bounce off like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means things just bounce off like
+billiard balls you have Q equals zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls you have Q equals zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billiard balls you have Q equals zero no
+energy changes hands so to speak you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes hands so to speak you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes hands so to speak you
+just get some kinetic energy from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some kinetic energy from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some kinetic energy from one
+being imparted to nucleus - but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being imparted to nucleus - but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being imparted to nucleus - but you
+don't turn any mass into energy so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn any mass into energy so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn any mass into energy so any
+questions here before we go into yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is if you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if you don't know the
+angle what do you do about it right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle what do you do about it right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle what do you do about it right if
+you don't so in this case we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't so in this case we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't so in this case we've said
+what is the bare minimum threshold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bare minimum threshold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bare minimum threshold for
+this reaction to occur and the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction to occur and the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction to occur and the best way
+that to happen is for theta to equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen is for theta to equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen is for theta to equal 0
+if theta is larger that will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta is larger that will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if theta is larger that will actually
+mean that the reactions not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the reactions not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the reactions not allowed to
+proceed unless you get to an even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed unless you get to an even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed unless you get to an even higher
+energy so this condition still holds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this condition still holds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this condition still holds but
+if cosine so let's say if cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine so let's say if cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cosine so let's say if cosine theta
+is less than 1 then the value of s goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 then the value of s goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 1 then the value of s goes
+down and that makes this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that makes this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that makes this condition
+harder to satisfy so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to satisfy so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to satisfy so that's a good
+question what that actually means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what that actually means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what that actually means is
+that for certain nuclear reactions very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for certain nuclear reactions very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for certain nuclear reactions very
+close to the threshold energy only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the threshold energy only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the threshold energy only
+certain angles are allowed I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angles are allowed I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angles are allowed I'm not going
+to get into the nitty-gritty of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the nitty-gritty of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the nitty-gritty of which
+angles are allowed I think it's I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are allowed I think it's I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are allowed I think it's I'll
+call it my new shah for the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it my new shah for the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it my new shah for the scope of
+this class but it is in the hip reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but it is in the hip reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but it is in the hip reading
+which I'll be posting pretty soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll be posting pretty soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll be posting pretty soon but
+suffice to say that the only time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice to say that the only time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice to say that the only time you
+can let's say if s squared plus T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let's say if s squared plus T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can let's say if s squared plus T equals
+0 the only time that can happen is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the only time that can happen is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the only time that can happen is when
+theta equals 0 or cosine equals 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 or cosine equals 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 or cosine equals 1 and
+that means that the nucleus can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the nucleus can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the nucleus can only
+recoil in a very very narrow cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil in a very very narrow cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoil in a very very narrow cone
+forward as that energy increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as that energy increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward as that energy increases the
+allowable angles start to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable angles start to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable angles start to increase
+further design into your question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further design into your question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further design into your question or
+you'd say let's say if cosine equals 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say let's say if cosine equals 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say let's say if cosine equals 180
+then I'm sorry if theta equals a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm sorry if theta equals a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm sorry if theta equals a hundred
+eighty cosine would be negative one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty cosine would be negative one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty cosine would be negative one and
+that would be let's say the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be let's say the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be let's say the least
+favorable condition yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I'm saying so Sigma elastic plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm saying so Sigma elastic plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm saying so Sigma elastic plus
+sorry Sigma inelastic would let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Sigma inelastic would let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Sigma inelastic would let's say
+give you the total scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the total scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the total scattering
+cross-section the green line so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the green line so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the green line so it is a
+little hard to see that the Green Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see that the Green Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see that the Green Line
+is the inelastic cross section yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inelastic cross section yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inelastic cross section yeah I
+can imagine from back there the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine from back there the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine from back there the green
+and the white might look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white might look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white might look a little
+similar yeah okay cool yeah like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar yeah okay cool yeah like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar yeah okay cool yeah like one of
+these they give they give me a an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they give they give me a an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they give they give me a an almost
+black one that's about as invisible as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black one that's about as invisible as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black one that's about as invisible as
+it gets so make sure to use visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets so make sure to use visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets so make sure to use visible
+colors okay so now let's take the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay so now let's take the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay so now let's take the case
+of elastic neutron scattering and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic neutron scattering and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic neutron scattering and can
+anyone tell me how can we simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone tell me how can we simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone tell me how can we simplify the
+general hue equation for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general hue equation for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general hue equation for the case of
+neutrons hitting some random nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons hitting some random nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons hitting some random nucleus
+what can we start plugging in for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we start plugging in for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we start plugging in for some
+of those values to make it simpler well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those values to make it simpler well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those values to make it simpler well
+what about the masses what's M one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the masses what's M one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the masses what's M one in
+atomic mass Q minutes M one is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass Q minutes M one is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass Q minutes M one is just one
+to a pretty good approximation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pretty good approximation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pretty good approximation it's
+actually 1.008 seven which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1.008 seven which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1.008 seven which we're going
+to say is one and what about M 3 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is one and what about M 3 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is one and what about M 3 is also
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+also one if this is elastic neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one if this is elastic neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one if this is elastic neutron
+scattering if the same Neutron goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if the same Neutron goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if the same Neutron goes in
+and goes out so M 1 and M 3 are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out so M 1 and M 3 are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out so M 1 and M 3 are the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+what about M 2 and M 4 have we specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about M 2 and M 4 have we specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about M 2 and M 4 have we specified
+what this nucleus is so what's what mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this nucleus is so what's what mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this nucleus is so what's what mass
+would we give it if it's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we give it if it's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we give it if it's a general
+nucleus with and neutrons and Z protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with and neutrons and Z protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with and neutrons and Z protons
+Hey sure so a that's again a 4 the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey sure so a that's again a 4 the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey sure so a that's again a 4 the mass
+number cool ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number cool ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number cool ok
+so with those in mind and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those in mind and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with those in mind and then the last
+thing is we only have T 1 and T 3 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we only have T 1 and T 3 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we only have T 1 and T 3 just
+for clarity let's call T 1 T in like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity let's call T 1 T in like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity let's call T 1 T in like the
+neutron energy going in and T 3 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron energy going in and T 3 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron energy going in and T 3 will
+call T out so let's rewrite the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the QE q with these symbols in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QE q with these symbols in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QE q with these symbols in there and
+the last thing to note what's Q for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing to note what's Q for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing to note what's Q for
+elastic scattering zero yep because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering zero yep because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering zero yep because no
+mass has turned into energy or vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has turned into energy or vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has turned into energy or vice
+versa so to rewrite the whole Q equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so to rewrite the whole Q equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so to rewrite the whole Q equation
+we've got zero equals T in times m1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got zero equals T in times m1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got zero equals T in times m1 over
+m4 which is just 1 over a minus 1 plus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m4 which is just 1 over a minus 1 plus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m4 which is just 1 over a minus 1 plus T
+out times 1 plus m3 / m4 m3 is also 1 m4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out times 1 plus m3 / m4 m3 is also 1 m4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out times 1 plus m3 / m4 m3 is also 1 m4
+is also a and minus 2 root m1 m3 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a and minus 2 root m1 m3 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a and minus 2 root m1 m3 they're
+both 1 T in T out cosine theta so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both 1 T in T out cosine theta so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both 1 T in T out cosine theta so this
+looks a whole lot simpler I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a whole lot simpler I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a whole lot simpler I'm gonna do
+one quick thing right here and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick thing right here and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quick thing right here and take the
+minus sign that's hiding in here outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's hiding in here outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's hiding in here outside
+this equation it's going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's going to make the
+form a lot simpler so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a lot simpler so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a lot simpler so I'm just
+multiplying the inside and the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the inside and the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the inside and the outside
+of this term by negative 1 but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term by negative 1 but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term by negative 1 but hopefully
+you can see that it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's the same thing
+it'll just make the form a lot nicer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just make the form a lot nicer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just make the form a lot nicer in
+the end and so now we want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and so now we want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and so now we want to start
+asking what is the maximum and minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the maximum and minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the maximum and minimum
+energy that the neutron can lose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the neutron can lose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the neutron can lose so
+let's start with the easy one what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the easy one what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the easy one what is
+the minimum amount of energy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount of energy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount of energy that the
+neutron could lose anyone not here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron could lose anyone not here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron could lose anyone not here's
+some whispers zero if then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some whispers zero if then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some whispers zero if then if the
+neutron comes in yeah theta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron comes in yeah theta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron comes in yeah theta equals zero
+then you end up with actually TN will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you end up with actually TN will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you end up with actually TN will
+equal T out and that way let's say delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal T out and that way let's say delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal T out and that way let's say delta
+T 1 or delta T neutron could equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 or delta T neutron could equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 or delta T neutron could equal zero
+so a neutron can lose at least none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a neutron can lose at least none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a neutron can lose at least none of
+its energy in an elastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy in an elastic collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy in an elastic collision
+hopefully that makes intuitive sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that makes intuitive sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that makes intuitive sense
+because we would call that a Miss now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would call that a Miss now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would call that a Miss now
+let's take the other case at what angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the other case at what angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the other case at what angle
+would you think the neutron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think the neutron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think the neutron would
+transfer as much energy as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer as much energy as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer as much energy as possible to
+the recoil nucleus so if we have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recoil nucleus so if we have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recoil nucleus so if we have a big
+nucleus of mass a and we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of mass a and we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of mass a and we have a little
+Neutron firing at it at which angle does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron firing at it at which angle does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron firing at it at which angle does
+it transfer the most energy yep exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transfer the most energy yep exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transfer the most energy yep exactly
+at theta equals pi which means this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals pi which means this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals pi which means this we
+call this back scattering so yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this back scattering so yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this back scattering so yeah good
+good one if I'll correct your statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one if I'll correct your statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one if I'll correct your statement
+though you said if the new if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you said if the new if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you said if the new if the
+neutron just stops and the nucleus moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron just stops and the nucleus moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron just stops and the nucleus moves
+forward does that happen in every case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward does that happen in every case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward does that happen in every case
+okay for example if you were to and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example if you were to and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example if you were to and I'd
+say don't try this at home kids put on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't try this at home kids put on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't try this at home kids put on a
+nice helmet and run charging at a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice helmet and run charging at a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice helmet and run charging at a truck
+can you actually just stop cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually just stop cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually just stop cold and
+we're not assuming any bones breaking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not assuming any bones breaking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not assuming any bones breaking or
+anything chances aren't you'd balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything chances aren't you'd balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything chances aren't you'd balance
+right back off yeah that's the analogy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back off yeah that's the analogy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back off yeah that's the analogy I
+like to give for what happens when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to give for what happens when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to give for what happens when a
+neutron scatters off uranium it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scatters off uranium it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron scatters off uranium it's like
+running out of truck with a helmet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of truck with a helmet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of truck with a helmet on
+it'll just bounce back so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just bounce back so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just bounce back so in the case of
+theta equals PI so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals PI so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals PI so we're gonna
+substitute in theta equals pi therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in theta equals pi therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in theta equals pi therefore
+cosine theta equals negative 1 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta equals negative 1 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta equals negative 1 and we
+have an even easier equation 0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an even easier equation 0 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an even easier equation 0 equals
+let's just say T out times 1 plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say T out times 1 plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say T out times 1 plus 1 over
+a I'm going to arrange these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to arrange these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to arrange these terms in
+order of their exponent for T out since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their exponent for T out since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their exponent for T out since
+that's our variable again and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our variable again and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our variable again and if this
+stuff is negative 1 then the two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is negative 1 then the two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is negative 1 then the two minus
+signs cancel conveniently and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs cancel conveniently and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs cancel conveniently and we have
+plus 2 root T in T out let's see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 root T in T out let's see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 root T in T out let's see that's
+it and we have minus T in times 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we have minus T in times 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we have minus T in times 1 over 1
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideally we'd like to try to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we'd like to try to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we'd like to try to simplify
+this as much as possible so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as much as possible so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as much as possible so let's
+combine let's try to get everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine let's try to get everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine let's try to get everything in
+some sort of a common denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a common denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a common denominator
+because that would make things a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would make things a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would make things a lot
+easier if we multiply each of these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if we multiply each of these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if we multiply each of these ones
+by a over a so let's put that as a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we can totally do that we get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can totally do that we get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can totally do that we get 0
+over T out times a over a plus 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T out times a over a plus 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T out times a over a plus 1 over a
+plus 2 root T in T out minus T in times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 root T in T out minus T in times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 root T in T out minus T in times
+a over a minus 1 over a at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over a minus 1 over a at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over a minus 1 over a at this point we
+can well everything's in common terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well everything's in common terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well everything's in common terms
+right we can just extend that fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just extend that fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just extend that fraction
+sign and put the sign in here extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and put the sign in here extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and put the sign in here extend the
+fraction sign put the sign in here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction sign put the sign in here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction sign put the sign in here we'll
+just say that's a say that's a last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that's a say that's a last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that's a say that's a last step
+that we'll do is try and isolate T out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll do is try and isolate T out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll do is try and isolate T out
+so at least one of our quadratic factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least one of our quadratic factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least one of our quadratic factors
+is going to be simple like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be simple like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be simple like 1
+so next step divide by a plus 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next step divide by a plus 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next step divide by a plus 1 and then
+we get 0 equals just T out plus 2 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 0 equals just T out plus 2 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 0 equals just T out plus 2 over a
+plus 1 root T in T out minus T in times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 root T in T out minus T in times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 root T in T out minus T in times
+a minus 1 over a plus 1 now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 over a plus 1 now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus 1 over a plus 1 now we've got a
+simple looking quadratic equation even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking quadratic equation even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking quadratic equation even
+though it's quadratic in the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's quadratic in the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's quadratic in the square root
+of T out yep let's see did I miss an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T out yep let's see did I miss an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T out yep let's see did I miss an A
+or a dividing by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a dividing by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a dividing by a
+it's from back here from this step just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from back here from this step just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from back here from this step just
+these steps so you divide by a plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps so you divide by a plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps so you divide by a plus one
+ah I see yeah you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I see yeah you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah I see yeah you're right
+though I want to make sure I didn't skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I want to make sure I didn't skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I want to make sure I didn't skip
+a step in dividing an a let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step in dividing an a let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step in dividing an a let me just
+check something real quick oh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check something real quick oh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check something real quick oh you're
+right if we go back to our Q equation oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we go back to our Q equation oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we go back to our Q equation oh
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+there's an M for missing isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an M for missing isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an M for missing isn't there
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ha see this is what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha see this is what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha see this is what happens when you
+don't look at your notes okay I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at your notes okay I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at your notes okay I'll go
+back and correct those because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and correct those because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and correct those because then
+there should have been over a okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should have been over a okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should have been over a okay it
+should have been an over a there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been an over a there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been an over a there should
+have been an over a thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an over a thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been an over a thank you for
+pointing that out and there should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing that out and there should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing that out and there should have
+been another oh in this case we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been another oh in this case we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been another oh in this case we can just
+cancel all of the A's I knew it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all of the A's I knew it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all of the A's I knew it came out
+nice and clean okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and clean okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and clean okay cool
+so at this point this is a quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point this is a quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point this is a quadratic in
+route T out where we have what are our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route T out where we have what are our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route T out where we have what are our a
+B and C terms for this quadratic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C terms for this quadratic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and C terms for this quadratic formula
+so what's a first of all if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a first of all if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a first of all if it's a
+quadratic and root t out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just one that was part of the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one that was part of the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one that was part of the goal of
+this manipulation is to make at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manipulation is to make at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manipulation is to make at least
+one of these things pretty simple what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things pretty simple what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things pretty simple what's
+B 2 root Y n over a plus 1 and C is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 root Y n over a plus 1 and C is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 root Y n over a plus 1 and C is just
+that whole term right there okay I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole term right there okay I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole term right there okay I'll do
+this up here so then we can say root T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here so then we can say root T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up here so then we can say root T
+out equals negative B plus or minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equals negative B plus or minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equals negative B plus or minus the
+square root of B squared so that's 4 TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of B squared so that's 4 TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of B squared so that's 4 TN
+over a plus 1 squared minus 4 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus 1 squared minus 4 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus 1 squared minus 4 times a
+times C so just minus 4 times C so minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C so just minus 4 times C so minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C so just minus 4 times C so minus
+4 times negative T in a minus 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 times negative T in a minus 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 times negative T in a minus 1 over a
+plus 1 so let's see what cancels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 so let's see what cancels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 so let's see what cancels so
+first of all those minus signs cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all those minus signs cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all those minus signs cancel
+and everything has a and over 2a don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything has a and over 2a don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything has a and over 2a don't
+want to forget that over 2a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget that over 2a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget that over 2a which is
+just 2 first thing we note is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2 first thing we note is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2 first thing we note is that
+everything here has a 2 in it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here has a 2 in it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here has a 2 in it either
+directly as a 2 or hiding as a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly as a 2 or hiding as a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly as a 2 or hiding as a square
+root of 4 so we can cancel all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 4 so we can cancel all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 4 so we can cancel all of those
+4 4 4 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 4 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 4 4
+well make sure that minus sign is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make sure that minus sign is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make sure that minus sign is nice
+and visible what else is common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visible what else is common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visible what else is common to
+everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'll tell you what I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll tell you what I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll tell you what I'll write it
+all out simpler without all the crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out simpler without all the crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out simpler without all the crossed
+out stuff - root tea in over a plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out stuff - root tea in over a plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out stuff - root tea in over a plus one
+plus or minus root tea in over a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus root tea in over a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus root tea in over a plus
+one squared plus T in times a minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared plus T in times a minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one squared plus T in times a minus 1
+over a plus one so with that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus one so with that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus one so with that a little
+written a little simpler what's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a little simpler what's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a little simpler what's also
+common and can be factored out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and can be factored out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and can be factored out of
+everything that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's right
+square root of TN because there's a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of TN because there's a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of TN because there's a root
+T in here and then you can everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in here and then you can everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in here and then you can everything's
+got a TN inside the square root so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a TN inside the square root so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a TN inside the square root so you
+can pull that out so we have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull that out so we have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull that out so we have a direct
+relation between root T out and root TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1 over a plus 1 plus or minus root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a plus 1 plus or minus root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a plus 1 plus or minus root
+1 over a plus 1 squared plus a minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over a plus 1 squared plus a minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over a plus 1 squared plus a minus 1
+over a plus 1 what do we do here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus 1 what do we do here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a plus 1 what do we do here to
+simplify all the junk in the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why the right side that's right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the right side that's right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the right side that's right you can
+always multiply by something better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiply by something better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiply by something better
+known as one and that gets everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as one and that gets everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as one and that gets everything
+here just like there was a two or a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just like there was a two or a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just like there was a two or a root
+for everywhere in the equation or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everywhere in the equation or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everywhere in the equation or there
+was a routine and a root T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a routine and a root T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a routine and a root T and
+everywhere else in the equation we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else in the equation we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else in the equation we'll do
+the same thing to get the A plus one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to get the A plus one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to get the A plus one out
+of there so we'll multiply this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there so we'll multiply this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there so we'll multiply this by a
+plus 1 over a plus one I'll stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over a plus one I'll stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over a plus one I'll stick it
+over there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there okay
+and we get root T out equals now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get root T out equals now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get root T out equals now
+everything has an A plus one so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has an A plus one so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has an A plus one so let's
+bring all of those outside the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root T in over a plus one times negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root T in over a plus one times negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root T in over a plus one times negative
+1 plus or minus the square root of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus or minus the square root of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus or minus the square root of 1
+plus a minus 1 a plus 1 starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a minus 1 a plus 1 starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a minus 1 a plus 1 starting to get
+a lot simpler let's see how much if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot simpler let's see how much if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot simpler let's see how much if I
+run out of space for this one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space for this one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space for this one so this
+stuff right here is just a squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right here is just a squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right here is just a squared minus
+a plus a minus 1 the minus a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus a minus 1 the minus a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus a minus 1 the minus a and the
+plus a cancel out and then the plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a cancel out and then the plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a cancel out and then the plus 1
+and the minus 1 cancel out and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus 1 cancel out and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus 1 cancel out and all
+that's inside the square root is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inside the square root is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inside the square root is a
+squared so the only hopefully nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the only hopefully nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the only hopefully nonlinear
+board technique I'm going to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board technique I'm going to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board technique I'm going to move to the
+left and we end up with roots t out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we end up with roots t out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we end up with roots t out
+equals root T in over a plus 1 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals root T in over a plus 1 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals root T in over a plus 1 and all
+that's left there is a minus 1 if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left there is a minus 1 if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left there is a minus 1 if we
+take the positive root almost done just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the positive root almost done just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the positive root almost done just
+square both sides and we should arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square both sides and we should arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square both sides and we should arrive
+at a result that might look familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a result that might look familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a result that might look familiar to
+some of you t out equals t in times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you t out equals t in times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you t out equals t in times a
+minus 1 over a plus 1 squared and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a plus 1 squared and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over a plus 1 squared and we've
+gotten to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to the point
+now where we can determine how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where we can determine how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where we can determine how much
+energy the neutron can possibly lose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the neutron can possibly lose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the neutron can possibly lose or
+the recoil nucleus can possibly gain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recoil nucleus can possibly gain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recoil nucleus can possibly gain in
+an elastic collision it's this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elastic collision it's this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elastic collision it's this factor
+right here I'll use the red since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I'll use the red since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I'll use the red since it's
+more visible this is usually referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visible this is usually referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visible this is usually referred to
+in nuclear textbooks as alpha the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear textbooks as alpha the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear textbooks as alpha the sort
+of the maximum amount of energy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum amount of energy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum amount of energy a
+neutron can lose or a recoil nucleus can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron can lose or a recoil nucleus can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron can lose or a recoil nucleus can
+gain so what we've Dirk we've got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain so what we've Dirk we've got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain so what we've Dirk we've got what
+we've arrived at is a pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've arrived at is a pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've arrived at is a pretty important
+result that lets say the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that lets say the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that lets say the energy the
+kinetic energy of a neutron has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of a neutron has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of a neutron has to be
+between its initial kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between its initial kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between its initial kinetic energy and
+alpha times its initial kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times its initial kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times its initial kinetic energy
+this right here is one of the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here is one of the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here is one of the ways in
+which you choose a moderator or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you choose a moderator or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you choose a moderator or a
+slowing down medium for neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down medium for neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down medium for neutrons and
+reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors
+so it's this alpha factor right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this alpha factor right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this alpha factor right here
+that really distinguishes what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really distinguishes what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really distinguishes what we call a
+thermal or is it a a like a light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal or is it a a like a light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal or is it a a like a light water
+reactor or a thermal spectrum reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or a thermal spectrum reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or a thermal spectrum reactor
+from a spa fast spectrum reactor let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a spa fast spectrum reactor let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a spa fast spectrum reactor let's
+look at a couple of limiting cases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a couple of limiting cases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a couple of limiting cases to
+see why let's see anyone mind if I hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why let's see anyone mind if I hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why let's see anyone mind if I hide
+this board here or you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see right if we took the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see right if we took the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see right if we took the negative
+case we'd end up with minus one minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'd end up with minus one minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'd end up with minus one minus a
+you just have an A plus one on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have an A plus one on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have an A plus one on the top
+yeah so in that case you just have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in that case you just have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in that case you just have let's
+see you just have root T in right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you just have root T in right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you just have root T in right let me
+see oh yeah so that wouldn't make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh yeah so that wouldn't make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh yeah so that wouldn't make very
+much sense right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sense right yeah
+so in that case well you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case well you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case well you don't want to
+have a negative energy so that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative energy so that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative energy so that case
+doesn't make physical sense thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make physical sense thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make physical sense thanks for
+making sure we explained that and oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure we explained that and oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure we explained that and oh I
+see another question yep okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another question yep okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another question yep okay so what I
+did is I took the square root of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I took the square root of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I took the square root of four
+out of every term inside the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of every term inside the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of every term inside the square root
+and said okay they're all twos just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said okay they're all twos just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said okay they're all twos just like
+in the next step I said alright there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next step I said alright there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next step I said alright there's
+all these eight plus ones including all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these eight plus ones including all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these eight plus ones including all
+these 8 + 1 squares inside the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 8 + 1 squares inside the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 8 + 1 squares inside the square
+root and took that out or I think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and took that out or I think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and took that out or I think even
+over here yeah so the whole theme here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah so the whole theme here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yeah so the whole theme here
+has been combined and destroyed yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been combined and destroyed yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been combined and destroyed yep
+any other questions on what we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on what we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on what we did here
+before I go on to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go on to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go on to some of the
+implications of what we got cool let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of what we got cool let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of what we got cool let's
+look at a couple limiting cases I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a couple limiting cases I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a couple limiting cases I'll
+rewrite that that inequality right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that that inequality right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite that that inequality right there
+because that's the important one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the important one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the important one of the
+day so what is alpha for typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so what is alpha for typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so what is alpha for typical
+materials let's say for hydrogen alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let's say for hydrogen alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let's say for hydrogen alpha
+equals well it's always a minus 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals well it's always a minus 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals well it's always a minus 1 over a
+plus 1 squared and for hydrogen a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 squared and for hydrogen a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 squared and for hydrogen a equals
+1 equals 1 and then we have 1 minus 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equals 1 and then we have 1 minus 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equals 1 and then we have 1 minus 1 in
+the numerator alpha equals zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator alpha equals zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator alpha equals zero what
+this means is that for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is that for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is that for the case of
+hydrogen you can lose all of the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you can lose all of the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you can lose all of the neutron
+energy in a single collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't mean that you lose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that you lose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that you lose all
+energy in every collision with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in every collision with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in every collision with a
+hydrogen atom if you're a neutron but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom if you're a neutron but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom if you're a neutron but it
+means that you can lose up to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you can lose up to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you can lose up to all of
+your energy in one single collision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy in one single collision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy in one single collision and
+this is what makes hydrogen such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes hydrogen such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what makes hydrogen such a good
+moderator or a slower down of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator or a slower down of neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator or a slower down of neutrons
+is one and undergoes elastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and undergoes elastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and undergoes elastic scattering
+especially at energies below an MeV or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at energies below an MeV or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at energies below an MeV or
+so which is where most of the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is where most of the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is where most of the neutrons
+in the reactor are it just bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor are it just bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor are it just bounces
+around and the more it hits hydrogen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the more it hits hydrogen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the more it hits hydrogen's
+the more it imparts energy to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more it imparts energy to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more it imparts energy to those
+hydrogen's and slows down why do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's and slows down why do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's and slows down why do we want
+to slow the neutrons down in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow the neutrons down in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slow the neutrons down in the first
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+well that has to do with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that has to do with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that has to do with another
+cross-section that I'm going to draw if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that I'm going to draw if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that I'm going to draw if
+I can find some chalk like I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find some chalk like I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find some chalk like I think I've
+mentioned before every nuclear reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before every nuclear reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before every nuclear reaction
+has its own cross section and this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own cross section and this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own cross section and this time
+I'm going to introduce a new one called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a new one called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a new one called
+Sigma fission the probability that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma fission the probability that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma fission the probability that if a
+nucleus absorbs a neutron that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus absorbs a neutron that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus absorbs a neutron that it
+undergoes fission and creates more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission and creates more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes fission and creates more
+neutrons and like 200 MeV of recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and like 200 MeV of recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and like 200 MeV of recoil
+energy so in this case I'll draw it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so in this case I'll draw it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so in this case I'll draw it for
+you 235 since this is the one I pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 235 since this is the one I pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 235 since this is the one I pretty
+much remember from memory and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much remember from memory and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much remember from memory and it looks
+something like that so what you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so what you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so what you want is
+for the neutrons to be at low energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutrons to be at low energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the neutrons to be at low energies
+so this would be around the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be around the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be around the thermal
+energy better-known is about 2002 5e v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy better-known is about 2002 5e v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy better-known is about 2002 5e v
+your goal is that the more neutrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is that the more neutrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is that the more neutrons that
+you have in this energy region the chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in this energy region the chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in this energy region the chalk
+erases other chalk the more neutrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erases other chalk the more neutrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erases other chalk the more neutrons you
+have in that energy region the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that energy region the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that energy region the higher
+probability you have the fission so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have the fission so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have the fission so this
+is the basis behind thermal reactors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis behind thermal reactors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basis behind thermal reactors is
+the neutrons all start here they're born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons all start here they're born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons all start here they're born
+at around one to ten MeV they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around one to ten MeV they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around one to ten MeV they don't
+undergo fission very well at one to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission very well at one to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo fission very well at one to ten
+MeV so your goal as a thermal reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV so your goal as a thermal reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MeV so your goal as a thermal reactor
+designer is to slow them down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer is to slow them down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer is to slow them down as
+efficiently as possible what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible what's the most
+efficient way to slow down neutrons cram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to slow down neutrons cram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to slow down neutrons cram
+the reactor full of hydrogen what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor full of hydrogen what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor full of hydrogen what's the
+cheapest and most hydrogenous substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest and most hydrogenous substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest and most hydrogenous substance
+we know water this is why water makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know water this is why water makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know water this is why water makes
+such a good reactor moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good reactor moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good reactor moderator
+it's pretty cool there's also lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool there's also lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool there's also lots of
+other reasons that we use water it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons that we use water it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons that we use water it's
+everywhere which is another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere which is another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere which is another way of
+saying cheap it's pretty chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying cheap it's pretty chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying cheap it's pretty chemically
+inert there are corrosion problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert there are corrosion problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert there are corrosion problems and
+reactors but it doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors but it doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors but it doesn't just
+spontaneously combust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously combust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously combust
+when you see air like sodium does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see air like sodium does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see air like sodium does
+another reactor coolant it takes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reactor coolant it takes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reactor coolant it takes a lot
+of energy to heat it up so it's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to heat it up so it's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to heat it up so it's specific
+heat capacity the CP of water if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity the CP of water if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity the CP of water if you
+remember I think it's was it 4.184
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I think it's was it 4.184
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I think it's was it 4.184
+joules per gram that's a point one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules per gram that's a point one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules per gram that's a point one of
+the highest substances were that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest substances were that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest substances were that we know
+of so you can put a lot of that recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so you can put a lot of that recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so you can put a lot of that recoil
+energy or a lot of heat energy into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or a lot of heat energy into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or a lot of heat energy into this
+water without raising its temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water without raising its temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water without raising its temperature as
+much as a comparative substance metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a comparative substance metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a comparative substance metals
+can have heat capacities like three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have heat capacities like three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have heat capacities like three or
+four times lower so you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times lower so you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times lower so you wouldn't
+necessarily want to use a metal coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to use a metal coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to use a metal coolant
+or would you in what cases would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you in what cases would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you in what cases would you
+want to use a metal coolant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a metal coolant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a metal coolant for a
+reactor or has anyone ever heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or has anyone ever heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor or has anyone ever heard of
+liquid metal reactors before just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid metal reactors before just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid metal reactors before just a
+couple good I get to be the first one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple good I get to be the first one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple good I get to be the first one to
+tell you I did my whole PhD on alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I did my whole PhD on alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I did my whole PhD on alloys
+for the liquid lead reactor so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the liquid lead reactor so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the liquid lead reactor so let's
+take a look at lead which has an a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at lead which has an a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at lead which has an a of
+about let's call it 200 it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's call it 200 it's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's call it 200 it's like I
+think there's some isotopes like 203 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some isotopes like 203 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's some isotopes like 203 or
+so there's probably an isotope called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's probably an isotope called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's probably an isotope called
+lead 200 what would alpha be for lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's just plug in the numbers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just plug in the numbers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just plug in the numbers a
+minus 1 is 199 a plus 1 is 201 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is 199 a plus 1 is 201 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is 199 a plus 1 is 201 square
+that almost 1 almost this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost 1 almost this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost 1 almost this means that
+when neutrons hit something like lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when neutrons hit something like lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when neutrons hit something like lead
+they basically don't slow down they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically don't slow down they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically don't slow down they can
+lose at least none and at most almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose at least none and at most almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose at least none and at most almost
+none of their energy and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of their energy and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of their energy and this is the
+basis behind what's called fast reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis behind what's called fast reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis behind what's called fast reactors
+if you want to use a coolant that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use a coolant that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use a coolant that keeps
+the neutrons very fast because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons very fast because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons very fast because for
+uranium 238 there's what's called a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 238 there's what's called a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium 238 there's what's called a well
+what you do is you want to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you want to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you want to capture
+neutrons with uranium 238 make plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons with uranium 238 make plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons with uranium 238 make plutonium
+239 and then breed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 and then breed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 and then breed that
+or uranium-238 has got its fast fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uranium-238 has got its fast fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uranium-238 has got its fast fission
+cross-section and i don't think i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and i don't think i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and i don't think i want
+to get into bringing it on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into bringing it on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into bringing it on the screen
+today since we're almost 5 of 5 off what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since we're almost 5 of 5 off what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today since we're almost 5 of 5 off what
+I will say is there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say is there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say is there's lots of other
+reactor coolant besides water and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor coolant besides water and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor coolant besides water and it
+sounds to me like almost no one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds to me like almost no one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds to me like almost no one had
+heard of a liquid metal reactor why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of a liquid metal reactor why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of a liquid metal reactor why
+would you want to use a liquid metal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to use a liquid metal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to use a liquid metal as
+a coolant besides keeping the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant besides keeping the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant besides keeping the neutrons
+at high energy anyone have any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what sort of properties do you want out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of properties do you want out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of properties do you want out
+of a coolant not even for a reactor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a coolant not even for a reactor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a coolant not even for a reactor but
+for anything good heat transfer metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything good heat transfer metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything good heat transfer metals
+are extremely thermally conductive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely thermally conductive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely thermally conductive so if
+you want to get the heat out of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the heat out of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the heat out of the fuel
+rods and into the coolant and then out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods and into the coolant and then out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods and into the coolant and then out
+to make steam for a turbine liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make steam for a turbine liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make steam for a turbine liquid
+metals are a pretty awesome coolant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are a pretty awesome coolant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are a pretty awesome coolant to
+use because they conduct heat extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use because they conduct heat extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use because they conduct heat extremely
+well what else let's try and think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what else let's try and think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what else let's try and think now
+if you were a reactor designer you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a reactor designer you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a reactor designer you don't
+just have to make the reactor work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make the reactor work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to make the reactor work but
+you want to make it avoid accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it avoid accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it avoid accidents
+what sort of thermodynamic properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thermodynamic properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thermodynamic properties
+about metals could prevent accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about metals could prevent accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about metals could prevent accidents
+from happening yeah so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening yeah so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening yeah so there's one
+problem they could solidify so coolants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they could solidify so coolants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they could solidify so coolants
+that have been chosen four reactors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been chosen four reactors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been chosen four reactors have
+been things like sodium which melts just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things like sodium which melts just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been things like sodium which melts just
+below a hundred Celsius liquid lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a hundred Celsius liquid lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a hundred Celsius liquid lead
+bismuth which melts at a hundred twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismuth which melts at a hundred twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismuth which melts at a hundred twenty
+three Celsius and I know cuz I've melted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Celsius and I know cuz I've melted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Celsius and I know cuz I've melted
+it in a frying pan before so I did four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a frying pan before so I did four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a frying pan before so I did four
+years of research on liquid led bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of research on liquid led bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of research on liquid led bismuth
+and if there's anyone that's gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's anyone that's gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's anyone that's gotten
+enough exposure to that it's me does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough exposure to that it's me does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough exposure to that it's me does not
+seem to have affected my brain too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have affected my brain too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have affected my brain too much
+because I only made like two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I only made like two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I only made like two major
+mistakes on today's board good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes on today's board good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes on today's board good enough
+yeah so I've got hundreds of pounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I've got hundreds of pounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I've got hundreds of pounds of
+led business sitting around it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led business sitting around it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led business sitting around it's pretty
+inert stuff it's really dense so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert stuff it's really dense so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert stuff it's really dense so it can
+store a lot of heat the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a lot of heat the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a lot of heat the other thing is
+the boiling point anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling point anyone know what
+temperature metals boil at extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature metals boil at extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature metals boil at extremely
+high yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yep
+sodium boils at approximately exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium boils at approximately exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium boils at approximately exactly
+893 degrees Celsius liquid led bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+893 degrees Celsius liquid led bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+893 degrees Celsius liquid led bismuth
+that boils out approximately exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boils out approximately exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boils out approximately exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius you'll actually melt the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius you'll actually melt the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius you'll actually melt the steel
+that the reactor is made of before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reactor is made of before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reactor is made of before you
+boil off your coolant if you boil your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil off your coolant if you boil your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil off your coolant if you boil your
+your coolant you have no way of cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coolant you have no way of cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coolant you have no way of cooling
+the reactor and that's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor and that's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor and that's something you
+want to avoid water boils at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid water boils at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid water boils at
+approximately 325 - let's say 288 to 340
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 325 - let's say 288 to 340
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 325 - let's say 288 to 340
+Celsius depending on the pressure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius depending on the pressure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius depending on the pressure that's
+used in the reactors and that does get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the reactors and that does get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the reactors and that does get
+reached sometimes especially in accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached sometimes especially in accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached sometimes especially in accident
+conditions so if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so if you want to make
+something relatively Fukushima proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something relatively Fukushima proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something relatively Fukushima proof
+then you don't want the coolant to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't want the coolant to boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't want the coolant to boil
+so use a liquid metal which introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a liquid metal which introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a liquid metal which introduces
+other problems it also introduces some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems it also introduces some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems it also introduces some
+other problems I'm gonna flash forward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems I'm gonna flash forward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems I'm gonna flash forward a
+bit to neutrons and reactor design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to neutrons and reactor design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to neutrons and reactor design
+because it does take time for this react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does take time for this react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does take time for this react
+this scattering to happen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scattering to happen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scattering to happen these
+collisions they happen pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions they happen pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions they happen pretty quickly
+but they do take a finite amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do take a finite amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do take a finite amount of time
+and in the mean time you can have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the mean time you can have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the mean time you can have what's
+called feedback coefficients natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feedback coefficients natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called feedback coefficients natural
+bits of physics that help your reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of physics that help your reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of physics that help your reactors
+stay stable or they don't depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stable or they don't depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stable or they don't depending on
+what's called negative or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called negative or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called negative or positive
+feedback so we can have either negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so we can have either negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so we can have either negative
+or positive feedback I'll give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positive feedback I'll give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positive feedback I'll give you one
+simple example that I'll just introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that I'll just introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that I'll just introduce
+conceptually and will actually explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and will actually explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and will actually explain
+it a little mathematically later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little mathematically later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little mathematically later in the
+course let's talk about coolant density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course let's talk about coolant density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course let's talk about coolant density
+if you were to heat up your reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to heat up your reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to heat up your reactor and
+the coolant were to get less dense what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant were to get less dense what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant were to get less dense what
+do you think would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think would happen to the
+reaction rate of well anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate of well anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rate of well anything
+scattering fission absorption it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering fission absorption it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering fission absorption it should
+go down why do you think that is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down why do you think that is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down why do you think that is exactly
+yeah to reintroduce a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to reintroduce a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to reintroduce a bit of the
+cross-section stuff I mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section stuff I mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section stuff I mentioned last
+time the microscopic cross-section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the microscopic cross-section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the microscopic cross-section is
+the probability that let's say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that let's say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that let's say one
+nucleus hits one other nucleus if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hits one other nucleus if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus hits one other nucleus if you
+then multiply by the number density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by the number density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by the number density or
+how many of them are there you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are there you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them are there you end up
+with the macroscopic cross section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the macroscopic cross section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the macroscopic cross section so
+I'll label this is micro label this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll label this is micro label this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll label this is micro label this is
+macro and then the macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro and then the macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro and then the macroscopic
+cross-section times your Neutron flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section times your Neutron flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section times your Neutron flux
+gives you your reaction rate so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your reaction rate so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your reaction rate so if you
+want to get less moderating happening or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get less moderating happening or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get less moderating happening or
+less fission or less absorption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fission or less absorption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less fission or less absorption the
+simplest way is well that's a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way is well that's a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way is well that's a property
+of the material that's whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material that's whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material that's whatever your
+reactor is doing you can decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is doing you can decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is doing you can decrease the
+number density by heating things up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density by heating things up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density by heating things up and
+decrease in the density so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the density so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the density so this is one
+of those cases where you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cases where you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cases where you can use the
+reactor to quickly respond with physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to quickly respond with physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to quickly respond with physics
+before you could respond with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could respond with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could respond with human
+intervention if you want let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention if you want let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention if you want let's say a
+extra power transient or a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra power transient or a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra power transient or a sudden
+increase in heat to slow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in heat to slow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in heat to slow down the
+nuclear reaction and not speed it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction and not speed it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction and not speed it up
+you'd pick a moderator that behaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd pick a moderator that behaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd pick a moderator that behaves in
+this way so in this case water would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so in this case water would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so in this case water would get
+less dense it would moderate less well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense it would moderate less well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense it would moderate less well
+and put fewer neutrons in the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put fewer neutrons in the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put fewer neutrons in the high
+probability fission region then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability fission region then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability fission region then let's
+think about what happens if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you're
+depending on your neutrons to stay fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your neutrons to stay fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your neutrons to stay fast
+or at high energy let's say you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at high energy let's say you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at high energy let's say you were to
+have a really bad day and boil your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really bad day and boil your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really bad day and boil your
+liquid sodium all of a sudden what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid sodium all of a sudden what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid sodium all of a sudden what
+little moderating power exists in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little moderating power exists in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little moderating power exists in that
+sodium disappears or gets even lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium disappears or gets even lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium disappears or gets even lower and
+that would cause your reactor power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cause your reactor power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would cause your reactor power to
+increase so one of the dangers of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so one of the dangers of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so one of the dangers of fast
+spectrum reactors is positive what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum reactors is positive what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum reactors is positive what's
+called positive void coefficient or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called positive void coefficient or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called positive void coefficient or if
+you make a bubble of gaseous sodium your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a bubble of gaseous sodium your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a bubble of gaseous sodium your
+power increases rather than decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power increases rather than decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power increases rather than decreases
+that would increase the heat that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would increase the heat that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would increase the heat that would
+cause the power to go up that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the power to go up that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the power to go up that would
+increase the heat that would cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the heat that would cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the heat that would cause the
+power to go up luckily there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to go up luckily there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to go up luckily there are many
+many other negative feedback mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other negative feedback mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other negative feedback mechanisms
+that could be built in to make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be built in to make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be built in to make sure the
+overall feedback coefficients are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall feedback coefficients are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall feedback coefficients are still
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+this also lets us understand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also lets us understand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also lets us understand a little
+bit about what went wrong at Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what went wrong at Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what went wrong at Chernobyl
+and I'll give you a one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give you a one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give you a one minute
+flash-forward because the control rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash-forward because the control rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash-forward because the control rods
+that were made of let's see I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were made of let's see I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were made of let's see I don't
+remember what than what the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what than what the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what than what the composition
+of the control rods is but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the control rods is but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the control rods is but they were
+Neutron absorbers the control rods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron absorbers the control rods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron absorbers the control rods in
+Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl
+looked something like this where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked something like this where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked something like this where there
+was the absorber here and this was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the absorber here and this was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the absorber here and this was they
+were graphite tipped and as you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were graphite tipped and as you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were graphite tipped and as you lower
+that graphite down into the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graphite down into the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graphite down into the reactor
+you're all of a sudden introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all of a sudden introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all of a sudden introducing
+something well that's a okay moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well that's a okay moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well that's a okay moderator
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+Carbon let's say a equals 12 so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carbon let's say a equals 12 so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carbon let's say a equals 12 so our
+alpha is would be a minus 1 over a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is would be a minus 1 over a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is would be a minus 1 over a plus
+1 I'm not gonna write almost equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I'm not gonna write almost equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I'm not gonna write almost equal to 1
+because that isn't quite almost equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that isn't quite almost equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that isn't quite almost equal to
+1 what does this actually equal let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what does this actually equal let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what does this actually equal let's
+see let's just say definitely less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's just say definitely less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's just say definitely less than
+1 there is some moderating power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 there is some moderating power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 there is some moderating power to
+graphite it's also a very bad absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite it's also a very bad absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite it's also a very bad absorber
+and what this meant that as you lowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this meant that as you lowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this meant that as you lowered
+those control rods into the reactor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those control rods into the reactor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those control rods into the reactor you
+suddenly introduced a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly introduced a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly introduced a little more
+moderation when things were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation when things were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation when things were already
+going bad and that caused the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going bad and that caused the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going bad and that caused the power
+level to increase further there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to increase further there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to increase further there were
+other problems like it was designed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like it was designed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems like it was designed so
+that if you boiled some of the coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you boiled some of the coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you boiled some of the coolant
+you would have positive feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have positive feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have positive feedback and
+that is a sort of 1-minute synopsis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a sort of 1-minute synopsis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a sort of 1-minute synopsis is
+what one all went haywire at Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one all went haywire at Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one all went haywire at Chernobyl
+but we'll be doing a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be doing a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be doing a look
+second-by-second or in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-by-second or in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-by-second or in some cases
+millisecond by millisecond play of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond by millisecond play of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond by millisecond play of what
+went wrong with Chernobyl and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong with Chernobyl and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong with Chernobyl and we could
+probably do the same for Fukushima now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the same for Fukushima now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the same for Fukushima now
+now that we understand what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we understand what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we understand what happened
+based on the physics you'll be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the physics you'll be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the physics you'll be learning
+in this course and this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and this is actually a
+perfect stopping point because next up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect stopping point because next up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect stopping point because next up
+we're gonna be looking at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be looking at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be looking at the different
+processes of radioactive decay many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of radioactive decay many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of radioactive decay many of
+which are a simplification of this Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a simplification of this Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a simplification of this Q
+equation and I think some of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I think some of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I think some of which are
+probably familiar to you guys because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar to you guys because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar to you guys because
+radiation decay is part of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation decay is part of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation decay is part of the normal
+lexicon especially nowadays so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon especially nowadays so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon especially nowadays so since
+it's 5:05 of do you guys have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5:05 of do you guys have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5:05 of do you guys have any
+questions on what we've covered so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on what we've covered so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on what we've covered so far
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep it's actually it's so you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's actually it's so you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep it's actually it's so you're asking
+about if the water feedback is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if the water feedback is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if the water feedback is part of
+the backup that's your primary line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backup that's your primary line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backup that's your primary line of
+defense your backup is human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense your backup is human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense your backup is human
+intervention because compared to physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention because compared to physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention because compared to physics
+humans are really really slow like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are really really slow like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are really really slow like many
+orders of magnitude slower it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude slower it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude slower it takes
+microseconds for things to thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds for things to thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds for things to thermally
+expand it definitely takes more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it definitely takes more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it definitely takes more than
+seconds for a human to respond anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for a human to respond anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for a human to respond anyone
+ever done those tests where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done those tests where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done those tests where you have a
+light blinking and you have to hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blinking and you have to hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light blinking and you have to hit a
+button the second you see the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button the second you see the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button the second you see the light
+what's the fastest any of you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the fastest any of you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the fastest any of you guys have
+ever responded anyone remember anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever responded anyone remember anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever responded anyone remember anyone
+beat a second maybe tenth of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there all you have to do is hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there all you have to do is hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there all you have to do is hit a
+button all you have to do is hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button all you have to do is hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button all you have to do is hit the
+only button when you see the only light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only button when you see the only light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only button when you see the only light
+what if you're piloting something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're piloting something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you're piloting something that's
+about as complicated as the Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as complicated as the Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as complicated as the Space
+Shuttle but more likely to explode what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuttle but more likely to explode what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shuttle but more likely to explode what
+do you think your reaction time will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think your reaction time will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think your reaction time will be
+you'll know probably long you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know probably long you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know probably long you'll
+probably have to pull out the manual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to pull out the manual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to pull out the manual and
+probably you'll have to RTFM for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you'll have to RTFM for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you'll have to RTFM for a
+little while and maybe you'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and maybe you'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and maybe you'll find out
+what you have to do and maybe you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do and maybe you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do and maybe you won't
+so it's actually operator error that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually operator error that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually operator error that has
+caused most of the near misses or actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused most of the near misses or actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused most of the near misses or actual
+misses in nuclear reactors the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses in nuclear reactors the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses in nuclear reactors the physics
+except for the Russian RBMK design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the Russian RBMK design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the Russian RBMK design that
+would froze for Chernobyl usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would froze for Chernobyl usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would froze for Chernobyl usually it's
+human error that's the downfall of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error that's the downfall of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human error that's the downfall of these
+things so by understanding the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so by understanding the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so by understanding the physics
+here we can rely on it to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can rely on it to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can rely on it to keep things
+safe yes good question how do you cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe yes good question how do you cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe yes good question how do you cool
+the liquid lead you can't send liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid lead you can't send liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid lead you can't send liquid
+lead through a turbine right so at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead through a turbine right so at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead through a turbine right so at some
+point you've got to make steam and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you've got to make steam and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you've got to make steam and use
+that to drive a turbine you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to drive a turbine you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to drive a turbine you can use
+what's called a heat exchanger at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a heat exchanger at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a heat exchanger at its
+simplest you could think of it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest you could think of it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest you could think of it like a
+couple of tubes or the lead is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tubes or the lead is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of tubes or the lead is going
+through here and the steam is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and the steam is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and the steam is going
+through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here
+and they have a very thin barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a very thin barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a very thin barrier
+between them so you have all this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so you have all this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so you have all this heat
+moving from the lead which is hotter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the lead which is hotter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from the lead which is hotter to
+the steam which is colder they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steam which is colder they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steam which is colder they actually
+have built a bunch of these lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built a bunch of these lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built a bunch of these lead
+reactors yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors yep
+the Russian fast attack subs the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian fast attack subs the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian fast attack subs the alpha
+class subs were powered by and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class subs were powered by and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class subs were powered by and are
+powered by liquid lead reactors they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered by liquid lead reactors they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered by liquid lead reactors they're
+the only reactors that can outrun a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reactors that can outrun a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reactors that can outrun a
+torpedo so when you have a liquid lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo so when you have a liquid lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torpedo so when you have a liquid lead
+reactor powering and you've got a panic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor powering and you've got a panic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor powering and you've got a panic
+button that says forget the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button that says forget the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button that says forget the safety
+systems outrun the torpedo you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems outrun the torpedo you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems outrun the torpedo you have a
+choice between maybe dying in a reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice between maybe dying in a reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice between maybe dying in a reactor
+explosion and definitely getting shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and definitely getting shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and definitely getting shot
+out of the water with a torpedo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water with a torpedo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water with a torpedo
+you do whatever you can and these subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do whatever you can and these subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do whatever you can and these subs
+only run two or three knots slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only run two or three knots slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only run two or three knots slower than
+a torpedo so just like that old algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torpedo so just like that old algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torpedo so just like that old algebra
+problem if this guy leaves Pittsburgh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if this guy leaves Pittsburgh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if this guy leaves Pittsburgh at
+8 a.m. traveling 40 miles an hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a.m. traveling 40 miles an hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a.m. traveling 40 miles an hour and
+I've trying to get to Boston 30 miles an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've trying to get to Boston 30 miles an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've trying to get to Boston 30 miles an
+hour if a sub if a torpedo leaves one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour if a sub if a torpedo leaves one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour if a sub if a torpedo leaves one
+sub moving this velocity and the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub moving this velocity and the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub moving this velocity and the alpha
+attack sub senses it from this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack sub senses it from this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack sub senses it from this distance
+and starts moving at a similar velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts moving at a similar velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts moving at a similar velocity
+chances are the torpedo runs out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the torpedo runs out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the torpedo runs out of
+steam before it reaches the alpha sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam before it reaches the alpha sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam before it reaches the alpha sub
+and that's only because they can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only because they can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only because they can have an
+extremely compact liquid lead nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely compact liquid lead nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely compact liquid lead nuclear
+reactor at the power source good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor at the power source good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor at the power source good
+question how do you use the Lihue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you use the Lihue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how do you use the Lihue you
+move the liquid lead you can move it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the liquid lead you can move it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the liquid lead you can move it by
+natural convection but that's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural convection but that's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural convection but that's extremely
+slow so there are multiple ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so there are multiple ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so there are multiple ways of
+moving it one of the cool ones is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it one of the cool ones is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it one of the cool ones is called
+an e/m or electromagnetic pump it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e/m or electromagnetic pump it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e/m or electromagnetic pump it
+induces eddy currents in the liquid lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces eddy currents in the liquid lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induces eddy currents in the liquid lead
+because it's also a conductor and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also a conductor and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also a conductor and those
+eddy currents couple with the EM field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddy currents couple with the EM field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddy currents couple with the EM field
+from the e/m pump and cause the lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the e/m pump and cause the lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the e/m pump and cause the lead to
+start moving on its own so it's a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving on its own so it's a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving on its own so it's a no
+moving parts pump the only problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving parts pump the only problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving parts pump the only problem is
+it's like 1 or 2 percent efficient yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 1 or 2 percent efficient yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 1 or 2 percent efficient yeah
+so they don't use those on the subs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't use those on the subs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't use those on the subs but
+you can use eemm pumps to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use eemm pumps to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use eemm pumps to move
+conductive coolants that's true I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive coolants that's true I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive coolants that's true I think
+it's pretty awesome then there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty awesome then there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty awesome then there have
+there have been land submarines in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been land submarines in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been land submarines in fact
+there's a company called Acme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company called Acme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a company called Acme
+engineering in Russia that's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in Russia that's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in Russia that's trying to
+commercialize a small modular liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize a small modular liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize a small modular liquid
+lead reactor the other nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead reactor the other nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead reactor the other nice thing about
+these liquid metal coolants is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these liquid metal coolants is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these liquid metal coolants is you can
+make the reactors much much smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reactors much much smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the reactors much much smaller and
+denser than in a light water reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser than in a light water reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser than in a light water reactor and
+the light water reactor you're relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light water reactor you're relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light water reactor you're relying
+on a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot
+water to cool things and a lot of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to cool things and a lot of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to cool things and a lot of water
+to be there to moderate your neutrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there to moderate your neutrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there to moderate your neutrons in
+a liquid metal reactor where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid metal reactor where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid metal reactor where you don't
+need moderation well you don't need all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need moderation well you don't need all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need moderation well you don't need all
+you need is enough coolant to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need is enough coolant to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need is enough coolant to keep
+things cool so you can tighten stuff up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cool so you can tighten stuff up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cool so you can tighten stuff up
+and make it more compact so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it more compact so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it more compact so that's one
+of the nuclear startups coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear startups coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear startups coming out
+nowadays this is an awesome time to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays this is an awesome time to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays this is an awesome time to be
+in nuclear when I started nuclear there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear when I started nuclear there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear when I started nuclear there
+were approximately exactly zero nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approximately exactly zero nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approximately exactly zero nuclear
+startups like Terra power didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups like Terra power didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups like Terra power didn't even
+exist yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist yet
+now there's something like 52 in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something like 52 in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's something like 52 in the US
+and others around the world so like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others around the world so like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others around the world so like this
+is the time to be in nuclear if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time to be in nuclear if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time to be in nuclear if you're
+up for startups and not just working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for startups and not just working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for startups and not just working in
+academia or a lab or a big corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia or a lab or a big corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia or a lab or a big corporation
+there's a lot of little companies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of little companies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of little companies now
+doing some crazy things based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some crazy things based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some crazy things based on some
+pretty good physics so maybe time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good physics so maybe time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good physics so maybe time for
+one more question before I let you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more question before I let you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more question before I let you guys
+go if not then I'll see you guys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if not then I'll see you guys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if not then I'll see you guys on
+Tuesday when we start radioactive decay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nTq-OKy5kHs.txt b/nTq-OKy5kHs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7b39618a065408cd8078bb19cfd63a45e05a603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nTq-OKy5kHs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8704 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+afternoon um so last time we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um so last time we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon um so last time we started
+talking about Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Power
+Electronics with three-phase elements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics with three-phase elements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics with three-phase elements we
+spent our time talking about just diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent our time talking about just diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent our time talking about just diode
+rectifiers and that's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers and that's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifiers and that's actually quite
+important because when you're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because when you're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because when you're building
+really high Power Systems very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high Power Systems very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high Power Systems very often
+that's the kind of thing you have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you have at
+your front end between your AC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your front end between your AC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your front end between your AC to
+convert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to
+DC um at the same time a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC um at the same time a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC um at the same time a lot of
+applications require high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications require high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications require high frequency
+switching power conversion right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching power conversion right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching power conversion right so the
+kind of things we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things we were talking about
+single in Phase inverters the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single in Phase inverters the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single in Phase inverters the question
+is what do you do with a three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do you do with a three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do you do with a three-phase
+inverter and one possibility is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and one possibility is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and one possibility is just to
+in some cases is just to replicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases is just to replicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases is just to replicate a
+singlephase system right so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase system right so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase system right so you could
+imagine if I had say a three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I had say a three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I had say a three-phase
+machine with open-ended winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um maybe I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I would
+have you know something where I had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know something where I had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know something where I had you
+know a phase a and phase B and phase C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a phase a and phase B and phase C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a phase a and phase B and phase C
+and you know each of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know each of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know each of them have
+a pair of Terminals and I say okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Terminals and I say okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of Terminals and I say okay I can
+go build a three-phase inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go build a three-phase inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go build a three-phase inverter
+basically by building three singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by building three singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by building three singlephase
+inverters right so maybe I come in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters right so maybe I come in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters right so maybe I come in from
+my DC bus BDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I could come
+in and say okay let me just build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say okay let me just build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say okay let me just build a
+singlephase inverter which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase inverter which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase inverter which would
+be say four power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mosfets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets
+okay and I'll show the diodes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll show the diodes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll show the diodes on the
+power mosfets Just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clarity right and I could come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity right and I could come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity right and I could come out and
+here's one terminal and here's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one terminal and here's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one terminal and here's the other
+right and I I build this to Drive phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I build this to Drive phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I build this to Drive phase
+a and then I build another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copy this is Phase a I build another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy this is Phase a I build another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy this is Phase a I build another
+copy Drive phase B and I bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy Drive phase B and I bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy Drive phase B and I bring it in
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+same Terminals and then I build another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Terminals and then I build another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Terminals and then I build another
+copy and I drive phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and I drive phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and I drive phase
+C okay and I could again build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and I could again build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and I could again build
+in same DC bus and away I go okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in same DC bus and away I go okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in same DC bus and away I go okay so I
+have 12 devices I just have single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 devices I just have single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 devices I just have single phase
+inverters and I run it okay and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters and I run it okay and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters and I run it okay and in fact
+sometimes people do this okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people do this okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people do this okay and in
+fact actually at MIT right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact actually at MIT right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact actually at MIT right now we're
+building a megawatt system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a megawatt system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a megawatt system that
+basically has this structure it's sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has this structure it's sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has this structure it's sets
+of singlephase inverters that drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlephase inverters that drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of singlephase inverters that drive a
+three-phase system where the machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase system where the machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase system where the machine is
+a custom machine and has so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a custom machine and has so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a custom machine and has so-called
+open-ended windings like this okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended windings like this okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended windings like this okay so it
+works perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works perfectly
+well however the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well however the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well however the vast
+majority of say three-phase Motors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of say three-phase Motors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of say three-phase Motors are
+not just separate windings connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just separate windings connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just separate windings connected
+like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+typically if for example I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if for example I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if for example I have a
+three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase
+motor what I will have is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor what I will have is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor what I will have is either
+something connected in y right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something connected in y right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something connected in y right where
+this is one motor winding a second motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one motor winding a second motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one motor winding a second motor
+winding and a third motor winding right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and a third motor winding right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and a third motor winding right
+where I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'll have
+a b and c okay I only have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c okay I only have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c okay I only have three
+terminals okay or maybe I have a d this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals okay or maybe I have a d this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals okay or maybe I have a d this
+is a y connection maybe I have a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a y connection maybe I have a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a y connection maybe I have a Delta
+connection where the machine is wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection where the machine is wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection where the machine is wound
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and again I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again I have
+a b and c I just in this case I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c I just in this case I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c I just in this case I might
+have a neutral in this case I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutral in this case I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutral in this case I have no
+neutral okay so in this case I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so in this case I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so in this case I can't
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+arbitrarily apply voltages from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily apply voltages from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily apply voltages from three
+independent single phase inverters why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent single phase inverters why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent single phase inverters why
+because if I accidentally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I accidentally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I accidentally you know
+connected phase a to high with one Inver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected phase a to high with one Inver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected phase a to high with one Inver
+and phase a to low with another inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase a to low with another inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase a to low with another inverter
+I'd sort out my DC bus and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd sort out my DC bus and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd sort out my DC bus and everything
+would blow up right so if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would blow up right so if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would blow up right so if I'm going to
+drive drive something that's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive drive something that's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive drive something that's connected
+as a three-phase load in y or Delta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a three-phase load in y or Delta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a three-phase load in y or Delta I
+need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a different
+plan okay so what do people do uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan okay so what do people do uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan okay so what do people do uh it's
+very much the structure that we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the structure that we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the structure that we saw with
+the three-phase bridge rectifier instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-phase bridge rectifier instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-phase bridge rectifier instead
+of having dodes however I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having dodes however I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having dodes however I will have
+active switches okay so maybe I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switches okay so maybe I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active switches okay so maybe I would
+come up and build something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and build something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and build something like
+this um I'll have my DC bus come in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I'll have my DC bus come in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I'll have my DC bus come in so
+I'll have two terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VDC right I will have a first Bridge leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right I will have a first Bridge leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right I will have a first Bridge leg
+like this and let me make sure and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and let me make sure and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and let me make sure and show
+the diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diodes
+again and this can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this can generate
+VA a second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate
+VB and a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can generate
+VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC
+okay maybe what I'll do is I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe what I'll do is I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe what I'll do is I will
+consider the midpoint of this bus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the midpoint of this bus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the midpoint of this bus for
+reasons we'll talk about and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we'll talk about and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we'll talk about and I'm going
+to call this node V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subr okay that's my reference voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr okay that's my reference voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr okay that's my reference voltage
+it's just the center point of the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the center point of the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the center point of the bus
+where I ground this thing you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I ground this thing you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I ground this thing you know we
+can discuss that but let me just pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss that but let me just pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss that but let me just pretend
+that this is exactly in the middle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is exactly in the middle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is exactly in the middle it's
+VDC over 2 from here okay we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over 2 from here okay we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over 2 from here okay we'll see
+where we're going to talk about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to talk about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to talk about that and
+that's my inverter and maybe I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my inverter and maybe I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my inverter and maybe I would
+connect it up to some three-phase load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it up to some three-phase load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it up to some three-phase load
+so maybe it would look like this I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it would look like this I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it would look like this I would
+have my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my three
+phases here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases here's
+one here's two and here's three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's two and here's three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's two and here's three and
+maybe I would connect this point to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would connect this point to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would connect this point to what
+I call V subn or the neutral point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call V subn or the neutral point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call V subn or the neutral point right
+that's this neutral point if it was a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this neutral point if it was a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this neutral point if it was a y
+connected load or I could just have line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected load or I could just have line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected load or I could just have line
+to lines if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lines if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lines if there's no
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+okay so what's the advantage here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the advantage here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the advantage here well
+you'll notice that this structure only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that this structure only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that this structure only
+requires six cits instead of my 12 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires six cits instead of my 12 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires six cits instead of my 12 okay
+so it's simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's simpler
+okay it also turns out that as compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it also turns out that as compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it also turns out that as compared
+to that solution let let's suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that solution let let's suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that solution let let's suppose I
+could connect my motor either way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect my motor either way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could connect my motor either way I
+wanted right I could connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted right I could connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted right I could connect
+it in y or Delta or I could connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in y or Delta or I could connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in y or Delta or I could connect it
+as three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as three independent
+windings because this circuit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings because this circuit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings because this circuit like this
+phase leg whatever current goes out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase leg whatever current goes out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase leg whatever current goes out it
+returns through one of the other phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns through one of the other phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns through one of the other phase
+legs okay I get an advantage in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay I get an advantage in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay I get an advantage in terms of
+the utilization of the devices so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization of the devices so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilization of the devices so I will
+either require less semiconductor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either require less semiconductor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either require less semiconductor area
+to get a certain conduction loss in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a certain conduction loss in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a certain conduction loss in this
+structure or I will have lower loss for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or I will have lower loss for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or I will have lower loss for
+the same semiconductor area lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same semiconductor area lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same semiconductor area lower
+conduction loss for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction loss for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction loss for the same
+semiconductor area as I will compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor area as I will compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor area as I will compared to
+the top solution okay so this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top solution okay so this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top solution okay so this solution
+in most three-phase applications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most three-phase applications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most three-phase applications is
+vastly preferred okay where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly preferred okay where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly preferred okay where is the
+exception to that it turns out that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to that it turns out that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to that it turns out that if I
+had you know I wanted to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you know I wanted to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you know I wanted to generate a
+certain Ripple in an inductive Lo load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Ripple in an inductive Lo load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Ripple in an inductive Lo load
+like a motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a motor
+inductive uh back EMF kind of load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive uh back EMF kind of load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive uh back EMF kind of load it
+turns out that you end up having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you end up having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you end up having to
+switch this bridge at a higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch this bridge at a higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch this bridge at a higher frequency
+than you do the single set three sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you do the single set three sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you do the single set three sets of
+single phase so in a system where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase so in a system where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase so in a system where it's a
+really high frequency output and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high frequency output and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high frequency output and you're
+switching losses are heavily dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching losses are heavily dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching losses are heavily dominated
+the top solution actually ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top solution actually ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top solution actually ends up
+starting to be advantageous so in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be advantageous so in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be advantageous so in very
+specialized high-speed machines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized high-speed machines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized high-speed machines for
+example you might go for the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might go for the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might go for the top
+solution of independent phase drive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of independent phase drive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of independent phase drive if
+you're allowed but the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed but the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed but the vast majority of
+three-phase inverters or three-phase DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase inverters or three-phase DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase inverters or three-phase DC
+to AC converters power could flow either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AC converters power could flow either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to AC converters power could flow either
+direction where you have active control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where you have active control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where you have active control
+is with this three-phase bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay so one thing I wanted to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so one thing I wanted to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so one thing I wanted to notice
+about note about this is that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about note about this is that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about note about this is that I want to
+pay attention that that these devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention that that these devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention that that these devices
+are especially if the load's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially if the load's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially if the load's going to be
+inductive so I don't actually control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive so I don't actually control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive so I don't actually control
+instantaneously say what the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously say what the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously say what the direction
+of that load is I usually have devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that load is I usually have devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that load is I usually have devices
+with reverse diodes on them or I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reverse diodes on them or I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reverse diodes on them or I use
+mosfets which have it built in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets which have it built in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets which have it built in because
+that way when I turn one device off I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when I turn one device off I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when I turn one device off I
+can always guarantee there's a path for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always guarantee there's a path for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always guarantee there's a path for
+the current so these are single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current so these are single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current so these are single
+directional blocking bir directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional blocking bir directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional blocking bir directional
+carrying switches so this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying switches so this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying switches so this is a kind of
+voltage source inverter right there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source inverter right there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source inverter right there are
+also three-phase current source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also three-phase current source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also three-phase current source
+inverters just as there are with single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters just as there are with single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters just as there are with single
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+but again this is vastly the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is vastly the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is vastly the most common
+just to um illustrate this I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to um illustrate this I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to um illustrate this I'll show you
+this guy here uh this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here uh this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here uh this is actually an
+inverter out of an older model Prius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter out of an older model Prius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter out of an older model Prius
+okay you'll see the two in here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you'll see the two in here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you'll see the two in here that's
+the DC bus coming in that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC bus coming in that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC bus coming in that's where the
+capacitors and everything else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and everything else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and everything else would
+hook up then go back to the battery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up then go back to the battery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up then go back to the battery and
+then there's phase a phase B phase C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's phase a phase B phase C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's phase a phase B phase C
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+okay each of these what you'll see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each of these what you'll see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each of these what you'll see is a
+pile of devices in parallel in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of devices in parallel in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of devices in parallel in order to
+provide the required power and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the required power and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the required power and when you
+look closely at this you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at this you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at this you're going to see
+that there are essentially three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are essentially three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are essentially three
+terminal devices that go back to gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal devices that go back to gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal devices that go back to gate
+drivers those are the igbts in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers those are the igbts in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers those are the igbts in this
+older model today they use silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older model today they use silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older model today they use silicon
+carbide fets and in anti- parallel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide fets and in anti- parallel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide fets and in anti- parallel with
+them because the igbt can't carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because the igbt can't carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because the igbt can't carry
+reverse current they have actual diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse current they have actual diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse current they have actual diodes
+right so in in their design the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in their design the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in their design the actual
+diode is separate from the actual switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode is separate from the actual switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode is separate from the actual switch
+okay okay um and so I'll pass this R you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um and so I'll pass this R you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um and so I'll pass this R you
+can look at it and by the way if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it and by the way if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it and by the way if your
+Prius happens to be missing an inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius happens to be missing an inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius happens to be missing an inverter
+I swear I had nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so what can I do with this inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what can I do with this inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what can I do with this inverter
+okay keep in mind oh yeah go ahead Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep in mind oh yeah go ahead Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep in mind oh yeah go ahead Jack
+I a question about the inverter why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I a question about the inverter why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I a question about the inverter why
+would they choose to do igbts with di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they choose to do igbts with di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they choose to do igbts with di
+instead of mos Ah that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of mos Ah that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of mos Ah that's a very good
+question because if you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because if you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because if you think about a
+mosfet a mosfet's on state looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet a mosfet's on state looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet a mosfet's on state looks like a
+resistance whereas an igb's onate looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance whereas an igb's onate looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance whereas an igb's onate looks
+like a constant drop and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a constant drop and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a constant drop and it turns out
+that a time at the time that was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a time at the time that was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a time at the time that was built
+for a very high voltage device you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very high voltage device you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very high voltage device you could
+get lower forward drop for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lower forward drop for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lower forward drop for a given
+device area with an igbt than you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device area with an igbt than you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device area with an igbt than you could
+with a fed and so you know maybe until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fed and so you know maybe until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fed and so you know maybe until
+five years ago or maybe 10 uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago or maybe 10 uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago or maybe 10 uh it was
+most common to use igbts especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common to use igbts especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common to use igbts especially at
+high voltage more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage more recently
+uh with wideband gap devices people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with wideband gap devices people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with wideband gap devices people are
+starting to move over to uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move over to uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move over to uh sometimes
+igbts but but mainly kind of fet kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbts but but mainly kind of fet kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igbts but but mainly kind of fet kind of
+structures because you can get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures because you can get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures because you can get away with
+that and it turns out to be lower loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out to be lower loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out to be lower loss
+so whichever switch gives you less loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whichever switch gives you less loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whichever switch gives you less loss
+is ultimately what you want to choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use so let's think about what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so let's think about what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so let's think about what we can do
+with this and keep in mind we said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and keep in mind we said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and keep in mind we said one
+of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big
+advantages of um having three phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of um having three phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of um having three phase is
+that we get natural cancellation of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get natural cancellation of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get natural cancellation of all
+the triple n harmonics right we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple n harmonics right we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triple n harmonics right we're going
+to see that with this inverter structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that with this inverter structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that with this inverter structure
+but essentially if I think about I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially if I think about I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially if I think about I have
+three Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Bridge
+legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs
+okay and um each one of them either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um each one of them either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um each one of them either the
+top switch around can be on or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch around can be on or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top switch around can be on or the
+bottom switch can be on right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switch can be on right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switch can be on right so it's
+sort of like there's 2 to the3 or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like there's 2 to the3 or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like there's 2 to the3 or eight
+possible States for this inverter these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States for this inverter these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States for this inverter these
+inverter switches to be on assuming one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter switches to be on assuming one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter switches to be on assuming one
+switch is always on in each Bridge leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is always on in each Bridge leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is always on in each Bridge leg
+okay so eight possible States um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so eight possible States um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so eight possible States um if I
+come and show you what those States look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like they look like this right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they look like this right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they look like this right so if I
+think about the three inputs I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the three inputs I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the three inputs I can have
+you know bottom bottom bottom top bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bottom bottom bottom top bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bottom bottom bottom top bottom
+bottom Etc there's eight possible States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Etc there's eight possible States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Etc there's eight possible States
+okay and these are what you get for a br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are what you get for a br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are what you get for a br
+and CR normalized to the DC bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CR normalized to the DC bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CR normalized to the DC bus
+voltage and then this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then this is what you get
+for a V vbc and VCA the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a V vbc and VCA the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a V vbc and VCA the Line to Line
+voltages and this is what you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and this is what you get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and this is what you get for
+the line to neut uh line to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to neut uh line to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to neut uh line to neutral
+voltages on this load okay and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages on this load okay and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages on this load okay and I want to
+emphasize that in this structure I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that in this structure I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that in this structure I'm not
+proposing that we connect this reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that we connect this reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that we connect this reference
+voltage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the
+neutral this neutral if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral this neutral if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral this neutral if it's a
+y-connected system we're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-connected system we're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-connected system we're typically
+leaving this neutral floating so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving this neutral floating so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving this neutral floating so it's
+not connected to anything or an a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to anything or an a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to anything or an a Delta
+connected system if if the you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected system if if the you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected system if if the you know I I
+drew this as if it were a y connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this as if it were a y connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew this as if it were a y connected
+system if it was a Delta connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if it was a Delta connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if it was a Delta connected
+system there wouldn't even be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there wouldn't even be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there wouldn't even be a
+neutral okay so the neutral is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so the neutral is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay so the neutral is not
+connected to this reference voltage all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this reference voltage all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to this reference voltage all
+right so I can how do I figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can how do I figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can how do I figure out what
+the voltage say between VA and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage say between VA and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage say between VA and the
+neutral is so this would be I'd call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral is so this would be I'd call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral is so this would be I'd call
+this V a n well if I imagined that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V a n well if I imagined that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V a n well if I imagined that my
+load which might be a motor acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load which might be a motor acts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load which might be a motor acts like
+three identical impedances then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identical impedances then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identical impedances then it's
+just a voltage divider right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a voltage divider right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a voltage divider right so if I
+have one bottom switch on and two top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one bottom switch on and two top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one bottom switch on and two top
+switches on VN goes to sort of 2/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches on VN goes to sort of 2/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches on VN goes to sort of 2/3 of
+the way up if two bottom switches are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up if two bottom switches are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up if two bottom switches are on
+one top switch is on it's 2/3 of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one top switch is on it's 2/3 of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one top switch is on it's 2/3 of the way
+to the bottom if all the top switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom if all the top switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom if all the top switches
+are on VN goes to the top right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on VN goes to the top right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on VN goes to the top right so the
+neutral just sort of goes up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral just sort of goes up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral just sort of goes up and down
+instantaneously based on voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously based on voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously based on voltage
+division from these individual values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division from these individual values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division from these individual values
+okay now that I'm not saying you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that I'm not saying you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that I'm not saying you could
+not tie the neutral back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tie the neutral back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tie the neutral back to the
+reference the center of the bridge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the center of the bridge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference the center of the bridge in
+fact that would be this just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that would be this just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that would be this just this
+circuit with half Bridges instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit with half Bridges instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit with half Bridges instead of
+full Bridges it's just not common to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Bridges it's just not common to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Bridges it's just not common to do
+because you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you lose the
+three-phase uh hormon the three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase uh hormon the three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase uh hormon the three-phase
+triple end cancellation if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple end cancellation if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple end cancellation if you do that
+you lose a lot of the benefits if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a lot of the benefits if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a lot of the benefits if you if
+you don't let the neutral float okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't let the neutral float okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't let the neutral float okay
+um so this just shows sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this just shows sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this just shows sort of the
+voltages I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages I can
+synthesize two of the eight states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize two of the eight states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize two of the eight states
+basically short out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically short out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically short out the
+load right because if all the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right because if all the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load right because if all the top
+switches are on basically I'm tying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches are on basically I'm tying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches are on basically I'm tying all
+these three nodes together so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three nodes together so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three nodes together so they
+basically just short the three terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just short the three terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just short the three terminals
+together if all the bottom switches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if all the bottom switches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if all the bottom switches are
+on I do the same thing and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I do the same thing and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I do the same thing and any other
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+configuration um I get some other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um I get some other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um I get some other set of
+States on my inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States on my inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States on my inverter
+output okay any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay any questions about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay any questions about that so
+where's the voltage div between again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the voltage div between again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the voltage div between again so
+for example um suppose I took let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um suppose I took let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um suppose I took let me
+draw it this way here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it this way here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it this way here's
+VDC right suppose I turn the top switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right suppose I turn the top switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC right suppose I turn the top switch
+on here so that means I tie this guy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here so that means I tie this guy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here so that means I tie this guy to
+the Top If the top switches on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I tie this guy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tie this guy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tie this guy to the
+top and if the last guy has the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and if the last guy has the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and if the last guy has the bottom
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+on I tie him to the bottom right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I tie him to the bottom right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I tie him to the bottom right so if I
+have two to the top and one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two to the top and one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two to the top and one to the
+bottom this node voltage if if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom this node voltage if if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom this node voltage if if these
+green boxes are all equal impedances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green boxes are all equal impedances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green boxes are all equal impedances
+will be 2/3 of the Way to the Top by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 2/3 of the Way to the Top by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 2/3 of the Way to the Top by
+voltage division does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage division does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage division does that make
+sense okay so that's the way you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that's the way you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that's the way you tend to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+it so one way I could run this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one way I could run this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so one way I could run this is very
+much like the inverse of the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the inverse of the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the inverse of the diode
+rectifier I talked about last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier I talked about last time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier I talked about last time right
+if you remember last time uh as the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember last time uh as the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember last time uh as the AC
+waveform happened and drove the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform happened and drove the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform happened and drove the diode
+Bridge the individual diodes turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge the individual diodes turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge the individual diodes turned on
+if you remember it was like 1 2 2 3 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember it was like 1 2 2 3 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember it was like 1 2 2 3 3 4
+4 five 5 6 61 right so it just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 five 5 6 61 right so it just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 five 5 6 61 right so it just went
+around in this six-step pattern okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this six-step pattern okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this six-step pattern okay
+well I could actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could actively
+control the the these devices to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the these devices to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the these devices to follow
+through those six patterns ignoring 0000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those six patterns ignoring 0000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those six patterns ignoring 0000
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+111 okay so those are the two I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 okay so those are the two I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 okay so those are the two I wouldn't
+use and this is what it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is what it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is what it would look like
+if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did
+that okay you would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay you would see that
+each say each half bridge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each say each half bridge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each say each half bridge in this
+inverter would be on half the time so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter would be on half the time so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter would be on half the time so a
+might be on exactly like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on exactly like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on exactly like you know a
+square in Phase with a sine wave B would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in Phase with a sine wave B would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in Phase with a sine wave B would
+be on but shifted by 2 pi over3 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on but shifted by 2 pi over3 and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on but shifted by 2 pi over3 and C
+would be on with high shifted by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on with high shifted by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on with high shifted by another
+2 pi over3 okay so I'd have three square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over3 okay so I'd have three square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi over3 okay so I'd have three square
+waves VA VB and VC with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves VA VB and VC with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves VA VB and VC with respect to the
+reference okay what would happen at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay what would happen at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay what would happen at the
+load well um if I looked at VAB VB vbc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load well um if I looked at VAB VB vbc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load well um if I looked at VAB VB vbc
+and VCA that's these next the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VCA that's these next the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VCA that's these next the next three
+here and I apologize it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I apologize it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I apologize it's not the
+prettiest diagram are the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettiest diagram are the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettiest diagram are the Line to Line
+voltages okay so all I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay so all I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages okay so all I'm doing is
+instead of looking at you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at you know what this
+is with respect to the reference I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with respect to the reference I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with respect to the reference I'm
+just looking at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the difference between
+VA and VB okay and what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA and VB okay and what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA and VB okay and what you can see is
+that 3 three suddenly take on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3 three suddenly take on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3 three suddenly take on this
+six-step waveform which just looked just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-step waveform which just looked just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-step waveform which just looked just
+like what the diode was rectifier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the diode was rectifier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the diode was rectifier was
+doing okay it's just that now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay it's just that now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay it's just that now I'm
+imposing a DC voltage with that six-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a DC voltage with that six-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a DC voltage with that six-step
+pattern to say the machine or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to say the machine or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to say the machine or whatever
+it is I'm driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+that now if I do that um because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if I do that um because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if I do that um because the
+Line to Line voltages you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line voltages you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line voltages you know these
+square waves which is the line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square waves which is the line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square waves which is the line to
+reference voltages have third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltages have third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltages have third harmonic
+right but because I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but because I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but because I'm taking the
+difference between two of them to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two of them to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two of them to get
+the line to line voltage shifted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to line voltage shifted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to line voltage shifted by a
+third of a cycle all the triple n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a cycle all the triple n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a cycle all the triple n
+components disappear so the Line to Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components disappear so the Line to Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components disappear so the Line to Line
+voltages have no triple n components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages have no triple n components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages have no triple n components
+right so whatever my motor sees it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so whatever my motor sees it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so whatever my motor sees it's
+Line to Line If I'm driving say a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line If I'm driving say a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line to Line If I'm driving say a Delta
+connected machine it will see no triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected machine it will see no triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected machine it will see no triple
+nend drive and that's just free because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend drive and that's just free because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend drive and that's just free because
+I have this three-phase inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this three-phase inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this three-phase inverter
+structure if everything's balanced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if everything's balanced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if everything's balanced it
+can't generate three-phase Line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate three-phase Line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate three-phase Line to
+Line any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay um what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um what would it
+do as regards the line to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as regards the line to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as regards the line to neutral
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+well if I did that we said this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I did that we said this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I did that we said this thing's
+basically a voltage divider right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a voltage divider right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a voltage divider right but I
+could think about you know it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about you know it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about you know it basically
+being the neutral voltage is being sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the neutral voltage is being sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the neutral voltage is being sort
+of the the average of va VB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the average of va VB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the average of va VB and
+VC right and what essentially happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right and what essentially happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC right and what essentially happens is
+that each of va VB VC has a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of va VB VC has a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of va VB VC has a fundamental
+and then it has for example a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has for example a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has for example a third
+harmonic right because it's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic right because it's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic right because it's a square
+wave the fundamentals are 120° out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the fundamentals are 120° out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the fundamentals are 120° out of
+phase but that means that the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but that means that the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but that means that the third
+harmonics are exactly in Phase so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are exactly in Phase so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are exactly in Phase so the
+third harmonics of each of these square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonics of each of these square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonics of each of these square
+waves add at the neutral and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves add at the neutral and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves add at the neutral and you get a
+neutral voltage that Bops up and down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral voltage that Bops up and down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral voltage that Bops up and down at
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+harmonic okay so this has the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic okay so this has the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic okay so this has the the
+neutral contains the third harmonic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral contains the third harmonic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral contains the third harmonic and
+actually all the triple triple n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the triple triple n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the triple triple n
+harmonics all right and so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics all right and so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics all right and so as a result
+just as the Line to Line didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as the Line to Line didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as the Line to Line didn't have any
+trip n harmonics neither do any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip n harmonics neither do any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip n harmonics neither do any of the
+line to neutral voltages so if it's y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to neutral voltages so if it's y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to neutral voltages so if it's y
+connected machine the line to neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected machine the line to neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected machine the line to neutral
+voltages which is really what's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages which is really what's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages which is really what's driving
+current in this thing no triple n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in this thing no triple n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in this thing no triple n
+harmonics okay does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody so this kind of operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this kind of operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this kind of operation is
+what's known as six-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as six-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as six-step
+operation okay I just each AC cycle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay I just each AC cycle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay I just each AC cycle I
+I'm sort of switching my devices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of switching my devices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of switching my devices as
+minimum as I can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum as I can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum as I can and
+I just go through and you know step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just go through and you know step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just go through and you know step
+sequentially around in a cycle and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially around in a cycle and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially around in a cycle and in
+fact the uh the Tesla egg demo that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the uh the Tesla egg demo that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the uh the Tesla egg demo that we
+we brought that's basically what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought that's basically what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we brought that's basically what it was
+doing it had six switches and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it had six switches and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it had six switches and it was
+just boom boom boom six stepping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boom boom boom six stepping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boom boom boom six stepping around
+to generate a rotating magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a rotating magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a rotating magnetic field
+which spun up the egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a fine way to operate and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a fine way to operate and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a fine way to operate and in
+fact it generates the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it generates the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it generates the largest
+fundamental component you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component you can generate
+out of this inverter why because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this inverter why because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this inverter why because each
+halfbridge is basically generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfbridge is basically generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfbridge is basically generating a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+wave okay the largest fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay the largest fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay the largest fundamental
+component you can generate when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can generate when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can generate when you're
+not tying the neutral back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tying the neutral back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tying the neutral back to the
+reference point I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point I should say
+okay that's not the only way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not the only way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not the only way you could
+drive this you could actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this you could actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive this you could actually start
+thinking about doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing things like
+um harmonic elimination waveforms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um harmonic elimination waveforms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um harmonic elimination waveforms right
+instead of generating square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of generating square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of generating square
+waves in you know between the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in you know between the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in you know between the top and
+bottom switching you could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switching you could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switching you could start
+thinking about putting notches in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about putting notches in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about putting notches in those
+waveforms okay now if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay now if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms okay now if you're going to
+put notches in the waveforms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put notches in the waveforms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put notches in the waveforms you
+wouldn't you wouldn't try to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you wouldn't try to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you wouldn't try to eliminate
+the third harmonic cu the third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third harmonic cu the third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third harmonic cu the third harmonic
+is going to go away you might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go away you might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go away you might try to
+eliminate the fifth and possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the fifth and possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the fifth and possibly the
+seventh harmonic right so the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh harmonic right so the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh harmonic right so the same kind
+of games we talked about playing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games we talked about playing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of games we talked about playing with a
+singlephase inverter you can play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase inverter you can play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase inverter you can play with
+three phase inverters it's just you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase inverters it's just you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase inverters it's just you're
+doing each phase and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing each phase and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing each phase and then you're
+shifting that by a third of a cycle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting that by a third of a cycle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting that by a third of a cycle to
+get to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next
+phase okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so those are the kind of games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those are the kind of games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so those are the kind of games you
+would play if you're at sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would play if you're at sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would play if you're at sort of very
+high outputs where you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high outputs where you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high outputs where you don't want to
+switch your devices very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your devices very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your devices very
+much but in a large part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in a large part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but in a large part of the
+operating range for Modern Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating range for Modern Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating range for Modern Electric
+machines um you don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines um you don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines um you don't have to do that
+you can do a much nicer job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a much nicer job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a much nicer job of
+synthesizing a waveform that would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a waveform that would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a waveform that would look
+very close uh you know that would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close uh you know that would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close uh you know that would have a
+fundamental content that follows very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental content that follows very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental content that follows very
+closely for example a sine wave if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely for example a sine wave if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely for example a sine wave if you
+were driving a machine that wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were driving a machine that wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were driving a machine that wanted
+sinewave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinewave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinewave
+voltages or that would generate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages or that would generate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages or that would generate um
+three-phase waveforms if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase waveforms if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase waveforms if you wanted to
+make a three-phase uninterruptible power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three-phase uninterruptible power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three-phase uninterruptible power
+supply that would synthesize sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply that would synthesize sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply that would synthesize sort of a
+three-phase output that would look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase output that would look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase output that would look very
+much like sinewave outputs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like sinewave outputs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like sinewave outputs right
+how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do
+that okay let's think about that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's think about that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's think about that what
+would I do well what I could do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do well what I could do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I do well what I could do is I
+could make each of the phase outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make each of the phase outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make each of the phase outputs
+thinking about it independently generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it independently generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it independently generate
+something that looked like a sign with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked like a sign with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked like a sign with
+respect to the reference on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the reference on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the reference on
+average right well how would I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right well how would I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right well how would I do that
+the same way we did things with DC to DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we did things with DC to DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we did things with DC to DC
+converters or DC to AC converters uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters or DC to AC converters uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters or DC to AC converters uh and
+single phase DC AC converters maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase DC AC converters maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase DC AC converters maybe I
+would take and say okay suppose I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take and say okay suppose I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take and say okay suppose I wanted
+V to follow some sine wave I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to follow some sine wave I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to follow some sine wave I could
+create some triangle wave that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some triangle wave that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some triangle wave that's a
+carrier wave okay that does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier wave okay that does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier wave okay that does something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to exaggerate the ratios between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exaggerate the ratios between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exaggerate the ratios between the
+switching frequency and the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency and the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency and the line
+frequency just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just for
+visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization
+okay but here I have a triangle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here I have a triangle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here I have a triangle wave
+okay maybe I'll call this minus VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll call this minus VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll call this minus VT
+Max and VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and VT
+Max right we might think of those as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max right we might think of those as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max right we might think of those as one
+volt plus or minus one volt right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt plus or minus one volt right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt plus or minus one volt right and
+this is zero okay and this we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero okay and this we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero okay and this we might
+think of as t- switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as t- switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as t- switch
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+switch is equal to one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is equal to one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is equal to one over the
+switching frequency that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency that I'm going to
+switch at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at
+okay and then what I could do is I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what I could do is I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what I could do is I could
+create a signal let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+ref this is the reference voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref this is the reference voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref this is the reference voltage to
+which I want within a switching cycle VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want within a switching cycle VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I want within a switching cycle VA
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+follow with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow with respect to the
+reference okay so what would I do i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so what would I do i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay so what would I do i'
+then put this into a comparator right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put this into a comparator right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put this into a comparator right if
+I called this sort of a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called this sort of a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called this sort of a v
+triangle right so I could then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle right so I could then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle right so I could then just
+create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a
+comparator and say okay into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator and say okay into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator and say okay into this
+terminal I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal I'm going to put
+V ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ref
+into this terminal I'm going to put V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this terminal I'm going to put V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this terminal I'm going to put V
+triangle and then out of this comes q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then out of this comes q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then out of this comes q1
+of T which is equal to which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which is equal to which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which is equal to which is equal to
+1 minus Q4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Q4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Q4 of
+T and this is q1 so q1 of T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is q1 so q1 of T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is q1 so q1 of T goes
+here and Q4 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Q4 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Q4 goes
+here right so whenever whenever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so whenever whenever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so whenever whenever this
+switch is high this whenever this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is high this whenever this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is high this whenever this switch
+is on this switch is off and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this switch is off and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this switch is off and vice versa
+okay okay so what what would I why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what what would I why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what what would I why would
+I do that if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that if you think about
+it if VRE is all the way at the top that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if VRE is all the way at the top that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if VRE is all the way at the top that
+means the switch the top switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the switch the top switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the switch the top switch is
+always on if VA a is at near the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on if VA a is at near the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on if VA a is at near the bottom
+that means the bottom switch is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the bottom switch is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the bottom switch is already
+always on if the reference is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on if the reference is right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on if the reference is right here
+in the middle this triangle wave goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle this triangle wave goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle this triangle wave goes
+from you know it's plus and minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know it's plus and minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know it's plus and minus I
+would have it switching with 50% duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it switching with 50% duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it switching with 50% duty
+cycle between top and bottom and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle between top and bottom and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle between top and bottom and on
+average with respect to VR this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average with respect to VR this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average with respect to VR this would be
+zero so I can kind of linearly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I can kind of linearly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I can kind of linearly change
+the average voltage synthesized by VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average voltage synthesized by VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average voltage synthesized by VA
+with respect to VR over one switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to VR over one switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to VR over one switching
+period based on this triangle intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period based on this triangle intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period based on this triangle intercept
+pwm does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm does that make sense to
+everybody now I should say I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now I should say I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now I should say I'm showing
+this with balanced triangles you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with balanced triangles you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with balanced triangles you could
+do this with any other kind of waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with any other kind of waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with any other kind of waveform
+like a Sawtooth waveform or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Sawtooth waveform or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Sawtooth waveform or something
+like that where at least there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where at least there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where at least there's a
+proportionality in time between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality in time between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality in time between between
+sort of the height and how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the height and how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the height and how long the
+comparator trips for but balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator trips for but balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator trips for but balanced
+triangles tend to give you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles tend to give you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles tend to give you better
+switching harmonic content than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching harmonic content than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching harmonic content than
+non-balanced triangle waves does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-balanced triangle waves does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-balanced triangle waves does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so
+suppose I had a machine and I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a machine and I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a machine and I wanted
+to uh create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh create some
+waveform that would look like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform that would look like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform that would look like something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V on average so I'm going to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V on average so I'm going to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V on average so I'm going to draw this
+bar meaning average over one switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar meaning average over one switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar meaning average over one switching
+cycle I would like this to be v subm s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I would like this to be v subm s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I would like this to be v subm s
+of Omega line T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega line T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega line T for
+example where I'm assuming that Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where I'm assuming that Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where I'm assuming that Omega
+line is much much less than 2 pi F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is much much less than 2 pi F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is much much less than 2 pi F
+switch that is this is a very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that is this is a very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that is this is a very slowly
+varying sine wave right so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying sine wave right so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying sine wave right so you know what
+I'm what I'm saying is you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I'm saying is you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I'm saying is you know I have
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some triangle wave like this maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangle wave like this maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some triangle wave like this maybe I'll
+draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger this is my pwm wave form and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this is my pwm wave form and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this is my pwm wave form and I'm
+trying to generate a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generate a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generate a sine
+wave that maybe there's 100 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that maybe there's 100 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that maybe there's 100 100
+switching Cycles or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching Cycles or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching Cycles or something like
+that per line cycle right so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per line cycle right so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that per line cycle right so this is you
+know uh 2 pi over Omega switch and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh 2 pi over Omega switch and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh 2 pi over Omega switch and this
+is 2 pi over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi over Omega
+line versus time does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line versus time does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line versus time does that make sense to
+everybody and as long as and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and as long as and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and as long as and I should
+say what I'm trying to do is I I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if this
+is V subm sin of Omega l T right I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V subm sin of Omega l T right I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V subm sin of Omega l T right I need
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+subm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm uh
+scaled such that the at least the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled such that the at least the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled such that the at least the I'm
+sorry this is VA this is the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is VA this is the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is VA this is the reference
+voltage is less than VDC over two so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is less than VDC over two so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is less than VDC over two so uh
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me let me clarify how we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me clarify how we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me clarify how we're going to do
+this and I apologize that's not probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I apologize that's not probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I apologize that's not probably
+not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very
+clear what I'm going to do is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I'm going to do is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I'm going to do is I'm going
+to make V ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V
+subm / VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm / VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm / VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle and then I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and then I'll make
+that s of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of Omega
+LT okay so this thing this thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT okay so this thing this thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT okay so this thing this thing is the
+thing this is VA ref that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is VA ref that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is VA ref that I'm going to
+compare to VT Max so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to VT Max so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to VT Max so this is
+I'm sorry this is VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this is VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry this is VT
+Max right so if VT Max was one volt just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max right so if VT Max was one volt just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max right so if VT Max was one volt just
+for Simplicity I'm going to make V subm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity I'm going to make V subm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity I'm going to make V subm
+over VDC over2 the height of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VDC over2 the height of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VDC over2 the height of my
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+waveform okay so I can create if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay so I can create if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay so I can create if I do
+this then what I'm going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then what I'm going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then what I'm going to get is
+uh a v as a result of running this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a v as a result of running this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a v as a result of running this thing
+into this comparator Network right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this comparator Network right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this comparator Network right
+because this is my Triangle Away From My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is my Triangle Away From My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is my Triangle Away From My
+Controller the peak of my voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Controller the peak of my voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Controller the peak of my voltage is
+switching between plus VDC over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching between plus VDC over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching between plus VDC over two and
+minus VDC over two right so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC over two right so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC over two right so what I'm
+going to get is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is uh
+V is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is going to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh uh VM over VDC uh it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh VM over VDC uh it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh VM over VDC uh it's going to be
+equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+VM s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM s
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+LT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT
+okay where as long as V sub is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where as long as V sub is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where as long as V sub is less than
+VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over
+two right so that me can I is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right so that me can I is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right so that me can I is that clear
+or should I try to explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better I can modulate this thing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can modulate this thing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I can modulate this thing up and
+down such that what would be the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such that what would be the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down such that what would be the biggest
+sine wave I could create without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave I could create without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave I could create without
+Distortion with this scheme or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion with this scheme or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion with this scheme or at least
+with with what I've told you so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what I've told you so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what I've told you so far
+would be if V subm was actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if V subm was actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if V subm was actually equal to
+VDC over 2 which would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over 2 which would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over 2 which would mean
+uh the top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top of this
+waveform would exactly touch the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform would exactly touch the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform would exactly touch the top of
+the triangle wave so I wouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle wave so I wouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle wave so I wouldn't have any
+period in which I'm exceeding Dy ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which I'm exceeding Dy ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which I'm exceeding Dy ratio
+of one right the pro the problem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one right the pro the problem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one right the pro the problem here is
+right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+my if my reference waveform exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if my reference waveform exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my if my reference waveform exceeds
+uh the height of the triangle wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height of the triangle wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height of the triangle wave then
+I'm going to get some time period where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get some time period where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get some time period where
+I stop switching and I just sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stop switching and I just sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stop switching and I just sort of have
+uh the top switch on constantly or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top switch on constantly or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top switch on constantly or the
+bottom switch on constantly and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switch on constantly and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom switch on constantly and then I
+get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+Distortion okay by keeping my reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay by keeping my reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion okay by keeping my reference
+always below the height of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always below the height of the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always below the height of the triangle
+wave I kind of keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I kind of keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I kind of keep the
+um no Distortion relative at least over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no Distortion relative at least over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no Distortion relative at least over
+a switching cycle averag over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching cycle averag over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching cycle averag over a
+switching cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so when we do this okay and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when we do this okay and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so when we do this okay and I say
+okay I'm going to do this for phase a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to do this for phase a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to do this for phase a I
+do the same thing for phase B except by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for phase B except by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for phase B except by
+shifted by a third of a line cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a third of a line cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted by a third of a line cycle and
+phase C is shifted by a third of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase C is shifted by a third of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase C is shifted by a third of a line
+cycle then at least as far as the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle then at least as far as the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle then at least as far as the local
+averag is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averag is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averag is I'm
+creating a voltage a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a voltage a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a voltage a with respect to
+reference that follows a sine wave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that follows a sine wave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that follows a sine wave a
+voltage B that follows sine wave voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage B that follows sine wave voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage B that follows sine wave voltage
+C that follows the sine wave and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that follows the sine wave and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that follows the sine wave and yes
+each of these nodes is Ping up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these nodes is Ping up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these nodes is Ping up and down
+but if this you know load is inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this you know load is inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this you know load is inductive
+it will filter that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will filter that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will filter that and then the
+currents will look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents will look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents will look very
+sinusoidal does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal does that make sense
+everybody so I can really generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I can really generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I can really generate
+something that looks like a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like a sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like a sinusoidal
+at least on average output just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least on average output just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least on average output just the way
+I would do it with a singlephase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do it with a singlephase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do it with a singlephase
+inverter so this is the same trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter so this is the same trick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter so this is the same trick of
+triangle intercept pwm that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle intercept pwm that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle intercept pwm that we talked
+about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so that's nice right th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's nice right th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so that's nice right th
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+technique is very good when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is very good when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is very good when we are
+trying to synthesize a waveform with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize a waveform with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize a waveform with a
+lot of Purity right the six-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Purity right the six-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Purity right the six-step
+waveform I showed you before had a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform I showed you before had a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform I showed you before had a ton
+of harmonic content a ton of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic content a ton of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic content a ton of low
+frequency harmonic content in it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content in it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content in it this
+pwm waveform really only has content as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm waveform really only has content as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm waveform really only has content as
+long as you stay where where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you stay where where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you stay where where your
+reference never exceeds the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference never exceeds the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference never exceeds the height of
+the triangle um really only has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle um really only has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle um really only has sort of
+harmonic content near the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content near the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content near the switching
+frequency and it's harmonics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's harmonics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's harmonics right
+there's some some indifference with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some indifference with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some indifference with the
+line frequency and the carrier frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line frequency and the carrier frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line frequency and the carrier frequency
+stuff but it's all sort of pushed up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but it's all sort of pushed up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but it's all sort of pushed up to
+the switching frequency so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching frequency so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching frequency so if I have a
+high switching frequency I get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high switching frequency I get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high switching frequency I get a very
+nice Purity waveform at least averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Purity waveform at least averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Purity waveform at least averaged
+over a switching cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a switching cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a switching cycle
+okay but I said said what's the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I said said what's the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I said said what's the largest
+waveform I can synthesize that way at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform I can synthesize that way at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform I can synthesize that way at
+least with what I've told you so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with what I've told you so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with what I've told you so far is
+I can make this voltage V subm up to VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make this voltage V subm up to VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make this voltage V subm up to VDC
+over2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 so this
+inverter okay can switch and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay can switch and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay can switch and it can
+synthesize I could think of I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize I could think of I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize I could think of I could
+think of this is synthesizing v r vbr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is synthesizing v r vbr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is synthesizing v r vbr
+and VCR which is going to also give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VCR which is going to also give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VCR which is going to also give me
+the same thing for Van an vbn and vcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for Van an vbn and vcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for Van an vbn and vcn
+because there's no triple n content here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no triple n content here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no triple n content here
+of being you know V subm sin o Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being you know V subm sin o Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being you know V subm sin o Omega
+line T so long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line T so long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line T so long as
+VM is less than or equal to VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM is less than or equal to VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM is less than or equal to VDC
+over2 okay now if I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 okay now if I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 okay now if I'm going to
+synthesize a sine wave like that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a sine wave like that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a sine wave like that we
+often Define something called M or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often Define something called M or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often Define something called M or the
+modulation index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes this is called the depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this is called the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this is called the depth of
+modulation also which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation also which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation also which is
+essentially um V subm / VDC over 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um V subm / VDC over 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um V subm / VDC over 2 right
+this is how big a sine wave am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how big a sine wave am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how big a sine wave am I
+generating you know how how big is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating you know how how big is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating you know how how big is this
+sine wave relative to VDC over2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave relative to VDC over2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave relative to VDC over2 or
+relative to the maximum I can do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the maximum I can do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the maximum I can do without
+distorting okay if V if if at least with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting okay if V if if at least with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting okay if V if if at least with
+what I've told you so far I make uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you so far I make uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've told you so far I make uh M
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+one or V subm bigger than VDC over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or V subm bigger than VDC over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or V subm bigger than VDC over two
+then what will happen is I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will happen is I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will happen is I'll stop
+switching for power to the waveform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching for power to the waveform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching for power to the waveform and
+I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start
+distorting okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well uh that's fine and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well uh that's fine and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well uh that's fine and through
+this whole period at least averaged over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole period at least averaged over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole period at least averaged over
+a switching cycle if I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching cycle if I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching cycle if I'm doing this
+sinusoidal or Tri s triangle p M this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal or Tri s triangle p M this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal or Tri s triangle p M this
+neutral point over average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral point over average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral point over average over
+switching cycle always has zero average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle always has zero average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle always has zero average
+voltage in other words equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in other words equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in other words equal to the
+reference voltage okay halfway between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltage okay halfway between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference voltage okay halfway between
+the bus voltage so I'm not getting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus voltage so I'm not getting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus voltage so I'm not getting any
+third harmonic swinging around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic swinging around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic swinging around on the
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why do I think about this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do I think about this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why do I think about this because
+if you think about an electric machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about an electric machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about an electric machine
+and this is a typical application for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a typical application for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a typical application for
+this kind of thing right the backing F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing right the backing F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing right the backing F
+tends to be proportional to speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be proportional to speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be proportional to speed and
+how much current I want to drive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current I want to drive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current I want to drive in the
+motor you know if I want more current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor you know if I want more current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor you know if I want more current I
+try to drive More Voltage which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drive More Voltage which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to drive More Voltage which will
+drive more current into the windings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive more current into the windings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive more current into the windings
+right so very often the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very often the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so very often the amplitude of the
+voltage if I thought of about some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I thought of about some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if I thought of about some you
+know some machine which is just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some machine which is just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some machine which is just sitting
+here connected like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here connected like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here connected like this
+right and maybe I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe I'm just trying to
+generate I'm trying to use my inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate I'm trying to use my inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate I'm trying to use my inverter
+to generate essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate essentially
+you know three voltages which are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three voltages which are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three voltages which are then
+going to drive current into these phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive current into these phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drive current into these phases
+right um at low speeds the voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um at low speeds the voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um at low speeds the voltage the
+the back EMF voltage of the motor is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back EMF voltage of the motor is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back EMF voltage of the motor is low
+and I want low or I want low current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want low or I want low current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want low or I want low current I
+want these voltage waveforms these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want these voltage waveforms these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want these voltage waveforms these are
+now at the line frequency these are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the line frequency these are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the line frequency these are at
+you know V subm sin of Omega line T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know V subm sin of Omega line T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know V subm sin of Omega line T
+right I want these voltages to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want these voltages to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want these voltages to be
+small but as speed goes up in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but as speed goes up in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but as speed goes up in the back
+end F internal to the machine goes up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end F internal to the machine goes up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end F internal to the machine goes up I
+want a bigger V subm for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a bigger V subm for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a bigger V subm for example right
+so very often I can basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very often I can basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very often I can basically by
+changing the V subm by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the V subm by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the V subm by changing the
+amplitude of my reference I change these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of my reference I change these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of my reference I change these
+voltages amplitudes and then I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages amplitudes and then I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages amplitudes and then I change
+how much current I'm driving into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current I'm driving into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much current I'm driving into my
+load so I often want to modulate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load so I often want to modulate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load so I often want to modulate that
+and typically as I'm going up in speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically as I'm going up in speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically as I'm going up in speed
+or I'm going up in power or both I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm going up in power or both I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm going up in power or both I'm
+trying to make vabm bigger that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make vabm bigger that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make vabm bigger that make
+sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the challenge
+is eventually I run out of Headroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually I run out of Headroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eventually I run out of Headroom
+suppose the internal back EMF of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the internal back EMF of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the internal back EMF of these
+motors is getting really big so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors is getting really big so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors is getting really big so I need a
+pretty big voltage V subm to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big voltage V subm to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big voltage V subm to drive
+current into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current into my
+load okay once vmm equals VDC over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load okay once vmm equals VDC over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load okay once vmm equals VDC over two
+suddenly I'm going to start distorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm going to start distorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly I'm going to start distorting
+right I'm not going to be generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not going to be generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not going to be generating
+just sine waves I'm going to have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sine waves I'm going to have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sine waves I'm going to have low
+frequency harmonic content in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content in my
+output so the question is is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so the question is is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so the question is is there a way
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+extend the range over which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the range over which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the range over which you can
+generate sort of if you will pure sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate sort of if you will pure sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate sort of if you will pure sine
+waves um at the output of your motor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves um at the output of your motor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves um at the output of your motor and
+generate like no low frequency like line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate like no low frequency like line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate like no low frequency like line
+frequency harmonic content and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency harmonic content and the
+answer is there's a trick for doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is there's a trick for doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is there's a trick for doing this
+it can be done in a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be done in a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be done in a variety of different
+ways but I just thought I'd mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but I just thought I'd mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but I just thought I'd mention it
+because uh in the motors world this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in the motors world this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in the motors world this is a
+very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common
+trick and the idea is this uh suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and the idea is this uh suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and the idea is this uh suppose
+you know if I thought if I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I thought of what the duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I thought of what the duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I thought of what the duty ratio
+if I thought of this switch q1 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I thought of this switch q1 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I thought of this switch q1 if I
+thought of this is q1 the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this is q1 the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of this is q1 the average value
+of q1 over a cyclist being the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 over a cyclist being the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 over a cyclist being the duty
+ratio of this switch right so modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of this switch right so modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of this switch right so modulation
+index of one the duty ratio of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of one the duty ratio of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of one the duty ratio of the top
+switch goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch goes to
+one right with what I've told you so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right with what I've told you so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right with what I've told you so far
+so I could talk about the duty ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could talk about the duty ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could talk about the duty ratio of
+this half Bridge just like it was a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half Bridge just like it was a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half Bridge just like it was a buck
+converter okay where I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay where I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay where I'm talking about
+the on state fraction of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on state fraction of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on state fraction of the top
+switch um the way this would look if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um the way this would look if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch um the way this would look if I
+did my S triangle pwm would be D1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my S triangle pwm would be D1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my S triangle pwm would be D1 of
+T would be equal to 12 plus m /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to 12 plus m /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to 12 plus m /
+2 s of Omega line T right right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s of Omega line T right right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s of Omega line T right right so if I
+did my sign triangle pwm if M was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my sign triangle pwm if M was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my sign triangle pwm if M was one
+duty ratio goes to one when the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio goes to one when the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio goes to one when the sign
+wave as this peak and it goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as this peak and it goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as this peak and it goes to zero
+when sine wav is at minimum does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sine wav is at minimum does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sine wav is at minimum does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+everybody and then if I was looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and then if I was looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and then if I was looking at
+D3 it would be the same three actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3 it would be the same three actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D3 it would be the same three actually
+it's not D3 I forget what the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not D3 I forget what the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not D3 I forget what the middle
+switch top switch it is D3 D3 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch top switch it is D3 D3 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch top switch it is D3 D3 would
+be would be equal to 12+ m / 2 sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be equal to 12+ m / 2 sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be equal to 12+ m / 2 sin Omega
+L tus 2i over 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L tus 2i over 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L tus 2i over 3 for
+example does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does that make sense everybody
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+D5 which would be the third Bridge leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 which would be the third Bridge leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D5 which would be the third Bridge leg
+would have 12 + m/ 2 sin Omega l t + 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 12 + m/ 2 sin Omega l t + 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 12 + m/ 2 sin Omega l t + 2i
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+3 okay so this is what would result with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so this is what would result with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so this is what would result with
+this triangle intercept pwm done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle intercept pwm done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle intercept pwm done on the
+three phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase
+okay and what we said was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we said was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we said was you know
+basically the average voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the average voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the average voltage is
+proportional the the the average voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional the the the average voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional the the the average voltage
+at that node with respect to ground is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that node with respect to ground is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that node with respect to ground is
+proportional to the duty ratio with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the duty ratio with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the duty ratio with
+respect to the midpoint there's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the midpoint there's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the midpoint there's this one
+half of the bus voltage in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the bus voltage in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the bus voltage in there okay
+the question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question would be
+um I have a trouble that I'm limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a trouble that I'm limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have a trouble that I'm limited to
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+M less than one cuz when M exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M less than one cuz when M exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M less than one cuz when M exactly
+equals one the peak of this drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one the peak of this drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one the peak of this drives the
+duty ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio of
+one just touches the top if I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just touches the top if I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just touches the top if I tried to
+make M 1.5 what would happen is for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make M 1.5 what would happen is for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make M 1.5 what would happen is for some
+part of the cycle Duty ratio basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle Duty ratio basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cycle Duty ratio basically
+saturates at one the top switches on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates at one the top switches on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturates at one the top switches on and
+I get a bunch of distortion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a bunch of distortion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a bunch of distortion is that
+clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to
+everybody so here's the trick people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so here's the trick people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so here's the trick people use
+it's kind of a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a cool
+trick there's different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick there's different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick there's different ways to
+implement this trick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this trick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this trick um
+so this isn't the way you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't the way you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't the way you have to do it
+but suppose I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I did
+this I could take uh and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 s of 3 omega line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T to each of these waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why would I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I do
+that well because when I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because when I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because when I think about
+sign right if I looked at this Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right if I looked at this Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right if I looked at this Duty
+ratio right it would look like this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio right it would look like this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio right it would look like this if I
+just took you know here I would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took you know here I would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took you know here I would have a
+half and I'm doing something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and I'm doing something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and I'm doing something like this
+right um what I can do is I can add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what I can do is I can add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what I can do is I can add in a
+third harmonic component what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic component what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic component what does a
+third harmonic component do it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic component do it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic component do it does
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the
+sum of sort of this piece which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of sort of this piece which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of sort of this piece which is this
+and this piece which is this has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece which is this has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece which is this has some
+distorted shape which does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted shape which does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted shape which does something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what that means
+is I can turn up M just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can turn up M just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can turn up M just
+bigger than one and it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one and it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one and it turns out to be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+1.15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.15
+before basically the peak will hit VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before basically the peak will hit VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before basically the peak will hit VDC
+over two or before my duty ratio will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two or before my duty ratio will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two or before my duty ratio will
+saturate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturate at
+one okay and so that gives me an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and so that gives me an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and so that gives me an extra
+15% of voltage I can synthesize and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of voltage I can synthesize and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% of voltage I can synthesize and the
+way I'm synthesizing it is I'm adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm synthesizing it is I'm adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm synthesizing it is I'm adding
+third harmonic Distortion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic Distortion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic Distortion in
+okay so I'm adding some third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm adding some third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm adding some third harmonic
+to V to vbr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V to vbr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V to vbr and
+VCR okay but why doesn't that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR okay but why doesn't that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR okay but why doesn't that matter
+because the third harmonic that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the third harmonic that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the third harmonic that third
+harmonic component that I drew in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component that I drew in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component that I drew in yellow
+just appears at the neutral and the Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just appears at the neutral and the Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just appears at the neutral and the Line
+to Line voltages don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Line voltages don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Line voltages don't have
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so that's a technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a technique that's
+sometimes called third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called third harmonic
+injection pwm you can do it by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection pwm you can do it by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection pwm you can do it by adding
+third harmonic onto your um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic onto your um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic onto your um you know if
+instead of doing this you add some third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing this you add some third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing this you add some third
+harmonic onto that thing and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic onto that thing and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic onto that thing and then you
+get an ability to expand your duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ability to expand your duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ability to expand your duty ratio
+range or expand the fundamental voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range or expand the fundamental voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range or expand the fundamental voltage
+you can synthesize without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can synthesize without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can synthesize without
+Distortion any questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion any questions about that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion any questions about that yeah
+Jack can you explain again how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack can you explain again how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack can you explain again how
+it's like VDC is fixed so how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like VDC is fixed so how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like VDC is fixed so how is this
+increasing like overcoming that enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing like overcoming that enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing like overcoming that enough
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+right well let's assume the back EMF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's assume the back EMF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's assume the back EMF is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+right so what I have to worry about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I have to worry about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I have to worry about is
+how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much
+fundamental can I create here right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental can I create here right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental can I create here right the
+back Aus at the fundamental how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Aus at the fundamental how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Aus at the fundamental how much
+fundamental can can I create here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental can can I create here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental can can I create here and
+the problem with not doing this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with not doing this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with not doing this third
+harmonic Distortion trick is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion trick is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion trick is that if I
+try to turn up the duty ratio more I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to turn up the duty ratio more I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to turn up the duty ratio more I get
+a lot of low frequency harmonics I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of low frequency harmonics I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of low frequency harmonics I get
+third fifth other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third fifth other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third fifth other
+content in here which is then going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in here which is then going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in here which is then going to
+drive low frequency content in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive low frequency content in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive low frequency content in the
+machine okay this trick What it lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay this trick What it lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay this trick What it lets me
+do is I basically am going to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I basically am going to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I basically am going to create the
+fundamental plus I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental plus I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental plus I'm going to create
+some third harmonic here third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some third harmonic here third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some third harmonic here third harmonic
+here and third harmonic here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and third harmonic here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and third harmonic here but the
+third harmonic elements all cancel they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic elements all cancel they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third harmonic elements all cancel they
+just show up with a neutral and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show up with a neutral and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show up with a neutral and the
+neutral goes up and down by the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral goes up and down by the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral goes up and down by the third
+harmonic so I can sort of keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic so I can sort of keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic so I can sort of keep this
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+pure because I'm not saturating my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure because I'm not saturating my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure because I'm not saturating my
+comparison anymore I'm not making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison anymore I'm not making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison anymore I'm not making this
+signal go out of the range just for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go out of the range just for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal go out of the range just for that
+little bit for that extra roughly 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for that extra roughly 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for that extra roughly 15% of
+modulation index over one so I can go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation index over one so I can go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation index over one so I can go up
+to M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M of
+1.15 does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that gives me a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that gives me a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that gives me a little bit more
+headro to synthesize a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headro to synthesize a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headro to synthesize a little bit more
+vol voltage and we often we're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol voltage and we often we're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol voltage and we often we're often
+constrained by how much voltage we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by how much voltage we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by how much voltage we can
+synthesize with our inverter what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize with our inverter what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize with our inverter what do I
+do if I'm not happy about that well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I'm not happy about that well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if I'm not happy about that well I
+could just keep turning up M Beyond one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just keep turning up M Beyond one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just keep turning up M Beyond one
+what happens if I turn up M Beyond one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I turn up M Beyond one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I turn up M Beyond one
+well if I turn up M Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I turn up M Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I turn up M Beyond
+one right and my reference waveform was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and my reference waveform was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and my reference waveform was
+going to kind of swing up here like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of swing up here like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of swing up here like that
+what I would do is I would get a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would do is I would get a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would do is I would get a bunch
+of pwm switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until the middle of the cycle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the middle of the cycle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the middle of the cycle or
+something where I just flat top and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I just flat top and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where I just flat top and so
+my pwm waveform for each phase might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pwm waveform for each phase might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pwm waveform for each phase might
+look like this you know it's p pwm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this you know it's p pwm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this you know it's p pwm and
+then it'll just sit at the top and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll just sit at the top and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll just sit at the top and it'll
+start pwm again right and if I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start pwm again right and if I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start pwm again right and if I keep
+pushing it up and I keep making my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it up and I keep making my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it up and I keep making my
+reference waveform bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference waveform bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference waveform bigger and bigger and
+bigger the limit of that as M goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the limit of that as M goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the limit of that as M goes to
+Infinity is just that I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is just that I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is just that I'm just going to
+generate a square wave he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a square wave he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a square wave he's going to be
+on for half the cycle he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for half the cycle he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for half the cycle he's going to be
+on for half the cycle and you're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for half the cycle and you're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for half the cycle and you're back to
+the six-step waveform that I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-step waveform that I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-step waveform that I talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+before right and in that case then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right and in that case then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right and in that case then I
+really do generate the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do generate the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do generate the maximum
+fundamental right the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right the maximum
+fundamental is basically V is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is basically V is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is basically V is a square
+Wave It's VDC over 2 * 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave It's VDC over 2 * 4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave It's VDC over 2 * 4 over
+Pi uh is the fundamental of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi uh is the fundamental of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi uh is the fundamental of a square
+wave of amplitude plus or minus VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of amplitude plus or minus VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of amplitude plus or minus VDC over
+2 okay that's the biggest fund I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay that's the biggest fund I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay that's the biggest fund I can
+synthesize and that sort of sets an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and that sort of sets an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize and that sort of sets an
+upper bound of you know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound of you know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound of you know how the
+fundamental voltage I can drive here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental voltage I can drive here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental voltage I can drive here the
+only problem I get with doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem I get with doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem I get with doing that is
+that waveform has third harmonic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waveform has third harmonic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waveform has third harmonic which
+will cancel but it also has Fifth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel but it also has Fifth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel but it also has Fifth and
+seventh and 11th and 13th and I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh and 11th and 13th and I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh and 11th and 13th and I will get
+harmonic currents flowing in these phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic currents flowing in these phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic currents flowing in these phase
+windings when those harmonic currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings when those harmonic currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings when those harmonic currents
+probably aren't helping me drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't helping me drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't helping me drive the
+machine okay so I can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay so I can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine okay so I can synthesize
+something that gives me nice effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gives me nice effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gives me nice effectively
+at least on a local average basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least on a local average basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least on a local average basis
+average over switching cycle sine waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over switching cycle sine waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over switching cycle sine waves
+up until the amplitude equals VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the amplitude equals VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until the amplitude equals VDC over
+2 right if I use my third harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right if I use my third harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right if I use my third harmonic
+injection trick I can get it up to VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection trick I can get it up to VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection trick I can get it up to VDC
+over2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 *
+1.15 okay and then if I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.15 okay and then if I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.15 okay and then if I don't care about
+Distortion I'm going to let a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion I'm going to let a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion I'm going to let a bunch of
+Harmon low frequency harmonics exist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmon low frequency harmonics exist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmon low frequency harmonics exist I
+can just drive up the modulation index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drive up the modulation index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drive up the modulation index
+even further and get up to 4 over Pi VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and get up to 4 over Pi VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and get up to 4 over Pi VDC
+over two okay and people do that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay and people do that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay and people do that in fact
+in the Prius the the Toyota guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Prius the the Toyota guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Prius the the Toyota guys
+eventually published a paper saying yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually published a paper saying yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually published a paper saying yeah
+we ran out of Headroom and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran out of Headroom and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ran out of Headroom and we wanted to
+run our motor faster for higher speed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our motor faster for higher speed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our motor faster for higher speed so
+we just let it saturate and and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just let it saturate and and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just let it saturate and and generate
+the harmonics and the motor still worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonics and the motor still worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonics and the motor still worked
+and we were okay but you pay you pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were okay but you pay you pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were okay but you pay you pay a
+price for that okay so so people do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for that okay so so people do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for that okay so so people do do
+this but if you want your waveforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you want your waveforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you want your waveforms to
+be pure and not have low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pure and not have low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pure and not have low frequency
+harmonics and generate those that noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and generate those that noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics and generate those that noise
+in your load whatever it is that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your load whatever it is that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your load whatever it is that low
+frequency content in your load you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content in your load you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content in your load you got
+to keep your modulation index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your modulation index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your modulation index
+down any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down any
+questions yeah is it possible to step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah is it possible to step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah is it possible to step up
+DC with a BL stage before absolutely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC with a BL stage before absolutely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC with a BL stage before absolutely and
+in fact that's what people do right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's what people do right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's what people do right so
+why why is this a concern because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is this a concern because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is this a concern because if
+you're in a Prius right you got this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a Prius right you got this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a Prius right you got this bus
+voltage and that bus voltage is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and that bus voltage is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and that bus voltage is your
+battery voltage right and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery voltage right and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery voltage right and that might
+vary over some range and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over some range and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over some range and then you're
+trying to deal with this motor whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with this motor whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with this motor whose
+back EMF varies over some range you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back EMF varies over some range you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back EMF varies over some range you need
+to drive it if you don't like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive it if you don't like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive it if you don't like that then
+you put another stage in between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put another stage in between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put another stage in between your
+battery and your converter and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and your converter and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and your converter and you can
+control the DC bus voltage to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the DC bus voltage to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the DC bus voltage to go up
+higher and then you're only limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and then you're only limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and then you're only limited by
+you know how high voltage these switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how high voltage these switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how high voltage these switches
+are right so you're you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right so you're you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right so you're you're always
+limited by that but yes people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by that but yes people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by that but yes people do
+actually you know control this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know control this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know control this bus
+voltage from the battery voltage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage from the battery voltage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage from the battery voltage for
+example in an electric vehicle to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in an electric vehicle to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in an electric vehicle to be
+something higher and they might control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something higher and they might control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something higher and they might control
+it dynamic Ally if they had to depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dynamic Ally if they had to depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dynamic Ally if they had to depending
+upon the operating condition they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the operating condition they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the operating condition they
+want all right well have a great day um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right well have a great day um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right well have a great day um
+we will pick up a new topic next class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nd_sryUc1tc.txt b/nd_sryUc1tc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ab1218fd28245adf741ab6b69d1ca77e8d42c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nd_sryUc1tc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1178 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's use the last ten minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use the last ten minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use the last ten minutes to
+discuss our an application so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss our an application so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss our an application so that's our
+Fermi golden rule there that's leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi golden rule there that's leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi golden rule there that's leave it
+in the blackboard so the example I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blackboard so the example I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blackboard so the example I will
+discuss qualitatively we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss qualitatively we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss qualitatively we will not
+compute the rate for this example is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the rate for this example is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the rate for this example is out
+of ionization conversation or also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ionization conversation or also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ionization conversation or also
+called outer transitions so we imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called outer transitions so we imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called outer transitions so we imagine I
+think the reason this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reason this example is
+interesting is that there is continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that there is continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that there is continued
+States sometimes in cases that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States sometimes in cases that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States sometimes in cases that you would
+not think about it or you wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think about it or you wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think about it or you wouldn't have
+thought about them so let's assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about them so let's assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about them so let's assume we
+have a helium atom so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a helium atom so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a helium atom so you have two
+electrons z equals to two protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons z equals to two protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons z equals to two protons and
+two electrons and i will assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and i will assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and i will assume that we
+have a hydrogenic state so you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogenic state so you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogenic state so you see in
+the Hamiltonian of this whole atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian of this whole atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian of this whole atom
+there's a p1 squared over 2m plus a b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a p1 squared over 2m plus a b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a p1 squared over 2m plus a b2
+squared over 2m roughly for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m roughly for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m roughly for each
+electron plus or minus e squared over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plus or minus e squared over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron plus or minus e squared over R
+one minus e squared over R two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus e squared over R two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus e squared over R two and then
+plus e squared over R 1 minus R 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e squared over R 1 minus R 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e squared over R 1 minus R 2 which
+is the Coulomb repulsion so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Coulomb repulsion so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Coulomb repulsion so that's
+roughly the Hamiltonian you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the Hamiltonian you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the Hamiltonian you need to
+consider at least two 0th order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider at least two 0th order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider at least two 0th order and
+let's assume this is H 0 and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume this is H 0 and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume this is H 0 and let's
+consider states of this Hamiltonian H 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider states of this Hamiltonian H 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider states of this Hamiltonian H 0
+so these are hydrogenic states we treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are hydrogenic states we treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are hydrogenic states we treat
+each electron independently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron independently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron independently and
+therefore the energy levels e are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy levels e are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy levels e are
+defined by two principle pun two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by two principle pun two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by two principle pun two numbers
+n1 and n2 and there are minus thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and n2 and there are minus thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and n2 and there are minus thirteen
+point six evey than Z squared the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six evey than Z squared the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six evey than Z squared the energy
+of an electron in a nucleus with Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron in a nucleus with Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron in a nucleus with Z
+protons it gets multiplied by Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons it gets multiplied by Z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons it gets multiplied by Z squared
+there times 1 over N squared + 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there times 1 over N squared + 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there times 1 over N squared + 1 squared
+plus 1 over N 2 squared those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over N 2 squared those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over N 2 squared those are the
+principal quantum numbers and Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum numbers and Z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum numbers and Z squared
+is equal to 4 because this is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 because this is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 4 because this is equal to 2
+so this number comes out at 54.4 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this number comes out at 54.4 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this number comes out at 54.4 so here
+is e of m1 m2 is - 54.4 eb 1 over N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e of m1 m2 is - 54.4 eb 1 over N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e of m1 m2 is - 54.4 eb 1 over N 1
+squared plus 1 over n 2 squared ok let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 over n 2 squared ok let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 over n 2 squared ok let's
+look at the spectrum of this atom erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectrum of this atom erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectrum of this atom erase
+here so let's draw a line here put 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's draw a line here put 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's draw a line here put 0
+here ground state N 1 is equal to n 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ground state N 1 is equal to n 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ground state N 1 is equal to n 2 is
+equal to 1 the ground state is at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 the ground state is at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 the ground state is at minus
+108 and that's a state that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108 and that's a state that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+108 and that's a state that we call
+state 1 1 for the two quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 1 for the two quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 1 for the two quantum numbers
+being 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being 1 and 1
+ok so then we go on and look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so then we go on and look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so then we go on and look what
+happens then we have for example state 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we have for example state 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then we have for example state 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the state - one is gonna be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state - one is gonna be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state - one is gonna be less
+bound because instead of having one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because instead of having one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because instead of having one and
+one you have one quarter plus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have one quarter plus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have one quarter plus one so
+it's less bound three one four one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less bound three one four one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less bound three one four one
+how about infinity one one that's N one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about infinity one one that's N one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about infinity one one that's N one
+the first electron being super red burg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first electron being super red burg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first electron being super red burg
+atom it has its quantum principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it has its quantum principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it has its quantum principle
+quantum number so high that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number so high that it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number so high that it's zero
+and you have the other electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the other electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the other electron here
+with a 1 so this is at fifty four point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 so this is at fifty four point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 so this is at fifty four point
+four the Infinity one is here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the Infinity one is here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the Infinity one is here one
+electron is bound in the 1s state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is bound in the 1s state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is bound in the 1s state the
+other electrode is out very far it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electrode is out very far it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electrode is out very far it's
+almost free you could have it free if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost free you could have it free if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost free you could have it free if it
+goes free we'll have some more energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes free we'll have some more energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes free we'll have some more energy so
+actually after you go here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually after you go here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually after you go here there's a
+continuum of states a continuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of states a continuum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of states a continuum of
+states over here in which every electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states over here in which every electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states over here in which every electro
+here is an infinity and an electron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an infinity and an electron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an infinity and an electron with
+some momentum K and these are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum K and these are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum K and these are still
+states that are here arm can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are here arm can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are here arm can be
+represented by energies in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by energies in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by energies in this range
+and then eventually you have even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually you have even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually you have even this
+goes on here so it's a lot of bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on here so it's a lot of bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on here so it's a lot of bound
+states there and then we can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there and then we can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there and then we can continue
+how about the state so I've put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the state so I've put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the state so I've put here
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+I'm sorry not infinity K I will put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry not infinity K I will put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry not infinity K I will put it
+here like K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times one because the other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one because the other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one because the other state
+remains in the 1s so one electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the 1s so one electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the 1s so one electron here
+both electrons were in the 1s State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electrons were in the 1s State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electrons were in the 1s State and
+here 2s 3s infinity so one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2s 3s infinity so one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 2s 3s infinity so one electron
+remains in the 1s one electron is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the 1s one electron is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in the 1s one electron is free
+with some momentum over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then for example consider the state e2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this happens to be a 2 and a 2 is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be a 2 and a 2 is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be a 2 and a 2 is 1/4
+1/4 1/2 so this is at minus 27 Evie it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 1/2 so this is at minus 27 Evie it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 1/2 so this is at minus 27 Evie it's
+right here in the middle this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the middle this is the
+state to to after the state 2 2 sets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to to after the state 2 2 sets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to to after the state 2 2 sets in
+there is a state 3 to 4 to 5 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a state 3 to 4 to 5 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a state 3 to 4 to 5 to infinity
+2 so one term is infinity there is 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so one term is infinity there is 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so one term is infinity there is 2 so
+it's 1/4 and infinity 2 is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1/4 and infinity 2 is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1/4 and infinity 2 is at the
+hydrogen level 13.6 and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen level 13.6 and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen level 13.6 and after that
+infinity 2 there is a new continuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states that has some momentum and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that has some momentum and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that has some momentum and are
+still in 2 and there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in 2 and there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in 2 and there's going to be an
+infinite number of Continuum's arising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of Continuum's arising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of Continuum's arising
+here when you consider one electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you consider one electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you consider one electron and
+the other one so what is our order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so what is our order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so what is our order
+transition this was at minus 27 point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this was at minus 27 point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition this was at minus 27 point to
+the other transition we're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transition we're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transition we're typically
+interested is this one in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested is this one in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested is this one in which you have
+this discrete state overlapped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete state overlapped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete state overlapped by the
+continuum of states in which the elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of states in which the elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of states in which the elect
+one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+is gone out and one electron has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone out and one electron has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone out and one electron has
+remained in the one s has gone to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained in the one s has gone to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained in the one s has gone to the
+one estate so I'll write it down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estate so I'll write it down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estate so I'll write it down here so
+what is the order transition we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order transition we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the order transition we have
+precisely the situation we've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the situation we've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the situation we've indicated
+here in which you have one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which you have one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which you have one state
+surrounded by a continuum so the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a continuum so the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a continuum so the order
+transition so the line to to at minus 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so the line to to at minus 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so the line to to at minus 27
+Evie is in the middle of the infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evie is in the middle of the infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evie is in the middle of the infinity
+one continuum so we'll have a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one continuum so we'll have a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one continuum so we'll have a transition
+into two s squared that's this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two s squared that's this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two s squared that's this state
+that's the name of it goes to 1 s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of it goes to 1 s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the name of it goes to 1 s times
+free the e2 2 is going to be e1 infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free the e2 2 is going to be e1 infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free the e2 2 is going to be e1 infinity
+plus e3 and the e2 2 is minus 27 point 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e3 and the e2 2 is minus 27 point 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e3 and the e2 2 is minus 27 point 2
+this is minus fifty four point four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus fifty four point four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus fifty four point four and
+this is e free so if free goes to twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e free so if free goes to twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e free so if free goes to twenty
+seven point two Evie for the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point two Evie for the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven point two Evie for the free
+electron so how do we visualize this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so how do we visualize this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so how do we visualize this if
+you wanted to compute it and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to compute it and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to compute it and it's kind
+of a fun thing but we will not do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fun thing but we will not do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fun thing but we will not do it you
+think of the initial 2's state have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the initial 2's state have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the initial 2's state have the
+atom the one is the two two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the one is the two two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the one is the two two electrons
+here and you think of them as having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you think of them as having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you think of them as having an
+initial wave function hydrogenic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wave function hydrogenic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wave function hydrogenic and
+then suddenly because maybe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly because maybe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly because maybe something
+happened this 1 s electron got excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this 1 s electron got excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this 1 s electron got excited
+and suddenly for an instant of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly for an instant of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly for an instant of time the
+two are there in the 2s and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are there in the 2s and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are there in the 2s and then this
+interaction turns on and this is the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction turns on and this is the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction turns on and this is the V
+that makes the trance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the trance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the trance
+session from this to s squared state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session from this to s squared state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session from this to s squared state to
+one s free that has good matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s free that has good matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s free that has good matrix elements
+and this is going to happen and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to happen and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to happen and this is
+the dominant transition because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant transition because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant transition because a
+radiative transition in which one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative transition in which one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative transition in which one goes
+down here is fairly suppressed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is fairly suppressed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is fairly suppressed this
+doesn't happen so this is our example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen so this is our example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen so this is our example of
+a application of Fermi's Golden Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a application of Fermi's Golden Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a application of Fermi's Golden Rule and
+we'll explore more next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nmehlS-8b3Y.txt b/nmehlS-8b3Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..767ad21237105cd58b3e25377183fb75c029e7f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nmehlS-8b3Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13672 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh what
+uh I would like to discuss today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would like to discuss today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would like to discuss today
+uh is just u touch upon what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just u touch upon what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just u touch upon what kind of
+problems the uh quantitative analysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the uh quantitative analysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the uh quantitative analysts
+are solving in the commodity world. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solving in the commodity world. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solving in the commodity world. the
+problems that are somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are somewhat different
+from uh uh the other markets and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh uh the other markets and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh uh the other markets and uh I'm
+sure you have the whole year of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have the whole year of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have the whole year of lectures
+here from uh people in from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from uh people in from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from uh people in from different
+markets and you will judge for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and you will judge for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and you will judge for yourself
+that the uh models we're building are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh models we're building are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh models we're building are
+somewhat if not completely different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat if not completely different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat if not completely different.
+So, and this is my goal today is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and this is my goal today is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and this is my goal today is just
+for you to have some taste of what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to have some taste of what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to have some taste of what kind
+of models we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at. So, let's start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following abstract from the Dow Jones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following abstract from the Dow Jones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following abstract from the Dow Jones uh
+publication um the dispatch which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication um the dispatch which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication um the dispatch which
+announced in uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced in uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced in uh uh
+2009 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 that
+the trafficer which is the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trafficer which is the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trafficer which is the biggest
+trader one of the biggest uh commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trader one of the biggest uh commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trader one of the biggest uh commodity
+and energy trader is potentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy trader is potentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy trader is potentially on
+track to post his best results ever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track to post his best results ever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track to post his best results ever in
+fiscal 2009 on lower oil prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal 2009 on lower oil prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal 2009 on lower oil prices and
+contango markets. Remember 2008, just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contango markets. Remember 2008, just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contango markets. Remember 2008, just a
+year before that, the oil prices shot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before that, the oil prices shot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before that, the oil prices shot to
+the highest possible level uh to $159
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest possible level uh to $159
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest possible level uh to $159
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+barrel. Uh and uh a lot of people blamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel. Uh and uh a lot of people blamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel. Uh and uh a lot of people blamed
+the traders for for the high oil prices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traders for for the high oil prices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traders for for the high oil prices.
+And yet in 2008 when the prices dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet in 2008 when the prices dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yet in 2008 when the prices dropped
+in 2009, I'm sorry, next year when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009, I'm sorry, next year when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009, I'm sorry, next year when the
+prices dropped to $30 per barrel, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices dropped to $30 per barrel, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices dropped to $30 per barrel, as you
+remember, to the lowest possible level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, to the lowest possible level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, to the lowest possible level
+that uh that we remember, uh Trafiguri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that we remember, uh Trafiguri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that we remember, uh Trafiguri
+is about to make the biggest profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to make the biggest profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about to make the biggest profit
+ever. So it sounds like a contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever. So it sounds like a contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever. So it sounds like a contradiction.
+So they're making money on the low oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're making money on the low oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're making money on the low oil
+prices and contango. And Kantanga, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and contango. And Kantanga, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and contango. And Kantanga, I'll
+have to explain to you what it is. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain to you what it is. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain to you what it is. Um I
+assume that everybody here knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everybody here knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that everybody here knows what
+futures what the futures contract is. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures what the futures contract is. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures what the futures contract is. If
+not just let me know and I will explain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just let me know and I will explain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just let me know and I will explain.
+I mean just it's a it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just it's a it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just it's a it's a very simple
+concept but uh so don't be shy and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but uh so don't be shy and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but uh so don't be shy and just
+tell me. So I would would like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me. So I would would like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me. So I would would like to show
+you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how
+Trafigura will make the record profit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trafigura will make the record profit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trafigura will make the record profit in
+the year when the prices are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year when the prices are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year when the prices are at the
+record low level but they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record low level but they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record low level but they are in
+contango.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the graph of futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the graph of futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the graph of futures
+contracts, futures prices, oil futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts, futures prices, oil futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts, futures prices, oil futures
+prices on January 15,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on January 15,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on January 15,
+2009. Uh futures contract is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009. Uh futures contract is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009. Uh futures contract is simply the
+contract that allows you to buy today,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that allows you to buy today,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract that allows you to buy today,
+let's say in January, the contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in January, the contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in January, the contract the
+I'm sorry, the barrel of oil for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry, the barrel of oil for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry, the barrel of oil for
+delivery in some future time. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in some future time. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in some future time. That's
+all. uh you always know what the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. uh you always know what the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. uh you always know what the price
+will be by looking into Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be by looking into Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be by looking into Wall Street
+Journal right section C open you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal right section C open you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal right section C open you will
+see if you want to deliver you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you want to deliver you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you want to deliver you have
+delivery in August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery in August
+uh the price will be around what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the price will be around what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the price will be around what
+$55 if you want delivery of the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55 if you want delivery of the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55 if you want delivery of the on
+February of next year right so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of next year right so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of next year right so on
+February uh 2010 the price will be $60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February uh 2010 the price will be $60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February uh 2010 the price will be $60
+if you want delivery now the price will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want delivery now the price will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want delivery now the price will
+be $35. So if you want to buy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be $35. So if you want to buy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be $35. So if you want to buy it's
+basically the spot uh price there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the spot uh price there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the spot uh price there is no
+for for your knowledge there is no spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for your knowledge there is no spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for your knowledge there is no spot
+price as such and whatever you see on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as such and whatever you see on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as such and whatever you see on on
+on CNBC for example uh on TV when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on CNBC for example uh on TV when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on CNBC for example uh on TV when they
+give you the spot price of oil it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the spot price of oil it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the spot price of oil it's it's
+a price of the first future contracts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of the first future contracts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of the first future contracts of
+this one of the nearby the most nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of the nearby the most nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one of the nearby the most nearby
+futures contract. So as you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. So as you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. So as you can see this
+is the curve and we call that the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curve and we call that the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curve and we call that the curve
+is in contango if the prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contango if the prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contango if the prices are
+monotone increasing if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone increasing if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone increasing if they're
+decreasing it's called backwardation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing it's called backwardation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing it's called backwardation
+that's all so just a useful term for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all so just a useful term for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all so just a useful term for you
+to know so at that time in January 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so at that time in January 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so at that time in January 15th
+the prices indeed were monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices indeed were monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices indeed were monotone
+increasing they're going from 35 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing they're going from 35 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing they're going from 35 to
+February and to $60 in fee so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and to $60 in fee so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and to $60 in fee so this is
+February of 2009 this is February 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of 2009 this is February 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of 2009 this is February 2010
+10. As you can see, the prices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. As you can see, the prices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. As you can see, the prices were
+going from $35 to $60. So, let's now see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from $35 to $60. So, let's now see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from $35 to $60. So, let's now see
+how Traffic Gora made money. Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Traffic Gora made money. Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Traffic Gora made money. Can you
+guess, by the way? Yes. They borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, by the way? Yes. They borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, by the way? Yes. They borrowed
+money off the spot and then sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off the spot and then sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off the spot and then sold the
+futures contract. Exactly. So, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. Exactly. So, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. Exactly. So, that's
+precisely what they've done. What What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what they've done. What What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what they've done. What What
+is needed for that though? There's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed for that though? There's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed for that though? There's one
+little thing that's required. Low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that's required. Low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that's required. Low
+interest rates and ability to buy this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and ability to buy this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and ability to buy this.
+Well, you this price is the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you this price is the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you this price is the ability to
+buy, right? But you need a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy, right? But you need a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy, right? But you need a little bit
+more. You need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. You need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. You need
+I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry.
+No, no. You lock in. You bought at 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no. You lock in. You bought at 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no. You lock in. You bought at 35
+storage. Storage. You need the storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Storage. You need the storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Storage. You need the storage.
+You need to be able to wait one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need to be able to wait one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need to be able to wait one year
+because you already sold at $60 next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you already sold at $60 next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you already sold at $60 next
+year, right, in February. So, you locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, right, in February. So, you locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, right, in February. So, you locked
+in a massive profit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is your strategy. Just uh borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is your strategy. Just uh borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is your strategy. Just uh borrow
+35, buy one barrel, store it, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35, buy one barrel, store it, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35, buy one barrel, store it, then
+immediately sell. So short means just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately sell. So short means just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately sell. So short means just go
+and sell the one barrel for next year at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell the one barrel for next year at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell the one barrel for next year at
+$60. So you have uh you made $25 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60. So you have uh you made $25 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60. So you have uh you made $25 I'm
+sorry, you made uh $25 just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, you made uh $25 just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, you made uh $25 just on
+commodity. You have to on February you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity. You have to on February you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity. You have to on February you
+will get this 20 February next year, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this 20 February next year, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this 20 February next year, you
+will get this $25. you'll pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this $25. you'll pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get this $25. you'll pay the
+interest which will be maybe let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest which will be maybe let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest which will be maybe let's say
+10% so it's uh uh it will be uh $3.5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so it's uh uh it will be uh $3.5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so it's uh uh it will be uh $3.5 so
+you made total profit $21 if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made total profit $21 if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made total profit $21 if like
+traffic you have 50 60 million barrels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you have 50 60 million barrels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic you have 50 60 million barrels
+of storage you can easily calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage you can easily calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage you can easily calculate how
+much money they have without any risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money they have without any risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money they have without any risk
+they made in this particular year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made in this particular year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made in this particular year
+so whenever you hear that traders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you hear that traders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you hear that traders are
+benefiting from the high prices it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from the high prices it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from the high prices it's not
+actually if the same stations exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if the same stations exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if the same stations exist
+existed in the high prices then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in the high prices then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in the high prices then the
+interest would be substantially lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest would be substantially lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest would be substantially lower
+they could drop their profit by 50%. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could drop their profit by 50%. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could drop their profit by 50%. If
+let's say the same where the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the same where the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the same where the price is
+125 to 13 uh 135 to 160 right you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 to 13 uh 135 to 160 right you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 to 13 uh 135 to 160 right you would
+have the enormous interest payment. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the enormous interest payment. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the enormous interest payment. So
+in reality you need the low prices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality you need the low prices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality you need the low prices but
+you'd like to have a contango you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have a contango you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have a contango you really
+don't care prices low or high. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care prices low or high. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care prices low or high. So
+um so uh to summarize we need to have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh to summarize we need to have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh to summarize we need to have I
+mean just a little thing here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just a little thing here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just a little thing here that the
+strategy works like a charm. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy works like a charm. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy works like a charm. The only
+thing you need is storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you need is storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you need is storage.
+Okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay let me
+now invert the question. Let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invert the question. Let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now invert the question. Let me ask you
+this question. Let's say we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question. Let's say we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question. Let's say we have the
+same curve. We're January uh we are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curve. We're January uh we are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same curve. We're January uh we are on
+January 1st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st
+uh 2009 and we are asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2009 and we are asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2009 and we are asked
+to get the storage you want to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the storage you want to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the storage you want to have your
+boss is calling you and say and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is calling you and say and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is calling you and say and is
+saying I mean I need storage oil storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean I need storage oil storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean I need storage oil storage
+from August to December right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from August to December right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from August to December right so in
+August we have the prices what $55 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August we have the prices what $55 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August we have the prices what $55 in
+December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December
+$58 you go and get me here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$58 you go and get me here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$58 you go and get me here is your
+credit card, right? Let me just uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card, right? Let me just uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card, right? Let me just uh go
+and get it. Well, storage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it. Well, storage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it. Well, storage is
+usually you get it at the auction. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you get it at the auction. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you get it at the auction. So, a
+lot of people come to the auction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people come to the auction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people come to the auction and
+they all bid. So, now you're going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all bid. So, now you're going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all bid. So, now you're going with
+the boss's credit card, right? And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boss's credit card, right? And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boss's credit card, right? And you
+have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following
+dilemma. If you want, if you borrow too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma. If you want, if you borrow too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma. If you want, if you borrow too
+little, right, you will never get it. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little, right, you will never get it. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little, right, you will never get it. If
+you bid too much, you'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid too much, you'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid too much, you'll have the
+winner's curse. Namely, you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner's curse. Namely, you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner's curse. Namely, you will never
+be able to recover the money that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover the money that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover the money that you uh
+paid for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for that
+storage. So, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. So, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. So, you have to
+have before you bid, you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before you bid, you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before you bid, you have to have a
+plan. How do you or strategy? How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. How do you or strategy? How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. How do you or strategy? How do you
+recover the money that you pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the money that you pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the money that you pay for the
+storage through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage through
+some foolproof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some foolproof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some foolproof
+riskless activity? Some strategy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless activity? Some strategy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless activity? Some strategy like
+Trafigura. Remember they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trafigura. Remember they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trafigura. Remember they had the
+riskless strategy. They lock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless strategy. They lock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless strategy. They lock in the
+profit. They can go to sleep for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. They can go to sleep for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. They can go to sleep for a year
+and then or vacation and then come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or vacation and then come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or vacation and then come back
+and get this profit back. How do you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this profit back. How do you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this profit back. How do you in
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+case you have whenever you bid something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have whenever you bid something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have whenever you bid something
+you also have to have a plan in mind how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to have a plan in mind how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to have a plan in mind how
+to recover this money and even more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover this money and even more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover this money and even more to
+get a little bit of profit. So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of profit. So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of profit. So my
+question to you need storage for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you need storage for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to you need storage for from
+August to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August to
+December. How much would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bid? These are the prices. If you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid? These are the prices. If you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid? These are the prices. If you need
+more prices, they're all here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prices, they're all here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prices, they're all here.
+So, you need the storage from August to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you need the storage from August to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you need the storage from August to
+December.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, how much would you bid for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much would you bid for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much would you bid for the
+storage? You don't have the storage. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage? You don't have the storage. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage? You don't have the storage. So,
+you have to when you get it, then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to when you get it, then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to when you get it, then you do
+what you maybe you will uh what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you maybe you will uh what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you maybe you will uh what we did
+before because before what we did assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because before what we did assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because before what we did assume
+that we already have it, right? Now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already have it, right? Now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already have it, right? Now you
+don't. But if you win it, you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. But if you win it, you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. But if you win it, you will have
+it. But if you win it, you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But if you win it, you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But if you win it, you have to have
+the strategy how to recover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money. Yes. Depends how much profit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. Yes. Depends how much profit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. Yes. Depends how much profit you
+want to make. Well, it's not because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make. Well, it's not because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make. Well, it's not because uh
+remember you are competing against other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you are competing against other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you are competing against other
+people, right? So if you go you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right? So if you go you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, right? So if you go you become
+too greedy they will out bid you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too greedy they will out bid you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too greedy they will out bid you if
+let's say bid one penny right assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say bid one penny right assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say bid one penny right assuming
+that you'll make so they will out bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll make so they will out bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll make so they will out bid
+you so should be what is the highest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so should be what is the highest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so should be what is the highest you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid
+huh you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$3 all right give me the strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 all right give me the strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 all right give me the strategy that
+uh recovers that's $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do the same process. We borrow money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the same process. We borrow money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the same process. We borrow money
+by you don't have to borrow because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you don't have to borrow because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you don't have to borrow because it's
+futures contract. You don't need just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. You don't need just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. You don't need just uh
+you just go long the August. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go long the August. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go long the August. So by
+August using the futures contract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August using the futures contract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August using the futures contract and
+sell December using the futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell December using the futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell December using the futures
+contract. You don't even need to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract. You don't even need to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract. You don't even need to borrow
+money. You will need to borrow maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. You will need to borrow maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. You will need to borrow maybe
+when you got get to August, right? Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you got get to August, right? Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you got get to August, right? Then
+when you have to pay $55, then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to pay $55, then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to pay $55, then you'll
+borrow, right? So you you bid $3, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow, right? So you you bid $3, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow, right? So you you bid $3, you
+recover $3, no profit. So most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover $3, no profit. So most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover $3, no profit. So most likely
+you will bid $299, right? That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will bid $299, right? That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will bid $299, right? That's the
+highest probably you can go. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest probably you can go. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest probably you can go. You have to
+give yourself at least a penny of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself at least a penny of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself at least a penny of a of a
+profit, right? I'm sorry. Also, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit, right? I'm sorry. Also, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit, right? I'm sorry. Also, let's
+let's forget about interest for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's forget about interest for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's forget about interest for a moment
+just for for simplicity. In reality, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for for simplicity. In reality, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for for simplicity. In reality, of
+course, you never should forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you never should forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you never should forget about
+it. But in order not to make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But in order not to make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But in order not to make our
+discussions too complicated, no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions too complicated, no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions too complicated, no
+interest. So you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. So you basically
+um will be 299. It seems to me, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will be 299. It seems to me, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will be 299. It seems to me, right?
+You get the penny of profit and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get the penny of profit and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get the penny of profit and you have
+a strategy. If you get the storage, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy. If you get the storage, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy. If you get the storage, you
+know what to do. You immediately go buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do. You immediately go buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do. You immediately go buy
+August using futures contract by August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August using futures contract by August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August using futures contract by August
+and sell December locking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell December locking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell December locking in
+$3, right? Pay $299 if you manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3, right? Pay $299 if you manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3, right? Pay $299 if you manage to
+win. And if everybody is not as smart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. And if everybody is not as smart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. And if everybody is not as smart as
+you are and just beat something else or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and just beat something else or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and just beat something else or
+maybe they want bigger profit, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they want bigger profit, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they want bigger profit, you will
+win the storage. You will lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the storage. You will lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the storage. You will lock
+in. Okay, any everybody agrees,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Okay, any everybody agrees,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Okay, any everybody agrees,
+right? This is actually a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is actually a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is actually a standard
+strategy and people use it all the time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and people use it all the time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and people use it all the time,
+right? I mean just that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean just that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean just that's what I would
+call that's what the trader would do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that's what the trader would do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that's what the trader would do.
+That's kind of the trader it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of the trader it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of the trader it's like
+business guy would do that. Let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business guy would do that. Let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business guy would do that. Let me just
+uh this is a common strategy was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a common strategy was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a common strategy was very
+very common let's say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+90s what the quant will do and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s what the quant will do and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s what the quant will do and that's
+where the added value of the quant is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the added value of the quant is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the added value of the quant is to
+the organization they will do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization they will do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization they will do something
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+different what they will do they will on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what they will do they will on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what they will do they will on
+January 1st they will sell something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st they will sell something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st they will sell something
+that is called August December spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called August December spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called August December spread
+option you've heard the word option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option you've heard the word option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option you've heard the word option
+right option is characterized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right option is characterized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right option is characterized by the
+payout at expiration. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout at expiration. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout at expiration. So we have
+expiration, we have the payout. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration, we have the payout. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration, we have the payout. This is
+not your typical options. It's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your typical options. It's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your typical options. It's not like
+IBM option. This is something different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM option. This is something different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM option. This is something different.
+The payout is determined at expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The payout is determined at expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The payout is determined at expiration
+which is let's say July 31st right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say July 31st right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say July 31st right
+before the beginning of August, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the beginning of August, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the beginning of August, right?
+You will look again at the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You will look again at the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You will look again at the New York
+Time. Oh, I'm sorry, Wall Street Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time. Oh, I'm sorry, Wall Street Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time. Oh, I'm sorry, Wall Street Journal
+and uh look at the prices December and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look at the prices December and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh look at the prices December and
+August prices right on July 31st. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August prices right on July 31st. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August prices right on July 31st. And if
+the difference is positive, this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is positive, this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is positive, this little
+plus sign means that if it's positive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign means that if it's positive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign means that if it's positive,
+then you pay to the owner of the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you pay to the owner of the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you pay to the owner of the option
+this difference. If it's negative, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference. If it's negative, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference. If it's negative, you
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+zero. Right? you are more familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? you are more familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? you are more familiar with
+the with the options where one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the options where one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the options where one of this
+thing is just a fixed strike. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just a fixed strike. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just a fixed strike. It's
+called fixed right here. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fixed right here. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fixed right here. There's no
+strike. It's simply the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike. It's simply the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike. It's simply the difference
+between December and August contract,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between December and August contract,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between December and August contract,
+right? But it's a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But it's a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But it's a two-dimensional
+object. So it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. So it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object. So it's a little bit more
+complicated to value it. But there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to value it. But there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to value it. But there is
+the whole methodology developed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole methodology developed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole methodology developed the same
+way for the regular options. This is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the regular options. This is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for the regular options. This is for
+the spread options. So the the quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread options. So the the quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread options. So the the quant
+will sell this spread option on August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sell this spread option on August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sell this spread option on August
+1. Why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Why is it
+better? Why is it better? Well, first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better? Why is it better? Well, first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better? Why is it better? Well, first of
+all, you have to we have to discuss how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, you have to we have to discuss how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, you have to we have to discuss how
+much will I get for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+option. When I sold it, I give it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. When I sold it, I give it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. When I sold it, I give it to you
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh for you to be um confident that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you to be um confident that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you to be um confident that I'm
+not trying to to deceive you or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to to deceive you or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to to deceive you or anything
+like that. You will get this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You will get this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You will get this is the
+formula that is used to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is used to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is used to compute the
+value of that option. And when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that option. And when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that option. And when I
+substituted all the parameters that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted all the parameters that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted all the parameters that uh
+uh are necessary, I get that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are necessary, I get that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are necessary, I get that the value
+of the option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the option is
+447. So I immediately on January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. So I immediately on January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. So I immediately on January
+1st got 447. Everybody else is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st got 447. Everybody else is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st got 447. Everybody else is going
+ready to bid $3. I have in my pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to bid $3. I have in my pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to bid $3. I have in my pocket
+447. I can bid let's say 420, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. I can bid let's say 420, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. I can bid let's say 420, right?
+guaranteed if I if I know that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed if I if I know that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed if I if I know that everybody
+else is bidding 30, I will win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is bidding 30, I will win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is bidding 30, I will win the
+storage. Plus, my profit margin is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Plus, my profit margin is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Plus, my profit margin is not a
+penny anymore. My profit margin is 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny anymore. My profit margin is 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny anymore. My profit margin is 27
+cents, right? If I I can do even 410,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents, right? If I I can do even 410,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents, right? If I I can do even 410,
+right? Even increase my profit margin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Even increase my profit margin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Even increase my profit margin if
+I really want to be greedy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to be greedy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to be greedy in this
+particular case. But clearly, I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case. But clearly, I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case. But clearly, I can have
+a bigger margin. I can have a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger margin. I can have a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger margin. I can have a bigger
+value. You can guess by the way without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. You can guess by the way without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. You can guess by the way without
+even looking at the formula why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even looking at the formula why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even looking at the formula why the
+value of this option with the payout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this option with the payout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this option with the payout
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this with this payout. Why is it bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this payout. Why is it bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this payout. Why is it bigger
+than $3? It's always bigger than $3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, forget about again interest rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, forget about again interest rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, forget about again interest rates.
+It's not the discount. What is the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the discount. What is the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not the discount. What is the on
+January 1st? What is the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st? What is the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st? What is the intrinsic
+value? If there is no volatility at all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value? If there is no volatility at all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value? If there is no volatility at all,
+then the intrinsic value of the option.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intrinsic value of the option.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intrinsic value of the option.
+So that zero volatility, the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that zero volatility, the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that zero volatility, the value of
+the option is exactly the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option is exactly the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option is exactly the difference
+between December and August on January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between December and August on January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between December and August on January
+1st, which is $3. So $3 is the in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st, which is $3. So $3 is the in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st, which is $3. So $3 is the in is the
+intrinsic value of that option. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value of that option. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic value of that option. And we
+all know that the value of the option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that the value of the option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that the value of the option is
+greater than intrinsic value if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than intrinsic value if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than intrinsic value if there is
+a volatility because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volatility because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a volatility because there is a
+volatility. The value is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. The value is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. The value is greater than
+$3. And actually it's substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3. And actually it's substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3. And actually it's substantially
+greater than $3 because the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than $3 because the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than $3 because the volatility
+in the energy markets is very high. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy markets is very high. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy markets is very high. It's
+much much higher that what you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher that what you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much higher that what you see in
+the interest rates or effects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rates or effects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rates or effects or
+equities indices. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities indices. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities indices. I mean
+yes. So you're getting more money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. So you're getting more money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. So you're getting more money from
+taking on more risk basically. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on more risk basically. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on more risk basically. Let's
+we'll get to that. You're you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that. You're you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that. You're you're asking
+exactly the correct question because yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the correct question because yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the correct question because yes
+I am proud I got 447. I paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am proud I got 447. I paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am proud I got 447. I paid
+420. I mean, I was bidding 420. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+420. I mean, I was bidding 420. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+420. I mean, I was bidding 420. Of
+course, I won, right? I got my storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, I won, right? I got my storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, I won, right? I got my storage.
+I bring it back home. Now, let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bring it back home. Now, let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bring it back home. Now, let's see
+what kind of risk I brought home. I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of risk I brought home. I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of risk I brought home. I have
+27 cents in my pocket left, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 cents in my pocket left, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 cents in my pocket left, right? It's
+my profit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my profit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my profit.
+But now let's assume on July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now let's assume on July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now let's assume on July
+31st, let's say December price goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31st, let's say December price goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31st, let's say December price goes to
+$80 and the August price goes to, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$80 and the August price goes to, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$80 and the August price goes to, I
+don't know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know,
+$55. I sold this option. How much do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55. I sold this option. How much do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$55. I sold this option. How much do I
+owe on July 31st? Right? Option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe on July 31st? Right? Option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe on July 31st? Right? Option is
+exercised. How much do I owe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised. How much do I owe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised. How much do I owe to the
+owner of the option? If December on July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option? If December on July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option? If December on July
+31st is 80 and August is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+55. Yes. $25. It's uh I have only 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55. Yes. $25. It's uh I have only 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55. Yes. $25. It's uh I have only 27
+cents in my pocket, right? So what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in my pocket, right? So what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in my pocket, right? So what do I
+do? How do I That's my risk as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? How do I That's my risk as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? How do I That's my risk as you're
+telling me. This is the risk that uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me. This is the risk that uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me. This is the risk that uh all
+of a sudden I owe astronomical amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden I owe astronomical amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden I owe astronomical amount of
+money to the person to whom I sold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the person to whom I sold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to the person to whom I sold this
+option. So what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. So what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. So what I
+do do I run to Venezuela or what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do I run to Venezuela or what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do I run to Venezuela or what I just
+know where what do I can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess? Remember I have a storage and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess? Remember I have a storage and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess? Remember I have a storage and on
+July 31st the August price is 60 55 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July 31st the August price is 60 55 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July 31st the August price is 60 55 and
+the December is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the December is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the December is
+80. So you already told me what to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80. So you already told me what to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80. So you already told me what to do in
+the situation. That's what traders would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation. That's what traders would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation. That's what traders would
+do. I mean they would buy immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I mean they would buy immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I mean they would buy immediately
+the August at 55 immediately sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the August at 55 immediately sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the August at 55 immediately sell
+December because I have the storage now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December because I have the storage now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December because I have the storage now.
+I can extract this $25 using my physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can extract this $25 using my physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can extract this $25 using my physical
+asset. So this is the beauty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset. So this is the beauty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset. So this is the beauty of the
+physical or real options that I can by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical or real options that I can by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical or real options that I can by
+doing certain things I can extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing certain things I can extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing certain things I can extract the
+payout of the option. So I'm completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout of the option. So I'm completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout of the option. So I'm completely
+protected. So my it seems to me that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected. So my it seems to me that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected. So my it seems to me that my
+storage and that spread option is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and that spread option is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and that spread option is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing, right? Because I'm fully hedged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? Because I'm fully hedged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? Because I'm fully hedged
+with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my
+storage, right? I mean just is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, right? I mean just is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, right? I mean just is that
+clear? Do you understand how I managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear? Do you understand how I managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear? Do you understand how I managed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+escape terrible predicament?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape terrible predicament?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape terrible predicament?
+Yes. Yes. What happens if value of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. What happens if value of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. What happens if value of what
+you have in storage falls greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in storage falls greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in storage falls greater than
+what you paid compared what you receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you paid compared what you receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you paid compared what you receive
+from the auction? Uh, no. No, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the auction? Uh, no. No, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the auction? Uh, no. No, but it's
+an auction, right? So, I received for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auction, right? So, I received for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auction, right? So, I received for
+47. Everybody bids $3 or $2.99 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47. Everybody bids $3 or $2.99 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47. Everybody bids $3 or $2.99 and then
+for 20, right? There is no value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20, right? There is no value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20, right? There is no value of the
+storage except for the value what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage except for the value what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage except for the value what people
+are bidding for. I mean that's the So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bidding for. I mean that's the So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bidding for. I mean that's the So if
+I my bid is the highest that's it. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I my bid is the highest that's it. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I my bid is the highest that's it. Yeah,
+I received it. So is that your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I received it. So is that your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I received it. So is that your question
+or you asking me something else? Um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you asking me something else? Um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you asking me something else? Um sort
+of I'm just when I visualize the payoff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm just when I visualize the payoff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm just when I visualize the payoff,
+right? It's when the Oh, you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's when the Oh, you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's when the Oh, you're talking
+about what happens if vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if vice versa
+December not goes to 80 but to $20,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December not goes to 80 but to $20,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December not goes to 80 but to $20,
+right? And this one still remains at 55.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this one still remains at 55.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this one still remains at 55.
+I do nothing because I the payout of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do nothing because I the payout of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do nothing because I the payout of the
+option is equal to zero because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is equal to zero because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is equal to zero because this
+difference is negative right so I owe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is negative right so I owe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is negative right so I owe
+nothing to the value to the o to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to the value to the o to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to the value to the o to the
+owner of the option and I do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option and I do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option and I do nothing
+with my storage it's a fully hedged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my storage it's a fully hedged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my storage it's a fully hedged
+proposition so the storage and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition so the storage and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition so the storage and this
+option is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is one and the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+okay any questions so conceptually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so conceptually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so conceptually we
+are on the same page,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the same page,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the same page,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Okay. So that was of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was of course the
+character of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the real
+situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so reality is somewhat more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reality is somewhat more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reality is somewhat more complicated
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+always. Um in reality, let's say I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always. Um in reality, let's say I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always. Um in reality, let's say I go
+and bid for two years, right? I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bid for two years, right? I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bid for two years, right? I mean
+just I need the storage for two years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are many spread options I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are many spread options I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are many spread options I can
+sell. Right. Right. In the in this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. Right. Right. In the in this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. Right. Right. In the in this my
+example again in the character example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again in the character example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example again in the character example I
+sold August, December but I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold August, December but I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold August, December but I could have
+sold August, November, August, October.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold August, November, August, October.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold August, November, August, October.
+Right. Or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Or I can
+sell if I have uh um for two years I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell if I have uh um for two years I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell if I have uh um for two years I can
+say May, November, June, September and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say May, November, June, September and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say May, November, June, September and
+so on there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on there.
+If I have two years, it's 24. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have two years, it's 24. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have two years, it's 24. You can
+understand how many options I can sell,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how many options I can sell,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how many options I can sell,
+right? I mean, just options where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, just options where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, just options where
+uh options to put the oil into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh options to put the oil into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh options to put the oil into the
+tank today and extract it six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank today and extract it six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank today and extract it six months
+later with some profit or maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later with some profit or maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later with some profit or maybe three
+months later. And so there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later. And so there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later. And so there are a lot of
+this options. So first of all, I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this options. So first of all, I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this options. So first of all, I have to
+determine so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine so I can
+sell a lot of these options against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a lot of these options against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell a lot of these options against the
+storage. I have to determine a what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. I have to determine a what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. I have to determine a what is
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+valuable portfolio of options I can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable portfolio of options I can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable portfolio of options I can sell
+against the storage. This is we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the storage. This is we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the storage. This is we this
+kind of our strategy starts shaping up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our strategy starts shaping up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our strategy starts shaping up.
+So we want to optimize something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to optimize something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to optimize something and
+what are we optimizing? We're optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we optimizing? We're optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we optimizing? We're optimizing
+the value of the portfolio that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the portfolio that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the portfolio that they can
+sell against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell against the
+storage. Value is remember this cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Value is remember this cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. Value is remember this cash
+that I get from selling the option. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get from selling the option. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get from selling the option. I
+want to get not just 447. I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get not just 447. I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get not just 447. I want to get
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+4700,000. I don't know. I'm just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4700,000. I don't know. I'm just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4700,000. I don't know. I'm just uh
+whatever. I mean just I have to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. I mean just I have to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. I mean just I have to I want
+to maximize and bring it to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize and bring it to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize and bring it to the highest
+possible level based on the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible level based on the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible level based on the information
+price information volatility information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price information volatility information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price information volatility information
+that exists at this particular moment. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists at this particular moment. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists at this particular moment. I
+want to determine what uh what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to determine what uh what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to determine what uh what kind of
+portfolio options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio options.
+Now this is the optimization. What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is the optimization. What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is the optimization. What are
+the constraints? And now the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints? And now the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints? And now the constraints
+are requiring that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are requiring that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are requiring that you have some
+technical contractual and legal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical contractual and legal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical contractual and legal and
+environmental understanding what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental understanding what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental understanding what's going
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+Four simplest constraints I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four simplest constraints I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four simplest constraints I can give you
+is that you cannot put the gas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you cannot put the gas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you cannot put the gas in the
+ground or oil in the tank as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground or oil in the tank as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground or oil in the tank as quickly as
+you want. Right? There is certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. Right? There is certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. Right? There is certain
+constraints on the injection rate. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the injection rate. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the injection rate. There
+is certain constraints on the withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certain constraints on the withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certain constraints on the withdrawal
+rate. You cannot instantaneously extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. You cannot instantaneously extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. You cannot instantaneously extract
+gas from the ground or oil from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas from the ground or oil from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas from the ground or oil from the
+tank. You can never have a situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank. You can never have a situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank. You can never have a situation.
+Remember that whenever the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that whenever the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that whenever the option
+expires, you have to do something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires, you have to do something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expires, you have to do something to
+extract. Remember if to to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract. Remember if to to extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract. Remember if to to extract the
+value when whenever you owe somebody the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when whenever you owe somebody the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value when whenever you owe somebody the
+option holder $15 or $25 you had to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option holder $15 or $25 you had to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option holder $15 or $25 you had to put
+the oil in the tank wait six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil in the tank wait six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil in the tank wait six months
+extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract
+it under no circumstances. So your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under no circumstances. So your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under no circumstances. So your
+option portfolio should be sold in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option portfolio should be sold in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option portfolio should be sold in such
+a way against the storage that under no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way against the storage that under no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way against the storage that under no
+circumstances you are in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances you are in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances you are in the situation
+when the option is in the money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the option is in the money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the option is in the money.
+option is positive. You have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is positive. You have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is positive. You have to do
+something to extract the value. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to extract the value. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to extract the value. So you
+have to inject and there is no space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inject and there is no space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to inject and there is no space
+because you've done something before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've done something before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've done something before
+because some other options expired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some other options expired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some other options expired
+before and you put already oil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and you put already oil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and you put already oil in the
+tank and the tank is full and now a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and the tank is full and now a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and the tank is full and now a new
+option expires and tells you put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option expires and tells you put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option expires and tells you put more
+into the tank and there is no space. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tank and there is no space. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tank and there is no space. In
+the opposite situation when you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite situation when you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite situation when you need to
+sell from the tank and the tank is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell from the tank and the tank is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell from the tank and the tank is empty
+because some other options from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some other options from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some other options from that
+portfolio manage to uh take completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manage to uh take completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio manage to uh take completely
+deplete the oil from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deplete the oil from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deplete the oil from the
+tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank
+questions. So let's try uh make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So let's try uh make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So let's try uh make an
+attempt to write this optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to write this optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to write this optimization
+problem just for fun so that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just for fun so that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just for fun so that you have an
+idea uh what's going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So first of all let's see um what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all let's see um what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all let's see um what we're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+the let's start from the end this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's start from the end this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's start from the end this uh
+contract is simply tells me that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is simply tells me that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract is simply tells me that I want
+at some particular f is the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some particular f is the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some particular f is the price of the
+futures contract at expiration let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract at expiration let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract at expiration let's say
+months of June so this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of June so this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of June so this particular
+uh term of the sum tells me that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term of the sum tells me that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term of the sum tells me that how
+much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I
+will have to pay in June if I buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to pay in June if I buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to pay in June if I buy this
+is the volume if I buy let's say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume if I buy let's say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume if I buy let's say right
+now it's January if I buy in in June
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's January if I buy in in June
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's January if I buy in in June
+this amount of oil right using my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of oil right using my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of oil right using my
+futures contract how much I have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract how much I have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract how much I have to pay
+this is kind of cash from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of cash from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of cash from my
+pocket right I mean it's clear right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket right I mean it's clear right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket right I mean it's clear right the
+same thing there is no optional ity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing there is no optional ity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing there is no optional ity here
+is just straightforward buying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just straightforward buying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just straightforward buying and
+selling buying into the storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling buying into the storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling buying into the storage and
+selling from the storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Agreed. A little bit more complicated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agreed. A little bit more complicated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agreed. A little bit more complicated is
+this beast. Let me just This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beast. Let me just This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beast. Let me just This is the
+option as I told you before the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option as I told you before the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option as I told you before the option
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+injects oil into the tank at one month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects oil into the tank at one month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injects oil into the tank at one month
+and extract it in months I and extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extract it in months I and extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extract it in months I and extract
+it in the months J which is later. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the months J which is later. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the months J which is later. So
+you extract in June extract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract in June extract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract in June extract in
+November. Right? This is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November. Right? This is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November. Right? This is the value of
+the option. This is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option. This is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option. This is the volume
+associated with this option. I sold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this option. I sold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this option. I sold this
+option. Therefore, I have the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Therefore, I have the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Therefore, I have the positive
+cash flow, right? So, this is 447 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow, right? So, this is 447 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow, right? So, this is 447 in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+pocket. This is another option that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket. This is another option that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket. This is another option that I
+sold. This is option which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold. This is option which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold. This is option which is kind of
+opposite which is first you extract then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite which is first you extract then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite which is first you extract then
+you inject which is typical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject which is typical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inject which is typical situation
+when you receive your storage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you receive your storage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you receive your storage with
+already oil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already oil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already oil in the
+tank. Right? the curve is not contango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank. Right? the curve is not contango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank. Right? the curve is not contango
+but backwardation. So it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but backwardation. So it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but backwardation. So it's more
+profitable for you to sell it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable for you to sell it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable for you to sell it now
+because the prices are higher and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prices are higher and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prices are higher and then
+replace it later. So it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it later. So it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it later. So it's it's kind of
+symmetric situation to this one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric situation to this one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric situation to this one to the
+option that we already discussed. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that we already discussed. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that we already discussed. Uh
+it's just it works when the the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it works when the the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it works when the the curve is
+in the opposite direction. Right? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction. Right? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction. Right? So you
+try to make money no matter how just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make money no matter how just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make money no matter how just the
+the prices uh uh look you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices uh uh look you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices uh uh look you're trying to
+make this money. So you try to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this money. So you try to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this money. So you try to optimize
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+portfolio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, now let's talk about
+constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+To determine the constraints, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To determine the constraints, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To determine the constraints, I
+introduce right now the variable boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce right now the variable boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce right now the variable boolean
+variable which is one or zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is one or zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is one or zero which
+basically tells me if when I come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells me if when I come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells me if when I come to the
+exercise of this option like in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise of this option like in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise of this option like in our case
+on July 31st in our first example and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on July 31st in our first example and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on July 31st in our first example and I
+see if the option is in the money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the option is in the money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the option is in the money or
+not. So do I have to do something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. So do I have to do something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. So do I have to do something or
+not? Do I have to inject into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Do I have to inject into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Do I have to inject into the
+storage and so is it $15 or it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and so is it $15 or it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and so is it $15 or it's minus
+$15? If it's minus $15, the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$15? If it's minus $15, the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$15? If it's minus $15, the difference
+between the prices I don't do anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the prices I don't do anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the prices I don't do anything.
+So then it's zero. If it's plus 15, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then it's zero. If it's plus 15, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then it's zero. If it's plus 15, I
+have to do something to because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to because the
+owner of the option asked me $15, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option asked me $15, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the option asked me $15, right?
+And so I have to put uh oil into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I have to put uh oil into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I have to put uh oil into the
+tank and extract it sometimes later. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and extract it sometimes later. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and extract it sometimes later. So
+that's one. The same thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one. The same thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one. The same thing with the
+option which is opposite first with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which is opposite first with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which is opposite first with
+first withdrawal then injection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then injection
+constraints will be quite simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints will be quite simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints will be quite simple.
+So at the expiration I look if this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the expiration I look if this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the expiration I look if this one
+is one right then it means that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right then it means that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right then it means that I have
+to do something and what I have to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something and what I have to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something and what I have to do I
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+inject at the mo at the month I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject at the mo at the month I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject at the mo at the month I I have
+to inject this volume X I J right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject this volume X I J right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject this volume X I J right which
+was will be withdrawn later so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was will be withdrawn later so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was will be withdrawn later so that is
+injection if some option before that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection if some option before that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection if some option before that was
+in the money so I have to inject before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the money so I have to inject before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the money so I have to inject before
+and withdraw now that will cancel my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and withdraw now that will cancel my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and withdraw now that will cancel my
+injection. So if simultaneously I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection. So if simultaneously I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection. So if simultaneously I have
+to injection because one option is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to injection because one option is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to injection because one option is in
+the money and withdrawal because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and withdrawal because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money and withdrawal because the
+option that was exercised before is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that was exercised before is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that was exercised before is in
+the money they kind of uh cancel each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they kind of uh cancel each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money they kind of uh cancel each
+other right so that's why the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so that's why the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so that's why the sign is
+plus and minus the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus the same thing with
+others options and the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others options and the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others options and the same thing with
+pure futures contract and that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure futures contract and that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure futures contract and that should be
+less than the injection rate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the injection rate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the injection rate the same
+thing with withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with withdrawal
+rate right I mean just it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right I mean just it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right I mean just it's a it's
+a similar consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar consideration
+Now maximum capacity constraints it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now maximum capacity constraints it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now maximum capacity constraints it
+tells me that if I start with the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that if I start with the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that if I start with the this
+inventory in my tank at time zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory in my tank at time zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory in my tank at time zero and
+this is basically how much I will get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically how much I will get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically how much I will get at
+any time I for any months I that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time I for any months I that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time I for any months I that's how
+much I will have in my tank by that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I will have in my tank by that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I will have in my tank by that time
+I you have to believe me because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you have to believe me because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you have to believe me because it's
+not a trivial thing but the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trivial thing but the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trivial thing but the same thing
+with minimum constraints what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimum constraints what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimum constraints what you really
+have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand
+that unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X Y Z V and the unfortunately omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y Z V and the unfortunately omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y Z V and the unfortunately omega is
+also unknown. Omega is just if the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unknown. Omega is just if the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unknown. Omega is just if the it's
+basically these are the volumes. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are the volumes. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are the volumes. This is
+the kind of control variable the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of control variable the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of control variable the price
+right and the the price can be this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the price can be this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the the price can be this the
+spread can be positive can be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread can be positive can be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread can be positive can be negative
+can be zero right and this is becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be zero right and this is becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be zero right and this is becoming a
+very ugly nonlinear problem very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ugly nonlinear problem very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ugly nonlinear problem very quickly
+very big so you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you have a lot of
+variables right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right I mean
+for two years you have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years you have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years you have what
+uh 12 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 12 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 12 *
+11 which is 132 right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 which is 132 right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 which is 132 right let me
+just no 24 I'm sorry it's 24 * 23 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no 24 I'm sorry it's 24 * 23 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no 24 I'm sorry it's 24 * 23 so
+it's 12 * 23 so it's it's a big it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 * 23 so it's it's a big it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 * 23 so it's it's a big it's a
+it's a big number of variables plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big number of variables plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big number of variables plus plus
+equally big number of constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally big number of constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally big number of constraints and
+the constraints are nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so the problem is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard. I leave it up to you to decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. I leave it up to you to decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. I leave it up to you to decide how
+to solve it. That's why you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it. That's why you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it. That's why you're taking
+optimization courses here. Uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization courses here. Uh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization courses here. Uh I can
+suggest that there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that there are several
+approaches people would take. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches people would take. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches people would take. Um there
+is approximation where this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximation where this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximation where this problem is
+approximated let's say by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated let's say by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated let's say by linear
+programming or quadratic programming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming or quadratic programming or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming or quadratic programming or
+whatever you want right you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want right you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want right you can do it
+through Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Monte Carlo
+simulations or there is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations or there is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations or there is an interesting
+approach through the stoastic control I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach through the stoastic control I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach through the stoastic control I
+recommend you uh a paper by Carmona and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you uh a paper by Carmona and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you uh a paper by Carmona and
+Lovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lovski
+uh exactly how to uh how to do this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly how to uh how to do this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly how to uh how to do this um
+how to make a decision of injecting oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a decision of injecting oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a decision of injecting oil
+or withdrawing oil based on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or withdrawing oil based on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or withdrawing oil based on the uh
+stochastic control stocastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic control stocastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic control stocastic
+optimization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh
+methodology right but it is uh u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology right but it is uh u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology right but it is uh u
+quite an interesting paper. So either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an interesting paper. So either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an interesting paper. So either of
+these approaches can be used and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches can be used and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches can be used and they
+they are used and uh uh give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used and uh uh give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used and uh uh give you
+sometimes different results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes different results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes different results
+but you can look any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far. Is the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. Is the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. Is the control
+solution an optimal solution or an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution an optimal solution or an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution an optimal solution or an exact
+solution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it given the solution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me let me put it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me put it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me let me put it this
+way. None of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. None of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. None of these
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is better or or prettier or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better or or prettier or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better or or prettier or whatever
+because of the parameters that go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the parameters that go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the parameters that go into
+the problem. and uh you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. and uh you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. and uh you can have the
+most precise methodology but if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most precise methodology but if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most precise methodology but if your
+parameters are only 50% accurate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are only 50% accurate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are only 50% accurate right
+in reality I mean just all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality I mean just all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality I mean just all these
+parameters necessary for Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters necessary for Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters necessary for Monte Carlo
+simulations with scastic control you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations with scastic control you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations with scastic control you
+really don't know what they are you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what they are you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what they are you just
+only can guess through some implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can guess through some implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can guess through some implied
+market parameters like volatility and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market parameters like volatility and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market parameters like volatility and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and if you're wrong you're wrong even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're wrong you're wrong even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're wrong you're wrong even
+your method can be absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your method can be absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your method can be absolutely
+precise I like it because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I like it because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I like it because it's really
+very uh nice mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh nice mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh nice mathematics
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Uh we personally don't do that. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we personally don't do that. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we personally don't do that. I'm not
+going to tell you what we're using,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what we're using,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what we're using,
+right? But uh we do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But uh we do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But uh we do something different
+and our uh methodology is chosen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our uh methodology is chosen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our uh methodology is chosen to be
+robust. I mean just we chose it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. I mean just we chose it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. I mean just we chose it because
+we want methodology to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want methodology to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want methodology to be extremely
+robust. So we want we don't want small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. So we want we don't want small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. So we want we don't want small
+changes. We don't want to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. We don't want to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. We don't want to have the
+station when small changes which usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station when small changes which usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station when small changes which usually
+comes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when you
+overparameterize I mean people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overparameterize I mean people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overparameterize I mean people like to
+go and later to I mean in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and later to I mean in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and later to I mean in the second
+half I will discuss some of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I will discuss some of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I will discuss some of the models
+people use for example they they see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for example they they see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for example they they see the
+richness of the behavior of the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the behavior of the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness of the behavior of the prices
+and they want to introduce a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to introduce a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to introduce a lot of
+parameters to capture this richness by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to capture this richness by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to capture this richness by
+that they sacrifice the stability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sacrifice the stability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sacrifice the stability and
+robustness so little changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness so little changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness so little changes in the
+parameters and the value can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the value can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the value can change
+substantially so we uh prefer for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially so we uh prefer for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially so we uh prefer for a
+different approach where we'll maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach where we'll maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach where we'll maybe
+sacrifice some of the value but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice some of the value but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice some of the value but we will
+gain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the
+robustness stability and uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness stability and uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness stability and uh these are
+the the most important thing and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important thing and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most important thing and most
+importantly everything that we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly everything that we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly everything that we use in
+the model can be verified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model can be verified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model can be verified by the
+outside regulators and controllers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside regulators and controllers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside regulators and controllers which
+is this day and age is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this day and age is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this day and age is extremely
+important. We don't because these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We don't because these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We don't because these days
+to have a model that is calibrated even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a model that is calibrated even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a model that is calibrated even
+the word calibrated causes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word calibrated causes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word calibrated causes a lot of
+antennas just uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas just uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas just uh going
+up. So we try not to calibrate anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So we try not to calibrate anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So we try not to calibrate anything.
+Everything that we do can be verified.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything that we do can be verified.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything that we do can be verified.
+Every little brick that goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every little brick that goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every little brick that goes to the
+model can be traded in the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can be traded in the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can be traded in the market and
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+verified. That's this is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified. That's this is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified. That's this is very very
+important in this day and age.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this day and age.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this day and age.
+Yes. by calibration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. by calibration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. by calibration.
+We'll get to that. But uh very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get to that. But uh very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get to that. But uh very quick
+answer is this. Just you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is this. Just you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is this. Just you have a lot of
+parameters in the model, right? I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the model, right? I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the model, right? I mean,
+I'll show you some of the models people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some of the models people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some of the models people
+use. These parameters are not you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. These parameters are not you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. These parameters are not you don't
+see them in the market. It's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in the market. It's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in the market. It's the result
+of your model, right? It's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your model, right? It's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your model, right? It's because you
+chose this particular model, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this particular model, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this particular model, right?
+Somebody Black Scholes uses one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somebody Black Scholes uses one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somebody Black Scholes uses one
+parameter. If you use black shs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. If you use black shs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. If you use black shs with
+jump diffusion term and some other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump diffusion term and some other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump diffusion term and some other you
+introduce another 10 parameters. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce another 10 parameters. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce another 10 parameters. These
+parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are
+not observable. So you have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observable. So you have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observable. So you have to somehow
+calibrate it to the some market data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it to the some market data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it to the some market data and
+the calibration becoming a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calibration becoming a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calibration becoming a pretty
+interesting because calibration usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because calibration usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because calibration usually
+is done through some kind of le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done through some kind of le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done through some kind of le squares
+approach. So you try to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So you try to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So you try to look at the
+observable data and then adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable data and then adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable data and then adjust your
+parameters using some le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters using some le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters using some le squares
+approach to match that data. This le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to match that data. This le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to match that data. This le
+squares is notoriously bad problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is notoriously bad problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares is notoriously bad problem. So
+if you you have many solutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you have many solutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you have many solutions the
+solution set can be very flat. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution set can be very flat. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution set can be very flat. So you
+can stop very early you can I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop very early you can I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop very early you can I mean just
+there are problems with le squares. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems with le squares. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems with le squares. It's
+nonlinear optimization. uh by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization. uh by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optimization. uh by itself
+it's a very difficult uh so calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very difficult uh so calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very difficult uh so calibration
+can be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable anymore okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now I have to tell you the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I have to tell you the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I have to tell you the secret
+there is no Santa Claus right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Santa Claus right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Santa Claus right I mean
+just remember I was telling you that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember I was telling you that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember I was telling you that uh
+I go and I sold the option right to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go and I sold the option right to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go and I sold the option right to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I got the option. In reality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I got the option. In reality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I got the option. In reality,
+there is no option market. There is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no option market. There is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no option market. There is no
+nobody will buy this option from me. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will buy this option from me. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will buy this option from me. The
+market for this option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-existent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent.
+Now, what do we do in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what do we do in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what do we do in this particular
+situation? Well, that's where the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation? Well, that's where the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation? Well, that's where the whole
+beauty of Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of Black
+Scholes come to play, right? Right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholes come to play, right? Right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholes come to play, right? Right? I
+mean, black shells didn't get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, black shells didn't get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, black shells didn't get the the
+Nobel prize for integrating some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize for integrating some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize for integrating some very
+simple payoff function, right? That you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple payoff function, right? That you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple payoff function, right? That you
+can do in first year of school, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in first year of school, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in first year of school, right? I
+mean, just they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, just they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, just they got
+the Nobel prize or the way get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel prize or the way get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel prize or the way get kind of
+appreciation for what they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what they've done
+because they showed that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they showed that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they showed that with this
+value, they al also have the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, they al also have the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, they al also have the strategy
+that allows you by doing something every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you by doing something every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you by doing something every
+day or every half day, you can replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or every half day, you can replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or every half day, you can replicate
+this value. So if you paid for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value. So if you paid for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value. So if you paid for the
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option
+$5, right? Then you can show how to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5, right? Then you can show how to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5, right? Then you can show how to what
+to do every day, right? They tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do every day, right? They tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do every day, right? They tell you
+what to do every day in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do every day in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do every day in order to get
+back this $5 at the end, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this $5 at the end, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this $5 at the end, right? So
+that's what their main achievement. Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what their main achievement. Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what their main achievement. Or
+if I sold an option, right, and received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sold an option, right, and received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sold an option, right, and received
+$5, right? Let me just then I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5, right? Let me just then I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5, right? Let me just then I will do
+something that uh I will use this $5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh I will use this $5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh I will use this $5 to
+replicate any payout I owe at the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate any payout I owe at the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate any payout I owe at the end.
+So I sold it to you for example. So at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sold it to you for example. So at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sold it to you for example. So at
+the end I owe you $50 but they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I owe you $50 but they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I owe you $50 but they showed
+how through the dynamic hedging they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how through the dynamic hedging they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how through the dynamic hedging they can
+and using this $5 that I receive up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this $5 that I receive up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this $5 that I receive up
+front uh I can uh be able to meet my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh I can uh be able to meet my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh I can uh be able to meet my
+obligations to you. So they showed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations to you. So they showed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations to you. So they showed how
+to replicate the payout of the option.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in reality I don't have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in reality I don't have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in reality I don't have to have the
+market. I don't if I sold somebody an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. I don't if I sold somebody an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. I don't if I sold somebody an
+option for 47. I don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for 47. I don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for 47. I don't have to have
+anybody who buys it. What I will do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who buys it. What I will do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who buys it. What I will do I
+will simply use this dynamic hedging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply use this dynamic hedging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply use this dynamic hedging
+strategy that black shs advised me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that black shs advised me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that black shs advised me
+adapted to the spread options right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to the spread options right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to the spread options right
+which at the end will produce for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+447. That's it. I mean the there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. That's it. I mean the there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447. That's it. I mean the there is not
+but here again this is another task that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here again this is another task that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here again this is another task that
+quans will have to do not only they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quans will have to do not only they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quans will have to do not only they will
+find the value they will produce every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the value they will produce every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the value they will produce every
+day the strategy that allows you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the strategy that allows you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the strategy that allows you to to
+extract this 447.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this 447.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this 447.
+We already showed what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We already showed what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We already showed what to do with the
+storage. But now you have to do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. But now you have to do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. But now you have to do on the
+next level right of complexity. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level right of complexity. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level right of complexity. You have
+to do take tell to the trader what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do take tell to the trader what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do take tell to the trader what to do
+every day in order in reality get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day in order in reality get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day in order in reality get this
+447 from selling this option. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447 from selling this option. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+447 from selling this option. So you
+sold this you you told this trader I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold this you you told this trader I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold this you you told this trader I'm
+selling this portfolio for $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling this portfolio for $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling this portfolio for $100,000
+right for the storage. But he said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the storage. But he said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the storage. But he said but
+there is no nobody to sell it and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no nobody to sell it and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no nobody to sell it and we'll
+sell. Don't worry, I will do it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. Don't worry, I will do it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. Don't worry, I will do it through
+dynamic hedging. At the end, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic hedging. At the end, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic hedging. At the end, you will
+get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your
+$100,000. So, he will believe you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000. So, he will believe you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000. So, he will believe you and
+then he will do it. He will get 100,000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he will do it. He will get 100,000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he will do it. He will get 100,000.
+Then on the next level, you have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then on the next level, you have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then on the next level, you have to work
+with the guy who operates the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the guy who operates the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the guy who operates the storage
+and you will tell that person when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will tell that person when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will tell that person when to
+inject oil and when to withdraw and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject oil and when to withdraw and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject oil and when to withdraw and to
+get all all this magic that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all all this magic that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all all this magic that we've
+discussed before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I
+think it will be a very logical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will be a very logical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it will be a very logical point
+for me right now to stop and uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right now to stop and uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me right now to stop and uh in the
+next half we'll discuss how to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next half we'll discuss how to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next half we'll discuss how to model the
+power plant. So we're going to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant. So we're going to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant. So we're going to the uh
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic. So you have so so far we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic. So you have so so far we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic. So you have so so far we have
+covered how to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered how to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered how to model
+uh a physical asset, right, named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a physical asset, right, named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a physical asset, right, named
+storage. The same approach can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. The same approach can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage. The same approach can be used
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+model practically everything that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model practically everything that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model practically everything that we're
+interested in. For example, we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. For example, we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. For example, we can use
+the same thing to model the the tankers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to model the the tankers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to model the the tankers,
+power plants, this storage, refineries,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants, this storage, refineries,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants, this storage, refineries,
+anything. I mean, just power line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. I mean, just power line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. I mean, just power line,
+pipelines, everything can be modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines, everything can be modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines, everything can be modeled
+using this methodology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this methodology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this methodology.
+Of course the nature of the beast will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course the nature of the beast will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course the nature of the beast will
+be different right and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different right and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different right and you have to
+understand the nuances and the as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the nuances and the as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the nuances and the as I said
+the constraints of every I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of every I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of every I mean this
+modeling for example tanker requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for example tanker requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for example tanker requires
+understanding of the all the roots and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the all the roots and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the all the roots and I
+mean just the constraints in the ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the constraints in the ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the constraints in the ports
+and and all these things but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all these things but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all these things but but the
+conceptual philosophical approach is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual philosophical approach is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual philosophical approach is the
+same you have to find some optionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you have to find some optionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you have to find some optionality
+And that's some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's some additional
+value. So I obviously can don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So I obviously can don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So I obviously can don't have
+time to go over the whole thing, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go over the whole thing, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go over the whole thing, but
+let's again for you to have a taste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's again for you to have a taste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's again for you to have a taste of
+this, I mean just let's decide how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I mean just let's decide how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I mean just let's decide how to
+model the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant. Assume that you are the manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. Assume that you are the manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. Assume that you are the manager
+of the merchant power plant. Merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the merchant power plant. Merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the merchant power plant. Merchant
+means that uh you decide when to run it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh you decide when to run it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh you decide when to run it,
+not right. you you you run it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right. you you you run it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right. you you you run it to
+maximize the profit of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the profit of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the profit of this of this
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant. Um so how do you decide let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. Um so how do you decide let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. Um so how do you decide let's say
+you decide once a day in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide once a day in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide once a day in the morning
+whether to turn it on or turn it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to turn it on or turn it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to turn it on or turn it off
+right or not to turn it on. So how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not to turn it on. So how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not to turn it on. So how do
+you decide?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide?
+Well sounds complicated in reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well sounds complicated in reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well sounds complicated in reality is
+very simple. You wake up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple. You wake up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple. You wake up in the morning
+right? You look first of all at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You look first of all at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You look first of all at the
+newspaper and find out what's the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and find out what's the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and find out what's the price
+of electricity today and price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity today and price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity today and price of
+electricity you know for each hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you know for each hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity you know for each hour
+sometimes for each 15 minutes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for each 15 minutes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for each 15 minutes it's
+determined uh so you know for each hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined uh so you know for each hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined uh so you know for each hour
+or maybe daily price you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe daily price you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe daily price you know for the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+day so that's the price that's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that's the price that's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that's the price that's if you
+sell it that's how much money you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it that's how much money you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it that's how much money you will
+get on the other hand to produce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the other hand to produce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on the other hand to produce one
+megawatt hour of power you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour of power you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour of power you have to do
+something you have to turn on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to turn on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to turn on your
+turbines. So, you have to bring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines. So, you have to bring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines. So, you have to bring some
+fuel. You have to put some fuel into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. You have to put some fuel into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. You have to put some fuel into
+your turbines just to make them kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your turbines just to make them kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your turbines just to make them kind of
+move, right? I mean, just and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, right? I mean, just and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, right? I mean, just and uh uh
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+electricity. Fuel can be anything. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity. Fuel can be anything. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity. Fuel can be anything. Let's
+say it's natural gas, right? But some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's natural gas, right? But some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's natural gas, right? But some
+fuel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel.
+Now, you have to determine. So, you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you have to determine. So, you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you have to determine. So, you know
+how much money you'll get for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you'll get for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you'll get for one
+megawatt hour of power, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour of power, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour of power, right?
+But how much it will cost you to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how much it will cost you to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how much it will cost you to produce
+this? So how much fuel you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? So how much fuel you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? So how much fuel you need to
+determine how much first of all how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how much first of all how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how much first of all how much
+cost in terms of fuel to produce this 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in terms of fuel to produce this 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in terms of fuel to produce this 1
+megawatt hour you have to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour you have to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hour you have to know the
+efficiency of the plant because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the plant because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the plant because the
+efficiency of the plant is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the plant is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the plant is telling you
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+much units of fuel let's say how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much units of fuel let's say how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much units of fuel let's say how much
+mmtus so millions British ter thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmtus so millions British ter thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmtus so millions British ter thermal
+units of natural gas that's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of natural gas that's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of natural gas that's how it's
+measured how much uh MMB use of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured how much uh MMB use of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured how much uh MMB use of uh
+natural gas you have to burn to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas you have to burn to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas you have to burn to produce
+1 megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 megawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 megawatt
+hour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour.
+Well, this measure of efficiency for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this measure of efficiency for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this measure of efficiency for the
+power plant is something called heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant is something called heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant is something called heat
+rate. So heat rate is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So heat rate is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So heat rate is exactly this
+coefficient by which you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient by which you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient by which you multiply
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the so if I say that heat rate is seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if I say that heat rate is seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if I say that heat rate is seven
+it means that I need seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I need seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I need seven
+mmus of gas natural gas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmus of gas natural gas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmus of gas natural gas to
+produce one megawatt hour of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one megawatt hour of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one megawatt hour of power
+that's all so in our case there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all so in our case there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all so in our case there is
+nothing uh to be concerned about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh to be concerned about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh to be concerned about it's
+just simply uh the um some constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply uh the um some constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply uh the um some constant that
+is given. It's some constant between 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given. It's some constant between 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given. It's some constant between 7
+to 20, right? 20 is it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20, right? 20 is it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20, right? 20 is it's very
+inefficient plant, very early run. Seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient plant, very early run. Seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient plant, very early run. Seven
+is right now more kind of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now more kind of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now more kind of a standard
+constant. That's the the uh constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. That's the the uh constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. That's the the uh constant
+corresponding to the natural gas power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the natural gas power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the natural gas power
+plant which is right now the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which is right now the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant which is right now the majority of
+the new plants is is the natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new plants is is the natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new plants is is the natural gas
+plants and there are some other costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and there are some other costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and there are some other costs
+associated with producing one megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with producing one megawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with producing one megawatt
+hour. I mean just I don't know air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour. I mean just I don't know air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour. I mean just I don't know air
+conditioning labor cost and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning labor cost and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning labor cost and so on and so
+forth right so uh we we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right so uh we we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right so uh we we typically
+they're not the biggest component so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the biggest component so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the biggest component so if
+let's say this is seven what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is seven what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is seven what is the
+price of natural gas right now do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of natural gas right now do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of natural gas right now do you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+$2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2
+that's I wish but it's not it's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I wish but it's not it's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I wish but it's not it's around
+$4 right now let's say right uh peru so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4 right now let's say right uh peru so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$4 right now let's say right uh peru so
+this so you need $28 this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you need $28 this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you need $28 this probably
+around $3. So you need $31 to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around $3. So you need $31 to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around $3. So you need $31 to produce
+one megawatt hour. Speaking of gasoline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megawatt hour. Speaking of gasoline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megawatt hour. Speaking of gasoline.
+Oh, no, no, no, not that gas. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no, no, no, not that gas. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no, no, no, not that gas. Sorry.
+Natural gas. I'm talking. Okay. Sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural gas. I'm talking. Okay. Sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural gas. I'm talking. Okay. Sorry
+about that. I don't understand. But even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. I don't understand. But even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. I don't understand. But even
+natur even gasoline is right now around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natur even gasoline is right now around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natur even gasoline is right now around
+$5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Or maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Or maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Or maybe you
+are filling your tank someplace which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are filling your tank someplace which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are filling your tank someplace which
+you will share with us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, is that clear? That's basically, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, is that clear? That's basically, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, is that clear? That's basically, so
+you wake up, you look at the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wake up, you look at the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wake up, you look at the price of
+the power, let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power, let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power, let's say it's
+$50. You know, your plant is, let's say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50. You know, your plant is, let's say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50. You know, your plant is, let's say,
+heat rate eight. You look at the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat rate eight. You look at the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat rate eight. You look at the price
+of natural gas, it's $4. Variable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas, it's $4. Variable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural gas, it's $4. Variable cost
+$3. Will you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant? Yeah. What will be your profit?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$48 three. So it's $35 to it will cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$48 three. So it's $35 to it will cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$48 three. So it's $35 to it will cost
+you to produce one megawatt hour. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to produce one megawatt hour. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to produce one megawatt hour. This
+is $50. You made $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $50. You made $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is $50. You made $15
+profit. You turn it on, it runs. If on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. You turn it on, it runs. If on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. You turn it on, it runs. If on
+the other hand the price of power will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the price of power will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the price of power will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+$30, you look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30, you look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30, you look in the
+newspaper, you go back back to sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper, you go back back to sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper, you go back back to sleep and
+nothing happens, you get zero for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens, you get zero for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens, you get zero for that
+day. So this is maximum between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. So this is maximum between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. So this is maximum between this
+price and zero. Agreed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, now before I go to the next slide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now before I go to the next slide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now before I go to the next slide,
+uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+together we'll have to determine what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll have to determine what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll have to determine what is
+if I want to buy a plant, right? If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to buy a plant, right? If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to buy a plant, right? If I
+want to buy a power plant, how much I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy a power plant, how much I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to buy a power plant, how much I'm
+willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay for
+that? Well, what I'm willing to pay, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, what I'm willing to pay, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well, what I'm willing to pay, I
+know that every day I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that every day I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that every day I'm getting this
+thing, right? But I don't know each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? But I don't know each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? But I don't know each of
+these things is a random number. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is a random number. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is a random number. So I
+have to kind of buy I have to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of buy I have to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of buy I have to construct
+the distribution of this price of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of this price of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of this price of this
+price maybe correlation between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price maybe correlation between them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price maybe correlation between them.
+It's a two-dimensional distribution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a two-dimensional distribution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a two-dimensional distribution.
+Right? So correlation find some expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So correlation find some expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So correlation find some expected
+value and that's how I will pay much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that's how I will pay much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and that's how I will pay much I
+want to pay for the for the power plant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for the for the power plant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for the for the power plant.
+Right? So now we come to the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So now we come to the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So now we come to the interesting
+question. So now real work starts. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So now real work starts. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So now real work starts. So I
+know that this is the value that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is the value that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is the value that I have
+to integrate but I don't know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate but I don't know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate but I don't know with
+respect to which distribution. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which distribution. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which distribution. So I have
+to now construct the model of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now construct the model of the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now construct the model of the power
+prices, fuel prices and uh then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices, fuel prices and uh then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices, fuel prices and uh then take
+this two dimensional distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two dimensional distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two dimensional distribution and
+try to uh find the expectation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh find the expectation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh find the expectation and
+that's how much you're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much you're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much you're willing to pay
+for this power plant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Agreed? Well, so let's start with kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agreed? Well, so let's start with kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agreed? Well, so let's start with kind
+of building these components, right? Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these components, right? Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building these components, right? Let
+me just uh that's what the again quants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just uh that's what the again quants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just uh that's what the again quants
+will do using already the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do using already the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do using already the experience
+from other markets and so on you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other markets and so on you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other markets and so on you already
+heard other lectures right so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard other lectures right so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard other lectures right so what we do
+we first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first look at
+the distribution of power prices to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of power prices to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of power prices to see
+if because I don't know how to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if because I don't know how to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if because I don't know how to model the
+evolution of power prices I know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of power prices I know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of power prices I know if I
+use simply brownie on motion let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use simply brownie on motion let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use simply brownie on motion let's say
+this my first idea well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my first idea well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this my first idea well let's see
+brownian motion gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownian motion gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownian motion gives us the
+distribution ution which is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution ution which is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution ution which is as you
+remember at any point of time is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at any point of time is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at any point of time is kind of
+normally distributed right if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed right if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed right if I if I
+look at the terminal distribution of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the terminal distribution of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the terminal distribution of uh
+price after which is driven by brown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price after which is driven by brown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price after which is driven by brown in
+motion right if I assume that the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right if I assume that the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right if I assume that the prices
+are driven by browning emotion then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by browning emotion then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driven by browning emotion then at
+the end I will get the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I will get the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end I will get the normal
+distribution so if I look at that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if I look at that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so if I look at that say
+equity this is S&P 500 indeed it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity this is S&P 500 indeed it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity this is S&P 500 indeed it's we
+all know that S&P has fat tails right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that S&P has fat tails right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that S&P has fat tails right
+but as you can see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see in a moment
+This is not a fat tail. I mean just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not a fat tail. I mean just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not a fat tail. I mean just this
+is very close to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to the normal
+distribution, right? From for the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution, right? From for the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution, right? From for the equity
+guys, of course, for the guys who trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, of course, for the guys who trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, of course, for the guys who trade
+the stocks, it's enormously fat tail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks, it's enormously fat tail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks, it's enormously fat tail.
+But from the commodity point of view,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But from the commodity point of view,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But from the commodity point of view,
+this is just perfect normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just perfect normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just perfect normal
+distribution. This is what the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. This is what the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. This is what the this is
+the distribution that we deal with. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution that we deal with. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution that we deal with. This
+is the the tails here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the tails here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the tails here are
+just so normal distribution just out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so normal distribution just out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so normal distribution just out of
+the window immediately, right? Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window immediately, right? Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window immediately, right? Right? So
+Browning motion out of the window. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browning motion out of the window. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browning motion out of the window. We
+cannot construct this distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot construct this distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot construct this distribution of
+the terminal prices of uh power using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal prices of uh power using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal prices of uh power using
+that that's one thing. So we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's one thing. So we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's one thing. So we have very
+fat tails and this is the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat tails and this is the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat tails and this is the kind of the
+parameters that specify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that specify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that specify this
+distribution. If I look at the let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. If I look at the let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. If I look at the let's say
+the equity index the curtosis is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity index the curtosis is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity index the curtosis is very
+close to the curtosis of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the curtosis of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the curtosis of the normal
+distribution which is three exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is three exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is three exactly
+um but if I look at the northpool which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I look at the northpool which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I look at the northpool which
+is uh its power prices in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh its power prices in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh its power prices in in
+Scandinavian countries curtosis is 26 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian countries curtosis is 26 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian countries curtosis is 26 if
+I look at the one hour price at 76. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the one hour price at 76. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the one hour price at 76. So
+it is as you can see as as far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as you can see as as far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is as you can see as as far from
+normal as as possible and we've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal as as possible and we've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal as as possible and we've seen it
+in the picture and these are the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture and these are the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the picture and these are the numbers
+corresponding to that. Moreover, look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that. Moreover, look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that. Moreover, look at
+the behavior of the prices. What this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the prices. What this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the prices. What this is
+the price in some in Texas for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in some in Texas for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price in some in Texas for example,
+power prices in Texas. What immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power prices in Texas. What immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power prices in Texas. What immediately
+jumps? What I mean look at the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps? What I mean look at the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps? What I mean look at the price and
+say wow what how is it different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow what how is it different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow what how is it different from
+what you see let's say in the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see let's say in the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see let's say in the equity
+world with stock market for example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world with stock market for example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world with stock market for example.
+What is it that immediately jumps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you? What is different here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead. I mean just there's no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. I mean just there's no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. I mean just there's no right
+or wrong answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong answer.
+Spikes that's the key word like no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spikes that's the key word like no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spikes that's the key word like no other
+market we have spikes here. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market we have spikes here. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market we have spikes here. That's a
+major major issue for us to from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major major issue for us to from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major major issue for us to from the
+modeling point of view. You take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling point of view. You take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling point of view. You take any
+standard let's say brown emotion it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard let's say brown emotion it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard let's say brown emotion it will
+never exhibit the spikes. Not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never exhibit the spikes. Not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never exhibit the spikes. Not only that
+the volatility of course in the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility of course in the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility of course in the of the
+prices as we already expect is huge. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices as we already expect is huge. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices as we already expect is huge. I
+mean hundreds S&P volatility right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hundreds S&P volatility right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hundreds S&P volatility right now
+is 10%. This is hund 200 sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10%. This is hund 200 sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10%. This is hund 200 sometimes
+thousand right everything all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand right everything all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand right everything all the
+intuition you have about the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you have about the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you have about the behavior of
+the prices behavior of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices behavior of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices behavior of the random
+variables right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables right is
+mostly was evolved all this intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly was evolved all this intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly was evolved all this intuition
+under this 10 15 20% volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumption random variables behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption random variables behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption random variables behave in
+completely different way when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different way when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different way when they are
+we have volatility of or 200 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have volatility of or 200 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have volatility of or 200 or
+300%. So that's another thing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300%. So that's another thing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300%. So that's another thing that will
+be challenging us. I mean just so spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be challenging us. I mean just so spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be challenging us. I mean just so spikes
+and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high
+volatility it's just the same thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility it's just the same thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility it's just the same thing it's
+everywhere. So just wanted to bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So just wanted to bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So just wanted to bring that
+it's different region of the country it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different region of the country it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different region of the country it
+will be exactly the same thing. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the same thing. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the same thing. So it's
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+thing. So if you look and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So if you look and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So if you look and try to
+summarize what we're trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we're trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we're trying to capture
+is mean reversion and spikes is more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mean reversion and spikes is more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mean reversion and spikes is more or
+less the same thing. So we know if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing. So we know if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing. So we know if we go
+far away it will go back right. Uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away it will go back right. Uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away it will go back right. Uh high
+crytosis regime switching I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crytosis regime switching I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crytosis regime switching I will talk
+about that in in a moment. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in in a moment. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in in a moment. Uh and
+non-stationarity I just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity I just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity I just that's
+uh goes without saying that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes without saying that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes without saying that's true for
+most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+markets. Another problem that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets. Another problem that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets. Another problem that we have to
+capture or another not the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture or another not the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture or another not the problem but
+another phenomenon that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phenomenon that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phenomenon that they have to
+capture that the power and the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that the power and the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that the power and the fuel
+natural gas uh exhibit a very particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas uh exhibit a very particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas uh exhibit a very particular
+term structure well structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure well structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure well structure of the
+correlation. So correlation is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation. So correlation is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation. So correlation is not a
+number it's it's depend on the heat rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's it's depend on the heat rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's it's depend on the heat rate
+in the market. Remember heat rate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market. Remember heat rate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market. Remember heat rate is the
+efficiency of the power plant that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the power plant that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the power plant that are
+running in the market. Depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the market. Depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the market. Depending on the
+efficiency you may have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you may have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you may have very high
+correlation low correlation. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation low correlation. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation low correlation. We'll
+discuss that at the end of this talk. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that at the end of this talk. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that at the end of this talk. I
+mean just why this but that's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just why this but that's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just why this but that's right now
+I'm giving you something that we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you something that we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you something that we observe
+and our models prefer should me should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our models prefer should me should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our models prefer should me should
+capture that as well. So a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that as well. So a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that as well. So a model
+requirements for our model are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for our model are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for our model are pretty
+intense right I mean just and uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense right I mean just and uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense right I mean just and uh pretty
+um difficult I mean just I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficult I mean just I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficult I mean just I don't think
+that you ever seen the requirement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you ever seen the requirement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you ever seen the requirement that
+the correlation should have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation should have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation should have some
+particular structure I just depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure I just depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure I just depending on
+some parameters and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions? So the models typically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? So the models typically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? So the models typically I
+mean first thing people do they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first thing people do they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean first thing people do they take the
+models that they know and they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that they know and they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that they know and they try to
+apply. Let's just very quickly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. Let's just very quickly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. Let's just very quickly go
+through the model. I mean you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model. I mean you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model. I mean you've seen
+this models already in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this models already in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this models already in the previous
+lectures, right? Let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures, right? Let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures, right? Let's start with the
+straightforward geometric brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward geometric brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward geometric brownian
+motion which out of the window right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which out of the window right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which out of the window right
+away right I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away right I mean you
+agree because no spikes no high kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree because no spikes no high kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree because no spikes no high kind of
+no correlation structure nothing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correlation structure nothing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no correlation structure nothing I mean
+just uh so it's clear that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh so it's clear that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh so it's clear that in order to
+we want to kind of start with brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to kind of start with brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to kind of start with brand
+motion geometric brand motion try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion geometric brand motion try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion geometric brand motion try to
+maybe modify it a little bit right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe modify it a little bit right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe modify it a little bit right so
+what what is spike spike means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is spike spike means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is spike spike means that it
+just things go up and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just things go up and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just things go up and then they're
+pulled back. So there should be some min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back. So there should be some min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back. So there should be some min
+reversion, right? So min reversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion, right? So min reversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion, right? So min reversion is
+good, right? But unfortunately mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, right? But unfortunately mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, right? But unfortunately mean
+reversion if you first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion if you first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion if you first of all it's
+pretty strong. So it goes remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong. So it goes remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong. So it goes remember the
+price goes from $30 to $1,000 and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes from $30 to $1,000 and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes from $30 to $1,000 and go
+back to $30, right? I mean just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to $30, right? I mean just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to $30, right? I mean just so
+minion should be extremely strong,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minion should be extremely strong,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minion should be extremely strong,
+right? Second of all, what pushes it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Second of all, what pushes it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Second of all, what pushes it to
+the thousand level, right? You need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand level, right? You need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand level, right? You need to
+have a jump, right? So that's why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump, right? So that's why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump, right? So that's why people
+introduce the jumps. So we have min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the jumps. So we have min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the jumps. So we have min
+reversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion
+jumps jumps and min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps jumps and min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps jumps and min
+reversion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Still it is becoming uh pretty um clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still it is becoming uh pretty um clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still it is becoming uh pretty um clear
+that this will not work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will not work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will not work for the
+following reason. It goes from $30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following reason. It goes from $30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following reason. It goes from $30 to
+$1,000 and then it goes back because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and then it goes back because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and then it goes back because
+it's a spike. It goes back within three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spike. It goes back within three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spike. It goes back within three
+four days. It comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days. It comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four days. It comes
+back, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back, right?
+So the mean reversion should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the mean reversion should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the mean reversion should be
+extremely strong the force of pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong the force of pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely strong the force of pulling
+back is should be extremely strong. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is should be extremely strong. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is should be extremely strong. But
+if it's so strong that moves you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's so strong that moves you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's so strong that moves you back
+to,000 from,000 to 30 imagine what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to,000 from,000 to 30 imagine what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to,000 from,000 to 30 imagine what it
+does when you're on the level of $30 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does when you're on the level of $30 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does when you're on the level of $30 it
+just will be completely flat there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just will be completely flat there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just will be completely flat there,
+right? I mean just nothing you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean just nothing you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean just nothing you could not
+move there, right? So people observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there, right? So people observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move there, right? So people observe
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+introduced well they figure out maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced well they figure out maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced well they figure out maybe
+the mean reversion will be different at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean reversion will be different at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean reversion will be different at
+the level of $1,000 when you are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of $1,000 when you are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of $1,000 when you are at the
+normal level of $30, right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal level of $30, right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal level of $30, right? So the
+difference so you introduce right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you introduce right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you introduce right now
+so-called regime switching. So it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called regime switching. So it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called regime switching. So it means
+that all the parameters change. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the parameters change. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the parameters change. So you
+introduce the kind of the high price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the kind of the high price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the kind of the high price
+level, low price level parameters change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, low price level parameters change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, low price level parameters change
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh and now we're getting to the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we're getting to the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now we're getting to the example
+that we we discussed in the first half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we discussed in the first half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we discussed in the first half.
+You end up with the model with 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You end up with the model with 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You end up with the model with 10
+parameters, 12 parameters which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, 12 parameters which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, 12 parameters which is
+absolutely impossible to manage. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely impossible to manage. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely impossible to manage. Right?
+I mean I can give you another probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I can give you another probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I can give you another probably
+hour of discussing why this uh approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of discussing why this uh approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of discussing why this uh approach
+in general is is not good. Uh and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is is not good. Uh and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is is not good. Uh and not
+just in commodities but everywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in commodities but everywhere else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in commodities but everywhere else.
+I mean just I'm I'm not a big fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just I'm I'm not a big fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just I'm I'm not a big fan of
+making the models extremely complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the models extremely complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the models extremely complicated
+because one complexity introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one complexity introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one complexity introduction of
+one complexity leads to introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one complexity leads to introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one complexity leads to introduction of
+another complexity and you just cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complexity and you just cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another complexity and you just cannot
+manage this thing. It's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage this thing. It's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage this thing. It's impossible to
+manage. Theoretically it looks fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage. Theoretically it looks fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage. Theoretically it looks fantastic
+unmanageable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable.
+So we have to figure out something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have to figure out something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have to figure out something else.
+So all this methodologies and like I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all this methodologies and like I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all this methodologies and like I put
+them there the methodologies that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there the methodologies that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there the methodologies that people
+actually use the stochastic volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the stochastic volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the stochastic volatility
+the the regime switching multiple jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the regime switching multiple jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the regime switching multiple jumps
+and so on. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Uh
+this it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all
+used but it's not what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but it's not what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but it's not what I want to
+suggest. I want to suggest something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest. I want to suggest something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest. I want to suggest something
+completely different. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different. This is the
+methodologies that typically uh coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies that typically uh coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies that typically uh coming
+from fixed income I'm sorry fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fixed income I'm sorry fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fixed income I'm sorry fixed income
+world or foreign exchange or equities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or foreign exchange or equities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or foreign exchange or equities
+and so on. I want to introduce to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. I want to introduce to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. I want to introduce to you
+something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely
+different. Any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Any questions so
+far? So I want to introduce the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? So I want to introduce the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? So I want to introduce the the
+methodology which is more suitable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology which is more suitable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology which is more suitable and
+more understandable from the commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more understandable from the commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more understandable from the commodity
+point of view because actually what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view because actually what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view because actually what's a
+price of commodity? Price of commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of commodity? Price of commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of commodity? Price of commodity
+is driven by only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is driven by only two
+things. Can you guess which? Huh?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Can you guess which? Huh?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Can you guess which? Huh?
+Exactly. Supply and demand. That's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Supply and demand. That's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Supply and demand. That's all
+it is. That's what we'll try to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. That's what we'll try to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. That's what we'll try to do.
+Maybe we can. We have hard time modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we can. We have hard time modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we can. We have hard time modeling
+the commodity prices using just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity prices using just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity prices using just these
+standard methodologies from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard methodologies from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard methodologies from different
+markets which rely only on the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets which rely only on the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets which rely only on the prices
+themselves. Maybe if I introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Maybe if I introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Maybe if I introduce some
+fundamental modeling as well, I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental modeling as well, I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental modeling as well, I can do
+it without losing the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without losing the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without losing the most important
+part of this model is that matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this model is that matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this model is that matches the
+market data. So I have to a I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market data. So I have to a I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market data. So I have to a I have I
+want to model supply and demand but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model supply and demand but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model supply and demand but I
+also would like to match every market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also would like to match every market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also would like to match every market
+data that I have. So maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that I have. So maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that I have. So maybe I'm
+introducing completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing completely different
+complexity, maybe not. So let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity, maybe not. So let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity, maybe not. So let's try to
+see uh if I am s if I can succeed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh if I am s if I can succeed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh if I am s if I can succeed here
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not. For before we go into this whole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. For before we go into this whole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. For before we go into this whole in
+the depths of this let's discuss how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depths of this let's discuss how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depths of this let's discuss how the
+power prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formed. Power prices are formed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. Power prices are formed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed. Power prices are formed in the
+following way. Let's say that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way. Let's say that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way. Let's say that uh um
+there are two power plant market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two power plant market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two power plant market
+consists of two power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two power
+plants right and um this generator one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants right and um this generator one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants right and um this generator one
+and generator two every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generator two every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generator two every
+day they again price prices of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they again price prices of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they again price prices of power
+formed at the auction so every time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed at the auction so every time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed at the auction so every time the
+generators will submit the bids which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators will submit the bids which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators will submit the bids which
+says the following I can generate 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the following I can generate 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the following I can generate 50
+megawatt for the for given hour I've g I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt for the for given hour I've g I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt for the for given hour I've g I
+will generate 50 megawatt. If you ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate 50 megawatt. If you ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate 50 megawatt. If you ask me
+only to generate 50, I will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to generate 50, I will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to generate 50, I will generate
+them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at
+$20. Why? Because I will run my most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20. Why? Because I will run my most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20. Why? Because I will run my most
+efficient power plant, right? Which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient power plant, right? Which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient power plant, right? Which is
+the cheapest one to run. I'll generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheapest one to run. I'll generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheapest one to run. I'll generate
+50 50 megawatts. If you want more, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50 megawatts. If you want more, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50 megawatts. If you want more, if
+you want me to I'm bidding. If you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to I'm bidding. If you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to I'm bidding. If you want
+me to do 100 then you'll have to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do 100 then you'll have to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do 100 then you'll have to pay me
+25 because I will have to introduce less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 because I will have to introduce less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 because I will have to introduce less
+efficient pipelines and so on 200 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient pipelines and so on 200 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient pipelines and so on 200 to 30
+and then if you want to run me generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want to run me generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want to run me generate
+600 you'll have to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 you'll have to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 you'll have to pay me
+50. So that's my bid soal bid stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. So that's my bid soal bid stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. So that's my bid soal bid stack
+which is that's that's what I'm sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that's that's what I'm sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that's that's what I'm sending
+to the to the auction. The other guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the auction. The other guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the auction. The other guy is
+sending similar things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending similar things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending similar things.
+The auctioneer there is a auctioneer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The auctioneer there is a auctioneer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The auctioneer there is a auctioneer
+organization called independent system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called independent system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called independent system
+operator ISO right they collect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator ISO right they collect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator ISO right they collect all
+these bids they know what demand will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bids they know what demand will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bids they know what demand will be
+tomorrow right they collect and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow right they collect and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow right they collect and then
+knowing this demand they will first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing this demand they will first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing this demand they will first of
+all they will sort out all the bids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they will sort out all the bids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they will sort out all the bids in
+the most optimal way so they put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together by sorting right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by sorting right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by sorting right so this
+is the auctioneer combined all these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the auctioneer combined all these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the auctioneer combined all these two
+bids created this graph. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids created this graph. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids created this graph. So basically
+based on how much how much they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how much how much they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how much how much they need to
+generate. So based on the demand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate. So based on the demand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate. So based on the demand this
+will be the price right that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the price right that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the price right that will be the
+clearing price of the market and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price of the market and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price of the market and then
+because auctioneer knows all the bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because auctioneer knows all the bids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because auctioneer knows all the bids
+the auctioneer will send the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auctioneer will send the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auctioneer will send the demand for
+this generator and that generates said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generator and that generates said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generator and that generates said
+you will generate 60 you will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will generate 60 you will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will generate 60 you will generate
+600 or whatever I mean just but and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 or whatever I mean just but and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 or whatever I mean just but and the
+the final price is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final price is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final price is the
+highest basically highest price that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest basically highest price that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest basically highest price that is
+necessary to meet the demand. So if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to meet the demand. So if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to meet the demand. So if the
+demand is 600 so this will be the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is 600 so this will be the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is 600 so this will be the price
+if it's 800 this will be the price right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 800 this will be the price right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 800 this will be the price right
+so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the
+u the price is clearly the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the price is clearly the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the price is clearly the function of
+demand for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for any given
+day right well if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right well if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right well if this is the
+case then if I look at the if I plot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then if I look at the if I plot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then if I look at the if I plot do
+a scattered plot demand versus price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scattered plot demand versus price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scattered plot demand versus price
+I'll have to see something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to see something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to see something different
+assumptions similar. Well, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions similar. Well, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions similar. Well, let's see.
+When we take a particular market and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we take a particular market and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we take a particular market and do
+the scattered graph, so demand versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered graph, so demand versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattered graph, so demand versus
+the price, you see the pro this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price, you see the pro this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price, you see the pro this is the
+the graph that we expect to see. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph that we expect to see. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph that we expect to see. It's a
+little bit fat. Why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fat. Why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fat. Why is it
+fat? Why is it not a straight line? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat? Why is it not a straight line? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat? Why is it not a straight line? Why
+it's not the line as before, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fat. What What is random here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat. What What is random here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat. What What is random here?
+Remember the the I told you that the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the the I told you that the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the the I told you that the e
+generator will bid approximately how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will bid approximately how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will bid approximately how
+much it will cost them to generate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it will cost them to generate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it will cost them to generate it
+that particular day right that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular day right that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular day right that cost
+depends on the fuel price and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the fuel price and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the fuel price and that is a
+random number. So what we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number. So what we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number. So what we can see here
+is a lot of these curves but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of these curves but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of these curves but they are
+kind of uh randomly moving because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh randomly moving because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh randomly moving because of
+the fuel price affects the cost of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel price affects the cost of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel price affects the cost of of
+running. But conceptually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running. But conceptually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running. But conceptually,
+philosophically, this is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically, this is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically, this is exactly what we
+discussed that the these guys will bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the these guys will bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the these guys will bid
+this this curve and depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this curve and depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this curve and depending on the
+demand, right, the price will be simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand, right, the price will be simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand, right, the price will be simply
+the value uh on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value uh on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value uh on that
+curve. Are you with me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Are you with me?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Are you with me?
+Yeah. So far so good. So this is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So far so good. So this is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So far so good. So this is that's
+what we're trying to model. So if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to model. So if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to model. So if we can
+model that, if I can model the for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that, if I can model the for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that, if I can model the for every
+day the bid curve that the auctioneer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the bid curve that the auctioneer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the bid curve that the auctioneer,
+the independent system operator sees, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent system operator sees, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent system operator sees, I
+know the price at that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the price at that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the price at that particular
+day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day.
+Moreover, I don't want to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moreover, I don't want to get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moreover, I don't want to get too
+complicated, but in reality, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated, but in reality, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated, but in reality, I don't
+even have to know precisely the curve. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to know precisely the curve. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to know precisely the curve. I
+kind of have to know precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to know precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to know precisely the
+distribution because remember for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because remember for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because remember for the
+value of the option you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the option you don't need to
+know where the price will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the price will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the price will be at
+expiration. You need to have you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration. You need to have you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration. You need to have you just
+need to know how the price will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how the price will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how the price will be
+distributed. If you catch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. If you catch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. If you catch the
+distribution correctly, right, through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution correctly, right, through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution correctly, right, through
+again dynamic hedging and so on. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again dynamic hedging and so on. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again dynamic hedging and so on. That's
+what black shs tells you, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what black shs tells you, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what black shs tells you, you can
+actually value the option correctly. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually value the option correctly. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually value the option correctly. So
+you can value the power plant correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can value the power plant correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can value the power plant correctly.
+But that's besides the point. The point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's besides the point. The point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's besides the point. The point
+is right now I'm trying to model somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now I'm trying to model somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now I'm trying to model somehow
+this uh the randomness of this bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the randomness of this bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the randomness of this bid
+curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve.
+So price so now to summarize the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So price so now to summarize the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So price so now to summarize the power
+price is the function of what of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is the function of what of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is the function of what of demand
+clearly we already noticed that but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we already noticed that but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly we already noticed that but also
+the fuel prices because the fuel prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel prices because the fuel prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel prices because the fuel prices
+determines the cost of generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the cost of generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the cost of generation and
+therefore how much each generator will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much each generator will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how much each generator will
+bid into the market right I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid into the market right I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid into the market right I mean that's
+depending on the cost if the natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the cost if the natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the cost if the natural gas
+uh goes through the roof the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes through the roof the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes through the roof the price of
+generating one megawatt will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating one megawatt will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating one megawatt will be very
+high so the person will the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so the person will the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so the person will the the
+generator will be bidding uh very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will be bidding uh very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will be bidding uh very high
+prices and that's what we see here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and that's what we see here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and that's what we see here and
+also outages. We have to model outages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also outages. We have to model outages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also outages. We have to model outages
+because the market is only finite kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market is only finite kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market is only finite kind
+of fleet of the power plants and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fleet of the power plants and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fleet of the power plants and if
+couple of them will go down the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them will go down the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them will go down the price of
+power can be affected dramatically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power can be affected dramatically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power can be affected dramatically.
+the 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1997
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+Indiana uh the price went from $40 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana uh the price went from $40 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indiana uh the price went from $40 to
+$7,000 because tornado hit the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$7,000 because tornado hit the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$7,000 because tornado hit the nuclear
+plant. You take a big chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. You take a big chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant. You take a big chunk of the
+generation from the stack and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation from the stack and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation from the stack and all of a
+sudden uh you have to run absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh you have to run absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh you have to run absolutely
+anything including some very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything including some very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything including some very uh
+expensive diesels and so on. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive diesels and so on. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive diesels and so on. So the
+price of power obviously goes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of power obviously goes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of power obviously goes very
+high. Okay. So these are three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. Okay. So these are three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. Okay. So these are three things
+that we try to model. So how we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to model. So how we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to model. So how we will
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+that? Well before even I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well before even I get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Well before even I get to the
+modeling of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let me just u again outline our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me just u again outline our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me just u again outline our
+modeling approach. If I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling approach. If I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling approach. If I know the
+fuel right let's say there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel right let's say there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel right let's say there are no
+outages if I know the fuel then the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages if I know the fuel then the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages if I know the fuel then the fuel
+price I know then how much each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I know then how much each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I know then how much each of the
+generator how much it will cost for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator how much it will cost for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator how much it will cost for each
+of the generator in the market because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generator in the market because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generator in the market because I
+know everybody in the market right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody in the market right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everybody in the market right I
+know how much for each of them it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much for each of them it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much for each of them it will
+cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to
+generate so fuel if I know fuel price I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate so fuel if I know fuel price I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate so fuel if I know fuel price I
+can generate so-called generation ST it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate so-called generation ST it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate so-called generation ST it
+means the cost of generation for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the cost of generation for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the cost of generation for each of
+the generator for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generator for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generator for each of the
+participant in the market the outages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant in the market the outages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant in the market the outages
+will simply allow me to take out some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply allow me to take out some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply allow me to take out some of
+these participants out of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these participants out of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these participants out of the picture
+basically right so I need to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right so I need to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right so I need to know that
+but that's at any given day if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's at any given day if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's at any given day if I know
+the outages I know the fuel prices I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outages I know the fuel prices I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outages I know the fuel prices I can
+construct the cost of generating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the cost of generating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the cost of generating for
+everybody so it's close to the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it's close to the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so it's close to the beat
+stack it's something that they will bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's something that they will bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack it's something that they will bid
+right they're cost maybe plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're cost maybe plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're cost maybe plus some
+profit. I don't know what their profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. I don't know what their profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit. I don't know what their profit
+margins are but what I know I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are but what I know I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins are but what I know I know the
+the market prices I know the options how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market prices I know the options how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market prices I know the options how
+they trade and so on. So from the gener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trade and so on. So from the gener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trade and so on. So from the gener
+so the bit stack will in general follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bit stack will in general follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bit stack will in general follow
+the generation stack it will be more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation stack it will be more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation stack it will be more or
+less the same thing maybe some added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing maybe some added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing maybe some added
+profit requirements but I will I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit requirements but I will I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit requirements but I will I can
+back this profit requirements from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this profit requirements from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this profit requirements from the
+market prices. So that's where my supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices. So that's where my supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices. So that's where my supply
+demand approach and the market will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand approach and the market will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand approach and the market will get
+together. I will adjust the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. I will adjust the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. I will adjust the generation
+stack in such a way maybe moving it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in such a way maybe moving it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in such a way maybe moving it up
+and down in such a way that I matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down in such a way that I matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down in such a way that I matched
+the prices and I match the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices and I match the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices and I match the option
+prices. So match the volatility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices. So match the volatility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices. So match the volatility of the
+market. So now the circle is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. So now the circle is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. So now the circle is completely
+closed if I can succeed in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed if I can succeed in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed if I can succeed in doing
+that. Questions? This is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key,
+right? Well, let's see if I can do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, let's see if I can do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, let's see if I can do that.
+So first I want to so now to if I manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first I want to so now to if I manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first I want to so now to if I manage
+to do that then if I know how to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then if I know how to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then if I know how to model
+the evolution of fuel prices if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of fuel prices if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of fuel prices if I know
+how the outages are modeled I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the outages are modeled I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the outages are modeled I can
+actually and they model the demand then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and they model the demand then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and they model the demand then
+I can determine how the pri power prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can determine how the pri power prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can determine how the pri power prices
+will be moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be moving in
+time. So power price is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So power price is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So power price is the function of
+the bitstack and demand as you remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitstack and demand as you remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitstack and demand as you remember.
+So if I know the def the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I know the def the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I know the def the evolution of
+the bitstack evolution of the of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitstack evolution of the of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitstack evolution of the of the uh
+demand I can determine the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I can determine the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I can determine the evolution of
+the power prices completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach. So let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. So let's start with the
+evolution of the fuel was building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the fuel was building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the fuel was building the
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+model. Well I told you that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Well I told you that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Well I told you that there is
+natural gas. In reality we have to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas. In reality we have to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas. In reality we have to model
+all that stuff because each of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff because each of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff because each of them has
+a curve has a volatility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve has a volatility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve has a volatility.
+It looks a lot, but in reality it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks a lot, but in reality it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks a lot, but in reality it's not
+because we have a pretty good idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a pretty good idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a pretty good idea.
+Unlike the power prices with the spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unlike the power prices with the spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unlike the power prices with the spikes
+and all this crazy behavior, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this crazy behavior, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this crazy behavior, we have a
+pretty good idea this behavior of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea this behavior of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea this behavior of these
+things because they're all storeable. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're all storeable. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're all storeable. By
+the way, power prices are jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, power prices are jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, power prices are jumping
+because of non-stoability of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of non-stoability of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of non-stoability of power
+prices because they are non-stoable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices because they are non-stoable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices because they are non-stoable
+because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're
+non-stoable, right? I mean, just uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stoable, right? I mean, just uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stoable, right? I mean, just uh you
+cannot smooth out the changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot smooth out the changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot smooth out the changes in the
+demand, right? Right? I mean just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand, right? Right? I mean just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand, right? Right? I mean just so you
+have your direction action is immediate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your direction action is immediate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your direction action is immediate.
+These are all storeable commodities. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are all storeable commodities. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are all storeable commodities. So
+their behavior is much more regular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior is much more regular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior is much more regular.
+They're much closer let's say to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're much closer let's say to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're much closer let's say to the to
+the equity prices and so on. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity prices and so on. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity prices and so on. So we can
+use some standard models. So from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some standard models. So from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some standard models. So from the
+modeling point of view uh they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling point of view uh they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling point of view uh they are not
+particularly difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly difficult to
+model. So particularly I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So particularly I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So particularly I mean just
+natural gas heating oil and fuel oil. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas heating oil and fuel oil. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas heating oil and fuel oil. I
+mean just the coal I mean just we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the coal I mean just we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just the coal I mean just we have a
+pretty good understanding how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good understanding how these
+things are modeled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outage. Well, we take the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage. Well, we take the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage. Well, we take the standard model
+from I mean this reliability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I mean this reliability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I mean this reliability theory
+provides us with a very well-developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides us with a very well-developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides us with a very well-developed
+mechanism. I mean apparatus how to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. I mean apparatus how to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. I mean apparatus how to model
+the things I mean usually we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I mean usually we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I mean usually we do it
+through some kind of poson or version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some kind of poson or version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some kind of poson or version of
+poson process. It is a very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poson process. It is a very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poson process. It is a very well
+understood. There's a lot of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood. There's a lot of literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood. There's a lot of literature
+on that. We can model that very easily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. We can model that very easily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. We can model that very easily.
+Where do we have the parameters for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do we have the parameters for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where do we have the parameters for the
+uh for these posones? The government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for these posones? The government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for these posones? The government
+provides us with the there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides us with the there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides us with the there is a
+government data. Sometimes we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government data. Sometimes we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government data. Sometimes we get it
+directly from the from the power plants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the from the power plants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the from the power plants.
+Everybody keeps track of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody keeps track of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody keeps track of uh the
+frequency of the earth outages and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the earth outages and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the earth outages and so on
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth. Demand. How would we will model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Demand. How would we will model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Demand. How would we will model
+demand? Well, we'll model demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand? Well, we'll model demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand? Well, we'll model demand
+uh through the temperature typically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through the temperature typically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through the temperature typically.
+Why temperature? Because for temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why temperature? Because for temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why temperature? Because for temperature
+we have a lot of data. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of data. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of data. It's
+statistically very stable thing, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically very stable thing, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically very stable thing, right?
+So there are many different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are many different approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are many different approaches
+to modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modeling
+temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature.
+Um it's up to you. There is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's up to you. There is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's up to you. There is a lot of
+literature. So I'm not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. So I'm not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. So I'm not going to go into
+detail. So we choose something we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. So we choose something we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. So we choose something we model
+temperature from that we model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from that we model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from that we model the
+demand and uh it works pretty well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we have we modeled the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have we modeled the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have we modeled the evolution
+of temperature evolution of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature evolution of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature evolution of demand
+evolution of fuel evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of fuel evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of fuel evolution of the
+outages. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages. Now
+we can construct the generation stack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct the generation stack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct the generation stack.
+So for remember the generation was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for remember the generation was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for remember the generation was this
+curve right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right this
+curve that is was a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that is was a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that is was a function of
+demand right but also the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand right but also the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand right but also the function of
+the outages variable costs and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outages variable costs and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outages variable costs and and so on
+and the uh the fuel the vector fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the fuel the vector fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the fuel the vector fuels
+right and then there are this parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there are this parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there are this parameters
+alpha and this alpha parameters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and this alpha parameters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and this alpha parameters we
+choose to match the futures the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to match the futures the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to match the futures the forward
+curve for the power prices and all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the power prices and all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the power prices and all other
+market parameters as we need. So, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market parameters as we need. So, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market parameters as we need. So, and
+that's how we get so we're matching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get so we're matching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we get so we're matching the
+market and we are ma matching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and we are ma matching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and we are ma matching the
+um we're matching the kind of supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're matching the kind of supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're matching the kind of supply and
+demand formation. So now it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand formation. So now it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand formation. So now it is very
+clear why with this approach I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear why with this approach I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear why with this approach I can
+capture spikes without effort without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture spikes without effort without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture spikes without effort without
+any effort and the reason is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort and the reason is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort and the reason is very
+simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my remember the stack my beat stack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remember the stack my beat stack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remember the stack my beat stack or
+generation stack whatever. So for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation stack whatever. So for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation stack whatever. So for for
+high generation volumes it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high generation volumes it's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high generation volumes it's becoming
+more and more expensive to generate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more expensive to generate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more expensive to generate and
+after certain time you exhausted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after certain time you exhausted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after certain time you exhausted all
+your cheap plants you have to go to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheap plants you have to go to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cheap plants you have to go to very
+very expensive plants like diesel plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive plants like diesel plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive plants like diesel plants
+and so on. images which runs maybe once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. images which runs maybe once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. images which runs maybe once
+in the lifetime maybe once a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lifetime maybe once a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lifetime maybe once a year or
+twice a year and very expensive but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a year and very expensive but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a year and very expensive but they
+determine the price they are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price they are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price they are the ones
+that determine the clearing price at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine the clearing price at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine the clearing price at the
+market now let's see if we're somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now let's see if we're somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now let's see if we're somewhere
+here this is demand demand is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is demand demand is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is demand demand is driven by
+temperature is typically a normal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is typically a normal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is typically a normal thing
+right with maybe mean reversion if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with maybe mean reversion if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with maybe mean reversion if it
+goes up but then it's typically reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but then it's typically reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but then it's typically reverse
+reverses sub mean so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses sub mean so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses sub mean so this is
+distribution of demand around here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of demand around here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of demand around here well
+dem If demand moves left or right, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dem If demand moves left or right, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dem If demand moves left or right, I
+mean just up down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just up down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just up down the
+prices don't change much. So that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices don't change much. So that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices don't change much. So that's your
+normal regime. But let's assume demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal regime. But let's assume demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal regime. But let's assume demand
+is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere
+here, right? If you are to the left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? If you are to the left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? If you are to the left of
+it, the prices are very small. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the prices are very small. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, the prices are very small. But the
+moment you move a little bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you move a little bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you move a little bit to the
+right, your temperature moves a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, your temperature moves a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, your temperature moves a little
+bit to the high region, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the high region, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to the high region, right? You
+immediately spike into the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately spike into the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately spike into the thousand
+territory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory.
+But remember temperature has been mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember temperature has been mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember temperature has been mean
+reverting. So within five six days it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting. So within five six days it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting. So within five six days it
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+back. You go back your your price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. You go back your your price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. You go back your your price goes
+from high levels back to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high levels back to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high levels back to the normal
+level. That's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. That's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. That's your
+spikes, right? You get it completely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes, right? You get it completely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes, right? You get it completely for
+free. And I'll show you right now couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. And I'll show you right now couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. And I'll show you right now couple
+of graphs. One is the actual graph, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs. One is the actual graph, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs. One is the actual graph, the
+other is the simulated using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is the simulated using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is the simulated using this
+approach for the same market. So as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for the same market. So as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for the same market. So as you
+can see this is the actual price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is the actual price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is the actual price for
+that particular period. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular period. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular period. These are the
+prices that we generate just plain Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that we generate just plain Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that we generate just plain Monte
+Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo
+simulation. So you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. So you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation. So you can see
+this can be easily this right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be easily this right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be easily this right I mean
+from the point of view distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view distribution of
+the spikes and so on. These are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spikes and so on. These are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spikes and so on. These are exactly
+the same thing. This is where what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. This is where what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. This is where what we
+were after. Moreover, I'll tell you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were after. Moreover, I'll tell you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were after. Moreover, I'll tell you even
+more. If I knew the path of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. If I knew the path of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. If I knew the path of the fuel
+then obviously my approach there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously my approach there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously my approach there are two
+graphs here they are not you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs here they are not you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs here they are not you cannot
+distinguish between them because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between them because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between them because I
+substituted exactly the right price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted exactly the right price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted exactly the right price of
+the fuel I mean just actual price which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel I mean just actual price which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel I mean just actual price which
+was historically and therefore my price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was historically and therefore my price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was historically and therefore my price
+and the actual price were the same. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual price were the same. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual price were the same. So
+but in reality of course I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality of course I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in reality of course I don't know
+the path but as I explained to you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path but as I explained to you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path but as I explained to you I
+don't need to know I just need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know I just need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know I just need to know
+the distribution of fuel prices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of fuel prices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of fuel prices is
+correctly captured once I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured once I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured once I have the
+correctly captured distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured distribution of the
+fuel prices I have according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel prices I have according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel prices I have according to this
+correctly captured distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly captured distribution of the
+power prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power prices
+moreover so as you can see we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover so as you can see we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover so as you can see we have a
+very nice behavior now the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice behavior now the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice behavior now the from the
+parameters point of view this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters point of view this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters point of view this is the
+model look at the curtosis this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model look at the curtosis this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model look at the curtosis this is
+summers curtosis of the model and versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers curtosis of the model and versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summers curtosis of the model and versus
+curtosis of the empirical it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtosis of the empirical it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtosis of the empirical it's very very
+very close so distributions are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close so distributions are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close so distributions are very
+close I mean just the skewess and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I mean just the skewess and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close I mean just the skewess and so on
+I mean just it's a very very uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just it's a very very uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just it's a very very uh good
+good uh capturing of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh capturing of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh capturing of the of the
+distribution so this approach works very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this approach works very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this approach works very
+nicely right it's completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely right it's completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely right it's completely different
+from what you get used to but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you get used to but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you get used to but it's it's
+it's really the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the one that
+works. Moreover, final final uh benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Moreover, final final uh benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Moreover, final final uh benefit
+right a bonus point this is simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a bonus point this is simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a bonus point this is simulated
+correlation structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation structure
+remember and this is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one very close and the beauty of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very close and the beauty of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very close and the beauty of it is
+that you don't have it's not an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have it's not an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have it's not an input
+it's an output I don't ever use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an output I don't ever use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an output I don't ever use the
+correlation as an input in my model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation as an input in my model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation as an input in my model I
+got it I got the distribution of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I got the distribution of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it I got the distribution of power
+got distribution of fuel natural gas put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got distribution of fuel natural gas put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got distribution of fuel natural gas put
+it all together compute correlation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all together compute correlation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all together compute correlation and
+that's what I've got and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've got and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've got and that means that
+um this is really a correct approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is really a correct approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is really a correct approach and
+I don't need to put it I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to put it I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to put it I don't need to
+look for the distribution that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the distribution that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the distribution that has this
+property this property comes for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this property comes for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property this property comes for free
+just as a result of the completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a result of the completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a result of the completely
+alternative way of modeling this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of modeling this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of modeling this thing
+now what is the negative side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the negative side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the negative side of this
+negative side is is extremely difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side is is extremely difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side is is extremely difficult
+to do it and maintain it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and maintain it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and maintain it because you
+have to maintain the information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maintain the information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maintain the information of
+every power plant that be was built was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every power plant that be was built was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every power plant that be was built was
+retired I mean just will be built and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired I mean just will be built and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired I mean just will be built and so
+on because you have to look at the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because you have to look at the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because you have to look at the power
+prices 10 years 20 years from now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices 10 years 20 years from now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices 10 years 20 years from now right
+you have to know what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to know what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to know what's going to be
+there what kind of stack you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what kind of stack you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what kind of stack you have to
+forecast that's a lot of information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that's a lot of information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that's a lot of information to
+keep I mean you have to have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep I mean you have to have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep I mean you have to have a big
+organization to work at that to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to work at that to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to work at that to maintain
+it uh uh to build the model because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh uh to build the model because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh uh to build the model because each
+region in this country has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this country has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in this country has a different
+market so you have to I mean it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so you have to I mean it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so you have to I mean it's it's a
+it's a massive undertaking uh takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massive undertaking uh takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a massive undertaking uh takes
+years just it's not like you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years just it's not like you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years just it's not like you can get it
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+can it's expensive so I think that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's expensive so I think that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's expensive so I think that will
+be a good point for me to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you have questions please let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+think it's music to my ears. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's music to my ears. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's music to my ears. Thank you.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nqOPy2d6ihY.txt b/nqOPy2d6ihY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f635fc4c1983764fa22759fb3b0a1ac3047986da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nqOPy2d6ihY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello. Can people hear me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello. Can people hear me?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello. Can people hear me?
+Hello?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Getting some thumbs up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, why don't we get started? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, why don't we get started? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, why don't we get started? Um,
+hello everybody. I'm Brenmore. Uh, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody. I'm Brenmore. Uh, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody. I'm Brenmore. Uh, if
+you've been coming to lecture, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been coming to lecture, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been coming to lecture, you've
+already met, uh, Eric and Zach. I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already met, uh, Eric and Zach. I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already met, uh, Eric and Zach. I'm the
+third instructor for this course. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third instructor for this course. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third instructor for this course. Uh,
+today we are going to switch gears a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to switch gears a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to switch gears a
+little bit. So, we're going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. So, we're going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. So, we're going to move on
+from uh, state machines and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh, state machines and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh, state machines and we're going
+to start a new unit on uh, algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a new unit on uh, algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a new unit on uh, algorithmic
+analysis. Uh so we'll be looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Uh so we'll be looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Uh so we'll be looking at that
+until the end of uh until the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end of uh until the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end of uh until the end of
+next week. Uh this lecture is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Uh this lecture is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Uh this lecture is going to
+be about sums. Okay. So sums are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about sums. Okay. So sums are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about sums. Okay. So sums are quite
+useful uh as I hinted out a moment ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh as I hinted out a moment ago.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh as I hinted out a moment ago.
+They're good for algorithmic analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're good for algorithmic analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're good for algorithmic analysis.
+You'll use uh you know everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll use uh you know everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll use uh you know everything in
+this unit uh quite a bit if you take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit uh quite a bit if you take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit uh quite a bit if you take uh
+61210 or any other algorithms course. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61210 or any other algorithms course. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61210 or any other algorithms course. Uh
+they're also useful for things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also useful for things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also useful for things like you
+know probability uh counting uh machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probability uh counting uh machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probability uh counting uh machine
+learning everything's useful for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everything's useful for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everything's useful for machine
+learning nowadays uh recurrences and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning nowadays uh recurrences and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning nowadays uh recurrences and you
+know bunch of other things. Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bunch of other things. Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bunch of other things. Okay so
+let's start with uh let's start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with uh let's start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with uh let's start with an
+example. Okay has anybody here ever won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Okay has anybody here ever won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Okay has anybody here ever won
+the lottery?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery?
+Hands. Nobody really Oh come on guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands. Nobody really Oh come on guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands. Nobody really Oh come on guys.
+Okay. Uh well does anybody know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh well does anybody know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh well does anybody know how it
+works?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works?
+So, if you if you win a million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you if you win a million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you if you win a million dollars
+in the lottery, uh it it turns out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lottery, uh it it turns out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lottery, uh it it turns out you
+don't actually get a check for a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually get a check for a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually get a check for a million
+dollars in the mail. Or you do, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the mail. Or you do, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the mail. Or you do, but it
+won't it won't cash. Uh it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't it won't cash. Uh it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't it won't cash. Uh it actually
+comes in installments. Okay? So, imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in installments. Okay? So, imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in installments. Okay? So, imagine
+you get, you know, $50,000 now and, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get, you know, $50,000 now and, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get, you know, $50,000 now and, you
+know, $50,000 next year and so on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, $50,000 next year and so on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, $50,000 next year and so on for
+the next 20 years. Okay? So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years. Okay? So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years. Okay? So, you know,
+in total it ends up being a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total it ends up being a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total it ends up being a million
+dollars in some sense, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in some sense, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in some sense, right?
+Uh, but does it have the same value? Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but does it have the same value? Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but does it have the same value? Who
+would who would prefer to have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would who would prefer to have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would who would prefer to have a million
+dollars right now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right now?
+Lots of hands. Who would prefer to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of hands. Who would prefer to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of hands. Who would prefer to have
+the uh the installments? 50,000 per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the installments? 50,000 per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the installments? 50,000 per year
+for 20 years. Oh, a few hands. Uh, can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years. Oh, a few hands. Uh, can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years. Oh, a few hands. Uh, can I
+get some reasons?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some reasons?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some reasons?
+Oh, you don't waste it all at once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you don't waste it all at once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you don't waste it all at once.
+Oh, that's an excellent reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that's an excellent reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that's an excellent reason.
+Suppose maybe anybody else. A reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose maybe anybody else. A reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose maybe anybody else. A reason
+either way. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way. Yeah.
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. So, that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, that's that's an
+argument for uh getting the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for uh getting the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for uh getting the million
+dollars right now, right? Uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right now, right? Uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars right now, right? Uh the the
+$50,000 you get in 20 years, right? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 you get in 20 years, right? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 you get in 20 years, right? Like
+if uh if you know a gallon of milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you know a gallon of milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you know a gallon of milk
+costs, you know, four $4 today and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs, you know, four $4 today and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs, you know, four $4 today and like
+$10 in in 20 years, like that $50,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 in in 20 years, like that $50,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 in in 20 years, like that $50,000
+isn't going to go so far, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to go so far, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to go so far, right?
+Uh so you know at least in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you know at least in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you know at least in terms of the
+actual you know buying power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual you know buying power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual you know buying power of the
+money you'd really prefer to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you'd really prefer to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you'd really prefer to have that
+$1 million right now. Uh cuz you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 million right now. Uh cuz you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 million right now. Uh cuz you know
+money now is more valuable than money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more valuable than money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more valuable than money in
+the future. Inflation or relatedly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. Inflation or relatedly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. Inflation or relatedly you
+can invest this money and it'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invest this money and it'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invest this money and it'll end up
+being more worth more in in uh in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more worth more in in uh in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more worth more in in uh in 20
+years. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Okay.
+So this is you know exactly how a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is you know exactly how a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is you know exactly how a loan
+works right? you uh you know you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right? you uh you know you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right? you uh you know you get a
+lump sum of money now and you pay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump sum of money now and you pay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump sum of money now and you pay it
+back in installments uh and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in installments uh and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in installments uh and you know you
+account for interest. Uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for interest. Uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for interest. Uh so this is
+what's known as an annuity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh so for an annuity we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for an annuity we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for an annuity we're going to make
+some you know fairly simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know fairly simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know fairly simplified
+assumptions. We're going to assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. We're going to assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. We're going to assume a
+fixed interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's call it P. Okay. So as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it P. Okay. So as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it P. Okay. So as an
+example the uh Federal Reserve says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh Federal Reserve says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh Federal Reserve says that
+uh you know interest rate right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know interest rate right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know interest rate right now is
+about 5.33%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5.33%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5.33%.
+So let's just take that as a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just take that as a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's just take that as a working
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or at least that's what it was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least that's what it was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least that's what it was at the
+beginning of the week. I haven't checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the week. I haven't checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the week. I haven't checked
+it today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today.
+Uh, okay. And we're going to get m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. And we're going to get m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. And we're going to get m
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+n years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, in the example that we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in the example that we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in the example that we were just
+looking at, uh, m is 50k, n is 20 years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at, uh, m is 50k, n is 20 years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at, uh, m is 50k, n is 20 years,
+and you know, we've got this interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, we've got this interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, we've got this interest
+rate p 5.33%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate p 5.33%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate p 5.33%.
+Okay, so what does this mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what does this mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what does this mean about the
+value of money over time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money over time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money over time?
+Well, $1 now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, $1 now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, $1 now.
+If we get this $1 now, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we get this $1 now, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we get this $1 now, you know, it's
+going to be worth or it's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth or it's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth or it's, you know,
+equivalent to getting 1 plus P dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to getting 1 plus P dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to getting 1 plus P dollar
+one year from now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+Right? Like if I take my my $1 now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Like if I take my my $1 now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Like if I take my my $1 now and I
+invest it, I'll end up with like $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest it, I'll end up with like $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest it, I'll end up with like $15
+uh in a year. Okay? Or in two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a year. Okay? Or in two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a year. Okay? Or in two years
+it'll be 1 plus p^ squ or you know in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 1 plus p^ squ or you know in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 1 plus p^ squ or you know in k
+years it'll be 1 plus p to the k. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it'll be 1 plus p to the k. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it'll be 1 plus p to the k. Okay.
+Uh conversely what if I get that dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh conversely what if I get that dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh conversely what if I get that dollar
+in you know 10 years how much is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know 10 years how much is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know 10 years how much is that
+worth in today's money?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in today's money?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in today's money?
+Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody
+hunt?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+Are we still asleep too early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we still asleep too early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we still asleep too early in the
+morning? Okay. Well, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning? Okay. Well, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning? Okay. Well, you know,
+conversely, if uh uh if I get my dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely, if uh uh if I get my dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely, if uh uh if I get my dollar
+in 10 years, it's going to be worth 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years, it's going to be worth 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years, it's going to be worth 1 /
+1 plus b to the 10th. Okay. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus b to the 10th. Okay. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus b to the 10th. Okay. Does that
+make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to everybody?
+Yes. No. Kind of. Thumbs up. Few thumbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No. Kind of. Thumbs up. Few thumbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. No. Kind of. Thumbs up. Few thumbs
+up. Okay. Good. Good. I'll I'll take it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay. Good. Good. I'll I'll take it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay. Good. Good. I'll I'll take it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, basically what's going on is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, basically what's going on is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, basically what's going on is we're
+getting M dollars now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting M dollars now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting M dollars now
+M dollars in one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M dollars in one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M dollars in one year
+M dollars in two years. Okay. Dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M dollars in two years. Okay. Dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M dollars in two years. Okay. Dot dot
+dot up to n years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot up to n years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot up to n years.
+And we'd like to kind of figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'd like to kind of figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'd like to kind of figure out what
+the equivalent value is today. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent value is today. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent value is today. Okay. So
+this M dollars now you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M dollars now you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M dollars now you know this is
+worth M dollars today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh this M dollars in one year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh this M dollars in one year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh this M dollars in one year is
+going to be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worth
+uh oops m * 1 + pus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops m * 1 + pus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops m * 1 + pus
+1. Okay. This ms in two years is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. This ms in two years is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. This ms in two years is going
+to be m * 1 + p the minus 2 etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be m * 1 + p the minus 2 etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be m * 1 + p the minus 2 etc.
+And the ms that we get in n years is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the ms that we get in n years is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the ms that we get in n years is
+going to be m * 1 + p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be m * 1 + p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be m * 1 + p
+to the minus n. I guess this is uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n. I guess this is uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n. I guess this is uh n
+minus one, right? Yeah, we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, right? Yeah, we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, right? Yeah, we're starting
+at zero years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to everybody?
+So, what is the total value the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the total value the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what is the total value the total
+equivalent value in in today's money?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent value in in today's money?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent value in in today's money?
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+we we'd like this in a closed form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'd like this in a closed form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'd like this in a closed form.
+Okay, so right now we've kind of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so right now we've kind of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so right now we've kind of got
+we're trying to sum all of this up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to sum all of this up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to sum all of this up,
+right? But it's not a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But it's not a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But it's not a very nice
+expression. Okay. We we'd like a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Okay. We we'd like a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Okay. We we'd like a closed
+form. Something that you can, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Something that you can, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Something that you can, you know,
+put into one of those oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into one of those oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into one of those oldfashioned
+calculators if you've ever seen it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators if you've ever seen it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators if you've ever seen it. You
+know, those things that you hold in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, those things that you hold in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, those things that you hold in your
+hand and push the buttons on it. No. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and push the buttons on it. No. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and push the buttons on it. No. Oh,
+yeah. Okay. There there are some old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay. There there are some old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay. There there are some old
+souls in the audience. Okay. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souls in the audience. Okay. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souls in the audience. Okay. Uh but
+yeah, we don't want any like uh ellipses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, we don't want any like uh ellipses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, we don't want any like uh ellipses
+like this or, you know, sigma notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or, you know, sigma notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or, you know, sigma notation
+or anything like that. We just want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that. We just want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that. We just want a
+nice clean expression that you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clean expression that you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clean expression that you can put
+into a calculator. So, how could we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a calculator. So, how could we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a calculator. So, how could we go
+about computing it? Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What if what if we were to replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if what if we were to replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if what if we were to replace this
+uh 1 plus p with an x? Would would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 plus p with an x? Would would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 plus p with an x? Would would that
+make it any any easier? So we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it any any easier? So we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it any any easier? So we've got uh
+m + m x + m x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m + m x + m x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m + m x + m x^2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+mx to the n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx to the n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mx to the n minus one.
+Are people happier with this expression?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Getting getting some nods. Okay. Uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting getting some nods. Okay. Uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting getting some nods. Okay. Uh what
+is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it?
+Anybody remember?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. It's a geometric series. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. It's a geometric series. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. It's a geometric series. Okay. So,
+this is going to be m * uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be m * uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be m * uh
+1 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x
+uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oops
+n over 1 - x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 1 - x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 1 - x.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh, so you know, we knew this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so you know, we knew this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so you know, we knew this expression
+already. How could we check it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. How could we check it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. How could we check it?
+Or how how did you check it? I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or how how did you check it? I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or how how did you check it? I believe
+you already have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, you're right. Thank you. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you're right. Thank you. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you're right. Thank you. So, um
+how could you prove this? Or how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you prove this? Or how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you prove this? Or how how
+would I have failed to prove it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have failed to prove it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I have failed to prove it if I
+tried to do it just now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do it just now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do it just now?
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this is what we call the uh the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we call the uh the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we call the uh the guess
+and check method. Okay, so if we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check method. Okay, so if we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check method. Okay, so if we've got
+a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum
+like this and we know or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we know or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we know or we can
+reasonably guess a nice closed form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably guess a nice closed form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably guess a nice closed form for
+it, right? Then you know we can prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Then you know we can prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Then you know we can prove it
+by induction, right? That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction, right? That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction, right? That's that's
+fairly straightforward. The hard part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward. The hard part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly straightforward. The hard part is
+figuring out what that uh closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what that uh closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what that uh closed form
+should be. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Okay.
+Uh and you know in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you know in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you know in this case the
+inductive step you know it reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step you know it reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step you know it reduces to
+you know some fairly simple algebra as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some fairly simple algebra as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some fairly simple algebra as
+you already saw I think in I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already saw I think in I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already saw I think in I think in
+recitation. Is that right? Recoach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Even if you don't remember Zach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Even if you don't remember Zach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Even if you don't remember Zach
+does.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, uh, how might we discover this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, how might we discover this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, how might we discover this this
+closed form if we didn't already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form if we didn't already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form if we didn't already know
+it, though? Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Exactly.
+Okay. So this is what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is what we call the
+perturbation method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the answer was you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer was you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer was you know if we
+multiply this entire thing by x and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this entire thing by x and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this entire thing by x and uh
+you know subtract it then things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtract it then things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtract it then things will
+cancel. Okay. Uh so this is uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay. Uh so this is uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay. Uh so this is uh one
+example of what we call the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we call the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we call the perturbation
+method. Um this is something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um this is something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um this is something that uh
+does anybody know the story of um Gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know the story of um Gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know the story of um Gaus
+in the kindergarten or first grade when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kindergarten or first grade when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kindergarten or first grade when
+uh he was given a massive sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was given a massive sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was given a massive sum to
+evaluate by his teacher and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate by his teacher and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate by his teacher and uh you know
+3 seconds he uh gave the teacher his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 seconds he uh gave the teacher his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 seconds he uh gave the teacher his
+answer and the teacher's like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the teacher's like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the teacher's like what the
+hell no go back to your seat. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell no go back to your seat. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell no go back to your seat. Okay.
+Yeah. So perturbation method in action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So perturbation method in action.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So perturbation method in action.
+So Gaus was asked to evaluate you know 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Gaus was asked to evaluate you know 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Gaus was asked to evaluate you know 1
++ 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the story was 100 not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the story was 100 not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the story was 100 not actually
+sure and G observed that if you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and G observed that if you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and G observed that if you you know
+take this series and perturb it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this series and perturb it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this series and perturb it a little
+bit so in this case flip it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then add them together you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add them together you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add them together you end up
+with something very nice Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So he's got you know two copies of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's got you know two copies of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's got you know two copies of this
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+right? So 2s is equal to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So 2s is equal to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So 2s is equal to this thing
+which means that s should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that s should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that s should be equal to
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Okay so fairly straightforward. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so fairly straightforward. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so fairly straightforward. We can
+do the same thing with this geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing with this geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing with this geometric
+series here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So for simplicity, I'm going to drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for simplicity, I'm going to drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for simplicity, I'm going to drop the
+m. So if instead we have s = 1 + x + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
++ x nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x nus1
+and uh your your colleague said that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh your your colleague said that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh your your colleague said that we
+should multiply this by x. So xs equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should multiply this by x. So xs equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should multiply this by x. So xs equals
+I'm going to shift everything over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to shift everything over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to shift everything over so
+it's a little bit easier to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit easier to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit easier to see what's
+going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And now this time instead of adding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this time instead of adding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this time instead of adding them
+we're going to want to subtract.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one doesn't have anything uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one doesn't have anything uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one doesn't have anything uh to
+subtract.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract.
+Uh, and now here we've got, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and now here we've got, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and now here we've got, you know,
+plus x - x plus x^2 - x^2. So everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x - x plus x^2 - x^2. So everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x - x plus x^2 - x^2. So everything
+is going to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until we get to the end. And here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the end. And here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to the end. And here we've
+got - x n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got - x n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got - x n.
+Okay, so now we've got s - x s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we've got s - x s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now we've got s - x s is equal
+to 1 - x to the n, which means that s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 - x to the n, which means that s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 - x to the n, which means that s is
+1 - x n over 1 - x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x n over 1 - x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x n over 1 - x.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so if we, you know, didn't know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we, you know, didn't know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we, you know, didn't know the the
+formula for a geometric series off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a geometric series off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a geometric series off the
+top of our heads, which, you know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of our heads, which, you know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of our heads, which, you know, I
+clearly didn't, we could derive it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly didn't, we could derive it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly didn't, we could derive it like
+this and then we can check it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we can check it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we can check it by
+induction. Okay, does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Okay, does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Okay, does that make sense to
+everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we go back to our annuity example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we go back to our annuity example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we go back to our annuity example,
+we had uh so m was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh so m was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh so m was
+50k, n is 20 years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k, n is 20 years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k, n is 20 years.
+uh P was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P was
+uh 0533
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0533
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0533
+which means that our X here was uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our X here was uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our X here was uh was
+it 1 over 1 - P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over one uh 1 + P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if we plug this in, it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we plug this in, it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we plug this in, it turns
+out that uh the value of our annuity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh the value of our annuity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh the value of our annuity is
+actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about
+638,000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+638,000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+638,000.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know, it's it's not just less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's not just less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's not just less than
+the $1 million that we were promised.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $1 million that we were promised.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $1 million that we were promised.
+It's like substantially less, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like substantially less, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like substantially less, right?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh
+you know what what if we uh what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what if we uh what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what if we uh what if we
+took an even more extreme example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an even more extreme example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an even more extreme example like
+suppose instead of uh 50,000 per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of uh 50,000 per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of uh 50,000 per year
+for 20 years we got $1 per year for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years we got $1 per year for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 years we got $1 per year for a
+million years. You know for simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years. You know for simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years. You know for simplicity
+let's just say it's forever. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's forever. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's forever. Okay. So
+suppose we got $1 forever like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we got $1 forever like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we got $1 forever like every
+year forever. How much is that worth?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Half a million.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half a million.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Half a million.
+100,000. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000. Yeah.
+Yeah, it's about 20 bucks. Uh so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's about 20 bucks. Uh so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's about 20 bucks. Uh so this uh
+this x to the n just goes to zero. Turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x to the n just goes to zero. Turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x to the n just goes to zero. Turns
+out that if we have uh m = 1, n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if we have uh m = 1, n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if we have uh m = 1, n is
+infinity. Same p as we had before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Same p as we had before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Same p as we had before,
+it's about 20. Okay. So, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 20. Okay. So, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 20. Okay. So, you know, it
+might be a little bit counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit counterintuitive
+that uh you know, getting money like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know, getting money like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know, getting money like
+forever, it's still has finite value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever, it's still has finite value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever, it's still has finite value,
+right? Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um but
+yeah, I don't know. Maybe if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I don't know. Maybe if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I don't know. Maybe if you think
+about it, it it uh it kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, it it uh it kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, it it uh it kind of makes
+sense, right? Um like that that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? Um like that that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? Um like that that money
+that you're getting like n years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting like n years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting like n years from
+now, like you know, who cares? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, like you know, who cares? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, like you know, who cares? Like
+you're you're not even going to be alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not even going to be alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not even going to be alive
+to use it, right? So maybe it maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it, right? So maybe it maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it, right? So maybe it maybe it
+also kind of makes sense that it uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of makes sense that it uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of makes sense that it uh that
+it doesn't it's not worth very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it's not worth very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it's not worth very much.
+Uh and you know in the real world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you know in the real world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you know in the real world there
+are actually you know perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually you know perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually you know perpetual
+annuities like this. They they do exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities like this. They they do exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities like this. They they do exist.
+Um I believe there is a surviving one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I believe there is a surviving one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I believe there is a surviving one uh
+issued by a Dutch water company in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by a Dutch water company in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by a Dutch water company in the
+17th century. Uh I think they issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century. Uh I think they issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century. Uh I think they issued
+five that are still around today. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that are still around today. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that are still around today. And
+one was acquired by Yale in uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was acquired by Yale in uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was acquired by Yale in uh let's see
+maybe 30 odd years ago I think uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 odd years ago I think uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 30 odd years ago I think uh for
+$24,000 and it gets them about $12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$24,000 and it gets them about $12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$24,000 and it gets them about $12
+annually. So uh only worth it for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually. So uh only worth it for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually. So uh only worth it for the uh
+historical value. The uh the money is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical value. The uh the money is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical value. The uh the money is is
+a complete wash.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete wash.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete wash.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, are people reasonably happy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, are people reasonably happy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, are people reasonably happy with the
+uh perturbation method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perturbation method?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perturbation method?
+Yeah, some thumbs up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, some thumbs up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, some thumbs up.
+Okay, so let's move on to a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's move on to a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's move on to a slightly
+different method for evaluating, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method for evaluating, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method for evaluating, you
+know, other sums.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, other sums.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, other sums.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so this is what's called the MSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's called the MSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's called the MSAT
+method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+I'm spelling this correctly. I hope so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh or if you don't like German I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if you don't like German I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or if you don't like German I think
+it is uh you could also just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh you could also just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh you could also just call it the
+educated guess method. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated guess method. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated guess method. Okay.
+So suppose we have the following sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we have the following sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we have the following sum
+sum from k = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from k = 1
+to n of k^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of k^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of k^ squ.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So first does does anybody already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first does does anybody already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first does does anybody already know
+the answer? What what does this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer? What what does this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer? What what does this sum
+evaluate to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh nobody. Okay, in that case uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh nobody. Okay, in that case uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh nobody. Okay, in that case uh next
+question is open to everyone. Uh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is open to everyone. Uh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is open to everyone. Uh does
+anybody have any idea like what vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any idea like what vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any idea like what vaguely
+the solution might look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Like yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it should it should be some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it should it should be some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it should it should be some sort
+of cubic, right? Like we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubic, right? Like we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubic, right? Like we're we're
+summing up a bunch of squares. Well, n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up a bunch of squares. Well, n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up a bunch of squares. Well, n
+squares. Um, a bunch of them are, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. Um, a bunch of them are, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares. Um, a bunch of them are, you
+know, about n^2. And so we should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, about n^2. And so we should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, about n^2. And so we should get
+something that's about n cubed. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's about n cubed. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's about n cubed. Okay. So
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+uh s is you know approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s is you know approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s is you know approximately
+n cubed. Okay. Now it won't do us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed. Okay. Now it won't do us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed. Okay. Now it won't do us too
+much good to uh you know put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much good to uh you know put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much good to uh you know put that into
+our guess and check method. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh intuition basically. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh intuition basically. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh intuition basically. Um
+but uh so what one way you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so what one way you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so what one way you could think
+about it is uh so half of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is uh so half of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is uh so half of these terms
+are going to be larger than n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be larger than n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be larger than n /2
+right? So that's 1/4 of n^2. Uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's 1/4 of n^2. Uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's 1/4 of n^2. Uh you've
+got n /2 of those. So you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n /2 of those. So you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n /2 of those. So you should have
+something that's at least 1/8 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's at least 1/8 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's at least 1/8 of n
+cubed. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and then for an upper bound, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then for an upper bound, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then for an upper bound, right,
+you've got n terms which are all at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got n terms which are all at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got n terms which are all at most
+n^2. And so it's going to be, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2. And so it's going to be, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2. And so it's going to be, you know,
+something between 1/8 n cubed and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something between 1/8 n cubed and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something between 1/8 n cubed and n
+cubed itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed itself.
+Does that kind of make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that kind of make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that kind of make sense?
+or hinting at something else that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hinting at something else that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hinting at something else that we'll
+do uh a little bit later. Uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh a little bit later. Uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh a little bit later. Uh if you
+squint really hard, a sum kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint really hard, a sum kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squint really hard, a sum kind of looks
+like an integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an integral.
+So if you integrate that, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you integrate that, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you integrate that, you're going
+to get something that looks like nubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something that looks like nubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something that looks like nubed.
+Okay. Uh another question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Uh we could do that if you like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh we could do that if you like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh we could do that if you like.
+So we've got, you know, 1 + uh 2^ 2 + 3^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got, you know, 1 + uh 2^ 2 + 3^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got, you know, 1 + uh 2^ 2 + 3^
+2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 +
+uh n / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n / 2
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+plus all the way up to n^2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the way up to n^2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the way up to n^2,
+right? So these terms, you know, plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So these terms, you know, plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So these terms, you know, plus or
+minus one term if it's, you know, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one term if it's, you know, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one term if it's, you know, even
+or odd. So these are all greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or odd. So these are all greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or odd. So these are all greater than or
+equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh
+n /2 squared and we've got n over2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 squared and we've got n over2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2 squared and we've got n over2 of
+them or n /2 + 1 or whatever. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or n /2 + 1 or whatever. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or n /2 + 1 or whatever. Okay, so
+the sum is going to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be at least
+n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n /2
+* n /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* n /2
+is 1/8 n cubed. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/8 n cubed. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/8 n cubed. Okay.
+Yeah. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Ah, okay. So, uh, we're getting a a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, okay. So, uh, we're getting a a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, okay. So, uh, we're getting a a more
+refined guess. Um, though actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined guess. Um, though actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined guess. Um, though actually I
+would argue that n cubed is already good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that n cubed is already good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that n cubed is already good
+enough uh for for what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh for for what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh for for what we're doing
+anyway. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. Um,
+and here's why. So, we we as as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's why. So, we we as as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's why. So, we we as as we said
+like we it's not very precise, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we it's not very precise, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we it's not very precise, right?
+like we don't know uh like you said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't know uh like you said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't know uh like you said the
+leading coefficient should probably be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading coefficient should probably be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading coefficient should probably be a
+third. Um but we're just going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. Um but we're just going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. Um but we're just going to start
+from you know guessing that it's a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know guessing that it's a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know guessing that it's a cubic
+of some sort. Okay, we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort. Okay, we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort. Okay, we don't know
+anything about the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the coefficients
+but you know it seems like a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it seems like a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it seems like a reasonable
+guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we're going to say that s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say that s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say that s is equal to
+a * n cubed + b n^ 2 + cn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * n cubed + b n^ 2 + cn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * n cubed + b n^ 2 + cn
+plus d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d.
+Okay, we're just going to take that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're just going to take that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're just going to take that on
+faith, assume it, and see where it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith, assume it, and see where it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith, assume it, and see where it leads
+us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so if we assume that, what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we assume that, what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we assume that, what can we
+deduce?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce?
+Any ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How might we go about figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How might we go about figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How might we go about figuring out what
+A, B, C, and D should be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, what if we look at you know small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what if we look at you know small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what if we look at you know small
+n?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n?
+So if we have say n equals 0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if we put in n equals 0?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+Okay. So then we have uh a * 0 cubed + b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we have uh a * 0 cubed + b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we have uh a * 0 cubed + b
+* 0 2 + c * 0 + d = what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 2 + c * 0 + d = what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 2 + c * 0 + d = what?
+What is the value of our sum at zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the value of our sum at zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the value of our sum at zero?
+Zero. Yeah, we've just got the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. Yeah, we've just got the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. Yeah, we've just got the empty
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What else can we do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, n equals 1. That seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, n equals 1. That seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, n equals 1. That seems like
+another decent choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another decent choice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another decent choice.
+And so this time we'll end up with a + b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this time we'll end up with a + b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this time we'll end up with a + b
++ c + d equals what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ c + d equals what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ c + d equals what?
+What's the value of our sum there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the value of our sum there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the value of our sum there?
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we continue like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we continue like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we continue like this,
+we get uh 8 a + 4 b + 2 c + d = 5. So 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh 8 a + 4 b + 2 c + d = 5. So 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get uh 8 a + 4 b + 2 c + d = 5. So 1
++ 4. Uh question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh no, we're trying to figure those out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh no, we're trying to figure those out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh no, we're trying to figure those out.
+So we're just taking it on faith that S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just taking it on faith that S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just taking it on faith that S
+has this form. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm. So we already know that because S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. So we already know that because S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. So we already know that because S
+was defined as the sum of squares. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined as the sum of squares. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined as the sum of squares. Okay.
+So if we sum up all of the squares up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we sum up all of the squares up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we sum up all of the squares up to
+n equals 1, we get one. If we sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1, we get one. If we sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1, we get one. If we sum them
+up to n equals 2, we get five. etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n equals 2, we get five. etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n equals 2, we get five. etc.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+is this enough?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we need one more. So, let's put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we need one more. So, let's put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we need one more. So, let's put in
+n equals 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 3.
+Here we've got 27 a + 9 b + 3 c + d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we've got 27 a + 9 b + 3 c + d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we've got 27 a + 9 b + 3 c + d
+= uh 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= uh 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= uh 14.
+Can I arithmetic at least?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I arithmetic at least?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I arithmetic at least?
+I think I can arithmetic. 1 plus 4 + 9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I can arithmetic. 1 plus 4 + 9.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I can arithmetic. 1 plus 4 + 9.
+That sounds like 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds like 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds like 14.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so now we've got a system of uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got a system of uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got a system of uh four
+equations and four variables. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and four variables. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and four variables. So we
+should be able to solve it. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to solve it. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to solve it. Okay.
+Um has anybody figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um has anybody figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um has anybody figured out what the
+solution is yet?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, d equals 0. That's an easy one. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, d equals 0. That's an easy one. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, d equals 0. That's an easy one. Uh
+I think it turns out to be a =3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it turns out to be a =3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it turns out to be a =3
+b = 12 c = 16. Is that right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh yeah, d equ= 0 because we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh yeah, d equ= 0 because we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh yeah, d equ= 0 because we've got
+a bunch of zeros here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So are we done?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So are we done?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So are we done?
+Have we found our solution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. So, we we've maybe found our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, we we've maybe found our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, we we've maybe found our
+solution, but you know, we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, but you know, we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, but you know, we we don't
+know. We just pulled this out of a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We just pulled this out of a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We just pulled this out of a hat
+and assumed it. Okay. So, we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumed it. Okay. So, we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumed it. Okay. So, we should
+actually prove that this is correct. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove that this is correct. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove that this is correct. So
+now we're going to take uh you know s=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/3 n cubed + uh 12 n^2 + 16 n and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 n cubed + uh 12 n^2 + 16 n and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 n cubed + uh 12 n^2 + 16 n and use
+that as our guess and go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our guess and go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our guess and go back to the
+guess and check method and prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and check method and prove this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and check method and prove this by
+induction. Okay. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Okay. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Okay. And uh
+we're actually going to want strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to want strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to want strong
+induction. These are our base cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. These are our base cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. These are our base cases.
+We've already proven that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already proven that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already proven that essentially
+like that's what we use to derive ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what we use to derive ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what we use to derive ABC
+and D. Okay? And our inductive step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D. Okay? And our inductive step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D. Okay? And our inductive step is
+just going to be a bunch of algebra. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be a bunch of algebra. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be a bunch of algebra. So
+I'm I'm not going to go into that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not going to go into that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not going to go into that right
+now, but uh yeah, if you're interested,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but uh yeah, if you're interested,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but uh yeah, if you're interested,
+feel free to prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to prove it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh yeah, and uh if it works, we'll, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, and uh if it works, we'll, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, and uh if it works, we'll, you
+know, we'll have a proof that our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we'll have a proof that our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we'll have a proof that our uh
+that our formula was correct. And if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our formula was correct. And if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our formula was correct. And if it
+doesn't, you know, we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't, you know, we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't, you know, we go back to the
+drawing board. we uh we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board. we uh we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing board. we uh we know that this
+form was wrong and so maybe we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was wrong and so maybe we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was wrong and so maybe we try and
+figure out you know a different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know a different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out you know a different form
+that that our answer might take. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that our answer might take. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that our answer might take. Okay.
+Uh does that make sense? Are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh does that make sense? Are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh does that make sense? Are people
+happy with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any questions? Maybe I should phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Maybe I should phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Maybe I should phrase it
+the other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's your name?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your name?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your name?
+Oh, I'm Bmore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm Bmore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm Bmore.
+Uh, like the Pennsylvania College. Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, like the Pennsylvania College. Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, like the Pennsylvania College. Same
+word spelled differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I saw another hand over here. Was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I saw another hand over here. Was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I saw another hand over here. Was
+that was that a question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So that that's if you if you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that that's if you if you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that that's if you if you solve
+this system of equations uh like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations uh like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations uh like that's
+that's what comes out like you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what comes out like you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what comes out like you you could
+do Gaussian elimination or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Gaussian elimination or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Gaussian elimination or you know
+invert the matrix or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on your notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, no. I'm I'm not that good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. I'm I'm not that good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. I'm I'm not that good.
+Oh, I mean, no, I totally don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I mean, no, I totally don't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I mean, no, I totally don't have it
+on my notes. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my notes. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my notes. Um,
+yeah. Yeah. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Uh so as as we were discussing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh so as as we were discussing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh so as as we were discussing you
+know before we we dove into it right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before we we dove into it right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before we we dove into it right uh
+we think that it's probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it's probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it's probably going to
+look something like n cubed um we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like n cubed um we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like n cubed um we don't
+know exactly you know how close it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly you know how close it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly you know how close it is to
+that but it's kind of reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's kind of reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's kind of reasonable to
+assume that it's a polinomial like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's a polinomial like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's a polinomial like a
+cubic polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic polinomial
+um so you know maybe we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know maybe we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know maybe we could have
+started with uh you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with uh you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with uh you know something like
+this instead head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like maybe it's some constant time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe it's some constant time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe it's some constant time n
+cubed plus you know quadratic term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus you know quadratic term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed plus you know quadratic term and
+then you know the onsance method would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the onsance method would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know the onsance method would
+have failed we would have uh uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed we would have uh uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed we would have uh uh we would
+have ended up with you know suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ended up with you know suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ended up with you know suspicious
+looking guess we would have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking guess we would have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking guess we would have tried to
+prove it by induction and it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by induction and it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by induction and it wouldn't
+have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked
+um but yeah as it turns out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reasonable
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How do we know that means it's wrong?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we know that means it's wrong?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we know that means it's wrong?
+What if we just didn't figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we just didn't figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we just didn't figure out the
+right way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way?
+Ah, so the the question is if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so the the question is if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so the the question is if we have a
+bad guess and we can't prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guess and we can't prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guess and we can't prove it by
+induction, how do we know that the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction, how do we know that the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction, how do we know that the guess
+is actually wrong and not that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually wrong and not that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually wrong and not that uh you
+know we're doing something suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're doing something suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're doing something suspicious
+with the proof? Uh so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proof? Uh so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proof? Uh so that's a good
+question. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um,
+so maybe I should digress here a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should digress here a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should digress here a little
+bit. Uh, if you're trying to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Uh, if you're trying to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Uh, if you're trying to, you know,
+figure out a proof or a disproof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a proof or a disproof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a proof or a disproof
+disproof for a statement that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproof for a statement that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproof for a statement that you're not
+quite sure whether it's true or not, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure whether it's true or not, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure whether it's true or not, uh,
+often the thing that you'll want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the thing that you'll want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the thing that you'll want to do
+is attempt to prove it, see where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attempt to prove it, see where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is attempt to prove it, see where your
+proof seems to be breaking, like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof seems to be breaking, like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof seems to be breaking, like if you
+if you find a block, like something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a block, like something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a block, like something that
+you can't figure out, and then try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't figure out, and then try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't figure out, and then try and
+use that to to generate disproof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to to generate disproof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to to generate disproof.
+uh and then you know you can iterate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know you can iterate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know you can iterate on
+that and uh you know if your if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh you know if your if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh you know if your if your
+disproof gets stuck somewhere like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproof gets stuck somewhere like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproof gets stuck somewhere like maybe
+you try and use that uh that block to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and use that uh that block to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and use that uh that block to
+try and come up with a different proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and come up with a different proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and come up with a different proof.
+Okay. Um and you know eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and you know eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and you know eventually
+hopefully you'll be able to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you'll be able to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you'll be able to come up with
+one or the other. Uh so in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other. Uh so in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other. Uh so in this case um
+there's a a you know fairly uh clear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a you know fairly uh clear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a you know fairly uh clear uh
+path towards a disproof you know put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path towards a disproof you know put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path towards a disproof you know put in
+more numbers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers right so
+we could try you know n= 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could try you know n= 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could try you know n= 4
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh then we'd have 64 a + 16 b + 4 c + D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'd have 64 a + 16 b + 4 c + D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we'd have 64 a + 16 b + 4 c + D
+should be equal to what is it? 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to what is it? 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to what is it? 30.
+Okay, so that's a decent sanity check,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's a decent sanity check,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's a decent sanity check,
+right? Like if that doesn't work, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like if that doesn't work, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like if that doesn't work, then
+you know we know that we've uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we know that we've uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we know that we've uh we've
+screwed something up. Okay, does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed something up. Okay, does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed something up. Okay, does that
+make sense to everybody? Yeah. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so that's because we have uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's because we have uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's because we have uh four
+variables here. We've got a b c and d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here. We've got a b c and d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here. We've got a b c and d.
+So we needed four uh equations like four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we needed four uh equations like four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we needed four uh equations like four
+constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Like we could equally well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like we could equally well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like we could equally well have
+chosen like n= 1, n= 2, n= 5 and n= 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen like n= 1, n= 2, n= 5 and n= 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen like n= 1, n= 2, n= 5 and n= 100.
+Uh it would have given us the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it would have given us the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it would have given us the correct
+answer. It just would have taken more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. It just would have taken more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. It just would have taken more uh
+complicated computation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+oh. Here you mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay. So the the the squared term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. So the the the squared term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. So the the the squared term is
+right because you know each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you know each of these
+terms here is at least n over2 squ. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here is at least n over2 squ. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here is at least n over2 squ. Uh
+the last term is because there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term is because there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term is because there are n
+over2 of them and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 of them and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 of them and we're trying to
+evaluate the sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum.
+So we're summing up n over2 things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're summing up n over2 things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're summing up n over2 things that
+are all at least n over2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They're at least zero. We don't care.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're at least zero. We don't care.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're at least zero. We don't care.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this?
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's move on to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's move on to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, let's move on to a third
+technique.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so sometimes we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so sometimes we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so sometimes we're going to end up
+with uh you know sums of sums, right? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know sums of sums, right? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh you know sums of sums, right? Uh
+nested summations which we call double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested summations which we call double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested summations which we call double
+sums. So for instance, what if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums. So for instance, what if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums. So for instance, what if we had
+the following? So i = 1 to n of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following? So i = 1 to n of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following? So i = 1 to n of the sum
+from j = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from j = 1
+to i of j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i of j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i of j.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now you know before we had uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now you know before we had uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now you know before we had uh the
+thing inside our sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing inside our sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing inside our sum
+was this nice simple expression k^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this nice simple expression k^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this nice simple expression k^ squ
+right now our sum and is itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now our sum and is itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now our sum and is itself a
+summation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation.
+Okay what can we do about that? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay what can we do about that? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay what can we do about that? How
+would we evaluate things like this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So the answer was to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the answer was to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the answer was to evaluate the
+inner sum first right figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sum first right figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sum first right figure out a
+closed form as a function of I right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form as a function of I right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form as a function of I right and
+then we can evaluate the outer sum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can evaluate the outer sum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can evaluate the outer sum okay
+so in this case what do we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case what do we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case what do we end up with
+what happens when we evaluate this inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we evaluate this inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we evaluate this inner
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim that this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that this is something that we
+already know how to do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to do something that
+we've seen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+so this is the sum from i = 1 to n of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum from i = 1 to n of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum from i = 1 to n of i
+* i + 1 all divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* i + 1 all divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* i + 1 all divided by 2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how could we evaluate this sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how could we evaluate this sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how could we evaluate this sum this
+this expression is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is a little bit more
+complicated than the ones that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the ones that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the ones that we had
+before Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Right.
+Is there a way that we can simplify it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a way that we can simplify it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a way that we can simplify it?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+Yeah. So, let's uh distribute this i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, let's uh distribute this i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, let's uh distribute this i and
+then break the sum up. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if we distribute this, we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we distribute this, we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we distribute this, we end up with
+i^ 2 + i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^ 2 + i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i^ 2 + i
+/ 2. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2. Okay.
+And now we've got a sum of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we've got a sum of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we've got a sum of you know a
+sum uh so we can split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh so we can split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh so we can split it into two
+different summations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i = 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i = 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i = 1 to n
+i^2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of i.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so I've taken each of these terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've taken each of these terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've taken each of these terms and
+split it into its own sum and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into its own sum and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into its own sum and also
+pulled this factor of 1/2 out in front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this factor of 1/2 out in front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this factor of 1/2 out in front.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this is now something that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now something that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now something that we know
+how to evaluate. We just evaluated it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate. We just evaluated it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to evaluate. We just evaluated it.
+Uh this is also something we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is also something we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is also something we know how to
+evaluate like also we just evaluated it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate like also we just evaluated it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate like also we just evaluated it.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so this comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this comes out to
+the answer that we had there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that we had there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that we had there. So
+16 n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 n cubed
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+1/4 n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
++ 112n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14 * n * n + 1. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose instead
+we had something similar but slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something similar but slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had something similar but slightly
+different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So sum from i + 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum from i + 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum from i + 1 to n
+sum from j = i to n of j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j = i to n of j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from j = i to n of j.
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So our inner sum now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our inner sum now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our inner sum now instead of
+going from uh one to i, it's going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh one to i, it's going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh one to i, it's going from
+i to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i to n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, we could evaluate this in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we could evaluate this in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we could evaluate this in the same
+way as as we just did,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as as we just did,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as as we just did,
+but it turns out that there's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that there's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that there's a slightly
+easier way. Okay, we can exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way. Okay, we can exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way. Okay, we can exchange the
+order of summation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And what I mean by that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what I mean by that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what I mean by that is that we
+want the outer sum to be in terms of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the outer sum to be in terms of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the outer sum to be in terms of J
+and the inner sum to be in terms of I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inner sum to be in terms of I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inner sum to be in terms of I.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+what are the possible values of J?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. Oh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Oh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Oh.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so if I equals 1 here, J equals I,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if I equals 1 here, J equals I,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if I equals 1 here, J equals I,
+J equals 1. Okay, so that's the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 1. Okay, so that's the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 1. Okay, so that's the smallest
+value of J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of J.
+And you know, J can clearly go up to N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, J can clearly go up to N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, J can clearly go up to N.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What are the bounds of summation on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the bounds of summation on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the bounds of summation on our
+inner sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How would we compute this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What constraints do we have on i and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What constraints do we have on i and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What constraints do we have on i and J
+originally?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we know that 1 is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that 1 is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that 1 is less than or equal
+to i less than or equal to n. i less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i less than or equal to n. i less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i less than or equal to n. i less
+than or equal to j less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to j less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to j less than or equal to
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So we could you know phrase this as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could you know phrase this as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could you know phrase this as 1
+less than or equal to i less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to i less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to i less than or
+equal to j less than or equal to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now we've got bounds on i in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we've got bounds on i in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we've got bounds on i in
+terms of j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we still want the sum over the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we still want the sum over the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we still want the sum over the same
+set of pairs I and J. We're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pairs I and J. We're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pairs I and J. We're just
+expressing it differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now our sumand is the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does it does it make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does it does it make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does it does it make sense to
+everybody how we got this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody how we got this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody how we got this?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this right
+just came from the bounds on our inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came from the bounds on our inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came from the bounds on our inner
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum.
+Okay. We're saying that J should range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We're saying that J should range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We're saying that J should range
+from I up to N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I up to N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I up to N.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so then we just, you know, stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we just, you know, stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we just, you know, stick
+this pair of inequalities in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of inequalities in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of inequalities in here.
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+You reasonably happy with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You reasonably happy with this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You reasonably happy with this?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now we've exchanged the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we've exchanged the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we've exchanged the order of
+summation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation.
+We've got uh J for our outer sum, I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got uh J for our outer sum, I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got uh J for our outer sum, I for
+inner sum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner sum,
+and now we've got a much simpler sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got a much simpler sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got a much simpler sum
+here that we can easily evaluate. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we can easily evaluate. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we can easily evaluate. Okay.
+What is our inner sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+The sumand has no dependence on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sumand has no dependence on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sumand has no dependence on the uh
+index of summation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of summation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of summation.
+Right. So we've just got J terms. All of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we've just got J terms. All of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we've just got J terms. All of
+them are J. So it's J squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are J. So it's J squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are J. So it's J squ.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now this is just the sum that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is just the sum that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is just the sum that we had
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Uh so that's that's just uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's that's just uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's that's just uh an
+expression that you've already seen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that you've already seen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that you've already seen,
+right? We we've already seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We we've already seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We we've already seen how to
+evaluate the sum from J= 1 to I of of J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum from J= 1 to I of of J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum from J= 1 to I of of J.
+Uh so that's just you know plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's just you know plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's just you know plugging in
+that closed formula uh for that inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed formula uh for that inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that closed formula uh for that inner
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are people reasonably happy with
+this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh did we
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+oh yeah here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah here is
+I mean here it's the you know particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here it's the you know particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here it's the you know particular
+example where where n equals 100 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where where n equals 100 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where where n equals 100 but
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why don't we move on to The uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why don't we move on to The uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why don't we move on to The uh
+last topic for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last topic for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last topic for today.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have the following sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea how we might come up with a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how we might come up with a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how we might come up with a closed
+form for this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for this?
+Does anybody already know a closed form?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nobody really.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody really.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody really.
+That's good because it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good because it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good because it's an open
+problem. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um,
+well, I suppose that doesn't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I suppose that doesn't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I suppose that doesn't make it
+good. If you have a closed form, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. If you have a closed form, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. If you have a closed form, you
+could write a paper about it. That would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a paper about it. That would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a paper about it. That would
+be pretty exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty exciting.
+Uh okay. So it turns out that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So it turns out that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So it turns out that you know
+there isn't any nice close form for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any nice close form for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any nice close form for this
+as far as we know. Uh so does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we know. Uh so does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we know. Uh so does that mean
+we should just you know hands in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should just you know hands in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should just you know hands in the air
+give up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Getting some getting some nods. Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting some getting some nods. Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Getting some getting some nods. Yeah. I
+mean I suppose that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I suppose that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I suppose that's a that's a
+question of philosophy. Um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of philosophy. Um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of philosophy. Um but you know
+we can still say something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still say something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still say something about it
+right? like maybe we don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? like maybe we don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? like maybe we don't need to know
+exactly what this sum is. Uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this sum is. Uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this sum is. Uh but you
+know, as long as we figure out something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as long as we figure out something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as long as we figure out something
+that's close enough, maybe we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close enough, maybe we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close enough, maybe we're still
+happy. Okay, so maybe we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. Okay, so maybe we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. Okay, so maybe we want to
+approximate it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, can anybody give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can anybody give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, can anybody give me
+a guess as to an approximation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess as to an approximation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess as to an approximation for this
+sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+So the answer was, you know, again, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer was, you know, again, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer was, you know, again, if
+we squint really hard and pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we squint really hard and pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we squint really hard and pretend that
+this is an integral, maybe s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral, maybe s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral, maybe s is
+approximately equal to the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to the integral of
+rootx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx
+dx uh say from 1 to n, which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx uh say from 1 to n, which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx uh say from 1 to n, which is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+2/3 uh n to the is it three halves? Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh n to the is it three halves? Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh n to the is it three halves? Is
+that about right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about right?
+I swear I've done calculus before. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swear I've done calculus before. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swear I've done calculus before. Um,
+it's been a while. Uh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while. Uh, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while. Uh, okay.
+So, the question then becomes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the question then becomes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the question then becomes,
+how close is that approximation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do we think we're, you know, within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we think we're, you know, within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we think we're, you know, within a
+factor of two? Do you think we're off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two? Do you think we're off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two? Do you think we're off
+by, you know, n by root n off by one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by, you know, n by root n off by one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by, you know, n by root n off by one?
+Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe
+it's not entirely clear. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not entirely clear. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not entirely clear. Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to figure this out, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure this out, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure this out, we're going
+to use what we call the integral method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give me a moment to draw this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a moment to draw this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a moment to draw this.
+And you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know,
+Redux looks a little bit like that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux looks a little bit like that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redux looks a little bit like that if
+you squint really hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so suppose we have a weekly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So rootx is indeed weakly increasing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So rootx is indeed weakly increasing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So rootx is indeed weakly increasing. So
+that that'll work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that'll work.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+now recall remon sums from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now recall remon sums from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now recall remon sums from uh from
+integral calculus. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral calculus. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral calculus. Okay.
+No no post-traumatic stress. Are we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No no post-traumatic stress. Are we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No no post-traumatic stress. Are we are
+we okay? Okay. Uh so how could we how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay? Okay. Uh so how could we how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we okay? Okay. Uh so how could we how
+could we approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we approximate
+uh the integral of f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if we've got one 2 3 4 dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we've got one 2 3 4 dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if we've got one 2 3 4 dot dot
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+we can draw a bunch of rectangles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a bunch of rectangles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a bunch of rectangles like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And this step function here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, maybe I should get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, maybe I should get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, maybe I should get a different
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+for completeness maybe I should do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this this step function here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this step function here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this step function here that
+I've drawn is uh f of the floor of x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn is uh f of the floor of x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn is uh f of the floor of x,
+right? f is weekly increasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? f is weekly increasing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? f is weekly increasing.
+So that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means
+you know floor of x is an under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know floor of x is an under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know floor of x is an under
+approximation for x. So f of floor of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for x. So f of floor of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for x. So f of floor of x
+is an under approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an under approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an under approximation
+for f ofx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what happens if we integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens if we integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens if we integrate the
+step function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of floor of x? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of floor of x? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of floor of x? Yeah,
+sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry.
+uh almost.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in in this case it actually does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in this case it actually does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in this case it actually does it
+turn out to be s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be s
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly we're we're missing a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly we're we're missing a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly we're we're missing a term
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so we can break this into n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can break this into n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can break this into n minus one
+integrals,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals,
+right? We've got a an interval of width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got a an interval of width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got a an interval of width
+n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one.
+Uh this is constant on each of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is constant on each of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is constant on each of those uh
+width one uh sub intervals, right? So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width one uh sub intervals, right? So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width one uh sub intervals, right? So we
+can break it break it apart into a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it break it apart into a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break it break it apart into a whole
+bunch of rectangles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of rectangles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of rectangles.
+So this is going to be the sum from i =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be the sum from i =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be the sum from i =
+1 to n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to n minus one
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+f of i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of i.
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense to everybody?
+So we've got intervals of width one. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got intervals of width one. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've got intervals of width one. Uh
+our function is constant on each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function is constant on each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function is constant on each of
+those intervals, right? And it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intervals, right? And it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intervals, right? And it's equal
+to, you know, the left hand uh the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, you know, the left hand uh the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, you know, the left hand uh the left
+hand side of that interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of that interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of that interval.
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is just going to be s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just going to be s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just going to be s minus
+uh f of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so the question is why are we using n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the question is why are we using n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the question is why are we using n
+minus one as the bound here? Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one as the bound here? Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one as the bound here? Okay, so
+that's because the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the width of this
+interval is n minus one. We're splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is n minus one. We're splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is n minus one. We're splitting
+into n minus one intervals of width one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n minus one intervals of width one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n minus one intervals of width one.
+Okay, so for instance, if we uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so for instance, if we uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so for instance, if we uh you know
+went up to say n= 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up to say n= 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up to say n= 5.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So if we were trying to sum f of one, f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we were trying to sum f of one, f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we were trying to sum f of one, f
+of two, f of three, f of four, f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two, f of three, f of four, f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two, f of three, f of four, f of
+five, uh we would then want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, uh we would then want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, uh we would then want to compare
+to this integral here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the integral from 1 to 5, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the integral from 1 to 5, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the integral from 1 to 5, right? And
+this gives us four rectangles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? We've got the interval from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got the interval from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We've got the interval from 1 to
+2, from 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, from 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, from 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5.
+Okay. And the uh the interval say from 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the uh the interval say from 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the uh the interval say from 2
+to three has width 1 and height f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three has width 1 and height f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three has width 1 and height f of
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Okay. So you know maybe we could phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you know maybe we could phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you know maybe we could phrase
+this as you know 1 * f of i. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you know 1 * f of i. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you know 1 * f of i. Does that
+make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we've you know we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've got an under approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got an under approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got an under approximation for
+our integral now. So uh I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integral now. So uh I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our integral now. So uh I haven't
+actually written the the integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written the the integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written the the integral.
+So let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let
+I equal the integral from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equal the integral from 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equal the integral from 1 to n
+fx dx. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fx dx. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fx dx. Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we said that this function here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that this function here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that this function here under
+approximates f, right? So this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates f, right? So this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates f, right? So this integral
+under approximates i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under approximates i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under approximates i.
+So that tells us that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tells us that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tells us that i
+is greater than or equal to s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to s minus
+f of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, equivalently, we could phrase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, equivalently, we could phrase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, equivalently, we could phrase this
+as a bound on S in terms of I, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bound on S in terms of I, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bound on S in terms of I, right?
+Because S was what we originally wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because S was what we originally wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because S was what we originally wanted
+to figure out. Okay? So, instead, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out. Okay? So, instead, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out. Okay? So, instead, we
+could write this as S is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as S is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this as S is less than or
+equal to I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I plus
+F of N. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+what if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if instead
+we over approximated?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so now we've got f of the ceiling of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the new step function that I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new step function that I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new step function that I've just
+drawn in green is f of ceiling of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in green is f of ceiling of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in green is f of ceiling of x
+which is an over approximation for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an over approximation for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an over approximation for f
+ofx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx.
+Okay. So if we integrate it, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we integrate it, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we integrate it, the
+integral from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to n
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+of ceiling of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ceiling of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ceiling of x
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+should be greater than or equal to i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now doing exactly the same thing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now doing exactly the same thing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now doing exactly the same thing as we
+had before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before.
+What is this integral?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So sum from i = 2 to n of f of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum from i = 2 to n of f of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum from i = 2 to n of f of i
+say times 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And this is just sus f of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So s minus f of one is at least i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So s minus f of one is at least i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So s minus f of one is at least i.
+Once again we can rephrase this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again we can rephrase this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again we can rephrase this as a
+bound on i or sorry a bound on s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on i or sorry a bound on s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on i or sorry a bound on s in
+terms of i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of i.
+So I uh sorry S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than or equal to
+I + F of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So putting these together now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So putting these together now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So putting these together now
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+I + f of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + f of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + f of 1
+less than or equal to s less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+equal to i + f of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i + f of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i + f of n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is what we call the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we call the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we call the integral
+bound for increasing functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are people reasonably happy with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are people reasonably happy with this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are people reasonably happy with this?
+Okay. So if we go back to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we go back to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we go back to our original
+question, you know, where f ofx equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, you know, where f ofx equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, you know, where f ofx equals
+rootx, right? What are the bounds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx, right? What are the bounds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx, right? What are the bounds we
+get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get?
+What is i first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wasn't quite what I wrote down before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite what I wrote down before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite what I wrote down before.
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is from 1 to n. Remember what I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is from 1 to n. Remember what I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is from 1 to n. Remember what I wrote
+originally was uh 2/3 n^ 3 which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was uh 2/3 n^ 3 which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was uh 2/3 n^ 3 which is I
+believe the integral from 0 to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+what we actually have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have here is
+I = the integral from 1 to n of x^ 12 dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = the integral from 1 to n of x^ 12 dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = the integral from 1 to n of x^ 12 dx
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+equal to 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2/3
+x^ 3s evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^ 3s evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^ 3s evaluated
+at one and n which is going to be 2/3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and n which is going to be 2/3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and n which is going to be 2/3 *
+n^ 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ 3
+- 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so almost what we had before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So our lower bound then is this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our lower bound then is this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our lower bound then is this value
+plus f of one, right? f of one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of one, right? f of one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of one, right? f of one is just
+root one. it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root one. it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root one. it's one
+and our upper bound is I plus roo<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our upper bound is I plus roo<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our upper bound is I plus roo<unk>
+n. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Okay,
+so it turns out that 2/3 n^ 3 halves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that 2/3 n^ 3 halves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that 2/3 n^ 3 halves is
+a pretty good approximation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good approximation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good approximation,
+right? It's uh you know it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's uh you know it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's uh you know it's going to be
+a little bit larger than that but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit larger than that but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit larger than that but not
+much, right? we're going to be within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, right? we're going to be within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, right? we're going to be within an
+additive root n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive root n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive root n.
+Okay. And you know given that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you know given that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you know given that our
+approximation is you know a cube of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is you know a cube of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is you know a cube of that
+that's actually pretty good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty good.
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+Are we reasonably happy with that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What if instead we had you know s equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if instead we had you know s equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if instead we had you know s equals
+sum from i = 1 to n of say 1 / i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can we apply our integral bound to this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It thinks yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It thinks yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It thinks yes.
+Who thinks no?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks no?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks no?
+Okay. Can anybody explain why in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Can anybody explain why in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Can anybody explain why in either
+direction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh okay. So the answer was uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So the answer was uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So the answer was uh you know
+after one uh it's going to converge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one uh it's going to converge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one uh it's going to converge.
+Uh I would dispute that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Fair enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Fair enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Fair enough.
+So even if we could apply the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even if we could apply the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even if we could apply the integral
+bound, it may not get us very far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I think there's a bigger problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think there's a bigger problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think there's a bigger problem
+here. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Yeah,
+that's right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. So
+remember that our assumption, right, was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that our assumption, right, was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that our assumption, right, was
+that f should be weekly increasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f should be weekly increasing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f should be weekly increasing.
+One over i is not or 1 /x is not. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the observation here is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the observation here is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the observation here is that if we
+take f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take f ofx
+= 1 /x this is weekly decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can do something similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can do something similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can do something similar.
+Okay, what exactly are we going to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what exactly are we going to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what exactly are we going to do?
+Well, let's take g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be equal to f of n + 1 - x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what do we know about g?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So basically what we've done here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically what we've done here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So basically what we've done here,
+right, we are essentially negating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we are essentially negating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we are essentially negating the
+argument. So we're kind of flipping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. So we're kind of flipping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. So we're kind of flipping it
+horizontally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally,
+right? We started with a weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We started with a weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We started with a weekly
+decreasing function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function.
+So when we flip it like this, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we flip it like this, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we flip it like this, we're
+going to end up with a weekly increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a weekly increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a weekly increasing
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah. Uh, so are you worried about the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah. Uh, so are you worried about the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah. Uh, so are you worried about the n
+plus one as opposed to the n?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one as opposed to the n?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one as opposed to the n?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So basically we are mapping uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So basically we are mapping uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So basically we are mapping uh one
+to n and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and vice versa
+and then everything in between should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything in between should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything in between should
+just you know interpolate linearly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know interpolate linearly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know interpolate linearly.
+Okay. So if we put you know one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we put you know one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we put you know one into
+here we end up with f of n. If we put n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we end up with f of n. If we put n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we end up with f of n. If we put n
+into here we end up with f of one. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here we end up with f of one. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here we end up with f of one. Does
+that make sense? So the question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? So the question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? So the question is why
+do we have the uh n plus one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have the uh n plus one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have the uh n plus one there
+instead of just an n or a minus x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just an n or a minus x or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just an n or a minus x or
+something like that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that?
+which you know kind of gets into the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know kind of gets into the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know kind of gets into the the
+next question. What is S in terms of G?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So maybe it would be better to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe it would be better to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe it would be better to write it
+using ellipses instead of sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ellipses instead of sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ellipses instead of sigma
+notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation.
+So we defined it as f of 1 plus f of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we defined it as f of 1 plus f of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we defined it as f of 1 plus f of 2
+plus dot dot dot plus f of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now how can we rewrite this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how can we rewrite this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now how can we rewrite this in terms of
+g?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is actually equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is actually equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is actually equal to the
+sum of G of I same balance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now what can we do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+Yeah, G satisfies all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, G satisfies all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, G satisfies all of the uh
+requirements that we needed for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that we needed for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that we needed for our
+integral bound. Okay, so we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral bound. Okay, so we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral bound. Okay, so we can apply
+the integral bound now to G instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral bound now to G instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral bound now to G instead of
+to our original F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our original F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our original F.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that
+I + g of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + g of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + g of 1
+less than or equal to s less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+equal to i + g of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i + g of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i + g of n.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the integral is exactly the same,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the integral is exactly the same,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the integral is exactly the same,
+right? We are, you know, we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We are, you know, we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We are, you know, we've just
+flipped it, right? But the area under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it, right? But the area under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it, right? But the area under it
+is is going to be the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to be the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to be the same.
+And what is this g of one? Well, this g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is this g of one? Well, this g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what is this g of one? Well, this g
+of one is just f of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g of n is just f of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the integral bound for weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the integral bound for weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the integral bound for weekly
+decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+strictly speaking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly speaking,
+uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you end up with a uh a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up with a uh a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up with a uh a slightly
+different problem if you uh if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem if you uh if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem if you uh if you just
+negate it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'll hint at it in a moment. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll hint at it in a moment. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll hint at it in a moment. Okay.
+Uh what happens if you take limits as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what happens if you take limits as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what happens if you take limits as n
+goes to infinity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So you kind of have to um like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you kind of have to um like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you kind of have to um like you
+you can do that but you you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that but you you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that but you you'd have to
+kind of adjust for it and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adjust for it and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of adjust for it and it doesn't
+work quite as nicely with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work quite as nicely with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work quite as nicely with the with
+limits. Uh so the answer is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. Uh so the answer is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits. Uh so the answer is strictly
+speaking yes. You could negate it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking yes. You could negate it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking yes. You could negate it if you
+want to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to.
+uh but uh you know flipping it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh you know flipping it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh you know flipping it and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I personally find it easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally find it easier to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally find it easier to think
+about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so that that that was the idea to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that was the idea to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that was the idea to to
+negate f instead of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate f instead of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate f instead of x.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+But uh yeah, segue into the uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh yeah, segue into the uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh yeah, segue into the uh the last
+thing. We've got a couple of minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. We've got a couple of minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. We've got a couple of minutes or
+eight minutes. Oh, nice. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes. Oh, nice. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes. Oh, nice. Um
+so what about s=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about s=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about s=
+sum from i = 1 to infinity of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from i = 1 to infinity of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from i = 1 to infinity of let's say
+because as somebody pointed out we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as somebody pointed out we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as somebody pointed out we do
+not want to be working with logs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to be working with logs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to be working with logs.
+So let's say 1 over i^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how could we evaluate this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how could we evaluate this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how could we evaluate this infinite
+sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, we can basically do what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can basically do what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can basically do what we were
+just doing, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing, right?
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+well, does does anybody remember how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, does does anybody remember how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, does does anybody remember how we
+actually define what an infinite sum is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's just going to be a limit of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just going to be a limit of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just going to be a limit of partial
+sums.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now all of these
+we know how to evaluate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to evaluate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to evaluate.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So each of these if we take you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of these if we take you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each of these if we take you know i
+subn to be equal to the integral from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn to be equal to the integral from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn to be equal to the integral from 1
+to n of 1 i^2 oh sorry 1x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of 1 i^2 oh sorry 1x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of 1 i^2 oh sorry 1x^2
+dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx
+okay what is this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want to evaluate that? No. We don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate that? No. We don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate that? No. We don't like
+calculus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus.
+Me too. That's why I'm asking for help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Me too. That's why I'm asking for help.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Me too. That's why I'm asking for help.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. 1 - 1 / n. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why are you laughing at me? That's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why are you laughing at me? That's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why are you laughing at me? That's so
+rude. Ah, come on guys. Okay, so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude. Ah, come on guys. Okay, so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude. Ah, come on guys. Okay, so we know
+what these partial sums are or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these partial sums are or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these partial sums are or you know
+we have approximations for these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have approximations for these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have approximations for these partial
+sums. Okay, so the partial sum s subn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums. Okay, so the partial sum s subn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums. Okay, so the partial sum s subn is
+going to be bounded on one side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bounded on one side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bounded on one side by
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+oops why don't I write it like this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I subn plus f of n less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I subn plus f of n less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I subn plus f of n less than or equal
+to s subn less than or equal to i subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s subn less than or equal to i subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s subn less than or equal to i subn
+plus f of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of 1.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what happens when we take limits?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So weak inequalities are preserved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So weak inequalities are preserved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So weak inequalities are preserved by
+limits. Right? So the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I subn plus f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be less than or equal to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be less than or equal to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be less than or equal to s
+less than or equal to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to limit
+of i subn plus f of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what does the limit do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, we can separate these. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can separate these. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can separate these. What's the
+limit of I of subn?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh 1 - 1 / infinity basically, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - 1 / infinity basically, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 - 1 / infinity basically, right? So
+as n goes to infinity, this 1 / n term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity, this 1 / n term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity, this 1 / n term
+disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears.
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+this part is just going to be one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just going to be one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just going to be one.
+What's the limit of f of n?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+also infinity. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also infinity. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also infinity. Uh
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+yeah zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than or equal to s less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to s less than or
+equal to we just established that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to we just established that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to we just established that this
+is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one.
+What's f of one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have an approximation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have an approximation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have an approximation.
+Is it a good one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm seeing some people like, "Yeah, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some people like, "Yeah, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some people like, "Yeah, good
+enough. Let's just go home." Some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Let's just go home." Some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Let's just go home." Some people
+like, "What the hell? We're off by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "What the hell? We're off by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "What the hell? We're off by a
+factor of two." Uh, yeah, it's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two." Uh, yeah, it's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two." Uh, yeah, it's between
+one and two. Like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two. Like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two. Like,
+not so great. Any ideas how we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great. Any ideas how we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great. Any ideas how we could
+make it better?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How could we make our bones more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could we make our bones more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could we make our bones more
+precise?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe if we go back to the picture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe if we go back to the picture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe if we go back to the picture,
+it'll be a little bit uh easier to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a little bit uh easier to see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a little bit uh easier to see.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this lack of precision is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lack of precision is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lack of precision is coming from
+the fact that like you know we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like you know we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like you know we're kind
+of looking at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the difference between
+these two step functions, right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two step functions, right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two step functions, right? So the
+farther apart they are the the worse our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart they are the the worse our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart they are the the worse our
+our approximation is going to be. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation is going to be. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our approximation is going to be. Okay.
+So if we kind of just forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we kind of just forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we kind of just forget about the
+first few terms, compute those exactly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few terms, compute those exactly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few terms, compute those exactly,
+and then just approximate the rest,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just approximate the rest,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just approximate the rest,
+we're going to end up with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with a more
+precise bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise bound.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if instead we say you know s =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if instead we say you know s =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if instead we say you know s =
+uh 1 + 14 + 1 9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 + 14 + 1 9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 + 14 + 1 9th
+plus the sum from i = 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the sum from i = 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the sum from i = 1 to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /
+i + 3^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, it's a bit crowded. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what happens if we approximate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what happens if we approximate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what happens if we approximate this
+sum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How close are we going to get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, our error term remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just
+the first term in our series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in our series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in our series.
+Okay, we are going to be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we are going to be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we are going to be between
+the integral and the integral plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and the integral plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and the integral plus the
+first term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term.
+Okay, here the first term is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here the first term is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here the first term is much
+smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller.
+Okay, so this time we've got uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this time we've got uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this time we've got uh what is
+it? 1 16.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? 1 16.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? 1 16.
+So instead of being, you know, between i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of being, you know, between i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of being, you know, between i
+and i + 1, we're now between i and i + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i + 1, we're now between i and i + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i + 1, we're now between i and i + 1
+over 16 for a different eye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 for a different eye.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 for a different eye.
+Same I, no, different eye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same I, no, different eye.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same I, no, different eye.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that make sense to everybody?
+So if you want a better approximation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a better approximation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a better approximation,
+just, you know, strip some terms off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just, you know, strip some terms off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just, you know, strip some terms off the
+front and approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and approximate
+the tail of the sum instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the sum instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the sum instead of the
+entire thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing.
+So that's all we have time for today. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's all we have time for today. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's all we have time for today. Uh
+let's see. I'm not sure who will see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I'm not sure who will see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I'm not sure who will see you
+next week. Um somebody will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Um somebody will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Um somebody will see you next
+week. Zach will see you next week. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Zach will see you next week. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Zach will see you next week. Uh
+feel free to come up if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to come up if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to come up if you have any
+questions. Yeah. started. Uh your role
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nrfl6GAQy2s.txt b/nrfl6GAQy2s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df8e3102f34f447e18a93573cfcb3b07fed03206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nrfl6GAQy2s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22336 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu just very quick very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu just very quick very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu just very quick very quick
+what we're doing today and a quick what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing today and a quick what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing today and a quick what
+we are doing what we're doing next on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing what we're doing next on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing what we're doing next on
+Wednesday um Phils can to start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um Phils can to start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday um Phils can to start with an
+estimation lecture we're going to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation lecture we're going to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation lecture we're going to follow
+that up with a lecture for me on Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up with a lecture for me on Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up with a lecture for me on Sprint
+backlogs and task lists and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs and task lists and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs and task lists and then we're
+probably going to take a break you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to take a break you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to take a break you'll
+come back and you'll have essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and you'll have essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and you'll have essentially a
+Sprint planning meeting um here in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint planning meeting um here in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint planning meeting um here in class
+where you will create a Sprint backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will create a Sprint backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will create a Sprint backlog
+and a task list hopefully with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a task list hopefully with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a task list hopefully with
+estimations down to how many hours you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations down to how many hours you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations down to how many hours you
+think all those tasks are going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all those tasks are going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all those tasks are going to take
+you um then we will ask you to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um then we will ask you to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um then we will ask you to come up
+and give a very brief brief two-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a very brief brief two-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a very brief brief two-minute
+presentation on hey how did the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on hey how did the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on hey how did the process
+work and what was it like how did work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what was it like how did work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what was it like how did work
+for your team we're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team we're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your team we're not actually
+interested in hearing about your game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing about your game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in hearing about your game or
+what the top task you have to do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the top task you have to do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the top task you have to do is um
+we trust that you have a good game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we trust that you have a good game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we trust that you have a good game in
+progress and that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and that you've got a
+reasonable set of tasks but we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of tasks but we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of tasks but we actually
+want to hear about how that meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear about how that meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear about how that meeting
+worked so we'll also give you about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so we'll also give you about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so we'll also give you about 10
+minutes to have a little sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to have a little sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to have a little sort of
+postmart review to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmart review to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmart review to talk about the
+process after you've made your your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process after you've made your your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process after you've made your your uh
+task lists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists um
+Andrew will then come in he'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew will then come in he'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew will then come in he'll be
+leading um a discussion sort of a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading um a discussion sort of a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading um a discussion sort of a review
+a review discussion on good software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review discussion on good software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review discussion on good software
+practices to see what you've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices to see what you've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices to see what you've been doing
+and see if you remembered anything he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you remembered anything he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you remembered anything he
+said from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said from
+earlier um and you should have turned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um and you should have turned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um and you should have turned in
+your product backlogs um and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product backlogs um and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product backlogs um and you should
+have code running on your machines we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have code running on your machines we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have code running on your machines we're
+not going to walk around and and inspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to walk around and and inspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to walk around and and inspect
+all your laptops to find out if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your laptops to find out if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your laptops to find out if you have
+running code but but to be on target you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running code but but to be on target you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running code but but to be on target you
+really should have something running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have something running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have something running and
+if not playable at least Pok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not playable at least Pok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not playable at least Pok
+um for Wednesday um we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for Wednesday um we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for Wednesday um we'll be talking
+about testing and you'll be running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about testing and you'll be running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about testing and you'll be running a
+focus test in house and Genevie Conley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus test in house and Genevie Conley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus test in house and Genevie Conley
+yes from Riot will be also giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes from Riot will be also giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes from Riot will be also giving a
+guest lecture after the focus test and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture after the focus test and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture after the focus test and I
+believe she'll be here to wander around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe she'll be here to wander around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe she'll be here to wander around
+and help out in the focus test a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help out in the focus test a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help out in the focus test a little
+bit so I think that's everything now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I think that's everything now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I think that's everything now I
+can now those were my two slides now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now those were my two slides now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now those were my two slides now you
+can have the controls uh do try try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the controls uh do try try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the controls uh do try try to
+come in on time for class if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in on time for class if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in on time for class if if you're
+unsure about whether you can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure about whether you can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure about whether you can get your
+game set up in time coming early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game set up in time coming early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game set up in time coming early and
+make sure that your game is ready um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your game is ready um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your game is ready um
+when we have guests coming to our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have guests coming to our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have guests coming to our class
+we really will prefer it that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really will prefer it that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really will prefer it that people
+don't don't don't walk in terribly late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't don't walk in terribly late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't don't walk in terribly late
+just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of
+embarrassing um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing um all right
+so over the weekend I was uh I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the weekend I was uh I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the weekend I was uh I found
+myself in an unenviable position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in an unenviable position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in an unenviable position of
+having to teach prepare for a video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to teach prepare for a video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to teach prepare for a video game
+uh class and not having a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class and not having a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class and not having a working
+computer so I had to prepare for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so I had to prepare for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so I had to prepare for the
+possibility that I wouldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that I wouldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that I wouldn't have a
+computer as of today and I and redo my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as of today and I and redo my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer as of today and I and redo my
+entire presentation in analog format but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire presentation in analog format but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire presentation in analog format but
+uh turns out that isnt actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turns out that isnt actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turns out that isnt actually does
+Miracles and got my computer back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracles and got my computer back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracles and got my computer back and
+working on Monday if you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Monday if you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Monday if you happen to be
+working at isnt give yourself a pad on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at isnt give yourself a pad on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at isnt give yourself a pad on
+the back you are doing God's work um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back you are doing God's work um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back you are doing God's work um and
+um but I'm going to try to do the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to try to do the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to try to do the analog
+thing anyway because might might uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anyway because might might uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anyway because might might uh it's
+worth a shot I'm going to to to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a shot I'm going to to to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a shot I'm going to to to be very
+clear this is the first time that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is the first time that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is the first time that I'm
+doing this I'm going to need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I'm going to need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I'm going to need three
+volunteers to come down come on now come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to come down come on now come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to come down come on now come
+on come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on come on
+yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all
+right okay so on Wednesday I we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so on Wednesday I we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so on Wednesday I we asked
+you to split things up into small medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to split things up into small medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to split things up into small medium
+and large features right yeah okay small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large features right yeah okay small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large features right yeah okay small
+medium large and I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large and I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large and I'm going to give you
+an idea of what your product backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of what your product backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of what your product backlog
+currently looks like your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looks like your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looks like your product
+backlog currently looks like a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog currently looks like a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog currently looks like a bunch of
+features all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now I'm um I'm going to assume that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm um I'm going to assume that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm um I'm going to assume that all
+of you have sort of uh already assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have sort of uh already assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have sort of uh already assigned
+small medium large things to uh to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large things to uh to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large things to uh to to uh
+to your features uh sort of small medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your features uh sort of small medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your features uh sort of small medium
+large categories to your Fe FES but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large categories to your Fe FES but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large categories to your Fe FES but I
+want to try doing it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently I'm going to give each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm going to give each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm going to give each of
+you three cards okay let's see uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three cards okay let's see uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three cards okay let's see uh this
+is these are the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the large
+currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents
+medium okay can people see this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay can people see this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay can people see this from the
+back by the way the letters on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by the way the letters on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by the way the letters on on the
+card huh okay small yeah okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card huh okay small yeah okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card huh okay small yeah okay so this is
+what's going to do what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to do what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to do what's going to
+happen I'm going to pull something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'm going to pull something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'm going to pull something out
+from here and you're going going to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you're going going to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you're going going to all
+look at it and you are going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you are going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you are going to to
+figure out whether that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether that is going to be
+small medium large without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large without actually
+discussing anything all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing anything all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing anything all right so you
+keep the the the cards uh uh hidden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the the the cards uh uh hidden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the the the cards uh uh hidden to
+but uh and only you can see it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and only you can see it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh and only you can see it and then
+when I ask you to reveal it show it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I ask you to reveal it show it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I ask you to reveal it show it all
+at once okay show show me what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once okay show show me what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once okay show show me what you've
+picked all right I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked all right I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked all right I'm not going to tell
+you what's small what's medium or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's small what's medium or what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's small what's medium or what's
+large I want you to tell me what small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I want you to tell me what small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I want you to tell me what small
+medium and large okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large okay all right so
+everyone clear on how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay don't don't don't show it to anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't don't don't show it to anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't don't don't show it to anyone
+yet make make sure everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet make make sure everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet make make sure everyone's
+picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uhhuh good question hang on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uhhuh good question hang on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uhhuh good question hang on to
+that this this a small medium or large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this a small medium or large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this a small medium or large
+feature with no frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature with no frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature with no frame of
+reference okay all right so everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay all right so everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay all right so everyone's
+got one show it to me medium medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one show it to me medium medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one show it to me medium medium
+medium okay all right I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay all right I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay all right I'm going to put
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+one can everyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can everyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can everyone see
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+right everyone picked one show it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone picked one show it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone picked one show it to
+medium small small okay why is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium small small okay why is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium small small okay why is this a
+medium similar it looks it looks similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium similar it looks it looks similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium similar it looks it looks similar
+all right has a complex shape okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right has a complex shape okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right has a complex shape okay the
+other one had a hole in it okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had a hole in it okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had a hole in it okay the
+other one does have a hole in it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does have a hole in it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one does have a hole in it if you
+haven't seen it okay I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it okay I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it okay I'm going to put
+this one aside for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one aside for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one aside for
+now this one it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red all right show it show me it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red all right show it show me it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red all right show it show me it's a
+small medium oh sorry still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium oh sorry still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium oh sorry still being
+faked small small small okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faked small small small okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faked small small small okay so this is
+unequivocally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequivocally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequivocally small
+and this piece this one this one also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece this one this one also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this piece this one this one also
+has a color on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a color on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a color on
+it all right show it to me large okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right show it to me large okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right show it to me large okay
+going back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this
+one what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone show me what what what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone show me what what what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone show me what what what you're
+thinking everyone thinks now now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking everyone thinks now now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking everyone thinks now now it's
+small okay all right so so don't go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay all right so so don't go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay all right so so don't go back
+yet but uh but but I want to say thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but uh but but I want to say thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but uh but but I want to say thank
+you very much to to 12 our volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much to to 12 our volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much to to 12 our volunteers
+why did I just make y all go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I just make y all go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I just make y all go through all
+of that that seems like a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that seems like a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that seems like a very very
+inefficient way of sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient way of sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient way of sorting
+out uh features like if I just gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh features like if I just gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh features like if I just gave you
+this entire box this is what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire box this is what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire box this is what I want you
+to do now sort this whole box into small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now sort this whole box into small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now sort this whole box into small
+medium large all three of you together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large all three of you together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium large all three of you together
+you don't need the cards go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's probably a
+large tiny pieces out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I think these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tiny
+cylinder are these smaller than Med no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder are these smaller than Med no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder are these smaller than Med no
+they're the same size kind of as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same size kind of as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same size kind of as like
+two of these yeah but those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these yeah but those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these yeah but those are two
+right yeah maybe it is med well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe it is med well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe it is med well that's
+medium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colorful this make early decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful this make early decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful this make early decisions and
+change them later yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small these are the
+same okay all right thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay all right thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay all right thank you very much
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh uh if you can just hang out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh if you can just hang out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh if you can just hang out here
+just a little bit longer that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit longer that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit longer that will be
+that would be great now that is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great now that is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great now that is probably
+a fairly good analog of how most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly good analog of how most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly good analog of how most of you
+figured out small medium and large on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out small medium and large on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out small medium and large on uh
+Wednesday which was you just compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday which was you just compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday which was you just compared
+features next to each other figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features next to each other figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features next to each other figured out
+which one seemed on the larger end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one seemed on the larger end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one seemed on the larger end which
+ones was on on the small end and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones was on on the small end and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones was on on the small end and just
+kind of put uh put put put things in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put uh put put put things in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put uh put put put things in in
+place but there was some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but there was some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but there was some discussion
+going on is this small is this large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is this small is this large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is this small is this large is
+this like two like do do do two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like two like do do do two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like two like do do do two of these
+put together make one medium for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together make one medium for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together make one medium for for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+the thing about uh the first method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about uh the first method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about uh the first method of
+uh of first choosing whether this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of first choosing whether this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of first choosing whether this was
+small medium large and then revealing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large and then revealing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small medium large and then revealing it
+was that I forced you to actually voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I forced you to actually voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I forced you to actually voice
+out why you thought that was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why you thought that was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why you thought that was different
+you know I believe you picked a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I believe you picked a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I believe you picked a medium
+and and the other pick small for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other pick small for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other pick small for a lot
+of these other pieces you didn't voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other pieces you didn't voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other pieces you didn't voice
+anything out okay and one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out okay and one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out okay and one of the reasons
+why we can do this so quickly is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can do this so quickly is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can do this so quickly is because
+human beings are actually pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are actually pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are actually pretty good at
+reasoning about spatial volume you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about spatial volume you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about spatial volume you know
+you're pretty good at uh and and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty good at uh and and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pretty good at uh and and being
+you know at MIT you also understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at MIT you also understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at MIT you also understand
+geometry 3D geometry uh in a sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry 3D geometry uh in a sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry 3D geometry uh in a sense uh
+pretty well so you can make these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so you can make these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so you can make these sort
+of spatial reasonings uh pretty well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial reasonings uh pretty well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial reasonings uh pretty well but
+when it comes to things like time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to things like time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to things like time and
+complexity human beings tend to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity human beings tend to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity human beings tend to have a
+tougher problem so I'm going to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher problem so I'm going to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher problem so I'm going to say for
+instance I'm going to give you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I'm going to give you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I'm going to give you three
+blocks this represents for you seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this represents for you seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this represents for you seven
+hours of work okay this represents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work okay this represents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work okay this represents for
+you 6 hours of work this represents 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 6 hours of work this represents 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 6 hours of work this represents 8
+hours of work for you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work for you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work for you all
+right so say you've got 16 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so say you've got 16 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so say you've got 16 you know
+you've got 16 hours of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 16 hours of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 16 hours of work to
+do pick out features that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pick out features that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pick out features that you're going
+to implement in your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement in your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement in your next
+print oh so this is how much time I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print oh so this is how much time I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print oh so this is how much time I have
+in my life uh that is how much time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life uh that is how much time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life uh that is how much time that
+you spent on the last feature if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent on the last feature if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent on the last feature if all
+three of you worked on identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you worked on identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you worked on identical
+features okay so this is already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so this is already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so this is already done
+this is already done yeah this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already done yeah this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already done yeah this is done
+this is this is a known value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a known value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a known value I
+believe okay so I spend seven hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe okay so I spend seven hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe okay so I spend seven hours on
+this you spend seven hours on that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you spend seven hours on that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you spend seven hours on that fit
+nicely together you have 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely together you have 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely together you have 16
+hours so I SP seven hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so I SP seven hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so I SP seven hours on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triang but ignoring this right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triang but ignoring this right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triang but ignoring this right yeah
+ignore the the first is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference and a little feature okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and a little feature okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and a little feature okay all
+right all right so so what what did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so so what what did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so so what what did the
+cube represent to you again seven hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube represent to you again seven hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube represent to you again seven hours
+of work seven hours of work and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work seven hours of work and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work seven hours of work and you
+picked uh two pieces that's and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked uh two pieces that's and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked uh two pieces that's and you
+think that that that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that that's a reasonable
+amount of work to get done in 16 hours I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work to get done in 16 hours I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work to get done in 16 hours I
+not including that one not not including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including that one not not including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including that one not not including
+that one so this is about 16 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so this is about 16 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so this is about 16 hours of
+you know assuming volume equals you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assuming volume equals you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assuming volume equals you know
+time sorry volume equals effort actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sorry volume equals effort actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sorry volume equals effort actually
+all right and and and over here take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and and over here take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and and over here take me
+to do the other block six I think have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the other block six I think have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the other block six I think have
+done a little bit more but that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit more but that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit more but that's fine
+I'll just do these I like them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do these I like them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do these I like them and then
+if I have left over time for more if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have left over time for more if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have left over time for more if you
+went for more what would you try to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for more what would you try to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went for more what would you try to pick
+on I don't know I guess maybe this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I don't know I guess maybe this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I don't know I guess maybe this one
+it's a little bit more than perhaps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more than perhaps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more than perhaps I
+could do in exactly 16 but it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in exactly 16 but it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do in exactly 16 but it wouldn't
+hurt to touch it it's like just one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt to touch it it's like just one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt to touch it it's like just one to
+thing you can find right yeah okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can find right yeah okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can find right yeah okay all
+right and for you this exactly fills my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for you this exactly fills my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for you this exactly fills my
+estimate but realistically I'd probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but realistically I'd probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but realistically I'd probably
+go for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for this
+okay okay so so so you're using kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so so you're using kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so so you're using kind of
+programmer uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer uh uh
+padding okay you've got a question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding okay you've got a question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding okay you've got a question um
+sometimes it's like you do not it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like you do not it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like you do not it's true
+that small things for example having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small things for example having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small things for example having
+balls to your game that could be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls to your game that could be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls to your game that could be small
+but bringing out the framework itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bringing out the framework itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bringing out the framework itself is
+a large be done before you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large be done before you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large be done before you have the
+choice of choing small that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of choing small that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of choing small that's true
+that's true I I I am I am I I am not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I I I am I am I I am not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I I I am I am I I am not uh
+indicating priority in here I'm I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating priority in here I'm I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating priority in here I'm I I'm
+assuming that you're picking up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you're picking up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you're picking up high
+priority tasks the next thing that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority tasks the next thing that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority tasks the next thing that needs
+to be done thank you very much and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done thank you very much and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done thank you very much and uh
+and you may have a seat uh big hand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have a seat uh big hand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have a seat uh big hand to
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volunteers I'll be going back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers I'll be going back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers I'll be going back to this
+example shortly as soon as I get my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shortly as soon as I get my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example shortly as soon as I get my my
+presentation going on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation going on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation going on okay
+so that sort of this is I I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of this is I I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of this is I I want you to
+hang on to these examples because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on to these examples because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on to these examples because I'm
+going to come to come back to to to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to come back to to to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come to come back to to to them
+during the talk on Wednesday and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the talk on Wednesday and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the talk on Wednesday and what I
+first asked the volunteers down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first asked the volunteers down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first asked the volunteers down here to
+to do was to do a small medium large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was to do a small medium large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was to do a small medium large
+extra large uh uh feature sizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra large uh uh feature sizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra large uh uh feature sizing
+basically um the reason why we we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the reason why we we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the reason why we we use
+these broad categories is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these broad categories is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these broad categories is because
+actually it can be pretty fast and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can be pretty fast and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can be pretty fast and on
+Wednesday a lot of you did it pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday a lot of you did it pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday a lot of you did it pretty
+quickly the however what I noticed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the however what I noticed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the however what I noticed on
+Wednesday was a lot of people weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday was a lot of people weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday was a lot of people weren't
+actually discussing how big or how small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussing how big or how small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussing how big or how small
+these features were like you were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features were like you were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features were like you were all
+using your own little metrics a that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your own little metrics a that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your own little metrics a that was
+a good question small medium and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question small medium and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question small medium and large
+to what frame of reference right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what frame of reference right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what frame of reference right and
+everybody had their own frames of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had their own frames of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody had their own frames of
+reference when I forced people to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference when I forced people to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference when I forced people to make
+the assessment you know and then declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment you know and then declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment you know and then declare
+it in front of the entire team and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in front of the entire team and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in front of the entire team and then
+discuss if they disagreed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss if they disagreed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss if they disagreed with the
+entire team then uh uh then assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team then uh uh then assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team then uh uh then assumption
+started coming out you had to vocalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming out you had to vocalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming out you had to vocalize
+why you thought a certain feature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you thought a certain feature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you thought a certain feature was
+bigger or smaller uh you could adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger or smaller uh you could adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger or smaller uh you could adjust
+your your your your assessment after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your assessment after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your assessment after the
+discussion but it's very very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but it's very very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but it's very very important
+to get that discussion out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that discussion out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that discussion out to
+everybody so as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so as long as you're
+discussing with your entire team I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing with your entire team I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing with your entire team I don't
+really care what method you use to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what method you use to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what method you use to split
+things up into small medium and large um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up into small medium and large um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up into small medium and large um
+but you need to be discussing as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be discussing as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be discussing as an
+entire team in fact every single member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team in fact every single member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team in fact every single member
+of the team should be in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team should be in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team should be in on the
+discussion because somebody in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because somebody in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because somebody in charge of
+sound design or somebody in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound design or somebody in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound design or somebody in charge of
+art or in charge of of of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art or in charge of of of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art or in charge of of of the code
+architecture with very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with very different
+perspective on any given feature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on any given feature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on any given feature from
+other people on the team and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on the team and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people on the team and you want
+all of those perspectives in at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those perspectives in at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those perspectives in at the same
+time there oh um playing the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there oh um playing the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there oh um playing the sound
+effect that's going to take no time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's going to take no time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's going to take no time at
+all because we already have sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because we already have sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because we already have sound
+effects in in our game and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in in our game and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in in our game and you know we
+know how that code works that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that code works that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that code works that's what the
+programmer thinks the sound designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer thinks the sound designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer thinks the sound designer
+says wait a minute I need to create that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait a minute I need to create that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says wait a minute I need to create that
+sound effect I don't even know know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effect I don't even know know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effect I don't even know know what
+this is going to sound like yet I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to sound like yet I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to sound like yet I don't
+I have no idea and that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea and that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea and that's going to be a
+larger feature from my point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger feature from my point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger feature from my point of view and
+you want that discussion to come out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want that discussion to come out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want that discussion to come out so
+each Ro should try to lend its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Ro should try to lend its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Ro should try to lend its
+perspective and it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and it's very important to
+listen the reason why I forced everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen the reason why I forced everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen the reason why I forced everyone
+to do this the the the volunteers to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the the the volunteers to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this the the the volunteers to do
+this right the beginning was because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the beginning was because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right the beginning was because it
+was a very sort of turn based method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very sort of turn based method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very sort of turn based method of
+uh of getting that discussion out I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of getting that discussion out I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of getting that discussion out I had
+to force everybody to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force everybody to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force everybody to listen to
+everybody um and something that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody um and something that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody um and something that I didn't
+ask our volunteers to do was offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask our volunteers to do was offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask our volunteers to do was offer
+alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate
+uh Solutions however they kind of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Solutions however they kind of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Solutions however they kind of did
+that automatically by themselves when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically by themselves when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically by themselves when
+they were when I just left them to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were when I just left them to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were when I just left them to their
+own devices they said sort these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own devices they said sort these out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own devices they said sort these out
+into features uh they started discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into features uh they started discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into features uh they started discussing
+well this is how I look at a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is how I look at a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is how I look at a problem
+this is how you look at a problem and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you look at a problem and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you look at a problem and uh
+and they quickly came to some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they quickly came to some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they quickly came to some sort of
+consensus of course something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus of course something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus of course something I
+mentioned on Wednesday was if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned on Wednesday was if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned on Wednesday was if you've got
+a really really huge feature that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really huge feature that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really huge feature that's kind
+of hard to figure out you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to figure out you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to figure out you know it
+doesn't really fit neatly into any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really fit neatly into any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really fit neatly into any of
+these boxes break it up into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes break it up into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes break it up into smaller
+features you want to converge you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you want to converge you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features you want to converge you want
+to converge down into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge down into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge down into a a
+consensus but there are right ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus but there are right ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus but there are right ways and
+wrong ways to go about that you you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong ways to go about that you you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong ways to go about that you you um
+every time you have that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have that discussion
+you're getting new information into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting new information into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting new information into the
+team about how complex a certain problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team about how complex a certain problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team about how complex a certain problem
+is maybe sometimes through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe sometimes through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe sometimes through that
+discussion you discover certain problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion you discover certain problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion you discover certain problem
+is easier or certain feature is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier or certain feature is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easier or certain feature is easier
+to implement than you had originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement than you had originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement than you had originally
+expected so and then you redraw seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so and then you redraw seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so and then you redraw seeing
+other people's estim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's estim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's estim
+is actually new information and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually new information and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually new information and that's
+actually what happened here there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happened here there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happened here there was
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+small me medium and um and the people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small me medium and um and the people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small me medium and um and the people on
+the the volunteer team uh figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volunteer team uh figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volunteer team uh figured out
+what other how other people were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other how other people were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other how other people were were
+seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the
+problem here's something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here's something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here's something that's very
+important don't negotiate don't say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important don't negotiate don't say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important don't negotiate don't say you
+know um I think it's small you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um I think it's small you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um I think it's small you think
+it's small most of the team thinks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small most of the team thinks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small most of the team thinks it's
+small somebody thinks it's medium just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small somebody thinks it's medium just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small somebody thinks it's medium just
+change your estimate down to a small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your estimate down to a small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your estimate down to a small you
+you know that's you know if the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's you know if the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's you know if the person
+is kind of adamant no I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of adamant no I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of adamant no I think this is a
+bigger problem than you think it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem than you think it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem than you think it is uh
+don't try to negotiate with that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to negotiate with that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to negotiate with that person
+because you think because that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think because that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think because that person
+has a valid point of view and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a valid point of view and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a valid point of view and this
+starts to focus the discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to focus the discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to focus the discussion on
+changing the person's mind not focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the person's mind not focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the person's mind not focusing
+on the feature you actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the feature you actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the feature you actually want to
+figure out how complex this a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how complex this a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how complex this a certain
+feature is for the same reason don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is for the same reason don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is for the same reason don't
+take an average someone thinks it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an average someone thinks it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an average someone thinks it's a
+small feature someone thinks it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small feature someone thinks it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small feature someone thinks it's a
+large feature that doesn't make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large feature that doesn't make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large feature that doesn't make it a
+medium feature that means that your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium feature that means that your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium feature that means that your team
+has no idea what this feature is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea what this feature is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea what this feature is is
+because you aren't in agreement with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you aren't in agreement with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you aren't in agreement with how
+complex something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex something
+is so what I did does anyone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what I did does anyone remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what I did does anyone remember
+what I did when uh let me see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did when uh let me see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did when uh let me see which
+which which feature was the weird one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which feature was the weird one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which feature was the weird one
+that people were kind of uh hung up on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were kind of uh hung up on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were kind of uh hung up on I
+think it was this one when I was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was this one when I was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was this one when I was when
+when when when we got to this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when we got to this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when we got to this one and
+there was some disagreement can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some disagreement can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some disagreement can anyone
+remember what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I
+did it's up there yeah I just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it's up there yeah I just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it's up there yeah I just put it
+aside right I actually put it I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside right I actually put it I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside right I actually put it I actually
+gave it away um it's very very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it away um it's very very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it away um it's very very easy to
+get into a long drawn out discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a long drawn out discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a long drawn out discussion
+about how large or how small a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how large or how small a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how large or how small a feature
+is it's usually much more clearer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's usually much more clearer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's usually much more clearer if you
+sort of tackle the easy ones first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tackle the easy ones first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tackle the easy ones first and
+then get come back to the ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get come back to the ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get come back to the ones that you
+disagreed on but you remember that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed on but you remember that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed on but you remember that you
+disagreed on and you got new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed on and you got new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed on and you got new information
+in the process of talking it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of talking it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process of talking it out so
+that's a that's the role for the scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the role for the scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the role for the scrum
+Master the scrum Master says we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master the scrum Master says we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master the scrum Master says we don't
+want this feature estimation process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this feature estimation process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this feature estimation process to
+take too long so we're just going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take too long so we're just going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take too long so we're just going to put
+that feature aside first look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feature aside first look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feature aside first look at the
+other Fe features do the estimation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Fe features do the estimation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Fe features do the estimation on
+that and then we and then review it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we and then review it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we and then review it
+later but the scrum Master does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the scrum Master does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the scrum Master does not
+decide what size that feature is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what size that feature is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what size that feature is the
+whole team has to come to a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole team has to come to a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole team has to come to a consensus
+you want to converge on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to converge on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to converge on a single
+estimate so that's uh so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so that's uh so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so that's uh so if you if you
+put together your product backlog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together your product backlog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together your product backlog and
+you never really discussed with the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never really discussed with the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never really discussed with the rest
+of your team what those size estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team what those size estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your team what those size estimates
+were then that's something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then that's something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were then that's something that you're
+going to do later today uh before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do later today uh before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do later today uh before the
+end of today I want you to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today I want you to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today I want you to have a
+discussion about whether these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about whether these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about whether these things
+are actually small medium or large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+reason is because estimation it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because estimation it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because estimation it is not
+just a process of just putting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a process of just putting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a process of just putting down
+numbers or letters on a spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or letters on a spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or letters on a spreadsheet
+there is a goal for the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a goal for the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a goal for the process of
+estimation and it's this is to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and it's this is to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and it's this is to get a
+clear enough view of the reality of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough view of the reality of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear enough view of the reality of your
+project so that you can make informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so that you can make informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so that you can make informed
+decisions to control your project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to control your project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to control your project in
+order to hit the targets now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hit the targets now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hit the targets now you know
+what's a Target Target is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a Target Target is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a Target Target is you know a
+goal that you wish would happen it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you wish would happen it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you wish would happen it's
+your it's your fondest desires is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your it's your fondest desires is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your it's your fondest desires is to is
+to get this project done you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this project done you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this project done you know uh
+entire product backlog of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product backlog of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product backlog of all of the
+features uh into your game before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features uh into your game before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features uh into your game before the
+deadline that's that's a Target right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline that's that's a Target right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline that's that's a Target right
+maybe your targets a little bit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your targets a little bit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your targets a little bit you know
+closer term what can you get done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer term what can you get done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer term what can you get done by
+this week what can you get done by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week what can you get done by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week what can you get done by this
+Sprint it's still a Target something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint it's still a Target something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint it's still a Target something
+that that that you want to hit but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you want to hit but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you want to hit but you
+can't base your decisions base you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't base your decisions base you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't base your decisions base you can't
+base all of your decisions on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base all of your decisions on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base all of your decisions on your
+funders desires you have to base it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funders desires you have to base it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funders desires you have to base it on
+act on what your team's actually capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on what your team's actually capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on what your team's actually capable
+of doing and estimation is the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing and estimation is the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing and estimation is the process
+of actually trying to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually trying to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually trying to understand what
+your team is capable of doing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team is capable of doing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team is capable of doing not
+whether you know uh uh not not not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know uh uh not not not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know uh uh not not not not
+not what what you want to happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what what you want to happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what what you want to happen but
+what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can
+happen so what are you estimating you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what are you estimating you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what are you estimating you're
+starting with this is where you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this is where you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this is where you are at
+right right now you have a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now you have a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now you have a product
+backlog and you have size you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and you have size you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and you have size you have
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+size that that is going to get broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that that is going to get broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that that is going to get broken
+down into a bunch of tasks each feat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a bunch of tasks each feat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a bunch of tasks each feat is
+going to be broken down into individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be broken down into individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be broken down into individual
+things that individual people can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that individual people can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that individual people can do you
+know maybe a certain feature like jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe a certain feature like jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe a certain feature like jump
+involves art involves code involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves art involves code involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves art involves code involves
+sound involves debugging involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound involves debugging involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound involves debugging involves
+integration all of these are individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration all of these are individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration all of these are individual
+tasks that might be carried out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that might be carried out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that might be carried out by
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+people so what you're really doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so what you're really doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so what you're really doing in
+the second step is to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step is to figure out how
+much time something's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time something's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time something's going to take
+remember what uh Drew said on on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what uh Drew said on on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what uh Drew said on on the on
+the very first day of class it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first day of class it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first day of class it's not so
+much how hard something is how hard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how hard something is how hard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how hard something is how hard a
+feature is but how long it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is but how long it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is but how long it's going to
+take and what you want to do is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and what you want to do is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and what you want to do is figure
+out how long it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long it's going to
+take now there's a process of arriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now there's a process of arriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now there's a process of arriving
+at that number of like how many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that number of like how many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that number of like how many hours
+this is really going to take and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really going to take and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really going to take and this
+going to fit within the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit within the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit within the amount of time
+that we've actually uh uh uh given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've actually uh uh uh given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've actually uh uh uh given the
+team and there and and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and there and and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and there and and you need to
+translate it first from size into effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it first from size into effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it first from size into effort
+which is you know like total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know like total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know like total amount of
+effort that's going to be be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that's going to be be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort that's going to be be used to
+tackle the problem split it up among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the problem split it up among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the problem split it up among the
+people who are actually going to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are actually going to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are actually going to work on
+it and then each person has a individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then each person has a individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then each person has a individual
+amount of uh of efficiency so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh of efficiency so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh of efficiency so for
+instance I gave exactly well uh I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I gave exactly well uh I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I gave exactly well uh I give
+exactly the same Cube to all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same Cube to all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same Cube to all three
+volunteers but I told them this meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers but I told them this meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers but I told them this meant
+different things to each one of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to each one of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to each one of you and
+when they picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they picked
+off tasks of the product backlog they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off tasks of the product backlog they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off tasks of the product backlog they
+they picked it they picked it based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked it they picked it based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked it they picked it based on
+their own personal metric that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal metric that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal metric that's what
+you've got to do too when you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do too when you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do too when you decide
+that you're going to take on a task you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to take on a task you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to take on a task you
+have to assess it based on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assess it based on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assess it based on your own
+ability to actually execute on a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to actually execute on a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to actually execute on a task
+say it's a AI problem and you're not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a AI problem and you're not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a AI problem and you're not you
+know very well vered in AI it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very well vered in AI it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very well vered in AI it's going to
+take you longer than somebody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you longer than somebody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you longer than somebody who has
+done eii has done artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done eii has done artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done eii has done artificial
+intelligence before but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence before but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence before but that's okay
+because maybe the person who is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe the person who is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe the person who is doing
+artificial intelligence is busy trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence is busy trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence is busy trying
+to solve a Harrier problem establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a Harrier problem establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a Harrier problem establishing
+the the base framework of of code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base framework of of code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base framework of of code and
+that needs to be done first and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done first and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be done first and that
+needs to be done sooner so that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done sooner so that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done sooner so that person
+is busy you can start working on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is busy you can start working on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is busy you can start working on on
+certain uh features even though you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh features even though you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh features even though you may
+not be the best person person to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best person person to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best person person to to do
+it that's fine as long as they Mak an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fine as long as they Mak an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fine as long as they Mak an
+honest assessment of how long it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest assessment of how long it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest assessment of how long it's going
+to take you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you to do
+it size estimates I know are pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it size estimates I know are pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it size estimates I know are pretty easy
+you can just you're just sorting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just you're just sorting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just you're just sorting things
+into buckets very large buckets time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into buckets very large buckets time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into buckets very large buckets time
+estimates are very much like hitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are very much like hitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are very much like hitting a
+moving Target uh as you start to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Target uh as you start to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving Target uh as you start to make
+estimates you are going to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you are going to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates you are going to discover that
+many of those estimates are just flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those estimates are just flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those estimates are just flat
+out wrong you're going to say oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wrong you're going to say oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wrong you're going to say oh that's
+going to take me four hours to do and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take me four hours to do and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take me four hours to do and it
+takes you four days to do um and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you four days to do um and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you four days to do um and you're
+going to have to communicate that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to communicate that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to communicate that to
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+team estimation is giving an estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team estimation is giving an estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team estimation is giving an estimate is
+not the same thing as making a plan it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as making a plan it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same thing as making a plan it
+is part of the same process uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the same process uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the same process uh but I
+want to be very clear about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very clear about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very clear about what's the
+difference between estimation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between estimation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between estimation and
+planning say somebody on your team asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning say somebody on your team asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning say somebody on your team asks
+you for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for an
+estimate you know does anyone the alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you know does anyone the alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate you know does anyone the alarm
+Bell start going off when he says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell start going off when he says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell start going off when he says how
+long is this going to take you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is this going to take you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is this going to take you to do
+andone kind of get starts to get worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andone kind of get starts to get worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andone kind of get starts to get worried
+because you're not quite sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not quite sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not quite sure whether
+they're actually trying to ask you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually trying to ask you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually trying to ask you for
+how difficult is something and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult is something and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult is something and how much
+time do you think it's really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you think it's really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you think it's really going to
+take or are they asking you can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take or are they asking you can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take or are they asking you can you get
+it done by Monday you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done by Monday you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done by Monday you know that that
+that that that's kind of like the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's kind of like the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's kind of like the hidden
+the the the hidden question that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the hidden question that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the hidden question that they're
+not asking but but but but but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking but but but but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking but but but but but they
+think that they asking so you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they asking so you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they asking so you need to be
+very clear whether when you respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear whether when you respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear whether when you respond
+whether you're giving an estimate or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're giving an estimate or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're giving an estimate or a
+plan you plan to reach your targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you plan to reach your targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you plan to reach your targets
+obviously none of you are I hope none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously none of you are I hope none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously none of you are I hope none of
+you are plan planning to not hit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are plan planning to not hit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are plan planning to not hit your
+targets okay I plan to get this done one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets okay I plan to get this done one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets okay I plan to get this done one
+week after the deadline no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after the deadline no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week after the deadline no
+okay but once you've made your plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but once you've made your plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but once you've made your plan you
+know here's our entire product backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's our entire product backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's our entire product backlog
+and we think it looks reasonable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think it looks reasonable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think it looks reasonable and we
+think that it can actually be done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it can actually be done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it can actually be done by
+the deadline uh you need to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline uh you need to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadline uh you need to make you
+need to start making estimates to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start making estimates to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start making estimates to see
+whether that plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that plan is
+realistic you can say yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic you can say yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic you can say yeah I think
+that's a reasonable estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable estimate a
+reasonable estimate when you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable estimate when you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable estimate when you think that
+that that that that assessment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that assessment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that assessment is
+accurate yeah I've done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate yeah I've done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate yeah I've done something
+similar before so I figure that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar before so I figure that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar before so I figure that this is
+something that we can get done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can get done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can get done before
+the end of the week you know you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the week you know you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the week you know you can you
+can commit to that estimate but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can commit to that estimate but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can commit to that estimate but you
+haven't committed to the plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't committed to the plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't committed to the plan you
+haven't said I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said I'm going to take
+responsibility for getting it done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for getting it done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for getting it done by
+the end of the week that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the week that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the week that's a very
+different thing uh when you accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing uh when you accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing uh when you accept a
+task and say all right put my name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and say all right put my name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and say all right put my name on
+that spreadsheet and I'm going to make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spreadsheet and I'm going to make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spreadsheet and I'm going to make I
+know I have decided that I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have decided that I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have decided that I think that
+I'm going to get be able to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get be able to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get be able to get this
+done in 4 hours so I'm now committing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in 4 hours so I'm now committing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in 4 hours so I'm now committing to
+this plan of course then everything goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of course then everything goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of course then everything goes
+wrong and you reestimate you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you reestimate you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you reestimate you're allowed
+to make re-estimations while you work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make re-estimations while you work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make re-estimations while you work on
+task you have to because no plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you have to because no plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you have to because no plan
+survives first contact with actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development so here's a quick quiz here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so here's a quick quiz here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so here's a quick quiz here
+are four statements that you might hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four statements that you might hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four statements that you might hear
+in the middle of a team meeting okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of a team meeting okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of a team meeting okay I
+want you to tell tell me what each what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell tell me what each what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to tell tell me what each what
+each one of these things are I have I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these things are I have I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these things are I have I've
+already used these words the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used these words the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used these words the words
+describing each one of these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing each one of these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing each one of these things in
+in my talk so far it has to be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my talk so far it has to be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my talk so far it has to be done in
+two days what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days what is
+that it's a deadline I I use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a deadline I I use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a deadline I I use another
+word to describe that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to describe that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to describe that it is a
+deadline uh is it a plan is it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline uh is it a plan is it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline uh is it a plan is it it's a
+Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target
+someone all right so the next one it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone all right so the next one it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone all right so the next one it'll
+take about two days to do it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about two days to do it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about two days to do it you know
+yeah you're talking in a team you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're talking in a team you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're talking in a team you say
+this feature looks like it will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature looks like it will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feature looks like it will take
+about two days to do it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two days to do it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two days to do it that's
+a that's an estimate that's right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's an estimate that's right I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's an estimate that's right I'll
+need two days to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that is a plan that is a plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is a plan that is a plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is a plan that is a plan that
+you are committing to more accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are committing to more accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are committing to more accurately
+it's like it's like I'll I will take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's like I'll I will take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's like I'll I will take two
+days to do it you might take three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to do it you might take three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to do it you might take three days
+to do it you might be able to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you might be able to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it you might be able to do it
+faster than than that me and do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than than that me and do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than than that me and do it in
+one but I'll need two days to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I'll need two days to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but I'll need two days to do it and
+of course the last one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actual reality it actually took two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reality it actually took two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reality it actually took two days
+to do it right I mean in reality be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right I mean in reality be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right I mean in reality be like
+it it took four days to do it um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it took four days to do it um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it took four days to do it um so I
+want you to be very very clear that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be very very clear that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be very very clear that when
+you're communicating with your team what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're communicating with your team what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're communicating with your team what
+you are trying to say you know are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to say you know are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to say you know are are
+you giving estimations on you know given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you giving estimations on you know given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you giving estimations on you know given
+all the information that you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information that you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information that you know this
+is how tough something is going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how tough something is going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how tough something is going to take
+and this is how long is it's going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how long is it's going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how long is it's going to to
+take to get this feature working or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get this feature working or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to get this feature working or are
+you making a personal commitment saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you making a personal commitment saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you making a personal commitment saying
+this is my responsibility now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my responsibility now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my responsibility now I'm going
+to get it to you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday um just a quick side note you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um just a quick side note you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um just a quick side note you've
+probably seen these two words come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen these two words come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen these two words come up in
+numerous engineering classes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous engineering classes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous engineering classes the
+difference between accuracy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between accuracy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between accuracy and
+precision which one's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision which one's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision which one's more
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+uh ra raise your hand in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ra raise your hand in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ra raise your hand in the direction
+that you think is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think is more
+accurate okay that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay that's actually
+okay I think there's a majority on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think there's a majority on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think there's a majority on this
+side all right which one which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right which one which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right which one which means
+that one is more precise okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is more precise okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is more precise okay so that's
+that's right this is more accurate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right this is more accurate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right this is more accurate it's
+closer to the Target that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the Target that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the Target that you were
+trying to hit even though it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hit even though it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hit even though it's kind of
+like broadly you know spaced out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broadly you know spaced out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like broadly you know spaced out you
+know none of them actually hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of them actually hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know none of them actually hit the
+target but if you took the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target but if you took the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target but if you took the average of
+all of them you know you get pretty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you know you get pretty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you know you get pretty uh
+uh you you you get pretty close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you get pretty close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you you get pretty close to the
+center that one's a really nice tyght
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that one's a really nice tyght
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that one's a really nice tyght
+grouping anyone here do pistol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping anyone here do pistol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping anyone here do pistol or
+archery or rifle yeah okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery or rifle yeah okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archery or rifle yeah okay all right so
+so so you always talk talk about how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you always talk talk about how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you always talk talk about how how
+how how tight the grouping is when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how tight the grouping is when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how tight the grouping is when when
+when you're shooting that's very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're shooting that's very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're shooting that's very precise
+that can be corrected by say fixing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be corrected by say fixing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be corrected by say fixing your
+the sights on on on on on on your um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sights on on on on on on your um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sights on on on on on on your um on
+a pistol or on a rifle but for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pistol or on a rifle but for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pistol or on a rifle but for time
+estimates this is like consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates this is like consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates this is like consistent
+underestimating right it's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating right it's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating right it's like yeah
+it's going to take me two days to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take me two days to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take me two days to do it
+I'll get it done in two hours really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get it done in two hours really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get it done in two hours really
+took four days and four hours right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took four days and four hours right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took four days and four hours right and
+you you and you're always doing this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you and you're always doing this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you and you're always doing this um
+when it comes to estimation accuracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to estimation accuracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to estimation accuracy is
+more important than than PR Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than than PR Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than than PR Precision
+because you're going to work on multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to work on multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to work on multiple
+tasks and if your estimates you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and if your estimates you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and if your estimates you know
+they're a little bit off all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit off all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit off all the time
+but sometimes you're under sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you're under sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you're under sometimes
+you're over that kind of averages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over that kind of averages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're over that kind of averages out
+which means that you can still you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can still you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can still you can
+still make some effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make some effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make some effective
+plans but if you are cons consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans but if you are cons consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans but if you are cons consistently
+underestimating or consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating or consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating or consistently
+overestimating you need to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating you need to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating you need to figure that
+out quickly you need to learn that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quickly you need to learn that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out quickly you need to learn that about
+yourself during this class so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself during this class so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself during this class so that you
+can start to you can start to correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to you can start to correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to you can start to correct
+that and if you can't figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you can't figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you can't figure it out
+hopefully somebody else in your team can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully somebody else in your team can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully somebody else in your team can
+realize that your estimates are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that your estimates are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that your estimates are always
+off in a certain direction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in a certain direction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in a certain direction and then
+adjust the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the plan
+accordingly it's also important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly it's also important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly it's also important to know
+what the uncertainty of your estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uncertainty of your estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uncertainty of your estimates
+are um it's very it's avilable to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um it's very it's avilable to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um it's very it's avilable to know
+how imprecise an estimate is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how imprecise an estimate is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how imprecise an estimate is you know
+it's like this week this could be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this week this could be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this week this could be done
+in a week if I find someone else who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week if I find someone else who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week if I find someone else who's
+implemented a feature just like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a feature just like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented a feature just like the one
+that we want if not I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want if not I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want if not I'm going to have to
+implement it from scratch and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it from scratch and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it from scratch and it's going
+to take an hour it's going to take a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an hour it's going to take a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an hour it's going to take a um
+four weeks to to to to to implement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four weeks to to to to to implement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four weeks to to to to to implement I
+mean that's a fairly common scenario uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a fairly common scenario uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a fairly common scenario uh
+so it's very valuable to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very valuable to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very valuable to know how
+imprecise an estimate is but while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise an estimate is but while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise an estimate is but while I
+while I welcome that kind of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I welcome that kind of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I welcome that kind of discussion
+in a team don't just give a range don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a team don't just give a range don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a team don't just give a range don't
+just say well that's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well that's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well that's going to take
+anywhere between one week and four weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between one week and four weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between one week and four weeks
+that's too wide range you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too wide range you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too wide range you can't
+establish a plan on that you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a plan on that you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a plan on that you know how
+many of you have been in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have been in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have been in this situation
+right you know two minutes remaining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know two minutes remaining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know two minutes remaining and
+it just kind of like sits there and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just kind of like sits there and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just kind of like sits there and is
+really like 4 minutes later and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like 4 minutes later and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like 4 minutes later and say what
+the heck's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck's going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um it would be much better if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be much better if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would be much better if you had
+actually that progress bar and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that progress bar and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that progress bar and that
+progress bar is actually giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress bar is actually giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress bar is actually giving you a
+single point estimate right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point estimate right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point estimate right this
+progress bar is kind of telling you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress bar is kind of telling you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress bar is kind of telling you this
+this job's about 15% complete you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job's about 15% complete you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this job's about 15% complete you know
+and it's telling me it's two two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling me it's two two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's telling me it's two two minutes
+remaining um and and that bar still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining um and and that bar still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining um and and that bar still has
+a long way to fill up so you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way to fill up so you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way to fill up so you realize
+this estimate may not be terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate may not be terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate may not be terribly
+accurate because not working on on a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because not working on on a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because not working on on a lot
+of of information it may be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of information it may be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of information it may be an
+optimistic it may be uh under it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic it may be uh under it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic it may be uh under it may be
+a pessimistic uh uh estimate but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pessimistic uh uh estimate but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pessimistic uh uh estimate but you
+still need to commit to a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to commit to a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to commit to a single point
+estimate if you want to make a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if you want to make a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if you want to make a plan
+around it don't just use the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it don't just use the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it don't just use the average of
+a range the difference between one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range the difference between one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range the difference between one week
+of a one we estimate and a four-week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one we estimate and a four-week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one we estimate and a four-week
+estimate for the same feature is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the same feature is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the same feature is not
+somewhere in between you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between you know it's it's
+not like oh it's going to take two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like oh it's going to take two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like oh it's going to take two and a
+half weeks when the one weest and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half weeks when the one weest and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half weeks when the one weest and the
+four we estimate are two very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we estimate are two very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we estimate are two very different
+circumstances one week if you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances one week if you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances one week if you found
+somebody else's code that basically does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's code that basically does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's code that basically does
+the same thing four weeks if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing four weeks if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing four weeks if you had to
+write it from scratch one week in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it from scratch one week in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it from scratch one week in you
+know exactly what situation you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what situation you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what situation you're in
+right either the code is done or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either the code is done or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either the code is done or the
+code is not done and you know it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is not done and you know it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is not done and you know it's going
+to take four weeks your estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take four weeks your estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take four weeks your estimate is
+still is not like two and a half weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is not like two and a half weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is not like two and a half weeks
+that's that you are not halfway in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that you are not halfway in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that you are not halfway in
+between the good news is that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the good news is that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the good news is that time
+estimates are entirely internal to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are entirely internal to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are entirely internal to your
+team no one outside your team needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team no one outside your team needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team no one outside your team needs to
+know this I don't don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I don't don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this I don't don't need to know
+this Sarah doesn't need to know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sarah doesn't need to know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Sarah doesn't need to know this
+none of the graders need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the graders need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the graders need to know what
+your time estimates were uh we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time estimates were uh we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time estimates were uh we're not
+holding you to you know with to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding you to you know with to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding you to you know with to your
+your grade is not dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade is not dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade is not dependent on
+this uh this means that you can revise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this means that you can revise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this means that you can revise
+your estimates over time and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimates over time and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimates over time and I'm going
+to encourage you to do that uh you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage you to do that uh you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage you to do that uh you are
+not Neo you aren't going to be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Neo you aren't going to be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Neo you aren't going to be faster
+just because you want to be faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you want to be faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you want to be faster so
+it's important to actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to actually understand
+what's your actual pace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your actual pace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your actual pace of
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+now this is something that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is something that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is something that I'm going to
+recommend that everybody do starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that everybody do starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that everybody do starting
+from today and that's to track your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today and that's to track your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today and that's to track your own
+estimates this is one way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates this is one way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates this is one way that you can
+do it um it's not the only way but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um it's not the only way but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um it's not the only way but you
+know it's it's good enough where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's good enough where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's good enough where you
+write down the feature that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the feature that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the feature that you were
+working on say it's the jump feature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on say it's the jump feature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on say it's the jump feature and
+you have the task that you took on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the task that you took on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the task that you took on you
+know I'm going you know I'm I I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going you know I'm I I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going you know I'm I I'm a
+coder so I'm going to say uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder so I'm going to say uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coder so I'm going to say uh I'm going
+to put some upward velocity when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some upward velocity when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some upward velocity when the
+player hits the space bar um I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player hits the space bar um I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player hits the space bar um I'm also
+going to write some code to play a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write some code to play a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write some code to play a sound
+effect when that happens these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when that happens these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when that happens these are two
+separate tasks and what the estimations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate tasks and what the estimations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate tasks and what the estimations
+you know that was going to take 8 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was going to take 8 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was going to take 8 hours
+that's going to take 5 hours and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take 5 hours and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take 5 hours and then
+you actually write down how many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually write down how many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually write down how many hours
+you spent on this task so far you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent on this task so far you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent on this task so far you know
+the first you know for the first task it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first you know for the first task it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first you know for the first task it
+was done it took me 10 hours to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done it took me 10 hours to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done it took me 10 hours to do all
+right longer than I expected so my you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right longer than I expected so my you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right longer than I expected so my you
+know so my eventual estimate was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so my eventual estimate was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so my eventual estimate was 10
+because I actually I actually knew it 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually I actually knew it 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually I actually knew it 10
+took 10 10 hours to do if I ever have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 10 10 hours to do if I ever have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 10 10 hours to do if I ever have to
+do that same same feature again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that same same feature again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that same same feature again you know
+the same or a feature of the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or a feature of the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or a feature of the same size
+again a task of the same size again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a task of the same size again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a task of the same size again to
+be accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate
+uh then I'm going to estimate all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I'm going to estimate all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then I'm going to estimate all right
+next time if I think it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time if I think it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time if I think it's going to be
+eight I'm going to write down 10 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to write down 10 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight I'm going to write down 10 instead
+because you know it's it it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's it it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's it it because
+that's what previous history has told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what previous history has told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what previous history has told me
+but say I'm in the middle of writing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say I'm in the middle of writing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say I'm in the middle of writing my
+jump uh sound code I thought it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump uh sound code I thought it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump uh sound code I thought it will
+take five hours I've spent two hours on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five hours I've spent two hours on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five hours I've spent two hours on
+it and I look at it and I think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I look at it and I think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I look at it and I think actually
+this is a lot this is a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot this is a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot this is a little easier
+than I thought it was going to be so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought it was going to be so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought it was going to be so I
+go to like say all right probably only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like say all right probably only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to like say all right probably only
+another two more hours of work on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two more hours of work on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two more hours of work on on
+this and my current estimate is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and my current estimate is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and my current estimate is actually
+being revised downwards so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being revised downwards so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being revised downwards so this is going
+to get faster and if I put this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get faster and if I put this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get faster and if I put this in a
+public location where you know my scrub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public location where you know my scrub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public location where you know my scrub
+Master can read this they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master can read this they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master can read this they can actually
+see my progress on my work you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my progress on my work you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my progress on my work you might be
+able to also do this on certain task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to also do this on certain task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to also do this on certain task
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+tools don't estimate an ideal work hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools don't estimate an ideal work hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools don't estimate an ideal work hours
+don't say like if I had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say like if I had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say like if I had four
+uninterrupted hours to just work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted hours to just work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted hours to just work on this
+game I'm going to you know get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm going to you know get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm going to you know get this this
+jump thing uh working how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump thing uh working how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump thing uh working how many of you
+ever have four uninterrupted hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have four uninterrupted hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have four uninterrupted hours
+really is this like between midnight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is this like between midnight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is this like between midnight and
+4: a.m. okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4: a.m. okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4: a.m. okay all
+right okay yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah you know
+um really okay uninterrupted you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really okay uninterrupted you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really okay uninterrupted you're not
+like checking Facebook or uh having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like checking Facebook or uh having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like checking Facebook or uh having to
+get a snack in between no really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a snack in between no really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a snack in between no really amazing
+okay if if there are distractions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if there are distractions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if there are distractions if
+there are team meetings if there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are team meetings if there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are team meetings if there are uh
+you know other problem sets that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other problem sets that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know other problem sets that you
+that that you expect to have to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you expect to have to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you expect to have to do uh
+you should count it you should count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should count it you should count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should count it you should count it
+in your task time you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your task time you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your task time you should you should
+be able to account for for for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to account for for for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to account for for for for for
+this because it's like say say you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's like say say you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's like say say you've
+blocked off 12 hours of of uh no let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off 12 hours of of uh no let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off 12 hours of of uh no let's
+say six hours you're going to spend six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say six hours you're going to spend six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say six hours you're going to spend six
+hours on this project over the week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on this project over the week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on this project over the week um
+and you know you've got that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you've got that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you've got that because
+you're going to have to spend the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to spend the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to spend the rest
+of your time going to other classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time going to other classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your time going to other classes and
+doing other work um and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other work um and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other work um and you know that
+you've got a 1our meeting somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a 1our meeting somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a 1our meeting somewhere in
+there right uh part of your task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right uh part of your task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right uh part of your task is
+actually going to that meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to that meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to that meeting and
+figure ing out you know how a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure ing out you know how a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure ing out you know how a certain
+feature should be implemented before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature should be implemented before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature should be implemented before you
+actually start writing the code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start writing the code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start writing the code or
+actually start doing the art for for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start doing the art for for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start doing the art for for it
+you want to factor that into your task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to factor that into your task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to factor that into your task
+estimation you don't want to say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation you don't want to say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation you don't want to say that's
+a separate thing you know or at least if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate thing you know or at least if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate thing you know or at least if
+you do count it as a separate thing make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do count it as a separate thing make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do count it as a separate thing make
+sure that you've actually got that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you've actually got that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you've actually got that as a
+separate task with actual time estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate task with actual time estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate task with actual time estimate
+on it count all of your distractions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it count all of your distractions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it count all of your distractions do
+try to schedule and time box all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to schedule and time box all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to schedule and time box all of your
+meetings because it makes estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings because it makes estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings because it makes estimation
+easier if you know that the meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you know that the meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if you know that the meetings
+time box to one hour you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time box to one hour you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time box to one hour you can't you can't
+spend more than one hour in a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more than one hour in a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more than one hour in a meeting
+and you can actually account for that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually account for that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually account for that in
+your estimations don't just always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimations don't just always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your estimations don't just always have
+ad hoc meetings for instance like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad hoc meetings for instance like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad hoc meetings for instance like on
+Skype because then you're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype because then you're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skype because then you're just like
+stealing little bits of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing little bits of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing little bits of you know a
+couple of minutes from everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes from everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes from everybody's
+schedule all the time without anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule all the time without anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule all the time without anyone
+being able to plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to plan for
+it so if you've got something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you've got something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you've got something like this
+where you're tracking uh all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're tracking uh all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're tracking uh all of your
+progress then you just add up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress then you just add up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress then you just add up all of
+your time estimates when the feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time estimates when the feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time estimates when the feature is
+done and then you can go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then you can go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then you can go back to your
+original small medium and large and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original small medium and large and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original small medium and large and say
+you know this thing took me 7 hour uh 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing took me 7 hour uh 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this thing took me 7 hour uh 7
+hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to
+complete and if I get another feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and if I get another feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and if I get another feature
+that looks like you know these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like you know these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like you know these two
+features for instance and say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for instance and say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for instance and say you know
+yeah it's about you know two half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's about you know two half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's about you know two half
+features compared to that 7 hours so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features compared to that 7 hours so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features compared to that 7 hours so I
+say okay three and a half three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay three and a half three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay three and a half three and a
+half and you can use that it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you can use that it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you can use that it's not going
+to be perfect it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect it's not going to be
+accurate but it's you're basing it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's you're basing it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's you're basing it on
+real evidence of how fast you personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real evidence of how fast you personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real evidence of how fast you personally
+work so you so all of this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you so all of this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so you so all of this information
+helps you become a better estimator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you become a better estimator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you become a better estimator of
+your own performance and in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own performance and in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own performance and in the future
+you can use those numbers for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those numbers for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those numbers for future
+Sprint planning so you know you finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint planning so you know you finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint planning so you know you finish
+one Sprint uh say it's project four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Sprint uh say it's project four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Sprint uh say it's project four and
+you got multiple Sprints you finish one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got multiple Sprints you finish one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got multiple Sprints you finish one
+Sprint and you know that this takes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint and you know that this takes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint and you know that this takes you
+eight hours to complete so the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours to complete so the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hours to complete so the next time
+you get a this size feature it says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a this size feature it says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a this size feature it says well
+it took me eight hours last time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me eight hours last time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me eight hours last time so you
+know I'm going to say that that feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to say that that feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to say that that feature
+looks like a eight uh eight hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+task you should reest reestimate every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you should reest reestimate every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task you should reest reestimate every
+day so you animate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so you animate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so you animate your
+jump and say that's too big of a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and say that's too big of a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and say that's too big of a feature
+so I'm going to split it into two tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to split it into two tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to split it into two tasks
+uh the animate the jump takeoff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the animate the jump takeoff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the animate the jump takeoff and you
+animate the jump Landing since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate the jump Landing since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate the jump Landing since there
+have two very similar tasks I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two very similar tasks I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two very similar tasks I'm going to
+put the same time estimate on both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same time estimate on both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the same time estimate on both of
+them and then I'm going to start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then I'm going to start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then I'm going to start working
+on jump takeoff since you have to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on jump takeoff since you have to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on jump takeoff since you have to go in
+the air before it can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air before it can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air before it can come
+down and I'm going to start working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I'm going to start working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I'm going to start working on
+on this took me a little the task is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this took me a little the task is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this took me a little the task is a
+little bit harder than I expected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder than I expected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit harder than I expected so
+originally was a 5 hour estimate so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was a 5 hour estimate so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was a 5 hour estimate so I'm
+going to increase that up to a 6 hour uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase that up to a 6 hour uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase that up to a 6 hour uh
+uh estimate and then eventually I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimate and then eventually I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimate and then eventually I got it
+done down to zero all right I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done down to zero all right I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done down to zero all right I have no
+more hours on this feature it works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hours on this feature it works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hours on this feature it works it's
+tested it's integrated everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it's integrated everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it's integrated everything's
+fine now I have to do the second feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now I have to do the second feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine now I have to do the second feature
+animate the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Landing what should I write down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let's say by the time I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's say by the time I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's say by the time I actually
+came to the situation where I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the situation where I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the situation where I wrote down
+I had 6 hours remaining I had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had 6 hours remaining I had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had 6 hours remaining I had already
+spent 8 hours working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future okay I wrote I spent eight hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay I wrote I spent eight hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future okay I wrote I spent eight hours
+working on jump takeoff and it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on jump takeoff and it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on jump takeoff and it wasn't
+done then I wrote down I had six hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then I wrote down I had six hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done then I wrote down I had six hours
+left so what's my new feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+14 a lot bigger um you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 a lot bigger um you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 a lot bigger um you know because
+that's how that's that's real evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how that's that's real evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how that's that's real evidence
+now of course it may be that during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course it may be that during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course it may be that during the
+process of doing this earlier feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing this earlier feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing this earlier feature
+you've learned certain techniques that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned certain techniques that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned certain techniques that's
+going to speed up your next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to speed up your next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to speed up your next thing
+however that's wishful thinking that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's wishful thinking that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however that's wishful thinking that's
+that that's hope that that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's hope that that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's hope that that that's what
+you desire will happen in reality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire will happen in reality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you desire will happen in reality the
+the actual information that you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual information that you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual information that you have is
+that actually if you add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually if you add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually if you add up all the
+hours I actually spent on this it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I actually spent on this it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I actually spent on this it took
+me 14 hours so I'm going to revise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 14 hours so I'm going to revise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 14 hours so I'm going to revise the
+next feature and let the rest of my team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next feature and let the rest of my team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next feature and let the rest of my team
+know that I think this next feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I think this next feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I think this next feature is
+going to take 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take 14
+hours uh divide and conquer if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours uh divide and conquer if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours uh divide and conquer if you've
+got a very big feature very very big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a very big feature very very big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a very big feature very very big big
+task breaking them into little bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task breaking them into little bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task breaking them into little bits and
+do your estimations uh don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your estimations uh don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your estimations uh don't don't
+forget to add in uh to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to add in uh to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to add in uh to account for
+debugging uh this is one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging uh this is one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging uh this is one of the very
+first actual bugs found by Admiral Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actual bugs found by Admiral Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actual bugs found by Admiral Grace
+Hopper stuck in a V somewhere in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopper stuck in a V somewhere in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopper stuck in a V somewhere in a
+computer in 1940 that actually costed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in 1940 that actually costed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in 1940 that actually costed a
+program to fail um that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to fail um that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to fail um that's where the
+that's that's one theory of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one theory of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one theory of where the
+term debugging came from um don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term debugging came from um don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term debugging came from um don't forget
+integration time taking your code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration time taking your code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration time taking your code and
+your assets and you know uh your writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assets and you know uh your writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assets and you know uh your writing
+and your dialogue and sound effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your dialogue and sound effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your dialogue and sound effects and
+making them work with other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them work with other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them work with other people's
+code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and
+contributions don't forget that uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions don't forget that uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions don't forget that uh some
+of you are going to get very exhausted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are going to get very exhausted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are going to get very exhausted
+and overloaded uh while you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overloaded uh while you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overloaded uh while you're working
+on this project don't forget to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project don't forget to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project don't forget to take
+breaks and to account for those breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks and to account for those breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks and to account for those breaks
+in your time estimation if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your time estimation if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your time estimation if you know that
+you don't tend to work well on a 4H hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't tend to work well on a 4H hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't tend to work well on a 4H hour
+stretch and you tend to work much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and you tend to work much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and you tend to work much better
+with one hours with you know a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one hours with you know a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one hours with you know a five
+minute or 10 minute break and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or 10 minute break and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or 10 minute break and then
+another hour uh then use that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour uh then use that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hour uh then use that in your
+time estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimates
+try to estimate so that you uh so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to estimate so that you uh so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to estimate so that you uh so so so
+so that you can work efficiently not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can work efficiently not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can work efficiently not
+just you know um how how you wish you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know um how how you wish you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know um how how you wish you
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+working any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working any
+questions I ran a little long on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah I know that was kind of fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I know that was kind of fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I know that was kind of fire
+hosy um let's see we'll we'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosy um let's see we'll we'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosy um let's see we'll we'll probably
+get back to this um actually we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this um actually we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this um actually we will
+actually have you practice this later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have you practice this later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have you practice this later on
+uh if in in in class 5 minute break all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in in in class 5 minute break all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in in in class 5 minute break all
+right so right now we'll do a 5 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right now we'll do a 5 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right now we'll do a 5 minute
+break while we switch our computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break while we switch our computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break while we switch our computers
+around be back here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around be back here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around be back here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are we are back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we're back
+on um hopefully this will actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um hopefully this will actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um hopefully this will actually not
+be terribly long because at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terribly long because at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be terribly long because at least some
+of the stuff I'm talking about Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff I'm talking about Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff I'm talking about Philip
+has already really touched on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already really touched on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already really touched on and
+discussed in more detail than I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in more detail than I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in more detail than I need to
+hit since he just talked about it um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit since he just talked about it um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit since he just talked about it um I'm
+just taking a lot of the terms he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a lot of the terms he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking a lot of the terms he has
+introduced and explained and talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and explained and talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and explained and talked
+about all the estimations and tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the estimations and tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the estimations and tasks and
+so forth and stuffing them back into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and stuffing them back into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and stuffing them back into our
+scrum framework so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum framework so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum framework so you can think about
+giv that data about estimating what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giv that data about estimating what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giv that data about estimating what do
+you do with it how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with it how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with it how do you how do you
+show it how do you share it with it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it how do you share it with it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it how do you share it with it how
+do you record it um so but first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you record it um so but first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you record it um so but first let's
+have a really quick review remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really quick review remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really quick review remember I
+said there would be a quiz later here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there would be a quiz later here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there would be a quiz later here's
+our quiz um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quiz um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quiz um
+I want to see if how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to see if how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to see if how many of you
+actually still remember what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still remember what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still remember what we talked
+about on mday so can I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on mday so can I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on mday so can I get some
+volunteers to give me some definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to give me some definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to give me some definitions
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here how many just one one for one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many just one one for one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many just one one for one for
+customer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer all
+right owner in charge of the vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right owner in charge of the vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right owner in charge of the vision of
+the project and also in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and also in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and also in charge of
+maintaining the backlog the team got on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the backlog the team got on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the backlog the team got on
+TR yep specifically prioritizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR yep specifically prioritizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR yep specifically prioritizing the
+backlog but yeah okay someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she's gonna do a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gonna do a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gonna do a really long
+lecture uh the daily scrum is the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh the daily scrum is the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh the daily scrum is the daily
+short meeting where every team member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short meeting where every team member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short meeting where every team member
+talks about what they've done what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about what they've done what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about what they've done what they
+will be doing and what's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing and what's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be doing and what's great
+next grab them while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next grab them while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next grab them while they're
+easy the product backlog is a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the product backlog is a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the product backlog is a list of
+features to be implemented so have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to be implemented so have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features to be implemented so have the
+whole product done okay and I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole product done okay and I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole product done okay and I saw
+someone this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this
+is the list of task that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you're you're repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+customer the Sprint is the uh period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer the Sprint is the uh period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer the Sprint is the uh period of
+working on one installation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on one installation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on one installation of the
+product it should be kept short a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it should be kept short a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it should be kept short a
+weekend four weeks so y month and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend four weeks so y month and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend four weeks so y month and you're
+supposed to always each print have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to always each print have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to always each print have
+that can be published or that's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be published or that's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be published or that's running
+so that you can only do incremental work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can only do incremental work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can only do incremental work
+okay right somebody else somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else we got two meetings left grab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meetings team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings team
+members don't make me do the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members don't make me do the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members don't make me do the whole
+lecture over again because I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture over again because I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture over again because I don't want
+to give it and I don't think you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it and I don't think you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it and I don't think you want to
+hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the retrospective is the meeting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the retrospective is the meeting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the retrospective is the meeting at
+the end where you review your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where you review your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where you review your
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep team member is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep team member is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep team member is really
+easy nobody's grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that team members everyone that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that team members everyone that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that team members everyone that's on
+your team EXC well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team EXC well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team EXC well
+done do I have anyone who'll take scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done do I have anyone who'll take scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done do I have anyone who'll take scrum
+Master you've already answered twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master you've already answered twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master you've already answered twice
+thank you for for for Noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for for for Noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for for for Noble
+participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation
+yeah yeah scrum Master's in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah scrum Master's in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah scrum Master's in charge of
+just put making sure the scrums go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put making sure the scrums go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put making sure the scrums go
+quickly and everyone does what they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and everyone does what they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and everyone does what they need
+to do without actually he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do without actually he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do without actually he doesn't
+actually need to do anything like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to do anything like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to do anything like he's
+not actually in charge of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually in charge of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually in charge of planning
+anything he's just in charge of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything he's just in charge of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything he's just in charge of making
+sure everything go smoothly during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything go smoothly during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everything go smoothly during the
+yeah yeah SC coach is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah SC coach is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah SC coach is a great
+description for that okay all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for that okay all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for that okay all right now
+I think we have not hit the Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have not hit the Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have not hit the Sprint
+review meeting but other than that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review meeting but other than that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review meeting but other than that I
+think pretty good um so the Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think pretty good um so the Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think pretty good um so the Sprint
+review meeting is the meeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review meeting is the meeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review meeting is the meeting that
+you're going to get to do in class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do in class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do in class today
+no no it's not Sprint planning meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's not Sprint planning meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's not Sprint planning meeting
+ah Sprint planning meeting is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah Sprint planning meeting is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah Sprint planning meeting is the one
+you're going to get to do in class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do in class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get to do in class today
+where you go ahead look at your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go ahead look at your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go ahead look at your product
+backlog decide what you can get done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog decide what you can get done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog decide what you can get done and
+make a Sprint backlog and then break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Sprint backlog and then break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Sprint backlog and then break
+that down into a Sprint test list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down into a Sprint test list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down into a Sprint test list and
+don't think anybody gave Sprint review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody gave Sprint review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody gave Sprint review
+okay and Sprint review is just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Sprint review is just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Sprint review is just at the
+end of your Sprint when you s when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your Sprint when you s when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your Sprint when you s when
+you're evaluating your project for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're evaluating your project for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're evaluating your project for how
+close it came to what you had intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it came to what you had intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it came to what you had intended
+to make and it is a chance to change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and it is a chance to change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make and it is a chance to change and
+update the product backlog by the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the product backlog by the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the product backlog by the team
+usually led by the product owner um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually led by the product owner um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually led by the product owner um
+since they're the person with the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're the person with the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're the person with the vision
+and a lot of strong opinions to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of strong opinions to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of strong opinions to modify
+any changes to the plan that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any changes to the plan that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any changes to the plan that you guys
+have realize now that you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realize now that you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realize now that you see what
+you're what you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you've actually
+made um I'll stop torturing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um I'll stop torturing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made um I'll stop torturing you
+now so backlogs task lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so backlogs task lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so backlogs task lists and
+tasks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks um
+first step is creating a Sprint backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is creating a Sprint backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is creating a Sprint backlog
+um it's pretty basic it's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pretty basic it's pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pretty basic it's pretty simple
+usually your product backlog ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually your product backlog ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually your product backlog ends up
+having lots of really big stories big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lots of really big stories big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lots of really big stories big
+fancy features the things that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy features the things that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy features the things that you want
+your your game to do when everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your game to do when everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your game to do when everything is
+in and it's all working at the End by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's all working at the End by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's all working at the End by
+Nature these are usually big Stories We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature these are usually big Stories We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature these are usually big Stories We
+want to have physics so that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have physics so that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have physics so that the game
+feels realistic um I want the player to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels realistic um I want the player to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels realistic um I want the player to
+be able to develop lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to develop lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to develop lots of different
+powers through the game I want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers through the game I want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers through the game I want to be a
+long complicated story I want there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long complicated story I want there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long complicated story I want there to
+be lots and lots characters interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lots and lots characters interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lots and lots characters interact
+with I want a fully immersive World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want a fully immersive World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I want a fully immersive World
+never ever put that in a backlog but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever put that in a backlog but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever put that in a backlog but I
+want a fully immersive World these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fully immersive World these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fully immersive World these are
+all you know somewhere past extra large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know somewhere past extra large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know somewhere past extra large
+often um but in a product backlog it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um but in a product backlog it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um but in a product backlog it's
+okay to go that big but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to go that big but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to go that big but when you're
+actually thinking about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking about what you're
+going to do this particular Sprint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this particular Sprint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this particular Sprint and
+this particular iteration you got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular iteration you got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular iteration you got to get
+a lot smaller than that for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller than that for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot smaller than that for example I
+want a fully immersive world is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fully immersive world is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fully immersive world is not
+getting done in one Sprint even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting done in one Sprint even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting done in one Sprint even if it's
+the only thing you're working on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you're working on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you're working on so
+clearly you're going to have to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you're going to have to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you're going to have to break
+that down into smaller stories and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down into smaller stories and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down into smaller stories and the
+place you do that is usually your Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you do that is usually your Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you do that is usually your Sprint
+planning meetings so as you break those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning meetings so as you break those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning meetings so as you break those
+really big stories into smaller stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big stories into smaller stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big stories into smaller stories
+you can leave some of them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can leave some of them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can leave some of them on the
+product backlog because oh my gosh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog because oh my gosh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog because oh my gosh we're
+not talk touching those yet and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk touching those yet and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk touching those yet and then you
+can decide which of those pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide which of those pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide which of those pieces of the
+story are complete enough and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story are complete enough and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story are complete enough and small
+enough that you can get them done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can get them done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can get them done in the
+Sprint be it one week or two week or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint be it one week or two week or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint be it one week or two week or a
+month and again the size of stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and again the size of stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and again the size of stories
+you're grabbing is really going to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're grabbing is really going to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're grabbing is really going to vary
+based on how long your Sprint is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how long your Sprint is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how long your Sprint is by
+definition the Sprint you guys having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Sprint you guys having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Sprint you guys having
+come have have coming up is one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come have have coming up is one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come have have coming up is one week
+because your projects do next Monday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your projects do next Monday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your projects do next Monday so
+um once you've got your stories broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you've got your stories broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you've got your stories broken
+down you've pulled out and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you've pulled out and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you've pulled out and you've got
+your Sprint backlog then you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sprint backlog then you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sprint backlog then you can start
+taking a look at the tasks except that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at the tasks except that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a look at the tasks except that's
+not quite how it works because it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite how it works because it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite how it works because it's kind
+of easy to grab too many stories onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to grab too many stories onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to grab too many stories onto
+your Sprint backlog at your furn pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sprint backlog at your furn pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Sprint backlog at your furn pass
+and when you actually start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you actually start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you actually start going
+through and estimating things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and estimating things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and estimating things and you
+realize just how much work each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize just how much work each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize just how much work each of those
+stories take you may find you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories take you may find you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories take you may find you have to
+put some of those stories back you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some of those stories back you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some of those stories back you may
+even realize that some of the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize that some of the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize that some of the stories
+that were at the bottom of your priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were at the bottom of your priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were at the bottom of your priority
+list are actually more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list are actually more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list are actually more important than
+you thought because you've got other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought because you've got other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought because you've got other
+stories higher up that depend on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories higher up that depend on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories higher up that depend on them so
+while you're doing your planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing your planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing your planning and
+while you're making your Sprint backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're making your Sprint backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're making your Sprint backlog
+and making your task list all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making your task list all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making your task list all sort of
+all a little bit you know you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a little bit you know you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a little bit you know you're going
+to go forward two steps back a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward two steps back a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go forward two steps back a step
+forward three steps as you both reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward three steps as you both reorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward three steps as you both reorder
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+backlogs put stories back take stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs put stories back take stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlogs put stories back take stories
+back off as you realize as you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back off as you realize as you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back off as you realize as you're trying
+to figure out how you get all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how you get all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how you get all those
+dependencies and squished into what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and squished into what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and squished into what is
+actually a really short amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really short amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really short amount of time
+you guys don't even have what a Sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't even have what a Sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't even have what a Sprint
+team thinks of as a full week you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team thinks of as a full week you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team thinks of as a full week you do not
+have a 40-hour work week ahead of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 40-hour work week ahead of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 40-hour work week ahead of you
+you have per person probably a 10 to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have per person probably a 10 to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have per person probably a 10 to 12
+hour work week because that's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour work week because that's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour work week because that's about the
+amount of time the class expects you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the class expects you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the class expects you to
+put into it so small small stories small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into it so small small stories small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into it so small small stories small
+tasks okay I just went through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks okay I just went through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks okay I just went through all of
+that didn't I um how do you break things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't I um how do you break things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't I um how do you break things
+down um when you're breaking down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um when you're breaking down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um when you're breaking down your
+stories think about what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories think about what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories think about what's the most
+important part of what you're breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of what you're breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of what you're breaking
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+into um and as your stories because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um and as your stories because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um and as your stories because your
+stories have a because or so I can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories have a because or so I can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories have a because or so I can you
+can start thinking about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start thinking about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start thinking about what is the
+most important part of that story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of that story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of that story and
+which of thoseo which portions of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of thoseo which portions of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of thoseo which portions of those
+stories you can just nump maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you can just nump maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you can just nump maybe you
+don't you don't need a full physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't need a full physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't need a full physics
+engine to create realistic driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to create realistic driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to create realistic driving
+because what the heck does realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the heck does realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the heck does realistic
+driving mean in this case anyway does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving mean in this case anyway does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving mean in this case anyway does it
+mean that it accelerates and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it accelerates and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it accelerates and it really
+feels like it's accelerating properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's accelerating properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it's accelerating properly
+does it mean that when you take handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that when you take handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that when you take handle
+curves you can kind of feel it spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves you can kind of feel it spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves you can kind of feel it spinning
+out on you um and what does feel mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on you um and what does feel mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on you um and what does feel mean
+anyway does it mean that the computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway does it mean that the computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway does it mean that the computer is
+playing really realistic sound effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing really realistic sound effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing really realistic sound effects
+for me that I'm getting really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that I'm getting really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me that I'm getting really cool
+Sparks off of the wheels I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sparks off of the wheels I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sparks off of the wheels I'm getting
+this view of the car spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of the car spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view of the car spinning
+out um when you understand what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um when you understand what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um when you understand what you
+actually want then you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want then you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want then you can create
+smaller stories that let you break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller stories that let you break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller stories that let you break it
+down and sign up just for that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and sign up just for that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and sign up just for that you can
+also take a look at what the abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take a look at what the abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take a look at what the abilities
+of of your team are and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of your team are and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of your team are and what you can
+actually do if you have somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do if you have somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do if you have somebody who's
+really good at sound effects maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at sound effects maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at sound effects maybe you
+really want to try to create a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to try to create a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to try to create a realistic
+oral environment you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral environment you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral environment you're not going to
+worry so much about the physics you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry so much about the physics you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry so much about the physics you're
+not going to worry so much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry so much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry so much about the
+sound effects but boy is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effects but boy is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound effects but boy is it going to
+sound sharp that's okay that's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sharp that's okay that's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound sharp that's okay that's working
+within your capabilities and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your capabilities and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your capabilities and your
+limitations to do your best to fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations to do your best to fulfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations to do your best to fulfill
+your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your overall
+Vision um Philip really already covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision um Philip really already covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision um Philip really already covered
+this pretty well I will I will zip right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty well I will I will zip right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty well I will I will zip right
+through it um tasks think of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it um tasks think of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it um tasks think of them in
+terms of going down to a half hour is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of going down to a half hour is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of going down to a half hour is
+probably a waste of your time if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a waste of your time if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a waste of your time if you if
+you're if you're looking at a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're looking at a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're looking at a whole
+bunch of task that a half hour long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of task that a half hour long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of task that a half hour long
+that's that's a really small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really small amount of
+time um on the other hand eight hours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um on the other hand eight hours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um on the other hand eight hours is
+probably the biggest you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the biggest you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the biggest you want to look at
+given that that's most of a week ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that that's most of a week ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that that's most of a week ideally
+you don't have one task that takes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have one task that takes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have one task that takes up
+your entire week's worth of work if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire week's worth of work if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire week's worth of work if so
+you're rolling some really big dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rolling some really big dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rolling some really big dice
+there because you're assuming that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you're assuming that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because you're assuming that your
+estimate is pretty good and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is pretty good and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is pretty good and especially
+the first time you start estimating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you start estimating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you start estimating your
+estimate probably isn't that good it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate probably isn't that good it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate probably isn't that good it is
+it is more common for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more common for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more common for people to
+overestimate by up to twice as much so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate by up to twice as much so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate by up to twice as much so I
+can get this task done in eight hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this task done in eight hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this task done in eight hours
+often means I can get this task done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often means I can get this task done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often means I can get this task done in
+16 hours um think about that as you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 hours um think about that as you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 hours um think about that as you are
+tasking things out and as you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasking things out and as you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasking things out and as you are
+creating your Sprint task lists um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your Sprint task lists um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your Sprint task lists um let's
+see yep okay so I think we mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yep okay so I think we mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yep okay so I think we mostly
+covered that um finally finally once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered that um finally finally once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered that um finally finally once you
+have this pig pile of tasks on an Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this pig pile of tasks on an Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this pig pile of tasks on an Excel
+spreadsheet that no one actually ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that no one actually ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that no one actually ever
+wants to look at again because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to look at again because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to look at again because they're
+kind of hard to pick out there what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to pick out there what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to pick out there what do
+you do with them um I mentioned scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with them um I mentioned scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with them um I mentioned scrum
+boards and I mentioned them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and I mentioned them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and I mentioned them being
+preferably there physical scrum board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably there physical scrum board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably there physical scrum board
+that's really not realistic for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not realistic for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not realistic for us so
+you're going to want and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want and I really
+strongly do recommend that you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly do recommend that you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly do recommend that you use a
+visual scrum board solution two that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual scrum board solution two that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual scrum board solution two that I
+have used on projects that work well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used on projects that work well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used on projects that work well for
+different situations are Trello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations are Trello and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations are Trello and
+scrum.com don't feel like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum.com don't feel like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum.com don't feel like you have to
+use either of these if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either of these if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either of these if you find
+something better use it and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better use it and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better use it and tell me
+about it cuz I want to know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it cuz I want to know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it cuz I want to know um
+especially if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's
+free um so let me show you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so let me show you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so let me show you very
+quickly let's see if I can pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly let's see if I can pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly let's see if I can pull them
+up so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so here
+is is that showing okay here's skirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that showing okay here's skirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that showing okay here's skirm
+me.com which I actually I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me.com which I actually I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me.com which I actually I think it's
+kind of the easiest and quickest one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the easiest and quickest one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the easiest and quickest one to
+use it is like this is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it is like this is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it is like this is always going to
+be more work for your scrum master so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more work for your scrum master so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more work for your scrum master so
+when you're thinking about tasks set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about tasks set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about tasks set
+some time aside for your scrum Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time aside for your scrum Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time aside for your scrum Master
+who's probably going to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's probably going to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's probably going to create this
+board it's going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board it's going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board it's going to be your
+responsibility to maintain it and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to maintain it and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to maintain it and move
+things over but somebody's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over but somebody's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over but somebody's going to have
+to type tasks into it and uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type tasks into it and uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type tasks into it and uh it would
+work best if everyone could be relied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work best if everyone could be relied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work best if everyone could be relied
+upon to type in their tasks but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon to type in their tasks but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon to type in their tasks but it it
+rarely works that way especially since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely works that way especially since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely works that way especially since
+you often have a whole bundle of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often have a whole bundle of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often have a whole bundle of tasks
+that haven't been assigned at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't been assigned at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't been assigned at least at
+the beginning of the Sprint because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the Sprint because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the Sprint because
+people start picking them up as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start picking them up as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start picking them up as they
+discover that they've gotten stuff done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that they've gotten stuff done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that they've gotten stuff done
+um so pretty much it works much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so pretty much it works much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so pretty much it works much like a
+scrum board. too so you can create you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum board. too so you can create you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum board. too so you can create you
+can create all your tasks it divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create all your tasks it divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create all your tasks it divides
+things up Naturally by stories although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up Naturally by stories although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up Naturally by stories although
+if you'd like to put it by user you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd like to put it by user you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd like to put it by user you can
+there are two standard ways to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two standard ways to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two standard ways to organize
+a scrum board either organizing all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scrum board either organizing all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scrum board either organizing all your
+tasks by by the story belongs to or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks by by the story belongs to or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks by by the story belongs to or by
+the user who's working on feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user who's working on feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user who's working on feel free to
+do it however works well for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it however works well for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it however works well for you um
+scrummy because it's free and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrummy because it's free and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrummy because it's free and you don't
+want to pay for the upgraded version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for the upgraded version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pay for the upgraded version
+won't let you change the names of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't let you change the names of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't let you change the names of your
+columns but it's pretty hard from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but it's pretty hard from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but it's pretty hard from the
+end of the world um so if my story is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world um so if my story is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world um so if my story is to
+dis demonstrate some to the crask I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis demonstrate some to the crask I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis demonstrate some to the crask I have
+recorded the URL so I can get back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded the URL so I can get back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded the URL so I can get back here
+that's done I've made a new board that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done I've made a new board that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done I've made a new board that's
+all done and I confirmed the board was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all done and I confirmed the board was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all done and I confirmed the board was
+there um I've assigned a task to Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I've assigned a task to Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I've assigned a task to Philip
+so that there can be a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there can be a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there can be a task
+there and it's really pretty quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's really pretty quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's really pretty quick and
+easy ah no don't delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy ah no don't delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy ah no don't delete
+it it's really pretty quick and easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really pretty quick and easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really pretty quick and easy to
+go ahead edit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead edit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead edit
+things it changes color so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it changes color so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it changes color so you can have
+different colors easy to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors easy to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors easy to tell
+apart um and it's really just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and it's really just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart um and it's really just sort of a
+click and grab click and drag except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and grab click and drag except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and grab click and drag except
+that I don't have a mouse sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have a mouse sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have a mouse sorry I don't
+have a track counter and so it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a track counter and so it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a track counter and so it takes the
+the fancy two-fingered maneuver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy two-fingered maneuver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fancy two-fingered maneuver to
+actually move it so I'm going to fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move it so I'm going to fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move it so I'm going to fail to
+move it over but they're they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over but they're they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over but they're they're pretty
+easy to just click and drag to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to just click and drag to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to just click and drag to to the
+various thing to the various sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various thing to the various sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various thing to the various sides so
+that's scrummy which has less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's scrummy which has less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's scrummy which has less
+functionality than Trello but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality than Trello but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality than Trello but it's
+actually in exchange for that it's quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in exchange for that it's quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in exchange for that it's quick
+and easy you type in a task you type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy you type in a task you type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy you type in a task you type in
+a name you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name you're
+done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um
+Trello I apologize about the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello I apologize about the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello I apologize about the resolution
+here um let see if I can close this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um let see if I can close this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um let see if I can close this yeah
+um Trello lets you go ahead and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Trello lets you go ahead and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Trello lets you go ahead and create
+as many columns as you'd like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many columns as you'd like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many columns as you'd like you can
+name them whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name them whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name them whatever you
+want um they have you can you can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um they have you can you can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um they have you can you can put in
+all the information you want if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information you want if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information you want if you want
+to track your estimations here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track your estimations here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track your estimations here if you
+want to have a checklist of subtasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a checklist of subtasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a checklist of subtasks
+that are related to it if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to it if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to it if you want to
+put on Pretty Little labels so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on Pretty Little labels so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on Pretty Little labels so that
+every user has a different color or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every user has a different color or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every user has a different color or
+every story has a different color as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every story has a different color as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every story has a different color as
+long as you only have five stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um but on the other hand you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but on the other hand you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but on the other hand you can also
+waste a lot of time organizing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste a lot of time organizing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste a lot of time organizing your
+project on Trello and it will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on Trello and it will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on Trello and it will look
+really nice and it will have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice and it will have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice and it will have all the
+data there and you will have sucked all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there and you will have sucked all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there and you will have sucked all
+those hours that you could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hours that you could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hours that you could have been
+coding or drawing or actually making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or drawing or actually making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or drawing or actually making a
+game so Trello can be really nice to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so Trello can be really nice to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so Trello can be really nice to use
+but don't let it steal your project from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't let it steal your project from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't let it steal your project from
+you if you choose to use it um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you choose to use it um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you choose to use it um I was
+told that there is a cool scrummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that there is a cool scrummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that there is a cool scrummy
+there's a cool scrum free download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cool scrum free download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cool scrum free download
+extension runs in the Chrome browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension runs in the Chrome browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension runs in the Chrome browser
+that makes it work better for scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it work better for scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it work better for scrum
+because it adjusts list and it does some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it adjusts list and it does some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it adjusts list and it does some
+previous setup for you I haven't tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous setup for you I haven't tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous setup for you I haven't tested
+that so I don't know how it works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't know how it works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't know how it works if
+you'd like to try it out do but don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to try it out do but don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to try it out do but don't do
+it this project because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this project because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this project because you don't have
+time to waste mixing it around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to waste mixing it around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to waste mixing it around and
+fixing it up do that on on outside time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing it up do that on on outside time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing it up do that on on outside time
+if you really want to is is my advice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to is is my advice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to is is my advice to
+you you um I don't want you to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you um I don't want you to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you um I don't want you to spend a
+whole lot of time getting the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of time getting the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of time getting the perfect
+system together I want you to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system together I want you to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system together I want you to get a
+system that works well enough and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay yay back to the slideshow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay yay back to the slideshow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay yay back to the slideshow so
+that is Scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah don't use PowerPoint either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah don't use PowerPoint either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah don't use PowerPoint either
+apparently it has to be difficult um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it has to be difficult um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it has to be difficult um so
+the classic the classup lineup on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic the classup lineup on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic the classup lineup on a
+scrum board is you've got all the tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum board is you've got all the tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum board is you've got all the tasks
+in your to do pile you've got the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your to do pile you've got the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your to do pile you've got the in
+progress and anything in progress should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and anything in progress should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and anything in progress should
+be assigned to someone should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned to someone should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned to someone should have a
+name attached to it it can't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name attached to it it can't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name attached to it it can't be in
+progress of someone isn't working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of someone isn't working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of someone isn't working on it
+and it should have a time estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should have a time estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should have a time estimate
+attached to it um ideally the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it um ideally the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it um ideally the time
+remaining although if you've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining although if you've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining although if you've got you
+know it's good to keep track of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good to keep track of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good to keep track of how much
+time has actually gone by on it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has actually gone by on it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has actually gone by on it that's
+the task the task cards are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task the task cards are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task the task cards are really good
+places to keep track of your estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to keep track of your estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to keep track of your estimates
+as they change right then it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they change right then it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they change right then it's all
+together in one place um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one place um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in one place um you'll
+definitely want to have a once it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to have a once it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to have a once it get
+finished it should not go over to done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished it should not go over to done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished it should not go over to done
+it should go into testing someone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should go into testing someone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should go into testing someone who is
+not the person who did it should test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person who did it should test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the person who did it should test it
+and then move it over to done that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move it over to done that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move it over to done that way
+you've got a second set of eyes on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a second set of eyes on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a second set of eyes on every
+piece of code and every feature just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code and every feature just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code and every feature just
+confirming it's working um many scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming it's working um many scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirming it's working um many scrum
+boards also have another column called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards also have another column called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards also have another column called
+blocked or on fire which is to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked or on fire which is to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked or on fire which is to say this
+is a task that someone can't get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a task that someone can't get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a task that someone can't get done
+until someone else gets something out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone else gets something out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until someone else gets something out of
+my way it's nice to have it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way it's nice to have it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way it's nice to have it's not
+required um and if you're working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required um and if you're working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required um and if you're working on a
+board that it isn't you're having a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that it isn't you're having a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that it isn't you're having a hard
+time fitting everything into one screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time fitting everything into one screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time fitting everything into one screen
+um excuse me one screen um Trello has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me one screen um Trello has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me one screen um Trello has
+always a problem for that with me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a problem for that with me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a problem for that with me it's
+okay to leave it off but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to leave it off but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to leave it off but it can be
+really helpful to have so that that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to have so that that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful to have so that that sort
+of is a scrum board and I do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a scrum board and I do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a scrum board and I do really
+recommend them they are useful I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend them they are useful I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend them they are useful I know it
+feels like a lot of extra time often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a lot of extra time often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a lot of extra time often
+when you're setting them up but if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're setting them up but if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're setting them up but if your
+team is actually looking in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is actually looking in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is actually looking in there and
+checking it every day and updating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it every day and updating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it every day and updating it's
+a really good way for the team to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good way for the team to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good way for the team to spend
+to know where it's at without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where it's at without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where it's at without having to
+spend a lot of time talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about it
+because all the all the really basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the all the really basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the all the really basic
+stuff is there to be seen which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is there to be seen which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is there to be seen which means
+you could freeze you up to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could freeze you up to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could freeze you up to talk about
+any real problems that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real problems that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real problems that are coming
+up okay so that said it's your turn um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that said it's your turn um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that said it's your turn um
+you've got a week left to work a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a week left to work a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a week left to work a week
+left on your project so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on your project so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on your project so let's try
+creating um a Sprint backlog and a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating um a Sprint backlog and a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating um a Sprint backlog and a task
+list from that backlog for what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list from that backlog for what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list from that backlog for what you're
+going to do what you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do what you're going to get
+done for Monday when you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for Monday when you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for Monday when you have your
+Turnin um I'm going to give you like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turnin um I'm going to give you like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turnin um I'm going to give you like all
+meetings this should be time boxed so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings this should be time boxed so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings this should be time boxed so I
+was going to give you half an hour to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to give you half an hour to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to give you half an hour to do
+it um I will check in at half an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I will check in at half an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I will check in at half an hour
+and if people are screaming oh no we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people are screaming oh no we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people are screaming oh no we're
+nowhere near done I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near done I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere near done I will give you
+another 10 minutes or 15 minutes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10 minutes or 15 minutes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10 minutes or 15 minutes not
+actually a whole lot more time but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a whole lot more time but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a whole lot more time but I'll
+give you a little more time um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little more time um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little more time um this is
+probably doable in half an hour if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doable in half an hour if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably doable in half an hour if you
+guys have been working on your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have been working on your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have been working on your project
+and you've got your product backlogs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your product backlogs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your product backlogs in
+good shape but it's the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape but it's the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape but it's the first time
+you're doing it so it's all always it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it so it's all always it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it so it's all always it's
+hard to know what the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know what the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know what the right amount of
+time is um after that I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is um after that I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is um after that I will give you
+five or 10 minutes probably call it five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 minutes probably call it five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 minutes probably call it five
+minutes to talk about the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the process and
+have someone come up and give a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone come up and give a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have someone come up and give a very
+short presentation of what the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation of what the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short presentation of what the process
+was like what worked what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what worked what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what worked what
+didn't whether you liked it or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't whether you liked it or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't whether you liked it or not it's
+okay to come up here and say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to come up here and say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to come up here and say I don't
+feel like this helped us at all um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like this helped us at all um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like this helped us at all um just
+come up and tell us what happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and tell us what happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and tell us what happened and
+how your team how it worked for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your team how it worked for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your team how it worked for your
+team nice nice nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for our SC meeting we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for our SC meeting we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for our SC meeting we used
+scrummy to try to organize our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrummy to try to organize our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrummy to try to organize our product
+backlog into our Sprint task list we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog into our Sprint task list we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog into our Sprint task list we
+found scrummy to be a little annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found scrummy to be a little annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found scrummy to be a little annoying
+because it doesn't automatically update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't automatically update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't automatically update
+instantly you have to refresh the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly you have to refresh the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly you have to refresh the page
+and as long as whatever happens last we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as whatever happens last we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as whatever happens last we
+find is what the it shows as what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is what the it shows as what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is what the it shows as what it's
+edited so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited so it
+shouldn't break but it's not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't break but it's not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't break but it's not the most
+useful thing I think more useful would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing I think more useful would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing I think more useful would
+be to use Google uh use the Google Doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to use Google uh use the Google Doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to use Google uh use the Google Doc
+of the product backlog section out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product backlog section out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product backlog section out the
+stuff that you do in that Sprint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you do in that Sprint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you do in that Sprint and
+then just update it there we have it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just update it there we have it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just update it there we have it all
+like color coding so it looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like color coding so it looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like color coding so it looks really
+nice and that's much easier to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and that's much easier to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and that's much easier to look at
+and do that I think like importing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that I think like importing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that I think like importing that
+into some other program and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some other program and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some other program and then like
+doing everything there and then going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything there and then going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything there and then going
+back it just seems better to use Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it just seems better to use Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it just seems better to use Google
+okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+fastic okay so we use Trello for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastic okay so we use Trello for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastic okay so we use Trello for our
+scrum planning and we like Trello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum planning and we like Trello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum planning and we like Trello
+because you can just like create cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just like create cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just like create cards
+that have like lists of tasks and easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have like lists of tasks and easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have like lists of tasks and easily
+move them around between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them around between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them around between different
+columns like so when someone takes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns like so when someone takes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns like so when someone takes on a
+task they can move it to in progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task they can move it to in progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task they can move it to in progress and
+like assign their name to it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assign their name to it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assign their name to it and it's
+really easy to look at and see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to look at and see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to look at and see what's
+going on at a glance um Tri does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at a glance um Tri does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on at a glance um Tri does have a
+lot of features like checklists um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of features like checklists um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of features like checklists um that
+you might not want to use a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to use a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want to use a lot of
+especially if you have like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have like really
+complex tasks you don't want to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex tasks you don't want to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex tasks you don't want to put all
+of those inside the checklist because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inside the checklist because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inside the checklist because
+that gets confusing um the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets confusing um the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets confusing um the thing that we
+had the most problems with was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the most problems with was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the most problems with was doing
+time estimates for the tasks because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimates for the tasks because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimates for the tasks because we
+have not like no one in our group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not like no one in our group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not like no one in our group has
+used phaser before and so we had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used phaser before and so we had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used phaser before and so we had a very
+kind of like shaky grasp on how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like shaky grasp on how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like shaky grasp on how long
+things are going to take so our guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to take so our guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to take so our guesses
+were mostly random uh at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mostly random uh at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mostly random uh at this point in
+time but we will update that as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we will update that as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we will update that as we get
+more experienced uh one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experienced uh one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experienced uh one thing that we
+did find was really helpful was when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did find was really helpful was when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did find was really helpful was when we
+were drawing up goals we did um we broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were drawing up goals we did um we broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were drawing up goals we did um we broke
+down all the features that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the features that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the features that the game
+needed until like as like fine grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed until like as like fine grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed until like as like fine grain
+detail as we could because um we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as we could because um we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as we could because um we know
+what results we need to have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what results we need to have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what results we need to have to get the
+game to work but we don't know phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to work but we don't know phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to work but we don't know phaser
+yet so we don't know exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we don't know exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so we don't know exactly what the
+processes are going to um entail yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are going to um entail yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are going to um entail yet but
+having like uh the list of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having like uh the list of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having like uh the list of things that
+need to go into the game gives us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go into the game gives us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go into the game gives us some
+guidance on what we should be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance on what we should be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance on what we should be uh
+developing towards thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing towards thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing towards thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you sparkly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Redemption okay sparkly Redemption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption okay sparkly Redemption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redemption okay sparkly Redemption we
+basically just opened up Google Docs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just opened up Google Docs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just opened up Google Docs and
+made a whole bunch of Excel spreadsheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a whole bunch of Excel spreadsheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a whole bunch of Excel spreadsheets
+I think we're kind of trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're kind of trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're kind of trying to use
+scrum Dow and see how that works but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum Dow and see how that works but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrum Dow and see how that works but we
+figured it'd be best to just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it'd be best to just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it'd be best to just kind of
+finish the thing first and then take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the thing first and then take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the thing first and then take a
+look at that so no thoughts there yet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so no thoughts there yet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so no thoughts there yet um
+I guess we basically just took a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we basically just took a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we basically just took a look at
+what we wanted to get done by Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to get done by Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to get done by Wednesday
+and what we wanted to get done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we wanted to get done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we wanted to get done by the
+end of the week and then broke that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the week and then broke that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the week and then broke that down
+into the the tasks and then worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the tasks and then worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the the tasks and then worked with
+that um I guess estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I guess estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I guess estimation
+wise it wasn't too bad because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise it wasn't too bad because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise it wasn't too bad because some of
+us have worked with phaser before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have worked with phaser before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have worked with phaser before but
+there was also a lot of things where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a lot of things where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a lot of things where we
+realize oh well assuming X is finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh well assuming X is finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh well assuming X is finished
+first then y will be reled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then y will be reled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then y will be reled
+straightforward but do we count X's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but do we count X's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but do we count X's time
+inside of why well maybe but maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of why well maybe but maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of why well maybe but maybe not
+really so that was as complicated as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so that was as complicated as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so that was as complicated as it
+got I think thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you thunder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winds uh so for us we started out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds uh so for us we started out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds uh so for us we started out with a
+fairly uh detailed plan and we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh detailed plan and we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly uh detailed plan and we used
+Asana which is multiplayer to-do list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asana which is multiplayer to-do list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asana which is multiplayer to-do list so
+similar to scrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to scrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to scrum
+uh but ultimately our entire team more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ultimately our entire team more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ultimately our entire team more
+or less got sick over the weekend and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less got sick over the weekend and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less got sick over the weekend and we
+didn't actually get much work done so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually get much work done so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually get much work done so we
+can't speak to exactly how good our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't speak to exactly how good our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't speak to exactly how good our
+estimates would have been or how useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates would have been or how useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates would have been or how useful
+our plans would be so all the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plans would be so all the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plans would be so all the planning
+in the world doesn't help if your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world doesn't help if your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world doesn't help if your entire
+team is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team is in
+bed yep thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you blind aliens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our team used primarily Google Docs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our team used primarily Google Docs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our team used primarily Google Docs
+what we did was we had our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we had our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we had our product
+backlog and we were a little confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and we were a little confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and we were a little confused
+about the product backlog so we made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the product backlog so we made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the product backlog so we made it
+way too detailed but that really helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too detailed but that really helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too detailed but that really helped
+with this so we ended up copying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so we ended up copying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so we ended up copying and
+pasting our product backlog into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting our product backlog into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasting our product backlog into our
+Sprint task list deleting everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint task list deleting everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint task list deleting everything
+we'd already finished and then adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd already finished and then adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd already finished and then adding
+based on what we had done and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we had done and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we had done and we found
+that because we were further along in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we were further along in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we were further along in
+our project it was really easy to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project it was really easy to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project it was really easy to tell
+what needed more work and to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed more work and to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needed more work and to get the
+tasks more detailed and better estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks more detailed and better estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks more detailed and better estimates
+just because we've done a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already so we started out planning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we started out planning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we started out planning on
+using Trello but did the product backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Trello but did the product backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Trello but did the product backlog
+in Google Docs and since it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Google Docs and since it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Google Docs and since it's sort of
+the same information repeated twice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information repeated twice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information repeated twice we
+sort of just stopped using Trello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just stopped using Trello and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just stopped using Trello and
+end up using Google Docs anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using Google Docs anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using Google Docs anyway and
+that's that sort of helped us out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that sort of helped us out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that sort of helped us out now
+cuz all we did was sort the things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz all we did was sort the things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz all we did was sort the things in
+Google Docs By Priority so we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Docs By Priority so we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Docs By Priority so we looked at
+the things that were highest priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that were highest priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that were highest priorities
+so we're doing this week and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing this week and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing this week and then we
+just sort of thought about each one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of thought about each one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of thought about each one you
+know how can we break this down what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how can we break this down what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how can we break this down what are
+the specific tasks you started working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific tasks you started working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific tasks you started working
+on this what's left to do here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this what's left to do here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this what's left to do here and then
+we put that into the um Sprint pass list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put that into the um Sprint pass list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put that into the um Sprint pass list
+yeah okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you uh so we been using Google Docs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so we been using Google Docs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so we been using Google Docs from
+the beginning uh we decided to not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh we decided to not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh we decided to not use
+any other site because we had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other site because we had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other site because we had already
+started working on Google Docs and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working on Google Docs and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working on Google Docs and um
+it's worked out pretty well for us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worked out pretty well for us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worked out pretty well for us we
+were able to take our product backlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to take our product backlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to take our product backlog
+and take the highest priority tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the highest priority tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the highest priority tasks that
+hadn't been completed yet and just split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been completed yet and just split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't been completed yet and just split
+them up into a finer detail task that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into a finer detail task that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into a finer detail task that we
+can use for the Sprint task Lisk and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for the Sprint task Lisk and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for the Sprint task Lisk and um
+I think that that worked fine for us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that worked fine for us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that worked fine for us so
+it helped us really scope out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helped us really scope out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helped us really scope out how much
+time we had uh how much time we helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had uh how much time we helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had uh how much time we helped
+us reevaluate how much time we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us reevaluate how much time we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us reevaluate how much time we needed to
+complete the tasks that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the tasks that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the tasks that we had to
+complete and um I think that that uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and um I think that that uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and um I think that that uh is
+going to help us for planning for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us for planning for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help us for planning for the
+rest of the week thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right so I have in fact as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so I have in fact as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so I have in fact as we
+say iterate on everything I've iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say iterate on everything I've iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say iterate on everything I've iterated
+on this presentation and been changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this presentation and been changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this presentation and been changing
+the order of it so it maybe I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of it so it maybe I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of it so it maybe I get
+confused a couple of times I hope not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a couple of times I hope not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a couple of times I hope not
+we'll see um this is we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um this is we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um this is we're going to talk
+a little bit about um high level and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um high level and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um high level and low
+level here but as we said in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here but as we said in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here but as we said in this class
+we want to iterate on absolutely every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to iterate on absolutely every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to iterate on absolutely every
+process you might use this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you might use this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you might use this is how you
+control your team this is how your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your team this is how your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your team this is how your game
+works everything and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works everything and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works everything and this is actually
+not a bad philosophy to do to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad philosophy to do to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad philosophy to do to everything
+in your life that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your life that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your life that you might want to
+consider trying stuff fixing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider trying stuff fixing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider trying stuff fixing what
+doesn't work embracing what does work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work embracing what does work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work embracing what does work
+and moving on but this also applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving on but this also applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving on but this also applies to
+how you write your code and I can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you write your code and I can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you write your code and I can talk
+about this on a high level and a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this on a high level and a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this on a high level and a low
+level the the where you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the the where you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the the where you put your
+parentheses and exactly what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and exactly what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and exactly what kinds of
+variables you use is a process and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you use is a process and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you use is a process and you
+make decisions on that basis every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions on that basis every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions on that basis every every
+moment that you're coding and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you're coding and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you're coding and it's a
+really good idea to think about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea to think about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea to think about what you
+did and how it well it worked for you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and how it well it worked for you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and how it well it worked for you or
+someone else and this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else and this is the kind of
+thing that maybe as you're in your early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that maybe as you're in your early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that maybe as you're in your early
+programming career you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming career you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming career you don't want to
+think about too much because just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about too much because just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about too much because just
+getting the stupid thing to work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the stupid thing to work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the stupid thing to work in the
+first place is kind of hard but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place is kind of hard but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place is kind of hard but I'm
+going to try to convince you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to convince you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to convince you that it's
+worth your time to get these habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth your time to get these habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth your time to get these habits
+going so it's easier for you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so it's easier for you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so it's easier for you in the
+future to debug your code or someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future to debug your code or someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future to debug your code or someone
+else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's
+code so I want to talk a little bit very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I want to talk a little bit very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I want to talk a little bit very
+briefly about something I mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about something I mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about something I mentioned in
+the review uh on the in the lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review uh on the in the lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review uh on the in the lecture on
+game engines which is is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game engines which is is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game engines which is is that all
+software sucks and it sucks in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sucks and it sucks in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software sucks and it sucks in different
+ways and all that right well the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and all that right well the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and all that right well the problem
+with this is is it yours does too your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is is it yours does too your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is is it yours does too your
+software is going to have bugs in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is going to have bugs in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is going to have bugs in it and
+your job is to try and make that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to try and make that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to try and make that as
+happen as little as possible you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as little as possible you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as little as possible you want
+your software to suck as little as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible now we also talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now we also talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now we also talked about a
+little about one of the things when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about one of the things when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about one of the things when the
+reason we use a game engine is to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use a game engine is to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use a game engine is to that
+you write less code overall you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write less code overall you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write less code overall you spend
+less time doing that that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time doing that that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time doing that that's because
+everything that you do when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you do when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you do when you're
+writing code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code is
+slow and in particular debugging is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and in particular debugging is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and in particular debugging is the
+slow part it's not too hard to write new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow part it's not too hard to write new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow part it's not too hard to write new
+code but it's actually pretty hard to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but it's actually pretty hard to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but it's actually pretty hard to go
+into Old code and fix what happens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Old code and fix what happens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Old code and fix what happens it
+varies depending on the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies depending on the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies depending on the complexity of
+your task but generally speaking when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task but generally speaking when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task but generally speaking when
+you've written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written a
+bug you later you have to spend the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug you later you have to spend the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug you later you have to spend the time
+to figure out that there was a bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that there was a bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that there was a bug
+figure out where it was and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where it was and then you
+actually to fix the stupid thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to fix the stupid thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to fix the stupid thing and
+that is actually where most of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually where most of your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually where most of your time
+is going to go when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go when you're trying to
+develop code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked so again figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked so again figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked so again figure out the
+problem and then change the code to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then change the code to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then change the code to fix
+your bugs but I claim that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bugs but I claim that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bugs but I claim that most of the
+time figuring out the problem is more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time figuring out the problem is more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time figuring out the problem is more of
+your time and this isn't true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time and this isn't true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time and this isn't true for the
+small bugs when you're typing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bugs when you're typing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bugs when you're typing something
+at your computer and it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your computer and it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your computer and it doesn't work
+when you compile it or whatever and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compile it or whatever and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compile it or whatever and it
+runs you go back and fix it right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs you go back and fix it right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs you go back and fix it right away
+yeah that part of debugging is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that part of debugging is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that part of debugging is not so
+much figuring out the problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much figuring out the problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much figuring out the problem because
+you just wrote it it's freshing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote it it's freshing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just wrote it it's freshing your
+mind you know what's going on there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you know what's going on there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you know what's going on there but
+if it's been a couple of days or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's been a couple of days or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's been a couple of days or a
+couple of weeks then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks then it's really
+actually the hard part and the slow part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the hard part and the slow part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the hard part and the slow part
+is figuring out what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and
+so one of the things that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that you need to
+think about when you're writing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're writing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're writing your
+code is you want to make it as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is you want to make it as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is you want to make it as simple as
+possible so that you're less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that you're less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so that you're less likely to
+write a bug in the first place or once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bug in the first place or once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bug in the first place or once
+you have written a bug it is it sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have written a bug it is it sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have written a bug it is it sticks
+out it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's easier to
+see and the important thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and the important thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and the important thing to remember
+here is that all this code you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that all this code you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that all this code you have
+written is not as easy to read as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written is not as easy to read as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written is not as easy to read as you
+think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it
+is and the right way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the right way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the right way to do
+this is to make it as easy as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to make it as easy as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to make it as easy as possible
+and the way I like to think about it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I like to think about it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I like to think about it at
+least today is to make it require as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least today is to make it require as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least today is to make it require as
+little knowledge as possible to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little knowledge as possible to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little knowledge as possible to figure
+out what's going on in your code if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on in your code if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on in your code if you
+use some really fancy language features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some really fancy language features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some really fancy language features
+that's really cool and it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool and it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool and it feels like
+you're really smart when you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really smart when you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really smart when you're doing it
+but a week later you back look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a week later you back look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a week later you back look at that
+code you'll try to figure out I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you'll try to figure out I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you'll try to figure out I don't
+even know what I did there and Heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what I did there and Heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what I did there and Heaven
+help you if someone else tries to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you if someone else tries to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you if someone else tries to read
+your code so ideally you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so ideally you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so ideally you don't want to
+go too obscure into the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too obscure into the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too obscure into the computer
+language fancy features you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language fancy features you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language fancy features you don't want
+to go too much into your subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go too much into your subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go too much into your subject matter
+there are excepts to this if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are excepts to this if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are excepts to this if for example
+you work on a very specialized piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on a very specialized piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on a very specialized piece of
+software where everyone has to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software where everyone has to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software where everyone has to have an
+aero engineering Astro degree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aero engineering Astro degree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aero engineering Astro degree to
+actually work on the project you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work on the project you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work on the project you can
+assume some level of Competency there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some level of Competency there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some level of Competency there
+but generally speaking in game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally speaking in game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally speaking in game
+development and other most application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and other most application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and other most application
+development you want to assume as little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you want to assume as little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you want to assume as little
+knowledge as possible so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as possible so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as possible so that when you
+want to debug your code you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to debug your code you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to debug your code you can look at
+the little part of the code you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little part of the code you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little part of the code you're at
+right now and see if see if you can f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and see if see if you can f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and see if see if you can f
+what's going on there if possible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there if possible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there if possible you
+want to assume no knowledge in the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assume no knowledge in the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assume no knowledge in the part
+of whoever is reading your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whoever is reading your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whoever is reading your
+code and I'm going to talk a about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and I'm going to talk a about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and I'm going to talk a about why
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+um this is a useful thing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a useful thing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a useful thing to think about
+for user interfaces or really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for user interfaces or really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for user interfaces or really any
+problem solving humans can't hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving humans can't hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving humans can't hold that
+much in their brains at once and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in their brains at once and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in their brains at once and if
+you're trying to write code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to write code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to write code that
+requires you to think about 10 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to think about 10 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to think about 10 different
+things at once you're in trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once you're in trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once you're in trouble because
+humans really don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans really don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans really don't do
+that now generally we get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now generally we get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now generally we get around this
+problem what's called chunking so if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's called chunking so if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what's called chunking so if if
+you're when you started with math right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you started with math right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you started with math right
+you thought about the number five wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought about the number five wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought about the number five wasn't
+even a numeral to you it was five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a numeral to you it was five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a numeral to you it was five
+objects but you couldn't really wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but you couldn't really wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but you couldn't really wrap
+your brain around 12 because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain around 12 because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain around 12 because you can't
+look at 12 objects and think oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at 12 objects and think oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at 12 objects and think oh I
+understand what that means but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what that means but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what that means but as soon
+as you practice with your numbers more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you practice with your numbers more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you practice with your numbers more
+you began to think of the number 12 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you began to think of the number 12 say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you began to think of the number 12 say
+as a unit it's not 12 things it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit it's not 12 things it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit it's not 12 things it's one
+thing it's the concept of 12 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the concept of 12 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's the concept of 12 and that's
+really useful to you and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to you and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to you and then you
+started working through algebra and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working through algebra and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started working through algebra and you
+got variables and now you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got variables and now you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got variables and now you're using
+calculus and all these other cool things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and all these other cool things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and all these other cool things
+you talk about vectors in math a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about vectors in math a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about vectors in math a vector
+represents three numbers or a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents three numbers or a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents three numbers or a direction
+or position in space but you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or position in space but you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or position in space but you don't think
+about all three numbers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all three numbers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all three numbers and you
+certainly don't think that 35 is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't think that 35 is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't think that 35 is one of
+those numbers and that means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and that means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and that means that there
+are 35 things your brain isn't wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 35 things your brain isn't wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 35 things your brain isn't wasting
+time on that instead your brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that instead your brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on that instead your brain is
+thinking it's a vector it's a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's a vector it's a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's a vector it's a point in
+space that's all I need to know so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's all I need to know so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's all I need to know so your
+brain's ignoring a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's ignoring a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain's ignoring a lot of information
+but sort of clumping a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of clumping a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of clumping a bunch of
+information into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into one
+spot I often use phone numbers as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot I often use phone numbers as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot I often use phone numbers as an
+example for this and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this and it's an
+increasingly poor thing to use because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly poor thing to use because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly poor thing to use because I
+bet most of you don't memorize phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet most of you don't memorize phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet most of you don't memorize phone
+numbers because why would you but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because why would you but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because why would you but when
+they started inventing phone numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started inventing phone numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started inventing phone numbers
+there are three parts to phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three parts to phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three parts to phone number
+first part is an area code the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part is an area code the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part is an area code the second
+part is sort of a sub area code and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is sort of a sub area code and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is sort of a sub area code and the
+fourth part is the fourth part the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth part is the fourth part the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth part is the fourth part the third
+part is the four digits that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the four digits that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the four digits that are more
+unique right um it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique right um it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique right um it's really hard to
+remember those 10 numbers but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those 10 numbers but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those 10 numbers but actually
+once you learn the area code the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you learn the area code the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you learn the area code the area
+code is three numbers you think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is three numbers you think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is three numbers you think of it as
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+number Boston is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Boston is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Boston is mostly
+617 um the second set of numbers is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+617 um the second set of numbers is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+617 um the second set of numbers is also
+three numbers you Clump that as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers you Clump that as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers you Clump that as well and
+the last four numbers yeah you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last four numbers yeah you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last four numbers yeah you have to
+memorize those but basically instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize those but basically instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize those but basically instead of
+remembering 10 things you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering 10 things you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering 10 things you have to
+remember six things the four numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember six things the four numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember six things the four numbers and
+then the two prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another problem with coding is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another problem with coding is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another problem with coding is that
+as you keep doing it you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep doing it you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep doing it you're making
+decisions constantly in your coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions constantly in your coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions constantly in your coding
+what's the right way to do this what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right way to do this what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right way to do this what's
+the right variable you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right variable you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right variable you're going to use
+etc etc and as you do this you get tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc and as you do this you get tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc and as you do this you get tired
+humans only have so much decision-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans only have so much decision-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans only have so much decision-
+making in them before they need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in them before they need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in them before they need a
+break so a couple of things we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so a couple of things we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so a couple of things we can do is
+we want to reduce the amount of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce the amount of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce the amount of things
+you have to remember while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember while you're
+looking at your code and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your code and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your code and we want to
+reduce the number of decisions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of decisions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of decisions you're
+going to have to make and to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to make and to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to make and to some extent
+although I'm not really clear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm not really clear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm not really clear on the
+psychological basis for this I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological basis for this I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological basis for this I'm going
+to make the crazy claim that figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the crazy claim that figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the crazy claim that figuring
+something out and deciding what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out and deciding what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out and deciding what this
+thing must mean is a decision so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must mean is a decision so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must mean is a decision so even if
+you're just trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to figure out
+something that also is a burden on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that also is a burden on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that also is a burden on your
+brain and what you want to do is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and what you want to do is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and what you want to do is keep
+your brain alert and hopping as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain alert and hopping as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain alert and hopping as much as
+you can for as long as possible and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can for as long as possible and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can for as long as possible and to
+do that again you want to simplify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again you want to simplify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again you want to simplify your
+code if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if you
+can so so of to go back here Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so so of to go back here Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so so of to go back here Simplicity
+when I say Simplicity I mean you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say Simplicity I mean you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say Simplicity I mean you want
+fewer things to think about should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer things to think about should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer things to think about should be
+easier to read the code so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read the code so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read the code so you don't
+have to memorize what the code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize what the code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize what the code is doing
+you can just quickly glance and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just quickly glance and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just quickly glance and get a
+reminder of what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of what it's doing
+you have fewer bugs because there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fewer bugs because there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have fewer bugs because there's just
+fewer moving Parts fewer things to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer moving Parts fewer things to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer moving Parts fewer things to go
+wrong um I'm going to say this hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong um I'm going to say this hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong um I'm going to say this hopefully
+a couple of times but um a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times but um a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times but um a short
+variable name is not simpler it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name is not simpler it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name is not simpler it's just
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+um if you start thinking about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start thinking about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start thinking about what you
+spend time doing when you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time doing when you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time doing when you're writing
+code and trying to get something done U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and trying to get something done U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and trying to get something done U
+what takes the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what takes the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what takes the most
+time I'm willing to bet it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm willing to bet it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm willing to bet it's probably
+going to be the debugging part but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the debugging part but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the debugging part but maybe
+you think it's going to be getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's going to be getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's going to be getting the
+stupid thing to compile in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing to compile in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing to compile in the first
+place or whatever but I'm willing to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or whatever but I'm willing to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or whatever but I'm willing to bet
+that almost none of you think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost none of you think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost none of you think that your
+typing speed is the thing slowing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing speed is the thing slowing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing speed is the thing slowing down
+your coding if only I could type 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coding if only I could type 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coding if only I could type 80
+characters a minute I could double my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters a minute I could double my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters a minute I could double my
+coding speed it doesn't work that way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding speed it doesn't work that way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding speed it doesn't work that way um
+you do a lot of thinking and just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lot of thinking and just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lot of thinking and just a
+little bit of typing so if your variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of typing so if your variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of typing so if your variable
+name is 12 characters long instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is 12 characters long instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is 12 characters long instead of
+four characters long that is not costing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four characters long that is not costing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four characters long that is not costing
+you time it's just costing you eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you time it's just costing you eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you time it's just costing you eight
+keystrokes and in a modern development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystrokes and in a modern development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystrokes and in a modern development
+environment you've got auto complete you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you've got auto complete you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you've got auto complete you
+type the first four characters you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the first four characters you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the first four characters you hit
+control space and you get all 12 hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control space and you get all 12 hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control space and you get all 12 hey you
+can't even claim that you've saved eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even claim that you've saved eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even claim that you've saved eight
+characters you've only saved six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you've only saved six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you've only saved six
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyway I'm going to talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I'm going to talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I'm going to talk about that a
+lot because I believe that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because I believe that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot because I believe that sort of the
+longer variable names are really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer variable names are really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer variable names are really useful
+cues to remind you what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues to remind you what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues to remind you what you're
+doing and one of my favorite expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and one of my favorite expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and one of my favorite expression
+things to talk about is white write once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to talk about is white write once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to talk about is white write once
+read never code uh who here has used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read never code uh who here has used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read never code uh who here has used
+Pearl anyone um have you tried to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl anyone um have you tried to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl anyone um have you tried to read
+other people's Pearl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code yes why would you try um have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code yes why would you try um have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code yes why would you try um have you
+tried reading your own Pearl code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried reading your own Pearl code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried reading your own Pearl code
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+no that's that's right you just try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's that's right you just try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's that's right you just try it
+again absolutely so Pearl if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again absolutely so Pearl if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again absolutely so Pearl if you're not
+familiar with is this cool scripting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with is this cool scripting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with is this cool scripting
+language it kind of it's It's not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it kind of it's It's not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it kind of it's It's not used
+as much now but it was once the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much now but it was once the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much now but it was once the open
+source darling um PHP is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source darling um PHP is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source darling um PHP is kind of the
+modern equivalent of my God why you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern equivalent of my God why you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern equivalent of my God why you why
+don't try to read that code um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to read that code um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to read that code um but um
+Pearl had the nice feature where pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl had the nice feature where pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearl had the nice feature where pretty
+much every symbol on your keyboard has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every symbol on your keyboard has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every symbol on your keyboard has a
+meaning and if you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and if you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and if you want to do something
+there's probably three different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably three different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably three different ways to
+do it with three different obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with three different obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with three different obscure
+characters on your keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters on your keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters on your keyboard
+um worse each of those characters has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse each of those characters has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um worse each of those characters has a
+different meaning depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning depending on what
+you're using it on um but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using it on um but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using it on um but this is an
+example of APL code which was a stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of APL code which was a stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of APL code which was a stands
+for a programming language developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a programming language developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a programming language developed in
+the like late 60s early 70s and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like late 60s early 70s and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like late 60s early 70s and it's
+really um painful because in APL not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um painful because in APL not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um painful because in APL not
+only does every character on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does every character on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does every character on the
+keyboard have a meaning they minted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard have a meaning they minted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard have a meaning they minted
+special keyboards with an extra three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special keyboards with an extra three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special keyboards with an extra three
+characters per key so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters per key so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters per key so that you could
+have more characters and this is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more characters and this is awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more characters and this is awesome
+if you think of writing code as a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of writing code as a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of writing code as a piece
+of paper with your pencil and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper with your pencil and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper with your pencil and you're
+doing math and you're writing fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing math and you're writing fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing math and you're writing fancy
+integral symbols and this and that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral symbols and this and that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral symbols and this and that sure
+it's handing in math to chunk those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's handing in math to chunk those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's handing in math to chunk those
+Concepts this way but for coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts this way but for coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts this way but for coding
+generally speaking we're stuck on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking we're stuck on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking we're stuck on our
+alpha numeric keyboard with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha numeric keyboard with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha numeric keyboard with a couple of
+symbols and I advise you to use as few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and I advise you to use as few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and I advise you to use as few
+of those symbols as possible try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those symbols as possible try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those symbols as possible try to
+stick with your language if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your language if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with your language if you
+can all right um who here thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right um who here thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right um who here thinks that
+you write enough comments in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write enough comments in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write enough comments in your
+code wow some of you do but almost none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code wow some of you do but almost none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code wow some of you do but almost none
+of you so maybe a quarter of were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so maybe a quarter of were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so maybe a quarter of were like
+I'm proud of my comments it's cool be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm proud of my comments it's cool be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm proud of my comments it's cool be
+proud of your comments if you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of your comments if you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of your comments if you're writing
+them and if you're not writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you're not writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if you're not writing them
+don't be so proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be so proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be so proud of
+them but sometimes I see comments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but sometimes I see comments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but sometimes I see comments that
+are just duplicating what the code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just duplicating what the code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just duplicating what the code is
+saying if your if statement says if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if your if statement says if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if your if statement says if x is
+less than five don't put a comment up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than five don't put a comment up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than five don't put a comment up
+there that says if x is less than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that says if x is less than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that says if x is less than five
+do something that's a waste of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's a waste of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's a waste of time I
+can see that in your code but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in your code but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in your code but I want to
+know why you care if x is less than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why you care if x is less than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why you care if x is less than five
+that's the kind of comment that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of comment that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of comment that I would
+like to see in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see in your
+code um and I I'll get to this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um and I I'll get to this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um and I I'll get to this a little
+bit later but I also talk about longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later but I also talk about longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later but I also talk about longer
+variable names longer function names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names longer function names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names longer function names
+those are useful ways to dodge writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are useful ways to dodge writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are useful ways to dodge writing
+comments if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments if they are
+correct um but really quite frankly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um but really quite frankly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um but really quite frankly if
+you're trying to figure out gosh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out gosh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out gosh I don't
+know if I should comment this or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I should comment this or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I should comment this or not
+right one it's not going to hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so I'm going to here's an example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I'm going to here's an example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I'm going to here's an example um
+these comments don't mimic the code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comments don't mimic the code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comments don't mimic the code but
+what they do do is they tell the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do do is they tell the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do do is they tell the story
+of what the code is actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the code is actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the code is actually doing
+um random aside font is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um random aside font is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um random aside font is actually very
+important with your with your editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important with your with your editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important with your with your editor
+make sure you use a fixed width font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you use a fixed width font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you use a fixed width font
+because pretty much all programmers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty much all programmers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty much all programmers do
+and if you want sometimes you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want sometimes you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want sometimes you're going
+use spacing to have everything line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spacing to have everything line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spacing to have everything line up
+nicely and you want to have that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and you want to have that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and you want to have that be
+crystal clear to everyone else using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear to everyone else using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear to everyone else using
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code but there's another way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but there's another way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but there's another way to do this
+so this is code you can figure it out go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is code you can figure it out go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is code you can figure it out go
+ahead and figure it out what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure it out what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and figure it out what you think
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing there's no rocket science going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there's no rocket science going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there's no rocket science going on
+here we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using the
+Pythagorean theorem to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem to calculate a
+distance and make sure that if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and make sure that if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and make sure that if it's
+small we return 50 there's nothing hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we return 50 there's nothing hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we return 50 there's nothing hard
+here a programmer can figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a programmer can figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a programmer can figure this out
+but a programmer shouldn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a programmer shouldn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a programmer shouldn't have to
+figure this out and that's my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out and that's my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out and that's my argument
+if it takes you I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes you I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes you I don't know maybe
+you're great and it takes you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great and it takes you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great and it takes you two
+seconds to figure that out maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to figure that out maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to figure that out maybe it
+takes you 30 seconds to figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you 30 seconds to figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you 30 seconds to figure that out
+it doesn't really matter it should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter it should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter it should take
+you less than that if the code has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less than that if the code has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less than that if the code has been
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+correctly um so for example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um so for example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um so for example I'm
+splitting at the 900 to 30 * 30 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting at the 900 to 30 * 30 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting at the 900 to 30 * 30 because
+why the compiler doesn't care it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the compiler doesn't care it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the compiler doesn't care it's a
+little bit easier to read you can say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to read you can say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to read you can say if
+the distance is less than 30 as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is less than 30 as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance is less than 30 as opposed
+to if the distance squar is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if the distance squar is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if the distance squar is less than
+900 H it's also has a bug this does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 H it's also has a bug this does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 H it's also has a bug this does have
+a bug good catch there's a bug here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bug good catch there's a bug here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bug good catch there's a bug here this
+code doesn't work because we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't work because we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't work because we're saying
+y0 minus one instead of Y 0us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 minus one instead of Y 0us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 minus one instead of Y 0us
+y1 so there's a better way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so there's a better way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so there's a better way of doing that
+this is even easier to read um we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even easier to read um we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is even easier to read um we are
+using a vector instead the vector class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a vector instead the vector class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a vector instead the vector class
+has some internal knowledge of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some internal knowledge of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some internal knowledge of what
+means to subtract vectors and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to subtract vectors and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to subtract vectors and what the
+length the vector is not only is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the vector is not only is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the vector is not only is this
+less bug prone but this as actual it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less bug prone but this as actual it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less bug prone but this as actual it's
+just easier to read and that bug you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easier to read and that bug you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easier to read and that bug you
+just that you caught there can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you caught there can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you caught there can't happen
+now this code's a little bit cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this code's a little bit cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this code's a little bit cheating
+because I used V for the name so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I used V for the name so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I used V for the name so you can
+kind of guess that they're vectors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess that they're vectors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess that they're vectors but
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+fine um here's comments basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um here's comments basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um here's comments basically the
+same code I'm saying hey here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+context um this is a lot more code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um this is a lot more code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um this is a lot more code in
+some ways it's harder to read in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's harder to read in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's harder to read in some
+ways it's easier to read that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's easier to read that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's easier to read that's one of
+the things you're going have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're going have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're going have to sort of
+figure out for yourselves you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for yourselves you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for yourselves you know what
+coding Styles make sense for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding Styles make sense for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding Styles make sense for you
+obviously simpler is a subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously simpler is a subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously simpler is a subjective
+question but I kind of like this style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but I kind of like this style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but I kind of like this style
+of code because what it does is it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code because what it does is it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code because what it does is it means
+that even if you don't comment your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you don't comment your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you don't comment your code
+your code Stills commented because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code Stills commented because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code Stills commented because you
+can read this and know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read this and know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read this and know what's going on
+more importantly and this is what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly and this is what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly and this is what I've
+changed since the last year I gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since the last year I gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed since the last year I gave this
+presentation I thought that the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I thought that the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I thought that the comments
+saying why and then the code that did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying why and then the code that did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying why and then the code that did it
+was probably the better way to go but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the better way to go but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the better way to go but a
+friend of mine pretty quickly convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine pretty quickly convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend of mine pretty quickly convinced
+me that actually if codes gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that actually if codes gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that actually if codes gets
+maintained for a year or so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained for a year or so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained for a year or so you might
+change the code and forget to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the code and forget to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the code and forget to change the
+comment this actually happens a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this actually happens a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this actually happens a lot in
+real software projects with the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real software projects with the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real software projects with the kind of
+commenting or the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting or the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting or the kind of
+self-documenting code that I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-documenting code that I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-documenting code that I'm using
+here that can't happen if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that can't happen if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that can't happen if you change the
+code you change the comment it's innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you change the comment it's innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you change the comment it's innate
+they're they're incly linked because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're incly linked because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're incly linked because
+they are the same thing if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same thing if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same thing if you can do
+this it actually helps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot all right um so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot all right um so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot all right um so I'm going to go
+through sort of a variety of tips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sort of a variety of tips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sort of a variety of tips and
+tricks and things that might make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and things that might make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks and things that might make things
+a little bit easier to read but before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier to read but before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier to read but before I
+do that I want to talk to you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I want to talk to you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I want to talk to you a little
+bit about um sort of um why and who it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about um sort of um why and who it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about um sort of um why and who it
+is you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you are
+helping so a a while back I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping so a a while back I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping so a a while back I was
+complaining to my grandmother that wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining to my grandmother that wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining to my grandmother that wow
+you know last year I made a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know last year I made a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know last year I made a bunch of
+stupid decisions I didn't do this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid decisions I didn't do this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid decisions I didn't do this right
+I didn't do that right I'm so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't do that right I'm so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't do that right I'm so much
+smarter now this year than I was last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter now this year than I was last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter now this year than I was last
+year it's amazing and my grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's amazing and my grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's amazing and my grandmother
+said yeah I feel that way too all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah I feel that way too all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah I feel that way too all the
+time she was 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she was 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time she was 84
+and I thought oh no when I'm 83 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought oh no when I'm 83 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought oh no when I'm 83 I'm
+still gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still gonna be a
+ so one of the people that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ so one of the people that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ so one of the people that you are
+writing code for one of the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code for one of the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code for one of the people that
+will be reading your code is not other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reading your code is not other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be reading your code is not other
+people on your team although they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on your team although they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on your team although they're
+very important but it's you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but it's you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but it's you you will
+read your code later have any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your code later have any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read your code later have any of you
+been looked back at code you wrote six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looked back at code you wrote six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looked back at code you wrote six
+months ago yet you're early in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago yet you're early in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago yet you're early in your
+career so not many of you have but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career so not many of you have but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career so not many of you have but I'm
+willing to bet that when you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to bet that when you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to bet that when you look back
+at the code you wrote six months ago you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the code you wrote six months ago you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the code you wrote six months ago you
+think to yourself it's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself it's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself it's a couple of
+things one wow I was an idiot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one wow I was an idiot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one wow I was an idiot
+and two you're going to think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two you're going to think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two you're going to think to
+yourself I could write this better now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I could write this better now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I could write this better now
+and three you're probably also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three you're probably also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three you're probably also thinking
+even if the code works the algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the code works the algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the code works the algorithm is
+solid this is decent it could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid this is decent it could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid this is decent it could be more
+readable maybe you aren't thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable maybe you aren't thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable maybe you aren't thinking that
+yet I want you to start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I want you to start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I want you to start thinking
+that because you're going to forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're going to forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you're going to forget the
+code that you write and again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that you write and again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that you write and again when
+you're just starting out that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting out that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just starting out that seems
+impossible that you're not you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that you're not you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that you're not you can't
+forget code that you just wrote but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget code that you just wrote but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget code that you just wrote but I
+guarantee you after you've been writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you after you've been writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you after you've been writing
+code for 5 years or more a lot you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for 5 years or more a lot you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for 5 years or more a lot you're
+going to discover that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discover that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discover that you don't
+remember what you wrote yesterday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you wrote yesterday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what you wrote yesterday or
+last hour as well as now when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour as well as now when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last hour as well as now when you're
+just learning and getting deep into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learning and getting deep into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learning and getting deep into it
+you remember a lot more than you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember a lot more than you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember a lot more than you're
+going to but keep in mind that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to but keep in mind that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to but keep in mind that that
+experience when you go back to your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when you go back to your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience when you go back to your code
+and you don't remember what you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't remember what you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't remember what you wrote
+that's the experience your teammates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the experience your teammates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the experience your teammates
+have every time they look at your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every time they look at your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every time they look at your code
+they didn't write it they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't write it they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't write it they cannot
+remember it your code is a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it your code is a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it your code is a communication
+opportunity to talk to your team to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk to your team to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk to your team to let
+them know what it is that your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them know what it is that your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them know what it is that your code
+does right so one way to make code a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so one way to make code a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so one way to make code a b
+more readable shorter functions um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more readable shorter functions um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more readable shorter functions um you
+hear this sometimes all of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this sometimes all of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this sometimes all of us are
+eventually write that 500 line procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually write that 500 line procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually write that 500 line procedure
+that does this then that then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this then that then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does this then that then the next
+thing then the next thing we all do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then the next thing we all do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then the next thing we all do it
+because it's the easy way to do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the easy way to do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the easy way to do it you
+think I'm going to do this thing so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to do this thing so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to do this thing so I do
+step one step two and you march on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step two and you march on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step two and you march on
+through it's reasonable it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's reasonable it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's reasonable it's a way to
+get things done especially when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things done especially when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things done especially when your
+work is in progress but if you ever want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is in progress but if you ever want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is in progress but if you ever want
+to go back and fix that code now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and fix that code now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and fix that code now you
+have to figure out what pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what pretty much all
+500 lines are doing and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 lines are doing and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 lines are doing and that's kind of
+dangerous the easiest thing I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous the easiest thing I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous the easiest thing I can
+recommend there is if it really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend there is if it really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend there is if it really is a
+step one step two step three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step two step three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one step two step three kind of
+thing why not divide steps into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why not divide steps into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why not divide steps into
+subfunctions the subfunction may only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfunctions the subfunction may only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfunctions the subfunction may only
+get called once but that's okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called once but that's okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called once but that's okay the
+reason this helps you is twofold one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this helps you is twofold one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this helps you is twofold one it
+gives you a nice name for this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a nice name for this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a nice name for this section
+of the code is where I am going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code is where I am going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code is where I am going to tell
+all the planets to to build spaceships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the planets to to build spaceships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the planets to to build spaceships
+this turn I make that a function call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turn I make that a function call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turn I make that a function call I
+don't have to worry about what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about what's inside
+that function if I'm trying to debug a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function if I'm trying to debug a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function if I'm trying to debug a
+war mechanic because probably the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war mechanic because probably the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war mechanic because probably the part
+where all plants are building spaceships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all plants are building spaceships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all plants are building spaceships
+isn't relevant to the gigantic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't relevant to the gigantic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't relevant to the gigantic space
+battle off somewhere else but two when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle off somewhere else but two when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle off somewhere else but two when
+when you subfunction this inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you subfunction this inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you subfunction this inside that
+sub function you are guaranteed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub function you are guaranteed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub function you are guaranteed that the
+local variables there are unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables there are unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables there are unimportant
+for everything in the big function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything in the big function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything in the big function the
+scope is such that they can't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope is such that they can't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope is such that they can't affect the
+big function they're local variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big function they're local variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big function they're local variables you
+don't have to worry about that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about that so this
+is a tin couple little class of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tin couple little class of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tin couple little class of of of
+bugs that you can kind of Dodge by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that you can kind of Dodge by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that you can kind of Dodge by
+something as simple as subdividing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as subdividing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as subdividing a
+function two and this is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function two and this is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function two and this is the other
+important thing you've got this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing you've got this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing you've got this function
+you strip it down so hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you strip it down so hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you strip it down so hopefully you can
+see it on a page in your editor and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on a page in your editor and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it on a page in your editor and you
+can read in English kind of what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read in English kind of what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read in English kind of what it's
+doing you see here are the five steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you see here are the five steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you see here are the five steps
+there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+it's a little bit easier and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit easier and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit easier and that's kind
+of a simple straightforward example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple straightforward example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple straightforward example but
+it's that that way of thinking again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that that way of thinking again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that that way of thinking again
+that I want you to think about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about if you
+ask five programmers what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask five programmers what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask five programmers what's the right
+thing to do they're all going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do they're all going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do they're all going to give
+you different answers and that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different answers and that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different answers and that's fine
+but the thing I want you to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing I want you to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing I want you to start doing
+is thinking about what is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about what is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about what is it that you
+think is the right thing to do why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the right thing to do why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the right thing to do why would
+you consider doing it this way versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider doing it this way versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider doing it this way versus
+that way if you just write the code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if you just write the code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if you just write the code and
+don't think about it you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it you're not going to
+get better as quickly as you will if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better as quickly as you will if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better as quickly as you will if you
+think about why you wrote the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why you wrote the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why you wrote the code that
+way and how it's working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you um here's another fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um here's another fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um here's another fine
+example um making wrong code look wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um making wrong code look wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um making wrong code look wrong
+this is perfectly valid code unless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is perfectly valid code unless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is perfectly valid code unless I
+make my variable names a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my variable names a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my variable names a little bit more
+descriptive and then you discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive and then you discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive and then you discover that
+that's wrong code that code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrible um degrees times radians is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible um degrees times radians is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible um degrees times radians is a
+classic mistake centimeters and inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic mistake centimeters and inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic mistake centimeters and inches
+has destroyed Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has destroyed Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has destroyed Mars
+rovers um milliseconds kilometers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rovers um milliseconds kilometers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rovers um milliseconds kilometers and
+miles per hour that's probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per hour that's probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles per hour that's probably not going
+to work so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so well
+and these are actually you say I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are actually you say I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are actually you say I never
+do that but again I kid you not we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but again I kid you not we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but again I kid you not we have
+lost billions of dollars to unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost billions of dollars to unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost billions of dollars to unit
+conversions because people didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions because people didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions because people didn't do
+this it's going to be annoying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be annoying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be annoying to you
+when you're typing it in perhaps but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're typing it in perhaps but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're typing it in perhaps but I
+guarantee you you'll be safer if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um again random stuff you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um again random stuff you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um again random stuff you've probably
+heard all this and when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard all this and when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard all this and when you're doing
+games you get a chance to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you get a chance to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you get a chance to really
+experience it firstand try to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it firstand try to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it firstand try to avoid
+sticking numbers deep in your code no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking numbers deep in your code no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking numbers deep in your code no
+magic numbers you want to stick it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic numbers you want to stick it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic numbers you want to stick it in a
+variable somewhere this has a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable somewhere this has a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable somewhere this has a couple
+good features one of the biggest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good features one of the biggest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good features one of the biggest is
+you've got someone else on your team can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got someone else on your team can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got someone else on your team can
+easily look up that number and change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily look up that number and change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily look up that number and change it
+they don't have to find it in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to find it in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to find it in your code
+they can just look at this your list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just look at this your list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just look at this your list of
+variables somewhere and figure it out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables somewhere and figure it out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables somewhere and figure it out um
+in unity it's even more awesome because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unity it's even more awesome because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unity it's even more awesome because
+you can just go to the editor and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go to the editor and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go to the editor and and
+change it around also you can change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it around also you can change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it around also you can change it
+globally everywhere if the number 50 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally everywhere if the number 50 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally everywhere if the number 50 is
+magical great but call it something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical great but call it something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical great but call it something else
+so you can change it to 51 when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can change it to 51 when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can change it to 51 when you're
+tweaking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking your
+gameplay um I've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay um I've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay um I've talked about this
+before and I will talk about it again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I will talk about it again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I will talk about it again if
+I get half the chance you want longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get half the chance you want longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get half the chance you want longer
+variable names that say exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names that say exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable names that say exactly what
+they are you don't want to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you don't want to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you don't want to have to
+guess they should be pronounceable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they should be pronounceable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they should be pronounceable and
+this isn't true for everyone but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't true for everyone but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't true for everyone but most
+people will tend to in their mind say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will tend to in their mind say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will tend to in their mind say a
+variable name out loud um and so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name out loud um and so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name out loud um and so if it's
+a bunch of random consonants that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of random consonants that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of random consonants that don't
+go anywhere it's a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere it's a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere it's a little bit harder to
+read um if they look similar you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um if they look similar you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um if they look similar you don't
+want to have the typo kill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the typo kill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have the typo kill your
+project um spell them correctly and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um spell them correctly and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um spell them correctly and this
+is actually really important especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really important especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually really important especially
+in interpreted language that doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interpreted language that doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interpreted language that doesn't do
+doesn't do anything except running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything except running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything except running at
+runtime in Python for example I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime in Python for example I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime in Python for example I believe
+if you declare a variable that's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you declare a variable that's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you declare a variable that's never
+been seen before it probably has a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen before it probably has a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen before it probably has a valid
+value no okay good I'm glad that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no okay good I'm glad that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no okay good I'm glad that's true
+JavaScript that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript that's what I'm
+thinking but JavaScript be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but JavaScript be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking but JavaScript be very careful
+especially if you're using phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're using phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're using phaser
+JavaScript if you mistype the name it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript if you mistype the name it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript if you mistype the name it's
+zero that's no good more and more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's no good more and more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's no good more and more modern
+languages are rejecting that um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are rejecting that um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are rejecting that um but the
+other thing is just it's easier for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is just it's easier for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is just it's easier for your
+teammates to know how to spell it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammates to know how to spell it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammates to know how to spell it if you
+all agree on a spelling and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree on a spelling and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agree on a spelling and if you're
+all going to agree on a spelling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to agree on a spelling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to agree on a spelling you
+might as well agree on the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well agree on the correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well agree on the correct one
+um and then reusing your variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then reusing your variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then reusing your variable name
+is also a little bit dangerous sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a little bit dangerous sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a little bit dangerous sometimes
+if you're exiting a loop and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're exiting a loop and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're exiting a loop and you've
+maybe failed to initialize something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe failed to initialize something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe failed to initialize something
+properly you reuse a variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you reuse a variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you reuse a variable name
+elsewhere you got this weird value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere you got this weird value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere you got this weird value
+coming in and that's that's a bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and that's that's a bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and that's that's a bug
+waiting to happen that'll be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to happen that'll be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to happen that'll be kind of
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to
+find function names all the same rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find function names all the same rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find function names all the same rules
+basically apply you want to have it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically apply you want to have it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically apply you want to have it be
+distinctive spelled correctly they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive spelled correctly they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive spelled correctly they want
+to say what they do it's tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what they do it's tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what they do it's tempting
+sometimes to try make your function name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to try make your function name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to try make your function name
+really really short again that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really short again that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really short again that doesn't
+speed you up and if the function name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you up and if the function name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you up and if the function name is
+longer you get a chance to read what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you get a chance to read what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer you get a chance to read what it
+actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does
+but the other thing about function names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing about function names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing about function names
+and this is even more true than this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even more true than this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even more true than this for
+other parts of coding is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of coding is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of coding is that your
+function name tells your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function name tells your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function name tells your other
+programmers what the heck you just did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers what the heck you just did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers what the heck you just did I
+wrote this function well what does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this function well what does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this function well what does it do
+well read the function name it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well read the function name it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well read the function name it's right
+there that's ideal you can't always pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's ideal you can't always pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's ideal you can't always pull
+that off and when you function does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off and when you function does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off and when you function does
+something more complicated than you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complicated than you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complicated than you can
+describe in you know four maybe five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in you know four maybe five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in you know four maybe five
+words then you need a lot of comments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words then you need a lot of comments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words then you need a lot of comments to
+describe what that function is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what that function is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what that function is doing
+ideally your function should be sler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally your function should be sler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally your function should be sler
+than that if you can manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you can manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that if you can manage
+it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um
+by the way I mentioned variable names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I mentioned variable names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I mentioned variable names
+and lengths and you probably a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lengths and you probably a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lengths and you probably a lot of
+you are probably thinking right now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are probably thinking right now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are probably thinking right now yeah
+a long variable name sounds a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long variable name sounds a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long variable name sounds a good idea
+in principal I don't want to type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principal I don't want to type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principal I don't want to type that
+it would slow me down to read it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would slow me down to read it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would slow me down to read it there's
+actually been research done on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been research done on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been research done on this
+topic um 8 to 20 letters on average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um 8 to 20 letters on average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic um 8 to 20 letters on average is
+often a marker for good code that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a marker for good code that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a marker for good code that works
+with fewer bugs so I'm not talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer bugs so I'm not talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer bugs so I'm not talking a
+little bit longer if you can push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer if you can push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer if you can push it
+push it harder to be long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it harder to be long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it harder to be long as you can
+stand and then you'll be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and then you'll be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and then you'll be a little bit
+happier with that um if were coding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with that um if were coding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier with that um if were coding in
+you know VI or Punch Cards still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know VI or Punch Cards still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know VI or Punch Cards still you
+could complain about a 20 variable 20l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could complain about a 20 variable 20l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could complain about a 20 variable 20l
+variable name but you aren't you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name but you aren't you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name but you aren't you're
+using a modern development environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a modern development environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a modern development environment
+with autocomplete I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with autocomplete I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with autocomplete I
+hope um variable scope and names ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um variable scope and names ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um variable scope and names ideally
+and this is the thing we strive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the thing we strive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the thing we strive to do
+and don't always succeed at you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't always succeed at you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't always succeed at you should
+name your variables so that you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name your variables so that you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name your variables so that you can tell
+by looking at them where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at them where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at them where they come from
+by which I mean is it a global variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean is it a global variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I mean is it a global variable
+is it a local variable is it an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a local variable is it an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a local variable is it an argument
+to the function that kind of thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function that kind of thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function that kind of thing you
+can sometimes do this by prefix fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes do this by prefix fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sometimes do this by prefix fixing
+or postfixing or camel casing or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or postfixing or camel casing or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or postfixing or camel casing or not
+camel casing that kind of thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camel casing that kind of thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camel casing that kind of thing it
+doesn't matter which system you use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which system you use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which system you use as
+long as you're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're mostly
+consistent um trying to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent um trying to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent um trying to be consistent
+among different programmers is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among different programmers is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among different programmers is often
+difficult because everyone will horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because everyone will horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because everyone will horribly
+disagree as to what the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree as to what the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree as to what the correct answer
+is but if you can try to sort of remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but if you can try to sort of remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but if you can try to sort of remove
+that from your brains and say actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from your brains and say actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from your brains and say actually
+it doesn't matter what it is this time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what it is this time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what it is this time I
+just need to know what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know what you're doing
+that's the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important
+bit um parallel arrays these are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um parallel arrays these are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um parallel arrays these are three
+arrays and item number three in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and item number three in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and item number three in each
+array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is
+related um this is something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um this is something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um this is something you're
+going to find yourself very tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find yourself very tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find yourself very tempted to
+do a lot especially in a game um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot especially in a game um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot especially in a game um and I
+recommend it against it even if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it against it even if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it against it even if you only
+have two parallel arrays I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two parallel arrays I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two parallel arrays I recommend
+making a container class that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a container class that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a container class that contains
+both pieces of data and have them stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pieces of data and have them stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pieces of data and have them stick
+in one array um just because you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one array um just because you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one array um just because you you're
+going to get bit sometime by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get bit sometime by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get bit sometime by having
+these arrays get out of sync you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays get out of sync you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays get out of sync you just
+want to avoid that if you possibly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid that if you possibly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid that if you possibly can
+um order of operations there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um order of operations there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um order of operations there's an
+expression up there which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up there which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up there which is probably
+legal code in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal code in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal code in most
+languages and we are taught in algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and we are taught in algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and we are taught in algebra
+that we should memorize the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should memorize the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should memorize the order of
+operations so we know what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so we know what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so we know what what what
+gets multiplied when and all this but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied when and all this but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied when and all this but in
+computer language we've got a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer language we've got a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer language we've got a lot more
+we've got incrementation we've got raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got incrementation we've got raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got incrementation we've got raise
+to the power of we've got modulo we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power of we've got modulo we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power of we've got modulo we've
+got all this crazy stuff and my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all this crazy stuff and my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all this crazy stuff and my argument
+is don't um why waste brain space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't um why waste brain space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't um why waste brain space on
+memorizing the order operations for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing the order operations for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing the order operations for like
+the eight different kinds of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight different kinds of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight different kinds of operations
+you have when you just use parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have when you just use parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have when you just use parentheses
+and remove all doubt plus you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove all doubt plus you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove all doubt plus you could also
+even divide that I would divide that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even divide that I would divide that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even divide that I would divide that up
+into a bunch of different statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of different statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of different statements
+actually um there's no reason to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um there's no reason to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um there's no reason to keep it
+like that there's no way someone looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there's no way someone looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there's no way someone looks
+at that expression and thinks this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that expression and thinks this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that expression and thinks this is
+the most intuitive way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most intuitive way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most intuitive way to understand
+this if you're writing on paper in MA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're writing on paper in MA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're writing on paper in MA in
+math class you might find that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class you might find that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math class you might find that because
+you can use two Dimensions you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two Dimensions you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two Dimensions you actually
+can make your your equation more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make your your equation more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make your your equation more more
+intuitive but in code you most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but in code you most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but in code you most likely
+have the one dimension and so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one dimension and so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one dimension and so it's kind
+of hard to really make your math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to really make your math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to really make your math
+intuitive so I would put extra effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so I would put extra effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so I would put extra effort
+into just no split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just no split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into just no split it
+up um I also mentioned this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um I also mentioned this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um I also mentioned this last time
+I'm GNA mention it again it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm GNA mention it again it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm GNA mention it again it's very
+important warnings should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important warnings should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important warnings should always be
+treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as
+errors um um I don't I can repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um um I don't I can repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors um um I don't I can repeat it
+again but basically every new warning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but basically every new warning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but basically every new warning is
+a hint something might be wrong and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint something might be wrong and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hint something might be wrong and if
+you let your build be cluttered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let your build be cluttered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let your build be cluttered with
+warnings you will not notice when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings you will not notice when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings you will not notice when the
+important warning pops up and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important warning pops up and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important warning pops up and you could
+you can lose hours to that just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose hours to that just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose hours to that just because
+the W wasn't at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warnings um backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings um backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings um backwards
+conditionals U which of these looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals U which of these looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals U which of these looks
+wrong the second one looks wrong I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the second one looks wrong I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the second one looks wrong I agree
+the second one totally looks wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one totally looks wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one totally looks wrong and
+yet it's useful because what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it's useful because what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it's useful because what happens if
+you mistype the equal equals equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mistype the equal equals equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mistype the equal equals equals
+sign if you MPE the equal equal sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign if you MPE the equal equal sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign if you MPE the equal equal sign
+that second one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second one doesn't
+compile depends on your language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile depends on your language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile depends on your language of
+course but generally speaking it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but generally speaking it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but generally speaking it's a
+it's a handy little trick that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a handy little trick that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a handy little trick that I find
+useful and everyone else I know thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and everyone else I know thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and everyone else I know thinks
+is terrible so you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is terrible so you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is terrible so you know don't
+necessarily use it but um try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily use it but um try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily use it but um try to find
+tricks like this that cause to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like this that cause to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like this that cause to be the
+case that when you mistype your code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that when you mistype your code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that when you mistype your code you
+get a compile error instead of a bug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a compile error instead of a bug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a compile error instead of a bug in
+your code I think the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code I think the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code I think the second
+with single equals might be a warning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single equals might be a warning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single equals might be a warning it
+it will be a warning absolutely which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a warning absolutely which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a warning absolutely which is
+an even better reason to to not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better reason to to not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better reason to to not to go
+down to zero warnings right doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero warnings right doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero warnings right doesn't help
+you if it's a warning that you just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's a warning that you just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's a warning that you just let
+go by um and it should be a warning I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by um and it should be a warning I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go by um and it should be a warning I'm
+glad they added that when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad they added that when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad they added that when I started
+programming it wasn't a warning wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it wasn't a warning wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it wasn't a warning wasn't
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonderful um I mentioned splitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um I mentioned splitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um I mentioned splitting up
+the math um I think that that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math um I think that that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math um I think that that first
+thing is you know you can read it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know you can read it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know you can read it you
+can figure it out I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure it out I think that the
+second thing might be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing might be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing might be a little bit more
+prehensible again it depends on who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehensible again it depends on who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehensible again it depends on who you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um um this is one that I'm emphatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is one that I'm emphatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this is one that I'm emphatic
+about I mentioned order of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I mentioned order of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I mentioned order of operations
+before bar minus minus that's fancy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before bar minus minus that's fancy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before bar minus minus that's fancy in
+some languages I assume most the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages I assume most the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some languages I assume most the modern
+ones these days bar minus minus means do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these days bar minus minus means do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these days bar minus minus means do
+the math and then subtract one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and then subtract one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math and then subtract one then
+decrement bar by one if I had said minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement bar by one if I had said minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement bar by one if I had said minus
+minus bar I'd have meant decrement bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus bar I'd have meant decrement bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus bar I'd have meant decrement bar
+by one then do the math and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one then do the math and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one then do the math and this is
+pretty cool this is a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool this is a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool this is a nice little
+language trick but if you don't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language trick but if you don't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language trick but if you don't happen
+to what that means you've just confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means you've just confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means you've just confused
+your fellow programmer with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fellow programmer with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fellow programmer with your
+language trick that second thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language trick that second thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language trick that second thing is
+perfectly clear you know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly clear you know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly clear you know exactly what
+happens do the math then decrement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens do the math then decrement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens do the math then decrement the
+the the variable and if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variable and if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variable and if you really want
+to get pan I guess you could say bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pan I guess you could say bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get pan I guess you could say bar
+equals bar minus one but to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bar minus one but to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bar minus one but to draw the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+somewhere um I'm a fan of boolean's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um I'm a fan of boolean's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um I'm a fan of boolean's
+being as sort of asking a question like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as sort of asking a question like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being as sort of asking a question like
+the Boolean purple probably means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boolean purple probably means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boolean purple probably means is
+purple um the Boolean hungry probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple um the Boolean hungry probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple um the Boolean hungry probably
+would mean that you are you hungry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that you are you hungry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that you are you hungry um
+but the Boolean desk might not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Boolean desk might not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Boolean desk might not mean
+anything but any event try to to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but any event try to to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but any event try to to to make
+your boole into a question that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boole into a question that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boole into a question that has an
+unambiguous yes no answer which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous yes no answer which way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous yes no answer which way is
+true which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which way is
+false status is a particularly bad one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false status is a particularly bad one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false status is a particularly bad one
+because I don't know what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know what that means is
+status true good is stat is true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status true good is stat is true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status true good is stat is true mean
+that something bad happened I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something bad happened I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something bad happened I I don't
+know without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without some
+help um you've probably heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um you've probably heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help um you've probably heard this
+before mysterious constants don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mysterious constants don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mysterious constants don't do
+it um ideally if you can Define it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um ideally if you can Define it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um ideally if you can Define it in
+your language you get an error when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language you get an error when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language you get an error when you
+do when you mistype it and that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you mistype it and that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you mistype it and that's much
+better mysterious string constants is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better mysterious string constants is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better mysterious string constants is
+particularly the worst and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the worst and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the worst and you're going
+to be very tempted to do it in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very tempted to do it in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very tempted to do it in uh
+JavaScript um but you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript um but you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript um but you should probably
+have a Define of some kind at the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Define of some kind at the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Define of some kind at the top so
+you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that
+problem um this is a language construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um this is a language construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um this is a language construct
+which is very handy but I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very handy but I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very handy but I recommend
+using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+sparingly um if you are asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparingly um if you are asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparingly um if you are asking a
+question if you want to set a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you want to set a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you want to set a variable
+to Value it's often very convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Value it's often very convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Value it's often very convenient to
+to do this syntax but really you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this syntax but really you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this syntax but really you don't
+want to ever Nest these if you Nest them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ever Nest these if you Nest them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ever Nest these if you Nest them
+it becomes unreadable gobbl and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes unreadable gobbl and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes unreadable gobbl and if your
+Expressions become complicated it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions become complicated it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions become complicated it also
+becomes unreadable gobble and again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unreadable gobble and again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unreadable gobble and again I'm
+not saying you can't figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying you can't figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying you can't figure it out
+because I'm confident that you can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm confident that you can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm confident that you can but
+why do you want your future you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want your future you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want your future you to have
+to spend 30 seconds to a minute figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend 30 seconds to a minute figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend 30 seconds to a minute figuring
+out what the heck you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the heck you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the heck you were saying
+instead of two seconds figureing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two seconds figureing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two seconds figureing out
+what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying go to we we are told the go-to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying go to we we are told the go-to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying go to we we are told the go-to is
+evil all the time always I claim it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil all the time always I claim it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil all the time always I claim it's
+not always evil but you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always evil but you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always evil but you should be
+careful when you use it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you use it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you use it it's
+particularly useful when you're exiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful when you're exiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly useful when you're exiting
+a horrible set of Nesta diff statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horrible set of Nesta diff statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horrible set of Nesta diff statements
+but the main reason goto is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main reason goto is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main reason goto is
+evil is because of a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil is because of a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil is because of a thing called
+proximity which is that you should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity which is that you should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity which is that you should use
+things near each other in the code if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things near each other in the code if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things near each other in the code if I
+declare a variable and it's two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare a variable and it's two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare a variable and it's two pages
+screen pages up from when I use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen pages up from when I use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen pages up from when I use it
+that's kind of a difficult thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a difficult thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a difficult thing to
+figure out that's one reason to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that's one reason to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that's one reason to keep
+your functions short but instead if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions short but instead if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions short but instead if I
+can Clump it together I'm less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Clump it together I'm less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Clump it together I'm less likely to
+make little simple little errors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make little simple little errors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make little simple little errors right
+here I'm doing the same thing to X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm doing the same thing to X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm doing the same thing to X and Y
+and I'm interleaving it because I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interleaving it because I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interleaving it because I I'm
+thinking of it as I want to prepare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as I want to prepare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it as I want to prepare them
+I want to calculate I want to print it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to calculate I want to print it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to calculate I want to print it
+but it's a little bit easier I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit easier I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit easier I would say
+to to debug and think about it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to debug and think about it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to debug and think about it if you
+treat each one separately and if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat each one separately and if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat each one separately and if you get
+a lot of these well write a loop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these well write a loop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these well write a loop or
+something there's no reason to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's no reason to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's no reason to to
+actually print it to type it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually print it to type it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually print it to type it all
+out all I'm saying is keep it keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all I'm saying is keep it keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all I'm saying is keep it keep it
+simple as simple as you possibly can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as simple as you possibly can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as simple as you possibly can so
+that later when you get back to it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later when you get back to it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later when you get back to it you
+can figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly um you're going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um you're going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um you're going to be very
+tempted to make complicated systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to make complicated systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to make complicated systems in
+your prototype games even though your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prototype games even though your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prototype games even though your
+gam spec is changing probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gam spec is changing probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gam spec is changing probably
+daily so you might want to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily so you might want to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily so you might want to be a little
+bit cautious about that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautious about that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit cautious about that rather than
+making a complicated system solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a complicated system solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a complicated system solve the
+problem you have today and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have today and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have today and then maybe
+two days from now when you know for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now when you know for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now when you know for sure
+you're actually doing that you might put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing that you might put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing that you might put
+more effort into it this is advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort into it this is advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort into it this is advice
+that's not good for all projects but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good for all projects but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good for all projects but it
+is good for very short projects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for very short projects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for very short projects it's
+tempting to create a complicated syst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to create a complicated syst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to create a complicated syst
+system that will do everything you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will do everything you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will do everything you need
+and it's tempting to create one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's tempting to create one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's tempting to create one solution
+that will solve all of your wos but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will solve all of your wos but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will solve all of your wos but you
+might very well be borrowing trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might very well be borrowing trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might very well be borrowing trouble and
+solving a problem that you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem that you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problem that you're never
+going to have so given that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so given that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so given that you're
+probably talking about fast iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably talking about fast iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably talking about fast iteration
+your game is changing all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is changing all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is changing all the time
+don't and this is counter to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and this is counter to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and this is counter to my
+architectural design thoughts but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural design thoughts but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural design thoughts but don't
+design too much because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design too much because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design too much because you're going to
+change it any all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it any all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it any all
+anyway other things that cause bugs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway other things that cause bugs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway other things that cause bugs are
+recursion recursion is awesome recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion recursion is awesome recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion recursion is awesome recursion
+is fun recursion is really hard to debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun recursion is really hard to debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun recursion is really hard to debug
+try debugging someone else's recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try debugging someone else's recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try debugging someone else's recursion
+and you'll be very sad try debugging two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be very sad try debugging two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be very sad try debugging two
+things that call each other even sadder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that call each other even sadder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that call each other even sadder
+and it looks really cool but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks really cool but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks really cool but I
+recommend don't do it similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend don't do it similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend don't do it similarly
+optimizing wait you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing wait you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing wait you think you know
+what's slow and what's fast chances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's slow and what's fast chances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's slow and what's fast chances are
+you don't um if your development system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't um if your development system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't um if your development system
+has a nice profiler will tell you it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nice profiler will tell you it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nice profiler will tell you it'll
+tell you exactly where the Bren NE are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly where the Bren NE are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly where the Bren NE are
+exactly why your coat is slow wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why your coat is slow wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why your coat is slow wait for
+that and fix the actual problems don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and fix the actual problems don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and fix the actual problems don't
+waste time ing ghosts particularly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste time ing ghosts particularly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste time ing ghosts particularly this
+happens a lot when you're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot when you're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens a lot when you're trying to do
+some some code and you're thinking oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some code and you're thinking oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some code and you're thinking oh
+this is really important it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important it ends up
+being called once per second well once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called once per second well once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called once per second well once
+per second in computer time is never um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second in computer time is never um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second in computer time is never um
+so don't bother optimizing that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't bother optimizing that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't bother optimizing that but the
+nice thing here is that a profiler can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing here is that a profiler can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing here is that a profiler can
+tell you what you need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you need to actually
+fix um I've mentioned fix treat warnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix um I've mentioned fix treat warnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix um I've mentioned fix treat warnings
+as errors before I'll mention it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as errors before I'll mention it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as errors before I'll mention it again
+probably um but similarly you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um but similarly you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um but similarly you want to
+fix a bug as soon as you find it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a bug as soon as you find it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a bug as soon as you find it if it's
+in your head right don't think oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head right don't think oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your head right don't think oh that
+bug is easy to fix I'll get to it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug is easy to fix I'll get to it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug is easy to fix I'll get to it before
+the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the
+Sprint because you might not remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint because you might not remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprint because you might not remember it
+4 days from now it's clearly as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 days from now it's clearly as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 days from now it's clearly as you do
+right now also if you just written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now also if you just written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now also if you just written the
+code it's much much easier for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's much much easier for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's much much easier for you to
+actually fix it because it's all much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix it because it's all much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fix it because it's all much
+more fresh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind strongly consider not fixing bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind strongly consider not fixing bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind strongly consider not fixing bugs
+that don't matter and this is a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't matter and this is a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't matter and this is a tough
+one because I just contradicted Myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I just contradicted Myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I just contradicted Myself
+by saying to fix them right away and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying to fix them right away and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying to fix them right away and now
+I'm telling you sometimes don't fix them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you sometimes don't fix them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you sometimes don't fix them
+but basically if fixing the bug is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if fixing the bug is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically if fixing the bug is going
+to cost a lot of time and it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost a lot of time and it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost a lot of time and it's not going
+to improve your game enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve your game enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve your game enough then
+consider leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider leaving
+it that's going to be a thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's going to be a thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's going to be a thing you have
+to talk about with other people on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about with other people on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about with other people on your
+team but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team but you know
+hey so for example if you've got every J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so for example if you've got every J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so for example if you've got every J
+in your text renders green for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your text renders green for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your text renders green for some
+reason and to fix that you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and to fix that you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and to fix that you need to go
+into the font library and do some crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the font library and do some crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the font library and do some crazy
+code well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code well
+don't claim it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't claim it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't claim it's a
+feature days are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature days are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature days are
+green obviously if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green obviously if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green obviously if you're doing
+Microsoft office you can't do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft office you can't do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft office you can't do that but
+we aren't we're doing games so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't we're doing games so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't we're doing games so we can
+cheat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat like
+that um use a debugger if you do not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um use a debugger if you do not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um use a debugger if you do not yet
+know how to use a debugger take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use a debugger take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use a debugger take
+advantage of this class to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this class to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this class to learn how to
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+debugger uh I can't really say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugger uh I can't really say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugger uh I can't really say more
+about that do it um when you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that do it um when you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that do it um when you're also
+trying to figure out a bug talk to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out a bug talk to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out a bug talk to a
+teammate even if your teammate has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammate even if your teammate has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammate even if your teammate has no
+clue about your part of the code the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue about your part of the code the act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue about your part of the code the act
+of putting into thoughts and words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting into thoughts and words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting into thoughts and words this
+is what my system is doing will a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what my system is doing will a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what my system is doing will a good
+third of the time cause you to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time cause you to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the time cause you to realize
+where the bug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bug is
+it's kind of silly but it totally works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of silly but it totally works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of silly but it totally works
+so if someone comes to you on your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if someone comes to you on your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if someone comes to you on your team
+and says hey I need help and you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says hey I need help and you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says hey I need help and you're like
+cool I'll listen to your problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I'll listen to your problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I'll listen to your problem and
+they talk to you for 15 minutes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk to you for 15 minutes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk to you for 15 minutes and then
+say I got it and walk away don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it and walk away don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it and walk away don't feel
+useless you just save them an hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless you just save them an hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless you just save them an hour and
+it cost you 15 minutes and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost you 15 minutes and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost you 15 minutes and that's a
+bargain right and don't feel embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain right and don't feel embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain right and don't feel embarrassed
+about it if you if you're the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if you if you're the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if you if you're the person
+talking to the per talking and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the per talking and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the per talking and and
+talking about your bug it's great they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your bug it's great they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your bug it's great they
+may ask you questions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask you questions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask you questions that are
+irrelevant and you're like no no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and you're like no no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and you're like no no that's
+okay too you have to explain it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay too you have to explain it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay too you have to explain it that
+orders it in your head and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders it in your head and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders it in your head and then you can
+solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the
+problem um and then of course take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and then of course take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and then of course take a
+walk I have solved more bugs going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk I have solved more bugs going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk I have solved more bugs going to
+get my lunch or in the shower in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my lunch or in the shower in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my lunch or in the shower in the
+morning or whatever then I have at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning or whatever then I have at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning or whatever then I have at my
+desk I would say at least more tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk I would say at least more tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk I would say at least more tough
+ones um binary search is a thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um binary search is a thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um binary search is a thing it's
+kind of hard to describe but rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to describe but rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hard to describe but rather than
+necessarily saying this could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily saying this could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily saying this could be the
+problem I'll test that this could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll test that this could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll test that this could be the
+problem I'll test it if you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll test it if you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'll test it if you can do a
+test that says well roughly half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that says well roughly half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that says well roughly half of the
+potential problems that could cause this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problems that could cause this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problems that could cause this
+bug are over here and half of them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug are over here and half of them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug are over here and half of them over
+here and I can do one test that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can do one test that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can do one test that won't
+tell me where the bug is but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where the bug is but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where the bug is but we'll
+eliminate this entire tree that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this entire tree that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this entire tree that's a good
+test to do you can quickly narrow in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to do you can quickly narrow in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to do you can quickly narrow in on
+where your bug actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your bug actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your bug actually
+is um and this has happens a lot too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and this has happens a lot too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um and this has happens a lot too
+with beginner programmers if your bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beginner programmers if your bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beginner programmers if your bug
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+uh um it probably hasn't gone away it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it probably hasn't gone away it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it probably hasn't gone away it's
+just hiding now so be sure you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hiding now so be sure you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hiding now so be sure you know why
+the bug went away if it's the green JS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bug went away if it's the green JS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bug went away if it's the green JS
+you might not need to worry about it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not need to worry about it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not need to worry about it but
+even then you might want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then you might want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then you might want to think about
+it because you thought you knew what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you thought you knew what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you thought you knew what the
+green Jays were and they went away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Jays were and they went away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Jays were and they went away and
+you didn't fix it who knows what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't fix it who knows what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't fix it who knows what's going
+on here it's worth putting a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here it's worth putting a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here it's worth putting a little bit
+of time in to make sure that there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in to make sure that there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time in to make sure that there isn't
+some serious bug hiding under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some serious bug hiding under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some serious bug hiding under the
+covers I'm not going to go into Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers I'm not going to go into Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers I'm not going to go into Source
+control again we've already done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control again we've already done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control again we've already done a
+little bit of that um you you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that um you you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that um you you need to do
+Source control if it all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source control if it all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source control if it all possible
+everyone on the team should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on the team should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone on the team should be able to
+just get it get the code and do a build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it get the code and do a build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it get the code and do a build
+that should be as hard as it is um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be as hard as it is um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be as hard as it is um and
+on that Realm daily builds are awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Realm daily builds are awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Realm daily builds are awesome
+if you can afford to have someone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can afford to have someone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can afford to have someone on
+your team whose job it is once a day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team whose job it is once a day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team whose job it is once a day I
+don't know midnight pick a time do a get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know midnight pick a time do a get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know midnight pick a time do a get
+a fresh get do a build make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fresh get do a build make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fresh get do a build make sure
+everything works um this sort of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works um this sort of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works um this sort of forces
+all the programmers on the team to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the programmers on the team to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the programmers on the team to sort
+of be more careful about making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be more careful about making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be more careful about making sure
+their code works and also if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code works and also if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code works and also if something
+gets checked in that breaks everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets checked in that breaks everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets checked in that breaks everything
+horribly you know about it right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly you know about it right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly you know about it right away
+not three days later there are automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not three days later there are automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not three days later there are automated
+tools that will do this for you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that will do this for you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that will do this for you at least
+they'll check the compilation step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll check the compilation step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll check the compilation step that
+might not check that make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not check that make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not check that make sure
+everything's still working but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's still working but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's still working but you know
+it gets there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets there a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets there a lot
+um coding standards why do we use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coding standards why do we use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coding standards why do we use them
+and um we like tidy code and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we like tidy code and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we like tidy code and obviously
+the braces go in one place or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braces go in one place or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braces go in one place or another
+those are terrible reasons to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are terrible reasons to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are terrible reasons to have
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+standards um instead these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards um instead these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards um instead these are the
+reasons that I like a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I like a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I like a little bit more
+which is co my code don't touch my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is co my code don't touch my code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is co my code don't touch my code
+well you're on the same team I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're on the same team I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're on the same team I'm going
+to touch your code if if I need to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch your code if if I need to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch your code if if I need to and
+it's midnight and you're asleep and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's midnight and you're asleep and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's midnight and you're asleep and I
+need to fix the bug that's the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix the bug that's the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix the bug that's the way it is
+but you shouldn't be mad about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you shouldn't be mad about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you shouldn't be mad about that
+we're trying to fix the game the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to fix the game the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to fix the game the fact
+that I that you wrote the first pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that you wrote the first pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that you wrote the first pass in
+the Cod code doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cod code doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cod code doesn't really
+matter um and then of course decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um and then of course decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um and then of course decision
+fatigue is the thing I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue is the thing I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue is the thing I mentioned earlier
+we talk about what variable names to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about what variable names to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about what variable names to use
+and and what algorithm they use or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what algorithm they use or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what algorithm they use or this
+or that you got plenty of decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you got plenty of decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you got plenty of decisions to
+make where you put your curly braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make where you put your curly braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make where you put your curly braces
+should not be something you waste time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be something you waste time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be something you waste time
+stressing about um you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing about um you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing about um you know if you have
+a coding standard use that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coding standard use that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coding standard use that if you don't
+have a coding standard be consistent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coding standard be consistent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a coding standard be consistent if
+you're modifying someone else's code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modifying someone else's code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're modifying someone else's code
+stick with their coding standard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with their coding standard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with their coding standard because
+if nothing else when you do the check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else when you do the check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else when you do the check-in
+it will look like the entire file has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will look like the entire file has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will look like the entire file has
+changed just because you changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed just because you changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed just because you changed the
+indentation strategy and that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indentation strategy and that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indentation strategy and that's not very
+useful if I want to know what changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if I want to know what changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if I want to know what changes
+you made I'd much rather have a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made I'd much rather have a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made I'd much rather have a minimal
+set of changes that I can look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of changes that I can look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of changes that I can look through
+and see what the actual meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what the actual meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what the actual meaningful
+changes that you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you made
+were and of course easier to read easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and of course easier to read easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and of course easier to read easier
+to debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to debug
+hey a lot of the things I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey a lot of the things I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey a lot of the things I've been
+talking about are things you can read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are things you can read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are things you can read a
+lot more about there are people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about there are people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about there are people that
+have written serious books on the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written serious books on the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written serious books on the topic
+of making your code as easy to read as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making your code as easy to read as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making your code as easy to read as
+possible um Steve McConnell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um Steve McConnell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um Steve McConnell in
+particular has he's at this point his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has he's at this point his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has he's at this point his
+his books are are older but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books are are older but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his books are are older but they're
+still perfectly valid because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still perfectly valid because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still perfectly valid because the the
+science of writing code has not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of writing code has not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of writing code has not really
+changed much Joel spaly also has a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed much Joel spaly also has a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed much Joel spaly also has a much
+easier to read set of blog posts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read set of blog posts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read set of blog posts that
+talk about this kind of thing um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this kind of thing um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this kind of thing um it's
+much more accessible and it's free um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more accessible and it's free um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more accessible and it's free um
+and he's the person who his company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's the person who his company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's the person who his company's
+behind Trello um which kind of indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Trello um which kind of indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Trello um which kind of indicates
+that uh his method of thinking kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his method of thinking kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh his method of thinking kind of
+matches with our method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches with our method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches with our method of
+thinking um there's a lot more things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um there's a lot more things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um there's a lot more things to
+think about in these Realms there are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in these Realms there are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in these Realms there are um
+in terms of ways to make your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of ways to make your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of ways to make your code
+easier but again I want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but again I want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but again I want to go back to
+the the core concept we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core concept we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core concept we talked about
+before you're going to have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you're going to have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you're going to have a couple
+projects during this semester where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects during this semester where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects during this semester where
+you're going to see a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see a bunch of different
+coding Styles yours and other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding Styles yours and other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding Styles yours and other people's
+yours might even change over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours might even change over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours might even change over the course
+of the semester and that's good but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and that's good but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and that's good but you
+should include perhaps as part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include perhaps as part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include perhaps as part of your
+postmortem process what kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmortem process what kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmortem process what kinds of things
+did you like in the code you saw what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like in the code you saw what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like in the code you saw what
+can you pull into your coding style that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pull into your coding style that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pull into your coding style that
+is going to make your code easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to make your code easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to make your code easier to
+read or easier to debug um and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or easier to debug um and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read or easier to debug um and maybe you
+can try to influence other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to influence other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to influence other people to
+write prettyer code you're not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write prettyer code you're not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write prettyer code you're not always
+going to agree what pretty code is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree what pretty code is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to agree what pretty code is um
+try to let that go when it happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to let that go when it happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to let that go when it happens the
+important thing is you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you should think
+about what you're seeing so that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're seeing so that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're seeing so that after
+your project is over you are a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project is over you are a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project is over you are a better
+programmer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer for
+it and I think at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think at this
+point um unless they have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um unless they have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um unless they have any questions
+we'll go on to heav project time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on to heav project time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on to heav project time with
+the remaindering 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes sound likeone who a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes sound likeone who a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes sound likeone who a native
+English speaker who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speaker who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speaker who
+who wrote it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last print Rick printed I was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last print Rick printed I was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last print Rick printed I was about to
+say printed Rick Rick printed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oQgHo7acids.txt b/oQgHo7acids.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d7dde33dec7f775cacfbf759fa1ed24a7c81962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oQgHo7acids.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+lecture, you've been learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about
+critical points of functions. How to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical points of functions. How to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical points of functions. How to
+find them using the first derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them using the first derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them using the first derivatives
+and how to classify them using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to classify them using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to classify them using the
+second derivative test. So, I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test. So, I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test. So, I have a
+question here for you about that. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here for you about that. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here for you about that. So, we
+have a function w it's a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function w it's a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function w it's a function of two
+variables x and y and it's given uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables x and y and it's given uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables x and y and it's given uh by
+this this polomial function of them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this polomial function of them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this polomial function of them. So
+w = x cub - 3xy + y cubed. So what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w = x cub - 3xy + y cubed. So what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w = x cub - 3xy + y cubed. So what I'd
+like you to do is to first find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is to first find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do is to first find the the
+critical values of this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical values of this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical values of this function and
+then classify them. Are they minima or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then classify them. Are they minima or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then classify them. Are they minima or
+maxima or saddle points um using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima or saddle points um using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima or saddle points um using the
+second derivative test. So why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test. So why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test. So why don't you
+pause the video, take some time to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take some time to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take some time to work
+that out, come back and we can work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out, come back and we can work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out, come back and we can work it
+out together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hopefully you had some luck working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully you had some luck working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully you had some luck working out
+the the uh solution to this question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh solution to this question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh solution to this question.
+Let's let's have a go at it. So in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's have a go at it. So in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's have a go at it. So in order
+to to the to find the critical points,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the to find the critical points,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the to find the critical points,
+we need to look at the first derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to look at the first derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to look at the first derivative.
+So the critical points are the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the critical points are the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the critical points are the points
+where where both partial derivatives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where both partial derivatives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where both partial derivatives or
+or all partial derivatives if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all partial derivatives if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all partial derivatives if we had a
+function of more variables are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of more variables are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of more variables are equal to
+zero. So so we need to look at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So so we need to look at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So so we need to look at the at
+the first partials. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partials. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first partials. So the first
+partials here w subx the the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials here w subx the the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials here w subx the the partial
+with respect to x well it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x well it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x well it's just a
+polomial so it's easy to compute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial so it's easy to compute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial so it's easy to compute those
+partial derivatives it's going to be 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives it's going to be 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives it's going to be 3
+x^2 - 3 y and then the the last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 - 3 y and then the the last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 - 3 y and then the the last term
+gets killed because we treat y as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets killed because we treat y as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets killed because we treat y as a
+constant and so we want that to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so we want that to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so we want that to be equal
+to zero and similarly we want the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and similarly we want the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and similarly we want the the
+first partial with respect to y w suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial with respect to y w suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial with respect to y w suby
+to be equal to zero and so that's -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero and so that's -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to zero and so that's -
+3x + 3 y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x + 3 y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x + 3 y^2
+= 0. Now luckily these are are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0. Now luckily these are are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0. Now luckily these are are fairly
+simple equations. So we to solve them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equations. So we to solve them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equations. So we to solve them we
+could for example take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example take the first
+equation and we could solve the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we could solve the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we could solve the first
+equation for y in terms of x. So that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y in terms of x. So that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y in terms of x. So that'll
+give us y = x^2. And now if we plug y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us y = x^2. And now if we plug y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us y = x^2. And now if we plug y =
+x^2 into this second equation, well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 into this second equation, well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 into this second equation, well we
+get - 3x + 3 x^2. So that's x 4th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get - 3x + 3 x^2. So that's x 4th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get - 3x + 3 x^2. So that's x 4th is
+equal to zero. and we can divide out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero. and we can divide out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero. and we can divide out by
+that 3. So that means - x + x 4th = 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3. So that means - x + x 4th = 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 3. So that means - x + x 4th = 0.
+Well, okay. So we could have x equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, okay. So we could have x equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, okay. So we could have x equal to
+0 or you can divide and then you get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or you can divide and then you get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or you can divide and then you get x
+cubed = 1 and that has solution x= 1. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed = 1 and that has solution x= 1. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed = 1 and that has solution x= 1. So
+x= 0 or 1. Those are the only solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= 0 or 1. Those are the only solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= 0 or 1. Those are the only solutions
+to this equation. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation. And then the
+corresponding y values. Well, we know y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding y values. Well, we know y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding y values. Well, we know y
+is equal to x^2. So this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x^2. So this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x^2. So this gives us
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points. When x is zero, y is zero. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. When x is zero, y is zero. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. When x is zero, y is zero. And
+when x is one, y is one. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is one, y is one. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is one, y is one. So this
+function has two critical points 0 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has two critical points 0 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has two critical points 0 0 and
+1 one. Now we need to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 one. Now we need to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 one. Now we need to figure out whether
+those critical points are minima,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those critical points are minima,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those critical points are minima,
+maxima, saddle points, sum of sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima, saddle points, sum of sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima, saddle points, sum of sum of
+several of those. Um so in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those. Um so in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those. Um so in order to do
+that, we're going to use this nice tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we're going to use this nice tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we're going to use this nice tool
+that we have the second derivative test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the second derivative test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the second derivative test.
+So in order to apply the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to apply the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to apply the second
+derivative test, the first thing I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative test, the first thing I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative test, the first thing I need
+is the second derivatives. Um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivatives. Um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivatives. Um so so
+let's compute them. So the second let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute them. So the second let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute them. So the second let's
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+the xx first. So we take our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xx first. So we take our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xx first. So we take our first
+partial 3x^2 - 3 y and we take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial 3x^2 - 3 y and we take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial 3x^2 - 3 y and we take another
+partial of it with respect to x. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of it with respect to x. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of it with respect to x. So
+that's in this case that's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this case that's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this case that's just going to
+be six x. And then we've got the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be six x. And then we've got the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be six x. And then we've got the the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+pure second partial y. So we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure second partial y. So we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure second partial y. So we go back
+over here and we look at our what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we look at our what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we look at our what our
+first partial w y was and then we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial w y was and then we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial w y was and then we take
+another partial of this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another partial of this with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another partial of this with respect to
+y. So that's just going to be 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So that's just going to be 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So that's just going to be 6
+y and then we have the mixed partials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and then we have the mixed partials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and then we have the mixed partials
+wxy and wyx which of course are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wxy and wyx which of course are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wxy and wyx which of course are equal to
+each other whenever our function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other whenever our function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other whenever our function is
+nicely behaved like a polomial. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely behaved like a polomial. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely behaved like a polomial. Um so
+wxy we just take the part the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wxy we just take the part the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wxy we just take the part the the two
+mixed partials um and okay so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials um and okay so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials um and okay so we take
+the partial of wx with respect to y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of wx with respect to y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of wx with respect to y for
+example and that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that gives us
+minus3. So these are our our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3. So these are our our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3. So these are our our three
+partials and then often we we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials and then often we we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials and then often we we you know
+call this one a and this one c and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one a and this one c and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one a and this one c and this
+one b. I guess I've kind of mixed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one b. I guess I've kind of mixed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one b. I guess I've kind of mixed up the
+order a little bit there. Um so we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a little bit there. Um so we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a little bit there. Um so we look
+at these these three expressions and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these these three expressions and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these these three expressions and now
+we want to look at what what sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at what what sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at what what sometimes
+people call the discriminant although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call the discriminant although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call the discriminant although I
+don't know if if professor Aru used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if professor Aru used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if if professor Aru used that
+term. So we want to study what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So we want to study what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So we want to study what the the
+expression a c minus b^2 is. So we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a c minus b^2 is. So we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression a c minus b^2 is. So we want
+to know is this positive is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is this positive is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is this positive is this
+negative um at the critical points. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um at the critical points. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um at the critical points. So
+at at at the critical points right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at the critical points right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at the critical points right this
+is important at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important at the
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points.
+So so let's do the point uh one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so let's do the point uh one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so let's do the point uh one one
+first say so at 1 one we have a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first say so at 1 one we have a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first say so at 1 one we have a is equal
+to well we put in x is 1 y is 1 into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we put in x is 1 y is 1 into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we put in x is 1 y is 1 into the
+expression for a here and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a here and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a here and that just
+gives us six. We put x1 y1 into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us six. We put x1 y1 into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us six. We put x1 y1 into the
+expression for c and that also gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for c and that also gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for c and that also gives us
+six. We put x1 y1 into the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. We put x1 y1 into the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. We put x1 y1 into the expression
+for b and that gives us minus3. So a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b and that gives us minus3. So a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b and that gives us minus3. So a is
+6, b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6, b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6, b is
+-3, c is 6. So a c - b ^ 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3, c is 6. So a c - b ^ 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3, c is 6. So a c - b ^ 2 is equal to
+well it's equal to 36 - 9. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's equal to 36 - 9. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's equal to 36 - 9. So that's
+27. And in particular it's positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27. And in particular it's positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27. And in particular it's positive.
+So when this is positive that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when this is positive that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when this is positive that means we
+either have a maximum or a minimum. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a maximum or a minimum. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a maximum or a minimum. So
+we have to in order to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to in order to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to in order to figure out
+whether we have a maximum or a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have a maximum or a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have a maximum or a minimum
+we check the sign of a. So in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check the sign of a. So in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check the sign of a. So in this case
+the sign of a is positive. A is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of a is positive. A is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of a is positive. A is a is a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+number. So when you have that a c minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So when you have that a c minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So when you have that a c minus
+b^ 2 is positive and a is positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 is positive and a is positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^ 2 is positive and a is positive that
+means you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum. So the critical point 1 one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. So the critical point 1 one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. So the critical point 1 one is
+a min is a local minimum for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a min is a local minimum for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a min is a local minimum for this
+function. All right. Now we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. All right. Now we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. All right. Now we can do the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing for uh for the critical point 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0. So recall a was 6x. So at 0 0 a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So recall a was 6x. So at 0 0 a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So recall a was 6x. So at 0 0 a is
+equal to 0. B was equal to -3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0. B was equal to -3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0. B was equal to -3
+everywhere. And c was equal to 6 y. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. And c was equal to 6 y. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. And c was equal to 6 y. So
+at 0 0 that's 6 * 0. So that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0 that's 6 * 0. So that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0 that's 6 * 0. So that's also
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+Um so then our our quantity that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then our our quantity that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then our our quantity that we want
+to look at a c minus b ^ 2 well that's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a c minus b ^ 2 well that's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a c minus b ^ 2 well that's 0
+* 0 - 9 so that's equal to -9 and -9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 - 9 so that's equal to -9 and -9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 0 - 9 so that's equal to -9 and -9 is
+less than zero. So when the when a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero. So when the when a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero. So when the when a c
+minus b ^ 2 is less than 0 that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b ^ 2 is less than 0 that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b ^ 2 is less than 0 that means we
+have a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point. So in this case, the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So in this case, the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So in this case, the second
+derivative test was able successfully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative test was able successfully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative test was able successfully to
+distinguish what kinds of of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish what kinds of of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish what kinds of of critical
+points we had and it found that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we had and it found that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we had and it found that that the
+first critical point uh 1 one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first critical point uh 1 one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first critical point uh 1 one was a
+minimum and that the second critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and that the second critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and that the second critical
+point 0 0 was a saddle point. So just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 0 was a saddle point. So just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 0 0 was a saddle point. So just to
+quickly rehash what we did, we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rehash what we did, we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rehash what we did, we had a
+function back over here. We started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back over here. We started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back over here. We started with
+this function w. We had a nice formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function w. We had a nice formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function w. We had a nice formula
+for it. We computed its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. We computed its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. We computed its first
+derivatives. We set them both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. We set them both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. We set them both equal to
+zero and we solved that system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we solved that system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we solved that system of
+equations. So we found two solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So we found two solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So we found two solutions to
+that system of equations and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations and those two
+solutions are the critical points. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are the critical points. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are the critical points. The
+points where both partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where both partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where both partial derivatives
+are equal to zero. So when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero. So when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero. So when you have the
+two critical points then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two critical points then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two critical points then you want to
+apply the second derivative test to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the second derivative test to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the second derivative test to
+figure out for each critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for each critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for each critical point
+whether it's a saddle point, a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a saddle point, a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a saddle point, a minimum
+or a maximum. So we took our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a maximum. So we took our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a maximum. So we took our two
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+points. Uh let's let's let's uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Uh let's let's let's uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Uh let's let's let's uh yeah so
+we took our two critical points 1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took our two critical points 1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took our two critical points 1 one
+and 0 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0.
+And at those points we we evaluated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at those points we we evaluated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at those points we we evaluated the
+the second derivative. So a is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative. So a is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative. So a is the is
+the xx second derivative, b is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xx second derivative, b is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xx second derivative, b is the is
+the mixed partial wxy and c is the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed partial wxy and c is the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed partial wxy and c is the y
+second derivative. So we we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative. So we we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative. So we we evaluate
+those expressions at the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those expressions at the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those expressions at the points in
+question and then we look at a c minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then we look at a c minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then we look at a c minus b
+^2 and then the sign of a c minus b ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and then the sign of a c minus b ^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and then the sign of a c minus b ^2.
+If it's negative that gives us a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's negative that gives us a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's negative that gives us a saddle
+point. If it's positive that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If it's positive that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If it's positive that gives us
+either a maximum or a minimum. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a maximum or a minimum. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a maximum or a minimum. And we
+check which one by looking at the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check which one by looking at the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check which one by looking at the sign
+of a. So here a was positive. So we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a. So here a was positive. So we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a. So here a was positive. So we got
+a minimum at 1 one. So I'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p8BXCDrYliY.txt b/p8BXCDrYliY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fccc1129cc330581a234b1fea69ee3b4acd8840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p8BXCDrYliY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've seen is that latest belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've seen is that latest belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've seen is that latest belief
+right so now it's sulfate familiar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now it's sulfate familiar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now it's sulfate familiar that
+Creole languages emerged through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages emerged through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages emerged through these
+abnormal bricks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal bricks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal bricks okay
+structural brakes that according to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural brakes that according to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural brakes that according to many
+linguists perhaps most linguists put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists perhaps most linguists put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists perhaps most linguists put
+Creoles outside the realm of coat normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creoles outside the realm of coat normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creoles outside the realm of coat normal
+languages you know and I have to insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you know and I have to insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you know and I have to insist
+on the code because I don't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the code because I don't believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the code because I don't believe that
+okay I'm gonna say it up front I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna say it up front I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna say it up front I do not
+believe that Creoles are to be excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that Creoles are to be excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that Creoles are to be excluded
+from the realm of normal languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the realm of normal languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the realm of normal languages and
+from your med card feedback its me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your med card feedback its me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your med card feedback its me that
+yourself are feeling very unhappy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself are feeling very unhappy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself are feeling very unhappy with
+this classification okay so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classification okay so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classification okay so what we're
+doing now we're doing something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now we're doing something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now we're doing something very
+which I hope is scientific looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope is scientific looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I hope is scientific looking at
+the at the claims why do they imply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the claims why do they imply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the claims why do they imply for
+the for the actual structures of Creoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the actual structures of Creoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the actual structures of Creoles
+as I speak them as Karen's parents speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I speak them as Karen's parents speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I speak them as Karen's parents speak
+them you know as real living systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know as real living systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know as real living systems and
+so why do these claims mean for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do these claims mean for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do these claims mean for those
+real languages that people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real languages that people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real languages that people actually
+speak in the homes in the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in the homes in the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak in the homes in the schools
+etcetera okay so this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera okay so this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcetera okay so this is the basic
+question right so all these current code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so all these current code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so all these current code
+discontinuity is that we find in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is that we find in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is that we find in the
+history of Creoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Creoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Creoles
+are they deeply distinct from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they deeply distinct from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they deeply distinct from what you
+find in the history of English okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the history of English okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the history of English okay and
+this is what we were looking at last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we were looking at last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we were looking at last
+time and then once we have the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then once we have the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then once we have the resource
+of this comparison then we can ask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this comparison then we can ask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this comparison then we can ask so
+what does that mean in terms of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean in terms of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean in terms of what we
+should believe about Creole languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe about Creole languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe about Creole languages
+okay so so this is just a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is just a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is just a summary of
+what we discussed last week so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed last week so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed last week so what we
+saw in that summary is that both in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in that summary is that both in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in that summary is that both in its
+lexicon in its vocabulary but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon in its vocabulary but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon in its vocabulary but also in
+terms of its syntax and we focus on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its syntax and we focus on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its syntax and we focus on one
+particular aspect of of English syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aspect of of English syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aspect of of English syntax
+having to do with where where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with where where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with where where you
+pronounce the verb this IV the adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the verb this IV the adverb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the verb this IV the adverb
+and with so many examples where English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with so many examples where English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with so many examples where English
+has a very different order now than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different order now than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different order now than it
+had in the mid in middle english like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the mid in middle english like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the mid in middle english like in
+the 1415 century okay not only that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1415 century okay not only that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1415 century okay not only that we
+also saw that English in a way has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that English in a way has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that English in a way has
+broken the morphology the conjugation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken the morphology the conjugation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken the morphology the conjugation of
+middle english so what what we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle english so what what we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle english so what what we see in
+the history of English is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of English is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of English is a set of
+of comparative facts that show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparative facts that show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparative facts that show that the
+history of English in a way is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of English in a way is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of English in a way is very much
+like the history of Haitian Creole as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the history of Haitian Creole as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the history of Haitian Creole as it
+emerged from French in fact what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from French in fact what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged from French in fact what we saw
+is that if you look at the vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at the vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at the vocabulary of
+English it's much more current called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's much more current called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's much more current called
+Mok ironic it's a much more mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mok ironic it's a much more mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mok ironic it's a much more mixed
+vocabulary in terms of word coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary in terms of word coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary in terms of word coming from
+French from Latin from the languages as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French from Latin from the languages as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French from Latin from the languages as
+compared to due to the vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to due to the vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to due to the vocabulary of
+Creole Ovation Creole which is mostly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole Ovation Creole which is mostly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole Ovation Creole which is mostly at
+least 90% French okay so on one hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 90% French okay so on one hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 90% French okay so on one hand you
+have a creole language with the Korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a creole language with the Korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a creole language with the Korean
+code well-behaved vocabulary where most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code well-behaved vocabulary where most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code well-behaved vocabulary where most
+of the words come from one language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the words come from one language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the words come from one language and
+on the other hand you have English which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you have English which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you have English which
+is supposed to be a normal genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a normal genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be a normal genetic
+language that nobody disrespects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that nobody disrespects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that nobody disrespects in
+which is the world language in a way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the world language in a way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the world language in a way it
+wasn't a franca but yet English in a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a franca but yet English in a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a franca but yet English in a so
+capillary is much more macaroni much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary is much more macaroni much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary is much more macaroni much
+more misbehave in having words from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more misbehave in having words from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more misbehave in having words from all
+over the world to speak so so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world to speak so so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world to speak so so what we
+did conclude and we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did conclude and we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did conclude and we're going to actually
+see more data that will support this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more data that will support this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more data that will support this
+conclusion is that with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that with respect to the
+syntax and the morphology of verbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and the morphology of verbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax and the morphology of verbs and
+also in terms of its lexicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of its lexicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of its lexicon
+there is no there is no key difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no there is no key difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no there is no key difference
+between Equalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Equalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Equalization
+as in the history of Asian Creole versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the history of Asian Creole versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the history of Asian Creole versus
+language change as in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language change as in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language change as in the history of
+English in fact if there is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in fact if there is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in fact if there is any
+difference it could make English out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it could make English out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it could make English out
+Creole Haitian Creole in we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole Haitian Creole in we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole Haitian Creole in we should be
+there even more Creole in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even more Creole in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there even more Creole in a particular
+way than in Haitian Creole and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than in Haitian Creole and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than in Haitian Creole and now what
+I want to show you very quickly is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you very quickly is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you very quickly is that
+you know these facts come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these facts come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these facts come up in
+throughout the grammar of English so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the grammar of English so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the grammar of English so so
+here we can look at one other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can look at one other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can look at one other set of
+facts are going to do with where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts are going to do with where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts are going to do with where you
+pronounce pronouns object pronoun so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce pronouns object pronoun so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce pronouns object pronoun so I'm
+going to give you some examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some examples from
+Haitian Creole so by now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole so by now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole so by now you should
+BuChE BuChE me to be very familiar there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BuChE BuChE me to be very familiar there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BuChE BuChE me to be very familiar there
+are there are folk characters in entails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are folk characters in entails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there are folk characters in entails
+and he shunted off that you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shunted off that you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shunted off that you know when I
+was a kid I would listen to so buki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid I would listen to so buki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid I would listen to so buki
+supposed to be like a kind of not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be like a kind of not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be like a kind of not very
+smart character and then they spoke in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart character and then they spoke in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart character and then they spoke in
+it which is its wife so so Buki corny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is its wife so so Buki corny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is its wife so so Buki corny
+Buki net okay and then if you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buki net okay and then if you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buki net okay and then if you replace
+book ended by a pronoun you say Mookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book ended by a pronoun you say Mookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book ended by a pronoun you say Mookie
+okay now what's tracking here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what's tracking here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what's tracking here is
+something which is as an English speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is as an English speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is as an English speaker
+you would accept without hesitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would accept without hesitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would accept without hesitation
+which is that the object whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the object whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the object whether it's a
+name like booking net or whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name like booking net or whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name like booking net or whether it's a
+pronoun like him or her or it it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun like him or her or it it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronoun like him or her or it it comes
+after the verb you say Buki con le like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the verb you say Buki con le like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the verb you say Buki con le like
+in English would say book he knows him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English would say book he knows him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English would say book he knows him
+or book he knows her a book into it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or book he knows her a book into it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or book he knows her a book into it okay
+and what you cannot have you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you cannot have you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you cannot have you cannot have
+the the pronoun comes before this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pronoun comes before this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pronoun comes before this you
+cannot say Buki Leone now if some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say Buki Leone now if some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say Buki Leone now if some of you
+know French so if you know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know French so if you know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know French so if you know if you know
+French you say well gosh no this is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French you say well gosh no this is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French you say well gosh no this is here
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+no Creole has broken this syntax or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Creole has broken this syntax or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Creole has broken this syntax or
+friends because in French you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends because in French you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends because in French you know the
+order in to Buki lacunae is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in to Buki lacunae is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in to Buki lacunae is what you get
+in French you have this rule where if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in French you have this rule where if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in French you have this rule where if if
+the object is a pronoun then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is a pronoun then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is a pronoun then you have to
+move it to the left of the verb okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the left of the verb okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the left of the verb okay
+this is what we get now you say Buki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get now you say Buki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get now you say Buki
+Cohen a book net and you say Buki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen a book net and you say Buki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen a book net and you say Buki
+lacunae so now the problem la is refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacunae so now the problem la is refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacunae so now the problem la is refers
+to boogie net and it better come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boogie net and it better come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boogie net and it better come before
+the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb
+you cannot say Buki cornellà okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say Buki cornellà okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot say Buki cornellà okay so
+that's the way your birth contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way your birth contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way your birth contrast
+between Cajun Creole and French what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cajun Creole and French what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cajun Creole and French what do
+you wear do you pronounce the object we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wear do you pronounce the object we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wear do you pronounce the object we
+need to pronoun okay so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pronoun okay so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pronoun okay so this is our
+summary okay so in that some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary okay so in that some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary okay so in that some really
+clearly where the differences are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly where the differences are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly where the differences are in
+terms of not only the object pronoun but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of not only the object pronoun but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of not only the object pronoun but
+also in terms of what we saw last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of what we saw last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in terms of what we saw last week
+in the last three rules in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last three rules in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last three rules in terms of
+where you pronounce the the adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pronounce the the adverb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pronounce the the adverb
+negation is that be the finite verb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation is that be the finite verb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation is that be the finite verb so
+the fin is verb ferret you see so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fin is verb ferret you see so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fin is verb ferret you see so so
+it's in both in these two cases what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in both in these two cases what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in both in these two cases what you
+have here and there you have a reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and there you have a reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and there you have a reversal
+of the order so in in Creole you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order so in in Creole you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order so in in Creole you have
+verb pronoun in French have pollen verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb pronoun in French have pollen verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb pronoun in French have pollen verb
+in Creole you have adverb verb in French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Creole you have adverb verb in French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Creole you have adverb verb in French
+have verb adverb and then something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have verb adverb and then something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have verb adverb and then something else
+that we saw is that it Creole and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw is that it Creole and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw is that it Creole and like
+French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French
+you have those suffixes are expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those suffixes are expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those suffixes are expressed as
+pre verbal items from last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre verbal items from last time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre verbal items from last time right
+okay now what we're going to see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we're going to see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we're going to see now
+going to see so one could ask so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see so one could ask so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see so one could ask so if you
+look at so this particular pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so this particular pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so this particular pattern here
+which is like what we saw earlier we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like what we saw earlier we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like what we saw earlier we are
+the object so if this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object so if this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object so if this is the case
+obviously you know I eat rice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know I eat rice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know I eat rice okay
+so increasing ggv okay where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing ggv okay where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing ggv okay where you have
+rice after the verb if you say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice after the verb if you say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice after the verb if you say I'm
+eating rice you say Matt mochi GE so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating rice you say Matt mochi GE so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating rice you say Matt mochi GE so now
+what we're going to see because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see because remember
+that theory about explication remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory about explication remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory about explication remember
+the claims there so what's the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right
+very good very good so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very good so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very good so that's a very
+nice one sentence summary of this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one sentence summary of this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one sentence summary of this theory
+right which is that so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is that so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is that so basically the
+literal grammar is a mix between say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal grammar is a mix between say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal grammar is a mix between say in
+the case of Haiti between French and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Haiti between French and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Haiti between French and big
+grammar right so you take the words from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar right so you take the words from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar right so you take the words from
+French and then the words I impose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and then the words I impose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and then the words I impose on
+the grammar of an African language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar of an African language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grammar of an African language in
+the case of Haiti to be the grammar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Haiti to be the grammar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Haiti to be the grammar of
+the B okay so now what what one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B okay so now what what one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B okay so now what what one should
+ask in the case of this particular order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask in the case of this particular order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask in the case of this particular order
+that we saw is different from French we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw is different from French we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw is different from French we
+could ask where is it come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask where is it come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask where is it come from
+okay well maybe it comes from it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe it comes from it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well maybe it comes from it comes
+from the B languages because in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the B languages because in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the B languages because in fact in
+bay you have this 8 v order you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay you have this 8 v order you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay you have this 8 v order you get you
+do subject-verb-object where the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do subject-verb-object where the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do subject-verb-object where the object
+is pronounced after the verb okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced after the verb okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced after the verb okay so
+this is like here you see it rise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like here you see it rise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like here you see it rise you
+know this is how you see I want try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is how you see I want try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is how you see I want try to
+pronounce it because it's a tonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it because it's a tonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it because it's a tonal
+language very complicated so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language very complicated so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language very complicated so I don't
+know the tones but I have a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the tones but I have a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the tones but I have a colleague
+that I wrote papers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote papers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote papers with
+a bow and a knock speaks a gay language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bow and a knock speaks a gay language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bow and a knock speaks a gay language
+ok so these are data from a knock it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so these are data from a knock it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so these are data from a knock it
+rise very much like here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise very much like here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise very much like here okay
+subject verb order so think of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject verb order so think of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject verb order so think of object
+order but yet there is a twist and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but yet there is a twist and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but yet there is a twist and this
+is where we cannot say that cruel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we cannot say that cruel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we cannot say that cruel
+grammar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar is the
+vacation of big ramen because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation of big ramen because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation of big ramen because in fact
+like in French you do get all the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in French you do get all the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in French you do get all the order
+in in in Creole in in bay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in Creole in in bay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in Creole in in bay okay
+so you get you get it here right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get you get it here right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get you get it here right so when
+you have an aspect show market meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an aspect show market meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an aspect show market meaning
+that you go from saying and it rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go from saying and it rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go from saying and it rise to
+I'm eating rice well you what to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eating rice well you what to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eating rice well you what to expect
+a progressive the way you express a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progressive the way you express a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progressive the way you express a
+progressive you have I and and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive you have I and and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive you have I and and something
+like the verb to be and you get rice eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the verb to be and you get rice eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the verb to be and you get rice eat
+right and then you have this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you have this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you have this other
+market at the end right so so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market at the end right so so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market at the end right so so here you
+can see clearly that this pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see clearly that this pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see clearly that this pattern in
+Asian Creole is different both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian Creole is different both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian Creole is different both from
+French and from from would be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and from from would be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and from from would be because
+both French and they have o V or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both French and they have o V or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both French and they have o V or the
+object verb order but Haitian claw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object verb order but Haitian claw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object verb order but Haitian claw
+doesn't have that okay so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that okay so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that okay so this is just a
+quick data point to actually show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick data point to actually show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick data point to actually show you
+that those theories that either claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those theories that either claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those theories that either claim
+that Haitian Creole is rectified from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Haitian Creole is rectified from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Haitian Creole is rectified from
+from South African language and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from South African language and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from South African language and those
+theories that claim that it's in Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that claim that it's in Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that claim that it's in Creole
+is broken friends and tracks in to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken friends and tracks in to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken friends and tracks in to some
+degree they're both actually inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree they're both actually inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree they're both actually inaccurate
+so what we're going to do now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do now going to
+actually look of a case of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look of a case of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look of a case of language
+change and when to go back to English we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and when to go back to English we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and when to go back to English we
+actually find the same pattern we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the same pattern we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find the same pattern we have
+at some point in the history of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in the history of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in the history of English
+we also had all the order and at a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had all the order and at a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had all the order and at a later
+point this ovie order was lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this ovie order was lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this ovie order was lost
+okay so and you can actually do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and you can actually do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and you can actually do it
+pretty straightforwardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforwardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforwardly
+using data so these are data from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data so these are data from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using data so these are data from all
+the English so what you see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English so what you see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English so what you see here this is
+a sentence in Old English that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence in Old English that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence in Old English that could
+express the this area of the permeance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the this area of the permeance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the this area of the permeance
+told him many stories and what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him many stories and what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him many stories and what you have
+to focus on here is the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on here is the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on here is the fact that the
+pull on him is pronounced before told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on him is pronounced before told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on him is pronounced before told
+write him so Minister is him told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write him so Minister is him told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write him so Minister is him told the
+permeance and this is fine Old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeance and this is fine Old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeance and this is fine Old English
+so if you are living in Mission the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are living in Mission the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are living in Mission the time
+this is the way you would you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way you would you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way you would you would you
+would say it it was very productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it it was very productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it it was very productive
+right so here to you see that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here to you see that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here to you see that he would
+give him fifteen thousand gold that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him fifteen thousand gold that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him fifteen thousand gold that he
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+gave you see where you have the pull on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you see where you have the pull on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you see where you have the pull on
+him before the film okay now that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him before the film okay now that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him before the film okay now that should
+ring a bell you know when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring a bell you know when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring a bell you know when it comes to
+the history of efficient career because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of efficient career because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of efficient career because
+again in in in French pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in in in French pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in in in French pretty much like
+an old English you had you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old English you had you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old English you had you have a
+similar pattern right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar pattern right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar pattern right so this is the
+case where so if we take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where so if we take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where so if we take the same
+examples in in English and you say it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in in English and you say it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in in English and you say it in
+and you say it in in French yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say it in in French yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say it in in French yeah we have
+a similar pattern where the object hem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar pattern where the object hem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar pattern where the object hem
+is pronounced before the verb to tell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced before the verb to tell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced before the verb to tell so
+he's guilty callused well you have gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's guilty callused well you have gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's guilty callused well you have gotta
+go until you see you have me before I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go until you see you have me before I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go until you see you have me before I go
+to ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ha
+and then here this is similar examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here this is similar examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here this is similar examples
+from the Old English envy Dona can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Old English envy Dona can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Old English envy Dona can't
+live with or wait me the the him pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with or wait me the the him pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with or wait me the the him pronoun
+is pronounced before the verb to give ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced before the verb to give ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pronounced before the verb to give ok
+so what is that telling us so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that telling us so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is that telling us so it's
+telling us that in fact pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that in fact pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that in fact pretty much like
+what we show what we should before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we show what we should before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we show what we should before in
+the history of the adverb verb pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the adverb verb pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the adverb verb pattern
+that modern English like Asian Creole as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern English like Asian Creole as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern English like Asian Creole as
+as soon as we a drastic change in world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we a drastic change in world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we a drastic change in world
+order like you had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order like you had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order like you had before
+adverb verb order arising from the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb verb order arising from the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb verb order arising from the Alpha
+border in this case you have object verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border in this case you have object verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border in this case you have object verb
+order making place for the object order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order making place for the object order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order making place for the object order
+right so if we were to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we were to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we were to say that the
+Haitian Creole broke the syntax of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole broke the syntax of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole broke the syntax of
+French then you have to also claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French then you have to also claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French then you have to also claim that
+English from the syntax of Old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English from the syntax of Old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English from the syntax of Old English
+from your English and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your English and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your English and then you can see
+that it doesn't make sense right so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't make sense right so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't make sense right so why
+would one case be creation that supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would one case be creation that supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would one case be creation that supposed
+to be abnormal change in the other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be abnormal change in the other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be abnormal change in the other cases
+well it's just language change right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just language change right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just language change right and
+in fact what we see is that even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we see is that even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what we see is that even if you
+look at the history of French in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of French in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of French in North
+America you find similar patterns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America you find similar patterns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America you find similar patterns right
+so so there are various varieties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are various varieties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are various varieties of
+French that which are not called Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French that which are not called Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French that which are not called Creole
+languages which are just called misery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which are just called misery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which are just called misery
+French or with IANA French and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or with IANA French and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French or with IANA French and what you
+find in these varieties of French are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in these varieties of French are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in these varieties of French are
+similar patterns where so again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar patterns where so again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar patterns where so again in
+European French you would say it'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European French you would say it'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European French you would say it'll move
+their home you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home you would say
+so so if you they will see me so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you they will see me so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you they will see me so here
+you will say should to meet hey to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say should to meet hey to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say should to meet hey to
+tumblr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblr
+this is Parisian French say where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Parisian French say where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Parisian French say where you
+have the object comes before the firm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object comes before the firm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object comes before the firm in
+those two patterns now or you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two patterns now or you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two patterns now or you would say
+should interrogate and every where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should interrogate and every where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should interrogate and every where you
+have the pronoun know which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pronoun know which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pronoun know which is which is
+alighted as Lu coming before the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alighted as Lu coming before the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alighted as Lu coming before the verb
+now I picked examples because I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I picked examples because I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I picked examples because I found
+instances of these same patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of these same patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of these same patterns in
+Cajun French and misery French where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cajun French and misery French where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cajun French and misery French where you
+have a different order right so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different order right so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different order right so so here
+you see you say Eve no pour moi this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you say Eve no pour moi this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you say Eve no pour moi this is
+Cajun French and watch what striking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cajun French and watch what striking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cajun French and watch what striking is
+that the the object pronoun moi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the object pronoun moi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the object pronoun moi is
+pronounced after the verb even for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced after the verb even for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced after the verb even for what
+actually there's another difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's another difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's another difference is
+that the verb is the the non-finite form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verb is the the non-finite form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verb is the the non-finite form
+you save wha which means like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save wha which means like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save wha which means like to see
+it's not finite does it take agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not finite does it take agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not finite does it take agreement
+on it all times the tensed expressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it all times the tensed expressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it all times the tensed expressed by
+the verb that comes before that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb that comes before that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verb that comes before that's like
+it's like I will see you or I will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I will see you or I will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I will see you or I will see
+me or they will see me you see where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or they will see me you see where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or they will see me you see where you
+get the marker before the verb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the marker before the verb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the marker before the verb to
+express the future and then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the future and then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the future and then you get the
+object after the verb okay and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object after the verb okay and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object after the verb okay and the same
+is true here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true here
+you know vomit we to tumblr again do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vomit we to tumblr again do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vomit we to tumblr again do the
+key from here is the object pronoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key from here is the object pronoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key from here is the object pronoun
+tweet which comes after met which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet which comes after met which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet which comes after met which is not
+like European French it's very unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like European French it's very unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like European French it's very unlike
+European French and here as well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European French and here as well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European French and here as well you
+know my own tal then a three again L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my own tal then a three again L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my own tal then a three again L is
+the pronoun it comes after the verb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pronoun it comes after the verb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pronoun it comes after the verb so
+in all three of these patterns you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three of these patterns you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three of these patterns you find
+something which is very cruel like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is very cruel like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is very cruel like right
+but yet these are not call this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet these are not call this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet these are not call this because
+like me generally is a Creole but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me generally is a Creole but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me generally is a Creole but this
+is not the closest French this is Cajun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the closest French this is Cajun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the closest French this is Cajun
+French this is misery French in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French this is misery French in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French this is misery French in the last
+examples so what does that mean it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so what does that mean it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so what does that mean it means
+then that that Cajun misery French black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that Cajun misery French black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that that Cajun misery French black
+jean-claude the exhibit is same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean-claude the exhibit is same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean-claude the exhibit is same sort of
+patterns no where so we are European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns no where so we are European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns no where so we are European
+French as objects verb order those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French as objects verb order those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French as objects verb order those
+French varieties have the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French varieties have the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French varieties have the reverse
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+so so this is the the conclusion for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the the conclusion for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the the conclusion for now
+is that so here too we have the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so here too we have the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so here too we have the clear
+appearance of creel like patterns in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of creel like patterns in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of creel like patterns in in
+those varieties which are not called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those varieties which are not called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those varieties which are not called
+Creoles so it's pretty much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creoles so it's pretty much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creoles so it's pretty much the same
+alchemy that's before that that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemy that's before that that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alchemy that's before that that you find
+those those linguistic types of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those linguistic types of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those linguistic types of changes
+in molecular energy so then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molecular energy so then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molecular energy so then what's the
+what's the value of of positing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of of positing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of of positing that you
+have particular changes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have particular changes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have particular changes that are
+specifically Creole like a localization
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pJDHi91yAaE.txt b/pJDHi91yAaE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..792141aab334da686c09eceafb483612e3388cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pJDHi91yAaE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+PROFESSOR: Here is the game
+plan for the next
+
+two or three lectures.
+
+I'm going to start by talking
+about the chemical forces that
+
+are important for the structure
+and function of
+
+these biomolecules.
+
+And then I'm going to relate
+them, as we go along, to how
+
+these properties influence the
+characteristics of these key
+
+macromolecules.
+
+And in particular we'll be
+talking about covalent bonds,
+
+hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, a
+force known as van der Waals
+
+forces, and something that's not
+really a force but it's a
+
+characteristic that's very
+important, particularly when
+
+we think about proteins
+and lipids, called
+
+hydrophobicity--
+
+literally "fear of water."
+
+And then the order
+of the molecules.
+
+As we talk, I'll talk about
+carbohydrates first.
+
+I'll try and get
+to that today.
+
+Then we'll talk about proteins,
+nucleic acids, and
+
+lipids, in that order.
+
+As you'll see, these two will
+be sufficient to understand
+
+most of the characteristics
+of carbohydrates.
+
+Whereas we're going to need all
+five of these to be able
+
+to get an intelligent
+understanding of
+
+how proteins work.
+
+Now, I'll caution you.
+
+It's going to seem--
+
+God, he's going to talk about
+covalent bonds, as everybody
+
+is rolling their eyes.
+
+I heard about covalent bonds
+in grade one or something.
+
+But the difference here is that
+we're going to be looking
+
+at some of these forces, some
+of which you've been exposed
+
+to already, but from a
+biological perspective.
+
+And I hope if you kind of watch
+that, you'll begin to
+
+see that you're looking at
+something that may be sort of
+
+familiar to you.
+
+But you have to start thinking
+about it in a different way
+
+once you start thinking of what
+are the implications of
+
+the properties of these forces
+and the way these molecules
+
+behave for biology.
+
+So, begin with the one that
+everybody undoubtedly knows,
+
+which are covalent bonds.
+
+And this is the principal force
+
+that holds atoms together.
+
+And it's based on sharing
+electrons.
+
+And as I'll say, these are
+very strong bonds.
+
+And so in the simplest sort of
+example, hydrogen atom has one
+
+unpaired electron, a
+carbon has four.
+
+And so you can make
+methane, CH4.
+
+And commonly in chemistry and
+biology we use a line to
+
+represent a pair of electrons.
+
+So there's methane.
+
+As I said, apart from you know
+it burns, if you go out in a
+
+swamp or in a beach and you
+see bubbles, muddy bottom
+
+coming up, those are bubbles of
+methane made by methanogens
+
+that are living in the anaerobic
+layer underneath.
+
+A cow has a special
+fermentation,
+
+digestion cavity inside.
+
+It's huge, called a rumen,
+stuff sloshing around.
+
+And it's full of archaea,
+that are methanogens.
+
+And a cow makes about 400
+liters of methane a day.
+
+And Penny will tell you, it's
+a very bad greenhouse gas.
+
+It's much more potent
+than carbon dioxide.
+
+And so the typical length of a
+covalent bond is about 1.5 to
+
+0.2 nanometers.
+
+And I hope you'll try and begin
+to get a sense of the
+
+links of some of these
+things, too.
+
+But the key point about this
+is to break a carbon-carbon
+
+bond needs 83 kilocalories
+per mole.
+
+So that's a lot of energy.
+
+At 25 degrees centigrade, if
+you take, say, a typical
+
+vibrational mode of a covalent
+bond, the energy that it has
+
+is about 0.6 kcals per mole.
+
+So what that means is that
+covalent bonds don't break on
+
+their own under physiological
+conditions.
+
+They can bend, they can rotate,
+and they can stretch.
+
+So they're back and forth this
+way, they can go this way,
+
+this way, but they
+don't break.
+
+And so this sort of leads to
+another topic that we'll talk
+
+about, which is utterly key--
+
+It's one of the secrets
+of how life works--
+
+are these protein molecules
+that are known as enzymes.
+
+And we'll also talk a little bit
+about a similar thing made
+
+of RNA called a ribozyme.
+
+But what these are are
+biological catalysts that
+
+enable specific bonds-- and
+this is important--
+
+specific bonds to be broken or
+formed under physiological
+
+conditions.
+
+And this part is so important.
+
+If you're trying to work out
+a chemical reaction, the
+
+original process for taking
+nitrogen gas and making
+
+ammonia, the Haber process,
+involved some very, very tough
+
+molecule to break the bond of.
+
+So just heat it up to 500
+degrees and put in a catalyst.
+
+But if you're a living
+organism, you
+
+don't have that option.
+
+You have to continually make
+and break bonds under the
+
+conditions -- the very, very
+narrow conditions where life
+
+is possible.
+
+If you go a little too high,
+things like proteins unfold.
+
+And then they don't work as
+properly as machines anymore.
+
+So we'll be talking more about
+that as we go along.
+
+There are different types
+of covalent bonds.
+
+And again, the first
+part of this isn't
+
+going to surprise you.
+
+There are single bonds,
+like this.
+
+There are double bonds,
+and triple.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+I'll just stay with carbon
+for the moment.
+
+The more electrons that are
+shared, the stronger the bond.
+
+And these two are referred to,
+if it's a carbon compound, as
+
+being unsaturated bonds, the
+same term you hear when you
+
+hear about unsaturated fats.
+
+And what that means is a fat
+with an unsaturation, that's
+
+unsaturated, will have somewhere
+in it a double bond,
+
+or in some cases, many
+double bonds.
+
+However, there's another aspect
+of this which might not
+
+have been relevant to you, but
+you'll see it becomes relevant
+
+for thinking about proteins as
+soon as the next lecture.
+
+And that is, a single bond is
+able to rotate this way.
+
+These guys can't rotate.
+
+And that, as you'll see, becomes
+important in quite a
+
+variety of situations.
+
+But we'll run into a very
+important example of that when
+
+we're thinking about the very
+backbone of all proteins, the
+
+peptide bond, which is at the
+heart of being a protein.
+
+There are other molecules that
+have more than one bond that
+
+are important.
+
+Oxygen is one.
+
+And nitrogen, as I said, is a
+
+particularly hard nut to crack.
+
+Most organisms, as I said the
+other day, are unable
+
+to break this bond.
+
+The only organisms that
+have learned how
+
+to do it are bacteria.
+
+The vast majority of them use
+one, single enzyme called
+
+nitrogenase that evolved that's
+a very complicated
+
+enzyme and has very, very
+stringent requirements and
+
+needs a huge energy input.
+
+But it is able to crack
+this bond and get
+
+it made into ammonia.
+
+But it's an example of another
+molecule that has a triple
+
+bond in it.
+
+Let's see, how are
+we doing here?
+
+Okay.
+
+So another aspect of these
+covalent bonds that you need
+
+to think about has to
+do with when you're
+
+thinking about carbon.
+
+And it's a property
+called chirality.
+
+And it comes from the fact that
+carbon has four bonds but
+
+they come out as
+a tetrahedron.
+
+So that doesn't matter in
+the case of methane.
+
+But I'm going to depict the
+tetrahedron in this way, so
+
+that this bond is coming --
+
+these two are in the plane of
+the board, this one's coming
+
+out, that one's going back.
+
+And let's just put on four
+different substituents.
+
+Now if I get the mirror image
+of that, we will have--
+
+these two molecules are called
+optical isomers.
+
+And if you sit down and play
+with this, you will find you
+
+can't convert one to the other
+without actually physically
+
+breaking a bond.
+
+And this is really important,
+one of the central concepts
+
+that I hope you might remember
+from this course because it
+
+cuts across a lot of the stuff
+talk we'll be talking about.
+
+At a molecular level, much
+of biology relies on the
+
+interaction of complementary
+3D surfaces.
+
+We're actually very familiar
+with this at a macro level in
+
+our own lives.
+
+Imagine you've just come back
+from the party late on
+
+Saturday night, you're
+crossing the Mass.
+
+Ave. Bridge, the wind is
+howling, you're freezing.
+
+But no problem, you've
+got your gloves.
+
+And you reach in your pocket and
+you have two left gloves.
+
+No matter what you do, you can't
+get that right hand to
+
+fit properly into the
+left-handed glove.
+
+One's a mirror image
+of the other.
+
+But we run into this problem
+even in our own lives.
+
+When you saw how that DNA
+had fit right into a
+
+groove in the protein.
+
+If we had a mirror image of
+the DNA or we had a mirror
+
+image of the protein,
+it wouldn't work.
+
+This principle goes all the
+way through biology.
+
+There is another characteristic
+of covalent
+
+bonds that becomes
+important again.
+
+And that is how equally the
+electrons are sharing.
+
+So again, it goes back
+to the sharing of
+
+electrons, but with a twist.
+
+If we have a carbon-carbon or
+a carbon-hydrogen bond, it's
+
+pretty much equal sharing.
+
+And this is known as
+a nonpolar bond.
+
+But if you have a nitrogen or an
+oxygen bond, it's unequal.
+
+And these are known
+as polar bonds.
+
+And the term that's used to
+describe this unequal sharing
+
+of electrons is known as the
+electronegativity of the atom.
+
+It's basically a word that
+means the greediness of a
+
+particular atom for electrons.
+
+So if you have an oxygen and a
+hydrogen bond, although we
+
+write it like that on the board
+and you've undoubtedly
+
+seen this for many years in
+chemistry, in fact, the
+
+electrons spend more time down
+here than they spend up there.
+
+So there's a little bit of a
+negative charge on the oxygen
+
+and a little bit of a plus
+charge on the hydrogen.
+
+That's usually represented by
+a little delta to indicate
+
+that this has a wee bit of
+negative charge, that has a
+
+wee bit of positive charge.
+
+And a molecule that's
+very important with
+
+respect to this is water.
+
+Because water, as you
+know, is H2O.
+
+But it's not symmetrical.
+
+The angle here is
+104.5 degrees.
+
+And so the oxygen has a little
+bit of a negative charge but
+
+each of these has a little
+bit of a plus charge.
+
+Actually, water is 55 molar.
+
+So it's a little dipole.
+
+You've got 55 molar, these
+little dipoles going on.
+
+This property of
+electronegativity and nonpolar
+
+bonds then leads to the second
+of the forces that we're going
+
+to be talking about.
+
+That's force number two.
+
+And that's a hydrogen,
+or H bond.
+
+And this is a bond that's made
+possible by a little bit of a
+
+negative charge that's on
+oxygen, or nitrogen, or a few
+
+other molecules and a little
+bit of a positive charge
+
+that's due to the hydrogen
+that's in a polar bond.
+
+This is very important, as
+you'll see, for proteins,
+
+nucleic acids, and for
+carbohydrates.
+
+And it has a huge amount
+to do with the
+
+way that water behaves.
+
+Because in that 55-molar water,
+you'll have one water
+
+molecule that's going
+to be like this.
+
+And there will be another water
+molecule down here with
+
+a little bit of a
+negative charge.
+
+And this a little bit of a plus
+charge on this hydrogen
+
+and a little bit of a negative
+charge can form what's known
+
+as a hydrogen bond
+between them.
+
+And what's especially important
+about these hydrogen
+
+bonds is they're about
+1/20 the strength
+
+of a covalent bond.
+
+And that means that in a
+distribution of molecules at
+
+physiological temperatures,
+there will be some guys up in
+
+the -- the most energetic
+molecules within the bunch
+
+will have enough energy to
+break hydrogen bonds.
+
+But they're much easier to do.
+
+And just to peer ahead, when we
+talk about replicating DNA,
+
+those two strands are held
+together by hydrogen bonds.
+
+So the backbones are really
+solid, just like two strips of
+
+Velcro or something.
+
+But the hydrogen bonds hold the
+two strands together, but
+
+1/20 the strength.
+
+So it's basically like molecular
+Velcro between the
+
+two strands of DNA.
+
+And we'll see some more
+examples of this.
+
+Let's see if I can go
+back to this and get
+
+this thing to play.
+
+This is static representation
+just illustrating this.
+
+But in fact, what happens,
+water molecules are
+
+continually changing partners.
+
+So they're constantly making
+shells, and cages, and so on.
+
+And the next little movie is a
+picosecond simulation of water
+
+just at zero degrees.
+
+And you can see how the
+molecules are changing
+
+partners, making little
+shells and things.
+
+And here's a picosecond
+simulation of water at the
+
+boiling temperature.
+
+And what you can see from this
+is every now and then, a
+
+molecule like this one will get
+enough energy to break out
+
+of this constant sharing
+of little
+
+hydrogen bonds and escape.
+
+And another thing, when we talk
+about getting something
+
+dissolved in water, this
+is something we'll
+
+have to think about.
+
+Because if you try and dissolve
+something in water,
+
+like stir a lot of oil into
+it, you know what happens.
+
+You can stir like mad
+and doesn't go in.
+
+Part of the problem is if you
+put something in the water,
+
+it's going to have to break
+these existing hydrogen bonds.
+
+And that's an energy cost.
+
+So in order to get something to
+dissolve, you're going to
+
+have to get the energy back.
+
+And we'll be talking
+about that.
+
+But it's one of the fundamental
+parts of water.
+
+You're familiar with the
+characteristics of water.
+
+There's surface tension.
+
+It's why trees can grow 300 feet
+tall, because they've got
+
+basically little nanotubes
+and little capillaries.
+
+And with this surface tension,
+water, due to hydrogen bonds,
+
+can go 300 feet up.
+
+The water can go right up.
+
+You've seen water bugs
+walk around on water.
+
+There's a particularly
+interesting lizard in South
+
+America, Central America called
+the basilisk lizard
+
+that's about 2 and
+1/2 feet long.
+
+It's able to run across
+the top of the water.
+
+It's actually called the
+Jesus Christ lizard.
+
+And it's able to do that
+because of this surface
+
+tension in the water.
+
+In fact, when I finished my
+Ph.D. Thesis, I went in a
+
+competition for the theses.
+
+And mine was something like, a
+chemical enzymatic synthesis
+
+of oligoribonucleotides.
+
+And I was competing against a
+guy who said why do lizards
+
+run on water, and his entire
+talk consisted of movies of
+
+this thing running
+across the water.
+
+I thought I was toast, but I
+actually won that prize.
+
+But anyway, every time I
+see this I remember it.
+
+For example, when they go and
+explore Mars or think about
+
+planets, they're always looking
+for water because it
+
+has this very, very special set
+of properties that are so
+
+important for life.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pXQLdl4KUUU.txt b/pXQLdl4KUUU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a0e05199b3efffda2b2513e5f8593ec70e5a7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pXQLdl4KUUU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this idea of social practice is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of social practice is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of social practice is one that
+a lot of theorists and critics have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of theorists and critics have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of theorists and critics have have
+have talked about and tried to frame I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about and tried to frame I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about and tried to frame I
+think of social practice as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of social practice as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of social practice as an
+engagement in art making within a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in art making within a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in art making within a more
+recent contemporary moment although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent contemporary moment although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent contemporary moment although
+there are historical antecedents perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are historical antecedents perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are historical antecedents perhaps
+many decades prior to - now we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades prior to - now we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades prior to - now we might
+think in relatively speaking last 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in relatively speaking last 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in relatively speaking last 30 to
+50 years some of these pieces start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years some of these pieces start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years some of these pieces start to
+come together but one person who I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together but one person who I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together but one person who I've
+looked at to help theorize this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at to help theorize this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at to help theorize this notion
+of social practices educator and artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social practices educator and artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social practices educator and artist
+Pablo Higuera Higuera says unlike social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo Higuera Higuera says unlike social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo Higuera Higuera says unlike social
+work that aims for dignity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that aims for dignity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that aims for dignity and
+strengthening human relationships a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening human relationships a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening human relationships a
+socially engaged artist may subscribe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially engaged artist may subscribe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially engaged artist may subscribe to
+those same values but make work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same values but make work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same values but make work that
+Iren eise's problematizes and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iren eise's problematizes and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iren eise's problematizes and even
+enhances the tensions around those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the tensions around those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the tensions around those
+subjects in order to provoke reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in order to provoke reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in order to provoke reflection
+so that in part of the phrase to provoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in part of the phrase to provoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in part of the phrase to provoke
+reflection that I bring into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that I bring into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that I bring into the
+classroom or that I try to Center some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or that I try to Center some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or that I try to Center some
+of my work or my work around this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my work or my work around this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my work or my work around this idea
+of what might we do to provoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what might we do to provoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what might we do to provoke
+reflection not only in other people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection not only in other people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection not only in other people but
+also in myself perhaps the work becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in myself perhaps the work becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in myself perhaps the work becomes
+a provocation in that sense and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provocation in that sense and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provocation in that sense and why
+would we want to do that well how Guerra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we want to do that well how Guerra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we want to do that well how Guerra
+says we want to do that perhaps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we want to do that perhaps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we want to do that perhaps to
+discover something in the process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something in the process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something in the process you
+know these artists he considers them me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these artists he considers them me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these artists he considers them me
+renamed some free agents if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed some free agents if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed some free agents if you will
+they insert themselves into the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they insert themselves into the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they insert themselves into the most
+unexpected social environments and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected social environments and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected social environments and they
+do so in ways that break away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in ways that break away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in ways that break away from
+disciplinary boundaries hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary boundaries hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary boundaries hoping to
+discover something new in the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something new in the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something new in the process so
+the idea of inserting oneself into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of inserting oneself into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of inserting oneself into an
+unexpected place or to perform a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected place or to perform a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected place or to perform a certain
+engaged verse and a certain behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged verse and a certain behavior or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged verse and a certain behavior or
+a certain interaction when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain interaction when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain interaction when it's not
+expected we would do that hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected we would do that hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected we would do that hoping to
+discover something in the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something in the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something in the process so
+these two terms socially engaged art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms socially engaged art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms socially engaged art and
+social practice are connected how Guerra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social practice are connected how Guerra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social practice are connected how Guerra
+prefers socially engaged art because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers socially engaged art because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers socially engaged art because it
+still has that word art and he shortens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has that word art and he shortens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has that word art and he shortens
+it to bsea but society of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to bsea but society of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to bsea but society of social
+practice is a wider range in corpus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is a wider range in corpus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is a wider range in corpus is a
+is a term that seems to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term that seems to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term that seems to be a bit
+or wide or wide and more widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wide or wide and more widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wide or wide and more widely
+encompassing of the range of practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassing of the range of practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassing of the range of practices
+that might might fit those definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might might fit those definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might might fit those definitions
+so to go on just a couple of more bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go on just a couple of more bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to go on just a couple of more bits
+from Hell Guerra and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hell Guerra and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hell Guerra and there are other
+folks like Clare Bishop and grant caster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like Clare Bishop and grant caster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like Clare Bishop and grant caster
+and other folks who theorize and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other folks who theorize and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other folks who theorize and talk
+about socially engaged art but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about socially engaged art but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about socially engaged art but I find
+how Clara has approached quite useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Clara has approached quite useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Clara has approached quite useful so
+he talks about socially engaged art or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about socially engaged art or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about socially engaged art or
+social practice as a multi-layered and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social practice as a multi-layered and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social practice as a multi-layered and a
+participatory engagement and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory engagement and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory engagement and he says
+that there are these structures multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are these structures multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are these structures multiple
+structures are multiple layers among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are multiple layers among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures are multiple layers among
+which are nominal participation directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nominal participation directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are nominal participation directed
+participation creative participation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation creative participation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation creative participation and
+collaborative so there might be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so there might be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so there might be multiple
+ways to participate or engage or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to participate or engage or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to participate or engage or the
+public or other individuals within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or other individuals within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or other individuals within this
+practice how Guerra also talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice how Guerra also talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice how Guerra also talks about the
+idea of how these practices are linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how these practices are linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how these practices are linked
+to other disciplines specifically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other disciplines specifically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other disciplines specifically we
+find tension between art practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tension between art practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find tension between art practice and
+sociology or social practice but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or social practice but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology or social practice but that
+trying to make sense of those tensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sense of those tensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make sense of those tensions
+and say it's more art it's like 85% this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's more art it's like 85% this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's more art it's like 85% this
+and we're 16% of this it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're 16% of this it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're 16% of this it's something
+that's not what he's talking about he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what he's talking about he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what he's talking about he
+says we want to stay in that unresolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we want to stay in that unresolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we want to stay in that unresolved
+space it's it's it it comes at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's it's it it comes at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's it's it it comes at us
+perhaps through an art a sense of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through an art a sense of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through an art a sense of art
+practices and disciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices and disciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices and disciplinary
+considerations but that we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations but that we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations but that we want it to
+remain in that unresolved space we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in that unresolved space we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in that unresolved space we want
+it to be a bit messy so here's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a bit messy so here's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a bit messy so here's a bit of
+a longer one and then we'll move beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer one and then we'll move beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer one and then we'll move beyond
+some of the theorizing how gross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the theorizing how gross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the theorizing how gross a
+social interaction occupies a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction occupies a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction occupies a central
+and inextricable part of any socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inextricable part of any socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inextricable part of any socially
+engaged art work you got to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art work you got to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art work you got to have the
+social interaction just doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction just doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction just doing something
+and then hang it up and not seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hang it up and not seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hang it up and not seeing and
+not having other people become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having other people become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having other people become
+participants at one of those layers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants at one of those layers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants at one of those layers is
+not is not enough although one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not enough although one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not enough although one might
+argue that any artwork is a socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that any artwork is a socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that any artwork is a socially
+engaged practice once you put let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged practice once you put let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged practice once you put let's say
+a painting or a sculpture out to be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting or a sculpture out to be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting or a sculpture out to be seen
+at least one person seeing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one person seeing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one person seeing and it's
+already engaged in the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already engaged in the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already engaged in the social
+relationship but he how girl goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but he how girl goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but he how girl goes
+further he says socially engaged art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he says socially engaged art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he says socially engaged art is
+a hybrid multidisciplinary activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hybrid multidisciplinary activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hybrid multidisciplinary activity that
+exists somewhere between art and non-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists somewhere between art and non-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists somewhere between art and non-art
+and what has to happen is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what has to happen is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what has to happen is you have to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+actual and not hypothetical not imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual and not hypothetical not imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual and not hypothetical not imagined
+social action you actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social action you actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social action you actually have to
+engage with other people so last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with other people so last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with other people so last week
+outside in front of the building we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in front of the building we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in front of the building we
+created ceramic water filters we mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created ceramic water filters we mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created ceramic water filters we mixed
+clay and sawdust and we had several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay and sawdust and we had several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay and sawdust and we had several
+people stop by to see what we were up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stop by to see what we were up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stop by to see what we were up to
+get their hands dirty we brought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their hands dirty we brought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their hands dirty we brought that
+mixture of clay and sawdust back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of clay and sawdust back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of clay and sawdust back
+upstairs and we made ceramic water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and we made ceramic water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and we made ceramic water
+filters and these water filters will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and these water filters will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and these water filters will
+render contaminated water with microbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render contaminated water with microbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render contaminated water with microbes
+and pathogens it will render it potable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathogens it will render it potable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathogens it will render it potable
+and so this practice of performing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this practice of performing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this practice of performing these
+the construction and and that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction and and that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction and and that the the
+production of ceramic water filters fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of ceramic water filters fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of ceramic water filters fits
+within el Guerra's notion of socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within el Guerra's notion of socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within el Guerra's notion of socially
+engaged art so I'm telling you that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art so I'm telling you that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art so I'm telling you that as
+kind of a back step to what we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a back step to what we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a back step to what we did last
+week but also to give you a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but also to give you a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but also to give you a specific
+example but then I want to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but then I want to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but then I want to give you some
+other examples and some of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples and some of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples and some of the examples
+that I want to share with you push this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to share with you push this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to share with you push this
+idea of telling stories that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of telling stories that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of telling stories that might not
+be told otherwise I was in a course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told otherwise I was in a course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be told otherwise I was in a course I
+was teaching a course a few years ago to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching a course a few years ago to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching a course a few years ago to
+undergraduate art education students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate art education students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate art education students
+we're trying to make sense of what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make sense of what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to make sense of what is it
+that art does why are we teaching art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that art does why are we teaching art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that art does why are we teaching art
+what is what is what's the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is what's the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is what's the central
+importance or what seems to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance or what seems to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance or what seems to be at the
+core not that there might be a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core not that there might be a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core not that there might be a singular
+core but there could be multiple cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core but there could be multiple cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core but there could be multiple cores
+and one of the students said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the students said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the students said you know
+what I think art allows us to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think art allows us to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think art allows us to tell
+stories that we would not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that we would not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories that we would not be able to
+tell otherwise and in some ways we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell otherwise and in some ways we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell otherwise and in some ways we might
+not be able to tell them where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to tell them where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to tell them where we
+probably shouldn't tell them otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't tell them otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably shouldn't tell them otherwise
+as completely through art practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely through art practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely through art practice and
+so I I kind of latch onto that but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I kind of latch onto that but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I kind of latch onto that but I'd
+like to add the difficult stories the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add the difficult stories the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add the difficult stories the
+work that I try to do is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I try to do is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I try to do is interested in
+that those difficult stories that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those difficult stories that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those difficult stories that might
+not be told otherwise not that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be told otherwise not that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be told otherwise not that they're
+not told but they wouldn't be told in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told but they wouldn't be told in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told but they wouldn't be told in
+the same ways that socially engaged art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ways that socially engaged art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ways that socially engaged art
+would do that so as I think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that so as I think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that so as I think about this
+approach to telling difficult stories I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to telling difficult stories I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to telling difficult stories I
+think of the word double take when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the word double take when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the word double take when you
+see something and then you have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something and then you have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something and then you have to look
+again this is a double take right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a double take right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a double take right you
+you see it once but it caused you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it once but it caused you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it once but it caused you to
+stop and and take a second look we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and and take a second look we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and and take a second look we might
+think of research in the same way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of research in the same way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of research in the same way we can
+search but when we research we search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search but when we research we search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search but when we research we search
+again it's to look again to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's to look again to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's to look again to do this
+double take I also appreciate the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double take I also appreciate the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double take I also appreciate the idea
+of making trouble not only the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making trouble not only the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making trouble not only the idea of
+troubling something through the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling something through the making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling something through the making
+of objects or the making of experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects or the making of experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects or the making of experiences
+or making of social actions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or making of social actions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or making of social actions but the
+making of trouble in the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of trouble in the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of trouble in the idea of
+troubling things that others have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling things that others have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling things that others have made
+whether they be objects or social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they be objects or social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they be objects or social
+constructs or ideologies so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs or ideologies so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs or ideologies so it's this
+idea of troublemaking and making trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of troublemaking and making trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of troublemaking and making trouble
+that I'd like to play with in this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to play with in this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to play with in this still
+images from when the Marx Brothers films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from when the Marx Brothers films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from when the Marx Brothers films
+where Harpo and Groucho essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Harpo and Groucho essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Harpo and Groucho essentially the
+the mirror breaks and they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror breaks and they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror breaks and they're they're
+mirroring each other so there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirroring each other so there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirroring each other so there there's
+all this double-take going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this double-take going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this double-take going on there
+they're looking and looking again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking and looking again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking and looking again and so
+you have this idea of visuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this idea of visuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this idea of visuality
+happening the perspective of the viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the perspective of the viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the perspective of the viewer
+and but it's through this social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's through this social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's through this social
+interaction and there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and there are a number of
+iterations of that Marx Brothers mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of that Marx Brothers mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of that Marx Brothers mirror
+scene that play out in cartoons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene that play out in cartoons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene that play out in cartoons that
+play out in other other stories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in other other stories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in other other stories so
+otherwise I've made trouble in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I've made trouble in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I've made trouble in the past
+was and and to think about what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and and to think about what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and and to think about what we're
+seeing and how we're seeing it was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and how we're seeing it was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and how we're seeing it was to
+take a look at February quite often I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at February quite often I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at February quite often I
+have been invited to give talks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been invited to give talks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been invited to give talks at
+schools or at other institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or at other institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or at other institutions and
+they'd like to bring man in February I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to bring man in February I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to bring man in February I
+guess it's because February is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's because February is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's because February is about
+that month with Valentine's Day and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that month with Valentine's Day and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that month with Valentine's Day and they
+know that I'm a very passionate person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if they look more closely at my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they look more closely at my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they look more closely at my work
+they say I deal with some difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I deal with some difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say I deal with some difficult
+issues and not the least of which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and not the least of which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and not the least of which is the
+construct of racism and that's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct of racism and that's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct of racism and that's also the
+month where you have Black History Month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month where you have Black History Month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month where you have Black History Month
+and so I'm pretty sure that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm pretty sure that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm pretty sure that's why they
+bring me in so if we look at February a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring me in so if we look at February a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring me in so if we look at February a
+bit differently if we engage with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently if we engage with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently if we engage with that
+month not only is it the month where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month not only is it the month where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month not only is it the month where we
+let's look at a specific group of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a specific group of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a specific group of others
+which suggest there's another construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suggest there's another construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suggest there's another construct
+against which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against which
+we are situating african-americans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are situating african-americans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are situating african-americans but
+also the idea of February being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the idea of February being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the idea of February being the
+month for Valentine's Day it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month for Valentine's Day it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month for Valentine's Day it's the
+shortest month of the year and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest month of the year and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest month of the year and the
+shortest month of the year is the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest month of the year is the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest month of the year is the year
+we said go tell other people how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said go tell other people how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said go tell other people how much
+you love them I mean you would think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love them I mean you would think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love them I mean you would think a
+month with 31 days would be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month with 31 days would be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month with 31 days would be a better
+choice for that or maybe all year long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for that or maybe all year long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for that or maybe all year long
+we should think in more passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think in more passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think in more passion
+inconsiderate ways so this is a work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsiderate ways so this is a work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsiderate ways so this is a work I
+did a number of years ago that revolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a number of years ago that revolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a number of years ago that revolved
+around those two concepts I also am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those two concepts I also am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those two concepts I also am
+interested in this idea of disruption I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this idea of disruption I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this idea of disruption I
+mentioned this briefly last week and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this briefly last week and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this briefly last week and I
+think disruption happens in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think disruption happens in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think disruption happens in a number of
+ways pushing back questioning I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways pushing back questioning I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways pushing back questioning I'm
+interested in questioning answers rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in questioning answers rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in questioning answers rather
+than answering questions one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than answering questions one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than answering questions one of the ways
+I've done that is I've looked at barber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that is I've looked at barber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that is I've looked at barber
+shops as pedagogical spaces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops as pedagogical spaces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops as pedagogical spaces as
+curriculum spaces what can we learn in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum spaces what can we learn in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum spaces what can we learn in a
+barber shop and I wrote an article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barber shop and I wrote an article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barber shop and I wrote an article about
+Pat's barber shop in Norfolk Virginia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat's barber shop in Norfolk Virginia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat's barber shop in Norfolk Virginia
+and I tried to make the case that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to make the case that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to make the case that what
+happens in a barber shop is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a barber shop is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a barber shop is a is a
+hypertextual multi-layered multifaceted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertextual multi-layered multifaceted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertextual multi-layered multifaceted
+learner-centered space of inquiry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner-centered space of inquiry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner-centered space of inquiry that
+you might go in trying to get a haircut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go in trying to get a haircut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go in trying to get a haircut
+but you'll come out with an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll come out with an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll come out with an education
+and this happens in all sorts of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens in all sorts of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens in all sorts of service
+locations you know hair salons and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations you know hair salons and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations you know hair salons and other
+places where conversation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where conversation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where conversation becomes
+essential to those locations but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to those locations but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to those locations but also
+written about digital technology when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about digital technology when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about digital technology when my
+wife and I learned we were expecting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I learned we were expecting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife and I learned we were expecting our
+the birth of our daughter I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of our daughter I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birth of our daughter I started to
+think well that's fantastic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's fantastic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's fantastic and I
+thought oh my goodness I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh my goodness I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh my goodness I'm going to be
+someone's parent and oh I need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's parent and oh I need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's parent and oh I need to think
+this through now this is this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through now this is this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through now this is this is a big
+deal so I started writing myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so I started writing myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so I started writing myself a
+series of emails to explain to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of emails to explain to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of emails to explain to our
+unborn child who I thought I was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unborn child who I thought I was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unborn child who I thought I was and
+what I was working through and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was working through and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was working through and so that
+series of emails became an article that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of emails became an article that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of emails became an article that
+I were chapter it's a common email from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were chapter it's a common email from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were chapter it's a common email from
+a digital daddy and I was trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital daddy and I was trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital daddy and I was trying to make
+make sense of how that her future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of how that her future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of how that her future
+existence and identity would be mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and identity would be mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and identity would be mediated
+through digital technology but what came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through digital technology but what came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through digital technology but what came
+through in that in the process of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in that in the process of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in that in the process of that
+was her multi-ethnic identity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her multi-ethnic identity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her multi-ethnic identity and the
+ways that I am at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I am at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I am at
+camera technology surveillance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera technology surveillance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera technology surveillance
+technology being scrutinized at airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology being scrutinized at airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology being scrutinized at airports
+among other approaches would render her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other approaches would render her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other approaches would render her
+body the object of examination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the object of examination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shift not a tell you story about Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift not a tell you story about Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift not a tell you story about Henry
+Brown I'm not sure if you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown I'm not sure if you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown I'm not sure if you're familiar
+with the Henry Braun who I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Henry Braun who I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Henry Braun who I think about
+quite often Henry Brown lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often Henry Brown lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often Henry Brown lived in
+Virginia outside of Richmond in Henrico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia outside of Richmond in Henrico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virginia outside of Richmond in Henrico
+County and there's Henry in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County and there's Henry in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+County and there's Henry in the middle
+he's inside this box and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's inside this box and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's inside this box and there's some
+people outside the box so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people outside the box so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people outside the box so I guess
+they're thinking outside the box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking outside the box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're thinking outside the box and the
+story of Henry Brown was told by himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Henry Brown was told by himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Henry Brown was told by himself
+he narrated this this in their story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he narrated this this in their story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he narrated this this in their story of
+himself and there are many versions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and there are many versions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and there are many versions or
+at least you know it was published in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you know it was published in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you know it was published in a
+number of different contexts another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different contexts another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different contexts another
+number of different formats and so Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different formats and so Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different formats and so Henry
+Brown earned the name Henry box Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown earned the name Henry box Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown earned the name Henry box Brown
+and he was in that box for a reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in that box for a reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in that box for a reason I'm
+gonna let you know why in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let you know why in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let you know why in just a second
+I brought I didn't bring them in we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought I didn't bring them in we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought I didn't bring them in we have
+obtained a couple of pallets and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a couple of pallets and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained a couple of pallets and I put
+the wooden pallets on the the floor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wooden pallets on the the floor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wooden pallets on the the floor here
+so you have these two wooden pallets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these two wooden pallets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these two wooden pallets on
+the floor and I want to read you a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor and I want to read you a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor and I want to read you a story
+it's not a story that I wrote Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a story that I wrote Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a story that I wrote Henry
+wrote it but it's been retold and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it but it's been retold and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it but it's been retold and it is
+retold by Ellen Levine and the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retold by Ellen Levine and the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retold by Ellen Levine and the story is
+Henry's freedombox a true story from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's freedombox a true story from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's freedombox a true story from the
+Underground Railroad the reason that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underground Railroad the reason that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underground Railroad the reason that I'm
+reading this to you on these pallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this to you on these pallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this to you on these pallets
+what you see are two pallets and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see are two pallets and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see are two pallets and this
+book that I put on a sidewalk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I put on a sidewalk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I put on a sidewalk in the
+middle of campus last year and I let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of campus last year and I let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of campus last year and I let it
+sit there for 10 minutes or so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there for 10 minutes or so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit there for 10 minutes or so and then
+I sat on the pallets and I'm going and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sat on the pallets and I'm going and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sat on the pallets and I'm going and I
+read this story the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this story the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this story the way I'm going to
+read it to you and people walk by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it to you and people walk by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it to you and people walk by some
+of them stopped and listened and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them stopped and listened and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them stopped and listened and others
+did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not
+Henry's freedombox Henry Brown wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's freedombox Henry Brown wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry's freedombox Henry Brown wasn't
+sure how old he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how old he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how old he was
+Henry was a slave and slaves weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry was a slave and slaves weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry was a slave and slaves weren't
+allowed to know their birthdays Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know their birthdays Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know their birthdays Henry
+and his brothers and sisters worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his brothers and sisters worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his brothers and sisters worked in
+the big house where the master lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big house where the master lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big house where the master lived
+henry's master had been good to Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry's master had been good to Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry's master had been good to Henry
+and his family but Henry's mother knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his family but Henry's mother knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his family but Henry's mother knew
+things could change do you see those Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could change do you see those Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could change do you see those Lee
+he's blowing in the wind there from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's blowing in the wind there from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's blowing in the wind there from the
+trees like the slave children are torn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like the slave children are torn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like the slave children are torn
+from their families one morning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their families one morning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their families one morning the
+master called for Henry and his mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master called for Henry and his mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master called for Henry and his mother
+they climbed the wide staircase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they climbed the wide staircase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they climbed the wide staircase the
+master lay in the bed with only his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master lay in the bed with only his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master lay in the bed with only his head
+above the quilt he was very ill he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the quilt he was very ill he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the quilt he was very ill he
+beckoned them to come closer some slaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beckoned them to come closer some slaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beckoned them to come closer some slaves
+were freed by their owners Henry's heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were freed by their owners Henry's heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were freed by their owners Henry's heart
+beat fast maybe the master would set him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat fast maybe the master would set him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat fast maybe the master would set him
+free but the master said you're a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but the master said you're a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free but the master said you're a good
+worker Henry I'm giving you to my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker Henry I'm giving you to my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker Henry I'm giving you to my son
+you must obey Him and never tell a lie I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must obey Him and never tell a lie I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must obey Him and never tell a lie I
+will mail myself to a place where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mail myself to a place where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mail myself to a place where there
+are no slaves he said Henry are you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no slaves he said Henry are you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no slaves he said Henry are you all
+right in there all right he answered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there all right he answered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there all right he answered the
+cover was pried open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover was pried open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover was pried open
+Henry stretched and stood up four men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry stretched and stood up four men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry stretched and stood up four men
+smiled at him welcome to Philadelphia at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiled at him welcome to Philadelphia at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiled at him welcome to Philadelphia at
+last Henry had a birthday March 30 18-49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Henry had a birthday March 30 18-49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Henry had a birthday March 30 18-49
+his first day of freedom and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first day of freedom and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first day of freedom and from that
+day on he also had a middle name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day on he also had a middle name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day on he also had a middle name
+everyone called him Henry box Brown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone called him Henry box Brown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone called him Henry box Brown so
+this is the story of Henry box Brown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the story of Henry box Brown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the story of Henry box Brown is
+told in a in a children's book by Evelyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in a in a children's book by Evelyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in a in a children's book by Evelyn
+Levine and it was illustrated by Kadir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levine and it was illustrated by Kadir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levine and it was illustrated by Kadir
+Nelson why did I read that story to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson why did I read that story to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson why did I read that story to you
+well I wanted you to hear the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I wanted you to hear the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I wanted you to hear the story of
+Henry box Brown not the way that he told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry box Brown not the way that he told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry box Brown not the way that he told
+it by the way that it was retold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the way that it was retold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the way that it was retold for
+children that's a children's book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that's a children's book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that's a children's book it's
+meant to be a children's book it's meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a children's book it's meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a children's book it's meant
+for children to hear that story and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children to hear that story and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children to hear that story and it's
+a story that I've read as a bedtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that I've read as a bedtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story that I've read as a bedtime
+story to our daughter there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to our daughter there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to our daughter there are
+different versions of Henry's freedombox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of Henry's freedombox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of Henry's freedombox
+different store until Drance versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different store until Drance versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different store until Drance versions
+and different adult versions of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different adult versions of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different adult versions of telling
+those story there are art approaches too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those story there are art approaches too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those story there are art approaches too
+there's a monument to Henry Brown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a monument to Henry Brown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a monument to Henry Brown in
+Richmond Virginia and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond Virginia and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richmond Virginia and this is a
+sculpture made out of metal the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture made out of metal the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture made out of metal the same
+dimensions as that box that Henry was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions as that box that Henry was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions as that box that Henry was in
+an etched in the ground it says in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an etched in the ground it says in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an etched in the ground it says in a
+wooden crate similar to this one Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden crate similar to this one Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden crate similar to this one Henry
+Brown a Richmond tobacco worker made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown a Richmond tobacco worker made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown a Richmond tobacco worker made the
+journey from slavery to freedom in 18-49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey from slavery to freedom in 18-49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey from slavery to freedom in 18-49
+and that box is interesting because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that box is interesting because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that box is interesting because the
+the lid is off as you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid is off as you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid is off as you saw in the
+previous image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous image
+but one side is open and it's open with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one side is open and it's open with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one side is open and it's open with
+a silhouette of a man crouched down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silhouette of a man crouched down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silhouette of a man crouched down now
+Henry Brown was five eight I'm five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Brown was five eight I'm five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Brown was five eight I'm five
+eight and I was compelled to get inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and I was compelled to get inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and I was compelled to get inside
+that box and this idea of for Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box and this idea of for Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that box and this idea of for Henry
+thinking outside of the box meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking outside of the box meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking outside of the box meant
+literally to think inside the box and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to think inside the box and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to think inside the box and to
+put himself into a situation that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put himself into a situation that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put himself into a situation that was
+disrupting the current practices but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting the current practices but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting the current practices but he
+was at at a point at which he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at at a point at which he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at at a point at which he was
+willing to try anything now this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to try anything now this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to try anything now this story
+with Henry Brown can be retold and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Henry Brown can be retold and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Henry Brown can be retold and can
+be recreating be reproduced and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recreating be reproduced and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recreating be reproduced and and
+there are some folks who I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some folks who I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some folks who I you know I
+make these connections the image on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these connections the image on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these connections the image on the
+left is actually someone who is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is actually someone who is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is actually someone who is trying
+to get themselves out of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get themselves out of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get themselves out of a particular
+situation putting themselves inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation putting themselves inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation putting themselves inside a
+suitcase and mailing oneself out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase and mailing oneself out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase and mailing oneself out of a
+horrible situation the image on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situation the image on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situation the image on the
+right is actually a white student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is actually a white student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is actually a white student in
+blackface as a Halloween costume going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackface as a Halloween costume going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackface as a Halloween costume going
+as Henry box Brown now both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Henry box Brown now both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Henry box Brown now both of these
+images relate directly to the Henry box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images relate directly to the Henry box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images relate directly to the Henry box
+Brown story for me but in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown story for me but in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown story for me but in different ways
+they can be unpacked no pun intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be unpacked no pun intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be unpacked no pun intended to
+deal with various levels of a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with various levels of a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with various levels of a class of
+identity of social situation of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of social situation of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of social situation of systems
+of oppression and expectations this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oppression and expectations this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oppression and expectations this idea
+of reading in public places just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading in public places just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reading in public places just like I
+did with the Henry Brown work last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the Henry Brown work last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with the Henry Brown work last year
+and also here I think is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also here I think is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also here I think is an important
+piece to consider and the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to consider and the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to consider and the way in which
+we read to children I think is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read to children I think is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read to children I think is important
+words are very important words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are very important words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are very important words are
+powerful there are games that we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful there are games that we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful there are games that we play
+through social media in public spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through social media in public spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through social media in public spaces
+like words with friends I play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like words with friends I play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like words with friends I play this game
+quite often but there are some words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often but there are some words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often but there are some words
+that are unacceptable I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unacceptable I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unacceptable I think what
+there's some words that aren't well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some words that aren't well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some words that aren't well if
+you misspelled it that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you misspelled it that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you misspelled it that's probably
+unacceptable Negro is an unacceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable Negro is an unacceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable Negro is an unacceptable
+term in words with friends really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in words with friends really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in words with friends really
+because that's the term I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the term I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the term I think people
+need to deal with and address and unpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with and address and unpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with and address and unpack
+Asian is also an unacceptable term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian is also an unacceptable term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian is also an unacceptable term in
+words with friends now I find these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words with friends now I find these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words with friends now I find these two
+examples interesting for the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples interesting for the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples interesting for the kind of
+work that I'm doing but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I'm doing but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I'm doing but there are some
+other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words
+words that are acceptable and really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are acceptable and really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are acceptable and really big
+words matter and just like socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words matter and just like socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words matter and just like socially
+engaged art that moves away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art that moves away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged art that moves away from the
+materiality and more to the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materiality and more to the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materiality and more to the conceptual
+and experiential moving from specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiential moving from specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiential moving from specific
+labels to larger concepts and constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels to larger concepts and constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels to larger concepts and constructs
+seems to be more value to words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be more value to words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be more value to words with
+friends as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends as well
+for example conceptualizing can earn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example conceptualizing can earn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example conceptualizing can earn you
+one thousand four hundred and sixty nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thousand four hundred and sixty nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thousand four hundred and sixty nine
+points that's a lot of points so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's a lot of points so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that's a lot of points so maybe
+there's something in conceptualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something in conceptualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something in conceptualizing
+that we need to do so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do so how do we
+conceptualize telling difficult stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize telling difficult stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize telling difficult stories
+another children's book good night moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another children's book good night moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another children's book good night moon
+you might be familiar with this good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with this good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with this good
+night mmm good night cow jumping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night mmm good night cow jumping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night mmm good night cow jumping over
+the moon there's this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon there's this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon there's this interesting
+repetition well Larry Wilmore created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition well Larry Wilmore created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition well Larry Wilmore created a
+version of good night moon he called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of good night moon he called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of good night moon he called a
+good night slavery Larry Wilmore was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night slavery Larry Wilmore was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night slavery Larry Wilmore was a
+talk show well spin off from the Jon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk show well spin off from the Jon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk show well spin off from the Jon
+Stewart Show and so this show with Larry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart Show and so this show with Larry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart Show and so this show with Larry
+Wilmore he decided that one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilmore he decided that one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilmore he decided that one of the the
+skits that he did was to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skits that he did was to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skits that he did was to create a
+children's book called good night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's book called good night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's book called good night
+slavery inspired by the Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery inspired by the Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery inspired by the Texas
+Legislature and the Texas Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legislature and the Texas Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legislature and the Texas Education
+Board changing the curriculum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board changing the curriculum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board changing the curriculum and
+changing certain terms moving the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing certain terms moving the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing certain terms moving the term
+the transatlantic slave trade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transatlantic slave trade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transatlantic slave trade and
+renaming it the transatlantic triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming it the transatlantic triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaming it the transatlantic triangular
+trade and so he has this entire piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and so he has this entire piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and so he has this entire piece
+where he pulls apart that movement yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he pulls apart that movement yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he pulls apart that movement yeah
+essentially whitewashing history and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whitewashing history and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whitewashing history and so
+what you see there are lines from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see there are lines from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see there are lines from the
+book in a big red state there was a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in a big red state there was a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in a big red state there was a text
+book in a debate and too many knaves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in a debate and too many knaves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in a debate and too many knaves and
+one big cave in a book that is shut in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big cave in a book that is shut in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big cave in a book that is shut in a
+past full of smut and a cranky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past full of smut and a cranky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past full of smut and a cranky
+conservative with a stick up his butt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with a stick up his butt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative with a stick up his butt
+good night slavery good night bravery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night slavery good night bravery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night slavery good night bravery
+good night two things we find unsavory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night two things we find unsavory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good night two things we find unsavory
+well what are some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are some of the things that
+they might find unsavory well I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might find unsavory well I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might find unsavory well I'll get
+to that in a second but this book good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but this book good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but this book good
+night moon has been told in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night moon has been told in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night moon has been told in different
+ways it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's a it's a
+texture within child children's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture within child children's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture within child children's book
+culture that gets repurposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that gets repurposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that gets repurposed and
+reimagined some of the ways that Wilmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagined some of the ways that Wilmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagined some of the ways that Wilmore
+understands what is being erased g'night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what is being erased g'night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what is being erased g'night
+KKK good night to the decimation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KKK good night to the decimation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KKK good night to the decimation of
+indigenous people on this continent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people on this continent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people on this continent so
+these are all the things that the Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the things that the Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the things that the Texas
+curriculum was erasing or modifying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum was erasing or modifying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum was erasing or modifying or
+eliminating or renaming to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating or renaming to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating or renaming to make them
+seem less unsavory and in one more skit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem less unsavory and in one more skit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem less unsavory and in one more skit
+he reads this book to a classroom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he reads this book to a classroom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he reads this book to a classroom of
+kindergarten children and the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten children and the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten children and the reactions
+are wonderful but it's also you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wonderful but it's also you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wonderful but it's also you can tell
+it's kind of coached for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of coached for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of coached for the for the
+skid reading public places different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skid reading public places different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skid reading public places different
+than reading in public places we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than reading in public places we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than reading in public places we could
+also read public places for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also read public places for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also read public places for example in
+the summer for the past three summers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer for the past three summers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summer for the past three summers
+that opportunity to teach at Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opportunity to teach at Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opportunity to teach at Vermont
+College of Fine Arts and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of Fine Arts and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of Fine Arts and one of the
+courses that I teach looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that I teach looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that I teach looks at
+participatory inquiry in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory inquiry in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory inquiry in the public
+sphere one of the assignments is for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere one of the assignments is for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere one of the assignments is for us
+to go to the State House the State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the State House the State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the State House the State
+Capitol which is just a mile and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capitol which is just a mile and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capitol which is just a mile and a half
+two miles away from campus and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles away from campus and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles away from campus and it's the
+smallest state capitol in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest state capitol in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest state capitol in the country
+it's very accessible we sign up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very accessible we sign up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very accessible we sign up for a
+guided tour and before the tour I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided tour and before the tour I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided tour and before the tour I give
+each student a little figuring that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each student a little figuring that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each student a little figuring that I
+bought at the toy store these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the toy store these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the toy store these little
+busts of US presidents and I asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busts of US presidents and I asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busts of US presidents and I asked the
+students to go on the tour to be polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go on the tour to be polite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go on the tour to be polite
+on the tour but I would like you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tour but I would like you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tour but I would like you to read
+the State Capitol in conversation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the State Capitol in conversation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the State Capitol in conversation with
+the tiny president so on our walk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiny president so on our walk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiny president so on our walk down
+on our mile and have to walk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our mile and have to walk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our mile and have to walk down
+they're on their phones and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on their phones and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on their phones and they're
+googling Theodore Roosevelt or Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling Theodore Roosevelt or Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling Theodore Roosevelt or Thomas
+Jefferson or Abraham Lincoln and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson or Abraham Lincoln and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson or Abraham Lincoln and then
+they take cell phone shots there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take cell phone shots there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take cell phone shots there's a
+close up of tiny George and in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up of tiny George and in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up of tiny George and in the back
+is big George or please keep off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big George or please keep off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big George or please keep off and
+they put one of the pres I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put one of the pres I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put one of the pres I think that's
+Buchanan inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan inside the
+Kanon or they end up reading other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kanon or they end up reading other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kanon or they end up reading other
+people and it's with this tiny president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and it's with this tiny president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and it's with this tiny president
+this tiny object that they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny object that they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny object that they're able to
+construct stories that couldn't be told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct stories that couldn't be told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct stories that couldn't be told
+otherwise putting that situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise putting that situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise putting that situation that
+context history and and related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context history and and related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context history and and related
+information that they have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they have either
+brought to that space or that they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to that space or that they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to that space or that they learn
+on the tour in conversation with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tour in conversation with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tour in conversation with what
+they know about that president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pXukVix5Pcw.txt b/pXukVix5Pcw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4596b22ab1d19cb779262d8c7de83bcea43539d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pXukVix5Pcw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Measurement of the BH characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Measurement of the BH characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Measurement of the BH characteristic of
+a magnetizable core provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetizable core provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetizable core provides the
+constitutive law that relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law that relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive law that relates the
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetization density M or equivalently
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density B to the
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic magnetic field intensity H
+within a material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The objective here is to observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The objective here is to observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The objective here is to observe the
+establishment of H by an imposed current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of H by an imposed current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of H by an imposed current
+in accordance with Ampiers's law and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with Ampiers's law and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in accordance with Ampiers's law and to
+deduce B from the voltage it induces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce B from the voltage it induces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce B from the voltage it induces in
+accordance with Faraday's law. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with Faraday's law. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with Faraday's law. A
+toroidal coil is tightly wound onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toroidal coil is tightly wound onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toroidal coil is tightly wound onto a
+donut-shaped magnetizable core. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut-shaped magnetizable core. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut-shaped magnetizable core. Each
+turn carries a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I. For the tooidal geometry, Ampere's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. For the tooidal geometry, Ampere's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. For the tooidal geometry, Ampere's
+integral law is enough to relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law is enough to relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral law is enough to relate the
+current I to the H field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I to the H field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I to the H field in the
+magnetizable core material. Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizable core material. Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizable core material. Symmetry
+about the tooidal axis suggests that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tooidal axis suggests that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tooidal axis suggests that H
+is fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fi
+directed. Ampere's integral law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. Ampere's integral law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. Ampere's integral law is
+written for a contour C circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for a contour C circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for a contour C circulating
+about the tooidal axis within the core.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because the major radius R of the Taurus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the major radius R of the Taurus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the major radius R of the Taurus
+is large compared to the minor radius,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the minor radius,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large compared to the minor radius,
+the field is essentially uniform over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is essentially uniform over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is essentially uniform over
+the cross-section of the Taurus. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the Taurus. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the Taurus. We
+approximate the average radius by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the average radius by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the average radius by the
+radius R. Thus, the line integral of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R. Thus, the line integral of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R. Thus, the line integral of H
+is essentially 2 pi R * H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+To evaluate the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To evaluate the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To evaluate the right hand side of
+Ampere's law, we see that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ampere's law, we see that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ampere's law, we see that the surface
+S span by this contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S span by this contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S span by this contour
+C is pierced by the current I as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is pierced by the current I as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is pierced by the current I as many
+times as there are turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as there are turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as there are turns
+N1. So the surface integral of J is N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1. So the surface integral of J is N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1. So the surface integral of J is N1
+I. Thus, Ampier's law reduces to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. Thus, Ampier's law reduces to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. Thus, Ampier's law reduces to the
+product of H5 and the contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of H5 and the contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of H5 and the contour
+circumference 2 pi R equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N1i. Here is the exitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1i. Here is the exitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1i. Here is the exitation
+winding. The current is supplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding. The current is supplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding. The current is supplied by this
+variac. The voltage drop across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac. The voltage drop across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac. The voltage drop across this
+small resistance in series with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small resistance in series with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small resistance in series with the
+driving winding is used to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving winding is used to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving winding is used to record the
+driving current I. This voltage drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving current I. This voltage drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving current I. This voltage drives
+the horizontal amplifier of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal amplifier of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal amplifier of the
+oscilloscope. Because the H field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Because the H field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Because the H field is
+proportional to current, the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to current, the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to current, the horizontal
+scope deflection is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope deflection is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope deflection is therefore
+proportional to the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the magnetic field
+intensity H in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material. The magnetic flux density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. The magnetic flux density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. The magnetic flux density is
+measured by means of a second sensing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by means of a second sensing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by means of a second sensing or
+secondary winding also wound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary winding also wound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary winding also wound on the
+donut shaped core. This coil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut shaped core. This coil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut shaped core. This coil is
+terminated in a high enough impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in a high enough impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in a high enough impedance
+that it carries a negligible current.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it carries a negligible current.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it carries a negligible current.
+Thus the H field established by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thus the H field established by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thus the H field established by the
+current I of the exitation winding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I of the exitation winding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I of the exitation winding is
+unchanged. The flux linked by each turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged. The flux linked by each turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged. The flux linked by each turn
+of the sensing coil is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensing coil is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensing coil is essentially the
+flux density B multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux density B multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux density B multiplied by the
+cross-sectional area of the core. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of the core. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of the core. The
+flux linked by the N2 turn coil is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linked by the N2 turn coil is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linked by the N2 turn coil is then
+N2 times the flux linked by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 times the flux linked by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 times the flux linked by each
+turn. An RC integrating network on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn. An RC integrating network on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn. An RC integrating network on this
+sensing or secondary coil integrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing or secondary coil integrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing or secondary coil integrates the
+terminal voltage so that the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal voltage so that the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal voltage so that the flux
+linking the coil is recorded. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the coil is recorded. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking the coil is recorded. The
+circuit acts as an integrator because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit acts as an integrator because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit acts as an integrator because
+the capacitor has a reactance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor has a reactance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor has a reactance at the
+frequency of operation 60 Hz that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of operation 60 Hz that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of operation 60 Hz that is
+much smaller than the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance. With the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance. With the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance. With the capacitor
+essentially a short circuit, the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a short circuit, the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a short circuit, the current
+is approximately V2 over R2. From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately V2 over R2. From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately V2 over R2. From
+Faraday's law, the terminal voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law, the terminal voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law, the terminal voltage of
+the sensing coil is the time rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing coil is the time rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensing coil is the time rate of
+change of the magnetic flux linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the magnetic flux linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the magnetic flux linking the
+coil. This current then charges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil. This current then charges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil. This current then charges the
+capacitor. By comparing these last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. By comparing these last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. By comparing these last two
+equations, we can see that the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we can see that the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we can see that the voltage
+across the capacitor is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the capacitor is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the capacitor is proportional to
+the magnetic flux linking the sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil. Thus, by connecting the terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil. Thus, by connecting the terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil. Thus, by connecting the terminals
+of the sensing coil through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensing coil through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensing coil through the
+integrator to the vertical trace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator to the vertical trace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator to the vertical trace of the
+oscilloscope, we make the vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope, we make the vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope, we make the vertical axis
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+B. So, we should see a display of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. So, we should see a display of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. So, we should see a display of B
+versus H on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus H on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus H on the
+oscilloscope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here is the experiment. The magnetizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is the experiment. The magnetizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is the experiment. The magnetizable
+material is in this donut-shaped toid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is in this donut-shaped toid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is in this donut-shaped toid.
+The exitation or primary coil connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The exitation or primary coil connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The exitation or primary coil connected
+to these terminals is driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these terminals is driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these terminals is driven by the
+current at 60 Hz from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current at 60 Hz from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current at 60 Hz from this
+variac. The voltage across this series 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac. The voltage across this series 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac. The voltage across this series 1
+ohm resistance then gives a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm resistance then gives a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm resistance then gives a horizontal
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the oscilloscope
+proportional to I and thus H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I and thus H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I and thus H.
+The terminals of the sensing coil are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The terminals of the sensing coil are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The terminals of the sensing coil are
+connected through the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected through the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected through the integrating
+network with resistance 100 k ohms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with resistance 100 k ohms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with resistance 100 k ohms and
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical
+deflection terminals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection terminals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection terminals of the
+oscilloscope. Thus the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Thus the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Thus the vertical
+deflection is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection is proportional to the
+integral of the terminal voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the terminal voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the terminal voltage the
+flux lambda and hence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be we turn up the variac current.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The scope shows the BH hysteresus loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scope shows the BH hysteresus loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scope shows the BH hysteresus loop
+typical of a magnetically soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material. For our primary coil of 83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. For our primary coil of 83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. For our primary coil of 83
+turns, the major radius is about 3.2 cm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns, the major radius is about 3.2 cm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns, the major radius is about 3.2 cm.
+The current viewing resistor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The current viewing resistor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The current viewing resistor on the
+primary coil is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary coil is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary coil is 1
+ohm. Thus, the scope scaling factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm. Thus, the scope scaling factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohm. Thus, the scope scaling factor
+relating H to V1 equal IR1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating H to V1 equal IR1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating H to V1 equal IR1 is
+413. With a horizontal scope scale of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+413. With a horizontal scope scale of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+413. With a horizontal scope scale of a
+half a volt per centimeter, each scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a volt per centimeter, each scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a volt per centimeter, each scope
+horizontal deflection of 1 centimeter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal deflection of 1 centimeter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal deflection of 1 centimeter is
+about 210 amps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 210 amps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 210 amps per
+meter. The minor diameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. The minor diameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. The minor diameter of the
+secondary coil is 1.2 cm. There are 537
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary coil is 1.2 cm. There are 537
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary coil is 1.2 cm. There are 537
+turns. The integrating circuit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns. The integrating circuit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns. The integrating circuit has
+resistance 100 kms and capacitance 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance 100 kms and capacitance 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance 100 kms and capacitance 1
+microfarad. The scaling factor relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarad. The scaling factor relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarad. The scaling factor relating
+integrating capacitive voltage V subc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating capacitive voltage V subc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating capacitive voltage V subc to
+magnetic flux density B is 1.65.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density B is 1.65.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density B is 1.65.
+65 with a vertical scale of a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 with a vertical scale of a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 with a vertical scale of a half a
+volt per centimeter. Each vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt per centimeter. Each vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt per centimeter. Each vertical
+deflection of 1 cm is83 teslas. Thus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of 1 cm is83 teslas. Thus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of 1 cm is83 teslas. Thus for
+this core saturation is reached at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core saturation is reached at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core saturation is reached at B
+approximately two Teslas for an H field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two Teslas for an H field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two Teslas for an H field
+of about 500 amps per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 500 amps per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 500 amps per
+meter. Poly crystallin ferroagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. Poly crystallin ferroagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. Poly crystallin ferroagnetic
+material at the domain level has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at the domain level has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at the domain level has
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly oriented magnetic moments that
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to cancel in the absence of an
+applied field. As a magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied field. As a magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied field. As a magnetic field is
+applied, the domain walls shift. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied, the domain walls shift. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied, the domain walls shift. Those
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains with magnetic dipole moments
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the applied field grow at
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of domains having oppositely
+directed magnetic dipole moments. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed magnetic dipole moments. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed magnetic dipole moments. The
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a net magnetization that tends
+to be in the direction of H. In ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the direction of H. In ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the direction of H. In ideal
+materials at high magnetic fields,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials at high magnetic fields,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials at high magnetic fields,
+saturation results when all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation results when all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation results when all of the
+domains combine into one. In real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains combine into one. In real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains combine into one. In real
+materials used for transformers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for transformers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used for transformers,
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections and boundaries result in
+the domain walls encountering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain walls encountering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain walls encountering a
+resistance to motion. A phase lag then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to motion. A phase lag then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to motion. A phase lag then
+develops between the magnetization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between the magnetization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between the magnetization and
+the magnetic field intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H. The BH trajectory makes this evident.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. The BH trajectory makes this evident.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. The BH trajectory makes this evident.
+It shows that even when the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It shows that even when the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It shows that even when the applied
+field H is instantaneously zero, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H is instantaneously zero, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H is instantaneously zero, there
+remains a remnant flux density B subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a remnant flux density B subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a remnant flux density B subr
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field must be reversed to minus
+H subc. the coercive field intensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subc. the coercive field intensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H subc. the coercive field intensity to
+reduce the flux density to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. Hysteresus can be both useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Hysteresus can be both useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Hysteresus can be both useful and
+harmful. Permanent magnetization at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful. Permanent magnetization at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful. Permanent magnetization at the
+remnants point is the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants point is the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants point is the basis for
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent magnets and for the storage of
+information on magnetic tapes and discs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on magnetic tapes and discs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on magnetic tapes and discs.
+However, periodic exitation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, periodic exitation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, periodic exitation of a
+hysteric material such as in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteric material such as in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteric material such as in a
+transformer or rotating machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer or rotating machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer or rotating machine
+dissipates energy and generates heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates energy and generates heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates energy and generates heat.
+The area enclosed within the BH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The area enclosed within the BH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The area enclosed within the BH
+hysteresus loop is the energy per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteresus loop is the energy per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hysteresus loop is the energy per unit
+volume dissipated in one cycle. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dissipated in one cycle. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume dissipated in one cycle. The
+dissipation arises from the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation arises from the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation arises from the resistance
+to propagation of the domain walls.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q9nCI-8gYVE.txt b/q9nCI-8gYVE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96a39c9804e784134e85ee74cfd66508eedf7824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q9nCI-8gYVE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we were working on this PKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were working on this PKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were working on this PKS
+assembly line that makes a macrolide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line that makes a macrolide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line that makes a macrolide and
+just as review of that we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as review of that we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as review of that we left off
+having gone over the domains and module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having gone over the domains and module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having gone over the domains and module
+architecture for this assembly line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture for this assembly line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture for this assembly line so
+recall each module activates a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall each module activates a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall each module activates a given
+monomer and we can use depictions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and we can use depictions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and we can use depictions like
+this to show how the PKS builds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show how the PKS builds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show how the PKS builds a
+growing polyketide chain okay and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing polyketide chain okay and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing polyketide chain okay and as you
+saw in recitation last week the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in recitation last week the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in recitation last week the actual
+structure of one of these synthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of one of these synthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of one of these synthesis is
+very different than what's depicted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than what's depicted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than what's depicted by
+this left to right kind of assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left to right kind of assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left to right kind of assembly line
+depiction there so you saw some amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction there so you saw some amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction there so you saw some amazing
+conformational changes with the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational changes with the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational changes with the fatty
+acid synthase and they're all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and they're all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid synthase and they're all different
+but just keep that in mind when thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keep that in mind when thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keep that in mind when thinking
+about these so this sort of notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so this sort of notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so this sort of notation is
+very helpful for us in terms of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for us in terms of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for us in terms of thinking
+about how the biosynthesis goes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the biosynthesis goes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the biosynthesis goes but it's
+not an accurate representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an accurate representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an accurate representation of
+structure okay so where we left off was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so where we left off was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so where we left off was
+with looking at how these optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking at how these optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking at how these optional
+domains can do chemistry on the upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains can do chemistry on the upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains can do chemistry on the upstream
+upstream monomer and the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream monomer and the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream monomer and the last thing
+we're going to do related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do related to this
+assembly line is one ask how is the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line is one ask how is the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line is one ask how is the peak
+polyketide released from the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide released from the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketide released from the assembly
+line when the biosynthesis is over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the biosynthesis is over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when the biosynthesis is over and
+then we'll just do one exercise looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just do one exercise looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just do one exercise looking
+at the macrolide and working backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the macrolide and working backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the macrolide and working backwards
+so last time we were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we were looking at the
+domain organization to determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain organization to determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain organization to determine what
+sort of chemistry happens to a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of chemistry happens to a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of chemistry happens to a given
+monomer we can do effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer we can do effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer we can do effectively the
+opposite looking at a natural product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite looking at a natural product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite looking at a natural product
+and identify what those monomers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify what those monomers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify what those monomers and
+properties of the assembly line are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the assembly line are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the assembly line are okay
+so in terms of chain release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are thigh OS thérèse domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these domains are involved in Shane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these domains are involved in Shane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these domains are involved in Shane
+release from the assembly line so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release from the assembly line so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release from the assembly line so if you
+take a look in the final module here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look in the final module here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look in the final module here
+what we see at the end is a te for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see at the end is a te for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see at the end is a te for the
+thigh OS trace okay and so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh OS trace okay and so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh OS trace okay and so what happens
+in the case of D EPS is ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of D EPS is ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of D EPS is ultimately the
+chain gets transferred to a serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gets transferred to a serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain gets transferred to a serine
+residue on the te domain okay and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue on the te domain okay and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue on the te domain okay and I'm
+just gonna draw the poly cute I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna draw the poly cute I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna draw the poly cute I'd like
+that and then in this case here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then in this case here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then in this case here you
+remember we have um the pro panel co-pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have um the pro panel co-pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have um the pro panel co-pay
+excuse me from the loading module so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me from the loading module so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me from the loading module so the
+starter unit in this case what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter unit in this case what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter unit in this case what happens
+is there's a macro cyclization so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a macro cyclization so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a macro cyclization so we can
+imagine deprotonation oh excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine deprotonation oh excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine deprotonation oh excuse me
+forgot the linkage here so for this te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the linkage here so for this te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the linkage here so for this te
+we no longer have the growing chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no longer have the growing chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we no longer have the growing chain
+tethered by a peep an arm with the te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tethered by a peep an arm with the te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tethered by a peep an arm with the te
+domain it's tethered to the serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's tethered to the serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it's tethered to the serine
+residue so it's transferred from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue so it's transferred from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue so it's transferred from the
+thigh Oster to this serine and this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh Oster to this serine and this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh Oster to this serine and this here
+is just the poly key tied in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just abbreviating it right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just abbreviating it right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just abbreviating it right so we can
+have that we can have attack and loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we can have attack and loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that we can have attack and loss
+okay so in this case what we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the te domain plus a macro cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so that's how we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's how we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's how we end up with
+the structure as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure as shown here
+so some te domains will result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some te domains will result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some te domains will result in
+formation of a macro cycle some te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a macro cycle some te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a macro cycle some te
+domains will catalyze a hydrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains will catalyze a hydrolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains will catalyze a hydrolytic
+release and you get the linear chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you get the linear chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you get the linear chain so
+you need to look at the natural product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to look at the natural product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to look at the natural product
+structure and based on that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and based on that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and based on that structure
+you can make an assessment as to how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make an assessment as to how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make an assessment as to how the
+TV works and so that's also shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV works and so that's also shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV works and so that's also shown in
+this depiction and one other depiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depiction and one other depiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depiction and one other depiction
+in the notes so here the entire chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so here the entire chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so here the entire chain is
+drawn right and we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn right and we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn right and we're seeing
+deprotonation here and then attack here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonation here and then attack here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonation here and then attack here
+to give the macro cycle so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the macro cycle so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the macro cycle so here is the
+product of this de BIA right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this de BIA right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this de BIA right and what
+we're gonna do as a last exercise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do as a last exercise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do as a last exercise with
+the PKS is just look at this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PKS is just look at this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PKS is just look at this structure
+and work through identifying the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work through identifying the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work through identifying the monomer
+units and what optional domains acted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and what optional domains acted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and what optional domains acted on
+each monomer 8 and basically where can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each monomer 8 and basically where can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each monomer 8 and basically where can
+we start so if the thio ester ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start so if the thio ester ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start so if the thio ester ace
+catalyzes a macro cyclization that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes a macro cyclization that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes a macro cyclization that's an
+easy starting point right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy starting point right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy starting point right because
+basically the final monomer needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the final monomer needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the final monomer needs to be
+involved there and we know that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved there and we know that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved there and we know that the only
+place we can get a structure like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can get a structure like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can get a structure like this
+is from the starter from that propionyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the starter from that propionyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the starter from that propionyl
+coenzyme a and then as we learned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and then as we learned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a and then as we learned last
+time each additional unit that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each additional unit that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each additional unit that gets
+attached to the growing polyketide gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the growing polyketide gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the growing polyketide gives
+two carbons so two carbon units to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons so two carbon units to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons so two carbon units to the
+growing chain so we can work our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing chain so we can work our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing chain so we can work our way
+around by two carbons one two okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around by two carbons one two okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around by two carbons one two okay here
+we have module one another two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have module one another two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have module one another two carbons
+module two here module three module four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+module 5 and here module 6 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module 5 and here module 6 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module 5 and here module 6 okay so
+looking at a structure you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a structure you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a structure you can begin to
+dissect what the assembly line will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect what the assembly line will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect what the assembly line will look
+like in terms of the number of modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of the number of modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of the number of modules
+right by counting to see two units to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by counting to see two units to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by counting to see two units to
+the growing chain here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing chain here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing chain here and then the
+other thing we can do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we can do is look at the
+functional group status and ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status and ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group status and ask what
+types of optional domains needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of optional domains needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of optional domains needed to be
+there in order to give a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in order to give a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in order to give a given
+functional group right so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group right so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional group right so for instance
+in this case in module 1 here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in module 1 here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case in module 1 here we're
+seeing an H group so we know there had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing an H group so we know there had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing an H group so we know there had
+to be the action of Aikido reductase to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the action of Aikido reductase to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the action of Aikido reductase to
+reduce the ketone right here we see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the ketone right here we see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the ketone right here we see we
+have this carbon eel so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this carbon eel so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this carbon eel so there was no
+optional domain right in this case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domain right in this case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domain right in this case what
+happens we have a methylene so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we have a methylene so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we have a methylene so that
+ketone we started with was fully reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone we started with was fully reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone we started with was fully reduced
+so in this case we have the keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have the keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we have the keto
+reductase the dehydratase and the enol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase the dehydratase and the enol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase the dehydratase and the enol
+reductase right again here we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase right again here we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase right again here we can look
+at this unit we see an O H which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this unit we see an O H which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this unit we see an O H which tells
+us that there is action of the keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that there is action of the keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that there is action of the keto
+reductase and here we have another Oh H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and here we have another Oh H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and here we have another Oh H
+so we have a keto reductase okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a keto reductase okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a keto reductase okay and in
+this case we have none this final one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have none this final one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have none this final one
+and here I didn't write it but none in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I didn't write it but none in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I didn't write it but none in
+terms of optional domains okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of optional domains okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of optional domains okay so this
+can be pretty fun this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty fun this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty fun this is a pretty
+simple structure but as structures get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple structure but as structures get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple structure but as structures get
+more complex you can map out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex you can map out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex you can map out you know
+what are the optional domains there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the optional domains there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the optional domains there and
+maybe you'll see some other unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll see some other unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll see some other unusual
+structural features which will indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural features which will indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural features which will indicate
+you know there's other optional domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's other optional domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's other optional domains
+beyond these three okay and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond these three okay and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond these three okay and we're gonna
+see some of that as we move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of that as we move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of that as we move into the
+non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's given in the notes if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's given in the notes if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's given in the notes if you want
+to practice on that so with this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice on that so with this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice on that so with this we're
+going to transition into an RPS and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transition into an RPS and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transition into an RPS and look
+at the assembly line logic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly line logic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly line logic for
+non-ribosomal peptide okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide okay and so this
+is a slide from last time where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slide from last time where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slide from last time where we
+considered the starter units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the starter units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the starter units and
+extender units for fatty acids and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender units for fatty acids and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extender units for fatty acids and for
+polyketides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyketides
+and so in non-ribosomal peptide z' we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in non-ribosomal peptide z' we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in non-ribosomal peptide z' we
+also have starter units and extender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have starter units and extender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have starter units and extender
+units but in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but in the case of the
+non-ribosomal peptide as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide as the name
+indicates we're going to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates we're going to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates we're going to be thinking
+about amino acid monomers and we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amino acid monomers and we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amino acid monomers and we're also
+going to be considering examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering examples where
+there's aryl acid monomers so these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aryl acid monomers so these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aryl acid monomers so these and
+our PS assembly lines will form polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our PS assembly lines will form polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our PS assembly lines will form polymers
+that incorporate an amino acid and arel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporate an amino acid and arel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporate an amino acid and arel
+acid monomers and this is another slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomers and this is another slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomers and this is another slide
+from last time that is just summarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that is just summarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time that is just summarizing
+the core domains and then examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core domains and then examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core domains and then examples of
+optional domains for the PKS and n RP s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains for the PKS and n RP s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains for the PKS and n RP s
+so we learned last time that 4 PKS every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned last time that 4 PKS every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned last time that 4 PKS every
+module will have a KS an 80 and a T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module will have a KS an 80 and a T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module will have a KS an 80 and a T
+domain with the exception of the loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain with the exception of the loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain with the exception of the loading
+or starter module that has no Kido
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or starter module that has no Kido
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or starter module that has no Kido
+synthase because there's no upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase because there's no upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase because there's no upstream
+group here for n RPS the core of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here for n RPS the core of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here for n RPS the core of a
+module is the C 80 trio so condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module is the C 80 trio so condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module is the C 80 trio so condensation
+domain or C domain this is the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or C domain this is the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or C domain this is the domain
+that's going to catalyze peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to catalyze peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to catalyze peptide bond
+formation between two of the monomers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation between two of the monomers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation between two of the monomers we
+have an addendum Ain and we'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an addendum Ain and we'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an addendum Ain and we'll see this
+does chemistry similar to the aminoacyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does chemistry similar to the aminoacyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does chemistry similar to the aminoacyl
+trna synthetases and then we have the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trna synthetases and then we have the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trna synthetases and then we have the t
+domains that are carrier proteins for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are carrier proteins for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are carrier proteins for
+the monomers and growing chain okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomers and growing chain okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomers and growing chain okay and
+then within a given and RPS module there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within a given and RPS module there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within a given and RPS module there
+can also be optional domains than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be optional domains than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be optional domains than just
+two examples are shown here so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples are shown here so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples are shown here so maybe
+there's an ephemeris a ssin of an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ephemeris a ssin of an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ephemeris a ssin of an amino
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+maybe there's a methyl group and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a methyl group and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a methyl group and there
+needs to be a methyl transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a methyl transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a methyl transfer
+to put that on there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that on there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that on there there's a lot of
+diversity that comes into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity that comes into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity that comes into these
+structures on the basis of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures on the basis of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures on the basis of these
+optional domains and just to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains and just to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains and just to highlight
+that I've presented here a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've presented here a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've presented here a list of
+possible optional domains you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible optional domains you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible optional domains you can find
+in n RPS or for that matter at PKS here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n RPS or for that matter at PKS here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n RPS or for that matter at PKS here
+okay so all sorts of things look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all sorts of things look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all sorts of things look at
+halogen ace you know cyclase reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halogen ace you know cyclase reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halogen ace you know cyclase reductase
+there's there's tremendous structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's tremendous structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's tremendous structural
+diversity that can occur okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity that can occur okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity that can occur okay so if we
+consider that n RP s assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that n RP s assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that n RP s assembly line
+structure and notation similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and notation similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and notation similar to what
+we did with the poly key types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did with the poly key types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did with the poly key types and
+theses what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'll just draw one with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just draw one with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just draw one with two
+modules here although n can indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules here although n can indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules here although n can indicate
+more so initially what we have here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so initially what we have here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so initially what we have here is a
+starting or loading module okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting or loading module okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting or loading module okay so for
+instance module 0 okay here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+module 1 you know 2 for extenders ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module 1 you know 2 for extenders ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module 1 you know 2 for extenders ok and
+here we have a thigh OS trace for chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a thigh OS trace for chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a thigh OS trace for chain
+release so we'll find that in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release so we'll find that in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release so we'll find that in the final
+module like what we saw with the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module like what we saw with the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module like what we saw with the poly
+key types and theis for DEP ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key types and theis for DEP ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key types and theis for DEP ok so this
+whole thing can be called an NR PS here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing can be called an NR PS here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing can be called an NR PS here
+and what happens in terms of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in terms of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in terms of the action
+of these different core domains so a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different core domains so a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different core domains so a we
+have a generation ok and what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a generation ok and what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a generation ok and what these
+domains do are select and activate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains do are select and activate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains do are select and activate the
+amino acid or aryl acid monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and after these monomers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and after these monomers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and after these monomers are
+activated the a domain also transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated the a domain also transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated the a domain also transfers
+them to the T domain and we'll go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the T domain and we'll go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the T domain and we'll go over
+the chemistry in a minute okay this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry in a minute okay this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry in a minute okay this T
+domain is like what we saw at the PKS we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is like what we saw at the PKS we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is like what we saw at the PKS we
+can call it a thigh elation domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it a thigh elation domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it a thigh elation domain okay
+or a pep to deal carrier protein okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pep to deal carrier protein okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pep to deal carrier protein okay so
+these t domains are going to be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the peepal arm like what we saw for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peepal arm like what we saw for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peepal arm like what we saw for
+PKS we have the C domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS we have the C domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKS we have the C domain okay
+condensation okay and so this domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation okay and so this domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation okay and so this domain
+catalyzes peptide bond formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I'll just point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll just point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll just point out here that
+in contrast to the ketosynthase we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast to the ketosynthase we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast to the ketosynthase we saw
+in PKS so we saw the ketosynthase doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PKS so we saw the ketosynthase doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in PKS so we saw the ketosynthase doing
+covalent catalysis via its cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis via its cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis via its cysteine
+residue the condensation domains of n RP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue the condensation domains of n RP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue the condensation domains of n RP
+s are involved in non covalent catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are involved in non covalent catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are involved in non covalent catalysis
+so that's just an important distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the growing chain does not get attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing chain does not get attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing chain does not get attached
+to the C domain here and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the C domain here and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the C domain here and then we have
+the TE sothe iOS trace as we saw through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE sothe iOS trace as we saw through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TE sothe iOS trace as we saw through
+chain release and this can be hydrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or macro cyclization okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or macro cyclization okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or macro cyclization okay so let's
+consider just the example of an N RPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just the example of an N RPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just the example of an N RPS
+that is responsible for synthesizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is responsible for synthesizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is responsible for synthesizing a
+tripeptide so what is the nut reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so imagine that we have three amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that we have three amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that we have three amino acid
+monomers okay and I'll just point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers okay and I'll just point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers okay and I'll just point out
+here to that beyond knowing an epimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to that beyond knowing an epimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to that beyond knowing an epimer
+ization domain epimer Isis an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization domain epimer Isis an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization domain epimer Isis an amino acid
+you're not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for
+stereochemistry in terms of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry in terms of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry in terms of the various
+structures we'll look at going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we'll look at going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we'll look at going through
+here so I'm just not drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm just not drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm just not drawing
+stereochemistry here so we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry here so we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry here so we have three
+amino acid monomers okay there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid monomers okay there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid monomers okay there's going
+to be some and RPS that's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some and RPS that's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some and RPS that's responsible
+for formation of the tripeptide and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formation of the tripeptide and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formation of the tripeptide and what
+we'll see is that making a trimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that making a trimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that making a trimer
+requires three ATP's so one ATP per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires three ATP's so one ATP per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires three ATP's so one ATP per
+amino acid or aryl acid monomer giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid or aryl acid monomer giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid or aryl acid monomer giving
+us three a MP plus three PPI here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you need to give us our tripeptide bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to give us our tripeptide bless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to give us our tripeptide bless
+you plus three water molecules here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plus three water molecules here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plus three water molecules here okay
+so how does this happen how does the NR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this happen how does the NR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this happen how does the NR
+PS take these monomers and build say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS take these monomers and build say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS take these monomers and build say a
+tripeptide we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide we're going to look at the
+ACD synthetase as a model for this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACD synthetase as a model for this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACD synthetase as a model for this and
+so the ACD tripeptide is important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ACD tripeptide is important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ACD tripeptide is important it
+forms the backbone of antibiotics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the backbone of antibiotics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms the backbone of antibiotics of the
+penicillin and cephalosporin classes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin and cephalosporin classes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin and cephalosporin classes so
+many of these are used clinically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these are used clinically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these are used clinically so
+here are the structures of penicillin N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the structures of penicillin N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the structures of penicillin N
+and this cephalosporin right so at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this cephalosporin right so at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this cephalosporin right so at first
+inspection you might not guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you might not guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection you might not guess that
+these are effectively built from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are effectively built from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are effectively built from a
+tripeptide but what happens is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide but what happens is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide but what happens is that a
+non-ribosomal peptide synthesis the ACV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide synthesis the ACV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide synthesis the ACV
+synthetase is responsible for forming -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase is responsible for forming -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase is responsible for forming -
+a might bonds between the three starters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a might bonds between the three starters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a might bonds between the three starters
+or the three monomers and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the three monomers and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the three monomers and then there's
+additional enzymes that are responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional enzymes that are responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional enzymes that are responsible
+for modifying that peptide scaffold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for modifying that peptide scaffold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for modifying that peptide scaffold to
+give say this four or five fused ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give say this four or five fused ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give say this four or five fused ring
+system or this four six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or this four six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or this four six
+fused ring system okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused ring system okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused ring system okay so what is the
+overall reaction of this so similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction of this so similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall reaction of this so similar to
+having these three amino acid monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these three amino acid monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these three amino acid monomers
+here what we have our amino a debate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we have our amino a debate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we have our amino a debate we
+have L cysteine and al valine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L cysteine and al valine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L cysteine and al valine and the
+synthesis takes these three monomers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis takes these three monomers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis takes these three monomers and
+makes this molecule here okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this molecule here okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this molecule here okay which is
+called a CV and so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a CV and so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a CV and so if we look at the
+synthetase in cartoon form this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase in cartoon form this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase in cartoon form this is the
+cartoon so we see a loading module so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon so we see a loading module so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon so we see a loading module so
+just a T ok similar to the PKS there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a T ok similar to the PKS there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a T ok similar to the PKS there's
+no catalytic domain to make a new bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no catalytic domain to make a new bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no catalytic domain to make a new bond
+in the loading module because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loading module because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loading module because there's
+nothing upstream we see a module here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing upstream we see a module here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing upstream we see a module here
+tea we have another c80 trio here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea we have another c80 trio here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea we have another c80 trio here and
+then what's this this is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's this this is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's this this is our first
+example of an optional domain within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an optional domain within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an optional domain within an
+N are PS okay so this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N are PS okay so this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N are PS okay so this is for
+memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization
+um and what we'll see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we'll see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we'll see is that the
+synthetase that memorizes L valine 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase that memorizes L valine 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase that memorizes L valine 2d
+valine during the synthesis and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine during the synthesis and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine during the synthesis and then the
+thigh OS trace so similar to what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh OS trace so similar to what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thigh OS trace so similar to what we did
+with the PKS for the n RP s you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the PKS for the n RP s you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the PKS for the n RP s you can
+count T domains as a way to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count T domains as a way to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count T domains as a way to identify the
+modules and to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and to figure out how many
+monomers are involved I also just point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are involved I also just point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are involved I also just point
+out and this builds upon Colin's comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this builds upon Colin's comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this builds upon Colin's comment
+from last time is that this assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time is that this assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time is that this assembly
+line is responsible only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is responsible only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is responsible only for the
+synthesis of a tripeptide but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of a tripeptide but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of a tripeptide but look at
+its size is greater than 450 killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its size is greater than 450 killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its size is greater than 450 killer
+Dalton's that's quite big okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's that's quite big okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's that's quite big okay so a
+large enzyme ten different domains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enzyme ten different domains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enzyme ten different domains all
+just for synthesis of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for synthesis of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for synthesis of this one
+tripeptide here so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna go over the action of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go over the action of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go over the action of the a
+domains and the T domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and the T domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and the T domains
+first and then we'll look at a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll look at a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll look at a cartoon
+in the slide so the first points to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slide so the first points to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slide so the first points to make
+are that we need to have loading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that we need to have loading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that we need to have loading of the
+assembly line so amino acids need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line so amino acids need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line so amino acids need to be
+selected and activated and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and activated and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and activated and that's where
+these eight domains come in so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight domains come in so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eight domains come in so what's
+happening so we have some amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so we have some amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so we have some amino acid
+monomer so maybe it's the l-cysteine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer so maybe it's the l-cysteine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer so maybe it's the l-cysteine for
+instance or the l valine plus ATP the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or the l valine plus ATP the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance or the l valine plus ATP the a
+domain does chemistry similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain does chemistry similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain does chemistry similar to what we
+saw with the aminoacyl trna synthetases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the aminoacyl trna synthetases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the aminoacyl trna synthetases
+to form an activated intermediate ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an activated intermediate ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form an activated intermediate ok so
+we get an amino adenylate here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an amino adenylate here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an amino adenylate here and then
+what happens so the T domain okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the T domain okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so the T domain okay and
+this T domain must be modified by a ppts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T domain must be modified by a ppts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T domain must be modified by a ppts
+like what we saw for the PKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to have the ppm arm okay after we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the ppm arm okay after we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the ppm arm okay after we have
+activation of the amino acid or aryl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the amino acid or aryl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the amino acid or aryl
+acid monomer the a domain is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomer the a domain is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomer the a domain is going to
+assist with transfer of this monomer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist with transfer of this monomer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist with transfer of this monomer to
+the peacock arm of the T domain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peacock arm of the T domain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peacock arm of the T domain here
+okay here okay so we got an amino acyl s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here okay so we got an amino acyl s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here okay so we got an amino acyl s
+T if you covalently tethered via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if you covalently tethered via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if you covalently tethered via a
+thioester linkage here so one ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester linkage here so one ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thioester linkage here so one ATP is
+consumed per monomer loaded and the ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed per monomer loaded and the ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed per monomer loaded and the ATP
+PPI exchange si we discussed back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPI exchange si we discussed back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPI exchange si we discussed back in the
+translation module for studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation module for studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation module for studying the
+aminoacyl trna synthetases is used all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminoacyl trna synthetases is used all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aminoacyl trna synthetases is used all
+the time to study new a domains and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to study new a domains and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to study new a domains and ask
+what amino acid or aryl acid monomers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amino acid or aryl acid monomers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amino acid or aryl acid monomers do
+they activate here so that assay comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they activate here so that assay comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they activate here so that assay comes
+up in this type of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens then in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens then in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens then in terms of
+formation of a peptide bond we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a peptide bond we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of a peptide bond we're going
+to consider condensation by the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider condensation by the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider condensation by the C
+domains okay and so let's just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay and so let's just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay and so let's just imagine
+we're just going to draw two modules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to draw two modules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to draw two modules so
+we have a loading module and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a loading module and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a loading module and then a
+first extender module and the T domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extender module and the T domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first extender module and the T domains
+have been post-translationally modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been post-translationally modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been post-translationally modified
+with the peepal arm and that action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peepal arm and that action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the peepal arm and that action of
+the a domains has loaded the amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a domains has loaded the amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a domains has loaded the amino acids
+at this stage okay so we have some amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage okay so we have some amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage okay so we have some amino
+acid loaded here and then we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid loaded here and then we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid loaded here and then we have some
+amino acid loaded here okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid loaded here okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid loaded here okay and what
+happens we're gonna have nucleophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we're gonna have nucleophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we're gonna have nucleophilic
+attack from the Alpha amino group onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the Alpha amino group onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the Alpha amino group onto
+the upstream monomer and then transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstream monomer and then transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstream monomer and then transfer
+of this monomer okay and this occurs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this monomer okay and this occurs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this monomer okay and this occurs the
+other action of the CE domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have our two and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our two and now we have
+formation of our new peptide bond sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of our new peptide bond sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of our new peptide bond sorry
+this is our two here okay and as I noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our two here okay and as I noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our two here okay and as I noted
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+there's no covalent catalysis with the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent catalysis with the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no covalent catalysis with the C
+domain okay somehow it's helping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain okay somehow it's helping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain okay somehow it's helping to
+bring these chains together and to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring these chains together and to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring these chains together and to allow
+this nucleophilic attack to occur and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleophilic attack to occur and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleophilic attack to occur and to
+allow the monomer to be chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the monomer to be chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the monomer to be chance
+transferred that this unit is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred that this unit is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred that this unit is never
+transferred to the C domain itself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the C domain itself yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the C domain itself yeah
+I don't how this gets deprotonated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't how this gets deprotonated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't how this gets deprotonated I
+don't know but this is back to similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but this is back to similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but this is back to similar
+like what we saw in the ribosome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw in the ribosome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw in the ribosome right
+and somehow this alpha amino group needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow this alpha amino group needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow this alpha amino group needs
+to be deprotonated and there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deprotonated and there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be deprotonated and there's something
+in the environment of this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment of this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment of this machine
+that's allowing that to happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowing that to happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowing that to happen but
+whether it's the C domain or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the C domain or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the C domain or something
+else yeah I don't don't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah I don't don't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah I don't don't know the answer
+to that there so let's look at a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that there so let's look at a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that there so let's look at a cartoon
+of this with this AC v synthase so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with this AC v synthase so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with this AC v synthase so here
+we have on top this and face loaded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have on top this and face loaded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have on top this and face loaded with
+the amino acid monomers okay so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid monomers okay so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid monomers okay so we see
+loading module and then 2 extender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module and then 2 extender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module and then 2 extender
+modules we have the immuno a debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules we have the immuno a debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules we have the immuno a debate
+right so it's not a canonical amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not a canonical amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not a canonical amino acid
+but its amino acid like we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its amino acid like we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its amino acid like we have the
+cysteine and the valine what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and the valine what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and the valine what happens as
+these condensation reactions occur we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these condensation reactions occur we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these condensation reactions occur we
+get chain elongation so this is depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get chain elongation so this is depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get chain elongation so this is depicted
+here in a similar manner to how that PKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a similar manner to how that PKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a similar manner to how that PKS
+assembly line was depicted okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line was depicted okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line was depicted okay so
+formation of two peptide bonds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of two peptide bonds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of two peptide bonds and then
+what happens ultimately we have chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens ultimately we have chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens ultimately we have chain
+transfer to a syrian residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a syrian residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to a syrian residue
+on the thigh OS thérèse domain and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thigh OS thérèse domain and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thigh OS thérèse domain and this
+is a case where the thigh OS trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where the thigh OS trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where the thigh OS trace
+domain catalyzes hydrolytic release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain catalyzes hydrolytic release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain catalyzes hydrolytic release
+right so as opposed to macro cyclization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as opposed to macro cyclization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as opposed to macro cyclization
+we're seeing activation of a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing activation of a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing activation of a water
+molecule and attack which releases this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and attack which releases this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and attack which releases this
+AC v tripeptide okay and i've drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC v tripeptide okay and i've drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC v tripeptide okay and i've drawn the
+AC v tripeptide here to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC v tripeptide here to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC v tripeptide here to indicate
+effectively getting to this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively getting to this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively getting to this structure
+right so what happens after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what happens after this
+tripeptide is released from the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide is released from the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide is released from the assembly
+line is that there's additional enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that there's additional enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that there's additional enzymes
+that play a tailoring role so like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play a tailoring role so like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that play a tailoring role so like for
+proteins we talked about post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we talked about post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we talked about post
+translational modification for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification for these
+types of natural products we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of natural products we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of natural products we talked
+about post assembly line tailoring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about post assembly line tailoring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about post assembly line tailoring and
+so in this case there's some enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case there's some enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case there's some enzymes
+such as IP NF and non-heme iron enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as IP NF and non-heme iron enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as IP NF and non-heme iron enzyme
+that's responsible for oxygen native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for oxygen native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for oxygen native
+cyclization to give the fused ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization to give the fused ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization to give the fused ring
+system characteristic of these beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system characteristic of these beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system characteristic of these beta
+lactams like ice Opena sila nun we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactams like ice Opena sila nun we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactams like ice Opena sila nun we can
+look at this in another cartoon form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in another cartoon form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this in another cartoon form so
+here is the holo form recall we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the holo form recall we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the holo form recall we called
+the T domains a fo when the serine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T domains a fo when the serine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T domains a fo when the serine is
+not post translationally modified with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not post translationally modified with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not post translationally modified with
+the people arm and the T domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people arm and the T domains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people arm and the T domains are
+holo when the people arm has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holo when the people arm has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holo when the people arm has been
+attached as indicated by this squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached as indicated by this squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached as indicated by this squiggle
+we then have loading of the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have loading of the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then have loading of the amino acid
+monomers via the action of the a domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers via the action of the a domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers via the action of the a domains
+right so formation of that and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so formation of that and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so formation of that and you know
+a cell a MP or amino adenylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell a MP or amino adenylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell a MP or amino adenylate
+intermediate so one monomer per module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so one monomer per module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so one monomer per module
+we have chain elongation events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have chain elongation events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have chain elongation events
+catalyzed by the condensation domain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the condensation domain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the condensation domain we
+have chain transfer to the T domain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chain transfer to the T domain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chain transfer to the T domain okay
+as shown here chain transfer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here chain transfer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here chain transfer and then
+chain release here okay and then post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain release here okay and then post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain release here okay and then post
+assembly line tailoring so with that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line tailoring so with that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line tailoring so with that in
+mind what we're going to do now is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind what we're going to do now is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind what we're going to do now is look
+at another non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at another non-ribosomal peptide
+synthesis this one synthesizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis this one synthesizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis this one synthesizes the
+bone of the antibiotic vancomycin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone of the antibiotic vancomycin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone of the antibiotic vancomycin and
+the structure of vancomycin is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of vancomycin is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of vancomycin is shown
+here okay this is an antibiotic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is an antibiotic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is an antibiotic that's
+basically considered one of last resort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically considered one of last resort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically considered one of last resort
+for bacterial infections and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacterial infections and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacterial infections and there's a
+huge problem of vancomycin resistance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem of vancomycin resistance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem of vancomycin resistance in
+the clinic these days so at first glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic these days so at first glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinic these days so at first glance
+this molecule might not look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule might not look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule might not look like it's
+based on a peptide right but then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a peptide right but then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a peptide right but then if you
+look more carefully you see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more carefully you see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more carefully you see there's a
+lot of amide bonds and there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of amide bonds and there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of amide bonds and there's also some
+other things going in to get this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going in to get this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going in to get this final
+structure so effectively the backbone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so effectively the backbone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so effectively the backbone of
+vancomycin is a polypeptide that's a 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin is a polypeptide that's a 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin is a polypeptide that's a 7
+mer so within this hepta peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer so within this hepta peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer so within this hepta peptide
+scaffold there are two protein or genic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffold there are two protein or genic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffold there are two protein or genic
+amino acids and five non-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and five non-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and five non-protein
+orogenic amino acids here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orogenic amino acids here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orogenic amino acids here okay and
+because we have seven amino acid type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have seven amino acid type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have seven amino acid type
+monomers we need an assembly line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers we need an assembly line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers we need an assembly line that
+has seven modules one module per amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven modules one module per amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seven modules one module per amino
+acid monomer and what we'll see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomer and what we'll see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid monomer and what we'll see is that
+these seven modules are distributed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven modules are distributed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven modules are distributed over
+three proteins we have a case of a thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three proteins we have a case of a thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three proteins we have a case of a thio
+ester is catalyzing hydrolytic release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester is catalyzing hydrolytic release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester is catalyzing hydrolytic release
+and then we're going to need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need to think
+about what are the other tailoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the other tailoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the other tailoring
+enzymes involved in giving vancomycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes involved in giving vancomycin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes involved in giving vancomycin
+this structure so for instance look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure so for instance look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure so for instance look here
+we see there's this Errol Errol CC bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see there's this Errol Errol CC bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see there's this Errol Errol CC bond
+we see these Errol ether connections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these Errol ether connections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these Errol ether connections and
+we also have these sugars attached and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have these sugars attached and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have these sugars attached and
+look there's also an N methylation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's also an N methylation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's also an N methylation here
+of leucine one here okay so a lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine one here okay so a lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leucine one here okay so a lots
+happening and the consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and the consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and the consequence of this
+post assembly line tailoring is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post assembly line tailoring is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post assembly line tailoring is that
+what's a linear seven mer polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a linear seven mer polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a linear seven mer polypeptide
+ends up having an architecture that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up having an architecture that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up having an architecture that's
+described as a dome so a dome-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a dome so a dome-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a dome so a dome-shaped
+architecture and what vancomycin does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and what vancomycin does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and what vancomycin does is
+that it blocks biosynthesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it blocks biosynthesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it blocks biosynthesis of the
+bacterial cell wall by binding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell wall by binding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cell wall by binding to a
+certain lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lipid
+cursor in that so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in that so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in that so let's look at the
+assembly line and this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line and this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line and this is just an
+overview of the tailoring I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the tailoring I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the tailoring I just told
+you about and this is the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about and this is the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about and this is the amino acid
+sequence in order of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in order of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in order of the different
+monomers there and the identities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers there and the identities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers there and the identities of the
+non protein orogenic amino acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non protein orogenic amino acids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non protein orogenic amino acids so
+here's the assembly line and if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the assembly line and if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the assembly line and if we take
+a look right we have the loading module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look right we have the loading module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look right we have the loading module
+eight T we can count the T domains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight T we can count the T domains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight T we can count the T domains to
+give us the modules involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the modules involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the modules involved in
+extension so there's 70 domains and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so there's 70 domains and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so there's 70 domains and look
+see a TCA TCA T we have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a TCA TCA T we have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a TCA TCA T we have a number of
+optional ephemeralization domains and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional ephemeralization domains and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional ephemeralization domains and at
+the end we see this TE domain right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we see this TE domain right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we see this TE domain right and
+so you can walk through and look at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can walk through and look at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can walk through and look at each
+monomer being attached to the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer being attached to the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer being attached to the growing
+chain okay and then what do we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay and then what do we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain okay and then what do we see what
+we see happening down here is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see happening down here is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see happening down here is that when
+we have the linear polypeptide attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the linear polypeptide attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the linear polypeptide attached
+to this module here what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this module here what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this module here what happens is that
+there is some tailoring happening while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some tailoring happening while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some tailoring happening while
+the polypeptide is still attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide is still attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide is still attached to the
+assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line
+okay so enzymes that are not parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so enzymes that are not parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so enzymes that are not parts of
+the assembly line but are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line but are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line but are involved in
+the biosynthesis can come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthesis can come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthesis can come in and
+sometimes they'll modify the chain when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'll modify the chain when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'll modify the chain when
+it's still attached to the n RPS or PKS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still attached to the n RPS or PKS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still attached to the n RPS or PKS
+or sometimes they do the chemistry after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes they do the chemistry after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes they do the chemistry after
+the chains released okay and often this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains released okay and often this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains released okay and often this
+is a question you know that people need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question you know that people need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question you know that people need
+to sort out experimentally so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out experimentally so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out experimentally so in this
+case here we see that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here we see that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here we see that there's some
+oxidative cross-linking that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative cross-linking that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative cross-linking that occurs
+while the chain is still attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the chain is still attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the chain is still attached to the
+T domain so there's formation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain so there's formation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T domain so there's formation of these
+Ariel ether bonds and this arrow arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel ether bonds and this arrow arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ariel ether bonds and this arrow arrow
+bond here and then after the chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here and then after the chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here and then after the chain is
+released in a hydrolytic manner what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in a hydrolytic manner what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in a hydrolytic manner what
+happens is the sugars get attached post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the sugars get attached post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the sugars get attached post
+assembly line here do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line here do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line here do you have a
+question are there are the enzymes ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are there are the enzymes ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are there are the enzymes ever
+actually in the assembly line like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the assembly line like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the assembly line like the
+optional domains of peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains of peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains of peak
+yes sir in this case is that always such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir in this case is that always such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir in this case is that always such
+that the enzymes are separated it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enzymes are separated it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enzymes are separated it will
+depend on the assembly line yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the assembly line yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the assembly line yeah so
+that's something you need to look for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you need to look for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you need to look for in
+the assembly line from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line from the
+bioinformatics so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics so in this case we're
+only seeing a primer ization domains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only seeing a primer ization domains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only seeing a primer ization domains in
+the assembly line but there can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line but there can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly line but there can easily
+be methyl transferases or reductases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be methyl transferases or reductases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be methyl transferases or reductases or
+cyclase is any number of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclase is any number of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclase is any number of possibilities
+within the assembly line itself there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the assembly line itself there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the assembly line itself there
+and these optional domains will work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these optional domains will work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these optional domains will work on
+the upstream monomer yeah this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstream monomer yeah this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstream monomer yeah this is just
+an example of the tailoring enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the tailoring enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the tailoring enzymes
+involved for cross-linking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved for cross-linking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved for cross-linking of this
+vancomycin scaffold in this case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin scaffold in this case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin scaffold in this case there
+are three cytochrome p450 enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three cytochrome p450 enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three cytochrome p450 enzymes that
+are needed in order to make these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed in order to make these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed in order to make these these
+cross-links and that chemistry is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-links and that chemistry is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-links and that chemistry is shown
+here okay to get to what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay to get to what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay to get to what's called the
+vancomycin egg-like cone which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin egg-like cone which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancomycin egg-like cone which means
+that there are no sugars attached and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no sugars attached and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no sugars attached and I
+won't draw this one on the board but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't draw this one on the board but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't draw this one on the board but you
+can do a similar exercise with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a similar exercise with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a similar exercise with this
+molecule or any others in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or any others in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or any others in terms of
+identifying the monomer units from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the monomer units from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the monomer units from the
+structure for yourself right so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for yourself right so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for yourself right so if we're
+looking here we have effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here we have effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking here we have effectively the
+n-terminus so the starter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus so the starter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus so the starter and then
+effectively look at the peptide bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively look at the peptide bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively look at the peptide bonds
+and work your way through to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work your way through to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work your way through to find the
+different monomers here so by doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different monomers here so by doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different monomers here so by doing that
+if you're given a natural product you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're given a natural product you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're given a natural product you
+can figure out how many modules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out how many modules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out how many modules are
+needed in the assembly line and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in the assembly line and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in the assembly line and you can
+also make an assessment as to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make an assessment as to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make an assessment as to you know
+what other types of chemistry might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other types of chemistry might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other types of chemistry might have
+to happen and I'll just keep in mind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and I'll just keep in mind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and I'll just keep in mind for
+something like this let's just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this let's just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this let's just take this
+for an example with this halogen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an example with this halogen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an example with this halogen right
+you might ask well is that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask well is that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask well is that part of the
+monomer or is that atom incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer or is that atom incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer or is that atom incorporated
+sometime down the road okay those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime down the road okay those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime down the road okay those are
+types of questions people who explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions people who explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of questions people who explore
+biosynthesis of these molecules think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of these molecules think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of these molecules think
+about okay so with that in mind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so with that in mind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so with that in mind let's
+take a look at some examples and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some examples and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some examples and the
+questions are you know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are you know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are you know what kind of
+assembly line is this how many monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line is this how many monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line is this how many monomers
+and maybe there'll be some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there'll be some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe there'll be some extra
+questions as we go so here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as we go so here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as we go so here we have an
+assembly line that's required to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line that's required to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line that's required to make an
+antibiotic called daptomycin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic called daptomycin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic called daptomycin and
+accompany down the street in Lexington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany down the street in Lexington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompany down the street in Lexington
+called cubist has done a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cubist has done a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cubist has done a lot of work on
+this natural product so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this natural product so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this natural product so how many
+monomers are here 13 right so count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are here 13 right so count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are here 13 right so count
+these T domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these T domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these T domains
+based on what's seen here how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what's seen here how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what's seen here how many
+optional domains and then what else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains and then what else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional domains and then what else do
+we see so we see that this assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see so we see that this assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see so we see that this assembly line
+is divided over three proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided over three proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided over three proteins
+effectively here and similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively here and similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively here and similar to what we
+saw with devs when we have a break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with devs when we have a break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with devs when we have a break in
+the cartoon okay that that indicates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon okay that that indicates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoon okay that that indicates a
+new polypeptide chain what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's no loading module here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's no loading module here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's no loading module here
+right no eighty at the beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no eighty at the beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no eighty at the beginning so
+what's going on okay so in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so in this case I
+haven't shown you a structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown you a structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown you a structure it
+highlights there's always exceptions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights there's always exceptions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights there's always exceptions to
+the rule what happens here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule what happens here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule what happens here is that the
+loading module actually loads a fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module actually loads a fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading module actually loads a fatty
+acid okay so not a standard monomer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so not a standard monomer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so not a standard monomer for
+n RPS and so that fatty acid has to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n RPS and so that fatty acid has to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n RPS and so that fatty acid has to come
+from somewhere and you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere and you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere and you can think about
+discussions here as to where that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions here as to where that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions here as to where that may
+have come from okay look at how big this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come from okay look at how big this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have come from okay look at how big this
+is six hundred and twenty-four killo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six hundred and twenty-four killo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six hundred and twenty-four killo
+Dalton 783 256 we're on the order of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton 783 256 we're on the order of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton 783 256 we're on the order of 1
+point 5 mega Dalton's right this is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 mega Dalton's right this is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 5 mega Dalton's right this is huge
+for a 13 more natural product what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 13 more natural product what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 13 more natural product what about
+this one what do we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a natural product this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a natural product this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a natural product this makes
+the natural product produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural product produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural product produced by
+Streptomyces that has insecticidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streptomyces that has insecticidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streptomyces that has insecticidal
+activity and it kills parasitic worms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it kills parasitic worms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and it kills parasitic worms
+but anyhow what kind of natural product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow what kind of natural product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow what kind of natural product
+is produced by this assembly line now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced by this assembly line now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced by this assembly line now we
+have a poly key tied right how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poly key tied right how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a poly key tied right how many
+modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Patito mean 13 again right for proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patito mean 13 again right for proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patito mean 13 again right for proteins
+13 modules so how many unmodified beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 modules so how many unmodified beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 modules so how many unmodified beta
+ketones exactly no optional to me so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones exactly no optional to me so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketones exactly no optional to me so how
+many like those yeah right so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many like those yeah right so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many like those yeah right so two
+modules really have one here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules really have one here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules really have one here and then
+one over here with no optional domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was for a molecule called bleomycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a molecule called bleomycin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for a molecule called bleomycin
+jo-ann's and expert the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jo-ann's and expert the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jo-ann's and expert the mechanism of
+this molecule what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot going on this one's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on this one's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on this one's very
+complicated but in terms of making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but in terms of making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but in terms of making an
+assessment about the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment about the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment about the type of
+biosynthetic logic what do we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic logic what do we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic logic what do we see here
+we have right so what we see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have right so what we see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have right so what we see is that
+there's both non-ribosomal peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both non-ribosomal peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both non-ribosomal peptide
+synthesis happening and polyketide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis happening and polyketide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis happening and polyketide
+biosynthesis happening in this assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis happening in this assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis happening in this assembly
+line and that tells us that the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and that tells us that the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and that tells us that the product
+metabolite is a PK F and RPS hybrid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite is a PK F and RPS hybrid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite is a PK F and RPS hybrid okay
+so what we do we see we see all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do we see we see all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do we see we see all of these
+CA t trios which are indicative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA t trios which are indicative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA t trios which are indicative of
+non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis and
+then what's happening here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's happening here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's happening here we have a
+module that's using polyketide machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module that's using polyketide machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module that's using polyketide machinery
+and then we go back to non-ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go back to non-ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go back to non-ribosomal
+peptide based logic here we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide based logic here we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide based logic here we have many
+proteins right so this assembly line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right so this assembly line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right so this assembly line is
+divided over many proteins and look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided over many proteins and look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided over many proteins and look we
+see that even some of the modules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that even some of the modules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that even some of the modules are
+divided up so for instance this CA T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up so for instance this CA T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided up so for instance this CA T
+trio is divided between two proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trio is divided between two proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trio is divided between two proteins so
+you need not have all domains of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need not have all domains of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need not have all domains of a
+module on a given protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where do you see Cheadle means in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where do you see Cheadle means in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where do you see Cheadle means in a
+row between BLM five and be a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so then that's the question are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then that's the question are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then that's the question are
+they actually in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in a row
+further down for your site places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down for your site places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down for your site places
+without an easy donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an easy donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an easy donor
+yeah so that's actually where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's actually where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's actually where I was
+going next so what's going on with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going next so what's going on with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going next so what's going on with us
+like this CY without a C domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this CY without a C domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this CY without a C domain so
+what's happening and we'll probably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and we'll probably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and we'll probably if
+there's time go over an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time go over an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's time go over an example of this
+on Friday is that CY so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday is that CY so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday is that CY so these
+cyclization domains are a variant on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domains are a variant on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domains are a variant on a
+condensation domain and what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation domain and what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation domain and what they do is
+they both catalyze formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both catalyze formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both catalyze formation of the
+peptide bond and then they catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond and then they catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond and then they catalyze
+after that they catalyze formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that they catalyze formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that they catalyze formation of a
+hetero cycle so if you recall I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetero cycle so if you recall I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetero cycle so if you recall I believe
+we looked at the structure of your Sania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the structure of your Sania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the structure of your Sania
+bactin during the first lecture on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactin during the first lecture on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactin during the first lecture on these
+that has a number of hetero cycles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a number of hetero cycles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a number of hetero cycles and
+those formed by this C Y domain and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formed by this C Y domain and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those formed by this C Y domain and we
+can see that here in the structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here in the structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that here in the structure so
+what I've done on this slide is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done on this slide is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done on this slide is just
+present to you the structures so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you the structures so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you the structures so the
+natural products that result from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products that result from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products that result from these
+different assembly lines and if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assembly lines and if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assembly lines and if we take
+a look at the bleomycin what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the bleomycin what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the bleomycin what do we see
+here we have these two hetero cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have these two hetero cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have these two hetero cycles
+that are fused together and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fused together and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fused together and those are
+formed via the action of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed via the action of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed via the action of these two
+cyclization domains down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domains down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization domains down here so
+effectively these originated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively these originated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively these originated from
+cystines okay so cystines and syrians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystines okay so cystines and syrians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystines okay so cystines and syrians
+and threonines can end up forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threonines can end up forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threonines can end up forming
+structures like these if there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like these if there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like these if there's the
+appropriate type of domain this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate type of domain this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate type of domain this molecule
+is extremely complicated here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely complicated here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extremely complicated here and so
+it's a good puzzle to look at it and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good puzzle to look at it and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good puzzle to look at it and try
+to sort out what are the monomers in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out what are the monomers in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out what are the monomers in it
+here does anyone know what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone know what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone know what this does
+neomycin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an anti-cancer antibiotic here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an anti-cancer antibiotic here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an anti-cancer antibiotic here it
+can interpolate into DNA and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interpolate into DNA and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interpolate into DNA and these
+hetero cycles are important for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetero cycles are important for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetero cycles are important for that and
+then it causes strand breaks and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it causes strand breaks and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it causes strand breaks and I
+actually learned recently it's also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learned recently it's also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learned recently it's also used
+for like treating warts so it will kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like treating warts so it will kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like treating warts so it will kill
+HPV that causes warts anyhow all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPV that causes warts anyhow all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPV that causes warts anyhow all of
+these compounds have interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds have interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds have interesting
+activities which is one reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which is one reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which is one reason why they
+can be of interest so with the logic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of interest so with the logic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of interest so with the logic in
+place where we're going to close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we're going to close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where we're going to close this
+module is thinking about how folks study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module is thinking about how folks study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module is thinking about how folks study
+these in lab so say you want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in lab so say you want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in lab so say you want to figure
+out the biosynthesis of a molecule like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the biosynthesis of a molecule like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the biosynthesis of a molecule like
+daptomycin or bleomycin what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daptomycin or bleomycin what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daptomycin or bleomycin what is it that
+one needs to do and something just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to do and something just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one needs to do and something just to
+keep in mind with this right off the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind with this right off the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind with this right off the bat
+is that these are huge so some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are huge so some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are huge so some of these
+examples here if you take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here if you take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here if you take a look at the
+sizes they're like comparable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes they're like comparable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes they're like comparable to the
+prokaryotic ribosomes right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic ribosomes right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic ribosomes right that's a
+huge protein assembly and that presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge protein assembly and that presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge protein assembly and that presents
+a limitation from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limitation from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limitation from the standpoint of
+doing experimental work because trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experimental work because trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing experimental work because trying
+to over express or produce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over express or produce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over express or produce these
+assembly lines in something like e.coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly lines in something like e.coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly lines in something like e.coli
+is typically just unreasonable and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically just unreasonable and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically just unreasonable and in
+terms of a native producer organisms say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a native producer organisms say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a native producer organisms say
+something like streptomyces we may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like streptomyces we may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like streptomyces we may or
+may not know conditions that caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know conditions that caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know conditions that caused the
+organism to make the natural product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to make the natural product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to make the natural product so
+conditions that cause it to express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that cause it to express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that cause it to express this
+machinery and then even as it made a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and then even as it made a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery and then even as it made a you
+know in an amount that's useful so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in an amount that's useful so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in an amount that's useful so what
+happens what are we going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what are we going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what are we going to do with
+experimentalists so as I said we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists so as I said we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists so as I said we need to
+keep in mind that these machines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that these machines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that these machines are
+enormous and so we need to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and so we need to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and so we need to take this
+into account during experimental design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account during experimental design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account during experimental design
+and these days bioinformatics drives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these days bioinformatics drives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these days bioinformatics drives a
+lot of the studies right so rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the studies right so rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the studies right so rather than
+first finding a natural product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first finding a natural product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first finding a natural product and
+determining its structure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining its structure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining its structure and then
+hunting down the protein machinery a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting down the protein machinery a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting down the protein machinery a
+wealth of genomes are becoming available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of genomes are becoming available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of genomes are becoming available
+and so you can use bioinformatics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use bioinformatics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use bioinformatics to
+search for PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for PK
+sir and RPS gene clusters and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir and RPS gene clusters and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir and RPS gene clusters and then you
+can make some assessment as to what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some assessment as to what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some assessment as to what type
+of molecule these gene clusters might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecule these gene clusters might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecule these gene clusters might be
+responsible for making so bioinformatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for making so bioinformatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for making so bioinformatics
+plays a huge role and it allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a huge role and it allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a huge role and it allows us to
+predict the domains to predict their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the domains to predict their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the domains to predict their
+locations and predict their boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and predict their boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and predict their boundaries
+here so as I just said over expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as I just said over expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so as I just said over expression
+of a complete assembly line is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complete assembly line is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complete assembly line is generally
+not feasible so what do people do Pipit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feasible so what do people do Pipit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not feasible so what do people do Pipit
+people will typically express individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will typically express individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will typically express individual
+domains or maybe dye domains and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or maybe dye domains and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or maybe dye domains and study
+those in the test tube so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the test tube so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in the test tube so you can
+imagine PCR amplifying you know an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine PCR amplifying you know an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine PCR amplifying you know an a
+domain or a T domain or maybe the am T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or a T domain or maybe the am T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain or a T domain or maybe the am T
+domain together and then creating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain together and then creating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain together and then creating some
+plasmid that allows you to express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that allows you to express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid that allows you to express that
+in e.coli so there's a lot of ik over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e.coli so there's a lot of ik over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in e.coli so there's a lot of ik over
+expression the proteins need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the proteins need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the proteins need to be
+purified so maybe something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified so maybe something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified so maybe something like
+affinity chromatography that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chromatography that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity chromatography that we've
+spoken about before and then a key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about before and then a key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about before and then a key point
+is that in order to have any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in order to have any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in order to have any of this
+chemistry work these T domains need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry work these T domains need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry work these T domains need to
+be post-translationally modified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be post-translationally modified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be post-translationally modified by the
+peep and harm right and if you're over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peep and harm right and if you're over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peep and harm right and if you're over
+expressing a T domain from streptomyces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing a T domain from streptomyces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing a T domain from streptomyces
+or some organism in e.coli you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some organism in e.coli you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some organism in e.coli you can
+pretty much assume there's no PPT ace in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much assume there's no PPT ace in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much assume there's no PPT ace in
+e.coli that's going to do this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli that's going to do this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli that's going to do this for you
+so you need to do that after the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to do that after the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to do that after the fact
+and so there needs to be a PPT ace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there needs to be a PPT ace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there needs to be a PPT ace and
+what we'll see is that there's a PPT ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is that there's a PPT ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is that there's a PPT ace
+from B subtlest called SFP that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B subtlest called SFP that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B subtlest called SFP that's very
+promiscuous it will basically modify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous it will basically modify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous it will basically modify an
+ET domain and so experimentally this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ET domain and so experimentally this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ET domain and so experimentally this is
+what people use because often one has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people use because often one has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people use because often one has no
+clue what the endogenous PPT ace is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue what the endogenous PPT ace is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue what the endogenous PPT ace is here
+so SFP to the rescue in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SFP to the rescue in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SFP to the rescue in terms of
+activity assays so once you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity assays so once you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity assays so once you have your
+domains or dido means purified what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or dido means purified what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains or dido means purified what
+happens this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is
+the typical flow so the first is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical flow so the first is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical flow so the first is to
+characterize the a domains and to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the a domains and to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the a domains and to ask
+what amino acid or aryl acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amino acid or aryl acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amino acid or aryl acid is
+activated by the a domain and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by the a domain and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by the a domain and what is
+the selectivity and by getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectivity and by getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectivity and by getting that
+information you have a good clue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have a good clue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have a good clue as to
+what monomer a given module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what monomer a given module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what monomer a given module is
+responsible for and the ATP PPI exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for and the ATP PPI exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for and the ATP PPI exchange
+assay we discussed in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay we discussed in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay we discussed in the context of the
+amino acyl tRNA synthetase is commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA synthetase is commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acyl tRNA synthetase is commonly
+employed right so this is where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed right so this is where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed right so this is where we use
+the radio labeled ATP and took into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio labeled ATP and took into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio labeled ATP and took into
+account reversibility there so go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account reversibility there so go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account reversibility there so go back
+and review that assay as needed there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review that assay as needed there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review that assay as needed there'll
+be some examples of this and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some examples of this and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some examples of this and the problem
+set so once the a domain activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so once the a domain activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so once the a domain activity is
+known in terms of preferred monomer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in terms of preferred monomer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in terms of preferred monomer the
+next question is will that a domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is will that a domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question is will that a domain
+transfer the amino acid monomer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the amino acid monomer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the amino acid monomer to a
+given T domain so you design a space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given T domain so you design a space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given T domain so you design a space to
+look for transfer of them activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for transfer of them activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for transfer of them activated
+monomer to the post translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer to the post translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer to the post translationally
+modified T domain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified T domain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified T domain here
+so in these acids there's a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these acids there's a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these acids there's a lot of work
+with radio labels with HPLC and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radio labels with HPLC and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with radio labels with HPLC and mass
+spec so once these t domains are loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so once these t domains are loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so once these t domains are loaded
+right we can look for peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can look for peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can look for peptide bond
+formation so imagine you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so imagine you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so imagine you have an
+isolated T domain from a loading module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated T domain from a loading module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated T domain from a loading module
+that you've stuck the amino acid on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've stuck the amino acid on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've stuck the amino acid on and
+then you have this guy right the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this guy right the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this guy right the next
+question is does the C domain catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does the C domain catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does the C domain catalyze
+bond formation reaction and again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation reaction and again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation reaction and again we'll
+see there's a lot of use of radio labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a lot of use of radio labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a lot of use of radio labels
+HPLC sds-page here and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPLC sds-page here and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPLC sds-page here and then you know
+there's the question of the TE domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question of the TE domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the question of the TE domain
+and the TE domain catalyzing chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the TE domain catalyzing chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the TE domain catalyzing chain
+release and so it's quite systematic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and so it's quite systematic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and so it's quite systematic in
+terms of how you work through from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you work through from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you work through from
+identifying an assembly line to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying an assembly line to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying an assembly line to then
+teasing apart the various activities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasing apart the various activities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasing apart the various activities of
+the different domains in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different domains in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different domains in different
+modules and so where we'll close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and so where we'll close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and so where we'll close this
+module on Friday is with looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on Friday is with looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on Friday is with looking at
+the experiments that were done for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments that were done for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments that were done for the
+biosynthesis of an iron key later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of an iron key later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of an iron key later
+produced by e.coli and working through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by e.coli and working through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by e.coli and working through
+basically you know how was it that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know how was it that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know how was it that this
+n RPS was found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n RPS was found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n RPS was found
+what were the experiments done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the experiments done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the experiments done to
+identify the different activities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the different activities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the different activities of the
+different domains and it's really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains and it's really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains and it's really that
+work that has served as a foundation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that has served as a foundation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that has served as a foundation in
+a paradigm for many many further studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradigm for many many further studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paradigm for many many further studies
+of these systems here okay and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems here okay and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems here okay and so with
+that we'll close for today and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll close for today and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll close for today and there's
+no class Wednesday so I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no class Wednesday so I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no class Wednesday so I'll see you on
+Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qOQxeYGOIag.txt b/qOQxeYGOIag.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..234c84bcab5b6703c4f7e75008e1c3c34a9b7ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qOQxeYGOIag.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+just in order to get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in order to get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in order to get some more
+familiarity with joint PDFs let us look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with joint PDFs let us look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity with joint PDFs let us look
+at independent normals actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at independent normals actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at independent normals actually this is
+an important example because noise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important example because noise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important example because noise is
+often modeled by normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often modeled by normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often modeled by normal random variables
+and noise terms that show up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noise terms that show up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and noise terms that show up at
+different parts of a system or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of a system or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of a system or at
+different times are often assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times are often assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times are often assumed to be
+independent suppose that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent suppose that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent suppose that we have two
+standard normal random variables X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variables X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal random variables X and Y
+with zero means and unit variances if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero means and unit variances if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero means and unit variances if
+they're independent their joint PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent their joint PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent their joint PDF is
+the product of the marginal PDFs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the marginal PDFs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the marginal PDFs and
+takes this form this is just what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this form this is just what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this form this is just what the
+PDF of a standard normal X and the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of a standard normal X and the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of a standard normal X and the PDF
+of a standard normal Y and we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard normal Y and we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard normal Y and we multiply
+them if we are to plot this joint PDF we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if we are to plot this joint PDF we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if we are to plot this joint PDF we
+obtain this figure it looks like a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this figure it looks like a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this figure it looks like a bell
+which is centered at the origin at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is centered at the origin at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is centered at the origin at the
+point with coordinates 0 0 one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with coordinates 0 0 one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with coordinates 0 0 one way to
+think about what is going on here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what is going on here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what is going on here is to
+rewrite this expression as 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression as 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression as 1 over 2 pi
+and then the exponential of minus 1/2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the exponential of minus 1/2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the exponential of minus 1/2 x
+squared plus y squared if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus y squared if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus y squared if we look at the
+unit circle in XY space which is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle in XY space which is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle in XY space which is the set
+of points at which X square plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points at which X square plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points at which X square plus y
+squared is equal to 1 then on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 1 then on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 1 then on that
+circle the PDF takes a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the PDF takes a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the PDF takes a constant value
+because this quantity is constant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quantity is constant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quantity is constant on
+that circle and the same is true for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circle and the same is true for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circle and the same is true for any
+other circle on any circle the PDF takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other circle on any circle the PDF takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other circle on any circle the PDF takes
+a constant value of course a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value of course a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value of course a different
+constant so the circles centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the circles centered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the circles centered at the
+origin are the so-called contours of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin are the so-called contours of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin are the so-called contours of the
+joint PDF on each contour the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF on each contour the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF on each contour the joint PDF
+is a constant let us now generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant let us now generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant let us now generalize
+consider two independent normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two independent normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two independent normal random
+variables but with general means mu X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but with general means mu X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but with general means mu X
+and mu Y and variances Sigma x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu Y and variances Sigma x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mu Y and variances Sigma x squared
+and Sigma Y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma Y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma Y squared
+the joint is again the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint is again the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint is again the product of the
+marginal PDFs and therefore takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDFs and therefore takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal PDFs and therefore takes this
+form this looks intimidating but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this looks intimidating but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this looks intimidating but in fact
+it is pretty simple this part is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pretty simple this part is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pretty simple this part is just a
+normalizing constant it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing constant it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing constant it's a constant
+that's needed so that the joint PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's needed so that the joint PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's needed so that the joint PDF
+integrates to 1 what we have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to 1 what we have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to 1 what we have here is the
+negative exponential of a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative exponential of a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative exponential of a quadratic
+function of x and y let us plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y let us plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y let us plot the
+contours of this quadratic remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contours of this quadratic remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contours of this quadratic remember that
+the contour is the set of points where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contour is the set of points where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contour is the set of points where
+the quadratic takes a constant value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic takes a constant value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic takes a constant value and
+by consequence the joint PDF also takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by consequence the joint PDF also takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by consequence the joint PDF also takes
+a constant value if you set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value if you set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant value if you set this
+quadratic to a constant what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic to a constant what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic to a constant what you have is
+the equation that describes an ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes an ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes an ellipse
+and it is an ellipse whose principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is an ellipse whose principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is an ellipse whose principal
+axes run along the x and y directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes run along the x and y directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes run along the x and y directions
+and those ellipses are all centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those ellipses are all centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those ellipses are all centered at
+this particular point mu X mu Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular point mu X mu Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular point mu X mu Y the
+joint PDF is largest when the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF is largest when the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint PDF is largest when the exponent
+is equal to 0 and this happens when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 and this happens when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 and this happens when X is
+equal to MU X and Y is equal to MU Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU X and Y is equal to MU Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU X and Y is equal to MU Y
+that is right at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is right at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is right at the center of the
+ellipse that's where the joint PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse that's where the joint PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse that's where the joint PDF is
+largest as you move to ellipses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest as you move to ellipses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest as you move to ellipses that are
+further out on this outer ellipse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out on this outer ellipse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out on this outer ellipse this
+expression is a constant it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a constant it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is a constant it's the
+exponential of the negative of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the negative of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the negative of some
+positive numbers so you get a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so you get a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so you get a smaller
+value for the joint PDF if you move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the joint PDF if you move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the joint PDF if you move to a
+further ellipse further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further ellipse further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further ellipse further out
+then again the joint PDF will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again the joint PDF will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again the joint PDF will be a
+constant but it's going to be a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it's going to be a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it's going to be a smaller
+constant now for the case of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now for the case of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant now for the case of standard
+normals the joint PDF was circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals the joint PDF was circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals the joint PDF was circularly
+symmetric the contours were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the contours were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the contours were actually
+circles instead of ellipses but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles instead of ellipses but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles instead of ellipses but this is
+not the case in general for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case in general for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case in general for example
+suppose that the variance of Y is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the variance of Y is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the variance of Y is bigger
+than the variance of X then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the variance of X then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the variance of X then you get a
+shape as the one shown in this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as the one shown in this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as the one shown in this figure
+since the variance of Y is larger we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the variance of Y is larger we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the variance of Y is larger we
+expect Y to take values over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Y to take values over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Y to take values over a
+reigns and to be larger typically than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reigns and to be larger typically than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reigns and to be larger typically than
+the values of X and so the bell shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of X and so the bell shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of X and so the bell shape
+that we have for the joint PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for the joint PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have for the joint PDF is
+stretched in the y direction it extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in the y direction it extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in the y direction it extends
+further out in the y direction than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out in the y direction than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out in the y direction than it
+does in the x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the x direction
+to conclude the joint PDF of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude the joint PDF of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude the joint PDF of two
+independent normals has the shape of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals has the shape of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normals has the shape of a
+bell the center of the bell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell the center of the bell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell the center of the bell is
+determined by the means furthermore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the means furthermore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the means furthermore the
+Bell is stretched in the x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell is stretched in the x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell is stretched in the x and y
+directions by an amount that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions by an amount that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions by an amount that is
+determined by the variances of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the variances of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the variances of x and y
+however the stretching is always along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the stretching is always along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the stretching is always along
+the coordinate axis if you wanted a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate axis if you wanted a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate axis if you wanted a bell
+that stretches in some diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stretches in some diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stretches in some diagonal
+direction or if you have contours that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or if you have contours that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or if you have contours that
+are ellipses but with some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ellipses but with some different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ellipses but with some different
+kinds of axes then you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of axes then you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of axes then you will have
+dependence between the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the two random
+variables in that case we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in that case we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in that case we will be
+dealing with a so-called bivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a so-called bivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a so-called bivariate
+normal distribution but we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution but we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution but we will not
+pursue this any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this any further
+at this point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qjUR8WJWRgQ.txt b/qjUR8WJWRgQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e76eb38fa09b65545fc1dbfe7a8d14ad21d367f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qjUR8WJWRgQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2688 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+think of a specific virus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a specific virus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a specific virus the
+coronavirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus
+including the case of interest today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the case of interest today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the case of interest today
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+sars cove ii novel chronovirus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii novel chronovirus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sars cove ii novel chronovirus so
+this uh virus comes in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh virus comes in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh virus comes in the form of
+virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion
+which is the capsid containing rna which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the capsid containing rna which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the capsid containing rna which
+is then going to infect a cell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to infect a cell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to infect a cell and the
+size of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of that
+uh virion is around 120 nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virion is around 120 nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virion is around 120 nanometer
+diameter and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter and it's
+nearly a perfect sphere now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a perfect sphere now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a perfect sphere now
+the uh size here at 120 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh size here at 120 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh size here at 120 nanometers
+compared to bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to bacteria
+is about 1 000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 1 000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 1 000 times
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than bacteria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bacteria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bacteria so
+this actually has a very big implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually has a very big implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually has a very big implication
+in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms
+of how a virion can be spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a virion can be spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a virion can be spread
+from one organism to another so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one organism to another so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one organism to another so the
+bacteria if you recall are the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria if you recall are the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria if you recall are the size of
+several microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several microns
+that's the scale of large droplets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale of large droplets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale of large droplets which
+sediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment
+or larger than that they would begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or larger than that they would begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or larger than that they would begin to
+sediment out of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment out of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment out of the air
+and we can think about transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about transmission
+through coughing also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through coughing also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through coughing also
+besides the fact that the virus is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact that the virus is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact that the virus is much
+smaller it cannot swim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a virus has very our bacteria have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a virus has very our bacteria have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a virus has very our bacteria have
+various means of locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various means of locomotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various means of locomotion
+cilia flagella etc whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cilia flagella etc whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cilia flagella etc whereas the
+the varion essentially is a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the varion essentially is a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the varion essentially is a little hard
+sphere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so
+how can a virion actually transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can a virion actually transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can a virion actually transmit
+itself well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well
+if we draw a droplet which is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a droplet which is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a droplet which is released
+by respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by respiration
+then the virus is actually extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the virus is actually extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the virus is actually extremely
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+at the scale of typical droplets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale of typical droplets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale of typical droplets that
+come from respiration which as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from respiration which as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from respiration which as we've
+discussed are at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed are at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed are at this
+have a typical most probable size around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a typical most probable size around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a typical most probable size around
+half a micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a micron
+and then have mostly droplets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have mostly droplets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have mostly droplets that are
+larger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that
+so at that scale if we think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that scale if we think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that scale if we think of this as
+a micron scale droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron scale droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron scale droplet
+this little virus is extremely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little virus is extremely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little virus is extremely small
+it's like a little point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a little point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a little point
+essentially um and so a single droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um and so a single droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um and so a single droplet
+may contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may contain
+a couple of viruses a couple of variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of viruses a couple of variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of viruses a couple of variants
+and so in order for the virion to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order for the virion to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in order for the virion to escape
+the droplet and make connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet and make connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet and make connection
+with a cell in a host let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cell in a host let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cell in a host let's say it's
+been breathed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been breathed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been breathed in
+and in the lungs it's going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the lungs it's going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the lungs it's going to try to
+meet with some cell and begin to infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with some cell and begin to infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with some cell and begin to infect
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+or conversely if the viru virion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conversely if the viru virion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conversely if the viru virion is
+being shed and released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shed and released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being shed and released
+from an infected cell and then needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an infected cell and then needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an infected cell and then needs to
+go into a droplet to then be exhaled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a droplet to then be exhaled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a droplet to then be exhaled and
+spread to somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread to somebody else
+either way the vi the virion has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way the vi the virion has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way the vi the virion has to get
+in and out of this droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of this droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of this droplet
+and since they cannot swim the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they cannot swim the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they cannot swim the only way
+can do it is by essentially a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is by essentially a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is by essentially a random
+walk or a diffusion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk or a diffusion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk or a diffusion process
+where it's just bouncing around due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's just bouncing around due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's just bouncing around due to
+thermal fluctuations and eventually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal fluctuations and eventually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal fluctuations and eventually at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+it gets out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets out okay so
+the diffusion process we can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion process we can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion process we can estimate
+the uh the typical time to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it this way
+can be shown if the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shown if the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shown if the radius
+of the droplet is r the average time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the droplet is r the average time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the droplet is r the average time
+for a a randomly distributed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a randomly distributed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a randomly distributed and
+selected virion anywhere in this droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected virion anywhere in this droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected virion anywhere in this droplet
+for the time for it to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time for it to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time for it to escape
+is of order r squared over d where d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of order r squared over d where d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of order r squared over d where d is
+the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity
+and if you do a precise calculation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do a precise calculation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do a precise calculation for
+a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sphere
+then there's a factor of 15 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a factor of 15 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a factor of 15 here
+and so that is the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is the basically
+average escape time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that gives you a sense of how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives you a sense of how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives you a sense of how quickly
+the virion is able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion is able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion is able to get
+out of the cell now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cell now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cell now if
+we are out of the droplet excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are out of the droplet excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are out of the droplet excuse me
+now we how how big is the diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we how how big is the diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we how how big is the diffusivity
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the diffusivity of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the virus
+if you think of it just as a fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it just as a fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it just as a fluctuating
+sphere in a viscous medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere in a viscous medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere in a viscous medium
+then we can use the stokes-einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the stokes-einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the stokes-einstein
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+for the diffusivity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diffusivity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the diffusivity which is
+kbt where k is boltzmann constant and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbt where k is boltzmann constant and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kbt where k is boltzmann constant and t
+is the temperature so kt is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature so kt is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature so kt is the thermal
+energy of the fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fluctuations
+and that's divided by 6 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's divided by 6 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's divided by 6 pi
+times the radius of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the radius of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the radius of the virus
+and then the viscosity of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the viscosity of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the viscosity of the liquid
+or fluid of containing the droplet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fluid of containing the droplet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fluid of containing the droplet so
+essentially this denominator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this denominator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this denominator here
+is the stokes drag coefficient for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stokes drag coefficient for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stokes drag coefficient for a
+sphere fluctuating in a viscous medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere fluctuating in a viscous medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere fluctuating in a viscous medium
+so that's the diffusivity and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the diffusivity and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the diffusivity and if you
+figure out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for
+the size of 120 nanometers if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of 120 nanometers if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of 120 nanometers if we use
+the viscosity of water if we assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity of water if we assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viscosity of water if we assume the
+droplets are just water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are just water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are just water
+then this is 3.6 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is 3.6 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is 3.6 times
+10 to the minus 8 centimeters squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 8 centimeters squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 8 centimeters squared
+per second in water where we use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second in water where we use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second in water where we use the the
+viscosity of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of water
+okay but the droplets are not just water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the droplets are not just water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the droplets are not just water
+in fact they cannot be as we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they cannot be as we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they cannot be as we've already
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+water droplets at this size range would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplets at this size range would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplets at this size range would
+very quickly evaporate and disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly evaporate and disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly evaporate and disappear
+or they would leave the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they would leave the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they would leave the virus
+essentially you know virion not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know virion not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know virion not not
+not no longer contained in in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no longer contained in in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no longer contained in in such a
+droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+so what's more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's more typical
+is that the the droplet in fact contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the droplet in fact contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the the droplet in fact contains
+many macromolecules and is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many macromolecules and is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many macromolecules and is coming from
+mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus
+in the pharynx in the vocal cords and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pharynx in the vocal cords and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pharynx in the vocal cords and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coming from the lungs directly and mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the lungs directly and mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the lungs directly and mucus
+has a much higher viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a much higher viscosity
+so notice here we have the viscosity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here we have the viscosity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice here we have the viscosity of
+the liquid coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid coming in
+and if we take into account the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take into account the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we take into account the fact
+that the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the viscosity
+of mucus relative to the viscosity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mucus relative to the viscosity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mucus relative to the viscosity of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+is roughly it depends uh you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly it depends uh you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly it depends uh you know where
+the samples are taken and also what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are taken and also what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples are taken and also what's
+the shear rate so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear rate so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear rate so we're talking about
+low shear rate these are sort of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low shear rate these are sort of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low shear rate these are sort of moving
+slowly the viscosity of mucus is depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly the viscosity of mucus is depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly the viscosity of mucus is depend
+on how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how quickly
+you're shearing it but if it's a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shearing it but if it's a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shearing it but if it's a low
+shear rate then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear rate then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear rate then this is
+on the order of 10 to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 10 to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 10 to the 3
+to 10 to the 5 at low shear rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so because the viscosity has that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the viscosity has that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the viscosity has that factor
+the diffusivity is then divided by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity is then divided by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity is then divided by that
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+so what that's telling us is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that's telling us is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that's telling us is instead of
+being around 10 to the minus eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being around 10 to the minus eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being around 10 to the minus eight
+centimeters squared per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared per second
+we're really looking at more like 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking at more like 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking at more like 10 to
+the minus 11 to the 10 to the minus 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 11 to the 10 to the minus 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 11 to the 10 to the minus 13
+centimeters square per second in mucous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters square per second in mucous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters square per second in mucous
+okay so we assume these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we assume these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we assume these are actually
+mucus droplets which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus droplets which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus droplets which are
+not fully evaporating and are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully evaporating and are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully evaporating and are you know
+contained in aerosol form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in aerosol form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in aerosol form
+then this is the kind of diffusivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the kind of diffusivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the kind of diffusivity and
+if we plug into this formula here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug into this formula here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug into this formula here we can
+get a sense of what is the average time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what is the average time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of what is the average time
+for the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the virus
+or the virion to actually escape so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the virion to actually escape so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the virion to actually escape so why
+don't we make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we make a little
+table of that of that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of that of that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of that of that result
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the
+radius first let's consider here 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius first let's consider here 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius first let's consider here 0.5
+microns or 500 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns or 500 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns or 500 nanometers
+so that would be a draw a 1 micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a draw a 1 micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a draw a 1 micron
+diameter droplet so that would be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter droplet so that would be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter droplet so that would be kind
+of a typical aerosol droplet coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical aerosol droplet coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical aerosol droplet coming from
+from breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from breathing
+let's also consider larger droplets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also consider larger droplets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also consider larger droplets so
+let's look at five micron which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at five micron which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at five micron which is kind
+of on the upper end of the aerosol range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on the upper end of the aerosol range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on the upper end of the aerosol range
+and then we could look at 50 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could look at 50 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could look at 50 microns
+and i should say this is r of the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should say this is r of the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should say this is r of the drop
+so the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r
+here just just to be careful is there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just just to be careful is there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just just to be careful is there at
+the drop as opposed to the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop as opposed to the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop as opposed to the r
+of the virus which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus which is um
+rv is half of d so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rv is half of d so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rv is half of d so that's uh
+60 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the diameter okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the diameter okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the diameter okay so so
+this is the different size of the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the different size of the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the different size of the drop
+and let's just for comparison let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just for comparison let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just for comparison let's look
+at water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at water
+versus mucus and from mucus why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus mucus and from mucus why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus mucus and from mucus why don't we
+take that the viscosity the mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that the viscosity the mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that the viscosity the mucus
+is 10 uh to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 uh to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 uh to the four
+uh times the viscosity of water so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times the viscosity of water so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times the viscosity of water so we
+just pick something kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something kind of in the
+middle of this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this range
+okay well if we plug in then the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if we plug in then the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if we plug in then the numbers
+and we try to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to plot
+the average escape time that i've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average escape time that i've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average escape time that i've just
+written here r squared over 15d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here r squared over 15d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here r squared over 15d
+then in water this turns out to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in water this turns out to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in water this turns out to be about
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+milliseconds for aerosol droplet so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for aerosol droplet so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for aerosol droplet so we
+know the aerosol droplets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the aerosol droplets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the aerosol droplets are
+evaporating quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporating quickly
+and also the virus can diffuse out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the virus can diffuse out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the virus can diffuse out of it
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+quickly because the water is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because the water is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because the water is not really
+that viscous now if we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that viscous now if we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that viscous now if we move
+in this direction we're multiplying r by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction we're multiplying r by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction we're multiplying r by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the time schedule is like r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the time schedule is like r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice the time schedule is like r
+squared so there is a pretty strong size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so there is a pretty strong size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so there is a pretty strong size
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+so as we think of a 10 times larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we think of a 10 times larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we think of a 10 times larger
+droplet it's a hundred times longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet it's a hundred times longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet it's a hundred times longer time
+so that would be 500 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be 500 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be 500 milliseconds
+or 0.5 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0.5 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 0.5 seconds
+and if we go another factor of 10 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go another factor of 10 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go another factor of 10 that's
+another factor of 100 in time and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of 100 in time and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor of 100 in time and if we
+convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+seconds to minutes it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to minutes it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to minutes it turns out to be
+around 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 8
+minutes for a fairly large drop now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for a fairly large drop now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for a fairly large drop now what
+if we're in mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in mucus
+so now we go in this direction the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we go in this direction the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we go in this direction the time
+set goes like 1 over d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set goes like 1 over d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set goes like 1 over d
+and d goes like 1 over viscosity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d goes like 1 over viscosity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d goes like 1 over viscosity so the
+time scale is proportional to viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale is proportional to viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale is proportional to viscosity
+so we're getting this factor of 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting this factor of 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting this factor of 10 to
+the four that's a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that's a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that's a pretty big
+factor and so for example this five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so for example this five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and so for example this five
+milliseconds for mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for mucus
+can turn into one minute so from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into one minute so from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into one minute so from an
+aerosol droplet which is sort of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplet which is sort of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplet which is sort of at the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+probable size from respiration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable size from respiration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable size from respiration which is
+on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of
+a little bit below one micron typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit below one micron typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit below one micron typical
+virion would take about a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion would take about a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion would take about a minute
+to diffuse out of that droplet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diffuse out of that droplet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diffuse out of that droplet and
+infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infect
+a nearby cell or tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nearby cell or tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nearby cell or tissue
+now if we look at little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look at little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we look at little bit bigger
+droplets this one minute we multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets this one minute we multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets this one minute we multiply by
+100 it's 100 minutes which is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it's 100 minutes which is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it's 100 minutes which is on the
+order of 1.5 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 1.5 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 1.5 hours
+and what if we keep going another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we keep going another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if we keep going another factor
+of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100
+that turns into around seven days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns into around seven days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns into around seven days
+so if the virion is contained in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the virion is contained in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the virion is contained in one of
+the larger droplets that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger droplets that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger droplets that comes from
+coughing or sneezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coughing or sneezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coughing or sneezing
+it could take it hours to days to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could take it hours to days to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could take it hours to days to escape
+from that droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that droplet
+and be have any chance of infecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be have any chance of infecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be have any chance of infecting a
+host cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cell
+so you can immediately see the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can immediately see the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can immediately see the problem
+for a virus in terms of transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a virus in terms of transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a virus in terms of transmitting
+is it can't swim it's extremely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it can't swim it's extremely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it can't swim it's extremely small
+and so it's not a good way to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a good way to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's not a good way to transmit
+itself to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to be
+sitting in a large droplet or a pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a large droplet or a pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a large droplet or a pool of
+liquid imagine a pool of saliva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid imagine a pool of saliva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid imagine a pool of saliva
+or some phlegm that you've just coughed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some phlegm that you've just coughed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some phlegm that you've just coughed
+up which is very common for bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which is very common for bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which is very common for bacterial
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+for a virus it's much more difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a virus it's much more difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a virus it's much more difficult for
+for a significant amount of virus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a significant amount of virus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a significant amount of virus to
+actually get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get out
+so if the virus is going to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the virus is going to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the virus is going to transmit
+itself it makes a lot more sense to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it makes a lot more sense to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it makes a lot more sense to be
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+aerosol droplets and so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets and so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets and so it's really
+here the aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the aerosol droplets
+are the most infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they are able to basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are able to basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are able to basically the
+virus able to get out and based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus able to get out and based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus able to get out and based on this
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+roughly speaking if they are the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking if they are the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking if they are the virus
+or sorry out of the drop excuse me which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry out of the drop excuse me which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry out of the drop excuse me which
+we're just calling r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just calling r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just calling r
+if r is less than around five microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if r is less than around five microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if r is less than around five microns
+those are the ones we would expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones we would expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones we would expect to be
+the most infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most infectious
+and interestingly for sars cove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly for sars cove two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interestingly for sars cove two
+recent experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent experiments
+have sampled droplets from sick patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sampled droplets from sick patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sampled droplets from sick patients
+with coven-19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coven-19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coven-19
+at different sizes and it was found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different sizes and it was found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different sizes and it was found
+that the droplets that had a diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the droplets that had a diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the droplets that had a diameter
+less than about four micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than about four micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than about four micro
+four microns were the most infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four microns were the most infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four microns were the most infectious
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+clearly you could see replication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you could see replication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you could see replication of the
+viral rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral rna
+in samples of those droplets whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in samples of those droplets whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in samples of those droplets whereas
+larger droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger droplets
+in this range here kind of larger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range here kind of larger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range here kind of larger than a
+few microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few microns
+were less infectious and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less infectious and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less infectious and in fact the
+virus was less able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus was less able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus was less able to
+to replicate so it's kind of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate so it's kind of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate so it's kind of consistent
+with this physical argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh basically what we would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically what we would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically what we would probably
+say is that in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that in this range
+the brands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brands
+are are mostly trapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are mostly trapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are mostly trapped
+they have a hard time getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a hard time getting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a hard time getting out of
+those droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets
+and can deactivate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can deactivate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can deactivate over time
+because that's also happening that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also happening that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also happening that they
+have a certain believe to have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain believe to have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain believe to have a certain
+finite lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite lifetime
+and so uh this is the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is the case that the
+variance of traptor can deactivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of traptor can deactivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of traptor can deactivate
+in large drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the fomites which are infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fomites which are infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fomites which are infectious
+residues on surfaces that are left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues on surfaces that are left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues on surfaces that are left over
+from those droplets so this really shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those droplets so this really shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those droplets so this really shows
+us that our focus should be on looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that our focus should be on looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that our focus should be on looking
+at aerosol droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aerosol droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aerosol droplets
+for viral transmission
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qu-jyrwW6hw.txt b/qu-jyrwW6hw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d07ab5531eed0f11498e1967b66b445c4d5d49ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qu-jyrwW6hw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3281 @@
+PRESENTER: The
+following content is
+
+provided under a
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today we begin
+with the harmonic oscillator.
+
+And before we get into
+the harmonic oscillator,
+
+I want to touch on
+a few concepts that
+
+have been mentioned in class
+and just elaborate on them.
+
+It is the issue of nodes,
+and how solutions look at,
+
+and why solutions have
+more and more nodes, why
+
+the ground state has no nodes.
+
+This kind of stuff.
+
+So these are just a collection
+of remarks and an argument
+
+for you to understand a
+little more intuitively why
+
+these properties hold.
+
+So one first thing
+I want to mention
+
+is, if you have a Schrodinger
+equation for an energy
+
+eigenstate.
+
+Schrodinger equation for
+an energy eigenstate.
+
+You have an equation of the
+from minus h squared over 2m.
+
+d second dx squared psi of
+x plus v of x psi of x equal
+
+e times psi of x.
+
+Now the issue of
+this equation is
+
+that you're trying to solve for
+two things at the same time.
+
+If you're looking at what
+we call bound states, now
+
+what is a bound state?
+
+A bound state is something that
+is not extended all that much.
+
+So a bound state will
+be a wave function
+
+that goes to 0 as the absolute
+value of x goes to infinity.
+
+So it's a probability function
+that certainly doesn't
+
+extend all the way to infinity.
+
+It just collapses.
+
+It's normalizable.
+
+So these are bound
+states, and you're
+
+looking for bound
+states of this equation.
+
+And your difficulty is
+that you don't know psi,
+
+and you don't know E either.
+
+So you have to solve a problem
+in which, if you were thinking
+
+oh this is just a plain
+differential equation,
+
+give me the value of E.
+We know the potential,
+
+just calculate it.
+
+That's not the way it
+works in quantum mechanics,
+
+because you need to have
+normalizable solutions.
+
+So at the end of the day,
+as will be very clear today,
+
+this E gets fixed.
+
+You cannot get
+arbitrary values of E's.
+
+So I want to make a couple of
+remarks about this equation.
+
+Is that there's this
+thing that can't happen.
+
+Certainly, if v of x is a smooth
+potential, then if you observer
+
+that the wave function
+vanishes at some point,
+
+and the derivative
+of the wave function
+
+vanishes at that same
+point, these two things
+
+imply that psi of
+x is identically 0.
+
+And therefore it
+means that you really
+
+are not interested in that.
+
+That's not a solution of
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+Psi equals 0 is obviously solves
+this, but it's not interesting.
+
+It doesn't represent
+the particle.
+
+So what I claim here
+is that, if it happens
+
+to be that you're
+solving the Schrodinger
+
+problem with some
+potential that is smooth,
+
+you can take derivatives of it.
+
+And then you encounter that
+the wave function vanishes
+
+at some point, and its slope
+vanishes at that same point.
+
+Then the wave function
+vanishes completely.
+
+So you cannot have
+a wave function,
+
+a psi of x that
+does the following.
+
+Comes down here.
+
+It becomes an inflection
+point and goes down.
+
+This is not allowed.
+
+If the wave function
+vanishes at some point,
+
+then the wave function
+is going to do this.
+
+It's going to hit at an angle,
+because you cannot have that
+
+the wave function is 0 and needs
+the derivative 0 at the same
+
+point.
+
+And the reason is simple.
+
+I'm not going to
+prove it now here.
+
+It is that you have a second
+order differential equation,
+
+and a second order
+differential equation
+
+is completely determined
+by knowing the function
+
+at the point and the the
+derivative at the point.
+
+And if both are 0s, like
+the most trivial kind
+
+of initial condition, the only
+solution consistent with this
+
+is psi equals 0 everywhere.
+
+So this can't happen.
+
+And it's something good
+for you to remember.
+
+If you have to do a
+plot of a wave function,
+
+you should never have this.
+
+So this is what we call the
+node in a wave function.
+
+It's a place where the
+wave function vanishes,
+
+and the derivative
+of the wave function
+
+better not vanish at that point.
+
+So this is one claim that
+it's not hard to prove,
+
+but we just don't try to do it.
+
+And there's another claim that
+I want you to be aware of.
+
+That for bound states
+in one dimension,
+
+in the kind of thing that we're
+doing now in one dimension,
+
+no degeneracy is possible.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+You will never find
+two bound states
+
+of a potential that
+are different that
+
+have the same energy.
+
+It's just absolutely impossible.
+
+It's a very wonderful
+result, but also I'm
+
+not going to prove it here.
+
+Maybe it will be given as an
+exercise later in the course.
+
+And it's discussed
+in 805 as well.
+
+But that's another statement
+that is very important.
+
+There's no degeneracy.
+
+Now you've looked at
+this simple potential,
+
+the square well infinite one.
+
+And how does it look?
+
+You have x going from 0 to a.
+
+And the potential is 0.
+
+From 0 to a is
+infinite otherwise.
+
+The particle is bound
+to stay inside the two
+
+walls of this potential.
+
+So in here we've plotted the
+potential as a function of x.
+
+Here is x.
+
+And the wave functions are
+things that you know already.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it true if you have
+two wells next to each other
+
+that there's still no degeneracy
+if it's an infinite barrier?
+
+PROFESSOR: If there's
+two wells and there's
+
+an infinite barrier
+between them,
+
+it's like having two universes.
+
+So it's not really a
+one dimensional problem.
+
+If you have an infinite
+barrier like two worlds
+
+that can talk to each other.
+
+So yes, then you
+would have degeneracy.
+
+It's like saying you can have
+here one atom of hydrogen
+
+or something in one energy
+level, here another one.
+
+They don't talk to each other.
+
+They're degenerate states.
+
+But in general, we're talking
+about normal potentials
+
+that are preferably smooth.
+
+Most of these things are true
+even if they're not smooth.
+
+But it's a little more delicate.
+
+But certainly two
+potentials that
+
+are separated by
+an infinite barrier
+
+is not part of what we
+really want to consider.
+
+OK so these wave functions
+start with m equals 0, 1, 2,
+
+3, and psi ends of x are
+square root of 2 over a sin n
+
+plus 1 pi x over a.
+
+Things that you've seen already.
+
+And En, the energies
+are ever growing
+
+as a function of the integer
+n that characterizes them.
+
+2ma squared.
+
+And the thing that you
+notice is that psi 0
+
+has technically no nodes.
+
+That is to say these
+wave functions have
+
+to varnish at the end, because
+the potential becomes infinite,
+
+which means a particle
+really can go through.
+
+The wave function
+has to be continuous.
+
+There cannot be any wave
+function to the left.
+
+So it has to vanish here.
+
+These things don't
+count as nodes.
+
+It is like a bound state
+has to vanish at infinity.
+
+And that's not what
+we count the node.
+
+A node is somewhere
+in the middle
+
+of the range of x where
+the wave function vanishes.
+
+So this is the ground state.
+
+This is psi zero has no nodes.
+
+Psi one would be something
+like that, has one node.
+
+And try the next ones.
+
+They have more and more nodes.
+
+So psi n has n nodes.
+
+And the interesting thing
+is that this result actually
+
+is true for extremely
+general potentials.
+
+You don't have to just
+do the square well
+
+to see that the ground
+state has no nodes.
+
+That first excited state was one
+node, and so on and so forth.
+
+It's true in general.
+
+This is actually a
+very nice result,
+
+but its difficult to prove.
+
+In fact, it's pretty
+hard to prove.
+
+So there is a nice argument.
+
+Not 100% rigorous,
+but thoroughly nice
+
+and really physical
+that I'm going
+
+to present to you why
+this result is true.
+
+So let's try to do that.
+
+So here is the general case.
+
+So I'm going to take
+a smooth v of x.
+
+That will be of this kind.
+
+The potential, here is
+x, and this potential
+
+is going to be like that.
+
+Smooth all over.
+
+And I will actually
+have it that it actually
+
+goes to infinity as
+x goes to infinity.
+
+Many of these things are
+really not necessary,
+
+but it simplifies our life.
+
+OK, so here is a result
+that it's known to be true.
+
+If this thing grows to
+infinity, the potential never
+
+stops growing, you get
+infinite number of bound states
+
+at fixed energies.
+
+One energy, two
+energy, three energy,
+
+infinite number of bound states.
+
+Number of bound states.
+
+That's a fact.
+
+I will not try to prove it.
+
+We'll do it for the
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+We'll see those infinite
+number of states,
+
+but here we can't
+prove it easily.
+
+Nevertheless, what
+I want to argue
+
+for you is that these
+states, as the first one,
+
+will have no nodes.
+
+The second state, the
+first excited state,
+
+will have one node.
+
+Next will have two nodes,
+three nodes, four nodes.
+
+We want to understand what
+is this issue of the nodes.
+
+OK.
+
+You're not trying
+to prove everything.
+
+But we're trying to
+prove or understand
+
+something that is
+very important.
+
+So how do we prove this?
+
+Or how do we understand that
+the nodes-- so there will
+
+be an infinite number
+of bound states,
+
+psi 0, psi 1, psi 2, up
+to psi n, and it goes on.
+
+And psi n has n nodes.
+
+All right.
+
+So what I'm going to do, in
+order to understand this,
+
+is I'm going to produce what we
+will call screened potentials.
+
+Screened potentials.
+
+I'm going to select the
+lowest point of the potential
+
+here for convenience.
+
+And I'm going to call it x
+equals 0 is the lowest point.
+
+And the screen potential
+will have a parameter a.
+
+It's a potential
+which is equal to v
+
+of x if the absolute
+value of x is less than a.
+
+And its infinity if the absolute
+value of x is greater than a.
+
+So I come here,
+and I want to see
+
+this is this
+potential, v of x, what
+
+is the screened
+potential for sum a?
+
+Well, I wanted colored
+chalk, but I don't have it.
+
+I go mark a here minus a.
+
+Here are the points
+between x and a.
+
+Absolute value of x less than a.
+
+Throughout this region
+the screened potential
+
+is the potential that you have.
+
+Nevertheless, for the
+rest, its infinite.
+
+So the screened
+potential is this thing.
+
+Is infinite there, and
+it's here this thing.
+
+So it's just some potential.
+
+You take it a screen
+and you just see
+
+one part of the potential,
+and let it go to infinity.
+
+So that's a screen potential.
+
+So now what I'm going
+to do is that I'm
+
+going to try to
+argue that you could
+
+try to find the bound state
+of the screen potential.
+
+Unless you remove the
+screen, you will find,
+
+as you let a go to
+infinity, you will
+
+find the bound states of
+the original potential.
+
+It's reasonable
+that that's true,
+
+because as you
+remove the screen,
+
+you're letting more of
+the potential be exposed,
+
+and more of the
+potential be exposed.
+
+And the wave functions
+eventually die, so as the time
+
+that you're very far away,
+you affect the wave functions
+
+less and less.
+
+So that's the argument.
+
+We're going to try
+to argue that we're
+
+going to look at
+the bound states
+
+of the screened potentials and
+see what happened, whether they
+
+tell us about the bound
+states the original potential.
+
+So for this, I'm going
+to begin with a screen
+
+potential in which
+a goes to 0 and say
+
+that a is equal to
+epsilon, very small.
+
+So what potential so do I have?
+
+A very tiny potential here
+from epsilon to minus epsilon.
+
+Now I chose the original point
+down here to be the minimum.
+
+So actually, the bottom part of
+the potential is really flat.
+
+And if you take
+epsilon going to 0,
+
+well, the potential
+might do this,
+
+but really at the bottom for
+sufficiently small epsilon,
+
+this is an infinite square
+well with psis to epsilon.
+
+I chose the minimum so that you
+don't get something like this.
+
+If it would be a
+point with a slope,
+
+this would be an ugly thing.
+
+So let's choose the minimum.
+
+And we have the screen
+potential here, and that's it.
+
+Now look what we do.
+
+We say all right, here
+there is a ground state.
+
+Very tiny.
+
+Goes like that.
+
+Vanishes here.
+
+Vanishes there.
+
+And has no nodes.
+
+Very tiny.
+
+You know the two 0s are
+very close to each other.
+
+And now I'm going
+to try to increase
+
+the value of the screen a.
+
+So suppose we've
+increased the screen,
+
+and now the potential is here.
+
+And now we have a finite screen.
+
+Here is the potential.
+
+And I look at the wave function.
+
+How it looks.
+
+Here is psi 0.
+
+This ground state psi 0.
+
+Well, since this thing in here,
+the potential becomes infinite,
+
+the wave function
+still must vanish here
+
+and still must vanish here.
+
+Now just for your
+imagination, think of this.
+
+At this stage, it still more
+or less looks like this.
+
+Maybe.
+
+Now I'm going to ask, as I
+increase, can I produce a node?
+
+And look what's going to happen.
+
+So suppose it might happen
+that, as you increase,
+
+suddenly you produce a node.
+
+So here's what I'm saying here.
+
+I'm going to show it here.
+
+Suppose up to this
+point, there is no node.
+
+But then when I double
+it, when I increase it
+
+to twice the size, when I go
+to screen potential like that,
+
+suddenly there is a
+node in the middle.
+
+So if there is a
+node in the middle,
+
+one thing that could have
+happened is that you have this.
+
+And now look what must
+have happened then.
+
+As I stretch this, this slope
+must have been going down,
+
+and down, and down, until
+it flips to the other side
+
+to produce a node here.
+
+It could have
+happened on this side,
+
+but it's the same, so
+the argument is just
+
+done with this side.
+
+To produce a node you
+could have done somehow
+
+the slope here must
+have changed sine.
+
+But for that to happen
+continuously, at some point
+
+the this slope must have been 0.
+
+But you cannot have
+a 0 and 0 slope.
+
+So this thing can't
+flip, can't do this.
+
+Another thing that
+could have happened
+
+is that when we
+are here already,
+
+maybe the wave function
+looks like that.
+
+It doesn't flip at the
+edges, but produces something
+
+like that.
+
+But the only way this
+can happen continuously,
+
+and this potential is
+changing continuously,
+
+is for this thing at
+some intermediate stage,
+
+as you keep stretching the
+screen, this sort of starts
+
+to produce a depression here.
+
+And at some point, to get
+here it has to do this.
+
+But it can't do this either.
+
+It cannot vanish and have
+derivative like that.
+
+So actually, as you
+stretch the screen,
+
+there's no way to
+produce a node.
+
+That property forbids it.
+
+So by the time you go and
+take the screen to infinity,
+
+this wave function has no nodes.
+
+So that proves it that the
+ground state has no nodes.
+
+You could call this
+a physicist proof,
+
+which means-- not in
+the pejorative way.
+
+It means that it's
+reasonable, it's intuitive,
+
+and a mathematician working
+hard could make it rigorous.
+
+A bad physicist proof is
+one that is a little sloppy
+
+and no mathematician could
+fix it and make it work.
+
+So I think this is a good
+physics proof in that sense.
+
+Probably you can
+construct a real proof,
+
+or based on this, a
+very precise proof.
+
+Now look at excited states.
+
+Suppose you take now here
+this screen very little,
+
+and now consider the third
+excited state, psi three.
+
+I'm sorry, we'll call this psi
+2 because it has two nodes.
+
+Well, maybe I should do psi 1.
+
+Psi 1.
+
+One node.
+
+Same thing.
+
+As you increase
+it, there's no way
+
+to create another
+node continuously.
+
+Because again, you have
+to flip at the edges,
+
+or you have to
+depress in the middle.
+
+So this one will evolve
+to a wave function that
+
+will have one node in
+the whole big potential.
+
+Now stayed does that
+state have more energy
+
+than the ground state?
+
+Well, it certainly begins with
+a small screen with more energy,
+
+because in the square well
+psi 1 has more energy.
+
+And that energy should
+be clear that it's not
+
+going to go below the
+energy of the ground state.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if it went below the
+energy of the ground state
+
+slowly, at some point for
+some value of the screen,
+
+it would have the same
+energy as the ground state.
+
+But no degeneracy is possible
+in one dimensional problems.
+
+So that can't happen.
+
+Cannot have that.
+
+So it will always
+stay a little higher.
+
+And therefore with one node you
+will be a little higher energy.
+
+With two nodes will
+be higher and higher.
+
+And that's it.
+
+That's the argument.
+
+Now, we've argued by this
+continuous deformation process
+
+that this potential not
+only has these bound states,
+
+but this is n nodes and En is
+greater than En prime for n
+
+greater than n prime.
+
+So the more nodes,
+the more energy.
+
+Pretty nice result,
+and that's really
+
+all I wanted to say
+about this problem.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Any?
+
+OK.
+
+So what we do now is
+the harmonic oscillator.
+
+That's going to keep us busy
+for the rest of today's lecture.
+
+It's a very interesting problem.
+
+And it's a most famous quantum
+mechanics problem in a sense,
+
+because it happens to be useful
+in many, many applications.
+
+If you have any
+potential-- so what
+
+is the characteristic of
+the harmonic oscillator?
+
+Harmonic oscillator.
+
+Oscillator.
+
+Well, the energy operator is p
+squared over 2m plus, we write,
+
+one half m omega
+squared x squared
+
+where omega is this
+omega that you always
+
+think of angular velocity,
+or angular frequency.
+
+It's more like
+angular frequency.
+
+Omega has units of 1 over time.
+
+It's actually put 2pi over
+the period of an oscillation.
+
+And this you know from
+classical mechanics.
+
+If you have a harmonic
+oscillator of this form, yeah,
+
+it actually oscillates
+with this frequency.
+
+And E is the energy
+operator, and this
+
+is the energy of the oscillator.
+
+So what defines an oscillator?
+
+It's something in which the
+potential energy, this term
+
+is v of x.
+
+v of x is quadratic in x.
+
+That is a harmonic oscillator.
+
+Then you arrange the
+constants to make sense.
+
+This has units of
+energy, because this
+
+has units of length squared.
+
+1 over time squared.
+
+Length over time
+is velocity squared
+
+times mass is kinetic energy.
+
+So this term has
+the units of energy.
+
+And you good with that.
+
+And why is this useful?
+
+Because actually in any sort
+of arbitrary potential, rather
+
+general potential
+at least, whenever
+
+you have a minimum where
+the derivative vanishes,
+
+then the second derivative
+need not vanish.
+
+Then it's a good
+approximation to think
+
+of the potential at the minimum
+as a quadratic potential.
+
+It fits the potential
+nicely over a good region.
+
+And therefore when you have
+two molecules with a bound
+
+or something oscillating,
+there is a potential.
+
+It has a minimum at the
+equilibrium position.
+
+And the oscillations
+are governed
+
+by some harmonic oscillator.
+
+When you have photons
+in space time traveling,
+
+there is a set of
+harmonic oscillators
+
+that correspond to photons.
+
+Many, many applications.
+
+Endless amount of applications
+for the harmonic oscillator.
+
+So we really want to
+understand this system quantum
+
+mechanically.
+
+And what does that mean?
+
+Is that we really want
+to calculate and solve
+
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+This is our first step in
+understanding the system.
+
+There's going to
+be a lot of work
+
+to be done even once we have
+the solutions of the Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+But the first thing
+is to figure out
+
+what are the energy
+eigenstates or the solutions
+
+of the Schrodinger
+equation for this problem.
+
+So notice that here
+in this problem
+
+there's an energy quantity.
+
+Remember, when you have
+a harmontonian like that,
+
+and people say so what is
+the ground state energy?
+
+Well, have to find the
+ground state wave function.
+
+Have to do things.
+
+Give me an hour, I'll find it.
+
+And all that.
+
+But if you want an
+approximate value,
+
+dimensional analysis will do it,
+roughly what is it going to be.
+
+Well, with this constant how
+do you produce an energy?
+
+Well, you remember
+what Einstein did,
+
+and you know that h bar
+omega has units of energy.
+
+So that's an energy associated
+with Lagrangian energy
+
+like quantity.
+
+And we expect that
+that energy is
+
+going to be the relevant energy.
+
+And in fact, we'll find
+that the ground state
+
+energy is just one half of that.
+
+There's another quantity
+that may be interesting.
+
+How about the length?
+
+How do you construct a
+length from these quantities?
+
+Well, you can start
+doing m omega h bar
+
+and put powers and struggle.
+
+I hate doing that.
+
+I always try to find some
+way of doing it and avoiding
+
+that thing.
+
+So I know that
+energies go like h
+
+over h squared over
+m length squared.
+
+So I'm going to call
+the length a quantity a.
+
+So ma squared.
+
+That has units of energy.
+
+And you should remember
+that because energy
+
+is b squared over 2m,
+and b by De Broglie
+
+is h bar over sub lamda.
+
+So h bar squared, lambda
+squared, and m here,
+
+that's units of energy.
+
+So that's a length.
+
+On the other hand,
+we have another way
+
+to construct an energy
+is with this thing,
+
+m omega squared length squared.
+
+So that's also m omega
+squared a squared.
+
+That's another energy.
+
+So from this equation I
+find that a to the fourth
+
+is h squared over m
+squared omega squared.
+
+And it's a little
+complicated, so a squared
+
+is h bar over m omega.
+
+So that's a length.
+
+Length squared.
+
+I don't want to take
+the square root.
+
+We can leave it
+for a moment there.
+
+But that's important because
+of that's a length scale.
+
+And if somebody would ask
+you in the ground state,
+
+how far is this
+particle oscillating,
+
+you would say probably
+about a square root of this.
+
+Would be a natural answer
+and probably about right.
+
+So OK, energy and
+units is very important
+
+to begin your analysis.
+
+So what is the
+Schrodinger equation?
+
+The Schrodinger
+equation for this thing
+
+is going to be minus h
+squared over 2m, d second psi,
+
+dx squared plus the potential,
+one half m omega squared
+
+x squared psi is equal E psi.
+
+And the big problem is I don't
+know psi and I don't know E.
+
+Now there's so many elegant
+ways of solving the harmonic
+
+oscillator.
+
+You will see those next lecture.
+
+Allan Adams will be back here.
+
+But we all have to go
+through once in your life
+
+through the direct, uninspired
+method of solving it.
+
+Because most of the times
+when you have a new problem,
+
+you will not come up with
+a beautiful, elegant method
+
+to avoid solving the
+differential equation.
+
+You will have to struggle with
+the differential equation.
+
+So today we struggle with
+the differential equation.
+
+We're going to just do it.
+
+And I'm going to do it slow
+enough and in detail enough
+
+that I hope you
+follow everything.
+
+I'll just keep a
+couple of things,
+
+but it will be one line
+computations that I will skip.
+
+So this equation is some sort
+of fairly difficult thing.
+
+And it's complicated and
+made fairly unpleasant
+
+by the presence of
+all these constants.
+
+What kind of equation is that
+with all these constants?
+
+They shouldn't be there,
+all this constants, in fact.
+
+So this is the first step,
+cleaning up the equation.
+
+We have to clean it up.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the nice
+functions in life like y
+
+double prime is equal to
+minus y have no units.
+
+The derivatives create no units.
+
+y has the same units of that,
+and the solution is sine of x,
+
+where x must have no units,
+because you cannot find
+
+the sine of one centimeter.
+
+So this thing, we should
+have the same thing here.
+
+No units anywhere.
+
+So how can we do that?
+
+This is an absolutely
+necessary first step.
+
+If you're going to be
+carrying all these constants,
+
+you'll get nowhere.
+
+So we have to clean it up.
+
+So what I'm going
+to try to see is
+
+that look, here is
+psi, psi, and psi.
+
+So suppose I do the
+following thing,
+
+that I will clean
+up the right hand
+
+side by dividing by something
+with units of energy.
+
+So I'm going to do
+the following way.
+
+I'm going to divide all
+by 1 over h bar omega.
+
+And this 2 I'm going
+to multiply by 2.
+
+So multiply by 2
+over h bar omega.
+
+So what do I achieve
+with that first step?
+
+I achieve that
+these 2s disappear.
+
+Well, that's not too bad.
+
+Not that great either, I think.
+
+But in the right hand side,
+this has units of energy.
+
+And the right hand side will
+not have units of energy.
+
+So what do we get here?
+
+So we get minus.
+
+The h becomes an h alone over--
+the m disappears-- so m omega.
+
+The second psi the x squared.
+
+The 1/2 disappeared,
+so m omega over h
+
+bar x squared psi equals
+2 E over h bar omega psi.
+
+It looks actually
+quite better already.
+
+Should agree with that.
+
+It looks a lot nicer Now
+I can use a name for this.
+
+I want to call this
+the dimensionless value
+
+of the energy.
+
+So a calligraphic e.
+
+It has no units.
+
+It's telling me if I find some
+energy, that that energy really
+
+is this number, this pure
+number is how many times bigger
+
+is e with respect
+to h omega over 2.
+
+So I'll write this now as e psi.
+
+And look what I have.
+
+I have no units here.
+
+And I have a psi.
+
+And I have a psi.
+
+But things have
+worked out already.
+
+Look, the same factor
+here, h over m omega
+
+is upside down here.
+
+And this factor has
+units of length squared.
+
+Length squared times d d
+length squared has no units.
+
+And here's 1 over
+length squared.
+
+1 over length squared
+times length squared.
+
+So things have worked out.
+
+And we can now
+simply say x is going
+
+to be equal to au,
+a new variable.
+
+This is going to be your new
+variable for your differential
+
+equation in which is this thing.
+
+And then this
+differential equation
+
+really has cleaned
+up perfectly well.
+
+So how does it look now?
+
+Well, it's all gone
+actually, because if you
+
+have x equals au, d dx by
+chain rule is 1 over a d du.
+
+And to derivatives
+this with respect
+
+to x it's 1 over a squared
+times the d second du squared.
+
+And this thing is a squared.
+
+So actually you
+cancel this factor.
+
+And when I write x
+equals to au, you
+
+get an a squared times this.
+
+And a squared times this is 1.
+
+So your differential
+equations has
+
+become minus the
+second psi du squared,
+
+where u is a dimensionless
+quantity, because this has
+
+units of length, this
+has units of length.
+
+No units here.
+
+You have no units.
+
+So minus d second
+du squared plus u
+
+squared psi is equal to e psi.
+
+Much nicer.
+
+This is an equation
+we can think about
+
+without being distracted
+by this endless amount
+
+of little trivialities.
+
+But still we haven't
+solved it, and how are we
+
+going to solve this equation?
+
+So let's again think
+of what should happen.
+
+Somehow it should happen
+that these e's get fixed.
+
+And there is some solution
+just for some values of e's.
+
+It's not obvious at this stage
+how that is going to happen.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Here for example,
+let me do this term.
+
+h bar over m omega is minus,
+from that equation, a squared.
+
+But dx squared is 1 over
+a squared d du squared.
+
+So a squared cancels.
+
+And here the x is equal
+a squared times u,
+
+so again cancels.
+
+OK so what is the problem here?
+
+The problem is that most likely
+what is going to go wrong
+
+is that this solution for
+arbitrary values of e's is
+
+going to diverge at
+infinity, and you're never
+
+going to be able
+to normalize it.
+
+So let's try to understand
+how the solution looks
+
+as we go to infinity.
+
+So this is the first
+thing you should
+
+do with an equation like that.
+
+How does this solution
+look as u goes to infinity?
+
+Now we may not be able to solve
+it exactly in that case either,
+
+but we're going to gain
+insight into what's happening.
+
+So here it is.
+
+When u goes to infinity,
+this term, whatever psi is,
+
+this term is much
+bigger than that,
+
+because we're presumably
+working with some fixed energy
+
+that we still don't
+know what it is,
+
+but it's a fixed number and,
+for you, sufficiently large.
+
+This is going to dominate.
+
+So the equation
+that we're trying
+
+to solve as u goes to infinity,
+the equation sort of becomes
+
+psi double prime-- prime
+is for two derivatives--
+
+is equal to u squared psi.
+
+OK, so how do we get
+an idea what solves
+
+this is not all that obvious.
+
+It's certainly not a power of u,
+because when you differentiate
+
+the power of u, you
+lower the degree
+
+rather than increase the degree.
+
+So what function increases
+degree as you differentiate?
+
+It's not the trivial function.
+
+Cannot be a polynomial.
+
+If it could be
+even a polynomial,
+
+if you take two derivatives,
+it kind cannot be equal to x
+
+squared times a polynomial.
+
+It's sort of upside down.
+
+So if you think about
+it for a little while,
+
+you don't have an
+exact solution,
+
+but you would imagine
+that something like this
+
+would do it, an e
+to the u squared.
+
+Because an e to
+the u squared, when
+
+you differentiate with respect
+to us, you produce a u down.
+
+When you one derivative.
+
+When you take
+another derivative,
+
+well, it's more complicated,
+but one term you
+
+will produce another u down.
+
+So that probably is quite good.
+
+So let's try that.
+
+Let's try to see if we
+have something like that.
+
+So I will try something.
+
+I'll try psi equals 2.
+
+I'm going to try
+the following thing.
+
+e to the alpha u squared over
+2 where alpha is a number.
+
+I don't know how much it is.
+
+Alpha is some number.
+
+Now could try this
+alone, but I actually
+
+want to emphasize
+to you that if this
+
+is the behavior
+near infinity, it
+
+won't make any difference
+if you put here,
+
+for example, something
+like u to the power k.
+
+It will also be
+roughly a solution.
+
+So let's see that.
+
+So for that I have
+to differentiate.
+
+And let's see what we get.
+
+So we're trying to see how the
+function behaves far, far away.
+
+You might say well
+look, probably
+
+that alpha should be negative.
+
+But let's see what
+the equation tells us
+
+before we put anything in there.
+
+So if I do psi prime,
+you would get what?
+
+You would get one
+term that would
+
+be alpha u times this u to
+the k into the alpha u squared
+
+over 2.
+
+I differentiated
+the exponential.
+
+I differentiated
+the exponential.
+
+And then you would
+get a term where
+
+you differentiate the power.
+
+So you get ku to the k
+minus 1 into the alpha u
+
+squared over 2.
+
+If you take a second
+derivative, well, I
+
+can differentiate the
+exponential again,
+
+so I will get alpha
+u now squared,
+
+because each derivative
+of this exponent
+
+produces a factor of alpha u.
+
+u to the k into the
+alpha u squared over 2.
+
+And a couple more terms that
+they all have less powers of u,
+
+because this term
+has u to the k plus--
+
+already has u to the k plus 1.
+
+And this has u to the k minus 1.
+
+They differ by two powers of u.
+
+So for illustration,
+please, if you want, do it.
+
+Three lines, you should skip
+three lines in your notebook
+
+if you're taking notes
+and get the following.
+
+No point in me doing
+this algebra here.
+
+Alpha u squared over 2.
+
+Because actually it's
+not all that important.
+
+Over alpha 1 over u squared
+plus k minus 1 over alpha
+
+squared 1 over u to the fourth.
+
+That's all you get.
+
+Look, this is alpha
+squared u squared
+
+times psi times these things.
+
+1 plus 2 k plus 1 over
+alpha 1 over u squared.
+
+So when u goes to
+infinity, your solution
+
+works, because these
+thing's are negligible.
+
+So you get a number
+times u squared.
+
+That is the equation you are
+trying to solve up there.
+
+And therefore, you get
+that the equation if alpha
+
+squared is equal to 1.
+
+And that means and really that
+alpha can be plus minus 1.
+
+And roughly this
+solution near infinity,
+
+probably there's two solutions.
+
+This is a second order
+differential equation,
+
+so even near infinity there
+should be two solutions.
+
+So we expect as u goes
+to infinity psi of u
+
+will be some constant A
+times u to the k times
+
+e to the minus u squared over 2.
+
+That's where alpha
+equal minus 1.
+
+Plus Bu to the k into the
+plus u squared over 2.
+
+And what is k?
+
+Well, we don't know what is k.
+
+It seems to work for all k.
+
+That may seem a little
+confusing now, but don't worry.
+
+We'll see other things
+happening here very soon.
+
+So look at what has happened.
+
+We've identified that most
+likely your wave function
+
+is going to look like
+this at infinity.
+
+So we're going to want to
+this part not to be present.
+
+So presumably we're going
+to want a solution that
+
+just has this, because
+this is normalizable.
+
+The integral of any power times
+a Gaussian is convergence.
+
+So this can be normalized.
+
+The Gaussian falls so
+fast that any power can
+
+be integrated
+against a Gaussian.
+
+Any power however big
+doesn't grow big enough
+
+to compensate a Gaussian.
+
+It's impossible to
+compensate a Gaussian.
+
+So we hope for this.
+
+But we want to
+translate what we've
+
+learned into some
+technical advantage
+
+in solving the
+differential equation,
+
+because, after all, we wanted
+be insight how it looks far way,
+
+but we wanted to solve
+the differential equation.
+
+So how can we use
+this insight we now
+
+have to simplify the solution
+of the differential equation?
+
+The idea is to change
+variables a little bit.
+
+So write psi of u to be
+equal to h of u times e
+
+to the minus u squared over 2.
+
+Now you're going to say
+wait, what are you doing?
+
+Are you making an
+approximation now
+
+that this is what is
+going to look far away?
+
+Or what are you putting there?
+
+I'm not making
+any approximation.
+
+I'm just saying whatever
+pis is, it can always
+
+be written in this way.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if you have
+a psi of u, you
+
+can write it as psi of u
+over e to the minus u squared
+
+over 2 times e minus
+u squared over 2.
+
+Very trivially this
+can always be done.
+
+As long as we say
+that h is arbitrary,
+
+there's nothing,
+no constraint here.
+
+I have not assume
+anything, nothing.
+
+I'm just hoping that I have a
+differential equation for psi.
+
+That because this is a very
+clever factor, the differential
+
+equation for h will be simpler.
+
+Because part of the dependence
+has been taken over.
+
+So maybe h, for example, could
+be now a polynomial solution,
+
+because this product
+has been taken care.
+
+So the hope is that by
+writing this equation
+
+it will become an
+equation for h of u,
+
+and that equation
+will be simpler.
+
+So will it be simpler?
+
+Well, here again this
+is not difficult.
+
+You're supposed to plug
+into equation one--
+
+this is the equation
+one-- plug into one.
+
+I won't do it.
+
+It's three lines of
+algebra to plug into one
+
+and calculate the
+equation for h of u.
+
+You should do it.
+
+It's the kind of thing that
+one should do at least once.
+
+So please do it.
+
+It's three, four lines.
+
+It's not long.
+
+But I'll just write the answer.
+
+So by the time you
+substitute, of course,
+
+the e to the minus
+u squared over 2
+
+is going to cancel
+from everywhere.
+
+It's very here.
+
+You just need to
+take two derivatives,
+
+so it becomes a second
+order differential equation.
+
+And indeed, it becomes
+a tractable differential
+
+equation.
+
+The second h, du squared minus
+2u dh du plus e minus 1 h
+
+equals 0.
+
+OK, that is our equation now.
+
+So now we face the problem
+finally solving this equation.
+
+So before we start,
+maybe there's
+
+some questions of what
+we've done so far.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have
+right there in the middle
+
+would be-- this equation
+is linear, so can we just
+
+[INAUDIBLE] minus u squared over
+2 and you stuck it to that u
+
+to the k.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's here?
+
+This thing?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Could you then just power series
+what's going on at 0 with those
+
+u to the k terms [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+This is the behavior
+as u goes to infinity.
+
+So I actually don't know
+that the function near 0
+
+is going to behave
+like u to the k.
+
+We really don't know.
+
+It suggest to you that
+maybe the solution
+
+is going to be near 0 u to
+the k times some polynomial
+
+or something like that.
+
+But it's not that, because
+this analysis was just
+
+done at infinity.
+
+So we really have no information
+still what's going on near 0.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So is k some arbitrary
+number or is it an integer?
+
+PROFESSOR: At this moment,
+actually, it doesn't matter.
+
+Is that right?
+
+Doesn't matter.
+
+The analysis that we did here
+suggests it could be anything.
+
+That's why I just didn't
+put it into h or u.
+
+I didn't put it because
+would be strange to put here
+
+a u to the k.
+
+I wouldn't know
+what to make of it.
+
+So at this moment,
+the best thing to say
+
+is we don't know what it is,
+and maybe we'll understand it.
+
+And we will.
+
+In a few seconds, we'll
+sort of see what's going on.
+
+OK, so how does one
+solve this equation?
+
+Well, it's not a
+trivial equation, again.
+
+But it can be solved
+by polynomials,
+
+and we'll see that.
+
+But the way we
+solve this equation
+
+is by a power series expansion.
+
+Now you could do
+it by hand first,
+
+and I did it when
+I was preparing
+
+the lecture yesterday.
+
+I said I'm going to
+just write h of u
+
+equal a constant a0 plus
+a1u plus a2u squared
+
+plus a3u cubed.
+
+And I plugged it in here.
+
+And I just did the
+first few terms
+
+and start to see what happened.
+
+And I found after
+a little thinking
+
+that a2 is determined
+by a0, and a3
+
+is determined by a1
+once you substitute.
+
+It's not the obvious when you
+look at this, but that happens.
+
+So when you face a
+problem like that,
+
+don't go high power
+to begin with.
+
+Just try a simple series
+and see what happens.
+
+And you see a little pattern.
+
+And then you can do a more
+sophisticated analysis.
+
+So what would be a more
+sophisticated analysis?
+
+To write h of u
+equal the sum from j
+
+equals 0 to infinity
+aju to the j.
+
+Then if you take a
+derivative, because we're
+
+going to need the
+derivative, dh du
+
+would be the sum from
+j equals 0 to infinity.
+
+j times aju to the j minus 1.
+
+You would say that
+doesn't look very good
+
+because for j equals
+0 you have 1 over u.
+
+That's crazy.
+
+But indeed for j equals 0,
+the j here multiplies it
+
+and makes it 0.
+
+So this is OK.
+
+Now the term that we actually
+need is minus 2u dh du.
+
+So here minus 2u dh du would
+be equal to the sum from j
+
+equals 0 to infinity, and I
+will have minus 2jaju to the j.
+
+The u makes this j minus 1 j,
+and the constant went there.
+
+So here is so far h.
+
+Here is this other
+term that we're
+
+going to need for the
+differential equation.
+
+And then there's the
+last term that we're
+
+going to need for the
+differential equation,
+
+so I'm going to go here.
+
+So what do we get
+for this last term.
+
+We'll have to take
+a second derivative.
+
+So we'll take-- h
+prime was there,
+
+so d second h du squared
+will be the sum from j
+
+equals 0 of j times j minus
+1 aju to the j minus 2.
+
+Now you have to rewrite this
+in order to make it tractable.
+
+You want everything
+to have u to the j's.
+
+You don't want actually to
+have u to the j minus 2.
+
+So the first thing
+that you notice
+
+is that this sum actually begins
+with 2, because for 0 and 1
+
+it vanishes.
+
+So I can write j times j
+minus 1 aj u to j minus 2.
+
+Like that.
+
+And then I can say let j
+be equal to j prime plus 2.
+
+Look, j begins
+with 2 in this sum.
+
+So if j is j prime plus 2,
+j prime will begin with 0.
+
+So we've shifted the sum so it's
+j prime equals 0 to infinity.
+
+And whenever I have a j I
+must put j prime plus 2.
+
+So j prime plus 2.
+
+j prime plus 1 aj prime
+plus 2 u to the j prime.
+
+Wherever I had j, I
+put j prime plus 2.
+
+And finally you say j or
+j prime is the same name,
+
+so let's call it j.
+
+j equals 0.
+
+j plus 2.
+
+j plus 1.
+
+aj plus 2 uj.
+
+So we got the series
+expansion of everything,
+
+so we just plug into the
+differential equation.
+
+So where is the
+differential equation?
+
+It's here.
+
+So I'll plug it in.
+
+Let's see what we get.
+
+We'll get some from j
+equals 0 to infinity.
+
+Let's see the second
+derivative is here.
+
+j plus 2 times j plus 1 aj
+plus 2 uj, so I'll put it here.
+
+So that's this second
+derivative term.
+
+Now this one.
+
+It's easy.
+
+Minus 2j aj and the uj is there.
+
+So minus 2jaj.
+
+Last term is just e
+minus 1, because it's
+
+the function this
+times aj as well.
+
+That's h.
+
+And look, this whole
+thing must be 0.
+
+So what you learn is that
+this coefficient must
+
+be 0 for every value of j.
+
+Now it's possible to--
+here is aj and aj,
+
+so it's actually
+one single thing.
+
+Let me write it here.
+
+j plus 2 times j plus
+1 aj plus 2 minus 2j
+
+plus 1 minus e aj uj.
+
+I think I got it right.
+
+Yes.
+
+And this is the same sum.
+
+And now, OK, it's a lot of
+work, but we're getting there.
+
+This must be 0.
+
+So actually that solves for
+aj plus 2 in terms of aj.
+
+What I had told you that you
+can notice in two minutes
+
+if you try it a little.
+
+That a2 seems to be
+determined by a0.
+
+And a3 seems to be
+determined by a2.
+
+So this is saying
+that aj plus 2 is
+
+given by 2j plus 1 minus e
+over j plus 2 j plus 1 aj.
+
+A very nice recursive relation.
+
+So indeed, if you
+put the value of a0,
+
+it will determine for you a2,
+a4, a6, a8, all the even ones.
+
+If you put the value of a1, it
+will determine for you a3, a5.
+
+So a solution is determined by
+you telling me how much is a0,
+
+and telling me how much is a1.
+
+Two constants, two numbers.
+
+That's what you expect from
+a second order differential
+
+equation.
+
+The value of the
+function at the point,
+
+the derivative at a point.
+
+In fact, you are
+looking at a0 and a1
+
+as the two constants that
+will determine a solution.
+
+And this is the value of h at 0.
+
+This is the
+derivative of h at 0.
+
+So we can now write
+the following facts
+
+about the solution
+that we have found.
+
+So what do we know?
+
+That solutions fixed
+by giving a0 and a1.
+
+That correspond to the
+value of the function at 0
+
+and the derivative
+of the function at 0.
+
+And this gives one solution.
+
+Once you fix a0, you get a2, a4.
+
+And this is an even
+solution, because it
+
+has only even powers.
+
+And then from a1, you fixed
+a3, a5, all the other ones
+
+with an odd solution.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, we solve the
+differential equation,
+
+which is really,
+in a sense, bad,
+
+because we were expecting
+that we can only solve it
+
+for some values of the energy.
+
+Moreover, you have a0,
+you get a2, a4, a6, a8.
+
+This will go on forever
+and not terminate.
+
+And then it will be an
+infinite polynomial that
+
+grows up and doesn't
+ever decline,
+
+which is sort of
+contradictory with the idea
+
+that we had before
+that near infinity
+
+the function was going to be
+some power, some fixed power,
+
+times this exponential.
+
+So this is what we're looking
+for, this h function now.
+
+It doesn't look
+like a fixed power.
+
+It looks like it goes forever.
+
+So let's see what
+happens eventually
+
+when the coefficient, the
+value of the j index is large.
+
+For large j.
+
+aj plus 2 is roughly equal
+to, for large a, whatever
+
+the energy is, sufficiently
+large, the most important here
+
+is the 2j here, the j and the j.
+
+So you get 2 over j aj.
+
+So roughly for large j,
+it behaves like that.
+
+And now you have to ask
+yourself the question,
+
+if you have a power series
+expansion whose coefficients
+
+behave like that, how
+badly is it at infinity?
+
+How about is it?
+
+You know it's the
+power series expansion
+
+because your h was all
+these coefficients.
+
+And suppose they
+behave like that.
+
+They grow in that way
+or decay in this way,
+
+because they're decaying.
+
+Is this a solution
+that's going to blow up?
+
+Or is it not going to blow up?
+
+And here comes an
+important thing.
+
+This is pretty bad
+behavior, actually.
+
+It's pretty awful behavior.
+
+So let's see that.
+
+That's pretty bad.
+
+How do we see that?
+
+Well you could do it
+in different ways,
+
+depending on whether
+you want to derive
+
+that this is a bad
+behavior or guess it.
+
+I'm going to guess something.
+
+I'm going to look at how
+does e to the u squared
+
+behave as a power series.
+
+Well, you know as a
+power series exponential
+
+is 1 over n u squared to the n.
+
+Here's n factorial.
+
+n equals 0 to infinity.
+
+Now these two n's, u to the
+2n, these are all even powers.
+
+So I'm going to
+change letters here,
+
+and I'm going to work with j
+from 0, 2, 4, over the evens.
+
+So I will write u to the j here.
+
+And that this correct, because
+you produce u to the 0,
+
+u to the 2, u to the
+fourth, these things.
+
+And j is really 2n,
+so here you will
+
+have one over j
+over 2 factorial.
+
+Now you might say, j over
+2, isn't that a fraction?
+
+No, it's not a fraction,
+because j is even.
+
+So this is a nice factorial.
+
+Now this is the
+coefficient, cj u to the j.
+
+And let's see how this
+coefficients vary.
+
+So this cj is 1 over
+j over 2 factorial.
+
+What is cj plus 2 over cj?
+
+Which is the analogue
+of this thing.
+
+Well, this would be 1 over
+j plus 2 over 2 factorial.
+
+And here is up there,
+so j over 2 factorial.
+
+Well, this has one more
+factor in the denominator
+
+than the numerator.
+
+So this is roughly
+one over j over 2
+
+plus 1, the last value of this.
+
+This integer is just
+one bigger than that.
+
+Now if j is large,
+this is roughly 1
+
+over j over 2,
+which is 2 over j.
+
+Oh, exactly that stuff.
+
+So it's pretty bad.
+
+If this series
+goes on forever, it
+
+will diverge like
+e to the u squared.
+
+And your h will be like e to the
+u squared with e to the minus
+
+u squared over 2 is going
+to be like e to the plus.
+
+u squared over 2 is going
+to go and behave this one.
+
+So it's going to do
+exactly the wrong thing.
+
+If this series
+doesn't terminate,
+
+we have not succeeded.
+
+But happily, the
+series may terminate,
+
+because the j's are integers.
+
+So maybe for some energies
+that are integers,
+
+it terminates, and
+that's a solution.
+
+The only way to get a solution
+is if the series terminates.
+
+The only way it can
+terminate is that the e
+
+is some odd number over here.
+
+And that will solve the thing.
+
+So we actually need to do this.
+
+This shows the energy.
+
+You found why it's quantized.
+
+So let's do it then.
+
+We're really done
+with this in a sense.
+
+This is the most important
+point of the lecture,
+
+is that the series
+must terminate,
+
+otherwise it will
+blow up horrendously.
+
+If it terminates
+as a polynomial,
+
+then everything is good.
+
+So to terminate you can choose
+2j plus 1 minus e to be 0.
+
+This will make aj
+plus 2 equal to 0.
+
+And your solution, your
+h of u, will begin.
+
+aj will be the last
+one that is non-zero,
+
+so it will be aj
+times u to the j,
+
+and it will go down like aj
+minus 2 u to the j minus 2.
+
+It will go down in steps of
+2, because this recursion
+
+is always by steps of two.
+
+So that's it.
+
+That's going to be the solution
+where these coefficients are
+
+going to be fixed by
+the recursive relation,
+
+and we have this.
+
+Now most people
+here call j equal n.
+
+So let's call it n.
+
+And then we have 2n
+plus 1 minus e equals 0.
+
+And h of u would be an u to
+the n plus all these things.
+
+That's the h.
+
+The full solution is h
+times e to the minus u
+
+squared over 2 as we will see.
+
+But recall what e was.
+
+e here is 2n plus 1.
+
+But he was the true energy
+divided by h omega over two.
+
+That was long ago.
+
+It's gone.
+
+Long gone.
+
+So what have you
+found therefore?
+
+That the energy,
+that' we'll call en,
+
+the energy of the
+nth solution is
+
+going to be h omega
+over 2 2n plus 1.
+
+So it's actually h omega, and
+people write it n plus 1/2.
+
+Very famous result.
+
+The nth level of the harmonic
+oscillator has this energy.
+
+And moreover, these
+objects, people
+
+choose these-- you
+see the constants are
+
+related by steps of two.
+
+So just like you could start
+with a0, or a1 and go up,
+
+you can go down.
+
+People call these functions
+Hermite functions.
+
+And they fix the notation so
+that this an is 2 to the n.
+
+They like it.
+
+It's a nice normalization.
+
+So actually h of
+n is what we call
+
+the Hermite function of u sub n.
+
+And it goes like 2 to the
+n u to the n plus order u
+
+to the n minus 2 plus
+n minus 4, and it
+
+goes on and on like that.
+
+OK, a couple things
+and we're done.
+
+Just for reference,
+the Hermite polynomial,
+
+if you're interested
+in it, is the one
+
+that solves this equation.
+
+And the Hermite
+sub n corresponds
+
+to e sub n, which is 2n plus 1.
+
+So the Hermite solution
+from that the equation
+
+is that the Hermite polynomial
+satisfies this minus 2u
+
+d Hn du plus 2n.
+
+Because en is 2n plus 1.
+
+So it's 2n Hn equals 0.
+
+That's the equation for
+the Hermite polynomial,
+
+and interesting thing to know.
+
+Actually, if you want to
+generate the efficiently
+
+the Hermite polynomials, there's
+something called the generating
+
+function.
+
+e to the minus z
+squared plus 2zu.
+
+If you expand it in
+a power series of z,
+
+it actually gives you
+n equals 0 to infinity.
+
+If it's a power series of z,
+it will be some z to the n's.
+
+You can put a factor here
+n, and here is Hn of u.
+
+So you can use your
+mathematic program
+
+and expand this in powers of z.
+
+Collect the various powers of
+u that appear with z to the n,
+
+and that's Hn It's the most
+efficient way of generating Hn
+
+And moreover, if you want
+to play in mathematics,
+
+you can show that
+such definition of Hn
+
+satisfies this equation.
+
+So it produces the solution.
+
+So what have we found?
+
+Our end result is the following.
+
+Let me finish with that here.
+
+We had this potential, and the
+first energy level is called E0
+
+and has energy h omega over 2.
+
+The next energy is E1.
+
+It has 3/2 h omega.
+
+Next one is E2 5/2 h omega.
+
+This polynomial is
+nth degree polynomial.
+
+So it has n zeros,
+therefore n nodes.
+
+So these wave functions will
+have the right number of nodes.
+
+E0, the psi 0,
+will have no nodes.
+
+When you have psi 0, the
+Hn becomes a number for n
+
+equals zero.
+
+And the whole solution
+is the exponential
+
+of u squared over 2.
+
+The whole solution, in
+fact, is, as we wrote,
+
+psi n Hn of u e to the
+minus u squared over 2.
+
+In plain English,
+if you use an x,
+
+it will be Hn u with x over
+that constant a we had.
+
+And you have minus x
+squared over 2a squared.
+
+Those are your eigenfunctions.
+
+These are the solutions.
+
+Discrete spectrum, evenly
+spaced, the nicest spectrum
+
+possible.
+
+All the nodes are there.
+
+You will solve this in a
+more clever way next time.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r4KjHEgg9Wg.txt b/r4KjHEgg9Wg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56556ad4dd723057c116aec3238f2afe5f129ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r4KjHEgg9Wg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17184 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
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+The following content is provided under
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+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
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+or to view additional materials from
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+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
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+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is very exciting. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is very exciting. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. This is very exciting. Uh
+in the previous lecture we learned all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture we learned all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture we learned all
+about uh buffer overflow attacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh buffer overflow attacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh buffer overflow attacks and
+today we're going to continue to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to continue to discuss
+uh some techniques to launch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some techniques to launch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some techniques to launch these
+attacks. So the basic idea of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks. So the basic idea of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks. So the basic idea of all these
+buffer overflow attacks uh is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow attacks uh is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow attacks uh is as
+follows. So first of all they leverage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So first of all they leverage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So first of all they leverage a
+couple different uh a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different uh a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different uh a couple different
+facts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one thing that they leverage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that they leverage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that they leverage is that
+uh system software is often written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C. And so by system software I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. And so by system software I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. And so by system software I mean
+things like databases, compilers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like databases, compilers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like databases, compilers,
+network servers, things like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network servers, things like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network servers, things like that,
+right? And you can also think of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you can also think of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And you can also think of things
+like your favorite command shell. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your favorite command shell. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your favorite command shell. All
+those types of things are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things are typically
+written in C. So why are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C. So why are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C. So why are these things
+typically written in C? Well, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically written in C? Well, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically written in C? Well, they're
+written in C because our community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C because our community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C because our community of
+course is obsessed with C, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is obsessed with C, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is obsessed with C, right? And so
+C is supposed to be like high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is supposed to be like high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is supposed to be like high level
+assembly. It takes us very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly. It takes us very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly. It takes us very close to the
+hardware. And so as a result, all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware. And so as a result, all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware. And so as a result, all of
+these very sort of mission critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very sort of mission critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very sort of mission critical
+systems are written in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are written in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are written in this very
+low-level language. Now the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level language. Now the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-level language. Now the problem with
+things being written in C is that C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being written in C is that C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being written in C is that C
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exposes raw memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addresses, right? And so not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses, right? And so not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses, right? And so not only does
+it expose raw memory addresses, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expose raw memory addresses, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expose raw memory addresses, but it
+also performs no bound checking when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also performs no bound checking when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also performs no bound checking when
+programs manipulate those raw addresses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs manipulate those raw addresses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs manipulate those raw addresses,
+right? And so as you can imagine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so as you can imagine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so as you can imagine this is
+a recipe for disaster. Okay. So once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe for disaster. Okay. So once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe for disaster. Okay. So once
+again why doesn't C check these bounds?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why doesn't C check these bounds?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why doesn't C check these bounds?
+Well one reason is because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well one reason is because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well one reason is because you know the
+hardware doesn't do that and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware doesn't do that and people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware doesn't do that and people who
+write in in C typically want the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in in C typically want the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in in C typically want the maximum
+amount of speed possible. All right. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of speed possible. All right. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of speed possible. All right. The
+other reason is that in C as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason is that in C as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason is that in C as we'll
+discuss later it can actually be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later it can actually be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later it can actually be very
+difficult to determine the semantics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to determine the semantics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to determine the semantics of
+what it means to have a pointer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to have a pointer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to have a pointer that's
+actually inbounds. So in some cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inbounds. So in some cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inbounds. So in some cases it
+would be very difficult for the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very difficult for the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very difficult for the C
+runtime to automatically do that. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime to automatically do that. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime to automatically do that. Now
+we'll discuss some techniques which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss some techniques which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss some techniques which will
+actually try to do that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to do that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to do that type of
+automatic inference but as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic inference but as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic inference but as we'll see
+none of these techniques are fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these techniques are fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these techniques are fully
+bulletproof and so these attacks also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulletproof and so these attacks also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulletproof and so these attacks also
+leverage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage uh
+knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the
+x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+architecture and by knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and by knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and by knowledge of
+architecture I mean things like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I mean things like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I mean things like what's
+the direction that the stack grows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction that the stack grows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction that the stack grows right
+what are the calling conventions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the calling conventions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the calling conventions for
+functions, right? When you invoke a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, right? When you invoke a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, right? When you invoke a C
+function, what is the stack going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, what is the stack going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, what is the stack going to
+look like? When you allocate an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like? When you allocate an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like? When you allocate an object
+on the heap, what are those heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heap, what are those heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the heap, what are those heap
+allocation structures going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation structures going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation structures going to look
+like? And so, let's look at a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? And so, let's look at a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? And so, let's look at a simple
+example. It's very similar to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. It's very similar to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. It's very similar to something
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+uh saw in the last lecture. So, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saw in the last lecture. So, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saw in the last lecture. So, we've
+got your standard read request up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, and then you've got a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, and then you've got a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, and then you've got a buffer
+that's here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And by now you've probably trained your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by now you've probably trained your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by now you've probably trained your
+lizard brain instincts. Whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizard brain instincts. Whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizard brain instincts. Whenever you see
+a buffer, you're probably filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer, you're probably filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer, you're probably filled with
+fear. That is the right attitude. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear. That is the right attitude. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear. That is the right attitude. So
+we've got the buffer up here. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the buffer up here. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the buffer up here. And then
+we've got the canonical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the canonical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the canonical and
+I and then we've got the infamous gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+command, right? And then you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command, right? And then you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command, right? And then you've got some
+other stuff here. Right? So as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff here. Right? So as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff here. Right? So as we
+discussed uh in lecture uh last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh in lecture uh last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh in lecture uh last week
+this is problematic right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is problematic right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is problematic right because this
+gets operation here does not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets operation here does not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets operation here does not actually
+check the bounds on the buffer. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the bounds on the buffer. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the bounds on the buffer. So what
+can happen is that uh if the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is that uh if the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is that uh if the user
+actually supplies the buffer actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supplies the buffer actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supplies the buffer actually I
+should put that guy up here for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put that guy up here for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put that guy up here for example
+if that buffer comes in from the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that buffer comes in from the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that buffer comes in from the user
+and we use this unsafe function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use this unsafe function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use this unsafe function here
+then we can actually overflow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually overflow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually overflow this
+buffer and we can actually uh rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and we can actually uh rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and we can actually uh rewrite
+stuff that's on the stack. So just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the stack. So just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the stack. So just as a
+reminder of what that uh stuff looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of what that uh stuff looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder of what that uh stuff looks
+like, let's look at a stack diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So let's say here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's say here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's say here we've got
+I let's say here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's say here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let's say here we've got
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buff. Right. So we've got the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff. Right. So we've got the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buff. Right. So we've got the first
+address of buffer here. We've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of buffer here. We've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of buffer here. We've got the
+last one up here. I apologize for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one up here. I apologize for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one up here. I apologize for my
+handwriting. This is writing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting. This is writing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting. This is writing on the
+marker board. You should pray for me. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker board. You should pray for me. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker board. You should pray for me. So
+anyways, so then up here we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, so then up here we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, so then up here we've got the
+uh the saved value of uh the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the saved value of uh the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the saved value of uh the break
+pointer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got the
+uh return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+address for the function there. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address for the function there. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address for the function there. And then
+we've got some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some other stuff
+from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame. Right? So, don't forget we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. Right? So, don't forget we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. Right? So, don't forget we've got
+the uh stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh stack
+pointer, which goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. And then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we've got
+the new brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new brake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new brake
+pointer, which goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. The entry stack pointer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The entry stack pointer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The entry stack pointer goes
+there. And then somewhere up here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then somewhere up here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then somewhere up here we've
+got the entry break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point. Right? So just as a reminder, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So just as a reminder, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So just as a reminder, the
+way that the stack overflow works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the stack overflow works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the stack overflow works is
+that uh basically it goes this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh basically it goes this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh basically it goes this way.
+Right? So when the gets operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So when the gets operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So when the gets operation is
+called, we start writing bytes into buff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called, we start writing bytes into buff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called, we start writing bytes into buff
+and eventually it's going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it's going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it's going to start
+overwriting these things that are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting these things that are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting these things that are on the
+stack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack.
+And so this is basically should all look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is basically should all look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is basically should all look
+pretty familiar to you. So what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty familiar to you. So what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty familiar to you. So what does the
+attacker do to take advantage of that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker do to take advantage of that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker do to take advantage of that?
+It basically supplies that long input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It basically supplies that long input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It basically supplies that long input.
+And so the key idea here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the key idea here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the key idea here is that this
+can be attacker supplied, right? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attacker supplied, right? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attacker supplied, right? And so
+if this return address is attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this return address is attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this return address is attacker
+supplied, then basically the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied, then basically the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied, then basically the attacker
+can determine where this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine where this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine where this function is
+going to jump to after it concludes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump to after it concludes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump to after it concludes it
+execution. So what can the attacker do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution. So what can the attacker do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution. So what can the attacker do
+once it's actually been able to hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's actually been able to hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's actually been able to hijack
+that return address and jump wherever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return address and jump wherever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return address and jump wherever it
+wants? Well, basically it the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants? Well, basically it the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants? Well, basically it the attacker
+is now running code with the privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now running code with the privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now running code with the privileges
+of the process that it's just hijacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process that it's just hijacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process that it's just hijacked
+for example. So if that process was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example. So if that process was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example. So if that process was a
+high priority process, let's say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high priority process, let's say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high priority process, let's say it was
+running as root or admin or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as root or admin or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as root or admin or whatever
+they call the super user in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the super user in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the super user in your
+favorite operating system, then now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite operating system, then now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite operating system, then now that
+program which is controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is controlled by the
+attacker can do whatever it wants using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can do whatever it wants using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can do whatever it wants using
+the uh authority of that high priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authority of that high priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh authority of that high priority
+program. So it can do things like it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. So it can do things like it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. So it can do things like it can
+maybe read files, it can you know send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe read files, it can you know send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe read files, it can you know send
+spam. Let's say if you corrupted a mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam. Let's say if you corrupted a mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam. Let's say if you corrupted a mail
+server, it can even do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server, it can even do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server, it can even do things like
+actually uh defeat firewalls, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh defeat firewalls, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh defeat firewalls, right?
+Because the idea of a firewall is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the idea of a firewall is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the idea of a firewall is that
+there's going to be this distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be this distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be this distinction
+between good machines that are behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between good machines that are behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between good machines that are behind
+the firewall and bad machines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firewall and bad machines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firewall and bad machines that are
+outside of the firewall. So typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the firewall. So typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the firewall. So typically
+machines that are inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are inside of the
+firewall, they have a lot of trust with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall, they have a lot of trust with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall, they have a lot of trust with
+each other, right? But if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other, right? But if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other, right? But if you can
+subvert a machine that's actually inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert a machine that's actually inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert a machine that's actually inside
+of the firewall, right, that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firewall, right, that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firewall, right, that's great
+because now you get to sort of skip past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you get to sort of skip past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you get to sort of skip past
+a lot of those checks that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those checks that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those checks that those
+machines don't have because they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines don't have because they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines don't have because they think
+that you're a trusted uh individual. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're a trusted uh individual. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're a trusted uh individual. So
+one thing you might be thinking, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you might be thinking, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you might be thinking, right,
+I remember I was thinking this when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember I was thinking this when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember I was thinking this when I
+was a student was, okay, fine. So, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student was, okay, fine. So, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student was, okay, fine. So, I've
+showed you how to do this uh buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to do this uh buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to do this uh buffer
+overflow, but why didn't the OS stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, but why didn't the OS stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, but why didn't the OS stop
+this, right? Isn't the OS supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? Isn't the OS supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? Isn't the OS supposed to be
+that thing that's sort of sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that's sort of sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that's sort of sitting around
+like Guardians of the Galaxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Guardians of the Galaxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Guardians of the Galaxy and
+preventing all this kind of evil stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing all this kind of evil stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing all this kind of evil stuff
+from happening? Well, the thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening? Well, the thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening? Well, the thing to note
+is that the OS actually isn't watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the OS actually isn't watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the OS actually isn't watching
+you all the time, right? The hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the time, right? The hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the time, right? The hardware is
+watching you all the time, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you all the time, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you all the time, right?
+Because it's the thing that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's the thing that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's the thing that's actually
+fetching instructions and decoding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetching instructions and decoding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetching instructions and decoding them
+and doing things like that. But to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing things like that. But to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing things like that. But to a
+first approximation, you know, what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation, you know, what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximation, you know, what does
+the OS do? It basically sets up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS do? It basically sets up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS do? It basically sets up some
+page table stuff and then it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table stuff and then it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page table stuff and then it basically
+lets you the application run and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you the application run and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you the application run and if you
+ask the operating system for services so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the operating system for services so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the operating system for services so
+for example you want to send a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you want to send a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you want to send a network
+packet or you want to do some IPC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or you want to do some IPC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or you want to do some IPC or
+things like that then you'll invoke a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that then you'll invoke a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that then you'll invoke a
+system call and you'll actually trap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call and you'll actually trap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call and you'll actually trap in
+the OS but other than that the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS but other than that the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS but other than that the operating
+system is not sort of looking at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not sort of looking at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not sort of looking at each
+and every instruction that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every instruction that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every instruction that your
+application is executing right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is executing right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is executing right so in
+other words when this buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words when this buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words when this buffer overflow
+attacks it's not like the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks it's not like the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks it's not like the operating
+system was looking at each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was looking at each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was looking at each one of these
+memory accesses for signs of chicainery,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory accesses for signs of chicainery,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory accesses for signs of chicainery,
+right? All this address space belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All this address space belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All this address space belongs to
+you. This averted process, right? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This averted process, right? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This averted process, right? So you
+get to do with it what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do with it what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do with it what you want to do
+with it, right? Or at least this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it, right? Or at least this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it, right? Or at least this is the
+whole C attitude towards life, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole C attitude towards life, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole C attitude towards life, right?
+Live fast, die young. So that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Live fast, die young. So that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Live fast, die young. So that's why the
+operating system can't help you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can't help you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can't help you right
+there. So later in the uh lecture, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So later in the uh lecture, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So later in the uh lecture, we
+will discuss some things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss some things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss some things that the
+operating system can do with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can do with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can do with respect to
+the hardware so that it can help protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware so that it can help protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware so that it can help protect
+against these types of attacks, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these types of attacks, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these types of attacks, right?
+But once again, it's actually just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once again, it's actually just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once again, it's actually just the
+hardware that's interposing on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware that's interposing on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware that's interposing on every
+little thing that you do. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that you do. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that you do. So we can
+actually take advantage of some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take advantage of some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take advantage of some of that
+stuff. For example, using special types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. For example, using special types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. For example, using special types
+of paid protections and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paid protections and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paid protections and things like that
+that we'll discuss a little bit later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll discuss a little bit later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll discuss a little bit later.
+So that's basically an overview of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's basically an overview of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's basically an overview of what
+uh the buffer overflow looks like. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the buffer overflow looks like. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the buffer overflow looks like. So
+how are we going to fix these things? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to fix these things? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to fix these things? So
+one fix for uh avoiding buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fix for uh avoiding buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fix for uh avoiding buffer
+overflows is to simply uh avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows is to simply uh avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows is to simply uh avoid
+bugs in your CC code.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So this has the nice advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this has the nice advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this has the nice advantage of
+being correct by construction. Right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being correct by construction. Right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being correct by construction. Right? If
+you don't have any bugs in your program,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any bugs in your program,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any bugs in your program,
+ipso factor the attacker cannot take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipso factor the attacker cannot take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ipso factor the attacker cannot take
+advantage of any bugs. That's I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of any bugs. That's I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of any bugs. That's I'm a
+professor. I get paid the big bucks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor. I get paid the big bucks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor. I get paid the big bucks to
+think deeply like that. Now this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think deeply like that. Now this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think deeply like that. Now this of
+course is easier said than done, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is easier said than done, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is easier said than done, right?
+There's a couple very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a couple very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a couple very straightforward
+things that programmers can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that programmers can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that programmers can do to
+practice good security hygiene. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice good security hygiene. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice good security hygiene. So for
+example, like functions like this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, like functions like this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, like functions like this gets
+function, right? These are kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? These are kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, right? These are kind of like
+go-tos. These are now known to be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-tos. These are now known to be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-tos. These are now known to be bad
+ideas, right? So when you compile your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, right? So when you compile your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, right? So when you compile your
+code and you include functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you include functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you include functions like
+this, if you're using a modern compiler,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if you're using a modern compiler,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if you're using a modern compiler,
+GCC, Visual Studio, whatever, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC, Visual Studio, whatever, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC, Visual Studio, whatever, it will
+actually complain about that. It'll say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complain about that. It'll say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complain about that. It'll say,
+"Hey, you're using one of these unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, you're using one of these unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, you're using one of these unsafe
+functions. Consider using, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Consider using, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Consider using, you know,
+fgets or using a version of SPRF that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgets or using a version of SPRF that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fgets or using a version of SPRF that
+actually sort of tracks the bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of tracks the bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of tracks the bounds of
+things." So that's sort of one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things." So that's sort of one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things." So that's sort of one simple
+thing that programmers can do. But note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that programmers can do. But note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that programmers can do. But note
+that a lot of applications actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of applications actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of applications actually
+manipulate buffers without necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate buffers without necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate buffers without necessarily
+calling one of these functions, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling one of these functions, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling one of these functions, right?
+This is very common in network servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is very common in network servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is very common in network servers
+and things like that. they'll define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. they'll define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. they'll define
+their own custom parsing routines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own custom parsing routines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own custom parsing routines to
+make sure that things are extracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that things are extracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that things are extracted from
+the buffers in the way that they want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffers in the way that they want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffers in the way that they want.
+So just restricting yourself to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just restricting yourself to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just restricting yourself to these
+types of things won't solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things won't solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things won't solve the problem
+completely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely.
+Uh so another thing that uh makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so another thing that uh makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so another thing that uh makes this
+approach difficult is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach difficult is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach difficult is that it's not
+always obvious sort of what is a bug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious sort of what is a bug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always obvious sort of what is a bug in
+a C program. So if you've ever worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C program. So if you've ever worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C program. So if you've ever worked on
+a very large scale system that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large scale system that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large scale system that's been
+written in C, you'll know that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C, you'll know that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C, you'll know that it can be
+tricky if you've got some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you've got some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky if you've got some function
+definition that takes in, you know, 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that takes in, you know, 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that takes in, you know, 18
+void star pointers. I mean, only Zeus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void star pointers. I mean, only Zeus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+void star pointers. I mean, only Zeus
+knows what all those things mean, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what all those things mean, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what all those things mean, right?
+And so it's much more difficult in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's much more difficult in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's much more difficult in a
+language like C that has sort of weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like C that has sort of weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like C that has sort of weak
+typing and things like that to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and things like that to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing and things like that to actually
+understand as a programmer what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as a programmer what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as a programmer what it means
+to have a bug and what it means to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a bug and what it means to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a bug and what it means to not
+have a bug. Okay? So in general, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bug. Okay? So in general, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bug. Okay? So in general, one of
+the main themes that you'll see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main themes that you'll see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main themes that you'll see in this
+class is that C is probably the spawn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that C is probably the spawn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that C is probably the spawn of
+the devil, right? Uh and we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil, right? Uh and we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil, right? Uh and we use it
+because once again, we typically want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again, we typically want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again, we typically want to
+be fast, right? But as hardware gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fast, right? But as hardware gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fast, right? But as hardware gets
+faster and as we get more uh better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and as we get more uh better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and as we get more uh better
+languages to write large scale systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to write large scale systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to write large scale systems
+code, we'll see that maybe it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code, we'll see that maybe it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code, we'll see that maybe it doesn't
+always make sense to write your stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sense to write your stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sense to write your stuff in
+C even if you think it has to be fast,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C even if you think it has to be fast,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C even if you think it has to be fast,
+right? So we'll discuss some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we'll discuss some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we'll discuss some of that
+later in later lectures. Um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in later lectures. Um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in later lectures. Um so that's
+one approach. uh avoiding bugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach. uh avoiding bugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach. uh avoiding bugs in the
+first place. So another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach is to uh build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to uh build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to uh build
+tools that allow uh programmers to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bugs. And so an example of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. And so an example of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. And so an example of this is
+something that's called static analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called static analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called static analysis.
+Now, we'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we'll talk a little bit more about
+static analysis in later lectures, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis in later lectures, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis in later lectures, but
+suffice it to say that static analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say that static analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say that static analysis
+is a way of analyzing the source code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of analyzing the source code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of analyzing the source code of
+your program before it even runs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program before it even runs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program before it even runs and
+looking for potential problems. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for potential problems. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for potential problems. So,
+imagine that you have a function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have a function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have a function like
+this. So, the popularly named fu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, the popularly named fu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, the popularly named fu
+function, it takes in a pointer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's say it declares some uh integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say it declares some uh integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say it declares some uh integer
+offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value. It declares another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer and adds the offset to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and adds the offset to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and adds the offset to that
+pointer. Now even just at this moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. Now even just at this moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. Now even just at this moment in
+the code, right, static analysis can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code, right, static analysis can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code, right, static analysis can
+tell you that this offset variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that this offset variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that this offset variable is
+uninitialized, right? So essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitialized, right? So essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitialized, right? So essentially you
+can do things like saying you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like saying you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like saying you know is
+there any way is there any control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way is there any control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way is there any control flow
+through this program by which offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this program by which offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this program by which offset
+could have been initialized before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been initialized before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been initialized before it
+was actually used in this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually used in this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually used in this calculation
+here. Now in this example it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now in this example it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now in this example it's very
+simple to see that the answer is no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see that the answer is no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see that the answer is no.
+Right? You can imagine that if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You can imagine that if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You can imagine that if there
+were more branches or things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more branches or things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more branches or things like this
+it'd be more difficult to tell. But one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be more difficult to tell. But one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be more difficult to tell. But one
+thing that a static analysis tool could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a static analysis tool could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a static analysis tool could
+tell you and in fact one thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you and in fact one thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you and in fact one thing that you
+know pop compilers will tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pop compilers will tell you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pop compilers will tell you is
+you'll compile this and it'll say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll compile this and it'll say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll compile this and it'll say hey
+buddy this has not been initialized. Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy this has not been initialized. Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy this has not been initialized. Are
+you sure this this is what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure this this is what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure this this is what you want to
+do? Right? So that's one very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Right? So that's one very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Right? So that's one very simple
+example of static analysis. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of static analysis. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of static analysis. Another
+example of what you can do is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what you can do is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what you can do is let's say
+after this we had a branch condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right so we say if the offset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we say if the offset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we say if the offset is
+greater than eight then we'll call some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than eight then we'll call some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than eight then we'll call some
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+bar and pass in the offset. Now, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and pass in the offset. Now, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and pass in the offset. Now, one
+thing you can note about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can note about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can note about this is that
+this branch condition here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch condition here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch condition here actually
+tells us something about what the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about what the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about what the value
+of offset is, right? Ignoring the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offset is, right? Ignoring the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offset is, right? Ignoring the fact
+that it wasn't initialized, we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't initialized, we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't initialized, we do know
+that once we get here, we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once we get here, we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once we get here, we know that
+offset actually has to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset actually has to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset actually has to be greater than
+eight. So, in some cases, what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. So, in some cases, what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. So, in some cases, what we can do
+is actually propagate that constraint,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually propagate that constraint,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually propagate that constraint,
+that notion that offset must be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion that offset must be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion that offset must be greater
+than eight into our analysis of bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight into our analysis of bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight into our analysis of bar.
+Right? So, when we start statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, when we start statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, when we start statically
+analyzing bar, we know that offset can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing bar, we know that offset can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing bar, we know that offset can
+only take certain values. Okay? Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take certain values. Okay? Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take certain values. Okay? Okay, so
+once again this is a very high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this is a very high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this is a very high level
+introduction to static analysis. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to static analysis. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to static analysis. We'll
+discuss it more in later lectures, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it more in later lectures, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it more in later lectures, but
+this is a basic intuition of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basic intuition of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basic intuition of how we
+might be able to detect some types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to detect some types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to detect some types of
+bugs without even executing your code.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs without even executing your code.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs without even executing your code.
+So does that all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So does that all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So does that all make
+sense? Uh and so another thing you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Uh and so another thing you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Uh and so another thing you think
+about doing too is uh what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing too is uh what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing too is uh what they call
+program fuzzing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fuzzing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program fuzzing.
+So the idea behind uh program fuzzing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea behind uh program fuzzing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea behind uh program fuzzing is
+that essentially you take all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you take all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you take all of the
+functions in your code and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in your code and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in your code and you
+essentially throw random values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially throw random values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially throw random values for
+input to those functions right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to those functions right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to those functions right and so
+the idea is that you want to have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you want to have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you want to have high
+code coverage for all of your tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code coverage for all of your tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code coverage for all of your tests
+right so if you go out in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go out in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go out in the real world
+typically when you check in unit tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you check in unit tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you check in unit tests
+you can't just do things like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do things like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do things like you know I
+tried values 2 4 8 and 15 because 15 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried values 2 4 8 and 15 because 15 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried values 2 4 8 and 15 because 15 is
+an odd number so I probably tested all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number so I probably tested all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number so I probably tested all
+the branches right what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches right what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches right what you actually
+have to do is you have to look at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is you have to look at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is you have to look at things
+like like I said how many branches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like I said how many branches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like I said how many branches in
+the program overall were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program overall were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program overall were actually
+touched by your test code, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched by your test code, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched by your test code, right?
+Because that's typically where the bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's typically where the bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because that's typically where the bugs
+hide. The programmers don't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide. The programmers don't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide. The programmers don't think about
+the corner cases. And so, as a result,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner cases. And so, as a result,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner cases. And so, as a result,
+they do have some unit tests that pass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have some unit tests that pass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have some unit tests that pass.
+They may even have bigger tests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may even have bigger tests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may even have bigger tests that
+pass, but they're not actually hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass, but they're not actually hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass, but they're not actually hitting
+all the corner cases in the program. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the corner cases in the program. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the corner cases in the program. So,
+static analysis can actually help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis can actually help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static analysis can actually help with
+this fuzzing here. Once again, using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fuzzing here. Once again, using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fuzzing here. Once again, using
+things like this notion of constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this notion of constraints.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this notion of constraints.
+So, for example, in this program here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for example, in this program here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for example, in this program here,
+we have this branch condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this branch condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this branch condition here
+that's specified with offset being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specified with offset being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specified with offset being
+greater than eight. So we can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than eight. So we can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than eight. So we can know what
+that offset is statically. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offset is statically. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that offset is statically. So we can
+make sure that if we're automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that if we're automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that if we're automatically
+generating fuzzed inputs, we can ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating fuzzed inputs, we can ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating fuzzed inputs, we can ensure
+that one of those inputs uh hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of those inputs uh hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of those inputs uh hopefully
+will ensure that somehow offset is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ensure that somehow offset is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ensure that somehow offset is less
+than eight. One will ensure that offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight. One will ensure that offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than eight. One will ensure that offsets
+is equal to eight. One will ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to eight. One will ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to eight. One will ensure that
+it's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than
+eight. So does that all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. So does that all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight. So does that all make
+sense? Cool. So that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Cool. So that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Cool. So that's the basic idea
+behind the notion of building tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the notion of building tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the notion of building tools to
+help programmers find bugs. So the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help programmers find bugs. So the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help programmers find bugs. So the nice
+thing is that uh even sort of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that uh even sort of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that uh even sort of partial
+analysis can be very very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be very very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be very very useful
+particularly when you're dealing with C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you're dealing with C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you're dealing with C.
+A lot of these tools that we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of these tools that we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of these tools that we'll discuss
+to prevent against things like buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent against things like buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent against things like buffer
+overflow or initialized variables they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow or initialized variables they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow or initialized variables they
+can't catch all the problems right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't catch all the problems right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't catch all the problems right but
+they can actually give us sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually give us sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually give us sort of
+forward progress towards making uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward progress towards making uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward progress towards making uh these
+programs more secure. Now of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more secure. Now of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more secure. Now of course the
+disadvantage of these things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage of these things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage of these things is that
+they're not complete right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not complete right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not complete right and so
+forward progress is not complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward progress is not complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward progress is not complete
+progress. And so it's still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress. And so it's still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress. And so it's still a very
+active area of research of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research of how you
+defend uh against security exploits in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend uh against security exploits in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend uh against security exploits in C
+and just in programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general. So those were two approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. So those were two approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. So those were two approaches to
+deal with uh defending against uh buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh defending against uh buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh defending against uh buffer
+overflows. There's actually uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows. There's actually uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflows. There's actually uh some
+other approaches. So a third approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approaches. So a third approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other approaches. So a third approach
+you might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using is to use a memory safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language. And so examples of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. And so examples of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. And so examples of these
+are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like
+uh you know Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Java C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java C.
+We're not going to put up pearl there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going to put up pearl there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going to put up pearl there
+because people use pearl are bad people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people use pearl are bad people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people use pearl are bad people.
+So you could use the memory safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could use the memory safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could use the memory safe
+language like that. And this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like that. And this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like that. And this to a
+certain extent seems sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent seems sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent seems sort of like the
+most obvious thing that you could do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obvious thing that you could do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most obvious thing that you could do,
+right? So I just told you over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I just told you over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I just told you over there
+that basically C is highle assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically C is highle assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically C is highle assembly code
+and it exposes raw pointers and does all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exposes raw pointers and does all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exposes raw pointers and does all
+these things that you don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that you don't want it to
+do and it doesn't do things you do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it doesn't do things you do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it doesn't do things you do want
+it to do like check bounce. So why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do like check bounce. So why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do like check bounce. So why not
+just use one of these highle languages?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use one of these highle languages?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use one of these highle languages?
+Well, there's a couple reasons for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's a couple reasons for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's a couple reasons for that.
+So, first of all, uh there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first of all, uh there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first of all, uh there's actually a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+of legacy code that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there, right? So, it's all fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right? So, it's all fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right? So, it's all fine and
+dandy if you want to go out and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy if you want to go out and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandy if you want to go out and start
+your new project and you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new project and you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new project and you want to write
+it in one of these memory safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one of these memory safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one of these memory safe
+languages. But what if you've been given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. But what if you've been given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. But what if you've been given
+this, you know, big binary or this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you know, big binary or this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you know, big binary or this big
+source code distribution that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code distribution that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code distribution that's been
+written in C. It's been maintained for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C. It's been maintained for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in C. It's been maintained for
+10, 15 years. It's been this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10, 15 years. It's been this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10, 15 years. It's been this
+generational project. I mean, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational project. I mean, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generational project. I mean, our
+children's children will be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's children will be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's children will be working on
+it, right? You can't just say, "I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? You can't just say, "I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? You can't just say, "I'm just
+going to write everything in C# and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write everything in C# and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write everything in C# and
+change the world." Right? And this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the world." Right? And this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the world." Right? And this isn't
+just a problem with C, for example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a problem with C, for example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a problem with C, for example.
+There's actually systems that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's actually systems that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's actually systems that you use
+that you should be afraid of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be afraid of because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be afraid of because
+they actually use Forran and Cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use Forran and Cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use Forran and Cobalt
+code. What it's like stuff from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. What it's like stuff from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. What it's like stuff from the
+Civil War. Okay. So, why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War. Okay. So, why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War. Okay. So, why does that
+happen? Well, once again, the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Well, once again, the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? Well, once again, the reason why
+it happens is because uh as engineers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens is because uh as engineers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens is because uh as engineers,
+we kind of want to think like, oh, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of want to think like, oh, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of want to think like, oh, we
+can just build everything ourselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just build everything ourselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just build everything ourselves.
+It'll be awesome. It'll be just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'll be awesome. It'll be just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'll be awesome. It'll be just the way
+that I want it. I'll call my variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want it. I'll call my variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want it. I'll call my variables
+and things that I want. But in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that I want. But in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that I want. But in the real
+world, that doesn't happen, right? you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, that doesn't happen, right? you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, that doesn't happen, right? you
+show up on your job and you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on your job and you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up on your job and you have this
+thing that exists and you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that exists and you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that exists and you looked at the
+codebase and you say, "Well, why doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codebase and you say, "Well, why doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codebase and you say, "Well, why doesn't
+it do this?" And they say, "Listen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do this?" And they say, "Listen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do this?" And they say, "Listen,
+okay, we'll deal with that in V2, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, we'll deal with that in V2, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, we'll deal with that in V2, but
+for now, we got to make things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now, we got to make things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now, we got to make things work
+because the customers are taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the customers are taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the customers are taking away
+their money, right?" So, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money, right?" So, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money, right?" So, there's
+basically this huge issue of legacy code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this huge issue of legacy code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this huge issue of legacy code
+here and how do we deal with it? And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do we deal with it? And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do we deal with it? And as
+we'll see with the baggie bounds uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see with the baggie bounds uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see with the baggie bounds uh uh
+system, one of the nice advantages of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, one of the nice advantages of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, one of the nice advantages of it
+is that it actually interoperates quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually interoperates quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually interoperates quite
+well with this legacy code, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with this legacy code, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with this legacy code, right? So
+anyways, so this is one reason why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, so this is one reason why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, so this is one reason why you
+can't just necessarily make all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just necessarily make all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just necessarily make all these
+buffer overflow problems go away by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow problems go away by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow problems go away by
+using one of these memory safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of these memory safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one of these memory safe
+languages. Uh so another challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. Uh so another challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. Uh so another challenge is
+that um you know what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know what if
+you need low-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need low-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need low-level
+access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hardware, right? This might happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware, right? This might happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware, right? This might happen if
+you're writing something like a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing something like a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing something like a device
+driver or something like that. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver or something like that. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver or something like that. So in
+that case is you in that case you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case is you in that case you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case is you in that case you really
+do need uh sort of the benefits that C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need uh sort of the benefits that C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need uh sort of the benefits that C
+gives you in terms of being able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you in terms of being able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you in terms of being able to look
+at registers and you know actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at registers and you know actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at registers and you know actually
+understand the level interrupts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the level interrupts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the level interrupts and
+things like that. Uh there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Uh there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Uh there's another
+thing too uh which people always bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too uh which people always bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too uh which people always bring
+up and which I've alluded to before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and which I've alluded to before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and which I've alluded to before but
+it's performance right so if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance right so if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance right so if you care
+about performance typically the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about performance typically the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about performance typically the thing
+that you're told is you got to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're told is you got to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're told is you got to write it
+in C otherwise it's just going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C otherwise it's just going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C otherwise it's just going to be so
+slow you're going to get laughed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow you're going to get laughed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow you're going to get laughed out of
+code academy or whatever. Now, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code academy or whatever. Now, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code academy or whatever. Now, this is
+increasingly less of an issue, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly less of an issue, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly less of an issue, right?
+The Perf stuff because uh people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Perf stuff because uh people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Perf stuff because uh people have
+actually gotten very good with doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gotten very good with doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gotten very good with doing
+things like making better compilers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like making better compilers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like making better compilers that
+have all kinds of powerful optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of powerful optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all kinds of powerful optimizations
+and also there are these things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there are these things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there are these things called
+JITS which actually really reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JITS which actually really reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JITS which actually really reduce the
+cost of using these memory safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of using these memory safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of using these memory safe
+languages. Uh so have you guys heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. Uh so have you guys heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages. Uh so have you guys heard of
+JITS before? So I'll give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JITS before? So I'll give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JITS before? So I'll give you a very
+brief introduction to what it is. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to what it is. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to what it is. The
+idea is that um think about a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um think about a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um think about a language
+like let's say Java or JavaScript. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say Java or JavaScript. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say Java or JavaScript. It's
+very high level. It's dynamically typed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level. It's dynamically typed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level. It's dynamically typed,
+right? it has automatic uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? it has automatic uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? it has automatic uh heat
+management things like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management things like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management things like that. So
+typically um when that when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um when that when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um when that when these
+languages first came out they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages first came out they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages first came out they were all
+just interpreted right and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interpreted right and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interpreted right and by
+interpreted I mean they didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted I mean they didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted I mean they didn't actually
+execute raw x86 instructions instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute raw x86 instructions instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute raw x86 instructions instead
+these languages were compiled down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these languages were compiled down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these languages were compiled down to
+some type of intermediate form. You may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of intermediate form. You may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some type of intermediate form. You may
+have heard of things like uh the the JVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of things like uh the the JVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of things like uh the the JVM
+the Java virtual machine bite code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Java virtual machine bite code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Java virtual machine bite code
+things like that right and basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that right and basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that right and basically you
+had a program that sort of sat in a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a program that sort of sat in a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a program that sort of sat in a loop
+and took these bite codes and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and took these bite codes and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and took these bite codes and basically
+executed the highle semantic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed the highle semantic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed the highle semantic uh
+instruction that was encoded in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that was encoded in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that was encoded in that
+bite code. So for example, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite code. So for example, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite code. So for example, you know,
+some of the JVM bite codes dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the JVM bite codes dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the JVM bite codes dealt with
+things like pushing and popping things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pushing and popping things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pushing and popping things
+up on the stack, right? So you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the stack, right? So you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the stack, right? So you just have
+a program that would sort of go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that would sort of go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that would sort of go through
+a loop and sort of operate that stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop and sort of operate that stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop and sort of operate that stack
+and simulate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simulate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simulate those
+operations. Okay, so that all seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay, so that all seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. Okay, so that all seemed
+fine and dandy, but once again, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and dandy, but once again, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and dandy, but once again, all the
+speed freaks out there were like, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed freaks out there were like, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed freaks out there were like, what
+about the Perf? This is too slow, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Perf? This is too slow, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Perf? This is too slow, right?
+You've got sort of that interpreter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got sort of that interpreter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got sort of that interpreter
+sitting in that loop and sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in that loop and sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in that loop and sort of getting
+in the way of our bare metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of our bare metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of our bare metal
+performance. So what people started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So what people started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So what people started to
+do is actually take these uh highle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is actually take these uh highle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is actually take these uh highle
+interpreted languages and dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted languages and dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted languages and dynamically
+generate x86 code for them on the fly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate x86 code for them on the fly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate x86 code for them on the fly.
+Right? So in terms of just in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in terms of just in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in terms of just in time
+compilation that means I take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation that means I take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation that means I take your
+snippet of JavaScript, I take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet of JavaScript, I take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet of JavaScript, I take your
+snippet of uh Java or whatever and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet of uh Java or whatever and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet of uh Java or whatever and I
+actually spend a little bit of time up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spend a little bit of time up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spend a little bit of time up
+front to create actual raw machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to create actual raw machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to create actual raw machine
+instructions, raw x86 that will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions, raw x86 that will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions, raw x86 that will run
+directly on the bare metal. So I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the bare metal. So I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the bare metal. So I take
+that initial performance hit for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial performance hit for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial performance hit for the uh
+the JIT compilation, but then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JIT compilation, but then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JIT compilation, but then after that
+my program actually does run on the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my program actually does run on the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my program actually does run on the raw
+hardware, right? And so things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware, right? And so things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware, right? And so things like the
+Perf argument are not necessarily as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perf argument are not necessarily as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perf argument are not necessarily as
+compelling as they used to be because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling as they used to be because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling as they used to be because of
+stuff like JIT. There's also some crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like JIT. There's also some crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like JIT. There's also some crazy
+stuff out there um like as.js. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out there um like as.js. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out there um like as.js. So, we
+can talk more about this offline if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk more about this offline if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk more about this offline if you
+actually are a JavaScript hacker, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are a JavaScript hacker, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are a JavaScript hacker, but
+there are actually some neat tricks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually some neat tricks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually some neat tricks that
+you can do by compiling down JavaScript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do by compiling down JavaScript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do by compiling down JavaScript
+to a very restricted subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very restricted subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very restricted subset of the
+language that only operates on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that only operates on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that only operates on uh
+arrays, right? And so, what this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays, right? And so, what this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays, right? And so, what this allows
+you to do is actually get rid of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is actually get rid of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is actually get rid of a lot
+of the dynamic typing overhead you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dynamic typing overhead you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dynamic typing overhead you have
+in standard JavaScript. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard JavaScript. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard JavaScript. And you can
+actually get JavaScript code now to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get JavaScript code now to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get JavaScript code now to run
+within 2x of raw C or C++ performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 2x of raw C or C++ performance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 2x of raw C or C++ performance.
+Right? 2x might sound like a lot, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? 2x might sound like a lot, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? 2x might sound like a lot, but
+you know, it used to be, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it used to be, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it used to be, you know, it's
+things like 10x or 20x. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 10x or 20x. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 10x or 20x. So we're
+actually making a lot of progress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making a lot of progress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making a lot of progress on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front. And so the other thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. And so the other thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. And so the other thing to keep in
+mind with performance too is that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind with performance too is that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind with performance too is that a lot
+of times you don't need performance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you don't need performance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you don't need performance as
+much as you might think that you do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you might think that you do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you might think that you do,
+right? So think about it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So think about it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So think about it like this.
+Let's say that your program is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that your program is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that your program is actually
+IO bound. Okay? So it's not CPUbound. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO bound. Okay? So it's not CPUbound. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO bound. Okay? So it's not CPUbound. In
+other words, let's say that your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, let's say that your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, let's say that your program
+spends most of its time waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends most of its time waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends most of its time waiting for
+network input, waiting for disk input,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network input, waiting for disk input,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network input, waiting for disk input,
+waiting for user input, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for user input, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for user input, things like
+that. In those types of cases, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In those types of cases, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In those types of cases, you don't
+actually need to have blazingly fast raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have blazingly fast raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have blazingly fast raw
+compute speed, right? Because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute speed, right? Because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute speed, right? Because your
+program actually isn't spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program actually isn't spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program actually isn't spending a lot of
+time doing that kind of stuff, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing that kind of stuff, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing that kind of stuff, right? So
+once again, this Perf argument here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, this Perf argument here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, this Perf argument here, you
+got to take this stuff with a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take this stuff with a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take this stuff with a grain of
+salt. And I actually see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt. And I actually see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt. And I actually see a lot of
+students who struggle with this. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who struggle with this. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who struggle with this. So for
+example, I'll, you know, ask someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, I'll, you know, ask someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, I'll, you know, ask someone to
+go out and write me a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and write me a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and write me a very simple
+program to parse a text file. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to parse a text file. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to parse a text file. So they
+spend all this time trying to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all this time trying to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all this time trying to get this
+to work in C or C++ and it's super fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in C or C++ and it's super fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in C or C++ and it's super fast
+and uses the templates and all that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses the templates and all that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses the templates and all that kind
+of stuff, but it's like a oneline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff, but it's like a oneline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff, but it's like a oneline
+solution in Python, right? Right? And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in Python, right? Right? And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in Python, right? Right? And it
+essentially runs just as fast and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially runs just as fast and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially runs just as fast and you
+could develop it much much easier. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop it much much easier. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop it much much easier. So
+you know you just got to take these Perf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just got to take these Perf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just got to take these Perf
+arguments with a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments with a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments with a grain of
+salt. So anyway, so we've discussed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt. So anyway, so we've discussed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt. So anyway, so we've discussed uh
+so three ways that you can possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three ways that you can possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three ways that you can possibly
+avoid these buffer overflows. So just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid these buffer overflows. So just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid these buffer overflows. So just
+avoid bugs in the first place. L that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid bugs in the first place. L that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid bugs in the first place. L that's
+difficult to do. Um approach two you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do. Um approach two you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do. Um approach two you can
+build tools to help you discover those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build tools to help you discover those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build tools to help you discover those
+bugs. And then approach three is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. And then approach three is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs. And then approach three is in a
+certain sense you can push those tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense you can push those tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense you can push those tools
+into the runtime and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the runtime and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the runtime and you can actually
+hopefully rely on some of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully rely on some of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully rely on some of the language
+runtime features to prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime features to prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime features to prevent you from
+seeing raw memory addresses and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing raw memory addresses and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing raw memory addresses and to do
+things like balance checking and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like balance checking and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like balance checking and so on
+and so forth. Um but once again uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Um but once again uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Um but once again uh as we
+discussed before there's a lot of legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before there's a lot of legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before there's a lot of legacy
+C and C++ code C++ code out there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C++ code C++ code out there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C++ code C++ code out there. So
+it's difficult to sort of apply some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to sort of apply some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to sort of apply some of
+these techniques particularly number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques particularly number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques particularly number two
+and number three if you got to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number three if you got to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number three if you got to deal with
+that legacy code. So how can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that legacy code. So how can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that legacy code. So how can we do
+buffer overflow mitigation despite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow mitigation despite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow mitigation despite all
+these challenges besides just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges besides just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these challenges besides just you know
+dropping out of computer science classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping out of computer science classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping out of computer science classes
+and becoming a painter or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming a painter or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becoming a painter or something like
+that. So what actually is going on in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So what actually is going on in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So what actually is going on in a
+buffer overflow? So in a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow? So in a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow? So in a buffer
+overflow the attacker exploits two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow the attacker exploits two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow the attacker exploits two
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first thing that the attack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing that the attack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing that the attack is
+going to exploit is uh gaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control over the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer, right? And by this I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And by this I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And by this I mean that
+somehow the attacker figures out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the attacker figures out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the attacker figures out some
+place in the code that it can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the code that it can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the code that it can make the
+program jump to, you know, against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program jump to, you know, against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program jump to, you know, against the
+program's will. Now this is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program's will. Now this is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program's will. Now this is necessary
+but insufficient for an attack typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but insufficient for an attack typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but insufficient for an attack typically
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+happen because the other thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because the other thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because the other thing that the
+attacker needs to do is uh basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker needs to do is uh basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker needs to do is uh basically uh
+make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer point to malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code right. So how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right. So how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right. So how are we going to
+basically make that hijacked IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make that hijacked IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make that hijacked IP
+instruction pointer point to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer point to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer point to something
+that does something useful uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does something useful uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does something useful uh for the
+attacker? So what's interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker? So what's interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker? So what's interesting is that
+in many cases it's often uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases it's often uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases it's often uh fairly
+straightforward for the attacker to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for the attacker to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for the attacker to put
+some interesting code into memory. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting code into memory. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting code into memory. So we
+looked at some of those shell code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at some of those shell code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at some of those shell code
+attacks from last lecture where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks from last lecture where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks from last lecture where you can
+actually embed that attack code in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embed that attack code in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embed that attack code in a
+string as we'll discuss uh a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as we'll discuss uh a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as we'll discuss uh a little bit
+today and more in the next lecture. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and more in the next lecture. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and more in the next lecture. you
+can actually take advantage of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take advantage of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually take advantage of some of
+the pre-existing code that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-existing code that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-existing code that the
+application has and jump to it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has and jump to it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application has and jump to it in an
+unexpected way to make some evil things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected way to make some evil things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected way to make some evil things
+happen. Right? So, typically figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Right? So, typically figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Right? So, typically figuring
+out what code the attacker wants to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what code the attacker wants to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what code the attacker wants to run
+uh maybe that's not as challenging as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe that's not as challenging as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe that's not as challenging as
+actually being able to force uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually being able to force uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually being able to force uh the
+program to jump to that location uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to jump to that location uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to jump to that location uh in
+memory. So, and the reason why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. So, and the reason why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. So, and the reason why that's
+tricky is because basically the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is because basically the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky is because basically the attacker
+has to know in some way where it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know in some way where it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to know in some way where it should
+jump to, right? So, as we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to, right? So, as we'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to, right? So, as we'll see in a
+second, and as you actually saw in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, and as you actually saw in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, and as you actually saw in last
+lecture, a lot of these shell code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, a lot of these shell code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, a lot of these shell code
+attacks, they actually take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, they actually take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, they actually take advantage of
+these hardcoded um locations in memory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hardcoded um locations in memory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hardcoded um locations in memory,
+right, where the instruction pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, where the instruction pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, where the instruction pointer
+needs to get set to. So, some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to get set to. So, some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to get set to. So, some of the
+defenses that we're about to look at can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses that we're about to look at can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses that we're about to look at can
+actually randomize things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually randomize things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually randomize things in terms of
+like code layout, heap layout, and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like code layout, heap layout, and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like code layout, heap layout, and make
+it more difficult for the attacker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more difficult for the attacker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more difficult for the attacker to
+figure out where things are located. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where things are located. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where things are located. So,
+let's look at uh one simpler uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh one simpler uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at uh one simpler uh
+mitigation approach first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation approach first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation approach first.
+So this is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea
+of stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+canaries, right? And so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries, right? And so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canaries, right? And so the basic idea
+behind stack canaries is that during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind stack canaries is that during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind stack canaries is that during a
+buffer overflow, it's actually okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow, it's actually okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow, it's actually okay if
+we allow the attacker to overwrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow the attacker to overwrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow the attacker to overwrite the
+return address if we can actually catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address if we can actually catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address if we can actually catch
+that overwrite before we actually jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overwrite before we actually jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overwrite before we actually jump
+to the place that the attacker wants us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place that the attacker wants us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the place that the attacker wants us
+to go. Okay, so basically here's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. Okay, so basically here's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. Okay, so basically here's how it
+works. So let's return to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So let's return to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So let's return to uh you know
+yield stack diagram. Essentially we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield stack diagram. Essentially we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield stack diagram. Essentially we have
+to put think of it as like a magic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put think of it as like a magic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put think of it as like a magic value
+uh basically uh in front of the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically uh in front of the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically uh in front of the return
+address right such that any overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address right such that any overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address right such that any overflow
+would have to sort of hit the canary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to sort of hit the canary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to sort of hit the canary
+first and then hit the return address.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then hit the return address.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then hit the return address.
+And if we can check that canary before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we can check that canary before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we can check that canary before
+we return from the function then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return from the function then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return from the function then we can
+detect the evil. So let's say that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the evil. So let's say that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the evil. So let's say that once
+again we've got the uh buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Then we're going to put the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Then we're going to put the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Then we're going to put the uh
+canary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. And then this will be the saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then this will be the saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then this will be the saved
+value of the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer and then this will be the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+address. So once again remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. So once again remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. So once again remember the
+overflow goes this way. So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow goes this way. So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow goes this way. So the idea is
+that if the overflow wants to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the overflow wants to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the overflow wants to get to
+that return address it first has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return address it first has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return address it first has to
+trample on this canary thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trample on this canary thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trample on this canary thing here.
+Right? So you have a question. Why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have a question. Why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have a question. Why does
+it have to actually? Well, because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have to actually? Well, because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have to actually? Well, because uh
+assuming that the attacker doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the attacker doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the attacker doesn't know
+how to sort of jump around in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort of jump around in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort of jump around in memory
+sort of arbitrarily, right? The way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of arbitrarily, right? The way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of arbitrarily, right? The way that
+traditionally these buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally these buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally these buffer overflow
+attacks work is that um you sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks work is that um you sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks work is that um you sort of look
+in GDB, you sort of figure out, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GDB, you sort of figure out, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GDB, you sort of figure out, you
+know, where all this stuff is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where all this stuff is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where all this stuff is and then
+you essentially just have this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially just have this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially just have this uh this
+string and this array that sort of grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and this array that sort of grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and this array that sort of grows
+this way. Right? Now you're correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Right? Now you're correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Right? Now you're correct that
+if the attacker could just sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the attacker could just sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the attacker could just sort of go
+here directly, yeah, then all the bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here directly, yeah, then all the bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here directly, yeah, then all the bets
+are off, right? But in the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off, right? But in the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off, right? But in the very simple
+buffer overflow approach, everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow approach, everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow approach, everything
+basically just has to grow sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just has to grow sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just has to grow sort of
+strictly that way, right? And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly that way, right? And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly that way, right? And so the
+basic idea behind the canary is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea behind the canary is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea behind the canary is that we
+allow the buffer overflow exploit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the buffer overflow exploit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the buffer overflow exploit to
+take place. But then uh we have runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place. But then uh we have runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place. But then uh we have runtime
+code that at the time of the return from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that at the time of the return from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that at the time of the return from
+the function is going to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is going to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is going to check this
+canary and make sure that it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary and make sure that it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary and make sure that it has the
+right value, right? Right. And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value, right? Right. And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value, right? Right. And so it's
+called a canary because you know back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a canary because you know back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a canary because you know back in
+the days when PETA wasn't around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the days when PETA wasn't around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the days when PETA wasn't around you
+could use birds to test for evil things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use birds to test for evil things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use birds to test for evil things.
+And so that's why it's called canary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why it's called canary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why it's called canary.
+And my question is if the attacker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my question is if the attacker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my question is if the attacker um
+it's able to override the return address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to override the return address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's able to override the return address
+right and modifying the canary. How is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and modifying the canary. How is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and modifying the canary. How is
+it the check? How is it check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the check? How is it check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the check? How is it check that the
+canary also modify is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary also modify is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary also modify is going to be
+performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed
+because so the attacker overrides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the attacker overrides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so the attacker overrides the
+return address right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address right?
+So how is the check that the kind was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how is the check that the kind was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how is the check that the kind was
+modified? Uh yeah. So, so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified? Uh yeah. So, so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified? Uh yeah. So, so basically you
+have to have some piece of code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some piece of code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some piece of code that
+will actually e that will actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually e that will actually check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually e that will actually check
+this before the return actually takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before the return actually takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before the return actually takes
+place, right? So, in other words, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, right? So, in other words, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, right? So, in other words, yeah,
+you're right. There has to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right. There has to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right. There has to be that
+ordering there, right? Um so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering there, right? Um so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering there, right? Um so essentially
+uh what you have to do is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you have to do is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you have to do is you have to
+have uh support from the compiler here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh support from the compiler here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh support from the compiler here,
+right? That will actually uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That will actually uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That will actually uh sort of
+extend the calling convention if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the calling convention if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the calling convention if you
+will such that part of the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will such that part of the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will such that part of the return
+sequence is before we actually treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is before we actually treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is before we actually treat
+this value as valid, make sure this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value as valid, make sure this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value as valid, make sure this guy
+hasn't been trampled. Then and only then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been trampled. Then and only then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been trampled. Then and only then
+can we then jump somewhere else. I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we then jump somewhere else. I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we then jump somewhere else. I feel
+like I might be jumping in the gut here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might be jumping in the gut here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might be jumping in the gut here.
+But doesn't this assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But doesn't this assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But doesn't this assume that the
+attacker can't just find out or guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can't just find out or guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can't just find out or guess
+what the car value is? That in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the car value is? That in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the car value is? That in fact is
+the very next thing in my lecture notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very next thing in my lecture notes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very next thing in my lecture notes.
+If I had prizes you'd get one. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had prizes you'd get one. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had prizes you'd get one. I don't
+have any. So but good for you gold star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any. So but good for you gold star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any. So but good for you gold star.
+That's exactly correct. Right. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly correct. Right. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly correct. Right. So you
+know one of the next things I was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the next things I was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the next things I was about
+to say is you know what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is you know what's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is you know what's the problem
+with this scheme? Right. What if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this scheme? Right. What if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this scheme? Right. What if for
+example on every program we always put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on every program we always put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on every program we always put
+the value a just like a bunch of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value a just like a bunch of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value a just like a bunch of you
+know four four values of a because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four four values of a because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four four values of a because this
+is like a single 32-bit word right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a single 32-bit word right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a single 32-bit word right then
+you'd have that exact problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have that exact problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have that exact problem that you
+just mentioned right because then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned right because then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned right because then the
+attacker this kind of gets back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker this kind of gets back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker this kind of gets back to your
+question uh he or she knows how big this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh he or she knows how big this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh he or she knows how big this
+is right this is deterministic on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right this is deterministic on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right this is deterministic on every
+system so you just make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you just make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you just make sure that your
+buffer overflow has a bunch of A's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow has a bunch of A's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow has a bunch of A's here
+right and then you overwrite this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you overwrite this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you overwrite this stuff
+so you're exactly right about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're exactly right about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're exactly right about that and
+so there's basically different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's basically different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's basically different types of
+values you could put here in this canary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you could put here in this canary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you could put here in this canary
+to try to prevent prevent that. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to prevent prevent that. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to prevent prevent that. Right?
+So, one thing that you can do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one thing that you can do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one thing that you can do here is
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this this is sort of a very funny uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is sort of a very funny uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is sort of a very funny uh
+type of canary, but it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of canary, but it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of canary, but it basically
+exploits the ways that uh a lot of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits the ways that uh a lot of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits the ways that uh a lot of C
+programs and C functions handle special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and C functions handle special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and C functions handle special
+characters. So, imagine that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters. So, imagine that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters. So, imagine that you use
+this value for the canary. Okay, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value for the canary. Okay, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value for the canary. Okay, so the
+binary value zero, which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary value zero, which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary value zero, which is like the
+null bite, right? the null character in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null bite, right? the null character in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null bite, right? the null character in
+ASI, right? Carriage return, line feed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASI, right? Carriage return, line feed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASI, right? Carriage return, line feed,
+and then the negative one, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the negative one, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the negative one, right? So,
+what's funny about this is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny about this is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny about this is that a lot of
+the sort of functions that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of functions that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of functions that you can
+exploit, right, that manipulate strings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit, right, that manipulate strings,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit, right, that manipulate strings,
+for example, they will stop when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, they will stop when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, they will stop when they
+encounter one of these words or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter one of these words or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter one of these words or one of
+these values, right? So, like imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values, right? So, like imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values, right? So, like imagine
+that you're sort of using, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sort of using, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sort of using, you know,
+some string manipulation function to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some string manipulation function to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some string manipulation function to go
+up this way. It's going to hit that null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this way. It's going to hit that null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this way. It's going to hit that null
+character. Oops, it's going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Oops, it's going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. Oops, it's going to stop
+processing, right? Or maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, right? Or maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, right? Or maybe if you're
+using sort of a lineoriented function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sort of a lineoriented function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sort of a lineoriented function,
+right? Character return line feed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Character return line feed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Character return line feed.
+that's often used as the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used as the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used as the line
+terminator. So once again, you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminator. So once again, you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminator. So once again, you're using
+that dangerous function. It's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dangerous function. It's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dangerous function. It's trying to
+go this way. Ah, it hits that. Oops,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way. Ah, it hits that. Oops,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way. Ah, it hits that. Oops,
+it's going to quit, right? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to quit, right? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to quit, right? And then
+negative one is sort of another similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one is sort of another similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one is sort of another similar
+uh magic token. So that's one way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magic token. So that's one way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh magic token. So that's one way you
+can get around that. Yeah, one second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get around that. Yeah, one second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get around that. Yeah, one second.
+Uh and then another thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then another thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then another thing you can do is
+you can uh use a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value, right? So here you just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? So here you just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? So here you just sort of
+punt on this whole idea of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punt on this whole idea of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punt on this whole idea of trying to
+figure out what exactly it is that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly it is that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what exactly it is that might
+cause that attack to terminate. and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that attack to terminate. and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that attack to terminate. and you
+just you know pull some random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know pull some random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know pull some random number
+out of the ether making it difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ether making it difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ether making it difficult for
+the attacker to guess what that is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker to guess what that is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker to guess what that is.
+Right? Now of course this random value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now of course this random value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now of course this random value
+its strength is basically based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its strength is basically based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its strength is basically based on how
+difficult it is for the attacker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it is for the attacker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it is for the attacker to
+guess that. Right? So if the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that. Right? So if the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that. Right? So if the attacker
+for example can understand that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example can understand that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example can understand that maybe
+there's only let's say three bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only let's say three bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only let's say three bits of
+entropy in your system then maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in your system then maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy in your system then maybe the
+attacker can do some type of like brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can do some type of like brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can do some type of like brute
+force attack you know so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force attack you know so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force attack you know so on and so
+forth. So one thing to keep in mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. So one thing to keep in mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. So one thing to keep in mind in
+general is that whenever someone tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is that whenever someone tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is that whenever someone tells
+you here's a randomized defense against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's a randomized defense against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's a randomized defense against
+you know attack fu if there not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know attack fu if there not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know attack fu if there not a lot of
+random bits there that attack may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random bits there that attack may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random bits there that attack may not
+give you as much defense as you think. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you as much defense as you think. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you as much defense as you think. I
+think you had a question in regards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had a question in regards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had a question in regards to
+deterministic value usually what tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic value usually what tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic value usually what tends
+to happen is you read from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is you read from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is you read from another
+buffer and you write into that buffer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and you write into that buffer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and you write into that buffer on
+the stack. So in that situation, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack. So in that situation, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack. So in that situation, it
+seems like that deterministic canary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that deterministic canary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like that deterministic canary is
+kind of useless because I read from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of useless because I read from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of useless because I read from this
+buffer. I know what the canary is and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer. I know what the canary is and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer. I know what the canary is and I
+have this other buffer that I control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this other buffer that I control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this other buffer that I control
+and I never check in and that buffer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never check in and that buffer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never check in and that buffer I
+can put as much data as I want. I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put as much data as I want. I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put as much data as I want. I know
+the deterministic canary so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic canary so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic canary so I can
+override it very safely. So I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override it very safely. So I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override it very safely. So I don't see
+I don't see how this really works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see how this really works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see how this really works in
+what scenario because you're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario because you're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenario because you're assuming
+you're reading from the buffer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading from the buffer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading from the buffer on the
+stack and you're going to stop. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and you're going to stop. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and you're going to stop. Well,
+we're assuming so so we're we're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming so so we're we're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming so so we're we're writing
+to the buffer, right? So, so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the buffer, right? So, so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the buffer, right? So, so basically
+the idea is that you write some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you write some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you write some sort of
+two long string sort of this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long string sort of this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long string sort of this way and
+then the idea is that if you can't guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the idea is that if you can't guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the idea is that if you can't guess
+what this is, then you can't basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is, then you can't basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is, then you can't basically
+uh put this value inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put this value inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put this value inside of your
+overflow string. But if you said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow string. But if you said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow string. But if you said it's
+deterministic, right? Z Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic, right? Z Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic, right? Z Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+It uh right right. Okay. So, I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It uh right right. Okay. So, I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It uh right right. Okay. So, I think I
+understand your question now. Yes. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your question now. Yes. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your question now. Yes. So if
+you use this system here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this system here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this system here with the
+deterministic uh canary and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh canary and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh canary and you
+essentially are not using one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are not using one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are not using one of these
+functions from let's say like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from let's say like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from let's say like uh the
+standard library that would be fooled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard library that would be fooled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard library that would be fooled by
+this then yeah you can defeat the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then yeah you can defeat the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then yeah you can defeat the system
+that way but I can use like string CPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but I can use like string CPI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way but I can use like string CPI
+and the destination can be buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the destination can be buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the destination can be buffer and
+the source can be you know user input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source can be you know user input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source can be you know user input
+right and that would not protect me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that would not protect me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that would not protect me
+against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that
+um so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm not
+I'm not sure I understand the attack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I understand the attack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I understand the attack.
+So, so string CPI would take from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so string CPI would take from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so string CPI would take from the
+user input all my data would override
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user input all my data would override
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user input all my data would override
+the uh Oh, and you're saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Oh, and you're saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Oh, and you're saying I
+understand, right? Because the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, right? Because the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, right? Because the idea is
+that yeah, you can you can fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah, you can you can fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah, you can you can fill this
+buffer with bytes from from wherever,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer with bytes from from wherever,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer with bytes from from wherever,
+right? But the idea is that unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But the idea is that unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But the idea is that unless you
+can guess this, then it doesn't matter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess this, then it doesn't matter,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guess this, then it doesn't matter,
+right? But but you're correct that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but you're correct that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But but you're correct that you
+know in general anything that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general anything that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general anything that allows you
+to guess this or randomly get that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess this or randomly get that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess this or randomly get that value
+correct will lead to a defeat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct will lead to a defeat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct will lead to a defeat of the
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+In terms of getting enough randomness,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of getting enough randomness,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of getting enough randomness,
+can you just take something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just take something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just take something like the
+number of seconds or milliseconds since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of seconds or milliseconds since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of seconds or milliseconds since
+the app and use that at the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app and use that at the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the app and use that at the time of the
+function? Uh well so as it turns out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Uh well so as it turns out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function? Uh well so as it turns out a
+lot of times calls to sort of get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times calls to sort of get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times calls to sort of get data
+or things like that don't contain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that don't contain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that don't contain as
+much randomness as you might think. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much randomness as you might think. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much randomness as you might think. um
+because the the program itself might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the program itself might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the program itself might
+somehow let's say for example um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow let's say for example um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow let's say for example um have a
+log statement or a function you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log statement or a function you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log statement or a function you could
+call to sort of get the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to sort of get the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to sort of get the time that the
+program has launched or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has launched or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has launched or things like
+that. But you're right in practice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But you're right in practice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But you're right in practice if
+you can use something let's say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use something let's say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use something let's say like
+this the hardware system clock which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the hardware system clock which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the hardware system clock which is
+often sort of like the lowest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sort of like the lowest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often sort of like the lowest level
+better system of sort of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better system of sort of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better system of sort of time
+randomness. Yes, that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. Yes, that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. Yes, that kind of thing
+might work. But even if you can pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work. But even if you can pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work. But even if you can pull the
+uh the log from it still depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the log from it still depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the log from it still depends on
+exactly what time you issued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what time you issued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what time you issued the
+request. So if you if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. So if you if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. So if you if you don't have
+control over how long it takes for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over how long it takes for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over how long it takes for your
+request to get from your computer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to get from your computer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to get from your computer to the
+server, then I don't think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server, then I don't think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server, then I don't think you can
+determistically guess exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determistically guess exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determistically guess exactly the right
+time. That's right. That's right. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's right. That's right. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's right. That's right. I mean
+the devil's in the details with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil's in the details with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devil's in the details with all this
+kind of stuff, right? So in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff, right? So in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff, right? So in other words,
+if there is some way for you to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is some way for you to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is some way for you to figure
+out, for example, that type of timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, for example, that type of timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, for example, that type of timing
+channel, right? You might find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel, right? You might find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel, right? You might find out that
+the amount of entropy, the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of entropy, the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of entropy, the amount of
+randomness is not, let's say, the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is not, let's say, the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is not, let's say, the full
+size of a time stamp, but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a time stamp, but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a time stamp, but maybe
+something much smaller, right? because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much smaller, right? because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much smaller, right? because
+maybe the attacker can figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the attacker can figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the attacker can figure out the
+hour and the minute in which you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and the minute in which you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and the minute in which you did
+this, but you know, not the second, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but you know, not the second, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but you know, not the second, for
+example. But yeah, so let's uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. But yeah, so let's uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. But yeah, so let's uh we'll
+take one more question and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more question and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more question and then we'll
+we'll move on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on.
+For the record, like trying to enroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the record, like trying to enroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the record, like trying to enroll
+your own randomness is usually like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own randomness is usually like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own randomness is usually like a
+bad idea, right? Like usually correct by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea, right? Like usually correct by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea, right? Like usually correct by
+system. Oh yes. Yeah, that's that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Oh yes. Yeah, that's that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Oh yes. Yeah, that's that's very
+true. Um it's kind of like inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Um it's kind of like inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Um it's kind of like inventing
+your own crypto system, which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own crypto system, which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own crypto system, which is another
+popular thing undergrads sometimes want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing undergrads sometimes want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing undergrads sometimes want
+to do. Uh you know, we're not the NSA,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh you know, we're not the NSA,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh you know, we're not the NSA,
+we're not mathematicians. That typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not mathematicians. That typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not mathematicians. That typically
+fails. So you're exactly right about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails. So you're exactly right about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails. So you're exactly right about
+that. Um but even if you use system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um but even if you use system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um but even if you use system
+supplied randomness you know you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied randomness you know you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied randomness you know you still
+may end up with fewer bits of entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up with fewer bits of entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up with fewer bits of entropy uh
+than you expect and I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you expect and I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you expect and I'll give you an
+example of that when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that when we talk about
+address base randomization. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address base randomization. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address base randomization. So that's
+basically how the uh the stack canary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the uh the stack canary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the uh the stack canary uh
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+works. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. And
+so since we're in a security class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we're in a security class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we're in a security class you
+might be wondering so what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wondering so what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be wondering so what kinds of
+things will stack canaries not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will stack canaries not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will stack canaries not
+catch? So when do uh canaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fail? Right. So one one way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail? Right. So one one way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail? Right. So one one way that they
+can fail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail is
+um if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the
+attacker overwrites things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker overwrites things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker overwrites things like uh
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointers, right? because if function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers, right? because if function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers, right? because if function
+pointers get hit, there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers get hit, there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers get hit, there's nothing that
+the canary can do to prevent that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canary can do to prevent that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canary can do to prevent that type
+of exploit from taking place. So, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploit from taking place. So, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploit from taking place. So, for
+example, let's say you had code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, let's say you had code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, let's say you had code that
+um declared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer. It gets initialized in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. It gets initialized in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. It gets initialized in some
+way. It doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It doesn't really
+matter. Then you have a buffer here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Once again, the gets function rears its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, the gets function rears its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, the gets function rears its
+ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+head. And then let's say down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we assign some value five let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we assign some value five let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we assign some value five let's say
+to the pointer. Right? Now note that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pointer. Right? Now note that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pointer. Right? Now note that you
+know we haven't actually tried to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we haven't actually tried to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we haven't actually tried to attack
+the return address of the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address of the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address of the function that
+contains this code. Right? When we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this code. Right? When we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this code. Right? When we do
+the buffer overflow this pointer address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer overflow this pointer address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer overflow this pointer address
+up here is going to get corrupted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is going to get corrupted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is going to get corrupted.
+Right? And so what ends up happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so what ends up happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so what ends up happening is
+that if the attacker can corrupt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the attacker can corrupt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the attacker can corrupt that
+pointer, then the attacker is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, then the attacker is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, then the attacker is able to
+write five to some attacker controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write five to some attacker controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write five to some attacker controlled
+address. Right? So, so does everyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. Right? So, so does everyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. Right? So, so does everyone see
+how the canary doesn't help here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the canary doesn't help here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the canary doesn't help here?
+Because we're basically not attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're basically not attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're basically not attacking
+the the way that the function returns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that the function returns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that the function returns.
+Won't the pointer be below the buffer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Won't the pointer be below the buffer?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Won't the pointer be below the buffer?
+Won't the pointer? Ah, so yeah. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Won't the pointer? Ah, so yeah. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Won't the pointer? Ah, so yeah. So in
+So you're worried about is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're worried about is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're worried about is it going to
+be here? Is it going to be here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here? Is it going to be here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here? Is it going to be here?
+I'm worried about when you will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried about when you will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm worried about when you will you
+actually be able to access where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to access where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to access where the
+pointer is when you're over. Uh yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is when you're over. Uh yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is when you're over. Uh yeah.
+Yeah. So you can't necessarily Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you can't necessarily Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you can't necessarily Yeah. So
+it's a good question. So uh I think in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question. So uh I think in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question. So uh I think in a
+lot of the previous examples you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the previous examples you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the previous examples you've been
+assuming that you know this guy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you know this guy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you know this guy would be
+sort of here like in the stack. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of here like in the stack. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of here like in the stack. So you
+know if the if the stack is growing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the if the stack is growing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the if the stack is growing this
+way then the pointer would be down here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then the pointer would be down here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way then the pointer would be down here.
+But the order of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the order of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the order of the particular
+variables it depends on a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it depends on a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it depends on a bunch of
+different things. It depends on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things. It depends on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things. It depends on sort of
+the way that the compiler lays stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the compiler lays stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the compiler lays stuff
+out. It depends on sort of the calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. It depends on sort of the calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. It depends on sort of the calling
+convention of the hardware so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention of the hardware so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention of the hardware so on and so
+forth. But you're right that if the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. But you're right that if the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. But you're right that if the um
+basically if the buffer overflow was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the buffer overflow was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the buffer overflow was
+going this way but the pointer was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way but the pointer was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way but the pointer was sort
+of in front of the buffer. Yeah. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in front of the buffer. Yeah. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in front of the buffer. Yeah. And
+this wouldn't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wouldn't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wouldn't work.
+Why can't you associate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can't you associate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can't you associate with the
+function?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function?
+Ah so that's an interesting point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so that's an interesting point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so that's an interesting point. So
+you could do those things right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do those things right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do those things right in fact
+you could try to imagine a compiler that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to imagine a compiler that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to imagine a compiler that
+whenever it had any pointer whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it had any pointer whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it had any pointer whatsoever
+it would always try to add padding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would always try to add padding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would always try to add padding for
+various things right. So as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things right. So as it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things right. So as it turns out
+um schemes like that will quickly get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schemes like that will quickly get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um schemes like that will quickly get um
+expensive in terms of like all the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in terms of like all the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in terms of like all the code
+that's sort of added to have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of added to have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of added to have to check
+for all those types of things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those types of things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those types of things right
+because then you can imagine that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can imagine that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can imagine that every
+single time you want to invoke any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you want to invoke any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you want to invoke any
+pointer or call any function you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or call any function you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or call any function you've got
+to have this code that's going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this code that's going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this code that's going to check
+whether that canary is correct but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that canary is correct but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that canary is correct but yeah
+in principle you could do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you could do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you could do something like
+that. So does so does this make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So does so does this make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So does so does this make sense?
+So we see that canaries don't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see that canaries don't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see that canaries don't help you
+in this situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so uh another thing as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh another thing as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh another thing as we've
+discussed before is that if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before is that if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before is that if you can
+guess the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then basically the random canaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then basically the random canaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then basically the random canaries
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work and producing uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and producing uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and producing uh you know sort of
+secure sources of randomness is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure sources of randomness is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure sources of randomness is actually
+a topic in and of itself that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic in and of itself that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic in and of itself that's very
+very complicated. So we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated. So we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated. So we're not going to
+go into great depth about that here, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into great depth about that here, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into great depth about that here, but
+suffice it to say if you can guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say if you can guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say if you can guess the
+randomness, everything falls apart. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness, everything falls apart. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness, everything falls apart. So
+usually have less bits in the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have less bits in the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have less bits in the return
+address.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let's see. So you're saying if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. So you're saying if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. So you're saying if the
+canary here is let's say smaller than so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary here is let's say smaller than so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary here is let's say smaller than so
+I'm saying like the purpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying like the purpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying like the purpose of the
+canary is that you know what that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary is that you know what that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canary is that you know what that value
+is and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you
+can also like memorize the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also like memorize the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also like memorize the return
+address. and check if that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. and check if that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. and check if that's been
+changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+Uh can't you Oh, so you're saying can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh can't you Oh, so you're saying can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh can't you Oh, so you're saying can't
+the the uh secure system uh can't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh secure system uh can't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh secure system uh can't it
+look at the return address and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the return address and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the return address and figure
+out if that's been changed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if that's been changed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if that's been changed and then
+otherwise uh yeah so so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh yeah so so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh yeah so so in other words
+if there well let me say that yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there well let me say that yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there well let me say that yes and
+no. So note that there's still this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. So note that there's still this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. So note that there's still this
+that's going to get overwritten in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to get overwritten in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to get overwritten in a
+buffer overflow attack. So this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow attack. So this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow attack. So this may
+still cause problems. Um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cause problems. Um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cause problems. Um but in
+principle if somehow like that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if somehow like that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if somehow like that these
+these things were invariant somehow um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were invariant somehow um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were invariant somehow um
+then yeah you could do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah you could do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah you could do something like
+that. Uh but the problem is that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh but the problem is that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh but the problem is that uh in
+many cases um this return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases um this return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases um this return the
+bookkeeping overhead for that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping overhead for that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping overhead for that would be a
+little bit tricky right because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky right because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky right because you can
+imagine that a particular function may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a particular function may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that a particular function may
+get called from different places you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called from different places you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called from different places you
+know and so on and so forth. And so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so on and so forth. And so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so on and so forth. And so just
+in the interest of time so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest of time so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interest of time so we're going
+to uh zoom forward a little bit um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh zoom forward a little bit um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh zoom forward a little bit um but
+then if we have time at the end we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we have time at the end we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we have time at the end we'll
+come back to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to some of these
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+So all right so those are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right so those are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right so those are some
+situations in which uh the canary can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which uh the canary can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which uh the canary can
+fail. There's some other places in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. There's some other places in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. There's some other places in which
+it can fail too. Um so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fail too. Um so for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fail too. Um so for example uh
+one way that it might fail is with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way that it might fail is with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way that it might fail is with uh
+malic and free attacks. So this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic and free attacks. So this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malic and free attacks. So this is sort
+of a uniquely uh sea style attack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uniquely uh sea style attack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uniquely uh sea style attack.
+So let's see what happens here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So imagine that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh two pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two pointers
+here P and Q and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P and Q and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P and Q and then
+imagine that we issue uh malix for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we issue uh malix for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we issue uh malix for both
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+these right we give P24 bytes of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right we give P24 bytes of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right we give P24 bytes of memory
+we also give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also give
+Q024 bytes of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then let's say
+that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do
+a stir copy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P from some buff that's controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P from some buff that's controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P from some buff that's controlled by
+the attacker. Okay, so here's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker. Okay, so here's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker. Okay, so here's where the
+overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow
+happens. And then let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And then let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And then let's say that
+we free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q. And then let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And then let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. And then let's say that
+we free P. Okay, so it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we free P. Okay, so it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we free P. Okay, so it's fairly
+straightforward code, right? Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward code, right? Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward code, right? Two
+pointers. We malex some memory for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. We malex some memory for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. We malex some memory for each
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+them. We use one of these unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. We use one of these unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. We use one of these unsafe
+functions. The buffer overflow happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. The buffer overflow happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. The buffer overflow happens.
+Then we free a Q and we free P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we free a Q and we free P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we free a Q and we free P.
+So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+that P and Q the memory that's assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P and Q the memory that's assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P and Q the memory that's assigned
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nearby in terms of the layout in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby in terms of the layout in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby in terms of the layout in terms
+of memory. Right? So both of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory. Right? So both of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory. Right? So both of these uh
+objects sort of lie next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects sort of lie next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects sort of lie next to each other
+uh in the memory space. So there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the memory space. So there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the memory space. So there's some
+subtle and sort of evil things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and sort of evil things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and sort of evil things that can
+happen here, right? Because this stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here, right? Because this stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here, right? Because this stir
+copy here might actually uh over it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy here might actually uh over it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy here might actually uh over it'll
+it'll sort of fill P with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll sort of fill P with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll sort of fill P with a bunch of
+stuff, but it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, but it might
+also corrupt some of the state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also corrupt some of the state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also corrupt some of the state that
+belongs to Q. Okay, and this can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to Q. Okay, and this can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to Q. Okay, and this can cause
+problems. And some of you may have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. And some of you may have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. And some of you may have done
+things like this unintentionally, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this unintentionally, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this unintentionally, right?
+in your own code when you have some type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own code when you have some type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own code when you have some type
+of weird use of pointers and then stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird use of pointers and then stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weird use of pointers and then stuff
+sort of seems to work but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seems to work but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seems to work but then when you
+call free later on it's seg faults or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call free later on it's seg faults or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call free later on it's seg faults or
+something like that right what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right what we're
+going to talk about here is a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here is a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about here is a way that
+an attacker can sort of take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker can sort of take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker can sort of take advantage
+of that behavior um and we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that behavior um and we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that behavior um and we're actually
+going to explain why that happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain why that happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain why that happens so
+imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+um inside the implementation of free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inside the implementation of free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inside the implementation of free and
+malo an allocated block looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So let's say that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So let's say that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So let's say that there is
+um you know the app visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the app visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the app visible
+data that lives up here and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say you had a size variable down here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you had a size variable down here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you had a size variable down here.
+This is not something that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not something that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not something that the the
+application sees directly, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application sees directly, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application sees directly, right? But
+this is sort of like some bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of like some bookkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of like some bookkeeping
+info that the free or the mal uh maloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info that the free or the mal uh maloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info that the free or the mal uh maloc
+system sort of tracks so it can know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of tracks so it can know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sort of tracks so it can know the
+sizes of the buffers that it allocated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the buffers that it allocated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the buffers that it allocated.
+So let's say that uh a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block has some metadata that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? So
+maybe you've got the size of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got the size of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got the size of the free
+block here and then you've got a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block here and then you've got a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block here and then you've got a bunch
+of empty space here. And then let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empty space here. And then let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empty space here. And then let's say
+this is where things get interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get interesting.
+You've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got
+a a backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a backwards
+pointer and then you've got a forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer and maybe got some size data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and maybe got some size data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and maybe got some size data
+here. Now, why are we having these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now, why are we having these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Now, why are we having these two
+pointers here? Well, it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers here? Well, it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers here? Well, it's because the
+memory allocation system uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocation system uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocation system uh in this case
+is using sort of like a doubly linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using sort of like a doubly linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using sort of like a doubly linked
+list to sort of track, you know, how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to sort of track, you know, how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to sort of track, you know, how the
+free blocks are related to each other,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free blocks are related to each other,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free blocks are related to each other,
+right? So when you allocate a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when you allocate a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when you allocate a free
+block, you take it off of this doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block, you take it off of this doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block, you take it off of this doubly
+linked list and then when you deallocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list and then when you deallocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list and then when you deallocate
+it, you do some pointer arithmetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you do some pointer arithmetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you do some pointer arithmetic and
+then you fix these things up. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix these things up. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix these things up. Then you
+add it back to that linked list. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it back to that linked list. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it back to that linked list. Right?
+So as always, whenever you hear pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as always, whenever you hear pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as always, whenever you hear pointer
+arithmetic, you should think chainery,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, you should think chainery,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, you should think chainery,
+right? Because that's where a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because that's where a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because that's where a lot of
+these problems come about. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems come about. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems come about. And so the
+thing to note is that uh sort of we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that uh sort of we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that uh sort of we had
+this buffer overflow here, right? and P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this buffer overflow here, right? and P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this buffer overflow here, right? and P.
+If we assume that P and Q are next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we assume that P and Q are next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we assume that P and Q are next to
+each other or very close in memory, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or very close in memory, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or very close in memory, then
+what can end up happening is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can end up happening is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can end up happening is that this
+buffer overflow can overwrite some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow can overwrite some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer overflow can overwrite some of
+this size data for the allocated pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size data for the allocated pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size data for the allocated pointer
+Q. Right? So, is everybody with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. Right? So, is everybody with me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. Right? So, is everybody with me so
+far? Because if you're with me so far,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Because if you're with me so far,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far? Because if you're with me so far,
+then basically you can sort of use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you can sort of use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you can sort of use your
+imagination at this point and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination at this point and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination at this point and sort of
+see where things go wrong, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where things go wrong, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where things go wrong, right?
+Because essentially what's going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because essentially what's going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because essentially what's going to end
+up happening is that these free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that these free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that these free
+operations, they look at this metadata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations, they look at this metadata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations, they look at this metadata
+to do all kinds of pointer manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all kinds of pointer manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all kinds of pointer manipulations
+with this kind of stuff, right? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of stuff, right? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of stuff, right? So you
+can basically uh think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically uh think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically uh think of it as
+uh get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy. You know somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. You know somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. You know somewhere in the
+implementation of free it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of free it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of free it's going to get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer based
+on the value of size, right? Where size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value of size, right? Where size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value of size, right? Where size
+is something the attacker controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something the attacker controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something the attacker controls
+because the attacker did the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the attacker did the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the attacker did the buffer
+overflow, right? So then you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, right? So then you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow, right? So then you can imagine
+that it does a bunch of pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetic, right? So, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, right? So, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, right? So, it's going to
+look at the back and the uh forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the back and the uh forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the back and the uh forward
+pointers of this block and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers of this block and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers of this block and then it's
+going to do something like update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something like update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something like update the
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer and also uh update the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer, right? And the exact specifics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And the exact specifics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And the exact specifics
+of this you don't need to worry about,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you don't need to worry about,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you don't need to worry about,
+right? This is just an example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just an example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just an example of the
+code that takes place in there. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that takes place in there. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that takes place in there. But the
+point is is that note that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is that note that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is that note that because the
+attacker's overwritten size, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's overwritten size, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's overwritten size, the
+attacker now controls this pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker now controls this pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker now controls this pointer
+that's passed into the free code. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed into the free code. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed into the free code. Okay?
+And because of that, these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of that, these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of that, these two
+statements here, these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements here, these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements here, these are actually
+pointer updates, right? This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer updates, right? This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer updates, right? This is a
+pointer somewhere. And because the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer somewhere. And because the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer somewhere. And because the uh
+attacker has been able to control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has been able to control this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has been able to control this
+p, he actually controls all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p, he actually controls all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p, he actually controls all this stuff
+too. So this is where the attack can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So this is where the attack can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So this is where the attack can
+actually take place, right? So when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take place, right? So when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take place, right? So when the
+free code operates and it tries to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free code operates and it tries to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free code operates and it tries to do
+things like for example merge these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like for example merge these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like for example merge these two
+blocks, right? That's typically why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks, right? That's typically why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks, right? That's typically why you
+have things like this link list because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like this link list because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things like this link list because
+if you have two blocks that are adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two blocks that are adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two blocks that are adjacent
+to each other and they're both free, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and they're both free, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other and they're both free, you
+want to merge them into one big block.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to merge them into one big block.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to merge them into one big block.
+Well, we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we control
+size. That means we control this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. That means we control this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. That means we control this whole
+process here. That means if we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here. That means if we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here. That means if we've been
+clever in how these uh overflows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever in how these uh overflows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever in how these uh overflows are
+working at these points, we can write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at these points, we can write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at these points, we can write to
+a memory in a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory in a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory in a way that we
+choose. So does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose. So does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose. So does that make
+sense? And like I said, this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? And like I said, this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? And like I said, this type of
+thing often happens in your own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing often happens in your own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing often happens in your own code
+when you're not being very clever with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not being very clever with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not being very clever with
+pointers and you make some mistake with,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and you make some mistake with,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and you make some mistake with,
+you know, double freeing or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, double freeing or whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, double freeing or whatever.
+This is why stuff will seg fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why stuff will seg fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why stuff will seg fault
+sometimes, right? Because you've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes, right? Because you've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes, right? Because you've sort of
+messed up this metadata that lives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up this metadata that lives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up this metadata that lives with
+each one of these allocated blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these allocated blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these allocated blocks and
+then at some point, you know, these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point, you know, these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some point, you know, these this
+calculation will point to some garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will point to some garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation will point to some garbage
+value and then you're dead, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then you're dead, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then you're dead, right? But
+if you're the attacker, you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the attacker, you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're the attacker, you can actually
+choose that value and use it for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that value and use it for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that value and use it for your
+own advantage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so now let's get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now let's get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now let's get to
+um another approach for sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another approach for sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another approach for sort of getting
+rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid
+of some of these buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these buffer overflow
+attacks. And that approach is bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checking, right? And the goal of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checking is to make sure that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is to make sure that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is to make sure that when you
+use a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a particular
+pointer, it only refers to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, it only refers to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, it only refers to something
+that is a me a memory object and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a me a memory object and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a me a memory object and that
+pointer is in the valid bounds of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is in the valid bounds of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is in the valid bounds of that
+memory object. Right? So that's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory object. Right? So that's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory object. Right? So that's the base
+idea behind uh the idea. It's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind uh the idea. It's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind uh the idea. It's actually
+pretty simple, right? At a high level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple, right? At a high level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple, right? At a high level.
+Once again in C though it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again in C though it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again in C though it's very
+difficult to actually understand things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to actually understand things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to actually understand things
+like what does it actually mean for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it actually mean for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it actually mean for a
+pointer to be inbounds or out of bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to be inbounds or out of bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to be inbounds or out of bounds
+or valid or invalid. So for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or valid or invalid. So for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or valid or invalid. So for example
+let's say that uh you have two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that uh you have two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that uh you have two pieces of
+code like like this. So you declare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like like this. So you declare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like like this. So you declare a
+character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array of,024 bytes and let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of,024 bytes and let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of,024 bytes and let's say that
+you do something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like this.
+you declare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you declare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you declare a
+pointer and then you get uh the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then you get uh the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then you get uh the address
+of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the
+elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in
+X, right? So, does this does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, right? So, does this does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, right? So, does this does this make
+sense? Right? Is this a good idea to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Right? Is this a good idea to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Right? Is this a good idea to do
+that? It's hard to say, right? I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? It's hard to say, right? I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? It's hard to say, right? I mean,
+if you're treating this X up here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're treating this X up here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're treating this X up here as a
+string, right? Maybe it makes sense, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, right? Maybe it makes sense, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, right? Maybe it makes sense, for
+example, to take a pointer like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, to take a pointer like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, to take a pointer like this,
+then you can increment it and decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can increment it and decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can increment it and decrement
+it because maybe you're looking for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because maybe you're looking for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because maybe you're looking for some
+special value of a character in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special value of a character in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special value of a character in there.
+But, you know, if this is maybe like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, if this is maybe like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, if this is maybe like a
+network message or something like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network message or something like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network message or something like that,
+maybe there's actually some strct that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's actually some strct that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's actually some strct that's
+embedded in here. So, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in here. So, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in here. So, it doesn't
+actually make sense to sort of walk this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make sense to sort of walk this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make sense to sort of walk this
+character by character, right? So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character by character, right? So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character by character, right? So, the
+challenge here is that once again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here is that once again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here is that once again,
+because C allows you to do whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because C allows you to do whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because C allows you to do whatever you
+want, it's hard to determine what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, it's hard to determine what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, it's hard to determine what it is
+you actually wanted to do, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wanted to do, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wanted to do, right? And
+so, as a result, um it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, as a result, um it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, as a result, um it's a little bit
+sort of subtle with how you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of subtle with how you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of subtle with how you define
+things like pointer safety uh in scene.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pointer safety uh in scene.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pointer safety uh in scene.
+And so, you know, you can also imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, you can also imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, you can also imagine
+that life gets even more complicated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life gets even more complicated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life gets even more complicated if
+you use uh strrus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh strrus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh strrus and
+unions. So, you know, imagine you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions. So, you know, imagine you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions. So, you know, imagine you had a
+union that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union that look like
+this. You know, it's got some integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You know, it's got some integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You know, it's got some integer
+value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in
+there and then you've got uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you've got uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you've got uh some
+strruct and then it has two integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strruct and then it has two integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strruct and then it has two integers
+inside of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops. Right. So don't forget the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Right. So don't forget the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. Right. So don't forget the way
+that the that unions work is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that unions work is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that unions work is that
+basically the union is going to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the union is going to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the union is going to allocate
+the maximum size for sort of the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum size for sort of the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum size for sort of the largest
+element but in any given moment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but in any given moment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but in any given moment you
+typically expect that you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically expect that you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically expect that you know either
+this int i will be valid or this strruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this int i will be valid or this strruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this int i will be valid or this strruct
+s will be valid in the union but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s will be valid in the union but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s will be valid in the union but not
+both. Right? So imagine that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. Right? So imagine that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. Right? So imagine that you had
+code that did something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get a pointer to the address of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy, right? So I get an an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, right? So I get an an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, right? So I get an an integer
+pointer to the address of in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the address of in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to the address of in the union
+this strct and then k. Well, I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strct and then k. Well, I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strct and then k. Well, I mean that
+address, you know, this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address, you know, this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address, you know, this this uh
+reference is strictly speaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is strictly speaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is strictly speaking in
+bounds, right? there there's memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds, right? there there's memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds, right? there there's memory
+that's been allocated for this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been allocated for this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been allocated for this that
+that's not incorrect but I mean are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not incorrect but I mean are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not incorrect but I mean are you
+actually at this moment in the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this moment in the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this moment in the program
+execution treating this union as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution treating this union as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution treating this union as one of
+these guys or one of these guys it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys or one of these guys it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys or one of these guys it's
+hard to say right so as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say right so as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say right so as a result of
+these sort of ambiguous pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of ambiguous pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of ambiguous pointer
+semantics that can arise in these C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics that can arise in these C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics that can arise in these C
+programs uh typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs uh typically
+uh these bound checkings approaches they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these bound checkings approaches they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these bound checkings approaches they
+sort of uh can only offer a weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh can only offer a weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh can only offer a weaker
+notion of pointer correctness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of pointer correctness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of pointer correctness and
+so that notion is as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have
+uh a pointer P prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derived from a base pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P. Then P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Then P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Then P
+prime should only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used to dreference dreference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory that belongs to that original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that belongs to that original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that belongs to that original
+base pointer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So for a derived pointer in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So for a derived pointer in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So for a derived pointer in P
+prime that's derived from some original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that's derived from some original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime that's derived from some original
+one P, then P prime should only be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one P, then P prime should only be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one P, then P prime should only be used
+to dreference memory uh that belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dreference memory uh that belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dreference memory uh that belongs to
+P. So note that this is a weaker goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. So note that this is a weaker goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. So note that this is a weaker goal
+than enforcing completely correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than enforcing completely correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than enforcing completely correct
+pointer semantics, right? Because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer semantics, right? Because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer semantics, right? Because for
+example, you could still have weird uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you could still have weird uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you could still have weird uh
+issues like um with this union here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like um with this union here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like um with this union here for
+example, maybe at this particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, maybe at this particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, maybe at this particular point
+in the program, it wasn't correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the program, it wasn't correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the program, it wasn't correct for
+the program to be able to reference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program to be able to reference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program to be able to reference that
+particular value in the union, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value in the union, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value in the union, right?
+But you know, at least this pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know, at least this pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know, at least this pointer
+reference is sort of in bounds, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is sort of in bounds, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is sort of in bounds, right?
+So maybe, you know, in this example up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe, you know, in this example up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe, you know, in this example up
+here, maybe um this sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, maybe um this sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, maybe um this sort of um uh
+creation of this pointer here sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of this pointer here sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of this pointer here sort of
+violated the sort of semantics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the sort of semantics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated the sort of semantics of the
+network message embedded in X. But at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network message embedded in X. But at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network message embedded in X. But at
+least you're not trampling on arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're not trampling on arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're not trampling on arbitrary
+memory, right? You're only trampling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, right? You're only trampling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, right? You're only trampling on
+memory that belongs to you. And so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that belongs to you. And so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that belongs to you. And so in
+the world of C, this is considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of C, this is considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of C, this is considered
+success, right? So you have to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success, right? So you have to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success, right? So you have to be happy
+for the small things. Um so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small things. Um so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small things. Um so that's the
+basic idea. Now the challenge with sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea. Now the challenge with sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea. Now the challenge with sort
+of enforcing these types of semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enforcing these types of semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enforcing these types of semantics
+here is that in many cases you need help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in many cases you need help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in many cases you need help
+from the compiler. Okay, so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the compiler. Okay, so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the compiler. Okay, so you need
+help from the compiler and you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from the compiler and you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from the compiler and you typically
+need to recompile programs to uh enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to recompile programs to uh enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to recompile programs to uh enforce
+these semantics. So that can be a drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these semantics. So that can be a drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these semantics. So that can be a drag
+for backwards compatibility. But this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for backwards compatibility. But this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for backwards compatibility. But this is
+the basic notion of uh sort of bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic notion of uh sort of bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic notion of uh sort of bounce
+checking. So what are some ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking. So what are some ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking. So what are some ways that you
+can uh implement uh bounce checking?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so one very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so one very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so one very simple
+way is this notion called uh electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fences, right? And so the notion here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fences, right? And so the notion here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fences, right? And so the notion here is
+that for every object that you allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every object that you allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every object that you allocate
+on the heap, you allocate a guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page that's sort of immediately next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that's sort of immediately next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that's sort of immediately next to
+it, right? And you set the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? And you set the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? And you set the page
+protections on that page such that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections on that page such that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections on that page such that if
+anybody tries to touch that, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tries to touch that, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tries to touch that, you get a
+hard fault, right? The hard rule will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fault, right? The hard rule will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fault, right? The hard rule will
+say that's out of bounds and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's out of bounds and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's out of bounds and then the
+program will just stop right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will just stop right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program will just stop right there.
+Right? And so this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this is a very simple
+thing that you can do, right? And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do, right? And what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can do, right? And what's
+nice about this approach actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this approach actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this approach actually is
+that whenever you have an invalid memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have an invalid memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have an invalid memory
+reference, this causes a fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference, this causes a fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference, this causes a fault
+immediately. Right? If you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately. Right? If you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately. Right? If you've ever
+debugged a big C or C++ program, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugged a big C or C++ program, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugged a big C or C++ program, one of
+the big problems is that a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problems is that a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problems is that a lot of times
+when you corrupt memory, that memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you corrupt memory, that memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you corrupt memory, that memory
+sort of is corrupted silently and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is corrupted silently and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is corrupted silently and sort
+of for a while and it isn't until later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for a while and it isn't until later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for a while and it isn't until later
+that something crashes and then only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something crashes and then only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something crashes and then only
+then do you realize something happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do you realize something happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do you realize something happened
+but you don't know what that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know what that something
+is. These typically do what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. These typically do what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. These typically do what they call
+heisen bugs, right? Things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisen bugs, right? Things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heisen bugs, right? Things that have
+this notion of uncertainty in them. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of uncertainty in them. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of uncertainty in them. So,
+what's nice about this is that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about this is that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice about this is that, you
+know, as soon as the pointer sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as soon as the pointer sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as soon as the pointer sort of
+hits here, boom, hits the guard page,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits here, boom, hits the guard page,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits here, boom, hits the guard page,
+everything blows up. All right. Now, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything blows up. All right. Now, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything blows up. All right. Now, can
+you think of a disadvantage with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a disadvantage with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of a disadvantage with this
+approach?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach?
+Takes a lot of extra space. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Takes a lot of extra space. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Takes a lot of extra space. Yeah,
+exactly. So, you know, imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. So, you know, imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. So, you know, imagine that this
+little this heap thing here was super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this heap thing here was super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little this heap thing here was super
+super small, but then I've allocated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super small, but then I've allocated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super small, but then I've allocated a
+whole page just to make sure that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole page just to make sure that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole page just to make sure that my
+little tiny thing here didn't get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny thing here didn't get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny thing here didn't get uh
+didn't have like one of these pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have like one of these pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have like one of these pointer
+attacks, right? So this is very uh space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, right? So this is very uh space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, right? So this is very uh space
+intensive and so like people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and so like people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive and so like people don't
+really deploy something like this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deploy something like this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really deploy something like this in in
+production right this can be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right this can be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production right this can be useful for
+debugging things but you would never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging things but you would never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging things but you would never do
+this for a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a real
+program. Does that make sense? So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Does that make sense? So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. Does that make sense? So uh
+these electric fencers are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electric fencers are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electric fencers are actually
+pretty pretty simple to understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty simple to understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty simple to understand.
+Why does that have to be so large?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does that have to be so large?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does that have to be so large?
+Ah so the reason is because this guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so the reason is because this guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah so the reason is because this guard
+page here uh you're typically relying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page here uh you're typically relying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page here uh you're typically relying on
+the hardware's like page level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware's like page level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware's like page level
+protection to deal with those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection to deal with those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection to deal with those types of
+things and so there's like certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so there's like certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so there's like certain
+minimum sizes you can set for the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum sizes you can set for the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum sizes you can set for the size
+of a page according to the hardware. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a page according to the hardware. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a page according to the hardware. So
+typically like that page is 4K for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like that page is 4K for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like that page is 4K for
+example. So getting back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So getting back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So getting back to your
+question you know if this is some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know if this is some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know if this is some like
+super small value here then yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super small value here then yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super small value here then yeah this is
+like you know maybe two bytes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe two bytes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know maybe two bytes or
+whatever but then you got like 4K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but then you got like 4K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but then you got like 4K here
+protecting it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting it.
+Are you protecting just the heap or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you protecting just the heap or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you protecting just the heap or
+individual things that Oh, sorry. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things that Oh, sorry. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things that Oh, sorry. Yeah.
+Yeah. So, by heap I mean like uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, by heap I mean like uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, by heap I mean like uh like
+heap object. Yeah. Thank you for Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap object. Yeah. Thank you for Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap object. Yeah. Thank you for Yeah,
+exactly. So, you know, imagine like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. So, you know, imagine like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. So, you know, imagine like for
+each malo you do you know you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each malo you do you know you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each malo you do you know you could have
+one of these a separate guard page for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a separate guard page for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these a separate guard page for
+it and you do it below and above or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you do it below and above or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you do it below and above or just
+you can do either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's right. Yeah, you could do either,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yeah, you could do either,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yeah, you could do either,
+but once again, depending on this uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again, depending on this uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again, depending on this uh on
+the size of the object, you know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the object, you know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the object, you know, I
+mean, now you've got to declare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, now you've got to declare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, now you've got to declare two
+guard pages, right? So now this, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard pages, right? So now this, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard pages, right? So now this, you
+know, sort of quickly gets out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of quickly gets out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of quickly gets out of
+control, but yeah, you could have a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, but yeah, you could have a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control, but yeah, you could have a book
+a book ending once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book ending once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book ending once
+basically. So that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. So that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. So that's the basic idea
+behind that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, actually, yeah, we can erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, actually, yeah, we can erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, actually, yeah, we can erase this
+guy. And then another approach you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. And then another approach you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. And then another approach you could
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is
+um what they call fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointers. And so the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. And so the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. And so the idea here is that
+you actually want to modify the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to modify the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually want to modify the pointer
+representation itself to include balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation itself to include balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation itself to include balance
+information in it. So, you know, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it. So, you know, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it. So, you know, if you
+look at your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your uh
+regular 32-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular 32-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular 32-bit
+pointer, what's it look like? Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, what's it look like? Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, what's it look like? Well, I
+mean, it's just 32 bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's just 32 bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's just 32 bits and
+then you got an address in it, right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got an address in it, right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got an address in it, right? If
+you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a
+uh fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer, then you know, one way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, then you know, one way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, then you know, one way you can
+think about looking at this is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about looking at this is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about looking at this is you've
+got a four byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a four byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a four byte
+uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you have a uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+byte end. So in other words, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte end. So in other words, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte end. So in other words, this is
+where the allocated object starts. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the allocated object starts. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the allocated object starts. Uh
+that's where it ends. And then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it ends. And then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it ends. And then you've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+um a four byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a four byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a four byte
+uh cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+address. So this is where the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. So this is where the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address. So this is where the pointer
+actually is within that bound. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is within that bound. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is within that bound. Right? So
+basically what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is that the
+compiler will sort of uh generate code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will sort of uh generate code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will sort of uh generate code
+such that when you access these fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when you access these fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when you access these fat
+pointers this gets updated but it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers this gets updated but it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers this gets updated but it'll
+also check these two things to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also check these two things to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also check these two things to make sure
+that nothing bad has happened during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing bad has happened during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing bad has happened during
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+update. So for example you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update. So for example you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update. So for example you can imagine
+that if I had code like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. So I have an inch pointer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So I have an inch pointer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So I have an inch pointer and then
+I allocate uh eight bytes. So assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allocate uh eight bytes. So assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I allocate uh eight bytes. So assuming
+that we're on a 32-bit architecture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're on a 32-bit architecture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're on a 32-bit architecture,
+this should point to two uh integers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should point to two uh integers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should point to two uh integers,
+space for two integers. And then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for two integers. And then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for two integers. And then I have
+some uh while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh while
+loop that is going to just assign some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that is going to just assign some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that is going to just assign some
+value uh to the pointer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh to the pointer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh to the pointer and then
+increment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointer. What you'll see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. What you'll see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer. What you'll see is that the
+current address for this pointer um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current address for this pointer um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current address for this pointer um like
+at this point in the code will point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in the code will point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in the code will point to
+the base right and then every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base right and then every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base right and then every time we
+sort of iterate through here um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iterate through here um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of iterate through here um we can
+see that we are either checking a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we are either checking a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we are either checking a bound
+or incrementing a bound right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incrementing a bound right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incrementing a bound right so you
+know at this point when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this point when we want to
+dreference it we can actually check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreference it we can actually check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreference it we can actually check and
+see um is the current address of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um is the current address of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um is the current address of that
+pointer in this range and if it's not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in this range and if it's not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer in this range and if it's not we
+can throw an exception here you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can throw an exception here you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can throw an exception here you know so
+on and so forth right so you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth right so you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth right so you know and
+and once And where is this taking place?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once And where is this taking place?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once And where is this taking place?
+This is taking place in new code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is taking place in new code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is taking place in new code that
+the compiler generated. So uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler generated. So uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler generated. So uh one
+question that came up uh on the online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up uh on the online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up uh on the online
+discussion group some people were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion group some people were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion group some people were saying
+you know what is instrumented code? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is instrumented code? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is instrumented code? What
+what does that mean? Right? So when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean? Right? So when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean? Right? So when I
+say that the comp that the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the comp that the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the comp that the compiler
+generates new code imagine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates new code imagine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates new code imagine that there
+this is what you see as a programmer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see as a programmer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see as a programmer but
+sort of before this operation actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of before this operation actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of before this operation actually
+takes place. Imagine the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place. Imagine the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place. Imagine the compiler
+inserted some new CC code here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted some new CC code here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted some new CC code here that
+basically looked at these base bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looked at these base bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looked at these base bounds
+here and then if there was something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then if there was something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then if there was something out
+of bounds it would then you know do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounds it would then you know do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounds it would then you know do an
+exit or an abort or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit or an abort or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit or an abort or something like that
+right so that's what it means to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what it means to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what it means to say
+that there is instrument code is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is instrument code is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is instrument code is that
+you take the source code you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the source code you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the source code you use the
+programmer C add some new C source code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer C add some new C source code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer C add some new C source code
+and then compile that bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compile that bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compile that bigger
+program right so the basic idea I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program right so the basic idea I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program right so the basic idea I think
+behind the fat pointers is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the fat pointers is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the fat pointers is pretty simple
+um you know there's some disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's some disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's some disadvantages
+to this uh you know the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh you know the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh you know the biggest
+disadvantage is that you know, oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that you know, oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that you know, oh my
+goodness, look how big your pointers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness, look how big your pointers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness, look how big your pointers are
+now, right? And so what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, right? And so what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, right? And so what this means is
+that you can't um just take a fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't um just take a fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't um just take a fat
+pointer and pass it to an unmodified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and pass it to an unmodified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and pass it to an unmodified
+off-the-shelf library, right? Because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf library, right? Because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf library, right? Because it
+may have certain expectations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have certain expectations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have certain expectations that
+pointers are a certain size and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are a certain size and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers are a certain size and when you
+give it this thing, it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it this thing, it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it this thing, it's just going to
+it's going to blow up. You also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to blow up. You also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to blow up. You also have
+trouble if you want to include these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you want to include these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you want to include these
+types of pointers and strrus or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pointers and strrus or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of pointers and strrus or things
+like that because that can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because that can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because that can actually
+change the size of the strruct, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the size of the strruct, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the size of the strruct, right?
+Right? And so a very popular thing in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so a very popular thing in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so a very popular thing in C
+code to do is to take like size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to do is to take like size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to do is to take like size of a
+strruct, you know, and then like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strruct, you know, and then like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strruct, you know, and then like do
+something as a result of that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as a result of that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as a result of that like
+reserve some disk space for a strct of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve some disk space for a strct of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve some disk space for a strct of
+that size so on and so forth. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size so on and so forth. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size so on and so forth. So this
+causes all that stuff to blow up, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes all that stuff to blow up, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes all that stuff to blow up, right?
+Because once again the pointers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because once again the pointers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because once again the pointers have
+gotten very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten very very
+big. And another thing which is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. And another thing which is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. And another thing which is a bit
+subtle but it's that uh these fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but it's that uh these fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle but it's that uh these fat
+pointers typically will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers typically will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers typically will not be able to
+be updated in an atomic fashion. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated in an atomic fashion. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated in an atomic fashion. Right?
+So on you know 32-bit architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So on you know 32-bit architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So on you know 32-bit architectures
+typically if you do like a write to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you do like a write to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you do like a write to a
+32-bit variable that write is atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit variable that write is atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit variable that write is atomic
+right but now these pointers are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now these pointers are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now these pointers are these
+three integer sized things right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three integer sized things right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three integer sized things right so if
+you have any code that takes advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any code that takes advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any code that takes advantage
+of the fact that it expects pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it expects pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that it expects pointer
+rights uh to be atomic then you may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights uh to be atomic then you may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights uh to be atomic then you may get
+in trouble here right because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble here right because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble here right because you can
+imagine that um you know to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um you know to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um you know to do some of
+these checks you have to sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checks you have to sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these checks you have to sort of you
+know look at the current address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at the current address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at the current address and
+then look at this and then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at this and then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at this and then you might
+have to increment that and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increment that and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to increment that and so on and so
+forth So this can cause very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth So this can cause very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth So this can cause very subtle
+concurrency bugs if you have code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency bugs if you have code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency bugs if you have code that
+depends on that atomicity of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that atomicity of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that atomicity of the of the
+rights. So does that all make sense? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights. So does that all make sense? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights. So does that all make sense? So
+that's one approach you could do. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one approach you could do. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one approach you could do. But
+you know kind of like uh electric fences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of like uh electric fences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of like uh electric fences
+this has some sort of nasty side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some sort of nasty side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some sort of nasty side effects
+that means that people don't typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that people don't typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that people don't typically
+use that in practice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we can start talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can start talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we can start talking about uh
+bounds checking with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds checking with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds checking with respect to the
+shadow data structures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow data structures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow data structures that are
+mentioned in the baggie bounds paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the baggie bounds paper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the baggie bounds paper.
+So the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the basic idea
+uh for these shadow data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures is for each object that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allocate, you want to store how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate, you want to store how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate, you want to store how big the
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is, right? Right? And so for example, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, right? Right? And so for example, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, right? Right? And so for example, if
+you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some
+pointer that you call Malach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on, right, you need to store that size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right, you need to store that size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, right, you need to store that size
+of that of that object there. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that object there. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that object there. And then
+note that if you have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if you have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if you have something that's
+like a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable like
+this, right, the compiler can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right, the compiler can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right, the compiler can sort of
+automatically figure out what the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically figure out what the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically figure out what the bounds
+are for that thing there, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for that thing there, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for that thing there, right?
+statically speaking. So for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically speaking. So for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically speaking. So for each one of
+these pointers, we need to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers, we need to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers, we need to um
+interpose somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose somehow
+on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations. So basically we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. So basically we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations. So basically we need to do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetic. So this is things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic. So this is things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic. So this is things like you
+know Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Q
+equals you know P + 7 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you know P + 7 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you know P + 7 or
+whatever. And then you want to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. And then you want to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. And then you want to uh you
+know interpose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know interpose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know interpose on
+dreferencing. So this is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreferencing. So this is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreferencing. So this is something like
+uh you know Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know Q
+equals you know A or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you know A or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you know A or something like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So what's interesting is that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's interesting is that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's interesting is that you might
+think well why can't we just rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well why can't we just rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well why can't we just rely on
+direct reference when we interpose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct reference when we interpose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct reference when we interpose on
+stuff right why do we have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right why do we have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right why do we have to look at
+this uh sort of pointer arithmetic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sort of pointer arithmetic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sort of pointer arithmetic here
+and similarly you might wonder the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you might wonder the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you might wonder the other
+thing like in other words why can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like in other words why can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like in other words why can't we
+just deal with one of these and not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deal with one of these and not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deal with one of these and not have
+to interpose on both so we can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpose on both so we can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpose on both so we can't just
+you know signal an error if we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know signal an error if we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know signal an error if we see the
+arithmetic going out of bounds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic going out of bounds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic going out of bounds because
+in C that may or may not be an error.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C that may or may not be an error.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C that may or may not be an error.
+Right? So in other words, a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in other words, a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So in other words, a very common
+idiom in C and C++ is you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom in C and C++ is you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiom in C and C++ is you might have a
+pointer that points to one past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that points to one past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer that points to one past the
+valid end of an object. Right? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid end of an object. Right? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid end of an object. Right? And then
+you use that as a stop condition, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as a stop condition, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as a stop condition, right?
+So you iterate through the object, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you iterate through the object, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you iterate through the object, then
+once you hit that end pointer, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit that end pointer, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit that end pointer, that's
+when you actually stop the the loop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually stop the the loop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually stop the the loop or
+whatever, right? So if we just interpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, right? So if we just interpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, right? So if we just interpose
+on in on arithmetic and we always cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in on arithmetic and we always cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in on arithmetic and we always cause
+a hard fault when we see a pointer go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fault when we see a pointer go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard fault when we see a pointer go
+out of bounds, that may actually break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of bounds, that may actually break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of bounds, that may actually break a
+lot of legitimate applications, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of legitimate applications, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of legitimate applications, right?
+Right? So we can't just interpose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we can't just interpose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we can't just interpose on
+that. And so you might say, well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you might say, well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you might say, well then
+why can't we just interpose on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we just interpose on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we just interpose on to
+referencing and just sort of when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing and just sort of when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing and just sort of when we
+notice that you've uh sort of touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you've uh sort of touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you've uh sort of touched
+something out of bounds, we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of bounds, we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of bounds, we'll just
+raise the error there. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the error there. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the error there. Well, the
+challenge there is that how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge there is that how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge there is that how do you know
+it's out of bounds, right? It's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of bounds, right? It's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out of bounds, right? It's the it's
+the arithmetic interpositioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic interpositioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic interpositioning that
+essentially allows us to tell, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially allows us to tell, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially allows us to tell, you know,
+whether or not this thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this thing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this thing is going to be
+legal here, right? Because it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal here, right? Because it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal here, right? Because it's the it's
+the interpositioning on the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpositioning on the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpositioning on the arithmetic
+that allows us to sort of track where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to sort of track where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to sort of track where
+the pointer is with respect to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer is with respect to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer is with respect to its
+original base bounds. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original base bounds. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original base bounds. All
+right. So that's that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And
+so the next question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next question is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next question is how do we
+actually implement the balance checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement the balance checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement the balance checking
+system? Because basically we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Because basically we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Because basically we need some
+way to map a particular uh pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to map a particular uh pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to map a particular uh pointer
+address to some types of bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address to some types of bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address to some types of bounds
+information for that pointer, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for that pointer, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for that pointer, right? And
+so a lot of your previous solutions use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of your previous solutions use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of your previous solutions use
+things like for example like a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like for example like a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like for example like a hash
+table or a tree right that would allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or a tree right that would allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or a tree right that would allow
+you to sort of do lookups right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of do lookups right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of do lookups right in the
+standard way. So given uh a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way. So given uh a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way. So given uh a pointer
+address I do some lookup in this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I do some lookup in this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I do some lookup in this data
+structure figure out what the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure figure out what the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure figure out what the bounds
+are. Given those bounds I can then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Given those bounds I can then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Given those bounds I can then sort
+of figure out if I want to allow the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out if I want to allow the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out if I want to allow the uh
+the access to take place or not. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to take place or not. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to take place or not. Now the
+problem with that is that uh it's a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is that uh it's a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is that uh it's a slow
+lookup right because these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup right because these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup right because these data
+structures you know think of if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you know think of if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you know think of if it's a
+tree right you're going through a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right you're going through a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree right you're going through a bunch
+of branches before you can actually hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of branches before you can actually hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of branches before you can actually hit
+the value potentially. Um and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value potentially. Um and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value potentially. Um and even if
+it's a hash table, what if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hash table, what if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hash table, what if there's an
+overflow in the buckets? You got to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow in the buckets? You got to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow in the buckets? You got to, you
+know, follow chains or do linear probing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, follow chains or do linear probing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, follow chains or do linear probing
+or things like that. So the baggie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that. So the baggie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that. So the baggie
+bounds paper um that we are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds paper um that we are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds paper um that we are about to
+look at actually figures out a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at actually figures out a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at actually figures out a very
+efficient uh data structure to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh data structure to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh data structure to track
+some of these bounds to make that bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these bounds to make that bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these bounds to make that bound
+checking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking very
+fast. Uh so let's just step into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Uh so let's just step into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Uh so let's just step into that
+right now. But before we go into that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. But before we go into that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. But before we go into that,
+let me very briefly talk about how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me very briefly talk about how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me very briefly talk about how uh
+buddy allocation works because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocation works because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocation works because that's
+one of the things that came up in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that came up in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that came up in a lot
+of the questions. Uh and so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions. Uh and so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions. Uh and so one thing
+that you'll see for these papers is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see for these papers is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see for these papers is that
+a lot of times they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times they are not
+self-contained, right? So they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained, right? So they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained, right? So they will
+mention things that they will assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention things that they will assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention things that they will assume
+that you know uh but you may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh but you may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh but you may not know
+them. Don't get discouraged by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Don't get discouraged by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Don't get discouraged by that.
+That happens to me too sometimes. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That happens to me too sometimes. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That happens to me too sometimes. You
+know these papers are sort of written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these papers are sort of written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these papers are sort of written in
+a way that they assume a lot of prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that they assume a lot of prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that they assume a lot of prior
+knowledge. So don't get discouraged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So don't get discouraged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So don't get discouraged by
+that. Luckily we actually have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Luckily we actually have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Luckily we actually have access to
+the internet so we can look up some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet so we can look up some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet so we can look up some of
+this stuff. I mean imagine what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff. I mean imagine what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff. I mean imagine what happened
+in our parents' time. They just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our parents' time. They just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our parents' time. They just didn't
+understand stuff. They just had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff. They just had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand stuff. They just had to go
+home, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home, right?
+So don't be afraid to look stuff up. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So don't be afraid to look stuff up. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So don't be afraid to look stuff up. We
+got the Wikipedia. It's mostly correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how does the buddy allocation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does the buddy allocation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how does the buddy allocation system
+work? So basically what it does is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? So basically what it does is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? So basically what it does is at
+first uh it treats unallocated memory as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh it treats unallocated memory as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh it treats unallocated memory as
+one big block. Okay. And then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big block. Okay. And then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big block. Okay. And then when you
+request uh smaller blocks for dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request uh smaller blocks for dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request uh smaller blocks for dynamic
+allocation, it tries to split that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation, it tries to split that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation, it tries to split that
+address space uh using powers of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address space uh using powers of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address space uh using powers of two
+until it finds a block that is just big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds a block that is just big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds a block that is just big
+enough to work. So let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to work. So let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to work. So let's say that
+request came in. We say a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request came in. We say a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request came in. We say a is going to
+equal to malik uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to malik uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to malik uh
+28 28 bytes. And let's just say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 28 bytes. And let's just say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 28 bytes. And let's just say in this
+toy example, there's only 128 bytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example, there's only 128 bytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy example, there's only 128 bytes of
+memory total. So the buddy allocator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory total. So the buddy allocator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory total. So the buddy allocator is
+going to look at this and say, "Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this and say, "Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this and say, "Well, I
+have 128 bytes of memory, but it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 128 bytes of memory, but it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 128 bytes of memory, but it's too
+wasteful to allocate this whole thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful to allocate this whole thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful to allocate this whole thing to
+this 28 byt request." So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 28 byt request." So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 28 byt request." So I'm going to
+split this request in two and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this request in two and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this request in two and then see
+if I have a smaller block that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a smaller block that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a smaller block that's just
+big enough. So it's going to say, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough. So it's going to say, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough. So it's going to say, okay,
+I split this to 0 to 64 and 64 to 128.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split this to 0 to 64 and 64 to 128.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split this to 0 to 64 and 64 to 128.
+Uh, okay, but this block here is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay, but this block here is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay, but this block here is still
+too big. Right? Basically what the buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big. Right? Basically what the buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big. Right? Basically what the buddy
+allocator wants to do is find a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator wants to do is find a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator wants to do is find a block
+such that the allocated data in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the allocated data in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the allocated data in the real
+object 28 bytes is at least half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object 28 bytes is at least half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object 28 bytes is at least half the
+size of that block. Right? So buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of that block. Right? So buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of that block. Right? So buddy
+Alakare says okay this thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alakare says okay this thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alakare says okay this thing over here
+is still too big. So what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still too big. So what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still too big. So what it's going to
+do is it's going to split the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it's going to split the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is it's going to split the memory
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. Right? So from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+32 and then it's going to say ah okay 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and then it's going to say ah okay 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and then it's going to say ah okay 28
+bytes that is more than half the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that is more than half the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that is more than half the size of
+this block here. So now this uh block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block here. So now this uh block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block here. So now this uh block is
+going to be allocated to A. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be allocated to A. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be allocated to A. Okay. And so
+it gets this address here. Now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets this address here. Now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets this address here. Now let's say
+that we have another request that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have another request that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have another request that comes
+in for B and let's say that we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for B and let's say that we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for B and let's say that we want a
+Malak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 right so what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right so what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 right so what's going to happen is
+that the buddy allocator will say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the buddy allocator will say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the buddy allocator will say ah
+okay I actually have a block here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I actually have a block here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I actually have a block here that's
+big enough right 50 is greater than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough right 50 is greater than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough right 50 is greater than half
+the size of this thing so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this thing so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this thing so I'll just
+allocate that right there so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that right there so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that right there so we have the
+system or setup where we have a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have B
+here. And then let's say uh we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then let's say uh we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then let's say uh we had
+another request that came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another request that came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another request that came in
+for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bytes. This is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes. This is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes. This is actually pretty
+straightforward because we can put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward because we can put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward because we can put that
+right here, right? So then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, right? So then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, right? So then we have
+something that looks like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like uh
+this. And then what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And then what's interesting is
+that when you deallocate memory, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you deallocate memory, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you deallocate memory, if you
+have two deallocated blocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two deallocated blocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two deallocated blocks that are
+next to each other in the same size, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other in the same size, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other in the same size, the
+buddy allocator will merge them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocator will merge them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocator will merge them into a
+block that's twice as big. Right? So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's twice as big. Right? So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's twice as big. Right? So if
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+um free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um free
+uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say
+C then we go to this situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then we go to this situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then we go to this situation.
+We can't do any merging because uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't do any merging because uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't do any merging because uh this
+is the only possible block that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only possible block that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only possible block that this one
+could have been merged with because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been merged with because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been merged with because it's
+the same size, but this thing's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size, but this thing's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size, but this thing's still
+occupied. So then if we do a uh free on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this situation
+here, right? Where these two uh 32 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? Where these two uh 32 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? Where these two uh 32 uh
+byte blocks were merged into one of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte blocks were merged into one of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte blocks were merged into one of size
+64. And then this one of size 64 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64. And then this one of size 64 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64. And then this one of size 64 is
+still out there. Right? So it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out there. Right? So it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out there. Right? So it's called
+the buddy system because once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buddy system because once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buddy system because once again
+whenever you have two adjacent blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have two adjacent blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have two adjacent blocks
+that are of the same size and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of the same size and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of the same size and that could
+be merged to form an aligned block then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be merged to form an aligned block then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be merged to form an aligned block then
+the system will merge that buddy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will merge that buddy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will merge that buddy with
+this other buddy and then create that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other buddy and then create that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other buddy and then create that
+new block that's twice as big. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new block that's twice as big. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new block that's twice as big. Right? So
+the thing that's nice about this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's nice about this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's nice about this system
+is that it's very simple to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's very simple to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's very simple to figure out
+sort of where buddies are because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where buddies are because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where buddies are because you
+can do sort of very cutesy arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do sort of very cutesy arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do sort of very cutesy arithmetic
+kind of like the buddy balance system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the buddy balance system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the buddy balance system
+bag balance system works but anyways I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag balance system works but anyways I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag balance system works but anyways I'm
+not going to go into those details this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into those details this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into those details this
+is basically how buddy allocation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how buddy allocation works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how buddy allocation works
+um does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that make
+sense right and one question that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and one question that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right and one question that came
+up a lot in the in the uh online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot in the in the uh online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot in the in the uh online
+discussion is you know isn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is you know isn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is you know isn't this
+wasteful right so for example imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful right so for example imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasteful right so for example imagine
+that up here at the beginning I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up here at the beginning I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up here at the beginning I had a
+request for size 65 bytes, right? So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for size 65 bytes, right? So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for size 65 bytes, right? So if
+I had a request for 65 bytes, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a request for 65 bytes, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a request for 65 bytes, I would
+allocate this whole structure up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate this whole structure up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate this whole structure up here
+and then there's actually you're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's actually you're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's actually you're out of
+you're out of dynamic memory, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of dynamic memory, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of dynamic memory, right? You
+can't do any more allocations. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do any more allocations. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do any more allocations. And the
+answer is yes, that is wasteful. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes, that is wasteful. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes, that is wasteful. But
+once again, it's sort of a trade-off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, it's sort of a trade-off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, it's sort of a trade-off,
+right? Because it's very easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's very easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's very easy to do
+these calculations of how to do merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations of how to do merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations of how to do merging
+and stuff like that. So if you want sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that. So if you want sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that. So if you want sort
+of finer grain allocation, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finer grain allocation, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finer grain allocation, there are
+other algorithms for that. It's outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other algorithms for that. It's outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other algorithms for that. It's outside
+the scope of the lecture, so we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the lecture, so we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of the lecture, so we can talk
+about that offline if you want. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that offline if you want. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that offline if you want. That's
+basically how the buddy uh sorry the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the buddy uh sorry the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the buddy uh sorry the the
+buddy allocator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddy allocator
+works. So what is the baggie bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So what is the baggie bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So what is the baggie bound
+system going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system going to
+do? Well, it is going to rely on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Well, it is going to rely on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Well, it is going to rely on a
+couple of tricks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first idea is you round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first idea is you round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first idea is you round
+up each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allocation to a power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+align the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align the
+requests to that power of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And so essentially the buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so essentially the buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so essentially the buddy
+allocator is very nice because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator is very nice because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocator is very nice because it
+handles a lot of that for you. Right? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles a lot of that for you. Right? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles a lot of that for you. Right? It
+sort of naturally will do that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of naturally will do that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of naturally will do that kind of
+thing because that's just the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because that's just the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because that's just the way that
+it sort of allocates and deallocates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of allocates and deallocates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of allocates and deallocates
+memory. And so the second thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. And so the second thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. And so the second thing that's
+going to happen baggy bound system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen baggy bound system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen baggy bound system is
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+express each bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as log base 2 of the allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size, right? And so what this means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size, right? And so what this means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size, right? And so what this means and
+so why why can we do this? Well, once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why can we do this? Well, once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why can we do this? Well, once
+again, all of our allocation sizes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, all of our allocation sizes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, all of our allocation sizes are
+powers of two, right? So we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two, right? So we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two, right? So we don't need
+very many bits to represent uh how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many bits to represent uh how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many bits to represent uh how big a
+particular allocation size is. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allocation size is. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allocation size is. So for
+example um you know if your allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know if your allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know if your allocation
+size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 then you just need um you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then you just need um you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 then you just need um you know four
+the logarithm of that four bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of that four bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of that four bits
+represent the allocation size right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the allocation size right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the allocation size right so
+does that make sense right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense right so this is
+another popular question here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another popular question here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another popular question here so this is
+why you only need uh a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you only need uh a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you only need uh a small number of
+bits here because we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here because we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here because we're basically
+forcing the allocation sizes to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing the allocation sizes to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing the allocation sizes to sort of
+hit this quantized sort of way and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this quantized sort of way and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this quantized sort of way and they
+can grow like you can only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow like you can only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow like you can only have
+something of let's say you know 16 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of let's say you know 16 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of let's say you know 16 bytes
+or 32 bytes. You can't have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 32 bytes. You can't have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 32 bytes. You can't have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes. And then the third thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes. And then the third thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes. And then the third thing that
+baggy bounds is going to do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggy bounds is going to do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggy bounds is going to do is uh
+store the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+info in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with one
+bite per entry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we're going to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory at the granularity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slot which in the paper they use uh 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot which in the paper they use uh 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot which in the paper they use uh 16
+bytes as the slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes as the slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes as the slot
+width. So for example, now this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. So for example, now this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. So for example, now this next
+thing, this is one bit that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, this is one bit that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, this is one bit that wasn't
+actually explicitly said in the paper,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explicitly said in the paper,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explicitly said in the paper,
+which if you don't sort of grasp would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you don't sort of grasp would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you don't sort of grasp would
+make the paper very tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the paper very tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the paper very tricky to
+understand, right? So imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, right? So imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, right? So imagine that you
+have uh a slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a slot
+size which is equal to 16. So if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size which is equal to 16. So if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size which is equal to 16. So if you do
+p=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mal 16. So what's going to happen? So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mal 16. So what's going to happen? So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mal 16. So what's going to happen? So in
+this bounds table, we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bounds table, we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bounds table, we're going to say
+uh take that pointer divide it by slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size is going to equal four. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is going to equal four. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is going to equal four. Right? So
+in that bounds table, we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bounds table, we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bounds table, we're going to put
+the logarithm of the uh allocation size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of the uh allocation size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logarithm of the uh allocation size
+in the table. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table. Does that make sense?
+Okay. Now, what the tricky thing is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what the tricky thing is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what the tricky thing is,
+let's say that you had something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you had something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you had something like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So let's say that you alloc 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So let's say that you alloc 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So let's say that you alloc 32
+bytes, right? What is the bounds table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes, right? What is the bounds table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes, right? What is the bounds table
+going to look like there? So here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like there? So here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like there? So here we
+actually have to update the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to update the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to update the bounds
+table. Just going to abbreviate it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. Just going to abbreviate it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. Just going to abbreviate it here
+P or sorry T for size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or sorry T for size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or sorry T for size
+reasons. We have to update the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. We have to update the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. We have to update the bounds
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice, right? once for the first slot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, right? once for the first slot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, right? once for the first slot of
+memory that this allocation takes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that this allocation takes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that this allocation takes up and
+then a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a second
+time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for
+that second slot that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up. Right? So once again 32 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Right? So once again 32 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Right? So once again 32 is
+allocation size. This is the log of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation size. This is the log of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation size. This is the log of that
+allocation size. So for the two slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation size. So for the two slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation size. So for the two slots
+this memory takes up we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memory takes up we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this memory takes up we're going to
+update the balance table twice. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the balance table twice. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the balance table twice. Does
+that make sense? Right? Right. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Right? Right. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? Right? Right. And this
+is really the key that I think for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the key that I think for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the key that I think for a lot
+of people sort of makes the paper make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people sort of makes the paper make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people sort of makes the paper make
+sense or not make sense, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or not make sense, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or not make sense, right? Because
+you have to update the the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to update the the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to update the the the that
+bounds table multiple times depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds table multiple times depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds table multiple times depending on
+the size of the allocation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the allocation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the allocation.
+Excuse me. Oh yeah. Yeah. Sure. Sure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Oh yeah. Yeah. Sure. Sure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Oh yeah. Yeah. Sure. Sure. So
+basically the idea is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is that you know
+you've got this this bounds table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this this bounds table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this this bounds table
+here and you know it's got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know it's got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know it's got a bunch of
+different entries but it basically needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entries but it basically needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entries but it basically needs
+entries to cover all of P size all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to cover all of P size all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to cover all of P size all the
+size. Okay. So in this case it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. Okay. So in this case it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. Okay. So in this case it was very
+simple because uh basically this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because uh basically this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because uh basically this was
+just one slot in terms of the size here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one slot in terms of the size here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one slot in terms of the size here
+it's multiple slot sizes right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiple slot sizes right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiple slot sizes right and so
+what's going to happen is that imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is that imagine
+that we then had a pointer that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then had a pointer that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we then had a pointer that's sort
+of moving in the range of p we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving in the range of p we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving in the range of p we have to
+have sort of a backing table slot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a backing table slot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of a backing table slot for
+each one of those places where p could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those places where p could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those places where p could
+be right and so once again it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and so once again it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right and so once again it's this
+second piece here that makes the paper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece here that makes the paper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second piece here that makes the paper a
+little bit confusing I think because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing I think because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing I think because it
+doesn't really go into depth about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really go into depth about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really go into depth about that
+um but this is this is how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is how that
+works okay So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay So
+uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see. So armed with the uh bounds table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff, what happens if we have CC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, what happens if we have CC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, what happens if we have CC
+code that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that looks like
+this? So you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? So you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? So you have a
+pointer P prime. You derive it from P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer P prime. You derive it from P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer P prime. You derive it from P
+and then you add some variable I. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add some variable I. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add some variable I. So how
+do you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get the
+size of the allocation belonging to P?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the allocation belonging to P?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the allocation belonging to P?
+Well, you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you look
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table using this lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, right? So the size of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? So the size of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? So the size of the data
+that's been allocated to P is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been allocated to P is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been allocated to P is going to
+be equal to one and then you left shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one and then you left shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one and then you left shift
+that by looking in the table taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking in the table taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking in the table taking that
+pointer value and then right shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer value and then right shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer value and then right shifting
+that by the log of the table size right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the log of the table size right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the log of the table size right
+and this arithmetic works out because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this arithmetic works out because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this arithmetic works out because of
+the way that we're sort of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're sort of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're sort of binding
+pointers to the the table bounds. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the the table bounds. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers to the the table bounds. Right?
+So this will get us this thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this will get us this thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this will get us this thing right
+here will get us um sort of the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will get us um sort of the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will get us um sort of the log of
+the size and then this thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size and then this thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size and then this thing over here
+basically expands that into like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically expands that into like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically expands that into like the
+regular value right so for example if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular value right so for example if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular value right so for example if uh
+the size of this pointer were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this pointer were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this pointer were
+uh were 32 in terms of the bice it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were 32 in terms of the bice it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were 32 in terms of the bice it was
+allocated right this is going to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated right this is going to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated right this is going to get us
+five when we look at in the table then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when we look at in the table then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five when we look at in the table then
+when we left shift it this way left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we left shift it this way left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we left shift it this way left
+shift the one this way then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the one this way then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the one this way then we're going
+to get 32 back again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then
+uh if we want to find the base of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we want to find the base of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we want to find the base of that
+pointer, we take the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that with the size minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the size minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the size minus one.
+Now what this is going to do is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what this is going to do is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what this is going to do is this is
+actually going to give us sort of a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to give us sort of a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to give us sort of a mask
+if you can think of it. And that mask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of it. And that mask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of it. And that mask is
+going to allow us to uh sort of recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to uh sort of recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to uh sort of recover
+the base here. And so imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base here. And so imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base here. And so imagine that you
+know your size equals 16. So 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this in binary, right? So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in binary, right? So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in binary, right? So there's a
+bunch of zeros off this way. Then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of zeros off this way. Then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of zeros off this way. Then we've
+got a one here. We got some zeros over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a one here. We got some zeros over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a one here. We got some zeros over
+here. Okay. So if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the bitwise inverse of 16 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitwise inverse of 16 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitwise inverse of 16 minus
+one then actually sorry so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then actually sorry so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then actually sorry so if we look at
+16 - 1 so what's that going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 - 1 so what's that going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 - 1 so what's that going to look
+like? 16 minus one is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like right something like this. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right something like this. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right something like this. Okay. So
+then if we take the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we take the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we take the inverse of
+that what is that going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us right in binary. So basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right in binary. So basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right in binary. So basically this
+thing here allows us to basically clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here allows us to basically clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here allows us to basically clear
+the bits that uh essentially would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits that uh essentially would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits that uh essentially would be
+offsets from that valid pointer and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets from that valid pointer and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets from that valid pointer and just
+give us the base of that pointer. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the base of that pointer. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the base of that pointer. Okay.
+And so once we've got this then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so once we've got this then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so once we've got this then it's
+very simple to check whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to check whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to check whether this
+pointer is in bounds right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is in bounds right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is in bounds right because we
+can basically just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically just check
+whether p prime is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether p prime is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether p prime is greater than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base and whether p prime minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base is less than size. Right? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is less than size. Right? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is less than size. Right? This is
+just the straightforward thing you do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the straightforward thing you do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the straightforward thing you do.
+Right? just seeing whether that derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? just seeing whether that derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? just seeing whether that derived
+pointer exists within the bounds we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer exists within the bounds we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer exists within the bounds we just
+recovered. Right? So at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered. Right? So at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered. Right? So at this point
+things are pretty straightforward. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are pretty straightforward. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are pretty straightforward. Now
+they have like an optimize check in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like an optimize check in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like an optimize check in the
+paper. I'm not going to go into that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. I'm not going to go into that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. I'm not going to go into that in
+detail but suffice it to say that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but suffice it to say that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but suffice it to say that all
+the binary arithmetic it it resolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary arithmetic it it resolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary arithmetic it it resolves
+down to the same thing. They just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the same thing. They just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the same thing. They just do
+some clever tricks there to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clever tricks there to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clever tricks there to sort of
+avoid some of the explicit calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the explicit calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid some of the explicit calculations
+we do here. Right? So that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do here. Right? So that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do here. Right? So that's the basic
+idea. And so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. And so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. And so uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the fifth trick that uh the baggie bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth trick that uh the baggie bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth trick that uh the baggie bound
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses is that it uses uh the the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses is that it uses uh the the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses is that it uses uh the the virtual
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outofbound dreferences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outofbound dreferences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outofbound dreferences of
+pointers. Right? And so the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. Right? And so the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers. Right? And so the idea here is
+that uh how much time do we have by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh how much time do we have by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh how much time do we have by the
+way? Probably like zero. Yeah. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way? Probably like zero. Yeah. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way? Probably like zero. Yeah. So the
+basic idea here is that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea here is that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea here is that if we have a
+pointer arithmetic here that we detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer arithmetic here that we detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer arithmetic here that we detect
+is out of bounds, what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of bounds, what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of bounds, what we can do is
+actually set the high order bit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set the high order bit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set the high order bit on a
+pointer, right? And by doing that, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And by doing that, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer, right? And by doing that, we
+guarantee that if that pointer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that if that pointer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that if that pointer is
+dreferenced, then the paging hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreferenced, then the paging hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreferenced, then the paging hardware is
+going to complain. We're going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complain. We're going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complain. We're going to throw
+a hard error. Right? Now, in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard error. Right? Now, in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard error. Right? Now, in and of
+itself, just setting that bit does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself, just setting that bit does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself, just setting that bit does not
+cause a problem. Right? It's only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a problem. Right? It's only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a problem. Right? It's only when
+you dreference that pointer that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dreference that pointer that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dreference that pointer that you get
+to the problems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rfx1x-2dwSI.txt b/rfx1x-2dwSI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77700195613761f2c3a74d209a4ccb1112d07d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rfx1x-2dwSI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome to recitation. In lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome to recitation. In lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome to recitation. In lecture
+you've learned how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned how to compute
+derivatives of polomials and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of polomials and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of polomials and you've
+learned the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the relationship between
+derivatives and tangent lines. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and tangent lines. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and tangent lines. So let's
+do a quick example that puts those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick example that puts those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick example that puts those two
+ideas together. So here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together. So here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together. So here I have a
+question on the board. compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the board. compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the board. compute the
+tangent line to the curve y = xub - x at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line to the curve y = xub - x at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line to the curve y = xub - x at
+the point 26. So why don't you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 26. So why don't you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 26. So why don't you take a
+minute, work on that yourself, pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, work on that yourself, pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, work on that yourself, pause the
+video, we'll come back and we'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together. All right, welcome back. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. All right, welcome back. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. All right, welcome back. So we
+have this function y = xubus x. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this function y = xubus x. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this function y = xubus x. Let's
+just draw a quick sketch of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a quick sketch of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a quick sketch of it.
+So, looks to me like it has zeros at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, looks to me like it has zeros at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, looks to me like it has zeros at 0
+one minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one and
+it sort of does something like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of does something like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of does something like this in
+between. Very rough sketch there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Very rough sketch there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Very rough sketch there. And
+way over well, okay, we'll call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over well, okay, we'll call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over well, okay, we'll call that the
+point 26. It's a little sketchy, but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 26. It's a little sketchy, but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 26. It's a little sketchy, but all
+right. Uh, so okay. So we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh, so okay. So we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh, so okay. So we want to know
+what the what the tangent line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the tangent line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the tangent line to the
+curve at that at that point is. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at that at that point is. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at that at that point is. So in
+order to do that we need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we need to know what
+it's what its derivative is. And then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what its derivative is. And then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what its derivative is. And then uh
+and then that'll give us the slope. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that'll give us the slope. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that'll give us the slope. And
+then with the slope we have the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with the slope we have the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with the slope we have the slope
+and we have a point. So we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a point. So we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a point. So we can we can
+slap that into say your point slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap that into say your point slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slap that into say your point slope
+formula for for the for a line. So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for for the for a line. So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for for the for a line. So all
+right. So um so the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So um so the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So um so the derivative of this
+function is y prime. So okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is y prime. So okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is y prime. So okay. So, so
+here we have a sum of two things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a sum of two things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a sum of two things and
+they're both powers of x. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both powers of x. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both powers of x. And so we
+learned our rules for a power of x that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned our rules for a power of x that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned our rules for a power of x that
+the derivative of x to the n is n * x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to the n is n * x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of x to the n is n * x n
+minus one. And so we also learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And so we also learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And so we also learned that
+that the derivative of a sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of a sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of a sum of two
+things is is the sum of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is the sum of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is the sum of of the
+derivatives. So in this case, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. So in this case, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. So in this case, so the
+derivative of x cub -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x cub -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x cub -
+x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+3x^2 - 1. Okay. So this is the the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 - 1. Okay. So this is the the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 - 1. Okay. So this is the the slope
+of the function in terms of of x. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function in terms of of x. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function in terms of of x. But in
+order to compute the tangent line, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the tangent line, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to compute the tangent line, we
+need the slope at the particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the slope at the particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the slope at the particular point
+in question. Right? This is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question. Right? This is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question. Right? This is this is
+really important. So so we aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. So so we aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. So so we aren't going
+to use 3x^2 + 1 as our slope. Right? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 3x^2 + 1 as our slope. Right? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 3x^2 + 1 as our slope. Right? We
+want the slope at the point x=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the slope at the point x=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the slope at the point x=
+2. Right? So okay. So, so what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Right? So okay. So, so what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Right? So okay. So, so what we want
+for for the slope of the tangent line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the slope of the tangent line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the slope of the tangent line of
+is y prime of 2, right? We want it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y prime of 2, right? We want it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y prime of 2, right? We want it at
+this point when x is equal to 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point when x is equal to 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point when x is equal to 2. So
+that's equal to well 3 * 2 ^ 2 is 12 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to well 3 * 2 ^ 2 is 12 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to well 3 * 2 ^ 2 is 12 - 1
+is 11. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope. This is the slope of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope. This is the slope of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope. This is the slope of the tangent
+line. So, I just want to say this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So, I just want to say this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So, I just want to say this one
+more time for emphasis. This is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for emphasis. This is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for emphasis. This is a really
+common mistake that that we see on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common mistake that that we see on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common mistake that that we see on on
+lots of homework and exams. Um, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of homework and exams. Um, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of homework and exams. Um, when
+teaching calculus, you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching calculus, you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching calculus, you have to remember
+that when you compute the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you compute the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you compute the slope of the
+tangent line, you compute the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line, you compute the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line, you compute the derivative
+and then you need to plug in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to plug in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to plug in the value
+of x at the point in question or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x at the point in question or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x at the point in question or the
+value of x and y, you know, you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x and y, you know, you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x and y, you know, you need to
+plug in the values of the of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the values of the of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the values of the of the point
+that you have. So, so here the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have. So, so here the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have. So, so here the the the
+derivative is 3x^2 minus 1. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 3x^2 minus 1. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 3x^2 minus 1. So, the
+slope at the point 26 is is 11, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at the point 26 is is 11, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at the point 26 is is 11, right?
+It's just a number. The the slope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a number. The the slope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a number. The the slope at
+that point is is that particular number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is is that particular number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is is that particular number.
+Okay. So, now to compute the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, now to compute the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, now to compute the tangent
+line, we have a point 26 and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, we have a point 26 and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, we have a point 26 and we have a
+we have a slope 11. So we can plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a slope 11. So we can plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a slope 11. So we can plug into
+point slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. So the
+equation of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line
+is so y - 6 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so y - 6 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so y - 6 =
+11 * x - 2. Right? So it's y - y 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 * x - 2. Right? So it's y - y 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 * x - 2. Right? So it's y - y 0 is
+equal to the slope * x - x0. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the slope * x - x0. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the slope * x - x0. If you
+like, some people prefer to write their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, some people prefer to write their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, some people prefer to write their
+equations of their lines in in slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of their lines in in slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of their lines in in slope
+intercept form. So if you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept form. So if you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept form. So if you wanted to do
+that, you could just multiply through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you could just multiply through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you could just multiply through by
+11 and then bring the the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and then bring the the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and then bring the the constants
+together. So we could all say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So we could all say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So we could all say
+or y = 11x. Well, we get -22 + 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y = 11x. Well, we get -22 + 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y = 11x. Well, we get -22 + 6 is
+minus 16. So either of those is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 16. So either of those is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 16. So either of those is a is a
+perfectly good answer to the question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good answer to the question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good answer to the question.
+So that's that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rhV4Wnz8g-U.txt b/rhV4Wnz8g-U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86d755c0a828c668db0b0f39aaefe2cdaf1b34cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rhV4Wnz8g-U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So folks, um, we're going to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So folks, um, we're going to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So folks, um, we're going to get started
+into thin films for a moment, but, uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thin films for a moment, but, uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into thin films for a moment, but, uh, I
+saw two of you at least in the class at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two of you at least in the class at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw two of you at least in the class at
+Eli Yablanovich's talk on, uh, gosh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eli Yablanovich's talk on, uh, gosh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eli Yablanovich's talk on, uh, gosh,
+what was it? Tuesday. Tuesday, it was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it? Tuesday. Tuesday, it was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it? Tuesday. Tuesday, it was.
+Uh, how many how many attended the talk?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, how many how many attended the talk?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, how many how many attended the talk?
+Show of hands. Three. Okay, three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. Three. Okay, three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. Three. Okay, three.
+Awesome. Must have missed one of you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome. Must have missed one of you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome. Must have missed one of you.
+Um, very interesting talk. Uh, this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, very interesting talk. Uh, this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, very interesting talk. Uh, this was
+a talk about solar cells given from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk about solar cells given from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk about solar cells given from the
+perspective of somebody who does light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of somebody who does light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of somebody who does light
+management. And so I wanted to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. And so I wanted to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. And so I wanted to share
+with you uh a book that described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh a book that described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you uh a book that described
+essentially from where he uh takes his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from where he uh takes his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from where he uh takes his
+efficiency calculations which are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calculations which are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calculations which are based
+largely on thermodynamics uh and less on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely on thermodynamics uh and less on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely on thermodynamics uh and less on
+the continuity equations. Um Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity equations. Um Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity equations. Um Peter
+Verfl's book uh physics of solar cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verfl's book uh physics of solar cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verfl's book uh physics of solar cells.
+Brilliant, brilliant book. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliant, brilliant book. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliant, brilliant book. I'm going to
+pass it around. On page 33, very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it around. On page 33, very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it around. On page 33, very easy
+number to remember 2* 3. Uh on page 33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to remember 2* 3. Uh on page 33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to remember 2* 3. Uh on page 33
+he starts delving into the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts delving into the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts delving into the derivation
+that Eliablanovich uh presented during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Eliablanovich uh presented during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Eliablanovich uh presented during
+his talk. uh so folks can uh follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk. uh so folks can uh follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his talk. uh so folks can uh follow
+along from the thermodynamics point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along from the thermodynamics point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along from the thermodynamics point of
+view, maybe read up a little more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, maybe read up a little more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, maybe read up a little more and
+and understand that perspective. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand that perspective. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand that perspective. But uh
+he very very briefly touched upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he very very briefly touched upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he very very briefly touched upon
+essentially the same physics uh but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same physics uh but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same physics uh but from
+the perspective what we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective what we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective what we've been talking
+about in class in terms of carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class in terms of carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class in terms of carrier
+densities and current flows. He had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and current flows. He had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and current flows. He had it
+on the bottom of a slide perhaps halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom of a slide perhaps halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom of a slide perhaps halfway
+through the talk on four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the talk on four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the talk on four different
+bullet points. Does anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet points. Does anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet points. Does anybody remember
+what those were? you know why did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those were? you know why did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those were? you know why did he
+achieve such a high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve such a high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve such a high efficiency
+conversion efficiency with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency with the
+galliumsite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galliumsite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galliumsite
+cell does anybody remember that point he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell does anybody remember that point he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell does anybody remember that point he
+had a thin device right uh so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a thin device right uh so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a thin device right uh so by
+thinning the device down uh if he's able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning the device down uh if he's able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinning the device down uh if he's able
+to concentrate the carriers if he's able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate the carriers if he's able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrate the carriers if he's able
+to collect all of the charge carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect all of the charge carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect all of the charge carriers
+inside of that very thin layer he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that very thin layer he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that very thin layer he'll
+have a higher charge carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher charge carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher charge carrier
+density and the charge carrier density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the charge carrier density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the charge carrier density
+is what influences the the separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what influences the the separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what influences the the separation of
+the quasifermy energies which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasifermy energies which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quasifermy energies which is what
+influences the voltage output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the voltage output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the voltage output of the
+So he was able to obtain a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he was able to obtain a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he was able to obtain a higher
+voltage output because he had a thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage output because he had a thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage output because he had a thinner
+solar cell. He was able to concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell. He was able to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell. He was able to concentrate
+the carriers in in that thinner region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carriers in in that thinner region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carriers in in that thinner region
+by light trapping by light management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light trapping by light management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by light trapping by light management.
+And so as a result of having a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as a result of having a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as a result of having a higher
+carrier concentration, he had a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration, he had a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concentration, he had a higher
+separation of the quasifirmy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the quasifirmy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the quasifirmy levels and
+hence a higher voltage output of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence a higher voltage output of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence a higher voltage output of his
+device. So in reality it was very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. So in reality it was very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. So in reality it was very simple
+from the perspective of what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of what we've been
+learning in class here. Uh how he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in class here. Uh how he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in class here. Uh how he was
+able to obtain the very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to obtain the very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to obtain the very high
+efficiencies of gallium arsenide. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of gallium arsenide. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of gallium arsenide. Um the
+physics is well known. It's not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is well known. It's not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is well known. It's not new
+physics. It's actually quite old physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. It's actually quite old physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics. It's actually quite old physics
+and that uh approach has been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh approach has been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh approach has been used
+within the crystal and silicon solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the crystal and silicon solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the crystal and silicon solar
+cell community uh for some time as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell community uh for some time as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell community uh for some time as well.
+Uh the back surface reflectors off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the back surface reflectors off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the back surface reflectors off of
+the devices are highly optimized and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices are highly optimized and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices are highly optimized and the
+texture is as well to scatter the light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture is as well to scatter the light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture is as well to scatter the light.
+Um so I would invite you to take a look.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I would invite you to take a look.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I would invite you to take a look.
+Um and this is another example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this is another example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this is another example of how
+technologies can flow from one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies can flow from one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies can flow from one uh
+photovoltaic system into another. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic system into another. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic system into another. Right?
+So you can learn a lot from uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can learn a lot from uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can learn a lot from uh material
+systems that you aren't working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you aren't working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you aren't working on
+necessarily yourself. Uh that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily yourself. Uh that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily yourself. Uh that's uh
+another take-home message from the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another take-home message from the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another take-home message from the talk
+at least that I walked away. Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that I walked away. Any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that I walked away. Any other
+impressions that folks would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions that folks would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressions that folks would like to
+share before we dive into the lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share before we dive into the lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share before we dive into the lecture.
+Yeah. A question about um uh carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A question about um uh carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A question about um uh carrier
+collection. Sure. How's it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection. Sure. How's it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection. Sure. How's it possible to
+extract any uh energy from carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract any uh energy from carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract any uh energy from carriers
+which are collect or generated in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are collect or generated in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are collect or generated in front
+of the junction because even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the junction because even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the junction because even if they
+diffuse into the junction you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse into the junction you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse into the junction you have
+nothing to fall down. Okay. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to fall down. Okay. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to fall down. Okay. So you have
+to think about it always from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it always from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it always from the
+perspective of the minority carrier. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the minority carrier. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the minority carrier. So
+if you generate an electron whole pair,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you generate an electron whole pair,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you generate an electron whole pair,
+your minority carrier is now a hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minority carrier is now a hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minority carrier is now a hole in
+the N plus region. That hole diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus region. That hole diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus region. That hole diffuses
+across the junction. The electron stays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the junction. The electron stays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the junction. The electron stays.
+I see. I see. Okay. Um so uh did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. I see. Okay. Um so uh did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. I see. Okay. Um so uh did anybody
+else pick up on on the point at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else pick up on on the point at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else pick up on on the point at the very
+beginning of his presentation? He said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of his presentation? He said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of his presentation? He said
+uh a P and junction isn't necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a P and junction isn't necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a P and junction isn't necessary to
+separate charge. Okay, that's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge. Okay, that's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge. Okay, that's fine.
+We've talked about heterogunions. We all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've talked about heterogunions. We all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've talked about heterogunions. We all
+agree uh there are other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree uh there are other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree uh there are other ways to
+separate charge. And he said an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge. And he said an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge. And he said an electric
+field is not necessary to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is not necessary to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is not necessary to separate
+charge. But then he immediately went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. But then he immediately went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. But then he immediately went
+into discussing how the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into discussing how the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into discussing how the chemical
+potential was slightly lower in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential was slightly lower in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential was slightly lower in the
+contact than it was in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact than it was in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact than it was in the semiconductor
+which would result in a charge imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result in a charge imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result in a charge imbalance
+which would result in a field. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result in a field. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result in a field. And I
+think Gene Fitzgerald from the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Gene Fitzgerald from the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Gene Fitzgerald from the material
+science and engineering department,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering department,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering department,
+Professor Fitzgerald called him out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Fitzgerald called him out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Fitzgerald called him out on
+it and said uh isn't there a field there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and said uh isn't there a field there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and said uh isn't there a field there
+at the metal contact? He said quiet wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the metal contact? He said quiet wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the metal contact? He said quiet wise
+guy we'll get back to you later. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we'll get back to you later. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we'll get back to you later. But um
+essentially his point was a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his point was a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his point was a very small
+electric field is necessary. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is necessary. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is necessary. Right? So
+um his his point was a matter of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his his point was a matter of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his his point was a matter of degrees
+uh that you don't need a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you don't need a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you don't need a massive
+electric field. Uh a very slight field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. Uh a very slight field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. Uh a very slight field
+is all that's necessary to start driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all that's necessary to start driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all that's necessary to start driving
+a current through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current through your
+system. Okay, just wanted to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay, just wanted to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay, just wanted to make sure
+we were we didn't uh leave that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were we didn't uh leave that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were we didn't uh leave that talk
+thoroughly confused uh with our with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly confused uh with our with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly confused uh with our with our
+head on backwards. Um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on backwards. Um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on backwards. Um we're going to
+talk about thin film materials today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about thin film materials today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about thin film materials today.
+Why thin film solar cells? Well, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why thin film solar cells? Well, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why thin film solar cells? Well, we've
+been talking about crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about crystal and silicon
+solar cells that have a lower optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that have a lower optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that have a lower optical
+absorption coefficient. So you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient. So you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient. So you need a
+larger amount of material or a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amount of material or a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amount of material or a larger
+optical path length to absorb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length to absorb a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length to absorb a
+significant fraction of the light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the light.
+Already in lecture number two, we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Already in lecture number two, we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Already in lecture number two, we saw
+how other material systems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how other material systems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how other material systems that have
+higher optical absorption coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher optical absorption coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher optical absorption coefficients
+are able to absorb this equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to absorb this equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to absorb this equivalent
+amount of light in a a thinner amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light in a a thinner amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light in a a thinner amount of
+material and less material. So to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and less material. So to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and less material. So to put
+this in perspective, what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in perspective, what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in perspective, what we're talking
+about on one hand with the crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on one hand with the crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on one hand with the crystal and
+silicon devices is we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon devices is we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon devices is we might have a
+device that's maybe three or four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's maybe three or four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that's maybe three or four times
+the thickness of your hair in crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of your hair in crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of your hair in crystal
+and silicon. And for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon. And for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon. And for the other
+materials, for these thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, for these thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, for these thin film
+materials, you might be talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, you might be talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, you might be talking about a
+material absorber that has maybe 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material absorber that has maybe 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material absorber that has maybe 100th
+the thickness. So something on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness. So something on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness. So something on the order
+of a micron or 50th of the width of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a micron or 50th of the width of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a micron or 50th of the width of your
+hair. So that's uh the the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair. So that's uh the the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair. So that's uh the the perspective
+of scale that we want to have in mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale that we want to have in mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale that we want to have in mind.
+We're talking about thin films. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about thin films. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about thin films. We're
+talking about uh uh thin materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh uh thin materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh uh thin materials
+really on the order of one micron or so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on the order of one micron or so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on the order of one micron or so.
+And even brittle materials at one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even brittle materials at one micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even brittle materials at one micron
+thickness if uh if deposited on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness if uh if deposited on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness if uh if deposited on
+compliant uh substrates can be flexible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant uh substrates can be flexible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliant uh substrates can be flexible.
+All right. Uh another thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh another thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh another thing to keep in
+mind in thin film technology is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in thin film technology is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in thin film technology is that the
+scale of the thin films industry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the thin films industry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the thin films industry is
+about onetenth that of silicon industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about onetenth that of silicon industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about onetenth that of silicon industry
+right now. So the crystal and silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. So the crystal and silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. So the crystal and silicon uh
+industry is is going full full force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is is going full full force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is is going full full force.
+Gang busters right now uh it's uh in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang busters right now uh it's uh in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gang busters right now uh it's uh in and
+the thin film uh is growing is is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin film uh is growing is is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin film uh is growing is is is a
+growing fraction but it's on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing fraction but it's on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing fraction but it's on the order
+of 10% of the total world market. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10% of the total world market. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10% of the total world market. And
+many many many startup companies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many startup companies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many startup companies which
+are young, dynamic, fun. And that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are young, dynamic, fun. And that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are young, dynamic, fun. And that's why
+today I'm not wearing a tie. I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm not wearing a tie. I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm not wearing a tie. I'm in
+startup mode. I'm a lot more relaxed. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup mode. I'm a lot more relaxed. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup mode. I'm a lot more relaxed. Uh
+we're going to be talking about thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about thin
+film technologies and diving into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film technologies and diving into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film technologies and diving into some
+fun uh some fun work. So uh we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh some fun work. So uh we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh some fun work. So uh we'll we'll
+talk about uh these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh these specific
+technologies of thin film materials. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of thin film materials. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of thin film materials. And
+before we get into those, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get into those, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get into those, I'm going to
+address some general topics about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some general topics about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some general topics about
+deposition and of course general uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and of course general uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and of course general uh uh
+parameters that affect all thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that affect all thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that affect all thin film
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+systems. Um we have to appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Um we have to appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Um we have to appreciate the
+sheer diversity of technologies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer diversity of technologies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer diversity of technologies that are
+out there on the market. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there on the market. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there on the market. We have a
+variety of different solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different solar cell
+materials that are available. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are available. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are available. Some of
+which are thin films, other ones wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are thin films, other ones wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are thin films, other ones wafer
+based crystallin silicon. And um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based crystallin silicon. And um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based crystallin silicon. And um all of
+these technologies have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies have to consider
+cost, resource availability, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, resource availability, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, resource availability, and
+eventually environmental impact as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually environmental impact as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually environmental impact as well.
+So these are some of the things I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are some of the things I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are some of the things I'd like
+you to keep on the forefront of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to keep on the forefront of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to keep on the forefront of your
+mind as you uh as we talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as you uh as we talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as you uh as we talk about these
+different technologies. Think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technologies. Think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technologies. Think about the
+broader picture and ultimately this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture and ultimately this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture and ultimately this cost
+or uh the unit uh sorry the the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the unit uh sorry the the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the unit uh sorry the the amount
+of money per unit energy produced is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money per unit energy produced is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money per unit energy produced is
+really uh paramount in determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh paramount in determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh paramount in determining
+marketability in determining um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketability in determining um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketability in determining um uh the
+the scale to which they'll uh penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale to which they'll uh penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale to which they'll uh penetrate
+the market. This is the one slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. This is the one slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. This is the one slide that
+you have printed out. You have one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have printed out. You have one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have printed out. You have one per
+pair of students or you should uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of students or you should uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of students or you should uh so if
+you um don't have access to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um don't have access to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um don't have access to that uh
+particular slide uh feel free to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slide uh feel free to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular slide uh feel free to share
+it with the person next to you. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the person next to you. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the person next to you. Um this
+is representing as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representing as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representing as a function of time
+going back to the 1970s the record solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the 1970s the record solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the 1970s the record solar
+cell conversion efficiency. The chart is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell conversion efficiency. The chart is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell conversion efficiency. The chart is
+maintained by a certain Larry Kazmki at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained by a certain Larry Kazmki at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained by a certain Larry Kazmki at
+ENL. Uh actually he's he's uh he used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENL. Uh actually he's he's uh he used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENL. Uh actually he's he's uh he used to
+be the head of the uh of ENL's solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the head of the uh of ENL's solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the head of the uh of ENL's solar
+program. He stepped down a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. He stepped down a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. He stepped down a few years ago
+uh after a very successful run many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after a very successful run many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after a very successful run many
+years. And uh he's a bit of a father of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And uh he's a bit of a father of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. And uh he's a bit of a father of
+the US PV industry. He's been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US PV industry. He's been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US PV industry. He's been around for
+a long time and has been tracking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and has been tracking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time and has been tracking the
+growth of the PV industry and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the PV industry and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the PV industry and of course
+the uh improvement of performance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh improvement of performance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh improvement of performance over
+time. Many of these devices, many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Many of these devices, many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Many of these devices, many of
+these record efficiency devices are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these record efficiency devices are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these record efficiency devices are very
+small area. And many of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small area. And many of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small area. And many of them were
+actually grown for the int the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grown for the int the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grown for the int the explicit
+purpose of getting onto this chart. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of getting onto this chart. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of getting onto this chart. And
+so when you're trying to make a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to make a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to make a record
+efficiency device, you do things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency device, you do things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency device, you do things a
+little differently. Let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently. Let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently. Let me give you an
+example. you'll optimize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. you'll optimize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. you'll optimize your
+anti-reflection coding for air, not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding for air, not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding for air, not for
+glass. Right? So, if you want to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass. Right? So, if you want to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass. Right? So, if you want to uh uh
+minimize the the reflectance off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the the reflectance off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the the reflectance off the
+front surface, you'll be optimizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface, you'll be optimizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface, you'll be optimizing it
+for air, which has a refractive index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for air, which has a refractive index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for air, which has a refractive index of
+one, as opposed to glass, which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, as opposed to glass, which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, as opposed to glass, which has a
+refractive index of 1.5. So, there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of 1.5. So, there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of 1.5. So, there there
+there are some tricks that one does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some tricks that one does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some tricks that one does and
+engages in. And some are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engages in. And some are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engages in. And some are a little bit
+under the table, too. The it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table, too. The it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the table, too. The it has been
+done in the past that people would do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the past that people would do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the past that people would do an
+HF dip of their silicon based solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip of their silicon based solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF dip of their silicon based solar
+cells right before measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right before measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right before measuring the
+efficiency. uh the uh hydrofuloric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. uh the uh hydrofuloric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. uh the uh hydrofuloric acid
+would result in surface passivation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in surface passivation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in surface passivation but
+of course it would result in a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it would result in a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it would result in a very low
+uh surface uh adhesion of the metal. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surface uh adhesion of the metal. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh surface uh adhesion of the metal. So
+the metal would flake off afterwards. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal would flake off afterwards. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal would flake off afterwards. It
+wouldn't pass a tensel test but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pass a tensel test but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pass a tensel test but um you
+would nevertheless achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would nevertheless achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would nevertheless achieve
+instantaneously higher efficiency. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously higher efficiency. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously higher efficiency. Those
+practices have largely been weeded out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices have largely been weeded out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices have largely been weeded out.
+Um these were the early days when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um these were the early days when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um these were the early days when it was
+the wild west of solar cells. Um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild west of solar cells. Um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild west of solar cells. Um in in
+in more recent times there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more recent times there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more recent times there there are
+some very strict standards and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very strict standards and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very strict standards and there are
+only a few laboratories around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few laboratories around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few laboratories around the world
+where you can take these uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take these uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can take these uh standard
+measurements. Uh the one at ENL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. Uh the one at ENL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. Uh the one at ENL is
+extremely well staffed uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well staffed uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well staffed uh in terms of
+the quality of the people. Uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the people. Uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the people. Uh they're
+notoriously underresourced, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously underresourced, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notoriously underresourced, but that's
+another issue. Um but in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue. Um but in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue. Um but in terms of the
+quality of the people there, uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the people there, uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the people there, uh very
+very good uh very thorough uh very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh very thorough uh very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh very thorough uh very uh
+pedantic and careful about taking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic and careful about taking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic and careful about taking their
+measurements. And if you ever have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. And if you ever have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. And if you ever have a
+question about how to perform a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how to perform a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how to perform a solar
+cell efficiency measurement, they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency measurement, they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency measurement, they're a
+very good resource. Uh their website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good resource. Uh their website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good resource. Uh their website
+would be an excellent place to go. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an excellent place to go. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an excellent place to go. So
+these uh data points here versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh data points here versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh data points here versus time
+represent the record cell efficiencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the record cell efficiencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the record cell efficiencies.
+They may be on very very small pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may be on very very small pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may be on very very small pieces of
+material. They may be on a centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. They may be on a centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. They may be on a centimeter
+squared, perhaps even smaller. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared, perhaps even smaller. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared, perhaps even smaller. Uh so
+they're not necessarily representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily representative
+of what is in commercial production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is in commercial production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is in commercial production
+today. Let me give you one example. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Let me give you one example. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Let me give you one example. uh
+the record crystallin silicon cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record crystallin silicon cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record crystallin silicon cells
+which are in blue here um has has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in blue here um has has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in blue here um has has been
+at around 25% for about a decade and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around 25% for about a decade and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around 25% for about a decade and uh
+actually a little more than a decade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little more than a decade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little more than a decade and
+uh the record efficiency uh crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the record efficiency uh crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the record efficiency uh crystal and
+silicon device uh has um in essence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device uh has um in essence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon device uh has um in essence um
+not been supplanted for for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been supplanted for for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been supplanted for for many many
+years. Uh there are a number of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Uh there are a number of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Uh there are a number of reasons
+for that. It's it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. It's it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. It's it's very much
+approaching its theoretical efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching its theoretical efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching its theoretical efficiency
+limit. uh people haven't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. uh people haven't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. uh people haven't necessarily
+tried specifically to get a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried specifically to get a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried specifically to get a record
+efficiency crystal and silicon device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency crystal and silicon device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency crystal and silicon device.
+They're more intent on making lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're more intent on making lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're more intent on making lower cost
+silicon devices than record efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon devices than record efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon devices than record efficiency
+ones. And uh the average module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And uh the average module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And uh the average module
+efficiencies are somewhere down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are somewhere down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are somewhere down at
+around here actually somewhere in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here actually somewhere in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here actually somewhere in the uh
+14 uh you know 13 to 15% range for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh you know 13 to 15% range for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 uh you know 13 to 15% range for
+module average module efficiency. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module average module efficiency. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module average module efficiency. You
+have some modules that are in the uh 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some modules that are in the uh 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some modules that are in the uh 18
+19 20% range but most of them are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 20% range but most of them are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 20% range but most of them are are
+significantly lower. And the record cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower. And the record cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower. And the record cell
+efficiency, as you can see, is 25. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency, as you can see, is 25. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency, as you can see, is 25. So
+there's a significant delta between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant delta between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant delta between what
+is commercially available and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commercially available and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commercially available and what the
+record cell efficiency is. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record cell efficiency is. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record cell efficiency is. There are
+several reasons for this. To make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several reasons for this. To make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several reasons for this. To make a
+record efficiency cell, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency cell, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency cell, you have to
+throw everything at least the minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw everything at least the minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw everything at least the minimum.
+You have to make sure that every plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to make sure that every plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to make sure that every plank
+is really really high. That costs a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really high. That costs a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really high. That costs a lot
+of money typically. And so doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money typically. And so doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money typically. And so doing that
+cheaply is is a big challenge. Uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply is is a big challenge. Uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply is is a big challenge. Uh some
+companies like First Solar for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like First Solar for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like First Solar for instance
+that has some of the lowest cost modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some of the lowest cost modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some of the lowest cost modules
+in the market. We'll describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market. We'll describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market. We'll describe how
+they're made in a few slides. First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made in a few slides. First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're made in a few slides. First
+Solar forwent the anti-reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar forwent the anti-reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar forwent the anti-reflective
+coating on their glass for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on their glass for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on their glass for many years
+because it just didn't make cost sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just didn't make cost sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it just didn't make cost sense.
+It didn't help optimize this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It didn't help optimize this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It didn't help optimize this function
+right here. Although you'd get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. Although you'd get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. Although you'd get more
+energy out, the dollars that it took to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out, the dollars that it took to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out, the dollars that it took to
+add that component just didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that component just didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that component just didn't make
+sense for them. So, uh you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for them. So, uh you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for them. So, uh you have to think
+about a few different uh perspectives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few different uh perspectives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few different uh perspectives.
+You have to think uh both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to think uh both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to think uh both in terms of
+cost and in terms of performance. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and in terms of performance. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and in terms of performance. The
+performance what it does or what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance what it does or what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance what it does or what it
+tells you is that this material system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is that this material system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is that this material system
+has potential. It has been demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has potential. It has been demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has potential. It has been demonstrated
+we can get to high performance, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get to high performance, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get to high performance, right?
+It's it's a proof of concept. The trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a proof of concept. The trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a proof of concept. The trick
+now is to get there at low cost. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to get there at low cost. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to get there at low cost. Um, and
+that's pretty much what you should walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much what you should walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much what you should walk
+away from from this chart having seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from from this chart having seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from from this chart having seen.
+Another thing to keep in mind is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing to keep in mind is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing to keep in mind is that it
+takes a long time to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a long time to improve the
+performance of a new material. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a new material. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a new material. If you're
+starting out somewhere down at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out somewhere down at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out somewhere down at around
+here, it's going to take you a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's going to take you a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, it's going to take you a while to
+reach higher uh efficiencies. Granted,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach higher uh efficiencies. Granted,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach higher uh efficiencies. Granted,
+we can learn a lot from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can learn a lot from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can learn a lot from the previous
+material systems. We could learn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material systems. We could learn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material systems. We could learn a lot
+by reading those old ENL reports for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading those old ENL reports for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reading those old ENL reports for the
+the the project reports that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the project reports that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the project reports that are
+available online of all the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online of all the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online of all the people who
+were working towards these record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working towards these record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working towards these record
+efficiencies, what they did differently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies, what they did differently,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies, what they did differently,
+how they advanced and how they improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they advanced and how they improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they advanced and how they improved
+cell performance and leverage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance and leverage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance and leverage that
+information as you try to develop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as you try to develop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as you try to develop your
+material. Uh but the fact of the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Uh but the fact of the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Uh but the fact of the matter
+is it'll still take a bit of time to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it'll still take a bit of time to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it'll still take a bit of time to to
+to develop new technologies and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop new technologies and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop new technologies and you can
+see that by some of the newer materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by some of the newer materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by some of the newer materials
+that are coming along down here. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming along down here. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming along down here. For
+example, the organic based solar cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the organic based solar cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, the organic based solar cells.
+Okay. So, um, thin films general issues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, thin films general issues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, thin films general issues.
+Uh, so we talked about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we talked about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we talked about the the
+advantages here that we're squeezing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages here that we're squeezing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages here that we're squeezing the
+cost of silicon out of or the squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of silicon out of or the squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of silicon out of or the squeezing
+the cost of the absorber layer out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the absorber layer out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the absorber layer out of
+the module, which is excellent from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module, which is excellent from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module, which is excellent from a
+cost point of view. Um, but obviously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost point of view. Um, but obviously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost point of view. Um, but obviously uh
+there are trade-offs involved. If it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are trade-offs involved. If it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are trade-offs involved. If it was
+all a walk in the park, we would be 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a walk in the park, we would be 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a walk in the park, we would be 100%
+thin films and have abandoned silicon by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films and have abandoned silicon by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films and have abandoned silicon by
+now. Uh, there are both advantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh, there are both advantages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Uh, there are both advantages and
+disadvantages of thin films. um instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of thin films. um instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of thin films. um instead
+of disadvantages, perhaps a happier way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disadvantages, perhaps a happier way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disadvantages, perhaps a happier way
+of looking at this is challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this is challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this is challenges and
+opportunities for getting PhDs and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for getting PhDs and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for getting PhDs and other
+uh advanced degrees. Um so let's go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advanced degrees. Um so let's go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advanced degrees. Um so let's go up
+into advantages. Uh the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advantages. Uh the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into advantages. Uh the advantages of
+thin films quite simply is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films quite simply is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films quite simply is that you're
+using a very thin amount of material. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very thin amount of material. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a very thin amount of material. Uh
+so thin in fact that it's uh virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thin in fact that it's uh virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thin in fact that it's uh virtually
+insignificant in terms of the total cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant in terms of the total cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant in terms of the total cost
+structure of your module. Uh, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your module. Uh, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of your module. Uh, one
+perspective, uh, is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, uh, is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, uh, is that if you're
+depositing a thin film using a a fairly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing a thin film using a a fairly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing a thin film using a a fairly,
+uh, lowcost technique, um, like, um, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, lowcost technique, um, like, um, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, lowcost technique, um, like, um, uh,
+like a a closed space sublimation type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a closed space sublimation type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a closed space sublimation type
+process, um, you may be able to deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, um, you may be able to deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, um, you may be able to deposit
+the material for as much cost as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material for as much cost as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material for as much cost as it
+takes the cardboard that separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the cardboard that separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the cardboard that separates the
+modules from each other uh, in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules from each other uh, in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules from each other uh, in the stack
+that's being loaded onto the 18-wheeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being loaded onto the 18-wheeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being loaded onto the 18-wheeler
+out of the factory. Just to put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the factory. Just to put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the factory. Just to put things
+in perspective, it's very cheap to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perspective, it's very cheap to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perspective, it's very cheap to
+deposit these these thin layers. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit these these thin layers. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit these these thin layers. Now,
+uh, let's hop down to the disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, let's hop down to the disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, let's hop down to the disadvantages
+real quick. If you're depositing a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick. If you're depositing a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick. If you're depositing a very
+thin layer and it's it's it's not high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer and it's it's it's not high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer and it's it's it's not high
+efficiency, then you need more glass,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency, then you need more glass,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency, then you need more glass,
+more encapsulates, more framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more encapsulates, more framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more encapsulates, more framing
+materials, more labor and everything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, more labor and everything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, more labor and everything for
+the same amount of power out. If your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of power out. If your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of power out. If your
+efficiency is low, your cost will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is low, your cost will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is low, your cost will be
+higher. Even if you have a dirt cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher. Even if you have a dirt cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher. Even if you have a dirt cheap
+absorber layer, you might as well get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber layer, you might as well get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber layer, you might as well get
+the absorber for free. If your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber for free. If your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorber for free. If your
+efficiency is too low, all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is too low, all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is too low, all of the other
+commodity materials are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials are going to
+outweigh that cost advantage because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh that cost advantage because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh that cost advantage because the
+commodity materials scale with area. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials scale with area. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials scale with area. If
+you have low efficiency, you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have low efficiency, you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have low efficiency, you need a
+larger area module to make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area module to make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area module to make the same
+amount of power. So at some point if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power. So at some point if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power. So at some point if you
+look at the cost of the material versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cost of the material versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cost of the material versus
+efficiency you start entering negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you start entering negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you start entering negative
+territory. You actually have to be paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory. You actually have to be paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory. You actually have to be paid
+right if you're producing like an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're producing like an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're producing like an eight
+or 7% module typically uh you you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 7% module typically uh you you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 7% module typically uh you you would
+have to pay your customer for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay your customer for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay your customer for them to
+accept your module. So um you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept your module. So um you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept your module. So um you really
+have to achieve a minimum efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to achieve a minimum efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to achieve a minimum efficiency
+target to be cost competitive. And as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target to be cost competitive. And as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target to be cost competitive. And as a
+rule of thumb, that's typically 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb, that's typically 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb, that's typically 10 to
+12%. For today's costs of glass, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12%. For today's costs of glass, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12%. For today's costs of glass, uh,
+encapsulates, framing, uh, uh, materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates, framing, uh, uh, materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates, framing, uh, uh, materials
+and labor and installation and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labor and installation and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labor and installation and so forth.
+So, back up to the advantages, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, back up to the advantages, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, back up to the advantages, there's a
+potential here for a very low thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here for a very low thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here for a very low thermal
+budget. If we're able to print, say, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget. If we're able to print, say, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget. If we're able to print, say, a
+micron thick layer onto a substrate, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick layer onto a substrate, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick layer onto a substrate, uh,
+remember we go back to that high-speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we go back to that high-speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we go back to that high-speed
+printer analogy. uh there's a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer analogy. uh there's a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer analogy. uh there's a potential
+for a low thermal budget which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a low thermal budget which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a low thermal budget which means
+thermal budget is the amount of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budget is the amount of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budget is the amount of uh uh
+heat that you're introducing during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you're introducing during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that you're introducing during the
+uh processing uh as a result of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processing uh as a result of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh processing uh as a result of a very
+low thermal budget uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low thermal budget uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low thermal budget uh you have a
+potential cost decrease instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential cost decrease instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential cost decrease instead of
+heating things up to 1400° C uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating things up to 1400° C uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating things up to 1400° C uh over
+several several hours having all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several hours having all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several hours having all that
+massive amounts of electricity that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of electricity that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of electricity that go
+into producing the the crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producing the the crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producing the the crystal and
+silicon wafers here potentially we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon wafers here potentially we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon wafers here potentially we could
+be printing stuff on on flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be printing stuff on on flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be printing stuff on on flexible
+substrates so that's the thermal budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates so that's the thermal budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates so that's the thermal budget
+argument in terms of conformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in terms of conformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in terms of conformal
+deposition ition and uh and flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition ition and uh and flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition ition and uh and flexible
+substrates. There's a potential here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates. There's a potential here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates. There's a potential here for
+roll-to-roll deposition. Picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll-to-roll deposition. Picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll-to-roll deposition. Picture a
+newspaper plant, right, where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper plant, right, where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper plant, right, where you have
+one roll of paper on one side being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one roll of paper on one side being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one roll of paper on one side being
+pulled onto another spool on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled onto another spool on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled onto another spool on the other
+with some deposition process happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some deposition process happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some deposition process happening
+in between. If you can deposit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between. If you can deposit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between. If you can deposit on a
+flexible substrate, this is the vision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible substrate, this is the vision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible substrate, this is the vision.
+And there's uh if you're not depositing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's uh if you're not depositing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's uh if you're not depositing
+onto a flexible substrate, but onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a flexible substrate, but onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a flexible substrate, but onto a
+hard substrate like this one right here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard substrate like this one right here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard substrate like this one right here,
+this is glass, a thin film material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glass, a thin film material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glass, a thin film material
+deposited on glass right here. Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited on glass right here. Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited on glass right here. Very
+small one. Oops. Some tape in the front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one. Oops. Some tape in the front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small one. Oops. Some tape in the front.
+Let me get rid of that for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me get rid of that for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me get rid of that for you.
+Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go. It's in a a nice little um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. It's in a a nice little um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. It's in a a nice little um
+protective uh coating here so you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective uh coating here so you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective uh coating here so you can uh
+have a look at it without uh worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at it without uh worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at it without uh worrying
+about getting your fingerprints all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting your fingerprints all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting your fingerprints all over
+it. Um and the company name is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and the company name is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and the company name is fully
+removed. Check. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Check. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Check. Okay.
+Um this is uh an example of a thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is uh an example of a thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is uh an example of a thin film
+material deposited on glass uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material deposited on glass uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material deposited on glass uh without
+any anti-reflective coating, just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anti-reflective coating, just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anti-reflective coating, just the
+absorber material. Um so you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber material. Um so you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber material. Um so you can get a
+sense. It looks gray. It's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. It looks gray. It's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. It looks gray. It's about a
+micron thick, very it's about um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick, very it's about um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick, very it's about um about
+about 170 times thinner than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 170 times thinner than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 170 times thinner than those
+wafers that you saw uh uh on Tuesday. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafers that you saw uh uh on Tuesday. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafers that you saw uh uh on Tuesday. So
+that's an example of a thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a thin film
+material be making its rounds. uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material be making its rounds. uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material be making its rounds. uh that
+there's a large amount of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large amount of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large amount of technology
+transfer with the thin film display, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer with the thin film display, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer with the thin film display, the
+flat panel display industry um with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat panel display industry um with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat panel display industry um with uh
+deposition on glass like that one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition on glass like that one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition on glass like that one right
+there. And uh there's a potential to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And uh there's a potential to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And uh there's a potential to be
+very nice for for building integrated PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for for building integrated PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice for for building integrated PV
+applications if you're able to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you're able to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if you're able to get get
+rid of the glass and deposit it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the glass and deposit it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the glass and deposit it on a
+conformal substrate. You could envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal substrate. You could envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal substrate. You could envision
+roof shingles, right? Or other flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof shingles, right? Or other flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof shingles, right? Or other flexible
+uh uh substrates that would allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh substrates that would allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh substrates that would allow you
+conformal coverage on on undulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal coverage on on undulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal coverage on on undulating
+rooftops and so forth. um radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftops and so forth. um radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftops and so forth. um radiation
+hardness. This is just a small aside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. This is just a small aside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. This is just a small aside,
+but there are some materials that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some materials that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some materials that have
+uh better radiation hardness than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh better radiation hardness than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh better radiation hardness than
+silicon. What does radiation hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon. What does radiation hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon. What does radiation hardness
+mean? It means that if I send something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? It means that if I send something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? It means that if I send something
+into outer space where we don't benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into outer space where we don't benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into outer space where we don't benefit
+from the the radiation shield of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the radiation shield of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the radiation shield of our own
+atmosphere in the Ben Allen belts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere in the Ben Allen belts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere in the Ben Allen belts on
+Earth uh and we have uh proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth uh and we have uh proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth uh and we have uh proton
+bombardment and and uh uh other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment and and uh uh other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment and and uh uh other forms of
+radiation uh uh striking our module and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh uh striking our module and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh uh striking our module and
+creating damage within the absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating damage within the absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating damage within the absorber
+layer. Some compounds are naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Some compounds are naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Some compounds are naturally
+better at resisting degradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at resisting degradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at resisting degradation of
+performance than others and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance than others and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance than others and that's what
+radiation hardness means. So there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation hardness means. So there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation hardness means. So there are
+some thin film materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thin film materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thin film materials that are
+exceptional for for space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional for for space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional for for space
+applications. The challenges and opport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. The challenges and opport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. The challenges and opport
+Oh, go ahead Ashley. What are some is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, go ahead Ashley. What are some is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, go ahead Ashley. What are some is
+gallium arsenide one of them? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide one of them? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide one of them? We're
+going to show you in a few slides. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you in a few slides. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you in a few slides. We'll
+show we'll compare them all as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we'll compare them all as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we'll compare them all as a
+function of uh irradiation exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh irradiation exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of uh irradiation exposure
+time. The disadvantages or shall we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The disadvantages or shall we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The disadvantages or shall we say
+challenges and opportunities for PhD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and opportunities for PhD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and opportunities for PhD and
+master students? um lower efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master students? um lower efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master students? um lower efficiencies
+in crystal and silicon, potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystal and silicon, potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystal and silicon, potentially
+larger module costs. If you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger module costs. If you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger module costs. If you're able to
+improve the performance of these thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of these thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of these thin
+film materials, uh you know, wow, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film materials, uh you know, wow, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film materials, uh you know, wow, you
+have uh now equivalent performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh now equivalent performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh now equivalent performance of
+crystal and silicon, but at much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and silicon, but at much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and silicon, but at much lower
+cost, good for you. You have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, good for you. You have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost, good for you. You have a
+marketable product. Um potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketable product. Um potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketable product. Um potential for
+capital intensive production equipment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive production equipment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive production equipment.
+Not all of the production equipment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not all of the production equipment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not all of the production equipment is
+as low cost and as low thermal budget as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low cost and as low thermal budget as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low cost and as low thermal budget as
+simply printing on a piece of paper. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply printing on a piece of paper. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply printing on a piece of paper. As
+a matter of fact, that's one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact, that's one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of fact, that's one of the more
+avantguard and and R&D uh type of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avantguard and and R&D uh type of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avantguard and and R&D uh type of of
+deposition processes. Uh most deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition processes. Uh most deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition processes. Uh most deposition
+processing, the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, the vast majority of
+companies used are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies used are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies used are actually quite
+capital intensive and the costs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive and the costs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive and the costs of the
+equipment can add up. Um sometimes, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment can add up. Um sometimes, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment can add up. Um sometimes, not
+always, but sometimes scarce elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always, but sometimes scarce elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always, but sometimes scarce elements
+are used. We're going to have a debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used. We're going to have a debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used. We're going to have a debate
+about that on next class on Tuesday. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that on next class on Tuesday. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that on next class on Tuesday. Um
+put an asterisk next to that. I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an asterisk next to that. I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an asterisk next to that. I'll get
+back to that as soon as the slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that as soon as the slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that as soon as the slide is
+over. And um spatial uniformity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. And um spatial uniformity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. And um spatial uniformity is a
+challenge during deposition. Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge during deposition. Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge during deposition. Imagine
+trying to deposit a film one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deposit a film one micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deposit a film one micron
+thick over glass that is 1 meter uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick over glass that is 1 meter uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick over glass that is 1 meter uh in
+in in size. Right? You're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in size. Right? You're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in size. Right? You're talking about
+a six order of magnitude aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six order of magnitude aspect ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six order of magnitude aspect ratio
+here. So we have to somehow deposit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we have to somehow deposit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we have to somehow deposit a
+film a micron thick and layers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a micron thick and layers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film a micron thick and layers that are
+even thinner that might be only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinner that might be only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thinner that might be only a few
+tens or hundreds of nanometers on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens or hundreds of nanometers on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens or hundreds of nanometers on top of
+that and below that absorber layer um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and below that absorber layer um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and below that absorber layer um to
+separate charge for instance. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge for instance. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge for instance. And that's
+really challenging to do on a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging to do on a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging to do on a very large
+scale. And that is an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. And that is an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. And that is an engineering
+challenge or a process engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge or a process engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge or a process engineering
+challenge that had many uh startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that had many uh startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that had many uh startup
+companies uh flailing for a long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh flailing for a long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh flailing for a long time.
+Think of spatial homogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of spatial homogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of spatial homogeneity in the
+following manner. If you have one region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following manner. If you have one region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following manner. If you have one region
+of your solar cell that's producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your solar cell that's producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your solar cell that's producing a
+lot of power and the region next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power and the region next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power and the region next to it
+is not and they're connected in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not and they're connected in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not and they're connected in parallel
+through the the contacts. Power will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the contacts. Power will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the contacts. Power will
+flow from the good region into the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the good region into the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the good region into the bad
+region. Right? So you have internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Right? So you have internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. Right? So you have internal
+current loops inside of your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current loops inside of your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current loops inside of your your your
+module uh that is uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh that is uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh that is uh essentially
+decreasing the power output of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the power output of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the power output of your
+module itself. So that's why homogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module itself. So that's why homogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module itself. So that's why homogeneity
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+important. Um this is just to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Um this is just to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Um this is just to represent
+uh the vision of a roll-to-roll process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vision of a roll-to-roll process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the vision of a roll-to-roll process
+in the upper right hand side there kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand side there kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand side there kind
+of a a visionary uh uh um uh cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a visionary uh uh um uh cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a visionary uh uh um uh cartoon
+that is being enacted by one company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being enacted by one company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being enacted by one company in
+particular unisolar based out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular unisolar based out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular unisolar based out of
+Michigan. they do have a roll-to-roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan. they do have a roll-to-roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan. they do have a roll-to-roll
+process uh and PCBD we'll describe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh and PCBD we'll describe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh and PCBD we'll describe what
+that is in a second deposition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in a second deposition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in a second deposition of this
+uh material so-called amorphous silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh material so-called amorphous silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh material so-called amorphous silicon
+and here are some building integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some building integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some building integrated
+solutions just showing you what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions just showing you what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions just showing you what you can
+accomplish or what the vision would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish or what the vision would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish or what the vision would be
+if you had this uh really flexible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had this uh really flexible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had this uh really flexible uh
+substrate that you could literally take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that you could literally take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that you could literally take
+as a as a you know a roll from Home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a you know a roll from Home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a you know a roll from Home
+Depot bring up to your rooftop it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depot bring up to your rooftop it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depot bring up to your rooftop it out on
+your roof much like you'd lay down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof much like you'd lay down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your roof much like you'd lay down a
+piece of tarp or plastic and then take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of tarp or plastic and then take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of tarp or plastic and then take a
+staple gun and just or nail gun and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple gun and just or nail gun and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple gun and just or nail gun and uh
+drill it into location. Uh that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill it into location. Uh that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill it into location. Uh that would be
+an example of a much reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a much reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a much reduced
+installation cost. Right? So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation cost. Right? So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation cost. Right? So you have
+the potential here of reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential here of reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential here of reducing the
+installation cost of solar uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation cost of solar uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation cost of solar uh as a
+result of of um of the form factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of of um of the form factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of of um of the form factor of
+your module. And this here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your module. And this here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your module. And this here is another
+example of a building integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a building integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a building integrated
+photovoltaic solution with thin films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic solution with thin films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaic solution with thin films.
+The fact that it looks really nice, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fact that it looks really nice, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The fact that it looks really nice, it's
+very sleek, you would never guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sleek, you would never guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sleek, you would never guess that
+those are solar panels there. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are solar panels there. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are solar panels there. And that's
+of course from aesthetic point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course from aesthetic point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course from aesthetic point of view
+uh a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a huge
+benefit. Common growth methods. How do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit. Common growth methods. How do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit. Common growth methods. How do
+we make how do we make that uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make how do we make that uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make how do we make that uh uh that
+sample of copper indium gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of copper indium gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of copper indium gallium
+dicelanide that thin film material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicelanide that thin film material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dicelanide that thin film material that
+happens to be making its way around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be making its way around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be making its way around the
+classroom right now? How do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom right now? How do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom right now? How do we actually
+make it? Um well not only the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it? Um well not only the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it? Um well not only the the
+material I just described there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I just described there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I just described there are
+other materials as well. We'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials as well. We'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials as well. We'll talk
+about the general classes of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general classes of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general classes of growth
+methods. So this is the uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. So this is the uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. So this is the uh material
+science processing uh class condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science processing uh class condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science processing uh class condensed
+into a few slides. uh bear with me. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a few slides. uh bear with me. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a few slides. uh bear with me. This
+very high level uh but it it it aims to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level uh but it it it aims to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level uh but it it it aims to
+highlight the the techniques that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the techniques that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the the techniques that are
+most commonly used in PV today. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used in PV today. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used in PV today. We're
+going to start with what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with what are called
+vacuum-based thin film deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum-based thin film deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum-based thin film deposition
+technologies. And the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. And the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. And the reason I'm
+separating vacuum from non-vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating vacuum from non-vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating vacuum from non-vacuum is
+because if you have a system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a system that is
+comprised of these large stainless steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of these large stainless steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of these large stainless steel
+chambers that you typically see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chambers that you typically see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chambers that you typically see when you
+go walking in the physics building. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go walking in the physics building. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go walking in the physics building. Um
+if you have vacuum chambers that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have vacuum chambers that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have vacuum chambers that those
+are typically quite costly, at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically quite costly, at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically quite costly, at least the
+large scale ones that are in commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale ones that are in commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale ones that are in commercial
+production. uh as the name would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. uh as the name would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. uh as the name would
+suggest, you need to have pumps uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest, you need to have pumps uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest, you need to have pumps uh to
+suck out the air inside of the vacuum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck out the air inside of the vacuum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck out the air inside of the vacuum,
+inside of the chamber, and that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the chamber, and that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the chamber, and that that's
+how you create the vacuum. The vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you create the vacuum. The vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you create the vacuum. The vacuum is
+necessary because typically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because typically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because typically you're
+transporting atoms from some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting atoms from some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting atoms from some sort of
+source, either a gas or a solid target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, either a gas or a solid target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, either a gas or a solid target
+onto the substrate. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the substrate. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the substrate. So, you're
+transferring individual atoms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring individual atoms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring individual atoms or
+clusters of atoms from uh some source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of atoms from uh some source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of atoms from uh some source
+onto the substrate that uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the substrate that uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the substrate that uh will
+ultimately hold your thin film device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately hold your thin film device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately hold your thin film device.
+And that process requires a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that process requires a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that process requires a limited
+number of of interactions of those atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of interactions of those atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of interactions of those atoms
+or or clusters of atoms. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or clusters of atoms. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or clusters of atoms. In other words,
+a large mean-free path as these make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large mean-free path as these make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large mean-free path as these make
+their way to your substrate. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to your substrate. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to your substrate. And that's
+why the vacuum is typically required in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the vacuum is typically required in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the vacuum is typically required in
+these deposition systems. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deposition systems. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deposition systems. There are
+variety of ways to accomplish this goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways to accomplish this goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways to accomplish this goal.
+Um, one class of techniques is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one class of techniques is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one class of techniques is called
+chemical vapor deposition, often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition, often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition, often
+referred to as CVD.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as CVD.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as CVD.
+This typically involves flowing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This typically involves flowing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This typically involves flowing in some
+form of gas into your chamber and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of gas into your chamber and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of gas into your chamber and uh and
+and then uh allowing that gas to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh allowing that gas to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh allowing that gas to react
+uh uh on the surface of your sample or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on the surface of your sample or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on the surface of your sample or
+uh above the surface of your sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh above the surface of your sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh above the surface of your sample and
+ultimately depositing on the surface. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately depositing on the surface. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately depositing on the surface. Um
+the chemistries involved in in CBD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistries involved in in CBD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistries involved in in CBD
+processes can be quite complex and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can be quite complex and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes can be quite complex and the
+reaction process itself can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction process itself can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction process itself can be very
+difficult to master. Uh so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to master. Uh so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to master. Uh so you might
+have some friends who are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some friends who are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some friends who are involved in
+spectroscopy shining lasers at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy shining lasers at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy shining lasers at their
+system and looking at the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and looking at the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and looking at the absorption
+lines and trying to figure out how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and trying to figure out how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and trying to figure out how these
+molecules are evolving uh between when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are evolving uh between when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are evolving uh between when
+they're inserted into the chamber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inserted into the chamber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inserted into the chamber and
+when they actually wind up as your film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually wind up as your film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they actually wind up as your film.
+Uh because understanding the reaction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because understanding the reaction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because understanding the reaction,
+the chemical reactions that take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactions that take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reactions that take place
+is essential is key to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential is key to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential is key to really
+controlling the CVD process. The other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the CVD process. The other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the CVD process. The other
+class of technologies involves what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of technologies involves what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of technologies involves what's
+called PVD or physical vapor deposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PVD or physical vapor deposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PVD or physical vapor deposition.
+And this tends to be a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this tends to be a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this tends to be a bit more
+straightforward. We tend to have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We tend to have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We tend to have uh uh
+atoms of of a specific type. They may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of of a specific type. They may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of of a specific type. They may be
+ionized or they may be charge neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized or they may be charge neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized or they may be charge neutral
+and they're making their way to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're making their way to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're making their way to your
+substrate and the chemistry tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and the chemistry tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and the chemistry tends to be
+much more simple but the apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more simple but the apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more simple but the apparatus
+around it to make those to to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it to make those to to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it to make those to to give the
+incentive for the atoms to leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the atoms to leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the atoms to leave the
+target and and deposit on your substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and and deposit on your substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and and deposit on your substrate
+that tends to be more complex. And so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be more complex. And so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be more complex. And so uh
+some of these tools uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these tools uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these tools uh especially
+molecular beam epitexi can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular beam epitexi can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular beam epitexi can be very
+expensive, very slow, very high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive, very slow, very high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive, very slow, very high quality
+but but very expensive as a result. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very expensive as a result. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but very expensive as a result. And
+so a a very simple way to think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a a very simple way to think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a a very simple way to think about uh
+the vacuum-based deposition technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum-based deposition technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum-based deposition technologies
+is a compromise. This is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a compromise. This is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a compromise. This is a an
+oversimplification indeed, but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification indeed, but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification indeed, but it's an
+easy way to get started about thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to get started about thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to get started about thinking
+of the parameter space of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameter space of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameter space of all these
+techniques. It's a compromise between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. It's a compromise between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. It's a compromise between
+speed and quality. Some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and quality. Some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and quality. Some of the
+techniques that are fastest also tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are fastest also tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are fastest also tend to
+be the lowest quality materials and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the lowest quality materials and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the lowest quality materials and the
+other ones that tend to be the slowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that tend to be the slowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that tend to be the slowest
+tend to produce the highest quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to produce the highest quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to produce the highest quality
+materials. How do you optimize somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. How do you optimize somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. How do you optimize somewhere
+in between somewhere in that parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between somewhere in that parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between somewhere in that parameter
+space to get reasonably high material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to get reasonably high material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to get reasonably high material
+just enough that you can produce a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough that you can produce a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough that you can produce a high
+efficiency device? Remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency device? Remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency device? Remember that
+saturation of device performance versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation of device performance versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation of device performance versus
+diffusion length. At some point it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length. At some point it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length. At some point it just
+doesn't make sense to keep optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense to keep optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense to keep optimizing
+your material. You got it good enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material. You got it good enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material. You got it good enough.
+You're good to go. Um so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're good to go. Um so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're good to go. Um so that's that's
+uh one of the things to to consider um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things to to consider um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the things to to consider um
+when you're choosing your deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're choosing your deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're choosing your deposition
+system. So let's go into a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So let's go into a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So let's go into a few examples
+of these uh vacuum-based deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh vacuum-based deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh vacuum-based deposition
+systems within the PVD techniques within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems within the PVD techniques within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems within the PVD techniques within
+the physical vapor deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical vapor deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical vapor deposition
+techniques. One of the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. One of the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. One of the most commonly
+used in manufacturing at least in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in manufacturing at least in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in manufacturing at least in some
+startups uh you have examples like Mia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups uh you have examples like Mia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups uh you have examples like Mia
+sole uh is sputtering and the sputtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole uh is sputtering and the sputtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole uh is sputtering and the sputtering
+process is uh essentially very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is uh essentially very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is uh essentially very very
+straightforward. You have a plasma uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. You have a plasma uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. You have a plasma uh
+you the plasma consists of uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the plasma consists of uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the plasma consists of uh of of
+atoms that are charged. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are charged. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are charged. These are
+accelerated toward your uh your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated toward your uh your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated toward your uh your target
+which is comprised of the elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is comprised of the elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is comprised of the elements that
+you want to deposit onto your substrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to deposit onto your substrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to deposit onto your substrate.
+Your substrate is sitting up top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your substrate is sitting up top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your substrate is sitting up top and
+these uh this target material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this target material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this target material is
+sputtered off and eventually makes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtered off and eventually makes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtered off and eventually makes its
+way up uh and sticks to and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up uh and sticks to and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up uh and sticks to and eventually
+grows the film on that orange platin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows the film on that orange platin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows the film on that orange platin up
+here at the top. That is your substrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the top. That is your substrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the top. That is your substrate.
+The substrate is facing down. Why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The substrate is facing down. Why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The substrate is facing down. Why is the
+substrate looking down? Why wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate looking down? Why wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate looking down? Why wouldn't you
+invert this and put the target on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this and put the target on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert this and put the target on top
+and and and the substrate on the bottom?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the substrate on the bottom?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the substrate on the bottom?
+What could happen then in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What could happen then in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What could happen then in terms of
+purity of the deposition process? Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the deposition process? Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of the deposition process? Good.
+Christie fall. So stuff could gunk could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christie fall. So stuff could gunk could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christie fall. So stuff could gunk could
+fall onto your your your substrate. Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall onto your your your substrate. Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall onto your your your substrate. Are
+you trying to grow a thin film a micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trying to grow a thin film a micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trying to grow a thin film a micron
+thick and you're trying to avoid any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick and you're trying to avoid any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick and you're trying to avoid any
+imperfection and now gravity is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection and now gravity is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection and now gravity is working
+against you in that case because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in that case because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in that case because you're
+if you were to invert this, your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to invert this, your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to invert this, your target
+would be on top. You could have stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on top. You could have stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on top. You could have stuff
+raining down onto your substrate. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining down onto your substrate. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining down onto your substrate. There
+are a few people who sputter down. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few people who sputter down. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few people who sputter down. It's
+very tricky. Uh you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky. Uh you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky. Uh you have to be able to
+control your process very well and avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your process very well and avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control your process very well and avoid
+flakes from coming off. Uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flakes from coming off. Uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flakes from coming off. Uh there are
+folks who sputter sideways, saves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who sputter sideways, saves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who sputter sideways, saves some
+ground space in their factory. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground space in their factory. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground space in their factory. They
+might load things uh vertically, put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might load things uh vertically, put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might load things uh vertically, put
+them in, and many people at least in R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in, and many people at least in R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in, and many people at least in R&D
+sputter uh uh up. So again, uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter uh uh up. So again, uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter uh uh up. So again, uh you're
+you're creating this this plasma. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating this this plasma. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating this this plasma. Uh the
+charged species are accelerated toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged species are accelerated toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged species are accelerated toward
+the target. Uh they sputter off uh atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target. Uh they sputter off uh atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target. Uh they sputter off uh atoms
+which are then uh uh deposited onto your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are then uh uh deposited onto your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are then uh uh deposited onto your
+substrate, which is there at the top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, which is there at the top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, which is there at the top.
+And uh the film that was just being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the film that was just being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the film that was just being uh
+passed around is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around is an example of a
+sputtered film. The spatial uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtered film. The spatial uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtered film. The spatial uniformity
+of sputtering over large area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sputtering over large area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sputtering over large area
+depositions can be on the order of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositions can be on the order of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositions can be on the order of a few
+percent. So the uh ability to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent. So the uh ability to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent. So the uh ability to control
+this process in terms of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process in terms of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process in terms of spatial
+uniformity is is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is is fairly
+good. Um you can also employ radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um you can also employ radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um you can also employ radio
+frequency modulations to the bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulations to the bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency modulations to the bias
+voltage. That's called RF sputtering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage. That's called RF sputtering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage. That's called RF sputtering for
+radio frequency. Um industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency. Um industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency. Um industrial
+applications usually involve large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications usually involve large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications usually involve large
+rotating targets. Um, so for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating targets. Um, so for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating targets. Um, so for those of
+you, how many people actually work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, how many people actually work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, how many people actually work with
+some sputtering materials or have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sputtering materials or have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sputtering materials or have done
+it in the past? One, two, three, four,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past? One, two, three, four,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the past? One, two, three, four,
+five, six. Okay, so you know, at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, six. Okay, so you know, at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, six. Okay, so you know, at least
+in the laboratory, if you have a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory, if you have a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory, if you have a fixed
+target, you wind up with that racetrack,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target, you wind up with that racetrack,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target, you wind up with that racetrack,
+right? Um, so if you have a fixed target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um, so if you have a fixed target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um, so if you have a fixed target
+in a lab and you're trying to deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab and you're trying to deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab and you're trying to deposit
+your films, if you wear it down several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your films, if you wear it down several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your films, if you wear it down several
+hours, uh, eventually that the the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours, uh, eventually that the the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours, uh, eventually that the the metal
+uh that you're trying to deposit or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're trying to deposit or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're trying to deposit or the
+ceramic that you're trying to deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic that you're trying to deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic that you're trying to deposit
+will usually wind up having a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will usually wind up having a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will usually wind up having a bit of
+shape to it. Instead of being flat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it. Instead of being flat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it. Instead of being flat on
+the surface, you'll have a what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface, you'll have a what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface, you'll have a what's called
+a racetrack. it'll dip down near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racetrack. it'll dip down near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racetrack. it'll dip down near the
+edges and um that can result in a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and um that can result in a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and um that can result in a change
+of the deposition rate of the uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deposition rate of the uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deposition rate of the uh of of
+of the species that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the species that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the species that you're trying to
+deposit. And from a homogeneity point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit. And from a homogeneity point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit. And from a homogeneity point of
+view, that might be disastrous in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, that might be disastrous in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, that might be disastrous in a
+company. And so there are methods to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. And so there are methods to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. And so there are methods to uh
+to move your target to avoid uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move your target to avoid uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move your target to avoid uh that
+sort of effect from happening. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect from happening. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect from happening. And when
+we talk about large targets, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about large targets, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about large targets, we're
+really talking about large targets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about large targets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about large targets,
+right? These aren't your lab scale 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? These aren't your lab scale 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? These aren't your lab scale 2
+inch or 3 inch. these are much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch or 3 inch. these are much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch or 3 inch. these are much much
+bigger uh in commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger uh in commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger uh in commercial
+production. So um in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. So um in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. So um in terms of of
+comparing sputtering against other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing sputtering against other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing sputtering against other
+growth technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth technologies
+um there are technologies that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are technologies that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are technologies that are more
+conformal because this is more of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal because this is more of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal because this is more of a line
+of sight deposition technique. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sight deposition technique. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sight deposition technique. Uh the
+atoms are are moving toward your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are are moving toward your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are are moving toward your
+substrate, right? But if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, right? But if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, right? But if you have uh
+some uh some shape to your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some shape to your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some shape to your your your
+your substrate, maybe you have a ledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, maybe you have a ledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, maybe you have a ledge
+or ridge, uh in that case uh you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ridge, uh in that case uh you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ridge, uh in that case uh you won't
+necessarily coat that uniformly. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily coat that uniformly. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily coat that uniformly. Uh you
+might have uh less being deposited on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh less being deposited on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh less being deposited on
+that edge rather than the flat sections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge rather than the flat sections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge rather than the flat sections.
+And so conformality of coverage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so conformality of coverage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so conformality of coverage or
+conformal surface coverage can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal surface coverage can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal surface coverage can be an
+issue with sputtering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with sputtering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with sputtering.
+Let's talk about the next uh technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's talk about the next uh technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's talk about the next uh technique
+uh that is commonly used in thin film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is commonly used in thin film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is commonly used in thin film uh
+inorganic thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic thin film
+deposition. Excuse me. Um uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition. Excuse me. Um uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition. Excuse me. Um uh this is
+called metalorganic chemical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called metalorganic chemical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called metalorganic chemical vapor
+deposition. So again we notice the CVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition. So again we notice the CVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition. So again we notice the CVD
+appearing at the end. We know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing at the end. We know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing at the end. We know it's a
+chemical vapor deposition process. M O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition process. M O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition process. M O
+in this case standing for metal organic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case standing for metal organic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case standing for metal organic.
+The reason metal organic is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason metal organic is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason metal organic is because we
+typically have a metal like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a metal like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a metal like this uh
+representing the indium right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the indium right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the indium right here and
+then little uh u organic uh compounds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then little uh u organic uh compounds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then little uh u organic uh compounds on
+the outside. Those are methyl groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside. Those are methyl groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside. Those are methyl groups.
+The little gray and the two uh white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The little gray and the two uh white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The little gray and the two uh white
+dots those represent uh three methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots those represent uh three methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots those represent uh three methyl
+groups uh around the the indium. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh around the the indium. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh around the the indium. So
+trimethylinium and uh what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimethylinium and uh what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimethylinium and uh what we do is we
+flow these um these molecules into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow these um these molecules into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow these um these molecules into our
+reaction chamber and uh control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction chamber and uh control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction chamber and uh control the
+temperature gradients inside in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradients inside in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradients inside in such a
+way to have those molecules deposit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have those molecules deposit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to have those molecules deposit on
+the surface leaving the indium behind or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface leaving the indium behind or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface leaving the indium behind or
+the metal behind and the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal behind and the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal behind and the reaction
+products uh float away out the back. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh float away out the back. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh float away out the back. Um
+and uh that is represented chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that is represented chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that is represented chemically
+here on the surface. This is a zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the surface. This is a zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the surface. This is a zooming
+in right at the surface of our sample.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right at the surface of our sample.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right at the surface of our sample.
+So right where the gas interacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right where the gas interacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right where the gas interacts with
+the thin film material that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin film material that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thin film material that you're
+depositing this is representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing this is representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing this is representing the
+incoming metal organic molecule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming metal organic molecule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming metal organic molecule right
+reaching the surface uh this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the surface uh this represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the surface uh this represents
+right here the uh uh the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the uh uh the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the uh uh the separation
+where we have the um the indium atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the um the indium atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the um the indium atom
+shown in in in in black right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in in in in black right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in in in in black right here and
+then the the methyl groups are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the methyl groups are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the methyl groups are are
+moving off and essentially those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off and essentially those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off and essentially those will be
+sucked out of the chamber uh leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucked out of the chamber uh leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucked out of the chamber uh leaving
+behind in this particular case you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in this particular case you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in this particular case you have
+a layer of indium forming probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer of indium forming probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer of indium forming probably
+another layer of of material underneath.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer of of material underneath.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another layer of of material underneath.
+Say for example uh your your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say for example uh your your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say for example uh your your other
+species comprising the the thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species comprising the the thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species comprising the the thin film
+maybe phosphorus. So it would be indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe phosphorus. So it would be indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe phosphorus. So it would be indium
+phosphide growth. Um this metal organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphide growth. Um this metal organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphide growth. Um this metal organic
+chemical vapor deposition uh is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition uh is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition uh is very
+nice from the point of view that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice from the point of view that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice from the point of view that uh you
+tend to form homogeneous films uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to form homogeneous films uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to form homogeneous films uh very
+good surface coverage. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good surface coverage. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good surface coverage. Um the
+disadvantages would be that many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages would be that many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages would be that many of the
+inputs and outputs are toxic. Not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs are toxic. Not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs are toxic. Not always
+but many of them are. uh they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many of them are. uh they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many of them are. uh they have to be
+volatile and reactive so that you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and reactive so that you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and reactive so that you can uh
+crack the metal on your surface and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack the metal on your surface and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack the metal on your surface and and
+and create the the the thin film. If it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create the the the thin film. If it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create the the the thin film. If it
+wasn't reactive, you would just have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't reactive, you would just have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't reactive, you would just have it
+flowing through and leaving um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through and leaving um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through and leaving um not
+having reacted with your substrate. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having reacted with your substrate. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having reacted with your substrate. Uh
+but because of the reactivity involved,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of the reactivity involved,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of the reactivity involved,
+often times these aren't not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times these aren't not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times these aren't not very
+friendly for human beings or for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for human beings or for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly for human beings or for other
+organisms. Um it was not uncommon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms. Um it was not uncommon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms. Um it was not uncommon in the
+early days of MOCVD reactor development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of MOCVD reactor development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of MOCVD reactor development
+where they'd have this little stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'd have this little stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'd have this little stack
+going up to the roof and then they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the roof and then they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the roof and then they do
+maintenance on the roof, they'd find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance on the roof, they'd find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance on the roof, they'd find all
+these dead birds lying around. Um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dead birds lying around. Um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dead birds lying around. Um that
+obviously has improved since people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has improved since people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has improved since people have
+put up the appropriate filtration on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up the appropriate filtration on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up the appropriate filtration on the
+out on the on the on the output of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the on the on the output of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the on the on the output of their
+growth system so-called scrubbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth system so-called scrubbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth system so-called scrubbers to
+prevent toxic gases from being released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent toxic gases from being released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent toxic gases from being released
+into the atmosphere. But you do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atmosphere. But you do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atmosphere. But you do have
+some uh some old stories. Um okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some old stories. Um okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some old stories. Um okay so the
+proper design of metallorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper design of metallorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper design of metallorganic
+precursors is essential. You can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors is essential. You can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors is essential. You can easily
+see how if you change the molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how if you change the molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how if you change the molecule that
+you're bringing in, all of a sudden now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing in, all of a sudden now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bringing in, all of a sudden now
+your reaction temperatures are changing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction temperatures are changing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction temperatures are changing,
+the rate of deposition is changing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of deposition is changing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of deposition is changing,
+right? And and and you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and and you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and and you you have to
+optimize your growth process all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize your growth process all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize your growth process all over
+again. So part of the trick of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So part of the trick of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So part of the trick of doing
+good MOCVD is knowing your chemistry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good MOCVD is knowing your chemistry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good MOCVD is knowing your chemistry,
+being able to design or synthesize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to design or synthesize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to design or synthesize these
+metal organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal organic
+precursors. And the deposition process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors. And the deposition process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors. And the deposition process
+is very sensitive to temperature,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very sensitive to temperature,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very sensitive to temperature,
+pressure, the precise surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, the precise surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, the precise surface uh
+orientation and preparation. what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and preparation. what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and preparation. what
+carrier gases as well are are mixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier gases as well are are mixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier gases as well are are mixed in
+with the metal organic precursor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the metal organic precursor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the metal organic precursor that
+you're putting in and the byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting in and the byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting in and the byproducts
+obviously need to be managed. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to be managed. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously need to be managed. So that's
+MOCVD in a nutshell. Yes. And the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOCVD in a nutshell. Yes. And the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOCVD in a nutshell. Yes. And the pure
+quality is much better for MCB than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality is much better for MCB than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality is much better for MCB than it
+is for SP. Um it depends on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for SP. Um it depends on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for SP. Um it depends on a lot of
+factors. So the reason the purity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So the reason the purity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So the reason the purity of
+MOCVD is generally better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOCVD is generally better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOCVD is generally better than
+sputtering is because the mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering is because the mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering is because the mass flow
+controllers necessary to control the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers necessary to control the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers necessary to control the gas
+flow for the are specific for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow for the are specific for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow for the are specific for particular
+types of gases. Now, in sputtering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of gases. Now, in sputtering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of gases. Now, in sputtering,
+because of the versatility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the versatility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the versatility of the
+sputtering uh chamber, you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering uh chamber, you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering uh chamber, you could take
+this target out and put, you know, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target out and put, you know, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target out and put, you know, maybe
+Ashley comes along into your sputtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley comes along into your sputtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley comes along into your sputtering
+chamber and she puts in another target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and she puts in another target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber and she puts in another target
+of another metal, and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another metal, and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another metal, and now you're
+depositing two different metals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing two different metals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing two different metals in the
+same sputtering chamber. You're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sputtering chamber. You're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sputtering chamber. You're going to
+get crosscontamination. There are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crosscontamination. There are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crosscontamination. There are things
+you can do to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to minimize
+crosscontamination. You can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscontamination. You can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscontamination. You can have a
+chimney around your target to prevent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney around your target to prevent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney around your target to prevent uh
+uh flakes from coming down. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flakes from coming down. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flakes from coming down. You could
+have uh you could uh sand blast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you could uh sand blast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you could uh sand blast the
+sidewall uh coating and so forth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall uh coating and so forth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall uh coating and so forth to
+prevent stuff gunk from building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent stuff gunk from building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent stuff gunk from building up
+around the side, but you're still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the side, but you're still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the side, but you're still going
+to get a lot of crosscontamination here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of crosscontamination here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of crosscontamination here.
+And furthermore, uh the purity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, uh the purity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, uh the purity of your
+film is dictated by the purity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is dictated by the purity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is dictated by the purity of your
+target. And if you go online and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. And if you go online and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. And if you go online and look at
+Alpha Azar or Serak or some of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Azar or Serak or some of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Azar or Serak or some of the big
+uh uh metal uh selling firms which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh metal uh selling firms which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh metal uh selling firms which are
+essentially from where the the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from where the the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from where the the target
+manufacturers are are are purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are are are purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are are are purchasing
+their precursors and they can pack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their precursors and they can pack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their precursors and they can pack them
+and and and and make their targets. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and make their targets. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and make their targets. uh
+the target purity or the metal purity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target purity or the metal purity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target purity or the metal purity is
+only on the order of uh maybe 29s to 69s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the order of uh maybe 29s to 69s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the order of uh maybe 29s to 69s
+pure typically within that range. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure typically within that range. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure typically within that range. So um
+from an MOCVD point of view, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an MOCVD point of view, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an MOCVD point of view, you could
+do a distillation process and increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a distillation process and increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a distillation process and increase
+the purity of your precursor gas uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purity of your precursor gas uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purity of your precursor gas uh and
+avoid that. So I think two two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that. So I think two two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that. So I think two two big
+reasons why MOCVD can produce higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why MOCVD can produce higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why MOCVD can produce higher
+purity films in a sputtered uh system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity films in a sputtered uh system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity films in a sputtered uh system.
+one is the quality of the of the target.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the quality of the of the target.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the quality of the of the target.
+Uh and the other I think bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the other I think bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the other I think bigger
+parameter at least in in our growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter at least in in our growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter at least in in our growth
+systems is uh crosscontamination. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is uh crosscontamination. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is uh crosscontamination. And
+whenever you deposit say at EML they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you deposit say at EML they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you deposit say at EML they
+have a sputtering system there from AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sputtering system there from AJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sputtering system there from AJ
+or over at Harvard CNS there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over at Harvard CNS there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over at Harvard CNS there's another
+AJ sputtering system there. Uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ sputtering system there. Uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ sputtering system there. Uh you're
+going to get crosscontamination. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get crosscontamination. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get crosscontamination. Just
+look through the log book and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the log book and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through the log book and see what
+people have tried to deposit. It's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have tried to deposit. It's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have tried to deposit. It's uh it
+gets kind of scary. PECVD plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of scary. PECVD plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kind of scary. PECVD plasma
+enhanced chemical vapor deposition. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced chemical vapor deposition. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced chemical vapor deposition. So,
+similar to the previous variety right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the previous variety right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the previous variety right
+here, but instead of saying um okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but instead of saying um okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but instead of saying um okay,
+we're going to put the burden of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the burden of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the burden of the
+design, the scientific design onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, the scientific design onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, the scientific design onto this
+interface right here and onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right here and onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right here and onto the
+chemist who has to design this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist who has to design this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist who has to design this molecule
+that reaches a surface and breaks up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaches a surface and breaks up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaches a surface and breaks up in
+just the right way in in an orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right way in in an orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right way in in an orderly
+fashion, leaving behind the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion, leaving behind the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion, leaving behind the metal and
+letting the the the other gases go away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the the the other gases go away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the the the other gases go away.
+What we're going to do here instead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do here instead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do here instead is
+to shift the burden of separation onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the burden of separation onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the burden of separation onto
+the plasma. So, this enters the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma. So, this enters the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma. So, this enters the realm of
+physicists. We can flow in gases. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists. We can flow in gases. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists. We can flow in gases. We can
+break them up inside of a plasma,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them up inside of a plasma,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them up inside of a plasma,
+atomize them or at least create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomize them or at least create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomize them or at least create
+radicalized versions of them and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicalized versions of them and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicalized versions of them and then uh
+allow them to deposit onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to deposit onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to deposit onto the
+substrate. Very simple in theory. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate. Very simple in theory. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate. Very simple in theory. In
+practice, what happens inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, what happens inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, what happens inside of that
+plasma depending on the temperature,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma depending on the temperature,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma depending on the temperature,
+depending on the frequency and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the frequency and other
+factors, um you'll get different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors, um you'll get different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors, um you'll get different types
+and the pressure, especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pressure, especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pressure, especially the
+pressure, you'll get different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, you'll get different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, you'll get different types of
+uh uh molecules forming in the plasma.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh molecules forming in the plasma.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh molecules forming in the plasma.
+They may be charged and they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may be charged and they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may be charged and they'll be
+accelerated toward your substrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated toward your substrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated toward your substrate and
+eventually grow and form a thin film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually grow and form a thin film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually grow and form a thin film.
+But depending on what species you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But depending on what species you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But depending on what species you have
+up there that is being deposited on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there that is being deposited on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there that is being deposited on your
+surface, you'll get different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface, you'll get different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface, you'll get different types of
+of of of thin films growing, different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of thin films growing, different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of thin films growing, different
+quality material. And so, uh, again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality material. And so, uh, again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality material. And so, uh, again,
+this shifts the burden back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shifts the burden back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shifts the burden back to the
+spectrosc spectroscopists to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrosc spectroscopists to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrosc spectroscopists to measure
+what is exactly the composition of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly the composition of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is exactly the composition of that
+plasma. What is the active uh molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma. What is the active uh molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma. What is the active uh molecule
+that's being accelerated and deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being accelerated and deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being accelerated and deposited
+on the surface? And usually it's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface? And usually it's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface? And usually it's some uh
+probability distribution function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function of
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+species. We have um the plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. We have um the plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. We have um the plasma is
+created by this uh radio frequency uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by this uh radio frequency uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by this uh radio frequency uh uh
+the radio frequency uh or let's put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio frequency uh or let's put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio frequency uh or let's put it
+this way. Usually you have a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Usually you have a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Usually you have a plasma
+frequency of around 13.56 megahertz. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of around 13.56 megahertz. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of around 13.56 megahertz. Um
+does anybody know why this 13.56 keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know why this 13.56 keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know why this 13.56 keeps
+on coming up over and over again? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on coming up over and over again? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on coming up over and over again? Yeah.
+The energy to ionize hydrogen, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The energy to ionize hydrogen, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The energy to ionize hydrogen, right?
+Well, the Yeah. the the the 13 if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the Yeah. the the the 13 if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the Yeah. the the the 13 if we're
+thinking about EV, um that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about EV, um that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about EV, um that would
+certainly be the the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be the the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be the the the energy
+necessary to to remove the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to to remove the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to to remove the the the
+electron from the uh the hydrogen atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the uh the hydrogen atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the uh the hydrogen atom.
+Uh but this is another reason. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but this is another reason. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but this is another reason. Yeah.
+It's a special band just dedicated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a special band just dedicated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a special band just dedicated for
+these crazy noise emitting like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy noise emitting like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy noise emitting like you know
+medical and industrial purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical and industrial purposes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical and industrial purposes.
+Exactly. So this is this is falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So this is this is falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So this is this is falling
+within the radio frequency regime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the radio frequency regime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the radio frequency regime uh
+which would affect communications and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would affect communications and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would affect communications and if
+uh everybody was allowed to run uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody was allowed to run uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody was allowed to run uh
+rockshot around using uh creating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockshot around using uh creating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockshot around using uh creating these
+very high intensity emission sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high intensity emission sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high intensity emission sources of
+radio frequency waves uh we would very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency waves uh we would very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency waves uh we would very
+likely have interruptions to our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely have interruptions to our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely have interruptions to our uh
+police uh uh uh communications or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police uh uh uh communications or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police uh uh uh communications or maybe
+even our radios or uh cell phones. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even our radios or uh cell phones. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even our radios or uh cell phones. uh
+and so at at some point uh they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at at some point uh they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at at some point uh they had to
+say look we we have to assign definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we we have to assign definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we we have to assign definite
+bands within the radio frequency space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands within the radio frequency space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands within the radio frequency space
+and allocate them to specific purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate them to specific purposes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allocate them to specific purposes.
+In one band they allocated to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In one band they allocated to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In one band they allocated to all the
+scientists and medical personnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and medical personnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and medical personnel and
+said you have to operate your equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to operate your equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to operate your equipment
+in these specific bands. Um, and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these specific bands. Um, and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these specific bands. Um, and we'll
+give you a few of them because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few of them because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few of them because we know
+that, you know, one frequency doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, one frequency doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, one frequency doesn't
+work for all the things you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all the things you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for all the things you're trying to
+do. But for medical equipment, uh, for,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. But for medical equipment, uh, for,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. But for medical equipment, uh, for,
+uh, scientific equipment, and I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, scientific equipment, and I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, scientific equipment, and I believe
+even some, uh, uh, home electronics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some, uh, uh, home electronics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some, uh, uh, home electronics like
+microwaves, there are, uh, specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves, there are, uh, specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves, there are, uh, specific
+bands dedicated to them. And that's, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands dedicated to them. And that's, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands dedicated to them. And that's, uh,
+why we have this 13.56 number popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have this 13.56 number popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have this 13.56 number popping up
+over and over again. The reality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again. The reality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again. The reality is that
+if you change the frequency, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the frequency, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the frequency, you'll
+change the nature of your plasma. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the nature of your plasma. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the nature of your plasma. You
+may change the deposition rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change the deposition rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change the deposition rate and the
+quality of your film as well. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your film as well. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your film as well. And so
+there are people who get special permits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who get special permits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who get special permits
+and have these uh uh uh the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have these uh uh uh the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have these uh uh uh the radio
+frequency shielded rooms where they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency shielded rooms where they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency shielded rooms where they do
+experiments outside of or excursions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments outside of or excursions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments outside of or excursions
+outside of the 13.56 MHz range. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the 13.56 MHz range. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the 13.56 MHz range. So this
+is a PCBD. Excellent conformal surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PCBD. Excellent conformal surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PCBD. Excellent conformal surface
+coverage. Again, because you're biasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage. Again, because you're biasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage. Again, because you're biasing
+your substrate, uh you're able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, uh you're able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, uh you're able to uh
+conform the electric field is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform the electric field is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform the electric field is usually
+always perpendicular to the surface. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perpendicular to the surface. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perpendicular to the surface. And
+so the uh angle of entry of those uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh angle of entry of those uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh angle of entry of those uh uh
+atoms or molecules, the the ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms or molecules, the the ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms or molecules, the the ionized
+species uh entering the surface is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh entering the surface is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh entering the surface is going
+to be normal to that surface. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normal to that surface. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be normal to that surface. And you
+can get good coverage around uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get good coverage around uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get good coverage around uh uh um
+rough uh textured surfaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough uh textured surfaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough uh textured surfaces.
+The deposition is very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The deposition is very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The deposition is very sensitive to
+temperature, pressure, power, carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, pressure, power, carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, pressure, power, carrier
+gases, power of the uh here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases, power of the uh here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases, power of the uh here as well
+shown. And the byproducts uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown. And the byproducts uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown. And the byproducts uh as well
+need to be managed because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be managed because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be managed because sometimes
+you're sucking out in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sucking out in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sucking out in this particular
+case uh you could be pulling out silene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh you could be pulling out silene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh you could be pulling out silene
+as shown right there. And we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown right there. And we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown right there. And we talked
+about all of the uh uh risks involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the uh uh risks involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the uh uh risks involved
+with siline in our last class. So, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with siline in our last class. So, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with siline in our last class. So, as
+you could guess, each of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could guess, each of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could guess, each of those different
+deposition techniques is used or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition techniques is used or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition techniques is used or is
+favored for specific uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored for specific uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored for specific uh material
+systems. And um we shouldn't forget as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. And um we shouldn't forget as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. And um we shouldn't forget as
+we we talk about all these fancy vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we talk about all these fancy vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we talk about all these fancy vacuum
+equipment that look nice and cool as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that look nice and cool as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment that look nice and cool as you
+walk through the labs and you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the labs and you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the labs and you see these
+big stainless steel chambers. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stainless steel chambers. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big stainless steel chambers. Um we
+shouldn't forget about the simpler,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forget about the simpler,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forget about the simpler,
+lower cost, lower thermal budget, lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost, lower thermal budget, lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost, lower thermal budget, lower
+capital equipment cost techniques, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital equipment cost techniques, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital equipment cost techniques, the
+solutionbased deposition methods. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutionbased deposition methods. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutionbased deposition methods. And
+these involve printing, they involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these involve printing, they involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these involve printing, they involve
+electro deposition, spin casting, collo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro deposition, spin casting, collo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro deposition, spin casting, collo
+colloidal synthesis, layer by layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloidal synthesis, layer by layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloidal synthesis, layer by layer
+deposition developed here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition developed here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition developed here at MIT and
+other technologies as well. Um, I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technologies as well. Um, I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technologies as well. Um, I want
+to point out two technologies in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out two technologies in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out two technologies in general
+that are uh the first of which is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh the first of which is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh the first of which is still
+under some development. Printing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some development. Printing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some development. Printing.
+Obviously, we have printers for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, we have printers for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, we have printers for uh
+inkjet printers. That's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet printers. That's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inkjet printers. That's pretty
+straightforward. But printing for actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. But printing for actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. But printing for actual
+solar cells is something being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells is something being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells is something being
+commercialized by only a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized by only a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized by only a handful of
+companies. uh nanosolar being one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. uh nanosolar being one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. uh nanosolar being one of
+them and uh I would say there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh I would say there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh I would say there there
+aren't any uh authoritative um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any uh authoritative um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any uh authoritative um uh
+textbooks that will describe for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that will describe for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that will describe for you
+their technology because it's largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology because it's largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology because it's largely
+under wraps. They're a startup company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under wraps. They're a startup company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under wraps. They're a startup company
+and it's not uh publicly available.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not uh publicly available.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not uh publicly available.
+Electro deposition on the other hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro deposition on the other hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro deposition on the other hand is
+fairly wellnown. You're uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly wellnown. You're uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly wellnown. You're uh again
+applying a voltage difference between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a voltage difference between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a voltage difference between uh
+two electrodes, one of which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrodes, one of which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrodes, one of which will be
+your substrate, and depositing species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, and depositing species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substrate, and depositing species
+contained within your electrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within your electrolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within your electrolytic
+solution onto that substrate, growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution onto that substrate, growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution onto that substrate, growing
+your layers. Because you're growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your layers. Because you're growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your layers. Because you're growing at
+room temperature, uh these films tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature, uh these films tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature, uh these films tend to
+be um u I would say tend to have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um u I would say tend to have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um u I would say tend to have uh uh
+rough surfaces. That could be a downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough surfaces. That could be a downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough surfaces. That could be a downside
+of electro deposition. Uh they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electro deposition. Uh they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electro deposition. Uh they might
+have some pin holes as well, but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some pin holes as well, but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some pin holes as well, but you do
+get fairly large grained materials. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fairly large grained materials. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get fairly large grained materials. Uh
+it can be a very gentle growth process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a very gentle growth process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a very gentle growth process.
+And of course the advantage is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the advantage is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the advantage is lower
+temperature. So you have a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. So you have a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. So you have a variety of
+different growth techniques. Uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different growth techniques. Uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different growth techniques. Uh let's
+talk about the general issues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the general issues uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the general issues uh
+involved with thin films in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with thin films in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with thin films in general and
+then we'll dive into the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll dive into the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll dive into the specific
+materials. So taking the same tactics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. So taking the same tactics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. So taking the same tactics
+we've taken the full class going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken the full class going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken the full class going from
+fundamentals uh toward the technologies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals uh toward the technologies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals uh toward the technologies.
+Yes. Just curious do you know of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Just curious do you know of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Just curious do you know of many
+companies that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that actually
+h um I know of some companies let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um I know of some companies let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um I know of some companies let me
+think which I can talk publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which I can talk publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think which I can talk publicly
+about. Ah um so IBM they presented at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Ah um so IBM they presented at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Ah um so IBM they presented at
+the uh electrochemical society meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh electrochemical society meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh electrochemical society meeting
+last Monday uh here in Boston. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Monday uh here in Boston. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Monday uh here in Boston. Uh
+they're an example of a company that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're an example of a company that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're an example of a company that is
+developing electrochemical deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing electrochemical deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing electrochemical deposition
+processes for uh material systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes for uh material systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes for uh material systems
+including copper zinc tin sulfide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including copper zinc tin sulfide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including copper zinc tin sulfide and
+copper indium gallium dicelanide. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium gallium dicelanide. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium gallium dicelanide. We'll
+talk about the latter uh in a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the latter uh in a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the latter uh in a few slides
+but that's one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's one example of a
+company. Okay. Okay. So, general issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Okay. Okay. So, general issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Okay. Okay. So, general issues
+in thin films. Um, thin film compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin films. Um, thin film compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin films. Um, thin film compounds
+are typically not always but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically not always but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically not always but typically
+binary, turnary, quatary or multinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary, turnary, quatary or multinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary, turnary, quatary or multinary
+semiconductors. Meaning uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors. Meaning uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors. Meaning uh you don't
+have just one element comprising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just one element comprising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just one element comprising the
+semiconductor species. You might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor species. You might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor species. You might have
+several and they form a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several and they form a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several and they form a crystal
+structure with repeating uh structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with repeating uh structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure with repeating uh structure
+but alternating atoms typically. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but alternating atoms typically. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but alternating atoms typically. And so
+if you have multiple atoms in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple atoms in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple atoms in one
+compound, a couple of issues could arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound, a couple of issues could arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound, a couple of issues could arise
+need to be controlled to to grow good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be controlled to to grow good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be controlled to to grow good
+films. The first involves phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. The first involves phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. The first involves phase
+stability. What is shown right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. What is shown right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. What is shown right here in
+moltenary parameter space. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moltenary parameter space. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moltenary parameter space. This is the
+chemical potential of zinc, copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of zinc, copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of zinc, copper and
+tin in a so-called zinc copper tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin in a so-called zinc copper tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin in a so-called zinc copper tin
+sulfide uh uh material system. This red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide uh uh material system. This red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide uh uh material system. This red
+fin right here is showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin right here is showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin right here is showing you the
+parameter space within which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space within which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space within which this
+compound is stable. If your stochometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is stable. If your stochometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is stable. If your stochometry
+takes an excursion from that red fin,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an excursion from that red fin,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes an excursion from that red fin,
+you could wind up into in in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wind up into in in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wind up into in in a in a
+bphase regime, meaning uh you have ccts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bphase regime, meaning uh you have ccts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bphase regime, meaning uh you have ccts
+and something else, a copper tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else, a copper tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else, a copper tin
+sulfide, a zinc sulfide or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide, a zinc sulfide or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide, a zinc sulfide or some other
+species that happens to be nearby in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that happens to be nearby in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that happens to be nearby in
+phase space. Um one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase space. Um one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase space. Um one way to think about
+this is uh it just you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh it just you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh it just you have a
+homogeneous uh material. If you exceed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous uh material. If you exceed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous uh material. If you exceed a
+solubility limit in one direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit in one direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit in one direction or
+another, you'll have precipitation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, you'll have precipitation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, you'll have precipitation of a
+secondary phase. So you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary phase. So you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary phase. So you have to make
+sure that in in a gross uh perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that in in a gross uh perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that in in a gross uh perspective
+on a a percent basis you're in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a percent basis you're in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a a percent basis you're in the right
+regime of stochometry. Stochometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of stochometry. Stochometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of stochometry. Stochometry
+meaning the ratio of different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the ratio of different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the ratio of different elements
+in your system. So it's like cooking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system. So it's like cooking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system. So it's like cooking.
+You need the right set of ingredients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need the right set of ingredients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need the right set of ingredients to
+make uh the right uh material. Now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the right uh material. Now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the right uh material. Now uh
+that's that has to do with large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that has to do with large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that has to do with large uh
+large excursions from stochometry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large excursions from stochometry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large excursions from stochometry can
+result in phase decomposition. Small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in phase decomposition. Small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in phase decomposition. Small
+excursions from stochometry a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursions from stochometry a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excursions from stochometry a much more
+subtle effect can occur. Let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle effect can occur. Let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle effect can occur. Let's imagine
+for a moment that we have two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment that we have two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment that we have two species
+comprising our binary material. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising our binary material. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising our binary material. One
+species is uh has three veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is uh has three veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is uh has three veence
+electrons. The other species has five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. The other species has five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. The other species has five
+veence electrons. Now because of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons. Now because of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons. Now because of a small
+error in stoeometry, maybe something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in stoeometry, maybe something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in stoeometry, maybe something in
+the order of a few tens or hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few tens or hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few tens or hundreds of
+parts per million uh in stoeometry, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million uh in stoeometry, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million uh in stoeometry, we
+didn't get the ratio just right. We were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the ratio just right. We were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the ratio just right. We were
+off by a little bit. Now we have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a little bit. Now we have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a little bit. Now we have one of
+our compounds in excess and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compounds in excess and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compounds in excess and the other
+one in in in in deficiency. If we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in in in in deficiency. If we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in in in in deficiency. If we have
+uh a different number of electrons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a different number of electrons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a different number of electrons uh
+surrounding the atoms, we could wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the atoms, we could wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the atoms, we could wind up
+with uh an excess uh free carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh an excess uh free carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh an excess uh free carrier
+density. In other words, you could self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. In other words, you could self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. In other words, you could self
+dope your material if you're unlucky. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope your material if you're unlucky. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope your material if you're unlucky. In
+other words, if the material system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, if the material system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, if the material system has
+a propensity for this and you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propensity for this and you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propensity for this and you can change
+the free carrier concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free carrier concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free carrier concentration and
+because the free carrier concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the free carrier concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the free carrier concentration
+is changing, you might even change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing, you might even change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing, you might even change your
+mobility. Uh so there are uh some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility. Uh so there are uh some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility. Uh so there are uh some some
+effects that can occur uh as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that can occur uh as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that can occur uh as a result of
+small excursions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small excursions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small excursions from
+stochometry. As a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochometry. As a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochometry. As a result of the
+self-doping, you're shifting the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-doping, you're shifting the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-doping, you're shifting the firmy
+energy inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside of your
+semiconductor. And as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. And as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. And as a result of
+shifting the fermy energy, it might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the fermy energy, it might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the fermy energy, it might uh
+uh lead to a cascade series of events.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead to a cascade series of events.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead to a cascade series of events.
+There could be other defects that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There could be other defects that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There could be other defects that form
+as as a result of the firmy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a result of the firmy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a result of the firmy energy
+change. You could have other uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. You could have other uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. You could have other uh uh
+so-called anti-sight defects. atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called anti-sight defects. atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called anti-sight defects. atoms
+could switch positions inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could switch positions inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could switch positions inside of your
+lattice and uh as a result of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and uh as a result of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and uh as a result of that um
+have a very low minority carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very low minority carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very low minority carrier
+lifetime u in in in certain materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime u in in in certain materials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime u in in in certain materials.
+So nailing the stochometry both from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So nailing the stochometry both from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So nailing the stochometry both from a a
+very large sense you know to avoid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large sense you know to avoid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large sense you know to avoid phase
+decomposition instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition instead of having a
+dalmatian film you have a phase pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalmatian film you have a phase pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalmatian film you have a phase pure
+film um and from a small uh from from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and from a small uh from from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and from a small uh from from a
+from a local perspective once you get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local perspective once you get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a local perspective once you get on
+to this phase space where you can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this phase space where you can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this phase space where you can grow
+your film uh well you'll want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your film uh well you'll want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your film uh well you'll want to make
+sure that your stochometry is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your stochometry is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your stochometry is controlled
+to avoid self-doping and to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid self-doping and to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid self-doping and to prevent
+certain types of intrinsic point defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of intrinsic point defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of intrinsic point defects
+from forming uh that might uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from forming uh that might uh lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from forming uh that might uh lower
+minority carrier lifetime or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier lifetime or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority carrier lifetime or change
+carrier concent concentration uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concent concentration uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier concent concentration uh change
+other properties of your film. For those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties of your film. For those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties of your film. For those
+who are working on these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working on these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are working on these sorts of
+materials, I'm happy to talk at ad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, I'm happy to talk at ad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, I'm happy to talk at ad at
+Nalm about these topics. Um maybe after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nalm about these topics. Um maybe after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nalm about these topics. Um maybe after
+class since this is a more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class since this is a more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class since this is a more detailed
+subject. Um another topic of of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. Um another topic of of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. Um another topic of of interest
+in thin films is grain size. Uh at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin films is grain size. Uh at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thin films is grain size. Uh at some
+point grains don't matter anymore. U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grains don't matter anymore. U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grains don't matter anymore. U the
+grain size typically if you exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain size typically if you exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain size typically if you exceed the
+uh the thickness of your film by about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thickness of your film by about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thickness of your film by about a
+factor of five. In other words, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of five. In other words, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of five. In other words, if the
+grain diameter is about five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain diameter is about five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain diameter is about five times
+thicker or wider than the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker or wider than the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker or wider than the thickness of
+your film, grain size is not as much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your film, grain size is not as much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your film, grain size is not as much of
+an issue. But if you do have very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue. But if you do have very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue. But if you do have very small
+grains, um they can impact performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains, um they can impact performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains, um they can impact performance
+because carriers will interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carriers will interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carriers will interact with
+those grain boundaries and depending how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those grain boundaries and depending how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those grain boundaries and depending how
+recombination active they are or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination active they are or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination active they are or where
+the grain boundary is pinning the firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary is pinning the firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary is pinning the firmy
+energy. Uh the density of states that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Uh the density of states that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. Uh the density of states that at
+the grain boundary will dictate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary will dictate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain boundary will dictate the
+effect on device performance. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on device performance. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on device performance. So these
+are some very uh rough plots in crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some very uh rough plots in crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some very uh rough plots in crystal
+and silicon for thin film devices um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon for thin film devices um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon for thin film devices um and
+for some thicker ones as well. Cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some thicker ones as well. Cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some thicker ones as well. Cell
+performance as a function of grain size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as a function of grain size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as a function of grain size.
+And I show crystal and silicon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I show crystal and silicon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I show crystal and silicon because
+the data is really well developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is really well developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is really well developed for
+it. But you see similar types of plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But you see similar types of plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But you see similar types of plots
+for organic materials for uh uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organic materials for uh uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for organic materials for uh uh some
+inorganic thin film materials like sigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic thin film materials like sigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic thin film materials like sigs
+and so forth. And uh this convolutes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. And uh this convolutes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. And uh this convolutes a
+few different parameters. you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different parameters. you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different parameters. you have to
+take into account that the recomination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that the recomination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account that the recomination
+activity of the grain boundary is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor. Next topic, general topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. Next topic, general topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. Next topic, general topic of
+interest. Um, another tool that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. Um, another tool that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. Um, another tool that we'll
+want to have in our material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in our material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have in our material science
+toolkit as we start designing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit as we start designing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit as we start designing these
+materials. We have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. We have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. We have to think about the
+interfaces between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces between the different
+materials. Especially in thin films,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Especially in thin films,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Especially in thin films,
+interfaces are so important because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are so important because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces are so important because we
+don't have much bulk anymore, right? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much bulk anymore, right? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much bulk anymore, right? Um
+so the device could really be affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the device could really be affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the device could really be affected
+or or device performance really reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or device performance really reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or device performance really reduced
+if we uh don't pay proper attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we uh don't pay proper attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we uh don't pay proper attention to
+our interfaces. What are these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interfaces. What are these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interfaces. What are these plots
+over here? These plots are used to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here? These plots are used to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here? These plots are used to grow
+some very high efficiency materials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very high efficiency materials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very high efficiency materials for
+example by MOCVD or molecular beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by MOCVD or molecular beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by MOCVD or molecular beam
+epitexi. And what is represented on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitexi. And what is represented on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitexi. And what is represented on the
+horizontal axis is lattice constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis is lattice constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis is lattice constant.
+Lattice constant refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lattice constant refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lattice constant refers to the
+equilibrium spacing of atoms inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium spacing of atoms inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium spacing of atoms inside of
+your material. So uh this regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material. So uh this regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material. So uh this regularly
+repeating unit cell that defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating unit cell that defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating unit cell that defines a
+crystal uh is has a certain lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh is has a certain lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh is has a certain lattice
+constant a certain distance physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a certain distance physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a certain distance physical
+distance shown here in angstroms. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance shown here in angstroms. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance shown here in angstroms. The
+energy of the gap is shown on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the gap is shown on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the gap is shown on the
+vertical axis. And if we want to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis. And if we want to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis. And if we want to select
+two or three of these materials to stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three of these materials to stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three of these materials to stack
+on top of one another to absorb well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of one another to absorb well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of one another to absorb well at
+different portions of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portions of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portions of the solar
+spectrum, we'll be choosing, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum, we'll be choosing, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum, we'll be choosing, for
+example, one band gap at around 1.9 EV,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, one band gap at around 1.9 EV,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, one band gap at around 1.9 EV,
+another band gap of 1 EV, or maybe if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another band gap of 1 EV, or maybe if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another band gap of 1 EV, or maybe if we
+want three materials, we'll go even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want three materials, we'll go even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want three materials, we'll go even
+higher at the at the top end and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher at the at the top end and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher at the at the top end and lower
+at the low end. So we'll stack different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the low end. So we'll stack different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the low end. So we'll stack different
+materials on top of each other to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on top of each other to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on top of each other to absorb
+preferentially in different regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially in different regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially in different regions of
+the solar spectrum and hence exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar spectrum and hence exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar spectrum and hence exceed the
+shockly quiser efficiency limit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockly quiser efficiency limit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shockly quiser efficiency limit because
+now we're absorbing well in two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're absorbing well in two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're absorbing well in two or three
+different colors as opposed to just one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors as opposed to just one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors as opposed to just one.
+And the energy gap here is is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the energy gap here is is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the energy gap here is is important
+because you want maybe one at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want maybe one at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want maybe one at one
+material at 1 eV, one material about 1.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at 1 eV, one material about 1.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at 1 eV, one material about 1.9
+eV, but you also want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eV, but you also want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eV, but you also want to make sure that
+they can grow on top of each other, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can grow on top of each other, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can grow on top of each other, that
+you're not going to get a mismatch at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a mismatch at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get a mismatch at
+that interface, that the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface, that the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface, that the lattice
+constants aren't so different that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants aren't so different that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants aren't so different that you
+wind up with these dangling bonds at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with these dangling bonds at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with these dangling bonds at the
+interface where you have an atom coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where you have an atom coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where you have an atom coming
+down and nothing on the other side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and nothing on the other side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and nothing on the other side for
+it to bond to. And so you need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to bond to. And so you need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to bond to. And so you need to make
+sure that uh the the materials that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh the the materials that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that uh the the materials that you
+grow are matched in lattice constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow are matched in lattice constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow are matched in lattice constant but
+varying in band gap if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in band gap if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying in band gap if you're trying to
+grow a multi-junction device if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a multi-junction device if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a multi-junction device if you're
+trying to grow a very high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grow a very high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to grow a very high efficiency
+solar cell device. And so the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. And so the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device. And so the the um
+growth or matching of materials one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth or matching of materials one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth or matching of materials one on
+top of another is important especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of another is important especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of another is important especially
+for the multi-junctions also for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the multi-junctions also for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the multi-junctions also for some of
+the single junction materials if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single junction materials if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single junction materials if you
+really want to minimize the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to minimize the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to minimize the interface
+recombination. So let's look at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination. So let's look at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination. So let's look at this uh
+growth system up here. the uh uh the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth system up here. the uh uh the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth system up here. the uh uh the one
+that um is is typically used in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is is typically used in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is is typically used in high
+efficiency solar cell materials. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency solar cell materials. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency solar cell materials. We have
+uh germanmanium right here, gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germanmanium right here, gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germanmanium right here, gallium
+arsenide and indium gallium phosphide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide and indium gallium phosphide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide and indium gallium phosphide
+which is essentially a mixture between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a mixture between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially a mixture between
+gallium phosphide up here and indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium phosphide up here and indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium phosphide up here and indium
+phospide down here. You can alloy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospide down here. You can alloy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospide down here. You can alloy the
+two together and get an indium gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together and get an indium gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together and get an indium gallium
+phosphide mixture and stack these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphide mixture and stack these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphide mixture and stack these three
+materials on top of one another. German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on top of one another. German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on top of one another. German
+germanmanium, gallium marsite and indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanmanium, gallium marsite and indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanmanium, gallium marsite and indium
+gallium phosphide. They have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium phosphide. They have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium phosphide. They have three
+different band gaps. They absorb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different band gaps. They absorb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different band gaps. They absorb in
+three different regions of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different regions of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different regions of the solar
+spectrum but they have a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but they have a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but they have a very similar
+lattice constant and so the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant and so the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant and so the interfaces
+will be very well maintained. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very well maintained. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very well maintained. That's an
+example of uh using a chart like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh using a chart like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh using a chart like this to
+design your your solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials. Next topic is material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Next topic is material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Next topic is material
+abundances. If we're trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances. If we're trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances. If we're trying to uh
+engineer uh all of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer uh all of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer uh all of these other
+parameters that we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we've been talking
+about, the lattice constant, the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, the lattice constant, the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, the lattice constant, the band
+gap, uh the grain size that depends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap, uh the grain size that depends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap, uh the grain size that depends that
+that also is a function of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also is a function of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also is a function of how the
+material grows, the ability to self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material grows, the ability to self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material grows, the ability to self
+dope. We have all of these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope. We have all of these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope. We have all of these materials
+issues that we have first and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we have first and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we have first and for
+foremost in our minds. We go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost in our minds. We go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foremost in our minds. We go to the
+periodic table, we find some compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, we find some compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, we find some compounds
+that work, we're really happy about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work, we're really happy about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work, we're really happy about it.
+Um but then all of a sudden, life comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then all of a sudden, life comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but then all of a sudden, life comes
+along and slaps us in the face and says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and slaps us in the face and says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and slaps us in the face and says,
+"Well, we don't have enough of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, we don't have enough of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, we don't have enough of this
+material to really scale to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to really scale to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to really scale to get all the
+way to the terowatt sol. I wish I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the terowatt sol. I wish I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the terowatt sol. I wish I had
+known about this before when I first got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about this before when I first got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known about this before when I first got
+started. Um, so we're we're presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um, so we're we're presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um, so we're we're presenting
+to you up front uh the state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you up front uh the state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you up front uh the state-of-the-art
+of what is known about material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is known about material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is known about material
+abundances. And these last two studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances. And these last two studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances. And these last two studies
+right here, APS critical critical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, APS critical critical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, APS critical critical energy
+or energy critical elements and the DOE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy critical elements and the DOE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy critical elements and the DOE
+critical material strategy. Both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical material strategy. Both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical material strategy. Both of them
+represent a synthesis of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a synthesis of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a synthesis of the information
+essentially the equivalent of the IPCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of the IPCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equivalent of the IPCC
+reports in climate change. But the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports in climate change. But the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports in climate change. But the best
+synthesis that we have right now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis that we have right now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis that we have right now about
+the abundancies of different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundancies of different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundancies of different elements
+out there, there are as well a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, there are as well a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there, there are as well a variety
+of different papers that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different papers that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different papers that have been
+published on this subject over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on this subject over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published on this subject over the last
+couple of decades um or even earlier. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades um or even earlier. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades um or even earlier. Um
+so what we have to keep in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to keep in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to keep in mind is that
+uh our our stardust out there is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our stardust out there is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our our stardust out there is is not
+an infinite supply. uh every element we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite supply. uh every element we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite supply. uh every element we
+have on the planet that we know of came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the planet that we know of came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the planet that we know of came
+from fusion reactions in stars and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fusion reactions in stars and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fusion reactions in stars and there
+was a probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a probability distribution function
+of of uh of of the appearance of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of of the appearance of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of of the appearance of those
+elements as a function of Z on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as a function of Z on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as a function of Z on the
+planet as a result uh biased toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet as a result uh biased toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet as a result uh biased toward the
+lighter elements and some of the heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter elements and some of the heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter elements and some of the heavier
+elements are in lesser supply that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in lesser supply that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in lesser supply that we
+know of on the earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of on the earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of on the earth's
+crust. Not to say that the deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust. Not to say that the deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust. Not to say that the deposits
+don't exist. Not to say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist. Not to say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist. Not to say that these
+studies right here are the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies right here are the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies right here are the author
+authoritative end all and beall. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritative end all and beall. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritative end all and beall. We
+might discover next year or next month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might discover next year or next month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might discover next year or next month
+or tomorrow a huge deposit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tomorrow a huge deposit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tomorrow a huge deposit of a
+particular element at a specific spot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element at a specific spot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element at a specific spot,
+let's say under the Arctic. Um, but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say under the Arctic. Um, but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say under the Arctic. Um, but from
+what we know right now, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know right now, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know right now, that's the
+stardust that we have to work with. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stardust that we have to work with. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stardust that we have to work with. Uh,
+these are are abundancies. So, if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are abundancies. So, if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are are abundancies. So, if you'd
+like to design around it, um, I'd advise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to design around it, um, I'd advise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to design around it, um, I'd advise
+looking into those uh, reports as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into those uh, reports as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into those uh, reports as well.
+And finally, radiation hardness. Getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, radiation hardness. Getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, radiation hardness. Getting
+back to Ashley's question, gee, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Ashley's question, gee, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Ashley's question, gee, what are
+the most radiation hard uh, species?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most radiation hard uh, species?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most radiation hard uh, species?
+This is the efficiency of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the efficiency of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the efficiency of solar cell
+performance normalized uh at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance normalized uh at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance normalized uh at the very
+start of a test. And this is the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of a test. And this is the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of a test. And this is the um the
+the the the equivalent radiation damage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the equivalent radiation damage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the equivalent radiation damage.
+Um the amount of of you can also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the amount of of you can also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the amount of of you can also think
+about this as the amount of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as the amount of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as the amount of of um
+momentum or energy depending transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or energy depending transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or energy depending transferred
+to uh the atoms inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the atoms inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the atoms inside of your
+semiconductor. that would result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. that would result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor. that would result in
+lattice damage that would result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice damage that would result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice damage that would result in a
+decrease of minority carry lifetime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of minority carry lifetime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of minority carry lifetime or
+mobility which ultimately would impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility which ultimately would impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility which ultimately would impact
+cell performance and efficiency. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance and efficiency. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance and efficiency. We can
+see that different material systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that different material systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that different material systems have
+uh different degrees of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different degrees of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different degrees of radiation
+hardness. Some maintained their high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. Some maintained their high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. Some maintained their high
+efficiency until very high radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency until very high radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency until very high radiation
+dose and others uh degrade much quicker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and others uh degrade much quicker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and others uh degrade much quicker.
+And um look at this. This is a dose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um look at this. This is a dose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um look at this. This is a dose in
+orbit per year right around there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit per year right around there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit per year right around there. And
+you can already begin to see that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already begin to see that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already begin to see that some
+of our most uh uh common uh compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our most uh uh common uh compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our most uh uh common uh compounds
+are are not doing too well out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not doing too well out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are not doing too well out there.
+Not doing too well in outer space. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not doing too well in outer space. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not doing too well in outer space. The
+gallery is actually on the bottom. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery is actually on the bottom. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallery is actually on the bottom. So we
+have we have the radiation hardness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the radiation hardness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the radiation hardness to
+take into account if we're uh putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account if we're uh putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account if we're uh putting
+these solar panels out there into outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solar panels out there into outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solar panels out there into outer
+space. Um this is one uh older study I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Um this is one uh older study I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Um this is one uh older study I
+would definitely encourage you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely encourage you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely encourage you to look
+uh there may be some newer studies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may be some newer studies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may be some newer studies as
+the solar cell efficiency improves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell efficiency improves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell efficiency improves they
+become more sensitive right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more sensitive right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more sensitive right because you
+begin decreasing your efficiency uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin decreasing your efficiency uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin decreasing your efficiency uh with
+smaller variations in the minority care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller variations in the minority care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller variations in the minority care
+diffusion length um so those charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length um so those charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length um so those charts
+might look a little different for as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look a little different for as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look a little different for as
+time goes by is the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes by is the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes by is the effect of the
+radiation cumulative so for example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation cumulative so for example like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation cumulative so for example like
+gallium marsenide or any of these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium marsenide or any of these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium marsenide or any of these would
+just continue to degrade as they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue to degrade as they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue to degrade as they're out
+in space so Um is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space so Um is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space so Um is the effect of
+radiation dose cumulative? Uh I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation dose cumulative? Uh I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation dose cumulative? Uh I am not
+the expert on this particular topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert on this particular topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert on this particular topic but
+from what I know about radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I know about radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I know about radiation
+exposure of detectors at synretrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure of detectors at synretrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure of detectors at synretrons
+which is is uh a little uh similar not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is uh a little uh similar not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is uh a little uh similar not
+not not quite the same um the mech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite the same um the mech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite the same um the mech
+mechanisms involved uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms involved uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms involved uh with this
+essentially involve atomic displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially involve atomic displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially involve atomic displacements
+within the lattice. You have atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the lattice. You have atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the lattice. You have atoms
+physically being displaced from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically being displaced from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically being displaced from their
+equilibrium positions as they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium positions as they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium positions as they interact
+with this incoming radiation. and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this incoming radiation. and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this incoming radiation. and the
+probability that it occurs as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it occurs as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it occurs as a function
+of time uh will will increase per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh will will increase per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time uh will will increase per unit
+volume. Uh and hence it is it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. Uh and hence it is it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. Uh and hence it is it can be
+thought of as a cumulative exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a cumulative exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a cumulative exposure
+effect. Um the first order impact would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Um the first order impact would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect. Um the first order impact would
+be on minority carrier diffusion length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on minority carrier diffusion length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on minority carrier diffusion length
+um impacting both lifetime and mobility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impacting both lifetime and mobility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impacting both lifetime and mobility.
+Uh and to the effect that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and to the effect that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and to the effect that you have a
+relationship between exposure time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between exposure time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between exposure time,
+lattice displacement, lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice displacement, lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice displacement, lattice
+displacement, minority care diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement, minority care diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement, minority care diffusion
+length, minority care diffusion length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, minority care diffusion length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, minority care diffusion length
+and efficiency, you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency, you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficiency, you might be able to
+model this effect. That would be my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this effect. That would be my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model this effect. That would be my uh
+uninformed answer. Again, you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed answer. Again, you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed answer. Again, you might want
+to look this up yourself. Question. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look this up yourself. Question. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look this up yourself. Question. Do
+you know why the improves? Oh, why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why the improves? Oh, why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why the improves? Oh, why does
+it improve with efficiency? Uh, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it improve with efficiency? Uh, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it improve with efficiency? Uh, I don't
+know specifically uh why that is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specifically uh why that is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know specifically uh why that is for
+this particular case, but I do know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case, but I do know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case, but I do know that
+some materials are what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some materials are what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some materials are what are called
+defect tolerant. Some are more naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect tolerant. Some are more naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect tolerant. Some are more naturally
+able to withstand uh anti-sight defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to withstand uh anti-sight defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to withstand uh anti-sight defects
+or a certain uh concentration of damage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a certain uh concentration of damage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a certain uh concentration of damage,
+internal surfaces, voids, grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal surfaces, voids, grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal surfaces, voids, grain
+boundaries. Um, cadtel cadmium teleride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries. Um, cadtel cadmium teleride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries. Um, cadtel cadmium teleride
+is uh is is fairly defect tolerant. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is fairly defect tolerant. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is is fairly defect tolerant. It's
+one of nature's gifts to humanity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of nature's gifts to humanity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of nature's gifts to humanity in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+regard. Um the the degree to which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard. Um the the degree to which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard. Um the the degree to which a
+material can be uh defect tolerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material can be uh defect tolerant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material can be uh defect tolerant
+depends partly on the carrier density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends partly on the carrier density.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends partly on the carrier density.
+If you have very high carrier densities,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have very high carrier densities,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have very high carrier densities,
+you tend to screen defects. Uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to screen defects. Uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to screen defects. Uh uh
+another reason why they could be defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why they could be defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why they could be defect
+tolerant, um all of these compounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant, um all of these compounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant, um all of these compounds are
+somewhere between an ionic and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between an ionic and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between an ionic and a
+covealent semiconductor. In a coalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent semiconductor. In a coalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covealent semiconductor. In a coalent
+semiconductor, uh the those materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor, uh the those materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor, uh the those materials
+tend to be very defect intolerant. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be very defect intolerant. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be very defect intolerant. Uh
+because there's um let's say the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's um let's say the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's um let's say the the uh
+the uh uh co uh the the the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh co uh the the the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh co uh the the the conduction
+band and veance band as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and veance band as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and veance band as a function of
+position tend to be very flat. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position tend to be very flat. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position tend to be very flat. The
+material tends to be fairly homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material tends to be fairly homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material tends to be fairly homogeneous
+throughout. The electron density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. The electron density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. The electron density is
+fairly well distributed in a coalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well distributed in a coalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well distributed in a coalently
+bonded material. In an ionic material,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded material. In an ionic material,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded material. In an ionic material,
+you tend to have charge localization. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to have charge localization. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to have charge localization. So
+energy as a function of position might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of position might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of position might
+look like this in an atomic scale as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this in an atomic scale as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this in an atomic scale as you
+go from one atom to the next atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one atom to the next atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one atom to the next atom in
+your lice to the next one to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lice to the next one to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lice to the next one to the next
+one to the next one. And that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the next one. And that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the next one. And that reflects
+the localization of charge in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localization of charge in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the localization of charge in your
+material. Those materials can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Those materials can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Those materials can be more
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+intolerant because conduction can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerant because conduction can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerant because conduction can happen
+more from a hopping mechanism than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from a hopping mechanism than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from a hopping mechanism than from
+a band conduction mechanism. Um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band conduction mechanism. Um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band conduction mechanism. Um and this
+is really a gradient in between in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a gradient in between in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a gradient in between in most
+materials. They tend to be partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. They tend to be partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. They tend to be partially
+ionic, partially covealent. um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic, partially covealent. um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic, partially covealent. um going
+down the list here and there's a a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list here and there's a a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list here and there's a a bit
+of a shift between cadmium sulfide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a shift between cadmium sulfide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a shift between cadmium sulfide and
+zinc sulfide in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc sulfide in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc sulfide in terms of the the
+ionicity coalent soel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionicity coalent soel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionicity coalent soel
+uh would be with the chalken two lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be with the chalken two lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would be with the chalken two lower
+than sulfur on the periodic table I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sulfur on the periodic table I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sulfur on the periodic table I
+would imagine it would be at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine it would be at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imagine it would be at this
+transition as well but I have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition as well but I have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition as well but I have to look
+that up gives you a place to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up gives you a place to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up gives you a place to get started
+and read more about it uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read more about it uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read more about it uh and then
+reliability and degradation uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and degradation uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and degradation uh this is
+important if you this is a crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you this is a crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you this is a crystal and
+silicon module being loaded into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon module being loaded into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon module being loaded into an
+environmental testing chamber inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental testing chamber inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental testing chamber inside of
+that chamber the module is going be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chamber the module is going be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chamber the module is going be put
+through hell and back. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hell and back. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hell and back. Uh the
+temperature is going to be raised. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is going to be raised. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is going to be raised. Uh
+the humidity is going to be pumped in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humidity is going to be pumped in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humidity is going to be pumped in.
+Sometimes ultraviolet light is even put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes ultraviolet light is even put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes ultraviolet light is even put
+in there as some of the more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there as some of the more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there as some of the more modern
+advanced ones. And uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced ones. And uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced ones. And uh then the
+temperature can drop uh down to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can drop uh down to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can drop uh down to uh
+temperatures as low as -40° C uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as low as -40° C uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as low as -40° C uh
+depending on what the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the environmental
+chamber is designed to to do exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber is designed to to do exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber is designed to to do exactly how
+it's designed to stress or test your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's designed to stress or test your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's designed to stress or test your
+module. And the idea is to promote an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And the idea is to promote an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And the idea is to promote an
+accelerated degradation of the module on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated degradation of the module on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated degradation of the module on
+purpose to test what its failure modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to test what its failure modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to test what its failure modes
+will be. And we'll see these when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be. And we'll see these when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be. And we'll see these when we go
+take the tour of Foundhuffer CSSE in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tour of Foundhuffer CSSE in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tour of Foundhuffer CSSE in a
+couple weeks. This is the crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks. This is the crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks. This is the crystal and
+silicon module being loaded in. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon module being loaded in. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon module being loaded in. If you
+to put a thin film material. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a thin film material. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a thin film material. Now the
+thin in crystal silicon our material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin in crystal silicon our material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin in crystal silicon our material is
+very very thick and uh we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thick and uh we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thick and uh we said that the
+native oxide was very uh tenacious. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native oxide was very uh tenacious. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native oxide was very uh tenacious. It
+was only a few tens or maybe hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a few tens or maybe hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a few tens or maybe hundreds of
+instros thick and the junction depth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instros thick and the junction depth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instros thick and the junction depth was
+on the order of a micron. So surfaces I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a micron. So surfaces I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a micron. So surfaces I
+mean if you if you have water attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you if you have water attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you if you have water attacking
+the surface of your silicon wafer water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of your silicon wafer water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of your silicon wafer water
+vapor really not too much of an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor really not too much of an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor really not too much of an issue
+and silicon is fairly inert anyway. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon is fairly inert anyway. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon is fairly inert anyway. But
+now if you take a fairly reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take a fairly reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take a fairly reactive
+material uh a thin film material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh a thin film material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh a thin film material that
+might react with air or might react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might react with air or might react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might react with air or might react with
+water and it's so thin that uh the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it's so thin that uh the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it's so thin that uh the these
+these uh rusting modes or or reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh rusting modes or or reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh rusting modes or or reaction
+modes the weathering modes uh can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the weathering modes uh can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the weathering modes uh can really
+impact a large fraction of the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact a large fraction of the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact a large fraction of the thickness
+of your device. Now you become a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device. Now you become a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device. Now you become a lot
+more sensitive to accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to accelerated
+degradation. Now you become a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation. Now you become a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation. Now you become a lot more
+sensitive to the elements. Um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the elements. Um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the elements. Um and this
+includes both oxygen and water. So if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both oxygen and water. So if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both oxygen and water. So if uh
+if if the uh if the ambient is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the uh if the ambient is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the uh if the ambient is able to
+penetrate through the encapsulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate through the encapsulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate through the encapsulate and
+get to the active absorber material, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the active absorber material, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the active absorber material, you
+may have accelerated degradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have accelerated degradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have accelerated degradation of
+module performance as a result. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module performance as a result. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module performance as a result. And so
+there are there are also some unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are also some unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are also some unique
+failure modes for thin film modules. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure modes for thin film modules. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure modes for thin film modules. If
+you have two different species in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different species in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two different species in your
+uh comprising your your your compound,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comprising your your your compound,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comprising your your your compound,
+one of them might be prone to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them might be prone to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them might be prone to move in
+electric field. For example, copper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. For example, copper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field. For example, copper is
+notorious for uh zipping along in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for uh zipping along in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for uh zipping along in in in
+electric field and electromigrating. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and electromigrating. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and electromigrating. And
+so that's a failure mode that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a failure mode that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a failure mode that doesn't
+exist in large uh uh thick crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in large uh uh thick crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in large uh uh thick crystal and
+silicon modules, but could exist in thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon modules, but could exist in thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon modules, but could exist in thin
+films. And so because of all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. And so because of all of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. And so because of all of this and
+because of the growing realization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the growing realization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the growing realization that
+the way we test crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we test crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we test crystal and silicon
+modules and and and drive them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and and and drive them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and and and drive them to
+failure is not the same uh that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is not the same uh that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure is not the same uh that we might
+be able to achieve failure in a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to achieve failure in a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to achieve failure in a thin
+film module. There are newer testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film module. There are newer testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film module. There are newer testing
+protocols such as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols such as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols such as this
+IEC61583 that have been introduced in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IEC61583 that have been introduced in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IEC61583 that have been introduced in an
+attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+um test appropriately thinfilm modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um test appropriately thinfilm modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um test appropriately thinfilm modules
+for their respective failure modes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their respective failure modes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their respective failure modes. And
+this is I would say still uh work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I would say still uh work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I would say still uh work in
+progress. So much so that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress. So much so that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress. So much so that we have a
+group project uh focused on in part on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group project uh focused on in part on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group project uh focused on in part on
+this. Um it's it's still a work in pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um it's it's still a work in pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um it's it's still a work in pro
+in in in process to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in process to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in process to try to figure out
+how do we appropriately test these synfo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we appropriately test these synfo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we appropriately test these synfo
+modules um toward the point where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules um toward the point where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules um toward the point where they
+they can fail. Um any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can fail. Um any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can fail. Um any questions so far
+on these topics because these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these topics because these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these topics because these are are
+are general general issues that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are general general issues that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are general general issues that will
+affect all thin film materials. I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect all thin film materials. I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect all thin film materials. I wanted
+to make sure that we were comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we were comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we were comfortable
+with these general topics before we dove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these general topics before we dove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these general topics before we dove
+in uh in any detail into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in any detail into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in any detail into the
+technologies themselves. Yes. question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies themselves. Yes. question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies themselves. Yes. question
+about lice matching. Yeah, important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lice matching. Yeah, important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lice matching. Yeah, important to
+l match the semiconductor to the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l match the semiconductor to the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l match the semiconductor to the contact
+as well or is that not as um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well or is that not as um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well or is that not as um so the
+question was is it important to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was is it important to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was is it important to to
+lattice match the semiconductor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice match the semiconductor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice match the semiconductor to the
+contact? Um so let me uh emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact? Um so let me uh emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact? Um so let me uh emphasize that
+in many uh semiconductor contact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many uh semiconductor contact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many uh semiconductor contact uh
+combinations you would have a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you would have a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you would have a highly
+doped semiconductor right before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped semiconductor right before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped semiconductor right before the
+contact a very localized region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact a very localized region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact a very localized region of
+highly doped semiconductor that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped semiconductor that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped semiconductor that would
+create a tunneling junction. Um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a tunneling junction. Um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a tunneling junction. Um in that
+case the density of states at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the density of states at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the density of states at the
+interface doesn't matter because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface doesn't matter because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface doesn't matter because you
+have a tunneling junction. You're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tunneling junction. You're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tunneling junction. You're able
+to tunnel straight from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tunnel straight from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tunnel straight from the
+semiconductor into the contact. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor into the contact. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor into the contact. Um the
+lattice matching would matter though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice matching would matter though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice matching would matter though if
+you didn't have a tunneling junction. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have a tunneling junction. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have a tunneling junction. If
+you had a regular shot qomic contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a regular shot qomic contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a regular shot qomic contact
+then you might have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have to worry about the
+density of interface states which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of interface states which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of interface states which would
+be regulated by the number of dangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated by the number of dangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated by the number of dangling
+bonds and then you might want every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then you might want every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then you might want every
+single atom lining up pairing up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom lining up pairing up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom lining up pairing up with a
+neighbor on the other side. So lice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor on the other side. So lice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor on the other side. So lice
+matching would be important for context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching would be important for context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching would be important for context
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+All right, fun stuff. Wow, we've had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, fun stuff. Wow, we've had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, fun stuff. Wow, we've had our
+good dose of material science for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dose of material science for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dose of material science for the
+day. Um, thin film cost structure. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Um, thin film cost structure. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Um, thin film cost structure. I
+just wanted to highlight one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to highlight one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to highlight one quick
+thing. This material right here, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This material right here, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This material right here, that's
+not the absorber material. The absorber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the absorber material. The absorber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the absorber material. The absorber
+material is a really tiny fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is a really tiny fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is a really tiny fraction of
+the material. Um, this uh comprises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material. Um, this uh comprises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material. Um, this uh comprises the
+other materials uh within the module as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials uh within the module as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials uh within the module as
+well, right? So, uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, right? So, uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, right? So, uh the the the
+encapsulates, the glass and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates, the glass and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates, the glass and so forth.
+Just keep that in mind uh as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just keep that in mind uh as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just keep that in mind uh as a kind of
+asterisk. So, it's a typical thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk. So, it's a typical thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk. So, it's a typical thin film
+cost structure. It evolves with time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure. It evolves with time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost structure. It evolves with time.
+This is a few years old this slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a few years old this slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a few years old this slide but
+it gives you a sense a feeling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a sense a feeling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a sense a feeling.
+Um in terms of global production this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in terms of global production this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in terms of global production this is
+a year old data now from 2010. Uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year old data now from 2010. Uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year old data now from 2010. Uh during
+this past year uh so this is 2009 data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this past year uh so this is 2009 data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this past year uh so this is 2009 data
+shown in 2010. The 2010 market was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in 2010. The 2010 market was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in 2010. The 2010 market was very
+harsh um for uh the thin film producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh um for uh the thin film producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh um for uh the thin film producers
+many of which tend to be in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of which tend to be in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of which tend to be in the United
+States and in Europe. uh in 2010 prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in Europe. uh in 2010 prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and in Europe. uh in 2010 prices
+dropped quite a bit and that favored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped quite a bit and that favored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped quite a bit and that favored the
+low-cost Chinese solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost Chinese solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost Chinese solar cell
+manufacturers many of which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers many of which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers many of which were
+invested in crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in crystal and silicon
+technology. So by no virtue of or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. So by no virtue of or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. So by no virtue of or or or
+uh say uh no no detriment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh no no detriment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh no no detriment of the
+technology itself uh market dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself uh market dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself uh market dynamics
+worldwide due to other factors uh tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide due to other factors uh tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide due to other factors uh tended
+to favor crystal and silicon during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to favor crystal and silicon during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to favor crystal and silicon during the
+past year and the market share of thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past year and the market share of thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past year and the market share of thin
+films contracted a bit. So it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films contracted a bit. So it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films contracted a bit. So it's now
+about 90% crystal and silicon 10% thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90% crystal and silicon 10% thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90% crystal and silicon 10% thin
+films worldwide in 2010. uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films worldwide in 2010. uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films worldwide in 2010. uh but the
+breakdown between the different um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown between the different um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown between the different um uh
+thin film technologies we had so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film technologies we had so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film technologies we had so-called
+cadmium telide sigs that's copper indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium telide sigs that's copper indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium telide sigs that's copper indium
+gallium dicelanide and amorphous silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium dicelanide and amorphous silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium dicelanide and amorphous silicon
+and the dynamic between 2009 2010 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dynamic between 2009 2010 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dynamic between 2009 2010 was
+that the amorphous silicon shrank a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amorphous silicon shrank a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amorphous silicon shrank a bit
+sigs grew and cadtel continued growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigs grew and cadtel continued growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigs grew and cadtel continued growing
+but more marginally because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more marginally because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more marginally because it was
+already big to begin with so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already big to begin with so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already big to begin with so uh you
+could think of this red uh portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this red uh portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this red uh portion
+growing at the expense of the green if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the expense of the green if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the expense of the green if
+you want to translate this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to translate this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to translate this into
+20110 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20110 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20110 numbers
+So what is uh sigs cadel amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is uh sigs cadel amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is uh sigs cadel amorphous
+silicon? What are those materials?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon? What are those materials?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon? What are those materials?
+Um well we'll get into that. I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well we'll get into that. I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well we'll get into that. I think the
+best thing to do is to leave this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing to do is to leave this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing to do is to leave this for
+next class. I'll briefly go over cadtel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class. I'll briefly go over cadtel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class. I'll briefly go over cadtel
+just because it is so important. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it is so important. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it is so important. It is
+the biggest uh well the the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest uh well the the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest uh well the the single
+biggest US solar cell manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest US solar cell manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest US solar cell manufacturers
+producing cadmium telide solar cells or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing cadmium telide solar cells or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing cadmium telide solar cells or
+cadtel for short. And um to make just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadtel for short. And um to make just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadtel for short. And um to make just a
+description of what you your solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what you your solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what you your solar panel
+would look like in cross-section, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like in cross-section, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like in cross-section, this
+is your glass on the back side here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your glass on the back side here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your glass on the back side here.
+This ITO is indium tin oxide. It is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This ITO is indium tin oxide. It is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This ITO is indium tin oxide. It is a
+what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what?
+Transparent conducting oxide. Very good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transparent conducting oxide. Very good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transparent conducting oxide. Very good.
+So the itto is a transparent conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the itto is a transparent conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the itto is a transparent conducting
+oxide. Your light, your sunlight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Your light, your sunlight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Your light, your sunlight is
+coming in through here. So this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through here. So this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in through here. So this is an
+electrically conductive layer, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically conductive layer, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically conductive layer, but it's
+um it's it's transparent. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's transparent. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's transparent. So it's
+allowing the sunlight through. Tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the sunlight through. Tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the sunlight through. Tin
+oxide. We'll get to that in a second. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. We'll get to that in a second. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. We'll get to that in a second. uh
+cadmium sulfide and cadmium teluride. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium sulfide and cadmium teluride. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium sulfide and cadmium teluride. So
+the cal cadmium teluride layer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cal cadmium teluride layer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cal cadmium teluride layer is the
+layer that's absorbing most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's absorbing most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's absorbing most of the
+sunlight and producing electron whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight and producing electron whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight and producing electron whole
+pairs. The cadmium sulfide is providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. The cadmium sulfide is providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. The cadmium sulfide is providing
+the heterogunction separating charge at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogunction separating charge at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogunction separating charge at
+the heterogunction between the cadtel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogunction between the cadtel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heterogunction between the cadtel
+and the cad sulfide. This tin oxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cad sulfide. This tin oxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cad sulfide. This tin oxide is
+generally an intrinsic layer. Um it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally an intrinsic layer. Um it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally an intrinsic layer. Um it's uh
+it's uh assisting here with the itto on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh assisting here with the itto on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh assisting here with the itto on
+the front contact. Uh and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front contact. Uh and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front contact. Uh and then you have
+your back contact that extracts charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back contact that extracts charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back contact that extracts charge
+from the back. Um there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back. Um there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back. Um there are a couple
+more tricks to creating a good CADTEL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks to creating a good CADTEL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks to creating a good CADTEL
+device that involve uh uh chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that involve uh uh chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that involve uh uh chlorine
+treatment and passivation of defects. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and passivation of defects. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and passivation of defects. Um
+that's where some of the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where some of the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where some of the activation
+comes in. U this is another view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in. U this is another view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in. U this is another view of the
+CATEL device and cross-section. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CATEL device and cross-section. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CATEL device and cross-section. Another
+um example this transparent conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um example this transparent conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um example this transparent conducting
+oxide in this case is florine doped tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide in this case is florine doped tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide in this case is florine doped tin
+oxide. Another uh uh uh TCO material but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Another uh uh uh TCO material but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Another uh uh uh TCO material but
+very similar structure here. The CAD tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar structure here. The CAD tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar structure here. The CAD tel
+being the ptype material and the CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the ptype material and the CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the ptype material and the CAD
+sulfide the ntype material. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide the ntype material. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide the ntype material. The
+thicknesses of these different layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses of these different layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses of these different layers
+you can see the cadtel is only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cadtel is only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cadtel is only a few
+microns thick and the CAD sulfide is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns thick and the CAD sulfide is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns thick and the CAD sulfide is is
+even uh thinner. It's a very thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh thinner. It's a very thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even uh thinner. It's a very thin layer
+just serving to separate the charge. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just serving to separate the charge. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just serving to separate the charge. The
+band structure uh of the sorry the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band structure uh of the sorry the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band structure uh of the sorry the band
+diagram of um of a cadtel solar cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of um of a cadtel solar cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of um of a cadtel solar cell is
+shown right here. We have the cadtel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here. We have the cadtel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right here. We have the cadtel
+here and the CAD sulfide right here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the CAD sulfide right here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the CAD sulfide right here. So
+you can see the junction. Notice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the junction. Notice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the junction. Notice because
+of the uh thickness of this layer, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh thickness of this layer, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh thickness of this layer, the
+band bending at these interfaces extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending at these interfaces extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band bending at these interfaces extends
+quite an appreciable percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an appreciable percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an appreciable percentage of the
+total thickness of your device. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thickness of your device. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thickness of your device. Whereas
+in crystal and silicon, we had the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystal and silicon, we had the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crystal and silicon, we had the band
+bending right near the junction region.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending right near the junction region.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending right near the junction region.
+So right within a few uh hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right within a few uh hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So right within a few uh hundreds of
+nanometers, maybe a micron away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers, maybe a micron away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers, maybe a micron away from the
+junction and the device was 100 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and the device was 100 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction and the device was 100 microns
+thick. So we had 100 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. So we had 100 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. So we had 100 microns
+approximately of this of this flat band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately of this of this flat band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately of this of this flat band
+condition at least in the dark. uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at least in the dark. uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at least in the dark. uh here
+we have uh band bending extending an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh band bending extending an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh band bending extending an
+appreciable percentage of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable percentage of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable percentage of the total
+thickness of our device just by virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of our device just by virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of our device just by virtue
+of the fact that we have such a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we have such a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we have such a thin
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+right and uh the characteristics uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the characteristics uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the characteristics uh it's
+it's very well um the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very well um the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very well um the the the the
+deposition technology of cadel as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition technology of cadel as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition technology of cadel as I said
+it's it's it's nature's gift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's nature's gift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's nature's gift to
+humankind if you put cadmium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind if you put cadmium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind if you put cadmium and
+tallarium together in a pot and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallarium together in a pot and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tallarium together in a pot and start
+heating it up uh what evaporates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating it up uh what evaporates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating it up uh what evaporates is
+cadel it congruently evaporates so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadel it congruently evaporates so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadel it congruently evaporates so you
+could use a process called closed space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a process called closed space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use a process called closed space
+sublimation where you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation where you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation where you essentially
+sublime your cadel uh and you deposit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublime your cadel uh and you deposit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublime your cadel uh and you deposit it
+onto your substrate. If you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto your substrate. If you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto your substrate. If you try to do
+this with most other compounds in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with most other compounds in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with most other compounds in a
+periodic table, you'll get either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, you'll get either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table, you'll get either one
+element or the other element evaporating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element or the other element evaporating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element or the other element evaporating
+first. They'll create an over pressure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. They'll create an over pressure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. They'll create an over pressure.
+They'll evaporate off and you won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll evaporate off and you won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll evaporate off and you won't get
+your compound depositing, but you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compound depositing, but you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compound depositing, but you'll get
+one element depositing on your substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element depositing on your substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element depositing on your substrate
+preferentially. CADEL again nature's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially. CADEL again nature's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially. CADEL again nature's
+gift to humankind. The two come off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift to humankind. The two come off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift to humankind. The two come off
+together and form a cadtel layer. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and form a cadtel layer. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and form a cadtel layer. And so
+that congruent evaporation makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that congruent evaporation makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that congruent evaporation makes it very
+nice from a deposition point of view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice from a deposition point of view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice from a deposition point of view.
+Very lowcost, high throughput deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very lowcost, high throughput deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very lowcost, high throughput deposition
+process for solar benefits from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for solar benefits from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for solar benefits from
+environmental concerns. Um, cadmium has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns. Um, cadmium has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns. Um, cadmium has
+raised quite uh a bunch of concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised quite uh a bunch of concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised quite uh a bunch of concerns
+amongst um uh folks in environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst um uh folks in environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst um uh folks in environmental
+groups because uh it's a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups because uh it's a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups because uh it's a known
+carcinogen. Uh it is responsible for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen. Uh it is responsible for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen. Uh it is responsible for uh
+in Japan for the um I believe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan for the um I believe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan for the um I believe it was
+called the ichi ichiban which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ichi ichiban which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ichi ichiban which means the
+ouch ouch disease. Uh it was a a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouch ouch disease. Uh it was a a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouch ouch disease. Uh it was a a disease
+uh that was acquired by by folks exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was acquired by by folks exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was acquired by by folks exposed
+to to cadium uh during manufacturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cadium uh during manufacturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cadium uh during manufacturing and
+as a result uh cadel solar panels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result uh cadel solar panels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result uh cadel solar panels are
+not allowed to be installed in Japan. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to be installed in Japan. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to be installed in Japan. So
+first solar cannot sell its cadtel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first solar cannot sell its cadtel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first solar cannot sell its cadtel
+products in Japan. Um there are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in Japan. Um there are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in Japan. Um there are very
+tightly regulated uh uh emissions laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly regulated uh uh emissions laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly regulated uh uh emissions laws
+in the EU and the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the EU and the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the EU and the United States
+especially in the EU where cradletograve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the EU where cradletograve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the EU where cradletograve
+uh recycling of CADEL solar panels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recycling of CADEL solar panels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recycling of CADEL solar panels are
+are necessary. So you'll see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary. So you'll see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary. So you'll see a lot of
+CADEL solar panels in large field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CADEL solar panels in large field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CADEL solar panels in large field
+installations or in commercial buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations or in commercial buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations or in commercial buildings
+where it's very easy to collect them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very easy to collect them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very easy to collect them all
+after uh their 20 or 25 year lifespan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh their 20 or 25 year lifespan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh their 20 or 25 year lifespan
+and bring them back to the factory as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring them back to the factory as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring them back to the factory as
+opposed to having them distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having them distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to having them distributed
+amongst hundreds or thousands of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst hundreds or thousands of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst hundreds or thousands of smaller
+systems deposited on rooftops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems deposited on rooftops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems deposited on rooftops.
+The arguments in favor of having cadmium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The arguments in favor of having cadmium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The arguments in favor of having cadmium
+inside of solar panels is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of solar panels is the following.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of solar panels is the following.
+That, you know, it's better to tie up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That, you know, it's better to tie up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That, you know, it's better to tie up
+cadmium inside of a relatively inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium inside of a relatively inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium inside of a relatively inert
+compound, cadel, than to have it go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound, cadel, than to have it go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound, cadel, than to have it go off
+uh and and and and cause problems on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and and cause problems on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and and cause problems on its
+own. Um if you heat it up, uh the cadtel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. Um if you heat it up, uh the cadtel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. Um if you heat it up, uh the cadtel
+would evaporate um congruently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would evaporate um congruently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would evaporate um congruently.
+Typically, cadmium uh is is is so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically, cadmium uh is is is so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically, cadmium uh is is is so called
+negligible amounts are released during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible amounts are released during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible amounts are released during
+fires. And I put it in between quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires. And I put it in between quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires. And I put it in between quotes
+because these are studies uh very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are studies uh very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are studies uh very good
+studies and and I I I um I trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and and I I I um I trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and and I I I um I trust the
+work coming out of uh Fifth's group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work coming out of uh Fifth's group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work coming out of uh Fifth's group uh
+very much. The uh his critics would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much. The uh his critics would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much. The uh his critics would
+argue that well the studies were paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that well the studies were paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that well the studies were paid
+for in part by First Solar. So how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in part by First Solar. So how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in part by First Solar. So how do
+you trust studies like that? I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust studies like that? I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trust studies like that? I would
+counter in saying this is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter in saying this is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter in saying this is a pretty good
+group uh out of all the people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh out of all the people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh out of all the people who do
+life cycle analysis he's within the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle analysis he's within the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle analysis he's within the top
+top tier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top tier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top tier.
+Um, so it's it's it's some question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's it's it's some question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's it's it's some question uh
+as as to as to that. People do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as to as to that. People do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as to as to that. People do do
+question, you know, were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, you know, were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, you know, were the
+temperatures used in these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures used in these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures used in these studies
+representative of what you'd actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what you'd actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of what you'd actually
+get in the hot zone of a fire and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the hot zone of a fire and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the hot zone of a fire and so
+forth. There's a public fear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. There's a public fear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. There's a public fear and
+perception issue. It's a big deal. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception issue. It's a big deal. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception issue. It's a big deal. And
+um uh the folks would would argue uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the folks would would argue uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the folks would would argue uh uh
+that that um that cadmium much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um that cadmium much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um that cadmium much less
+cadmium is released per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium is released per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadmium is released per kilowatt hour
+than say in a battery uh where we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say in a battery uh where we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say in a battery uh where we would
+use a a nickel cadmium battery for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a a nickel cadmium battery for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a a nickel cadmium battery for
+instance. um and uh safe production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance. um and uh safe production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance. um and uh safe production
+methods now fully automated and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now fully automated and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now fully automated and uh
+recycling is guaranteed by law. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling is guaranteed by law. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling is guaranteed by law. So you
+have arguments in favor and against. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arguments in favor and against. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arguments in favor and against. Um
+I'm going to stop right here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop right here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop right here and I'm
+going to pull aside the teams during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull aside the teams during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull aside the teams during the
+last 15 minutes of class. I emailed you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 minutes of class. I emailed you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 15 minutes of class. I emailed you.
+Uh if those of you had checked your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if those of you had checked your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if those of you had checked your
+email uh before last uh uh night at 5:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email uh before last uh uh night at 5:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email uh before last uh uh night at 5:00
+should have received an email saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have received an email saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have received an email saying
+you're on a particular team project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a particular team project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a particular team project
+team. Find your partners cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. Find your partners cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. Find your partners cluster
+together. Joe and I are going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Joe and I are going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Joe and I are going to come
+around and spend a few minutes with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and spend a few minutes with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and spend a few minutes with each
+of you just to make sure that uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you just to make sure that uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you just to make sure that uh our
+first steps are clear and that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first steps are clear and that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first steps are clear and that we have a
+a forward path and we gain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward path and we gain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward path and we gain some
+momentum. So, uh, self assemble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. So, uh, self assemble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. So, uh, self assemble and
+don't leave the room before I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave the room before I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't leave the room before I have a
+chance to come talk to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ril5Z4UxI3w.txt b/ril5Z4UxI3w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f39929caf7b9ac128f92545ecc9ca9e5b265d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ril5Z4UxI3w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we introduced the
+concepts of price per click and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of price per click and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of price per click and
+click-through rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click-through rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click-through rate
+once we know both of these quantities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we know both of these quantities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we know both of these quantities we
+can calculate the average price per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the average price per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the average price per
+display this is simply the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display this is simply the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display this is simply the average
+amount that an advertiser pays when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that an advertiser pays when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that an advertiser pays when a
+user is shown their ad we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is shown their ad we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is shown their ad we can compute
+this by multiplying the price per click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by multiplying the price per click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by multiplying the price per click
+with the click-through rates let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the click-through rates let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the click-through rates let's go
+through an example to see how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example to see how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example to see how this works
+suppose we have 10 users who search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have 10 users who search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have 10 users who search for
+best LTE network Google Display decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best LTE network Google Display decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best LTE network Google Display decides
+the display Verizon's adds to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display Verizon's adds to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display Verizon's adds to all of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the click-through rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the click-through rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the click-through rate for
+Verizon and for the best LTE network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon and for the best LTE network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon and for the best LTE network
+query is 0.2 so only 2 users click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is 0.2 so only 2 users click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query is 0.2 so only 2 users click on
+the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Verizon must now pay the price per click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon must now pay the price per click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Verizon must now pay the price per click
+for each of these users since there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these users since there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these users since there were
+2 clicks and each click cost $25 Verizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 clicks and each click cost $25 Verizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 clicks and each click cost $25 Verizon
+must pay a total of $50 to Google if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must pay a total of $50 to Google if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must pay a total of $50 to Google if we
+consider how much Verizon paid to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider how much Verizon paid to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider how much Verizon paid to Google
+on average per user or equivalently how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average per user or equivalently how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average per user or equivalently how
+much Verizon paid for display of the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Verizon paid for display of the ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Verizon paid for display of the ad
+we just divide the total amount of $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just divide the total amount of $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just divide the total amount of $50
+by the 10 users who saw the ad doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 10 users who saw the ad doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 10 users who saw the ad doing
+this we see that the average price per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we see that the average price per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we see that the average price per
+display was 5 dollars we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display was 5 dollars we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display was 5 dollars we could have
+obtained this amount in a simpler way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this amount in a simpler way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this amount in a simpler way in
+particular as we define the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as we define the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as we define the previous
+slide this turns out to be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this turns out to be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this turns out to be exactly the
+same as the price per click multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the price per click multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the price per click multiplied
+by the click-through rate for our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the click-through rate for our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the click-through rate for our data
+then to obtain the average price per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to obtain the average price per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to obtain the average price per
+display we simply need to multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display we simply need to multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display we simply need to multiply the
+price per click table and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price per click table and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price per click table and the
+click-through rate tables together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last piece of data that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of data that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of data that we need
+before we can define our problem is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can define our problem is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we can define our problem is we
+need to know how popular the queries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how popular the queries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how popular the queries are
+obviously Google does not control how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Google does not control how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously Google does not control how
+many times a search query will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times a search query will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times a search query will be
+searched because the users are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched because the users are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched because the users are the ones
+who submit the queries however Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who submit the queries however Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who submit the queries however Google
+does have an estimate of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have an estimate of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have an estimate of the number of
+times on average the query will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on average the query will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on average the query will be
+requested over a given day for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested over a given day for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested over a given day for the
+example that we have been building so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we have been building so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we have been building so
+far let's suppose that we expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far let's suppose that we expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far let's suppose that we expect to see
+4G LTE 140 times largest LTE 80 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4G LTE 140 times largest LTE 80 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4G LTE 140 times largest LTE 80 times
+and best LTE network 80 times as well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and best LTE network 80 times as well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and best LTE network 80 times as well we
+are now ready to start modeling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now ready to start modeling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now ready to start modeling this
+problem the problem that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem that we will
+consider is this how many times should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is this how many times should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is this how many times should
+Google display each ad for each query so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google display each ad for each query so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google display each ad for each query so
+as to maximize their total revenue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to maximize their total revenue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to maximize their total revenue in
+the next video we will formulate this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we will formulate this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video we will formulate this as
+a linear optimization problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rjYk_5_oe6U.txt b/rjYk_5_oe6U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5df5f4dfcf9393d2eb0ba4760f861dbafcb4b0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rjYk_5_oe6U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Another part of the course um is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another part of the course um is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another part of the course um is that I
+always have a project in the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a project in the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have a project in the course and
+students do the projects in pairs partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do the projects in pairs partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do the projects in pairs partly
+because I just think it's nice for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just think it's nice for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just think it's nice for them
+to have somebody to work with. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody to work with. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody to work with. Uh and
+they've done a huge range of projects. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done a huge range of projects. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done a huge range of projects. I
+I let them do whatever project they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let them do whatever project they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let them do whatever project they
+want. It has to have something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. It has to have something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. It has to have something to do
+with cellular solids. And some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cellular solids. And some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cellular solids. And some of them
+have done sort of analytical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done sort of analytical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done sort of analytical things
+where they've done numerical finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've done numerical finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've done numerical finite
+element analysis of some cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis of some cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis of some cellular
+structure. Some of them have done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Some of them have done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Some of them have done very
+experimental things and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental things and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental things and some of them
+been a lot of fun. So for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of fun. So for instance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of fun. So for instance uh
+almost every year there are students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every year there are students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every year there are students who
+want to work on food foams. And one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on food foams. And one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on food foams. And one year
+for example there was a group who made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there was a group who made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there was a group who made
+bread and they looked at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and they looked at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and they looked at sort of the
+processing of the bread and they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of the bread and they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of the bread and they looked
+at how if you used more yeast or you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how if you used more yeast or you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how if you used more yeast or you let
+the yeast rise or the bread rise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast rise or the bread rise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast rise or the bread rise for
+longer how that affected the cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer how that affected the cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer how that affected the cellular
+structure. So they you know they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So they you know they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So they you know they sort of
+changed the chemistry of how they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the chemistry of how they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the chemistry of how they made
+the bread and then they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and then they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread and then they looked at the
+micro structure of the bread that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro structure of the bread that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro structure of the bread that they
+got and I think they even did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and I think they even did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and I think they even did some
+mechanical tests of the bread. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tests of the bread. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tests of the bread. So that
+was kind of fun. And I think probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of fun. And I think probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of fun. And I think probably
+the most interesting project any student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting project any student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting project any student
+has done was on elephant skulls. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done was on elephant skulls. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done was on elephant skulls. So you
+can imagine an elephant skull is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine an elephant skull is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine an elephant skull is huge
+and it's bony. So it would be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bony. So it would be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's bony. So it would be very very
+heavy if it didn't have some pores in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy if it didn't have some pores in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy if it didn't have some pores in
+it. And elephant skulls, it turns out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And elephant skulls, it turns out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And elephant skulls, it turns out,
+have some very large pores in them. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some very large pores in them. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some very large pores in them. I
+think partly to reduce the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think partly to reduce the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think partly to reduce the weight of the
+the skull and the head and the bone. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull and the head and the bone. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull and the head and the bone. The
+neck has to kind of carry that all. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck has to kind of carry that all. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck has to kind of carry that all. Um,
+so these two students came to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two students came to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two students came to me and
+they said they had heard somewhere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they had heard somewhere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they had heard somewhere or
+they'd read somewhere that these pores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd read somewhere that these pores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd read somewhere that these pores
+in the elephant's skull had an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elephant's skull had an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elephant's skull had an effect on
+how the elephants perceived sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the elephants perceived sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the elephants perceived sound and
+the sort of acoustic transmission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of acoustic transmission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of acoustic transmission of
+through the, you know, of sound waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the, you know, of sound waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the, you know, of sound waves
+through the skull. And they wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the skull. And they wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the skull. And they wanted to do
+a project on elephant skulls. Uh, so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on elephant skulls. Uh, so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on elephant skulls. Uh, so so
+I was kind of intrigued by this. I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was kind of intrigued by this. I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was kind of intrigued by this. I love
+all natural history kinds of things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all natural history kinds of things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all natural history kinds of things. And
+I've um worked before with people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've um worked before with people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've um worked before with people at
+Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
+where they have bones, they have stuffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have bones, they have stuffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have bones, they have stuffed
+bodies, they have all kinds of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies, they have all kinds of animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies, they have all kinds of animals
+over there. And I called up a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. And I called up a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. And I called up a colleague
+over there and it turned out they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and it turned out they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and it turned out they had
+elephant skulls over there. So I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant skulls over there. So I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant skulls over there. So I went
+with one of the students and it was, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the students and it was, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the students and it was, you
+know, in the attic of the building, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in the attic of the building, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in the attic of the building, this
+kind of dingy place and there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dingy place and there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dingy place and there was this
+huge room and it was full of elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge room and it was full of elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge room and it was full of elephant
+bones and they had several skulls which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and they had several skulls which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and they had several skulls which
+are like the size of this table. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the size of this table. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the size of this table. They're
+huge. They're this big. and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge. They're this big. and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge. They're this big. and some of the
+skulls were cracked and you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls were cracked and you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls were cracked and you could see
+these big pores in the skulls. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big pores in the skulls. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big pores in the skulls. And then
+the students found out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students found out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students found out that the
+University of Texas at Austin has um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Texas at Austin has um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Texas at Austin has um uh
+CT scans, computed tomography scans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT scans, computed tomography scans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT scans, computed tomography scans of
+all sorts of bones. And sure enough,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of bones. And sure enough,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of bones. And sure enough,
+they had elephant skulls scanned. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had elephant skulls scanned. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had elephant skulls scanned. And so
+they got a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got a three-dimensional
+representation of the ele elephant skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the ele elephant skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the ele elephant skull
+through this University of Texas at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this University of Texas at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this University of Texas at
+Austin program. And then they used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin program. And then they used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin program. And then they used that
+as input to a 3D printing setup. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input to a 3D printing setup. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input to a 3D printing setup. So they
+3D printed a sort of mimic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D printed a sort of mimic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D printed a sort of mimic of the
+elephant's skull with some ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant's skull with some ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant's skull with some ceramic
+powder and they made a skull that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder and they made a skull that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder and they made a skull that was
+about this big and then they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this big and then they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this big and then they wanted to
+look at the acoustic properties of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the acoustic properties of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the acoustic properties of it.
+So what they did was they suspended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what they did was they suspended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what they did was they suspended the
+skull from a string and they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull from a string and they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skull from a string and they had a
+speaker and the speaker, you know, had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and the speaker, you know, had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and the speaker, you know, had a
+sound and they put an accelerometer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and they put an accelerometer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and they put an accelerometer on
+the skull and they measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull and they measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skull and they measured the
+vibration of the skull and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of the skull and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of the skull and then to
+compare it with a skull that didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with a skull that didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with a skull that didn't have
+these pores and they got the CT image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pores and they got the CT image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pores and they got the CT image
+from Austin and they 3D printed this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Austin and they 3D printed this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Austin and they 3D printed this um
+ele or this dolphin skull and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ele or this dolphin skull and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ele or this dolphin skull and they did
+the same thing. They suspended the skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. They suspended the skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. They suspended the skull
+from a thread and they measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a thread and they measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a thread and they measured the
+vibration and they could show and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and they could show and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and they could show and I've
+forgotten the details of their results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the details of their results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the details of their results
+but they could show basically that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they could show basically that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they could show basically that the
+two skulls uh had a different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two skulls uh had a different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two skulls uh had a different frequency
+response to the vibrations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the vibrations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the vibrations and they
+thought maybe part of it was because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe part of it was because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe part of it was because of
+the pores. So these two sections here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores. So these two sections here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores. So these two sections here
+are two sections of their 3D printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sections of their 3D printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sections of their 3D printed
+elephant skull. I don't have the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant skull. I don't have the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant skull. I don't have the entire
+thing but you can see this is the orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you can see this is the orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you can see this is the orbit
+where the eye would the eyes would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the eye would the eyes would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the eye would the eyes would have
+gone in here. And if I turn it over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in here. And if I turn it over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in here. And if I turn it over and
+you look inside, you can see these pores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside, you can see these pores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside, you can see these pores
+in here. And also, if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. And also, if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. And also, if you look at this
+section lower down on the skull, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section lower down on the skull, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section lower down on the skull, you can
+see this whole porous structure here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this whole porous structure here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this whole porous structure here as
+well. And if we flip it over, there's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And if we flip it over, there's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And if we flip it over, there's I
+guess a little bit more over there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a little bit more over there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a little bit more over there. So
+that was probably the most intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was probably the most intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was probably the most intriguing
+project that the students did as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that the students did as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that the students did as part of
+this course. That was that was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. That was that was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. That was that was quite
+something.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sbpCTjmw85g.txt b/sbpCTjmw85g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7a035f3121523630a1343dbaa81493956c65060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sbpCTjmw85g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you so much. Welcome to 61200,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you so much. Welcome to 61200,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you so much. Welcome to 61200,
+6120, I don't know how you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6120, I don't know how you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6120, I don't know how you want to
+pronounce it. Anything goes. Either way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it. Anything goes. Either way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it. Anything goes. Either way,
+welcome. Um, really looking forward to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome. Um, really looking forward to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome. Um, really looking forward to a
+great semester with all of you. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great semester with all of you. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great semester with all of you. So, a
+couple a couple salient points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a couple salient points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a couple salient points.
+structure-wise, schedule-wise, um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure-wise, schedule-wise, um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure-wise, schedule-wise, um we
+have lectures on Tuesday, Thursday, 2:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lectures on Tuesday, Thursday, 2:30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lectures on Tuesday, Thursday, 2:30
+to 4, which I suppose you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4, which I suppose you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4, which I suppose you know if you're
+here in person, uh we have recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in person, uh we have recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in person, uh we have recitations
+on Wednesdays and Fridays. Uh we do take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesdays and Fridays. Uh we do take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Wednesdays and Fridays. Uh we do take
+attendance at recitations. It's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance at recitations. It's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance at recitations. It's worth
+10% of your grade. So, we highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of your grade. So, we highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of your grade. So, we highly
+recommend that you go both for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you go both for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you go both for your
+grade and also it's some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and also it's some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade and also it's some of the most
+useful time that you'll have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful time that you'll have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful time that you'll have this
+semester. Um you'll be working with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um you'll be working with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um you'll be working with your
+peers to solve problems in small groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers to solve problems in small groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers to solve problems in small groups.
+You'll have a TA there to offer advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have a TA there to offer advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll have a TA there to offer advice
+and suggestions. Uh it's really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suggestions. Uh it's really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suggestions. Uh it's really valuable
+time. Um and I highly recommend you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um and I highly recommend you go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um and I highly recommend you go.
+I guarantee you'll get a lot out of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you'll get a lot out of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee you'll get a lot out of it.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+since it's such a valuable time and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's such a valuable time and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's such a valuable time and such
+a limited resource, just two hours per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited resource, just two hours per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited resource, just two hours per
+week. Um we have what we call warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Um we have what we call warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Um we have what we call warm-up
+problems, which are just quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, which are just quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, which are just quick
+multiplechoice problems right there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplechoice problems right there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplechoice problems right there on
+Canvas um to get you thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas um to get you thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas um to get you thinking about the
+lecture material a little bit. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture material a little bit. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture material a little bit. They're
+not meant to be hard. They're not meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant to be hard. They're not meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant to be hard. They're not meant
+to be stressful. Um, but we do want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stressful. Um, but we do want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stressful. Um, but we do want you
+to think about the problems a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the problems a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the problems a little bit
+and answer them and get the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer them and get the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer them and get the answers
+right. Um, getting the answer right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, getting the answer right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, getting the answer right is
+not as strenuous as it sounds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as strenuous as it sounds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as strenuous as it sounds because
+you get infinite retries and instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get infinite retries and instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get infinite retries and instant
+feedback up until the deadline. As so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback up until the deadline. As so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback up until the deadline. As so as
+long as you remember to do it, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you remember to do it, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you remember to do it, you're
+going to get full points. Um, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get full points. Um, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get full points. Um, you could
+if you want just option A, click, nope,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want just option A, click, nope,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want just option A, click, nope,
+that's wrong. Option B, click, nope,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. Option B, click, nope,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. Option B, click, nope,
+that's wrong. Option C. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. Option C. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. Option C. We don't
+recommend that. Ideally, it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that. Ideally, it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that. Ideally, it's in your
+favor to actually think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor to actually think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor to actually think about the
+problem a little bit. might even be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit. might even be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a little bit. might even be a
+little faster. But the point is to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster. But the point is to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster. But the point is to be a
+reminder to think about the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to think about the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to think about the lecture
+material a little bit before you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material a little bit before you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material a little bit before you come to
+recitation. What we want to avoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. What we want to avoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation. What we want to avoid is
+everyone shows up to recitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone shows up to recitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone shows up to recitation and
+says, "Wait, what are we covering today?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Wait, what are we covering today?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Wait, what are we covering today?
+I don't even know. I wasn't able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know. I wasn't able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know. I wasn't able to go
+to lecture. I don't know what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lecture. I don't know what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lecture. I don't know what was
+covered. Can someone fill me in?" Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered. Can someone fill me in?" Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered. Can someone fill me in?" Um, I
+would prefer that we that we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer that we that we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer that we that we do the
+catching up before recitation. So, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up before recitation. So, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up before recitation. So, by
+the time we get there, we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get there, we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get there, we know what
+we're going to talk about. We can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about. We can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about. We can ask
+any questions we have. we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions we have. we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions we have. we can start
+working on the problems and use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problems and use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problems and use that
+time as productively as possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as productively as possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as productively as possible.
+Um, so that's recitations and warm-ups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's recitations and warm-ups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's recitations and warm-ups.
+We have problem sets. We'll have weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have problem sets. We'll have weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have problem sets. We'll have weekly
+problem sets due on Monday nights. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets due on Monday nights. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets due on Monday nights. I
+hope everyone turned it in yesterday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope everyone turned it in yesterday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope everyone turned it in yesterday.
+Um, they'll be released on Tuesdays. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they'll be released on Tuesdays. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they'll be released on Tuesdays. Oh,
+I got a thumbs up. Where did you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a thumbs up. Where did you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a thumbs up. Where did you send
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+Um, we'll release problem sets Tuesdays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we'll release problem sets Tuesdays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we'll release problem sets Tuesdays.
+They'll be due on Monday nights 11:59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll be due on Monday nights 11:59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll be due on Monday nights 11:59
+p.m. Uh, so as Monday night as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. Uh, so as Monday night as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. Uh, so as Monday night as we can
+get. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. Um,
+and I want to say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to say a few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to say a few words about
+these problem sets, uh, about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problem sets, uh, about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problem sets, uh, about the
+structure and about the collaboration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and about the collaboration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and about the collaboration.
+We want you to collaborate. We want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want you to collaborate. We want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want you to collaborate. We want you
+to work with your peers. We want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with your peers. We want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with your peers. We want you to
+get help from us in office hours and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get help from us in office hours and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get help from us in office hours and on
+piaza and things like that. We want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piaza and things like that. We want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piaza and things like that. We want you
+to solve these problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problem sets
+collaboratively if you so choose. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively if you so choose. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively if you so choose. Um, we
+do have we are signed up for pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have we are signed up for pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have we are signed up for pet
+partners. So once a week, shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners. So once a week, shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners. So once a week, shortly after
+the problem sets go out, um the pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets go out, um the pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets go out, um the pizza
+partner site will match you with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner site will match you with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner site will match you with other
+problem set solvers that have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set solvers that have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set solvers that have similar
+schedules. So if you want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules. So if you want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules. So if you want to find a
+group that way, you're more than welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that way, you're more than welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that way, you're more than welcome
+to. We'll set it to go off a couple days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. We'll set it to go off a couple days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. We'll set it to go off a couple days
+after each problem set releases. So just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each problem set releases. So just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each problem set releases. So just
+be sure to sign up on time. If you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to sign up on time. If you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure to sign up on time. If you miss
+the first round, you can sign up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first round, you can sign up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first round, you can sign up in the
+second round. Or you can come to office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second round. Or you can come to office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second round. Or you can come to office
+hours and find friends there. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and find friends there. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and find friends there. You can
+work with friends at your dorm. However
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with friends at your dorm. However
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with friends at your dorm. However
+you want to find partners, go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find partners, go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find partners, go ahead and
+do it if you want. And we encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you want. And we encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it if you want. And we encourage you
+to solve these problems correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems correctly.
+Sorry, collaboratively also correctly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, collaboratively also correctly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, collaboratively also correctly,
+you know. Um, not the worst Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. Um, not the worst Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. Um, not the worst Freudian
+slip. Um, we encourage you to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip. Um, we encourage you to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip. Um, we encourage you to solve
+collaboratively. Figure things out. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively. Figure things out. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively. Figure things out. Some
+of these problems are challenging. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems are challenging. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems are challenging. Some
+of them have tricks that you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have tricks that you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have tricks that you're you
+might not see immediately and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see immediately and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not see immediately and you have
+to figure out what's going on. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's going on. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's going on. However,
+there's a second step to this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second step to this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second step to this to the
+problem set process that I want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set process that I want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set process that I want to call
+attention to, and that's the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to, and that's the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to, and that's the writing
+step. One of the main goals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. One of the main goals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. One of the main goals of this
+course, one of the main exports for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, one of the main exports for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, one of the main exports for this
+course is proof writing. The ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is proof writing. The ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is proof writing. The ability to
+write precise, concise, correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write precise, concise, correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write precise, concise, correct
+mathematical arguments. And that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical arguments. And that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical arguments. And that is a
+skill that we will be practicing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that we will be practicing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that we will be practicing and
+developing all semester.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing all semester.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing all semester.
+And everyone has a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And everyone has a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And everyone has a slightly different
+style. Everyone thinks about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style. Everyone thinks about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style. Everyone thinks about these
+things differently. Uh, and the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently. Uh, and the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently. Uh, and the act of
+just constructing a proof, even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructing a proof, even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructing a proof, even if it
+all makes perfect sense in your head,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes perfect sense in your head,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all makes perfect sense in your head,
+the act of translating that into a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act of translating that into a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act of translating that into a proof
+on paper that's able to be read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper that's able to be read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper that's able to be read and
+consumed and believed by others is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed and believed by others is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed and believed by others is its
+own special skill. And we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own special skill. And we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own special skill. And we want you to
+get lots of practice with that. Keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of practice with that. Keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of practice with that. Keyword
+being you, not your group. So, go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you, not your group. So, go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you, not your group. So, go ahead
+and solve the problems collaboratively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve the problems collaboratively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve the problems collaboratively.
+Whatever notes you've generated, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever notes you've generated, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever notes you've generated, that's
+fine. Keep them, study from them. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Keep them, study from them. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Keep them, study from them. But
+when you're going to write your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to write your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going to write your problem
+set, put those notes aside, please, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, put those notes aside, please, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set, put those notes aside, please, and
+piece things together yourself in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece things together yourself in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece things together yourself in your
+words, showing your understanding. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, showing your understanding. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, showing your understanding. So
+solve together, write alone. Just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve together, write alone. Just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve together, write alone. Just to
+emphasize this one more time, the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this one more time, the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this one more time, the reason
+I'm spending all this time belaboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spending all this time belaboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spending all this time belaboring
+this point is something I like to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is something I like to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is something I like to call
+the P versus NP fallacy, which just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P versus NP fallacy, which just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P versus NP fallacy, which just says
+that reading and understanding someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading and understanding someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reading and understanding someone
+else's proof is easier than constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's proof is easier than constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's proof is easier than constructing
+that proof yourself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proof yourself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proof yourself.
+And it's really tempting to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really tempting to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really tempting to think that
+these two tasks are equivalent. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tasks are equivalent. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tasks are equivalent. Like
+when you're studying for a test, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're studying for a test, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're studying for a test, you
+read through our problem set solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through our problem set solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through our problem set solutions
+like, "Yeah, that makes sense. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, that makes sense. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Yeah, that makes sense. That
+makes sense. That makes sense. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. That makes sense. Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. That makes sense. Great.
+I'm convinced that doesn't immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convinced that doesn't immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convinced that doesn't immediately
+translate to I therefore could have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to I therefore could have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to I therefore could have put
+it together myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together myself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together myself.
+So understanding a proof and writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So understanding a proof and writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So understanding a proof and writing a
+proof, two different skills. We want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, two different skills. We want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, two different skills. We want you
+to get practice with both. Any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get practice with both. Any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get practice with both. Any questions
+about that? About the intent behind our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? About the intent behind our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? About the intent behind our
+collaboration policy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration policy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration policy.
+Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+Um let's see. Late problem sets. Last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. Late problem sets. Last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. Late problem sets. Last
+thing I want to talk about, we do accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about, we do accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about, we do accept
+late problem sets. We accept very late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem sets. We accept very late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem sets. We accept very late
+problem sets. Um so we put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets. Um so we put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets. Um so we put a lot of
+effort into making these problem sets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into making these problem sets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into making these problem sets at
+least trying to make these problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least trying to make these problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least trying to make these problem sets
+both interesting and useful. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both interesting and useful. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both interesting and useful. And so we
+want to incentivize all of you to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to incentivize all of you to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to incentivize all of you to work
+the problem sets as much as you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets as much as you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem sets as much as you can um
+in as many ways as you can even if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as many ways as you can even if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as many ways as you can even if that
+means it's late. If the schedule doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's late. If the schedule doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's late. If the schedule doesn't
+line up you had to miss some problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up you had to miss some problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up you had to miss some problem
+sets. We want you to be able to catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. We want you to be able to catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. We want you to be able to catch up
+by doing the problem sets. So, we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the problem sets. So, we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing the problem sets. So, we allow
+late problem sets up to and including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem sets up to and including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem sets up to and including
+the last day of classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day of classes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day of classes.
+Um, if you forget to do problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you forget to do problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you forget to do problem set one
+and you you remember, oh, in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you remember, oh, in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you remember, oh, in the last
+week, maybe I should go back and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, maybe I should go back and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, maybe I should go back and and
+solve those problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve those problems.
+Probably would have been more useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably would have been more useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably would have been more useful to
+do it before the first quiz, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it before the first quiz, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it before the first quiz, but you
+know, better late than never. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, better late than never. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, better late than never. Um, you
+can still turn in that problem set late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still turn in that problem set late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still turn in that problem set late
+for half credit. More precisely, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for half credit. More precisely, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for half credit. More precisely, our
+late problem set policy is that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem set policy is that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late problem set policy is that for the
+first 50 hours, um the late penalty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 hours, um the late penalty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 hours, um the late penalty or
+the percentage of points that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of points that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of points that you will
+earn from your submission goes from 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn from your submission goes from 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn from your submission goes from 100%
+if it's on time down to 50% if it's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on time down to 50% if it's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on time down to 50% if it's 50
+hours late and 1% each hour for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours late and 1% each hour for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours late and 1% each hour for those
+first 50 hours, those first two-ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 hours, those first two-ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 50 hours, those first two-ish
+days. And then after that, it stays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. And then after that, it stays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. And then after that, it stays at
+50 for the rest of term. Uh that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 for the rest of term. Uh that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 for the rest of term. Uh that also
+means that if you're if it's 11:45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're if it's 11:45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're if it's 11:45
+and you have one problem left, you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one problem left, you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one problem left, you you
+know how to do it, you just down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it, you just down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it, you just down to the
+wire for writing it down or you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire for writing it down or you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire for writing it down or you want to
+take another hour or 30 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another hour or 30 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another hour or 30 minutes or
+something to think about that problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about that problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about that problem.
+Go ahead and be a little late. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead and be a little late. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead and be a little late. It's not
+a big deal. If you're 1 hour late,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal. If you're 1 hour late,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal. If you're 1 hour late,
+you're still going to get 99% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get 99% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to get 99% of the
+points that you would have otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you would have otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that you would have otherwise.
+It's worth it to take that extra time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's worth it to take that extra time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's worth it to take that extra time.
+It means that there there isn't a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It means that there there isn't a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It means that there there isn't a sharp
+cut off between before the deadline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off between before the deadline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off between before the deadline and
+after the deadline. It's not a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the deadline. It's not a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the deadline. It's not a big deal.
+Don't worry about it. We want to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't worry about it. We want to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't worry about it. We want to reduce
+stress for everyone involved. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress for everyone involved. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress for everyone involved. Any
+questions about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Excellent. All right. Like I said, lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. All right. Like I said, lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. All right. Like I said, lots
+more details there on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details there on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details there on the course
+information policies um PDF on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information policies um PDF on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information policies um PDF on our
+Canvas site. And with that, let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas site. And with that, let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canvas site. And with that, let's let's
+talk about some math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some math.
+So, as I said earlier, the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as I said earlier, the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as I said earlier, the one of the
+main skills and tools that we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main skills and tools that we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main skills and tools that we want you
+to have coming out of this class is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have coming out of this class is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have coming out of this class is the
+ability to write proofs and read proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write proofs and read proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write proofs and read proofs
+and evaluate proofs. Um, as one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate proofs. Um, as one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate proofs. Um, as one of my
+colleagues says, this class could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues says, this class could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues says, this class could have
+been called proofs, proofs, and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called proofs, proofs, and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called proofs, proofs, and more
+proofs. We're going to talk about proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs. We're going to talk about proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs. We're going to talk about proofs
+a lot, especially today where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot, especially today where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot, especially today where we're
+going to start with what is a proof?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with what is a proof?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with what is a proof?
+And I'm going to write that down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to write that down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to write that down because
+it's important enough. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important enough. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important enough. What
+is a proof?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a proof?
+And I'm going to give a starting answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to give a starting answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to give a starting answer
+and we're going to elaborate on this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to elaborate on this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to elaborate on this a
+little bit. Here's uh question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Here's uh question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Here's uh question and
+answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+It's a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ascertaining truth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ascertaining truth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ascertaining truth.
+A proof is how you show that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A proof is how you show that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A proof is how you show that something
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we as a society have lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we as a society have lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we as a society have lots and lots
+of methods for determining what's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods for determining what's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of methods for determining what's true.
+Uh I'm going to give you a couple. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'm going to give you a couple. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'm going to give you a couple. For
+example, we have uh we have experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and observation and the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observation and the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observation and the scientific
+method. Um that is how we determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um that is how we determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um that is how we determine
+what's true in the physical sciences. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true in the physical sciences. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true in the physical sciences. Uh
+we have sampling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you want to know who's likely to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you want to know who's likely to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you want to know who's likely to win
+an election, you pick a random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an election, you pick a random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an election, you pick a random sample
+and you ask who they're going to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask who they're going to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask who they're going to vote
+for and you generalize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and you generalize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and you generalize.
+Um, we have legal proceedings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we have legal proceedings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we have legal proceedings.
+You hold a trial. Huh, two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You hold a trial. Huh, two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You hold a trial. Huh, two different
+L's. Who knew? Uh, you hold a trial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's. Who knew? Uh, you hold a trial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's. Who knew? Uh, you hold a trial to
+determine what happened and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what happened and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what happened and who's
+culpable. That is how we determine truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culpable. That is how we determine truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culpable. That is how we determine truth
+in those cases. Who can give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases. Who can give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those cases. Who can give me some
+others? How do we determine truth?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Investigation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigation.
+All right. Yeah. Investigation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Yeah. Investigation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Yeah. Investigation.
+Absolutely. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Um
+investigation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation.
+Looking for evidence. Um looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looking for evidence. Um looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looking for evidence. Um looking for the
+the most likely explanation that fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely explanation that fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely explanation that fits
+the observation. So actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation. So actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation. So actually pretty
+similar to some of the other ones. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to some of the other ones. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to some of the other ones. Yes.
+asking questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions.
+Asking questions. Absolutely. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. Let me give you um a couple more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Let me give you um a couple more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Let me give you um a couple more.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+authority. If your professor says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. If your professor says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. If your professor says this
+is true, then it's true, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Please don't do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please don't do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please don't do that.
+Uh, we make mistakes all the time and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we make mistakes all the time and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we make mistakes all the time and we
+want you to call us out on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to call us out on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to call us out on that.
+Um we have religion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is what our religion says. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what our religion says. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what our religion says. This is
+what our deity says. Therefore, it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our deity says. Therefore, it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our deity says. Therefore, it is
+true and it is how I should um live my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it is how I should um live my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it is how I should um live my
+life. These are the values I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. These are the values I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. These are the values I should
+value. Um we have like inner conviction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just feel like it should be this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just feel like it should be this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just feel like it should be this way.
+Like deep in my gut I know it's true. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like deep in my gut I know it's true. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like deep in my gut I know it's true. It
+came to me in a dream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me in a dream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me in a dream.
+Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes
+that is how things work. Um so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how things work. Um so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how things work. Um so lots of
+different ways of determining truth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of determining truth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of determining truth,
+lots of different meanings of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different meanings of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different meanings of the word
+truth in those situations. Um and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in those situations. Um and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in those situations. Um and as
+mathematicians we have our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians we have our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians we have our own
+procedures for determining truth. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for determining truth. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures for determining truth. Um and
+that is a mathematical proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a mathematical proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a mathematical proof.
+So definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A mathematical proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is a verification of a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a chain of
+logical deductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a base set of axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A mathematical proof is a verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mathematical proof is a verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mathematical proof is a verification
+of a proposition by a chain of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proposition by a chain of logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proposition by a chain of logical
+deductions from a base set of axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions from a base set of axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions from a base set of axioms.
+And there are three terms inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are three terms inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are three terms inside of that
+definition that we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we're going to focus on
+today and tomorrow. We'll break them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow. We'll break them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow. We'll break them
+down one at a time and hopefully make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one at a time and hopefully make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one at a time and hopefully make
+this make more sense. Let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make more sense. Let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make more sense. Let's start with
+proposition. What is a proposition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A proposition is a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is true.
+Oops. Or false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Today is Tuesday. Proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today is Tuesday. Proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today is Tuesday. Proposition.
+Yeah, it's Oh, that is true. Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's Oh, that is true. Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's Oh, that is true. Yeah. Okay.
+Um, today is Thursday. Proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, today is Thursday. Proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, today is Thursday. Proposition.
+Yeah, it's false, but it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's false, but it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's false, but it's still a
+proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+let's see examples. 2 + 3 = 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see examples. 2 + 3 = 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see examples. 2 + 3 = 5.
+Yeah, proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, proposition.
+2 + 3 = 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 = 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 = 4.
+Still a proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still a proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still a proposition.
+Here's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's one.
+For all n in the natural numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For all n in the natural numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For all n in the natural numbers,
+n^2 + n + 41 is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is new notation. Let's break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is new notation. Let's break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is new notation. Let's break it
+down. This says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. This says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. This says
+for all. So for every n that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all. So for every n that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all. So for every n that is in the
+natural numbers, this what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers, this what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers, this what's called
+blackboard bold capital N is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard bold capital N is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard bold capital N is the natural
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Also known as the set zero, 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also known as the set zero, 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also known as the set zero, 1 2 3
+and all the way up. starts at zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up. starts at zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up. starts at zero,
+starts counting upwards. Um, outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts counting upwards. Um, outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts counting upwards. Um, outside of
+this class, you might see um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class, you might see um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class, you might see um people
+trying to convince you that zero is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convince you that zero is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convince you that zero is not
+a natural number. Uh, they're wrong. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number. Uh, they're wrong. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number. Uh, they're wrong. At
+least for the purposes of this class, 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the purposes of this class, 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for the purposes of this class, 0
+is always a natural number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a natural number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a natural number.
+Um, all right. So, every natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, every natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, every natural number
+for every natural number n, n^2 + n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every natural number n, n^2 + n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every natural number n, n^2 + n is
+plus 41 is prime. Is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 41 is prime. Is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 41 is prime. Is this
+a proposition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition?
+Yeah, it's a statement where it at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's a statement where it at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's a statement where it at least
+makes sense to ask is this true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to ask is this true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to ask is this true or
+false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+There's a related concept by the way. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a related concept by the way. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a related concept by the way. So
+this thing in here just n^2 + n + 41 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in here just n^2 + n + 41 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in here just n^2 + n + 41 is
+prime. Is that a proposition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me give a an even easier example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give a an even easier example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give a an even easier example.
+Um oh my examples were already on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh my examples were already on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh my examples were already on that
+board. Um, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um, sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um, sorry.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Even easier example. P is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even easier example. P is prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even easier example. P is prime.
+Is that a proposition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a proposition?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a proposition?
+I'm seeing some thumbs down. I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some thumbs down. I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing some thumbs down. I'm seeing
+some thumbs down. Yeah, it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thumbs down. Yeah, it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thumbs down. Yeah, it's not a
+proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition.
+Not a proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not a proposition.
+Because it's sort of incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's sort of incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's sort of incomplete
+information. What P are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. What P are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. What P are we talking
+about? If you tell me a P is seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? If you tell me a P is seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? If you tell me a P is seven
+prime, that's a proposition. Is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, that's a proposition. Is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, that's a proposition. Is 12
+prime, that's a proposition. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, that's a proposition. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, that's a proposition. So this is
+sort of a proposition with a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a proposition with a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a proposition with a variable
+that we need to fill in before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to fill in before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to fill in before it
+becomes a proposition. This is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a proposition. This is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a proposition. This is what's
+called a predicate. This is a predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I was bringing back the old board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was bringing back the old board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was bringing back the old board so
+I could write down that definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose truth depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose truth depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose truth depends
+on variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's sort of a parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's sort of a parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's sort of a parameterized
+proposition. Once you tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Once you tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Once you tell me what the
+variables are, then it's a proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are, then it's a proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are, then it's a proposition.
+And we just saw an example up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just saw an example up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just saw an example up here.
+I hope no one's getting dizzy from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope no one's getting dizzy from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope no one's getting dizzy from all
+the boards moving around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boards moving around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boards moving around.
+We just saw an example here where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just saw an example here where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just saw an example here where this
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+is a predicate that depends on n. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a predicate that depends on n. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a predicate that depends on n. And
+this for all is able to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all is able to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all is able to take that
+predicate depending on n and wrap it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate depending on n and wrap it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate depending on n and wrap it up
+into what is now a proposition. It says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is now a proposition. It says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is now a proposition. It says
+that this predicate about n needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this predicate about n needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this predicate about n needs to be
+true for every natural number. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every natural number. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every natural number. And now
+it's a proposition. It's either true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a proposition. It's either true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a proposition. It's either true or
+false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+Is it true or false? Let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it true or false? Let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it true or false? Let's see if we can
+figure it out. We know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. We know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out. We know it's a
+proposition, but is it true? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition, but is it true? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition, but is it true? Is it
+false? Um, well, let's let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false? Um, well, let's let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false? Um, well, let's let's do the
+natural thing and try some examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing and try some examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing and try some examples.
+Okay. Well, here's n here's n ^2 + n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, here's n here's n ^2 + n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, here's n here's n ^2 + n +
+41. Is it prime?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41. Is it prime?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41. Is it prime?
+Great. So, natural numbers, remember,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. So, natural numbers, remember,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. So, natural numbers, remember,
+start at zero. So when n is zero, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero. So when n is zero, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero. So when n is zero, this
+is 41. Absolutely prime. When n is one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 41. Absolutely prime. When n is one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 41. Absolutely prime. When n is one,
+this is 43. Still prime. Looking good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 43. Still prime. Looking good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 43. Still prime. Looking good so
+far. How about two? I think we get 47.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. How about two? I think we get 47.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far. How about two? I think we get 47.
+Also prime. And if you check 3, four,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also prime. And if you check 3, four,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also prime. And if you check 3, four,
+five, six, prime, prime, prime, prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, six, prime, prime, prime, prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five, six, prime, prime, prime, prime.
+It keeps being prime. Um, what if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It keeps being prime. Um, what if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It keeps being prime. Um, what if we go
+all the way up to like 39? We get 161.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to like 39? We get 161.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to like 39? We get 161.
+If my notes are to be believed, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If my notes are to be believed, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If my notes are to be believed, which is
+also prime,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prime,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prime,
+this is looking pretty convincing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looking pretty convincing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looking pretty convincing,
+right? There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There we go.
+And in some fields of study, just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in some fields of study, just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in some fields of study, just doing
+a sufficient number of examples would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient number of examples would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient number of examples would be
+enough evidence for it to be true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough evidence for it to be true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough evidence for it to be true or
+effectively true or as good as true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively true or as good as true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively true or as good as true.
+Unfortunately, for us mathematicians, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, for us mathematicians, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, for us mathematicians, if
+we say for all n, we need all of the n,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say for all n, we need all of the n,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say for all n, we need all of the n,
+just these 40 examples isn't enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these 40 examples isn't enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these 40 examples isn't enough.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and of course, if you go one more,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course, if you go one more,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course, if you go one more,
+um, did I write this down? Oh, here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, did I write this down? Oh, here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, did I write this down? Oh, here.
+Let's jump to 41. 41 looks like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's jump to 41. 41 looks like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's jump to 41. 41 looks like a good
+example cuz that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example cuz that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example cuz that's going to be a
+multiple of 41. Multiple of 41. Multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 41. Multiple of 41. Multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 41. Multiple of 41. Multiple
+of 41. Uh, turns out what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 41. Uh, turns out what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 41. Uh, turns out what you get is
+41 time 43,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 time 43,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 time 43,
+which is not prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not prime.
+And so we found an example where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we found an example where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we found an example where this is
+not prime and therefore this proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime and therefore this proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime and therefore this proposition
+is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If it's supposed to be true for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's supposed to be true for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's supposed to be true for every
+natural number to disprove it, all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number to disprove it, all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number to disprove it, all we
+need to find is a single counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find is a single counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find is a single counter
+example, a single number n that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, a single number n that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, a single number n that doesn't
+satisfy the required conditions. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the required conditions. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the required conditions. Does
+that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense?
+Cool. Turns out if you go to 40, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Turns out if you go to 40, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Turns out if you go to 40, I'm
+pretty sure you get 41 squared, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure you get 41 squared, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure you get 41 squared, which is
+also not prime. Um, so 0 through 39 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not prime. Um, so 0 through 39 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not prime. Um, so 0 through 39 are
+are really um the most you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really um the most you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really um the most you're going to
+get in that run.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in that run.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in that run.
+All right, let's look at another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's look at another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's look at another example
+of a of a fun proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to get more familiar with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get more familiar with this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get more familiar with this.
+Let's see. Goldbox conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+number greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the sum of two primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every even number greater than two is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every even number greater than two is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every even number greater than two is a
+sum of two primes. For example, can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two primes. For example, can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two primes. For example, can we
+do 12?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who can tell me? Um, let's see. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who can tell me? Um, let's see. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who can tell me? Um, let's see. Yes.
+7 + 5. Excellent. 7 + 5 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 + 5. Excellent. 7 + 5 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 + 5. Excellent. 7 + 5 prime plus
+prime. So, 12 is a sum of two primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. So, 12 is a sum of two primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. So, 12 is a sum of two primes.
+The claim is that every even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The claim is that every even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The claim is that every even number
+starting at four can be written as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at four can be written as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at four can be written as a sum
+of two primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two primes.
+And it's called a conjecture because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called a conjecture because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called a conjecture because we
+don't know if it's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true.
+I love u I love in math and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love u I love in math and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love u I love in math and often
+especially in number theory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in number theory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in number theory you can
+state these very simply uh stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state these very simply uh stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state these very simply uh stated
+conjectures, theorems, questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures, theorems, questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures, theorems, questions that
+are just beyond human understanding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just beyond human understanding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just beyond human understanding.
+They're beyond the scope of what modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're beyond the scope of what modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're beyond the scope of what modern
+mathematical tools are able to tackle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools are able to tackle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools are able to tackle.
+And it's really pretty that right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really pretty that right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really pretty that right here
+is beyond the cutting edge of math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond the cutting edge of math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beyond the cutting edge of math.
+We've already gotten there first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already gotten there first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already gotten there first
+lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah, really pretty problem and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, really pretty problem and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, really pretty problem and in fact
+in I think 1995 it was highlighted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think 1995 it was highlighted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think 1995 it was highlighted in
+the globe as one of the biggest unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe as one of the biggest unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe as one of the biggest unknown
+questions in math. Um right here goldbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in math. Um right here goldbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in math. Um right here goldbox
+conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture.
+Um for example 20 can be expressed as 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for example 20 can be expressed as 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for example 20 can be expressed as 9
++ 11.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 11.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 11.
+Oops 9 isn't prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, have we have we disproven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, have we have we disproven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, have we have we disproven
+Goldbox conjecture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldbox conjecture?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldbox conjecture?
+No. Why not? Yes. Yeah. It's 17 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Why not? Yes. Yeah. It's 17 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Why not? Yes. Yeah. It's 17 plus
+three. 20 is 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. 20 is 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. 20 is 17
+plus three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three.
+So, really pretty question. Wish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, really pretty question. Wish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, really pretty question. Wish the
+reporting had been better, but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting had been better, but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting had been better, but we can
+forgive them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive them.
+Um, are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are there any questions about
+propositions and predicates so far?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates so far?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates so far?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+You said P is not proposition. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um it's Yeah, that's very good point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's Yeah, that's very good point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's Yeah, that's very good point.
+That wording is maybe not great. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That wording is maybe not great. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That wording is maybe not great. Um
+um is a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that depends on variables. Um except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on variables. Um except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on variables. Um except
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depends on variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on variables.
+Um, it becomes a proposition after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it becomes a proposition after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it becomes a proposition after you
+give values to the variables. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give values to the variables. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give values to the variables. Yeah, I
+agree. We should we should fix that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. We should we should fix that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. We should we should fix that for
+the next go around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next go around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next go around.
+Um, all right. Now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. Now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. Now that we have
+propositions and predicates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates,
+really useful thing is to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful thing is to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful thing is to be able to
+combine them into bigger and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them into bigger and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them into bigger and more
+complicated and new propositions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and new propositions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and new propositions and
+predicates. And we have a couple what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates. And we have a couple what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates. And we have a couple what
+are called boolean operators that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called boolean operators that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called boolean operators that help
+us do that. Um, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do that. Um, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do that. Um, for example,
+if A and B are propositions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if A and B are propositions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if A and B are propositions,
+propositions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have what's called not A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what's called not A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what's called not A.
+This is a new proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a new proposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a new proposition.
+Um, it's sometimes written instead as A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's sometimes written instead as A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's sometimes written instead as A
+with a bar on top. It's sometimes also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar on top. It's sometimes also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bar on top. It's sometimes also
+written as that weird right angle symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as that weird right angle symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as that weird right angle symbol
+next to the A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the A.
+These all mean the same thing. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These all mean the same thing. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These all mean the same thing. They're
+just different notations for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different notations for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different notations for the same
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+And this is just the proposition that A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just the proposition that A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just the proposition that A
+is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false.
+A is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is false.
+So you read it as not A and it means A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you read it as not A and it means A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you read it as not A and it means A
+is false. We can clarify this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false. We can clarify this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false. We can clarify this with
+what's called a truth table. So here's A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a truth table. So here's A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a truth table. So here's A
+and A is a proposition which means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is a proposition which means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is a proposition which means there
+are really only two two possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really only two two possibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really only two two possibilities.
+It's either true or it's false. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's either true or it's false. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's either true or it's false. And so
+let's write down both of those options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down both of those options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down both of those options.
+It can be either true or false. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can be either true or false. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can be either true or false. And then
+we can look at not A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at not A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at not A
+and ask what is not A when A is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is not A when A is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is not A when A is true.
+Well, not A is supposed to flip it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, not A is supposed to flip it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, not A is supposed to flip it. So
+not A is false. And when when A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A is false. And when when A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A is false. And when when A is
+false, not A is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false, not A is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false, not A is true.
+So this truth table can be taken as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this truth table can be taken as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this truth table can be taken as the
+definition of not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of not.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+table and let's do some more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and let's do some more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and let's do some more interesting
+truth tables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let's use two propositions. Now, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's use two propositions. Now, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's use two propositions. Now, if
+we have A and B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um well then there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well then there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well then there are four
+possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They might both be true. A might be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They might both be true. A might be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They might both be true. A might be true
+and B is false or false and true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is false or false and true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is false or false and true or
+false and false. And our truth table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and false. And our truth table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and false. And our truth table is
+supposed to cover all the possibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to cover all the possibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to cover all the possibilities.
+So we're going to have four rows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to have four rows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to have four rows this
+time. And let's look at A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And let's look at A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And let's look at A and
+B. This is a new operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is a new operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is a new operator
+and it means what you think it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means what you think it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means what you think it means
+because it's also an English word. A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also an English word. A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also an English word. A and
+B means that both A and B are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B means that both A and B are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B means that both A and B are supposed
+to be true. So if A and B are both true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true. So if A and B are both true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true. So if A and B are both true
+then A and B is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then A and B is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then A and B is true
+otherwise it's false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A and B means both A and B have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B means both A and B have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B means both A and B have to be
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+Likewise we have A or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means at least one of A and B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means at least one of A and B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means at least one of A and B has
+to be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true.
+So if they're both true that's fine. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they're both true that's fine. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if they're both true that's fine. If
+only A is true, that's fine. If only B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only A is true, that's fine. If only B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only A is true, that's fine. If only B
+is true, that's fine. The only way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true, that's fine. The only way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true, that's fine. The only way for
+this to fail is if both A and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to fail is if both A and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to fail is if both A and B are
+false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false.
+Uh, so I want to emphasize this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so I want to emphasize this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so I want to emphasize this is an
+inclusive or. It's fine if both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive or. It's fine if both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive or. It's fine if both of them
+are true. It just means that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are true. It just means that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are true. It just means that at least
+one of them has to be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has to be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has to be true.
+Um, notationwise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, notationwise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, notationwise,
+A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B
+is also sometimes denoted A and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also sometimes denoted A and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also sometimes denoted A and this
+little wedge symbol B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wedge symbol B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wedge symbol B.
+You can remember it because that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can remember it because that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can remember it because that looks
+kind of like a capital A for and, but,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a capital A for and, but,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a capital A for and, but,
+but you don't put the cross in. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't put the cross in. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't put the cross in. But
+honestly, if we're looking for clarity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly, if we're looking for clarity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly, if we're looking for clarity,
+I think that's a lot clearer, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a lot clearer, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a lot clearer, especially
+because A or B is also often denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because A or B is also often denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because A or B is also often denoted
+with the same symbol upside down. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same symbol upside down. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same symbol upside down. And I
+don't have a clever pneumonic for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a clever pneumonic for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a clever pneumonic for that
+one. So if you're trying to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So if you're trying to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So if you're trying to remember
+which one to use, just use these. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use, just use these. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use, just use these. That's
+my advice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my advice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my advice.
+Um, but back to this or. I said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but back to this or. I said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but back to this or. I said this is
+an inclusive or. So it's totally fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclusive or. So it's totally fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inclusive or. So it's totally fine if
+A and B are both true. Um, in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B are both true. Um, in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B are both true. Um, in English
+that's not always what we mean. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not always what we mean. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not always what we mean. Uh, and
+or not. These are words in spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. These are words in spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. These are words in spoken
+English as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as well.
+And when we're talking about math, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we're talking about math, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we're talking about math, when
+we're using these words in a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using these words in a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using these words in a math
+formula, we mean exactly what's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, we mean exactly what's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, we mean exactly what's written
+here. But when we use these words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But when we use these words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But when we use these words in
+English, we don't always mean that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English, we don't always mean that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English, we don't always mean that. Um,
+spoken colloquial English or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken colloquial English or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken colloquial English or other
+spoken languages are imprecise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken languages are imprecise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken languages are imprecise and
+context dependent. And that really makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent. And that really makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context dependent. And that really makes
+it difficult to communicate precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult to communicate precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it difficult to communicate precise
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things.
+um especially given the fact that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um especially given the fact that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um especially given the fact that as
+humans we communicate math using spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we communicate math using spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans we communicate math using spoken
+language. We're trying to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. We're trying to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. We're trying to communicate
+precise things with an imprecise channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise things with an imprecise channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise things with an imprecise channel
+with an imprecise language. So, as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an imprecise language. So, as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an imprecise language. So, as an
+example of how bad this can get, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how bad this can get, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how bad this can get, um
+let's look at this word or.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this word or.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this word or.
+Say you're you're at a nice wedding. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say you're you're at a nice wedding. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say you're you're at a nice wedding. Um
+the waiter comes around and says, "Did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiter comes around and says, "Did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiter comes around and says, "Did
+you order the chicken?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you order the chicken?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you order the chicken?
+or the pasta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And when the waiter asks this question,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when the waiter asks this question,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when the waiter asks this question,
+they're trying to communicate some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to communicate some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to communicate some set
+of allowable responses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowable responses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowable responses,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Um, okay. So, are you allowed to say, "I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, are you allowed to say, "I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, are you allowed to say, "I
+ordered the chicken." Just the chicken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the chicken." Just the chicken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered the chicken." Just the chicken.
+Yeah, seems reasonable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pasta. You can say, "I ordered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pasta. You can say, "I ordered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pasta. You can say, "I ordered the
+pasta." Can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta." Can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta." Can you say
+I ordered both?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Probably not. Um the the catering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. Um the the catering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. Um the the catering
+company got all the RSVP cards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company got all the RSVP cards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company got all the RSVP cards in
+advance and everyone was told to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and everyone was told to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and everyone was told to pick
+just one, so they did. So if you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one, so they did. So if you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one, so they did. So if you tell
+the waiter you you picked both, first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiter you you picked both, first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiter you you picked both, first of
+all, you're lying. Second of all, stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, you're lying. Second of all, stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, you're lying. Second of all, stop
+trying to make their jobs harder. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make their jobs harder. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make their jobs harder. It's
+hard enough. They have hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough. They have hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough. They have hundreds of
+people to serve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to serve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to serve.
+So, probably not expected to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, probably not expected to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, probably not expected to say that
+one. Likewise, you're probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Likewise, you're probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Likewise, you're probably not
+expected to say neither.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to say neither.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to say neither.
+I mean, I I could go back and forth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I I could go back and forth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, I I could go back and forth on
+that one, but let's say everyone filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one, but let's say everyone filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one, but let's say everyone filled
+out the RSVP card correctly. And so, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the RSVP card correctly. And so, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the RSVP card correctly. And so, the
+waiter isn't expecting a neither. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiter isn't expecting a neither. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiter isn't expecting a neither. So,
+here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+chicken or pasta, they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken or pasta, they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken or pasta, they were they were
+allowing this response and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing this response and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing this response and this
+response, but not these other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, but not these other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, but not these other two
+responses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses.
+This is not how we defined or in a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not how we defined or in a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not how we defined or in a math
+sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense.
+This is what's called exclusive or. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what's called exclusive or. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what's called exclusive or. You
+have to pick one or the other but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick one or the other but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick one or the other but not
+both and not neither.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and not neither.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and not neither.
+So this is what mathematicians would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what mathematicians would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what mathematicians would
+call exor for exclusive or.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call exor for exclusive or.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call exor for exclusive or.
+Okay. So after dinner the waiter comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So after dinner the waiter comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So after dinner the waiter comes
+around and again and says you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and again and says you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and again and says you can have
+coffee or tea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Excellent. What responses are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. What responses are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. What responses are they
+expecting this time? Can you say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting this time? Can you say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting this time? Can you say just
+coffee?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Can you say I want tea? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you say I want tea? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you say I want tea? Yeah,
+absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely.
+Can you say I want both?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you say I want both?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you say I want both?
+Waiter's going to look at you sideyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waiter's going to look at you sideyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waiter's going to look at you sideyed
+and say there's only one mug in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say there's only one mug in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say there's only one mug in front of
+you and I am not mixing them. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I am not mixing them. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I am not mixing them. This is a
+fancy venue. So, no. They're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy venue. So, no. They're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy venue. So, no. They're probably
+not expecting an answer of both. Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expecting an answer of both. Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expecting an answer of both. Can you
+say neither? I don't want coffee or tea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say neither? I don't want coffee or tea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say neither? I don't want coffee or tea.
+Yeah, that's fine. Not everyone wants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's fine. Not everyone wants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's fine. Not everyone wants a
+hot drink. Even at a fancy restaurant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot drink. Even at a fancy restaurant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot drink. Even at a fancy restaurant,
+not everyone wants a fancy wedding. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone wants a fancy wedding. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone wants a fancy wedding. I
+apologize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize.
+Not everyone wants a fancy drink, a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not everyone wants a fancy drink, a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not everyone wants a fancy drink, a hot
+drink after dinner. So now you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink after dinner. So now you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink after dinner. So now you can ask
+for coffee or tea or neither, but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coffee or tea or neither, but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coffee or tea or neither, but not
+both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both.
+Surely that's how we define ore in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surely that's how we define ore in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surely that's how we define ore in a
+math sense, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No,
+the these two are swapped. This isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these two are swapped. This isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these two are swapped. This isn't
+or. This is what mathematicians call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or. This is what mathematicians call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or. This is what mathematicians call
+NAND. It's the knot of the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAND. It's the knot of the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAND. It's the knot of the and
+nand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nand.
+Okay. Well, waiter used the word ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, waiter used the word ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, waiter used the word ore
+twice. Let's try one more. May maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Let's try one more. May maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Let's try one more. May maybe
+they'll get it right this time. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get it right this time. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get it right this time. You
+order you ask for the coffee and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you ask for the coffee and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you ask for the coffee and they
+say you can have cream or sugar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you ask for cream? Yeah, absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you ask for cream? Yeah, absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you ask for cream? Yeah, absolutely.
+Can you ask for sugar? Just sugar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you ask for sugar? Just sugar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you ask for sugar? Just sugar.
+Yeah. Can you ask for both?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you ask for both?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can you ask for both?
+Yeah. Some people like a a really sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Some people like a a really sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Some people like a a really sweet
+and creamy drink. Um, both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creamy drink. Um, both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creamy drink. Um, both.
+Can you ask for neither?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Some people like black bitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Some people like black bitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Some people like black bitter
+coffee inexplicably.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee inexplicably.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee inexplicably.
+Um, so all four of these options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so all four of these options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so all four of these options are
+valid. This use of the word ore also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. This use of the word ore also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. This use of the word ore also
+doesn't mean what mathematicians mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean what mathematicians mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean what mathematicians mean by
+the word or.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word or.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word or.
+This one means anything goes. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one means anything goes. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one means anything goes. I'm just
+telling you what your options are. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what your options are. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what your options are. I
+don't have a math term for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a math term for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a math term for that.
+True. Yes. Um, so three uses of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True. Yes. Um, so three uses of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True. Yes. Um, so three uses of the word
+or. None of them mean what or means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or. None of them mean what or means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or. None of them mean what or means.
+Isn't language fun?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't language fun?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't language fun?
+The moral here is first of all when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The moral here is first of all when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The moral here is first of all when you
+see these in an actual formula with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these in an actual formula with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these in an actual formula with
+other predicates and quantifiers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other predicates and quantifiers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other predicates and quantifiers and
+whatnot um we mean exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot um we mean exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot um we mean exactly what's
+written here. If we use it in a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here. If we use it in a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here. If we use it in a sentence
+ideally we also mean what's written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we also mean what's written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we also mean what's written here
+but we might mess up as well and slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might mess up as well and slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might mess up as well and slip
+into colloquial context dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into colloquial context dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into colloquial context dependent
+English. And if you're ever confused,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. And if you're ever confused,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English. And if you're ever confused,
+ask.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask.
+Um, if you're right and we we messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you're right and we we messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you're right and we we messed up
+the wording, we will thank you and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wording, we will thank you and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wording, we will thank you and fix
+it. If you're wrong and and we meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. If you're wrong and and we meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. If you're wrong and and we meant
+what we wrote, well, now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wrote, well, now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wrote, well, now you have
+confidence that that is what we meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that that is what we meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that that is what we meant to
+write. Uh, and we are both parties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write. Uh, and we are both parties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write. Uh, and we are both parties are
+happier because of it. So, please ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier because of it. So, please ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier because of it. So, please ask
+for clarity if you're ever unsure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity if you're ever unsure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity if you're ever unsure of the
+wording we use, whether it's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording we use, whether it's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wording we use, whether it's these
+specific words or anything else. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific words or anything else. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific words or anything else. Any
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Wonderful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+Let's look at one other operator. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at one other operator. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at one other operator. We've
+looked at and and or not. Exor and NAND.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at and and or not. Exor and NAND.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at and and or not. Exor and NAND.
+Those are I mean they're there. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are I mean they're there. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are I mean they're there. They're
+less important. I would master those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important. I would master those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important. I would master those
+three first. I want to look at one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three first. I want to look at one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three first. I want to look at one more
+that's really important both for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important both for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important both for this
+class and for proof writing and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and for proof writing and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and for proof writing and that is
+implies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies.
+Implication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're going to write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to write it as a
+implies b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sometimes you'll see it written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you'll see it written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes you'll see it written as a
+arrow b or a double arrow b. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow b or a double arrow b. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow b or a double arrow b. There's no
+difference. These are all notations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. These are all notations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. These are all notations for
+the same thing. For this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. For this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. For this concept of
+implication, a implies b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication, a implies b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication, a implies b.
+Um, and when read aloud, I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when read aloud, I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when read aloud, I recommend
+reading it as a implies b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it as a implies b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it as a implies b
+or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a
+then b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then b.
+If a then b. This is already starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a then b. This is already starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a then b. This is already starting to
+look like a programming language. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a programming language. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a programming language. Um,
+and if statements in programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if statements in programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if statements in programming
+languages are exactly doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are exactly doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are exactly doing what
+implication in math is doing. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication in math is doing. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication in math is doing. So let's
+talk about what that is. Um, as before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that is. Um, as before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what that is. Um, as before,
+we can figure out what these terms mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out what these terms mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out what these terms mean
+uh by drawing the truth table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by drawing the truth table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by drawing the truth table.
+So, we have A and B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have A and B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have A and B.
+True, true, false, false. True, false,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True, true, false, false. True, false,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True, true, false, false. True, false,
+true, false. Okay. A implies B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, false. Okay. A implies B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, false. Okay. A implies B.
+If A and B are both true, does A imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If A and B are both true, does A imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If A and B are both true, does A imply
+B?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B?
+Seems Yeah, seems pretty intuitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems Yeah, seems pretty intuitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems Yeah, seems pretty intuitive.
+Yeah. Okay. If A and B are both false,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. If A and B are both false,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. If A and B are both false,
+if false, then false. Again, seems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if false, then false. Again, seems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if false, then false. Again, seems okay
+to me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me.
+All right. If A is true and B is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If A is true and B is false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If A is true and B is false.
+If true, then false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If true, then false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If true, then false.
+Does that sound good to you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that sound good to you?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that sound good to you?
+I saw a couple headshakes, couple nods,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a couple headshakes, couple nods,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a couple headshakes, couple nods,
+more headshakes, though. Yeah. If true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more headshakes, though. Yeah. If true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more headshakes, though. Yeah. If true,
+then false. That's kind of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then false. That's kind of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then false. That's kind of the whole
+purpose of this wording. If A is true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this wording. If A is true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this wording. If A is true,
+then B is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is true.
+So if A is true, then B better be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if A is true, then B better be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if A is true, then B better be true.
+And if it's false, we're sad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it's false, we're sad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it's false, we're sad.
+Yeah. Okay. Last case. If A is false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Last case. If A is false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Last case. If A is false and
+B is true, should this be true or false?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is true, should this be true or false?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is true, should this be true or false?
+Think about it for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about it for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about it for a second
+and let's take a poll. Who thinks false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a poll. Who thinks false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a poll. Who thinks false
+implies true should be true? Raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies true should be true? Raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies true should be true? Raise your
+hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand.
+Who thinks false implies true should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks false implies true should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who thinks false implies true should be
+false? Raise your hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false? Raise your hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false? Raise your hand.
+Um, who just wants the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, who just wants the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, who just wants the answer and
+doesn't want to think about it? Raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to think about it? Raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to think about it? Raise
+both hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hands.
+Okay, the both hands win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the both hands win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the both hands win.
+Um, it was about an even split. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it was about an even split. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it was about an even split. Um, this
+answer is not so intuitive. Um, in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not so intuitive. Um, in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not so intuitive. Um, in this
+sort of abstract setting, if A then B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of abstract setting, if A then B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of abstract setting, if A then B.
+Well, what what does it mean? What do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what what does it mean? What do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what what does it mean? What do we
+want it to mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to mean?
+I claim, however, this what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Last line. Oh yeah, sorry. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last line. Oh yeah, sorry. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last line. Oh yeah, sorry. Thank you.
+This should be true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be true.
+Thank you. See, I do make mistakes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. See, I do make mistakes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. See, I do make mistakes.
+It's not so clear, but I claim this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so clear, but I claim this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so clear, but I claim this is a
+task that you are all familiar with in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that you are all familiar with in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task that you are all familiar with in a
+different context, in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context, in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context, in many different
+contexts. So, let's make it concrete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. So, let's make it concrete.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts. So, let's make it concrete.
+Let's pick an example. Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On Wednesdays, we wear pink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Wednesdays, we wear pink.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On Wednesdays, we wear pink.
+Said differently, if it's Wednesday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Said differently, if it's Wednesday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Said differently, if it's Wednesday,
+then wear pink. Wednesday implies pink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wear pink. Wednesday implies pink.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wear pink. Wednesday implies pink.
+Wednesday implies pink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday implies pink.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday implies pink.
+Now, it's an implication. And let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's an implication. And let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, it's an implication. And let's go
+through the cases and see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cases and see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cases and see what's
+happening. So, if it's Wednesday and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So, if it's Wednesday and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So, if it's Wednesday and I'm
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+violating it? On Wednesdays, we wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating it? On Wednesdays, we wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating it? On Wednesdays, we wear
+pink. Yeah, I'm doing what it says. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink. Yeah, I'm doing what it says. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink. Yeah, I'm doing what it says. On
+Wednesdays, we wear pink. Great. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays, we wear pink. Great. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesdays, we wear pink. Great. Okay,
+so that one's fine. If it's Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one's fine. If it's Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one's fine. If it's Tuesday and
+I'm wearing that color, whatever it is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wearing that color, whatever it is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wearing that color, whatever it is,
+uh, and not pink, let's hide this. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and not pink, let's hide this. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and not pink, let's hide this. Um,
+if it's not Wednesday and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not Wednesday and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not Wednesday and I'm not
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, am I obeying the rule or
+violating it? Yeah, I'm obeying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating it? Yeah, I'm obeying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating it? Yeah, I'm obeying that
+rule. That's fine. If it's Wednesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. That's fine. If it's Wednesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. That's fine. If it's Wednesday and
+I'm wearing blue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wearing blue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wearing blue,
+am I obeying the rule or violating it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I obeying the rule or violating it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I obeying the rule or violating it?
+I'm violating it. On Wednesdays, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm violating it. On Wednesdays, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm violating it. On Wednesdays, we were
+pink. I'm supposed to wear pink. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink. I'm supposed to wear pink. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink. I'm supposed to wear pink. And if
+I'm not wearing pink on a Wednesday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not wearing pink on a Wednesday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not wearing pink on a Wednesday,
+I'm not doing what the rule says. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing what the rule says. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing what the rule says. And
+now we get to the confusing case. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the confusing case. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the confusing case. If
+it's Tuesday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuesday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Tuesday,
+not Wednesday, and I am wearing pink, n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Wednesday, and I am wearing pink, n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Wednesday, and I am wearing pink, n
+obeying the rule or violating it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thumbs up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thumbs up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thumbs up.
+Anyone think I'm violating it? No. In in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone think I'm violating it? No. In in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone think I'm violating it? No. In in
+this way, in this concrete setting, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, in this concrete setting, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, in this concrete setting, it
+makes total sense that on Wednesdays we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes total sense that on Wednesdays we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes total sense that on Wednesdays we
+were pink. On all other days, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pink. On all other days, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pink. On all other days, I don't
+care. Anything goes. I only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. Anything goes. I only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care. Anything goes. I only have an
+opinion on what you're wearing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on what you're wearing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on what you're wearing on
+Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday.
+So, we're going to define this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to define this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to define this to be
+true. False implies true is true. As I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. False implies true is true. As I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. False implies true is true. As I
+said, confusing in an abstract setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, confusing in an abstract setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, confusing in an abstract setting
+makes more sense if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more sense if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more sense if you think about it
+as obeying a certain rule. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as obeying a certain rule. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as obeying a certain rule. If it's
+Wednesday, you have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, you have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, you have to do something
+specific. If it's not Wednesday,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific. If it's not Wednesday,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific. If it's not Wednesday,
+anything is fine. Yes. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is fine. Yes. Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is fine. Yes. Question.
+So, with the example of like Let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, with the example of like Let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, with the example of like Let's say
+you're wearing you're violating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing you're violating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wearing you're violating.
+What if you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wearing pink as well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink as well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink as well?
+Yeah, good question. What if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good question. What if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good question. What if it's
+Wednesday and you're wearing blue? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and you're wearing blue? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and you're wearing blue? So,
+that's what we called the true and false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we called the true and false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we called the true and false
+case, but what if you're wearing blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but what if you're wearing blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but what if you're wearing blue
+and pink? Um, yeah, that was uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pink? Um, yeah, that was uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pink? Um, yeah, that was uh that was
+a less precise phrasing on my part. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less precise phrasing on my part. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less precise phrasing on my part. I
+should have said you're wearing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said you're wearing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said you're wearing only
+blue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue.
+Um, I assume if you're wearing pink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I assume if you're wearing pink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I assume if you're wearing pink and
+some other colors, I think that is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other colors, I think that is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other colors, I think that is okay
+here. I don't know. I'd have to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I don't know. I'd have to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I don't know. I'd have to watch
+the movie again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie again.
+Um, anyway, implication is confusing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, anyway, implication is confusing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, anyway, implication is confusing.
+Let's talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's talk a little bit more about
+implication. Um, in English, when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. Um, in English, when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. Um, in English, when we say
+A implies B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B,
+often there's a connotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a connotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's a connotation of
+causality. A causes B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And often there's a connotation of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And often there's a connotation of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And often there's a connotation of time.
+A happens and then after that B happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A happens and then after that B happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A happens and then after that B happens
+because of A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of A.
+So like B is after A is a consequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like B is after A is a consequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like B is after A is a consequence.
+And that is not neither of those is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is not neither of those is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is not neither of those is what
+we mean. There's no causality. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean. There's no causality. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean. There's no causality. There's
+no time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time.
+How do you put a time on um Goldbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you put a time on um Goldbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you put a time on um Goldbox
+conjecture? when it was conjectured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture? when it was conjectured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture? when it was conjectured
+maybe, but that's not what we mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe, but that's not what we mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe, but that's not what we mean when
+we say gold box conjecture implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say gold box conjecture implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say gold box conjecture implies
+that I'm wearing pink on a Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm wearing pink on a Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm wearing pink on a Wednesday.
+As mathematicians, when we say the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As mathematicians, when we say the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As mathematicians, when we say the word
+implies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies,
+we mean this truth table and only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean this truth table and only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean this truth table and only this
+truth table. There's no additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table. There's no additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table. There's no additional
+connotation. There's no causality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation. There's no causality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation. There's no causality.
+There's nothing else. It's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing else. It's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing else. It's just this
+truth table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table.
+Does that make sense? it can be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? it can be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? it can be hard to
+sort of flip that switch and redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flip that switch and redefine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flip that switch and redefine
+this term that we're familiar with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term that we're familiar with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term that we're familiar with uh
+from somewhere else because it does mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere else because it does mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere else because it does mean
+something different now. It means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different now. It means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different now. It means that
+uh and if you see this in class, even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you see this in class, even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you see this in class, even if
+it's written in a paragraph, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written in a paragraph, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written in a paragraph, you should
+assume we mean that first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we mean that first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we mean that first.
+Was that your question? Please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so clarification on the on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so clarification on the on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so clarification on the on sort of
+the concept of time. If A then B. Do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of time. If A then B. Do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of time. If A then B. Do we
+need to know whether A is true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know whether A is true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know whether A is true or not
+before we decide about B? Um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we decide about B? Um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we decide about B? Um I would
+recommend thinking about A and B as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend thinking about A and B as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend thinking about A and B as two
+separate propositions. They each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate propositions. They each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate propositions. They each have
+their own truth value. A is either true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own truth value. A is either true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own truth value. A is either true
+or false. B is either true or false. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false. B is either true or false. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false. B is either true or false. We
+don't necessarily know what they are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily know what they are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily know what they are now
+or in the future, but they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the future, but they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the future, but they're still
+propositions. A might be the Goldbach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions. A might be the Goldbach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions. A might be the Goldbach
+conjecture where we don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture where we don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture where we don't know if it's
+true or false, but it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false, but it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false, but it's still a
+proposition. It's still it's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. It's still it's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. It's still it's still going
+to be true or false. We just don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true or false. We just don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true or false. We just don't know
+yet. Likewise, we can always combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Likewise, we can always combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Likewise, we can always combine
+propositions A and B into this bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions A and B into this bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions A and B into this bigger
+proposition. If A, then B. A implies B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. If A, then B. A implies B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. If A, then B. A implies B.
+It's just a new proposition where once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a new proposition where once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just a new proposition where once
+we know whether A and B are true, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know whether A and B are true, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know whether A and B are true, we'll
+know whether the implication is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether the implication is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether the implication is true.
+Does that make sense? Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? Cool.
+Um let's see. So another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. So another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. So another example of
+implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you might be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be familiar with
+less than three. This is a pre-eoji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three. This is a pre-eoji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three. This is a pre-eoji
+heart means I love you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart means I love you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart means I love you.
+Got some chuckles. I don't know why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got some chuckles. I don't know why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got some chuckles. I don't know why I'm
+I'm showing my age maybe. Um so less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing my age maybe. Um so less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing my age maybe. Um so less
+than three means I love you. What I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three means I love you. What I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three means I love you. What I have
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+I have seen occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have seen occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have seen occasionally
+less than four as an intensifier. Like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than four as an intensifier. Like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than four as an intensifier. Like I
+really love you. I love you more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love you. I love you more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love you. I love you more than
+three. I love you four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. I love you four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. I love you four.
+And this irks me. I hate this. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this irks me. I hate this. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this irks me. I hate this. Not
+because I'm against love,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm against love,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm against love,
+but because this is the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because this is the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because this is the stronger
+mathematical statement. Less than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement. Less than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement. Less than three
+implies less than four. If we know x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies less than four. If we know x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies less than four. If we know x is
+less than three, some number x, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three, some number x, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three, some number x, well,
+then we know that x is less than four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that x is less than four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that x is less than four.
+And in fact, we know more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, we know more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in fact, we know more information
+than that. We know it's not pi,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that. We know it's not pi,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that. We know it's not pi,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+So this implies that. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that. So this is the
+stronger statement. So you've weakened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger statement. So you've weakened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger statement. So you've weakened
+it. You love me less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It should be like less than two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be like less than two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be like less than two or
+something, but only mathematicians would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, but only mathematicians would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, but only mathematicians would
+get that. So, I don't actually recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that. So, I don't actually recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that. So, I don't actually recommend
+sending that to your Valentine, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending that to your Valentine, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending that to your Valentine, but
+that's always bothered me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always bothered me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always bothered me.
+Uh, let's do one other quick example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's do one other quick example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's do one other quick example.
+Um, who's familiar with Decart? I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, who's familiar with Decart? I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, who's familiar with Decart? I think,
+therefore I am.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I am.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I am.
+Excellent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent.
+Um, so I think, therefore I am.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I think, therefore I am.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I think, therefore I am.
+I think, therefore I am.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, therefore I am.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, therefore I am.
+Um, and this this sort of has two claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this this sort of has two claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this this sort of has two claims
+to it. It's not only saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. It's not only saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. It's not only saying that
+thinking implies amming, um, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies amming, um, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies amming, um, but it's
+also saying that I think. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that I think. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying that I think. So it's
+asserting that T is true and T implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserting that T is true and T implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserting that T is true and T implies
+am.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am.
+Yeah. So that's Dart. What I have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that's Dart. What I have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that's Dart. What I have seen
+that bothers me is a shirt and a pillow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothers me is a shirt and a pillow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothers me is a shirt and a pillow
+and a meme. And you can go off and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a meme. And you can go off and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a meme. And you can go off and buy
+all of this. I don't recommend giving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. I don't recommend giving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. I don't recommend giving it
+money. Um, I do not think, therefore, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. Um, I do not think, therefore, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. Um, I do not think, therefore, I
+do not am, which I find hilarious, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not am, which I find hilarious, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not am, which I find hilarious, but
+also frustrating. Um, so I do not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also frustrating. Um, so I do not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also frustrating. Um, so I do not think
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+I do not am. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not am. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not am. Yeah.
+So, it's also claiming I don't think. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's also claiming I don't think. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's also claiming I don't think. I
+don't have an opinion on that. But it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an opinion on that. But it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an opinion on that. But it's
+making it's saying this implication. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it's saying this implication. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it's saying this implication. Not
+thinking implies not amming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies not amming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies not amming.
+And it irks me because that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it irks me because that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it irks me because that's not
+equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent.
+It's not equivalent to daycart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not equivalent to daycart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not equivalent to daycart.
+If let's go out on a limb here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If let's go out on a limb here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If let's go out on a limb here and and
+let's assume big ask. I know. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume big ask. I know. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume big ask. I know. Let's
+assume that my shoe doesn't think. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that my shoe doesn't think. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that my shoe doesn't think. My
+right shoe specifically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shoe specifically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shoe specifically,
+but it still exists. Let's assume. If my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still exists. Let's assume. If my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still exists. Let's assume. If my
+shoe thinks and doesn't uh sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe thinks and doesn't uh sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe thinks and doesn't uh sorry,
+doesn't think but still exists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't think but still exists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't think but still exists,
+Daycart's fine with that. False implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daycart's fine with that. False implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daycart's fine with that. False implies
+true is fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is fine.
+But the meme isn't. Not thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the meme isn't. Not thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the meme isn't. Not thinking is
+supposed to imply not amming. But my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to imply not amming. But my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to imply not amming. But my
+shoe ams even if it doesn't think. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe ams even if it doesn't think. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe ams even if it doesn't think. So
+these two statements are not equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two statements are not equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two statements are not equivalent.
+It should be I do not am therefore I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be I do not am therefore I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be I do not am therefore I do
+not think which gets zero hits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think which gets zero hits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think which gets zero hits on
+Google. We need to fix this question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. That's a great comment. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. That's a great comment. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. That's a great comment. Let's
+see. Um, let's go back to the front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, what your colleague suggested was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what your colleague suggested was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what your colleague suggested was we
+can write A implies B by combining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write A implies B by combining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write A implies B by combining the
+earlier operators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier operators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier operators.
+Oops. A implies B is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, and can you remind me what you said?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and can you remind me what you said?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and can you remind me what you said?
+It was or not and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was or not and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was or not and not
+okay B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay B or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay B or
+uh not A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not A
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+not B. And the claim is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not B. And the claim is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not B. And the claim is that this is
+equivalent to A implies B has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to A implies B has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to A implies B has the same
+truth table as A implies B. In fact, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table as A implies B. In fact, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table as A implies B. In fact, if
+you if you check it, we can simplify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you check it, we can simplify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you check it, we can simplify it
+even further. We don't need this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further. We don't need this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further. We don't need this extra
+clause on B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B or not A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equivalent to a implies b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to a implies b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to a implies b.
+Um, what this is really saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what this is really saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what this is really saying is that
+the only way to violate this, the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to violate this, the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to violate this, the only
+way to violate a implies b is for a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to violate a implies b is for a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to violate a implies b is for a to
+be true and b to be false. And so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and b to be false. And so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and b to be false. And so if
+either of these is true, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these is true, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these is true, then you're
+fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+Yeah, absolutely. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, absolutely. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, absolutely. There are
+relationships between these operators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these operators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between these operators.
+Um, really nice observation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, really nice observation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, really nice observation.
+Um, but going back to Decart for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but going back to Decart for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but going back to Decart for just a
+second, um, we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, um, we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, um, we looked at
+A implies B and we also looked at, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B and we also looked at, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B and we also looked at, um,
+not A implies B. Let me look, let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A implies B. Let me look, let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not A implies B. Let me look, let's look
+at some others. B implies A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some others. B implies A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some others. B implies A.
+Not B implies not A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not B implies not A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not B implies not A.
+If this is our statement, A implies B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this is our statement, A implies B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this is our statement, A implies B.
+If we flip them around, B implies A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we flip them around, B implies A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we flip them around, B implies A.
+That's called the converse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's the converse of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the converse of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the converse of the original
+statement. And this one here, not B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. And this one here, not B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. And this one here, not B
+implies not A, that's what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not A, that's what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not A, that's what's called the
+contraositive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, and the one we saw over there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and the one we saw over there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and the one we saw over there with
+um what not A implies not B, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what not A implies not B, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what not A implies not B, that's
+called the inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the inverse.
+You don't really need to know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really need to know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really need to know all of
+these terms. It's just nice to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms. It's just nice to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms. It's just nice to know
+they're there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there because
+A implies B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B
+is equivalent to one of these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to one of these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to one of these two and
+it's not it's not the the nice one. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not the the nice one. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not the the nice one. A
+implies B is equivalent to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies B is equivalent to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies B is equivalent to its
+contraositive. Not B implies not A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraositive. Not B implies not A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraositive. Not B implies not A.
+Wednesday implies pink. So if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday implies pink. So if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday implies pink. So if you're not
+wearing pink, it better not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, it better not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pink, it better not be
+Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday.
+A implies B. Not B implies not A. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B. Not B implies not A. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A implies B. Not B implies not A. So
+these two are equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are equivalent.
+And also the converse and the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the converse and the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the converse and the inverse
+are equivalent for the same reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent for the same reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent for the same reason.
+They're contraositives of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're contraositives of each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're contraositives of each other.
+Um so that day cartme was using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that day cartme was using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that day cartme was using the
+inverse when they probably meant to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse when they probably meant to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse when they probably meant to use
+the contraositive. I I assume because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contraositive. I I assume because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contraositive. I I assume because I
+assume they thought that deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they thought that deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume they thought that deeply about
+it. Um that is everything I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um that is everything I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um that is everything I wanted to
+say about implication. Does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about implication. Does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about implication. Does anyone have
+more questions before we move on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Now, very briefly, I've mentioned sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, very briefly, I've mentioned sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, very briefly, I've mentioned sets a
+few times and I've used set notation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times and I've used set notation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times and I've used set notation a
+few times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times.
+So, let's let's go ahead and make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's let's go ahead and make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's let's go ahead and make that
+more precise because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise because we're going to be
+talking about sets all term. I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sets all term. I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sets all term. I just want
+us to have that common language to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to have that common language to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to have that common language to fall
+back on. So, a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a collection of objects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, I'm not going to be more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm not going to be more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm not going to be more precise
+than this. If you want to dig into that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this. If you want to dig into that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this. If you want to dig into that,
+into set theory, into the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into set theory, into the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into set theory, into the foundations of
+mathematics, it's really interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, it's really interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, it's really interesting.
+There's a lot of stuff there, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a lot of stuff there, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a lot of stuff there, but that's
+not what we're doing in this course. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're doing in this course. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're doing in this course. A
+set is a a collection of objects. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is a a collection of objects. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is a a collection of objects. Um,
+let me give lots of examples. An example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give lots of examples. An example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give lots of examples. An example
+is the set that contains six, one, two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set that contains six, one, two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set that contains six, one, two,
+and zero. And we're going to write sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero. And we're going to write sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero. And we're going to write sets
+with these curly braces. Crucially,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these curly braces. Crucially,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these curly braces. Crucially,
+um, when we when we're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, when we when we're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, when we when we're talking about a
+set,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set,
+the order doesn't matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's no such thing as a repeat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All I care about is which things are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I care about is which things are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I care about is which things are in
+your set and which ones aren't. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set and which ones aren't. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set and which ones aren't. So this
+set is exactly equal to 2 1 6 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is exactly equal to 2 1 6 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is exactly equal to 2 1 6 0
+because they have the same four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the same four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the same four
+elements. This set is exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. This set is exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. This set is exactly equal to
+six uh yeah 6 1 2 O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh yeah 6 1 2 O.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six uh yeah 6 1 2 O.
+It's kind of weird to write O in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of weird to write O in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of weird to write O in there
+twice, but technically it's okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, but technically it's okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice, but technically it's okay. I
+don't recommend doing that. Um, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recommend doing that. Um, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recommend doing that. Um, but this
+has the four numbers 0, 1, 2, and six in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the four numbers 0, 1, 2, and six in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the four numbers 0, 1, 2, and six in
+it. And so do these other sets. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And so do these other sets. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And so do these other sets. They're
+exactly the same set. Yeah, we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same set. Yeah, we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same set. Yeah, we already
+saw n the natural numbers. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw n the natural numbers. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw n the natural numbers. This is the
+set 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on all the way
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+Um, yeah, we also have the set that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, we also have the set that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, we also have the set that's a
+blackboard bold Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard bold Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard bold Z.
+um which includes the integers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which includes the integers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which includes the integers the
+natural numbers and their negatives 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and their negatives 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and their negatives 1
+and minus one and two and minus2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one and two and minus2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one and two and minus2 and so
+on all the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers.
+Um a couple more useful ones we have Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a couple more useful ones we have Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a couple more useful ones we have Q
+is the set of rationals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So fractions you can get by dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fractions you can get by dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fractions you can get by dividing
+some integer by some non-zero integer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer by some non-zero integer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integer by some non-zero integer.
+Uh, we have the real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we have the real numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we have the real numbers.
+That's a that's a bold R. Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that's a bold R. Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that's a bold R. Blackboard
+bold R. Um, and we also have C, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold R. Um, and we also have C, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold R. Um, and we also have C, the
+complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those are five sets that we will very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are five sets that we will very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are five sets that we will very
+frequently talk about. Uh, let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently talk about. Uh, let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently talk about. Uh, let's give
+some more examples of sets. There's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples of sets. There's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples of sets. There's the
+empty set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is written
+as a circle with a slash through it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a circle with a slash through it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a circle with a slash through it.
+It's also sometimes written as an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also sometimes written as an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also sometimes written as an open
+curly brace and a closed curly brace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly brace and a closed curly brace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly brace and a closed curly brace
+with nothing inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nothing inside.
+Yeah, these these two mean the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, these these two mean the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, these these two mean the same
+thing. They're just different notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. They're just different notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. They're just different notations
+for the same thing. The empty set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing. The empty set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing. The empty set is a
+set that contains nothing. It is a set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that contains nothing. It is a set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that contains nothing. It is a set.
+It is a thing. It does exist. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is a thing. It does exist. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is a thing. It does exist. It just
+has zero elements. Whereas this set over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero elements. Whereas this set over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero elements. Whereas this set over
+here has four elements. This set over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has four elements. This set over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has four elements. This set over
+here has a has infinitely many elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a has infinitely many elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a has infinitely many elements.
+These other sets have infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These other sets have infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These other sets have infinitely many
+elements as well. But is it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as well. But is it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements as well. But is it the same
+infinity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity?
+Not not always. And that's a confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not not always. And that's a confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not not always. And that's a confusing
+thing. Come ask me if you're curious. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Come ask me if you're curious. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Come ask me if you're curious. Um
+let's see one other set I wanted to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see one other set I wanted to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see one other set I wanted to give
+an example of. Let's call this one A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of. Let's call this one A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of. Let's call this one A
+just so we have a name for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we have a name for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we have a name for it.
+Uh let's define B is what did I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's define B is what did I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's define B is what did I want to
+write? Yeah. two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write? Yeah. two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write? Yeah. two,
+three, four, and empty set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, and empty set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, and empty set.
+B is a set with three elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a set with three elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a set with three elements.
+It has the number two as an element. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has the number two as an element. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has the number two as an element. It
+has this set as an element and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this set as an element and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this set as an element and it has
+the empty set as an element.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set as an element.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set as an element.
+Is three an element of B?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We would write this as three is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would write this as three is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would write this as three is an
+element of B. There's that notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of B. There's that notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of B. There's that notation
+again. Is three an element of B? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Is three an element of B? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Is three an element of B? No.
+It's inside one of the elements of B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's inside one of the elements of B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's inside one of the elements of B,
+but it's not one of the elements itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not one of the elements itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not one of the elements itself.
+So, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, no.
+Uh, so we have this notation. Oh, no. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we have this notation. Oh, no. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we have this notation. Oh, no. I
+just used that. Let's move over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used that. Let's move over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used that. Let's move over here.
+Eraser help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eraser help.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eraser help.
+Found it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Found it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Found it.
+We have this notion of being an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have this notion of being an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have this notion of being an element
+of a set that we uh have already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set that we uh have already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set that we uh have already talked
+about a few times. uh you can also ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few times. uh you can also ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few times. uh you can also ask a
+set to be a subset of another one. So x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be a subset of another one. So x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be a subset of another one. So x
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means x is
+an element of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and then this new symbol this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then this new symbol this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then this new symbol this is a a
+sideways or this is a curly c uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways or this is a curly c uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways or this is a curly c uh with a
+line underneath it. A is a subset or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line underneath it. A is a subset or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line underneath it. A is a subset or
+equal to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B.
+A is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or equal to B. Not the similarity to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to B. Not the similarity to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to B. Not the similarity to A
+is less equal to B. Um less equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less equal to B. Um less equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less equal to B. Um less equal
+doesn't really make sense for sets, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make sense for sets, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really make sense for sets, but
+this one does. Subset means everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one does. Subset means everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one does. Subset means everything
+that's in A is also in B and B might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in A is also in B and B might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in A is also in B and B might
+contain more besides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain more besides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain more besides.
+For example, the set that contains um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the set that contains um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the set that contains um
+two and one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and one.
+Is that a subset of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a subset of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a subset of A
+was over there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over there?
+Yeah. Everything that's in here is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Everything that's in here is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Everything that's in here is also
+in here. Totally fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. Totally fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. Totally fine.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+let's see. Is the empty set a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. Is the empty set a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. Is the empty set a subset of
+A?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A?
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. I got some thumbs up. I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I got some thumbs up. I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I got some thumbs up. I got
+no thumbs down. I got a lot of blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no thumbs down. I got a lot of blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no thumbs down. I got a lot of blank
+faces. I'm going to assume that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. I'm going to assume that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. I'm going to assume that means
+yes. Yeah. Um, everything that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. Yeah. Um, everything that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. Yeah. Um, everything that's an
+element of the empty set should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the empty set should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the empty set should also be
+an element of a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of a.
+Well, it's kind of weird, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's kind of weird, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's kind of weird, right? Because
+there are no elements of the empty set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no elements of the empty set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no elements of the empty set.
+So, and we can't really check this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and we can't really check this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and we can't really check this this
+rule for any elements of the left. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for any elements of the left. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for any elements of the left. So,
+it kind of feels like this shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of feels like this shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of feels like this shouldn't be
+true because there's nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because there's nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because there's nothing to
+instantiate. There's there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate. There's there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate. There's there are no
+elements here to talk about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here to talk about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here to talk about.
+Um, but a better way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but a better way to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but a better way to think of it is
+prove me wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove me wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove me wrong.
+Show me an element on the left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show me an element on the left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show me an element on the left that
+isn't an element on the right. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an element on the right. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an element on the right. You
+can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't.
+You can't violate the rule and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't violate the rule and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't violate the rule and therefore
+the rule is satisfied.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, a little bit confusing, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, a little bit confusing, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, a little bit confusing, but um
+when you look at it the right way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it the right way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it the right way,
+hopefully it makes sense. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it makes sense. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it makes sense. All right,
+just like we were able to combine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we were able to combine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we were able to combine um
+propositions A and B, A or B, um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions A and B, A or B, um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions A and B, A or B, um we can
+combine sets. We can look at like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine sets. We can look at like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine sets. We can look at like a
+union B. This is the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the set of elements that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of elements that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of elements that are in
+A or B or both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A or B or both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A or B or both.
+Yeah. So in this case A union B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So in this case A union B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So in this case A union B
+for our example it certainly includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our example it certainly includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our example it certainly includes
+six and one and two and zero. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and one and two and zero. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and one and two and zero. Uh and
+also well it already has two so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well it already has two so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well it already has two so we don't
+need to write that again. And it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write that again. And it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write that again. And it has the
+set three four and it has the empty set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set three four and it has the empty set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set three four and it has the empty set.
+So everything in A or B or both. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So everything in A or B or both. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So everything in A or B or both. Um and
+remember I don't have to say the or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I don't have to say the or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I don't have to say the or both
+because or is inclusive by default.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or is inclusive by default.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or is inclusive by default.
+All right. Uh we can likewise do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh we can likewise do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh we can likewise do a
+intersect b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect b
+which is the elements that are in both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the elements that are in both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the elements that are in both.
+So the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case a intersect b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a intersect b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a intersect b
+is well what's in both a and b? I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what's in both a and b? I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what's in both a and b? I think
+it's just the two. There's a two in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the two. There's a two in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the two. There's a two in both
+and nothing else is in common. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else is in common. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing else is in common. So that's
+going to be just the set containing two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the set containing two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the set containing two.
+There's also the set difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the set difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the set difference
+A minus B, sometimes written as A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A minus B, sometimes written as A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A minus B, sometimes written as A
+backslash B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash B.
+Uh, and that's the set difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's the things in A that aren't in B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the things in A that aren't in B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the things in A that aren't in B.
+So it's a but take away everything in b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a but take away everything in b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a but take away everything in b.
+So in this case it's going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case it's going to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case it's going to equal
+six and one and not the two but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and one and not the two but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and one and not the two but we still
+keep the zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the zero.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good question. So the question was,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So the question was,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So the question was,
+we've already said that the empty set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said that the empty set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said that the empty set is
+a subset of everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of everything.
+So shouldn't it be in both A and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So shouldn't it be in both A and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So shouldn't it be in both A and B and
+therefore in their intersection?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in their intersection?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in their intersection?
+Really good question. Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really good question. Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really good question. Um and the
+difference is that we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that we have two different
+meanings of sort of in. Um we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of sort of in. Um we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of sort of in. Um we said that
+the empty set is a subset of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set is a subset of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty set is a subset of everything
+but not an element of everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not an element of everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not an element of everything.
+So the empty set is an element of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the empty set is an element of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the empty set is an element of B
+because it was written as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was written as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was written as one of the
+elements, but it's not an element of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, but it's not an element of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements, but it's not an element of A
+because these are all four elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all four elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all four elements of
+A. There's nothing else in there. So A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. There's nothing else in there. So A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. There's nothing else in there. So A
+is a subset, sorry, the empty set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset, sorry, the empty set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset, sorry, the empty set is a
+subset of A and a subset of B, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of A and a subset of B, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of A and a subset of B, but it's
+not an element of both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of both.
+Great question. Thank you for asking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great question. Thank you for asking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great question. Thank you for asking.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Why can A have two zeros?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can A have two zeros?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can A have two zeros?
+Um, why can a have two zeros if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, why can a have two zeros if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, why can a have two zeros if there's
+no repeats? Good question. Um, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no repeats? Good question. Um, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no repeats? Good question. Um, it's
+because it doesn't actually have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't actually have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't actually have two
+zeros. Um, I just wrote the two zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Um, I just wrote the two zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Um, I just wrote the two zeros.
+Each of them says zero is an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of them says zero is an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of them says zero is an element of
+this set. By the way, did you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set. By the way, did you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set. By the way, did you forget
+zero is an element of this set. Uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is an element of this set. Uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is an element of this set. Uh, so
+it doesn't have two. There's no way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have two. There's no way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have two. There's no way for
+it to remember it has two. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to remember it has two. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to remember it has two. Um, but
+sometimes in some weird cases it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in some weird cases it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in some weird cases it might
+make sense to write a to write a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to write a to write a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to write a to write a set
+where the same element is written twice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the same element is written twice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the same element is written twice.
+Um, and so there's that example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Yes. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a great question. So if a if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a great question. So if a if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a great question. So if a if a
+also had a three and a four in it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had a three and a four in it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had a three and a four in it. So
+let's let's pretend this also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's pretend this also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's pretend this also has a
+three and a four in it. And then we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a four in it. And then we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a four in it. And then we ask
+about a minus b. We take away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minus b. We take away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minus b. We take away from a
+everything that's in b. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in b. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in b. Everything
+that's an element of b. So would we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an element of b. So would we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an element of b. So would we be
+removing the three and four? So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the three and four? So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the three and four? So if we
+have a six and a one and a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a six and a one and a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a six and a one and a two and a
+zero and a three and a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a three and a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a three and a four
+and we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we subtract
+the set what was it? two and three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set what was it? two and three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set what was it? two and three four
+and empty set. And the answer is no. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and empty set. And the answer is no. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and empty set. And the answer is no. The
+three and four don't go away because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four don't go away because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four don't go away because we
+want to take all the elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take all the elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take all the elements of the
+first set that are not elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set that are not elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set that are not elements of the
+second set. And three and four are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set. And three and four are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set. And three and four are not
+elements of the second set. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the second set. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the second set. They're
+they're nested too deep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nested too deep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nested too deep.
+Um three is not an element of this set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um three is not an element of this set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um three is not an element of this set.
+This whole set is an element of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This whole set is an element of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This whole set is an element of this
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+Yeah, make sense? Cool. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, make sense? Cool. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, make sense? Cool. So this
+difference would keep the six and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference would keep the six and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference would keep the six and the
+one not the two would keep the zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not the two would keep the zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not the two would keep the zero and
+keep the three and keep the four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the three and keep the four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the three and keep the four.
+Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+All right. Similar to sets we have oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similar to sets we have oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similar to sets we have oh
+sorry before that um one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before that um one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before that um one of the reasons
+I'm talking about sets right now beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about sets right now beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about sets right now beyond
+the fact that we need to talk about sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we need to talk about sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we need to talk about sets
+um is the fact that sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the fact that sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the fact that sets and
+propositions and predicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and predicates
+are very closely related and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely related and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely related and they can
+both be useful for the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um specifically I want to talk about set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um specifically I want to talk about set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um specifically I want to talk about set
+builder notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that is where you take a set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is where you take a set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is where you take a set and you
+you describe a subset of the set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a subset of the set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a subset of the set by
+using a predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a predicate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a predicate.
+So for example uh we can look at the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh we can look at the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh we can look at the set
+of all n in the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all n in the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all n in the natural numbers
+such that n is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have this predicate of n over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this predicate of n over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this predicate of n over here
+on the right and we're pulling out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and we're pulling out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and we're pulling out all
+of the elements of this set the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of this set the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of this set the natural
+numbers but only the ones that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but only the ones that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but only the ones that satisfy
+our predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predicate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predicate.
+So this is set builder notation. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is set builder notation. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is set builder notation. You
+have elements of a set such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have elements of a set such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have elements of a set such that this
+predicate is satisfied. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is satisfied. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is satisfied. This is the
+notation we'll use. Um and this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we'll use. Um and this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we'll use. Um and this set of
+course will return the set of primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will return the set of primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will return the set of primes.
+2 3 5 7 not 9 globe 11 and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very useful. We're going to use that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very useful. We're going to use that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very useful. We're going to use that all
+the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time.
+All right. Similar to sets, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similar to sets, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Similar to sets, we have
+tupils.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is an ordered list of elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And repeats are okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it's written with parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's written with parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's written with parentheses
+instead of curly braces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For example, the tupole 6 1 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the tupole 6 1 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the tupole 6 1 2 0
+is a sequence with four elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence with four elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence with four elements.
+This is not the same as 6 1 2 0 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not the same as 6 1 2 0 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not the same as 6 1 2 0 0 which
+is a tupole with five elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tupole with five elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tupole with five elements.
+Right? As sets they're the same. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? As sets they're the same. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? As sets they're the same. They
+have the same elements, but this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same elements, but this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same elements, but this one has
+repeats. Um, so they're different. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats. Um, so they're different. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats. Um, so they're different. And
+likewise, neither of these is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise, neither of these is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise, neither of these is equivalent
+to 2 1 6 0 because the order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 1 6 0 because the order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 1 6 0 because the order is
+different even if the elements are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different even if the elements are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different even if the elements are the
+same. So a tupole cares about the order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So a tupole cares about the order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So a tupole cares about the order.
+Um, by the way, last I checked, um, 2160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, by the way, last I checked, um, 2160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, by the way, last I checked, um, 2160
+is identification, estimation, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identification, estimation, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identification, estimation, and
+learning in mech.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in mech.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in mech.
+Not the same even though they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not the same even though they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not the same even though they have the
+same digits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same digits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same digits.
+um doesn't really make sense to ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't really make sense to ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't really make sense to ask for
+the intersection or the union or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection or the union or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection or the union or the
+difference of tupils.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of tupils.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of tupils.
+Uh so we're not even going to try.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're not even going to try.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we're not even going to try.
+Any questions about sets or tupils?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions about sets or tupils?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions about sets or tupils?
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+All right, let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go back to the
+definition I probably deleted already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I probably deleted already.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I probably deleted already.
+Um, a proof is a verification of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a proof is a verification of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a proof is a verification of a
+proposition by a sequence of logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition by a sequence of logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition by a sequence of logical
+deductions from a base set of axioms. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions from a base set of axioms. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions from a base set of axioms. I
+hope I got that right. We've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I got that right. We've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope I got that right. We've already
+talked at length about propositions, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked at length about propositions, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked at length about propositions, one
+of those three terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three terms.
+Let's turn to the next one, axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's turn to the next one, axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's turn to the next one, axioms.
+Uh, we've used both of those boards onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we've used both of those boards onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we've used both of those boards onto
+this board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+An axiom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is a proposition we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You you might have heard when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you might have heard when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you might have heard when you're
+writing mathematical proofs, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing mathematical proofs, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing mathematical proofs, you
+shouldn't be assuming anything. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be assuming anything. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be assuming anything. You have
+to prove everything. And that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove everything. And that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove everything. And that's not
+quite true. We need somewhere to start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true. We need somewhere to start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true. We need somewhere to start.
+We need some foundation to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need some foundation to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need some foundation to build up
+from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from.
+The trick is to declare all of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trick is to declare all of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trick is to declare all of them in
+advance. These are the axioms I'm using.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance. These are the axioms I'm using.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance. These are the axioms I'm using.
+And if you assume these axioms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you assume these axioms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you assume these axioms,
+then these proofs tell you other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these proofs tell you other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these proofs tell you other things
+that also have to be true. So the axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also have to be true. So the axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also have to be true. So the axioms
+are the things you start with. We take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things you start with. We take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things you start with. We take
+them to be true. Sometimes people say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be true. Sometimes people say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be true. Sometimes people say we
+take them to be self-evident, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them to be self-evident, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them to be self-evident, but I
+don't like that phrasing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that phrasing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that phrasing because
+they're they're not necessarily true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not necessarily true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not necessarily true in
+some um holistic sense. We just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um holistic sense. We just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um holistic sense. We just assume
+them to be true for the sake of the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be true for the sake of the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be true for the sake of the math
+we're doing now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing now.
+uh and in fact you can often have axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact you can often have axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact you can often have axioms
+that contradict each other as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contradict each other as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contradict each other as long as
+you're not using them at the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using them at the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not using them at the same time.
+Uh for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example,
+let's see for example we have the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example we have the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example we have the famous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh Uklid's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+postulate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate.
+So, Uklid in like 200 BC or whenever he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Uklid in like 200 BC or whenever he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Uklid in like 200 BC or whenever he
+was alive, maybe 2000, someone can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alive, maybe 2000, someone can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alive, maybe 2000, someone can tell
+me, um, wrote a book, The Elements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, um, wrote a book, The Elements,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, um, wrote a book, The Elements,
+Uklid's Elements, that chronicled all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid's Elements, that chronicled all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid's Elements, that chronicled all of
+Uklitian geometry. That's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklitian geometry. That's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklitian geometry. That's why it's
+called Uklitian geometry. He literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Uklitian geometry. He literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Uklitian geometry. He literally
+wrote the book on it. Um, and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book on it. Um, and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book on it. Um, and at the
+beginning of the book, he had five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the book, he had five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the book, he had five
+axioms. Postulate is another word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms. Postulate is another word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms. Postulate is another word for
+axiom, a little little outdated, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom, a little little outdated, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom, a little little outdated, but
+still there. Um and the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there. Um and the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there. Um and the parallel
+postulate, the fifth of the five axioms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate, the fifth of the five axioms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate, the fifth of the five axioms,
+um famously for centuries, millennia,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um famously for centuries, millennia,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um famously for centuries, millennia,
+people kept trying to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kept trying to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kept trying to prove that
+actually the parallel postulate doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the parallel postulate doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the parallel postulate doesn't
+have to be an axiom. You can prove it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an axiom. You can prove it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an axiom. You can prove it's
+true if you only assume the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you only assume the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you only assume the first four
+axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms.
+So it doesn't have to be an a, it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't have to be an a, it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't have to be an a, it can be
+a theorem. And people kept trying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem. And people kept trying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem. And people kept trying and
+kept trying and kept trying. By the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept trying and kept trying. By the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept trying and kept trying. By the way,
+the statement of of the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of of the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement of of the parallel
+postulate is that um for every uh point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate is that um for every uh point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate is that um for every uh point
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and line L um that doesn't contain P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and line L um that doesn't contain P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and line L um that doesn't contain P
+P not in L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P not in L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P not in L
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a unique line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique line
+L prime M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P
+parallel to L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to L.
+In picture, if you have a point here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In picture, if you have a point here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In picture, if you have a point here and
+some line that doesn't go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line that doesn't go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line that doesn't go through that
+point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point,
+then there's a unique line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a unique line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a unique line
+parallel and going through your point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and going through your point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and going through your point.
+Here's P. Here's L. Intuitive, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's P. Here's L. Intuitive, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's P. Here's L. Intuitive, right?
+Makes sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Makes sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Makes sense.
+uh and Uklid took this as an axiom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Uklid took this as an axiom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Uklid took this as an axiom and
+and went with it. But can we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went with it. But can we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went with it. But can we can we
+prove this based on the other four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this based on the other four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this based on the other four
+axioms and turns out thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and turns out thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and turns out thousands of years
+later we finally know the answer? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we finally know the answer? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we finally know the answer? No.
+No. Um this is not a theorem. It does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Um this is not a theorem. It does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Um this is not a theorem. It does
+not follow from the other four axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow from the other four axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not follow from the other four axioms
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we know what happens if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what happens if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what happens if you change the
+axiom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom.
+Um things do happen in a meaningful way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um things do happen in a meaningful way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um things do happen in a meaningful way.
+Uh for example, instead of saying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example, instead of saying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example, instead of saying there
+is a unique line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique line,
+a unique line, let's change that to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique line, let's change that to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique line, let's change that to no
+lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines.
+There are no lines through your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are no lines through your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are no lines through your point
+parallel to your line. The concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to your line. The concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to your line. The concept of
+parallel lines doesn't exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines doesn't exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines doesn't exist.
+If we use that axiom instead of Uklid's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we use that axiom instead of Uklid's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we use that axiom instead of Uklid's
+version and the other four axioms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and the other four axioms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and the other four axioms that
+Uklid um did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid um did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid um did
+um you can get spherical geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In spherical geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In spherical geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In spherical geometry
+um your your plane your canvas is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your your plane your canvas is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your your plane your canvas is a
+sphere instead of a plane. A line is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere instead of a plane. A line is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere instead of a plane. A line is a
+great circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great circle.
+It's a circle whose center is the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a circle whose center is the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a circle whose center is the center
+of the sphere. And a point isn't just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere. And a point isn't just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere. And a point isn't just a
+point, but it's a point and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but it's a point and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but it's a point and its
+antipode, the one directly across from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipode, the one directly across from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipode, the one directly across from
+from it on the sphere. And if that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it on the sphere. And if that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it on the sphere. And if that's how
+we define points and lines, then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define points and lines, then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define points and lines, then there
+are no parallel lines. All great circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no parallel lines. All great circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no parallel lines. All great circles
+intersect each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect each other.
+Um, and we get a meaningful geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we get a meaningful geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we get a meaningful geometry
+that we can prove stuff with, that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can prove stuff with, that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can prove stuff with, that we
+can prove different things with than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove different things with than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove different things with than
+Uklid could.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid could.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uklid could.
+Since we have a different set of axioms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since we have a different set of axioms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since we have a different set of axioms,
+we're going to have a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a different set of
+conclusions, but it's still meaningful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions, but it's still meaningful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions, but it's still meaningful.
+Likewise, if we replace this, instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, if we replace this, instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, if we replace this, instead of
+no lines, we do infinitely many lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, there's another version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's another version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's another version of
+geometry that does that. It's hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that does that. It's hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that does that. It's hyperbolic
+geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um lots of ways to draw it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of ways to draw it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of ways to draw it, but
+sometimes it's drawn in a circle. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's drawn in a circle. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's drawn in a circle. But
+now, now a line is a part of a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, now a line is a part of a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, now a line is a part of a circle
+that's perpendicular to the boundary. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the boundary. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perpendicular to the boundary. A
+point is just a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is just a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is just a point.
+But now if we have a a line and a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now if we have a a line and a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now if we have a a line and a point
+not on that line, well, parallel just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on that line, well, parallel just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on that line, well, parallel just
+means they don't intersect. So, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they don't intersect. So, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they don't intersect. So, well,
+here is a line through P that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a line through P that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a line through P that doesn't
+intersect L. Well, here's another one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect L. Well, here's another one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect L. Well, here's another one.
+And here's another one. There are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's another one. There are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's another one. There are lots
+of them. Infinitely many lines through P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Infinitely many lines through P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Infinitely many lines through P
+that don't touch L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't touch L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't touch L.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and so this is a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a different kind of
+geometry that satisfies a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that satisfies a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that satisfies a different set
+of axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms.
+And so, no, you can't prove the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, no, you can't prove the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, no, you can't prove the fifth
+axiom from the first four because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom from the first four because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom from the first four because you
+can change the fifth one and get new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the fifth one and get new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the fifth one and get new
+conclusions that make sense and aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that make sense and aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that make sense and aren't
+contradictory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory.
+Now, I've said a couple times we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I've said a couple times we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I've said a couple times we can
+change it uh and get a new system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it uh and get a new system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it uh and get a new system of
+geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry.
+Well, sort of you can imagine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, sort of you can imagine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, sort of you can imagine you can
+always change your axioms to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always change your axioms to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always change your axioms to some other
+set of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of assumptions
+and make a mathematical theory out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a mathematical theory out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a mathematical theory out of
+it. Does any set of assumptions work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Does any set of assumptions work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Does any set of assumptions work?
+Are they all as good as the others?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they all as good as the others?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they all as good as the others?
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+there are a couple things that can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple things that can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple things that can go
+wrong. There are a couple properties you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. There are a couple properties you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. There are a couple properties you
+might want your set of axioms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want your set of axioms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want your set of axioms to
+satisfy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A set of axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A set of axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A set of axioms
+axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can't
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+that false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+And we kind of need that, right? Um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we kind of need that, right? Um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we kind of need that, right? Um let
+me see if that's how we defined it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if that's how we defined it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if that's how we defined it.
+Yeah. Yeah. If no proposition can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. If no proposition can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. If no proposition can be
+proved and disproved,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved and disproved,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved and disproved,
+um we we kind of need true and false to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we kind of need true and false to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we kind of need true and false to
+be different things because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different things because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different things because remember
+false implies anything you want. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false implies anything you want. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false implies anything you want. That's
+sometimes called the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the principle of
+explosion by the way. Great name. False
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion by the way. Great name. False
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion by the way. Great name. False
+implies anything. So if false is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies anything. So if false is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies anything. So if false is true
+and false implies anything then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false implies anything then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false implies anything then then
+everything is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is true.
+So we don't want to be able to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't want to be able to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't want to be able to prove
+that false is true because then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false is true because then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false is true because then our
+theory is is uninteresting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is is uninteresting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is is uninteresting because
+everything is true and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is true and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is true and everything is
+false. So we definitely want a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. So we definitely want a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. So we definitely want a set of
+axioms that is consistent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that is consistent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms that is consistent.
+Ideally, we would also have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally, we would also have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally, we would also have a set of
+axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms.
+set of axioms is complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when every true let's see um yeah every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when every true let's see um yeah every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when every true let's see um yeah every
+true proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we want things to be true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want things to be true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want things to be true or false
+and we want proof to be the metric by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want proof to be the metric by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want proof to be the metric by
+which we decide whether something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide whether something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we decide whether something is
+true or false. If we can find a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false. If we can find a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false. If we can find a proof
+for it, it's true. Um, ideally if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it, it's true. Um, ideally if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it, it's true. Um, ideally if it's
+not true, we'd be able to find a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true, we'd be able to find a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true, we'd be able to find a proof
+for the opposite for the not of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opposite for the not of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the opposite for the not of that
+proposition. Right? So, sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Right? So, sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Right? So, sort of the
+baseline things, the two things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline things, the two things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline things, the two things you
+would want in a set of axioms that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want in a set of axioms that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want in a set of axioms that is
+nice to work with. You would want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to work with. You would want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to work with. You would want it to
+be consistent, you would want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent, you would want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent, you would want it to be
+complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete.
+And then Kurt Girdle comes along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Kurt Girdle comes along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Kurt Girdle comes along and
+says, "Nope, can't have both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Nope, can't have both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Nope, can't have both.
+There's what's called the Girdle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what's called the Girdle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what's called the Girdle
+incompleteness theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem.
+That's go olla d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's go olla d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's go olla d.
+Girdle was able to prove that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girdle was able to prove that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girdle was able to prove that you can't
+have a system of axioms that is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system of axioms that is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system of axioms that is both
+consistent and complete as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and complete as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and complete as long as it's
+complicated enough to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough to just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough to just do
+arithmetic, addition, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, addition, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic, addition, and
+multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't have both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have both.
+We certainly want to be able to add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We certainly want to be able to add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We certainly want to be able to add and
+multiply numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply numbers,
+which means we have to pick consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we have to pick consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we have to pick consistency
+or completeness. And I know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completeness. And I know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completeness. And I know which one
+I'm picking. I'm going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm picking. I'm going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm picking. I'm going to pick
+consistent so that true and false have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so that true and false have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent so that true and false have
+meaning. what this means and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. what this means and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning. what this means and this is
+kind of a this kind of messes with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a this kind of messes with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a this kind of messes with my
+head a little bit. What Girdle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a little bit. What Girdle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a little bit. What Girdle's
+completeness theorem in sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness theorem in sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness theorem in sorry
+incompleteness theorem tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem tells us is that
+there are true statements in math in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are true statements in math in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are true statements in math in
+whatever set of axioms we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever set of axioms we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever set of axioms we're working
+with there are true statements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there are true statements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there are true statements that
+cannot be proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be proved
+you're never going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to be able to
+disprove it but if you want to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove it but if you want to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove it but if you want to prove it
+you have to add more axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add more axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add more axioms
+but then once you add more axioms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once you add more axioms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once you add more axioms that
+bigger set of axioms now has other true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set of axioms now has other true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger set of axioms now has other true
+statements that can't be proved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that can't be proved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that can't be proved with
+those axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those axioms
+um So conceivably we might ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um So conceivably we might ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um So conceivably we might ask you to
+prove a problem in homework that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a problem in homework that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a problem in homework that can't
+be proved from the axioms even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved from the axioms even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved from the axioms even though
+it's true. We're not going to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true. We're not going to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true. We're not going to do that.
+That's mean. Um conceivably goldbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's mean. Um conceivably goldbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's mean. Um conceivably goldbox
+conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture
+might be true but unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true but unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true but unprovable
+maybe. I don't know. Uh question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Excellent question. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Excellent question. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Excellent question. And if
+something doesn't have a proof, how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something doesn't have a proof, how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something doesn't have a proof, how do
+we know it's true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's true?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's true?
+Um, that is a really good question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that is a really good question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that is a really good question and
+and that's also getting back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also getting back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also getting back into the
+the set theory and logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set theory and logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set theory and logic and
+underpinnings of math that are too in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of math that are too in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of math that are too in
+the weeds for this course. Um, but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weeds for this course. Um, but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weeds for this course. Um, but I'm
+happy to discuss it afterward if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to discuss it afterward if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to discuss it afterward if you'd
+like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+Um, last thing I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, last thing I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, last thing I want to say about
+axioms, every mathematician needs a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms, every mathematician needs a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms, every mathematician needs a set
+of axioms that they're working with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms that they're working with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms that they're working with so
+they know what they're allowed to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they're allowed to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what they're allowed to assume
+as they're proving new things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're proving new things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're proving new things. Um,
+What a we use in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What a we use in this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What a we use in this class.
+Roughly speaking, all of high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roughly speaking, all of high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roughly speaking, all of high school
+math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math.
+Let's say that any fact that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that any fact that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say that any fact that you think
+is general enough and familiar enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is general enough and familiar enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is general enough and familiar enough
+and simple enough to be included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple enough to be included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple enough to be included in
+basically every high school math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every high school math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every high school math
+curriculum, you're allowed to assume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, you're allowed to assume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, you're allowed to assume it
+and go from there. Um, ideally, we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from there. Um, ideally, we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go from there. Um, ideally, we ask
+you to identify it. Write down fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to identify it. Write down fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to identify it. Write down fact.
+Right. write the theorem you're stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. write the theorem you're stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. write the theorem you're stating
+or the theorem you're assuming like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the theorem you're assuming like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the theorem you're assuming like the
+product of two even numbers is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two even numbers is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two even numbers is even.
+I know this from high school and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this from high school and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this from high school and then go
+ahead and use it because ideally at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use it because ideally at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use it because ideally at
+every step in a proof we know why each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step in a proof we know why each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step in a proof we know why each
+thing is true and if sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true and if sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true and if sometimes the
+reason is that's an axiom I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that's an axiom I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that's an axiom I'm assuming
+it we should say that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions?
+All right, that's all I've got. Be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, that's all I've got. Be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, that's all I've got. Be sure
+to go to recitation tomorrow. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to recitation tomorrow. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to recitation tomorrow. Um, you
+can check your time on Canvas. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check your time on Canvas. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check your time on Canvas. You can
+switch your time on Canvas. We look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your time on Canvas. We look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your time on Canvas. We look
+forward to seeing you then. Thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to seeing you then. Thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to seeing you then. Thank you so
+much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/slNPMzQ4Nhw.txt b/slNPMzQ4Nhw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c868aaa4e1dba46c221bb6aa78852ce91b0589ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slNPMzQ4Nhw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As I mentioned in the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned in the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned in the end of the last
+session that uh we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session that uh we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session that uh we're going to be
+talking about now about the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now about the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now about the transverse
+modes of lasers. Now these are what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of lasers. Now these are what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of lasers. Now these are what we
+call undesirable this is an undesirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call undesirable this is an undesirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call undesirable this is an undesirable
+behavior of lasers. There very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of lasers. There very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of lasers. There very few
+applications that take advantage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that take advantage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that take advantage of of
+these transverse modes. So let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes. So let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes. So let's talk
+about them and also we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and also we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and also we have a little
+demonstration uh to show you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration uh to show you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration uh to show you the uh
+these modes and and some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes and and some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes and and some of their
+characteristics. Okay. So the topic now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Okay. So the topic now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. Okay. So the topic now
+is uh then transverse modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh then transverse modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh then transverse modes and
+um and then we remind you of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we remind you of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we remind you of what we did
+before you know typical laser cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know typical laser cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know typical laser cavity
+with two curved mirrors. We have uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two curved mirrors. We have uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two curved mirrors. We have uh we
+have the output coming out which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the output coming out which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the output coming out which is a
+single spot that Gaussian uh uh spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spot that Gaussian uh uh spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spot that Gaussian uh uh spot
+that uh that we get and we're used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that we get and we're used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that we get and we're used to it
+because most lasers that's what they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most lasers that's what they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most lasers that's what they put
+out is that single uh single spot with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that single uh single spot with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that single uh single spot with a
+peak intensity uh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak intensity uh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak intensity uh in the in the
+middle. Now let's see what else lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Now let's see what else lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Now let's see what else lasers
+can do. Well, turns out that some lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do. Well, turns out that some lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do. Well, turns out that some lasers
+will uh give you instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh give you instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh give you instead of just a
+single spot output will give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spot output will give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spot output will give you two
+spots and sometimes more than two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and sometimes more than two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and sometimes more than two more
+than two spots. And uh in most cases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two spots. And uh in most cases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two spots. And uh in most cases uh
+the modes are there simultaneously. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes are there simultaneously. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes are there simultaneously. So
+it's not like this uh separate uh mode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like this uh separate uh mode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like this uh separate uh mode.
+This this is the what we call the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this is the what we call the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this is the what we call the the
+higher order mode or 01 mode or so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order mode or 01 mode or so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order mode or 01 mode or so on.
+We're not going into that uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going into that uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not going into that uh in this
+course. Uh but this is called the 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Uh but this is called the 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Uh but this is called the 00
+mode which is the lowest order mode. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode which is the lowest order mode. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode which is the lowest order mode. Now
+uh sometimes I say we get mixtures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes I say we get mixtures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes I say we get mixtures of
+these and other high order modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and other high order modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and other high order modes and
+they're they're a uh they are a mess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're a uh they are a mess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're a uh they are a mess.
+Now before I go to the demonstration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now before I go to the demonstration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now before I go to the demonstration I
+want to discuss some of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss some of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss some of the uh
+properties uh of these modes with you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of these modes with you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of these modes with you so
+you appreciate the demonstration a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appreciate the demonstration a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you appreciate the demonstration a
+little bit more. Uh let's look at aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more. Uh let's look at aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more. Uh let's look at aside
+from the intensity distributions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the intensity distributions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the intensity distributions which
+will which is obvious. The uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will which is obvious. The uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will which is obvious. The uh there's
+also the frequency uh issue there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the frequency uh issue there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the frequency uh issue there's a
+spectrum issue. So let's look first at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum issue. So let's look first at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum issue. So let's look first at
+the what we call the lowest order mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call the lowest order mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call the lowest order mode
+and again we have the cavity modes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we have the cavity modes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we have the cavity modes for
+that and if there's enough gain to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if there's enough gain to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if there's enough gain to uh to
+uh oscillate here then you get a what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oscillate here then you get a what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oscillate here then you get a what we
+call the 00 mode output associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the 00 mode output associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the 00 mode output associated with
+the 00 mode cavity resonance. Now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 00 mode cavity resonance. Now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 00 mode cavity resonance. Now when
+this other guy uh oscillates, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other guy uh oscillates, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other guy uh oscillates, okay,
+because again this fellow uh u uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this fellow uh u uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this fellow uh u uh um
+satisfies the boundary condition just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the boundary condition just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the boundary condition just
+like this one here, but the mode has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one here, but the mode has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one here, but the mode has a
+uh essentially a hole a hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially a hole a hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially a hole a hole in the
+middle. Essentially, it's two spots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Essentially, it's two spots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Essentially, it's two spots.
+Now, this particular mode uh does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this particular mode uh does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this particular mode uh does not
+have uh the exact optical length of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the exact optical length of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the exact optical length of of
+this one for the for its cavity. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for the for its cavity. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for the for its cavity. It has
+a slightly it looks like the cavity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly it looks like the cavity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly it looks like the cavity for
+for this one even though it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one even though it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one even though it's exactly
+the same but uh optically it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but uh optically it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but uh optically it looks
+slightly different than that one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different than that one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different than that one which
+means that the optical length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the optical length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the optical length is
+slightly different which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different which means that the
+resonances the cavity resonances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances the cavity resonances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances the cavity resonances are
+slightly shifted for this one from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted for this one from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted for this one from that
+one. The uh they're still C over two L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The uh they're still C over two L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The uh they're still C over two L
+apart there's no problem but the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's no problem but the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart there's no problem but the exact
+phase shift you know between one mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift you know between one mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift you know between one mirror
+and another is slightly different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another is slightly different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another is slightly different for
+for the transverse modes. So again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transverse modes. So again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transverse modes. So again if
+there is more if there's enough gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more if there's enough gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more if there's enough gain
+here to oscillate then this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to oscillate then this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to oscillate then this one will
+also oscillate. Now you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also oscillate. Now you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also oscillate. Now you get two
+frequencies oscillating uh when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies oscillating uh when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies oscillating uh when when
+normally you know we'd expect only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you know we'd expect only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you know we'd expect only only
+one because there's only one cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because there's only one cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because there's only one cavity
+resonance under the gain curve. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance under the gain curve. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance under the gain curve. So in
+this case you get two. Now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get two. Now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get two. Now if you have
+other transverse modes, if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transverse modes, if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transverse modes, if you have uh
+this what we call one zero two 0 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we call one zero two 0 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we call one zero two 0 1 1 and
+so on uh these are all shifted uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh these are all shifted uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on uh these are all shifted uh from
+one another and and they generate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and and they generate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and and they generate all
+sorts of laser frequencies. Now uh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of laser frequencies. Now uh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of laser frequencies. Now uh so it
+can be a mess. So the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a mess. So the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a mess. So the spectrum of the
+laser output instead of being single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser output instead of being single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser output instead of being single
+frequency now you see all kinds of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now you see all kinds of modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now you see all kinds of modes
+and all kinds of intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all kinds of intensity
+distributions. If uh you want a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. If uh you want a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. If uh you want a formula
+for this as I say in this course I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this as I say in this course I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this as I say in this course I'm not
+using any formula but this one is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using any formula but this one is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using any formula but this one is uh uh
+is difficult to keep away and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult to keep away and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult to keep away and that
+basically will give you the resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically will give you the resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically will give you the resonance
+frequency for for any uh cavity mode uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for for any uh cavity mode uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for for any uh cavity mode uh
+you want uh in terms of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh in terms of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want uh in terms of uh the
+transverse mode number. Q is the same Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode number. Q is the same Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode number. Q is the same Q
+we had before what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before what we call the
+longitudinal mode number. M and N are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal mode number. M and N are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal mode number. M and N are
+the transverse mode numbers you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse mode numbers you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse mode numbers you know in
+the X direction and the Y direction. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and the Y direction. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and the Y direction. And
+this is the formula. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the formula. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the formula. I don't know
+whether it's worth going into it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth going into it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's worth going into it, but
+basically it's again C over 2L * Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's again C over 2L * Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's again C over 2L * Q.
+That's what we had before. And on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we had before. And on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we had before. And on all
+this other stuff is because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is because of the
+transverse modes. So for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. So for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. So for a given
+transverse mode depending on what M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode depending on what M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode depending on what M is
+and N is uh like this one here, the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N is uh like this one here, the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N is uh like this one here, the two
+spots is 1 0 or 01 depending whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots is 1 0 or 01 depending whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots is 1 0 or 01 depending whether
+it's in the x direction or the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the x direction or the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the x direction or the y
+direction. And the three is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And the three is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And the three is in a
+horizontal line is 2 0. Uh the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line is 2 0. Uh the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line is 2 0. Uh the the four
+here is 1 one. and and so on. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1 one. and and so on. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1 one. and and so on. So by
+substituting m and n from whichever mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting m and n from whichever mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting m and n from whichever mode
+you have and then plugging into here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and then plugging into here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and then plugging into here and
+there's a very simple uh formula 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple uh formula 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple uh formula 1 minus
+l over row one where l is the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over row one where l is the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over row one where l is the separation
+between cavity mirrors. Row one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cavity mirrors. Row one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cavity mirrors. Row one is the
+curvature of one mirror and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of one mirror and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of one mirror and here's the
+curvature of the other mirror. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the other mirror. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the other mirror. And when
+you do all this you find that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all this you find that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do all this you find that you can
+calculate the frequencies of these uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequencies of these uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequencies of these uh of
+these transverse modes and the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes and the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes and the laser
+will oscillate at them. But if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oscillate at them. But if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oscillate at them. But if you were
+able to isolate, let's say you isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to isolate, let's say you isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to isolate, let's say you isolate
+this one like we'll do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like we'll do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one like we'll do in the
+demonstration. Indeed, you'll see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration. Indeed, you'll see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration. Indeed, you'll see the uh
+the basic cavity modes that uh that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic cavity modes that uh that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic cavity modes that uh that look
+like this C over 2L apart and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this C over 2L apart and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this C over 2L apart and and also
+in the demonstration we'll we'll u make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demonstration we'll we'll u make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demonstration we'll we'll u make
+this one oscillate with this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one oscillate with this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one oscillate with this one and
+others and then you'll see all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then you'll see all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then you'll see all sorts of
+uh all sorts of modes. Now uh as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of modes. Now uh as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of modes. Now uh as I say
+there not many applications that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not many applications that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not many applications that that
+take advantage of uh of all these modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of uh of all these modes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of uh of all these modes.
+There is one or two but we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is one or two but we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is one or two but we don't want to
+bring them up at this stage. Most lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them up at this stage. Most lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them up at this stage. Most lasers
+would like only this mode. So we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like only this mode. So we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like only this mode. So we need to
+get rid of these. Okay. So in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these. Okay. So in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of these. Okay. So in order to
+get rid of them is uh what what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them is uh what what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them is uh what what we have
+to do is is the following. We put we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is the following. We put we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is the following. We put we put
+an aperture inside the cavity. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aperture inside the cavity. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aperture inside the cavity. It
+doesn't have to be in the center. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be in the center. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be in the center. It can
+be elsewhere. And this aperture what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be elsewhere. And this aperture what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be elsewhere. And this aperture what it
+does it starts to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it starts to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it starts to cut
+into these transverse modes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these transverse modes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these transverse modes because
+these transverse modes if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transverse modes if we do the
+calculation they're always bigger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation they're always bigger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation they're always bigger in
+size than the lowest order mode. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size than the lowest order mode. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size than the lowest order mode. So when
+we start putting an aperture inside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting an aperture inside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting an aperture inside uh
+we provide loss a little bit of loss for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide loss a little bit of loss for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide loss a little bit of loss for
+these guys and if there's enough loss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and if there's enough loss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and if there's enough loss so
+that the the gain is not enough to lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the gain is not enough to lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the gain is not enough to lace
+then they'll drop out. While this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll drop out. While this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll drop out. While this one
+here, even though we we cut into them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, even though we we cut into them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, even though we we cut into them,
+if if we don't cut too much into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we don't cut too much into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we don't cut too much into this
+one into lowest order mode, then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one into lowest order mode, then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one into lowest order mode, then it can
+still survive. Maybe it'll be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still survive. Maybe it'll be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still survive. Maybe it'll be less
+intense, but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense, but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense, but it will
+survive, but this one will will go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive, but this one will will go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive, but this one will will go out
+since the all the transverse modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the all the transverse modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the all the transverse modes are
+bigger than the lowest order mode. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the lowest order mode. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the lowest order mode. All
+right, so this this is one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so this this is one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so this this is one way of
+getting rid of uh these transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of uh these transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of uh these transverse
+modes. And there are also other tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. And there are also other tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. And there are also other tech
+clever techniques of getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever techniques of getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever techniques of getting rid of
+them, but but this is the simplest to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, but but this is the simplest to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, but but this is the simplest to to
+understand. So we have to do something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So we have to do something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So we have to do something.
+I put an aperture there to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put an aperture there to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put an aperture there to get rid of
+them. Otherwise, they'll oscillate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Otherwise, they'll oscillate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Otherwise, they'll oscillate if
+there's enough gain for them to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough gain for them to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough gain for them to to
+oscillate. All right. So, now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. All right. So, now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. All right. So, now I think
+we're ready to look at a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to look at a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to look at a uh
+demonstration that that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that that uh that
+demonstrates these uh these transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates these uh these transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates these uh these transverse
+modes at least in terms of intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes at least in terms of intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes at least in terms of intensity and
+also will will demonstrate the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will will demonstrate the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will will demonstrate the spectrum
+the modes that are associated with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes that are associated with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes that are associated with uh
+with these with these modes either when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these with these modes either when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these with these modes either when
+they're all together or when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all together or when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all together or when they are
+separated. We have a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. We have a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. We have a nice little
+technique of separating out one higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of separating out one higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of separating out one higher
+order mode. Then we'll show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mode. Then we'll show it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order mode. Then we'll show it to you
+and show its uh its spectrum. So I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show its uh its spectrum. So I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show its uh its spectrum. So I think
+this this this demonstration is is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this demonstration is is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this demonstration is is a lot
+of fun because because lasers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun because because lasers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun because because lasers with
+transverse modes don't are not readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes don't are not readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes don't are not readily
+available because uh usually as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because uh usually as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because uh usually as I say
+manufacturers make sure that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers make sure that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers make sure that their
+lasers only oscillate in one transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers only oscillate in one transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers only oscillate in one transverse
+mode. So I think now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. So I think now we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. So I think now we're ready to
+appreciate this uh this demonstration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In previous
+demonstrations, we showed the laser beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations, we showed the laser beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations, we showed the laser beam
+to be a very simple beam with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very simple beam with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very simple beam with a single
+spot in the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the transverse
+direction. Now, most lasers actually put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now, most lasers actually put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now, most lasers actually put
+out a beam like that, just one spot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a beam like that, just one spot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a beam like that, just one spot in
+the transverse direction. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse direction. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse direction. And the
+intensity distribution is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution is uh
+Gaussian. It has very nice properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. It has very nice properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian. It has very nice properties.
+And that's why it's a it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why it's a it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why it's a it's a very
+popular uh beam from a laser. Now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh beam from a laser. Now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh beam from a laser. Now a
+laser can also put out other intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser can also put out other intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser can also put out other intensity
+distributions because of the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because of the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because of the existence
+of transverse modes which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transverse modes which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transverse modes which means that the
+the beam would look uh very spotty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam would look uh very spotty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam would look uh very spotty.
+Sometimes it can look like a donut with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it can look like a donut with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it can look like a donut with
+with with darkness in the in the center.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with darkness in the in the center.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with darkness in the in the center.
+Uh you can also make it look like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can also make it look like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can also make it look like two
+spots, three spots. can make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, three spots. can make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, three spots. can make it look
+like a flower and so on. All because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flower and so on. All because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flower and so on. All because of
+the existence of transverse modes. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of transverse modes. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of transverse modes. Now
+in this demonstration we got a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demonstration we got a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this demonstration we got a special
+laser for you that can exhibit these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser for you that can exhibit these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser for you that can exhibit these uh
+transverse modes and the setup is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes and the setup is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes and the setup is uh is
+here. We have our usual discharge tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have our usual discharge tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have our usual discharge tube
+except in this case the board diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case the board diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case the board diameter
+is a little bit bigger than in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit bigger than in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit bigger than in previous
+demonstrations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations.
+The uh the diameter here is of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh the diameter here is of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh the diameter here is of the order
+of 2 mm 2 and a half millimeters or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 mm 2 and a half millimeters or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 mm 2 and a half millimeters or so
+while before the board diameter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before the board diameter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before the board diameter was
+about 1 1/2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 1/2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 1/2 uh
+millime. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millime. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millime. One
+mirror is attached to the discharge tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is attached to the discharge tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is attached to the discharge tube
+over here and uh and the other end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and uh and the other end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and uh and the other end of
+the discharge tube has a Brewster window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge tube has a Brewster window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discharge tube has a Brewster window
+so that we can place the second mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can place the second mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can place the second mirror
+uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over
+here. The uh this mirror here is curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The uh this mirror here is curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The uh this mirror here is curved
+about 60 cm radius of curvature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 cm radius of curvature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60 cm radius of curvature and the
+mirror here is a flat one. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror here is a flat one. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror here is a flat one. the
+transmission of the mirrors is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of the mirrors is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of the mirrors is very
+small uh and so that the the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and so that the the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and so that the the output
+light is not going to be as bright as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not going to be as bright as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not going to be as bright as we
+would like it but hopefully we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it but hopefully we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like it but hopefully we'll be
+able to uh see the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh see the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh see the transverse
+modes. The the beam then from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. The the beam then from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. The the beam then from the from
+the laser will come out over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser will come out over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser will come out over here and
+then we'll reflected by this mirror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll reflected by this mirror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll reflected by this mirror and
+then this mirror into a lens. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this mirror into a lens. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this mirror into a lens. Here we
+expand the beam and then the expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the beam and then the expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the beam and then the expanded
+beam then will fall onto uh onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam then will fall onto uh onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam then will fall onto uh onto the
+screen over here. So now let me turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen over here. So now let me turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen over here. So now let me turn on
+the the laser and we count up to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laser and we count up to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laser and we count up to seven
+or 8 seconds or so. And here is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 8 seconds or so. And here is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 8 seconds or so. And here is his
+laser on and the the output then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser on and the the output then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser on and the the output then from
+the laser is it's weak I know but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser is it's weak I know but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser is it's weak I know but you
+might be able to to see it. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to to see it. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to to see it. Here's the
+output from the laser and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the laser and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from the laser and then we're
+going to reflect it as I said before by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect it as I said before by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflect it as I said before by
+this mirror. this mirror to the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror. this mirror to the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror. this mirror to the lens and
+then onto onto the screen. And now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then onto onto the screen. And now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then onto onto the screen. And now we'll
+have one camera look at the screen so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one camera look at the screen so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one camera look at the screen so we
+can look at the transverse modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the transverse modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the transverse modes and
+another camera can look at my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another camera can look at my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another camera can look at my hands
+adjusting one of the mirrors to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting one of the mirrors to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting one of the mirrors to change
+the the the the number of modes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the number of modes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the number of modes and the
+intensity distribution that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution that you will see
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen. Now here as you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. Now here as you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. Now here as you can see the the
+beam looks uh looks like a uh a donut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam looks uh looks like a uh a donut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam looks uh looks like a uh a donut
+mode with with no field in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with with no field in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with with no field in the in the
+center and my hand you can see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and my hand you can see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and my hand you can see in the
+lower right hand corner adjusting the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right hand corner adjusting the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right hand corner adjusting the uh
+the mirror mount. Now here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror mount. Now here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror mount. Now here I'm going to
+start now adjusting and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start now adjusting and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start now adjusting and then you can see
+that the the intensity distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the intensity distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the intensity distribution
+uh varies varies quite a bit. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh varies varies quite a bit. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh varies varies quite a bit. Here we
+are. Here you can see very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Here you can see very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Here you can see very complicated
+kind of pattern. Here's another one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern. Here's another one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pattern. Here's another one with
+two dark spots, single dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dark spots, single dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dark spots, single dark
+spot. And here is like looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. And here is like looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. And here is like looks like a
+flower. Nice pretty little patents. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower. Nice pretty little patents. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flower. Nice pretty little patents. And
+these are all due to uh these transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all due to uh these transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all due to uh these transverse
+modes. Now what you're seeing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. Now what you're seeing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. Now what you're seeing here is a
+mixture of transverse modes. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of transverse modes. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of transverse modes. They're not
+necessarily pure ones. That means just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily pure ones. That means just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily pure ones. That means just a
+single transverse modes by itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now here if I misalign too much and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here if I misalign too much and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here if I misalign too much and get
+rid of most of them here is our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of most of them here is our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of most of them here is our uh
+lowest order mode which uh is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order mode which uh is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order mode which uh is called the
+uh 00 mode. Now here is the the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 00 mode. Now here is the the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 00 mode. Now here is the the normal
+kind of laser beam. But in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of laser beam. But in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of laser beam. But in this
+particular laser setup, I can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular laser setup, I can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular laser setup, I can generate
+uh all kinds of uh other uh intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all kinds of uh other uh intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all kinds of uh other uh intense
+distributions due to the the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions due to the the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions due to the the the other
+transverse modes that can be generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes that can be generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes that can be generated
+in this kind of uh setup with a large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of uh setup with a large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of uh setup with a large uh
+with a larger bore in the discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger bore in the discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger bore in the discharge
+tube. It's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty as you can see. Now, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty as you can see. Now, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty as you can see. Now, as I
+mentioned before, in most lasers, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before, in most lasers, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before, in most lasers, one
+wants to get rid of the these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get rid of the these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get rid of the these uh
+transverse modes so that we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes so that we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes so that we can only
+have the 00 mode. And when we come back,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 00 mode. And when we come back,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 00 mode. And when we come back,
+we're going to show a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show a method of
+eliminating the lazing of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the lazing of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the lazing of these
+transverse modes other than the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes other than the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes other than the lowest
+order one. We're going to do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one. We're going to do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one. We're going to do this by
+placing a an aperture, a small iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a an aperture, a small iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a an aperture, a small iris
+inside the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cavity. We have now placed an aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. We have now placed an aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. We have now placed an aperture
+inside the laser cavity so as to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the laser cavity so as to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the laser cavity so as to get rid
+of all transverse modes except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all transverse modes except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all transverse modes except the
+lowest order one, the 00 mode. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order one, the 00 mode. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order one, the 00 mode. The
+aperture is is over here when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is is over here when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is is over here when we're
+placing it in the space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing it in the space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing it in the space between the
+Brewster window and and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster window and and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster window and and the second
+mirror. So, here's the aperture. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror. So, here's the aperture. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror. So, here's the aperture. And
+then by by adjusting this knob here, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by by adjusting this knob here, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by by adjusting this knob here, I
+can I can then change the size of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can then change the size of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can then change the size of the of
+the aperture. In the meantime, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture. In the meantime, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture. In the meantime, we've
+also covered this uh the laser tube here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also covered this uh the laser tube here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also covered this uh the laser tube here
+with uh with some white paper so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with some white paper so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with some white paper so that uh
+we don't have too much light to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have too much light to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have too much light to uh to
+burn the camera. So, in case you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn the camera. So, in case you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn the camera. So, in case you don't
+see the discharge tube so well as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the discharge tube so well as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the discharge tube so well as before
+is because we've covered it up. So, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we've covered it up. So, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we've covered it up. So, now
+let's look at the at the screen now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the at the screen now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the at the screen now and
+and see see the transverse modes without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see see the transverse modes without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see see the transverse modes without
+without the the aperture uh uh stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the the aperture uh uh stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the the aperture uh uh stopped
+down. Here we are. We see we see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Here we are. We see we see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Here we are. We see we see those
+uh transverse modes or mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transverse modes or mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transverse modes or mixture of
+transverse modes. Now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. Now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. Now what I'm going to
+do is I'm going to now reduce the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to now reduce the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to now reduce the the
+size of the aperture and let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the aperture and let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the aperture and let's see what
+happens here. I am reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. I am reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. I am reducing
+it and you can see me go back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can see me go back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can see me go back a little
+bit. Here's some other modes. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Here's some other modes. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Here's some other modes. And then
+when I stop it way down to about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I stop it way down to about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I stop it way down to about a
+millimeter or so you can see that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter or so you can see that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter or so you can see that I have
+now the lowest order mode, the 00 mode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lowest order mode, the 00 mode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lowest order mode, the 00 mode.
+Okay, let's do it again. Let me open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's do it again. Let me open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's do it again. Let me open it
+up again. Here's the transverse modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. Here's the transverse modes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. Here's the transverse modes.
+And then as I stop it down, I get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as I stop it down, I get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as I stop it down, I get rid of
+all transverse modes except the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transverse modes except the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transverse modes except the lowest
+order. In fact, now I can even adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. In fact, now I can even adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. In fact, now I can even adjust
+the mirror. I can adjust the mirror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror. I can adjust the mirror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror. I can adjust the mirror and
+and indeed I can't can move the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed I can't can move the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed I can't can move the spot
+around, but I don't get any any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, but I don't get any any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, but I don't get any any uh
+transverse modes showing up. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes showing up. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes showing up. So in
+summary then by putting a small aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary then by putting a small aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary then by putting a small aperture
+inside the laser cavity and choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the laser cavity and choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the laser cavity and choosing the
+diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+appropriately we can get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately we can get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately we can get rid of all
+transverse modes except for the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes except for the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes except for the lowest
+auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto
+mode. Now most commercial lasers either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. Now most commercial lasers either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. Now most commercial lasers either
+have an aperture like that inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aperture like that inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aperture like that inside the
+laser cavity or have the bore size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cavity or have the bore size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cavity or have the bore size of
+the uh of the laser amplifier. So chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the laser amplifier. So chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the laser amplifier. So chosen
+so that only the lowest order mode would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that only the lowest order mode would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that only the lowest order mode would
+lays and would very difficult to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays and would very difficult to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays and would very difficult to have
+the other transverse modes lays also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transverse modes lays also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other transverse modes lays also and
+that's why most commercial lasers put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why most commercial lasers put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why most commercial lasers put
+out that lovely uh single spot uh beam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that lovely uh single spot uh beam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that lovely uh single spot uh beam.
+Now another interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now another interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now another interesting thing about
+transverse modes is that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes is that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes is that their
+frequencies are different from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are different from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are different from one
+another and that depends on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and that depends on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and that depends on the the
+again the length of the cavity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the length of the cavity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the length of the cavity and the
+curvature of the mirrors. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirrors. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirrors. So when we
+come back we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we're going to have the
+spectrum analyzer set up so we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer set up so we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum analyzer set up so we can look
+at the frequencies of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequencies of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequencies of the various
+transverse modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're now ready to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're now ready to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're now ready to look at the
+frequencies or the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies or the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies or the spectrum of the
+transverse modes of this laser using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes of this laser using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes of this laser using a
+scanning Fabri Pro interpherometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning Fabri Pro interpherometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning Fabri Pro interpherometer
+acting as an optical spectrum analyzer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as an optical spectrum analyzer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as an optical spectrum analyzer.
+And here's the setup the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the setup the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the setup the output of the
+laser. Now we take the output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. Now we take the output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. Now we take the output from the
+other end from the other mirror. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end from the other mirror. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end from the other mirror. We're
+going to reflected by this mirror here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflected by this mirror here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reflected by this mirror here,
+this mirror here onto the scanning Fabri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror here onto the scanning Fabri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror here onto the scanning Fabri
+Pro interpherometer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro interpherometer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro interpherometer.
+The length of the cavity is about 10 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The length of the cavity is about 10 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The length of the cavity is about 10 cm
+which means that the free spectral range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the free spectral range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the free spectral range
+will be about 1 1/2 ghertz. The output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about 1 1/2 ghertz. The output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about 1 1/2 ghertz. The output
+of the scanning fabric intererometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scanning fabric intererometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scanning fabric intererometer
+then goes onto the scope to play to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes onto the scope to play to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes onto the scope to play to
+display the the frequencies of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the the frequencies of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the the frequencies of the uh of
+the laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser.
+Now we're going to look at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're going to look at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we're going to look at uh the
+intensity of the of the beam or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the of the beam or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the of the beam or the
+transverse uh intensity distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse uh intensity distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse uh intensity distribution of
+the beam showing the various transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam showing the various transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam showing the various transverse
+modes and at the same time we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and at the same time we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and at the same time we're going
+to look at the spectrum of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the spectrum of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the spectrum of the laser
+light uh as measured by the scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh as measured by the scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh as measured by the scanning
+fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propherometer. Now here on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propherometer. Now here on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propherometer. Now here on the screen
+now we see on top we see the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see on top we see the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see on top we see the the uh
+intensity distribution of the laser the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution of the laser the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity distribution of the laser the
+transverse intensity distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse intensity distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse intensity distribution and
+below we see the corresponding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below we see the corresponding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below we see the corresponding uh
+spectrum. What I've done here is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. What I've done here is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. What I've done here is I've
+stopped down the aperture so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped down the aperture so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped down the aperture so that we
+only have the lowest order mode, the 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have the lowest order mode, the 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have the lowest order mode, the 00
+mode uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh
+oscillating. And on the scope we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating. And on the scope we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating. And on the scope we see
+three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+modes due to the longitudinal modes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes due to the longitudinal modes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes due to the longitudinal modes in
+the in the laser oscillating in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the laser oscillating in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the laser oscillating in the in
+the laser and of course the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and of course the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser and of course the number of
+longitudinal modes will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes will depend on the
+width of the gain medium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the gain medium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the gain medium.
+The laser uh is about 40 cm long which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The laser uh is about 40 cm long which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The laser uh is about 40 cm long which
+means that the mode spacings are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the mode spacings are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the mode spacings are about
+is about 375 MHz. And that's why we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 375 MHz. And that's why we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 375 MHz. And that's why we get
+three and sometimes four modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and sometimes four modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and sometimes four modes
+oscillating uh within the bandwidth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating uh within the bandwidth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating uh within the bandwidth of
+the amplifier which is 1 12 GHz. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier which is 1 12 GHz. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier which is 1 12 GHz. And
+just for fun, what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun, what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun, what I'm going to do is
+tap on on the mirror gently to shake the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap on on the mirror gently to shake the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap on on the mirror gently to shake the
+cavity. And you can see the contour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. And you can see the contour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. And you can see the contour of
+the uh of the uh bandwidth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the uh bandwidth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the uh bandwidth of the
+amplifier which is about as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier which is about as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier which is about as I said
+before around 1 and a half uh ghertz. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before around 1 and a half uh ghertz. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before around 1 and a half uh ghertz. So
+when I'm not shaking the cavity too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not shaking the cavity too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm not shaking the cavity too much
+then we see the the modes longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see the the modes longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see the the modes longitudinal
+modes uh uh stable and and quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes uh uh stable and and quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes uh uh stable and and quite
+clearly the so now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the so now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the so now what I'm going to do
+is open up the aperture introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open up the aperture introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open up the aperture introduce some
+high auto modes. So what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high auto modes. So what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high auto modes. So what I would like
+you to do look at the picture above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do look at the picture above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do look at the picture above and
+and then at the same time look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the same time look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the same time look at the
+spectrum. So I'm just slowly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. So I'm just slowly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. So I'm just slowly going to
+bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+in now you can see already here even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now you can see already here even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now you can see already here even
+though still looks like it appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though still looks like it appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though still looks like it appears to be
+just the lowest order mode but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the lowest order mode but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the lowest order mode but it isn't
+because if you look at the spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the spectrum you
+see that we have uh introduced some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have uh introduced some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we have uh introduced some new
+frequencies and these new frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and these new frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and these new frequencies
+are associated with the transverse modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with the transverse modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with the transverse modes
+that are now oscillating and I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are now oscillating and I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are now oscillating and I can I can
+go further now and open up the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further now and open up the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further now and open up the aperture
+some more. Here we are. So now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more. Here we are. So now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more. Here we are. So now you can
+definitely see uh a number of high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see uh a number of high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see uh a number of high order
+modes and look at the frequencies. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and look at the frequencies. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and look at the frequencies. Now
+this there's lots of them and they again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's lots of them and they again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's lots of them and they again
+they're within the bandwidth of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the bandwidth of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the bandwidth of the of
+the amplifier. There's one thing nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier. There's one thing nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier. There's one thing nice
+about having a lot of transverse modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a lot of transverse modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a lot of transverse modes
+is that you can have a lot more power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can have a lot more power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can have a lot more power
+coming out uh from the laser because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out uh from the laser because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out uh from the laser because you
+have more modes oscillating. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more modes oscillating. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more modes oscillating. So here
+I'll do it again. I'm going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it again. I'm going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it again. I'm going to reduce
+the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture
+size and to get the lowest auto mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and to get the lowest auto mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and to get the lowest auto mode
+oscillating. See again they just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating. See again they just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating. See again they just get the
+longitudinal modes of the 00 mode. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes of the 00 mode. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal modes of the 00 mode. And
+now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I
+will introduce the transverse modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce the transverse modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce the transverse modes
+again to show that that they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to show that that they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to show that that they have their
+longitudinal mode frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal mode frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal mode frequencies are
+different from the from the 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the from the 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the from the 00
+mode. So far, I've only been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. So far, I've only been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. So far, I've only been able to
+show you a mixture of transverse modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a mixture of transverse modes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a mixture of transverse modes.
+In fact, the only isolated mode that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, the only isolated mode that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, the only isolated mode that I
+was able to show you was the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to show you was the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to show you was the lowest
+order one, the 00 mode by itself. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one, the 00 mode by itself. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one, the 00 mode by itself. And
+then uh I showed you a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I showed you a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I showed you a mixture of
+transverse modes. Now in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. Now in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes. Now in the next
+demonstration I'm going to use a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I'm going to use a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration I'm going to use a little
+trick to isolate a single higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to isolate a single higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to isolate a single higher order
+transverse mode so that we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode so that we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse mode so that we can look at
+it and then we can also look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum. Now in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. Now in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. Now in order to
+isolate one high order transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate one high order transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate one high order transverse
+mode I'm going to use a a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode I'm going to use a a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode I'm going to use a a very thin
+wire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire.
+The wire will place along the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The wire will place along the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The wire will place along the vertical
+direction inside the laser cavity. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction inside the laser cavity. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction inside the laser cavity. And
+in this way, we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way, we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way, we'll be able
+to prevent the lowest order mode, the 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the lowest order mode, the 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the lowest order mode, the 00
+mode from oscillating because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode from oscillating because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode from oscillating because we'll
+place the wire right in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the wire right in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the wire right in the center of
+the 00 mode. So, it's providing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 00 mode. So, it's providing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 00 mode. So, it's providing a lot of
+defraction loss for it. But for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction loss for it. But for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction loss for it. But for the next
+high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order
+mode, the the two spot mode, so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode, the the two spot mode, so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode, the the two spot mode, so-called
+one zero or 01, depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero or 01, depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero or 01, depending on how you
+count these modes, that one will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these modes, that one will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these modes, that one will be able
+to to oscillate if the wire is thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to oscillate if the wire is thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to oscillate if the wire is thin
+enough because this wire is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because this wire is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because this wire is going to be
+placed right where the field is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed right where the field is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed right where the field is zero.
+Now, to make that clearer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, to make that clearer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, to make that clearer,
+uh I'm going to show it to you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to show it to you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to show it to you on the
+screen. Before I do this, I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. Before I do this, I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. Before I do this, I want to show
+you where the wire is placed. The wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the wire is placed. The wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the wire is placed. The wire
+is placed in a holder here. And the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed in a holder here. And the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed in a holder here. And the wire
+is about 50 microns wide and it placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 50 microns wide and it placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 50 microns wide and it placed
+vertically uh inside the laser cavity. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically uh inside the laser cavity. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically uh inside the laser cavity. I
+have an adjustment here. I can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an adjustment here. I can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an adjustment here. I can move the
+wire in and out horizontal direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in and out horizontal direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in and out horizontal direction.
+And also I have another adjustment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also I have another adjustment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also I have another adjustment here
+that rotates the the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotates the the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotates the the orientation of the
+wire from let's say vertical to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire from let's say vertical to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire from let's say vertical to to
+horizontal. Now let's go look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. Now let's go look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal. Now let's go look at the
+screen and see what sort of transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and see what sort of transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and see what sort of transverse
+mode I've been able to isolate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode I've been able to isolate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode I've been able to isolate.
+Now here on the screen you see that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here on the screen you see that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here on the screen you see that I've
+isolated the the next uh transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the the next uh transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated the the next uh transverse
+mode. It's called uh either 0 1 or 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. It's called uh either 0 1 or 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. It's called uh either 0 1 or 1 0
+depending on how you count these modes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you count these modes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you count these modes.
+Uh and this consists of essentially two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this consists of essentially two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this consists of essentially two
+two spots with zero field uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spots with zero field uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spots with zero field uh in
+between. And remember I used a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. And remember I used a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. And remember I used a vertical
+wire right in the center of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire right in the center of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire right in the center of the of the
+mold. So that this particular transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold. So that this particular transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold. So that this particular transverse
+mode doesn't need any gain in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode doesn't need any gain in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode doesn't need any gain in the middle
+and uh and therefore can oscillate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and therefore can oscillate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and therefore can oscillate with
+the wire in place. But uh most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire in place. But uh most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire in place. But uh most of the
+other modes like the lowest order mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes like the lowest order mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes like the lowest order mode
+and so on cannot oscillate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on cannot oscillate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on cannot oscillate with this
+wire in there because that provides too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in there because that provides too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in there because that provides too
+much uh defraction loss. And that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh defraction loss. And that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh defraction loss. And that's why
+we've been able to isolate this this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to isolate this this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to isolate this this one
+particular mode like this. Uh now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mode like this. Uh now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mode like this. Uh now if we
+look on the output of the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the output of the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the output of the spectrum
+analyzer as shown on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer as shown on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer as shown on the on the
+oscilloscope below you can see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope below you can see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope below you can see that we
+have two and sometimes three three modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and sometimes three three modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two and sometimes three three modes
+uh that correspond to the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that correspond to the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that correspond to the longitudinal
+frequencies of this transverse mode just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of this transverse mode just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of this transverse mode just
+like in the case of the 00 mode just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of the 00 mode just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of the 00 mode just
+clean single transverse mode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean single transverse mode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean single transverse mode.
+Well, now you've learned something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now you've learned something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, now you've learned something about
+some of the problems of lasers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems of lasers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems of lasers and uh
+and what we can do about them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can do about them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can do about them.
+Now I'd like to turn to uh another topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like to turn to uh another topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'd like to turn to uh another topic
+and that is the the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the the types of
+lasers you know and uh because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know and uh because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know and uh because we have
+all kinds of lasers and I would like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of lasers and I would like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of lasers and I would like in
+this in this uh short course again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh short course again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh short course again
+without going into too much detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into too much detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into too much detail but
+just gives you a flavor of how uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a flavor of how uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives you a flavor of how uh these
+different lasers uh function. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lasers uh function. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lasers uh function. All right.
+Now there are all kinds of lasers. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there are all kinds of lasers. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there are all kinds of lasers. They
+called gas lasers, liquid lasers, solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gas lasers, liquid lasers, solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gas lasers, liquid lasers, solid
+state lasers, semiconductor lasers, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lasers, semiconductor lasers, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state lasers, semiconductor lasers, you
+name it. Uh chemical lasers, eczema. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it. Uh chemical lasers, eczema. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it. Uh chemical lasers, eczema. Now
+we have gas dynamic, even a T laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have gas dynamic, even a T laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have gas dynamic, even a T laser
+stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for
+transverse electric atmospheric. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electric atmospheric. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse electric atmospheric. Uh
+there's also coffee laser. Um EBA beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also coffee laser. Um EBA beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also coffee laser. Um EBA beam
+with electron beam uh pump lasers, free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electron beam uh pump lasers, free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electron beam uh pump lasers, free
+electron lasers, and fiber lasers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron lasers, and fiber lasers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron lasers, and fiber lasers. And
+now we even have waveguide uh waveguide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we even have waveguide uh waveguide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we even have waveguide uh waveguide
+lasers. All right. There are all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. All right. There are all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. All right. There are all kinds
+of uh of lasers. And uh so I'd like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of lasers. And uh so I'd like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of lasers. And uh so I'd like in
+this uh as I say in this brief time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh as I say in this brief time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh as I say in this brief time that
+I have is just to give you uh some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is just to give you uh some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is just to give you uh some some
+uh flavor. U what I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flavor. U what I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flavor. U what I would like to do
+first is to classify they all depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to classify they all depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to classify they all depend on
+the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping
+mechanism and uh because a cavity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh because a cavity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and uh because a cavity is a
+cavity but the it's the pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity but the it's the pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity but the it's the pumping
+mechanism that makes the lasers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that makes the lasers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that makes the lasers uh
+different from one another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one another.
+So, so we'll classify them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we'll classify them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we'll classify them then
+according to to the type of pump and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to to the type of pump and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to to the type of pump and the
+the first pump is that I will consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pump is that I will consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pump is that I will consider
+is the uh is the optical pump. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is the optical pump. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is the optical pump. Now the
+optical pump means uh let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical pump means uh let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical pump means uh let's have a
+diagram here means that again with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here means that again with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here means that again with our
+knowledge so far of uh of lasers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so far of uh of lasers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge so far of uh of lasers uh
+here's a three-level system that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a three-level system that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a three-level system that we
+talked about and here's the pump. Now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and here's the pump. Now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and here's the pump. Now in
+this case the pump is is a beam of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the pump is is a beam of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the pump is is a beam of uh of
+light whether it comes from a laser or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whether it comes from a laser or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light whether it comes from a laser or
+it comes from u you know some incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from u you know some incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from u you know some incoherent
+light source like a discharge lamp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source like a discharge lamp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source like a discharge lamp and
+so on. So let me introduce you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So let me introduce you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So let me introduce you to the
+way one talks about these things. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one talks about these things. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one talks about these things. Here
+we take the atom A let's say our gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the atom A let's say our gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the atom A let's say our gain
+atom A that has these three levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A that has these three levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A that has these three levels and
+uh and we say there's a photon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we say there's a photon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we say there's a photon that
+comes in or a light wave that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in or a light wave that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in or a light wave that comes in
+of uh of energy h new h being plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of energy h new h being plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of energy h new h being plank's
+constant new being the frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant new being the frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant new being the frequency and
+when you have a plus h new when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a plus h new when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a plus h new when the
+light interacts with with the atom then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interacts with with the atom then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interacts with with the atom then
+if the conditions are right then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditions are right then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conditions are right then the the
+atom goes to a star a star means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom goes to a star a star means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom goes to a star a star means that
+there is a population inversion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a population inversion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a population inversion between
+some pair of levels okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair of levels okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair of levels okay so that's what
+this little formula means means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little formula means means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little formula means means that
+that it the it's the pumping is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the it's the pumping is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the it's the pumping is is
+optical excites the particular atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical excites the particular atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical excites the particular atom or
+molecule or solid or what have you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or solid or what have you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or solid or what have you and
+then uh and then you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then you generate a
+population inversion and as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion and as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion and as we said
+earlier that is the key thing in gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that is the key thing in gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that is the key thing in gain is
+you have to have a population inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a population inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a population inversion
+you can have everything else working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have everything else working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have everything else working
+fine but if you don't have a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you don't have a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you don't have a population
+inversion forget it so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion forget it so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion forget it so this is the
+example here's a gain medium it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a gain medium it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a gain medium it could be
+pumped say by u light from the side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped say by u light from the side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped say by u light from the side or
+light along the axis es and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light along the axis es and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light along the axis es and so on.
+That's not the issue. The issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not the issue. The issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not the issue. The issue that
+it's optically pumped and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's optically pumped and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's optically pumped and there's a
+population inversion then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion then the
+spontaneous emission then we'll start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission then we'll start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission then we'll start it
+start the lasing and you'll have lazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the lasing and you'll have lazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the lasing and you'll have lazing
+as we've discussed before. Now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've discussed before. Now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've discussed before. Now there are
+many lasers that uh behave uh that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lasers that uh behave uh that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lasers that uh behave uh that have
+an optical pump. For example the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical pump. For example the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical pump. For example the the
+first laser they have a first laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first laser they have a first laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first laser they have a first laser is
+the ruby is a ruby laser. Then we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruby is a ruby laser. Then we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruby is a ruby laser. Then we the
+YAG lasers, glass lasers, die lasers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YAG lasers, glass lasers, die lasers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YAG lasers, glass lasers, die lasers and
+today the fiber optic all fiber optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the fiber optic all fiber optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the fiber optic all fiber optic
+lasers uh wavegu lasers and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers uh wavegu lasers and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers uh wavegu lasers and so on.
+They're all uh optically uh optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all uh optically uh optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're all uh optically uh optically
+pumped uh uh lasers again with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped uh uh lasers again with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped uh uh lasers again with some
+three-level system or some uh variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-level system or some uh variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-level system or some uh variation
+on that and but the pump is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and but the pump is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and but the pump is essentially
+is is a light pump. Now the u here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a light pump. Now the u here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a light pump. Now the u here is uh
+for example here's an example where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here's an example where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here's an example where uh
+uh let's say a yag laser or a ruby laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say a yag laser or a ruby laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say a yag laser or a ruby laser
+and so on where you have essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on where you have essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on where you have essentially a
+flash lamp CW or pulse that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash lamp CW or pulse that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash lamp CW or pulse that that uh
+flashes then and sends the right light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes then and sends the right light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes then and sends the right light
+into the into the material here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the material here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the material here that
+gets pumped and generates gain. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pumped and generates gain. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pumped and generates gain. In this
+particular case, it's what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case, it's what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case, it's what we call
+longitudinal pumping where the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal pumping where the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal pumping where the pump
+laser is is outside the cavity and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is is outside the cavity and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is is outside the cavity and it's
+uh and pumps the medium along the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and pumps the medium along the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and pumps the medium along the axis
+of the uh of the of the laser beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the of the laser beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the of the laser beam and
+uh this way it's a very efficient way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this way it's a very efficient way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this way it's a very efficient way of
+pumping it because you're not pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping it because you're not pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping it because you're not pumping
+the rest of the medium like here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the medium like here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the medium like here you're
+pumping parts of the game medium that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping parts of the game medium that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping parts of the game medium that's
+not being used by uh by the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being used by uh by the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being used by uh by the laser
+cavity. Here this is efficient but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. Here this is efficient but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity. Here this is efficient but you
+have to go through mirrors and so on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through mirrors and so on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through mirrors and so on. So
+you have to uh uh pay attention to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to uh uh pay attention to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to uh uh pay attention to uh to
+problems arising from the way you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems arising from the way you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems arising from the way you uh you
+pump things. Now I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump things. Now I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump things. Now I have a a
+demonstration uh for you the die laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration uh for you the die laser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration uh for you the die laser.
+So uh which is a very widely tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh which is a very widely tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh which is a very widely tunable
+laser, lots of colors. So I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser, lots of colors. So I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser, lots of colors. So I want to show
+you that. But before I show you that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that. But before I show you that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that. But before I show you that I
+want to give you a little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a little little
+background so again so you can uh enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so again so you can uh enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so again so you can uh enjoy
+the uh the short demonstration even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the short demonstration even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the short demonstration even
+more. The um the uh the die laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The um the uh the die laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The um the uh the die laser
+essentially has uh the the game medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has uh the the game medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has uh the the game medium
+is a die is a liquid that's flowing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a die is a liquid that's flowing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a die is a liquid that's flowing here
+and it's placed at a at an angle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's placed at a at an angle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's placed at a at an angle like
+this so that again to at Brewster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that again to at Brewster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that again to at Brewster's
+angle to minimize uh reflection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to minimize uh reflection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to minimize uh reflection for
+certain polarizations as we mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain polarizations as we mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain polarizations as we mentioned is
+one of the demonstration the pump is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the demonstration the pump is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the demonstration the pump is an
+optical pump. So in this case the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical pump. So in this case the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical pump. So in this case the pump
+let's say is an argon laser uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is an argon laser uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is an argon laser uh that
+pumps this die. This die could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps this die. This die could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps this die. This die could be
+ronomine 6G although there are all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ronomine 6G although there are all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ronomine 6G although there are all kinds
+of other dies and uh and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other dies and uh and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other dies and uh and then when the
+pump then uh the optical pump is focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump then uh the optical pump is focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump then uh the optical pump is focused
+into here then you you generate gain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here then you you generate gain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here then you you generate gain and
+uh and the gain then will uh due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gain then will uh due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gain then will uh due to
+spontaneous emission will oscillate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission will oscillate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission will oscillate then
+within this cavity. Now, if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this cavity. Now, if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this cavity. Now, if you looked
+at the the bandwidth of this of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the bandwidth of this of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the bandwidth of this of this uh
+die amplifier, it's it's uh it's huge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die amplifier, it's it's uh it's huge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die amplifier, it's it's uh it's huge.
+Uh and here I show it to you from green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and here I show it to you from green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and here I show it to you from green
+to yellow to orange to red and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yellow to orange to red and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yellow to orange to red and so on.
+It's it's almost covers the entire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's almost covers the entire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's almost covers the entire uh
+visible range. And uh so here is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible range. And uh so here is here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible range. And uh so here is here's
+essentially the gain curve. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the gain curve. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the gain curve. Here's the
+loss line. Now we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss line. Now we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss line. Now we have all these
+thousands and thousands of modes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of modes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of modes that's
+under this uh this gain curve. And again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh this gain curve. And again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this uh this gain curve. And again
+as we mentioned before if there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned before if there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we mentioned before if there are more
+gain than loss then all sorts of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain than loss then all sorts of modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain than loss then all sorts of modes
+uh uh can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh can uh can
+oscillate. And so here you can see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. And so here you can see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. And so here you can see there
+are all sorts of colors uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of colors uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of colors uh in these
+modes. So the light that comes out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. So the light that comes out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes. So the light that comes out uh
+has a broad band of uh uh of of colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a broad band of uh uh of of colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a broad band of uh uh of of colors.
+All right. Because the amplifier is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Because the amplifier is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Because the amplifier is is
+so wide. So the uh so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wide. So the uh so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wide. So the uh so the first thing
+you want to do is that is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is that is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is that is that you want
+to do something about this because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about this because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about this because it's
+nice to have a very broadband amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a very broadband amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a very broadband amplifier
+but if the output consists of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the output consists of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the output consists of all these
+uh frequencies and colors sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frequencies and colors sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frequencies and colors sometimes it's
+uh it's not very uh very useful. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not very uh very useful. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not very uh very useful. So you
+need to cut down that uh that gain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut down that uh that gain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut down that uh that gain to
+start with and and be able to tune it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and and be able to tune it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with and and be able to tune it.
+So let's see how how you might do it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see how how you might do it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see how how you might do it. Uh
+here is that cavity again. But what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that cavity again. But what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that cavity again. But what we
+do here, we put a a prism here or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here, we put a a prism here or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here, we put a a prism here or a
+dispersive element like a prism or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive element like a prism or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive element like a prism or a
+grating or I don't want to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating or I don't want to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating or I don't want to get into
+details, but basically something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, but basically something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details, but basically something that
+disperses the colors. And I hope your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperses the colors. And I hope your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperses the colors. And I hope your
+set is your TV set is set right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is your TV set is set right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is your TV set is set right so you
+can see these these colors. So here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these these colors. So here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see these these colors. So here we
+have the the these colors broken up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the these colors broken up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the these colors broken up into
+into various uh into the spectrum into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into various uh into the spectrum into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into various uh into the spectrum into
+the various colors and uh and the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various colors and uh and the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various colors and uh and the mirror
+here is adjusted so that it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is adjusted so that it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is adjusted so that it only
+reflects uh one of the colors. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh one of the colors. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects uh one of the colors. So the
+the color that that hits the mirror at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color that that hits the mirror at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color that that hits the mirror at a
+normal angle then will be reflected back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal angle then will be reflected back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal angle then will be reflected back
+into the cavity. The color that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cavity. The color that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cavity. The color that's that
+hits it at a slight angle due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it at a slight angle due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it at a slight angle due to the
+dispersion here will will not go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion here will will not go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion here will will not go back
+into the cavity will will just miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cavity will will just miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cavity will will just miss it
+and will and the laser cannot oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will and the laser cannot oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will and the laser cannot oscillate
+let's say in the red here because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in the red here because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in the red here because uh
+there is not enough gain to overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not enough gain to overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not enough gain to overcome the
+losses when cavity is misaligned for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses when cavity is misaligned for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses when cavity is misaligned for the
+red. But for the orange or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. But for the orange or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. But for the orange or whatever the
+color that appears on your screen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that appears on your screen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color that appears on your screen but
+for the orange then the cavity is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orange then the cavity is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orange then the cavity is well
+aligned. So the orange will be selected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned. So the orange will be selected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned. So the orange will be selected.
+So let's see what it looks like uh down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see what it looks like uh down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see what it looks like uh down
+here in the diagram with the modes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the diagram with the modes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the diagram with the modes. So
+these are the basic modes of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic modes of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic modes of the of the
+laser we had before. But the prism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we had before. But the prism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we had before. But the prism you
+see the prism only allows just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the prism only allows just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the prism only allows just a few
+modes let's say in the orange to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes let's say in the orange to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes let's say in the orange to have
+more gain than loss and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain than loss and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain than loss and they are the
+ones that oscillate. All the others as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that oscillate. All the others as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that oscillate. All the others as I
+said before the the loss is too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before the the loss is too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before the the loss is too much
+because the cavity is misaligned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cavity is misaligned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cavity is misaligned for
+them. So they do not uh they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So they do not uh they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So they do not uh they do not
+oscillate. All right. So now then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. All right. So now then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. All right. So now then by
+rotating the smear here we can select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the smear here we can select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the smear here we can select
+any any color we want. uh in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any color we want. uh in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any color we want. uh in in this
+particular case of course we have uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of course we have uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of course we have uh we
+can have several longitudinal modes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have several longitudinal modes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have several longitudinal modes but
+if we put an ethlon here just like uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put an ethlon here just like uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put an ethlon here just like uh in
+the uh in a little earlier when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in a little earlier when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in a little earlier when we put
+an elon here we can even select one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elon here we can even select one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elon here we can even select one
+frequency and uh so we can get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh so we can get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh so we can get out of
+this huge bandwidth from from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge bandwidth from from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge bandwidth from from this uh
+die laser we can get single frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser we can get single frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser we can get single frequency
+operation and then we can tune it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and then we can tune it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and then we can tune it along
+along the entire gain curve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the entire gain curve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the entire gain curve and the
+tuning is tricky because uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning is tricky because uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning is tricky because uh what you
+have to do in the tuning You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the tuning You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the tuning You have to
+tune certainly the this uh mirror here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune certainly the this uh mirror here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune certainly the this uh mirror here
+to to move to move the uh the the lazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to move to move the uh the the lazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to move to move the uh the the lazing
+color or whatever or the lazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or whatever or the lazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or whatever or the lazing
+bandwidth uh with respect to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth uh with respect to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth uh with respect to the to the
+bandwidth of the amplifier. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of the amplifier. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of the amplifier. Then you
+have to tune the uh the cavity the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tune the uh the cavity the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tune the uh the cavity the the
+length of the cavity so that it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cavity so that it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cavity so that it is you
+have one mode within this bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one mode within this bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one mode within this bandwidth
+here. And then if you had an addon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then if you had an addon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then if you had an addon you
+have to tune that also. So it gets sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tune that also. So it gets sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tune that also. So it gets sort
+of complicated but uh but it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated but uh but it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated but uh but it uh it
+works. There's few feedback loops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. There's few feedback loops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. There's few feedback loops are
+involved and uh and it does work. Uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and uh and it does work. Uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and uh and it does work. Uh now
+uh let me um let me now uh get closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me um let me now uh get closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me um let me now uh get closer to
+the demonstration. Now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration. Now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demonstration. Now in the
+demonstration the the cavity is a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration the the cavity is a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration the the cavity is a ring
+cavity of the diler. The cavity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of the diler. The cavity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity of the diler. The cavity of the
+diler is a ring cavity and but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diler is a ring cavity and but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diler is a ring cavity and but it has
+this jetream. In this case it's jetream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jetream. In this case it's jetream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jetream. In this case it's jetream
+because windows are a pain in the neck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because windows are a pain in the neck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because windows are a pain in the neck.
+So you need where the pump laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you need where the pump laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you need where the pump laser is
+focused into the into the gain medium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused into the into the gain medium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused into the into the gain medium.
+It's it's actually just a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's actually just a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's actually just a sheet of
+liquid about third of a millimeter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid about third of a millimeter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid about third of a millimeter in
+thickness and so on which is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and so on which is flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness and so on which is flowing
+transversely here. So there no windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transversely here. So there no windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transversely here. So there no windows
+at all but still it has to be placed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but still it has to be placed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but still it has to be placed at
+Brewster's angle. So in here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster's angle. So in here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster's angle. So in here we have a
+uh a ring and it has lots of advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a ring and it has lots of advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a ring and it has lots of advantages
+and right now we really not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now we really not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now we really not going to get
+involved with that but basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with that but basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with that but basically it's
+still another cavity whether it's a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still another cavity whether it's a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still another cavity whether it's a ring
+or linear cavity still another cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or linear cavity still another cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or linear cavity still another cavity
+and there's a tuning element in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a tuning element in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a tuning element in here
+this is uh slightly different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh slightly different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh slightly different from what
+what uh I have in the previous slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh I have in the previous slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh I have in the previous slide but
+it's still it's a tuning element it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's a tuning element it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's a tuning element it's
+like a dispersion kind of element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dispersion kind of element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dispersion kind of element that
+separates out the colors and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates out the colors and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates out the colors and the output
+of the die laser comes out here. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the die laser comes out here. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the die laser comes out here. So what
+we're going to do in this demonstration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in this demonstration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in this demonstration,
+we're going to take this and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take this and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take this and uh and
+scatter it onto a screen and then tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter it onto a screen and then tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter it onto a screen and then tune
+the the element here and then we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the element here and then we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the element here and then we can go
+through the various colors of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the various colors of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the various colors of the laser
+and say if your if your set is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if your if your set is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if your if your set is is
+adjusted over there then I'll call out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted over there then I'll call out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted over there then I'll call out
+the colors as we do the demonstration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors as we do the demonstration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors as we do the demonstration.
+If it's adjusted then you you can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's adjusted then you you can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's adjusted then you you can maybe
+see the same colors as we see in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same colors as we see in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same colors as we see in the uh
+in the demonstration. If not well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demonstration. If not well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the demonstration. If not well you
+get different kinds of uh colors. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different kinds of uh colors. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different kinds of uh colors. All
+right. So, I think now we're ready to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I think now we're ready to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I think now we're ready to to
+look at this uh fun demonstration uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh fun demonstration uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh fun demonstration uh of
+the tuning range of a die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laser. Now, I would like to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. Now, I would like to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. Now, I would like to demonstrate
+to you a very widely tunable laser. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a very widely tunable laser. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a very widely tunable laser. In
+this case, it's a die laser. The die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it's a die laser. The die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it's a die laser. The die
+being rotamine 6G. When pumped with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rotamine 6G. When pumped with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rotamine 6G. When pumped with an
+argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+laser, the die laser can be tuned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser, the die laser can be tuned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser, the die laser can be tuned from
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+green to yellow to orange, red, and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to yellow to orange, red, and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green to yellow to orange, red, and even
+deep red using just that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep red using just that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep red using just that one
+dye. So, in this demonstration, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye. So, in this demonstration, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye. So, in this demonstration, then
+what we're going to do is fire up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is fire up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is fire up the
+die laser and then and then tune it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser and then and then tune it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser and then and then tune it so
+that you can see all these colors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see all these colors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see all these colors right
+on your screen. Again, you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your screen. Again, you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your screen. Again, you have to be
+careful. Make sure that your monitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Make sure that your monitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Make sure that your monitor is
+is adjusted so that you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adjusted so that you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adjusted so that you can see these
+colors. All right. Now, the die laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. All right. Now, the die laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors. All right. Now, the die laser is
+right here behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here behind
+me. And uh when we come back, we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. And uh when we come back, we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. And uh when we come back, we'll have
+it all set up ready to show you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all set up ready to show you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all set up ready to show you those
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors that come out from this
+die laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now on the left you see the argon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the left you see the argon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the left you see the argon laser
+pump that pumps the die jet. Now as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump that pumps the die jet. Now as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump that pumps the die jet. Now as we
+zoom out we see the entire ring die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out we see the entire ring die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out we see the entire ring die
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+laser. So let's look at the diler in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. So let's look at the diler in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. So let's look at the diler in a
+more of a closeup. Here's the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a closeup. Here's the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a closeup. Here's the pump
+coming in into the diler. Here it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in into the diler. Here it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in into the diler. Here it is is
+the pump the argon laser pump and pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pump the argon laser pump and pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pump the argon laser pump and pump
+gets focused into into the diget over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets focused into into the diget over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets focused into into the diget over
+here. The fluoresence from the dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The fluoresence from the dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The fluoresence from the dig
+jet then is picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet then is picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet then is picked up
+by mirrors close to to the dig jet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirrors close to to the dig jet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mirrors close to to the dig jet and
+then sent around this ring ring cavity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sent around this ring ring cavity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sent around this ring ring cavity.
+is there's one mirror here is the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's one mirror here is the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's one mirror here is the laser
+beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+and there's the other mirror here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the other mirror here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the other mirror here and
+then the other two on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other two on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other two on either side of the
+of the jet. So here's the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet. So here's the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jet. So here's the output of the
+die laser. What we're going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser. What we're going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die laser. What we're going to do with
+it when going to pass it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when going to pass it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when going to pass it through a
+diffuser to dramatize the the display or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser to dramatize the the display or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser to dramatize the the display or
+the color. Here's the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color. Here's the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color. Here's the output of the
+diffuser. And I'm going to let it fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser. And I'm going to let it fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser. And I'm going to let it fall
+onto the screen over there. Now, right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen over there. Now, right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen over there. Now, right
+now, the diler is putting out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, the diler is putting out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, the diler is putting out an
+orang-ish uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orang-ish uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orang-ish uh sort of
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color as you can see on the on on the on
+the screen. So, now I'm ready to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen. So, now I'm ready to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen. So, now I'm ready to tune
+the diler so that we can observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diler so that we can observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diler so that we can observe this
+huge tuning range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge tuning range.
+And in order to tune the laser, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in order to tune the laser, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in order to tune the laser, we have
+inserted a breringent element over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted a breringent element over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted a breringent element over here.
+And just by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just by simply
+uh adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adjusting the
+angle using a micrometer, we can tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle using a micrometer, we can tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle using a micrometer, we can tune
+the wavelength of the uh of the laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the uh of the laser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the uh of the laser.
+But first, let me remind you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first, let me remind you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first, let me remind you that the
+colors you're seeing depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you're seeing depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you're seeing depend
+on the setting of your monitor. Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the setting of your monitor. Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the setting of your monitor. Right
+now, you should be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you should be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you should be seeing
+orange. Okay. Now, I'm going to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange. Okay. Now, I'm going to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange. Okay. Now, I'm going to tune
+either side of of orange.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of of orange.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of of orange.
+Now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going
+towards greenish greenish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards greenish greenish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards greenish greenish
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yellow. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow. Here we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+are on the screen. I see light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the screen. I see light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the screen. I see light light
+green color and I hope you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color and I hope you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color and I hope you see that
+also. So here we are from light green.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. So here we are from light green.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also. So here we are from light green.
+Now I'm going to tune towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red. You know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. You know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red. You know what's
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yellow now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Orange. And now even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange. And now even stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange. And now even stronger
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+orange. Now it's becoming reddish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's nice and
+red and getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact deep
+red over here again. I hope your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red over here again. I hope your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red over here again. I hope your
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor is going to show you this huge
+huge tuning range. Now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I
+hope you uh you like that huge tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you uh you like that huge tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you uh you like that huge tuning
+range because uh that is that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because uh that is that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because uh that is that's very
+large almost covers the entire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large almost covers the entire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large almost covers the entire uh
+visible range and when you think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible range and when you think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible range and when you think in
+terms of communications and bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of communications and bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of communications and bandwidth
+that you need this kind of bandwidth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need this kind of bandwidth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need this kind of bandwidth is
+is incredible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredible.
+and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put
+uh millions and millions of uh of TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh millions and millions of uh of TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh millions and millions of uh of TV
+channels in in a bandwidth like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels in in a bandwidth like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels in in a bandwidth like
+that. Okay. So that was the uh optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So that was the uh optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So that was the uh optically
+pumped uh laser and as I mentioned there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped uh laser and as I mentioned there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped uh laser and as I mentioned there
+are lots of lasers that are optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of lasers that are optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of lasers that are optically
+pumped whether today you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped whether today you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped whether today you know we have a
+lot of semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of semiconductor
+uh uh solid state lasers that are pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh solid state lasers that are pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh solid state lasers that are pumped
+by semiconductor lasers and as in fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by semiconductor lasers and as in fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by semiconductor lasers and as in fibers
+and micro lasers wavegu and so on. lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and micro lasers wavegu and so on. lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and micro lasers wavegu and so on. lots
+of lasers uh today that are pumped by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers uh today that are pumped by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers uh today that are pumped by uh
+by uh light and usually other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh light and usually other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh light and usually other other
+lasers like semiconductor lasers, argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers like semiconductor lasers, argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers like semiconductor lasers, argon
+lasers and and what have you. But still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and and what have you. But still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and and what have you. But still
+they still behave like lasers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still behave like lasers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still behave like lasers and they
+satisfy the same conditions that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the same conditions that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the same conditions that we've
+been uh discussing. All right? So don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh discussing. All right? So don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh discussing. All right? So don't
+feel that uh uh they're going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that uh uh they're going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that uh uh they're going to be too
+difficult to understand. I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand. I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand. I mean the
+basics are basics. you need population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics are basics. you need population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics are basics. you need population
+inversion and uh that's brought about by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and uh that's brought about by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and uh that's brought about by
+uh by the gain and you need to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the gain and you need to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the gain and you need to get rid
+of the bottlenecks and so on that below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottlenecks and so on that below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottlenecks and so on that below
+the uh lower level or of the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh lower level or of the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh lower level or of the lower level
+and and below. All right. So now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and below. All right. So now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and below. All right. So now let's
+look at other techniques for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at other techniques for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at other techniques for for
+generating gain or other pump types. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating gain or other pump types. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating gain or other pump types. All
+right. And this one here is the what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And this one here is the what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And this one here is the what do
+we call the electron collision pump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the electron collision pump.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the electron collision pump.
+This is the pump that that depends on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the pump that that depends on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the pump that that depends on on
+electron collision to to uh create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision to to uh create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision to to uh create the
+uh the population inversion. Again, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the population inversion. Again, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the population inversion. Again, I'll
+show the three-level system. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the three-level system. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the three-level system. You know,
+the basic our basic system, but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic our basic system, but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic our basic system, but now the
+pump is not light. It is an electron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump is not light. It is an electron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump is not light. It is an electron.
+So, so the idea here is to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the idea here is to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the idea here is to get an
+energetic electron to collide with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic electron to collide with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic electron to collide with the
+atom A here with this gain with the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A here with this gain with the A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A here with this gain with the A
+and create takes the atom from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create takes the atom from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create takes the atom from the
+ground state into this excited state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state into this excited state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state into this excited state in
+level three. So that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three. So that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three. So that you have a
+population difference between three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population difference between three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population difference between three and
+two. So you can get lazing on the 3:2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So you can get lazing on the 3:2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So you can get lazing on the 3:2
+transition. In terms of an equation, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. In terms of an equation, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. In terms of an equation, we
+write it like this in a simplified form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this in a simplified form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like this in a simplified form.
+We take atom A, which means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We take atom A, which means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We take atom A, which means it's a
+ground state atom A colliding with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state atom A colliding with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state atom A colliding with an
+electron with say energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with say energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with say energy
+E2 and after the collision, the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and after the collision, the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 and after the collision, the electron
+separates again from the atom but leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates again from the atom but leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates again from the atom but leaves
+the atom in an excited state. through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom in an excited state. through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom in an excited state. through
+the collision the electron was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision the electron was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision the electron was able to
+transfer some of its energy to the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer some of its energy to the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer some of its energy to the atom
+and and and and excites it and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and excites it and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and excites it and then the
+electron of course gives up energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron of course gives up energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron of course gives up energy and
+leaves with energy in this case E1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves with energy in this case E1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves with energy in this case E1 which
+is smaller than E2. So a neutral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than E2. So a neutral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than E2. So a neutral uh
+ground state or shall we say a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state or shall we say a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state or shall we say a ground
+state atom colliding with this energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state atom colliding with this energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state atom colliding with this energetic
+electron then can be excited to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then can be excited to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then can be excited to the uh
+to this excited state here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this excited state here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this excited state here with a
+population inversion with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion with respect to
+level two uh leaving the electron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two uh leaving the electron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level two uh leaving the electron with
+lower energy. Now you of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy. Now you of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy. Now you of course you have
+to tailor the right energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tailor the right energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tailor the right energy of the
+electrons with the right atoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the right atoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the right atoms.
+Obviously, that's uh I don't need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, that's uh I don't need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, that's uh I don't need to uh
+overemphasize that. But uh when you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize that. But uh when you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize that. But uh when you find
+the right system, that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right system, that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right system, that's basically
+what's going on. And in this case here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. And in this case here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. And in this case here,
+here is let's say a discharge tube. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is let's say a discharge tube. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is let's say a discharge tube. Uh
+and uh in this particular case, by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this particular case, by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in this particular case, by the
+way, lasers work like this on pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, lasers work like this on pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, lasers work like this on pure
+electron collision, the argon laser,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision, the argon laser,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision, the argon laser,
+krypton laser, xenon, nitrogen, copper,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krypton laser, xenon, nitrogen, copper,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krypton laser, xenon, nitrogen, copper,
+vapor, and so on. There are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor, and so on. There are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor, and so on. There are lots of
+lasers that that are that only depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that that are that only depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that that are that only depend on
+electron collision for their pump. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision for their pump. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision for their pump. All
+right? You see here I didn't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You see here I didn't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You see here I didn't mention
+helium neon because I I'll get to it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon because I I'll get to it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon because I I'll get to it in
+a in a couple of minutes. But basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a couple of minutes. But basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a couple of minutes. But basically
+here this is pure electron collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is pure electron collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is pure electron collisions
+and uh so you need a discharge. You want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you need a discharge. You want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you need a discharge. You want
+to generate the electrons and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the electrons and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the electrons and then the
+right energy and then you put the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy and then you put the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy and then you put the right
+atoms in here and then you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in here and then you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in here and then you can get the
+population inversion. You can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion. You can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion. You can do it
+through say through a discharge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say through a discharge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say through a discharge or
+through electron beams and so on. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electron beams and so on. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electron beams and so on. But uh
+that's not the issue. The principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the issue. The principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the issue. The principle is
+that it is an electron that's colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an electron that's colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is an electron that's colliding
+with that atom and causing this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that atom and causing this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that atom and causing this uh this
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+inversion. Um now the the uh the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. Um now the the uh the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. Um now the the uh the next uh
+the next one is uh is what we call atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is uh is what we call atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is uh is what we call atom
+collision. All right atom collision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision. All right atom collision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision. All right atom collision that
+causes the uh the gain. So uh so what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the uh the gain. So uh so what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the uh the gain. So uh so what uh
+what goes on here? Well, in an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here? Well, in an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here? Well, in an atom
+collision, by the way, every time I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision, by the way, every time I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision, by the way, every time I say
+atom, uh, I mean also molecule. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom, uh, I mean also molecule. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom, uh, I mean also molecule. So,
+don't hang me for not saying molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hang me for not saying molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hang me for not saying molecules
+when I say atom. Especially the chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say atom. Especially the chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say atom. Especially the chemists
+here like to to use molecules instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like to to use molecules instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like to to use molecules instead of
+atoms. Well, let's back to our uh gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Well, let's back to our uh gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Well, let's back to our uh gain
+system here. Here's atom A with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here. Here's atom A with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here. Here's atom A with all the
+ground state atoms. Now, in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state atoms. Now, in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state atoms. Now, in order to get
+it up to level three, this is not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to level three, this is not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to level three, this is not now
+electron collision. This is atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision. This is atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collision. This is atom
+collision. We collide it with an atom B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision. We collide it with an atom B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision. We collide it with an atom B
+in the excited state. Because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the excited state. Because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the excited state. Because if you
+just collided with atom B in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collided with atom B in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collided with atom B in the ground
+state, the two of them are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, the two of them are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, the two of them are not going to
+create much much energy uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create much much energy uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create much much energy uh in the in
+atom A unless B is going so fast. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A unless B is going so fast. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom A unless B is going so fast. So so
+generally nothing much going to happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally nothing much going to happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally nothing much going to happen.
+Maybe A will start moving faster and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe A will start moving faster and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe A will start moving faster and so
+on but really it's not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but really it's not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but really it's not going to be able
+to excite it to level three. So so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite it to level three. So so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite it to level three. So so what
+you need you need atom B to be in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need atom B to be in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need atom B to be in some
+higher level here what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level here what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level here what we call the
+metastable state. M for metastable. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state. M for metastable. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state. M for metastable. Now
+when you get an a B in this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an a B in this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an a B in this level
+collides with atom A. Okay, that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides with atom A. Okay, that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides with atom A. Okay, that's what
+we show here B metastable colliding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show here B metastable colliding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we show here B metastable colliding with
+with atom A in the ground state then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atom A in the ground state then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atom A in the ground state then you
+can and if the energy of the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and if the energy of the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and if the energy of the if the
+energy level of this metastable is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level of this metastable is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level of this metastable is close
+to the energy level here three uh E3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy level here three uh E3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy level here three uh E3
+here for in atom A then then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for in atom A then then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for in atom A then then there's a
+good chance that you will get excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chance that you will get excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chance that you will get excitation
+which means what happens here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means what happens here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means what happens here is
+metastable level in B colliding with A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable level in B colliding with A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable level in B colliding with A
+and as a result of this collision B goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result of this collision B goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result of this collision B goes
+to the ground state and A goes up goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground state and A goes up goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground state and A goes up goes
+up to the third level. In a way, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the third level. In a way, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the third level. In a way, what
+they do, they exchange the energies. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do, they exchange the energies. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do, they exchange the energies. It
+doesn't happen every in every collision,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen every in every collision,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen every in every collision,
+but in uh if there are more of B's than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in uh if there are more of B's than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in uh if there are more of B's than
+A's, then you'll get a net effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's, then you'll get a net effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's, then you'll get a net effect is
+that it will be a some A's excited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be a some A's excited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be a some A's excited the
+third level because in a collision like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third level because in a collision like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third level because in a collision like
+this, there's a whole confusion when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, there's a whole confusion when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, there's a whole confusion when the
+two atoms are are close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms are are close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms are are close to each other
+and they they end up when they separate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they end up when they separate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they end up when they separate.
+uh in this particular case there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this particular case there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this particular case there's a
+good probability that that A gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probability that that A gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probability that that A gets
+excited and b loses its energy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and b loses its energy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and b loses its energy and and
+as I say this is maximized or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say this is maximized or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say this is maximized or it's
+optimized when when the energy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized when when the energy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized when when the energy of this
+metastable level is close to to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable level is close to to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable level is close to to level
+three all right so that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three all right so that's basically the
+the principle the question now is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle the question now is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle the question now is where
+do you get metastables from and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get metastables from and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get metastables from and what are
+metastables in any case well metastables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastables in any case well metastables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastables in any case well metastables
+are uh are uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh are uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh are uh uh
+levels that uh that excited levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that uh that excited levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that uh that excited levels that
+take a long time to decay. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to decay. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to decay. So there's
+not something magic. It's just that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something magic. It's just that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something magic. It's just that uh
+you know before we said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we said there's
+spontaneous emission and spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission and spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission and spontaneous
+emission depends on the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission depends on the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission depends on the strength of the
+interaction or the coupling between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the coupling between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction or the coupling between
+these two levels. It can be very fast or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two levels. It can be very fast or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two levels. It can be very fast or
+it can be very slow or sometimes it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be very slow or sometimes it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be very slow or sometimes it just
+doesn't decay at all. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't decay at all. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't decay at all. There's no
+spontaneous emission. So if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission. So if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission. So if you look at
+the decay time, if you put let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay time, if you put let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay time, if you put let's say
+1,000 atoms in let's say level two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 atoms in let's say level two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 atoms in let's say level two and
+you watch them decay, then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them decay, then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them decay, then then
+depending on this coupling between level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on this coupling between level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on this coupling between level
+two and level one, uh they can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and level one, uh they can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and level one, uh they can either
+decay very fast or not decay at all. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay very fast or not decay at all. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay very fast or not decay at all. All
+right, this is shows the decay as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is shows the decay as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is shows the decay as a
+function of time and that depends say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that depends say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that depends say on
+the lifetime or the relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime or the relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime or the relaxation time
+between level two and and level one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between level two and and level one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between level two and and level one.
+This is uh basics of of atoms or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh basics of of atoms or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is uh basics of of atoms or or or
+molecules. Now we call a metal stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. Now we call a metal stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules. Now we call a metal stable
+state when the lifetime is is very long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when the lifetime is is very long.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when the lifetime is is very long.
+What does he mean very long? Longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does he mean very long? Longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does he mean very long? Longer than
+a millisecond or so is usually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millisecond or so is usually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millisecond or so is usually called
+very long. But they can be much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. But they can be much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. But they can be much longer
+than that. And so if if the lifetime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that. And so if if the lifetime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that. And so if if the lifetime is
+very long then we call it a metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long then we call it a metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long then we call it a metastable
+state. All right. Now here I also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. All right. Now here I also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. All right. Now here I also have
+it in terms of uh instead of instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of uh instead of instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of uh instead of instead of
+time constant I have it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant I have it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant I have it in terms of
+relaxation rate which is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation rate which is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation rate which is one over the
+time constant. So when when the relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant. So when when the relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant. So when when the relax
+when the relaxation rate is is then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the relaxation rate is is then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the relaxation rate is is then uh
+is then very very uh uh very high then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then very very uh uh very high then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then very very uh uh very high then
+the lifetime is very short and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime is very short and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime is very short and when the
+relaxation rate is is small then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation rate is is small then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation rate is is small then the
+lifetime is is long. Okay. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is is long. Okay. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is is long. Okay. So that's
+basically then the metastable state. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then the metastable state. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically then the metastable state. Now
+comes how do you then generate a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes how do you then generate a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes how do you then generate a a
+metastable state? All right, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state? All right, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state? All right, we're not
+done yet. We're not done yet. So how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet. We're not done yet. So how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet. We're not done yet. So how do
+we generate a metastable state? Then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate a metastable state? Then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generate a metastable state? Then uh
+let's say this is the metastable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the metastable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the metastable state
+that we want to generate. So what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to generate. So what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to generate. So what we can
+do, we can use a pump or some excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, we can use a pump or some excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, we can use a pump or some excitation
+mechanism. It could be optical, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. It could be optical, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. It could be optical, it could
+be electron collision, it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be electron collision, it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be electron collision, it could be
+whatever. And and then we can go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. And and then we can go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. And and then we can go up to
+level three in this particular case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three in this particular case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three in this particular case now
+in this beam atom now not a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this beam atom now not a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this beam atom now not a and then
+let's say by spontaneous emission we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say by spontaneous emission we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say by spontaneous emission we
+come down to here. Then now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to here. Then now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to here. Then now we've
+created atoms in this metastable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created atoms in this metastable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created atoms in this metastable state
+and because the lifetime is long then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the lifetime is long then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the lifetime is long then
+they're going to stay here. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stay here. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to stay here. They're
+going to run around with with energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run around with with energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run around with with energy in
+this level and uh and then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level and uh and then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level and uh and then when they
+collide with atom A then we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with atom A then we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with atom A then we get that
+excitation. So this pump as I say can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. So this pump as I say can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. So this pump as I say can be
+can be any kind of pump. Sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any kind of pump. Sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any kind of pump. Sometimes you
+know we could have direct excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could have direct excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we could have direct excitation
+again depending on the particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on the particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depending on the particular system
+and the particular pump. So uh so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particular pump. So uh so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particular pump. So uh so now
+we've seen uh how to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh how to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh how to generate a
+metastable state. So let's go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state. So let's go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state. So let's go over it
+again. So we first have uh uh we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So we first have uh uh we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So we first have uh uh we have to
+generate the metastable. So the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the metastable. So the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the metastable. So the equation
+for that is let's say atom B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is let's say atom B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is let's say atom B and this
+particular case let's say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case let's say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case let's say I'm going to
+look at electron electron collision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at electron electron collision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at electron electron collision and
+uh like in helium neon for example. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like in helium neon for example. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like in helium neon for example. Now
+we get to helium neon or the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to helium neon or the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to helium neon or the carbon
+monox carbon dioxide laser CO2 nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monox carbon dioxide laser CO2 nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monox carbon dioxide laser CO2 nitrogen
+or helium cadmium and so on. All these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helium cadmium and so on. All these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helium cadmium and so on. All these
+lasers depend on atom collision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers depend on atom collision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers depend on atom collision or
+molecule collision and basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule collision and basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule collision and basically uh
+they're done at least the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're done at least the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're done at least the simpler
+version simpler versions are done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version simpler versions are done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version simpler versions are done with
+electron excitation. So you take let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron excitation. So you take let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron excitation. So you take let's
+say in this case would be helium helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this case would be helium helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this case would be helium helium
+is B and helium you in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B and helium you in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B and helium you in the case of
+helium neon laser and you excite it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser and you excite it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser and you excite it with
+electron in a discharge and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a discharge and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a discharge and then you
+generate helium metastables and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate helium metastables and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate helium metastables and then
+these helium metastables then collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these helium metastables then collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these helium metastables then collide
+with with neon in this particular case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with neon in this particular case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with neon in this particular case a
+is neon for the helium neon laser with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neon for the helium neon laser with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neon for the helium neon laser with
+neon and that generates neon in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon and that generates neon in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon and that generates neon in the in
+the excited level here with a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited level here with a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited level here with a population
+inversion. Once you have a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. Once you have a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. Once you have a population
+inversion, you have gain at this at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion, you have gain at this at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion, you have gain at this at this
+frequency and uh if you have more gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh if you have more gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh if you have more gain
+than losses, then the cavity uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than losses, then the cavity uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than losses, then the cavity uh then the
+laser takes off. All right. So that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser takes off. All right. So that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser takes off. All right. So that then
+explains the the the helium neon laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the the the helium neon laser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the the the helium neon laser.
+Of course in the case of CO2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course in the case of CO2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course in the case of CO2 is the
+nitrogen that are the supplies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen that are the supplies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen that are the supplies the
+metastables to excite CO2. And the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastables to excite CO2. And the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastables to excite CO2. And the case
+of helium cadmium again it's the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helium cadmium again it's the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helium cadmium again it's the helium
+just like in here the helium that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in here the helium that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in here the helium that that
+supplies the metastables to excite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the metastables to excite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the metastables to excite to
+excite uh cadmium and there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh cadmium and there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh cadmium and there are other
+kinds of lasers that depend on on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lasers that depend on on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lasers that depend on on these
+collisions. Uh another another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. Uh another another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. Uh another another type of
+uh of pump is the is the chemical pump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of pump is the is the chemical pump.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of pump is the is the chemical pump.
+All right. Now, chemical pump. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, chemical pump. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, chemical pump. Now,
+we're getting into uh into a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into uh into a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into uh into a lot of uh
+uh tricky uh treatments here, but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricky uh treatments here, but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricky uh treatments here, but I just
+want to be uh uh very brief as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be uh uh very brief as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be uh uh very brief as you can
+see in this kind of a course without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this kind of a course without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this kind of a course without any
+any real math and and uh and detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real math and and uh and detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real math and and uh and detailed
+explanations. Now a chemical pump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations. Now a chemical pump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations. Now a chemical pump is
+when uh uh again the uh let's say the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh uh again the uh let's say the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh uh again the uh let's say the uh
+the uh B2 uh let's say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh B2 uh let's say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh B2 uh let's say we have a
+molecule B2 and we we either chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule B2 and we we either chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule B2 and we we either chemically
+or whatever we interacted with let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we interacted with let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever we interacted with let's say
+atom a could be a excited or or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom a could be a excited or or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom a could be a excited or or or a
+energetic or so on or what can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic or so on or what can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic or so on or what can happen
+here that when A uh interacts with B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that when A uh interacts with B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that when A uh interacts with B2
+you can generate sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate sometimes you can
+generate if you know your chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate if you know your chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate if you know your chemistry
+right you can generate Now a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can generate Now a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can generate Now a new
+molecule that's made up of AB and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's made up of AB and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's made up of AB and and
+this new molecule is born so-called born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new molecule is born so-called born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new molecule is born so-called born
+or created in the excited state or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or created in the excited state or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or created in the excited state or in a
+state where you have a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you have a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you have a population
+inversion. All right. So so again as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. All right. So so again as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. All right. So so again as a
+result of a chemical reaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a chemical reaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a chemical reaction between
+these two molecules you can create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules you can create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules you can create a new
+molecule that that will be that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that that will be that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that that will be that will
+have population inversion and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have population inversion and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have population inversion and then the
+lazing will take place uh at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing will take place uh at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazing will take place uh at the at the
+transition where there is there is gain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where there is there is gain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where there is there is gain.
+Uh another type is where you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another type is where you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another type is where you start with
+an excited A atom energetic A atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited A atom energetic A atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excited A atom energetic A atom and
+colliding with a BC molecule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a BC molecule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding with a BC molecule and then
+creating again uh an excited state or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating again uh an excited state or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating again uh an excited state or a
+population inversion AB uh in AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion AB uh in AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population inversion AB uh in AB
+molecule and so on. This can gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so on. This can gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and so on. This can gets very
+complicated very quickly but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated very quickly but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated very quickly but the idea is
+that the the the the gain medium comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the the gain medium comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the the gain medium comes
+as a result of a chemical reaction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of a chemical reaction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of a chemical reaction uh
+rather than just a pure electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just a pure electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just a pure electron
+collision or or optical pumping. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision or or optical pumping. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision or or optical pumping. The
+types of lasers that are like that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lasers that are like that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lasers that are like that are
+uh HF, hydrogen fluoride, uterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh HF, hydrogen fluoride, uterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh HF, hydrogen fluoride, uterium
+fluoride, argon fluoride, krypton and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride, argon fluoride, krypton and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride, argon fluoride, krypton and so
+on. These are all all basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. These are all all basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. These are all all basically uh
+depend on this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on this kind of uh
+interaction. Now the uh uh one one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Now the uh uh one one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Now the uh uh one one more
+laser I want to mention uh briefly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser I want to mention uh briefly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser I want to mention uh briefly and
+that's the semiconductor uh laser which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the semiconductor uh laser which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the semiconductor uh laser which
+depends on what we call electron current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what we call electron current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what we call electron current
+injection pumping. And again, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection pumping. And again, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection pumping. And again, it's a
+complicated laser to explain quickly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated laser to explain quickly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated laser to explain quickly,
+but basically all I want to uh show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically all I want to uh show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically all I want to uh show you
+here is is a uh simple uh diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is a uh simple uh diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is a uh simple uh diagram of
+such a laser. It's one of the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a laser. It's one of the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a laser. It's one of the smallest
+lasers there is. And uh and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers there is. And uh and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers there is. And uh and basically
+it's as I say, it's current injection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as I say, it's current injection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as I say, it's current injection.
+You're passing current through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're passing current through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're passing current through
+essentially a PN junction. So we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a PN junction. So we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a PN junction. So we call
+the active layer. and and over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active layer. and and over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active layer. and and over here you
+get the uh you get the gain generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh you get the gain generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the uh you get the gain generated
+and and the mirrors are actually the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mirrors are actually the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mirrors are actually the the
+reflection uh the fel reflection at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh the fel reflection at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh the fel reflection at the
+at these surfaces because you have air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these surfaces because you have air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these surfaces because you have air
+and and the medium and if the index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the medium and if the index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the medium and if the index is
+high enough you get about 35% or so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough you get about 35% or so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough you get about 35% or so uh
+reflectivity. So so you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity. So so you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity. So so you don't have to do
+anything. All you have to do is cleave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. All you have to do is cleave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. All you have to do is cleave
+them and then you get uh plain parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you get uh plain parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you get uh plain parallel
+cavity lasers. If you apply the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity lasers. If you apply the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity lasers. If you apply the right
+current you can get uh you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you can get uh you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you can get uh you can get
+lasing. You have a little threshold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasing. You have a little threshold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasing. You have a little threshold here
+and it comes up. Uh and so uh and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up. Uh and so uh and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up. Uh and so uh and these
+lasers as you know they used for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers as you know they used for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers as you know they used for all
+kinds of things today and uh and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things today and uh and uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things today and uh and uh now
+they're also used as optical pumps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also used as optical pumps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also used as optical pumps for
+other lasers. And uh and I think my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lasers. And uh and I think my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lasers. And uh and I think my time
+is running out. That's why I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running out. That's why I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running out. That's why I'm I'm
+hurrying up. And uh so at least in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurrying up. And uh so at least in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurrying up. And uh so at least in a way
+I've I've exposed you now to the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've exposed you now to the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've exposed you now to the various
+types of lasers. So you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lasers. So you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lasers. So you don't have to be
+uh too puzzled uh when you hear about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too puzzled uh when you hear about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too puzzled uh when you hear about a
+laser. All you have to ask is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. All you have to ask is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser. All you have to ask is what is
+the what is the what is the pump and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the what is the pump and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the what is the pump and uh
+and uh how does it uh how does it create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how does it uh how does it create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how does it uh how does it create
+a population inversion and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population inversion and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population inversion and then you have
+to know how much gain you can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much gain you can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much gain you can get and
+then with that you know how much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that you know how much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with that you know how much power
+you'll get and and so on but from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get and and so on but from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get and and so on but from for
+that you need to to consult the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to to consult the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to to consult the books
+and go into into more depth.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t7pTpwMjQ5I.txt b/t7pTpwMjQ5I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8abe30e9cb17baaffefc4976e8c4ddc973534049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t7pTpwMjQ5I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3492 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's start.
+
+So last time, we started
+with kinetic theory.
+
+And we will focus for
+gas systems mostly.
+
+And the question
+that we would like
+
+to think about and answer
+somehow is the following.
+
+You start with a gas
+that is initially
+
+confined to one chamber.
+
+And you can calculate all of
+its thermodynamic properties.
+
+You open at time 0 a
+hole, allowing the gas
+
+to escape into a second
+initially empty chamber.
+
+And after some time,
+the whole system
+
+will come to a new
+equilibrium position.
+
+It's a pretty reversible thing.
+
+You can do this experiment
+many, many times.
+
+And you will always get
+roughly the same amount of time
+
+for the situation to
+start from one equilibrium
+
+and reach another equilibrium.
+
+So how do we describe that?
+
+It's slightly beyond what
+we did in thermodynamics,
+
+because we want to go
+from one equilibrium state
+
+to another equilibrium state.
+
+Now, we said, OK, we know
+the equations of motion
+
+that governs the particles
+that are described by this.
+
+So here we can say that we
+have, let's say, N particles.
+
+They have their own
+momenta and coordinates.
+
+And we know that these
+momenta and coordinates evolve
+
+in time, governed
+by some Hamiltonian,
+
+which is a function of all of
+these momenta and coordinates.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+How do we go from
+a situation which
+
+describes a whole
+bunch of things
+
+and coordinates that
+are changing with time
+
+to some microscopic description
+of macroscopic variables going
+
+from one equilibrium
+state to another?
+
+So our first attempt
+in that direction
+
+was to say, well, I could start
+with many, many, many examples
+
+of the same situation.
+
+Each one of them would
+correspond to a different
+
+trajectory of p's and q's.
+
+And so what we can
+do is to construct
+
+some kind of an ensemble
+average, or ensemble density,
+
+first, which is what we did.
+
+We can say that the very, very
+many examples of this situation
+
+that I can have will
+correspond to different points
+
+at some particular
+instant of time,
+
+occupying this
+6N-dimensional phase space,
+
+out of which I can construct
+some kind of a density in phase
+
+space.
+
+But then I realize that since
+each one of these trajectories
+
+is evolving according
+to this Hamiltonian,
+
+this density could potentially
+be a function of time.
+
+And we described the
+equation for the evolution
+
+of that density with time.
+
+And we could write it in
+this form-- V rho by dt
+
+is the Poisson bracket of
+the Hamiltonian with rho.
+
+And this Poisson
+bracket was defined
+
+as a sum over all
+of your coordinates.
+
+Oops.
+
+We had d rho by d vector qi,
+dot product with dH by dpi minus
+
+the other [? way. ?]
+
+So there are essentially
+three N terms-- well,
+
+actually, six N terms, but three
+N pairs of terms in this sum.
+
+I can either use
+some index alpha
+
+running from one to
+three N, or indicate them
+
+as contributions of things that
+come from individual particles
+
+and then use this notation
+with three vectors.
+
+So this is essentially
+a combination
+
+of sum of three terms.
+
+OK?
+
+So I hope that
+somehow this equation
+
+can describe the evolution
+that goes on over here.
+
+And ultimately, when I wait
+sufficiently long time,
+
+I will reach a situation
+where d rho by dt
+
+does not change anymore.
+
+And I will find some density
+that is invariant on time.
+
+I'll call that rho equilibrium.
+
+And so we saw that we could have
+our rho equilibrium, which then
+
+should have zero Poisson bracket
+with H to be a function of H
+
+and any other
+conserved quantity.
+
+OK?
+
+So in principle,
+we sort of thought
+
+of a way of describing
+how the system will evolve
+
+in equilibrium--
+towards an equilibrium.
+
+And indeed, we will find that in
+statistical mechanics later on,
+
+we are going to rely heavily
+on these descriptions
+
+of equilibrium
+densities, which are
+
+governed by only
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+And if there are any other
+conserved quantities,
+
+typically there are not.
+
+So this is the general
+form that we'll ultimately
+
+be using a lot.
+
+But we started
+with a description
+
+of evolution of
+these coordinates
+
+in time, which is
+time-reversible.
+
+And we hope to end up
+with a situation that
+
+is analogous to what we
+describe thermodynamically,
+
+we describe something that
+goes to some particular state,
+
+and basically
+stays there, as far
+
+as the macroscopic
+description is concerned.
+
+So did we somehow manage to just
+look at something else, which
+
+is this density, and
+achieve this transition
+
+from reversibility
+to irreversibility?
+
+And the answer is no.
+
+This equation-- also,
+if you find, indeed,
+
+a rho that goes from here to
+here, you can set t to minus t
+
+and get a rho that goes
+from back here to here.
+
+It has the same
+time-reversibility.
+
+So somehow, we have to
+find another solution.
+
+And the solution that we
+will gradually build upon
+
+relies more on
+physics rather than
+
+the rigorous mathematical
+nature of this thing.
+
+Physically, we know
+that this happens.
+
+All of us have seen this.
+
+So somehow, we should be able
+to use physical approximation
+
+and assumptions that
+are compatible with what
+
+is observed.
+
+And if, during that,
+we have to sort of make
+
+mathematical
+approximations, so be it.
+
+In fact, we have to make
+mathematical approximations,
+
+because otherwise, there is
+this very strong reversibility
+
+condition.
+
+So let's see how we are about
+to proceed, thinking more
+
+in terms of physics.
+
+Now, the information
+that I have over here,
+
+either in this
+description of ensemble
+
+or in this description
+in terms of trajectories,
+
+is just enormous.
+
+I can't think of any
+physical process which
+
+would need to keep track of the
+joined positions of coordinates
+
+and momenta of 10
+to the 23 particles,
+
+and know them with infinite
+precision, et cetera.
+
+Things that I make
+observations with
+
+and I say, we see this,
+well, what do we see?
+
+We see that something has some
+kind of a density over here.
+
+It has some kind of pressure.
+
+Maybe there is, in the
+middle of this process,
+
+some flow of gas particles.
+
+We can talk about the
+velocity of those things.
+
+And let's say even
+when we are sort
+
+of being very non-equilibrium
+and thinking about velocity
+
+of those particles going from
+one side to the other side,
+
+we really don't care which
+particle among the 10 to the 23
+
+is at some instant
+of time contributing
+
+to the velocity of the
+gas that is swishing past.
+
+So clearly, any physical
+observable that we make
+
+is something that
+does not require
+
+all of those degrees of freedom.
+
+So let's just construct
+some of those things
+
+that we may find
+useful and see how
+
+we would describe
+evolutions of them.
+
+I mean, the most useful
+thing, indeed, is the density.
+
+So what I could do
+is I can actually
+
+construct a
+one-particle density.
+
+So I want to look at
+some position in space
+
+at some time t and
+ask whether or not
+
+there are particles there.
+
+I don't care which
+one of the particles.
+
+Actually, let's put in a
+little bit more information;
+
+also, keep track of whether,
+at some instant of time,
+
+I see at this
+location particles.
+
+And these particles,
+I will also ask
+
+which direction they are moving.
+
+Maybe I'm also going
+to think about the case
+
+where, in the intermediate,
+I am flowing from one side
+
+to another.
+
+And keeping track of both
+of these is important.
+
+I said I don't care which
+one of these particles
+
+is contributing.
+
+So that means that I have
+to sum over all particles
+
+and ask whether
+or not, at time t,
+
+there is a particle at
+location q with momentum p.
+
+So these delta functions are
+supposed to enforce that.
+
+And again, I'm not thinking
+about an individual trajectory,
+
+because I think, more or
+less, all of the trajectories
+
+are going to behave
+the same way.
+
+And so what I will do
+is I take an ensemble
+
+average of this quantity.
+
+OK?
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+To do an ensemble
+average, we said
+
+I have to integrate the
+density function, rho,
+
+which depends on all
+of the coordinates.
+
+So I have coordinate
+for particle one,
+
+coordinate-- particle and
+momentum, particle and momentum
+
+for particle two,
+for particle three,
+
+all the way to
+particle number N.
+
+And this is something
+that depends on time.
+
+That's where the time
+dependence comes from.
+
+And again, let's think
+about the time dependence
+
+where 0 is you
+lift the partition
+
+and you allow things to
+go from one to the other.
+
+So there is a non-equilibrium
+process that you are following.
+
+What I need to do is I have
+to multiply this density
+
+with the function that I
+have to consider the average.
+
+Well, the function being a
+delta function, it's very nice.
+
+The first term in the sum,
+we'll set simply q1 equals to q.
+
+And it will set p1
+equals to p when
+
+I do the integration
+over p1 and q1.
+
+But then I'm left to have to do
+the integration over particle
+
+two, particle three,
+particle four, and so forth.
+
+OK?
+
+But this is only the
+first term in the sum.
+
+Then I have to write the
+sum for particle number two,
+
+particle number
+three, et cetera.
+
+But all of the particles,
+as far as I'm concerned,
+
+are behaving the same way.
+
+So I just need to multiply
+this by a factor of N.
+
+Now, this is something that
+actually we encountered before.
+
+Recall that this rho is a
+joint probability distribution.
+
+It's a joint
+probability distribution
+
+of all N particles, their
+locations, and momentum.
+
+And we gave a name to taking
+a joint probability density
+
+function, which this
+is, and integrating
+
+over some subset of variables.
+
+The answer is an unconditional
+probability distribution.
+
+So essentially, the
+end of this story
+
+is if I integrate
+over coordinates
+
+of two all the way to N, I will
+get an unconditional result
+
+pertaining to the first
+set of coordinate.
+
+So this is the same thing
+up to a factor of N--
+
+the unconditional probability
+that I will call rho one.
+
+Actually, I should
+have called this f1.
+
+So this is something
+that is defined
+
+to be the one particle density.
+
+I don't know why this name stuck
+to it, because this one, that
+
+is up to a factor of
+N different from it,
+
+is our usual unconditional
+probability for one particle.
+
+So this is rho of p1 being
+p, q1 being q at time.
+
+OK?
+
+So essentially, what I've said
+is I have a joint probability.
+
+I'm really interested
+in one of the particles,
+
+so I just integrate
+over all the others.
+
+And this is kind of
+not very elegant,
+
+but that's somehow
+the way that it
+
+has appeared in the literature.
+
+The entity that I
+have on the right
+
+is the properly
+normalized probability.
+
+Once I multiply by N, it's a
+quantity this is called f1.
+
+And it's called a density
+and used very much
+
+in the literature.
+
+OK?
+
+And that's the thing that
+I think will be useful.
+
+Essentially, all of
+the things that I
+
+know about observations
+of a system,
+
+such as its density,
+its velocity, et cetera,
+
+I should be able
+to get from this.
+
+Sometimes we need a little
+bit more information,
+
+so I allow for the
+possibility that I may also
+
+need to focus on a
+two-particle density, where
+
+I keep information pertaining
+to two particles at time t
+
+and I integrate over everybody
+else that I'm not interested.
+
+So I introduce an integration
+over coordinates number
+
+two-- sorry, number
+three all the way to N
+
+to not have to repeat this
+combination all the time.
+
+The 6N-dimensional
+phase space for particle
+
+i I will indicate by dVi.
+
+So I take the full N particle
+density, if you like,
+
+integrate over
+everybody except 2.
+
+And up to a normalization
+of NN minus 1,
+
+this is called a
+two-particle density.
+
+And again, absent
+this normalization,
+
+this is simply the
+unconditional probability
+
+that I would construct out
+of this joint probability
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+And just for some mathematical
+purposes, the generalization
+
+of this to S particles,
+we will call fs.
+
+So this depends on p1
+through qs at time t.
+
+And this is going to
+be N factorial divided
+
+by N minus S
+factorial in general.
+
+And they join the unconditional
+probability that depends on S
+
+coordinates p1
+through qs at time t.
+
+OK?
+
+You'll see why I need
+these higher ones
+
+although, in reality, all my
+interest is on this first one,
+
+because practically
+everything that I need
+
+to know about this initial
+experiment that I set up
+
+and how a gas expands I
+should be able to extract
+
+from this one-particle density.
+
+OK?
+
+So how do I calculate this?
+
+Well, what I would
+need to do is to look
+
+at the time variation
+of fs with t
+
+to calculate the time dependence
+of any one of these quantities.
+
+Ultimately, I want to have
+an equation for df1 by dt.
+
+But let's write the general one.
+
+So the general one is up
+to, again, this N factorial,
+
+N minus s factorial
+and integral over
+
+coordinates that I'm not
+interested, of d rho by dt.
+
+OK?
+
+So I just take the time
+derivative inside the integral,
+
+because I know how
+d rho by dt evolves.
+
+And so this is going to be
+simply the Poisson bracket of H
+
+and rho.
+
+And I would proceed from there.
+
+Actually, to proceed
+further and in order
+
+to be able to say things
+that are related to physics,
+
+I need to say something
+about the Hamiltonian.
+
+I can't do so in the
+most general case.
+
+So let's write the
+kind of Hamiltonian
+
+that we are interested
+and describes the gas-- so
+
+the Hamiltonian for
+the gas in this room.
+
+One term is simply
+the kinetic energy.
+
+Another term is
+that gas particles
+
+are confined by some potential.
+
+The potential could be as easy
+as the walls of this room.
+
+Or it could be some
+more general potential
+
+that could include gravity,
+whatever else you want.
+
+So let's include
+that possibility.
+
+So these are so-called
+one-body terms,
+
+because they pertain to the
+coordinates of one particle.
+
+And then there are
+two-body terms.
+
+So for example, I could look
+at all pairs of particles.
+
+Let's say i not equal to j
+to avoid self-interaction.
+
+V of qi minus qj.
+
+So certainly, two particles
+in this gas in this room,
+
+when they get close
+enough, they certainly
+
+can pass through each other.
+
+They each have a size.
+
+But even when they are
+a few times their sizes,
+
+they start to feel
+some interaction, which
+
+causes them to collide.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The whole
+series of arguments
+
+that we're developing,
+do these only hold
+
+for time-independent potentials?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Although, it is not that
+difficult to sort of
+
+go through all of
+these arguments
+
+and see where the corresponding
+modifications are going to be.
+
+But certainly, the
+very first thing
+
+that we are using, which is
+this one, we kind of implicitly
+
+assume the time-independent
+Hamiltonian.
+
+So you have to start changing
+things from that point.
+
+OK?
+
+So in principle, you could
+have three-body and higher body
+
+terms.
+
+But essentially, most
+of the relevant physics
+
+is captured by this.
+
+Even for things
+like plasmas, this
+
+would be a reasonably
+good approximation,
+
+with the Coulomb
+interaction appearing here.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, what I note is that what
+I have to calculate over here
+
+is a Poisson bracket.
+
+And then I have to integrate
+that Poisson bracket.
+
+Poisson bracket
+involves a whole bunch
+
+of derivatives over
+all set of quantities.
+
+And I realize that when I'm
+integrating over derivatives,
+
+there are
+simplifications that can
+
+take place, such as
+integration by parts.
+
+But that only will take
+place when the derivative
+
+is one of the variables
+that is being integrated.
+
+Now, this whole process has
+separated out arguments of rho,
+
+as far as this
+expression is concerned,
+
+into two sets-- one set, or the
+set that is appearing out here,
+
+the first s ones that don't
+undergo the integration,
+
+and then the remainder that
+do undergo the integration.
+
+So this is going to be relevant
+when we do our manipulations.
+
+And therefore, it is useful
+to rewrite this Hamiltonian
+
+in terms of three entities.
+
+The first one that I call
+H sub s-- so if you like,
+
+this is an end
+particle Hamiltonian.
+
+I can write an H sub s, which
+is just exactly the same thing,
+
+except that it
+applies to coordinates
+
+that I'm not integrating over.
+
+And to sort of
+make a distinction,
+
+I will label them by N. And
+it includes the interaction
+
+among those particles.
+
+And I can similarly
+write something
+
+that pertains to coordinates
+that I am integrating over.
+
+I will label them by j and k.
+
+So this is s plus 1 to N, pj
+squared over 2m plus u of qj
+
+plus 1/2 sum over j and
+k, V of qj minus qk.
+
+OK?
+
+So everything that involves one
+set of coordinates, everything
+
+that involves the other
+set of coordinates.
+
+So what is left are terms
+that [? copy ?] one set of
+
+coordinates to another.
+
+So N running from 1 to s,
+j running from s plus 1
+
+to N, V between qm and qj.
+
+OK?
+
+So let me rewrite this
+equation rather than in terms
+
+of-- f in terms of the
+probabilities' rhos.
+
+So the difference
+only is that I don't
+
+have to include this
+factor out front.
+
+So I have dVi.
+
+I have the d rho by dt, which
+is the commutator of H with rho,
+
+which I have been writing
+as Hs plus HN minus s.
+
+I'm changing the way I write s.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Plus H prime and rho.
+
+OK?
+
+So there is a bit
+of mathematics to be
+
+performed to analyze this.
+
+There are three terms
+that I will label a, b,
+
+and c, which are
+the three Poisson
+
+brackets that I
+have to evaluate.
+
+So the contribution
+that I call a
+
+is the integral
+over coordinates s
+
+plus 1 to N, of the Poisson
+bracket of Hs with rho.
+
+Now, the Poisson bracket
+is given up here.
+
+It is a sum that involves N
+terms over all N particles.
+
+But since, if I'm
+evaluating it for Hs and Hs
+
+will only give nonzero
+derivatives with respect
+
+to the coordinates
+that are present in it,
+
+this sum of N terms
+actually becomes simply
+
+a sum of small N terms.
+
+So I will get a sum over
+N running from 1 to s.
+
+These are the only terms.
+
+And I will get the things that
+I have for d rho by dpN-- sorry,
+
+rho by dqN, dHs by dpN minus
+d rho by dpN, dHs by dqN.
+
+OK?
+
+Did I make a mistake?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it the Poisson
+bracket of rho H, not H rho?
+
+PROFESSOR: Rho.
+
+Oh, yes.
+
+So I have to put
+a minus sign here.
+
+Right.
+
+Good.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, note that these
+derivatives and operations that
+
+involve Hs involve
+coordinates that are not
+
+appearing in the
+integration process.
+
+So I can take
+these entities that
+
+do not depend on
+variables that are part
+
+of the integration outside the
+integration, which means that I
+
+can then write the
+result as being
+
+an exchange of the order
+of the Poisson bracket
+
+and the integration.
+
+So I would essentially have the
+integration only appear here,
+
+which is the same
+thing as Hs and rho s.
+
+This should be rho s.
+
+This is the definition of rho s,
+which is the same thing as rho.
+
+OK.
+
+What does it mean physically?
+
+So it's actually much
+easier to tell you
+
+what it means physically
+than to do the math.
+
+So what we saw was
+happening was that if I
+
+have a Hamiltonian that
+describes N particles, then
+
+for that Hamiltonian,
+the corresponding density
+
+satisfies this
+Liouville equation.
+
+D rho by dt is HN rho.
+
+And this was a consequence of
+this divergence-less character
+
+of the flow that we
+have in this space,
+
+that the equations that
+we write down over here
+
+for p dot and q
+dot in terms of H
+
+had this character that
+the divergence was 0.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, this is true if I have
+any number of particles.
+
+So if I focus simply
+on s of the particles,
+
+and they are governed
+by this Hamiltonian,
+
+and I don't have anything
+else in the universe,
+
+as far as this
+Hamiltonian is concerned,
+
+I should have the analog
+of a Liouville equation.
+
+So the term that I have obtained
+over there from this first term
+
+is simply stating
+that d rho s by dt,
+
+if there was no other
+interaction with anybody else,
+
+would simply satisfy the
+corresponding Liouville
+
+equation for s particles.
+
+And because of that, we
+also expect and anticipate--
+
+and I'll show that
+mathematically--
+
+that the next term
+in the series,
+
+that is the Poisson bracket
+of N minus s and rho,
+
+should be 0, because as
+far as this s particles
+
+that I'm focusing on
+and how they evolve,
+
+they really don't care about
+what all the other particles
+
+are doing if they
+are not [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So anything interesting
+should ultimately
+
+come from this third term.
+
+But let's actually go and do the
+calculation for the second term
+
+to show that this anticipation
+that the answer should be 0
+
+does hold up and why.
+
+So for the second term, I need
+to calculate a similar Poisson
+
+bracket, except that
+this second Poisson
+
+bracket involves H of N minus s.
+
+And H of N minus s, when
+I put in the full sum,
+
+will only get contribution from
+terms that start from s plus 1.
+
+So the same way that
+that started from N,
+
+this contribution starts
+from s plus 1 to N.
+
+And actually, I can just write
+the whole thing as above, d
+
+rho by d qj dotted by d HN minus
+s by dpj, plus d rho by-- no,
+
+this is the rho. d rho by d pj
+dotted by dHN minus s by dqj.
+
+So now I have a totally
+different situation
+
+from the previous case,
+because the previous case,
+
+the derivatives were over
+things I was not integrating.
+
+I could take outside
+the integral.
+
+Now all of the
+derivatives involve things
+
+that I'm integrating over.
+
+Now, when that happens, then
+you do integration by parts.
+
+So what you do is
+you take rho outside
+
+and let the derivative
+act on everything else.
+
+OK?
+
+So what do we end up with if
+we do integration by parts?
+
+I will get surface terms.
+
+Surface terms are essentially
+rho-evaluated when
+
+the coordinates are at
+infinity or at the edge
+
+of your space, where rho is 0.
+
+So there is no surface term.
+
+There is an overall
+change in sign,
+
+so I will get a product
+i running from s plus 1
+
+to N, dVi.
+
+Now the rho comes outside.
+
+And the derivative acts on
+everything that is left.
+
+So the first term will
+give me a second derivative
+
+of HN minus s, with respect
+to p, with respect to q.
+
+And the second term will be
+essentially the opposite way
+
+of doing the derivative.
+
+And these two are,
+of course, the same.
+
+And the answer is 0.
+
+OK?
+
+So we do expect that
+the evolution of all
+
+the other particles
+should not affect
+
+the subset that
+we are looking at.
+
+And that's worn out also.
+
+So the only thing
+that potentially
+
+will be relevant and exciting
+is the last term, number c.
+
+So let's take a look at that.
+
+So here, I have to do an
+integration over variables
+
+that I am not interested.
+
+And then I need now,
+however, to do a full Poisson
+
+bracket of a whole
+bunch of terms,
+
+because now the terms
+that I'm looking at
+
+have coordinates from both sets.
+
+So I have to be a
+little bit careful.
+
+So let me just make sure that
+I follow the notes that I
+
+have here and don't
+make mistakes.
+
+OK.
+
+So this H prime
+involves two sums.
+
+So I will write the first
+sum, N running from 1 to s.
+
+And then I have the second
+sum, j running from s
+
+plus 1 to N. What do I need?
+
+I need the-- OK.
+
+Let's do it the following way.
+
+So what I have to do
+for the Poisson bracket
+
+is a sum that involves
+all coordinates.
+
+So let's just write
+this whole expression.
+
+But first, for
+coordinates 1 through s.
+
+So I have a sum N
+running from 1 to s.
+
+And then I will
+write the term that
+
+corresponds to
+coordinates s plus 1 to m.
+
+For the first set of
+coordinates, what do I have?
+
+I have d rho by dqn.
+
+And then I have
+d H prime by dpn.
+
+So I didn't write
+H prime explicitly.
+
+I'm just breaking
+the sum over here.
+
+And then I have sum j
+running from s plus 1 to N,
+
+d rho by dqj times
+d H prime by dpj.
+
+And again, my H prime
+is this entity over here
+
+that [? copies ?]
+coordinates from both sets.
+
+OK.
+
+First thing is I claim that one
+of these two sets of sums is 0.
+
+You tell me which.
+
+AUDIENCE: The first.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why first?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because H prime is
+independent of p [? dot. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+OK.
+
+That's very good.
+
+And then it sort of brings
+up a very important question,
+
+which is, I forgot to
+write two more terms.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Running to s of d rho by dpn,
+d H prime by dqn minus sum j
+
+s plus 1 to N of d rho by
+dpj dot dH prime by dqj.
+
+So indeed, both answers
+now were correct.
+
+Somebody said that
+the first term
+
+is a 0, because H prime
+does not depend on pn.
+
+And somebody over here
+said that this term is 0.
+
+And maybe they can explain why.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Same
+reason as up here.
+
+That is, I can do
+integration by parts.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: To get rid of this
+term plus this term together.
+
+So it's actually
+by itself is not 0.
+
+But if I do
+integration by parts,
+
+I will have-- actually,
+even by itself, it is 0,
+
+because I would have d
+by dqj, d by pj, H prime.
+
+And H prime, you cannot
+have a double derivative pj.
+
+So each one of them,
+actually, by itself is 0.
+
+But in general, they would
+also cancel each other
+
+through their single process.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have the sign
+of [? dH ?] of [? H prime? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Did I have
+the sign incorrect?
+
+Yes.
+
+Because for some
+reason or other,
+
+I keep reading from here, which
+is rho and H. So let's do this.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Excuse me.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yes, it is different.
+
+Yes.
+
+So what I said, if I had
+a more general Hamiltonian
+
+that also depended
+on momentum, then
+
+this term would, by itself
+not 0, but would cancel,
+
+be the corresponding
+term from here.
+
+But the way that I
+have for H prime,
+
+indeed, each term by
+itself would be 0.
+
+OK.
+
+So hopefully-- then
+what do we have?
+
+So actually, let's keep the
+sign correct and do this,
+
+because I need this right
+sign for the one term
+
+that is preserved.
+
+So what does that say?
+
+It is a sum, n
+running from 1 to s.
+
+OK?
+
+I have d H prime by dqn.
+
+And I have this integration.
+
+I have the integration i running
+from s plus 1 to N dV of i.
+
+I have d rho by
+dpn dot producted
+
+with d H prime by dqN.
+
+d H prime by dqn I can
+calculate from here,
+
+is a sum over terms j
+running from s plus 1
+
+to N of V of qn minus qj.
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why aren't you
+differentiating [? me ?]
+
+if you're
+differentiating H prime?
+
+PROFESSOR: d by dqj.
+
+All right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where is the qn?
+
+PROFESSOR: d by dqn.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Right.
+
+Because always, pn of
+qn would go together.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+So we have to slog
+through these derivations.
+
+And then I'll give you
+the physical meaning.
+
+So I can rearrange this.
+
+Let's see what's happening here.
+
+I have here a sum
+over particles that
+
+are not listed on
+the left-hand side.
+
+So when I wrote
+this d rho by dt,
+
+I had listed coordinates
+going from p1 through qs that
+
+were s coordinates
+that were listed.
+
+If you like, you can think
+of them as s particles.
+
+Now, this sum involves
+the remaining particles.
+
+What is this?
+
+Up to a sign.
+
+This is the force that
+is exerted by particle j
+
+from the list of
+particles that I'm not
+
+interested on one of the
+particles on the list
+
+that I am interested.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I expect that at the end
+of the day, all of the particles
+
+that I am not interested
+I can treat equivalently,
+
+like everything
+that we had before,
+
+like how I got this factor
+of N or N minus 1 over there.
+
+I expect that all of these will
+give me the same result, which
+
+is proportional to the number
+of these particles, which
+
+is N minus s.
+
+OK?
+
+And then I can focus on just
+one of the terms in this sum.
+
+Let's say the term
+that corresponds to j,
+
+being s plus 1.
+
+Now, having done that,
+I have to be careful.
+
+I can do separately
+the integration
+
+over the volume of this one
+coordinate that I'm keeping,
+
+V of s plus 1.
+
+And what do I have here?
+
+I have the force that
+exerted on particle number N
+
+by the particle that
+is labelled s plus 1.
+
+And this force is dot
+producted with a gradient
+
+along the momentum in direction
+of particle N of its density.
+
+Actually, this is the
+density of all particles.
+
+This is the rho that
+corresponds to the joint.
+
+But I had here s
+plus 1 integrations.
+
+One of them I wrote
+down explicitly.
+
+All the others I do over here.
+
+Of the density.
+
+So basically, I change the
+order of the derivative
+
+and the integrations over
+the variables not involved
+
+in the remainder.
+
+And the reason I
+did that, of course,
+
+is that then this
+is my rho s plus 1.
+
+OK?
+
+So what we have at
+the end of the day
+
+is that if I take the time
+variation of an s particle
+
+density, I will get one
+term that I expected,
+
+which is if those s particles
+were interacting only
+
+with themselves, I would
+write the Liouville equation
+
+that would be
+appropriate to them.
+
+But because of the
+collisions that I
+
+can have with particles
+that are not over here,
+
+suddenly, the momenta that
+I'm looking at could change.
+
+And because of that, I
+have a correction term here
+
+that really describes
+the collisions.
+
+It says here that
+these s particles
+
+were following the
+trajectory that
+
+was governed by the
+Hamiltonian that
+
+was peculiar to the s particles.
+
+But suddenly, one of them had
+a collision with somebody else.
+
+So which one of them?
+
+Well, any one of them.
+
+So I could get a contribution
+from any one of the s particles
+
+that is listed over here, having
+a collision with somebody else.
+
+How do I describe
+the effect of that?
+
+I have to do an integration over
+where this new particle that I
+
+am colliding with could be.
+
+I have to specify both where the
+particle is that I am colliding
+
+with, as well as its momentum.
+
+So that's this.
+
+Then I need to know the
+force that this particle is
+
+exerting on me.
+
+So that's the V of qs plus
+1 minus qN divided by dqN.
+
+This is the force that is
+exerted by this particle
+
+that I don't see on myself.
+
+Then I have to multiply this,
+or a dot product of this,
+
+with d by dpN, because what
+happens in the process,
+
+because of this force, the
+momentum of the N particle
+
+is changing.
+
+The variation of
+that is captured
+
+through looking at
+the density that
+
+has all of these particles in
+addition to this new particle
+
+that I am colliding with.
+
+But, of course, I am not really
+interested in the coordinate
+
+of this new particle,
+so I integrate over it.
+
+There are N minus
+s such particles.
+
+So I really have to put
+a factor of N minus s
+
+here for all of
+potential collisions.
+
+And so that's the equation.
+
+Again, it is more common,
+rather than to write
+
+the equation for rho, to
+write the equation for f.
+
+And the f's and the
+rhos where simply
+
+related by these factors of
+N factorial over N minus 1
+
+s factorial.
+
+And the outcome of that
+is that the equation for f
+
+simply does not have this
+additional factor of N minus s,
+
+because that disappears
+in the ratio of rho
+
+of s plus 1 and rho s.
+
+And it becomes a sum over
+N running from 1 to s.
+
+Integral over coordinates and
+momenta of a particle s plus 1.
+
+The force exerted
+by particle s plus 1
+
+on particle N used to vary the
+momentum of the N particle.
+
+And the whole thing would depend
+on the density that includes,
+
+in addition to the s
+particles that I had before,
+
+the new particle that
+I am colliding with.
+
+OK?
+
+So there is a set
+of equations that
+
+relates the different densities
+and how they evolve in time.
+
+The evolution of f1, which is
+the thing that I am interested,
+
+will have, on the
+right-hand side,
+
+something that involves f2.
+
+The evolution of
+f2 will involve f3.
+
+And this whole thing is
+called a BBGKY hierarchy,
+
+after people whose names
+I have in the notes.
+
+[SOFT LAUGHTER]
+
+But again, what have
+we learned beyond what
+
+we had in the original case?
+
+And originally,
+we had an equation
+
+that was governing a function
+in 6N-dimensional space, which
+
+we really don't need.
+
+So we tried our
+best to avoid that.
+
+We said that all of the physics
+is in one particle, maybe
+
+two particle densities.
+
+Let's calculate the evolution
+of one-particle and two-particle
+
+densities.
+
+Maybe they will tell us about
+this non-equilibrium situation
+
+that we set up.
+
+But we see that the time
+evolution of the first particle
+
+density requires
+two-particle density.
+
+Two-particle density requires
+three-particle densities.
+
+So we sort of made this
+ladder, which ultimately will
+
+[? terminate ?] at the
+Nth particle densities.
+
+And so we have not
+really gained much.
+
+So we have to now look at these
+equations a little bit more
+
+and try to inject more physics.
+
+So let's write down the
+first two terms explicitly.
+
+So what I will do is I will
+take this Poisson bracket of H
+
+and f, to the left-hand
+side, and use the Hamiltonian
+
+that we have over here
+to write the terms.
+
+So the equation that we
+have for f1-- and I'm
+
+going to write it as a
+whole bunch of derivatives
+
+acting on f1.
+
+f1 is a function of p1 q1 t.
+
+And essentially, what
+Liouville's theorem
+
+says is that as you move
+along the trajectory,
+
+the total derivative is
+0, because the expansion
+
+of the flows is incompressible.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+It means that d by dt, which
+is this argument, plus q1 dot
+
+times d by dq1 plus
+p1 dot by d by dp1.
+
+So here, I should write
+p1 dot and q1 dot.
+
+In the absence of
+everything else is 0.
+
+Then, of course, for q1
+dot, we use the momentum
+
+that we would get out of this.
+
+q1 dot is momentum
+divided by mass.
+
+So that's the velocity.
+
+And p1 dot, changing
+momentum, is
+
+the force, is minus dH by dq1.
+
+So this is minus d of this
+one particle potential divided
+
+by dq1 dotted by [? h ?] p1.
+
+So if you were asked to think
+about one particle in a box,
+
+then you know its
+equation of motion.
+
+If you have many,
+many realizations
+
+of that particle in a box,
+you can construct a density.
+
+Each one of the elements
+of the trajectory,
+
+you know how they
+evolve according
+
+to [? Newton's ?] equation.
+
+And you can see how the
+density would evolve.
+
+It would evolve
+according to this.
+
+I would have said, equal to 0.
+
+But I can't set it to 0 if I'm
+really thinking about a gas,
+
+because my particle
+can come and collide
+
+with a second
+particle in the gas.
+
+The second particle
+can be anywhere.
+
+And what it will do is that
+it will exert a force, which
+
+would be like this,
+on particle one.
+
+And this force will
+change the momentum.
+
+So my variation of
+the momentum will not
+
+come only from the
+external force,
+
+but also from the
+force that is coming
+
+from some other
+particle in the medium.
+
+So that's where
+this d by dp really
+
+gets not only the
+external force but also
+
+the force from somebody else.
+
+But then I need to know
+where this other particle is,
+
+given that I know where
+my first particle is.
+
+So I have to include here a
+two-particle density which
+
+depends on p1 as
+well as q2 at time t.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+Now you say, OK, let's write
+down-- I need to know f2.
+
+Let's write down
+the equation for f2.
+
+So I will write it more rapidly.
+
+I have p1 over m, d by dq1.
+
+I have p2 over m, d by dq2.
+
+I will have dU by dq1, d by dp1.
+
+I will have dU by dq2, d by dp2.
+
+I will have also a term from
+the collision between q1 and q2.
+
+And once it will change the
+momentum of the first particle,
+
+but it will change the
+momentum of the second particle
+
+in the opposite direction.
+
+So I will put the
+two of them together.
+
+So this is all of the terms that
+I would get from H2, Poisson
+
+bracket with density acting
+on the two-particle density.
+
+And the answer would be
+0 if the two particles
+
+were the only thing in the box.
+
+But there's also
+other particles.
+
+So there can be
+interactions and collisions
+
+with a third particle.
+
+And for that, I
+would need to know,
+
+let's actually try
+to simplify notation.
+
+This is the force that is
+exerted from two to one.
+
+So I will have here the
+force from three to one
+
+dotted by d by dp1.
+
+Right.
+
+And the force that is
+exerted from three to two
+
+dotted by d by dp2 acting on
+a three-particle density that
+
+involves everything up to three.
+
+And now let's write
+the third one.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+So that, I will leave
+to next lecture.
+
+But anyway, so this
+is the structure.
+
+Now, this is the
+point at which we
+
+would like to inject some
+physics into the problem.
+
+So what we are going to do is to
+estimate the various terms that
+
+are appearing in this
+equation to see whether there
+
+is some approximation
+that we can make
+
+to make the equations more
+treatable and handle-able.
+
+All right?
+
+So let's try to look
+at the case of a gas--
+
+let's say the gas in this room.
+
+A typical thing
+that is happening
+
+in the particles of
+the gas in this room
+
+is that they are zipping around.
+
+Their velocity is of
+the order-- again,
+
+just order of magnitude,
+hundreds of meters per second.
+
+OK?
+
+So we are going to, again,
+be very sort of limited
+
+in what we are
+trying to describe.
+
+There is this experiment.
+
+Gas expands into a chamber.
+
+In room temperature, typical
+velocities are of this order.
+
+Now we are going to
+use that to estimate
+
+the magnitude of the
+various terms that
+
+are appearing in this equation.
+
+Now, the whole thing
+about this equation
+
+is variation with time.
+
+So the entity that
+we are looking
+
+at in all of these
+brackets is this d by dt,
+
+which means that the various
+terms in this differential
+
+equation, apart
+from d by dt, have
+
+to have dimensions
+of inverse time.
+
+So we are going to
+try to characterize
+
+what those inverse times are.
+
+So what are the typical
+magnitudes of various terms?
+
+If I look at the
+first equation, I
+
+said what that first
+equation describes.
+
+That first equation describes
+for you a particle in a box.
+
+We've forgotten about
+everything else.
+
+So if I have a
+particle in a box,
+
+what is the characteristic time?
+
+It has to be set by the
+size of the box, given
+
+that I am moving
+with that velocity.
+
+So there is a
+timescale that I would
+
+call extrinsic in the
+sense that it is not really
+
+a property of the gas.
+
+It will be different if
+I make the box bigger.
+
+There's a timescale
+over which I would
+
+go from one side of the box
+to another side of the box.
+
+So this is kind of
+a timescale that
+
+is related to the term
+that knows something
+
+about the box, which
+is dU by dq, d by dp.
+
+I would say that if I were to
+assign some typical magnitude
+
+to this type of
+term, I would say
+
+that it is related to having
+to traverse a distance that
+
+is of the order of
+the size of the box,
+
+given the velocity
+that I have specified.
+
+This is an inverse timescale.
+
+Right?
+
+And let's sort of
+imagine that I have an--
+
+and I will call this
+timescale 1 over tau U,
+
+because it is sort of
+determined by my external U.
+
+Let's say we have
+a typical size that
+
+is of the order of millimeter.
+
+If I make it larger,
+it will be larger.
+
+So actually, let's say we
+have 10 to the minus 3 meters.
+
+Actually, let's make it bigger.
+
+Let's make it of the order
+of 10 to the minus 1 meter.
+
+Kind of reasonable-sized box.
+
+Then you would say
+that this 1 over tau c
+
+is of the order of 10 to the 2
+divided by 10 to the minus 1,
+
+which is of the order of 1,000.
+
+Basically, it
+takes a millisecond
+
+to traverse a box
+that is a fraction
+
+of a meter with
+these velocities.
+
+OK?
+
+You say fine.
+
+That is the kind
+of timescale that I
+
+have in the first equation
+that I have in my hierarchy.
+
+And that kind of
+term is certainly
+
+also present in the second
+equation for the hierarchy.
+
+If I have two particles,
+maybe these two particles
+
+are orbiting each
+other, et cetera.
+
+Still, their center of
+mass would move, typically,
+
+with this velocity.
+
+And it would take
+this amount of time
+
+to go across the
+size of the box.
+
+But there is another
+timescale inside there
+
+that I would call intrinsic,
+which involves dV/dq, d by dp.
+
+Now, if I was to see what
+the characteristic magnitude
+
+of this term is, it would
+have to be V divided
+
+by a lens scale that
+characterizes the potential.
+
+And the potential, let's
+say, is of the order
+
+of atomic size or
+molecular size.
+
+Let's call it d.
+
+So this is an atomic
+size-- or molecular size.
+
+More correctly, really, it's
+the range of the interaction
+
+that you have between particles.
+
+And typical values of
+these [? numbers ?]
+
+are of the order of 10
+angstroms, or angstroms,
+
+or whatever.
+
+Let's say 10 to the
+minus 10 meters.
+
+Sorry.
+
+The first one I would
+like to call tau U.
+
+This second time,
+that I will call
+
+1 over tau c for collisions,
+is going to be the ratio of 10
+
+to the 2 to 10 to the minus 10.
+
+It's of the order of 10
+to the 12 in both seconds.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can see that this term is
+much, much larger in magnitude
+
+than the term that was
+governing the first equation.
+
+OK?
+
+And roughly, what you
+expect in a situation
+
+such as this-- let's imagine,
+rather than shooting particles
+
+from here, you are
+shooting bullets.
+
+And then the bullets
+would come and basically
+
+have some kind of
+trajectory, et cetera.
+
+The characteristic time
+for a single one of them
+
+would be basically
+something that
+
+is related to the
+size of the box.
+
+How long does it take a bullet
+to go over the size of the box?
+
+But if two of these
+bullets happen
+
+to come together and
+collide, then there's
+
+a very short period
+of time over which
+
+they would go in
+different directions.
+
+And the momenta
+would get displaced
+
+from what they were before.
+
+And that timescale is
+of the order of this.
+
+But in the situation
+that I set up,
+
+this particular
+time is too rapid.
+
+There is another
+more important time,
+
+which is, how long
+do I have to wait
+
+for two of these particles,
+or two of these bullets,
+
+to come and hit each other?
+
+So it's not the duration of the
+collision that is irrelevant,
+
+but how long it would be for
+me to find another particle
+
+to collide with.
+
+And actually, that is what
+is governed by the terms
+
+that I have on the other side.
+
+Because the terms on the
+other side, what they say is I
+
+have to find another particle.
+
+So if I look at the terms that
+I have on the right-hand side
+
+and try to construct
+a characteristic time
+
+out of them, I have to compare
+the probability that I will
+
+have, or the density that
+I will have for s plus 1,
+
+integrated over some
+volume, over which
+
+the force between these
+particles is non-zero.
+
+And then in order to
+construct a timescale for it,
+
+I know that the d by dt on
+the left-hand side acts on fs.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, I have fs plus 1.
+
+So again, just if I want
+to construct dimensionally,
+
+it's a ratio that
+involves s plus 1 to s.
+
+OK?
+
+So I have to do an
+additional integration
+
+over a volume in phase space
+over which two particles can
+
+have substantial interactions.
+
+Because that's where
+this [? dv ?] by dq
+
+would be non-zero, provided
+that there is a density for s
+
+plus 1 particle
+compared to s particles.
+
+If you think about
+it, that means
+
+that I have to look
+at the typical density
+
+or particles times d cubed for
+these additional operations
+
+multiplied by this collision
+time that I had before.
+
+OK?
+
+And this whole thing I will
+call 1 over tau collision.
+
+And another way of getting
+the same result is as follows.
+
+This is typically how you get
+collision times by pictorially.
+
+You say that I have something
+that can interact over
+
+some characteristic size d.
+
+It moves in space
+with velocity v
+
+so that if I wait a time
+that I will call tau,
+
+within that time,
+I'm essentially
+
+sweeping a volume of space that
+has volume d squared v tau.
+
+So my cross section, if my
+dimension is d, is d squared.
+
+I sweep in the other
+direction by [? aman ?] d tau.
+
+And how many particles
+will I encounter?
+
+Well, if I know
+the density, which
+
+is the number of
+particles per unit volume,
+
+I have to multiply this by n.
+
+So how far do I have
+to go until I hit 1?
+
+I'll call that tau x.
+
+Then my formula
+for tau x would be
+
+1 over nvd squared, which
+is exactly what I have here.
+
+1 over tau x is
+nd squared v. OK?
+
+So in order to compare
+the terms that I
+
+have on the right-hand
+side with the terms
+
+on the left-hand
+side, I notice that I
+
+need to know something
+about nd cubed.
+
+So nd cubed tells you
+if I have a particle
+
+here and this particle has
+a range of interactions
+
+that I call d, how many
+other particles fall
+
+within that range
+of interaction?
+
+Now, for the gas in this room,
+the range of the interaction
+
+is of the order of the
+size of the molecule.
+
+It is very small.
+
+And the distance between
+molecules in this room
+
+is far apart.
+
+And indeed, you can estimate
+that for gas, nd cubed
+
+has to be of the order
+of 10 to the minus 4.
+
+And how do I know that?
+
+Because if I were to take all of
+the gas particles in this room
+
+and put them together so
+that they are touching,
+
+then I would have a liquid.
+
+And the density of,
+say, typical liquid
+
+is of the order of 10,000 times
+larger than the density of air.
+
+So basically, it has to
+be a number of this order.
+
+OK?
+
+So fine.
+
+Let's look at our equations.
+
+So what I find is that
+in this equation for f2,
+
+on the left-hand
+side, I have a term
+
+that has magnitude that is
+very large-- 1 over tau c.
+
+Whereas the term on
+the right-hand side,
+
+in terms of magnitude,
+is something like this.
+
+And in fact, this will be
+true for every equation
+
+in the hierarchy.
+
+So maybe if I am in the
+limit where nd cubed is much,
+
+much less than 1-- such as
+the gas in this room, which
+
+is called the dilute limit-- I
+can ignore the right-hand side.
+
+I can set the
+right-hand side to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I can't do that
+for the first equation,
+
+because the first
+equation is really
+
+the only equation in the
+hierarchy that does not
+
+have the collision term
+on the left-hand side.
+
+Right?
+
+And so for the first equation,
+I really need to keep that.
+
+And actually, it goes
+back to all of the story
+
+that we've had over here.
+
+Remember that we said
+this rho equilibrium has
+
+to be a function of H
+and conserved quantities.
+
+Suppose I go to my
+Hamiltonian and I
+
+ignore all of these
+interactions, which
+
+is what I would
+have done if I just
+
+look at the first term over
+here and set the collision
+
+term on the
+right-hand side to 0.
+
+What would happen then?
+
+Then clearly, for each
+one of the particles,
+
+I have-- let's say it's energy
+is going to be conserved.
+
+Maybe the magnitude
+of its momentum
+
+is going to be conserved in
+the appropriate geometry.
+
+And so there will
+be a huge number
+
+of individual
+conserved quantities
+
+that I would have
+to put over there.
+
+Indeed, if I sort of
+go back to the picture
+
+that I was drawing over
+here, if I ignore collisions
+
+between the particles, then
+the bullets that I send
+
+will always be following
+a trajectory such as this
+
+forever, because momentum
+will be conserved.
+
+You will always-- I mean,
+except up to reflection.
+
+And say the
+magnitude of velocity
+
+would be always
+following the same thing.
+
+OK?
+
+So however, if there is
+a collision between two
+
+of the particles-- so the
+particles that come in here,
+
+they have different velocities,
+they will hit each other.
+
+The moment they hit
+each other, they
+
+go off different directions.
+
+And after a certain
+number of hits,
+
+then I will lose all
+of the regularity
+
+of what I had in the beginning.
+
+And so essentially,
+this second term
+
+on the right-hand
+with the collisions
+
+is the thing that
+is necessary for me
+
+to ensure that my gas does come
+to equilibrium in the sense
+
+that their momenta get
+distributed and reversed.
+
+I really need to
+keep track of that.
+
+And also, you can see that
+the timescales for which
+
+this kind of
+equilibration takes place
+
+has to do with this
+collision time.
+
+But as far as this term
+is concerned, for the gas
+
+or for that system of bullets,
+it doesn't really matter.
+
+Because for this term
+to have been important,
+
+it would have been
+necessary for something
+
+interesting to physically occur
+should three particles come
+
+together simultaneously.
+
+And if I complete
+the-- say that never
+
+in the history of this
+system three particles will
+
+come together, they do
+come together in reality.
+
+It's not that big a difference.
+
+It's only a factor of
+10 to the 4 difference
+
+between the right-hand side
+and the left-hand side.
+
+But still, even if
+they didn't, there
+
+was nothing about
+equilibration of the gas that
+
+would be missed by this.
+
+So it's a perfectly reasonable
+approximation and assumption,
+
+therefore, for us
+to drop this term.
+
+And we'll see that although
+that is physically motivated,
+
+it actually doesn't resolve
+this question of irreversibility
+
+yet, because that's also
+potentially a system
+
+that you could set up.
+
+You just eliminate all of
+the three-body interactions
+
+from the problem.
+
+Still, you could have
+a very reversible set
+
+of conditions and
+deterministic process
+
+that you could reverse in time.
+
+But still, it's
+sort of allows us
+
+to have something that
+is more manageable,
+
+which is what we will
+be looking at next.
+
+Before I go to what
+is next, I also
+
+mentioned that there is
+one other limit where
+
+one can do things,
+which is when,
+
+within the range of
+interaction of one particle,
+
+there are many other particles.
+
+So you are in the dense limit,
+nd cubed greater than 1.
+
+This does not happen for a
+liquid, because for a liquid,
+
+the range does not allow many
+particles to come within it.
+
+But it happens
+for a plasma where
+
+you have long-range
+Coulomb interaction.
+
+And within the range
+of Coulomb interaction,
+
+you could have many
+other interactions.
+
+And so that limit you will
+explore in the problem set
+
+leads to a different description
+of approach to equilibrium.
+
+It's called the Vlasov equation.
+
+What we are going to proceed
+with now will lead to something
+
+else, which is called--
+in the dilute limit,
+
+it will get the
+Boltzmann equation.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's see what we have.
+
+So currently, we
+achieved something.
+
+We want to describe
+properties of a few particles
+
+in the system-- densities
+that describe only,
+
+say, one particle by itself
+if one was not enough.
+
+But I can terminate
+the equations.
+
+And with one-particle density
+and two-particle density,
+
+I should have an
+appropriate description
+
+of how the system evolves.
+
+Let's think about
+it one more time.
+
+So what is happening here?
+
+There is the
+one-particle description
+
+that tells you how the
+density for one particle,
+
+or an ensemble, the probability
+for one particle, its position
+
+and momentum evolves.
+
+But it requires
+knowledge of what
+
+would happen with a
+second particle present.
+
+But the equations that we
+have for the density that
+
+involves two particles is
+simply a description of things
+
+that you would do if you had
+deterministic trajectories.
+
+There is nothing else
+on the right-hand side.
+
+So basically, all you
+need to do is in order
+
+to determine this, is to have
+full knowledge of what happens
+
+if two particles come
+together, collide together, go
+
+away, all kinds of things.
+
+So if you have those
+trajectories for two particles,
+
+you can, in principle,
+build this density.
+
+It's still not an easy task.
+
+But in principle,
+one could do that.
+
+And so this is the
+description of f2.
+
+And we expect f2 to
+describe processes
+
+in which, over a very
+rapid timescale, say,
+
+momenta gets shifted from one
+direction to another direction.
+
+But then there is something
+about the overall behavior that
+
+should follow, more or less, f1.
+
+Again, what do I mean?
+
+What I mean is the following,
+that if I open this box,
+
+there is what you would observe.
+
+The density would kind
+of gush through here.
+
+And so you can
+have a description
+
+for how the density, let's
+say in coordinate space,
+
+would be evolving as
+a function of time.
+
+If I ask how does the
+two-particle prescription
+
+evolve, well, the two-particle
+prescription, part of it
+
+is what's the
+probability that I have
+
+a particle here and
+a particle there?
+
+And if the two particles, if
+the separations are far apart,
+
+you would be justified to
+say that that is roughly
+
+the product of the probabilities
+that I have something here
+
+and something there.
+
+When you become very close
+to each other, however,
+
+over the range of
+interactions and collisions,
+
+that will have to be modified,
+because at those descriptions
+
+from here, you
+would have to worry
+
+about the collisions, and the
+exchange of momenta, et cetera.
+
+So in that sense, part of f2
+is simply following f1 slowly.
+
+And part of f1 captures all of
+the collisions that you have.
+
+In fact, that part of f2 that
+captures in the collisions,
+
+we would like to simplify
+as much as possible.
+
+And that's the next
+task that we do.
+
+So what I need to do
+is to somehow express
+
+the f2 that appears
+in the first equation
+
+while solving this equation
+that is the second one.
+
+I will write the answer
+that we will eventually
+
+deal with and
+explain it next time.
+
+So the ultimate result would
+be that the left-hand side,
+
+we will have the terms
+that we have currently.
+
+f1.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, what we find
+
+is that I need to
+integrate over all momenta
+
+of a second particle
+and something that
+
+is like a distance to the
+target-- one term that
+
+is the flux of
+incoming particles.
+
+And then we would have f2
+after collision minus f2
+
+before collision.
+
+And this is really
+the Boltzmann equation
+
+after one more approximation,
+where we replace f2 with f1.
+
+f1.
+
+But what all of that
+means symbolically
+
+and what it is we'll have
+to explain next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uKe1yzt1IrI.txt b/uKe1yzt1IrI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4b0f84b414e3f0dccb3b765c5234f6e554e6a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uKe1yzt1IrI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3644 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So, welcome back.
+
+Today we continue our
+look at musical interfaces
+
+by examining the turntable
+and its various contemporary
+
+formations and a
+variety of controllers.
+
+What we're going to do
+is look at a little bit
+
+of the history of the
+development of turntablism.
+
+We're going to talk about some
+of the technologies involved
+
+including turntables proper, DJ
+mixers, look at a few scratch
+
+techniques.
+
+We'll cover a little bit about
+the development of hip hop
+
+extending back through
+the Jamaican sound system
+
+tradition from which it seems
+it came on to early hip hop
+
+innovators coming out of
+the South Bronx in New York
+
+and onto a bit of contemporary
+turntable practice.
+
+At the end I'll sort of argue
+that what we see now going on
+
+is sort of an abstraction
+of the turntable interface,
+
+extracting and abstracting
+out the key control interface
+
+components of the turntable, and
+we'll see some examples of that
+
+as we move forward.
+
+A brief reminder, remember
+Thursday your Sonic systems
+
+projects.
+
+We're going to bring
+those in next week.
+
+Some prototype, some draft,
+sketches, circuits, code,
+
+pictures, ideas,
+bring something in.
+
+Be prepared to
+show us something.
+
+We'll spend about five to
+10 minutes on each person.
+
+So have something to share.
+
+And that's the next
+thing coming up.
+
+I have almost all of your drafts
+in for the for the case study
+
+paper.
+
+Now that you've
+turned that in, try
+
+not to stop thinking about it.
+
+Continue thinking about it.
+
+We'll get a little bit
+of time away from it,
+
+but continue to
+do your research.
+
+I'll get you guys comments back,
+hopefully within a week or so,
+
+and that'll give you more to
+work on as we move forward.
+
+Questions?
+
+Comments?
+
+One of your listenings for
+today was a track by People
+
+Under the Stairs.
+
+This is the hip hop
+group out of Los Angeles
+
+who speak about the
+folklore of hip hop.
+
+Let's listen to a little bit of
+this track to remind ourselves.
+
+[MUSIC - PEOPLE UNDER THE
+ STAIRS, "STAY HOME."]
+
+In case you didn't catch
+all those lyrics there,
+
+a couple things to point out.
+
+What they're doing is
+talking about the folklore
+
+of the foundations of hip hop.
+
+It turns out that
+it's not really
+
+folklore in that it's
+colored by imagination.
+
+It's actually part
+of the real history
+
+of the development of hip hop.
+
+They describe 40
+days in the studio,
+
+struck water from ADATs
+on top of a mountain made
+
+of milk crates.
+
+Going on, people who still
+live in the folklore of DJ Cool
+
+Herc, Bam Grand Wizard Theodore.
+
+We're going to talk
+about all those guys
+
+as we move forward today.
+
+We're going to use
+this as a way to frame
+
+our discussion of the
+development of hip hop.
+
+Before any punk with a
+keyboard could do it,
+
+yo Apache was the and
+every B-Boy knew it.
+
+We're going to
+look at Apache, one
+
+of the most famous breaks
+of all turntable breaks.
+
+And finally, yo
+it's number one rap,
+
+I'd rather hear an eight-o-eight
+hand clap than that.
+
+We already know what
+that's a reference to,
+
+the famous
+eight-o-eight hand clap.
+
+So before we go on,
+let's review our history
+
+of the turntable
+of the phonograph.
+
+Remember 1877, Edison
+comes out with his cylinder
+
+based recording mechanism.
+
+1887, Berliner releases
+his disc based gramophone.
+
+The disc ultimately wins
+out primarily because
+
+of-- why, why did
+the disk win out?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you
+could record more, and then
+
+because it was horizontal versus
+vertical wedges, or edges,
+
+whatever.
+
+Basically it made
+it so that amplitude
+
+wasn't really affected as much.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well there's a
+little bit more regularity
+
+in doing the transverse rather
+than the lateral cut, right?
+
+But--
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it easier to
+encode larger amplitude swings
+
+with less amplification.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We can regulate the
+amplitude more better
+
+and the cutting of the record,
+but more importantly, we
+
+can make copies.
+
+We can press copies super
+easily of this flat disc
+
+and sell those
+pre-recorded copies.
+
+That's probably the number one
+reason why the disc won out,
+
+because it was
+easier to reproduce.
+
+And we talked about that
+as sort of a flattening
+
+of the dimensions of
+the recording medium
+
+from three dimensions
+on a cylinder
+
+to two dimensions on a disc.
+
+By 1948 Columbia releases
+the 33 and the third.
+
+That's the large format LP, and
+that gets back pretty much up
+
+to where we've talked about the
+phonograph in the gramophone
+
+so far.
+
+1969 Technics releases the
+SP-10, the first direct drive
+
+turntable.
+
+This direct drive
+mechanism turns out
+
+to be a fairly important
+technical feature.
+
+Previous turntables had
+used a belt mechanism.
+
+And the belt, while effective,
+tended to wear out over time
+
+and slow down.
+
+The rate wasn't
+always as constant
+
+and posed some other
+technical problems.
+
+With this direct
+drive turntable,
+
+the performance of the turntable
+was a little bit more rigorous
+
+and could handle a little
+bit more abuse, namely,
+
+the kind of abuse we see
+with contemporary practice.
+
+1969, Technics releases a less
+expensive model, the SP-1100.
+
+1972 they release the SL-1200.
+
+And it's this
+turntable that really
+
+defines the modern
+turntable practice.
+
+If you go find a DJ
+somewhere, and you
+
+look at their turntables,
+probably six to eight out of 10
+
+will be using this turntable
+or some variation of it.
+
+Now they have the SL-1220
+and SL-1260, et cetera.
+
+But the SL-12 is still
+the leading model
+
+and, in fact, you'll hear
+hip hop artists refer
+
+to the SL-12 as the
+turntable of choice.
+
+This model allows you to select
+different rotation speeds
+
+depending if you have a 78
+or 45 or a 33 and a third.
+
+And it has this nice
+variable speed adjustment
+
+slider here on the right.
+
+Why would you want to smoothly
+vary the speed of playback?
+
+Slow things down,
+speed things up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Skip ahead
+to the next track.
+
+PROFESSOR: Fast forward,
+well, yeah, you could do that.
+
+OK, that's one approach.
+
+Yeah you always just grab
+the needle and throw it over.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're playing
+two at the same time,
+
+if you want to get them
+to be about the same pitch
+
+or if you want them to
+be about the same speed,
+
+you can always just
+adjust one smoothly.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+By adjusting the rotation
+speed here and changing
+
+the rotation speed-- go ahead?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was wondering
+if that was their intent
+
+or if it was actually
+intended to just
+
+be able to adjust for
+fluctuations in line frequency?
+
+Because, you know,
+you may need to do
+
+that if you need it to go
+exactly 33 and a third.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+with the direct drive
+
+motor and the
+modern design, they
+
+were able to pretty regularly
+get the speed that they wanted.
+
+So I think the
+motivation, maybe,
+
+and certainly the
+most common use
+
+is to match beats,
+to match tempo.
+
+So that you could slow
+down a track a little bit
+
+and move into another
+track and match the beats,
+
+align the beats, which leads
+to the whole practice of beat
+
+matching which used to
+be done manually by ear
+
+but is more often done
+with software now.
+
+AUDIENCE: Were people
+doing that in '69
+
+when this turntable came out?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not '69 but
+the late '70s, early '80s.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+response to that ability
+
+or was the ability a
+response to a desire?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not sure.
+
+That's a good thing to look at.
+
+This is a modern, this
+isn't the 72 model.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I mean, that's a
+great question to ask
+
+and something to look at.
+
+Now combined with the modern
+SL style of turntable,
+
+DJs often add a slip
+mat, and this slip mat
+
+is really the, sort of, secret
+ingredient to modern turntable
+
+technique.
+
+It's simply a
+circle of felt that
+
+goes under the record
+that permits the record
+
+to spin independently
+of the platter.
+
+Now this allows us to
+do a number of things
+
+with our record.
+
+The so-called baby scratch is
+the most basic scratch-- oops,
+
+this is the
+transformers-- either way,
+
+we're going to look at a couple
+scratches that don't require
+
+using the mixer, that
+just employ manipulating
+
+the disc on the platter.
+
+And this is only possible
+because of the felt of the slip
+
+mat, or at least, more possible.
+
+So this is the transformer--
+oh, sorry, this is a bad clip.
+
+This is not what I wanted.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Let's go to the phases,
+maybe this is it.
+
+There we go.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+DJ QBERT: OK, phrases are
+just the same thing as lasers,
+
+but you're holding the record.
+
+PROFESSOR: [GIGGLING]
+So here he's
+
+showing a technique
+where he's just
+
+adjusting the
+rotation of the disc.
+
+He's not doing anything
+with the mixer.
+
+He's just using the
+ability for the disc
+
+to turn independently
+of the platter.
+
+Let me pull up the
+baby, this is the one
+
+I was going to show before.
+
+There we go.
+
+DJ QBERT: So the first
+scratch you're going to learn
+
+is the baby scratch.
+
+It's basically the
+easiest scratch to do.
+
+You don't need a fader.
+
+You just move the
+record back and forth.
+
+There was a deal in 1975,
+and this is how it sounds.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: So a very
+simple scratch, again,
+
+just being able to manipulate
+the movement of the record
+
+on the platter
+allows us to do this.
+
+There's this other one here
+called the waves-- hopefully
+
+I have the right
+link here-- which
+
+adjusts the rotation in
+a quick and slow fashion.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+DJ QBERT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's
+interesting about that
+
+is the movement
+of his hand looks
+
+like it's mapping the cutoff
+frequency of a low pass
+
+filter which is
+kind of interesting.
+
+I don't think it's the
+movement of his hand
+
+that's making this
+technique effective.
+
+It's really adjusting
+the playback speed
+
+in a smooth fashion
+up and down that
+
+makes this technique effective.
+
+Questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's on the record?
+
+PROFESSOR: In that example?
+
+DJs like him and
+others sometimes
+
+use battle records or records
+that are configured with things
+
+really good for scratching.
+
+In that case, it sounded sort
+of like a vocal sample, somebody
+
+saying something, which often
+gives those good white noise
+
+sounds.
+
+We'll hear more examples
+of that in a little bit.
+
+Now the DJ mixer is one of
+the other really important
+
+components of the
+turntable's set up.
+
+And particularly,
+the cross fader.
+
+The cross fader and the toggle
+switches found on a modern DJ
+
+mixer allow the turntablist
+to apply variable amplitude
+
+envelopes to the sound.
+
+We've already looked
+at the development
+
+of modular synthesizers.
+
+We can think of the cross
+fader and the toggle switches,
+
+the cross fader located here
+and the toggle switches located
+
+here, as various ways of
+applying amplitude envelopes
+
+to the sound the DJ is
+capturing from the disc.
+
+Now there's a wide
+range of other tools
+
+available on the DJ mixer.
+
+Another important
+one is the ability
+
+to listen to more sources
+than are being played.
+
+This is often described
+as the queueing
+
+of the record or
+the queue input.
+
+What this allows the DJ
+to do is play one record
+
+and then play another
+record and listen
+
+to that record in
+their headphones
+
+before they play it
+out to the audience.
+
+This leads to the sort
+of stereotypical DJ
+
+pose of having one cup of a
+headphone ear on their head
+
+while doing something.
+
+They're queuing up
+the next record.
+
+They're listening to the next
+record which may be a record
+
+or may be a digital audio file
+or may be some other source,
+
+they're playing an
+existing record,
+
+listening to another
+record, adjusting
+
+where the records going to play,
+maybe adjusting the playback
+
+speed, and doing that
+all in the headphones
+
+before they send that out to
+the main mix to the house.
+
+So the ability to queue
+up another channel
+
+before sending it out is a
+critical feature of DJ mixers.
+
+Now some modern DJ mixers
+have a wide variety
+
+of different effects.
+
+Some have delay, some have
+reverb, some have samplers,
+
+some have various
+other technologies.
+
+For instance, this Mackie d.2
+features an optical cross fader
+
+which is advertised as never
+changing its performance.
+
+The cross fader always
+performs the same way
+
+because there's no friction.
+
+There's other designs
+that are using
+
+magnetic technologies
+for the cross faders.
+
+This Numark DXM09 has some
+beat synchronized affects
+
+so it allows you
+to set the tempo
+
+and then echos and
+delays and other effects
+
+are synchronized to the beat
+which is a pretty nice feature.
+
+This Numark 5000FX features
+an integrated sampler
+
+which allows you to, while
+you're playing something,
+
+simply trigger a record,
+sample something,
+
+and then play it back either
+in reverse or forward later on,
+
+which as you
+imagine, could offer
+
+some nice creative techniques.
+
+We already saw
+another example where
+
+DJs work with something
+like an MPC sampler.
+
+So seeing a turntable next
+to an MPC is not uncommon.
+
+Some DJs might work
+with an external sampler
+
+next to their turntable,
+but we do see some cases
+
+where the sampler is
+integrated into the mixer.
+
+This device is very cool.
+
+It seems to have
+been discontinued,
+
+but this Vestax QFO
+has a single turntable
+
+with a mixer built it.
+
+This provides a DJ to do a
+solo set without a mixer.
+
+It has the essential
+functionality
+
+of the cross fader of a mixer
+built into the turntable
+
+so that with just this
+and an MP3 player,
+
+you can put down
+a background track
+
+and then scratch over this
+and have your cross fader.
+
+Now working with the
+turntable and the mixer
+
+is how most of the
+turntable techniques
+
+that we of have come about.
+
+I showed you guys some examples,
+the baby and the waves,
+
+that don't use the mixer.
+
+These examples use the mixer to
+create the various scratching
+
+techniques.
+
+So this is the one I
+accidentally brought up before.
+
+This is a transformer.
+
+As you might expect,
+this is named
+
+for making the type
+of transforming sound.
+
+So there we're basically taking
+a noise source from the record
+
+and then applying a
+variable amplitude envelope
+
+to that noise source in
+a rhythmic fashion which
+
+provides that very nice
+quasi transformers sound.
+
+Or maybe they use it for
+the real transformers,
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+The chirp, another technique,
+check this one out,
+
+that makes use of
+the cross faders.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+DJ QBERT: OK, this next scratch
+is called a chirp scratch which
+
+was made popular by Jazzy Jeff
+on a song called Magnificent.
+
+Jazzy Jeff made a whistle
+sound like a bird.
+
+Anyway, this scratch is kind of
+tricky so you let a sound play,
+
+and you've got to turn it off
+right when it plays and just
+
+move your hand backward
+in, like, a mirror fashion.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Can anybody summarise
+what that technique is there?
+
+We'll listen to it a little bit
+more then you can try again.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+DJ QBERT: And then turn
+it off and take it back.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems like it's
+basically amplitude modulation
+
+or modulating the amplitude
+with a really high attack.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well the
+attack is gradual.
+
+You can see that the
+attack of the amplitude
+
+is gradual, right?
+
+You can see him feeding it in.
+
+Anybody else want to
+take a stab at describing
+
+what this technique is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Without
+saying what he just did?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It basically links
+amplitude and pitch.
+
+So amplitude is faded in
+as the record is sped up,
+
+and then amplitude is faded
+out as a record is slowed down.
+
+So those two
+parameters are linked,
+
+and that allows him to create
+this distinctive sound.
+
+Right?
+
+So amplitude and the change
+in playback speed are linked.
+
+Ever hear that before?
+
+Of course, DJ Qbert's
+quite good at this.
+
+The crab gives us
+an example of some
+
+of the really crazy
+extended techniques that
+
+develop using the cross fader.
+
+If you've ever seen a
+Flamenco guitarist use
+
+all their fingers, this
+should remind you of this.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+DJ QBERT: Where I
+use two fingers,
+
+and instead of
+using two fingers,
+
+why don't you use five fingers.?
+
+So instead of the
+tapping like a twiddle,
+
+it's slide your
+fingers across kind
+
+of like snapping my fingers.
+
+PROFESSOR: Easy, right?
+
+DJ QBERT: And it was actually
+called the [INAUDIBLE] scratch
+
+because me and him [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, it
+goes on a little long.
+
+DJ QBERT: This is
+the crab scratch.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right?
+
+You guys can go home
+and do that now, right?
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+You just use your
+thumb as a spring.
+
+But that's a great
+example of how
+
+the DJ mixer and particularly
+the cross fader combined
+
+with the variable
+playback of the turntable
+
+really provides a wide
+range of different sounds.
+
+Again, we can think of it
+as having variable playback
+
+speed and some frequency
+modulation from the turntable.
+
+And we can think of the mixer
+as providing a way for us
+
+to play envelopes and
+do amplitude modulation
+
+to our sounds.
+
+Questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The design of
+like two disc turntables
+
+with the cross
+fader was something
+
+just for queueing and
+playing for parties,
+
+and they made it spinning later?
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+original cross fader?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It came out of,
+I think, the need
+
+to want to have two records
+and have continuous music.
+
+AUDIENCE: But they
+had these kinds
+
+of things in radio
+stations long before--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+we're going to get
+
+to some examples of why
+that came about in a bit.
+
+So when we look at the
+development of hip hop,
+
+and we look at the
+development of turntablism,
+
+it's essential for
+us to look back
+
+to the foundations in
+Jamaican sound systems.
+
+Many of the modern practices
+of turntablism, of DJ culture,
+
+come out of the
+Jamaican traditions.
+
+You may not know that in
+the '50s and into the '60s,
+
+the Jamaicans
+developed a wide range
+
+of different musical
+practices and developed
+
+a very large and robust
+recording studio system where
+
+there were numerous
+studios, there
+
+were numerous independent
+Jamaican releases, not only of
+
+reggae, but a wide variety
+of other musical genres.
+
+The genres that we are
+concerned about come out
+
+of a tradition from these
+things called sound systems.
+
+Now you may think
+of a sound system
+
+as a sort of boom
+box or something
+
+you buy at the store, that's
+essentially what these were.
+
+But, at the time in
+Jamaica, not everybody
+
+had access to turntables
+or amplifiers and speakers,
+
+so those that did
+started to hold parties.
+
+And they would have a
+sound system, a turntable,
+
+and speakers, and
+amplifier, and would
+
+use these as community
+record players.
+
+People would get together and
+dance, have fun, have a party,
+
+and this really led to the
+culture of the person who
+
+ran the sound system being in
+charge of providing the music,
+
+being in charge of
+running the party,
+
+being in charge of
+selecting the music.
+
+The DJs even began to be known
+as selectors because they would
+
+select the music being played.
+
+Clement Dodd, aka
+Coxsone, was credited
+
+with the invention of
+this sound system concept.
+
+In the 1950s, he established
+a sound system called
+
+the downbeat sound
+system, and he later on
+
+went to open Studio One
+in Kingston in 1963.
+
+So we have this sort
+of mixture of somebody
+
+who starts off sort of as
+a performer, as kind of
+
+like a party organizer,
+then moving into the studio
+
+and becoming a producer and
+a studio engineer working
+
+with people like Bob
+Marley and others.
+
+Now the Jamaican
+recording industry
+
+was very active in the 1960s.
+
+They would often release
+b-sides of 45 RPM singles.
+
+These b-sides, very often,
+were instrumental versions
+
+of the a-side track.
+
+And these b-sides
+offered an opportunity
+
+for people to remix
+and experiment
+
+with these instrumental tracks.
+
+Two types of experimentation
+went on with these b-sides.
+
+One involved manipulating
+the sound on these records
+
+and producing remixes and, what
+we later began to call, dub.
+
+Another practice that
+came out of these b-sides
+
+was vocalizations, spoken word
+over these instrumental tracks.
+
+And many credit the development
+of the spoken word traditions,
+
+often called toasting, as one
+of the foundations of modern hip
+
+hop.
+
+So musicians such
+as King Tubby would
+
+take either these instrumental
+b-sides or four channel source
+
+tracks and remix them.
+
+And using basic
+studio processors
+
+available at the time,
+things like reverbs,
+
+echo machines, and
+the like, often things
+
+as simple as variable low
+pass and high pass filters,
+
+they would remix tunes
+and often manipulate
+
+the vocals, manipulate
+the instruments,
+
+in a way that created
+these instrumental
+
+tunes that we know as dub.
+
+One of the pieces we listened
+to for today's class,
+
+"555 Dub Street,"
+is a collaboration
+
+between Augustus
+Pablo and King Tubby.
+
+Pablo was known
+for his performance
+
+on-- what instrument
+was that in this piece?
+
+Is it up there?
+
+The melodica, an instrument
+where you blow air
+
+into a small little
+keyboard that
+
+allows you to control the
+amplitude with your mouth
+
+and change pitch
+with your fingers.
+
+Augustus Pablo performed
+on the melodica
+
+on produced whole recordings.
+
+And in this track, King Tubby
+comes in and sort of remixed
+
+and modifies this track
+on top of all of that.
+
+Let's listen to a
+little bit of this.
+
+[MUSIC - AUGUSTUS PABLO, "555
+ DUB STREET"]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, right there,
+what did we just hear there?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's the melodica.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah that's
+the melodica entrance,
+
+but did the melodica
+sound normal?
+
+What was going on?
+
+AUDIENCE: Some feedback.
+
+PROFESSOR: A feedback,
+a delay, there's
+
+a delay that has a high
+feedback level that's making it
+
+you hear an initial
+sound, and then it
+
+continues into a
+constant texture.
+
+Let's listen to that again.
+
+That's probably one of the
+most signature sounds of dug.
+
+First we have a beat, of course,
+but then this use of delay
+
+and echo to smear a sound.
+
+Let's listen to that again.
+
+[MUSIC - AUGUSTUS PABLO, "555
+ DUB STREET"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right there.
+
+What we just heard
+there can be done
+
+with basic studio equipment.
+
+You need a delay unit.
+
+You need some faders.
+
+You send the signal to the
+delay unit with a high feedback.
+
+It starts to feedback and
+produce that continuous sound.
+
+And then he dropped the source
+signal the rest of the beat
+
+so we got that very nice gesture
+where we had the feedback going
+
+on of the melodica and
+then beat drops out,
+
+the beat comes back in, a little
+anticipation and response.
+
+Let's hear that again.
+
+[MUSIC - AUGUSTUS PABLO, "555
+ DUB STREET"]
+
+PROFESSOR: What did we just
+hear on the high hats there?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Moving the filters.
+
+Maybe a peak notch or parametric
+filter or a low or high pass
+
+filter with a high resonance
+moving across the high hats
+
+to create that change in timbre,
+another very common technique.
+
+[MUSIC - AUGUSTUS PABLO, "555
+ DUB STREET"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So dub exploited
+these relatively simple
+
+techniques of cutting
+in and out of parts
+
+using feedback and delay, using
+variable filters to create
+
+really interesting
+instrumental music.
+
+That was one tradition
+that came out
+
+of the Jamaican sound systems.
+
+Another is this focus on
+taking an instrumental track
+
+and doing something over
+that instrumental track.
+
+In the sound system tradition,
+the leaders of the sound system
+
+would want to encourage
+people at their party
+
+to have a good time
+and often would
+
+start toasting or shouting
+out to the audience
+
+as the music was playing.
+
+Often these toasts
+would be rhythmitized
+
+chants of some sort.
+
+And as I said
+before, many people
+
+credit this as a key
+development to the existence
+
+of American hip hop.
+
+But more than the sound
+system the key person
+
+that's often looked
+to as connecting
+
+Jamaican sound system
+traditions to American hip hop
+
+is DJ Kool Herc, Clive Campbell.
+
+If we think back to the
+People Under the Stairs track
+
+we started with,
+people who still
+
+live in the folklore of DJ
+Kool Herc, the first person
+
+they mention.
+
+Herc moved to the Bronx from
+Jamaica in the late '60s
+
+and really transplanted
+this sound system concept.
+
+He began throwing parties
+in the South Bronx.
+
+He worked with an
+MC, Coke La Rock who
+
+would do some of the
+toasting and began
+
+experimenting with using
+two turntables each
+
+with the same recorded material.
+
+This led him to
+develop a technique
+
+that he called the merry
+go round which allowed him
+
+to cut back and
+forth between two
+
+excerpts from the
+same record and extend
+
+the music for the
+sake of dancing,
+
+for the sake of the party.
+
+In an excellent interview
+with Terry Gross from 2005,
+
+he describes this technique
+and the development
+
+of his practice in
+detail better than I can.
+
+So let's listen to a
+little bit of this.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+TERRY GROSS: You're such an
+interesting figure in hip hop.
+
+Everyone who was
+there in the beginning
+
+seems to agree that
+you started it all.
+
+But because you never
+recorded, in some ways
+
+you're more of a cult
+figure than a star.
+
+KOOL HERC: That's why it
+got to be called exclusive.
+
+So you can tell everybody
+because [INAUDIBLE]
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: So what
+do you guys think?
+
+Impressions, ideas, surprises?
+
+AUDIENCE: He looks
+like Ludacris.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+ha ha, that's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: He really
+feels responsible.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again?
+
+AUDIENCE: He really feels
+responsible for keeping
+
+people happy.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+Yeah his attitude
+about what's supposed
+
+to go on at these
+meetings, at these parties
+
+is different than we think of
+many hip hop or DJ performers
+
+these days.
+
+It's not about himself--
+well, it is, you see the pride
+
+he has-- but it's also
+about, well, he's a shepherd.
+
+This idea that he's really
+concerned about getting people
+
+to have a good time.
+
+His attention to his audience
+is what led to his interest
+
+in the merry go
+round in the breaks.
+
+What is he talking about there,
+this merry go around technique?
+
+Ideas?
+
+And these breaks, first of
+all, what are these breaks?
+
+AUDIENCE: What he was
+saying is that people have
+
+their favorite parts of
+the songs that they were
+
+able to dance to and that have
+a little special move and a way
+
+to do that special
+move, and so he just
+
+figured why not repeat it over
+and over again so you can get
+
+people back on the dance
+floor, play their special move.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+right the breaks would
+
+be the instrumental break
+in a tune, a place where
+
+the vocals would drop out,
+and the rhythm section
+
+would come forward.
+
+These would generally be
+relatively short, 4, 8,
+
+16 bars, relatively short parts
+where the rhythm section would
+
+come forward, and these would
+have a little bit more energy.
+
+And Herc realized that this
+inspired people dance more.
+
+So he developed a technique
+to extend the breaks.
+
+His technique was to use two
+copies of the same record,
+
+and then while one was playing,
+he could spin the other back
+
+and play the other and switch
+back and forth between two
+
+records with the same
+material and extend the break.
+
+He called this the merry
+go round technique.
+
+This led to a whole
+attention to these breaks,
+
+and he mentions a very important
+one called Apache which is also
+
+mentioned by our
+friends the People
+
+Under the Stairs in their track.
+
+So let's look at this.
+
+The link for the whole
+interview is there.
+
+It's really a great interview.
+
+So, Apache, every b-boy knew it.
+
+Apache, probably the most
+famous break of all breaks.
+
+It has a long and
+complicated history.
+
+A study of the history of
+Apache was done by an author
+
+by the name Matos called,
+"All Roads Lead to Apache."
+
+You can find the
+complete article here.
+
+The history of this
+tune is complex
+
+and comes from various sources.
+
+In 1960 there were two
+versions of this tune, Apache,
+
+that don't bear much relation to
+what we think of now as Apache,
+
+but we can hear a
+little bit of these.
+
+[MUSIC - BERT WEEDON, "APACHE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Ever hear
+that melody before?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that was one
+version by Bert Weedon.
+
+Cliff Richard and the
+Shadows did another version
+
+closely related to that version.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think
+that's closer to rockabilly
+
+or closer to like Jamaican?
+
+[MUSIC - CLIFF RICHARD AND THE
+ SHADOWS, "APACHE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's hard
+to describe what it is.
+
+It's hard to say what it is.
+
+But you'll see where it gets
+into hip hop in a second.
+
+So here we hear the same melody,
+slightly different rhythm
+
+section.
+
+Now those were the sort
+of foundations of Apache.
+
+It was the incredible bongo band
+with their album, "Bongo Rock"
+
+that provided the break that
+excited people like Herc
+
+and so many others later on.
+
+You'll hear the same melody
+there from the 1960 tunes,
+
+but here he adds this
+bongo rhythm section
+
+that caught a lot of
+people's attention.
+
+[MUSIC - INCREDIBLE BONGO BAND,
+ "APACHE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the same melody.
+
+But that opening bongo
+rhythm is the thing
+
+that excited people so much.
+
+So shortly after
+the Sugarhill Gang
+
+produces, the first to
+put this in something
+
+more like a hip hop context.
+
+[MUSIC - SUGARHILL GANG,
+ "APACHE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: There's the melody.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's like
+two minutes like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Now, of course, a
+whole study could
+
+be done not only on the
+evolution of this tune,
+
+but the distant and complex
+associations and references
+
+to ideas about Native
+American culture which
+
+are irrelevant in
+this discussion.
+
+But we are just focusing
+on this one peculiar bongo
+
+rhythm which comes
+back again and again.
+
+Future sound of London,
+not a hip hop group,
+
+use it in this example.
+
+Here it's a little sped up
+
+[MUSIC - FUTURE SOUND OF LONDON,
+ "WE HAVE EXPLOSIVES"]
+
+PROFESSOR: And there's some
+other things going on there.
+
+And A very clear example
+from 2002 by The Roots
+
+which starts off right with
+that Apache bongo rhythm.
+
+[MUSIC - THE ROOTS, "THOUGHT @
+ WORK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+Incredible Bongo Band,
+
+one of the most popular
+breaks there is.
+
+Another popular break is often
+referred to as the amen break.
+
+This again was nicely
+taken into a single context
+
+by the study of someone,
+this one was this guy named,
+
+Harrison, this idea of
+studying the history of a break
+
+as looking at the lineage of
+either a sample or a break,
+
+I think, is a really interesting
+approach to studying music.
+
+He produced this little audio
+documentary called, "Can I
+
+Get An Amen" where he
+looks at this 4 bar
+
+drum solo from this group
+called, The Winstons, that
+
+was found on a track on
+the b-side, a relatively
+
+unknown tune that
+sounded like this.
+
+[MUSIC - THE WINSTONS, "AMEN
+ BROTHER"]
+
+So there we can
+really clearly hear
+
+the break, the part where
+the brass section drops out
+
+and the rhythm
+section steps forward.
+
+Does that beat sound
+familiar to anybody?
+
+Ever hear something like that?
+
+Maybe all over the place.
+
+The Nate Harrison
+documentary nicely
+
+describes the different
+ways that this was used,
+
+not only how it was used
+in its original form,
+
+but how was chopped up,
+sold, and commodified
+
+in various sampler
+libraries and other tools
+
+that people bought
+and rearranged.
+
+Some quick examples
+of this beat.
+
+Different artists use
+this in different ways.
+
+Some of the
+connections he suggest
+
+are maybe a little
+bit more distant.
+
+Like the idea of
+this beat, I think,
+
+is used sometimes as much
+as the original beat,
+
+but we can hear a
+little bit of this
+
+in "Straight Outta
+Compton" by N.W.A.
+
+[MUSIC - N.W.A., "STRAIGHT OUTTA
+ COMPTON"]
+
+PROFESSOR: We can hear a bit
+of the first bar of that beat.
+
+Mantronix, "King of the Beats."
+
+[MUSIC - MANTRONIX, "KING OF THE
+ BEATS"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Shy FX.
+
+[MUSIC - SHY FX, "ORIGINAL
+ NATTAH"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Here we see that
+Amen break start to be cut up
+
+and rearranged a little bit.
+
+That's also very popular.
+
+[MUSIC - L DOUBLE & YOUNGBLOOD,
+ "NEW STYLE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Now
+Harrison goes as far
+
+to suggest that that beat led
+to whole genres of music that
+
+use that style of beat
+which gets a little bit more
+
+of a distant
+connection, but I think
+
+there's something to be
+said for that approach.
+
+Harrison also points
+out that this sample was
+
+sold in sample packs and
+available commercially
+
+which leads to all sorts
+of interesting questions
+
+about copyright and has this
+nice example from a Jeep
+
+commercial in California that
+uses this beat to suggest-- I
+
+don't know-- the rugged
+freedom of driving your Jeep
+
+to go skiing or something.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK, JEEP
+ COMMERCIAL]
+
+PROFESSOR: Hear it in
+the background there?
+
+Ha ha.
+
+AUDIENCE: Driving
+straight outta Compton?
+
+PROFESSOR: Ha ha.
+
+Now back to the People
+Under the Stairs.
+
+People who still live in the
+folklore of DJ Kool Herc.
+
+We talked about Herc.
+
+Bam is a reference
+to Africa Bambaataa.
+
+We talked about Africa
+Bambaataa earlier.
+
+Grand Wizard Theodore
+is often credited
+
+for inventing the scratch.
+
+And whether or not this
+is true is hard to say,
+
+but the story goes, he was
+hanging out in his basement
+
+listening to a record, and his
+mom yelled, hey Grand Wizard!
+
+I'm sure that's
+not what she said.
+
+Theodore!
+
+Turn that music down.
+
+So he grabbed the
+record and thus was
+
+invented the baby scratch.
+
+And that's what they say how
+the scratch was invented.
+
+Of course, Grand Wizard
+Theodore extended this technique
+
+with various variations
+of that scratch
+
+and made it into a
+rhythmic technique.
+
+Now Grandmaster
+Flash provides us
+
+with some really
+excellent examples
+
+of scratching techniques.
+
+He was known for extending
+numerous techniques,
+
+for developing his
+own electronics.
+
+He built some basic
+electronics, and some
+
+say that he invented, or at
+least refined, the cross fader
+
+itself.
+
+He, like many
+turntablists, came up
+
+with names for his techniques.
+
+He describes something
+called the quick mix theory,
+
+or sometimes called a back spin
+technique, which is actually
+
+very similar to Herc's
+merry go around.
+
+He also describes techniques
+such as the punch phase where
+
+he would drop in
+and out of a record
+
+to sort of grab
+one sample from it.
+
+His well known
+composition, "Adventures
+
+of Grandmaster Flash
+on the Wheels of Steel"
+
+was one of our listenings
+for this class.
+
+Let's listen to a little
+bit of that to remind us.
+
+[MUSIC - GRANDMASTER FLASH, "THE
+ADVENTURES OF GRANDMASTER FLASH
+
+ON THE WHEELS OF STEEL"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So
+we've already heard
+
+him switch between three
+or four different records.
+
+He was also dropping in and
+out doing that punch phase
+
+technique.
+
+I think that was
+the queen example.
+
+In another interview
+with Terry Gross,
+
+Grandmaster Flash
+narrates his techniques
+
+as he listens to this
+tune which provides us
+
+with a really great view
+into what he was doing here.
+
+Let's listen to this.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+GRANDMASTER FLASH: Punch phase.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] Punch phase.
+
+Punch phase.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] To
+Apache with a rub.
+
+PROFESSOR: Apache again.
+
+GRANDMASTER FLASH: Cutting
+it up, cutting it up.
+
+Knocking it in.
+
+Punch phase.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] Cutting
+into the rhythm.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] times.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the rhythm
+against the queen.
+
+Good times flashing in.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: So there
+he's gone around
+
+in a sort of circle starting
+with that good times tune,
+
+taking a little trip on
+these different tunes,
+
+coming back to where he started.
+
+And this would all
+have been done live.
+
+So not only was he
+manipulating his turntables,
+
+he would also be changing
+records, queueing up
+
+the records to just
+the right spot,
+
+and of course having the timing
+and skill to execute this
+
+all without flaw.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going
+to ask what exactly it
+
+means to queue up a
+record, but I guess
+
+it's just to just
+the right spot.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Well if we have a mixer,
+and we have headphones,
+
+we can listen ahead and get
+the record at the right place.
+
+But with the development
+of the art of turntablism,
+
+these DJs would start to
+know their records so well,
+
+that they would simply be
+able to see the groove.
+
+Herc was talking about being
+able to see the difference
+
+in the grooves to know
+exactly where to put
+
+the needle in the right
+spot at the right time.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's usually like
+two turntables, one that's
+
+playing the current record
+and one to queue up the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Often.
+
+Some DJs may even
+use more than two.
+
+But with techniques such as the
+merry go round and the like,
+
+the idea of having two
+turntables, I think,
+
+becomes really widespread.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Now we start to see the DJ
+take on the role of a soloist.
+
+That Grandmaster Flash, "On
+the Wheels of Steel" was 1981,
+
+but that didn't completely
+spread this idea of the DJ
+
+as a soloist.
+
+And it's with Herbie
+Hancock's tune, "Rockit,"
+
+with DJ grand mixer
+DST that we start
+
+to see the turntablist start to
+take on the role of a soloist.
+
+This tune, "Rockit," was
+tremendously popular,
+
+one, because it's a good tune.
+
+Two, it has excellent
+scratching and very prominent
+
+soloistic scratching.
+
+And three, had an
+outrageous video which had,
+
+well, I'll just show it to you.
+
+Let's just look at this.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+[MUSIC - HERBIE HANCOCK,
+ "ROCKIT"]
+
+PROFESSOR: No, thanks.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Now you could
+write for a whole essay
+
+on this video.
+
+What are some interesting
+things going on here?
+
+Anything you see off
+the top of your head?
+
+AUDIENCE: Rhythmically
+he had the visual rhythm
+
+along with the acoustic.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Visual rhythm.
+
+I think that's one
+of the key things,
+
+is that the movement of
+the automaton, if you will,
+
+the mannequins and the like,
+is synchronized to the rhythm
+
+and some of the cutting
+of the turntable which
+
+sort of visualizes what's going
+on in the turntable in a way
+
+that people can grasp.
+
+Other things going on in this?
+
+Do you see any humans?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well through the TV.
+
+PROFESSOR: Through
+the TV, right.
+
+The only human you
+see is Herbie Hancock
+
+in the distance on black and
+white TV, sort of, removed.
+
+And you have these
+mannequins, these androids,
+
+sort of, taking over.
+
+You have this sort of
+removal of the human which
+
+could be interpreted in a
+wide range of different--
+
+and he's vocoded also.
+
+You can see that he
+has a little-- it's
+
+going to be hard to find his
+picture-- there's his hands.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You see that
+he's got a little mic on.
+
+I encourage you to
+watch the whole video.
+
+It's great.
+
+That video did a lot
+to popularize the DJ
+
+and to allow people
+to start to think
+
+of the turntable as
+a solo instrument.
+
+Some people have
+tried to transcribe
+
+what a turntablist
+does, and this
+
+has led to something, an attempt
+to this, called the Turntablist
+
+Transcription Method.
+
+This group has produced some
+transcriptions of famous DJ
+
+tunes which allow us to see
+a little bit about what's
+
+going on.
+
+[MUSIC - HERBIE HANCOCK,
+ "ROCKIT"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Here we can see
+a transcription of the solo
+
+from that very
+tune, from "Rockit".
+
+We can hear a little bit of the
+turntable solo in that tune.
+
+Let me see if I
+can find it here.
+
+So the way this works,
+it shows the name
+
+of the sample on the left.
+
+So we can see that he's cutting,
+scratching over the word fresh.
+
+And these lines represent
+changes in pitch
+
+that happen over time.
+
+So time is represented
+on the x-axis.
+
+The y-axis is
+showing the time it
+
+takes to move the sample
+over that duration.
+
+Let's look at a little bit.
+
+[MUSIC - HERBIE HANCOCK,
+ "ROCKIT"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, pretty cool, huh?
+
+Now the traditional criteria
+we use to evaluate music
+
+often use ideas about a motific
+development, presentations
+
+of themes and variation,
+repetition, contrast,
+
+and forward movement.
+
+Do we see any of those
+things in this solo here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Like what?
+
+AUDIENCE: You had motifs in
+dun, dun, dun, dun, dun, dun.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, which is an
+elaboration of the drum rhythm,
+
+but it's like another
+motific thing.
+
+And we can see quite
+clearly transcribed here
+
+that it comes at the beginning
+of each of the four bar groups.
+
+So we have a very
+clear structure
+
+with an opening motif, a little
+bit of variation at the end.
+
+Good.
+
+What other motifs or
+ideas repeat in this tune,
+
+in this solo?
+
+We see this little repeated
+rub come back again and again
+
+in different places.
+
+Finally, at the end, and
+then in the closing phrase,
+
+we have some nice
+variation where
+
+the expectations that have
+been established so far,
+
+this opening motif,
+is cut up and broken
+
+which creates a little
+suspense, a little expectation
+
+for the final
+resolution at the end.
+
+This is all done with a
+turntable and with scratching.
+
+There are some more
+transcriptions here
+
+all of which are very cool.
+
+There is also a bit of
+Grandmaster Flash On the Wheels
+
+of Steel.
+
+We can look at this
+briefly to see a little bit
+
+about how this works.
+
+In that last example, we
+were transcribing cases
+
+where there was only
+one sample being used.
+
+He was scratching over
+basically one word.
+
+Here they're trying to show
+the use of different sources,
+
+and we can see that he's
+going back and forth
+
+between different sound sources
+in the transcription here.
+
+[MUSIC - GRANDMASTER FLASH, "THE
+ADVENTURES OF GRANDMASTER FLASH
+
+ON THE WHEELS OF STEEL"]
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+our old friend Apache.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the point of
+transcribing the drumbeat even
+
+though they came off of samples?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's a good question.
+
+I think it's
+something to look at.
+
+AUDIENCE: Let's listen to
+that gargley piece at the end.
+
+Is that going to be--
+
+PROFESSOR: So what he's
+scratching here though
+
+is good time.
+
+So you see this very clearly
+so that the transition
+
+to the good times becomes very
+clear where he's giving you
+
+a little taste of
+it ahead of time.
+
+Yeah, there's more here.
+
+There's some other
+transcriptions on that website.
+
+I encourage you to check it out.
+
+It's a very nice
+approach and really
+
+helps you see a lot of
+different things going on.
+
+There are many ways
+in which the turntable
+
+are used in
+contemporary practice.
+
+We're going to look
+at two in particular.
+
+The first is probably
+the most common
+
+where the turntable is used
+in hip hop in combination
+
+or in alternation with
+the drums and the vocals
+
+as a sort of rhythmic
+element, as a sort of counter
+
+interjection between the vocals
+and between the rhythm section.
+
+Sometimes we see
+the turntable take
+
+on a special role in
+the chorus of a song,
+
+whereas in a rock or
+other popular context
+
+the chorus would be filled
+by a big sing along.
+
+In a hip hop track,
+the chorus might simply
+
+be the DJ scratching
+or manipulating
+
+some sort of refrain.
+
+Let's listen to a little bit
+of Eric B. and Rakim's "I Ain't
+
+No Joke."
+
+[MUSIC - ERIC B. & RAKIM, "I
+ AIN'T NO JOKE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So how is the
+turntable used there?
+
+Did you hear the turntable?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's sort of
+like a secondary track, but.
+
+The drumbeat's probably
+running on a turntable too.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, we have
+the main beat probably
+
+on a turntable, but
+the scratching here
+
+is the key thing.
+
+[MUSIC - ERIC B. & RAKIM, "I
+ AIN'T NO JOKE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right there.
+
+Right there.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: I imagine
+the horns [INAUDIBLE]
+
+sample is spinning over?
+
+PROFESSOR: They could.
+
+Yeah.
+
+That's a good idea.
+
+Maybe the horn cut
+right there, but how's
+
+it been used in the
+larger musical context?
+
+Did you have an idea?
+
+AUDIENCE: I agree with
+[INAUDIBLE] point.
+
+He gives you a little
+bit of that sample.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right so
+it's sort of a preview
+
+like we saw with the
+Grandmaster Flash track.
+
+Other ideas?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's sort of
+like he's said something,
+
+it's like it's a response
+to what he's saying.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah it's
+sort of a response,
+
+and it's filling this
+gap after the verse
+
+before it comes down to the
+downbeat of the next phrase.
+
+So it's sort of a
+little rhythmic tension
+
+to push you at the
+end of the phrase
+
+into the downbeat
+of the next phrase.
+
+[MUSIC - ERIC B. & RAKIM, "I
+ AIN'T NO JOKE"]
+
+PROFESSOR: He's getting in
+right where the vocals drop away
+
+with these little scratches.
+
+Now let's listen to the chorus.
+
+So that's so weird.
+
+That's the weirdest thing.
+
+So we hear there the
+chorus being taken
+
+or by this role of scratching.
+
+Instead of, again, the sort
+of big unified singing portion
+
+we typically associate with
+the chorus, we have the chorus
+
+replaced by DJ scratching.
+
+Now for an example of some of
+the most modern techniques,
+
+I had you guys listen
+to DJ Babu, DJ Qbert,
+
+DJs [? Mellow ?], a group
+called D-Styles doing a tune
+
+from 2002 called
+"Felonius Funk".
+
+Let's listen to a
+little bit of this.
+
+[MUSIC - D-STYLES, "FELONIUS
+ FUNK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: So we heard
+there probably two DJs each
+
+taking solo breaks.
+
+This is a solo DJ
+tune, and they're
+
+treating this sort
+of as a jazz context.
+
+There's a rhythm section
+going on, a rhythm, a beat,
+
+and they're each taking
+solos over this beat.
+
+Can you generalize
+about the techniques,
+
+or what musically is going
+on in those passages there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are they
+cutting up the main beat?
+
+PROFESSOR: The main beat
+seems pretty constant.
+
+It seems like they probably
+have one DJ probably playing
+
+the beat, and then they're
+cutting up other things.
+
+What are they using as
+their scratch material?
+
+AUDIENCE: Some vocal words.
+
+PROFESSOR: Some sort of
+vocal word, that's right.
+
+And how was it
+musically deployed?
+
+Did you guys notice
+what's going on?
+
+Does it sound unified?
+
+Does it sound musical?
+
+Do here a phrase?
+
+Does it sound like a solo?
+
+Did it have coherence,
+or did it sound
+
+like it was wandering just
+scratching and revving
+
+over the place?
+
+AUDIENCE: You heard
+the repetition
+
+and some special motifs
+going back and forth,
+
+so it definitely had
+some musical qualities.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Anybody else hear anything
+in particular in this?
+
+I think this is a really great
+example because in many ways
+
+it shows what we've seen
+many times in our look
+
+at music and technology.
+
+It shows an attention to
+an economy of resources.
+
+Using a small bit of
+something and extending it out
+
+and manipulating it
+in a variety of ways.
+
+The opening solo here.
+
+[MUSIC - D-STYLES, "FELONIUS
+ FUNK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: After this
+little part here.
+
+This whole passage from here
+to the end of this phrase
+
+is all one phrase,
+someone saying, oh my god.
+
+So it's a woman
+saying, oh my god,
+
+and the DJ is
+scratching that one
+
+phrase for this entire passage.
+
+And in a way it's
+sort of a game.
+
+You start to hear the words come
+out until finally at the end
+
+you hear it very clearly.
+
+[MUSIC - D-STYLES, "FELONIUS
+ FUNK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+[? goddess ?] transformed
+
+into the melodic passage, yeah.
+
+So three words used as a sonic
+and motific source, carefully
+
+deployed, built
+upon, and extended
+
+to create what, I think,
+is a very coherent solo.
+
+We hear in the next solo--
+
+[MUSIC - D-STYLES, "FELONIUS
+ FUNK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: What is the
+phrase being cut up here?
+
+Say what.
+
+[MUSIC - D-STYLES, "FELONIUS
+ FUNK"]
+
+PROFESSOR: Everybody
+hear it now, say what.
+
+Again this economy
+of resources, this
+
+using a small bit of
+material as a source
+
+for an extended
+composition is something
+
+you've seen time and time
+again, in many of the works
+
+that we've looked at.
+
+Think of Hugh Le
+Caine's "Dripsody"
+
+a composition that
+used one sample,
+
+one taped piece of
+sound as a source
+
+for the entire composition.
+
+Think of the rigorous
+application of tape techniques
+
+by Cage or others.
+
+This idea of using a small bit
+of material and extending it
+
+is so common in the
+tradition of music and one
+
+then we see here employed
+on the turntable.
+
+Now the last thing
+we're going to look at
+
+is what I consider the sort of
+abstraction of the turntable,
+
+pulling out the most essential
+feature of the turntable.
+
+And as we talked about
+in the beginning,
+
+the most essential features
+seem to be the ability
+
+to control the speed of a
+rotating disc that combined
+
+with a mixer and a cross fader.
+
+But this idea of a
+rotating disk that
+
+somehow gives a useful interface
+for controlling musical time.
+
+One reason the rotating disc
+is useful for controlling
+
+musical time is because
+it has momentum.
+
+When you have a
+rotating disc, there's
+
+a very tactile connection,
+and you gradually
+
+can speed it up or slow it down.
+
+It has a sense of
+momentum because it's
+
+going so that it takes
+force to slow it down.
+
+And if you let go it
+gradually speeds up.
+
+That issue of momentum of
+rotation tied to musical time
+
+is very important.
+
+It's not found on a
+digital audio file.
+
+We can start and stop
+a digital audio file.
+
+There is no momentum to the
+playback of digital audio,
+
+unless of course we build
+models that incorporate that.
+
+So various approaches
+have been proposed
+
+to keep this rotating disc, this
+rotating platter, available.
+
+This Technics SL
+D7-1200, this device
+
+seems to be
+discontinued, allowed
+
+you to enter a CD into this slot
+here and control its play back
+
+with the rotating disk.
+
+This is very much like
+the SL-1200 turntable.
+
+It's the exact same
+platter, but the platter,
+
+notice there's no tone arm,
+there's no record needle,
+
+the platter is controlling,
+exclusively, the playback
+
+of the content found on a disc.
+
+Another approach, this
+one by TASCAM, the TTM 1
+
+uses a little component
+to ride on the disc
+
+and track its motion.
+
+That tracked motion of
+the rotation of the disk,
+
+again, incorporating any
+changes in playback speed
+
+by the operator, is used to
+provide a control signal that
+
+works only with their
+proprietary CD players found
+
+here.
+
+But this allows you
+to use the turntable
+
+as a controller for the playback
+of stored digital audio.
+
+AUDIENCE: It looks like the
+most expensive possible way
+
+to do that.
+
+PROFESSOR: Expensive, well,
+and also probably error
+
+prone, right?
+
+Because you could
+imagine the contact here
+
+may not be very reliable.
+
+This wheel might slip.
+
+They still make this product.
+
+The approach that has found
+the most widespread use
+
+goes under various names.
+
+It's now owned by the
+Rane Corporations.
+
+It's called Serato Scratch.
+
+There's various
+versions of this,
+
+but the way that
+this system works
+
+is you use your
+conventional turntables
+
+that you've invested
+hundreds of dollars in.
+
+You use your mixer which you've
+already invested a lot of money
+
+in.
+
+But instead of playing records
+that have music on them,
+
+you play records that have
+a specially encoded control
+
+signal.
+
+This control signal
+is tracked out
+
+of the output of the
+turntables by the computer.
+
+The control signal is
+formatted in a way such
+
+that variations in
+playback speed which
+
+may result by you changing the
+playback speed with the slider
+
+or by scratching are
+captured by the computer
+
+and can be applied to
+any digital audio file.
+
+So this allows you to
+use your old turntables
+
+as control surface for
+digital audio files stored
+
+on your computer in any format.
+
+This literally lets
+you scratch your MP3s.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think that
+still has the problem of wear?
+
+Old discs wear out and then you
+still have to buy more records.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+But I think it's more
+probably more accurate,
+
+and these control records
+are relatively inexpensive
+
+and probably last as
+long as any record does.
+
+So it may not be
+a major concern.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you
+know of anyone who's
+
+used the degradation of
+these control devices.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't.
+
+But that's a really
+interesting thing to look at.
+
+I don't also know exactly how
+the control signal is encoded.
+
+We could imagine
+a couple of ways.
+
+It could be some sort of
+binary spacing of clicks
+
+that it looks at, how close
+the clicks get together.
+
+They might try another
+approach, but it's
+
+interesting to think about
+how that system works.
+
+The control software
+for this is fantastic.
+
+It not only shows
+you the waveforms
+
+coming through which makes
+it easy to beat match
+
+by matching up the
+lines here, and it
+
+lets you queue up other songs
+for each virtual turntable
+
+and do a lot of
+other fun things.
+
+If you go to guitar center,
+go to the DJ section,
+
+you can try this out,
+it's quite a bit of fun.
+
+Now that's expensive
+because you still
+
+have to have real
+turntables, and a lot of DJs
+
+really like this
+approach because they
+
+can use their
+existing turntables.
+
+Furthermore, if they
+want to combine a vinyl
+
+disc on one turntable and a
+digital audio file on another,
+
+they can mix and match with
+the Serato Scratch system
+
+Other sort of hybrid systems
+are things like this Numark NS-7
+
+which combines-- notice these
+are 78 size disc-- which
+
+combines this.
+
+Notice there's also
+no tone arm here.
+
+So this device provides
+an integrated control
+
+where you can
+control the playback
+
+speed with these discs.
+
+The mixer and other
+tools are built in,
+
+but again, it's all
+controlling digital audio
+
+stored on the computer.
+
+Here, presumably, the actual
+movement of the platter
+
+is what is used to
+control the playback
+
+speed of the digital audio.
+
+But this, again,
+is another approach
+
+of abstracting out this
+essential feature of momentum
+
+based playback model.
+
+So I like to look at what
+we've looked at here as sort
+
+of trajectory from
+first coercion.
+
+Taking a device that
+was not intended
+
+to be used as a
+soloistic instrument
+
+and refining the
+number of techniques
+
+out of this process of
+coercion and then, now
+
+that that's sort of
+solidified, what would the term
+
+be that Biker might
+give to that sort
+
+of the scratching techniques?
+
+Sort of reach a
+sense of closure,
+
+we see a sort of
+next stage where
+
+now the essential
+features of the turntable
+
+are being abstracted,
+pulled out, and made
+
+into a number of
+devices that provide
+
+similar control but a
+totally different playback
+
+mechanism that is
+reading digital audio off
+
+of a computer or
+other stored data.
+
+Ideas?
+
+Can you imagine other types
+of momentum based controllers
+
+we might have if we imagine
+what the next stage.
+
+Will people continue to
+use things like Serato
+
+with conventional
+turntables, or might we
+
+imagine other
+interfaces that will
+
+allow DJs to do what
+they've done for the last 30
+
+or 40 years but in
+alternative ways?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like surface
+tables that you
+
+could sort of show
+images and work off that.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+I mean, we do see this interest
+in touch screens and the like,
+
+and you could
+visualize the screen.
+
+But I think the
+problem there would
+
+be that you don't have momentum,
+you can't feel the speed,
+
+and I think that's a
+very important feature
+
+of turntablism.
+
+And I think that's
+something that's
+
+retained in the abstractions
+that we see there.
+
+I think that really illustrates
+a good point because there's
+
+something in the contact,
+in that sense of momentum
+
+of having to physically
+spinning disc,
+
+that seems to be really
+important to turntable
+
+practice.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do all of those
+actually rotate though?
+
+I know some of the
+CD DJ interfaces
+
+don't actually rotate.
+
+PROFESSOR: Some don't rotate.
+
+There are some
+that don't rotate.
+
+They just give you a big
+button that you can move,
+
+but it doesn't seem like DJs
+are really attracted to those.
+
+The ones that DJs
+seem to be attracted
+
+are the ones that actually
+represent playback time
+
+in some sort of
+rotational sense.
+
+Other ideas?
+
+AUDIENCE: What about DJ Hero?
+
+PROFESSOR: DJ Hero,
+how does that work?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's one
+turntable, a cross fader,
+
+the turntable has
+buttons on it, and you
+
+scratch like the
+two outer buttons
+
+you hold down while scratching.
+
+And that's how you can--
+
+PROFESSOR: Do you have to move
+the cross fader to succeed?
+
+Do you have to--
+
+AUDIENCE: Move the cross
+fader into the three positions
+
+or whatever.
+
+But the weird thing with the
+scratching is it doesn't spin
+
+or anything.
+
+It's a lightweight
+turntable hand.
+
+It's hard to press a
+button and scratch a thing
+
+at the same time.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's great.
+
+Well you can all play DJ Hero
+or just go to guitar center
+
+and tryout Serato Scratch.
+
+It's really fun.
+
+Great, I'll see
+you guys next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uyofLz9Dtuw.txt b/uyofLz9Dtuw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58db3959f8eaf07ed6e7fb6580a5830c4bb0eb38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uyofLz9Dtuw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3137 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome back.
+
+Today, we will
+consider solutions
+
+to systems of an infinite
+number of degrees of freedom.
+
+What we'll consider is when
+you have identical oscillators,
+
+which are coupled
+only to the neighbors,
+
+and there is an
+infinite number of them.
+
+So each one is an infinitely
+small oscillator, as I say,
+
+coupled to each neighbor.
+
+The simplest example is
+that of a taut string.
+
+Each piece of that string
+is a harmonic oscillator.
+
+It oscillates transversely.
+
+And each piece is identical
+to every other piece.
+
+And it's coupled
+to its neighbors.
+
+So let's consider the
+following problem.
+
+The problem we are going to
+talk about-- the solution
+
+of the following problem.
+
+Suppose you have a string.
+
+For practical purposes,
+an infinite string.
+
+It has a mass per unit length
+of new mu, a constant tension T,
+
+and at one end it's
+connected to a massless ring.
+
+This is an idealized situation.
+
+You could imagine, suppose
+that ring was on your finger.
+
+You held the string taut
+and you moved your finger
+
+in some ways, which
+caused a distortion, which
+
+propagated down this string.
+
+You got a progressive pulse
+going down this string.
+
+So this is an idealized
+diagram of that situation.
+
+I've indicated the finger
+holding the string by,
+
+you could imagine,
+a massless ring
+
+sliding on a frictionless
+rod, for example.
+
+And somehow or other, a force
+is applied to this ring.
+
+But you can think of
+the actual problem
+
+where you're holding the
+ring with your finger
+
+and moving this up and down.
+
+Now, somehow or other,
+you're moving this ring such
+
+that as a result of your motion,
+there is a progressive pulse.
+
+And the idealized
+pulse we'll consider
+
+is a triangular shape
+like this, where
+
+this height is H and
+the length from here
+
+and here is L. It is idealized.
+
+In reality, you can't have
+sharp corners like that.
+
+You can imagine there
+is a very tiny curvature
+
+at those locations.
+
+Now, what we are told is
+that at some instant t given
+
+by 4L over-- and this is the
+phase velocity of propagation
+
+down the pulse over
+square root of t over mu.
+
+At this instant of time,
+you look at the string
+
+and you see that this is
+the shape of that pulse.
+
+And as a function of time,
+that propagates to the right.
+
+OK?
+
+The question is,
+what is the motion
+
+of this ring as a
+function of time?
+
+That's one.
+
+Two, what is the power that the
+force which drives this string
+
+delivers to the string?
+
+So what's the power
+as a function of time?
+
+All right, next.
+
+What is at any instant of
+time the potential energy
+
+stored in this pulse?
+
+Four, what is the kinetic
+energy stored in this pulse
+
+as it's propagating?
+
+And finally the question,
+are your results
+
+to the power that's delivered,
+the potential energy
+
+stored in the distortion,
+the kinetic energy
+
+in the distortion
+consistent with each other?
+
+These are the things
+we are told to assume.
+
+And I repeat some of them.
+
+We assume the ring is massless.
+
+The distortion is always
+sufficiently small
+
+so that this height is
+much smaller than this.
+
+So that this angle here
+is sufficiently small
+
+that we can approximate
+the sine angle the angle
+
+or the tangent of the
+angle, which of course
+
+is this height divided by that.
+
+So it's h over L over T.
+
+We are told that the mass
+per unit length is mu
+
+and that the tension is uniform.
+
+In other words, because
+this distortion is small,
+
+we are making the assumption
+that the tension in this string
+
+is constant and the
+same everywhere.
+
+There are no losses,
+no frictional losses.
+
+And finally, all the
+motion is-- because this
+
+is so small, is in the
+transverse direction.
+
+So any piece of the string moves
+in the transverse direction.
+
+This is a reasonable
+approximation to reality.
+
+Or put it the other
+way around, the reality
+
+would be a reasonable
+approximation
+
+to this idealized
+situation, which
+
+we will try to
+understand and solve.
+
+OK, so how do we go about it?
+
+The usual way.
+
+We first have to
+represent the problem
+
+in terms of mathematics.
+
+So what do we know?
+
+The system is a continuous
+infinite row of oscillators.
+
+Each one connected
+only to its neighbor.
+
+And we know that
+such a system can
+
+be represented by
+a wave equation.
+
+The equation of motion for
+this system is a wave equation.
+
+In essence, if you remember
+when we had coupled oscillators,
+
+three oscillators,
+four, et cetera.
+
+Every time you add
+one more oscillator,
+
+you have one more
+equation of motion.
+
+So if you have an infinite
+number of oscillators,
+
+you expect to have
+an infinite number
+
+of coupled equations of motions.
+
+That's what a wave equation is.
+
+For every position x, you
+have an equation of motion.
+
+Why the distortion
+is a function of x?
+
+So essentially for every value
+of x, you have one equation.
+
+Since x is a continuum,
+this, in essence,
+
+is an infinite number of
+coupled differential equations.
+
+And we call this
+the wave equation.
+
+So the equation of motion
+of the string is that.
+
+What else do we know?
+
+How can we use
+the laws of nature
+
+to describe this situation?
+
+Well, let's consider the ring.
+
+On the ring, there
+will be forces.
+
+One is the string is
+attached, so there
+
+will be the tension in the
+string pulling on the ring.
+
+We said that the ring cannot--
+it moves only up and down,
+
+so there must be some
+constraining force on it.
+
+If you're imagining it to
+be on this frictionless rod,
+
+then that constraining
+force is the reaction
+
+of the rod on the ring.
+
+If you're thinking of it in
+terms of a finger holding
+
+onto that ring,
+then your finger is
+
+preventing the ring moving
+backwards or forwards.
+
+So that's this reaction force.
+
+Now, on top of that, there
+is the vertical force,
+
+the one we are
+interested in, which
+
+must be the cause
+of the distortion.
+
+So those are the three forces.
+
+What else do we know?
+
+We said that we are going
+to idealize this situation.
+
+We're going to assume that
+this ring has no mass.
+
+It's only there so
+you can essentially
+
+hold the tip of the string.
+
+Now if mass is 0, then in
+Newton's laws of motion
+
+there can be no net
+force on that mass.
+
+Because if you applied
+any force to a 0 mass,
+
+it will have an
+infinite acceleration.
+
+Your ring would disappear.
+
+So the fact that the ring is
+massless-- in other words,
+
+you're just holding the
+very tip of the string.
+
+That's what it,
+in essence, means.
+
+It means there is no
+net force on the ring.
+
+The ring does not move
+backwards and forwards.
+
+There's no net force
+in that direction.
+
+So the reaction of
+the rod on the string
+
+must be exactly equal to
+the horizontal component
+
+of the tension.
+
+Actually, we don't need this
+for the solving of the problem.
+
+On the other hand, in
+the vertical direction
+
+we also know that there is
+no net force vertically.
+
+And so the magnitude of the
+force at any instant of time
+
+will, of course, be
+equal and opposite
+
+to the magnitude of the
+force due to the tension
+
+in this string, the component of
+that in the vertical direction.
+
+So the F of t at
+any instant of time
+
+will be equal to minus
+the vertical component
+
+of the tension on the string.
+
+OK, so that's everything
+we know about the dynamics.
+
+This plus the knowledge
+that at the time
+
+we were given this was the
+shape of the distortion,
+
+and it was progressing
+to the right,
+
+must be enough to
+be able to predict
+
+the motion of the ring,
+the power delivered.
+
+Now, why do I say that?
+
+Well, let's go
+back for a second.
+
+This will tell us
+what the ring is doing
+
+and what the forces
+are acting on it.
+
+Now, if you have a force
+acting on something,
+
+and that something
+is moving, the power
+
+that you will deliver
+that to that object
+
+is the dot product
+between the force
+
+and the velocity of the object.
+
+These we know because power
+is work per unit time.
+
+Work done by a force is force
+times the distance moved.
+
+So therefore, work times
+distance moved per second
+
+is the force times the velocity.
+
+So this is the power
+generated by a force
+
+if it moves an object
+with a velocity v of t.
+
+From what I told
+you earlier, I'm
+
+just thinking through whether
+we can solve this problem.
+
+From the part I
+discussed earlier,
+
+we will be able to
+figure out the force.
+
+We will be able to
+figure out the motion.
+
+Therefore, we will be able
+to calculate this and answer
+
+the second part of the problem.
+
+Let's continue.
+
+We want to find
+the energy stored
+
+in the distortion of this ring.
+
+How would we do
+that to make sure
+
+that we have
+everything in place?
+
+Well, if you have
+some system which
+
+you distort from equilibrium,
+the potential energy
+
+stored by conservation
+of energy is
+
+equal to the work you do
+to distort that system.
+
+In our case, the pulse
+is a distorted string
+
+from equilibrium.
+
+So if I calculate
+the work that I
+
+will have to do to produce
+that shape of the string,
+
+that will be equal to the
+potential energy stored
+
+in the string.
+
+So potential energy,
+in other words,
+
+is work to distort the string.
+
+And that is simply the integral
+of the force times the distance
+
+that will move that force
+to distort the string.
+
+So that we will be
+able to do since we--
+
+as I'll show in a second.
+
+The next part was, what is the
+kinetic energy in the pulse?
+
+Well kinetic energy
+is, of course,
+
+1/2 mass times velocity
+squared of a system.
+
+The string is-- it's a
+continuous distribution
+
+of masses.
+
+If I take every
+piece of that string
+
+and calculate its
+transverse velocity--
+
+that's the only
+velocity that it has.
+
+We said that this string
+has only transverse motion.
+
+So if I calculate the
+transverse velocity
+
+of every piece of the string
+and add up all the pieces,
+
+I'll have the total
+kinetic energy stored.
+
+So at any instant
+of time, I have
+
+to just find out what every
+piece of the string is doing,
+
+calculate its velocity
+squared multiplied
+
+by 1/2 by the mass of that
+piece, add them all up,
+
+and that's equal
+to-- therefore, we
+
+will have to integrate across
+the whole string 1/2 times
+
+the transverse
+velocity squared times
+
+the density of
+the-- the string has
+
+certain mass per
+unit length, mu.
+
+So I have to take this and
+integrate a mu dx times that.
+
+That'll give us the
+total kinetic energy.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, here we have the
+problem in terms of mathematics.
+
+And we'll switch over
+and try to solve it.
+
+OK.
+
+This wave equation
+has, as I told you,
+
+is equivalent to an infinite
+coupled differential equations.
+
+It has infinite
+number of solutions.
+
+Trying like we did
+for simpler system,
+
+like system with one
+degree of freedom
+
+or two degree of freedom
+is no longer practical.
+
+I can't go through
+all the possibilities
+
+and then guess
+which one applies.
+
+So I have to use some more
+knowledge or experience.
+
+In general, as I say, there's
+an infinite number of solutions.
+
+But we know that we are looking
+for a very specific kind
+
+of solution.
+
+We know that this
+pulse we're told
+
+was generated by this
+mass-- this ring.
+
+Sorry, not the mass.
+
+By this ring being
+moved by a finger.
+
+Which gave rise to
+a progressive wave.
+
+Meaning a shape like this
+which is moving to the right.
+
+That immediately
+gives us a clue.
+
+We know that there are some
+general classes of solutions
+
+of this wave equation.
+
+There are the
+normal modes, which
+
+are every piece of this string
+moving with the same frequency
+
+and phase, et cetera.
+
+There is another one
+which isn't obvious,
+
+but which Professor Walter
+Lewin discussed in class,
+
+that is actually quite-- I
+consider it the miraculous one.
+
+It's so not obvious.
+
+There is a solution
+of this wave equation,
+
+which consists of
+any distortion.
+
+You can take any shape.
+
+And if somehow or other you
+manage to make that distortion
+
+move with a uniform
+velocity corresponding
+
+to this velocity in
+the wave equation--
+
+so for our string, the square
+root of this number-- that
+
+will progress forever.
+
+It's a progressive
+wave solution.
+
+And it's for any shape.
+
+So here, clearly we are
+talking of that kind
+
+of a solution of
+this wave equation.
+
+And as I say, from what you've
+learned from Professor Walter
+
+Lewin, we know that
+the wave equation
+
+does have that
+class of solutions.
+
+So the solution to
+this problem must
+
+be that of a progressive wave.
+
+Specifically, a
+shape like this which
+
+moves to the right with a
+velocity square root of T
+
+over mu.
+
+And I cannot resist emphasizing
+that no part of the string is
+
+moving here to the right.
+
+The string is only moving
+in the transverse direction.
+
+But it is the distortion which
+is moving with that velocity v
+
+.
+
+It's called the phase velocity.
+
+All right.
+
+So our knowledge
+of the solutions
+
+of wave equations and these
+descriptions make sense.
+
+And so we know the class of
+solutions that describe this.
+
+In fact, it is the progressive
+wave solution of this problem.
+
+Fantastic.
+
+So we know what this string is
+doing at all times, a earlier
+
+times and later times.
+
+From now on, this triangle will
+just move forever like that.
+
+That will be the distortion.
+
+I can turn the clock around.
+
+I know that earlier it
+was here, here, et cetera.
+
+So I know the shape of
+this string at all times.
+
+Knowing that, I can-- it's
+a funny way of saying it,
+
+predict because it
+happened earlier.
+
+But I can tell you
+what the distortion
+
+must have been at earlier times.
+
+Going back with velocity
+v until-- up to the times
+
+when this distortion was here.
+
+Of course, the string
+was doing nothing.
+
+But at some instant of-- so the
+total picture is the following.
+
+We start off with
+the taut string.
+
+At some instant of
+time, the person
+
+must have moved the string
+with uniform velocity
+
+up, which I call the transverse
+velocity the transverse.
+
+That'll start this wave front.
+
+You will have come to a stop and
+start moving downwards again,
+
+formed this triangle,
+and then I do no more.
+
+This triangle will
+then progress forward.
+
+It will progress with
+a phase velocity v
+
+with this velocity,
+which we know.
+
+It's not something
+I did in my head.
+
+I can derive this
+by studying how
+
+a string can be described
+by the wave equation.
+
+But for this
+instant, you can say
+
+I took it from a
+book or somewhere,
+
+or from the lectures of
+Professor Walter Lewin.
+
+The phase velocity of
+a pulse on this string
+
+is-- of an ideal string is
+the square root of the tension
+
+divided in mass per unit length.
+
+OK.
+
+And I was telling you a second
+ago, when I go back in time
+
+at any instant of time
+when they ring was moving,
+
+this string has that shape.
+
+And as I move the ring up
+and generate this wave front,
+
+every piece of the
+string is moving up
+
+with a transverse velocity
+v tr, which I don't know.
+
+But the result is that
+this part of the pulse
+
+moves to the right with
+velocity [INAUDIBLE],
+
+phase velocity of the pulse.
+
+Don't get confused.
+
+This piece of the
+string-- and I'm
+
+repeating myself-- is
+not moving to the right.
+
+This piece is moving up with
+this transverse velocity.
+
+This piece of the
+string is moving up.
+
+This piece isn't moving yet.
+
+But shortly afterwards, it will.
+
+And so the result
+of the movement
+
+of every piece of
+this string up is
+
+to produce a pulse which
+is moving to the right.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we want to calculate what
+is this transverse velocity.
+
+Well, from this picture
+it will be-- this velocity
+
+is related to that
+one by that angle.
+
+And so the motion of the ring
+is the transverse velocity
+
+at time t of the
+ring-- this part of it.
+
+OK, we're talking
+about this-- is
+
+equal to v times
+H over L over 2.
+
+That's the tangent
+of this angle.
+
+That's the relation
+between this velocity
+
+and this transverse velocity.
+
+Which is equal to 2v H over L.
+
+And this is the motion of this
+string from the time when this
+
+is back here until the time
+when this is moved for the ring
+
+to be at the maximum height
+H. If we remember that we were
+
+told that the shape
+of the pulse-- and I
+
+have to refer you now back
+to do original picture.
+
+If you look at that
+original picture,
+
+we were told that at time
+4L over the square root of T
+
+over mu, that pulse was--
+well, the back end of it
+
+was 2L away from the ring
+and the forward part was 3L.
+
+That pulse is moving
+with velocity v.
+
+And therefore, we can
+calculate the time
+
+when the different
+parts of that pulse
+
+were generated by the ring.
+
+From the time L over v until 3L
+over 2v, this part of the pulse
+
+was generated.
+
+And so the transverse velocity
+during that period of the ring
+
+is 2v H over L.
+
+Later on, now the
+ring is at the top
+
+and just the front edge of
+the pulse has been generated.
+
+We now suddenly-- this is
+an idealized situation.
+
+So this ring was going
+up with uniform velocity.
+
+And it suddenly
+reverses direction.
+
+Obviously, that's not
+the physical situation.
+
+That's infinite acceleration.
+
+But we can imagine it
+happens very fast that it's
+
+almost infinite acceleration.
+
+And so suddenly, we
+change from the ring,
+
+pulling the string upwards to
+the ring pulling the string
+
+downwards.
+
+We are now creating the
+back edge of that pulse.
+
+The situation is symmetric
+to the previous case.
+
+The only difference is that
+it's in the opposite direction.
+
+And we know that the
+magnitude of the two
+
+are the same because
+the pulse is symmetric.
+
+In one case, we are
+producing a wave front
+
+which is at some
+angle like that.
+
+And then the other like this.
+
+But they're symmetric.
+
+The angles are the same, but
+in the opposite direction.
+
+So the transverse
+velocity here now
+
+is therefore minus
+2v H over L. And this
+
+happens this time interval.
+
+By the time we've
+reached time 2L over V,
+
+the complete pulse
+has left the ring.
+
+From then on, the ring
+must be stationary.
+
+Because if it moved, it
+would produce new distortions
+
+in the string.
+
+OK, so we have
+completely described
+
+the motion of the ring.
+
+That was the first
+part of the problem.
+
+And I repeat quickly, you have
+a string which is straight.
+
+I'm holding the ring.
+
+I'm waiting, waiting.
+
+At some time when
+I feel like it,
+
+I start moving it with
+uniform velocity up.
+
+I then reverse instantaneously
+and move with uniform velocity
+
+down.
+
+When I'm moving up, I generate
+the front part of that pulse.
+
+When I'm moving down, I
+generate the back part.
+
+Then, I stop.
+
+I'm doing nothing.
+
+The ring is doing nothing more.
+
+The string is attached
+to it horizontally.
+
+But as a result of that
+motion of the ring,
+
+I've introduced a triangular
+distortion on the string.
+
+That distortion will
+now propagate forever
+
+with the phase velocity
+square root T over mu.
+
+I don't have to discuss how this
+pulse is progressing forward.
+
+That we've done in general,
+or Professor Walter Lewin
+
+has done in general.
+
+He has shown that there
+is this progressive wave
+
+solution to the wave equation,
+which describes this string.
+
+OK, so we've finally
+understood the motion
+
+of the ring and the subsequent
+motion of the pulse progressing
+
+down the string.
+
+End of that.
+
+The next question was the
+power delivered by the string.
+
+Well, clearly, during the time
+when the ring is stationary,
+
+isn't doing no work on anything.
+
+My finger doesn't have to do any
+work on the ring or the string.
+
+There's no power generating.
+
+But during the time when
+I was moving the ring up,
+
+I had to exert a force.
+
+So I was pulling with a force.
+
+Therefore, I was doing work.
+
+And the rate of doing work is
+the power that I'm generating.
+
+Similarly when I'm
+going down, I will
+
+have to do work against
+the force, the tension
+
+in the string, and I
+will be exerting power
+
+during that time.
+
+How do we calculate that?
+
+Well, I repeat what
+I said earlier,
+
+so I don't have to
+look at the board.
+
+The instantaneous power
+generated or exerted by a force
+
+is force dot the velocity.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, we did calculate the force.
+
+Sorry, we can
+calculate the force
+
+that I have to generate
+to move this ring.
+
+I'm just redrawing
+the sketch for you.
+
+Here is the ring.
+
+What are the forces?
+
+I am repeating, there is
+the reaction force here.
+
+That's this force F
+which I am exerting.
+
+And I've chosen this
+picture at the time
+
+when the string is like this.
+
+At other times, the string
+will be in that direction.
+
+But I've sketched
+this at a time when
+
+the string is in this direction.
+
+That is the tension in it.
+
+It exerts a force.
+
+So those are the three forces.
+
+And as I've discussed earlier,
+this is a massless ring.
+
+Therefore, there's no net force.
+
+At this instant, this
+force must be equal
+
+and in the opposite direction
+than the vertical component
+
+of this tension T.
+So it is equal to T
+
+times the tangent of this angle.
+
+So at that instant of time,
+the magnitude of this force--
+
+and it's in the up direction--
+is plus T H over L over 2,
+
+which is 2H T over L.
+
+This corresponds
+to the period when
+
+the string is like
+this at the ring.
+
+And earlier on, I told
+you that corresponds
+
+to this time interval.
+
+OK.
+
+Later, I've reached the top.
+
+I'm starting to move down.
+
+The string now is upwards,
+but the angle is the same.
+
+And so the force
+that I have to exert
+
+is the same magnitude as this
+but in the opposite direction.
+
+Hence, the minus sign.
+
+So it's minus T over
+that, which is minus
+
+2H T over L. The two
+are, of course, equal.
+
+So I first have to--
+it actually makes
+
+sense if you imagine a string.
+
+If I want to distort it
+up, I have to pull on that.
+
+Later on, I want to
+pull it in the opposite.
+
+I pull it down.
+
+Those are the two types.
+
+So we know at every
+instant of time
+
+what is the force that I
+exert and the direction of it.
+
+Now, the power that I generate
+is the force dot velocity.
+
+So I have to take the dot
+product between this force
+
+and the corresponding velocity.
+
+All the motion is
+up and down, so I
+
+don't have to-- I'm doing
+just the components.
+
+And so the dot product is
+just the multiplication
+
+of the force times the velocity.
+
+And the only thing I
+have to watch out for
+
+is whether they're in
+the same direction,
+
+in the opposite direction.
+
+Notice that when the
+transverse velocity is
+
+positive-- in other
+words, upwards-- that's
+
+the time when I'm
+pulling upwards.
+
+And so the force and the
+velocity have the same sign.
+
+So the power I
+exert is this 2H T
+
+over L times the transverse
+velocity 2v H over L. OK?
+
+Now, afterwards when we change
+to the other-- the back edge,
+
+the force reverses.
+
+It's minus.
+
+So that's the
+transverse velocity.
+
+And so that product,
+once again, is positive.
+
+So both on the leading edge of
+that pulse and the back edge,
+
+I do positive amount of work.
+
+I do work on the ring
+and not the ring on me.
+
+And of course,
+immediately that power
+
+is transmitted to the string.
+
+So for both the front edge and
+the back edge of the piles,
+
+I have to do work on the string.
+
+It's positive.
+
+And at every instant of
+time during my motion,
+
+this is the power.
+
+It's the product of the force
+times the transverse velocity.
+
+So this now is true
+for the complete time
+
+period during which I
+am generating the pulse.
+
+OK.
+
+I can now plot what
+is the power that I
+
+have to exert as a
+function of time.
+
+So here is the power and
+in this direction is time.
+
+And what we've shown
+from a time of L
+
+over v to a time 2L
+over v. And by the way,
+
+just I'm reminding you,
+halfway through-- this
+
+is when I'm moving
+it in one direction.
+
+This is in the other.
+
+But the power is
+positive in both cases.
+
+So this is the power
+as a function of time.
+
+And so what is the
+total energy that I
+
+have to give to the string
+to produce that pulse?
+
+Well, total energy
+given is the integral
+
+of the power over the
+time during which I
+
+exert that power.
+
+So it's the integral of P
+of t dt over that interval.
+
+Well, that's just the
+area of that pulse.
+
+So it's this height
+times this time.
+
+And if I do that, I get-- if
+I take this and multiply it
+
+by that length, I get
+4H squared T over L.
+
+All right, so we've now
+understood what the ring does.
+
+We understand how
+much energy I had
+
+to apply to it in order
+to generate that pulse.
+
+OK, finally we were asked about
+something about the pulse.
+
+I've put some energy into
+it, where did that energy go?
+
+That energy went into the
+potential energy stored because
+
+of the shape of the pulse
+and the kinetic energy in it.
+
+So the essence of the
+next parts of the question
+
+is, let's now, from first
+principles-- knowing
+
+what pulse we have, let's try to
+calculate how much energy we've
+
+stored in the pulse in the
+form of potential energy.
+
+How much energy we've
+stored in the pulse
+
+in the form of kinetic energy.
+
+And just to check that
+we didn't make a mistake,
+
+let's see that
+energy is conserved.
+
+We know the total energy
+we've put into the system.
+
+Let's see whether that's
+equal to the potential energy
+
+plus the kinetic energy.
+
+Of course, it's going
+to work out right,
+
+so it's more a test I
+haven't made a mistake.
+
+And we are not going to discover
+non-conservation of energy
+
+here.
+
+OK, so now let's
+try to calculate
+
+how much potential energy
+is stored in the pulse.
+
+OK, you can do it many ways.
+
+But normally, I like
+going to first principles.
+
+This string normally in
+equilibrium is straight.
+
+In the moving pulse,
+it is distorted.
+
+It's this shape.
+
+In order to distort it to this
+shape-- and ti doesn't matter,
+
+I'm talking at some
+instant of time.
+
+I don't care whether anything
+is moving here or not.
+
+At some instant of time,
+this has a certain amount
+
+of potential energy.
+
+It is the energy
+stored in the system
+
+because it is distorted from
+its equilibrium straight path.
+
+I don't care whether any
+piece here is moving or not.
+
+That's nothing to
+the potential energy.
+
+How much energy is there if I
+have a piece of string shaped
+
+like this whether it's
+part of the pulse or not?
+
+Irrelevant.
+
+OK, how do we do it?
+
+I will do a thought experiment,
+a Gedanken experiment.
+
+I will imagine I took a
+string, nailed these points.
+
+They don't move separated by
+a distance L. In the middle,
+
+I get hold of this and
+from it being straight,
+
+I start pulling up.
+
+All right?
+
+Until I reach a height H.
+
+At that stage, I've
+generated this shape.
+
+The potential
+energy in that shape
+
+must come from the work
+I did in distorting it.
+
+How much work do I do?
+
+Well, I have to exert
+a force pulling it up.
+
+And the integral of that force
+times the total distance, that
+
+will be the total
+work I have done.
+
+So that's what I have to do.
+
+All right?
+
+So what I'm doing?
+
+I'm going to integrate from this
+height being 0 to the height
+
+being H. I mean,
+integral is just
+
+the addition of bits of
+work as I pull this up.
+
+So integral of the force,
+which I call little f of y dy.
+
+Now, what is the force?
+
+I'm not [INAUDIBLE]
+where I'm doing this.
+
+I'm doing it, pulling it up
+very slowly at uniform velocity.
+
+So I'm not
+accelerating anything.
+
+So the net force on this must be
+equal and opposite to the force
+
+exacted on my fingers
+by this string.
+
+Well, there is a
+tension in this string
+
+pulling in these directions.
+
+The horizontal components
+of the tensions
+
+cancel, but the
+vertical ones add up.
+
+The two vertical components
+of the string on this side
+
+and that are equal and
+opposite to my force f.
+
+Now, what we said,
+the assumption
+
+here is that this
+distortion is so small
+
+that in the process of me
+pulling this and changing it,
+
+this tension does not change.
+
+In reality, it would
+change slightly.
+
+But if this is small
+enough, it's negligible.
+
+So I'm going to
+make the assumption
+
+that this tension does not
+change as I'm moving this up.
+
+So the force I'll be applying
+will be constant, actually.
+
+And so what that is?
+
+Well, it's twice the tension
+times the component of it,
+
+this tangent of the angle in the
+vertical direction from 0 to H
+
+times dy.
+
+But as I say, T will be
+constant throughout this period.
+
+But y-- there is a y here,
+which is not a constant.
+
+This goes from 0 to H.
+And so if I integrate
+
+that with respect to y, I'll get
+y squared over 2 from 0 to H.
+
+And so this integral is equal
+4T H squared over L over 2.
+
+This 2 is from the
+integral of y dy.
+
+It's y squared over 2 taken
+from those limits gives me that.
+
+OK, which is 2H
+squared T over L.
+
+This is the work I did
+distorting the string.
+
+It must be equal to
+the energy stored
+
+in the string in that process.
+
+OK, so we've answered that part.
+
+How about the kinetic energy?
+
+There is a pulse which
+is moving to the right.
+
+Meaning that every piece of
+this string from here to here
+
+is actually in motion.
+
+Over here, it's stationary.
+
+Over here, it's stationary.
+
+But to the left of center,
+every piece in here
+
+it's actually moving down.
+
+We discussed that earlier.
+
+Every piece along
+here is moving up.
+
+The result is you
+get the impression
+
+of the pulse moving
+to the right.
+
+But the actual motion of the
+mass is down here and up here.
+
+So at any instant of time
+when you have this pulse,
+
+there is kinetic energy of
+the string in this piece
+
+and in that piece.
+
+And we have to calculate that.
+
+They are both positive
+kinetic energy.
+
+There is no such thing as
+negative kinetic energy.
+
+So those are moving.
+
+And the transverse velocity
+is down and here up.
+
+Kinetic energy is 1/2 mass
+times velocity squared.
+
+They're both positive, OK?
+
+So let's now just calculate.
+
+Again, it will be
+the integral, the sum
+
+of the kinetic energy of
+every piece along here.
+
+So if I take a piece
+of mass dm multiply it
+
+by 1/2 times its transverse--
+the motion of that mass
+
+squared.
+
+That's the total
+velocity of that mass.
+
+It's not moving horizontally.
+
+We've made that assumption
+in this idealized case.
+
+So this is the kinetic energy
+of a piece of the mass.
+
+And I have to integrate that
+over all the pieces of m
+
+from here to here.
+
+There's no kinetic
+energy there and there.
+
+OK, this is a
+constant, actually.
+
+It's only true because
+this is a straight line
+
+that this pulse consists
+of two straight lines.
+
+If it wasn't, it
+would not be constant.
+
+So this integral
+is that 1/2 times
+
+this transverse
+velocity, which we
+
+calculated earlier
+the transverse.
+
+We've calculated over here
+the transverse velocity.
+
+And you can see it's independent
+of position of the string.
+
+So back to here.
+
+So we know that
+transverse velocity.
+
+And what is the piece of mass?
+
+Well, that will be the
+density of the string, mass
+
+per unit length mu times
+the little piece of string
+
+of length l.
+
+This is a trivial integral,
+so they're all constants here.
+
+By the way, this
+integral-- maybe
+
+I should've said it-- goes
+over a length from 0 to L.
+
+That's the length of the
+string we're considering.
+
+So we get up with that
+equal to that, which
+
+is equal to-- because
+I could replace v. We
+
+know v. v is the square
+root of T over mu.
+
+And so if I replace v by
+v squared by T over mu,
+
+it cancels the mu,
+but we get a T here.
+
+And so the total energy,
+kinetic energy, is this.
+
+And we are essentially whole.
+
+Because now we've calculated
+the total potential energy
+
+stored in the pulse.
+
+We've calculated the
+total kinetic energy.
+
+So the total energy
+stored in that policy
+
+is the sum of those two,
+which is of course, 4H squared
+
+T over L. So in other words,
+as this pulse moves along, it
+
+has a total energy of this
+plus that 4H squared T over L.
+
+And it will continue forever.
+
+Energy is conserved,
+it will go forever.
+
+Where did it come from?
+
+We said it came from
+the motion of the ring.
+
+And I calculated how much
+energy I did initially.
+
+It was 4H squared T over L. And
+lo and behold, big surprise,
+
+it's exactly what's
+in the pulse.
+
+So the work I do is
+right at the beginning.
+
+The work I do is at the time
+when I generate the pulse.
+
+From then on, the energy
+just progresses forever.
+
+That's the end to that problem.
+
+We'll now deal with
+the next problem.
+
+So we now come to
+the second problem
+
+to do with progressive waves.
+
+And the problem I've
+taken is the following.
+
+You have two coaxial cables.
+
+They're connected at some place.
+
+And we are told that on the
+left cable-- this one here,
+
+left cable-- there is a
+voltage at every location given
+
+by v1 cosine omega 1t
+minus 2 pi over lambda 1t.
+
+And there is some kind
+of reflection to it.
+
+They don't tell
+us much about it.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, they tell
+
+us the voltage wave
+v2 cosine omega
+
+2t minus 2 pi lambda 2 over t.
+
+And furthermore,
+they tell us that we
+
+have to assume that these
+cables are ideal and lossless.
+
+That's one.
+
+That the phase velocity
+on the left one
+
+is v1 and that whenever
+there is a voltage on it
+
+at any location,
+there is a current,
+
+which is v1 divided
+by some constant z1.
+
+So on the left one, the
+phase velocity v1 and I1
+
+is v1 over z1.
+
+And on the right cable,
+the phase velocity is v2
+
+and the current
+I2 is v2 over z2.
+
+The question is, what is the
+ratio of omega 2 to omega 1?
+
+What's the ratio of
+lambda 2 to lambda 1?
+
+And what's the
+ratio of v2 to v1?
+
+Now, you may have never
+seen a coaxial cable.
+
+You may have seen
+a coaxial cable,
+
+but you've never discussed
+it or learned about it.
+
+Certainly, Professor Walter
+Lewin did not cover this.
+
+Why did I do this problem?
+
+Precisely to show that by
+learning how to solve problems
+
+or understanding
+progressive waves
+
+on one system like
+this string, we
+
+can do transfer
+the whole knowledge
+
+we have to understanding how to
+analyze, in fact, a much more
+
+interesting situation.
+
+A situation you'll
+come across very often
+
+in life, progressive
+waves down coaxial cables.
+
+Now, from the way the
+problem is worded,
+
+we can in fact
+conclude that we should
+
+be able to solve this problem
+from our knowledge of what
+
+happens on taut string.
+
+We are told that
+on this one, there
+
+is a voltage, which
+has this form.
+
+If you look at
+this form, this is
+
+a function of some constants
+times time minus-- I'm sorry,
+
+this should be an x and an x.
+
+Let me immediately correct
+this, x here and x here.
+
+So it's a function of
+some constant times
+
+t minus a constant times x.
+
+And we know that such a function
+represents a progressive wave.
+
+If you plot this
+at different times
+
+and different locations,
+what you will see
+
+is a sinusoidal
+function which is
+
+moving to the right with some,
+what we call, phase velocity.
+
+Which in the problem,
+they tell us what it is.
+
+It's v1.
+
+So from this form,
+we immediately
+
+realize that the
+voltage on this cable
+
+is a progressive wave,
+which is going to the right.
+
+Therefore, this
+system, the cable,
+
+must have a wave
+equation for it to have
+
+a wave as a solution-- a
+progressive wave as a solution.
+
+OK, next.
+
+If we know omega
+1, what is omega 2?
+
+If we know omega 1,
+what is lambda 1?
+
+What is lambda 2?
+
+And if we know v1, what is v2?
+
+In other words, we
+immediately realize
+
+that these two-- the
+angular frequencies here
+
+or the wavelengths of
+the progressive waves--
+
+do not necessarily have
+the same phase velocity.
+
+And in fact, they tell
+us that it is different.
+
+So the propagation down these
+two cables will be different.
+
+And so these cables must
+be made structurally
+
+in a different way.
+
+They are different
+cables, but they're just
+
+connected together.
+
+OK.
+
+And of course,
+electrically-- that's
+
+the other thing I should-- the
+outside has to be connected.
+
+All right, how do we proceed?
+
+So as I started saying, from
+the wording of the problem
+
+we immediately conclude that
+a coaxial cable, in fact,
+
+is the continuum limit of
+some row of oscillators.
+
+Is that surprising?
+
+Well, if you stop and think and
+magnified the coaxial cable,
+
+in essence what you see
+is two parallel wires.
+
+They have a capacitance
+with each other.
+
+The two conductors
+have the central wire
+
+and the sheathing around that.
+
+Each have self-inductance.
+
+And so schematically, it
+looks something like this.
+
+You have a row of inductances,
+a row of capacitances
+
+connected like this.
+
+So this is a schematic
+diagram of a coaxial cable.
+
+What is this?
+
+Nothing other than
+each piece here
+
+is like a simple
+harmonic oscillator
+
+we've solved many times.
+
+It's simply an inductance
+in the capacitance.
+
+And they are furthermore,
+identical harmonic oscillators
+
+only connected to
+their neighbors.
+
+And so this, from
+a point of view
+
+of the response
+of this system, is
+
+identical to a taut string,
+where at each point in the s
+
+we had a harmonic oscillator
+which was connected only
+
+to its neighbors.
+
+So the equation of
+motion for this system--
+
+well, the variable
+was the voltage,
+
+the potential difference
+between the central conductors
+
+and the outside conductor,
+must satisfy a wave equation
+
+like this where v is
+the phase velocity
+
+of the propagation
+of v down the cable.
+
+And we are told on
+the left-hand side
+
+is v1, on the
+right-hand side is v2.
+
+Furthermore, in the
+problem they told us
+
+that if there is a voltage
+propagating down this cable,
+
+there will also be a
+current propagating.
+
+And they tell us that the ratio
+of the voltage to the current
+
+is a constant.
+
+And it's different
+for the two cables.
+
+In fact, let me sort
+of digress and tell you
+
+it is the two
+quantities, the phase
+
+velocity and this
+constant z, which
+
+is called the characteristic
+impedance, which
+
+characterizes any coaxial cable.
+
+Or in fact, any system
+consisting of two parallel
+
+conductors.
+
+So a wire, typical
+two-conductor wire,
+
+would be a coaxial
+cable in that sense.
+
+Since I is proportional to
+the voltage, if this satisfies
+
+the wave equation
+so must the current.
+
+OK.
+
+Furthermore, what
+do they tell us?
+
+They tell us that if you look
+at the first cable, the one
+
+on the left, we see the
+progressive wave going
+
+to the right.
+
+But also, there may be a
+reflected wave they tell us.
+
+On the right-hand
+side, they tell
+
+us there is only a
+propagating wave to the right.
+
+From that, I can immediately
+conclude something
+
+about the boundary
+conditions of this system.
+
+Take the right-hand side.
+
+There's a wave going to the
+right, but nothing to the left.
+
+Therefore, there
+must be no reflection
+
+of the progressive wave at the
+far end of the right cable.
+
+How about the left cable?
+
+Well, the pulse is coming in.
+
+There is a junction between two
+cables which are not the same.
+
+And whenever you have
+such a situation where
+
+you have a continuous
+system of oscillators coming
+
+to another continuous
+system, like two
+
+wires of different
+density for example,
+
+or different tensions, or
+something of that kind,
+
+at the junction you are
+going to get a reflection.
+
+So where you're going to get
+a reflection at that junction,
+
+that reflected wave will
+go all the way to the left,
+
+come to the far
+end of that cable.
+
+And normally it would
+be reflected there
+
+unless one works hard to
+prevent that from happening.
+
+And here, they're
+telling us nothing
+
+is-- there's no reflection.
+
+There isn't any further
+reflection from that side.
+
+There is just the original pulse
+coming from left to the right.
+
+OK, so now, how do we answer
+the questions they do?
+
+And so now, I will
+go from what we've
+
+learned about the
+physical system
+
+to a mathematical
+description of it.
+
+And at this stage,
+you probably won't
+
+be able to almost
+tell the difference
+
+with I'm talking about-- two
+strings connected together
+
+or I'm talking a coaxial cable.
+
+The behavior, mathematical
+behavior, will be the same.
+
+The mathematical description
+will be the same.
+
+I should digress for a second.
+
+If you're curious
+what happens here,
+
+I was talking about
+two pulses going down,
+
+the voltage pulse
+and the current.
+
+What happens on the string?
+
+Well, in a string there
+are also many pulses.
+
+We normally don't talk
+about all of them.
+
+For example, if you
+have a propagating pulse
+
+of displacement on
+a string, then there
+
+will be also a pulse
+going down corresponding
+
+to the transverse velocity
+of the string at every point.
+
+So there's already two.
+
+There's another one.
+
+As the pulse on a
+string goes along,
+
+the left part of the
+string acts a force
+
+on the right part of the
+string to generate that pulse.
+
+And that also propagates.
+
+So even on a simple
+thing like a string,
+
+there will be simultaneously
+three progressive waves
+
+going down the string--
+the displacement,
+
+the transverse
+velocity, and the force.
+
+Here, we are talking about two--
+the current and the voltage.
+
+All right, so I've translated
+what I've discussed before.
+
+I'll call x equals 0 the
+junction between the two
+
+cables.
+
+On the left and on
+the vertical axis
+
+here, I'm going to either
+be plotting the voltage
+
+across the cable or the
+current flowing down the cable.
+
+I'm just too lazy to
+draw two separate plots.
+
+So what we are told,
+there is the voltage,
+
+which is given by
+this expression.
+
+That's a progressive wave, a
+sinusoidal progressive wave
+
+moving to the right.
+
+There is a reflected one, which
+is given by some amplitude,
+
+v reflected times cosine.
+
+And this will now
+have a plus sign
+
+because it's now
+propagating to the left.
+
+Here, the minus sign tells
+you it's going to the right.
+
+The plus sign going to the left.
+
+Now, we know from-- for
+example, our studies
+
+of coupled oscillators, that
+in a steady state situation,
+
+every oscillator is moving with
+the same frequency and phase.
+
+So if I extend that
+to the infinite case,
+
+I know that the
+frequency of this wave,
+
+which was only one frequency.
+
+So the progressive
+wave going this way
+
+has only one frequency, omega 1.
+
+If it drives the oscillators
+as it goes along,
+
+it will drive them to
+oscillate at the same frequency
+
+as its frequency.
+
+Another way to say
+it, in this problem
+
+there's only one frequency.
+
+And so the reflected wave
+will have the same frequency
+
+as the incoming one.
+
+Similarly, the transmitted wave
+will have the same frequency.
+
+That's why I wrote this
+to be equal to that.
+
+We can actually
+formally show that that
+
+has to be the case
+by considering
+
+what happens at the boundary.
+
+You could never have
+the two separate halves
+
+moving with different
+frequencies and the string
+
+not be broken.
+
+Or in this case, the
+voltage being not the same
+
+on both sides of the
+string, on both sides
+
+of the boundary of the string.
+
+OK, so everything we
+learned over there
+
+we can write as this
+sinusoidal progressive wave
+
+to the right with amplitude
+v1, the reflected wave
+
+with amplitude v reflected.
+
+And there will be a transmitted
+wave of some magnitude v2.
+
+And a cosine omega 2t
+minus 2 pi lambda to the x.
+
+I went ahead of
+myself to explain
+
+that this omega 1 has
+to be the same as that.
+
+In a second using
+the same argument,
+
+I'll show that this has
+to be equal to that.
+
+What else do we know
+about the situation?
+
+Well, we know that
+at the boundary,
+
+the two y's are connected.
+
+Therefore, there will be the
+same potential difference
+
+between the central conductor
+and the outside conductor
+
+just to the left of the
+boundary and to the right.
+
+So at x equals 0 for all
+times, the voltage VL
+
+will be equal to the
+potential difference
+
+on the right-hand side.
+
+So that's one
+boundary condition.
+
+The other one, we know
+that charges are conserved.
+
+And therefore, if you have
+junction of two wires,
+
+the total current going
+into that junction
+
+or coming away from
+it must be 0 or you
+
+would be creating charges.
+
+So the sum of all the
+currents coming in or out
+
+from the junction for all
+times and x equals 0 must be 0.
+
+So this is now all
+in mathematics.
+
+You don't need to
+know this, but this
+
+is anything to do with
+voltages, currents, et cetera.
+
+This is the mathematical
+description of the situation.
+
+And let's try to now answer
+the questions that were posed.
+
+OK, the first
+question was, what is
+
+the ratio of omega 2 to omega 1?
+
+And I've answered it already.
+
+The only frequency in
+this problem is omega 1.
+
+That's what comes in.
+
+It'll drive any oscillator
+anywhere at that frequency
+
+under the steady-state
+conditions, which we have here.
+
+So omega 2 must equal to omega
+1 or that ratio is equal to 1.
+
+First problem.
+
+The next question
+we were asked, what
+
+is the ratio of the wavelengths?
+
+Now, we know that for
+any harmonic wave,
+
+the product of the wavelengths
+times the frequency
+
+is the phase velocity.
+
+You can trivially
+prove it for yourself.
+
+Just take that formula
+for the progressive wave,
+
+harmonic progressive
+wave, and calculate
+
+what the frequency is.
+
+And if you have
+difficulty, draw the wave
+
+as a function of
+position at 2 times
+
+and see how far that
+picture has moved.
+
+And you'll find that lambda
+times f is equal to v. OK.
+
+This is true to the
+left of the boundary
+
+and on the right-hand side.
+
+So I've rewritten this lambda
+times omega over 2 pi equals
+
+v. Therefore, if you have two
+strings of different phase
+
+velocity, for the first one
+this equation looks like that.
+
+For the second one, it's the
+same but 1's replaced by 2.
+
+From these, I immediately
+divide one by the other,
+
+that lambda 2 over lambda
+1 is equal to v2 over v1.
+
+They are no longer the same.
+
+The frequencies are the
+same, but the wavelengths
+
+are different.
+
+It depends on the properties
+of the two cables.
+
+So we get that the wavelength
+on the left-hand side, as I say,
+
+will be a different wavelength
+to the one on the right.
+
+And the ratio
+between them will be
+
+that of the phase
+velocity on both sides.
+
+All right, next.
+
+The third part of
+the thing was, what's
+
+the ratio of the voltages?
+
+In other words, what is
+the ratio of v2 to v1?
+
+v1, I'm reminding
+you, is the amplitude
+
+of the voltage wave that
+comes from the left cable
+
+to the junction, and
+then continues out
+
+with a different amplitude.
+
+What is that amplitude?
+
+To answer that, we make use
+of the boundary conditions,
+
+which we discussed earlier.
+
+These boundary conditions
+immediately tell us that how?
+
+Well, the first
+boundary condition
+
+tells us that the voltage
+just to the left of x equals 0
+
+must equal to just
+to the right to it.
+
+Now on the left-hand side, you
+have two waves-- one coming in,
+
+one coming out,
+the reflected one.
+
+If you look at the equation
+for VL at x equals 0,
+
+for all times you'll find
+it's v1 times cosine omega
+
+1t plus v reflected
+cosine omega 1t.
+
+On the right-hand side, you see
+that it is v2 times-- again,
+
+with x equals 0 cosine omega 2t.
+
+But omega 2t is
+equal to omega 1.
+
+And so at all times,
+the cosines cancel
+
+and you end up that v1 plus
+v reflected has to be v2.
+
+At all times that will
+be true at x equals 0.
+
+So you have one equation.
+
+The other boundary condition
+gives us the other one.
+
+We know that if there
+is a wave coming
+
+in with amplitude v1, the
+current that comes in,
+
+it told us in the formulation of
+the problem, is that divided by
+
+z1, this characteristic
+impedance.
+
+Similarly, for the
+reflected wave.
+
+But we have to watch it.
+
+There is a sign difference.
+
+Because why?
+
+If the wave is coming from
+the left to the right,
+
+if we call that a
+positive current.
+
+After reflection if
+it goes the other way,
+
+it will be a negative.
+
+We'll be subtracting
+from that junction.
+
+So that's why there
+is this minus.
+
+And then, this is the one--
+this is the total current coming
+
+into the junction.
+
+And that's got to be equal to
+the total current coming out
+
+on the other side, v2 over z2.
+
+From this, I just multiply by
+z1, so I get this equation.
+
+And these are two trivial
+algebraic equations.
+
+If I add them, I
+get 2 v1, et cetera.
+
+From which, I get
+that this is the case.
+
+And again, I notice I forget v1.
+
+OK.
+
+And so we get that
+the v2 over v1
+
+is that quantity
+which was given.
+
+And we've solved the three
+parts of the problem.
+
+That's the end.
+
+And the thing that
+I would just like
+
+you to keep in mind,
+that if you come
+
+across some kind
+of a problem to do
+
+with progressive
+waves, et cetera.
+
+If you've never
+seen the system, it
+
+doesn't mean you don't
+know how to solve it.
+
+Stop, think, see by
+analogy what it corresponds
+
+to a system which
+you have understood.
+
+The corollary is, suppose
+you are having trouble
+
+with progressive
+waves on strings.
+
+But you're an
+electrical engineer
+
+and you feel very comfortable
+about waves on cables.
+
+You can use the study of
+waves on cables, reflection
+
+of pulses, reflection
+coefficients, transmission
+
+coefficients, et cetera.
+
+That which you've understood
+in the electrical system,
+
+you can translate
+it to what happens
+
+if you have mechanical
+systems connected together.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uzXLhTW9wWQ.txt b/uzXLhTW9wWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c102f50cebe91ce8ea3621289963efca4b320acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uzXLhTW9wWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,883 @@
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+
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+Now, we've replaced the previous fiber
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+Now, we've replaced the previous fiber
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+Now, we've replaced the previous fiber
+with another one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another one.
+The only difference between this fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only difference between this fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only difference between this fiber
+and the previous one is that the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous one is that the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous one is that the core
+diameter is now a little bit bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is now a little bit bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter is now a little bit bigger.
+It's about six microns instead of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about six microns instead of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about six microns instead of four
+microns in the previous fiber. Setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns in the previous fiber. Setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns in the previous fiber. Setup is
+exactly the same. Again, we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same. Again, we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same. Again, we have the
+laser here getting reflected by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser here getting reflected by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser here getting reflected by this
+mirror and this mirror into the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and this mirror into the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and this mirror into the lens
+into this fiber, this new fiber, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this fiber, this new fiber, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this fiber, this new fiber, and
+then the the output of the fiber goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the output of the fiber goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the output of the fiber goes
+onto the screen. So let's now take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen. So let's now take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the screen. So let's now take a
+look at the output of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the output of this
+fiber. Uhhuh. So what first thing we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber. Uhhuh. So what first thing we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber. Uhhuh. So what first thing we see
+that doesn't look like a single mode at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look like a single mode at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look like a single mode at
+all that single lobe. And if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that single lobe. And if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that single lobe. And if I change
+the the adjustment, if we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the adjustment, if we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the adjustment, if we can have the
+camera looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adjustments, then you see that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments, then you see that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustments, then you see that I can get
+a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of
+uh uh of shapes. All I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of shapes. All I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of shapes. All I'm doing is
+changing the adjustment. I can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the adjustment. I can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the adjustment. I can get a
+variety of shapes. And clearly it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of shapes. And clearly it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of shapes. And clearly it's not
+like what we had before, the single mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we had before, the single mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we had before, the single mode
+be behavior that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behavior that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behavior that we had
+before. And this is then the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And this is then the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And this is then the so-called
+multiode. What you're seeing are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiode. What you're seeing are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiode. What you're seeing are are
+different transverse modes that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transverse modes that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transverse modes that are that
+can propagate in in this fiber because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate in in this fiber because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate in in this fiber because
+the core diameter is bigger. But I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core diameter is bigger. But I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core diameter is bigger. But I'm
+going to leave it to you then to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it to you then to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave it to you then to explain
+uh why exactly why you get higher o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why exactly why you get higher o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why exactly why you get higher o
+higher mode higher transverse modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher mode higher transverse modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher mode higher transverse modes
+propagated in this in this fiber. Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated in this in this fiber. Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated in this in this fiber. Again
+the wavelength is the same. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is the same. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is the same. The only
+thing the only difference is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the only difference is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the only difference is that the
+core diameter is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core diameter is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core diameter is is
+bigger. You see this one here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. You see this one here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. You see this one here you get
+nice dark line in the middle. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice dark line in the middle. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice dark line in the middle. And then
+then if I align it over here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I align it over here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I align it over here you can see
+it's blobby. It's a mixture of moles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blobby. It's a mixture of moles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blobby. It's a mixture of moles.
+That's why you don't see uh sharp dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why you don't see uh sharp dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why you don't see uh sharp dark
+line in the middle but you get a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the middle but you get a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the middle but you get a mixture
+of modes. While remember in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modes. While remember in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modes. While remember in the other
+one no matter what I did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no matter what I did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no matter what I did in the
+alignment uh it was still single mode uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment uh it was still single mode uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment uh it was still single mode uh
+coming out just one lobe coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out just one lobe coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out just one lobe coming
+out. All right. Now multi mode fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. Now multi mode fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. Now multi mode fibers
+have many applications also but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many applications also but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many applications also but for
+today for a lot of sophisticated sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for a lot of sophisticated sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for a lot of sophisticated sensor
+applications and communications uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and communications uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and communications uh one
+uses one generally uses single mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses one generally uses single mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses one generally uses single mode
+fibers. So here here's a here's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers. So here here's a here's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers. So here here's a here's a pretty
+pretty mode with a dark line down the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty mode with a dark line down the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty mode with a dark line down the uh
+down the middle. Now what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the middle. Now what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the middle. Now what I would like
+to do is show how how touchy uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show how how touchy uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show how how touchy uh this
+fiber is to to uh bending. In fact, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber is to to uh bending. In fact, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber is to to uh bending. In fact, if
+we take a look at the fiber here, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a look at the fiber here, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take a look at the fiber here, as
+soon as I just press on it, if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I just press on it, if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I just press on it, if we get
+take a close look at if I just press on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a close look at if I just press on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a close look at if I just press on
+it, uh I can kick light kick light out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, uh I can kick light kick light out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, uh I can kick light kick light out.
+If I just simply press on it, I can kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just simply press on it, I can kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just simply press on it, I can kick
+some light out. So it's very touchy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light out. So it's very touchy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light out. So it's very touchy to
+to to stress and to bends. What I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stress and to bends. What I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stress and to bends. What I would
+like to do then is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do then is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do then is show
+that I can kick out some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can kick out some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can kick out some of the
+transverse modes by by simply bending or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes by by simply bending or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse modes by by simply bending or
+stressing the fiber. What I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing the fiber. What I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing the fiber. What I'm going to
+do is then bend this fiber. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is then bend this fiber. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is then bend this fiber. And if you
+watch in the in the inset, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch in the in the inset, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch in the in the inset, you can see
+that the intensity will go down. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intensity will go down. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the intensity will go down. But if
+I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing the bend I end up with single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the bend I end up with single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the bend I end up with single
+mode with a single mode propagation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with a single mode propagation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with a single mode propagation but
+but weak and this illustrates that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but weak and this illustrates that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but weak and this illustrates that you
+can strip off the high order modes uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can strip off the high order modes uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can strip off the high order modes uh by
+simply uh bending bending the fiber but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh bending bending the fiber but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh bending bending the fiber but
+the penalty is you get uh much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty is you get uh much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty is you get uh much less
+light uh getting propagated. So here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh getting propagated. So here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh getting propagated. So here we
+have single mode propagation and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single mode propagation and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single mode propagation and here we
+have multi mode or mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multi mode or mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multi mode or mixture of
+multiodeses that are propagating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiodeses that are propagating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiodeses that are propagating in the
+in the fiber. Again you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fiber. Again you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fiber. Again you can see that the
+there's a lot of light that's gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of light that's gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of light that's gets
+kicked out has to be kicked out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out has to be kicked out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out has to be kicked out of the
+fiber. You can see the the bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber. You can see the the bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber. You can see the the bend
+absolutely glows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely glows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely glows.
+In fact, this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this this
+bending effect on on the transmission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending effect on on the transmission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending effect on on the transmission of
+light in a fiber can be used as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a fiber can be used as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a fiber can be used as a as a
+sensor sensor of uh pressure, sensor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor sensor of uh pressure, sensor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor sensor of uh pressure, sensor of
+stress, bends and and what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress, bends and and what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress, bends and and what have
+you. All right. So then in in summary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All right. So then in in summary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All right. So then in in summary,
+we've looked at the propagation of laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at the propagation of laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at the propagation of laser
+light in a in a single mode fiber and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a in a single mode fiber and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a in a single mode fiber and we
+also saw what happens when the fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw what happens when the fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw what happens when the fiber
+core is uh is a little bit big and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is uh is a little bit big and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is uh is a little bit big and we
+saw the propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the propagation of
+multiodeses and as I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiodeses and as I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiodeses and as I mentioned earlier
+the popular fiber today is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular fiber today is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular fiber today is the is the
+single mode fiber but again there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode fiber but again there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mode fiber but again there are
+applications for multiode fibers.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v1AQ8Yi3yB8.txt b/v1AQ8Yi3yB8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50bdac9d641f725005183637b9717f4ece50b790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v1AQ8Yi3yB8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. We've
+been talking in class a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking in class a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking in class a little bit about
+parametric equations and arc length. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric equations and arc length. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric equations and arc length. So,
+let's do an example of a of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example of a of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example of a of a problem
+where you compute an arclength of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you compute an arclength of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you compute an arclength of a
+curve given by some parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve given by some parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve given by some parametric
+equations. So in particular um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So in particular um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So in particular um I have
+here the parametric equations y = t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the parametric equations y = t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the parametric equations y = t
+minus1 overt and x = t + 1 / t for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 overt and x = t + 1 / t for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 overt and x = t + 1 / t for one
+less than or equal to t less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to t less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to t less than or
+equal to 2. So those parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2. So those parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2. So those parametric
+equations trace out some some piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations trace out some some piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations trace out some some piece of a
+curve in the plane. And what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in the plane. And what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in the plane. And what I'd like
+you to do is write down an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is write down an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is write down an integral
+whose value is equal to the arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is equal to the arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is equal to the arc length
+of of that curve. So I the the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that curve. So I the the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that curve. So I the the integral
+you're going to get is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is going to be
+pretty hard to evaluate. Um, so, so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to evaluate. Um, so, so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to evaluate. Um, so, so I'm
+not I don't I wouldn't recommend you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't I wouldn't recommend you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't I wouldn't recommend you you
+spend a whole lot of time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole lot of time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole lot of time trying to
+trying to evaluate it, but but just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate it, but but just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate it, but but just just
+so we we uh see that we you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we uh see that we you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we uh see that we you know we can
+do this and then um and and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then um and and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then um and and so we have
+we have the integral whose whose value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integral whose whose value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integral whose whose value
+is the arc length. So take a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the arc length. So take a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the arc length. So take a few minutes
+uh work on that, pause the video, come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work on that, pause the video, come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work on that, pause the video, come
+back and we can work on it together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, I hope you've had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I hope you've had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I hope you've had some
+some luck working this problem. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck working this problem. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck working this problem. Um,
+let's uh let's let's get started on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's let's get started on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's let's get started on it
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+So, in order to compute the arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in order to compute the arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in order to compute the arc length
+the the by by an integral we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the by by an integral we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the by by an integral we need to to
+figure out what the element of arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the element of arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the element of arc
+length is that that little piece ds. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is that that little piece ds. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is that that little piece ds. Uh
+so this was true when we had our curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was true when we had our curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was true when we had our curve
+given in rectangular coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in rectangular coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in rectangular coordinates and
+it's also true when our curve is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also true when our curve is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also true when our curve is given
+in parametric coordinates. So in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parametric coordinates. So in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parametric coordinates. So in general
+the the little element of arclength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little element of arclength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little element of arclength is
+given as ds = the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as ds = the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as ds = the square root of
+dx^2 + d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx^2 + d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx^2 + d
+y^2. Now when our curve is given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. Now when our curve is given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. Now when our curve is given in
+rectangular coordinates usually what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular coordinates usually what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular coordinates usually what we
+do here is we factor out a dx^2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is we factor out a dx^2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is we factor out a dx^2 and then
+we have dx by dy the the derivative of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dx by dy the the derivative of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have dx by dy the the derivative of y
+with respect to x. But here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. But here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. But here we don't
+have x or or y given in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x or or y given in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x or or y given in terms of the
+other one. We have them both given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. We have them both given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. We have them both given in
+terms of this this parameter t. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this this parameter t. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this this parameter t. So the
+parameter t is the thing is our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter t is the thing is our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter t is the thing is our sort of
+independent variable. It's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable. It's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable. It's the thing
+we're going to want to end up with end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to end up with end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to end up with end
+up integrating with respect to. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up integrating with respect to. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up integrating with respect to. Um so
+what we actually want to do in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually want to do in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually want to do in this case
+is we want to factor out a dt from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to factor out a dt from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to factor out a dt from from
+everywhere. So if you factor out a dt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So if you factor out a dt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So if you factor out a dt,
+what this becomes or a dt squ I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this becomes or a dt squ I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this becomes or a dt squ I guess I
+should say is that you get dx dt 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say is that you get dx dt 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say is that you get dx dt 2
+plus dy dt^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy dt^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy dt^
+squar whole thing square root dt. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar whole thing square root dt. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar whole thing square root dt. Okay,
+so this is just a little algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a little algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a little algebraic
+manipulation involving differentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation involving differentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation involving differentials.
+And what this gives me is an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this gives me is an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this gives me is an expression
+that was you know x is a function of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was you know x is a function of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was you know x is a function of t.
+x is given as a function of t right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is given as a function of t right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is given as a function of t right
+here. So dxdt is a function of t. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So dxdt is a function of t. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So dxdt is a function of t. And
+similarly y is given as a function of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly y is given as a function of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly y is given as a function of t.
+So dydt is a function of t. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So dydt is a function of t. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So dydt is a function of t. So this
+whole expression is a function of t. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole expression is a function of t. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole expression is a function of t. So
+we have a function of t dt. So it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a function of t dt. So it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a function of t dt. So it's all
+set up to be integrated. Um so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to be integrated. Um so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to be integrated. Um so in order
+to to actually you know compute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually you know compute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually you know compute with
+this formula well we just we take our y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula well we just we take our y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula well we just we take our y
+and we take our x and and we take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take our x and and we take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we take our x and and we take their
+derivatives. So from well I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. So from well I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives. So from well I guess we
+could start with y since it's on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start with y since it's on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start with y since it's on top
+over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+dy dt well you know you just you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy dt well you know you just you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy dt well you know you just you just
+take a derivative right so you have y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative right so you have y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a derivative right so you have y is
+equal to t minus 1 / t and you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t minus 1 / t and you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t minus 1 / t and you take a
+derivative of that derivative of t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that derivative of t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that derivative of t is
+just 1 derivative of 1 / t is - 1 / t ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 derivative of 1 / t is - 1 / t ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 derivative of 1 / t is - 1 / t ^2
+so this becomes but there's an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes but there's an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes but there's an extra
+minus sign there so this becomes 1 + 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there so this becomes 1 + 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign there so this becomes 1 + 1 /
+t ^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ^2 and
+similarly dx by dt is equal to 1 - 1 / t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly dx by dt is equal to 1 - 1 / t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly dx by dt is equal to 1 - 1 / t
+^2. So you have these two derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So you have these two derivatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So you have these two derivatives.
+So to compute arclength, you plug them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to compute arclength, you plug them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to compute arclength, you plug them
+into this formula for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this formula for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this formula for the for the
+element of arclength and then you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of arclength and then you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of arclength and then you and
+then you'll integrate. So okay, so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll integrate. So okay, so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll integrate. So okay, so so we
+have to put them into that formula. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put them into that formula. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put them into that formula. So
+what do we get? We have ds is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get? We have ds is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get? We have ds is equal to
+the square root of well so dxdt ^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of well so dxdt ^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of well so dxdt ^2 +
+dydt ^2. So that's 1 - 1 / t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt ^2. So that's 1 - 1 / t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydt ^2. So that's 1 - 1 / t
+^2 + 1 + 1 / t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+^2 dt outside. Okay. And so and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 dt outside. Okay. And so and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 dt outside. Okay. And so and so now
+we you know maybe we can simplify this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know maybe we can simplify this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know maybe we can simplify this a
+little. I would probably expand out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. I would probably expand out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. I would probably expand out at
+this point. Um so if you expand this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. Um so if you expand this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. Um so if you expand this out
+this is well let's see the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well let's see the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well let's see the first one is
+just is one minus 2 over t ^2 + 1 / t 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is one minus 2 over t ^2 + 1 / t 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is one minus 2 over t ^2 + 1 / t 4
+plus that's the first one we expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that's the first one we expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that's the first one we expand it
+out in the second one we get 1 + 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the second one we get 1 + 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the second one we get 1 + 2 over
+t ^2 + 1 / t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4th all right and if we put all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th all right and if we put all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th all right and if we put all this
+together say over a common denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say over a common denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say over a common denominator
+and and simplify it a little bit. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and simplify it a little bit. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and simplify it a little bit. We can
+see that this is equal to these the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is equal to these the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is equal to these the t
+over t ^2 terms cancel out and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t ^2 terms cancel out and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over t ^2 terms cancel out and we end up
+with something like the square<unk> of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like the square<unk> of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something like the square<unk> of t
+4 + 1 over t ^2 dt. Okay, so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 1 over t ^2 dt. Okay, so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 1 over t ^2 dt. Okay, so this is
+this is all this ds that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all this ds that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all this ds that we've been
+playing with. So the actual arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with. So the actual arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with. So the actual arc length
+is what we get when we integrate ds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we get when we integrate ds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we get when we integrate ds. So
+we need appropriate bounds. So where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need appropriate bounds. So where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need appropriate bounds. So where do
+we get those bounds? Well, we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get those bounds? Well, we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get those bounds? Well, we go back to
+the question and here the question had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question and here the question had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question and here the question had
+to have told us, right? If the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have told us, right? If the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have told us, right? If the question
+didn't tell us, then it didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell us, then it didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell us, then it didn't actually
+describe a a piece of curve or or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a a piece of curve or or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a a piece of curve or or a
+finite piece of curve really is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite piece of curve really is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite piece of curve really is the is
+the point. Um, so so the question tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. Um, so so the question tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. Um, so so the question tells
+us that we want this from from t = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we want this from from t = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we want this from from t = 1 to
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so the arc length, we just integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the arc length, we just integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the arc length, we just integrate
+our little element of arc length over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little element of arc length over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little element of arc length over
+the appropriate interval. So that's t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate interval. So that's t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate interval. So that's t
+from 1 to 2 of the<unk> of t 4 + 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 2 of the<unk> of t 4 + 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 2 of the<unk> of t 4 + 1 over
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+^2 dt. All right. So as I said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 dt. All right. So as I said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 dt. All right. So as I said at the
+beginning, this is not an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, this is not an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, this is not an integral
+that's readily susceptible to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's readily susceptible to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's readily susceptible to the to the
+techniques that we've learned. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've learned. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've learned. Um you
+you know if you were interested, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were interested, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were interested, you
+could try some numerical methods on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try some numerical methods on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try some numerical methods on it.
+I'm I'm sure you know computer algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm sure you know computer algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm sure you know computer algebra
+software can can spit out at at worst a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can can spit out at at worst a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software can can spit out at at worst a
+good numerical approximation if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good numerical approximation if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good numerical approximation if you're
+if you're curious. Um, one one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious. Um, one one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious. Um, one one more
+thing I want to say about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say about this question
+is that we we did all this without ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we we did all this without ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we we did all this without ever
+trying to draw the curve or think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw the curve or think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw the curve or think about
+what the curve looks like. Um, so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the curve looks like. Um, so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the curve looks like. Um, so it's
+not that hard to get some some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that hard to get some some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that hard to get some some sort of
+basic sense of the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sense of the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sense of the behavior of this
+curve. For example, when t gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. For example, when t gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. For example, when t gets very
+very large, we see that what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large, we see that what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large, we see that what happens is
+that um x and y well the one over t gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um x and y well the one over t gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um x and y well the one over t gets
+small. So x and y get close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So x and y get close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So x and y get close to each
+other but x is just a tiny tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but x is just a tiny tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but x is just a tiny tiny bit
+bigger. So for as t gets very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. So for as t gets very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. So for as t gets very very big
+you see that the point on the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the point on the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the point on the curve is
+getting very close to the line y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to the line y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close to the line y equals
+x um but but not actually touching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x um but but not actually touching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x um but but not actually touching it
+and you can you know you could try other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know you could try other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know you could try other
+things as t gets close to zero from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as t gets close to zero from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as t gets close to zero from the
+positive side as t gets close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive side as t gets close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive side as t gets close to zero
+from the negative side um so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the negative side um so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the negative side um so this has
+some sort of asmtote it seems like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of asmtote it seems like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of asmtote it seems like um
+there's some other things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other things you could
+check you could you could try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you could you could try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you could you could try to show
+that the x value is always either well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x value is always either well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x value is always either well
+when t is positive it's always at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when t is positive it's always at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when t is positive it's always at least
+two or when t is negative it's is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or when t is negative it's is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or when t is negative it's is at
+least -2 and there's a sort of gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least -2 and there's a sort of gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least -2 and there's a sort of gap in
+between. Um you could you could analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Um you could you could analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between. Um you could you could analyze
+its properties there. The other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties there. The other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties there. The other thing
+you could do is you could try and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you could try and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is you could try and solve
+these equations to eliminate t and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations to eliminate t and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations to eliminate t and get
+just rectangular equations in terms of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rectangular equations in terms of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rectangular equations in terms of x
+and y. Um so I'm not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. Um so I'm not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. Um so I'm not going to do that
+for you. I'll give you a hint about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. I'll give you a hint about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. I'll give you a hint about how
+I would go about it which is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go about it which is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would go about it which is you could
+start off so you want to eliminate t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off so you want to eliminate t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off so you want to eliminate t.
+So, um, the I think the nicest way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, the I think the nicest way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, the I think the nicest way to do
+that is if you add these two equations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you add these two equations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you add these two equations,
+you'll get the that the the 1 / t's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the that the the 1 / t's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the that the the 1 / t's
+cancel out and you get 2t equals x + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and you get 2t equals x + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out and you get 2t equals x + y
+or t = x + y over two. And then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t = x + y over two. And then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t = x + y over two. And then you can
+take that you could substitute it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that you could substitute it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that you could substitute it back
+into one of these equations. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these equations. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these equations. And when
+you substitute it back, then you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute it back, then you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute it back, then you'll have
+an equation that just involves x and y,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that just involves x and y,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that just involves x and y,
+which with a little more simplification,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with a little more simplification,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with a little more simplification,
+uh, takes a form that that you're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, takes a form that that you're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, takes a form that that you're that
+you should already be familiar with. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should already be familiar with. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should already be familiar with. Um,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+And yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yes,
+arclength. This is how we do arclength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arclength. This is how we do arclength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arclength. This is how we do arclength
+in parametric form. Works out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parametric form. Works out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parametric form. Works out pretty
+nice. Except in this case, we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Except in this case, we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Except in this case, we get an
+integral we can't evaluate at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we can't evaluate at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we can't evaluate at the very
+end. Too bad. All right, I'll leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Too bad. All right, I'll leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Too bad. All right, I'll leave it
+with with that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vWGP5dogNm8.txt b/vWGP5dogNm8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f74764f2170938da6832a284b349c93ffadf6c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vWGP5dogNm8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we go back to the integral we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go back to the integral we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go back to the integral we think
+of K will write it as K naught plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K will write it as K naught plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K will write it as K naught plus K
+tilde and then we have psy of x0 equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde and then we have psy of x0 equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde and then we have psy of x0 equal 1
+over square root of 2 pi e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 2 pi e to the I
+cannot X that part goes out integral D K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot X that part goes out integral D K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot X that part goes out integral D K
+tilde Phi of K naught plus K tilde e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde Phi of K naught plus K tilde e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde Phi of K naught plus K tilde e to
+the I K tilde x BK okay so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K tilde x BK okay so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K tilde x BK okay so we're doing
+this integral and now we're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and now we're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and now we're focusing on
+the integration near K naught where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration near K naught where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration near K naught where the
+contribution is large so we write K as K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is large so we write K as K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is large so we write K as K
+naught plus a little fluctuation DK will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught plus a little fluctuation DK will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught plus a little fluctuation DK will
+be the K tilde wherever you see a K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the K tilde wherever you see a K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the K tilde wherever you see a K you
+must put K naught plus K tilde and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must put K naught plus K tilde and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must put K naught plus K tilde and and
+that's it and what do we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and what do we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and what do we have to worry
+well we basically have now this peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we basically have now this peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we basically have now this peak
+over here K naught and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here K naught and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here K naught and we're going to be
+integrating K tilde which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating K tilde which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating K tilde which is the
+fluctuation all over the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation all over the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation all over the width of this
+profile so the relevant region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so the relevant region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so the relevant region of
+integration for K tilde is the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration for K tilde is the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration for K tilde is the range
+from Delta K over 2 to minus Alta K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Delta K over 2 to minus Alta K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Delta K over 2 to minus Alta K over
+2 so maybe I'll make this picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so maybe I'll make this picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so maybe I'll make this picture a
+little bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is K naught and here we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is K naught and here we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is K naught and here we're gonna be
+going and integrate in this region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and integrate in this region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and integrate in this region and
+since this is Delta K they're relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is Delta K they're relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is Delta K they're relevant
+region of integration integration for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of integration integration for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of integration integration for K
+tilde is from minus Delta K over 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde is from minus Delta K over 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde is from minus Delta K over 2 to
+Delta K over 2 that's where it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K over 2 that's where it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K over 2 that's where it's gonna
+range so all the integral has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so all the integral has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so all the integral has to be
+localized in the hump otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the hump otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the hump otherwise you
+don't get any contribution so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any contribution so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any contribution so the
+relevant region of integration for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant region of integration for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant region of integration for the
+only variable that is there is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only variable that is there is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only variable that is there is just that
+one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+as you vary this K tilde you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you vary this K tilde you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you vary this K tilde you're going to
+vary the face and off as the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the face and off as the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the face and off as the face
+changes well there's some effect on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well there's some effect on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well there's some effect on it
+but if X is equal to 0 the face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if X is equal to 0 the face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if X is equal to 0 the face is
+stationary because K tilde is gonna vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary because K tilde is gonna vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary because K tilde is gonna vary
+but X is equal to 0 or no face face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is equal to 0 or no face face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X is equal to 0 or no face face is
+stationary and therefore you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and therefore you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary and therefore you will get a
+substantial answer and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial answer and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial answer and that's what we
+know already for X going to 0 or X equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already for X going to 0 or X equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already for X going to 0 or X equal
+to 0 we're gonna get a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 we're gonna get a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 we're gonna get a substantial
+answer but now think of the face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but now think of the face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but now think of the face in
+general so for any X that you choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so for any X that you choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so for any X that you choose the
+face will range over some value so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face will range over some value so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face will range over some value so for
+any X different from 0 the face in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X different from 0 the face in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X different from 0 the face in the
+integral will range over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- Delta K over 2 X + 2 Delta K over 2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Delta K over 2 X + 2 Delta K over 2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Delta K over 2 X + 2 Delta K over 2 X
+you see X is here the face is K tilde X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see X is here the face is K tilde X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see X is here the face is K tilde X
+whatever X is since K tilde is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever X is since K tilde is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever X is since K tilde is going to
+run in this range the face is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in this range the face is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in this range the face is going to
+run in that range multiplied by X so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in that range multiplied by X so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in that range multiplied by X so as
+you do the integral now think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the integral now think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the integral now think you're
+doing this integral you have a nice real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this integral you have a nice real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this integral you have a nice real
+smooth function here and now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function here and now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth function here and now you have a
+running face that you don't manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running face that you don't manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running face that you don't manage to
+make it stationary because when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it stationary because when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it stationary because when X is
+different from 0 this is not on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from 0 this is not on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from 0 this is not on a
+station the station is going to vary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station the station is going to vary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station the station is going to vary but
+it's going to vary from this range to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary from this range to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to vary from this range to
+this from this value to that value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this value to that value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this value to that value so
+the total as you integrate over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total as you integrate over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total as you integrate over that
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+your face is excursion is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face is excursion is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face is excursion is going to be
+Delta K times X total face excursion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta K times X but then that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K times X but then that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K times X but then that tells you
+what can happen as long as this total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen as long as this total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen as long as this total
+phase excursion is very small so if X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase excursion is very small so if X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase excursion is very small so if X is
+such that Delta K times X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that Delta K times X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that Delta K times X is
+significantly less than 1 or in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than 1 or in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly less than 1 or in fact you
+know I could say less than 1 there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could say less than 1 there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could say less than 1 there will
+be a good contribution if X is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good contribution if X is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good contribution if X is such that
+then you will get you get a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get you get a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get you get a contribution
+and the reason is because the face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because the face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because the face is
+not changing that you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing that you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing that you're doing your
+integral and the face is not killing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the face is not killing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the face is not killing it
+on the other hand if Delta K times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta K times X is much bigger than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K times X is much bigger than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K times X is much bigger than 1
+then as you range over the peak the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you range over the peak the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you range over the peak the face
+has done many many cycles and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done many many cycles and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done many many cycles and it's going
+to kill the integral so if K over X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill the integral so if K over X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill the integral so if K over X is
+greater than 1 the contribution goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 the contribution goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 the contribution goes to
+0 so let's then just extract the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so let's then just extract the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so let's then just extract the final
+conclusion from this thing subside of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from this thing subside of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from this thing subside of x0
+will be sizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an interval X belonging from minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interval X belonging from minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an interval X belonging from minus X
+0 to X 0 so it's some value here minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X 0 so it's some value here minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X 0 so it's some value here minus X
+0 to X 0 if even for values as long as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X 0 if even for values as long as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to X 0 if even for values as long as X
+0 this product is still about one if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta K times X 0 roughly say of value 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had this and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this and therefore the
+uncertainty in X would be given by 2 X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so X 0 or 2 X 0 this X 0 is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X 0 or 2 X 0 this X 0 is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X 0 or 2 X 0 this X 0 is basically
+the uncertainty in X and you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in X and you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in X and you would get
+the Delta K times Delta X is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta K times Delta X is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta K times Delta X is roughly
+equal to 1 so Delta K Delta X roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so Delta K Delta X roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so Delta K Delta X roughly
+equal to 1 so I'm dropping factors of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so I'm dropping factors of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so I'm dropping factors of 2
+in principle here I should put a 2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle here I should put a 2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle here I should put a 2 but
+the twos or once or pies at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos or once or pies at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twos or once or pies at this moment
+are completely unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely unreliable
+but we got to the end of this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got to the end of this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got to the end of this argument
+we have an relation of uncertainties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an relation of uncertainties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an relation of uncertainties is
+equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1
+and the thing that comes to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that comes to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that comes to mind
+immediately is why didn't Fourier invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is why didn't Fourier invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is why didn't Fourier invent
+inserted the principle where where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted the principle where where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted the principle where where did
+we use quantum mechanics here the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use quantum mechanics here the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use quantum mechanics here the answer
+is no where we didn't use quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no where we didn't use quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no where we didn't use quantum
+mechanics we found the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we found the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we found the relation between
+wave packets known to 4ei known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets known to 4ei known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packets known to 4ei known to
+electrical engineers the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineers the place where
+quantum mechanics comes about is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics comes about is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics comes about is when
+you realize that this waves in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that this waves in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that this waves in quantum
+mechanics e to the ikx represent states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics e to the ikx represent states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics e to the ikx represent states
+with some values of momentum so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some values of momentum so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some values of momentum so while
+this is fine and it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine and it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine and it's a very important
+intuition the step that you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the step that you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the step that you can follow
+with is it's interesting and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is it's interesting and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is it's interesting and you say
+that well since P the momentum is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well since P the momentum is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well since P the momentum is equal
+to H Bar K and that's quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H Bar K and that's quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H Bar K and that's quantum mechanical
+involves h-bar it's a whole discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves h-bar it's a whole discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves h-bar it's a whole discussion
+about this waves of matter particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this waves of matter particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this waves of matter particles
+carrying momentum you can say you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying momentum you can say you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying momentum you can say you can
+multiply or take a delta here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply or take a delta here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply or take a delta here and you
+would say Delta P is equal to H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Delta P is equal to H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Delta P is equal to H bar
+Delta K so multiplying this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K so multiplying this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K so multiplying this equation by
+an H bar you would find that Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar you would find that Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar you would find that Delta P
+Delta X is roughly H bar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is roughly H bar and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is roughly H bar and that's
+quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we will make the definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will make the definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will make the definitions of
+Delta P and Delta X precise and rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P and Delta X precise and rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P and Delta X precise and rigorous
+with precise definitions then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with precise definitions then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with precise definitions then there is a
+precise result which is very neat which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise result which is very neat which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise result which is very neat which
+is that Delta x times Delta P is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Delta x times Delta P is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Delta x times Delta P is always
+greater than or equal than h-bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal than h-bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal than h-bar over
+two so this is really exact but for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this is really exact but for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this is really exact but for that
+we need to define precisely what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define precisely what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define precisely what we mean
+by uncertainties which we will do soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uncertainties which we will do soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uncertainties which we will do soon
+but not today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not today
+so I think it's probably a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's probably a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's probably a good idea to
+doing it an example of a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it an example of a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it an example of a simple example
+to illustrate this relations and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this relations and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this relations and here is
+women example you have a 5k of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women example you have a 5k of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women example you have a 5k of the form
+of a step that goes from Delta K over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a step that goes from Delta K over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a step that goes from Delta K over 2
+to minus Delta K over 2 and height 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus Delta K over 2 and height 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus Delta K over 2 and height 1
+over square root of Delta K that's 5 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Delta K that's 5 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of Delta K that's 5 K
+it's zero otherwise zero here zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero otherwise zero here zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero otherwise zero here zero there
+your zero here is a function of K what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your zero here is a function of K what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your zero here is a function of K what
+do you think is this sigh of X the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is this sigh of X the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think is this sigh of X the size
+of X corresponding to this 5k is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X corresponding to this 5k is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X corresponding to this 5k is it
+going to be a real function or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any anybody is it true or not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody is it true or not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anybody is it true or not okay
+yes you're right it is true this 5k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're right it is true this 5k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're right it is true this 5k is
+real and whenever you have a value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and whenever you have a value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and whenever you have a value at
+some K there is the same value at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some K there is the same value at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some K there is the same value at minus
+K and therefore the star doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and therefore the star doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and therefore the star doesn't matter
+because it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's real
+so 5k is completely real so 5 K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5k is completely real so 5 K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5k is completely real so 5 K is equal
+to 5 minus K and that should give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 minus K and that should give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 minus K and that should give you a
+real high of X correct so Phi of X have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real high of X correct so Phi of X have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real high of X correct so Phi of X have
+to do the integral side of X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the integral side of X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the integral side of X 0
+it's 1 over square root of 2 pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over square root of 2 pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over square root of 2 pi minus
+Delta K over 2 2 Delta K over 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K over 2 2 Delta K over 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K over 2 2 Delta K over 2 the
+function which is 1 over Delta K in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 1 over Delta K in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is 1 over Delta K in here
+that's the whole function and it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole function and it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole function and it the
+integral was supposed to be from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral was supposed to be from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral was supposed to be from minus
+infinity to infinity but since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity but since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity but since the
+function only extends from minus Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only extends from minus Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function only extends from minus Delta K
+over 2 to plus Delta K over 2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to plus Delta K over 2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to plus Delta K over 2 you
+restrict the in the world to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the in the world to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the in the world to those
+values so we've already got the phi of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we've already got the phi of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we've already got the phi of k
+and then e to the ikx the X well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e to the ikx the X well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then e to the ikx the X well the
+constants go out 2 pi Delta K and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants go out 2 pi Delta K and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants go out 2 pi Delta K and we
+have the integrals it's an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integrals it's an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integrals it's an integral over
+X I know I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I know I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I know I'm sorry
+it's an intern over King what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an intern over King what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an intern over King what am I
+writing here the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course and that gives you into the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and that gives you into the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course and that gives you into the I
+K X over I X evaluated between Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X over I X evaluated between Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X over I X evaluated between Delta K
+over 2 and minus Delta K over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a little simplification gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a little simplification gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a little simplification gives the
+final answer it's Delta K over 2 pi sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer it's Delta K over 2 pi sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer it's Delta K over 2 pi sine
+of Delta K x over 2 over Delta K X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta K x over 2 over Delta K X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta K x over 2 over Delta K X over
+2 so it's a sine of X over X type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so it's a sine of X over X type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so it's a sine of X over X type
+function it's a familiar looking curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a familiar looking curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a familiar looking curve
+it goes like this has some value goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes like this has some value goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes like this has some value goes
+down up up like that symmetric and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up up like that symmetric and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up up like that symmetric and here
+is PI of X and 0 here is 2 PI over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI of X and 0 here is 2 PI over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI of X and 0 here is 2 PI over Delta
+K and Marina's 2 PI R over Delta K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sine of X over X looks like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of X over X looks like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of X over X looks like that so this
+function already was defined with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function already was defined with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function already was defined with the
+Delta K and what is the Delta X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K and what is the Delta X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K and what is the Delta X here
+well the Delta X is roughly 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Delta X is roughly 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Delta X is roughly 2 pi over
+Delta K no it's you could say this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K no it's you could say this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K no it's you could say this much
+or half of that I took it half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half of that I took it half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half of that I took it half of that
+it doesn't matter its approximate at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter its approximate at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter its approximate at any
+break now so Delta exists this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break now so Delta exists this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break now so Delta exists this and
+therefore the product Delta X Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the product Delta X Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the product Delta X Delta K
+Delta X is about two pi
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vof7x8r_ZUA.txt b/vof7x8r_ZUA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a02de00d265f071481336cb65f512c6f654d853b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vof7x8r_ZUA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome to spring 2019 machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to spring 2019 machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to spring 2019 machine
+learning for healthcare my name is David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for healthcare my name is David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for healthcare my name is David
+sonntag I'm a professor in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonntag I'm a professor in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonntag I'm a professor in computer
+science oh so I'm in the Institute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science oh so I'm in the Institute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science oh so I'm in the Institute for
+medical engineering and science my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical engineering and science my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical engineering and science my
+co-instructor today will be Pete's Ovitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor today will be Pete's Ovitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor today will be Pete's Ovitz
+who I'll introduce more towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I'll introduce more towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I'll introduce more towards the end
+of today's lecture along with the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture along with the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture along with the rest
+of the course staff so the problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course staff so the problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course staff so the problem the
+problem is that healthcare United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that healthcare United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that healthcare United States
+cost too much currently we're spending 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost too much currently we're spending 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost too much currently we're spending 3
+trillion dollars a year and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars a year and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars a year and we're not
+even necessarily doing a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even necessarily doing a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even necessarily doing a very good job
+patients who have chronic disease often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have chronic disease often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have chronic disease often
+find that these chronic diseases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that these chronic diseases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that these chronic diseases are
+diagnosed late they're often not managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed late they're often not managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed late they're often not managed
+well and that happens even in a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that happens even in a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and that happens even in a country
+with some of the world's best clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the world's best clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the world's best clinicians
+moreover medical errors are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover medical errors are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover medical errors are happening
+all of the time errors that if caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the time errors that if caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the time errors that if caught
+would have prevented needless deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have prevented needless deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have prevented needless deaths
+needless worsening of the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needless worsening of the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needless worsening of the disease and
+more and healthcare impacts all of us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and healthcare impacts all of us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and healthcare impacts all of us so
+I imagine that almost everyone here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine that almost everyone here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I imagine that almost everyone here in
+this room have had a family member a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room have had a family member a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room have had a family member a
+loved one a dear friend or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved one a dear friend or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved one a dear friend or even
+themselves suffer from a health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves suffer from a health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves suffer from a health
+condition which which impacts your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which which impacts your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which which impacts your
+quality of life which has affected your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life which has affected your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life which has affected your
+work your studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work your studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work your studies
+and possibly has led to a needless death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly has led to a needless death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly has led to a needless death
+and so the question that we're asking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question that we're asking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question that we're asking in
+this course today is how can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course today is how can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course today is how can we use
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+as one piece of a bigger puzzle to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one piece of a bigger puzzle to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one piece of a bigger puzzle to try
+to transform healthcare so all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform healthcare so all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform healthcare so all of us
+have some personal stories I myself have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some personal stories I myself have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some personal stories I myself have
+personal stories that have led me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stories that have led me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stories that have led me to be
+interested in this area my grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this area my grandfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this area my grandfather
+who had Alzheimer's disease was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had Alzheimer's disease was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had Alzheimer's disease was
+diagnosed quite late in his Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed quite late in his Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed quite late in his Alzheimer's
+disease there aren't good treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease there aren't good treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease there aren't good treatments
+today for Alzheimer's and so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for Alzheimer's and so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today for Alzheimer's and so it's not
+that I would have expected the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would have expected the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would have expected the outcome
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different but had he been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+diagnosed earlier our family would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed earlier our family would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed earlier our family would have
+recognized that many of the erratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that many of the erratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that many of the erratic
+things that he was doing towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he was doing towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he was doing towards the
+later years of his life were due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years of his life were due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years of his life were due to this
+he's not due to some other reason my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not due to some other reason my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not due to some other reason my
+mother who had multiple myeloma blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who had multiple myeloma blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother who had multiple myeloma blood
+cancer who was diagnosed four years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer who was diagnosed four years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer who was diagnosed four years ago
+or five years ago now I never started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years ago now I never started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years ago now I never started
+treatment for her cancer before she died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for her cancer before she died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for her cancer before she died
+two years ago but one year ago now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago but one year ago now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago but one year ago now why
+did she die well it was believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she die well it was believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she die well it was believed that
+her cancer was stone it's very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cancer was stone it's very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cancer was stone it's very early
+stages her blood markers that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages her blood markers that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages her blood markers that were used
+to track the progress of the cancer put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track the progress of the cancer put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track the progress of the cancer put
+her in a low-risk category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a low-risk category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a low-risk category
+she didn't yet have complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't yet have complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't yet have complications
+visible complications of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible complications of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible complications of the disease
+that would that would according today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would according today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would according today
+standard guidelines require treatment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard guidelines require treatment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard guidelines require treatment to
+be initiated and as a result the belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be initiated and as a result the belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be initiated and as a result the belief
+was the best strategy was to wait and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the best strategy was to wait and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the best strategy was to wait and
+see but unbeknownst to her and to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but unbeknownst to her and to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but unbeknownst to her and to my
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family
+her blood cancer which was caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her blood cancer which was caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her blood cancer which was caused by
+light chains which were which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light chains which were which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light chains which were which were
+accumulating ended up leading to organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating ended up leading to organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating ended up leading to organ
+damage in this case the light chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in this case the light chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in this case the light chains
+were accumulating in her heart and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accumulating in her heart and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accumulating in her heart and she
+died of heart failure how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died of heart failure how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died of heart failure how do we
+recognize that her disease was further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that her disease was further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that her disease was further
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+she might have initiated treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might have initiated treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she might have initiated treatment and
+there are now over 20 treatments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now over 20 treatments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now over 20 treatments for
+most myeloma which are believed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most myeloma which are believed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most myeloma which are believed to have
+life lengthening effect I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lengthening effect I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lengthening effect I can give you
+four or five other stories from my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five other stories from my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five other stories from my own
+personal family and my own and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal family and my own and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal family and my own and my
+friends where similar things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends where similar things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends where similar things have
+happened and i have no doubt that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and i have no doubt that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and i have no doubt that all of
+you have two as well so what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two as well so what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two as well so what can we do
+about is that is the question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that is the question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that is the question that we
+want to try to understand in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to understand in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to understand in today's
+course and don't get me wrong machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and don't get me wrong machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and don't get me wrong machine
+learning artificial intelligence will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning artificial intelligence will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning artificial intelligence will
+only be one piece of the puzzle there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be one piece of the puzzle there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be one piece of the puzzle there's
+so many other system at systemic changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many other system at systemic changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many other system at systemic changes
+that we're going to have to make into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to make into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to make into
+our healthcare system but let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our healthcare system but let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our healthcare system but let's try to
+understand what those AI elements might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what those AI elements might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what those AI elements might
+be so we'll start in today's lecture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we'll start in today's lecture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we'll start in today's lecture by
+giving a bit of an out of a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a bit of an out of a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a bit of an out of a background
+on artificial intelligence machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on artificial intelligence machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on artificial intelligence machine
+learning healthcare and I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning healthcare and I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning healthcare and I'll tell you
+why I think the time is right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think the time is right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think the time is right now in
+2019 to really start to make a big dent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 to really start to make a big dent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 to really start to make a big dent
+at this problem then I'll tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this problem then I'll tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this problem then I'll tell you about
+I'll give you a few examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a few examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a few examples of how
+machine learning is likely to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is likely to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is likely to transform
+healthcare over the next decade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare over the next decade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare over the next decade of
+course we're just guessing but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're just guessing but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're just guessing but this is
+really guided by the latest and greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really guided by the latest and greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really guided by the latest and greatest
+in research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in research
+a lot of it happening here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it happening here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it happening here at MIT and
+then we'll close today's lecture with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll close today's lecture with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll close today's lecture with an
+overview of what's different what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what's different what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what's different what's
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+all of you have taken some machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have taken some machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have taken some machine
+learning course in the past and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning course in the past and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning course in the past and so you
+know the basics of supervised prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the basics of supervised prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the basics of supervised prediction
+many of you have studied things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have studied things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have studied things like
+clustering and you're certainly paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and you're certainly paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and you're certainly paying
+attention to the news where you see news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the news where you see news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the news where you see news
+every single day about Google Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day about Google Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day about Google Facebook
+Microsoft's latest advances of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft's latest advances of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft's latest advances of speech
+recognition computer vision and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition computer vision and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition computer vision and so on so
+what's really different about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really different about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really different about trying to
+apply these techniques in the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these techniques in the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply these techniques in the healthcare
+domain that the answer is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that the answer is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that the answer is that it's
+there's a huge amount of difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge amount of difference and
+there are a lot of subtleties to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of subtleties to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of subtleties to doing
+machine learning right here and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning right here and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning right here and we'll
+talk about that throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that throughout the whole
+entire semester so to begin this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire semester so to begin this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire semester so to begin this isn't a
+new field artificial intelligence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field artificial intelligence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new field artificial intelligence in
+medicine goes back to the 1970s or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine goes back to the 1970s or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine goes back to the 1970s or some
+time even in the 60s one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in the 60s one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even in the 60s one of the earliest
+examples of trying to use artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of trying to use artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of trying to use artificial
+intelligence for diagnosis was this mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence for diagnosis was this mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence for diagnosis was this mice
+and system developed at Stanford where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goal was to try to identify bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal was to try to identify bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal was to try to identify bacteria
+that might had might cause infection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might had might cause infection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might had might cause infection and
+then to try to guide what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to try to guide what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to try to guide what would be the
+appropriate therapy for that bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate therapy for that bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate therapy for that bacteria
+now it was found that this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was found that this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it was found that this algorithm
+this machine learning this simple AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine learning this simple AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine learning this simple AI
+algorithm was able to propose a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was able to propose a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was able to propose a good
+therapy in 69 percent of cases which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy in 69 percent of cases which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy in 69 percent of cases which at
+that time was better than the best or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time was better than the best or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time was better than the best or
+very good infectious disease experts now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good infectious disease experts now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good infectious disease experts now
+it also had some other elements of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also had some other elements of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also had some other elements of it
+which which were quite interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which were quite interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which were quite interesting so
+those of you who've been following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've been following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've been following the
+latest and chatbots might find this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest and chatbots might find this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest and chatbots might find this a
+little prescient so there's a dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prescient so there's a dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little prescient so there's a dialogue
+interface where the computer says I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where the computer says I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface where the computer says I am
+ready the computer the clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready the computer the clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready the computer the clinician
+responds this is a 26 year old male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds this is a 26 year old male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds this is a 26 year old male
+patient the computer tests its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the computer tests its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the computer tests its
+understanding and what's going on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and what's going on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and what's going on it
+says the age of the patient is 26 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the age of the patient is 26 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the age of the patient is 26 the
+sex of the patient is male the clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex of the patient is male the clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex of the patient is male the clinician
+writes five days ago he had respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes five days ago he had respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes five days ago he had respiratory
+tract infections the computer asks what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract infections the computer asks what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract infections the computer asks what
+is his name Joe the computer responds my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his name Joe the computer responds my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his name Joe the computer responds my
+understanding is the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is the name of the
+is Joe respiratory tract is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Joe respiratory tract is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Joe respiratory tract is one of the
+symptoms the patient had then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms the patient had then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms the patient had then the
+clinician writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician writes
+a couple of days before the mission he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of days before the mission he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of days before the mission he
+had malaise which is general tiredness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had malaise which is general tiredness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had malaise which is general tiredness
+the computer responds please give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer responds please give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer responds please give me a
+date of admission the clinician responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of admission the clinician responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of admission the clinician responds
+March 12 1979 and a computer again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 12 1979 and a computer again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 12 1979 and a computer again
+confirmed that it's understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed that it's understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed that it's understood
+appropriately and this is the preface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and this is the preface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately and this is the preface to
+the later diagnostic stages so the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later diagnostic stages so the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later diagnostic stages so the ideas
+of how a I can really impact medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a I can really impact medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a I can really impact medicine
+have been around a long time yet these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around a long time yet these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around a long time yet these
+algorithms which have been shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which have been shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which have been shown to be
+very effective even going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective even going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective even going back to the
+1970s didn't translate into clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s didn't translate into clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s didn't translate into clinical
+care a second example also equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care a second example also equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care a second example also equally
+impressive in its nature was worked from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive in its nature was worked from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive in its nature was worked from
+the 1980s at at in Pittsburgh developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s at at in Pittsburgh developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s at at in Pittsburgh developing
+what's known as the internist one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the internist one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the internist one or
+quick medical reference system this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick medical reference system this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick medical reference system this was
+now used not for infectious diseases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now used not for infectious diseases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now used not for infectious diseases but
+for primary care here one may ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for primary care here one may ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for primary care here one may ask how
+can we try to do diagnosis at a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we try to do diagnosis at a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we try to do diagnosis at a much
+larger scale where patients might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale where patients might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale where patients might come
+in with one of hundreds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with one of hundreds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with one of hundreds of different
+diseases and could report thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and could report thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and could report thousands of
+different symptoms each one giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symptoms each one giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symptoms each one giving you
+some view noisy view into what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some view noisy view into what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some view noisy view into what might be
+going on with patients health and at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with patients health and at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with patients health and at a
+high level they modeled this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level they modeled this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level they modeled this as
+something like a Bayesian network it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Bayesian network it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a Bayesian network it
+wasn't strictly a Bayesian network it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't strictly a Bayesian network it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't strictly a Bayesian network it
+was a bit more heuristic at the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit more heuristic at the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit more heuristic at the time it
+was later developed to be so but at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was later developed to be so but at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was later developed to be so but at a
+high level there were a number of latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level there were a number of latent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level there were a number of latent
+variables or hidden variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or hidden variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or hidden variables
+corresponding to different diseases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different diseases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different diseases the
+patient might have like flu or pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient might have like flu or pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient might have like flu or pneumonia
+or diabetes and then there were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diabetes and then there were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or diabetes and then there were never
+number of variables on the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables on the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables on the very bottom
+which were symptoms which are all binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were symptoms which are all binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were symptoms which are all binary
+the diseases are either on or off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diseases are either on or off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diseases are either on or off and
+here the symptoms are either present or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the symptoms are either present or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the symptoms are either present or
+not and these symptoms could include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and these symptoms could include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and these symptoms could include
+things like fatigue or cough could those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fatigue or cough could those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fatigue or cough could those
+they could also be things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also be things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also be things that that
+result from laboratory test results like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from laboratory test results like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from laboratory test results like
+a high value of hemoglobin a1c and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high value of hemoglobin a1c and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high value of hemoglobin a1c and this
+algorithm would then take this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would then take this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm would then take this model
+take the symptoms that were reported for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the symptoms that were reported for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the symptoms that were reported for
+the patient and try to do reasoning over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient and try to do reasoning over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient and try to do reasoning over
+what max you might be going on with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what max you might be going on with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what max you might be going on with that
+patient to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to figure out what the
+differential diagnosis is there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential diagnosis is there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential diagnosis is there were
+over 40,000 edges connecting diseases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 40,000 edges connecting diseases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 40,000 edges connecting diseases to
+symptoms that those diseases were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that those diseases were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms that those diseases were
+believed to have caused and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to have caused and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed to have caused and this
+knowledge base which was probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base which was probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base which was probabilistic
+in nature because it captured the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature because it captured the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature because it captured the idea
+that some symptoms would only occur with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some symptoms would only occur with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some symptoms would only occur with
+some probability for her disease took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability for her disease took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability for her disease took
+over 15 person years to elicit from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 person years to elicit from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 person years to elicit from a
+large medical team so it was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large medical team so it was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large medical team so it was a lot of
+effort and even in you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and even in you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and even in you know going
+forward to today is time there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to today is time there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to today is time there have been
+few similar efforts at a scale as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few similar efforts at a scale as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few similar efforts at a scale as as
+impressive as this one but again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive as this one but again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive as this one but again what
+happened these algorithms are not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened these algorithms are not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened these algorithms are not being
+used anywhere today in our clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used anywhere today in our clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used anywhere today in our clinical
+workflows and the challenges that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows and the challenges that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows and the challenges that have
+prevented them from being used today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented them from being used today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented them from being used today are
+numerous but but I used a word in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous but but I used a word in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous but but I used a word in my
+aunt and my explanation which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt and my explanation which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aunt and my explanation which should
+really hint at it I used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hint at it I used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hint at it I used the word
+clinical workflow and this I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical workflow and this I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical workflow and this I think is
+one of the biggest challenges which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest challenges which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest challenges which is
+that the algorithms were designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithms were designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the algorithms were designed to
+solve narrow problems they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve narrow problems they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve narrow problems they weren't
+necessarily even the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily even the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily even the most important
+problems because clinicians generally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because clinicians generally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because clinicians generally do
+a very good job at diagnosis and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good job at diagnosis and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good job at diagnosis and there
+was a big gap between the input that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big gap between the input that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big gap between the input that
+they expected and the current clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expected and the current clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expected and the current clinical
+workflow so imagine that you have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow so imagine that you have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow so imagine that you have now a
+mainframe computer or maybe this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe computer or maybe this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe computer or maybe this was the
+80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s
+and you have a clinician who has to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a clinician who has to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a clinician who has to talk
+to the patient get some information go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient get some information go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient get some information go
+back to the computer type in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the computer type in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the computer type in a
+structured data the symptoms that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured data the symptoms that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured data the symptoms that the
+patient's reporting get information back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's reporting get information back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's reporting get information back
+from the computer and iterate as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the computer and iterate as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the computer and iterate as you can
+imagine that's time that's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's time that's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's time that's that that
+takes a lot of time and time is money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of time and time is money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of time and time is money
+and unfortunately it prevents it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately it prevents it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately it prevents it from
+being used moreover despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used moreover despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used moreover despite the fact
+that it took a lot of effort to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it took a lot of effort to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it took a lot of effort to use that
+one outside of existing clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outside of existing clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outside of existing clinical
+workflows these systems were also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows these systems were also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflows these systems were also really
+difficult to maintain so I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to maintain so I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to maintain so I talked about
+how this was elicited from 15 person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was elicited from 15 person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was elicited from 15 person
+years at work there was no machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at work there was no machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at work there was no machine
+learning here it was called artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning here it was called artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning here it was called artificial
+intelligence because one tries to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence because one tries to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence because one tries to reason
+in an artificial way like humans might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an artificial way like humans might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an artificial way like humans might
+but there was no learning from data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no learning from data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was no learning from data in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and so what that means is if you then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is if you then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is if you then go
+to a new place let's say this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new place let's say this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new place let's say this was
+developed in Pittsburgh and now you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in Pittsburgh and now you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in Pittsburgh and now you go
+to Los Angeles or to Beijing or - to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Los Angeles or to Beijing or - to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Los Angeles or to Beijing or - to
+London and you want to apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London and you want to apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London and you want to apply the same
+algorithms you suddenly have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you suddenly have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you suddenly have to read
+arrive parts of this model from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive parts of this model from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive parts of this model from scratch
+for example the prior probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the prior probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the prior probabilities the
+diseases are going to be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are going to be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are going to be very different
+depending on where you are in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are in the world
+now you might want to go to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might want to go to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might want to go to a different
+domain outside of primary care and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain outside of primary care and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain outside of primary care and again
+one has to spend a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to spend a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to spend a huge amount of
+efforts to derive such models as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to derive such models as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to derive such models as new
+medicine as new medicine discoveries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as new medicine discoveries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as new medicine discoveries are
+made one has to again update these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one has to again update these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one has to again update these
+models and this has been a huge blocker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and this has been a huge blocker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and this has been a huge blocker
+to deployment I look forward to one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deployment I look forward to one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deployment I look forward to one more
+example now from the nineteen also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now from the nineteen also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now from the nineteen also from
+the 1980s this is now for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s this is now for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s this is now for a different
+type of question not one of how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question not one of how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question not one of how did you
+diagnose this but how do you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose this but how do you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose this but how do you actually do
+discovery so this this is from from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery so this this is from from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery so this this is from from an
+example from Stanford and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from Stanford and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from Stanford and it was a
+really interesting case where where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting case where where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting case where where one
+took a data-driven approach to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a data-driven approach to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a data-driven approach to try to
+make medical discoveries there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make medical discoveries there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make medical discoveries there was a
+database of what's called a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of what's called a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of what's called a disease
+registry from patients with rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry from patients with rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry from patients with rheumatoid
+arthritis which is a chronic disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis which is a chronic disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis which is a chronic disease
+it's a it's an autoimmune condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an autoimmune condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an autoimmune condition
+where for each patient over a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for each patient over a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for each patient over a series of
+different visits one would record for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visits one would record for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visits one would record for
+example here it shows this is visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here it shows this is visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here it shows this is visit
+number one the date was January 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one the date was January 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one the date was January 17th
+2007 1979 the knee pain patient's knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 1979 the knee pain patient's knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 1979 the knee pain patient's knee
+pain was reported us to the year for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain was reported us to the year for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain was reported us to the year for the
+fatigue was moderate temperature is 38.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue was moderate temperature is 38.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue was moderate temperature is 38.5
+Celsius the diagnosis for this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius the diagnosis for this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius the diagnosis for this patient
+was actually a different autoimmune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a different autoimmune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a different autoimmune
+condition called systemic lupus we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition called systemic lupus we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition called systemic lupus we have
+some laboratory test values for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some laboratory test values for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some laboratory test values for their
+creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and
+we know something about their medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something about their medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know something about their medication
+in this case they were on prednisone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they were on prednisone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they were on prednisone
+steroid and one has this data at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid and one has this data at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steroid and one has this data at every
+point in time as recorded almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time as recorded almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time as recorded almost
+certainly was recorded on paper and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was recorded on paper and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was recorded on paper and then
+later these were collected into into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later these were collected into into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later these were collected into into a
+computer format but then it provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer format but then it provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer format but then it provides the
+possibility to ask questions and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to ask questions and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to ask questions and make
+new discoveries so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discoveries so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discoveries so if
+example in this work there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this work there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this work there was a
+discovery module which would make causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery module which would make causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery module which would make causal
+hypotheses about what what aspects might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about what what aspects might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses about what what aspects might
+cause other aspects and it would then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause other aspects and it would then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause other aspects and it would then do
+some basic statistics to check about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic statistics to check about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic statistics to check about the
+statistical validity of those causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical validity of those causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical validity of those causal
+hypotheses it would then present those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses it would then present those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses it would then present those
+to a domain expert to try to check off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a domain expert to try to check off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a domain expert to try to check off
+does this make sense or not for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense or not for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this make sense or not for those
+that are accepted it then uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are accepted it then uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are accepted it then uses that
+knowledge that was just learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that was just learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that was just learned to
+iterate to try to make new discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to try to make new discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to try to make new discoveries
+and one of the main findings from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the main findings from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the main findings from this
+paper was that prednisone elevates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was that prednisone elevates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was that prednisone elevates
+cholesterol and that was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and that was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and that was published in
+the annals of internal medicine in 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annals of internal medicine in 1986
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annals of internal medicine in 1986
+so these are all very early examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very early examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very early examples of
+data driven approaches to improve both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven approaches to improve both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven approaches to improve both
+medicine and healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and healthcare
+now flip forward to the 1990s no network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now flip forward to the 1990s no network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now flip forward to the 1990s no network
+started to become popular not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to become popular not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to become popular not quite the
+neural networks that we're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks that we're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks that we're familiar with
+in today's day and age but nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's day and age but nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's day and age but nonetheless
+they shared very much of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shared very much of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shared very much of the same
+elements so just in 1990 there were 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so just in 1990 there were 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so just in 1990 there were 88
+published studies using neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published studies using neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published studies using neural networks
+for various different medical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various different medical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various different medical problems
+one of the things that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that really
+differentiated those approaches to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated those approaches to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated those approaches to what
+we see in today's landscape is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in today's landscape is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in today's landscape is that the
+number of features were very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of features were very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of features were very small so
+usually features which were similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually features which were similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually features which were similar to
+what I showed you in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you in the previous slide
+so structured data that was manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so structured data that was manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so structured data that was manually
+curated for the purpose of using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated for the purpose of using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated for the purpose of using in
+machine learning and and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and and there was
+nothing automatic about this so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing automatic about this so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing automatic about this so one
+would have to have assistants gather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have assistants gather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have assistants gather the
+data and because of that typically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and because of that typically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and because of that typically there
+were very small number of samples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very small number of samples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very small number of samples for
+each study that were that were used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each study that were that were used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each study that were that were used in
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+now these models although very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these models although very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these models although very effective
+I'll show you some examples in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some examples in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some examples in the next
+slide also suffered from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide also suffered from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide also suffered from the same
+challenge as I mentioned earlier they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge as I mentioned earlier they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge as I mentioned earlier they
+didn't fit well into clinical workflows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fit well into clinical workflows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fit well into clinical workflows
+it was hard to get enough training data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hard to get enough training data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hard to get enough training data
+because of the manual efforts involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the manual efforts involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the manual efforts involved
+and what the community found even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the community found even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the community found even in the
+early 1990s is that these algorithms did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1990s is that these algorithms did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1990s is that these algorithms did
+not generalize well if you went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generalize well if you went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generalize well if you went through
+this huge effort of collecting training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge effort of collecting training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge effort of collecting training
+data learning your model and validating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data learning your model and validating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data learning your model and validating
+your model at one institution and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model at one institution and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model at one institution and you
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+to a different one it just works much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different one it just works much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different one it just works much
+worse okay and that really prevented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay and that really prevented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay and that really prevented
+translation of these technologies into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of these technologies into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of these technologies into
+clinical practice so what were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical practice so what were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical practice so what were these
+different domains that were studied well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains that were studied well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains that were studied well
+here a few examples is a bit small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a few examples is a bit small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a few examples is a bit small so
+I'll read it out to you studying breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read it out to you studying breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read it out to you studying breast
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+myocardial infarction just hardened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction just hardened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction just hardened
+heart attack lower back pain used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack lower back pain used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack lower back pain used to
+predict psychiatric length of stay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict psychiatric length of stay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict psychiatric length of stay for
+for inpatient skin tumors head injuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inpatient skin tumors head injuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inpatient skin tumors head injuries
+prediction of dementia i understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of dementia i understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of dementia i understanding
+progression of diabetes and a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of diabetes and a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of diabetes and a variety of
+other problems which again are of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems which again are of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems which again are of the
+nature that we see about we read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that we see about we read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that we see about we read about
+in the news today in modern attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news today in modern attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news today in modern attempts to
+apply machine learning in healthcare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply machine learning in healthcare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply machine learning in healthcare the
+number of training examples as mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of training examples as mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of training examples as mentioned
+were very few ranging from 39 to in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very few ranging from 39 to in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very few ranging from 39 to in some
+cases 3,000 those are individuals humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 3,000 those are individuals humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 3,000 those are individuals humans
+and the networks the the neuro networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the networks the the neuro networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the networks the the neuro networks
+they weren't completely shallow but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't completely shallow but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't completely shallow but they
+weren't very deep either right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very deep either right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very deep either right so they
+these were the architectures they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the architectures they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the architectures they might
+be sixty neurons and then seven then six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sixty neurons and then seven then six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sixty neurons and then seven then six
+for example in terms of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in terms of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in terms of each of the
+layers of the neural network by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the neural network by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the neural network by the way
+that that sort of makes sense given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sort of makes sense given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sort of makes sense given the
+type of data that was fed into it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of data that was fed into it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of data that was fed into it so
+none of this is new in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this is new in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this is new in terms of the
+goals so what's changed why do I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so what's changed why do I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so what's changed why do I think
+that despite that the fact that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite that the fact that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite that the fact that we've
+had what could arguably call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had what could arguably call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had what could arguably call it a
+failure for the last 30 or 40 years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for the last 30 or 40 years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure for the last 30 or 40 years that
+we might actually have some chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actually have some chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actually have some chance of
+succeeding now and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding now and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding now and the big
+differentiator what I'll call now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator what I'll call now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator what I'll call now that
+opportunity is data so whereas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity is data so whereas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity is data so whereas in the
+past much of the work in artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past much of the work in artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past much of the work in artificial
+intelligence in medicine was not data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in medicine was not data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in medicine was not data
+driven it was based on trying to list it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven it was based on trying to list it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven it was based on trying to list it
+as much domain knowledge as one can from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much domain knowledge as one can from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much domain knowledge as one can from
+clinical domain experts and some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical domain experts and some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical domain experts and some cases
+gathering a little bit of data today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering a little bit of data today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering a little bit of data today we
+have an amazing opportunity because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amazing opportunity because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amazing opportunity because of
+the prevalence of electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence of electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence of electronic medical
+records both the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records both the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records both the United States and
+elsewhere now here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere now here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere now here in the United States
+for example the story wasn't that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the story wasn't that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the story wasn't that way
+even back in 2008 when the adoption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back in 2008 when the adoption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back in 2008 when the adoption of
+electronic medical records was under 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical records was under 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical records was under 10
+percent across the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent across the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent across the u.s.
+but then there was an economic disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there was an economic disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there was an economic disaster
+in the US and as part of the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and as part of the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US and as part of the economic
+stimulus package which President Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus package which President Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus package which President Obama
+initiated there was something like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated there was something like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated there was something like 30
+billion dollars allocated to hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars allocated to hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars allocated to hospitals
+purchasing electronic medical records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing electronic medical records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing electronic medical records
+and this is already a first example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is already a first example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is already a first example that
+we see of policy being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see of policy being really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see of policy being really
+influential to create the open the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential to create the open the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential to create the open the stage
+to the type of work that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the type of work that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the type of work that we're going to
+be able to do in this course today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in this course today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in this course today so
+money wasn't made available as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money wasn't made available as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money wasn't made available as
+incentives for hospitals to purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for hospitals to purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for hospitals to purchase
+electronic medical records and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical records and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical records and as a
+result the adoption increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the adoption increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the adoption increased
+dramatically this is a really old number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically this is a really old number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically this is a really old number
+from 2015 of 84 percent of hospitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 of 84 percent of hospitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2015 of 84 percent of hospitals and
+now today it's actually much larger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today it's actually much larger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today it's actually much larger so
+data is being collected in an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is being collected in an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is being collected in an electronic
+form and that presents an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and that presents an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and that presents an opportunity to
+try to do research on it it prints an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do research on it it prints an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do research on it it prints an
+opportunity to do machine learning on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do machine learning on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do machine learning on it
+and it presents an opportunity to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it presents an opportunity to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it presents an opportunity to start
+to deploy machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deploy machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deploy machine learning algorithms
+where rather than having to manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rather than having to manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rather than having to manually
+input data for patient we can just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data for patient we can just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data for patient we can just draw
+it automatically from data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automatically from data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it automatically from data that's
+already available in electronic form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already available in electronic form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already available in electronic form and
+so their number of data sets that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their number of data sets that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their number of data sets that have
+been made available for research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made available for research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made available for research and
+development in this space here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this space here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this space here at MIT
+there has been a major effort pioneered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a major effort pioneered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a major effort pioneered
+by Professor Roger marked and the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Roger marked and the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Roger marked and the in the
+East yes and and Institute for medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East yes and and Institute for medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East yes and and Institute for medical
+engineering departments to create what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering departments to create what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering departments to create what's
+known as the physio net or mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the physio net or mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the physio net or mimic
+databases mimic contains data from over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases mimic contains data from over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases mimic contains data from over
+40,000 patients and intensive care units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 patients and intensive care units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 patients and intensive care units
+and it's very rich data it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very rich data it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very rich data it contains
+basically everything that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything that's being
+collected in the intensive care unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in the intensive care unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected in the intensive care unit
+everything from notes that are written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from notes that are written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from notes that are written
+by by both nurses and by attendings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by both nurses and by attendings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by both nurses and by attendings to
+vital signs that are being collected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital signs that are being collected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital signs that are being collected by
+monitors that are attached to patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors that are attached to patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors that are attached to patients
+connected collecting their blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected collecting their blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected collecting their blood
+pressure oxygen saturation heart rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure oxygen saturation heart rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure oxygen saturation heart rate
+and so on to imaging data to to blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on to imaging data to to blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on to imaging data to to blood
+test results as they're made available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results as they're made available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test results as they're made available
+and outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outcomes
+and of course also medications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course also medications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course also medications that are
+being prescribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prescribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prescribed
+as it goes and so this is a wealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes and so this is a wealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes and so this is a wealth of
+data that now one could use to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that now one could use to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that now one could use to try to
+study at least study in a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at least study in a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at least study in a very narrow
+setting of the intensive care unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of the intensive care unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of the intensive care unit
+how machine learning can be used in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning can be used in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning can be used in that
+in that location and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that location and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that location and I don't want to
+under emphasize the importance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under emphasize the importance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under emphasize the importance of this
+database both to this course and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database both to this course and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database both to this course and to the
+broader field this is really the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader field this is really the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader field this is really the only
+publicly available electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available electronic medical
+record data set of any reasonable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record data set of any reasonable size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record data set of any reasonable size
+in the whole world it was created here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole world it was created here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole world it was created here
+at MIT and will be using extensively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and will be using extensively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and will be using extensively in
+our homework assignments as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homework assignments as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homework assignments as a result
+there are other data sets that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other data sets that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other data sets that aren't
+publicly available but which have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available but which have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available but which have been
+gathered by by industry and one prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered by by industry and one prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered by by industry and one prime
+example is the truven market scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the truven market scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the truven market scan
+database which is which was created by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which is which was created by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database which is which was created by a
+company called truven which was later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called truven which was later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called truven which was later
+acquired by IBM as I'll tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired by IBM as I'll tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired by IBM as I'll tell you about
+more in a few minutes now this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a few minutes now this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a few minutes now this data and
+there are many competing companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many competing companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many competing companies that
+that have similar data sets is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have similar data sets is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have similar data sets is created
+not from electronic medical records but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from electronic medical records but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from electronic medical records but
+rather from and typically it's created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather from and typically it's created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather from and typically it's created
+from insurance claims so every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from insurance claims so every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from insurance claims so every time you
+go to see a doctor there's usually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to see a doctor there's usually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to see a doctor there's usually some
+record of that that is associated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of that that is associated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of that that is associated to the
+billing of that visit so your provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing of that visit so your provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing of that visit so your provider
+will send a a bill to your health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send a a bill to your health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send a a bill to your health
+insurance saying basically what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance saying basically what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance saying basically what happened
+so what procedures were performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what procedures were performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what procedures were performed
+providing diagnoses that are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing diagnoses that are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing diagnoses that are used to
+justify the cost of those procedures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the cost of those procedures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify the cost of those procedures and
+tests and from that data you now get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and from that data you now get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and from that data you now get a
+holistic view a longitudinal view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic view a longitudinal view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic view a longitudinal view of
+what's happened to that patient's health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to that patient's health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened to that patient's health
+and then there's a lot of money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a lot of money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a lot of money that
+passes behind the scenes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes behind the scenes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes behind the scenes between
+insurers and hospitals to corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers and hospitals to corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers and hospitals to corporate
+companies such as trubin which collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies such as trubin which collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies such as trubin which collect
+that data and then resell it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and then resell it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data and then resell it for
+research purposes and one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research purposes and one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research purposes and one of the biggest
+purchases of data like this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases of data like this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases of data like this is the
+pharmaceutical industry so this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry so this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry so this data
+unfortunately is not usually publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is not usually publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is not usually publicly
+available and it's actually a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it's actually a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it's actually a big
+problem both in US and elsewhere it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem both in US and elsewhere it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem both in US and elsewhere it's a
+big obstacle to research in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big obstacle to research in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big obstacle to research in this field
+that only people who have millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only people who have millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only people who have millions of
+dollars to pay for it really good access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to pay for it really good access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to pay for it really good access
+to it and something that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and something that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and something that I'm going to
+return to you throughout the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to you throughout the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to you throughout the semester
+it's again something where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again something where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again something where I think
+policy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy can
+big difference but luckily here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference but luckily here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference but luckily here at MIT
+the story's gonna be a bit different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story's gonna be a bit different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story's gonna be a bit different so
+thanks to the MIT IBM Watson AI lab MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the MIT IBM Watson AI lab MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the MIT IBM Watson AI lab MIT
+has a close relationship with IBM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a close relationship with IBM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a close relationship with IBM and
+fingers crossed it looks like we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers crossed it looks like we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers crossed it looks like we'll get
+access to this database for our homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this database for our homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this database for our homework
+and projects for this semester now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projects for this semester now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projects for this semester now there
+are a lot of other initiatives that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other initiatives that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other initiatives that are
+that are creating large data sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are creating large data sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are creating large data sets a
+really important example here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important example here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important example here in the
+u.s. is President Obama's precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is President Obama's precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is President Obama's precision
+medicine initiative which has since been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine initiative which has since been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine initiative which has since been
+renamed to the all of us initiative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed to the all of us initiative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renamed to the all of us initiative and
+this initiative is creating a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initiative is creating a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initiative is creating a data set
+of 1 million patients drawn in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 million patients drawn in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 million patients drawn in a
+representative manner from across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative manner from across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative manner from across the
+United States to capture patients both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to capture patients both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States to capture patients both
+poor and rich patients who are healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and rich patients who are healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and rich patients who are healthy
+and have chronic disease with the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have chronic disease with the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have chronic disease with the goal
+of trying to create a research database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to create a research database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to create a research database
+where all of us and other people both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of us and other people both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of us and other people both
+inside and outside the US could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and outside the US could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and outside the US could do
+research to make medical discoveries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to make medical discoveries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to make medical discoveries and
+this will include data such as data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will include data such as data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will include data such as data from
+a baseline health exam where the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline health exam where the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline health exam where the typical
+vitals are taken blood blood is drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitals are taken blood blood is drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitals are taken blood blood is drawn it
+will combine data of the previous two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will combine data of the previous two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will combine data of the previous two
+types i've mentioned including both data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types i've mentioned including both data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types i've mentioned including both data
+from electronic medical records and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic medical records and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic medical records and
+health insurance claims and and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance claims and and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance claims and and a lot of
+this work is also happening here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work is also happening here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work is also happening here in
+Boston so ready to cross the street at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston so ready to cross the street at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston so ready to cross the street at
+the Broad Institute there's a team which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broad Institute there's a team which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broad Institute there's a team which
+is creating all of the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating all of the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating all of the software
+infrastructure to accommodate this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to accommodate this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure to accommodate this data
+and there are a large number of kroombit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a large number of kroombit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a large number of kroombit
+sites here in the boss broader Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites here in the boss broader Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites here in the boss broader Boston
+area where patients or anyone of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where patients or anyone of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where patients or anyone of you
+really could go and volunteer to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really could go and volunteer to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really could go and volunteer to be part
+of this study I just got a mail I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this study I just got a mail I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this study I just got a mail I think
+I got a letter in the mail last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a letter in the mail last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a letter in the mail last week
+inviting me to go and I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting me to go and I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inviting me to go and I was really
+excited to see that so all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to see that so all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to see that so all sorts of
+different data is being created either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data is being created either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different data is being created either
+as a result of of these trends that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of of these trends that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of of these trends that have
+been mentioning and it ranges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mentioning and it ranges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been mentioning and it ranges from
+unstructured data like clinical notes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data like clinical notes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured data like clinical notes to
+imaging lab tests vital signs nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging lab tests vital signs nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging lab tests vital signs nowadays
+what we used to think about just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to think about just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to think about just as
+clinical data now has started to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data now has started to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical data now has started to really
+come to have a very tight tie to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to have a very tight tie to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to have a very tight tie to what we
+think about as biological data so data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as biological data so data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as biological data so data
+from genomics and proteomics is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from genomics and proteomics is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from genomics and proteomics is starting
+to play a major role in both clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a major role in both clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a major role in both clinical
+research and clinical practice of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and clinical practice of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and clinical practice of course
+not everything that we traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything that we traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything that we traditionally
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+health care data there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care data there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care data there are also some
+non-traditional sources of views on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional sources of views on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional sources of views on
+health so for example social media is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so for example social media is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so for example social media is an
+interesting way of thinking through both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of thinking through both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of thinking through both
+my psychiatric disorders where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my psychiatric disorders where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my psychiatric disorders where where
+many of us will post things on Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us will post things on Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us will post things on Facebook
+and other places about our mental health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places about our mental health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places about our mental health
+which given via lens and our mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which given via lens and our mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which given via lens and our mental
+health patient your phone which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health patient your phone which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health patient your phone which is
+tracking your activity will give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking your activity will give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking your activity will give us a
+view on how active we are it might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view on how active we are it might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view on how active we are it might help
+us diagnose early a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us diagnose early a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us diagnose early a variety of
+conditions as well that I'll mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as well that I'll mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as well that I'll mention
+later so we have this whole theme right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so we have this whole theme right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so we have this whole theme right
+now is about what's changed to send us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is about what's changed to send us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is about what's changed to send us
+the previous approaches at AI medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous approaches at AI medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous approaches at AI medicine
+I've just talked about data but data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just talked about data but data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just talked about data but data
+alone is not nearly enough the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is not nearly enough the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is not nearly enough the other
+major change is that there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major change is that there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major change is that there's been
+decades worth of work on standardizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades worth of work on standardizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades worth of work on standardizing
+health data so for example when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health data so for example when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health data so for example when I
+mentioned to you that when you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that when you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you that when you go to a
+doctor's office and they send a bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's office and they send a bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor's office and they send a bill
+that bill the social with the diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bill the social with the diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bill the social with the diagnosis
+and that diagnosis is coded in a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that diagnosis is coded in a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that diagnosis is coded in a system
+called icd-9 or icd-10 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called icd-9 or icd-10 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called icd-9 or icd-10 which is a
+standardized system where for many not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized system where for many not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized system where for many not
+all but many diseases there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but many diseases there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but many diseases there is a
+corresponding code associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding code associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding code associated with it
+icd-10 which was recently rolled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 which was recently rolled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 which was recently rolled out
+nationwide about a year ago is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide about a year ago is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide about a year ago is much more
+detailed than the previous coding system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than the previous coding system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than the previous coding system
+includes some interesting categories for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes some interesting categories for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes some interesting categories for
+example bitten by a turtle has a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example bitten by a turtle has a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example bitten by a turtle has a code
+for it bitten by sea lion struck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it bitten by sea lion struck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it bitten by sea lion struck by
+McDowell right so it's starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDowell right so it's starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDowell right so it's starting to get
+really detailed here which has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really detailed here which has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really detailed here which has its
+benefits and its disadvantages when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and its disadvantages when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and its disadvantages when it
+comes to research using that data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to research using that data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to research using that data but
+certainly we can do more with detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we can do more with detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we can do more with detailed
+data than we could with less detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data than we could with less detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data than we could with less detailed
+data laboratory test results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data laboratory test results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data laboratory test results are
+standardized using a system called link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized using a system called link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized using a system called link
+here in the United States it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States it's again
+every lab test or duress oshi eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lab test or duress oshi eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every lab test or duress oshi eight
+encode with for it I just want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode with for it I just want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode with for it I just want to point
+out briefly that the values associated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out briefly that the values associated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out briefly that the values associated a
+lab test are less standardized pharmacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test are less standardized pharmacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab test are less standardized pharmacy
+national drug codes should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national drug codes should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national drug codes should be very
+familiar to you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you if you
+take any medication that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any medication that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any medication that you've been
+prescribed and you look carefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed and you look carefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed and you look carefully you'll
+see a number on it NDC zero zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a number on it NDC zero zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a number on it NDC zero zero one
+five three four seven nine eleven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three four seven nine eleven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three four seven nine eleven that
+number is unique to that medication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is unique to that medication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is unique to that medication in
+fact it's even unique to the brand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's even unique to the brand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's even unique to the brand of
+that medication and there's an associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medication and there's an associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medication and there's an associate
+taxonomy with it and so one can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy with it and so one can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy with it and so one can really
+understand in a very structured way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in a very structured way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in a very structured way what
+medications the patient is on and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications the patient is on and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications the patient is on and how
+those medications relate to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications relate to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those medications relate to one another
+a lot of medical data is found not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of medical data is found not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of medical data is found not in
+this structured form but in free text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structured form but in free text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structured form but in free text
+and notes written by doctors and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notes written by doctors and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notes written by doctors and these
+notes have often lots of mentions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes have often lots of mentions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes have often lots of mentions of
+symptoms and conditions in them and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and conditions in them and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms and conditions in them and one
+can try to standardize those by mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to standardize those by mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to standardize those by mapping
+them to what's called the unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to what's called the unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to what's called the unified
+medical language system which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical language system which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical language system which is a
+ontology with millions of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology with millions of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontology with millions of different
+medical concepts in them so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical concepts in them so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical concepts in them so I'm not
+going to go too much more into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much more into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much more into these
+there'll be the subject of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be the subject of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be the subject of much
+discussion in this in this semester but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this in this semester but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in this in this semester but
+particularly in the next two lectures by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the next two lectures by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the next two lectures by
+Pete but I want to talk very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete but I want to talk very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete but I want to talk very briefly
+about what you can do once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can do once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can do once you have a
+standardized vocabulary so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized vocabulary so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized vocabulary so one thing you
+can do is you could build api's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you could build api's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you could build api's or
+application programming interfaces for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application programming interfaces for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application programming interfaces for
+now sending that data from place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sending that data from place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sending that data from place to
+place and fire fhir is a new standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and fire fhir is a new standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and fire fhir is a new standard
+which has widespread adoption now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has widespread adoption now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has widespread adoption now here
+in the United States for for hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States for for hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States for for hospitals
+to provide data both to downstream for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide data both to downstream for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide data both to downstream for
+downstream clinical purposes but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream clinical purposes but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream clinical purposes but also
+directly to patients and in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to patients and in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to patients and in the standard
+it will use many of the vocabularies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will use many of the vocabularies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will use many of the vocabularies I
+mentioned to you in a previous slides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you in a previous slides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you in a previous slides to
+encode diagnosis medications allergies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode diagnosis medications allergies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode diagnosis medications allergies
+problems and and even financial aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and even financial aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and even financial aspects
+that are relevant to the care of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to the care of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to the care of this
+patient and for those of you who have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and for those of you who have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and for those of you who have an
+apple phone for example if you open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple phone for example if you open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple phone for example if you open up
+Apple health records it makes use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple health records it makes use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple health records it makes use of
+this standard to receive data from over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard to receive data from over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard to receive data from over
+50 different hospitals and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 different hospitals and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 different hospitals and you should
+expect to see many competitors to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see many competitors to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see many competitors to them
+in the future because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future because of the fact that
+it's now an open standard now other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now an open standard now other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now an open standard now other
+types of data like the health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data like the health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data like the health insurance
+claims I mentioned earlier is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims I mentioned earlier is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims I mentioned earlier is often
+encoded in a slightly different data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in a slightly different data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in a slightly different data
+model one which my lab works quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one which my lab works quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one which my lab works quite a bit
+with is called ohm op and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is called ohm op and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is called ohm op and it's it's
+being maintained by a nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being maintained by a nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being maintained by a nonprofit
+organization called the observational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the observational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the observational
+health data Sciences Initiative Odyssey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health data Sciences Initiative Odyssey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health data Sciences Initiative Odyssey
+and this common data model gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this common data model gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this common data model gives a
+standard way of taking data from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of taking data from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of taking data from an
+institution which might have its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which might have its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which might have its own
+intricacies and really mapping it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacies and really mapping it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacies and really mapping it to
+this common language so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this common language so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this common language so that if you
+write a machine learning algorithm once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a machine learning algorithm once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a machine learning algorithm once
+then that and machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that and machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that and machine learning algorithm
+reads in data and this format you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads in data and this format you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads in data and this format you could
+then apply it somewhere else very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply it somewhere else very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply it somewhere else very easily
+and the portions of these standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the portions of these standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the portions of these standards
+really can't be understated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't be understated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't be understated the
+importance for translating what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for translating what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for translating what we're
+doing in this class into clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class into clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this class into clinical
+practice and so we'll be returning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and so we'll be returning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and so we'll be returning to
+these things throughout the semester so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things throughout the semester so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things throughout the semester so
+we've talked about data we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about data we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about data we've talked
+about standards and this and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standards and this and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standards and this and the third
+wheel is break through the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel is break through the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel is break through the machine
+learning and this should be no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and this should be no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and this should be no surprise
+to anyone in this room right we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone in this room right we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyone in this room right we've been
+seeing time and time again over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing time and time again over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing time and time again over the last
+five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years
+benchmark after benchmark being improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark after benchmark being improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark after benchmark being improved
+upon and human performance beaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon and human performance beaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon and human performance beaten by
+state-of-the-art machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art machine learning
+algorithms here I'm just showing you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms here I'm just showing you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms here I'm just showing you a
+figure that I imagine many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that I imagine many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that I imagine many of you have
+seen on the error rates on the image net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on the error rates on the image net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on the error rates on the image net
+competition for object recognition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition for object recognition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition for object recognition the
+error rates in 2011 or 25% and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rates in 2011 or 25% and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rates in 2011 or 25% and you've
+just a few years ago it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few years ago it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few years ago it already
+surpassed human level to under under 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed human level to under under 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassed human level to under under 5%
+now the changes that have led to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the changes that have led to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the changes that have led to those
+advances in object recognition are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in object recognition are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in object recognition are going
+to have some parallels in healthcare but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some parallels in healthcare but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some parallels in healthcare but
+only up to some point for example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only up to some point for example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only up to some point for example there
+was big data large training sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was big data large training sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was big data large training sets that
+were critical for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were critical for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were critical for this
+there were algorithmic advances and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were algorithmic advances and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were algorithmic advances and in
+particular in convolutional neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in convolutional neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in convolutional neural
+networks that played a huge role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that played a huge role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that played a huge role and
+there was open source software that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was open source software that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was open source software that was
+created things like tensor flow and pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created things like tensor flow and pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created things like tensor flow and pi
+torch which allow a researcher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch which allow a researcher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch which allow a researcher or
+industry worker in one place to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry worker in one place to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry worker in one place to very
+very quickly build upon successes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly build upon successes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly build upon successes from
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+Searchers and other places and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers and other places and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searchers and other places and then
+release the code so that so that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the code so that so that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the code so that so that one can
+really accelerate the rate of progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accelerate the rate of progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accelerate the rate of progress
+in this field now in terms of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field now in terms of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field now in terms of those
+algorithmic advances that have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic advances that have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic advances that have made a
+big difference the ones that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference the ones that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference the ones that I would
+really like to point out because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to point out because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to point out because of
+their relevance to this course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relevance to this course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relevance to this course are
+learning with high dimensional features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with high dimensional features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with high dimensional features
+so this was really the advances in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really the advances in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really the advances in the
+early 2000s for example in support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s for example in support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s for example in support
+vector machines and learning with l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector machines and learning with l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector machines and learning with l1
+regularization as a type of sparsity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization as a type of sparsity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization as a type of sparsity and
+then more recently in the last six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more recently in the last six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more recently in the last six years
+on stochastic gradient descent like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stochastic gradient descent like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stochastic gradient descent like
+methods for very rapidly solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for very rapidly solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for very rapidly solving these
+convex optimization problems that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization problems that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization problems that will
+play a huge role in what we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a huge role in what we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a huge role in what we'll be doing
+in this course in the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course in the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course in the last few years
+there have been a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a huge amount of
+progress in unsupervised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in unsupervised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in unsupervised and
+semi-supervised learning algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-supervised learning algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-supervised learning algorithms and
+as I'll tell you about much later one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll tell you about much later one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll tell you about much later one of
+the major challenges in healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major challenges in healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major challenges in healthcare is
+that despite the fact that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite the fact that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that despite the fact that we have a
+large amount of data we have very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data we have very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data we have very little
+labeled data and so these semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled data and so these semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled data and so these semi
+supervised learning algorithms are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning algorithms are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning algorithms are going
+to play a major role in being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a major role in being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a major role in being able to
+really take advantage of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really take advantage of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really take advantage of the data that
+we do have and then of course the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have and then of course the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have and then of course the modern
+deep learning algorithms convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithms convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithms convolutional
+neural networks recurrent neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks recurrent neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks recurrent neural
+networks and and ways of trying to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and and ways of trying to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and and ways of trying to train
+them so those played a major role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so those played a major role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so those played a major role in the
+end advances in the tech industry and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end advances in the tech industry and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end advances in the tech industry and to
+some extent they'll play a major role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent they'll play a major role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent they'll play a major role in
+healthcare as well and I'll point out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare as well and I'll point out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare as well and I'll point out a
+few examples of that in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples of that in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples of that in the rest of
+today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture
+so all this coming together the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this coming together the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all this coming together the data
+availability the advances and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability the advances and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability the advances and other
+fields of machine learning and the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of machine learning and the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of machine learning and the huge
+amount of financial potential financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of financial potential financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of financial potential financial
+gain in healthcare and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in healthcare and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in healthcare and the potential
+social impact it could have has not gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social impact it could have has not gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social impact it could have has not gone
+unnoticed and there's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed and there's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed and there's a huge amount of
+industry interest in this field these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry interest in this field these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry interest in this field these
+are just some examples from from names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just some examples from from names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just some examples from from names I
+think many of you are familiar with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you are familiar with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you are familiar with like
+deep mine health and IBM Watson to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep mine health and IBM Watson to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep mine health and IBM Watson to
+startup companies like BAE labs and path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies like BAE labs and path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup companies like BAE labs and path
+AI which is here in Boston all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI which is here in Boston all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI which is here in Boston all of which
+are really trying to build the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really trying to build the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really trying to build the next
+generation of tools for healthcare now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of tools for healthcare now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of tools for healthcare now
+based on machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on machine learning algorithms
+there's been quite a billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been quite a billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been quite a billions of dollars
+of funding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funding and
+in the recent quarters towards digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent quarters towards digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent quarters towards digital
+health efforts with hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health efforts with hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health efforts with hundreds of
+different startups that are focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different startups that are focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different startups that are focused
+specifically on using artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on using artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on using artificial
+intelligence in health care and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in health care and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in health care and there's
+the recognition that data is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recognition that data is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recognition that data is so
+essential to this process has led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to this process has led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to this process has led to a
+all-out purchasing effort to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-out purchasing effort to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-out purchasing effort to try to get
+as much of that data as you can so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of that data as you can so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of that data as you can so for
+example IBM purchased a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example IBM purchased a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example IBM purchased a company called
+merge which was which made medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge which was which made medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge which was which made medical
+imaging software and thus had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging software and thus had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging software and thus had
+accumulated a large amount of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated a large amount of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated a large amount of medical
+imaging data for 1 billion dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging data for 1 billion dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging data for 1 billion dollars in
+2015 they purchased truven for 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 they purchased truven for 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 they purchased truven for 2.6
+billion in 2016 Flatiron Health which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in 2016 Flatiron Health which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion in 2016 Flatiron Health which is
+a company in New York City focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company in New York City focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company in New York City focused on
+oncology was purchased for almost two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncology was purchased for almost two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncology was purchased for almost two
+billion dollars by Rocha pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars by Rocha pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars by Rocha pharmaceutical
+company just last year and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company just last year and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company just last year and there's
+several more of these industry moves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more of these industry moves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more of these industry moves and
+again I'm just trying to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just trying to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just trying to get you
+thinking about what it really takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what it really takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what it really takes in
+this field and this and gangue access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and this and gangue access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and this and gangue access to
+data is actually a really important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually a really important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is actually a really important one
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+so let's now move on to some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now move on to some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now move on to some examples of
+how machine learning will transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning will transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how machine learning will transform
+healthcare to begin with that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare to begin with that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare to begin with that one I
+really lay out the landscape here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lay out the landscape here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lay out the landscape here and
+defined some language there are number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined some language there are number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined some language there are number
+of different players when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different players when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different players when it comes to
+the healthcare space there are us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare space there are us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare space there are us
+patients consumers there are the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients consumers there are the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients consumers there are the doctors
+that we go to which you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go to which you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go to which you could think
+about as providers but of course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as providers but of course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as providers but of course they're
+not just doctors they're also nurses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just doctors they're also nurses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just doctors they're also nurses and
+community health workers and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community health workers and so on
+there are payers which provide the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are payers which provide the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are payers which provide the where
+where there is these edges are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is these edges are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is these edges are really
+showing relationships between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing relationships between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing relationships between the
+different players so our consumers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different players so our consumers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different players so our consumers we
+often either from our job or directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often either from our job or directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often either from our job or directly
+from us we will pay premiums for health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us we will pay premiums for health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us we will pay premiums for health
+insurance company to a health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company to a health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company to a health insurance
+company and then that health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and then that health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and then that health insurance
+company is responsible for payments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is responsible for payments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is responsible for payments to
+the providers to provide services to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers to provide services to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers to provide services to us
+patients now here in the US the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients now here in the US the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients now here in the US the the
+payers are both commercial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers are both commercial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers are both commercial and
+governmental so many of you will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental so many of you will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental so many of you will know
+companies like Sigma Sigma or Aetna or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Sigma Sigma or Aetna or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Sigma Sigma or Aetna or
+Blue Cross which are commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Cross which are commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Cross which are commercial
+providers of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers of healthcare
+of health insurance but there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health insurance but there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health insurance but there are also
+governmental ones for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental ones for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental ones for example the
+Veterans Health Administration runs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veterans Health Administration runs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veterans Health Administration runs one
+of the biggest health organizations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest health organizations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest health organizations in
+the United States servicing our veterans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States servicing our veterans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States servicing our veterans
+from the department people who retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the department people who retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the department people who retired
+from the Department of Defense which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Department of Defense which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Department of Defense which has
+the second one of the second biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one of the second biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one of the second biggest
+sword systems the defense health agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword systems the defense health agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword systems the defense health agency
+and that is an organization where both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is an organization where both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is an organization where both
+of those organizations where both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those organizations where both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those organizations where both of the
+payer and the provider really won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payer and the provider really won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payer and the provider really won the
+Center for Medicare Medicaid Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for Medicare Medicaid Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for Medicare Medicaid Services
+here in the u.s. provides health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s. provides health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the u.s. provides health
+insurance for for all retirees in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for for all retirees in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance for for all retirees in the
+United States and also Medicaid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and also Medicaid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and also Medicaid which is
+run at a state level provides health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at a state level provides health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at a state level provides health
+insurance to to a variety of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to to a variety of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance to to a variety of individuals
+who would otherwise have difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would otherwise have difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would otherwise have difficulty
+purchasing their or obtaining their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing their or obtaining their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing their or obtaining their own
+health insurance and those are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance and those are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance and those are examples
+of state-run or federally run health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state-run or federally run health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state-run or federally run health
+insurance agencies and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance agencies and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance agencies and then
+internationally sometimes the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally sometimes the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally sometimes the lines are
+even more blurred so of course in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more blurred so of course in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more blurred so of course in places
+like the United Kingdom where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United Kingdom where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the United Kingdom where you have a
+a government-run health system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government-run health system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government-run health system the
+National Health Service I you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Health Service I you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Health Service I you have the
+same system both paying for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system both paying for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system both paying for and
+providing the services now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the services now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing the services now the reason
+why this is really important for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is really important for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is really important for us to
+think about already in lecture 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about already in lecture 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about already in lecture 1 is
+because what's so sensual about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's so sensual about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's so sensual about this
+field is figuring out where the knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is figuring out where the knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is figuring out where the knobs
+that you can turn to try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn to try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn to try to improve
+health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care
+where can we deploy machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can we deploy machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can we deploy machine learning
+algorithms within healthcare and so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms within healthcare and so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms within healthcare and so some
+algorithms are going to be better run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are going to be better run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are going to be better run by
+providers others are going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers others are going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers others are going to be better
+run by payers others are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by payers others are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by payers others are going to be
+directly provided to patients and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly provided to patients and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly provided to patients and some
+old above we also have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old above we also have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old above we also have to think about
+industrial questions in terms of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial questions in terms of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial questions in terms of what is
+it going to take for to develop a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to take for to develop a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to take for to develop a new
+product who will pay for this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product who will pay for this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product who will pay for this product
+which is again an important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again an important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again an important question
+when it comes to deploying algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to deploying algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to deploying algorithms
+here so I'll I'll run through a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll I'll run through a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll I'll run through a couple
+of very high-level examples driven from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high-level examples driven from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high-level examples driven from
+from my own work focused on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own work focused on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own work focused on their
+provider space and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider space and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider space and then I'll
+to talk a bit more broadly so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more broadly so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more broadly so for the
+last seven or eight years I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last seven or eight years I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last seven or eight years I've been
+doing a lot of work in collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of work in collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of work in collaboration
+with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
+Center across the river with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center across the river with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center across the river with their
+emergency department and the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department and the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department and the emergency
+department is a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is a really interesting
+clinical setting because you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical setting because you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical setting because you have a very
+short period of time from when a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time from when a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time from when a patient
+comes into the hospital to diagnose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the hospital to diagnose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the hospital to diagnose
+what's going on with them to initiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with them to initiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with them to initiate
+therapy and then to decide what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and then to decide what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and then to decide what to do
+next do you keep them in the hospital do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next do you keep them in the hospital do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next do you keep them in the hospital do
+send them home if you for each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them home if you for each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them home if you for each one of
+those things what should the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things what should the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things what should the most
+immediate actions be and at least here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate actions be and at least here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate actions be and at least here
+in the US were always understaffed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US were always understaffed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US were always understaffed so
+we've got limited resources and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got limited resources and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got limited resources and very
+critical decisions to make so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical decisions to make so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical decisions to make so this is
+one example of a setting where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a setting where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a setting where
+algorithms that are running behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are running behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are running behind the
+scenes could potentially really help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes could potentially really help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes could potentially really help
+with some of the challenges I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the challenges I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the challenges I mentioned
+earlier so for example one can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example one can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so for example one can imagine
+an algorithm which builds on techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm which builds on techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm which builds on techniques
+like what I mentioned to form internist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I mentioned to form internist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what I mentioned to form internist
+one or quick medical reference try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or quick medical reference try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or quick medical reference try to
+reason about what's going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what's going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what's going on with the
+patient based on the data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient based on the data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient based on the data that's
+available for the patient the symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the patient the symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the patient the symptoms
+but the modern view of this shouldn't of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the modern view of this shouldn't of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the modern view of this shouldn't of
+course use binary indicators of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course use binary indicators of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course use binary indicators of each
+symptom which have to be entered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom which have to be entered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom which have to be entered and
+manually but rather all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually but rather all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually but rather all of these things
+should be automatically extracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be automatically extracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be automatically extracted from
+the electronic medical record or listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic medical record or listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic medical record or listed
+it as necessary and then if one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as necessary and then if one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as necessary and then if one could
+reason about what's going on with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what's going on with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about what's going on with a
+patient we wouldn't necessarily want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient we wouldn't necessarily want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient we wouldn't necessarily want to
+use it for diagnosis although in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for diagnosis although in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for diagnosis although in some
+cases you might use it for earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you might use it for earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you might use it for earlier
+diagnosis but it could also be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis but it could also be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis but it could also be used for
+a number of other more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of other more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of other more subtle
+interventions for example better triage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for example better triage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions for example better triage
+to figure out which patients need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which patients need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which patients need to be
+seen first early detection of adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen first early detection of adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen first early detection of adverse
+events or recognition that there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or recognition that there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or recognition that there might
+be some unusual actions which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some unusual actions which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some unusual actions which might
+actually be medical errors that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be medical errors that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be medical errors that you want
+a surface mount and draw attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface mount and draw attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface mount and draw attention to
+now you could also use this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could also use this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could also use this this this
+understanding of what's gone with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what's gone with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what's gone with a
+patient to change the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to change the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient to change the way that
+clinicians interact with patient data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians interact with patient data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians interact with patient data so
+for example one can try to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one can try to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one can try to propagate
+best practices by surfacing clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices by surfacing clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best practices by surfacing clinical
+decision support automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support automatically
+triggering this clinical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering this clinical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering this clinical decision
+support for patients that you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for patients that you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for patients that you think it
+might be irrelevant for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be irrelevant for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be irrelevant for if
+one example where it says the IDI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where it says the IDI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example where it says the IDI
+dashboard the emergency department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard the emergency department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard the emergency department
+dashboard decision support algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard decision support algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard decision support algorithms
+have determined this patient may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have determined this patient may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have determined this patient may be
+eligible for the atria cellulitis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for the atria cellulitis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for the atria cellulitis
+pathway so he lettuce has often caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so he lettuce has often caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so he lettuce has often caused
+by infections please choose from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by infections please choose from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by infections please choose from one of
+the options and role in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the options and role in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the options and role in the pathway
+decline and if you decline you must for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline and if you decline you must for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline and if you decline you must for
+include a comment for the reviewers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a comment for the reviewers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a comment for the reviewers now
+if you clicked on enroll in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you clicked on enroll in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you clicked on enroll in the pathway
+at that moment machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment machine learning
+disappears rather there's a standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears rather there's a standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears rather there's a standardized
+process it's an algorithm but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's an algorithm but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's an algorithm but it's a
+deterministic algorithm for how patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithm for how patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithm for how patients
+with cellulitis should be properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cellulitis should be properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cellulitis should be properly
+managed diagnosed and treated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed diagnosed and treated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed diagnosed and treated that
+algorithm comes from best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm comes from best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm comes from best practices
+comes from clinicians coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from clinicians coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from clinicians coming together
+analyzing past data understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing past data understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing past data understanding what
+would be good ways to treat patients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good ways to treat patients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good ways to treat patients of
+this type and then formalizing that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and then formalizing that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and then formalizing that in a
+document the challenge is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the challenge is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the challenge is that there
+might be hundreds or even thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be hundreds or even thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be hundreds or even thousands of
+these best practices and in a academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best practices and in a academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best practices and in a academic
+Medical Center where you have patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Center where you have patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Center where you have patients
+coming where you have a medical students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming where you have a medical students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming where you have a medical students
+or residents who are very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or residents who are very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or residents who are very quickly
+rotating through the system and thus may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating through the system and thus may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating through the system and thus may
+not be familiar with what are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be familiar with what are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be familiar with what are the most
+appropriate clinical guidelines to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate clinical guidelines to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate clinical guidelines to use
+for any one patient in this institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any one patient in this institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any one patient in this institution
+or if you go to a rural site where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you go to a rural site where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you go to a rural site where where
+this academic nature of thinking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this academic nature of thinking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this academic nature of thinking through
+what the right clinical guidelines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right clinical guidelines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right clinical guidelines are
+is a little bit less of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit less of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit less of the of the
+mainstream everyday activity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream everyday activity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream everyday activity the
+question of which one to use one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of which one to use one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of which one to use one is very
+challenging and so that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and so that's where the
+machine learning algorithms can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms can come in
+by reasoning about what's going with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reasoning about what's going with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reasoning about what's going with the
+patients you might have a good guess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you might have a good guess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you might have a good guess of
+what might be appropriate for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be appropriate for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be appropriate for this
+patient and use that to automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and use that to automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and use that to automatically
+surface the right clinical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the right clinical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the right clinical decision
+support trigger another example is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support trigger another example is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support trigger another example is by
+just trying to anticipate clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to anticipate clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to anticipate clinician
+needs so for example if you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs so for example if you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs so for example if you think that
+this patient might be coming in for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient might be coming in for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient might be coming in for a
+psychiatric condition or maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric condition or maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric condition or maybe you
+recognize that the patient came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the patient came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the patient came in and
+that triage was complaining of chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triage was complaining of chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triage was complaining of chest
+pain then there might be a psych order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain then there might be a psych order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain then there might be a psych order
+set which includes both which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which includes both which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which includes both which includes
+laboratory test results that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory test results that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory test results that are
+relevant for psyche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for psyche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for psyche
+patience or a chest pain odor set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience or a chest pain odor set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience or a chest pain odor set which
+includes both most laboratory tests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both most laboratory tests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both most laboratory tests and
+interventions like aspirin that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions like aspirin that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions like aspirin that what
+might be suggested now these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be suggested now these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be suggested now these are also
+examples where these order sets are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where these order sets are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where these order sets are not
+created by machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by machine learning algorithms
+although that's something we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's something we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's something we could
+discuss later in the semester rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later in the semester rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later in the semester rather
+they're standardized but the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're standardized but the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're standardized but the goal of the
+machine learning algorithm is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm is just to
+figure out which ones to show when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which ones to show when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which ones to show when
+directly to the to the clinicians I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the to the clinicians I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the to the clinicians I'm
+showing you these examples to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you these examples to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you these examples to try to
+point out that diagnosis isn't the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that diagnosis isn't the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that diagnosis isn't the whole
+story thinking through what are the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story thinking through what are the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story thinking through what are the more
+subtle interventions we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle interventions we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle interventions we can do with
+machine learning and AI in healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and AI in healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and AI in healthcare is
+going to be really important to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really important to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really important to having
+the impact that it could have so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that it could have so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact that it could have so other
+examples now bit more in the diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now bit more in the diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now bit more in the diagnosis
+style are reducing the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style are reducing the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style are reducing the need for
+specialists consults so you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists consults so you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists consults so you might have a
+patient come in and it might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient come in and it might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient come in and it might be really
+quick to get the patient in front of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to get the patient in front of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to get the patient in front of an
+x-ray to do a chest x-ray but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray to do a chest x-ray but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray to do a chest x-ray but then
+finding the radiologist to review that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the radiologist to review that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the radiologist to review that
+x-ray could take a lot of time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray could take a lot of time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray could take a lot of time and in
+some places radiologist consults could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places radiologist consults could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places radiologist consults could
+take days depending on the urgency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take days depending on the urgency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take days depending on the urgency of
+the condition so this is an area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition so this is an area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition so this is an area where
+data is quite standardized in fact MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is quite standardized in fact MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is quite standardized in fact MIT
+just released last week a dataset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just released last week a dataset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just released last week a dataset of
+300,000 chest x-rays with associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 chest x-rays with associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 chest x-rays with associated
+labels on them and one could try to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on them and one could try to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on them and one could try to ask
+the question of could we build machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of could we build machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of could we build machine
+learning algorithms using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms using the
+convolutional neural network type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network type
+techniques that we've seen play a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've seen play a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've seen play a big
+role on object recognition to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role on object recognition to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role on object recognition to try to
+understand what's going on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on with this
+patient for example in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for example in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient for example in this case the
+prediction is that the patient has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that the patient has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that the patient has
+pneumonia from this chest x-ray and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia from this chest x-ray and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonia from this chest x-ray and and
+using those systems it could help both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those systems it could help both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those systems it could help both
+reduce the load of radiology consults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the load of radiology consults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the load of radiology consults
+and it could allow us to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could allow us to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could allow us to really
+translate these algorithms to settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate these algorithms to settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate these algorithms to settings
+which are might be much more resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are might be much more resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are might be much more resource
+poor for example in developing nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor for example in developing nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor for example in developing nations
+now the same sort of techniques can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same sort of techniques can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the same sort of techniques can be
+used for other data modalities so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for other data modalities so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for other data modalities so this
+is an example of of data that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of of data that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of of data that could be
+obtained from an EKG and from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from an EKG and from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from an EKG and from looking at
+this EKG one can try to predict that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EKG one can try to predict that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this EKG one can try to predict that the
+patient have a heart condition such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient have a heart condition such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient have a heart condition such as
+an arrhythmia now these types of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrhythmia now these types of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrhythmia now these types of data
+used to just be obtained when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to just be obtained when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to just be obtained when you
+go to a doctor's office but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a doctor's office but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a doctor's office but today
+they're available to all of us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're available to all of us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're available to all of us for
+example in Apple's most recent watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Apple's most recent watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Apple's most recent watch
+that was was released it has an EKG but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was was released it has an EKG but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was was released it has an EKG but
+a single lead EKG built into it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single lead EKG built into it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single lead EKG built into it which
+can attempt to predict if a patient has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attempt to predict if a patient has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attempt to predict if a patient has
+arrhythmia or not and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhythmia or not and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhythmia or not and a lot of
+subtleties of course around what it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties of course around what it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties of course around what it take
+what it took to get regulatory approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it took to get regulatory approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it took to get regulatory approval
+for that which we'll be discussing later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that which we'll be discussing later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that which we'll be discussing later
+in the semester and how once safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester and how once safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester and how once safely
+deploy such algorithm is directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy such algorithm is directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy such algorithm is directly to
+consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+and their there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their there are a variety of
+techniques that could be used and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that could be used and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that could be used and a few
+lectures I'll talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'll talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'll talk to you about
+techniques from the 80s and 90s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques from the 80s and 90s which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques from the 80s and 90s which
+were based on trying to the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on trying to the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on trying to the signal
+processing trying to detect where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing trying to detect where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing trying to detect where are
+the peaks of the signal look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks of the signal look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks of the signal look at a
+distance between Peaks and more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between Peaks and more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between Peaks and more recently
+because of the large wealth of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large wealth of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large wealth of data
+that's available we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available we've been using
+convolutional neural network based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network based
+approaches to try to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to try to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to try to understand this
+data and predict from it yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and predict from it yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and predict from it yet another
+example from the ER really has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from the ER really has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from the ER really has to do
+with not how do we care for the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not how do we care for the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not how do we care for the patient
+today but how do we get better data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but how do we get better data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but how do we get better data
+which will then result in taking better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will then result in taking better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will then result in taking better
+care of the patient tomorrow and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the patient tomorrow and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the patient tomorrow and so one
+example of that which which my group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that which which my group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that which which my group
+deployed at Beth Israel Deaconess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed at Beth Israel Deaconess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed at Beth Israel Deaconess and
+it's still running there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still running there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still running there in the
+emergency department has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department has to do with
+getting higher quality chief complaints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting higher quality chief complaints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting higher quality chief complaints
+the chief complaint is the it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chief complaint is the it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chief complaint is the it's usually
+a very short two or three word quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very short two or three word quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very short two or three word quantity
+like left knee pain rectal pain right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like left knee pain rectal pain right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like left knee pain rectal pain right
+right upper quadrant quadrant ruq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right upper quadrant quadrant ruq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right upper quadrant quadrant ruq
+abdominal pain and it's just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal pain and it's just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal pain and it's just a very
+quick summary of why did the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of why did the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of why did the patient
+come into the ER today and it despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the ER today and it despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the ER today and it despite
+the fact that it so few words it plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it so few words it plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it so few words it plays a
+huge role in the care of a patient if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge role in the care of a patient if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge role in the care of a patient if
+you look at the big screens in the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the big screens in the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the big screens in the ER
+which summarize who are the patients at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which summarize who are the patients at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which summarize who are the patients at
+what beds they have the chief complaint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what beds they have the chief complaint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what beds they have the chief complaint
+next to it chief complaints are used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it chief complaints are used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it chief complaints are used as
+criteria for enrolling patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for enrolling patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for enrolling patients in
+clinical trials it's used as criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials it's used as criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials it's used as criteria
+for doing retrospective quality research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing retrospective quality research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing retrospective quality research
+to see how do we care for patients in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how do we care for patients in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how do we care for patients in a
+particular type so plays a very big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type so plays a very big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type so plays a very big role
+but unfortunately the data that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the data that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the data that we've
+been getting has been crap and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been getting has been crap and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been getting has been crap and that's
+because it was free text and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was free text and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was free text and it was
+sufficiently high dimensional that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high dimensional that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high dimensional that just
+attempting to standardize it with a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to standardize it with a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to standardize it with a big
+drop-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop-down
+like you see over here would have killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see over here would have killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see over here would have killed
+the clinical workflow would have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow would have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical workflow would have taken
+way too much time for clinicians try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too much time for clinicians try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too much time for clinicians try to
+find the relevant one and so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the relevant one and so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the relevant one and so it just
+wouldn't have been used and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been used and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been used and that's where
+some very simple machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very simple machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very simple machine learning
+algorithms turn out to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms turn out to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms turn out to be really
+valuable so for example we changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so for example we changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so for example we changed the
+workflow all together rather than chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow all together rather than chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow all together rather than chief
+complaint being the first thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint being the first thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint being the first thing that the
+triage nurse assigns when the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage nurse assigns when the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage nurse assigns when the patient
+comes in is the last thing first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the last thing first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the last thing first the
+nurse takes the vital signs patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse takes the vital signs patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse takes the vital signs patient's
+temperature heart rate blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heart rate blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heart rate blood pressure
+respiratory rate and oxygen saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory rate and oxygen saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory rate and oxygen saturation
+they talk to the patient they write up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk to the patient they write up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk to the patient they write up a
+10 word 30 word note about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 word 30 word note about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 word 30 word note about what's going
+with the patient here it says 69 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient here it says 69 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient here it says 69 year
+old male patient with severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old male patient with severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old male patient with severe
+intermittent right upper quadrant pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittent right upper quadrant pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittent right upper quadrant pain
+begins soon after eating also is a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins soon after eating also is a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins soon after eating also is a heavy
+drinker so quite a bit of information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinker so quite a bit of information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinker so quite a bit of information in
+that we take that we use a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take that we use a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take that we use a machine
+learning algorithm a supervised machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm a supervised machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm a supervised machine
+learning algorithm in this case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm in this case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm in this case to
+predict a set of chief complaints now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a set of chief complaints now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a set of chief complaints now
+drawn from a standardized ontology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a standardized ontology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a standardized ontology we
+show that 5 most likely ones in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that 5 most likely ones in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that 5 most likely ones in a
+clinician the in this case the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician the in this case the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician the in this case the nurse
+could just click one of them and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just click one of them and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just click one of them and it
+would enter it into there we also allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter it into there we also allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter it into there we also allow
+the nurse to type in part of a chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse to type in part of a chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse to type in part of a chief
+complaint but rather than just doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint but rather than just doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint but rather than just doing a
+text matching to find words that match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text matching to find words that match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text matching to find words that match
+what's being typed in we do a contextual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being typed in we do a contextual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being typed in we do a contextual
+autocompletes so we use our predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocompletes so we use our predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocompletes so we use our predictions
+to prioritize what's the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prioritize what's the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prioritize what's the most likely
+chief complaint that contains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief complaint that contains that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chief complaint that contains that
+sequence of characters and that way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of characters and that way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of characters and that way it's
+way faster to enter in the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way faster to enter in the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way faster to enter in the relevant
+information and what we found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and what we found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and what we found is that
+over time we got much higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we got much higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time we got much higher quality
+data out and again this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out and again this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out and again this is something
+we'll be talking about in one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about in one of our
+lectures in this course so I just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in this course so I just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in this course so I just gave
+you an example a few examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example a few examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example a few examples of how
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning artificial intelligence
+will transform the providers space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will transform the providers space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will transform the providers space but
+now I want to jump up a level and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to jump up a level and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to jump up a level and think
+through not how do we treat a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through not how do we treat a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through not how do we treat a patient
+today but how do we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but how do we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but how do we think about the
+progression of a patient's chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of a patient's chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of a patient's chronic
+disease over a period of years can be 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease over a period of years can be 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease over a period of years can be 10
+years 20 years and this this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 20 years and this this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 20 years and this this question of
+how do we manage chronic disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we manage chronic disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we manage chronic disease is
+something which affects all aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which affects all aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which affects all aspects of
+the Health Care Act assists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Health Care Act assists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Health Care Act assists
+it'll be used by providers payers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be used by providers payers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be used by providers payers and
+also by patients themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by patients themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by patients themselves
+so consider a patient with chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a patient with chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consider a patient with chronic
+kidney disease chronic kidney disease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney disease chronic kidney disease it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidney disease chronic kidney disease it
+typically only gets worse so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically only gets worse so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically only gets worse so you might
+stay you might start with patient being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay you might start with patient being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay you might start with patient being
+healthy and that have some increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and that have some increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and that have some increased
+risk eventually they have some kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk eventually they have some kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk eventually they have some kidney
+damage over time they reach kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage over time they reach kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage over time they reach kidney
+failure and once they reach kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and once they reach kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and once they reach kidney
+failure typically they need dialysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure typically they need dialysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure typically they need dialysis or
+or a kidney transplant but understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a kidney transplant but understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a kidney transplant but understanding
+when each of these things is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when each of these things is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when each of these things is gonna
+happen for patients is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for patients is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for patients is actually really
+really challenging right now we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging right now we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging right now we have one
+way of trying to stage patients so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of trying to stage patients so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of trying to stage patients so
+standard approach is known as the EGFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach is known as the EGFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach is known as the EGFR
+it's derived predominantly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's derived predominantly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's derived predominantly from the
+patient's creatinine which is a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's creatinine which is a blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's creatinine which is a blood
+test result and their age and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test result and their age and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test result and their age and it gives
+you a number out and from that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number out and from that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number out and from that number
+you can get some sense of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some sense of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some sense of where the
+patient is in this trajectory but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is in this trajectory but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is in this trajectory but it's
+really coarse-grained and it's not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coarse-grained and it's not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coarse-grained and it's not at
+all predictive about when the patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all predictive about when the patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all predictive about when the patient is
+going to progress to the next stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to progress to the next stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to progress to the next stage of
+the disease now other conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease now other conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease now other conditions for
+example some cancers like I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some cancers like I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some cancers like I'll tell you
+about next don't follow that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next don't follow that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next don't follow that linear
+trajectory rather patients conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory rather patients conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory rather patients conditions
+and the disease burden which is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the disease burden which is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the disease burden which is what I'm
+showing the y-axis here might get worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the y-axis here might get worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the y-axis here might get worse
+better worse again better again worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worse again better again worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better worse again better again worse
+again and so on and of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so on and of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so on and of course is a
+function of this treatment for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this treatment for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this treatment for the
+patient and other things that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and other things that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and other things that are going
+on with them understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with them understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with them understanding what
+influences how patients disease is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences how patients disease is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences how patients disease is going
+to progress and when is that progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress and when is that progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress and when is that progression
+going to happen could be enormous ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen could be enormous ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen could be enormous ly
+valuable for many of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for many of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable for many of those different
+parts of the healthcare ecosystem so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the healthcare ecosystem so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the healthcare ecosystem so so
+one concrete example of how that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one concrete example of how that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one concrete example of how that type of
+prediction could be used would be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction could be used would be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction could be used would be in a
+type of precision medicine so returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of precision medicine so returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of precision medicine so returning
+back to the example that I mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the example that I mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the example that I mentioned in
+the very beginning of today's lecture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of today's lecture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of today's lecture of
+multiple myeloma which I said my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple myeloma which I said my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple myeloma which I said my mother
+died I've there were there are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died I've there were there are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died I've there were there are large
+number of existing treatments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of existing treatments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of existing treatments for
+multiple myeloma and we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple myeloma and we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple myeloma and we don't really
+know which treatments work best for whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which treatments work best for whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which treatments work best for whom
+but imagine a day where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine a day where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine a day where we have
+algorithms that could take what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that could take what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that could take what you
+by the patient at one point in time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the patient at one point in time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the patient at one point in time that
+might include for example blood test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might include for example blood test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might include for example blood test
+results it might include RNA seek which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it might include RNA seek which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it might include RNA seek which
+gives you some sense of the of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of the of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of the of the gene
+expression for the patient that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the patient that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the patient that in this
+case will be derived from a sample taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will be derived from a sample taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will be derived from a sample taken
+from the patient's bone marrow you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the patient's bone marrow you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the patient's bone marrow you could
+take that data and try to predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data and try to predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data and try to predict what
+would happen to a patient under two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to a patient under two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen to a patient under two
+different scenarios the blue scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios the blue scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios the blue scenario
+that I'm showing you here if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm showing you here if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm showing you here if you give
+them treatment a or this red scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them treatment a or this red scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them treatment a or this red scenario
+here where you give them treatment B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you give them treatment B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you give them treatment B and
+of course you've been ain't even big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've been ain't even big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've been ain't even big
+aren't just one-time treatments by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just one-time treatments by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just one-time treatments by their
+treatment there are strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment there are strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment there are strategies so
+they're repeated treatments across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repeated treatments across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're repeated treatments across time
+with some intervals of effete and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some intervals of effete and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some intervals of effete and if you
+if your algorithm is says that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your algorithm is says that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your algorithm is says that under
+treatment B this is what's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B this is what's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B this is what's gonna happen
+then you might the the clinician might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might the the clinician might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might the the clinician might
+think okay treatment B is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay treatment B is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay treatment B is probably the
+way to go here it's going to long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go here it's going to long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go here it's going to long-term
+control that the patient's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that the patient's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that the patient's disease
+burden the best and this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden the best and this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden the best and this is an example
+of a causal question because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a causal question because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a causal question because we want to
+know how do we cause a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do we cause a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do we cause a change in the
+patient's disease trajectory and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's disease trajectory and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's disease trajectory and we can
+try to answer this now using data so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer this now using data so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to answer this now using data so for
+example one of the datasets that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the datasets that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the datasets that's
+available for you to use in your course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you to use in your course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for you to use in your course
+projects is from the multiple OMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is from the multiple OMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is from the multiple OMA
+Research Foundation it's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Foundation it's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Foundation it's an example of a
+disease registry just like the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease registry just like the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease registry just like the disease
+registry I talked to you about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry I talked to you about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry I talked to you about earlier
+for rheumatoid arthritis and it follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rheumatoid arthritis and it follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rheumatoid arthritis and it follows
+about a thousand patients across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand patients across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand patients across time
+patients who have multiple myeloma what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have multiple myeloma what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have multiple myeloma what
+treatments they're getting what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments they're getting what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments they're getting what their
+symptoms are and at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms are and at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms are and at a couple of
+different stages very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages very detailed
+biological data about their cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological data about their cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological data about their cancer and
+in this case RNA seek and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case RNA seek and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case RNA seek and one can
+attempt to use that data to learn models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to use that data to learn models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to use that data to learn models
+to make predictions like this but such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions like this but such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions like this but such
+predictions are fraught with errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are fraught with errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are fraught with errors and
+one of the things that Pete and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that Pete and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that Pete and I will
+be teaching you in this course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teaching you in this course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be teaching you in this course is that
+there's a very big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very big difference between
+prediction and prediction for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and prediction for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and prediction for the
+purpose of making causal statements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of making causal statements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of making causal statements and
+the way that you interpret the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you interpret the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you interpret the data that
+you have when your goal is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have when your goal is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have when your goal is to do
+treatment suggestion or optimization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment suggestion or optimization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment suggestion or optimization is
+going to be very different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from what you
+are taught in the introductory machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught in the introductory machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taught in the introductory machine
+learning algorithms class so other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms class so other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms class so other ways
+that we could try to treat a managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could try to treat a managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could try to treat a managed
+patients with chronic disease include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with chronic disease include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with chronic disease include
+early diagnosis for example of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early diagnosis for example of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early diagnosis for example of patients
+with Alzheimer's disease there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alzheimer's disease there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alzheimer's disease there's been
+some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really
+justing results just in the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justing results just in the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justing results just in the last few
+years here or new modalities altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years here or new modalities altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years here or new modalities altogether
+for example liquid biopsies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example liquid biopsies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example liquid biopsies that are
+able to do early diagnosis of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do early diagnosis of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do early diagnosis of cancer
+even without having to do a biopsy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without having to do a biopsy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without having to do a biopsy of
+the of the of the cancer tumor itself we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the cancer tumor itself we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the cancer tumor itself we
+chose to think about how do we better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to think about how do we better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to think about how do we better
+track and measure disease chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and measure disease chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and measure disease chronic
+disease so one example shown on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so one example shown on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so one example shown on the left
+here is from D Nikita B's lab here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is from D Nikita B's lab here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is from D Nikita B's lab here at
+MIT in C cell where they've developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in C cell where they've developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in C cell where they've developed a
+system called emerald which is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called emerald which is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system called emerald which is using
+wireless signals the same wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless signals the same wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless signals the same wireless
+signals that we have in this room today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we have in this room today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that we have in this room today
+to try to track patients and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to track patients and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to track patients and they can
+actually see behind walls which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see behind walls which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see behind walls which is quite
+impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive
+so using this where the signal you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this where the signal you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this where the signal you could
+you could install what looks like just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could install what looks like just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could install what looks like just a
+regular wireless router in in an elderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular wireless router in in an elderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular wireless router in in an elderly
+person's home and you could detect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's home and you could detect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's home and you could detect if
+that out early patient falls and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out early patient falls and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out early patient falls and of
+course if the patient has falled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the patient has falled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if the patient has falled
+and they're elderly it might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're elderly it might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're elderly it might be very
+hard for them to get back up they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to get back up they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to get back up they might
+have broken hip for example and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have broken hip for example and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have broken hip for example and one
+could then alert the caregivers maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then alert the caregivers maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then alert the caregivers maybe if
+necessary bring in emergency support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary bring in emergency support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary bring in emergency support and
+that could have a long-term outcome for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have a long-term outcome for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have a long-term outcome for
+this patient which is which could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient which is which could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient which is which could really
+help them so this is an example what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them so this is an example what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them so this is an example what I
+mean by better tracking chronic patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by better tracking chronic patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by better tracking chronic patients
+with chronic disease another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chronic disease another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chronic disease another example
+comes for patients who have type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes for patients who have type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes for patients who have type 1
+diabetes type 1 diabetes is as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes type 1 diabetes is as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes type 1 diabetes is as opposed
+to type 2 diabetes generally develops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type 2 diabetes generally develops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type 2 diabetes generally develops in
+in patients at a very early age as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in patients at a very early age as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in patients at a very early age as
+usually as children it's diagnosed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as children it's diagnosed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as children it's diagnosed and
+one is typically managed by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is typically managed by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is typically managed by having a
+insulin pump which is attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin pump which is attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin pump which is attached to a
+patient and I can give injections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and I can give injections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and I can give injections of
+insulin on the fly as necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin on the fly as necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin on the fly as necessary but
+there's a really challenging control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really challenging control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really challenging control
+problem there if you give the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there if you give the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there if you give the patient
+too much insulin you could kill them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much insulin you could kill them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much insulin you could kill them
+because I'm too much too little insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm too much too little insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm too much too little insulin
+you could really hurt them and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really hurt them and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really hurt them and how much
+insulin you give them is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin you give them is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin you give them is going to be a
+function of their activity it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of their activity it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of their activity it's gonna be
+a function of what food they're eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of what food they're eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of what food they're eating
+and various other factors so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other factors so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other factors so this is a
+question which the control theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which the control theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which the control theory
+community has been thinking through for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community has been thinking through for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community has been thinking through for
+a number of years and there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years and there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years and there are a number
+of sophisticated algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophisticated algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophisticated algorithms
+that are present in today's products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in today's products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in today's products and
+I wouldn't be surprised if one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be surprised if one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be surprised if one or two
+people in the room today have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room today have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room today have one of
+these but it also presents a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it also presents a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it also presents a real
+interesting opportunity for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting opportunity for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting opportunity for machine
+learning because right now we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because right now we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning because right now we're not
+doing a very good job at predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very good job at predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very good job at predicting
+future glucose levels which is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future glucose levels which is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future glucose levels which is essential
+for figuring out how to regulate insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out how to regulate insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for figuring out how to regulate insulin
+and if we had algorithms that forget for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had algorithms that forget for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we had algorithms that forget for
+example take a patient's phone take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example take a patient's phone take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example take a patient's phone take a
+picture of the food that a patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the food that a patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the food that a patient is
+eating have that automatically feed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating have that automatically feed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating have that automatically feed into
+an algorithm that predicts its caloric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that predicts its caloric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm that predicts its caloric
+content and how quickly that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and how quickly that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and how quickly that'll be
+processed by the body and then as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by the body and then as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed by the body and then as a
+result of that think about one based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that think about one based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that think about one based on
+this patient's metabolic system one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient's metabolic system one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient's metabolic system one
+should you start increasing insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you start increasing insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you start increasing insulin
+levels and by how much that could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and by how much that could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and by how much that could have a
+huge impact on quality of life of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge impact on quality of life of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge impact on quality of life of these
+types of patients so finally we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of patients so finally we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of patients so finally we've
+talked a lot about how do we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about how do we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about how do we manage
+healthcare but equally important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare but equally important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare but equally important is
+about discovery so the same data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about discovery so the same data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about discovery so the same data that we
+could use to try to change the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use to try to change the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use to try to change the way that
+algorithms are implemented could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are implemented could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are implemented could be used
+to think through what would be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through what would be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through what would be new
+treatments and make new discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and make new discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and make new discoveries
+about disease subtypes so at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disease subtypes so at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disease subtypes so at one point
+later in the semester we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester we'll be talking
+about disease progression modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disease progression modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disease progression modeling and
+we'll talk about how to use data driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to use data driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to use data driven
+approaches to discover different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to discover different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to discover different
+subtypes of disease and on the left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of disease and on the left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of disease and on the left here
+I'm showing an example of a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing an example of a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing an example of a really nice
+study from back in 2008 that used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from back in 2008 that used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from back in 2008 that used a
+k-means clustering algorithm to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means clustering algorithm to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means clustering algorithm to discover
+subtypes of asthma one could also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of asthma one could also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtypes of asthma one could also use
+machine learning to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to try to make
+discoveries about about what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries about about what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries about about what what
+proteins for example are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins for example are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins for example are important in
+regulating disease how could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating disease how could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating disease how could we
+differentiate at a biological level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate at a biological level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate at a biological level
+which patients will progress quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which patients will progress quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which patients will progress quickly
+which patients will respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which patients will respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which patients will respond to
+treatments and that of course will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and that of course will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and that of course will then
+suggest new ways of new drug targets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest new ways of new drug targets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest new ways of new drug targets for
+for new pharmaceutical efforts another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new pharmaceutical efforts another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new pharmaceutical efforts another
+direction also studied here at MIT by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction also studied here at MIT by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction also studied here at MIT by
+quite a few labs actually has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few labs actually has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few labs actually has to do with
+drug creation or discovery so one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug creation or discovery so one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug creation or discovery so one could
+use machine learning algorithms to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning algorithms to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use machine learning algorithms to try
+to predict what would a good antibody be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what would a good antibody be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what would a good antibody be
+for trying to bind with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying to bind with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying to bind with a particular
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so that's that's all for my overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's that's all for my overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's that's all for my overview
+and in the remaining 20 minutes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the remaining 20 minutes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the remaining 20 minutes I'm
+gonna tell you a little bit about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you a little bit about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna tell you a little bit about what's
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about machine learning healthcare
+and then an overview of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an overview of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an overview of the class
+syllabus and I do see that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and I do see that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and I do see that it says
+replace lamp and six minutes or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace lamp and six minutes or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace lamp and six minutes or power
+will turn off and go into standby mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn off and go into standby mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn off and go into standby mode
+okay good you're hired if you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good you're hired if you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good you're hired if you didn't get
+in for the class talk to me afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the class talk to me afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the class talk to me afterwards
+all right we hope so what's unique about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we hope so what's unique about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we hope so what's unique about
+machine learning healthcare I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning healthcare I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning healthcare I gave you
+already some hints at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some hints at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some hints at this
+so first healthcare is ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first healthcare is ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first healthcare is ultimately
+unfortunately about life-or-death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately about life-or-death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately about life-or-death
+decisions all right so we need robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions all right so we need robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions all right so we need robust
+algorithms that don't screw up a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that don't screw up a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that don't screw up a prime
+example of this which I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this which I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this which I'll tell you a
+little bit more about in towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about in towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about in towards the end
+of the semester is from a major software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester is from a major software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester is from a major software
+error that occurred something like 20 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that occurred something like 20 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that occurred something like 20 30
+years ago in a in an x-ray type device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in a in an x-ray type device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in a in an x-ray type device
+where an overwhelming amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an overwhelming amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an overwhelming amount of
+radiation was exposed to a patient just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation was exposed to a patient just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation was exposed to a patient just
+because of a software overflow problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a software overflow problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a software overflow problem a
+bug and of course that resulted a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug and of course that resulted a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug and of course that resulted a number
+of patients dying so that was a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients dying so that was a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patients dying so that was a software
+error from decades ago where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error from decades ago where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error from decades ago where there was
+no machine learning in the loop and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no machine learning in the loop and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no machine learning in the loop and as a
+result of that and similar types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that and similar types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that and similar types of
+disasters including in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters including in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters including in the space
+industry and airplanes and so on led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and airplanes and so on led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and airplanes and so on led to
+a whole area of research in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole area of research in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole area of research in computer
+science in formal methods and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in formal methods and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in formal methods and how do we
+design computer algorithms that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design computer algorithms that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design computer algorithms that can
+check that a piece of software would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that a piece of software would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that a piece of software would do
+what it's supposed to do and will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to do and will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to do and will not
+make and and that there are no bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and and that there are no bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and and that there are no bugs in
+it but now that we're going to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now that we're going to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now that we're going to start to
+bring data and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring data and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring data and machine learning
+algorithms into the picture we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms into the picture we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms into the picture we are
+really suffering for lack of good tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really suffering for lack of good tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really suffering for lack of good tools
+for doing similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing similar
+chucking of our algorithms and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chucking of our algorithms and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chucking of our algorithms and their
+behavior and so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and so this is going to be
+really important in the future decade as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in the future decade as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in the future decade as
+machine learning gets deployed not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning gets deployed not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning gets deployed not just
+in settings like healthcare but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in settings like healthcare but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in settings like healthcare but also in
+other settings we have life and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings we have life and death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings we have life and death
+such as in autonomous driving and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in autonomous driving and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in autonomous driving and it's
+something that we'll we'll touch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll we'll touch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll we'll touch on
+throughout the semester so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester so for example
+one one deploys machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one deploys machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one deploys machine learning
+algorithms we need to be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we need to be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we need to be thinking about
+are they safe but also how do we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they safe but also how do we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they safe but also how do we check
+for safety long-term what are checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety long-term what are checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety long-term what are checks and
+balances that we should put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances that we should put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances that we should put into the
+deployment of the algorithm to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment of the algorithm to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment of the algorithm to make sure
+that still working as was intended we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still working as was intended we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still working as was intended we
+also need fair and accountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need fair and accountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need fair and accountable
+algorithms because increasingly machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms because increasingly machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms because increasingly machine
+learning results are being used to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning results are being used to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning results are being used to drive
+resources in a healthcare setting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in a healthcare setting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources in a healthcare setting an
+example that I'll discuss in about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'll discuss in about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'll discuss in about a
+week and a half when we talk about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and a half when we talk about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and a half when we talk about risk
+stratification is that algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is that algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification is that algorithms are
+being used by payers to risk stratify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used by payers to risk stratify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used by payers to risk stratify
+patients for example to figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for example to figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients for example to figure out which
+patients are likely to be readmitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are likely to be readmitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are likely to be readmitted to
+the hospital in the next 30 days are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital in the next 30 days are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital in the next 30 days are
+likely to have undiagnosed diabetes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have undiagnosed diabetes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have undiagnosed diabetes or
+likely to progress quickly in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to progress quickly in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to progress quickly in their
+diabetes and based on those predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and based on those predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and based on those predictions
+they're doing a number of interventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a number of interventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing a number of interventions
+for example they might send nurses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example they might send nurses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example they might send nurses to
+the patient's home they might offer pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's home they might offer pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's home they might offer pay
+they might offer their members access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might offer their members access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might offer their members access to
+a weight loss program and each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weight loss program and each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weight loss program and each of these
+interventions has money associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions has money associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions has money associated to
+them as it have a cost and so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as it have a cost and so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as it have a cost and so you can't
+do them for everyone and so one uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them for everyone and so one uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them for everyone and so one uses of
+machine learning algorithms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms to
+prioritize who do you give those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize who do you give those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize who do you give those
+interventions to but because health is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to but because health is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to but because health is
+so intimately tied to socioeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intimately tied to socioeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so intimately tied to socioeconomic
+status one could think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status one could think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status one could think about what
+happens if these algorithms are not fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if these algorithms are not fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if these algorithms are not fair
+it could have really long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have really long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have really long-term
+implications for our society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for our society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for our society and
+something that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're going to talk about
+later in the semester as well now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester as well now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the semester as well now I
+mentioned earlier that many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier that many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier that many of the
+questions that we need a study in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need a study in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need a study in in the
+field don't have good label data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field don't have good label data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field don't have good label data in
+cases where we know we want to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we know we want to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we know we want to predict
+it in a supervised prediction problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a supervised prediction problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a supervised prediction problem
+often we just don't have labels for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we just don't have labels for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we just don't have labels for that
+thing we want to predict but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to predict but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to predict but it also
+many situations where I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations where I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations where I'm interested in
+just predicting something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just predicting something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just predicting something we're
+interested in discovery so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in discovery so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in discovery so for example
+what I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought was
+these subtyping or disease progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subtyping or disease progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subtyping or disease progression
+it's much harder to quantify what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to quantify what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to quantify what you're
+looking for and so unsupervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and so unsupervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and so unsupervised learning
+algorithms are going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are going to be really
+important if what we do and finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if what we do and finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if what we do and finally I
+already mentioned how many the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned how many the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned how many the questions
+we want to answer are causal in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to answer are causal in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to answer are causal in nature
+particularly when you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you want to think
+about treatment strategies and so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about treatment strategies and so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about treatment strategies and so we'll
+have two lectures on causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two lectures on causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two lectures on causal inference
+and we'll have two lectures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have two lectures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have two lectures on
+reinforcement learning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning which is
+increasingly being used to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly being used to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly being used to learn
+treatment policies in healthcare so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment policies in healthcare so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment policies in healthcare so all
+of these different problems that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different problems that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different problems that we've
+talked about result in our having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about result in our having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about result in our having to
+rethink how do we do machine learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink how do we do machine learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink how do we do machine learning in
+the setting for example because driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting for example because driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting for example because driving
+labels for supervised prediction is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for supervised prediction is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels for supervised prediction is very
+hard one has to think through how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one has to think through how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one has to think through how can we
+automatically build algorithms to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically build algorithms to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically build algorithms to do
+what's called electronic phenotyping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called electronic phenotyping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called electronic phenotyping to
+discover to figure out automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover to figure out automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover to figure out automatically
+what is the relevant labels for a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relevant labels for a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relevant labels for a set of
+patients that one could then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that one could then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that one could then have
+attempt to predict in the future because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to predict in the future because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to predict in the future because
+we often have very little data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often have very little data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often have very little data for
+example some rare diseases there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some rare diseases there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some rare diseases there might
+only be a few hundred or a few thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be a few hundred or a few thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be a few hundred or a few thousand
+people in the nation that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the nation that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the nation that have that
+disease some common diseases present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease some common diseases present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease some common diseases present in
+very diverse ways and thoughts and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse ways and thoughts and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse ways and thoughts and in
+essence are very rare because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence are very rare because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence are very rare because of that
+you have just a small number of patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just a small number of patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just a small number of patient
+samples that you could get even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you could get even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you could get even if you
+had all of the data in the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all of the data in the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all of the data in the right place
+and so we need to think through how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to think through how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to think through how can
+we bring through how you help we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring through how you help we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring through how you help we bring
+together domain knowledge how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together domain knowledge how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together domain knowledge how can we
+bring together data from other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together data from other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together data from other areas
+well everyone look over here now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everyone look over here now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everyone look over here now from
+other areas other diseases or to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas other diseases or to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas other diseases or to learn
+something that then we could refine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then we could refine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then we could refine for
+the foregrounds question of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally there's a ton of missing data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's a ton of missing data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's a ton of missing data in
+healthcare so raise your hand if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare so raise your hand if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare so raise your hand if you've
+only been seeing your current primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been seeing your current primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only been seeing your current primary
+care physician for less than four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is the easy gas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is the easy gas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is the easy gas because
+all of your students and you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your students and you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your students and you probably
+don't live in Boston but but here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't live in Boston but but here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't live in Boston but but here in the
+US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+even after you graduate you got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you graduate you got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you graduate you got into the
+world you have a job and that job pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you have a job and that job pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you have a job and that job pays
+your health insurance then you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your health insurance then you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your health insurance then you know what
+most of you gonna go into the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you gonna go into the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you gonna go into the tech
+industry and most of you gonna switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and most of you gonna switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and most of you gonna switch
+jobs every four years so your health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs every four years so your health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs every four years so your health
+insurance gonna change every four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance gonna change every four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance gonna change every four years
+and unfortunately data doesn't tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately data doesn't tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately data doesn't tend to
+follow people when you change providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow people when you change providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow people when you change providers
+or payers and so what that means is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payers and so what that means is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payers and so what that means is for
+any one thing we might want to study we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one thing we might want to study we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one thing we might want to study we
+tend to not have very good longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not have very good longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not have very good longitudinal
+data on those individuals at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on those individuals at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on those individuals at least not
+here in the United States that story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States that story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the United States that story is
+a little bit different in other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different in other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different in other places
+like the UK or Israel for example more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the UK or Israel for example more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the UK or Israel for example more
+we also have a very very bad lens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a very very bad lens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a very very bad lens on
+that healthcare data so even if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that healthcare data so even if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that healthcare data so even if you've
+been going to the same doctor for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to the same doctor for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to the same doctor for a
+while we tend to only have data on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we tend to only have data on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we tend to only have data on you
+when it's when something's been recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's when something's been recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's when something's been recorded
+so if you've went to doctor you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've went to doctor you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've went to doctor you how to
+love test performs we know the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love test performs we know the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love test performs we know the results
+of it if you never got your glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it if you never got your glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it if you never got your glucose
+tested it's very hard though not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it's very hard though not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it's very hard though not
+impossible to figure out if you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to figure out if you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to figure out if you might be
+diabetic so thinking about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic so thinking about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic so thinking about how do we
+deal with the fact that there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact that there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact that there's a large
+amount of missing data where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of missing data where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of missing data where that
+missing data has very different patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data has very different patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data has very different patterns
+across patients and where there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across patients and where there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across patients and where there might be
+a big difference between train and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference between train and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference between train and test
+distributions is going to be a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is going to be a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions is going to be a major
+part of what we discussed in today's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we discussed in today's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we discussed in today's and
+in this course and finally the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and finally the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course and finally the last
+example is is censoring I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is is censoring I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is is censoring I think I've
+said finally a few times so censoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said finally a few times so censoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said finally a few times so censoring
+which we'll talk about in two weeks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in two weeks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about in two weeks is
+is what happens when you have data only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you have data only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you have data only
+for small windows of time so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small windows of time so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small windows of time so for example
+you're a data set where where your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a data set where where your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a data set where where your goal
+is to say predict survivals do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say predict survivals do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say predict survivals do you want
+to know how long until person dies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long until person dies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how long until person dies but
+the but a person you only have data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but a person you only have data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but a person you only have data on
+them up to January 2009 and they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to January 2009 and they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up to January 2009 and they haven't
+yet died by January 2009 then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet died by January 2009 then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet died by January 2009 then that
+individuals censored you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals censored you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals censored you don't know what
+would have happened you don't know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened you don't know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened you don't know when
+they would when they died so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would when they died so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would when they died so that
+doesn't mean you should throw away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you should throw away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you should throw away that
+data point and in fact we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point and in fact we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point and in fact we'll talk about
+learning algorithms that can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that can learn from
+sensor data very effectively so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data very effectively so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data very effectively so their
+number of oh so logistical challenges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oh so logistical challenges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oh so logistical challenges to
+doing machine learning healthcare I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing machine learning healthcare I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing machine learning healthcare I
+talked about how having access to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how having access to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how having access to data
+is so important but one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important but one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important but one of the reasons
+there are others for why getting large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others for why getting large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others for why getting large
+amounts of data and the public domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of data and the public domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of data and the public domain is
+challenging is because it's so sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging is because it's so sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging is because it's so sensitive
+and removing identifiers like name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removing identifiers like name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and removing identifiers like name and
+social from data which includes free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social from data which includes free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social from data which includes free
+text notes can be very challenging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text notes can be very challenging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text notes can be very challenging and
+as a result when we do research here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result when we do research here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result when we do research here at
+MIT typically it takes us anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT typically it takes us anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT typically it takes us anywhere from
+a few months which had never happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months which had never happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months which had never happened to
+two years which is the usual situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years which is the usual situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years which is the usual situation
+to negotiate a data sharing agreement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate a data sharing agreement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negotiate a data sharing agreement to
+get the health data to MIT to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the health data to MIT to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the health data to MIT to do
+research on and of course then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on and of course then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on and of course then my
+students right code would were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students right code would were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students right code would were very
+happy to open source under MIT license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to open source under MIT license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to open source under MIT license
+but that code is completely useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that code is completely useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that code is completely useless
+because no one can reproduce our results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one can reproduce our results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one can reproduce our results
+on the same data because they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same data because they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same data because they don't have
+access to it so that's a major challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to it so that's a major challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to it so that's a major challenge
+to this field another challenge is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this field another challenge is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this field another challenge is about
+the difficulty in deploying machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty in deploying machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty in deploying machine
+learning algorithm is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm is due to the
+challenge of integration so you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of integration so you build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of integration so you build a
+good algorithm you want to deploy it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm you want to deploy it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm you want to deploy it at
+your favorite Hospital but guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite Hospital but guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite Hospital but guess what
+that hospital has epic or Cerner or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital has epic or Cerner or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital has epic or Cerner or or
+Athena or some other commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena or some other commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athena or some other commercial
+electronic medical record system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical record system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic medical record system and
+that electronic medical record system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electronic medical record system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electronic medical record system is
+not built for your algorithm to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not built for your algorithm to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not built for your algorithm to plug
+into so there's a big gap big a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so there's a big gap big a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so there's a big gap big a large
+amount of difficulty to to getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of difficulty to to getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of difficulty to to getting your
+algorithms into production systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms into production systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms into production systems which
+which we'll talk about as well during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about as well during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about as well during
+the semester so the goals that Pete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so the goals that Pete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so the goals that Pete and
+I have for you are as follows we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have for you are as follows we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have for you are as follows we want
+you to get intuition for working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get intuition for working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get intuition for working with
+healthcare data and so the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare data and so the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare data and so the next two
+lectures after today are going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after today are going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after today are going to focus
+on what healthcare is really like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what healthcare is really like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what healthcare is really like and
+what is the healthcare data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the healthcare data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the healthcare data that's
+created by the practice of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the practice of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by the practice of healthcare
+like we want you to get intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we want you to get intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we want you to get intuition for
+how to formalize machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to formalize machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to formalize machine learning
+challenges as healthcare problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as healthcare problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges as healthcare problems and
+that formalization step is often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formalization step is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formalization step is often the
+most tricky and something that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most tricky and something that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most tricky and something that you'll
+spend a lot of time thinking through as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time thinking through as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time thinking through as
+part of your problem sets not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your problem sets not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your problem sets not all
+machine learning algorithms are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithms are equally
+useful and so one theme that I'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and so one theme that I'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and so one theme that I'll return
+to throughout the semester is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throughout the semester is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throughout the semester is that
+despite the fact that deep learning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that deep learning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that deep learning is
+good for many speech recognition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for many speech recognition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for many speech recognition and
+computer vision problems it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision problems it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision problems it actually
+isn't the best match to many problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the best match to many problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the best match to many problems in
+healthcare and you'll explore that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and you'll explore that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and you'll explore that it
+was part of your problem sets or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of your problem sets or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of your problem sets or at
+least one of them and we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them and we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of them and we want you to
+understand those are the subtleties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those are the subtleties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those are the subtleties and
+robustly and safely deploying machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly and safely deploying machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustly and safely deploying machine
+learning algorithms now more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms now more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms now more broadly
+this is a young field so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a young field so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a young field so for example
+there just recently just about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just recently just about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just recently just about three
+years ago was created the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was created the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was created the first
+conference on machine learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference on machine learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference on machine learning in
+healthcare by that name and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare by that name and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare by that name and new
+publication venues are being created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication venues are being created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication venues are being created
+every single day by Nature lam set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day by Nature lam set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day by Nature lam set and
+and also machine learning journals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also machine learning journals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also machine learning journals for
+publishing research on machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing research on machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing research on machine learning
+healthcare because of some image issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare because of some image issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare because of some image issues
+we talked about like access to data not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like access to data not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like access to data not
+very good benchmarks reproducibility has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good benchmarks reproducibility has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good benchmarks reproducibility has
+been a major challenge and this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major challenge and this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a major challenge and this is again
+something that the field is only now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the field is only now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the field is only now
+starting to really grapple with and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to really grapple with and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to really grapple with and so
+as part of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of this course
+oh so many of you are going to be are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so many of you are going to be are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so many of you are going to be are
+currently PhD students or will soon be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently PhD students or will soon be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently PhD students or will soon be
+PhD students we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD students we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD students we're going to think
+through what are some of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are some of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are some of the challenges
+for the research field what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the research field what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the research field what are some
+open problems that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems that you might want to
+work on either during our PhD or during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on either during our PhD or during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on either during our PhD or during
+your future career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wAojFJTmsxE.txt b/wAojFJTmsxE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c550ed4a238cff88c2d7c2b0f47d8aba7b6d410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wAojFJTmsxE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We continue um um uh uh this week with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We continue um um uh uh this week with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We continue um um uh uh this week with
+uh and next week uh our with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and next week uh our with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and next week uh our with our
+conversation. It's really our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. It's really our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. It's really our final
+conversation about the genre forms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about the genre forms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about the genre forms that
+are at the center of the Hollywood era.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the center of the Hollywood era.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the center of the Hollywood era.
+uh with a consideration of the western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a consideration of the western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a consideration of the western.
+Um and perhaps we should begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and perhaps we should begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and perhaps we should begin by
+acknowledging how central the western is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging how central the western is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging how central the western is
+as a movie form in um in in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a movie form in um in in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a movie form in um in in the history
+of American cinema. Before the advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American cinema. Before the advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American cinema. Before the advent of
+television in the late 40s, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in the late 40s, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in the late 40s, the first
+American television broadcast is 1946.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television broadcast is 1946.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television broadcast is 1946.
+And we can say that television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can say that television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can say that television is
+actually established as a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually established as a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually established as a social
+experience in American life. Certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in American life. Certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in American life. Certainly
+by the late 40s by say 1949 or 1950. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the late 40s by say 1949 or 1950. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the late 40s by say 1949 or 1950. Um
+and it's through the 50s that television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's through the 50s that television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's through the 50s that television
+spreads through the society and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads through the society and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads through the society and become
+begins to supplant the movies. uh um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to supplant the movies. uh um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to supplant the movies. uh um so
+so that before television let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that before television let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that before television let's say
+before 1950 nearly 30% of every movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1950 nearly 30% of every movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1950 nearly 30% of every movie
+made in the United States was a western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the United States was a western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the United States was a western
+uh uh all the way through the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all the way through the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all the way through the Hollywood
+era and and in fact in the in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and and in fact in the in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era and and in fact in the in the in in
+the silent era the uh as as as I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silent era the uh as as as I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silent era the uh as as as I will uh
+describe briefly again this evening when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe briefly again this evening when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe briefly again this evening when
+I do a kind of mini history of the of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a kind of mini history of the of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a kind of mini history of the of of
+the of of the western movie uh even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the western movie uh even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the western movie uh even in
+the silent era it's a central form Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even after the 1950s, even after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even after the 1950s, even after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even after the 1950s, even after the
+advent of television, nearly half of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent of television, nearly half of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent of television, nearly half of all
+movies that we might identify as sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that we might identify as sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that we might identify as sit in
+the past, as historical movies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past, as historical movies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past, as historical movies were
+westerns. Um and of and of course as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns. Um and of and of course as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns. Um and of and of course as I
+suggested when I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested when I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested when I talked about the
+musical the western can be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical the western can be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical the western can be understood
+along with the musical as America's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the musical as America's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the musical as America's as
+as a uniquely American form even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uniquely American form even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uniquely American form even though
+at a certain point in the mid and late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain point in the mid and late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain point in the mid and late
+1960s certain gifted Italian directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s certain gifted Italian directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s certain gifted Italian directors
+began to take over the western and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to take over the western and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to take over the western and
+darken it and throw a kind of European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darken it and throw a kind of European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darken it and throw a kind of European
+cynicism into the tradition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynicism into the tradition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cynicism into the tradition of the
+western. By that time the western genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. By that time the western genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western. By that time the western genre
+had evolved and transformed in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evolved and transformed in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evolved and transformed in ways that
+uh made this cynicism not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made this cynicism not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made this cynicism not completely
+unique, not totally European because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique, not totally European because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique, not totally European because a
+kind of subversiveness had uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subversiveness had uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subversiveness had uh uh
+perspective had begun to enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective had begun to enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective had begun to enter the
+American version of the western as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American version of the western as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American version of the western as well.
+Nonetheless, uh the western the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nonetheless, uh the western the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nonetheless, uh the western the the the
+the western form underwent profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western form underwent profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western form underwent profound
+transformations and it's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and it's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and it's those
+transformations that I want briefly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that I want briefly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations that I want briefly to
+talk about uh here as an in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh here as an in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh here as an in an
+introductory way and I'll return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory way and I'll return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory way and I'll return to
+those to that sort of what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to that sort of what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to that sort of what we might call
+the trajectory or the career of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or the career of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory or the career of the
+western uh briefly this evening uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western uh briefly this evening uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western uh briefly this evening uh when
+I introduce some comments I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce some comments I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce some comments I want to make
+about John Ford and about his classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Ford and about his classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John Ford and about his classic
+western the film we're watching tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western the film we're watching tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western the film we're watching tonight
+the searchers. I wanted to to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the searchers. I wanted to to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the searchers. I wanted to to talk a
+little bit more uh not only about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more uh not only about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more uh not only about the
+western but about why the western might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western but about why the western might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western but about why the western might
+be seen as the signature American form,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as the signature American form,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as the signature American form,
+why it is so central uh not only to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is so central uh not only to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is so central uh not only to the
+history of uh American cinema but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of uh American cinema but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of uh American cinema but in a
+certain sense history uh central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense history uh central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense history uh central to the
+cultural history of American society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural history of American society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural history of American society.
+One way to see this is to reframe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One way to see this is to reframe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One way to see this is to reframe the
+idea I've been suggesting all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I've been suggesting all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I've been suggesting all all
+through the term. This notion that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the term. This notion that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the term. This notion that at a
+certain point the movies be became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point the movies be became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point the movies be became a
+form of central storytelling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of central storytelling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of central storytelling in the
+society. The the form of storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. The the form of storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. The the form of storytelling
+that that that most Americans that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that most Americans that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that most Americans that more
+Americans than any other form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans than any other form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans than any other form
+participated in and experienced. A form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in and experienced. A form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated in and experienced. A form
+that I that I've come to label consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I've come to label consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I've come to label consensus
+narrative. a kind of story system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. a kind of story system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. a kind of story system that
+appeals across social barriers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals across social barriers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals across social barriers and
+across age that that that intends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across age that that that intends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across age that that that intends in
+some sense to express what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense to express what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense to express what might be
+called the dominant or the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dominant or the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dominant or the central
+values of a society. We've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a society. We've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a society. We've talked about
+this idea uh I've talked about this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh I've talked about this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea uh I've talked about this idea
+already at some length and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at some length and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at some length and I don't want
+to spend too much time on it here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend too much time on it here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend too much time on it here but I
+want to complicate those ideas one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to complicate those ideas one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to complicate those ideas one more
+time by reminding you that that uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by reminding you that that uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by reminding you that that uh one
+way to think about or one way to frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about or one way to frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about or one way to frame
+this notion that the movies and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that the movies and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that the movies and and and
+the western form in particular uh embody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western form in particular uh embody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western form in particular uh embody
+this notion of a story uh form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of a story uh form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of a story uh form that
+intends to reach the whole society or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intends to reach the whole society or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intends to reach the whole society or to
+speak for the whole society or to embody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak for the whole society or to embody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak for the whole society or to embody
+the central values of the whole society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central values of the whole society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central values of the whole society.
+Uh is one way of understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh is one way of understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh is one way of understanding the
+implications of that is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of that is to recognize
+first of all that uh the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that uh the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that uh the Hollywood
+system which is so committed to forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is so committed to forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is so committed to forms of
+genre representation uh is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre representation uh is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre representation uh is particularly
+um um served by by by the principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um served by by by the principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um served by by by the principles of
+repetition that are in inherent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition that are in inherent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition that are in inherent in the
+conventions that surround the western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that surround the western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that surround the western.
+Even though western the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even though western the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even though western the content of
+westerns or the attitudes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns or the attitudes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns or the attitudes within
+westerns might undergo great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns might undergo great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns might undergo great
+transformations, the basic formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations, the basic formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations, the basic formulas
+remain recognizable from the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain recognizable from the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain recognizable from the earliest
+days. We're thinking about the costumes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. We're thinking about the costumes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. We're thinking about the costumes,
+the horses, the guns and so forth. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horses, the guns and so forth. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horses, the guns and so forth. the
+the and and and and even certain certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and and and even certain certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and and and even certain certain
+basic plots and subplots that keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic plots and subplots that keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic plots and subplots that keep
+returning in the western as as with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in the western as as with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning in the western as as with the
+musical there are certain the genre is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical there are certain the genre is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical there are certain the genre is
+so uh uh robust that it has many sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh robust that it has many sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh robust that it has many sort of
+sub forms within it. So that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub forms within it. So that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub forms within it. So that one can
+talk about uh westerns that involve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh westerns that involve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh westerns that involve uh
+battles between sheep herders and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles between sheep herders and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles between sheep herders and and
+and ranchers. Or one can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ranchers. Or one can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ranchers. Or one can talk about the
+westerns that are that are uh focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns that are that are uh focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns that are that are uh focused on
+the laying of the transcontinental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laying of the transcontinental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laying of the transcontinental
+railroad. Or one could focus on westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad. Or one could focus on westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad. Or one could focus on westerns
+that uh that focus on the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that focus on the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that focus on the conflict
+between white settlers and Indians. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between white settlers and Indians. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between white settlers and Indians. Now
+many westerns combine a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many westerns combine a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many westerns combine a number of these
+elements and there are other subg genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and there are other subg genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and there are other subg genres
+we could we we could describe. uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we we could describe. uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we we could describe. uh well
+the very fact that that that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very fact that that that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very fact that that that the that
+the that there are these these subg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that there are these these subg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that there are these these subg
+genres is a measure of how robust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres is a measure of how robust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres is a measure of how robust the
+system the uh how robust the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the uh how robust the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the uh how robust the system
+became and one one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became and one one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became and one one way to think
+therefore about this idea that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore about this idea that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore about this idea that I've
+labeled consensus narrative uh uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled consensus narrative uh uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled consensus narrative uh uh or or
+what another way to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what another way to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what another way to think about what
+I've earlier in the course called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've earlier in the course called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've earlier in the course called the
+cultural work of the movies or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural work of the movies or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural work of the movies or the
+cultural the anthropological job that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural the anthropological job that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural the anthropological job that
+that genre forms in general during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genre forms in general during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genre forms in general during the
+Hollywood era perform is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood era perform is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood era perform is to recognize
+that we can understand the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand the specific
+genre as a distilled instance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre as a distilled instance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre as a distilled instance of the
+larger process of the movies, right? As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger process of the movies, right? As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger process of the movies, right? As
+a smaller clarifying instance, uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller clarifying instance, uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller clarifying instance, uh we can
+understand it in a certain sense uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it in a certain sense uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it in a certain sense uh as a
+as a as a forum, a a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a forum, a a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a forum, a a space of
+conversation, a a space of discourse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation, a a space of discourse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation, a a space of discourse in
+which the culture engages in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the culture engages in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the culture engages in a kind of
+ongoing conversation. use remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing conversation. use remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing conversation. use remember the
+terms I used earlier borrowing from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I used earlier borrowing from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I used earlier borrowing from from
+the English critic Raymond Williams. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English critic Raymond Williams. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English critic Raymond Williams. I
+said that we can understand that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we can understand that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that we can understand that these
+these these genre forms or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these genre forms or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these genre forms or these
+consensus forms could be said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus forms could be said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus forms could be said to
+mobilize uh three different strains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize uh three different strains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilize uh three different strains of
+attitude an emergent a dominant and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude an emergent a dominant and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude an emergent a dominant and a
+traditional set of voices. And that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional set of voices. And that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional set of voices. And that one
+of the explanations for why genre texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the explanations for why genre texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the explanations for why genre texts
+and the Hollywood movies specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hollywood movies specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Hollywood movies specifically
+and the western in particular are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the western in particular are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the western in particular are often
+so conflicted or divided is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so conflicted or divided is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so conflicted or divided is precisely
+that they embody or incorporate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they embody or incorporate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they embody or incorporate uh
+attitudes that are some attitudes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that are some attitudes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that are some attitudes that
+are traditional and old-fashioned, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditional and old-fashioned, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditional and old-fashioned, some
+attitudes that are emerging and are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that are emerging and are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes that are emerging and are and
+challenge uh traditional ideas and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge uh traditional ideas and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge uh traditional ideas and also
+what we might call central or dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call central or dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call central or dominant
+values and that and that not every text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that and that not every text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that and that not every text
+will balance those elements in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will balance those elements in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will balance those elements in exactly
+the same way. The second point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. The second point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. The second point about
+this is to recognize that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to recognize that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to recognize that one of the
+beauties of genre, one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of genre, one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of genre, one of the reasons
+they serve such a fundamental cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they serve such a fundamental cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they serve such a fundamental cultural
+or anthropological function in a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anthropological function in a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anthropological function in a society
+is precisely that they go on forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely that they go on forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely that they go on forever.
+That no that we can, in other words, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That no that we can, in other words, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That no that we can, in other words, we
+can think of genre forms as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of genre forms as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of genre forms as a kind of
+ongoing continuing conversation centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing continuing conversation centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing continuing conversation centered
+on the same formats and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same formats and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same formats and the same
+conventions. And if the if the genre is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. And if the if the genre is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions. And if the if the genre is
+stable and if you and and if the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and if you and and if the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and if you and and if the society
+produces these genre forms over decades,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces these genre forms over decades,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces these genre forms over decades,
+the genre form itself becomes a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre form itself becomes a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre form itself becomes a mirror
+in which out from which we in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which out from which we in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which out from which we in which we
+can see reflected the changing values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see reflected the changing values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see reflected the changing values
+and assumptions of the culture. Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions of the culture. Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions of the culture. Right
+now, this might be true of any kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, this might be true of any kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, this might be true of any kind of a
+of a a particular genre form in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a particular genre form in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a particular genre form in any
+medium, but it the reason that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium, but it the reason that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium, but it the reason that it has
+special force when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special force when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special force when we're talking about
+the movies in the 20th century in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies in the 20th century in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies in the 20th century in the
+United States is precisely because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is precisely because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is precisely because the
+form is so central to the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is so central to the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is so central to the society
+because so much of the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so much of the society
+participates in it. So the picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates in it. So the picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participates in it. So the picture of
+the society that is the ambivalent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society that is the ambivalent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society that is the ambivalent and
+conflicted picture of the society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicted picture of the society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicted picture of the society that
+emerges from studying these genre forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges from studying these genre forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges from studying these genre forms
+uh is likely to be far more illuminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is likely to be far more illuminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is likely to be far more illuminating
+about the larger culture than let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the larger culture than let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the larger culture than let's say
+a study of a of a of a subcultural form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study of a of a of a subcultural form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study of a of a of a subcultural form
+like let's say like opera. uh not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say like opera. uh not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say like opera. uh not that
+the opera isn't worth studying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opera isn't worth studying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opera isn't worth studying and
+doesn't reflect certain cultural values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't reflect certain cultural values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't reflect certain cultural values
+too, but because the opera appeals to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, but because the opera appeals to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, but because the opera appeals to a
+particular subculture, the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular subculture, the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular subculture, the values are
+going to be narrower. The kind the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be narrower. The kind the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be narrower. The kind the kinds
+of assumptions it the people writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions it the people writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions it the people writing
+opera and attending opera make about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera and attending opera make about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera and attending opera make about the
+larger culture and about aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture and about aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture and about aesthetic
+experience are are profoundly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience are are profoundly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience are are profoundly different
+from the much from from from the much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the much from from from the much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the much from from from the much
+more dispersed and democratic attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dispersed and democratic attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dispersed and democratic attitudes
+and assumption and accessible uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumption and accessible uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumption and accessible uh uh
+notions that that that that animate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that that that that animate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that that that that animate the
+creation of a of a of a consensus form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of a of a of a consensus form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of a of a of a consensus form
+of a form that's trying to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a form that's trying to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a form that's trying to reach the
+whole the whole of the culture. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole of the culture. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the whole of the culture. So this
+is a way of reminding you then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of reminding you then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of reminding you then that the
+study of what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of what we might call the
+sociological or the anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological or the anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological or the anthropological
+importance of of of the study of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of of of the study of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of of of the study of popular
+forms in general and of American movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in general and of American movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in general and of American movies
+in particular, the western genre even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, the western genre even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, the western genre even
+more especially. We can think therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more especially. We can think therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more especially. We can think therefore
+of the western as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the western as a as
+almost as a form of a of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as a form of a of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as a form of a of a kind of
+national theater, a kind of repatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national theater, a kind of repatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national theater, a kind of repatory
+company in which the same relatively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in which the same relatively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in which the same relatively a
+relatively small number recognizably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number recognizably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small number recognizably
+small number of actors and actresses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of actors and actresses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of actors and actresses of
+directors and and and and other subsp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and and and and other subsp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and and and and other subsp
+specialists who names are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists who names are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists who names are never
+remembered cons collaborate to create um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered cons collaborate to create um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered cons collaborate to create um
+uh the film. We can think of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the film. We can think of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the film. We can think of the movies
+uh as embodying in a certain sense uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as embodying in a certain sense uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as embodying in a certain sense uh uh
+and uh what what what what uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what what what what uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what what what what uh what I'm
+calling the theater of a nation. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the theater of a nation. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the theater of a nation. And I'm
+b I put the phrase in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b I put the phrase in quotation marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b I put the phrase in quotation marks
+not because it's a fancy phrase but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's a fancy phrase but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because it's a fancy phrase but
+because I want to call attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to call attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to call attention to the
+fact that I'm actually borrowing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I'm actually borrowing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I'm actually borrowing a
+phrase from a great literary historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase from a great literary historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase from a great literary historian
+who wrote a book about Shakespeare's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a book about Shakespeare's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a book about Shakespeare's
+audience and about Shakespeare's plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and about Shakespeare's plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and about Shakespeare's plays
+and about the public theater of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the public theater of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the public theater of
+Shakespeare's day and called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day and called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's day and called that
+theater called that that theater the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater called that that theater the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater called that that theater the
+theater of a nation and in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater of a nation and in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater of a nation and in a certain
+sense we can say that the Hollywood uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we can say that the Hollywood uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we can say that the Hollywood uh
+system was a similar kind of theater uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was a similar kind of theater uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was a similar kind of theater uh
+it doesn't follow from this that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't follow from this that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't follow from this that every
+text created there uh is a is a noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text created there uh is a is a noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text created there uh is a is a noble
+work of art. And it's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art. And it's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art. And it's very important to
+recognize that the distinction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the distinction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the distinction I'm
+making between uh an anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making between uh an anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making between uh an anthropological
+perspective and an artistic one must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and an artistic one must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and an artistic one must
+hold here because the because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold here because the because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold here because the because and
+there's another reason for emphasizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another reason for emphasizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another reason for emphasizing
+this because the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the fact of the matter is
+it's very hard in a course like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard in a course like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard in a course like this
+especially some of these films are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially some of these films are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially some of these films are so
+wonderful my own enthusiasm encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful my own enthusiasm encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful my own enthusiasm encourages
+you to like them and I want you to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to like them and I want you to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to like them and I want you to like
+them. Nonetheless, it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Nonetheless, it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Nonetheless, it's very important
+to recognize that I'm not trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that I'm not trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that I'm not trying to tell
+you a merely triumphal story about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a merely triumphal story about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a merely triumphal story about about
+how magnificently uh American movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how magnificently uh American movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how magnificently uh American movies
+began to sort of realize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to sort of realize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to sort of realize their
+possibilities and dramatize experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and dramatize experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and dramatize experience
+because in a certain fundamental sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a certain fundamental sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a certain fundamental sense
+these consensus values are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these consensus values are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these consensus values are not
+necessarily noble ones and the western's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily noble ones and the western's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily noble ones and the western's
+a particularly clear instance of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly clear instance of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly clear instance of this.
+In other words, what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, what I'm talking about
+in a certain sense is the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense is the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense is the extent to
+which these genre reforms carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these genre reforms carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these genre reforms carry the
+lies, the prejudices, the nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies, the prejudices, the nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies, the prejudices, the nasty
+qualities of a society as as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of a society as as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of a society as as well as
+their ideals and values. And we can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideals and values. And we can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideals and values. And we can feel
+those elements even though the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements even though the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements even though the films
+themselves want to tell uplifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves want to tell uplifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves want to tell uplifting
+stories, the values embedded in them may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories, the values embedded in them may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories, the values embedded in them may
+not be so attractive at all. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so attractive at all. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be so attractive at all. And the
+western is a particularly clear instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western is a particularly clear instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western is a particularly clear instance
+of this. A reminder again that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. A reminder again that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. A reminder again that we don't
+just look at films for aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at films for aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at films for aesthetic
+satisfaction. We don't just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction. We don't just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction. We don't just look at
+films for we don't need to just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for we don't need to just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for we don't need to just look at
+films for mere enjoyment. They are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for mere enjoyment. They are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for mere enjoyment. They are they
+are uh they are anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh they are anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh they are anthropological
+artifacts of the greatest importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts of the greatest importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts of the greatest importance
+exactly because they they they existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because they they they existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because they they they existed
+at such a central at such a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at such a central at such a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at such a central at such a fundamental
+space in the in the larger in the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the in the larger in the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the in the larger in the larger
+society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why would the western why would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would the western why would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would the western why would the
+western be such a central form? Why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western be such a central form? Why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western be such a central form? Why in
+some sense could we think of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense could we think of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense could we think of the movies
+with its vast wide giant screen as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its vast wide giant screen as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its vast wide giant screen as the
+ultimate destiny of the western? I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate destiny of the western? I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate destiny of the western? I think
+one explanation for the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation for the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation for the power of the
+western film because there were western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western film because there were western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western film because there were western
+stories and other western formats before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and other western formats before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and other western formats before
+the advent of film and I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of film and I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of film and I'll talk about
+them in a moment. Uh why would the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a moment. Uh why would the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a moment. Uh why would the film
+be such a decisive space for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such a decisive space for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such a decisive space for the
+western? And I think if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western? And I think if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western? And I think if you think about
+it for a moment you'll recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a moment you'll recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a moment you'll recognize
+instantly why that is the case. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly why that is the case. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly why that is the case. The
+format of the of the movies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of the of the movies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of the of the movies is
+particularly conducive to the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly conducive to the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly conducive to the sense of
+grandeur and largeness, spaciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandeur and largeness, spaciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandeur and largeness, spaciousness
+that's characteristic of western spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of western spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of western spaces
+and of the parables of of heroism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the parables of of heroism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the parables of of heroism and
+and uh town and and and uh so social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh town and and and uh so social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh town and and and uh so social
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+creation, society creations, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation, society creations, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation, society creations, the
+creation of a of a particular culture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of a of a particular culture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of a of a particular culture or
+environment in the in the wilderness,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in the in the wilderness,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in the in the wilderness,
+the the establishment of civilization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the establishment of civilization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the establishment of civilization as
+a as a recurring theme in the western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a recurring theme in the western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a recurring theme in the western.
+This kind of this kind of um recurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kind of this kind of um recurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kind of this kind of um recurring
+subject is at the very heart of what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is at the very heart of what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is at the very heart of what of
+what of what westerns do and uh turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of what westerns do and uh turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of what westerns do and uh turn the
+the u uh movies I think into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u uh movies I think into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u uh movies I think into a
+particularly appropriate environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly appropriate environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly appropriate environment for
+the for the largeness and grandeur that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the largeness and grandeur that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the largeness and grandeur that
+westerns that westerns represent. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns that westerns represent. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns that westerns represent. But
+that in itself isn't quite enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself isn't quite enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in itself isn't quite enough to
+explain why the westerns occupy such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the westerns occupy such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the westerns occupy such a
+partic central place. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic central place. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic central place. And of course
+there are historical and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are historical and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are historical and cultural
+explanations as well. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations as well. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations as well. The first
+explanation is that the movies are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that the movies are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is that the movies are born
+at the end of a period in which we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a period in which we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of a period in which we could
+say the real west actually existed. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the real west actually existed. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the real west actually existed. In
+other words, the movies come in just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the movies come in just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the movies come in just at
+the moment. The the the movies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment. The the the movies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment. The the the movies actually
+are are still around when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are still around when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are still around when when the
+experience of what we call the west was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of what we call the west was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of what we call the west was
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+historically actual. It was no long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically actual. It was no long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically actual. It was no long it
+wasn't quite in the past. It repres the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite in the past. It repres the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't quite in the past. It repres the
+the western the western genre is focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western the western genre is focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western the western genre is focused
+in really on on a 30-year period. uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really on on a 30-year period. uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really on on a 30-year period. uh the
+what what some critics have called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what some critics have called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what some critics have called the
+real west in the period uh uh from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real west in the period uh uh from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real west in the period uh uh from about
+1860 through 1890.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 through 1890.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 through 1890.
+this uh and this is the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and this is the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and this is the period of the
+Civil War, of a whole variety of Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War, of a whole variety of Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War, of a whole variety of Indian
+Wars, of the laying of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars, of the laying of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars, of the laying of the
+transcontinental railroad, of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental railroad, of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcontinental railroad, of the
+California and Dakota uh uh gold rushes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and Dakota uh uh gold rushes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and Dakota uh uh gold rushes,
+uh the period of of the range wars I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period of of the range wars I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period of of the range wars I
+mentioned a little while ago between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a little while ago between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a little while ago between the
+settlers and great ranchers who wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlers and great ranchers who wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlers and great ranchers who wanted
+to keep spaces open for their cattle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep spaces open for their cattle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep spaces open for their cattle.
+And of course we now realize it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course we now realize it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course we now realize it's the
+period although the the early westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period although the the early westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period although the the early westerns
+didn't want to acknowledge this and told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to acknowledge this and told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to acknowledge this and told
+a kind of opposite story. Uh the uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of opposite story. Uh the uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of opposite story. Uh the uh it's
+also of course the era in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course the era in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course the era in which we
+exterminate virtually the era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate virtually the era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterminate virtually the era of
+genocide against Native Americans, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide against Native Americans, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide against Native Americans, the
+extermination of the Indians and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extermination of the Indians and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extermination of the Indians and of the
+buffalo that roam the the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo that roam the the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo that roam the the western
+plains. Um uh and and even before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plains. Um uh and and even before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plains. Um uh and and even before this
+real west moment was over, even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real west moment was over, even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real west moment was over, even before
+it was uh uh became a a became history,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh uh became a a became history,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh uh became a a became history,
+uh um it had begun to be mythologized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it had begun to be mythologized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it had begun to be mythologized.
+Uh it was mythologized in the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it was mythologized in the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it was mythologized in the popular
+culture simultaneously uh with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture simultaneously uh with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture simultaneously uh with its
+actual existence. And there were a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual existence. And there were a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual existence. And there were a whole
+series of of uh forms of publication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh forms of publication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh forms of publication and
+forms of drama that drew on the west and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of drama that drew on the west and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of drama that drew on the west and
+stories of the west and began to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of the west and began to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of the west and began to uh
+establish what we might call the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what we might call the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what we might call the the uh
+basic conventions of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic conventions of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic conventions of the western
+mythology or the parable of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology or the parable of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology or the parable of uh the the
+the parable America likes to tell itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable America likes to tell itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parable America likes to tell itself
+about the nature of the settling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the settling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the settling of the
+west. One of these uh forms were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west. One of these uh forms were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west. One of these uh forms were the
+dime novels that appeared uh in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime novels that appeared uh in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime novels that appeared uh in the late
+uh uh 19th century and into the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 19th century and into the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 19th century and into the early
+20th century uh available usually in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century uh available usually in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century uh available usually in in
+in paperback on news at newsstands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paperback on news at newsstands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paperback on news at newsstands and
+they they uh some of them were immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh some of them were immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh some of them were immensely
+popular. They uh they they uh uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. They uh they they uh uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular. They uh they they uh uh what
+here's one title, a very famous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one title, a very famous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one title, a very famous one.
+What the uh the equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the uh the equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What the uh the equivalent of a
+bestseller I guess of of of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller I guess of of of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller I guess of of of the day
+published in 1882, the life times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1882, the life times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1882, the life times and
+treacherous death of Jesse James, 1882.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treacherous death of Jesse James, 1882.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treacherous death of Jesse James, 1882.
+And of course the the what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the the what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course the the what what what
+what these what these dime novels did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these what these dime novels did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these what these dime novels did
+was they took what were quai historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they took what were quai historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they took what were quai historical
+events sometimes real events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events sometimes real events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events sometimes real events and
+immensely elaborated them fictionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely elaborated them fictionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely elaborated them fictionized
+them into heroic fables of various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into heroic fables of various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into heroic fables of various kinds
+often celebrating people like Jesse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often celebrating people like Jesse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often celebrating people like Jesse
+James who may well have been outlaws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James who may well have been outlaws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James who may well have been outlaws and
+disreputable people in actuality. Uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disreputable people in actuality. Uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disreputable people in actuality. Uh um
+another uh another title, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh another title, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh another title, the
+illustrated lives and adventures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated lives and adventures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated lives and adventures of
+Frank and Jesse James and the younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank and Jesse James and the younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank and Jesse James and the younger
+brothers, right? Uh and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers, right? Uh and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers, right? Uh and you can imagine
+what that that kind of thing uh um would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that kind of thing uh um would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that kind of thing uh um would
+have done. In addition to the to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done. In addition to the to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done. In addition to the to these
+dime novels, there were also stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime novels, there were also stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime novels, there were also stage
+performances, plays. They were often for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances, plays. They were often for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances, plays. They were often for
+some form of melodrama set in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of melodrama set in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of melodrama set in the old
+west uh and involving uh uh the the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west uh and involving uh uh the the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west uh and involving uh uh the the u
+basic costumes and accutrants of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic costumes and accutrants of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic costumes and accutrants of a
+western, right? Pistols and cowboy hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western, right? Pistols and cowboy hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western, right? Pistols and cowboy hats
+and school marms from the east and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and school marms from the east and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and school marms from the east and so
+forth. But perhaps even more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. But perhaps even more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. But perhaps even more important
+than these two sources and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these two sources and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these two sources and they were
+very powerful and important forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and important forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and important forms of
+popular culture before films that helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture before films that helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture before films that helped
+establish what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what we might call the
+mythology of the west were the Buffalo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology of the west were the Buffalo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology of the west were the Buffalo
+Bill shows, the wild the wild west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill shows, the wild the wild west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill shows, the wild the wild west
+shows. These were unbelievably popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows. These were unbelievably popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows. These were unbelievably popular
+and successful. Here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successful. Here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successful. Here is a
+picture of the of a kind of uh flyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the of a kind of uh flyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the of a kind of uh flyer
+that would be distributed in small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be distributed in small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be distributed in small in
+small towns or sometimes in larger towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small towns or sometimes in larger towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small towns or sometimes in larger towns
+as the Wild West show when the Wild West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Wild West show when the Wild West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Wild West show when the Wild West
+Show came to town. Uh um the the star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show came to town. Uh um the the star of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show came to town. Uh um the the star of
+the Wild West show was was William Cody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wild West show was was William Cody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wild West show was was William Cody
+Buffalo Bill. uh he had a a very modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo Bill. uh he had a a very modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffalo Bill. uh he had a a very modest
+actual career in the west, but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual career in the west, but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual career in the west, but it was
+immensely elaborated by him and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely elaborated by him and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely elaborated by him and his
+publicists into something much grander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicists into something much grander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicists into something much grander
+and more remarkable. Uh Buffalo Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more remarkable. Uh Buffalo Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more remarkable. Uh Buffalo Bill
+made his first stage appearance in 1872
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his first stage appearance in 1872
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made his first stage appearance in 1872
+in a stage melodrama called Scout of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stage melodrama called Scout of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stage melodrama called Scout of the
+Plains, which went on a two-year tour,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plains, which went on a two-year tour,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plains, which went on a two-year tour,
+right? And then in 1882, 10 years later,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then in 1882, 10 years later,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then in 1882, 10 years later,
+he formed his own Wild West show, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he formed his own Wild West show, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he formed his own Wild West show, which
+became immensely popular, traveled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became immensely popular, traveled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became immensely popular, traveled all
+over the country, and then made trips to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country, and then made trips to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country, and then made trips to
+Europe. He even did one Wild West show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe. He even did one Wild West show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe. He even did one Wild West show
+uh uh uh before the Queen of England. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh before the Queen of England. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh before the Queen of England. Uh
+and it was an immensely successful uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an immensely successful uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an immensely successful uh uh
+uh public enactment. The basic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public enactment. The basic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public enactment. The basic elements
+of the Wild West show contained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Wild West show contained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Wild West show contained the
+essential mythology that then moved into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential mythology that then moved into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential mythology that then moved into
+the movies. uh they often dramatized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies. uh they often dramatized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies. uh they often dramatized uh
+uh in the w in the wild west show they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the w in the wild west show they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the w in the wild west show they
+often dramatized a battle between white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often dramatized a battle between white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often dramatized a battle between white
+men and Indians in which the Indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and Indians in which the Indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and Indians in which the Indians
+were very treacherous and were finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very treacherous and were finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very treacherous and were finally
+defeated. Uh they sometimes in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated. Uh they sometimes in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated. Uh they sometimes in fact in
+some of the uh uh forms of the wild west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh uh forms of the wild west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh uh forms of the wild west
+show they reenacted the battle of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they reenacted the battle of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they reenacted the battle of little
+big horn in which at the last minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big horn in which at the last minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big horn in which at the last minute
+there was a rescue. They reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a rescue. They reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a rescue. They reversed
+history in it uh sometimes in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in it uh sometimes in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in it uh sometimes in in in
+order to dramatize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to dramatize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to dramatize
+uh an outcome that was more appealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an outcome that was more appealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an outcome that was more appealing to
+the to the white audiences. uh the Wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the white audiences. uh the Wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the white audiences. uh the Wild
+West the Wild West. So the Wild West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West the Wild West. So the Wild West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West the Wild West. So the Wild West
+show staged battles between cowboys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show staged battles between cowboys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show staged battles between cowboys and
+Indians. And in fact, one one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians. And in fact, one one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians. And in fact, one one of the
+great historical ironies historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great historical ironies historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great historical ironies historical
+irony that our the director we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony that our the director we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony that our the director we're
+looking at next week, Robert Alman,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at next week, Robert Alman,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at next week, Robert Alman,
+actually picks up on in one of his films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picks up on in one of his films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually picks up on in one of his films
+called Buffalo Bill and the Indians, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Buffalo Bill and the Indians, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Buffalo Bill and the Indians, a
+film he made in the 1970s, 1975, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he made in the 1970s, 1975, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he made in the 1970s, 1975, I
+think. Uh uh one of the shocking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Uh uh one of the shocking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Uh uh one of the shocking things
+is that the at a certain point at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the at a certain point at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the at a certain point at least
+for two years I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two years I think one of the
+participants in the Wild West shows were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in the Wild West shows were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in the Wild West shows were
+was were Sitting Bull was Sitting Bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was were Sitting Bull was Sitting Bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was were Sitting Bull was Sitting Bull
+himself the defeated Indian the defeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself the defeated Indian the defeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself the defeated Indian the defeated
+Native American leader at at uh uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American leader at at uh uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American leader at at uh uh who
+who who was now domesticated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was now domesticated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who was now domesticated and
+actually became part of the show. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually became part of the show. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually became part of the show. And in
+the in Altman's fictionized version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Altman's fictionized version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Altman's fictionized version of
+this episode, a drunken Paul Newman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode, a drunken Paul Newman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode, a drunken Paul Newman
+plays Buffalo Bill and uh uh he's mocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays Buffalo Bill and uh uh he's mocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays Buffalo Bill and uh uh he's mocked
+and made fun of in some sense by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made fun of in some sense by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made fun of in some sense by a
+character who represents uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who represents uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who represents uh uh uh
+sitting a chief sitting bull who has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting a chief sitting bull who has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting a chief sitting bull who has all
+the dignity. Well, he's almost the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dignity. Well, he's almost the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dignity. Well, he's almost the only
+character in the film with real dignity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the film with real dignity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the film with real dignity.
+Uh it's a subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a subversive
+post Hollywood po post Hollywood era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post Hollywood po post Hollywood era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post Hollywood po post Hollywood era
+western as you might guess. So, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western as you might guess. So, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western as you might guess. So, so the
+the Wild West shows, the Buffalo Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wild West shows, the Buffalo Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wild West shows, the Buffalo Bill
+Wild West shows were essentially an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild West shows were essentially an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild West shows were essentially an
+early rehearsal for what the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early rehearsal for what the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early rehearsal for what the movies
+became. And many of the elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became. And many of the elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became. And many of the elements of the
+Wild West show, fancy roping, fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild West show, fancy roping, fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wild West show, fancy roping, fancy
+shooting, uh conflicts between cowboys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting, uh conflicts between cowboys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting, uh conflicts between cowboys
+and Indians, um uh the u uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indians, um uh the u uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Indians, um uh the u uh uh uh
+performance of of various horse riding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of of various horse riding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of of various horse riding
+tricks, uh hering of cattle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks, uh hering of cattle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks, uh hering of cattle and so
+forth, all sort of contained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, all sort of contained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, all sort of contained the
+elements that then moved into the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that then moved into the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that then moved into the movies
+in an even more systematic and powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an even more systematic and powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an even more systematic and powerful
+way. And then I might mention one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And then I might mention one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And then I might mention one final
+source, the novel itself. Uh, in the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, the novel itself. Uh, in the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, the novel itself. Uh, in the at
+the beginning of the of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the of the 20th century
+in 1902, one of the bestselling novels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1902, one of the bestselling novels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1902, one of the bestselling novels
+of all time in English was published. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time in English was published. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all time in English was published. It
+was a book called The Virginia by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a book called The Virginia by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a book called The Virginia by a
+writer named Owen Wister, and it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer named Owen Wister, and it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer named Owen Wister, and it remains
+one of the bestselling books in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the bestselling books in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the bestselling books in the
+history of the United States. It still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the United States. It still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the United States. It still
+sells thousands of books every year. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells thousands of books every year. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells thousands of books every year. I
+once found in a used bookstore an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once found in a used bookstore an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once found in a used bookstore an
+edition of of the Virginia that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition of of the Virginia that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition of of the Virginia that that
+that had been published I think 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been published I think 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been published I think 15 years
+after its original publication and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its original publication and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after its original publication and that
+edition was I think the 50th edition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition was I think the 50th edition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition was I think the 50th edition of
+the book was it it went through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was it it went through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was it it went through an
+incredible number of and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible number of and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible number of and in fact the
+edition I had also included beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition I had also included beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition I had also included beautiful
+illustrations that had obviously were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations that had obviously were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations that had obviously were
+added uh uh to later editions once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh uh to later editions once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh uh to later editions once the
+popularity of the book became known. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of the book became known. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of the book became known. So
+what we find is that the popular culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that the popular culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that the popular culture
+before the advent of movies had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the advent of movies had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the advent of movies had already
+in some sense created a full-fledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense created a full-fledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense created a full-fledged
+mythology of the western had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology of the western had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology of the western had
+familiarized the the society with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarized the the society with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarized the the society with the
+basic attitudes, assumptions, costumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic attitudes, assumptions, costumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic attitudes, assumptions, costumes
+and fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fundamental
+uh archetypal characters who organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh archetypal characters who organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh archetypal characters who organize
+the western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western.
+And there's one further thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one further thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one further thing to
+emphasize. This may be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize. This may be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize. This may be the most
+important thing of all. What we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing of all. What we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing of all. What we might
+call the intellectual culture. There was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the intellectual culture. There was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the intellectual culture. There was
+not only was there a real historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there a real historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there a real historical
+background to the western and not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to the western and not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to the western and not only
+was there a profound form of popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a profound form of popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a profound form of popular
+culture in in in theater in in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in in in theater in in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in in in theater in in public
+performances like these Wild West shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances like these Wild West shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances like these Wild West shows
+and in dime novels as well as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dime novels as well as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dime novels as well as in
+literary novels a tremendous compost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary novels a tremendous compost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary novels a tremendous compost of
+discourse that already sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse that already sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse that already sort of
+establishes the genre even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the genre even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the genre even before the
+movies arrive. There was also a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies arrive. There was also a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies arrive. There was also a final
+touch and this is this is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and this is this is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch and this is this is the thing that
+helps to explain I think maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to explain I think maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to explain I think maybe more
+powerfully than the other examples I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully than the other examples I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully than the other examples I've
+given you why the western had such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you why the western had such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you why the western had such a
+hold and continues in some ways to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and continues in some ways to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and continues in some ways to have
+such a vestigial hold on the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a vestigial hold on the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a vestigial hold on the American
+imagination and on America's sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and on America's sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and on America's sense of
+itself and that is what happens in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that is what happens in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that is what happens in what
+I call here the intellectual culture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call here the intellectual culture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call here the intellectual culture in
+1893 one of the most famous historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 one of the most famous historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 one of the most famous historians
+Frederick Jackson Turner published an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick Jackson Turner published an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frederick Jackson Turner published an
+essay in the American Historical Societ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the American Historical Societ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the American Historical Societ
+published an essay in the uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published an essay in the uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published an essay in the uh or or
+delivered delivered a lecture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered delivered a lecture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered delivered a lecture and then
+it was later published as an essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was later published as an essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was later published as an essay
+delivered a lecture to the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered a lecture to the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered a lecture to the American
+Historical Society and the title of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Historical Society and the title of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Historical Society and the title of the
+essay was the significance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay was the significance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay was the significance of the
+frontier in American history. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier in American history. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier in American history. It's
+probably the single most influential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the single most influential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the single most influential uh
+historical essay about America about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical essay about America about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical essay about America about the
+American past. It's been uh attacked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American past. It's been uh attacked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American past. It's been uh attacked and
+undermined and qualified and and uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermined and qualified and and uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermined and qualified and and uh its
+limitations have been widely discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations have been widely discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations have been widely discussed
+over the last 25 years, but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 25 years, but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 25 years, but it still
+remains in some respects a seminal essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in some respects a seminal essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in some respects a seminal essay
+even when historians are reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when historians are reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when historians are reacting
+against it. One of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it. One of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it. One of the most important
+central essays about uh uh the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central essays about uh uh the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central essays about uh uh the nature of
+American uh uh culture. And in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American uh uh culture. And in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American uh uh culture. And in this
+article, in this article, Frederick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article, in this article, Frederick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article, in this article, Frederick
+Jackson Turner argued essentially that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Turner argued essentially that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Turner argued essentially that
+he he was trying to make a case for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was trying to make a case for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was trying to make a case for what
+makes the United States unique. He was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the United States unique. He was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the United States unique. He was
+making a case for what we now call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a case for what we now call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a case for what we now call
+American exceptionalism, right? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American exceptionalism, right? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American exceptionalism, right? A
+dubious proposition. But let's listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubious proposition. But let's listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dubious proposition. But let's listen to
+his argument, which has has which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his argument, which has has which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his argument, which has has which has a
+good deal of power and interest. He said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal of power and interest. He said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal of power and interest. He said
+essentially that the existence of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that the existence of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that the existence of free
+land of a continuously receding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of a continuously receding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of a continuously receding um
+settlement of a continuously receding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of a continuously receding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement of a continuously receding
+frontier uh um the advance of settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier uh um the advance of settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier uh um the advance of settlement
+westward. uh with European settlers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westward. uh with European settlers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westward. uh with European settlers
+always pressing against that frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pressing against that frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pressing against that frontier
+that this the existence of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the existence of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the existence of such a
+reality in American life had altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in American life had altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in American life had altered
+inherited notions of social class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited notions of social class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited notions of social class and
+aristocratic government and had created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic government and had created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocratic government and had created
+a tendency toward what Turner implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tendency toward what Turner implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tendency toward what Turner implied
+were or said were the American ideals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were or said were the American ideals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were or said were the American ideals of
+individualism and classlessness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism and classlessness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism and classlessness of
+democracy itself. In other words, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy itself. In other words, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy itself. In other words, the
+United States, according to to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States, according to to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States, according to to uh uh
+Turner's argument, uh had a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner's argument, uh had a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turner's argument, uh had a particularly
+open and democratic feel because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and democratic feel because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and democratic feel because the
+existence of this frontier allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this frontier allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this frontier allowed
+people to escape uh uh into a new life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to escape uh uh into a new life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to escape uh uh into a new life
+to to uh to to find possibilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to to find possibilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to to find possibilities to
+escape the confinements of social class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the confinements of social class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the confinements of social class,
+even perhaps in some small degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even perhaps in some small degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even perhaps in some small degree of
+gender, although feminist historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender, although feminist historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender, although feminist historians
+have have certainly shown how confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have certainly shown how confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have certainly shown how confining
+the life of women in the West actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of women in the West actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of women in the West actually
+was. Uh, nonetheless, a a sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Uh, nonetheless, a a sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Uh, nonetheless, a a sense that the
+existence of the frontier made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the frontier made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the frontier made the
+United States a a uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States a a uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States a a uniquely
+individualistic and a uniquely free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic and a uniquely free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic and a uniquely free
+society. What Turner had done, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. What Turner had done, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. What Turner had done, of
+course, was define a central historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, was define a central historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, was define a central historical
+myth for European-Americans, for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth for European-Americans, for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth for European-Americans, for the
+white society in the United States. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white society in the United States. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white society in the United States. Uh,
+and uh uh we we've come to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we we've come to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we we've come to recognize the
+limitations of the argument. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the argument. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the argument. What's the
+most profound obvious limitation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profound obvious limitation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profound obvious limitation that
+occurs to you instantly? How about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to you instantly? How about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to you instantly? How about the
+people who were already here? Right? In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were already here? Right? In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were already here? Right? In
+other words, one of the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, one of the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, one of the things that's
+wrong with the Turner thesis is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the Turner thesis is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the Turner thesis is it's a
+it's oblivious to the existence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's oblivious to the existence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's oblivious to the existence of the
+Native Americans who were who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans who were who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native Americans who were who were
+pushed aside by the white settlers. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed aside by the white settlers. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed aside by the white settlers. It's
+a very complex story. And I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complex story. And I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complex story. And I don't want
+to oversimplify it. I don't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oversimplify it. I don't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oversimplify it. I don't mean that
+the that the heroic white people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the heroic white people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the heroic white people who got
+in the kanesogga wagons and who settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kanesogga wagons and who settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kanesogga wagons and who settled
+the west about whom there are dozens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west about whom there are dozens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west about whom there are dozens if
+not hundreds if not thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hundreds if not thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hundreds if not thousands of
+certainly thousands if we account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly thousands if we account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly thousands if we account
+stories in all formats of movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in all formats of movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in all formats of movies and
+books and short stories and plays and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and short stories and plays and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and short stories and plays and so
+forth. No, I don't want to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. No, I don't want to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. No, I don't want to suggest that
+there was no that there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no that there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no that there was nothing
+heroic or remarkable about about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic or remarkable about about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic or remarkable about about that
+behavior. There was the United States is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. There was the United States is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. There was the United States is
+not wrong. the American culture is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong. the American culture is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong. the American culture is not
+wrong in some sense to celebrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in some sense to celebrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in some sense to celebrate the
+heroism of those people. But of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism of those people. But of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism of those people. But of course,
+as we've come to realize and as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've come to realize and as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've come to realize and as many of
+our most recent westerns openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most recent westerns openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most recent westerns openly
+acknowledge, uh this original mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge, uh this original mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge, uh this original mythology
+which sort of celebrated unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of celebrated unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of celebrated unambiguously
+the the white settlement of the west was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the white settlement of the west was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the white settlement of the west was
+actually also in some sense an invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also in some sense an invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also in some sense an invasion
+and even a genocide. And the the turner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even a genocide. And the the turner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even a genocide. And the the turner
+thesis doesn't even imagine that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis doesn't even imagine that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis doesn't even imagine that. It
+sees it as a triumphal reality. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it as a triumphal reality. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it as a triumphal reality. So there
+were limits, terrible limits to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were limits, terrible limits to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were limits, terrible limits to the
+argument. But there's also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But there's also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. But there's also something
+profoundly helpful about the argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly helpful about the argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly helpful about the argument.
+There is a sense of spaciousness, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a sense of spaciousness, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a sense of spaciousness, a
+sense of new possibilities, uh, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of new possibilities, uh, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of new possibilities, uh, a
+greater hostility to social class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater hostility to social class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater hostility to social class and
+inherited wealth in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited wealth in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited wealth in the United States
+than there are in other places. And for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are in other places. And for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are in other places. And for
+both good and ill, the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both good and ill, the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both good and ill, the United States
+celebrates forms of individualism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates forms of individualism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrates forms of individualism as
+against communal behavior with a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against communal behavior with a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against communal behavior with a kind of
+intensity and compelling power that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and compelling power that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and compelling power that many
+many not just Europeans that many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many not just Europeans that many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many not just Europeans that many many
+non-Americans think is excessive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-Americans think is excessive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-Americans think is excessive and
+think has been reflected in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has been reflected in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has been reflected in some sense
+in in various forms of of of uh national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various forms of of of uh national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in various forms of of of uh national
+behavior which we needn't discuss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior which we needn't discuss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior which we needn't discuss in
+detail now but you can all imagine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now but you can all imagine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now but you can all imagine your
+own your own examples. So the so but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own your own examples. So the so but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own your own examples. So the so but to
+but to come back to the primary point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to come back to the primary point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to come back to the primary point
+then one of the reasons that the it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of the reasons that the it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one of the reasons that the it's as
+if the movies were sort of waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the movies were sort of waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the movies were sort of waiting for
+the western as if the western form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western as if the western form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western as if the western form
+already in some sense in fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in some sense in fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in some sense in fundamental
+ways fully formed uh in comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways fully formed uh in comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways fully formed uh in comes into the
+movies just as the movies as the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies just as the movies as the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies just as the movies as the movies
+are born as if the two as if the format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born as if the two as if the format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born as if the two as if the format
+of the movies and the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies and the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies and the content of the
+western were made for each other in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western were made for each other in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western were made for each other in some
+sense and it becomes one of the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and it becomes one of the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and it becomes one of the dominant
+one of the signature features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the signature features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the signature features of
+American cinema one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cinema one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cinema one of the fundamental
+aspects ects of what the western is, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects ects of what the western is, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects ects of what the western is, if
+we think of it as a kind of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of it as a kind of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of it as a kind of cultural
+mythology, uh is that it is it tells a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology, uh is that it is it tells a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology, uh is that it is it tells a
+founding story, right? It tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding story, right? It tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding story, right? It tells the
+story again and again. It repeats it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story again and again. It repeats it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story again and again. It repeats it
+every time you see a western in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you see a western in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you see a western in some
+sense. Every western is implicitly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Every western is implicitly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Every western is implicitly a
+story about the foundation of the of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the foundation of the of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about the foundation of the of a
+society, about the creation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, about the creation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, about the creation of a
+community, right? Uh uh it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, right? Uh uh it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, right? Uh uh it's always
+implicitly about it and in many westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly about it and in many westerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly about it and in many westerns
+this is an explicit topic, right? uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an explicit topic, right? uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an explicit topic, right? uh and
+and uh uh what what we can say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what what we can say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh what what we can say is that
+this means that the western is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the western is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the western is the
+United States's form of a kind of story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States's form of a kind of story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States's form of a kind of story
+that every culture has, right? The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every culture has, right? The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every culture has, right? The the
+ancient Greeks had a had had a founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient Greeks had a had had a founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient Greeks had a had had a founding
+mythology grounded in the Iliad and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology grounded in the Iliad and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology grounded in the Iliad and the
+Odyssey, right? And uh the uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odyssey, right? And uh the uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odyssey, right? And uh the uh the uh uh
+tutor England had a founding mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor England had a founding mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor England had a founding mythology
+partly promulgated by Shakespeare in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly promulgated by Shakespeare in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly promulgated by Shakespeare in his
+his in the history plays that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in the history plays that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in the history plays that that that
+that were put on in the public theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put on in the public theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put on in the public theater
+in the in the uh um um in this in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh um um in this in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh um um in this in the in
+the 16th century. Um and and and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16th century. Um and and and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16th century. Um and and and uh what
+we can say about these founding stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say about these founding stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say about these founding stories
+is that they are always in some sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are always in some sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are always in some sense in
+some in some sense fantasies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some sense fantasies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in some sense fantasies or
+fictions, but they articulate values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictions, but they articulate values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictions, but they articulate values and
+assumptions that the culture in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that the culture in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that the culture in some
+sense would uh uh would like to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would uh uh would like to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would uh uh would like to believe
+about itself. And that and that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about itself. And that and that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about itself. And that and that and and
+by their reiteration, by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their reiteration, by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their reiteration, by their
+repetition, by telling them again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition, by telling them again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition, by telling them again and
+again, they instantiate these values,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they instantiate these values,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they instantiate these values,
+these assumptions about the society uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about the society uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about the society uh
+in the in the in the culture as a whole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the culture as a whole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the culture as a whole.
+Their very repetition is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Their very repetition is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Their very repetition is important
+because one of the fundamental things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the fundamental things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the fundamental things
+about a myth or a mythology, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a myth or a mythology, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a myth or a mythology, one of the
+most fundamental things about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental things about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental things about it is that
+it's a collective. It's a collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a collective. It's a collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a collective. It's a collective
+story. It's not made by a single person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. It's not made by a single person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. It's not made by a single person.
+Right? And and one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And and one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And and one way to think about
+all westerns, although of course many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all westerns, although of course many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all westerns, although of course many of
+the best westerns have the traces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best westerns have the traces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best westerns have the traces of
+more than the traces have the imprint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the traces have the imprint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the traces have the imprint of
+individual contributions. John Ford.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributions. John Ford.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributions. John Ford.
+John Ford is a great director and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Ford is a great director and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Ford is a great director and there
+are aspects of John Ford's personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of John Ford's personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of John Ford's personality
+in every one of his westerns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every one of his westerns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every one of his westerns.
+Nonetheless, even the most profoundly 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nonetheless, even the most profoundly 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nonetheless, even the most profoundly 40
+and western is still a collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and western is still a collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and western is still a collaborative
+form. Not only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Not only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Not only because
+Ford as a director because the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford as a director because the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford as a director because the movies
+are inherently collaborative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherently collaborative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherently collaborative because
+they have so many different people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so many different people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so many different people who
+contribute to the creation of the whole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the creation of the whole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the creation of the whole.
+No one even the most powerful director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one even the most powerful director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one even the most powerful director
+can completely control everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can completely control everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can completely control everything.
+Right? The greatest directors know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The greatest directors know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The greatest directors know how
+to collaborate with their performers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate with their performers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate with their performers and
+their writers. Uh but in any case, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their writers. Uh but in any case, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their writers. Uh but in any case, it's
+a collaborative form to begin with,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collaborative form to begin with,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collaborative form to begin with,
+right? But there's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But there's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But there's another kind of
+collaboration. Several other kinds. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. Several other kinds. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. Several other kinds. What
+are they? One of them is the te every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they? One of them is the te every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they? One of them is the te every
+western is implicitly in a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western is implicitly in a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western is implicitly in a conversation
+with every previous western. And in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every previous western. And in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every previous western. And in that
+sense, there's no author, right? It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, there's no author, right? It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, there's no author, right? It's a
+colle the story of the American western.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colle the story of the American western.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colle the story of the American western.
+The in that sense is a collective story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The in that sense is a collective story.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The in that sense is a collective story.
+It's a creation of the culture. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a creation of the culture. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a creation of the culture. It's a
+create and in fact every new version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and in fact every new version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and in fact every new version of
+the western adds to the mythology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western adds to the mythology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western adds to the mythology in
+some sense. Right? So in that sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense. Right? So in that sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense. Right? So in that sense we
+can think of genre forms generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of genre forms generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of genre forms generally the
+western in particular as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western in particular as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western in particular as a as a
+particular kind of um um ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of um um ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of um um ongoing
+recurring discourse. And if we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring discourse. And if we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring discourse. And if we come back
+again to the arguments I was making at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the arguments I was making at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to the arguments I was making at
+the beginning of our class about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of our class about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of our class about the way
+in which the ways in which um uh genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the ways in which um uh genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the ways in which um uh genre
+forms and especially the western can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and especially the western can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and especially the western can be
+seen to sort of dramatize cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to sort of dramatize cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to sort of dramatize cultural
+change or the or the way in which uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or the or the way in which uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or the or the way in which uh uh
+uh society's attitudes may may alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh society's attitudes may may alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh society's attitudes may may alter
+over time exactly because so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time exactly because so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time exactly because so many
+elements of a genre are stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a genre are stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a genre are stable and
+recognizable. those that are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. those that are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. those that are different
+are easy to recognize are are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to recognize are are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to recognize are are easy to
+identify and and speculate about. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and and speculate about. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify and and speculate about. Uh so
+so the what one of the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what one of the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what one of the things we're
+recognizing here is that in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing here is that in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing here is that in a certain
+sense the very fact that this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the very fact that this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the very fact that this that the
+mythology is open is unfinished reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology is open is unfinished reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology is open is unfinished reflects
+something that's fundamental about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's fundamental about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's fundamental about
+society too right and this is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society too right and this is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society too right and this is part of
+Raymond Williams great insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond Williams great insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond Williams great insight into
+culture when he said what he said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture when he said what he said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture when he said what he said was
+culture is a constant mix of emergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is a constant mix of emergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is a constant mix of emergent
+traditional and dominant voices it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and dominant voices it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional and dominant voices it's
+never over that what culture is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never over that what culture is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never over that what culture is is a
+conversation it's never any it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's never any it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's never any it's never
+any one fixed thing because culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one fixed thing because culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one fixed thing because culture is
+always in process. It's always changing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in process. It's always changing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in process. It's always changing,
+right? And what we can say the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And what we can say the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And what we can say the the the
+the uh the value of these genre forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of these genre forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the value of these genre forms
+and especially because the movies could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially because the movies could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially because the movies could
+reach so widely to uh even across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach so widely to uh even across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach so widely to uh even across
+linguistic barriers. The value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic barriers. The value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic barriers. The value of the
+movies as or the power of the movies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies as or the power of the movies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies as or the power of the movies as
+a as a form of this kind of discourse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a form of this kind of discourse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a form of this kind of discourse is
+over is overwhelmingly clear exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is overwhelmingly clear exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is overwhelmingly clear exactly
+because we can imagine this process this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can imagine this process this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can imagine this process this
+conversation going on repeatedly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going on repeatedly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going on repeatedly over
+time. the recognizable elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. the recognizable elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. the recognizable elements
+juxtaposed against the elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposed against the elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposed against the elements that are
+not recognizable allowing for a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable allowing for a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable allowing for a kind of
+constant process of re-evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant process of re-evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant process of re-evaluation of
+rehearsal and of rethinking right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal and of rethinking right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal and of rethinking right and we
+can say in fact that that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say in fact that that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say in fact that that's one of the
+deep functions that genre forms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep functions that genre forms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep functions that genre forms in
+general play and it's one of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general play and it's one of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general play and it's one of the central
+functions that the Hollywood movie plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that the Hollywood movie plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that the Hollywood movie plays
+and I'll try to concretize this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to concretize this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to concretize this for you
+this evening in a very in a kind of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening in a very in a kind of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening in a very in a kind of it's
+a kind of comic attempt but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of comic attempt but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of comic attempt but I'm going to
+do give give you a kind of capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give give you a kind of capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do give give you a kind of capsule
+history of the trajectory of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the trajectory of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the trajectory of the western
+uh from its earliest days from the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from its earliest days from the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from its earliest days from the great
+train robbery till to unforgiven. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train robbery till to unforgiven. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train robbery till to unforgiven. So the
+western the western is a mythology. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western the western is a mythology. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western the western is a mythology. It's
+a mythology. The fact that mythologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mythology. The fact that mythologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mythology. The fact that mythologies
+themselves are open-ended are spaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are open-ended are spaces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are open-ended are spaces in
+which a society defines and redefineses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a society defines and redefineses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a society defines and redefineses
+its identity and its central values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its identity and its central values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its identity and its central values
+makes the western movie a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the western movie a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the western movie a particularly
+powerful and central anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and central anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and central anthropological
+space. It enacts in different ways over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. It enacts in different ways over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. It enacts in different ways over
+and over again a story about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again a story about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again a story about the
+founding of society and at the and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding of society and at the and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding of society and at the and it is
+grounded therefore also in a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded therefore also in a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded therefore also in a series of
+complex dichotoies that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex dichotoies that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex dichotoies that are that are
+that are worth making clear even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worth making clear even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worth making clear even though
+they're very obvious when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very obvious when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very obvious when you think
+about what all westerns do but think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what all westerns do but think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what all westerns do but think
+about them. One of the dichotoies is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them. One of the dichotoies is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them. One of the dichotoies is the
+dichotomy between what is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between what is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between what is thought to be
+civilized and what is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized and what is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilized and what is thought to be
+savage between civilization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage between civilization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage between civilization and
+savagery. Another is often between east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savagery. Another is often between east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savagery. Another is often between east
+and west in which the east represents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and west in which the east represents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and west in which the east represents uh
+civilization and the west the s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and the west the s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and the west the s but
+there's an ambivalence because the east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ambivalence because the east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ambivalence because the east
+is also a place that is thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a place that is thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a place that is thought to be
+desiccated and uh with lacking vitality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccated and uh with lacking vitality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desiccated and uh with lacking vitality
+and the west is thought to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the west is thought to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the west is thought to be an
+authentic place that tests us in our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic place that tests us in our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic place that tests us in our in
+our heroic largest possibilities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heroic largest possibilities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heroic largest possibilities right
+uh so it's a so and another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a so and another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a so and another kind of
+dichotomy that is uh present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy that is uh present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy that is uh present in
+virtually all westerns is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all westerns is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all westerns is a is a
+dichotomy between what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between what we might call the
+claims of community, the claims of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims of community, the claims of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims of community, the claims of
+society on the one side and the claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society on the one side and the claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society on the one side and the claims
+of the individual on the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual on the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual on the other side.
+Right? This is a special problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is a special problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is a special problem for the
+western because it celebrates American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western because it celebrates American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western because it celebrates American
+individualism so powerfully. The iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism so powerfully. The iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism so powerfully. The iconic
+scene of the western in which two men uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the western in which two men uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the western in which two men uh
+wearing guns square off against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing guns square off against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing guns square off against each
+other and the quicker one survives. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the quicker one survives. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the quicker one survives. That
+scene of the quick draw and of the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the quick draw and of the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of the quick draw and of the death
+in the dusty street is a could could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dusty street is a could could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dusty street is a could could be
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be a kind of embodiment of these
+values in which you have to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in which you have to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in which you have to rely on
+yourself. You can't re and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. You can't re and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. You can't re and you can't
+rely on someone else. You can't rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on someone else. You can't rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on someone else. You can't rely on
+the government. You can't rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government. You can't rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government. You can't rely on the
+sheriff. You can't rely on the police.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheriff. You can't rely on the police.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheriff. You can't rely on the police.
+You can't rely on your neighbors. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't rely on your neighbors. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't rely on your neighbors. You
+have to trust yourself. And in fact, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust yourself. And in fact, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust yourself. And in fact, one
+of the ways you can see the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways you can see the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways you can see the power of
+these western mythologies operating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these western mythologies operating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these western mythologies operating is
+it seems to me in some sense one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me in some sense one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me in some sense one of the
+great divides in the United States today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great divides in the United States today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great divides in the United States today
+over the question of guns and gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the question of guns and gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the question of guns and gun
+control is partly grounded in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is partly grounded in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is partly grounded in these
+myths of individualism that western that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of individualism that western that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of individualism that western that
+the western mythology has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western mythology has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western mythology has been
+promulgating since the since before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgating since the since before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgating since the since before the
+advent of the movies. Right? In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent of the movies. Right? In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advent of the movies. Right? In other
+words, the attitudes that and in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the attitudes that and in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the attitudes that and in fact,
+if you listen to uh even some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you listen to uh even some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you listen to uh even some of the
+most extreme forms of of uh uh uh gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extreme forms of of uh uh uh gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extreme forms of of uh uh uh gun
+rights advocates actually talk in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights advocates actually talk in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights advocates actually talk in a
+language that we can recognize from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we can recognize from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we can recognize from
+westerns, from western movies. Not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns, from western movies. Not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns, from western movies. Not an
+accident that one of our recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that one of our recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that one of our recent
+presidents was a star in western films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents was a star in western films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents was a star in western films.
+Uh and and actually remembered some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and and actually remembered some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and and actually remembered some
+films he'd been as if they had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films he'd been as if they had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films he'd been as if they had been
+actual history. Uh, and I don't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual history. Uh, and I don't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual history. Uh, and I don't say that
+in a way to sort of disparrage poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to sort of disparrage poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way to sort of disparrage poor
+Ronald Reagan at all, but as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ronald Reagan at all, but as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ronald Reagan at all, but as a way of
+reminding us that the conflu the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us that the conflu the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us that the conflu the the
+confluence or the confusion of actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluence or the confusion of actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluence or the confusion of actual
+history with these mythological accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with these mythological accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history with these mythological accounts
+of the west is a characteristic feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west is a characteristic feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west is a characteristic feature
+of the American imagination. How could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American imagination. How could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the American imagination. How could
+it be otherwise? We have been so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be otherwise? We have been so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be otherwise? We have been so
+inundated in these stories about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inundated in these stories about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inundated in these stories about the
+west. Uh, so another dichotomy then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west. Uh, so another dichotomy then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west. Uh, so another dichotomy then is
+that between society and the individual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between society and the individual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between society and the individual.
+Maybe finally we can say a dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe finally we can say a dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe finally we can say a dichotomy
+between culture and nature, right? which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between culture and nature, right? which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between culture and nature, right? which
+is the story that's enacted again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the story that's enacted again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the story that's enacted again and
+again in the great epic um uh stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the great epic um uh stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the great epic um uh stories
+that every culture sort of generates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every culture sort of generates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every culture sort of generates for
+itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself.
+One of the most distinctive features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most distinctive features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the most distinctive features of
+these dichotoies is the divided hero. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dichotoies is the divided hero. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dichotoies is the divided hero. A
+character you'll see embodied with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you'll see embodied with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you'll see embodied with great
+complexity in tonight's film played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in tonight's film played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in tonight's film played by
+John Wayne. A character who is some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne. A character who is some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wayne. A character who is some the
+the western hero is often seen very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western hero is often seen very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western hero is often seen very
+ambivalently as both a savior and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalently as both a savior and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambivalently as both a savior and a
+savage. As someone who has the power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage. As someone who has the power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage. As someone who has the power and
+authority to bring a kind of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to bring a kind of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to bring a kind of uh um
+decency and and and lawfulness to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and and and lawfulness to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decency and and and lawfulness to a
+community, but who is himself so touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, but who is himself so touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, but who is himself so touched
+by so tainted by the very savagery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so tainted by the very savagery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so tainted by the very savagery that
+he's trying to tame that he's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to tame that he's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to tame that he's often
+excluded from the community once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the community once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the community once it's
+been created. And you'll see a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created. And you'll see a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created. And you'll see a wonderful
+instance, a complex instance of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, a complex instance of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, a complex instance of that in
+tonight's film in the way the John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film in the way the John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film in the way the John Wayne
+character at the very end of the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character at the very end of the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character at the very end of the film is
+in a certain sense excluded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense excluded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense excluded from the
+community that he has helped to defend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that he has helped to defend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that he has helped to defend.
+Um, one way to see many of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one way to see many of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one way to see many of these things
+or to or to clarify many of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to or to clarify many of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to or to clarify many of these things
+is to juxtapo or or maybe as a way of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to juxtapo or or maybe as a way of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to juxtapo or or maybe as a way of as
+a way of crystallizing uh the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of crystallizing uh the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of crystallizing uh the this
+process I'm talking about whereby uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm talking about whereby uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm talking about whereby uh a
+genre form can in some sense dramatize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre form can in some sense dramatize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre form can in some sense dramatize
+uh u val changing values. I want to I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u val changing values. I want to I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u val changing values. I want to I I
+want to show you one scene uh and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you one scene uh and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you one scene uh and maybe
+I'll just end with this scene. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just end with this scene. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just end with this scene. Uh and
+this is a scene from McCabe and Mrs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scene from McCabe and Mrs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scene from McCabe and Mrs.
+Miller the film you're going to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller the film you're going to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller the film you're going to see in
+two weeks. a a western that comes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. a a western that comes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. a a western that comes after
+the breakdown of the Hollywood system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breakdown of the Hollywood system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breakdown of the Hollywood system,
+after the movies, no longer had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the movies, no longer had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the movies, no longer had the
+responsibility or the obligation uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility or the obligation uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility or the obligation uh no
+longer saw it saw themselves as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer saw it saw themselves as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer saw it saw themselves as as
+having to speak to everyone. Uh a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to speak to everyone. Uh a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to speak to everyone. Uh a moment
+of great in many ways a extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great in many ways a extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great in many ways a extraordinary
+artistic freedom, the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic freedom, the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic freedom, the period of the
+early of the late60s and through a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early of the late60s and through a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early of the late60s and through a good
+part of the 1970s. Many people would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 1970s. Many people would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 1970s. Many people would say
+it was a moment in in American cinema uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a moment in in American cinema uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a moment in in American cinema uh
+unrivaled for its complexity and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrivaled for its complexity and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrivaled for its complexity and its
+richness. And one of the reasons it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness. And one of the reasons it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness. And one of the reasons it was
+such a rich moment was that the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a rich moment was that the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a rich moment was that the movies
+had been liberated from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been liberated from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been liberated from their
+responsibility to talk to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to talk to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to talk to the whole
+culture. There was an irony connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. There was an irony connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture. There was an irony connected to
+that because they had smaller audience,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they had smaller audience,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they had smaller audience,
+right? But they now but but it gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But they now but but it gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But they now but but it gave them
+a kind of a uh political freedom, a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a uh political freedom, a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a uh political freedom, a kind
+of moral freedom that they hadn't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral freedom that they hadn't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral freedom that they hadn't had
+before. Uh and I want to show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh and I want to show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh and I want to show you one
+scene. One reason I'm choosing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. One reason I'm choosing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. One reason I'm choosing it is
+because it will resonate for you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will resonate for you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will resonate for you when we
+when we come to McCabe and Mrs. Miller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to McCabe and Mrs. Miller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to McCabe and Mrs. Miller.
+But it requires that you know one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it requires that you know one thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it requires that you know one thing.
+The scene, the iconic scene that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scene, the iconic scene that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scene, the iconic scene that I
+mentioned earlier where two heroes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier where two heroes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier where two heroes or
+one hero and a bad guy square off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hero and a bad guy square off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hero and a bad guy square off
+against each other on a dusty street at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other on a dusty street at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other on a dusty street at
+to draw a gun might be said to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a gun might be said to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a gun might be said to be the
+most recurring or the most or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recurring or the most or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recurring or the most or the
+quintessential western scene, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential western scene, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential western scene, although
+there are others we might nominate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others we might nominate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others we might nominate as
+almost as important. Uh, and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as important. Uh, and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as important. Uh, and in order to
+understand the scene you're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the scene you're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the scene you're about to
+see, you need to recognize that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, you need to recognize that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, you need to recognize that what
+lies behind this very subversive version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind this very subversive version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies behind this very subversive version
+of the shootout are dozens, if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shootout are dozens, if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shootout are dozens, if not
+hundreds of earlier scenes in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of earlier scenes in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of earlier scenes in which
+heroic characters that we greatly admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic characters that we greatly admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic characters that we greatly admire
+shoot down bad guys in the street,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down bad guys in the street,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down bad guys in the street,
+right? Well, here's a scene from McCabe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, here's a scene from McCabe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, here's a scene from McCabe
+and Mrs. Miller of this iconic moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs. Miller of this iconic moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs. Miller of this iconic moment.
+Now, remember, McCabe and Mrs. Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, remember, McCabe and Mrs. Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, remember, McCabe and Mrs. Miller
+comes after the consensus dispensation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes after the consensus dispensation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes after the consensus dispensation.
+It's now it's free not to be a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's now it's free not to be a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's now it's free not to be a consensus
+form. But what one reason I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. But what one reason I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. But what one reason I want to show
+you this is I hope you can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is I hope you can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is I hope you can recognize
+that what gives this scene its power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what gives this scene its power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what gives this scene its power is
+not it's very brilliantly photographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's very brilliantly photographed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's very brilliantly photographed
+and dramatized. But what gives it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dramatized. But what gives it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dramatized. But what gives it its
+power is not has very little to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is not has very little to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is not has very little to do with
+what is what what it itself does. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what what it itself does. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what what it itself does. What
+grants its enormous authority are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants its enormous authority are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants its enormous authority are the
+dozens if not hundreds of prior scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens if not hundreds of prior scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens if not hundreds of prior scenes
+with which it's in conversation against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which it's in conversation against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which it's in conversation against
+which it is contrasting itself. because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it is contrasting itself. because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it is contrasting itself. because
+this scene of confrontation between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene of confrontation between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene of confrontation between two
+individuals who has the faster gun right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who has the faster gun right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who has the faster gun right
+uh is as I've suggested the iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is as I've suggested the iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is as I've suggested the iconic
+moment in the western and and it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the western and and it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the western and and it is in
+in the in the heroic western in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the heroic western in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the heroic western in the
+traditional western it's a heroic moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional western it's a heroic moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional western it's a heroic moment
+of her of of I mean of individual self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her of of I mean of individual self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her of of I mean of individual self
+assertion in which good conquers evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion in which good conquers evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion in which good conquers evil
+watch Robert Alman's version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wasn't trying to hit it. The trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't trying to hit it. The trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't trying to hit it. The trick is
+not to hit it, but to make it float.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit it, but to make it float.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit it, but to make it float.
+See, he's lying. You were supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, he's lying. You were supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, he's lying. You were supposed to
+realize he's lying. He meant to him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize he's lying. He meant to him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize he's lying. He meant to him.
+Here comes the cowboy who's just on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here comes the cowboy who's just on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here comes the cowboy who's just on his
+surfing. All the prostitutes loved him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hey, hold it, honey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, hold it, honey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, hold it, honey.
+What? Hold up in your target practice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Hold up in your target practice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Hold up in your target practice a
+cuz I don't want to get shot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't want to get shot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I don't want to get shot.
+Well, then get off the bridge, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then get off the bridge, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then get off the bridge, you
+saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle
+I want to buy some socks. I got a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to buy some socks. I got a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to buy some socks. I got a long
+ride ahead of me. What's wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride ahead of me. What's wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride ahead of me. What's wrong with the
+socks you got on? I wore them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socks you got on? I wore them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socks you got on? I wore them out
+running around half naked in that wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around half naked in that wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around half naked in that wh
+house over there. Actually quiet place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house over there. Actually quiet place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house over there. Actually quiet place.
+You've been there yet?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've been there yet?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've been there yet?
+Take off your boots and show me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take off your boots and show me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take off your boots and show me.
+You're dodging me. I said take off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're dodging me. I said take off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're dodging me. I said take off your
+boots and show me a sucker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I ain't going to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ain't going to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ain't going to do that.
+What are you wearing that gun for?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you wearing that gun for?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you wearing that gun for?
+No, I just wear it. Can't hit nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I just wear it. Can't hit nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I just wear it. Can't hit nothing
+with it. Well, that don't make no sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. Well, that don't make no sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. Well, that don't make no sense.
+What kind of a gun is it? Oh, them good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kind of a gun is it? Oh, them good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kind of a gun is it? Oh, them good
+guns. That's what I got.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns. That's what I got.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns. That's what I got.
+Must be something wrong with it. Nah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Must be something wrong with it. Nah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Must be something wrong with it. Nah,
+it's me. I just can't shoot good. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's me. I just can't shoot good. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's me. I just can't shoot good. Well,
+let me see it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come on. Maybe I can fix it for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Maybe I can fix it for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Maybe I can fix it for you.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so what the scene what the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what the scene what the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what the scene what the scene
+does is it turns on its head uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it turns on its head uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it turns on its head uh what we
+might say are the central values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say are the central values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say are the central values or
+assumptions that have lain behind such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that have lain behind such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that have lain behind such a
+scene in pro in in dozens if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in pro in in dozens if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in pro in in dozens if not
+hundreds of prior westerns. And that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of prior westerns. And that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of prior westerns. And that's a
+distilled example of this process of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled example of this process of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled example of this process of a
+conversation that goes on if it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes on if it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that goes on if it goes on
+for a long enough time the the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long enough time the the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long enough time the the content
+of the conversation can virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation can virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conversation can virtually
+reverse itself. Even though the genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse itself. Even though the genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse itself. Even though the genre
+remains stable and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains stable and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains stable and that's one of the
+that we might call that the genius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might call that the genius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might call that the genius of
+genre the genius of a genre form and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre the genius of a genre form and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre the genius of a genre form and it
+has to do with what it is a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with what it is a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with what it is a version of
+what I mean when I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean when I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean when I talk about the
+cultural work or the anthropological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural work or the anthropological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural work or the anthropological
+function that movies
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wP-1t-djakw.txt b/wP-1t-djakw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..986c3efba54c00da11236733d0988b17f6f2739e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wP-1t-djakw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everyone I'm Ankit Mohan I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone I'm Ankit Mohan I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everyone I'm Ankit Mohan I'm a
+postdoc with Ramesh and I'm sorry he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc with Ramesh and I'm sorry he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc with Ramesh and I'm sorry he's
+not here today I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today I'm going to be talking
+briefly about what's called Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about what's called Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about what's called Epsilon
+photography or film-like photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or film-like photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or film-like photography
+it's actually how can we improve film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually how can we improve film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually how can we improve film
+like photography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like photography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like photography and
+I'm not sure what part like some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what part like some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what part like some of this
+might be very straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very straightforward and
+obvious to many of you so if it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to many of you so if it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to many of you so if it seems
+like I'm going to slow preset you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to slow preset you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to slow preset you know
+or if you want more detail on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want more detail on any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want more detail on any of
+these topics you can stop me and ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics you can stop me and ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics you can stop me and ask the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+so before we can try to improve firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we can try to improve firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we can try to improve firm
+Life photography we should understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life photography we should understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life photography we should understand
+what I mean by film like photography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by film like photography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by film like photography and
+this is basically what's been the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what's been the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what's been the camera
+obscure model where you had a pinhole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure model where you had a pinhole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure model where you had a pinhole or
+a center of projection and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of projection and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of projection and you have
+razor flight that goes to that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor flight that goes to that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor flight that goes to that point and
+perform an image on the sensor or a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an image on the sensor or a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform an image on the sensor or a film
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+uh so what you see over here is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what you see over here is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what you see over here is on the
+left this is traditionally how you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is traditionally how you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is traditionally how you draw
+an optic array diagram you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optic array diagram you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optic array diagram you have the
+object or the scene on the left and Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or the scene on the left and Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or the scene on the left and Rays
+always travel from left to right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always travel from left to right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always travel from left to right and
+there are people who do hardcore Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who do hardcore Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who do hardcore Optics
+who can get really annoyed if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can get really annoyed if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can get really annoyed if you don't
+follow this model so it's always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this model so it's always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this model so it's always a good
+thing to go from left to right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to go from left to right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to go from left to right so you
+have the scene on the left you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the scene on the left you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the scene on the left you have a
+center of rejection which is a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rejection which is a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rejection which is a pinhole
+in this case what I haven't shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what I haven't shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what I haven't shown here
+is basically you can imagine a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically you can imagine a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically you can imagine a box
+that's surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's surrounding the
+the opinion the center of projection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opinion the center of projection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opinion the center of projection and
+the sensor and only a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor and only a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor and only a single point
+allows light to go through what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows light to go through what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows light to go through what this
+gives us is a single rate from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us is a single rate from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us is a single rate from every
+point in the scene is allowed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the scene is allowed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the scene is allowed to go
+through the camera and forms an image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the camera and forms an image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the camera and forms an image on
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+now most objects around us are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now most objects around us are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now most objects around us are actually
+diffuse what that means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse what that means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse what that means is the
+technically it's called lamborghin what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called lamborghin what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's called lamborghin what
+that means is the Rays when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is the Rays when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is the Rays when you have an
+incident light coming on an object it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light coming on an object it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light coming on an object it
+reflects light in all Direction and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects light in all Direction and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects light in all Direction and most
+objects are diffused in that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are diffused in that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are diffused in that all the
+Rays that come out of a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays that come out of a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays that come out of a point on the
+object have roughly the same intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object have roughly the same intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object have roughly the same intensity
+whereas the other case would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other case would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other case would be a
+specular object which reflects light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular object which reflects light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular object which reflects light in
+primarily One Direction and not in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily One Direction and not in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily One Direction and not in all
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+so because most objects are diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because most objects are diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because most objects are diffused
+when you have a pinhole camera taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a pinhole camera taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a pinhole camera taking a
+photograph it looks very similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph it looks very similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph it looks very similar to what
+it appears to the eye so it it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears to the eye so it it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears to the eye so it it captures
+most of the information coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the information coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the information coming from the
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what a lens does is slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lens does is slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lens does is slightly different
+is that it actually integrates over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually integrates over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually integrates over an
+angular extent so in this case over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular extent so in this case over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular extent so in this case over here
+you have Rays coming from a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Rays coming from a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Rays coming from a point in the
+scene but not just one single Ray gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but not just one single Ray gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but not just one single Ray gets
+image of the sensor but you have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the sensor but you have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the sensor but you have a whole
+cone of rays that gets imaged on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone of rays that gets imaged on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone of rays that gets imaged on the
+sensor so in this case all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so in this case all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so in this case all there is
+coming from a point in the scene that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a point in the scene that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a point in the scene that go
+through the lens aperture get Focus onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens aperture get Focus onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens aperture get Focus onto
+the sensor plane and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor plane and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor plane and this is basically
+how a lens works and how a camera a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a lens works and how a camera a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a lens works and how a camera a
+modern camera works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern camera works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern camera works
+now again this is very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again this is very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again this is very straightforward
+stuff that a lens obeys certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that a lens obeys certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that a lens obeys certain
+properties uh in that the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh in that the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh in that the ratio of the
+distances has they obey certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances has they obey certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances has they obey certain
+properties and this what this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and this what this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and this what this basically
+tells us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us and
+I'm going to skip over some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip over some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip over some of this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+is this is I think the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is I think the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is I think the most important
+thing where if you have a lens then only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where if you have a lens then only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where if you have a lens then only
+one plane in the scene gets imaged onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plane in the scene gets imaged onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plane in the scene gets imaged onto
+the sensor exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor exactly and
+if there's a one-to-one correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a one-to-one correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a one-to-one correspondence
+between which scene is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which scene is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which scene is going to get
+image based on the focal length and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image based on the focal length and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image based on the focal length and the
+distance between the uh lens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the uh lens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the uh lens and the
+sensor this was not the case if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor this was not the case if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor this was not the case if it were
+a pinhole in the case of pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pinhole in the case of pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pinhole in the case of pinhole
+everything appears in focus and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything appears in focus and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything appears in focus and you have
+what's called an infinite depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an infinite depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an infinite depth of field
+so unlike a pinhole camera a camera with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlike a pinhole camera a camera with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlike a pinhole camera a camera with
+a finite aperture lens actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite aperture lens actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite aperture lens actually has a
+finite depth of field now depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite depth of field now depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite depth of field now depth of field
+has an interesting definition if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting definition if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting definition if you
+look it up in Wikipedia it it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in Wikipedia it it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in Wikipedia it it's in the
+case of film-based Photography it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of film-based Photography it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of film-based Photography it was
+defined as when you take a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as when you take a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as when you take a picture of a
+scene and you print the picture at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and you print the picture at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and you print the picture at a
+certain Resolute at a certain size paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Resolute at a certain size paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Resolute at a certain size paper
+and then standard human Observer scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then standard human Observer scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then standard human Observer scans
+some finite distance from it can he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite distance from it can he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite distance from it can he or
+she tell the difference between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tell the difference between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tell the difference between two
+points whether it's one is in Focus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points whether it's one is in Focus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points whether it's one is in Focus or
+Not In Focus so uh based on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not In Focus so uh based on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not In Focus so uh based on that and
+certain perceptual tests that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain perceptual tests that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain perceptual tests that they did
+they came up with this definition of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this definition of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this definition of how
+far you can get from the uh for plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you can get from the uh for plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you can get from the uh for plane
+that's going to be in perfect focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be in perfect focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be in perfect focus and
+still give the appearance to a viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still give the appearance to a viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still give the appearance to a viewer
+that the plane is in focus so what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plane is in focus so what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plane is in focus so what in
+this in the case of the digital camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the case of the digital camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the case of the digital camera
+what it roughly translates to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it roughly translates to is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it roughly translates to is that
+when you go away from the plane of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go away from the plane of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go away from the plane of focus
+you are going to get uh if you look over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get uh if you look over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get uh if you look over
+here you're not you guys are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not you guys are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're not you guys are not going
+to focus to a point but they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus to a point but they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus to a point but they're going to
+create a disc like blood and if the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a disc like blood and if the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a disc like blood and if the size
+of this just like blur is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this just like blur is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this just like blur is smaller than
+the size of a pixel usually you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a pixel usually you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a pixel usually you cannot
+tell the difference between whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between whether it's
+in Focus or out of focus so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus or out of focus so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus or out of focus so there is
+this finite region around a plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite region around a plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite region around a plane of
+focus that's called a depth of focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus that's called a depth of focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus that's called a depth of focus and
+uh it's actually it's not symmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually it's not symmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually it's not symmetric it's
+usually greater we are behind the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually greater we are behind the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually greater we are behind the plane
+of focus and smaller in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and smaller in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and smaller in front and
+there's a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a corresponding
+and depth of fear on the sensor side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depth of fear on the sensor side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depth of fear on the sensor side
+so are there any questions about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there any questions about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there any questions about that uh
+is this obvious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh what's interesting is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what's interesting is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what's interesting is that the
+size of this depth of field depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this depth of field depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this depth of field depends on
+the size of the aperture so in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the aperture so in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the aperture so in the case
+when we had a pinhole where our aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had a pinhole where our aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had a pinhole where our aperture
+size was infinitely small the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size was infinitely small the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size was infinitely small the size of
+the depth of field is infinitely large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of field is infinitely large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depth of field is infinitely large
+so everything is in Focus but as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is in Focus but as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is in Focus but as we
+increase our purchase size like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase our purchase size like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase our purchase size like you can
+see from here we went up here you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from here we went up here you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from here we went up here you can uh
+the corresponding size because this cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding size because this cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding size because this cone
+forms a much larger cone angle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a much larger cone angle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a much larger cone angle the
+region in which the side of the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in which the side of the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in which the side of the blood
+would still be smaller than a pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be smaller than a pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be smaller than a pixel
+it becomes smaller and you have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes smaller and you have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes smaller and you have a much
+shallower depth of field so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower depth of field so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower depth of field so this is
+something that photographers often use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that photographers often use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that photographers often use
+when they take pictures like portraits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they take pictures like portraits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they take pictures like portraits
+or macro photography is they you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or macro photography is they you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or macro photography is they you try to
+open the aperture or keep the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the aperture or keep the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the aperture or keep the aperture
+as wide as possible and that results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as wide as possible and that results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as wide as possible and that results in
+a very shallow depth of field so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very shallow depth of field so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very shallow depth of field so only
+the plane of interest is in Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of interest is in Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of interest is in Focus
+anything behind and in front of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything behind and in front of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything behind and in front of it
+appears like a blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears like a blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears like a blurred
+um has a nice blurry appearance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a nice blurry appearance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a nice blurry appearance on the
+other hand if you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you're doing something
+like landscape photography you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like landscape photography you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like landscape photography you want the
+tree that's 10 meters from you to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's 10 meters from you to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's 10 meters from you to be in
+sharp focus and also a mountain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp focus and also a mountain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp focus and also a mountain that's
+five kilometers away to be in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilometers away to be in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilometers away to be in charge
+focused so usually people use a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused so usually people use a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused so usually people use a smaller
+aperture size in order to get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture size in order to get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture size in order to get everything
+in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus
+so we'll come back with this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back with this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back with this a little
+later when I talk about how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I talk about how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when I talk about how you can
+computationally modify the depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally modify the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally modify the depth of
+field and things like that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and things like that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and things like that but in
+general it depends on the application uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it depends on the application uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it depends on the application uh
+the application dictates what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application dictates what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application dictates what kind of
+depth of field you need and most cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field you need and most cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field you need and most cameras
+give the photographer an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the photographer an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the photographer an opportunity to
+set the aperture size which sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the aperture size which sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the aperture size which sets the
+depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because
+there is only a five a single plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only a five a single plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only a five a single plane in
+the scene which is actually in sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene which is actually in sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene which is actually in sharp
+Focus if you use a camera that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus if you use a camera that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus if you use a camera that does not
+have a pinhole aperture which is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pinhole aperture which is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pinhole aperture which is most
+cameras you need to be able to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you need to be able to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you need to be able to select
+which plane you want to focus on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which plane you want to focus on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which plane you want to focus on and
+that's usually done these days using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually done these days using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually done these days using
+autofocus uh the cameras use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus uh the cameras use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofocus uh the cameras use different
+techniques for autofocus the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for autofocus the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for autofocus the most common
+one these days in SLR cameras is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these days in SLR cameras is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these days in SLR cameras is the
+space-based autofocus which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-based autofocus which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-based autofocus which is this
+really interesting technique that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting technique that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting technique that I
+think was first proposed by Minolta way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was first proposed by Minolta way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was first proposed by Minolta way
+back in the late 70s and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the late 70s and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the late 70s and what they
+essentially do is they form two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do is they form two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do is they form two separate
+images from the different so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from the different so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from the different so this this
+is I think directly from the pattern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think directly from the pattern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think directly from the pattern uh
+this is the main aperture of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main aperture of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main aperture of the main
+lens and what they essentially do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and what they essentially do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and what they essentially do is
+create a rangefinder where the Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a rangefinder where the Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a rangefinder where the Baseline
+is equal to the diameter of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the diameter of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the diameter of the lens
+aperture what that means is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture what that means is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture what that means is essentially
+doing stereo or creating one image from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stereo or creating one image from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stereo or creating one image from
+one corner of the lens and another image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one corner of the lens and another image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one corner of the lens and another image
+from the other corner of the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other corner of the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other corner of the lens and
+looking at those two images if the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those two images if the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those two images if the scene
+is in Focus those two images are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Focus those two images are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Focus those two images are going
+to be exactly the same if it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly the same if it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exactly the same if it's not in
+Focus there's going to be a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus there's going to be a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus there's going to be a phase
+mismatch and by observing the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch and by observing the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch and by observing the phase
+mismatch they can you can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch they can you can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch they can you can determine
+which direction the lens needs to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction the lens needs to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction the lens needs to move
+in and by how much so it's a single shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and by how much so it's a single shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and by how much so it's a single shot
+focusing technique where by just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing technique where by just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing technique where by just getting
+this one reading you can move the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reading you can move the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reading you can move the lens
+in the right direction and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right direction and get an
+InFocus scene and this is usually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+InFocus scene and this is usually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+InFocus scene and this is usually very
+fast because you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because you don't have to
+constantly keep searching and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly keep searching and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly keep searching and the
+downside is that it you need the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is that it you need the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is that it you need the special
+Hardware in your camera and use most SLR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware in your camera and use most SLR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware in your camera and use most SLR
+cameras have this kind of a Hardware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras have this kind of a Hardware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras have this kind of a Hardware in
+them uh another technique that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh another technique that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh another technique that most
+point and shoot compact cameras use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and shoot compact cameras use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and shoot compact cameras use is
+contrast based autofocus where since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast based autofocus where since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast based autofocus where since you
+have a live view coming from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a live view coming from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a live view coming from the from
+the sensor directly you can look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor directly you can look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor directly you can look at one
+frame and you can try to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and you can try to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and you can try to maximize the
+contrast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and
+move the lens back and forth until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the lens back and forth until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the lens back and forth until you
+get the maximum contrast and since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the maximum contrast and since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the maximum contrast and since you
+don't get an estimation of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an estimation of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an estimation of the phase
+like the previous case you cannot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the previous case you cannot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the previous case you cannot it's
+not a single shot operation you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a single shot operation you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a single shot operation you have to
+usually search through the span of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually search through the span of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually search through the span of the
+of the focus settings and find out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focus settings and find out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focus settings and find out which
+one has a maximum contrast and stop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a maximum contrast and stop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a maximum contrast and stop over
+there that's where it's in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's where it's in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's where it's in focus
+and it's usually slower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually slower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually slower than the
+previous case but you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case but you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case but you don't need
+dedicated Hardware in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Hardware in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Hardware in order to do this
+and most compact cameras use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most compact cameras use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most compact cameras use this
+another technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that
+some of the older film based compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the older film based compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the older film based compact
+cameras used was using ultrasound or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras used was using ultrasound or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras used was using ultrasound or
+infrared based uh estimation of how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared based uh estimation of how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared based uh estimation of how far
+a scene is and it's uh it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scene is and it's uh it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scene is and it's uh it's something
+that's not very prevalent anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very prevalent anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very prevalent anymore and
+it's also not very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also not very accurate
+another technique that I don't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that I don't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that I don't mention
+here is what's called a rangefinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's called a rangefinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what's called a rangefinder
+camera and usually that's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and usually that's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and usually that's a separate
+unit from the main camera the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit from the main camera the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit from the main camera the difference
+here is that this lens the autofocus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this lens the autofocus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this lens the autofocus
+occurs through the lens uh so it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs through the lens uh so it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs through the lens uh so it's what
+gets on the image plane is what's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets on the image plane is what's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets on the image plane is what's used
+to determine whether it's in Focus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether it's in Focus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether it's in Focus or
+not in both these cases in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in both these cases in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in both these cases in the case of a
+rangefinder camera there is a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rangefinder camera there is a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rangefinder camera there is a separate
+unit which basically does this shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit which basically does this shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit which basically does this shifting
+and trying to find when it's aligned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to find when it's aligned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to find when it's aligned and
+it's usually done manually rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually done manually rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually done manually rather than
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+uh I think the important point over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the important point over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the important point over here
+is that there's there's lots of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's lots of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's lots of work
+that's gone on even before computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone on even before computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone on even before computational
+photography came into its being and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography came into its being and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography came into its being and in
+the area of trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of trying to find
+very quickly and effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and effectively and
+repeatably set the focus automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatably set the focus automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatably set the focus automatically
+on a camera and uh there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a camera and uh there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a camera and uh there's lots of
+engineering that's got into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Focus was the first thing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Focus was the first thing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Focus was the first thing that a
+camera needs to worry about when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera needs to worry about when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera needs to worry about when it
+tries to take a picture the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to take a picture the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to take a picture the second thing
+is what what's called exposure and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what's called exposure and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what's called exposure and what
+I'm trying to show over here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to show over here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to show over here is that the
+brightness of something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness of something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness of something that's
+uh daylight versus something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh daylight versus something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh daylight versus something that's
+something that's dark is widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's dark is widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's dark is widely
+different and you have just zero to 255
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you have just zero to 255
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you have just zero to 255
+8 Bits or at most 12 bits or 14 bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Bits or at most 12 bits or 14 bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Bits or at most 12 bits or 14 bits to
+work with in order to compress all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with in order to compress all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with in order to compress all of
+that information in there and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in there and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information in there and usually
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+span or the dynamic range does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span or the dynamic range does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span or the dynamic range does not
+cannot go to more than uh two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to more than uh two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to more than uh two or three
+or four uh decades at most and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four uh decades at most and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four uh decades at most and so what
+needs to be done is you need to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done is you need to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done is you need to decide
+what exposure to use on a camera and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exposure to use on a camera and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exposure to use on a camera and so
+this is a scene that was underexposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scene that was underexposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a scene that was underexposed
+versus Overexposed over exposure means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Overexposed over exposure means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Overexposed over exposure means
+you let too much light into the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let too much light into the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let too much light into the camera
+versus on the exposure if there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the exposure if there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus on the exposure if there wasn't
+enough light and the scene was the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough light and the scene was the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough light and the scene was the image
+was dark so exposure itself is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dark so exposure itself is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dark so exposure itself is it
+compiles of these three things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles of these three things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles of these three things one is
+the aperture size the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture size the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture size the larger the
+aperture size more the light coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture size more the light coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture size more the light coming in
+and the brighter the image is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the brighter the image is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the brighter the image is going to
+be the shutter speed how long you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the shutter speed how long you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the shutter speed how long you keep
+the shutter open for if you keep it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter open for if you keep it open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter open for if you keep it open
+for longer you get more light in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for longer you get more light in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for longer you get more light in and
+this the image is brighter and the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the image is brighter and the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the image is brighter and the film
+sensitivity the light coming in how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity the light coming in how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity the light coming in how many
+in the case of film how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film how much how much
+chemical can it translate can it change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical can it translate can it change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical can it translate can it change
+or chemically modify the case of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemically modify the case of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemically modify the case of your
+digital sensor it's the digital uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensor it's the digital uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensor it's the digital uh it's
+the analog to ADC converter gain is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog to ADC converter gain is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog to ADC converter gain is what
+is set by the ISO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set by the ISO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set by the ISO
+so these three things are off together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three things are off together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these three things are off together
+determine what the exposure should be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the exposure should be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the exposure should be on
+your camera so if you have set a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera so if you have set a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your camera so if you have set a certain
+shutter speed you need to determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed you need to determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed you need to determine what
+the corresponding aperture size and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding aperture size and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding aperture size and the
+print sensitivity should be in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print sensitivity should be in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print sensitivity should be in order
+before you can take a picture and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can take a picture and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can take a picture and once
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+older cameras did require you to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older cameras did require you to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older cameras did require you to do this
+manually usually you would have firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually usually you would have firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually usually you would have firm
+which was of a certain sensitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was of a certain sensitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was of a certain sensitivity and
+you set an ISO 100 on it you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set an ISO 100 on it you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set an ISO 100 on it you would
+select the aperture size and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the aperture size and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the aperture size and then you
+would have to based on some sort of rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to based on some sort of rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to based on some sort of rule
+of thumb or using an exposure meter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb or using an exposure meter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb or using an exposure meter you
+will determine what the shutter speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine what the shutter speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine what the shutter speed
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+so this was drastically Changed by Nikon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was drastically Changed by Nikon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was drastically Changed by Nikon
+in I think mid or late 80s where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think mid or late 80s where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think mid or late 80s where the
+proposed this Nikon Matrix metering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this Nikon Matrix metering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this Nikon Matrix metering uh
+scheme and the idea over here is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and the idea over here is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and the idea over here is so this
+is what the SLR camera looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the SLR camera looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the SLR camera looks like you
+have the main lens you have a mirror the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the main lens you have a mirror the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the main lens you have a mirror the
+film plane is back here the light coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film plane is back here the light coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film plane is back here the light coming
+in gets reflected up here into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gets reflected up here into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gets reflected up here into the
+pentaprism and inside the pentapism it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentaprism and inside the pentapism it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentaprism and inside the pentapism it
+fence twice and it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence twice and it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence twice and it goes through the
+viewfinder into the viewer's eyes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder into the viewer's eyes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewfinder into the viewer's eyes but
+what happens here is another small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is another small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is another small
+mirror reflects it up to the top where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror reflects it up to the top where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror reflects it up to the top where
+there are there are these they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are these they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are these they they
+place these five I think they have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place these five I think they have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place these five I think they have five
+different zones and they had a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zones and they had a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different zones and they had a light
+meter at each of these zones which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter at each of these zones which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter at each of these zones which was
+basically uh capturing how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh capturing how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh capturing how many
+how much how many photons are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how many photons are coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how many photons are coming in
+at that zone so even before the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that zone so even before the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that zone so even before the picture
+is taken the camera knows how bright the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken the camera knows how bright the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken the camera knows how bright the
+scene is and based on that and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is and based on that and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is and based on that and based on
+some heuristics that they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heuristics that they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heuristics that they came up with
+uh they determine what the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they determine what the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they determine what the correct
+exposure should be for the given photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure should be for the given photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure should be for the given photo
+and this was supposed to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was supposed to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was supposed to be a very
+revolutionary technique back then and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary technique back then and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary technique back then and it
+gave it it did away with all the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it it did away with all the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it it did away with all the various
+rules of thumb that people had come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb that people had come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb that people had come up
+with before this in order to estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before this in order to estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before this in order to estimate a
+good exposure and this is what led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exposure and this is what led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exposure and this is what led to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+change where you can just auto mode on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where you can just auto mode on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change where you can just auto mode on a
+camera you can just press the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can just press the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can just press the shutter
+release and you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you don't have to worry
+about either the focus or the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either the focus or the exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about either the focus or the exposure
+and once again I'll come back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again I'll come back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again I'll come back to these
+things in the premium of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the premium of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the premium of computation
+photography and computation cameras in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and computation cameras in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and computation cameras in a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one last thing I want to touch on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one last thing I want to touch on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one last thing I want to touch on is
+the concept of color in digital cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of color in digital cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of color in digital cameras
+and most digital cameras have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most digital cameras have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most digital cameras have what's
+called a bare filter and it looks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bare filter and it looks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a bare filter and it looks kind
+of like this so I joined adjacent pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this so I joined adjacent pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this so I joined adjacent pixels
+have different color filters placed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different color filters placed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different color filters placed on
+top of them and usually there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them and usually there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them and usually there are two
+green filters for every red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filters for every red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filters for every red and blue
+filter and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and what this
+gives them so the image you get is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them so the image you get is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them so the image you get is this
+intersposed uh blue Channel red Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersposed uh blue Channel red Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersposed uh blue Channel red Channel
+and the green channel on the same sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green channel on the same sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green channel on the same sensor
+and then they use primozaicing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they use primozaicing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they use primozaicing or
+interpolation techniques in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation techniques in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation techniques in order to
+recover a high resolution image in color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover a high resolution image in color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover a high resolution image in color
+there are other sensors such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other sensors such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other sensors such as the
+covion sensor which does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covion sensor which does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covion sensor which does this
+the spinning in depth rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning in depth rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning in depth rather than
+specially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially so
+for each pixel they get a red green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pixel they get a red green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pixel they get a red green and
+blue color value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+more thing over here I wanted to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing over here I wanted to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing over here I wanted to say is
+that this the electromagnetic spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the electromagnetic spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the electromagnetic spectrum
+that ranges from Radio waste to gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ranges from Radio waste to gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ranges from Radio waste to gamma
+rays it's only a very small portion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays it's only a very small portion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays it's only a very small portion that
+we are interested in for photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in for photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in for photography
+it's usually from 400 to 700 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually from 400 to 700 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually from 400 to 700 nanometers
+and this region gets actually split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this region gets actually split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this region gets actually split up
+into these three channels the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these three channels the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these three channels the three
+color channels that you have red green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color channels that you have red green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color channels that you have red green
+and blue but this the only reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue but this the only reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue but this the only reason you
+have these three channels is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three channels is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three channels is because of
+the human eye which also has similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human eye which also has similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human eye which also has similar
+three channels and cameras try to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three channels and cameras try to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three channels and cameras try to mimic
+the uh the functioning of the human eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the functioning of the human eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the functioning of the human eye
+in that sense but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense but uh
+if you if you look at multi-spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you look at multi-spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you look at multi-spectral
+cameras and I think we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and I think we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and I think we'll come back to
+that in some other class there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some other class there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some other class there you can
+have a whole number of channels between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole number of channels between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole number of channels between
+the 300 as 400 and 700 nanometer range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 as 400 and 700 nanometer range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 300 as 400 and 700 nanometer range
+so this is the cie chromaticity diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the cie chromaticity diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the cie chromaticity diagram
+this is uh how the human eye visually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh how the human eye visually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh how the human eye visually uh
+interprets color so what you have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interprets color so what you have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interprets color so what you have it's
+it's on an X Y scale and uh it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on an X Y scale and uh it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on an X Y scale and uh it's what
+you have on the edges over here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have on the edges over here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have on the edges over here are the
+pure colors or the color primaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure colors or the color primaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure colors or the color primaries
+colors that correspond to Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that correspond to Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that correspond to Pure
+wavelengths going from 380 or 400 to 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths going from 380 or 400 to 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths going from 380 or 400 to 700
+nanometers and so anything uh that dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and so anything uh that dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and so anything uh that dies
+outside here is Pure Color just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here is Pure Color just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here is Pure Color just a single
+wave and that's what a laser or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and that's what a laser or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and that's what a laser or some
+LEDs would give you anything within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs would give you anything within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs would give you anything within this
+is a mixture of various colors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mixture of various colors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mixture of various colors and the
+interesting property of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property of this sort of
+color space is that if you have any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color space is that if you have any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color space is that if you have any two
+points on this color space and you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this color space and you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this color space and you mix
+those two colors in various proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two colors in various proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two colors in various proportions
+you're going to get a color which lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a color which lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a color which lies
+on the line that connects those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line that connects those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line that connects those two
+points perceptually and so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points perceptually and so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points perceptually and so if you have
+if you have a triangle like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a triangle like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a triangle like this which
+is a color space the srgb color space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a color space the srgb color space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a color space the srgb color space in
+this case which is what most monitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case which is what most monitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case which is what most monitors
+and LCDs use you would get if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LCDs use you would get if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LCDs use you would get if you have
+color primaries that are at the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color primaries that are at the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color primaries that are at the three
+vertices and you mix those color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you mix those color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you mix those color
+primaries in various proportions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries in various proportions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries in various proportions you're
+going to get a color within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a color within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a color within that
+triangle and uh by simply varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and uh by simply varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and uh by simply varying the
+weight of the three primaries between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the three primaries between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the three primaries between
+zero and one you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one you can go from
+completely white which is in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely white which is in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely white which is in the center
+to one of the three colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what the color response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the color response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the color response the
+the curve for just the red green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for just the red green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for just the red green and
+blue color primary looks like for film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue color primary looks like for film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue color primary looks like for film
+and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+a typical digital sensor what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical digital sensor what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical digital sensor what's
+interesting to note is that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note is that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to note is that even though
+we've advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've advanced
+quite a bit from film to digital the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit from film to digital the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit from film to digital the
+basic technique Still Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic technique Still Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic technique Still Remains the Same
+we still have the same three color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the same three color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have the same three color
+primaries they look almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries they look almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries they look almost identical
+there's very little difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very little difference between
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and that's one of the goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the goals of
+computational Photography is to do away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Photography is to do away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational Photography is to do away
+with the film uh with the package that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the film uh with the package that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the film uh with the package that
+we still have associated with with film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have associated with with film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have associated with with film
+and uh part of this lecture is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh part of this lecture is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh part of this lecture is actually
+going to go in the other direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in the other direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in the other direction and
+say how can we improve on that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how can we improve on that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how can we improve on that so the
+rest of the class is going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the class is going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the class is going to be more
+about how can we get away from film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can we get away from film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how can we get away from film uh
+whereas this class is more on how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this class is more on how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this class is more on how can we
+improve on Twitter uh in the graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on Twitter uh in the graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on Twitter uh in the graphs that
+you have shown it looks like the film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have shown it looks like the film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have shown it looks like the film uh
+has the colors more orthogonal being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the colors more orthogonal being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the colors more orthogonal being
+sensed rather than the digital sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensed rather than the digital sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensed rather than the digital sensor
+right like you see the blue is leaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you see the blue is leaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you see the blue is leaking
+into the green yeah and the red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the green yeah and the red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the green yeah and the red is
+leaking but there it seems it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking but there it seems it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking but there it seems it's sort of
+in some sense like it very less leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense like it very less leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense like it very less leakage
+yeah is it in general true or I I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it in general true or I I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it in general true or I I'm not
+sure in this case why it's like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure in this case why it's like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure in this case why it's like that and
+also note that this is just one film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note that this is just one film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note that this is just one film
+which is optimized for certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is optimized for certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is optimized for certain kinds of
+photography I think well we are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I think well we are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I think well we are supposed
+to be very good for landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very good for landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very good for landscape
+photography and sunsets and those kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and sunsets and those kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and sunsets and those kind
+of things and that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and that's something that you
+could do with film you could have film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with film you could have film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with film you could have film
+that's suited for a particular task and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suited for a particular task and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suited for a particular task and
+different has different primaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different has different primaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different has different primaries
+whereas for cameras it has to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for cameras it has to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for cameras it has to for
+digital sensors it has to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensors it has to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensors it has to be something
+that's that works across the board for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that works across the board for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that works across the board for
+different kinds of scenes and and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of scenes and and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of scenes and and things
+like that so that could be the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that could be the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that could be the reason
+why it's like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is that because I is more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that because I is more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that because I is more sensitive
+towards The Greener Channel yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards The Greener Channel yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards The Greener Channel yes it's
+because when uh I think that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when uh I think that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when uh I think that's roughly
+the proportion of the cones in our eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of the cones in our eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of the cones in our eye
+also and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and uh
+green if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green if you look at the
+yuv the illuminance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuv the illuminance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuv the illuminance
+chromaticity relationship between RGB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticity relationship between RGB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticity relationship between RGB
+and that green is the one that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that green is the one that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that green is the one that has the
+most corresponding most weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's hard for you to change sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's hard for you to change sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's hard for you to change sensors
+once you have a sensor and it's baked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a sensor and it's baked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a sensor and it's baked in
+right I mean the oh yeah I mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean the oh yeah I mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean the oh yeah I mean if we
+could change this answer a bit like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change this answer a bit like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change this answer a bit like yes
+yes and some of the stuff that I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and some of the stuff that I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and some of the stuff that I guess
+at some point we'll talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we'll talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we'll talk about in this
+course is there has been work on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is there has been work on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is there has been work on how to
+make more flexible digital sensors not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more flexible digital sensors not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more flexible digital sensors not
+just digital sensors but making how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just digital sensors but making how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just digital sensors but making how do
+you make the whole camera more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the whole camera more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the whole camera more flexible
+so you can programmatically change those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can programmatically change those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can programmatically change those
+responses and you could do something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and you could do something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and you could do something of
+that sort but it turns out that for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort but it turns out that for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort but it turns out that for most
+photography it doesn't matter that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography it doesn't matter that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography it doesn't matter that much
+and just by using doing things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by using doing things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by using doing things in
+Photoshop if you have enough bit depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop if you have enough bit depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop if you have enough bit depth
+over there it doesn't matter too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it doesn't matter too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it doesn't matter too much
+but it does matter for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does matter for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does matter for things like
+remote sensing where you need even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote sensing where you need even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote sensing where you need even
+between 400 and 700 there will be 30 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 400 and 700 there will be 30 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 400 and 700 there will be 30 or
+40 they're divided into 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 they're divided into 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 they're divided into 30 or 40
+different channels which are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels which are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different channels which are almost
+completely worth talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely worth talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely worth talking about
+and also going back to what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also going back to what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also going back to what you were
+saying if you look at the response curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you look at the response curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you look at the response curve
+of the human eye given that has a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human eye given that has a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human eye given that has a huge
+overlap so it's actually quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so it's actually quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so it's actually quite similar
+to this one it's not a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was sort of a very quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was sort of a very quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was sort of a very quick uh
+overview of what I thought would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I thought would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what I thought would be
+useful for you to know about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you to know about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you to know about film
+photography in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography in general
+and what I'm going to talk about during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to talk about during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to talk about during
+this class is what's Epsilon photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is what's Epsilon photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is what's Epsilon photography
+and uh this is a coin that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is a coin that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is a coin that this is a
+term that Ramesh coins sometime back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that Ramesh coins sometime back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that Ramesh coins sometime back and
+the idea here is the goal of Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is the goal of Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is the goal of Epsilon
+photography is to improve on film-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is to improve on film-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is to improve on film-based
+photography not to try and do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography not to try and do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography not to try and do something
+new but just how to do what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but just how to do what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but just how to do what we could
+already do with film or do it better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already do with film or do it better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already do with film or do it better and
+the way it's done in almost all cases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's done in almost all cases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's done in almost all cases is
+by taking multiple pictures or capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking multiple pictures or capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking multiple pictures or capturing
+more data so you capture multiple photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data so you capture multiple photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data so you capture multiple photos
+each with slightly different camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with slightly different camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with slightly different camera
+parameters and usually the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and usually the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and usually the parameters
+that you vary are the exposure settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you vary are the exposure settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you vary are the exposure settings
+the color settings the Spectrum settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color settings the Spectrum settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color settings the Spectrum settings
+the focus settings the camera position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus settings the camera position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus settings the camera position
+and the direction in which it's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction in which it's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction in which it's looking
+or even the scene illumination so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the scene illumination so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the scene illumination so you
+change one of these settings and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one of these settings and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one of these settings and you
+capture a whole number of images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a whole number of images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a whole number of images and
+then you somehow use an algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you somehow use an algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you somehow use an algorithm to
+combine those images together and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those images together and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine those images together and you
+get one image that looks better than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one image that looks better than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one image that looks better than any
+one of those individual images that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those individual images that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those individual images that's
+basically what Epsilon photography is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what Epsilon photography is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what Epsilon photography is
+and there are a number of ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a number of ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a number of ways in which
+you can do this episode on photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this episode on photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this episode on photography
+and I'm going to go through each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go through each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go through each one of
+these uh one by one uh you could do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one by one uh you could do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one by one uh you could do you
+could take multiple pictures over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take multiple pictures over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take multiple pictures over time
+you could take one you can take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take one you can take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take one you can take one
+picture save it take a second picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture save it take a second picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture save it take a second picture
+save it take 10 different pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it take 10 different pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it take 10 different pictures and
+then combine them together somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combine them together somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then combine them together somehow
+or you could do it over sensors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could do it over sensors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could do it over sensors you
+could have 10 different cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have 10 different cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have 10 different cameras
+co-located at the same point and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-located at the same point and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-located at the same point and take
+one image one picture with each camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image one picture with each camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image one picture with each camera
+at the same time or you could do Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time or you could do Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time or you could do Epsilon
+over pixels and that's I'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pixels and that's I'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pixels and that's I'll get back to
+that in a minute or you could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute or you could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute or you could do a
+combination of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all of these
+so Epsilon over time is something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Epsilon over time is something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Epsilon over time is something which
+is sort of the most common and it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the most common and it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the most common and it's what
+most photography manuals refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most photography manuals refer to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most photography manuals refer to as
+bracketing and the idea of bracketing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketing and the idea of bracketing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketing and the idea of bracketing is
+a little different because in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different because in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different because in the end
+you end up using just one image so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up using just one image so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up using just one image so when
+you're not sure of what the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure of what the exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure of what the exposure
+should be or when you're not sure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be or when you're not sure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be or when you're not sure of
+where you should focus you take multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should focus you take multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should focus you take multiple
+images with slightly different exposures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images with slightly different exposures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images with slightly different exposures
+or slightly different Focus settings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly different Focus settings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slightly different Focus settings or
+a purchase settings and most cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purchase settings and most cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purchase settings and most cameras
+have inbuilt features for doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inbuilt features for doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inbuilt features for doing this so
+you just you have to press the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you have to press the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just you have to press the shutter
+button once and it takes five images for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button once and it takes five images for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button once and it takes five images for
+you and then when you go home you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then when you go home you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then when you go home you can
+decide which one is the best and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one is the best and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one is the best and just
+use that but in so Epsilon in time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that but in so Epsilon in time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that but in so Epsilon in time is
+similar you take multiple images but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you take multiple images but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you take multiple images but
+then you use some algorithm or some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use some algorithm or some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use some algorithm or some in
+something smart to combine those images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smart to combine those images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smart to combine those images
+together and get one resulting image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get one resulting image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get one resulting image
+so the case where it's the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the case where it's the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the case where it's the most commonly
+used is for high dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is for high dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is for high dynamic range
+photography and I believe Ramesh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and I believe Ramesh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and I believe Ramesh talked
+about this in last class like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in last class like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in last class like he
+mentioned it so uh as I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it so uh as I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it so uh as I was saying
+earlier that you need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that you need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that you need to have the
+correct exposure in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct exposure in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct exposure in order to get the
+image of a scene uh even it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a scene uh even it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a scene uh even it turns out
+that for many scenes even if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many scenes even if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many scenes even if you have
+the correct exposure you cannot capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct exposure you cannot capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct exposure you cannot capture
+everything that the scene contains your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that the scene contains your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that the scene contains your
+scene can have very bright Parts such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene can have very bright Parts such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene can have very bright Parts such as
+daylight and very dark shadow regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight and very dark shadow regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight and very dark shadow regions
+and the contrast ratio of these two can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contrast ratio of these two can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contrast ratio of these two can
+be as high as 10 raised to eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as high as 10 raised to eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as high as 10 raised to eight and
+most cameras would not capture anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cameras would not capture anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cameras would not capture anything
+more than of ratio of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than of ratio of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than of ratio of about
+excuse me about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me about a thousand
+so one way of going around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way of going around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way of going around this
+limitation is to capture a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation is to capture a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation is to capture a number of
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+and then use an algorithm to combine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use an algorithm to combine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use an algorithm to combine all
+those images together and create what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images together and create what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images together and create what's
+called a high dynamic range image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a high dynamic range image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a high dynamic range image and
+I'm sure we've all heard of this term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure we've all heard of this term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure we've all heard of this term if
+you just go and click here and search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go and click here and search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go and click here and search
+for high dynamic range images you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high dynamic range images you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high dynamic range images you will
+get millions of pictures that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get millions of pictures that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get millions of pictures that people
+have captured using this technique just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have captured using this technique just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have captured using this technique just
+capturing a bunch of images and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing a bunch of images and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing a bunch of images and putting
+them together and there's been lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and there's been lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and there's been lots of
+research into how you should put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into how you should put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research into how you should put these
+images together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images together
+and it turns out that once you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that once you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that once you've done
+all of this there's a related dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this there's a related dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this there's a related dual
+problem which is how do you display that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is how do you display that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is how do you display that
+image and I'll get back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and I'll get back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and I'll get back to that in a
+minute but one way of displaying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but one way of displaying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but one way of displaying that is
+what's called tone mapping and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called tone mapping and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called tone mapping and there is
+work on sophisticated algorithms on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on sophisticated algorithms on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on sophisticated algorithms on how
+do you compress a 12 bit or a 14-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compress a 12 bit or a 14-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you compress a 12 bit or a 14-bit
+image back to an 8-bit image and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image back to an 8-bit image and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image back to an 8-bit image and uh
+there's there's interesting work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's interesting work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's interesting work in that
+area which we're not going to cover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which we're not going to cover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which we're not going to cover in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+another example of Epsilon over time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of Epsilon over time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of Epsilon over time is
+this this example that I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this example that I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this example that I really like
+this is I think I'm not sure but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think I'm not sure but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think I'm not sure but it's
+it's one of the first color images or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the first color images or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the first color images or
+one of it's from the set of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it's from the set of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of it's from the set of one of the
+first color photographs produced and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first color photographs produced and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first color photographs produced and it
+was by this guy's name I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by this guy's name I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by this guy's name I cannot
+pronounce but he went around Russia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce but he went around Russia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce but he went around Russia in
+the early 20th century uh during uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I forget but during uh the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I forget but during uh the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I forget but during uh the earlier
+early 20th century and he took a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century and he took a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century and he took a whole
+bunch of photos of people just uh living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of photos of people just uh living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of photos of people just uh living
+their lives to growing and farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives to growing and farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives to growing and farming
+hunting and just sitting uh and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting and just sitting uh and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting and just sitting uh and things
+like that and then the way he took these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then the way he took these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then the way he took these
+pictures was he would take three images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures was he would take three images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures was he would take three images
+with one with a red filter placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one with a red filter placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one with a red filter placed in
+front of the camera then one with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera then one with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera then one with a
+green and one with a blue filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and one with a blue filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and one with a blue filter and
+then once he processed his images and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once he processed his images and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once he processed his images and so
+on he developed a projector which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he developed a projector which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he developed a projector which would
+project a red image a green image and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a red image a green image and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a red image a green image and a
+blue image on the same same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue image on the same same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue image on the same same um
+screen so when you were viewing it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so when you were viewing it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so when you were viewing it you
+would view a color image and recently as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would view a color image and recently as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would view a color image and recently as
+recently as about 10 years ago till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently as about 10 years ago till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently as about 10 years ago till
+about 10 years ago there was just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago there was just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 years ago there was just these
+films that were lying in the Library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that were lying in the Library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that were lying in the Library of
+Congress which were then digitized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress which were then digitized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress which were then digitized and
+hand aligned and then now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand aligned and then now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand aligned and then now you can
+download all of these color images from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download all of these color images from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download all of these color images from
+from their website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their website
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the
+very simple case of Epsilon in time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple case of Epsilon in time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple case of Epsilon in time you
+just take three images with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take three images with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take three images with three
+different filters in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters in front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters in front of your
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another example which is actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which is actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which is actually used
+it's probably used in this projector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably used in this projector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably used in this projector is
+that there's uh most Erp projectors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's uh most Erp projectors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's uh most Erp projectors have
+a color wheel which spins in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color wheel which spins in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color wheel which spins in front of
+the of the DMD mirror and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the DMD mirror and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the DMD mirror and
+for a part of this it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a part of this it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a part of this it's a little hard to
+see but I think this is red green blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but I think this is red green blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but I think this is red green blue
+and then it's green again and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's green again and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's green again and I think
+this part is just white in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just white in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just white in order to
+increase the intensity of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the intensity of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the intensity of the of the
+or maybe this is red and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe this is red and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe this is red and this is just
+transparent but when you have the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but when you have the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but when you have the red
+part of the wheel in front of the DMD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wheel in front of the DMD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wheel in front of the DMD
+you project the red image then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you project the red image then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you project the red image then when you
+have a green part in front you protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a green part in front you protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a green part in front you protect
+the green universe and so on so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green universe and so on so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green universe and so on so that
+when you actually view the projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually view the projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually view the projected
+image and this happens really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and this happens really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and this happens really really
+fast that the iron integrates over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that the iron integrates over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that the iron integrates over time
+and it actually gives you the full color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually gives you the full color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually gives you the full color
+image and one way to see this happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and one way to see this happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and one way to see this happening
+is if you take a camera and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take a camera and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you take a camera and you just
+just capture an image with a really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just capture an image with a really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just capture an image with a really fast
+shutter speed of about 1 over 1000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed of about 1 over 1000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter speed of about 1 over 1000 you
+can actually sometimes get half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually sometimes get half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually sometimes get half the
+screen green half the screen is blue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen green half the screen is blue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen green half the screen is blue or
+you can get really interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get really interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get really interesting and
+viewer artifacts if you try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer artifacts if you try to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer artifacts if you try to do that
+now this won't work if you have an LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this won't work if you have an LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this won't work if you have an LCD
+projector because an LCD projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector because an LCD projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector because an LCD projector
+actually uses a color LCD and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uses a color LCD and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uses a color LCD and and
+it's you get all the colors at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you get all the colors at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you get all the colors at the same
+time it's actually specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's actually specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's actually specially
+in interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interval
+it's a special sort of multiplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special sort of multiplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special sort of multiplexing
+instead of a temporal thing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was uh doing Epsilon over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh doing Epsilon over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was uh doing Epsilon over time
+the next one is doing Epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is doing Epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is doing Epsilon over
+sensors and this usually means two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and this usually means two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and this usually means two
+things you can either have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can either have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can either have multiple
+cameras or you can just have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras or you can just have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras or you can just have multiple
+sensors within the same camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors within the same camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors within the same camera
+and multiple sensors within the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiple sensors within the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiple sensors within the same
+camera as what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as what's
+popularly called as a c three CCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly called as a c three CCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularly called as a c three CCD
+Imaging system it's what's used in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system it's what's used in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system it's what's used in most
+high-end video cameras and camcorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end video cameras and camcorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-end video cameras and camcorders
+and you have this High Croix lens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this High Croix lens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this High Croix lens with a
+prism which actually uh depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism which actually uh depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prism which actually uh depending on the
+index of refraction the Rays get either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction the Rays get either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction the Rays get either
+either they just pass through or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they just pass through or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they just pass through or they
+have total return on reflection and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total return on reflection and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have total return on reflection and uh
+so the red green and blue images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red green and blue images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red green and blue images are
+formed on three different sensors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed on three different sensors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed on three different sensors which
+are exactly the same Optical distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same Optical distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the same Optical distance
+away from the scene and so when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the scene and so when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the scene and so when you take
+all of those three images I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those three images I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those three images I think that
+image over there shows you have Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image over there shows you have Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image over there shows you have Wi-Fi
+coming in from the from behind the prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the from behind the prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the from behind the prism
+and then you have the cream glue and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the cream glue and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the cream glue and red
+components getting separated as they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components getting separated as they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components getting separated as they go
+through and so at the same time using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and so at the same time using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and so at the same time using
+three different sensors and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different sensors and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different sensors and you can
+capture the three color channels so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the three color channels so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the three color channels so it's
+similar to the putting the three filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the putting the three filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the putting the three filters
+in front of the camera but it happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the camera but it happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the camera but it happens at
+the same time so you can use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so you can use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so you can use this for
+moving objects and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving objects and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving objects and so on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the uh also the sensor itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the uh also the sensor itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the uh also the sensor itself is
+usually has a very broad spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has a very broad spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has a very broad spectral
+response so it actually responds to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so it actually responds to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so it actually responds to any
+incoming wavelength between 400 and 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wavelength between 400 and 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wavelength between 400 and 700
+nanometers it's only the prism that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers it's only the prism that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers it's only the prism that has
+the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this
+uh why is that not being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is that not being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is that not being used
+individuals it's just big and clumsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it's just big and clumsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it's just big and clumsy
+I mean the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the I
+I think the question I would ask is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the question I would ask is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the question I would ask is the
+opposite why don't they use pair sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite why don't they use pair sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite why don't they use pair sensors
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in camcorders and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in camcorders and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in camcorders and I'm
+not entirely sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely sure why
+I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this
+this might be something that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be something that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be something that's just
+stuck around since the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around since the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around since the first
+camcorders were developed and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camcorders were developed and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camcorders were developed and it was
+probably before their Partners they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably before their Partners they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably before their Partners they just
+became popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became popular
+dude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so probably those edges Edge effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably those edges Edge effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably those edges Edge effects
+show up more in our video camera than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up more in our video camera than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up more in our video camera than
+they do in digital just still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do in digital just still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do in digital just still
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm not really sure why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not really sure why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not really sure why they're
+still used I I mean they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used I I mean they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used I I mean they're definitely
+better they do give a higher resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they do give a higher resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they do give a higher resolution
+as as we pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so recently uh Morgan McGuire and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently uh Morgan McGuire and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently uh Morgan McGuire and others
+at Mitsubishi research which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Mitsubishi research which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Mitsubishi research which is just
+across the street they came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street they came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the street they came up with this
+really they took this to the extreme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they took this to the extreme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they took this to the extreme and
+it's they said instead of just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they said instead of just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they said instead of just having
+three of them why don't we have eight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them why don't we have eight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them why don't we have eight of
+them and make a whole tree of these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make a whole tree of these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make a whole tree of these kind
+of multiple optically collocated cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple optically collocated cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple optically collocated cameras
+and so they came up with the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they came up with the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they came up with the very
+interesting beam splitter Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting beam splitter Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting beam splitter Arrangement
+and all of each of these eight cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of each of these eight cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of each of these eight cameras
+are actually optically co-located at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually optically co-located at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually optically co-located at the
+same point and so the image forms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point and so the image forms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point and so the image forms on
+each of them if there was nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them if there was nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them if there was nothing else
+changed would be exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed would be exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed would be exactly the same but
+what this gives you the flexibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this gives you the flexibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this gives you the flexibility to
+do is now each of these eight can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is now each of these eight can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is now each of these eight can have a
+different Focus settings for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Focus settings for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Focus settings for example
+they can focus on a different plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can focus on a different plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can focus on a different plane or
+they can have a different color filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have a different color filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have a different color filter
+in front of it and you can get eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it and you can get eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it and you can get eight
+different Spectrum Spectrum channels at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectrum Spectrum channels at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Spectrum Spectrum channels at
+the same time and what I think on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and what I think on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and what I think on the
+right it shows is just that he's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it shows is just that he's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it shows is just that he's shown
+it shines the laser through the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shines the laser through the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shines the laser through the cameras
+to align them to see that the tray of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align them to see that the tray of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align them to see that the tray of
+light actually goes into each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light actually goes into each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light actually goes into each one of
+those cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cameras
+so he used this setup for or simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he used this setup for or simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he used this setup for or simplified
+setup for doing matting or defocus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for doing matting or defocus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for doing matting or defocus
+matting and where he used uh I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matting and where he used uh I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matting and where he used uh I think two
+or three cameras to focus on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three cameras to focus on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three cameras to focus on the plane
+and one that's focused on the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that's focused on the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that's focused on the background
+in order to do a separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do a separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do a separation between
+what's in the front and what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the front and what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the front and what's in the
+background but it it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but it it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background but it it's certainly
+something that can be used for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be used for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be used for various
+other things it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it's basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things it's basically the same
+concept of multiplexing over sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way you can do this is simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do this is simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do this is simply by
+using camera arrays and this was work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using camera arrays and this was work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using camera arrays and this was work I
+believe one of the first camera arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe one of the first camera arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe one of the first camera arrays
+and it was done as he said and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was done as he said and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was done as he said and it's
+Epsilon the the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the the difference between
+camera arrays and a SAM or 360d is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera arrays and a SAM or 360d is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera arrays and a SAM or 360d is that
+this imposes a certain Epsilon on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imposes a certain Epsilon on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imposes a certain Epsilon on your
+setup that there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that there's always going to be
+Epsilon in the camera position you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in the camera position you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in the camera position you can
+put other epsilons on top of it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put other epsilons on top of it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put other epsilons on top of it you can
+have a different filter in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different filter in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different filter in front of
+these cameras or you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cameras or you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cameras or you can have a
+different Focus setting on each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Focus setting on each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Focus setting on each of these
+cameras but just by itself it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras but just by itself it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras but just by itself it gives you
+an Epsilon in the camera position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Epsilon in the camera position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Epsilon in the camera position so
+each of the cameras in this camera area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cameras in this camera area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the cameras in this camera area
+is actually they're not co-located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually they're not co-located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually they're not co-located
+they're slightly translated from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slightly translated from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're slightly translated from one
+another and that itself can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and that itself can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and that itself can be used to
+give interesting things like I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interesting things like I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interesting things like I'll get
+back to that in a later in the talk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a later in the talk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a later in the talk but
+this is another way of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another way of doing the
+this kind of Epsilon and Stanford has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Epsilon and Stanford has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Epsilon and Stanford has
+their own version of camera arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own version of camera arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own version of camera arrays and
+now actually you can just buy a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually you can just buy a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually you can just buy a camera
+array which is a 5x5 profusion camera we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which is a 5x5 profusion camera we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which is a 5x5 profusion camera we
+have one upstairs which it's one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one upstairs which it's one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one upstairs which it's one unit
+and it actually has a very well aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually has a very well aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually has a very well aligned
+and precisely calibrated camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and precisely calibrated camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and precisely calibrated camera
+array of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last one is Epsilon over pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is Epsilon over pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is Epsilon over pixels
+where different pixels are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where different pixels are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where different pixels are actually
+capturing different information and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing different information and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing different information and we
+already talked about this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about this one which is
+uh pair the bare filter is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pair the bare filter is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pair the bare filter is essentially
+doing this each pixel has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this each pixel has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this each pixel has a different
+colored filter in front of it and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored filter in front of it and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored filter in front of it and wrote
+is going to talk about another technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk about another technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk about another technique
+a little later today which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later today which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later today which is a very
+clever way of extending this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way of extending this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way of extending this and
+allowing you to do various other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to do various other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to do various other things
+without having to place the filters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to place the filters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to place the filters on
+the pixel itself but elsewhere which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel itself but elsewhere which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel itself but elsewhere which is
+easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do
+so going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to
+whose question was that someone asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose question was that someone asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose question was that someone asked
+can you change the shape of the filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you change the shape of the filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you change the shape of the filters
+uh of the color response I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the color response I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the color response I think you
+wanted to know but Road will show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know but Road will show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know but Road will show you a
+way of doing that by simply putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that by simply putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing that by simply putting
+something in front of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can have Epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can have Epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can have Epsilon in
+multiple access so this is a very cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple access so this is a very cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple access so this is a very cute
+camera that also we have upstairs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that also we have upstairs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that also we have upstairs it's
+got four lenses and so it forms four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four lenses and so it forms four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four lenses and so it forms four
+images on the on the film it's a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on the on the film it's a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on the on the film it's a film
+camera and it also has four flashes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and it also has four flashes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and it also has four flashes the
+reason it has four flashes is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it has four flashes is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it has four flashes is not
+because of four different flashes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of four different flashes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of four different flashes but
+because it can stroke them very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can stroke them very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can stroke them very quickly
+one after the other and so for so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other and so for so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after the other and so for so it
+opens one lens at a time and when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens one lens at a time and when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens one lens at a time and when that
+lens is open it strobes one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is open it strobes one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is open it strobes one of the
+flashes so you get four Images which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes so you get four Images which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes so you get four Images which are
+from slightly different viewpoints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from slightly different viewpoints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from slightly different viewpoints and
+you can have slightly different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have slightly different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have slightly different time
+instances and there's a whole website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances and there's a whole website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances and there's a whole website
+full of creative stuff that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of creative stuff that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of creative stuff that people have
+done with these cameras but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these cameras but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these cameras but this is
+Epsilon in time and also in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in time and also in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in time and also in in the
+position of the camera so in sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the camera so in sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the camera so in sensors
+yeah so uh is this song like Phil this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh is this song like Phil this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh is this song like Phil this
+one yeah and so does it give you four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah and so does it give you four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah and so does it give you four
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+they're not superimposed they're for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not superimposed they're for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not superimposed they're for
+just surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is work done by srinay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is work done by srinay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is work done by srinay or
+sometime back which is sort of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime back which is sort of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime back which is sort of it's
+brings it all together in one nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it all together in one nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings it all together in one nice
+package where you can do all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package where you can do all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package where you can do all of these
+things together and it's what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and it's what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and it's what's called
+what they call generalized Mosaic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call generalized Mosaic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call generalized Mosaic yeah
+are people aware of what Mosaic or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people aware of what Mosaic or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people aware of what Mosaic or how
+do you capture a panorama you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you capture a panorama you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you capture a panorama you basically
+if I'm going to capture a panorama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to capture a panorama of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to capture a panorama of
+this whole scene I would take an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole scene I would take an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole scene I would take an image
+here I would move take an image here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would move take an image here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would move take an image here
+move take an image here and take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move take an image here and take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move take an image here and take an
+image here and then just stitch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here and then just stitch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here and then just stitch them
+together to create a mosaic which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create a mosaic which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create a mosaic which has
+everything in here so what they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in here so what they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in here so what they came up
+with is instead of taking an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is instead of taking an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is instead of taking an image
+each image with the same setting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image with the same setting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image with the same setting they
+put uh so that's the camera they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh so that's the camera they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh so that's the camera they put a
+filter in front of the camera some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in front of the camera some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in front of the camera some
+distance between the scene and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the scene and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the scene and the
+camera itself and this can be a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera itself and this can be a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera itself and this can be a filter
+which either has a ram in neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which either has a ram in neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which either has a ram in neutral
+density gradient or different spectrums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gradient or different spectrums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density gradient or different spectrums
+different colors of polarization or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of polarization or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of polarization or even
+focus and you simply instead of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and you simply instead of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and you simply instead of taking
+one image at a time you take a video as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image at a time you take a video as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image at a time you take a video as
+it's rotating and from this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating and from this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rotating and from this from the
+data that you capture you can get either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you capture you can get either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you capture you can get either
+a high dynamic range of the whole scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high dynamic range of the whole scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high dynamic range of the whole scene
+or a multi-spectral image of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a multi-spectral image of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a multi-spectral image of the whole
+scene or an image that's focused at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene or an image that's focused at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene or an image that's focused at
+different points so the way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points so the way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points so the way to think of
+this is that when you're taking an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that when you're taking an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that when you're taking an image
+here different scene points are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here different scene points are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here different scene points are like
+something over there is good I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over there is good I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over there is good I'm going
+to get the blue channel of the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the blue channel of the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the blue channel of the pixel
+here but when I rotate it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but when I rotate it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but when I rotate it I'm going to
+get the green channel of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the green channel of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the green channel of the same
+picture I rotate it some more I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I rotate it some more I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I rotate it some more I'm going
+to get the red channel of that pixel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the red channel of that pixel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the red channel of that pixel so
+you just do this complete panoramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do this complete panoramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do this complete panoramic
+motion you have some missing data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have some missing data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you have some missing data from
+for the edges but for anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edges but for anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edges but for anything in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+you will be able to recover the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to recover the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to recover the complete
+information of this that's why they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of this that's why they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of this that's why they call
+it General Life generalized because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it General Life generalized because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it General Life generalized because you
+could use it for any one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it for any one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use it for any one of these things
+and I think they're also build a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they're also build a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they're also build a camera
+prototype like that which was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype like that which was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype like that which was more
+portable and they just put this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable and they just put this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable and they just put this filter
+in front of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we sort of already discussed this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of already discussed this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of already discussed this one
+which is doing HDR capture by multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doing HDR capture by multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doing HDR capture by multiple
+images you just take a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you just take a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you just take a whole bunch of
+images and you can combine all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and you can combine all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and you can combine all that
+information together and this is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together and this is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together and this is doing
+HDR over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDR over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDR over time
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that was this one so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that was this one so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that was this one so I just
+wanted to take the example of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take the example of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take the example of high
+dynamic range Imaging and see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range Imaging and see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range Imaging and see how we can
+do this over time over sensor and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this over time over sensor and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this over time over sensor and over
+pixels so this is the first one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so this is the first one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels so this is the first one which is
+doing HDR over time this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing HDR over time this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing HDR over time this is the second
+one which is the generalized Mosaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is the generalized Mosaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is the generalized Mosaic
+which is sort of in between the three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of in between the three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of in between the three uh
+settings and that you just put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and that you just put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and that you just put this
+filter in front of your camera and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in front of your camera and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in front of your camera and you
+rotate the camera and take a video this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the camera and take a video this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the camera and take a video this
+is using multiple detectors similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using multiple detectors similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using multiple detectors similar to
+the Sam or the three CCD setup that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sam or the three CCD setup that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sam or the three CCD setup that we
+saw you have multiple cameras that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw you have multiple cameras that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw you have multiple cameras that are
+optically co-located that take multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically co-located that take multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically co-located that take multiple
+that take images at the same time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take images at the same time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take images at the same time with
+different filters in front of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters in front of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters in front of them so
+they have different exposure settings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different exposure settings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different exposure settings on
+each one of them and as you can see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them and as you can see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them and as you can see each
+of these areas has had lots of work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these areas has had lots of work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these areas has had lots of work done
+in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is this
+using this what what's called a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this what what's called a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this what what's called a sorted
+pixel I think that that's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel I think that that's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel I think that that's a more
+generalized version of the other tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized version of the other tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized version of the other tool
+that means yeah so it's similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means yeah so it's similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means yeah so it's similar to the
+pair Mosaic but instead of having just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Mosaic but instead of having just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Mosaic but instead of having just a
+RGB there Mosaic they actually had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB there Mosaic they actually had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGB there Mosaic they actually had two
+or three different levels of uh neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three different levels of uh neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three different levels of uh neutral
+density filters also placed over each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density filters also placed over each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density filters also placed over each
+pixel so each pixel this blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so each pixel this blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so each pixel this blue is
+different from that blue in the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that blue in the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that blue in the amount
+of light that it captures and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that it captures and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that it captures and so you can
+do an interpolation in the color and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an interpolation in the color and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an interpolation in the color and you
+can also do interpolation in intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do interpolation in intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do interpolation in intensity
+in order to get a high resolution image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a high resolution image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a high resolution image
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+essentially what they call it a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they call it a sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they call it a sorted
+pixel but it's more like generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel but it's more like generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel but it's more like generalized
+player pattern bare filtering and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player pattern bare filtering and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player pattern bare filtering and you
+can put polarization filters also on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put polarization filters also on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put polarization filters also on top
+of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and
+or you could have other colors other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have other colors other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have other colors other
+than just RGB and again road is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just RGB and again road is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just RGB and again road is going to
+talk more about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this later
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the work done at Columbia in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done at Columbia in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done at Columbia in uh
+with Sony and Sony actually made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sony and Sony actually made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Sony and Sony actually made a
+camera that did this it was only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that did this it was only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that did this it was only a
+prototype it was never sold but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype it was never sold but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype it was never sold but they
+were able to get this picture from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get this picture from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to get this picture from an
+assorted camera assorted pixel camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assorted camera assorted pixel camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assorted camera assorted pixel camera
+which has a much higher dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a much higher dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a much higher dynamic range
+and captures all three color channels at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and captures all three color channels at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and captures all three color channels at
+the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is another example of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another example of doing this
+over time uh this High dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh this High dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time uh this High dynamic range
+capture and the way this was done is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and the way this was done is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and the way this was done is you
+place an LCD in front of the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place an LCD in front of the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place an LCD in front of the sensor
+which is of a much lower resolution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of a much lower resolution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of a much lower resolution or
+the sensor itself you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor itself you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor itself you capture
+information on the sensor and you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the sensor and you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the sensor and you you'll
+see certain pixels go get saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see certain pixels go get saturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see certain pixels go get saturated
+they're too bright and in the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too bright and in the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too bright and in the next time
+step you actually put a darker patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you actually put a darker patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you actually put a darker patch
+over those pixels so that you compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those pixels so that you compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those pixels so that you compensate
+for the brightness and uh use going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the brightness and uh use going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the brightness and uh use going
+through iterating through this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through iterating through this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through iterating through this you can
+get an image which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an image which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an image which is
+which is which has a lower dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which has a lower dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which has a lower dynamic range
+on the sensor but once you combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor but once you combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor but once you combine that
+with the information that you pumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the information that you pumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the information that you pumped
+into the LCD you can then recover a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the LCD you can then recover a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the LCD you can then recover a high
+dynamic range image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason I wanted to just mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I wanted to just mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I wanted to just mention that
+is for this one where this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this one where this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for this one where this is actually a
+work done by both kindric we have a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by both kindric we have a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by both kindric we have a talk
+in our group sometime back at University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our group sometime back at University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our group sometime back at University
+of British Columbia and Canada and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of British Columbia and Canada and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of British Columbia and Canada and this
+is stuff that's been bought over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stuff that's been bought over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stuff that's been bought over by
+Dolby and you they're actually using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolby and you they're actually using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolby and you they're actually using the
+stuff in Samsung LCD is now but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in Samsung LCD is now but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in Samsung LCD is now but this is
+a way of generating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of generating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of generating uh
+High dynamic range to stay and the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dynamic range to stay and the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High dynamic range to stay and the setup
+is very similar is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar is very similar to the
+previous command and it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command and it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous command and it's actually very
+simple in that instead of just using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in that instead of just using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in that instead of just using a
+projector and projecting on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and projecting on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and projecting on on the
+screen which is what a clear projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is what a clear projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen which is what a clear projected
+display does they have a projector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display does they have a projector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display does they have a projector and
+then they have an LCD in front of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have an LCD in front of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have an LCD in front of it so
+they have two layers of control and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two layers of control and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two layers of control and they
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+twice or the squared of what they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice or the squared of what they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice or the squared of what they had
+earlier as much control over the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as much control over the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier as much control over the dynamic
+range of this of what it can display and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of this of what it can display and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of this of what it can display and
+so they can control the I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can control the I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can control the I think this is
+a very early prototype over here so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very early prototype over here so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very early prototype over here so they
+had two layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two layers of
+LCD so one inside the projector itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD so one inside the projector itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD so one inside the projector itself
+and one placed over there but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one placed over there but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one placed over there but you can
+also just do it with two layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just do it with two layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just do it with two layers of
+actual physical LCDs and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical LCDs and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical LCDs and it turns out
+that the LCD at the back has to be can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the LCD at the back has to be can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the LCD at the back has to be can
+be of a much lower resolution than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a much lower resolution than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a much lower resolution than the
+LCD in the front and you can just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD in the front and you can just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD in the front and you can just using
+that you can get very high dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get very high dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get very high dynamic range
+and I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think most
+HD TVs and so on also they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD TVs and so on also they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD TVs and so on also they have this
+thing where they can dim the backlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where they can dim the backlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where they can dim the backlight
+so they get this very high Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get this very high Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get this very high Dynamic
+contrast which is sort of confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast which is sort of confusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast which is sort of confusing but
+it's essentially not just modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially not just modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially not just modulating the
+LCD but also what it is in the backlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD but also what it is in the backlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD but also what it is in the backlight
+that's essentially what this is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what this is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what this is doing
+but not just the whole backlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just the whole backlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just the whole backlight
+backlight is modulated differently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight is modulated differently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlight is modulated differently in
+different parts of the screen yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the screen yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the screen yeah so
+how come you can use this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come you can use this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come you can use this lower
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the front you you're still in Full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the front you you're still in Full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the front you you're still in Full
+full resolution because a bad LCD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full resolution because a bad LCD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full resolution because a bad LCD is
+essentially acting like a backlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially acting like a backlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially acting like a backlight
+and I think they also had like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they also had like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they also had like a
+diffuser here which anyways reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser here which anyways reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser here which anyways reduces the
+resolution of the Packard City otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the Packard City otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the Packard City otherwise
+you might get weird edges and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get weird edges and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get weird edges and so on
+so uh that was a little about high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was a little about high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that was a little about high
+dynamic range the next thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range the next thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range the next thing I wanted to
+talk about is what we discussed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is what we discussed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is what we discussed earlier
+this concept of focus setting and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of focus setting and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of focus setting and how we
+can extend the depth of field so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend the depth of field so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend the depth of field so there
+are many applications where you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many applications where you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many applications where you want a
+very large depth of field like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large depth of field like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large depth of field like I said
+for example landscape photography you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example landscape photography you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example landscape photography you
+want the tree next to you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the tree next to you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the tree next to you and the
+mountain far away to be in focused but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain far away to be in focused but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain far away to be in focused but
+as we discussed in order to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed in order to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed in order to do that you
+need to stop down the lens so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stop down the lens so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stop down the lens so you need
+to have a very small aperture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very small aperture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very small aperture which
+means you are going to get very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are going to get very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you are going to get very little
+light coming into the camera and so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming into the camera and so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming into the camera and so your
+noise goes up or you might have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise goes up or you might have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise goes up or you might have have
+things move while you're taking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move while you're taking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move while you're taking your
+exposure so a number of techniques have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure so a number of techniques have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure so a number of techniques have
+been proposed over the past 30 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proposed over the past 30 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proposed over the past 30 40 years
+especially in the area of microscopy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the area of microscopy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the area of microscopy in
+how can we extend the depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we extend the depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we extend the depth of field
+while still keeping the aperture size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still keeping the aperture size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still keeping the aperture size
+reasonably large and there is recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably large and there is recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably large and there is recent
+work done in the area of light field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in the area of light field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done in the area of light field
+cameras and one I didn't write over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and one I didn't write over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and one I didn't write over here
+is different coding which I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different coding which I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different coding which I'm sure
+Ramesh will come back to later which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh will come back to later which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh will come back to later which
+also allows you to extend the depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows you to extend the depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allows you to extend the depth of
+field while still having a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field while still having a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field while still having a large
+aperture so the first technique that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so the first technique that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so the first technique that's
+the most interesting one here is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting one here is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting one here is what's
+called focal stacks and the idea is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called focal stacks and the idea is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called focal stacks and the idea is very
+simple it's basically Epsilon over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's basically Epsilon over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's basically Epsilon over time
+again and you take multiple images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you take multiple images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you take multiple images
+focused at different planes so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused at different planes so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused at different planes so for
+example you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have this
+I am sitting under a microscope or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am sitting under a microscope or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am sitting under a microscope or this
+you when you focus in the foreground you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you focus in the foreground you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you focus in the foreground you
+get things in the foreground are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things in the foreground are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things in the foreground are in
+Focus but it's uh hind legs and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus but it's uh hind legs and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus but it's uh hind legs and the rest
+of the body is out of focus if you focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body is out of focus if you focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body is out of focus if you focus
+on the background you get Focus uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the background you get Focus uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the background you get Focus uh you
+the foreground is not in Focus so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground is not in Focus so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground is not in Focus so what
+they instead did was they took a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they instead did was they took a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they instead did was they took a whole
+series of images and I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images and I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images and I'm going to just
+flip through them that are focused at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip through them that are focused at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip through them that are focused at
+different planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that's about 10 or 12 images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's about 10 or 12 images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's about 10 or 12 images
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can capture all of those and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can capture all of those and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can capture all of those and you can
+do this because the object or the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because the object or the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because the object or the scene
+in this case is static just over time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is static just over time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is static just over time or
+you could use the Sam kind of setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the Sam kind of setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use the Sam kind of setup
+where you capture all these images at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you capture all these images at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you capture all these images at
+the same time but each camera has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time but each camera has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time but each camera has
+focused on a different plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a different plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a different plane
+and then you combine all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you combine all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you combine all of this
+information together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together
+in order to create one image that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create one image that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create one image that's uh
+completely all in focus and uh so Asim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely all in focus and uh so Asim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely all in focus and uh so Asim
+agarwala from University of Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agarwala from University of Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agarwala from University of Washington
+proposed this very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed this very interesting and
+clever technique of how you can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever technique of how you can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever technique of how you can combine
+them together of finding out regions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together of finding out regions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together of finding out regions in
+so each image has certain parts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each image has certain parts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each image has certain parts that are
+in Focus so you do a contrast space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus so you do a contrast space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus so you do a contrast space
+estimation of what parts are in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation of what parts are in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation of what parts are in focus
+and that's what's shown on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's shown on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's shown on the right and
+then you do a gradient domain sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a gradient domain sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a gradient domain sort of
+merging of various parts together so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging of various parts together so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging of various parts together so the
+end result doesn't have any weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result doesn't have any weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result doesn't have any weird
+discontinuities and it looks nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and it looks nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and it looks nice and
+smooth and everything will focus and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and everything will focus and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and everything will focus and I
+think Ramesh is at some other point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Ramesh is at some other point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Ramesh is at some other point we
+will talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about this
+this technique itself in more detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique itself in more detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique itself in more detail but
+what I wanted to mention is more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to mention is more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to mention is more the
+focal stretch if you just take a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal stretch if you just take a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal stretch if you just take a whole
+bunch of images focus on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images focus on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images focus on different
+planes and then you can put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and then you can put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and then you can put them all
+together in order to get one All In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to get one All In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to get one All In
+Focus image it was the nervous system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus image it was the nervous system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus image it was the nervous system in
+a computer vision or to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer vision or to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer vision or to reduce
+data that is coming from the camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is coming from the camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that is coming from the camera and
+when the actual pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the actual pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the actual pictures
+uh you mean this data you know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mean this data you know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mean this data you know how the
+way to combine the images so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to combine the images so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to combine the images so the
+combining the images was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the images was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the images was actually a
+different technique is this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technique is this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technique is this great
+gradient based uh merging technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient based uh merging technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient based uh merging technique
+where you have in stock from one image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have in stock from one image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have in stock from one image
+and you have stuff from another image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have stuff from another image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have stuff from another image
+that you want to put together but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to put together but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to put together but if you
+just cut that image and put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut that image and put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut that image and put it here
+you're going to get clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get clear
+discontinuities and colors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and colors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and colors are going to
+be different but it turns out if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different but it turns out if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different but it turns out if you do
+that in the gradient domain and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the gradient domain and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the gradient domain and then do
+a poisson solver to integrate the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poisson solver to integrate the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poisson solver to integrate the image
+back you are going to get a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you are going to get a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you are going to get a nice smooth
+image and all the error is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and all the error is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and all the error is going to get
+distributed As Nice throughout the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed As Nice throughout the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed As Nice throughout the image
+so that was what the technique initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was what the technique initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was what the technique initially
+proposed and they just use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed and they just use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed and they just use that
+technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for
+um for for this focal stats in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for this focal stats in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for this focal stats in order to
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+I think the example I'm sure Ramesh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the example I'm sure Ramesh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the example I'm sure Ramesh is
+going to talk about this at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this at some point
+the example I had in the paper was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I had in the paper was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I had in the paper was that
+you have a scene like this and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scene like this and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scene like this and if you
+take a picture from here you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture from here you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture from here you might get
+someone not looking at the camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone not looking at the camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone not looking at the camera or
+someone caught yawning or someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone caught yawning or someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone caught yawning or someone is
+just has a bad face if you take 10 such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a bad face if you take 10 such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has a bad face if you take 10 such
+images each one of those images will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images each one of those images will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images each one of those images will
+have some people who are okay and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some people who are okay and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some people who are okay and some
+people who don't look okay but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't look okay but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't look okay but there's
+not going to be one single image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be one single image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be one single image that
+has everyone looking at the camera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everyone looking at the camera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everyone looking at the camera so
+they they developed this technique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they developed this technique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they developed this technique in
+order to combine all of those images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to combine all of those images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to combine all of those images
+together to get one image that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get one image that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get one image that has
+everyone looking at the camera the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone looking at the camera the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone looking at the camera the way
+you want it to be and still look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be and still look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be and still look like a
+picture that came from the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that came from the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that came from the camera
+and uh I should have put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I should have put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I should have put that in
+somewhere but it's it's called Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but it's it's called Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but it's it's called Uh
+digital photo Mosaic I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital photo Mosaic I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital photo Mosaic I think
+and uh it's uh 2004 yeah photo montage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can do a similar thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do a similar thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do a similar thing with a
+light field camera I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field camera I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field camera I don't know if
+Ramesh has introduced the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh has introduced the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramesh has introduced the concept of
+light Fields yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Fields yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Fields yet
+has he yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has he yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has he yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so a life here basically captures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a life here basically captures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a life here basically captures all
+the information coming into a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information coming into a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information coming into a camera and
+the way it's traditionally usually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's traditionally usually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's traditionally usually done
+is by putting a micro lens array in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by putting a micro lens array in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by putting a micro lens array in
+front of the camera sensor if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera sensor if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera sensor if you don't
+understand that that's fine I'm sure he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that's fine I'm sure he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that's fine I'm sure he
+will go into more detail but what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into more detail but what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into more detail but what this
+what you can get from the light field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from the light field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from the light field is
+you can extract the focal stack out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract the focal stack out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract the focal stack out of
+the light field and then do basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field and then do basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field and then do basically
+what we did in the previous case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in the previous case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did in the previous case and
+extend the depth of field if you want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the depth of field if you want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the depth of field if you want so
+a light field essentially what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light field essentially what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light field essentially what's
+important to know remember is the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know remember is the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know remember is the light
+field can be used to start the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field can be used to start the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field can be used to start the focal
+stack if needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack if needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack if needed
+so that's another way of extending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way of extending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another way of extending the
+depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field
+there there was another paper recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was another paper recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was another paper recently
+which again I did not put over here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I did not put over here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I did not put over here just
+which is interesting because so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting because so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting because so it was
+from Sam has enough a free sale where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sam has enough a free sale where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Sam has enough a free sale where he
+instead of taking one image with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking one image with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking one image with one
+aperture setting he he claims that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture setting he he claims that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture setting he he claims that if
+you take multiple images with two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take multiple images with two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take multiple images with two or
+three different aperture settings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different aperture settings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different aperture settings and
+then you combine them you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combine them you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combine them you are going to
+get much get to expose your time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much get to expose your time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much get to expose your time is
+going to be much shorter and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much shorter and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much shorter and you're
+going to get less noise and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get less noise and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get less noise and so on so
+that's yet another way of combining it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet another way of combining it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yet another way of combining it's
+similar to focus tracks it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to focus tracks it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to focus tracks it's just
+refocus tax more smartly because focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocus tax more smartly because focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocus tax more smartly because focal
+star focuses at each plane and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star focuses at each plane and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star focuses at each plane and what he
+said is that you can find an optimal set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that you can find an optimal set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that you can find an optimal set
+of planes that you need to focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planes that you need to focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of planes that you need to focus in
+order to get the best results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was extending the depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was extending the depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was extending the depth of field
+there the opposite problem is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the opposite problem is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the opposite problem is how do you
+make the depth of fear shallower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the depth of fear shallower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the depth of fear shallower and
+this is something that comes naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that comes naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that comes naturally
+when you use an SLR camera with a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use an SLR camera with a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use an SLR camera with a large
+aperture lens you have a very shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture lens you have a very shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture lens you have a very shallow
+depth of field if you open the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field if you open the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of field if you open the aperture
+all the way out and so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way out and so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way out and so your
+main object is in sharp Focus but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main object is in sharp Focus but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main object is in sharp Focus but the
+background is nice and blurred but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is nice and blurred but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is nice and blurred but if
+you use a small point and shoot camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a small point and shoot camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a small point and shoot camera
+it's very hard to get that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to get that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to get that kind of an
+effect since we are aperture size on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect since we are aperture size on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect since we are aperture size on the
+camera is usually very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is usually very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is usually very small
+and so the question is how can you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is how can you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is how can you still
+use a small aperture camera and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a small aperture camera and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a small aperture camera and get
+results like the one at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's been a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's been a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's been a couple of
+three or four papers in this area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four papers in this area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four papers in this area that
+try your time to solve this problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try your time to solve this problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try your time to solve this problem the
+first one is again from Cesar by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is again from Cesar by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is again from Cesar by
+frederator and his student and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frederator and his student and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frederator and his student and what they
+did was you start with an input image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was you start with an input image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was you start with an input image
+and then from just one single image they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from just one single image they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from just one single image they
+estimate the depth of each point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the depth of each point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the depth of each point so
+sorry before I go into that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before I go into that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry before I go into that the reason
+why this is a hard problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a hard problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a hard problem
+is because firstly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because firstly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because firstly
+just from this image it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this image it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this image it's hard to
+estimate what's in focus and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what's in focus and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what's in focus and what's not
+just by looking at the contrast and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the contrast and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the contrast and even
+if you can get that even if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get that even if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get that even if you know
+that the foreground is in focus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foreground is in focus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foreground is in focus in the
+background is out of focus if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is out of focus if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is out of focus if you have
+multiple layers in the background each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple layers in the background each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple layers in the background each
+one of those layers are going to be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those layers are going to be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those layers are going to be out
+of focus more or less autofocus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus more or less autofocus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus more or less autofocus
+depending on the depth or the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the depth or the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the depth or the distance
+from the plane of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plane of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plane of focus
+so it's hard to estimate the 3D shape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to estimate the 3D shape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to estimate the 3D shape or
+the 3D structure of this from just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D structure of this from just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D structure of this from just a
+single image it's much easier to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single image it's much easier to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single image it's much easier to do it
+from two images but what this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two images but what this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two images but what this paper
+we focus magnification did was they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus magnification did was they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus magnification did was they try
+to estimate the 3D structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the 3D structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate the 3D structure of the
+scene from just one image and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from just one image and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from just one image and then use
+that one that 3D structure and the C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that 3D structure and the C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that 3D structure and the C the
+image that was captured in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that was captured in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that was captured in order to
+increase the refocus by simply applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the refocus by simply applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the refocus by simply applying
+the spatially bearing blur filter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatially bearing blur filter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatially bearing blur filter on the
+image so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so
+you can see the background is more out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the background is more out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the background is more out
+of focus than in the image that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus than in the image that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus than in the image that they
+took over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is not really Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not really Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not really Epsilon
+photography I just put this here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I just put this here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography I just put this here because
+it falls into the overall structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls into the overall structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls into the overall structure
+because this is more of an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more of an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more of an image
+processing technique than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way of doing this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of doing this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of doing this is what's
+called synthetic aperture photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called synthetic aperture photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called synthetic aperture photography
+and this is something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that was
+proposed by martial voice group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed by martial voice group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed by martial voice group at
+Stanford but it's something that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford but it's something that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford but it's something that's more
+General and it's been used in radar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and it's been used in radar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and it's been used in radar and
+so on for a long time the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on for a long time the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on for a long time the idea is
+actually really simple that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really simple that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really simple that what you
+want to do is you want to simulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to simulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to simulate a
+large approach of lens such as the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large approach of lens such as the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large approach of lens such as the one
+shown here however you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here however you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here however you don't have the
+physical resources to create a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical resources to create a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical resources to create a large
+portion lens but what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion lens but what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion lens but what you can do is
+create a number of small aperture lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a number of small aperture lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a number of small aperture lenses
+and then somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow
+take the information coming from each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the information coming from each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the information coming from each of
+those lenses and computationally combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lenses and computationally combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lenses and computationally combine
+them in order to simulate the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order to simulate the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order to simulate the larger
+virtual lens and it's essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual lens and it's essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual lens and it's essentially what
+one way of thinking of this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of thinking of this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of thinking of this is from a
+light field camera kind of point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field camera kind of point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field camera kind of point of view
+but another or just a camera array but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another or just a camera array but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another or just a camera array but
+if you just think of it simply you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think of it simply you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think of it simply you can
+combine each of these Rays coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine each of these Rays coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine each of these Rays coming
+together into the lens if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into the lens if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into the lens if you can find
+out what those arrays are and get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what those arrays are and get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what those arrays are and get what
+you would have gotten from just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have gotten from just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have gotten from just this one
+large lens and now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lens and now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lens and now if you
+look at a different point in space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a different point in space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a different point in space you
+combine a different set of rays and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a different set of rays and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a different set of rays and you
+get the intensity corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the intensity corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the intensity corresponding to that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's essentially doing this what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially doing this what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially doing this what what
+gets done with the larger personal lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done with the larger personal lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done with the larger personal lens
+in Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Optics
+you're doing that computationally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that computationally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that computationally by
+combining all these rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what their setup looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what their setup looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what their setup looked like
+this is one of the settings I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the settings I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the settings I think they
+had five or six different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had five or six different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had five or six different uh
+different Optical configurations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Optical configurations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Optical configurations but
+this one allows them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one allows them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one allows them to
+see so they use this in order to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they use this in order to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they use this in order to focus
+on something that was behind a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that was behind a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that was behind a push
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's
+that's what you would get with just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you would get with just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you would get with just one
+image and what's on the right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and what's on the right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and what's on the right if the
+video plays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but anyways so you can simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so you can simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyways so you can simply by
+computationally combining the Rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally combining the Rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally combining the Rays and
+you'll actually learn how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually learn how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually learn how to do this
+kind of computation I think it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computation I think it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of computation I think it's one of
+your assignments also it's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignments also it's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignments also it's probably the
+next assignment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next assignment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next assignment where
+you combine information from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine information from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine information from multiple
+cameras and you twice simply shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and you twice simply shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and you twice simply shifting
+and adding you can focus on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding you can focus on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding you can focus on a different
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so maybe I don't have a video for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe I don't have a video for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe I don't have a video for
+this it's just you can focus behind on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's just you can focus behind on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's just you can focus behind on a
+different plane and anything in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plane and anything in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plane and anything in front
+goes out of focus and since your depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of focus and since your depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of focus and since your depth
+of field is so shallow because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field is so shallow because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of field is so shallow because you have
+this large scientific aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large scientific aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large scientific aperture
+everything over here actually goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over here actually goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over here actually goes out
+of focus and it just blurs out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and it just blurs out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus and it just blurs out and you
+can see behind the foliage in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see behind the foliage in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see behind the foliage in this case
+you know you know what I said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what I said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what I said um
+the bushes are moving time I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bushes are moving time I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bushes are moving time I said I
+don't think it matters because it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it matters because it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it matters because it takes
+just one image from each camera it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one image from each camera it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one image from each camera it's a
+camera array so it's not over time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array so it's not over time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array so it's not over time it's
+over sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sensors
+now that's a good point you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good point you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a good point you could you
+could actually do this by taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do this by taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do this by taking a
+camera and moving it around and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and moving it around and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and moving it around and taking
+multiple images which is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images which is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images which is exactly what
+the next paper does this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next paper does this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next paper does this is actually a
+work by Professor who was a visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by Professor who was a visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by Professor who was a visiting
+professor in our group last year and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in our group last year and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in our group last year and his
+students in Japan and they generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in Japan and they generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in Japan and they generalized
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+to instead of having a fixed rigid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instead of having a fixed rigid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instead of having a fixed rigid uh
+camera array you can just take a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array you can just take a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array you can just take a camera
+and move it around and take multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it around and take multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it around and take multiple
+images and then using using computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and then using using computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and then using using computer
+operation techniques to line up various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation techniques to line up various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation techniques to line up various
+sync components they are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync components they are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync components they are able to
+get results kind of like that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get results kind of like that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get results kind of like that so this is
+just with I think three or four images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with I think three or four images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with I think three or four images
+that he took just by moving a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he took just by moving a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he took just by moving a camera and
+just taking random images without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking random images without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking random images without any
+structure or any sort of calibration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or any sort of calibration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or any sort of calibration or
+anything and from that he's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and from that he's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and from that he's able to
+focus now in this case the focus is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus now in this case the focus is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus now in this case the focus is on
+the foreground of the background is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground of the background is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foreground of the background is
+before first and in that case focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before first and in that case focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before first and in that case focus on
+the background and the clock in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and the clock in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and the clock in the
+front is upper Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is upper Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front is upper Focus
+so this is also it's similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also it's similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is also it's similar to the
+camera or anything except you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera or anything except you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera or anything except you don't need
+a camera you can just take one camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera you can just take one camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera you can just take one camera
+and over time you can do work so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time you can do work so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time you can do work so in this
+case if the scene was changing you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the scene was changing you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the scene was changing you would
+have problems reconstructing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh finally the last technique I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally the last technique I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finally the last technique I want to
+talk about is something that I worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is something that I worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is something that I worked on
+last year and really quickly try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and really quickly try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and really quickly try to go
+through this I think I might have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this I think I might have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this I think I might have put
+too many slides in for this but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many slides in for this but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many slides in for this but the idea
+over here is to do it more optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is to do it more optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is to do it more optically
+rather than computationally and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than computationally and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than computationally and it's
+the basic idea is that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is that instead of
+keeping the camera and lens starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the camera and lens starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the camera and lens starting
+while you're taking an image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're taking an image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're taking an image you
+intentionally move the camera lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally move the camera lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally move the camera lens and
+sensor and of course what we call Image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and of course what we call Image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and of course what we call Image
+destabilization you move the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization you move the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization you move the lens and
+the sensor synchronously with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor synchronously with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor synchronously with one
+another during the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another during the exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another during the exposure
+and so to give you an intuition for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you an intuition for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you an intuition for how
+or why this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why this works
+so once again going back to the image we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again going back to the image we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again going back to the image we
+had in the beginning if you have a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the beginning if you have a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the beginning if you have a plane
+in Focus that's plane a all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus that's plane a all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Focus that's plane a all there is
+coming from a point on play from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a point on play from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a point on play from the
+point a get focused on a prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a get focused on a prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a get focused on a prime and the
+Rays coming from V get focused on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays coming from V get focused on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays coming from V get focused on a
+point which is a little in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is a little in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is a little in front of the
+sensor so you get this defocus blur on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so you get this defocus blur on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so you get this defocus blur on
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+and the side of this Blood depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the side of this Blood depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the side of this Blood depends on
+the size of the lens aperture if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the lens aperture if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the lens aperture if you use
+the side of the project it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until you have a if you have a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have a if you have a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have a if you have a pinhole
+then you just get one Ray going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just get one Ray going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just get one Ray going through
+which is what we saw in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we saw in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we saw in the beginning
+so now if you take up the pinhole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take up the pinhole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if you take up the pinhole and
+you translate the pinhole over time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you translate the pinhole over time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you translate the pinhole over time then
+you're going to get a blur over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a blur over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a blur over here
+which corresponds to the motion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to the motion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to the motion of this
+pinhole coming from the point B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole coming from the point B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole coming from the point B and
+similarly from point A now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly from point A now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly from point A now what's
+interesting is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if you
+if you compare these two they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare these two they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare these two they're not the
+same size they're actually they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size they're actually they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size they're actually they have a
+different size and the size ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size and the size ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size and the size ratio
+actually depends on the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depends on the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually depends on the distance between
+a and b and the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b and the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b and the distance between the
+points and the pinhole and the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the pinhole and the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the pinhole and the sensor
+so what what we do instead is we while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we do instead is we while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what we do instead is we while
+we're moving the pinhole we also move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving the pinhole we also move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving the pinhole we also move
+the sensor but we move the sensor such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor but we move the sensor such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor but we move the sensor such
+that the ratio such that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio such that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ratio such that one of the
+points actually remains fixed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points actually remains fixed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points actually remains fixed on the
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+and the other point produces a blur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other point produces a blur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other point produces a blur so
+now we've taken I haven't showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've taken I haven't showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've taken I haven't showed the
+actual motion but to this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual motion but to this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual motion but to this sequence of
+images point a was always focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images point a was always focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images point a was always focused on the
+same part on the sensor the point B was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part on the sensor the point B was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same part on the sensor the point B was
+focused on a different point and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a different point and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on a different point and so
+point B results in this blood which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B results in this blood which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B results in this blood which
+point a does not and you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a does not and you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a does not and you can use this
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+this this sort of a setup where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of a setup where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of a setup where you have
+the lens and the camera and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens and the camera and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens and the camera and two
+different planes and the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes and the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes and the camera is
+moving at a different velocity than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at a different velocity than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at a different velocity than the
+lens and by the ratio of the velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and by the ratio of the velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and by the ratio of the velocities
+you can focus at a different plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus at a different plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can focus at a different plane in
+front of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera
+so this is an image you would get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an image you would get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an image you would get with
+just a small aperture lens uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small aperture lens uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small aperture lens uh I think
+F22 or something everything is in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F22 or something everything is in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F22 or something everything is in focus
+and this is the image you get using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the image you get using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the image you get using our
+technique where just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique where just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique where just the
+ping in between this is still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping in between this is still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping in between this is still the same
+lens uh you you get something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens uh you you get something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens uh you you get something which is
+in the focus in the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the focus in the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the focus in the middle and
+everything in front and behind goes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in front and behind goes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in front and behind goes more
+and more autofocus by simply translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more autofocus by simply translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more autofocus by simply translating
+the camera lens and the sensor over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera lens and the sensor over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera lens and the sensor over the
+exporter time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the advantage of this is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the advantage of this is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the advantage of this is that you
+can simulate a larger partial lens or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate a larger partial lens or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate a larger partial lens or an
+SLR lens using a small camera lens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLR lens using a small camera lens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLR lens using a small camera lens so
+you can you don't have to spend most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you don't have to spend most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you don't have to spend most
+many of those lenses cost more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those lenses cost more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those lenses cost more than a
+thousand dollars so you can use a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so you can use a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so you can use a 20
+lens in order to create a similar effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens in order to create a similar effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens in order to create a similar effect
+as that produce about a thousand dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that produce about a thousand dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that produce about a thousand dollar
+lens but the disadvantage is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but the disadvantage is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but the disadvantage is that you
+need this motion and so you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this motion and so you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this motion and so you need some
+space around the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space around the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space around the lens
+where it can it can translate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can it can translate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can it can translate which is
+not all that hard because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that hard because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that hard because if you look at
+the spacing on the lens most of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing on the lens most of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing on the lens most of it is
+wasted and not really used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay at this point maybe it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at this point maybe it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at this point maybe it might be a
+good idea to just switch to rock and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to just switch to rock and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to just switch to rock and see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+his technique lets us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his technique lets us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his technique lets us do
+uh I have a couple of other things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a couple of other things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a couple of other things here
+but I think you can do that after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think you can do that after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think you can do that after this
+stuff but I don't know do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but I don't know do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but I don't know do you want to
+break for five ten minutes first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break for five ten minutes first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break for five ten minutes first
+sure so we can break for five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we can break for five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we can break for five minutes
+and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add
+so 245 yeah if you'd like to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 245 yeah if you'd like to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 245 yeah if you'd like to go back
+and you can say if you if you can fly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say if you if you can fly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say if you if you can fly I
+mean it's not as good as it is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not as good as it is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not as good as it is yeah
+because uh to raise something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh to raise something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh to raise something that's
+called crosstalk I mean this Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called crosstalk I mean this Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called crosstalk I mean this Optical
+first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+hey you're not having those beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you're not having those beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you're not having those beautiful
+side by side and you can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by side and you can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side by side and you can have some
+photos that actually has to say one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that actually has to say one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that actually has to say one two
+or end up counting as another one do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or end up counting as another one do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or end up counting as another one do you
+want to draw that in I mean if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw that in I mean if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to draw that in I mean if you go
+back to the to the web app and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the to the web app and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the to the web app and then then
+you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+a sensitive care of these two episodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitive care of these two episodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitive care of these two episodes
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+very red and green and there's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very red and green and there's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very red and green and there's in fact
+they both Zone can actually cross say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both Zone can actually cross say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both Zone can actually cross say
+yeah exactly this and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly this and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly this and it's going to
+count it out of the way and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it out of the way and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it out of the way and also
+um with the fact that I mean both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the fact that I mean both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the fact that I mean both the
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+so if it might be that one will cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it might be that one will cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it might be that one will cross
+it's Jupiter but we'll set up a wall a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Jupiter but we'll set up a wall a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Jupiter but we'll set up a wall a
+little bit and actually end up Hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and actually end up Hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and actually end up Hamilton
+to another one so right this is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one so right this is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one so right this is a kind
+of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal
+and uh if you you like I mean yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you you like I mean yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you you like I mean yet
+another reason for that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason for that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason for that I mean
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Greek fraction varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek fraction varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek fraction varies
+so in fact if you have a single plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact if you have a single plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact if you have a single plane
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have
+um both phones with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both phones with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both phones with different
+wavelengths of focusing stupid points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of focusing stupid points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of focusing stupid points so
+this is what caused romantic episode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what caused romantic episode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what caused romantic episode you
+have to add extra options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the cases and I mean of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cases and I mean of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cases and I mean of course
+using a 360d sensor or multiple distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 360d sensor or multiple distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 360d sensor or multiple distinct
+sensors is always going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors is always going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors is always going to give you
+better results than the player filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better results than the player filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better results than the player filter
+it's going to be more expensive perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more expensive perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be more expensive perhaps
+so I think the question that you had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the question that you had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the question that you had was
+why is it that we use three CCD for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that we use three CCD for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that we use three CCD for
+video but not for still why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but not for still why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but not for still why does it
+matter more for video and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter more for video and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter more for video and I'm not
+entirely sure of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely sure of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely sure of course
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no but then even actually splits that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but then even actually splits that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but then even actually splits that's
+true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah
+yeah so you get three times as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get three times as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get three times as much
+lighters
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w_-SX4vR53M.txt b/w_-SX4vR53M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f906e26522dcacfd8ec24d9f19775577e8627cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w_-SX4vR53M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's get started. Uh today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's get started. Uh today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's get started. Uh today's
+topic would be distributed algorithms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic would be distributed algorithms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic would be distributed algorithms.
+uh we we will look at two new algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we will look at two new algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we will look at two new algorithms
+but they are similar to what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are similar to what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are similar to what you have
+seen in the lectures. So it will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the lectures. So it will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the lectures. So it will also be
+a review of uh some concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of uh some concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of uh some concepts in
+lectures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So our first example would be again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our first example would be again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our first example would be again
+leader election. The simple the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader election. The simple the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader election. The simple the simplest
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this time uh the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time uh the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time uh the network
+anthropology would be a ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in in the lectures uh the example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in the lectures uh the example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in in the lectures uh the example we
+see is a click meaning they are fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a click meaning they are fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is a click meaning they are fully
+connected right every node can talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected right every node can talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected right every node can talk to
+every other node uh there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other node uh there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other node uh there if you
+remember our solution is to for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our solution is to for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our solution is to for everyone
+to generate a UID or a random number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a UID or a random number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a UID or a random number and
+if you are the maximum then you output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are the maximum then you output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are the maximum then you output
+you are the leader uh it's you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the leader uh it's you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the leader uh it's you can do
+that because yeah you are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because yeah you are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because yeah you are connected to
+everybody so you immediately know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so you immediately know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so you immediately know what
+random number everybody generates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number everybody generates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number everybody generates and
+you can compare whether you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare whether you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare whether you are the
+largest now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest now
+uh the idea is the same if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea is the same if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea is the same if we have a
+ring so you want everyone to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring so you want everyone to generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring so you want everyone to generate an
+ID or random number I'll just say ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID or random number I'll just say ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID or random number I'll just say ID
+from now on and you want to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on and you want to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on and you want to collect
+everyone else ID so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else ID so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else ID so that you know
+whether your ID is the largest among uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your ID is the largest among uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether your ID is the largest among uh
+uh all of them. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Comparison like comparing the numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comparison like comparing the numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comparison like comparing the numbers.
+Pardon? Where is the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon? Where is the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon? Where is the comparison
+competition happening?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition happening?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition happening?
+Uh okay. The question is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. The question is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. The question is where the
+comparison happen? Um so we first need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison happen? Um so we first need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison happen? Um so we first need
+some way to pass the numbers around such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to pass the numbers around such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to pass the numbers around such
+that everyone has everyone else's number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has everyone else's number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everyone has everyone else's number
+right you have the number of everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have the number of everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have the number of everyone
+then you can compare whether the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compare whether the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can compare whether the largest
+equals yours okay if the largest equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yours okay if the largest equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals yours okay if the largest equals
+yours then you know you're the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours then you know you're the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours then you know you're the largest
+and you're going to output uh I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to output uh I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to output uh I'm the
+leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader
+okay so the difficulty is just how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difficulty is just how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difficulty is just how to
+pass the numbers around so that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the numbers around so that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the numbers around so that everyone
+sees everyone else's number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees everyone else's number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees everyone else's number.
+Any ideas? Simple solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, there's not much you can do. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there's not much you can do. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there's not much you can do. You
+just connect to your two neighbors, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect to your two neighbors, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect to your two neighbors, the
+left one and the right one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, how do you propagate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do you propagate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do you propagate the
+information?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead. You can take the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. You can take the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. You can take the maximum of
+your ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ID
+and kind of broadcast that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of broadcast that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of broadcast that.
+Okay. So, what does broadcast mean here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what does broadcast mean here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what does broadcast mean here?
+Like tell your neighbors what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like tell your neighbors what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like tell your neighbors what the
+largest of your value is. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest of your value is. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest of your value is. Okay.
+And yes, uh uh let me call them ABC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EF then yeah Z can tell D or can tell B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF then yeah Z can tell D or can tell B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF then yeah Z can tell D or can tell B.
+But how does C tell Esate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So uh it would be just uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So uh it would be just uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So uh it would be just uh say
+everyone talks to its right neighbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone talks to its right neighbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone talks to its right neighbor and
+then B has A's ID, C has B's ID, D has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B has A's ID, C has B's ID, D has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B has A's ID, C has B's ID, D has
+C's ID and then continue and pass around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's ID and then continue and pass around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's ID and then continue and pass around
+next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So just to make it perfectly clear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to make it perfectly clear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to make it perfectly clear uh
+say they generate some random ids that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they generate some random ids that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they generate some random ids that's
+5 1020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1020
+and then in the next round A would send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the next round A would send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the next round A would send
+its ID to B would send its ID to C would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ID to B would send its ID to C would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ID to B would send its ID to C would
+send its ID to D and in the next round B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send its ID to D and in the next round B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send its ID to D and in the next round B
+would pass this information along to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass this information along to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass this information along to C
+and C would pass the information to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C would pass the information to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C would pass the information to D
+and just continue and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just continue and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just continue and eventually
+everyone will have everyone else's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will have everyone else's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will have everyone else's this
+idea. So, how many runs do we need?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If there are nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the system, are they probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system, are they probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system, are they probably just
+one direction or two neighbors? Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction or two neighbors? Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction or two neighbors? Um, I
+think you can do it either way. It will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do it either way. It will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do it either way. It will
+be if you propagate both ways, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you propagate both ways, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you propagate both ways, it
+probably 2x faster. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Correct. It's just all of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Correct. It's just all of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Correct. It's just all of them,
+right? But to keep it simple, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But to keep it simple, let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But to keep it simple, let's say
+we just propagate in one direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just propagate in one direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just propagate in one direction,
+right? That's also fine. Still event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's also fine. Still event.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's also fine. Still event.
+So, how many messages are sent in total?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pardon? N square. N square. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is that obvious to everyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that obvious to everyone?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that obvious to everyone?
+Can you give an explanation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you give an explanation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you give an explanation?
+Uh yeah. Each round everyone sends me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah. Each round everyone sends me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah. Each round everyone sends me.
+Yeah. Yeah. Everyone everyone every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Everyone everyone every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Everyone everyone every
+round everyone sends a message or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round everyone sends a message or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round everyone sends a message or you
+can think of every message is propagated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of every message is propagated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of every message is propagated
+n times and there are n messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times and there are n messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times and there are n messages in
+total.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yeah, that's definitely your solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's definitely your solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's definitely your solution.
+Uh well you can imagine it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well you can imagine it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well you can imagine it's probably
+the naive solution and can we do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive solution and can we do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive solution and can we do better
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case? Uh are we assuming they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case? Uh are we assuming they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case? Uh are we assuming they
+know that there are n of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are n of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there are n of them
+like terminate? Okay. Uh good question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like terminate? Okay. Uh good question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like terminate? Okay. Uh good question.
+So if we if they know there are n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we if they know there are n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we if they know there are n of
+them yep then they know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yep then they know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yep then they know how to
+terminate. So your question is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate. So your question is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate. So your question is how to
+terminate right? uh if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate right? uh if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate right? uh if they don't
+eventually you will receive your own ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will receive your own ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you will receive your own ID
+on the other side. If we keep sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side. If we keep sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side. If we keep sending
+left eventually you'll receive it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eventually you'll receive it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left eventually you'll receive it on the
+left port and yeah that's uh that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left port and yeah that's uh that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left port and yeah that's uh that's an
+indication of termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming that the generated are unique.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the generated are unique.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the generated are unique.
+Yeah, we usually assume that. Yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we usually assume that. Yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we usually assume that. Yeah. Uh
+either it's a unique user ID uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's a unique user ID uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's a unique user ID uh sorry
+UID. What does you stand for, by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UID. What does you stand for, by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UID. What does you stand for, by the
+way? Or uh if you generate random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way? Or uh if you generate random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way? Or uh if you generate random
+numbers in a large range, it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a large range, it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in a large range, it's very
+unlikely that they collide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, so can we do better than that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Have some idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have some idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have some idea.
+Once something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once something
+probably some sort of research where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some sort of research where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some sort of research where you
+only pass it to the one that's bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pass it to the one that's bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pass it to the one that's bigger.
+Mhm. Okay. I think you have two ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Okay. I think you have two ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Okay. I think you have two ideas
+and uh binary search. We'll see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh binary search. We'll see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh binary search. We'll see how that
+works later. So you said uh only forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works later. So you said uh only forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works later. So you said uh only forward
+something that's larger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's larger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's larger.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah, that's on the right track.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, that's on the right track.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, that's on the right track.
+So, uh, one obvious thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, one obvious thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, one obvious thing we can do is
+that, so we actually don't care what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, so we actually don't care what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, so we actually don't care what all
+the ids are, right? We only care whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ids are, right? We only care whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ids are, right? We only care whether
+uh, a certain ID is the largest. So, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, a certain ID is the largest. So, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, a certain ID is the largest. So, for
+example, in this case, when A send its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, in this case, when A send its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, in this case, when A send its
+ID five to B, B knows this five won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID five to B, B knows this five won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID five to B, B knows this five won't be
+the leader,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader,
+right? Because five is too small. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because five is too small. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because five is too small. It's
+even smaller than his ID. So B can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller than his ID. So B can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller than his ID. So B can
+choose to drop this message,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to drop this message,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to drop this message,
+right? There's no point in passing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's no point in passing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's no point in passing that
+message further.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message further.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message further.
+Same thing for this me message. C knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same thing for this me message. C knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same thing for this me message. C knows
+that 10 is too small and it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 is too small and it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 is too small and it doesn't have
+to pass it along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The ID uh it's just the integer each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ID uh it's just the integer each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ID uh it's just the integer each
+node chooses at random. Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node chooses at random. Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node chooses at random. Say
+Yeah, the only purpose of the ID is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the only purpose of the ID is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the only purpose of the ID is to
+break uh symmetry. So yeah, like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh symmetry. So yeah, like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh symmetry. So yeah, like we have
+seen in the lecture, if they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the lecture, if they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the lecture, if they don't do
+this, if they don't have any unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if they don't have any unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if they don't have any unique
+identifier, they won't be able to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier, they won't be able to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier, they won't be able to select
+the leader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leader.
+And when they have a unique number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they have a unique number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they have a unique number then
+they can select yeah the largest one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can select yeah the largest one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can select yeah the largest one or
+smallest one or some in in some way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does this optimization make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does this optimization make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does this optimization make sense?
+We can cut drop several messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can cut drop several messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can cut drop several messages that
+uh have no chance of becoming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have no chance of becoming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have no chance of becoming the
+leader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it still in square? Correct. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it still in square? Correct. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it still in square? Correct. Yep.
+That's uh yeah, very good question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh yeah, very good question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's uh yeah, very good question and
+very good answer by the way. Uh but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good answer by the way. Uh but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good answer by the way. Uh but how
+effective is this? Well, in the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is this? Well, in the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is this? Well, in the average
+case, you may we may be able to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, you may we may be able to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, you may we may be able to drop
+some messages. But there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some messages. But there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some messages. But there are
+pathological case where it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological case where it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological case where it actually
+doesn't help at all. Say this is the ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help at all. Say this is the ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help at all. Say this is the ID
+we choose. Then when there's 20, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose. Then when there's 20, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose. Then when there's 20, it's
+send around. B cannot drop it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send around. B cannot drop it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send around. B cannot drop it, right?
+because it it's pro it may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's pro it may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's pro it may be the
+largest and when this 10 is sent to C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and when this 10 is sent to C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and when this 10 is sent to C C
+cannot drop it and when 20 comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot drop it and when 20 comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot drop it and when 20 comes along
+it also cannot drop it so no node can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also cannot drop it so no node can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also cannot drop it so no node can
+drop any message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop any message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop any message
+it's worst case is still n square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's think about the
+binary search equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search equivalent.
+Uh yeah, how to binary search in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, how to binary search in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah, how to binary search in this
+case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So binary search to what? Uh yeah, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So binary search to what? Uh yeah, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So binary search to what? Uh yeah, good
+question. It's not very obvious obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. It's not very obvious obvious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. It's not very obvious obvious.
+uh binary searching to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binary searching to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binary searching to what
+um yeah just some binary idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just some binary idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just some binary idea
+that that will give us a oh log inbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will give us a oh log inbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will give us a oh log inbound
+so actually that's the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's the this is the
+better algorithm but once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm but once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm but once you have a
+login you can probably guess okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login you can probably guess okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login you can probably guess okay go
+ahead how about like kind of merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead how about like kind of merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead how about like kind of merging
+like instead of finding the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of finding the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like instead of finding the global
+maximum finding like local maximum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum finding like local maximum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum finding like local maximum then
+yeah That's on the right track. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah That's on the right track. Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah That's on the right track. Yeah. Um
+clusters of some points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of some points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of some points.
+Yeah, that's definitely the uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's definitely the uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's definitely the uh right
+idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+Yeah. Let's detail it a little bit. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Let's detail it a little bit. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Let's detail it a little bit. How
+do you carry it up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm. Um divide the um two parts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Um divide the um two parts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. Um divide the um two parts like
+two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts
+like dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dividing
+and okay so then it's let them select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so then it's let them select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so then it's let them select
+their leader respectively and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leader respectively and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their leader respectively and compare
+which one is larger. It's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is larger. It's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is larger. It's interesting
+thought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB finds the maximum between CD finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB finds the maximum between CD finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB finds the maximum between CD finds
+the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum
+max.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the first difficulty I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first difficulty I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the first difficulty I see is
+that if you cut it by half, it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you cut it by half, it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you cut it by half, it's no
+longer a ring, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, correct. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it's definitely not an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's definitely not an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's definitely not an easy
+problem, another not easy algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea is to
+uh well you had the right idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you had the right idea that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well you had the right idea that we
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+uh what's the word let the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the word let the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the word let the weak
+candidates shut up early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates shut up early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates shut up early
+so what I mean by that is say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by that is say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by that is say we have
+several round so this B and A and C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several round so this B and A and C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several round so this B and A and C we
+will let B only propagate to A and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let B only propagate to A and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let B only propagate to A and C
+test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test.
+If B is the local maximum among ABC,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If B is the local maximum among ABC,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If B is the local maximum among ABC,
+then B will try to talk further,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase its range. If B is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase its range. If B is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase its range. If B is not the
+local maximum of ABC, then yeah, it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local maximum of ABC, then yeah, it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local maximum of ABC, then yeah, it can
+be quiet and doesn't need to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quiet and doesn't need to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quiet and doesn't need to send
+messages anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages anymore.
+If B succeeds in the next round, then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If B succeeds in the next round, then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If B succeeds in the next round, then it
+will further increase its range to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will further increase its range to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will further increase its range to try
+to talk to more people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So how does it work in detail?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how does it work in detail?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how does it work in detail?
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so in round I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in round I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in round I
+uh we will let a node send this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will let a node send this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will let a node send this message
+up to two ra to i uh hops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In this case is one and in next round is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case is one and in next round is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case is one and in next round is
+two and then four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If at any point some node like along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If at any point some node like along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If at any point some node like along
+this range decides that you are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range decides that you are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range decides that you are not the
+local maximum then they will reply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local maximum then they will reply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local maximum then they will reply that
+yeah you can you you no longer need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you you no longer need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can you you no longer need to
+send messages anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages anymore.
+If this message successfully reaches uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this message successfully reaches uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this message successfully reaches uh
+this end point that two ra to iHops then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end point that two ra to iHops then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end point that two ra to iHops then
+this guy will respond and this guy if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will respond and this guy if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will respond and this guy if it
+still thinks you are the local maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thinks you are the local maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thinks you are the local maximum
+then it will respond a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will respond a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will respond a message
+uh well saying yeah continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And if the sender receives this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if the sender receives this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if the sender receives this
+continue message on both sides then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue message on both sides then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue message on both sides then it
+will continue into the next round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue into the next round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue into the next round
+otherwise it will go inactive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is the algorithm clear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And how do we choose the next maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we choose the next maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we choose the next maximum
+like next which has to send the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like next which has to send the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like next which has to send the message
+uh say that again like after receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say that again like after receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say that again like after receiving
+like um don't send again like we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um don't send again like we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um don't send again like we have to
+choose one node which has to send okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one node which has to send okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one node which has to send okay
+in the first round everyone send their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first round everyone send their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first round everyone send their
+messages okay then some of them will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages okay then some of them will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages okay then some of them will go
+inactive because they learn they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive because they learn they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive because they learn they are not
+maximum and the remaining the surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and the remaining the surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and the remaining the surviving
+surviving ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving ones
+will yeah continue sending messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah continue sending messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah continue sending messages and
+then yeah half of them probably will die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah half of them probably will die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah half of them probably will die
+in the next round and the surviving ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next round and the surviving ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next round and the surviving ones
+keep sending messages.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How does it send messages? It can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does it send messages? It can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does it send messages? It can only
+neighbor right not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor right not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor right not to
+Yep. So we will send a message of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So we will send a message of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So we will send a message of this
+form uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh say
+well some message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we will send a hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will send a hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will send a hop
+uh and the direction either left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the direction either left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the direction either left or
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and this hop will initially be set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hop will initially be set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this hop will initially be set to
+two raised to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two raised to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two raised to i
+the number of round. Then when this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of round. Then when this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of round. Then when this guy
+receives the message, it will decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the message, it will decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the message, it will decrement
+the hop count and pass it along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hop count and pass it along.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hop count and pass it along.
+And every node when forwarding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every node when forwarding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every node when forwarding the
+message will decrease the that h by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message will decrease the that h by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message will decrease the that h by one.
+And finally when it reaches here, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally when it reaches here, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally when it reaches here, that
+number becomes zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number becomes zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number becomes zero.
+And when you see a when when a node sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you see a when when a node sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you see a when when a node sees
+a message with zero hop count, it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message with zero hop count, it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message with zero hop count, it going
+it's going to reverse it, send it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reverse it, send it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to reverse it, send it in the
+other direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction.
+And again set it back to 22 to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this message I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this message I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this message I should say
+uh ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at at certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at at certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at at certain point
+c a certain node may decide this ID is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a certain node may decide this ID is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a certain node may decide this ID is
+too small it doesn't have a chance then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small it doesn't have a chance then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small it doesn't have a chance then
+yeah it can directly uh send it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can directly uh send it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can directly uh send it in the
+opposite direction replying a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction replying a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction replying a message
+saying yeah you are too small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+any more questions on the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions on the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions on the algorithm
+itself?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself?
+If not what's the next step?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah time complexity. Oh I already claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah time complexity. Oh I already claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah time complexity. Oh I already claim
+it's n login. Is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+this is round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is round
+this is message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is also message complexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So why is it in login?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm. So we have uh a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. So we have uh a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. So we have uh a certain number of
+rounds. So how many rounds do we have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, maybe. Uh yeah, I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, maybe. Uh yeah, I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, maybe. Uh yeah, I'll just say
+login. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because yeah, you're increasing your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah, you're increasing your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah, you're increasing your uh
+hop length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop length and
+we're going to compute like how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute like how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute like how many
+nodes are still active in each round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are still active in each round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are still active in each round and
+how many messages are sent in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many messages are sent in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many messages are sent in that
+round.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round.
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the number of nodes active just will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes active just will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes active just will
+just be this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be this number
+if we start from zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start from zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start from zero.
+Why? Because the first time everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because the first time everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because the first time everyone is
+active in the next time only oneird of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the next time only oneird of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in the next time only oneird of
+them will be active but we said uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be active but we said uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be active but we said uh we
+are conservative here and we put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conservative here and we put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conservative here and we put one
+half right next round is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right next round is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right next round is actually
+15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th
+because the local maximum if it's local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the local maximum if it's local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the local maximum if it's local
+maximum it means like these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum it means like these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum it means like these two and
+those two will go inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two will go inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two will go inactive
+but we put this as a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put this as a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put this as a uh
+upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+So this is the number of nodes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the number of nodes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the number of nodes that are
+still active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still active
+and they will send the message up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this many hops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there are two directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you send the message back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send the message back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send the message back and then
+uh yeah sorry send a message forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah sorry send a message forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah sorry send a message forward and
+someone will reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone will reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone will reply
+but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the end
+this is an login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I think I got eight n login. So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think I got eight n login. So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think I got eight n login. So my
+recitation note says it's four login.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation note says it's four login.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation note says it's four login.
+I'm not entirely sure whether what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not entirely sure whether what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not entirely sure whether what's
+going on. Yeah, but you can double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. Yeah, but you can double check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. Yeah, but you can double check
+whether this is correct or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is correct or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is correct or the
+recitation note is correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is I again? I is the uh num number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is I again? I is the uh num number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is I again? I is the uh num number
+of round in the e round. Yeah, this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of round in the e round. Yeah, this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of round in the e round. Yeah, this many
+nodes are still active and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are still active and each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are still active and each of them
+will send uh the message this many hops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I didn't mention whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't mention whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't mention whether this is
+whether the network is synchronous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the network is synchronous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the network is synchronous or
+asynchronous. And it turns out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous. And it turns out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous. And it turns out it
+doesn't care. This algorithm can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care. This algorithm can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care. This algorithm can work
+for both synchronous and asynchronous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both synchronous and asynchronous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both synchronous and asynchronous.
+Apparently, it works for synchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently, it works for synchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently, it works for synchronous
+networks. If it's asynchronous, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. If it's asynchronous, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. If it's asynchronous, then
+the uh what changes is that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what changes is that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh what changes is that different
+nodes are in different rounds, right? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are in different rounds, right? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are in different rounds, right? A
+certain round may a certain node may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain round may a certain node may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain round may a certain node may be
+far ahead than the others, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far ahead than the others, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far ahead than the others, but it's
+fine. Eventually, they will converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Eventually, they will converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Eventually, they will converge to
+the correct result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct result.
+Okay. So, let's look at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's look at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's look at the second
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, problem is defined even simpler.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, problem is defined even simpler.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, problem is defined even simpler.
+Uh we just want to count how many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we just want to count how many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we just want to count how many nodes
+are out there and we want the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and we want the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and we want the algorithm
+to uh work both synchronously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh work both synchronously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh work both synchronously and
+asynchronously.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronously.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronously.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+by that I just mean we have a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, say you have a lot of nodes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, say you have a lot of nodes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, say you have a lot of nodes after
+that just want to count how many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just want to count how many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just want to count how many nodes
+are there in this network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll give you say one minute to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll give you say one minute to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll give you say one minute to let's
+first come up with a high level plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh is the problem clear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh is the problem clear?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh is the problem clear?
+the worst case following. Mhm. The worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case following. Mhm. The worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case following. Mhm. The worst
+case. Um okay, I haven't defined that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Um okay, I haven't defined that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Um okay, I haven't defined that.
+Let's not worry about uh complexity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's not worry about uh complexity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's not worry about uh complexity now
+for now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now.
+The complexity will depend on number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The complexity will depend on number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The complexity will depend on number of
+nodes n and the number of edges e. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just get it functionally correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can anyone share a high level strategy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+So each will store the like um ids of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each will store the like um ids of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So each will store the like um ids of
+the other places it has received. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other places it has received. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other places it has received. So
+basically like it's going to send prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like it's going to send prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like it's going to send prop
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh on what edge? For this one. Yeah, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh on what edge? For this one. Yeah, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh on what edge? For this one. Yeah, it
+was sent in both on both edges. Mhm. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sent in both on both edges. Mhm. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sent in both on both edges. Mhm. Of
+course. Mhm. Okay. So then maybe it send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Mhm. Okay. So then maybe it send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Mhm. Okay. So then maybe it send
+a one here and send a one here. There.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one here and send a one here. There.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one here and send a one here. There.
+Then this node will think it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this node will think it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this node will think it has a
+children. It has a child, right? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. It has a child, right? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. It has a child, right? Which
+is this one. Let's just say this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one. Let's just say this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one. Let's just say this is this
+is the entire network. And what message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire network. And what message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire network. And what message
+does this does it send to this guy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this does it send to this guy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this does it send to this guy?
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. You probably need send two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You probably need send two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. You probably need send two here
+because you have one and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have one and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have one and this is
+possibly child, right? But then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly child, right? But then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly child, right? But then we're
+double counting this node. You see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting this node. You see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting this node. You see the
+problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do nodes have their IDs like ID? Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do nodes have their IDs like ID? Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do nodes have their IDs like ID? Oh
+yeah, they they have their IDs. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, they they have their IDs. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, they they have their IDs. We can
+send the ID set of the ID. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the ID set of the ID. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the ID set of the ID. Oh,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You're going to send all the IDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah, that's a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, that's a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, that's a interesting
+thought. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. And then
+you still you may still need a root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still you may still need a root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still you may still need a root and
+that one have will have everyone's ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one have will have everyone's ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one have will have everyone's ID
+and then see how many unique guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see how many unique guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see how many unique guys are
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Interesting. Does this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Interesting. Does this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Interesting. Does this algorithm
+work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work?
+Yeah, I don't see any problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, let me still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, let me still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, let me still
+uh repeat what uh our algorithm is. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh repeat what uh our algorithm is. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh repeat what uh our algorithm is. It's
+because it's closer to what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's closer to what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's closer to what's in the
+lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+So, we're going to uh find the spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to uh find the spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to uh find the spanning
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this network,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this network,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this network,
+right? A spanning tree means well like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? A spanning tree means well like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? A spanning tree means well like I
+have to cut one of these edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I have a tree that then I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a tree that then I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a tree that then I can have
+every child report to its parent like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every child report to its parent like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every child report to its parent like
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+offsprings including myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsprings including myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsprings including myself
+do I have? And this this note will sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have? And this this note will sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have? And this this note will sum
+up uh all its all its children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh all its all its children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh all its all its children and
+report to its parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does everyone get that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does everyone get that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does everyone get that?
+So first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first
+we'll find a spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and second uh we'll have child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second uh we'll have child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second uh we'll have child
+reports to parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How can how can we find this tree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can how can we find this tree?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can how can we find this tree?
+Good question. So in the lecture we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So in the lecture we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So in the lecture we have
+seen an algorithm that find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen an algorithm that find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen an algorithm that find
+BFS spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for synchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for synchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for synchronous
+networks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is review of the lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How does it work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Each node will say we we need to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each node will say we we need to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each node will say we we need to first
+choose a root and our root will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a root and our root will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a root and our root will just
+send a message to its neighbor and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to its neighbor and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to its neighbor and yeah
+saying you are my child, you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you are my child, you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you are my child, you're my
+child, you are my child, you are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child, you are my child, you are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child, you are my child, you are my
+child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+and then every node upon receiving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every node upon receiving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every node upon receiving uh
+this message from the me uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message from the me uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message from the me uh from the
+parent will search among its neighbors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent will search among its neighbors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent will search among its neighbors,
+right? So the neighbors that haven't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the neighbors that haven't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the neighbors that haven't got
+a parent will acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parent will acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parent will acknowledge
+this sender as the parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's a little messy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this node will search to uh the leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this node will search to uh the leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this node will search to uh the leaf
+node but then it will also try to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node but then it will also try to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node but then it will also try to search
+for this guy but this guy already has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this guy but this guy already has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this guy but this guy already has a
+parent. Then yeah it will say I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent. Then yeah it will say I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent. Then yeah it will say I I
+already got a parent and blah blah blah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got a parent and blah blah blah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got a parent and blah blah blah.
+This will give us a BFS spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will give us a BFS spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will give us a BFS spanning tree.
+What does it mean? It's a spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it mean? It's a spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it mean? It's a spanning tree
+found by BFS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by BFS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found by BFS.
+Does it work for asynchronous network?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead. This version does, but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. This version does, but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead. This version does, but there's
+a different version that uses an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different version that uses an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different version that uses an edge
+relaxation. Yeah, correct. And so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation. Yeah, correct. And so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation. Yeah, correct. And so why
+does this version not work work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this version not work work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this version not work work for a
+synchronous network? Because different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous network? Because different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous network? Because different
+nodes can be on a different round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can be on a different round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes can be on a different round
+number. So that a longer path could end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that a longer path could end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that a longer path could end
+up going to a yeah exactly. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going to a yeah exactly. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going to a yeah exactly. So let me
+give a concrete example. Uh what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a concrete example. Uh what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a concrete example. Uh what does
+asynchronous network mean is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous network mean is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous network mean is that well
+messages travel at different speed. Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages travel at different speed. Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages travel at different speed. Say
+this link for some reason is temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link for some reason is temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link for some reason is temporarily
+down and this node doesn't receive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this node doesn't receive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this node doesn't receive the
+message from the root and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from the root and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from the root and then this
+message travels very fast and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message travels very fast and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message travels very fast and this
+message also travels very fast. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message also travels very fast. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message also travels very fast. So this
+message may reach uh this node earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message may reach uh this node earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message may reach uh this node earlier
+and then this this node will think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this node will think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this this node will think of it
+as a child of this node. Okay. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child of this node. Okay. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child of this node. Okay. And then
+this message comes along finally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message comes along finally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message comes along finally but
+this node says yeah I already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node says yeah I already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node says yeah I already have a
+parent and I'm going to reject you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and I'm going to reject you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and I'm going to reject you.
+So it makes a spanning tree. Yes, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it makes a spanning tree. Yes, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it makes a spanning tree. Yes, good
+point. This is not a BFS spanning tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. This is not a BFS spanning tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. This is not a BFS spanning tree
+but it's it's still a spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's still a spanning tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's still a spanning tree.
+Right. So in our problem we are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So in our problem we are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So in our problem we are totally
+fine with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. But you do have to know uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But you do have to know uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But you do have to know uh if you
+really want a BFS spanning tree in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want a BFS spanning tree in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want a BFS spanning tree in an
+asynchronous network then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous network then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous network then you have to
+like record the distance and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like record the distance and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like record the distance and do the
+relaxation and so on and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we'll just use this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll just use this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we'll just use this algorithm
+the BFS spanning tree algorithm. Uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BFS spanning tree algorithm. Uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BFS spanning tree algorithm. Uh just
+run it asynchronously. It doesn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it asynchronously. It doesn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it asynchronously. It doesn't find
+the BFS spanning tree but it finds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BFS spanning tree but it finds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BFS spanning tree but it finds some
+finds a sum spanning tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, how does this algorithm work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how does this algorithm work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how does this algorithm work?
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will have several variables. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have several variables. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have several variables. The
+first one is parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is parent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is parent.
+We will initialize it to this undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will initialize it to this undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will initialize it to this undefined
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, then every note will pass around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, then every note will pass around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, then every note will pass around
+this search message. I'll use a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search message. I'll use a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search message. I'll use a slightly
+well shorthand notation than uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well shorthand notation than uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well shorthand notation than uh from the
+lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh okay let's say uh the code I wrote is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay let's say uh the code I wrote is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay let's say uh the code I wrote is
+for process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for process
+U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+If we receive a message a search message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we receive a message a search message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we receive a message a search message
+from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V
+uh to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to U
+that means U sorry V is trying to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means U sorry V is trying to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means U sorry V is trying to become
+apparent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+if I do not have a parent yet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do not have a parent yet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do not have a parent yet,
+I should set the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what's the next step?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we got this search message from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we got this search message from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we got this search message from our
+parent and we have to pass it along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh yeah, great. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we first need to respond by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we first need to respond by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we first need to respond by saying
+okay, I'll use a well shorter notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, I'll use a well shorter notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, I'll use a well shorter notation.
+Send V is a que that that's the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Send V is a que that that's the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Send V is a que that that's the message
+uh that will be sent to V at some point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will be sent to V at some point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that will be sent to V at some point.
+Well, the message we sent is parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the message we sent is parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the message we sent is parent
+one parent true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent true.
+This is a response to V saying uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a response to V saying uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a response to V saying uh yeah
+you are my parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Then else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then else
+we also have to re respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+parent zero. You are not my parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent zero. You are not my parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent zero. You are not my parent
+because I already got some other parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already got some other parent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already got some other parent.
+We're missing a step here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we receive a search message, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we receive a search message, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we receive a search message, go
+ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we need to pass it to all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we need to pass it to all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we need to pass it to all my
+potential children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential children.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential children.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I'll use this gamma U mean meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use this gamma U mean meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use this gamma U mean meaning the
+neighbors of U. Thanks and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of U. Thanks and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of U. Thanks and then I'll
+send them a message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What message?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Search.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So uh well naturally since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh well naturally since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh well naturally since we
+created a we have a search message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a we have a search message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a we have a search message and
+we know how to deal with it. Now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to deal with it. Now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to deal with it. Now we are
+sending this parent message we better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this parent message we better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this parent message we better
+deal with it right. So then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it right. So then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it right. So then the next
+chunk of code should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we receive this parent message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we receive this parent message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we receive this parent message
+I'll say parent B meaning this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say parent B meaning this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say parent B meaning this message
+come comes with either true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I received this message from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I received this message from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I received this message from some
+note w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note w
+okay I'm still you here because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm still you here because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm still you here because I just
+send all the message to to all the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send all the message to to all the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send all the message to to all the W's
+to all my neighbors and they should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all my neighbors and they should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all my neighbors and they should give
+me a response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If B is one that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If B is one that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If B is one that means this
+particular W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular W
+uh take me as its parent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take me as its parent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take me as its parent.
+Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make sense?
+Okay. So I'd better have a list of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd better have a list of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'd better have a list of my
+children. I want to track that. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. I want to track that. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. I want to track that. I want
+to keep track of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of that.
+How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will create a new variable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will create a new variable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will create a new variable for
+children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children.
+It's going to be initialized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be initialized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be initialized to
+what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Empty set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now if this B is one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if this B is one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if this B is one then
+I'm going to put W in this children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put W in this children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put W in this children
+list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh I'm leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I'm leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I'm leaving
+some space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because our root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our root
+will should be slightly different. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will should be slightly different. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will should be slightly different. So
+every other node will send search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other node will send search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other node will send search
+messages when it received the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages when it received the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages when it received the search
+message. We need someone to initiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense.
+So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if
+u equals root uh we say the root is v 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So two things should happen. First we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two things should happen. First we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So two things should happen. First we
+should set its parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should set its parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should set its parent
+to some special value and just say root.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then uh I should copy this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh I should copy this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh I should copy this block
+blob of code to here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is a little crowded but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a little crowded but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a little crowded but um
+hope it's still illeible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is already a almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is already a almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is already a almost the
+correct algorithm except that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm except that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm except that we don't
+know how to terminate, right? If we wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to terminate, right? If we wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to terminate, right? If we wait
+long enough, then everyone will receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough, then everyone will receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough, then everyone will receive
+all the responses and everyone will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the responses and everyone will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the responses and everyone will know
+um its parent and its child list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its parent and its child list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its parent and its child list.
+But how do we terminate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after non. Yeah, that's uh that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after non. Yeah, that's uh that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after non. Yeah, that's uh that's one
+way to do it after n runs. But the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it after n runs. But the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it after n runs. But the whole
+point is we are trying to find what n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we are trying to find what n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we are trying to find what n
+is. We don't know how many nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. We don't know how many nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. We don't know how many nodes are
+there. If we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. If we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. If we receive
+rejects for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects for all
+the search. Mhm. Say again. For all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search. Mhm. Say again. For all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search. Mhm. Say again. For all the
+search um if you receive it reject.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search um if you receive it reject.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search um if you receive it reject.
+Oh yeah. If you re receive a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah. If you re receive a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah. If you re receive a response
+either either parent zero or parent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either parent zero or parent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either parent zero or parent one
+from all your neighbors then your job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all your neighbors then your job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all your neighbors then your job is
+pretty much done right but uh the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much done right but uh the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much done right but uh the others
+have not right so you send the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not right so you send the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not right so you send the message
+very fast they responded to you and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast they responded to you and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast they responded to you and they
+are still working very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still working very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still working very hard
+okay so then we need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we need to use the
+technique from the lecture that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from the lecture that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from the lecture that's called
+converge cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge cast
+so Everyone will send a done signal when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Everyone will send a done signal when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Everyone will send a done signal when
+it is done and all its children are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done and all its children are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done and all its children are also
+done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+to do that I'm going to define a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I'm going to define a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I'm going to define a new
+variable called searched.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called searched.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called searched.
+Searched means uh someone has responded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searched means uh someone has responded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Searched means uh someone has responded.
+Okay. In this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In this case
+uh w has responded. I'll put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh w has responded. I'll put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh w has responded. I'll put it into the
+searched list no matter whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched list no matter whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched list no matter whether it
+accepts me as parent or reject. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts me as parent or reject. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts me as parent or reject. Okay.
+Then naturally I need to define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then naturally I need to define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then naturally I need to define this
+variable here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As a last step,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this search the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this search the list
+equals my neighbor list, that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals my neighbor list, that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals my neighbor list, that means
+everyone has responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all my children are done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then I need a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I need a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I need a new variable
+called done. That's another list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called done. That's another list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called done. That's another list
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who has finished and who has not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Say again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say again.
+This one searched means uh someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one searched means uh someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one searched means uh someone has
+responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+to the search message. Okay. Done means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the search message. Okay. Done means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the search message. Okay. Done means
+all its children are done. Okay, it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its children are done. Okay, it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its children are done. Okay, it's uh
+I haven't write what how done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't write what how done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't write what how done is
+defined. Give me a minute. In this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. Give me a minute. In this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. Give me a minute. In this case,
+I'm going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send
+my parent a message. This is the step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parent a message. This is the step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parent a message. This is the step of
+converge cast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge cast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge cast.
+What do I send? I'm going to send I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I send? I'm going to send I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I send? I'm going to send I'm
+done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Then whenever we create a message,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then whenever we create a message,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then whenever we create a message,
+well, we should deal with that message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we should deal with that message.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we should deal with that message.
+If I if we receive a message, I'm done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if we receive a message, I'm done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if we receive a message, I'm done.
+What do we do? Okay. From from W,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we do? Okay. From from W,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we do? Okay. From from W,
+then we're going to mark that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to mark that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to mark that node
+as done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is uh there's a subtle point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is uh there's a subtle point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is uh there's a subtle point.
+So someone has to initiate the done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So someone has to initiate the done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So someone has to initiate the done
+signal. That's going to be our leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. That's going to be our leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. That's going to be our leaves.
+Why? Because when this condition check,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because when this condition check,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because when this condition check,
+they don't have any children. Their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any children. Their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any children. Their
+children list is empty set and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children list is empty set and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children list is empty set and their
+done list is also empty set. So they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done list is also empty set. So they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done list is also empty set. So they're
+going to send the I'm done signal first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send the I'm done signal first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send the I'm done signal first
+and then all the intermediate nodes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the intermediate nodes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the intermediate nodes will
+send the done signal when all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the done signal when all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the done signal when all its
+children are done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are done.
+Right? So this is the converge cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is the converge cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this is the converge cast
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+only gives us a termination point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives us a termination point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives us a termination point of the
+of our span entry search.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our span entry search.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our span entry search.
+Right? We haven't count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We haven't count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We haven't count the number of
+nodes in the network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But that's a small modification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a small modification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a small modification.
+Uh we are just going to include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we are just going to include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we are just going to include that
+number in the I'm done signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the I'm done signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the I'm done signal.
+So then I'm I need to define another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I'm I need to define another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I'm I need to define another
+variable called total that's initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called total that's initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called total that's initialized
+to zero. This variable will track how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. This variable will track how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. This variable will track how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+nodes do I have in my sub tree including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do I have in my sub tree including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes do I have in my sub tree including
+me and all my children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then when I send the I'm done signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then when I send the I'm done signal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then when I send the I'm done signal,
+I'm going I'm going to send this. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going I'm going to send this. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going I'm going to send this. Sorry,
+that's not the right way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way.
+When I'm sending the I'm done signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I'm sending the I'm done signal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I'm sending the I'm done signal,
+I'm going to send my total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send my total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send my total number of
+offspring with it. Okay. And when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring with it. Okay. And when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring with it. Okay. And when I
+receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive
+someone my ch my one of my children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone my ch my one of my children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone my ch my one of my children
+reports that I do have t children,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I need to increment my total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to increment my total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to increment my total
+by that amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I made a mistake again. Should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I made a mistake again. Should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I made a mistake again. Should be
+total plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total plus one.
+Right? Because I'm counting all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because I'm counting all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because I'm counting all my
+children and then I should include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and then I should include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and then I should include
+myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's the complete algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. One purpose is just to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. One purpose is just to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. One purpose is just to create a
+different angle to look at distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle to look at distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle to look at distributed
+algorithm. You usually just draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. You usually just draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. You usually just draw that
+network graphs but sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network graphs but sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network graphs but sometimes it's
+helpful to think about how the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about how the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about how the code
+actually works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that's all for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xSGorVW8j6Q.txt b/xSGorVW8j6Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75c12fb0f8cea131941b1b34bd7ea7dd844a6633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xSGorVW8j6Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13511 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Today we continue our theme on integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today we continue our theme on integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today we continue our theme on integer
+data structures and we're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and we're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures and we're going to cover
+one data structure called fusion trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data structure called fusion trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data structure called fusion trees
+uh which introduce a bunch of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which introduce a bunch of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which introduce a bunch of cool
+concepts using might call bit tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts using might call bit tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts using might call bit tricks
+using the word level parallelism to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word level parallelism to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the word level parallelism to do
+lots of great things. Uh to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of great things. Uh to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of great things. Uh to do those
+great things we need to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things we need to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things we need to do something
+called sketching which is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sketching which is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sketching which is taking
+essentially taking wbit integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking wbit integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking wbit integers and
+making them less than w bits but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them less than w bits but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them less than w bits but still
+having enough stuff that we care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having enough stuff that we care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having enough stuff that we care about.
+And then uh we can actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh we can actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh we can actually compute
+those sketches using integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sketches using integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sketches using integer
+multiplication in a very clever way. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a very clever way. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in a very clever way. Uh
+and uh given a bunch of these slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh given a bunch of these slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh given a bunch of these slightly
+less than w bit numbers we can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than w bit numbers we can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than w bit numbers we can compare
+uh several for the price of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several for the price of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several for the price of one
+operation. It's parallel comparison. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. It's parallel comparison. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. It's parallel comparison. And
+then a particularly nifty thing uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a particularly nifty thing uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a particularly nifty thing uh which
+is new this time I haven't covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new this time I haven't covered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new this time I haven't covered it
+before is how to compute the leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is how to compute the leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is how to compute the leftmost
+one bit in a w bit integer in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit in a w bit integer in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit in a w bit integer in constant
+time. Uh all very cool and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh all very cool and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh all very cool and so we're
+going to combine all these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine all these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine all these techniques
+and get fusion trees. What do fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get fusion trees. What do fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get fusion trees. What do fusion
+trees give us in the end?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Basically the goal is to get log base w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the goal is to get log base w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the goal is to get log base w
+of n uh predecessor and successor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n uh predecessor and successor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n uh predecessor and successor.
+So we're again talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're again talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're again talking about the
+predecessor problem. We saw we did log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem. We saw we did log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor problem. We saw we did log
+of w last time with venom dus and y fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w last time with venom dus and y fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w last time with venom dus and y fast
+trees. Uh so then with the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh so then with the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees. Uh so then with the two of them
+together we get log w and log base w of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get log w and log base w of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get log w and log base w of
+n. The min of those two things is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. The min of those two things is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. The min of those two things is always
+at most root log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most root log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most root log n
+uh but sometimes much better than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but sometimes much better than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but sometimes much better than that.
+So fusion trees are great when w is big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fusion trees are great when w is big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fusion trees are great when w is big.
+Venom Debose was good when W was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom Debose was good when W was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venom Debose was good when W was
+smallalish like poly log n uh venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallalish like poly log n uh venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallalish like poly log n uh venom
+debose is optimal w here we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debose is optimal w here we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debose is optimal w here we're thinking
+about w being closer to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about w being closer to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about w being closer to n
+uh or maybe n to the epsilon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe n to the epsilon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or maybe n to the epsilon or
+something then we get uh constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then we get uh constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then we get uh constant time
+if it's n to the epsilon anyway uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's n to the epsilon anyway uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's n to the epsilon anyway uh the
+version we're going to cover is static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and it's uh linear case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it runs on the good old word RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it runs on the good old word RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it runs on the good old word RAM
+which you may recall is regular C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may recall is regular C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may recall is regular C
+operations on W bit words w is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on W bit words w is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on W bit words w is at least
+login so you can do random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login so you can do random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login so you can do random access
+um and anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and anything else
+I think that's the version we will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's the version we will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's the version we will cover
+and that is the original version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the original version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the original version of
+Fredman and Willard and it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredman and Willard and it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredman and Willard and it it was
+invented in 1990 which is one year after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1990 which is one year after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1990 which is one year after
+the called fusion debacle. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the called fusion debacle. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the called fusion debacle. So that's
+maybe where this name come came from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe where this name come came from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe where this name come came from.
+There's other reasons it might be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other reasons it might be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other reasons it might be called
+fusion trees which we'll get to. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees which we'll get to. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees which we'll get to. Uh and
+cool. So now there's other versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So now there's other versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So now there's other versions of
+fusion trees which I will not cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees which I will not cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees which I will not cover but
+just so you know about them. Uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know about them. Uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know about them. Uh and in
+some sense we will pseudo cover them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's a version for an AC0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a version for an AC0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a version for an AC0
+RAM. It's a model we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM. It's a model we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAM. It's a model we haven't talked
+about. It's another version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. It's another version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. It's another version of a
+transdicommus RAM um somewhere off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transdicommus RAM um somewhere off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transdicommus RAM um somewhere off to
+the side next to word RAM. AC0 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side next to word RAM. AC0 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side next to word RAM. AC0 is a
+circuit model and it's basically any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model and it's basically any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model and it's basically any
+constant depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depth
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+of unbounded fan in and fan out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so in particular what AC0 forbids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular what AC0 forbids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular what AC0 forbids
+are operations like multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this used to be a bigger deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this used to be a bigger deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this used to be a bigger deal
+than it is today. I think multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is today. I think multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is today. I think multiplication
+used to be an order of magnitude slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be an order of magnitude slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be an order of magnitude slower
+than integer addition. Uh I checked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than integer addition. Uh I checked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than integer addition. Uh I checked on
+current Intel architectures is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Intel architectures is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Intel architectures is about
+three times slower than an addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times slower than an addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times slower than an addition
+because of pipelining. A lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of pipelining. A lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of pipelining. A lot of things
+get cheaper. But uh in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper. But uh in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper. But uh in in some
+theoretical sense multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical sense multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical sense multiplication is
+worse than a lot of other operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than a lot of other operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than a lot of other operations
+because you need to have a log and depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to have a log and depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to have a log and depth
+circuit. So you can't quite get as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. So you can't quite get as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. So you can't quite get as much
+parallelism as you can with integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism as you can with integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism as you can with integer
+addition. If you don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. If you don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition. If you don't know about
+circuit models, don't worry about it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit models, don't worry about it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit models, don't worry about it too
+much. But AC0 means no multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. But AC0 means no multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. But AC0 means no multiplication
+sort of simpler operations. The weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simpler operations. The weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simpler operations. The weird
+thing about the AC0 RAM is it lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the AC0 RAM is it lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the AC0 RAM is it lets you
+do weird things uh which are AC0 but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do weird things uh which are AC0 but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do weird things uh which are AC0 but are
+not in C. So you could look you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in C. So you could look you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in C. So you could look you could
+look at the intersection of AC0 RAM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the intersection of AC0 RAM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the intersection of AC0 RAM and
+word RAM and that would basically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM and that would basically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM and that would basically be
+word RAM without multiplication. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM without multiplication. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word RAM without multiplication. Uh but
+AC0 RAM allows other operations as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC0 RAM allows other operations as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC0 RAM allows other operations as long
+as there's some circuit that can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there's some circuit that can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there's some circuit that can compute
+them. Sometimes they're reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Sometimes they're reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Sometimes they're reasonable
+operations like most significant set bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like most significant set bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like most significant set bit
+is an AC0 operation. So you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an AC0 operation. So you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an AC0 operation. So you don't have
+to do any work to get this operation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any work to get this operation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any work to get this operation. So
+some sense this makes your life easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this makes your life easier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this makes your life easier.
+In other ways, it makes your life harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other ways, it makes your life harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other ways, it makes your life harder
+because there's no multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no multiplication and
+we're going to use multiplication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use multiplication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use multiplication to
+compute sketches and other things. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute sketches and other things. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute sketches and other things. So,
+it's both better and worse. Uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both better and worse. Uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both better and worse. Uh this is
+by Anderson and others few years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anderson and others few years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anderson and others few years after
+the original fusion trees. Uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original fusion trees. Uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original fusion trees. Uh more
+interesting is that there are so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that there are so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that there are so this is
+a version of fusion trees. More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of fusion trees. More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of fusion trees. More
+interesting are the dynamic versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the dynamic versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the dynamic versions of
+fusion trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's one
+that the first version it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first version it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first version it's actually
+first it's actually published later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a general trick for dynamizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a general trick for dynamizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a general trick for dynamizing
+uh static data structures. We actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh static data structures. We actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh static data structures. We actually
+saw one. You may recall weight balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw one. You may recall weight balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw one. You may recall weight balance
+search trees was a way to dynamize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees was a way to dynamize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees was a way to dynamize a
+static data structure. Turns out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structure. Turns out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data structure. Turns out it
+doesn't work so great on fusion trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so great on fusion trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so great on fusion trees
+because the time to build a fusion tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the time to build a fusion tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the time to build a fusion tree
+uh is polomial. It's not linear. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is polomial. It's not linear. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is polomial. It's not linear. So
+that's kind of annoying. Need polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of annoying. Need polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of annoying. Need polinomial
+time to build this thing. So weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to build this thing. So weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to build this thing. So weight
+balance is not enough to slow down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is not enough to slow down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is not enough to slow down the
+rebuilds. There's another structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilds. There's another structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilds. There's another structure
+which we won't cover called exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't cover called exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't cover called exponential
+search trees. It has this log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees. It has this log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees. It has this log and
+overhead but other than that it it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but other than that it it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead but other than that it it gives
+you a nice dynamization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice dynamization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a nice dynamization.
+So these are updates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh there's another version which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's another version which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's another version which uses
+hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+and achieves log base w expected time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for updates. This is by ramen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for updates. This is by ramen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for updates. This is by ramen
+and uh so this gives you optimal I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this gives you optimal I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this gives you optimal I mean
+or matching I should say the fusion tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or matching I should say the fusion tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or matching I should say the fusion tree
+query bound. You can do inserts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query bound. You can do inserts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query bound. You can do inserts and
+deletes the same amount of time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes the same amount of time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes the same amount of time if you
+allow expected. And essentially the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow expected. And essentially the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow expected. And essentially the idea
+is to do sketches more like hashing. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do sketches more like hashing. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do sketches more like hashing. I
+mean think of sketching as just hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean think of sketching as just hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean think of sketching as just hashing
+down to a smaller universe. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller universe. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller universe. And in
+expectation that will work well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that will work well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that will work well.
+Although it's open actually whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it's open actually whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it's open actually whether you
+can achieve this bound with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve this bound with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve this bound with high
+probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's an interesting open question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's an interesting open question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's an interesting open question.
+Uh, cool. So that's sort of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, cool. So that's sort of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, cool. So that's sort of the various
+versions of fusion trees, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of fusion trees, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of fusion trees, but we're
+going to just cover the static ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just cover the static ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just cover the static ones
+because they're interesting enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interesting enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're interesting enough.
+Dynamic ones are not that much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic ones are not that much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic ones are not that much harder
+than the regular. So how do we achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the regular. So how do we achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the regular. So how do we achieve
+log base w of n? Well, we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base w of n? Well, we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base w of n? Well, we've already
+seen b trees which achieve log base b of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen b trees which achieve log base b of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen b trees which achieve log base b of
+n. So presumably it's the same idea. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So presumably it's the same idea. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So presumably it's the same idea. And
+indeed, uh, that's what we'll do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed, uh, that's what we'll do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed, uh, that's what we'll do.
+What we want is a B tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want is a B tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we want is a B tree
+with branching factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with branching factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with branching factor
+ideally W. We can't quite achieve W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally W. We can't quite achieve W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally W. We can't quite achieve W
+though. So it's going to be W to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. So it's going to be W to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. So it's going to be W to some
+small constant power and 1/5 is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant power and 1/5 is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small constant power and 1/5 is the one
+that I'll use in this lecture. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll use in this lecture. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll use in this lecture. You can
+improve it or make it worse up to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it or make it worse up to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it or make it worse up to you.
+Uh but any constant up here will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but any constant up here will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but any constant up here will do
+because then log base w to the 1/5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then log base w to the 1/5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then log base w to the 1/5 is
+going to be 5 times log base w of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 5 times log base w of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 5 times log base w of n.
+Uh so we have a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have a node
+somehow it has branching factor w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has branching factor w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it has branching factor w to the
+1/5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh then the height of the tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh then the height of the tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh then the height of the tree of
+course is is theta log base w of n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is is theta log base w of n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is is theta log base w of n. So
+that's all good. But now what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all good. But now what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all good. But now what we need to
+do is doing a predecessor search given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is doing a predecessor search given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is doing a predecessor search given a
+node we need to decide in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we need to decide in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we need to decide in constant time
+which branch has our answer. So normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which branch has our answer. So normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which branch has our answer. So normally
+in a B tree you would read in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a B tree you would read in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a B tree you would read in all these
+keys and then you know compare your item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and then you know compare your item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and then you know compare your item
+to all of them and then decide which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of them and then decide which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of them and then decide which way
+to go because in a B tree we can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go because in a B tree we can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go because in a B tree we can read
+all of these items in one operation. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these items in one operation. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these items in one operation. Now
+here is that possible? Think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that possible? Think about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that possible? Think about it.
+You've got each of these keys is w bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got each of these keys is w bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got each of these keys is w bits
+long. there's w to the one of them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. there's w to the one of them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. there's w to the one of them. So
+the total number of bits in a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of bits in a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of bits in a node
+to store all those keys is w to the 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store all those keys is w to the 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store all those keys is w to the 1 +
+15 which is a lot. There's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 which is a lot. There's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 which is a lot. There's no way you
+can read all those bits in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read all those bits in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read all those bits in constant
+time. You can only read order w bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You can only read order w bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. You can only read order w bits in
+constant time. So we can't look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. So we can't look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. So we can't look at them
+all. Somehow we still have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Somehow we still have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Somehow we still have to figure out
+which way to go correctly in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to go correctly in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to go correctly in constant
+time. So this is the idea of a B tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this is the idea of a B tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this is the idea of a B tree or
+sorry a fusion tree node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We need to be able to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to be able to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to be able to store
+uh k which is order w to the 1/5 keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k which is order w to the 1/5 keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k which is order w to the 1/5 keys.
+I'm going to give them some names. X0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give them some names. X0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give them some names. X0
+up to X K minus one. Assume that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to X K minus one. Assume that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to X K minus one. Assume that they've
+been pre-sorted. We can pre-process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pre-sorted. We can pre-process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pre-sorted. We can pre-process and
+do all those things. Going to constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those things. Going to constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all those things. Going to constant
+time predecessor and successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time predecessor and successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time predecessor and successor
+and uh it's going to be linear space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's going to be linear space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's going to be linear space and
+it's going to require polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to require polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to require polomial
+uh pre-processing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is the annoying part. If this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the annoying part. If this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the annoying part. If this
+was just K pre-processing, it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just K pre-processing, it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just K pre-processing, it would be
+easy to make fusion trees dynamic, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make fusion trees dynamic, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make fusion trees dynamic, but
+it's K to squared or K cubed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K to squared or K cubed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K to squared or K cubed or
+something depending on how fancy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something depending on how fancy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something depending on how fancy you
+are. It's not known how to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. It's not known how to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. It's not known how to do it in
+linear time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. So that's really our goal. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's really our goal. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's really our goal. If we
+can implement fusion tree nodes and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement fusion tree nodes and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement fusion tree nodes and do
+pred constant time predecessor on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred constant time predecessor on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred constant time predecessor on this
+small small value of n basically when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small value of n basically when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small value of n basically when n
+is only w to the 1/5. If we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only w to the 1/5. If we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only w to the 1/5. If we can do
+constant time for that, then by plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time for that, then by plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time for that, then by plugging
+in breeze, we get the log base w of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in breeze, we get the log base w of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in breeze, we get the log base w of n
+for arbitrary arbitrary values of n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arbitrary arbitrary values of n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arbitrary arbitrary values of n. So
+it's really all about a single node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really all about a single node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really all about a single node
+doing that fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the rest of the lecture will be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rest of the lecture will be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rest of the lecture will be about
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So uh I want to introduce this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to introduce this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to introduce this idea of
+sketching and to do that going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching and to do that going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching and to do that going to think
+about what it takes to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it takes to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it takes to distinguish
+uh this small number of keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, high level idea is well we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, high level idea is well we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, high level idea is well we've got
+W to the 1/5 keys. Each of them is W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the 1/5 keys. Each of them is W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to the 1/5 keys. Each of them is W
+bits. Do you really need all W bits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Do you really need all W bits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Do you really need all W bits for
+each of them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them?
+It seems a little excessive. If there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems a little excessive. If there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems a little excessive. If there's
+only W to the 1/5, you should only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only W to the 1/5, you should only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only W to the 1/5, you should only need
+about W to the 1/5 bits of each to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about W to the 1/5 bits of each to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about W to the 1/5 bits of each to
+distinguish them all. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them all. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them all. So that's the
+intuition. And indeed, you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. And indeed, you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. And indeed, you can uh
+formalize that intuition by viewing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that intuition by viewing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that intuition by viewing each
+of the keys as a path in a binary tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this represents the bit string uh 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this represents the bit string uh 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this represents the bit string uh 0 1
+0 1 1 0 one. Zero means left, one means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 0 one. Zero means left, one means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 0 one. Zero means left, one means
+right. Okay, this is a transformation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay, this is a transformation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay, this is a transformation we
+use a lot. So maybe that's in your set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot. So maybe that's in your set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot. So maybe that's in your set.
+Maybe uh this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe uh this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe uh this other
+uh bit string is in your set. Maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit string is in your set. Maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bit string is in your set. Maybe uh
+this bit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit string
+I got to make these the same height.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to make these the same height.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to make these the same height.
+which is a little challenging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So maybe those are the three suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe those are the three suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe those are the three suppose you
+just have these three bit strings w bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these three bit strings w bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these three bit strings w bit
+strings in your set. So this is a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in your set. So this is a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in your set. So this is a tree
+uh of height w because each of the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of height w because each of the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of height w because each of the keys
+has w bits. So maybe k is three. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has w bits. So maybe k is three. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has w bits. So maybe k is three. Those
+are your three keys. Okay. The idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your three keys. Okay. The idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your three keys. Okay. The idea is
+look at the branching nodes. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the branching nodes. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the branching nodes. Here's a
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+So you've got a branching node here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've got a branching node here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've got a branching node here and
+a branching node here. Okay, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branching node here. Okay, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branching node here. Okay, because
+there's three leaves, there's only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three leaves, there's only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three leaves, there's only going
+to be two branching nodes. So the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two branching nodes. So the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be two branching nodes. So the idea
+is, well, I really only care about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, well, I really only care about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, well, I really only care about these
+two bits or it would be enough to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits or it would be enough to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits or it would be enough to think
+about these two bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these two bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these two bits.
+Okay, we'll we'll look at this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll we'll look at this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll we'll look at this more
+formally in a moment. But by by storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in a moment. But by by storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in a moment. But by by storing
+this bit, I know whether the key is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit, I know whether the key is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit, I know whether the key is over
+here in the left or over here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the left or over here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the left or over here on the
+right. And then by storing this bit, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And then by storing this bit, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And then by storing this bit, I
+don't really care about it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about it for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care about it for this
+word, but it will distinguish these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word, but it will distinguish these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word, but it will distinguish these two
+words. So if you just look at the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. So if you just look at the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. So if you just look at the bits
+that contain branching nodes in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain branching nodes in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain branching nodes in this uh
+try view, then uh it's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try view, then uh it's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try view, then uh it's enough to
+distinguish all of the xis. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish all of the xis. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish all of the xis. So this is
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+x1 x2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me formalize that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me formalize that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me formalize that a little
+bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+So we have uh k minus one branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh k minus one branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh k minus one branching
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in this uh height w tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the k uh keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the k uh keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the k uh keys
+because there's k leaves there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's k leaves there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's k leaves there's going
+to be k minus one branching nodes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be k minus one branching nodes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be k minus one branching nodes uh
+because the k leaves are distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the k leaves are distinct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the k leaves are distinct.
+Uh so this means they're at most k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this means they're at most k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this means they're at most k minus
+one levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh containing a branching node might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh containing a branching node might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh containing a branching node might be
+fewer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe it's nice to add in another key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's nice to add in another key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's nice to add in another key
+over here on the left. I mean, if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here on the left. I mean, if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here on the left. I mean, if I was
+lucky, there'd be another key over here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky, there'd be another key over here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky, there'd be another key over here,
+and then I'd be using this bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd be using this bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'd be using this bit and
+getting two for the price of one. If I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two for the price of one. If I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two for the price of one. If I'm
+less lucky, it'll be more like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less lucky, it'll be more like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less lucky, it'll be more like this.
+So, here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's another
+X value. Uh, and in this case, I I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X value. Uh, and in this case, I I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X value. Uh, and in this case, I I care
+about this branching node. So, I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this branching node. So, I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this branching node. So, I care
+about another bit here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another bit here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another bit here.
+Okay. But if I have four keys, it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But if I have four keys, it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But if I have four keys, it'll be
+at most three bits uh corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most three bits uh corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most three bits uh corresponding to
+these levels. So call these these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels. So call these these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels. So call these these levels
+correspond to bits. You know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to bits. You know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to bits. You know this is the
+first bit, second bit, third bit so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bit, second bit, third bit so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bit, second bit, third bit so on.
+Uh this is the most significant bit next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is the most significant bit next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is the most significant bit next
+and then the least significant is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the least significant is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the least significant is at the
+bottom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom.
+Uh so these correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so these correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so these correspond
+these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels
+correspond to important bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to important bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to important bits.
+That's a definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we're going to give these bits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to give these bits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to give these bits a
+name. B 0 B1 up to B R minus one. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. B 0 B1 up to B R minus one. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. B 0 B1 up to B R minus one. Those
+are bit indices saying which bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bit indices saying which bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bit indices saying which bits we
+care about. Um and we know that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. Um and we know that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. Um and we know that R is
+less than K and K is order W to the 1/5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K and K is order W to the 1/5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K and K is order W to the 1/5.
+So there are only W to the 1/5 important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are only W to the 1/5 important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are only W to the 1/5 important
+bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+uh overall among these K keys. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall among these K keys. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overall among these K keys. So the
+idea is don't store all W bits for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is don't store all W bits for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is don't store all W bits for all
+the keys. I mean you have to store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys. I mean you have to store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys. I mean you have to store them
+but don't look at them. Just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't look at them. Just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't look at them. Just look at
+these important bits for the keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these important bits for the keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these important bits for the keys and
+then life is good because there's only W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then life is good because there's only W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then life is good because there's only W
+to the 1/5 bits per key. There's only W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/5 bits per key. There's only W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/5 bits per key. There's only W
+to the 1/5 keys and so the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/5 keys and so the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/5 keys and so the total number
+of important bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+among all K keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all K keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all K keys
+is small. It's only uh w to the two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. It's only uh w to the two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. It's only uh w to the two-
+fifths which is less than w. So it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths which is less than w. So it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths which is less than w. So it fits
+in a single word and we can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single word and we can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single word and we can look at this
+in constant time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time.
+So that seems like a good thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me tell you what properties this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me tell you what properties this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me tell you what properties this
+has.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has.
+Let me also define the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me also define the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me also define the notion of a
+perfect sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a word X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a word X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a word X
+is going to be what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be what you get
+when you extract bits B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you extract bits B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you extract bits B 0
+to B R minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B R minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B R minus one
+from X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X.
+So in other words, this is a a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, this is a a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, this is a a bit
+string, an R bit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose
+uh i bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i bit
+equals bit b i of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bit b i of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bit b i of x.
+Okay, so you've got bit string which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so you've got bit string which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so you've got bit string which is
+x. You say, oh, the important ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. You say, oh, the important ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. You say, oh, the important ones are
+this one, this one, this one, and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, this one, this one, and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, this one, this one, and this
+one. Inside here is either a zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Inside here is either a zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Inside here is either a zero or
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+And there's other bits which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's other bits which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's other bits which we don't
+care about because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about because they're not
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+And we just compress this to a four bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just compress this to a four bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just compress this to a four bit
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 1 1 0. Okay, this is sketch of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and to be a little bit more explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and to be a little bit more explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and to be a little bit more explicit
+about how I'm labeling things, this is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I'm labeling things, this is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I'm labeling things, this is B
+0. This is B1, B2 and B3 because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. This is B1, B2 and B3 because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. This is B1, B2 and B3 because uh
+yeah because you number bits I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you number bits I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you number bits I think
+this is right. We'll see later. Um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right. We'll see later. Um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right. We'll see later. Um going
+to number bits from the right hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number bits from the right hand side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number bits from the right hand side.
+This is the zeroth bit one first bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the zeroth bit one first bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the zeroth bit one first bit
+second third fourth which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third fourth which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third fourth which is the
+opposite of this picture unfortunately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this picture unfortunately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this picture unfortunately.
+Sorry this is bit zero bit one. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry this is bit zero bit one. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry this is bit zero bit one. Anyway,
+this will be convenient because uh yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be convenient because uh yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be convenient because uh yeah,
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh cool. So that's perfect sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cool. So that's perfect sketch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cool. So that's perfect sketch.
+Um for now I'm going to assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for now I'm going to assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for now I'm going to assume that we
+can compute this in constant time. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute this in constant time. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute this in constant time. This
+one answer is it's an AC0 operation. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer is it's an AC0 operation. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer is it's an AC0 operation. Uh
+it's kind of that's not so obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of that's not so obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of that's not so obvious but
+it's true. Uh so on an AC0 RAM you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true. Uh so on an AC0 RAM you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true. Uh so on an AC0 RAM you can
+just say oh this is an operation right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say oh this is an operation right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say oh this is an operation right?
+It's given one word and uh well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's given one word and uh well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's given one word and uh well okay
+it's given this these description of bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given this these description of bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given this these description of bit
+numbers but those will also fit in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but those will also fit in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but those will also fit in one
+word and then it extracts does this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and then it extracts does this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and then it extracts does this bit
+extraction. Okay, we're going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction. Okay, we're going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction. Okay, we're going to see a
+reasonable way to do it but for now take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to do it but for now take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to do it but for now take
+that as an unreasonable way to do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an unreasonable way to do this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an unreasonable way to do this.
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+perfect sketch is good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sketch is good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sketch is good because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following nice property. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nice property. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nice property. If you look at
+the sketch of x0 that's going to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of x0 that's going to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of x0 that's going to be less
+than the sketch of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sketch of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sketch of x1
+and so on. is going to be less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. is going to be less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. is going to be less than the
+sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of
+x k minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x k minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x k minus one.
+Okay, sketch preserves order. We assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sketch preserves order. We assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sketch preserves order. We assume
+that uh where do we have it? Over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh where do we have it? Over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh where do we have it? Over here
+x0 is less than x1 is le less than x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is less than x1 is le less than x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is less than x1 is le less than x k
+minus one. And because we're keeping all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And because we're keeping all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And because we're keeping all
+the bits that where these XI's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits that where these XI's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits that where these XI's get
+distinguished with this one it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished with this one it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished with this one it doesn't
+matter whether we kept here it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we kept here it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we kept here it doesn't
+matter whether we kept these guys but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we kept these guys but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we kept these guys but in
+particular we keep the bits that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we keep the bits that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we keep the bits that have
+all the branching nodes that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the branching nodes that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the branching nodes that will
+preserve the order of the XIS. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order of the XIS. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order of the XIS. So we
+know that the order of the X size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the order of the X size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the order of the X size is
+preserved under sketching. The trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved under sketching. The trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved under sketching. The trouble
+is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following.
+Okay, suppose you want to do a search,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, suppose you want to do a search,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, suppose you want to do a search,
+a predecessor search, right? So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor search, right? So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predecessor search, right? So you're
+given some query Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some query Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some query Q
+and you want to know where does Q fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know where does Q fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know where does Q fit
+among the XI's because that will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the XI's because that will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the XI's because that will tell
+you which child to visit from here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which child to visit from here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which child to visit from here.
+So okay, you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So okay, you compute
+sketch of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of Q
+seems reasonable. move into sketch world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable. move into sketch world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems reasonable. move into sketch world
+and now you try to find where sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you try to find where sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you try to find where sketch of
+Q fits among these guys. So you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q fits among these guys. So you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q fits among these guys. So you can do
+that and I claim you can do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I claim you can do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I claim you can do that in
+constant time. It's again an AC0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. It's again an AC0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. It's again an AC0
+operation. Uh but the nice thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Uh but the nice thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Uh but the nice thing is the
+sketches all fit in one word. So also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches all fit in one word. So also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches all fit in one word. So also
+this single sketch fits in one word. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single sketch fits in one word. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single sketch fits in one word. Um
+no big surprise there. Uh so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big surprise there. Uh so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no big surprise there. Uh so let's say
+you can find where sketch of Q fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find where sketch of Q fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find where sketch of Q fits
+among these items in constant time. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these items in constant time. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these items in constant time. The
+trouble is where the sketch of Q fits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is where the sketch of Q fits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is where the sketch of Q fits is
+not necessarily the same as where Q fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the same as where Q fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the same as where Q fits
+among the XI's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the XI's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the XI's
+because Q was not involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q was not involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q was not involved in the
+definition of sketch. Q is an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of sketch. Q is an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of sketch. Q is an arbitrary
+query. They come online. You have no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. They come online. You have no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. They come online. You have no I
+mean any word could be a query, not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean any word could be a query, not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean any word could be a query, not just
+the XI. So you've set everything up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI. So you've set everything up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XI. So you've set everything up to
+distinguish all the XI's, but Q is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish all the XI's, but Q is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish all the XI's, but Q is going
+to fall off this tree at some point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall off this tree at some point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall off this tree at some point and
+uh that kind of messes you up because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of messes you up because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of messes you up because if
+say Q fell off here, you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q fell off here, you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q fell off here, you don't have that
+bit. You won't notice that Q fit there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. You won't notice that Q fit there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. You won't notice that Q fit there.
+So we have to do some work. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have to do some work. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have to do some work. And this is
+what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call
+descetriifying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descetriifying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descetriifying.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I kind of like a big board. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me draw a
+somewhat more methodical and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more methodical and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more methodical and smaller
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The right number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bigger than my usual tree. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger than my usual tree. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger than my usual tree. Um,
+and get my red.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, maybe he's two colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's a kind of real example. Uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a kind of real example. Uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a kind of real example. Uh now
+it has four keys. And here I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has four keys. And here I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has four keys. And here I'm in the
+lucky case where this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky case where this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky case where this is an important
+bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I get sort of two for the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I get sort of two for the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I get sort of two for the price of
+one. I cared about this branching node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I cared about this branching node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I cared about this branching node.
+I cared about this branching node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cared about this branching node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cared about this branching node.
+And so I only have to store two bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I only have to store two bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I only have to store two bits in
+my sketch for these four nodes. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sketch for these four nodes. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sketch for these four nodes. In
+general, it might be three bits, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, it might be three bits, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, it might be three bits, but
+this will just make the point. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just make the point. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just make the point. So it's
+it's actually life is in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually life is in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually life is in some ways
+harder in this situation. Okay. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in this situation. Okay. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in this situation. Okay. So what
+are my bitst strings here? Over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my bitst strings here? Over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my bitst strings here? Over here
+I've got 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got 0 0 0
+which corresponds to always going left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to always going left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to always going left.
+Then I've got 0 0 1 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh over here I've got 1 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh over here I've got 1 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh over here I've got 1 1 0 0
+and 1 one one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 one one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 one one.
+We drew these pictures for Venom DOS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We drew these pictures for Venom DOS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We drew these pictures for Venom DOS.
+Right? And the idea is is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And the idea is is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And the idea is is we're going to
+use some of the similar perspectives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some of the similar perspectives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some of the similar perspectives at
+least. Okay. But the important bits were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least. Okay. But the important bits were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least. Okay. But the important bits were
+the very first the leftmost bit I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first the leftmost bit I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first the leftmost bit I should
+say and then uh two bits after that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and then uh two bits after that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and then uh two bits after that.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the sketch here is 1 one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sketch here is 1 one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sketch here is 1 one zero
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+and 0 0. And you can see this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0. And you can see this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 0. And you can see this is the
+minimal number of bits I need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal number of bits I need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal number of bits I need to keep
+them in order. But it does it. It works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order. But it does it. It works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order. But it does it. It works.
+You can check this works in general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can check this works in general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can check this works in general.
+Okay. Now comes the query. I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now comes the query. I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now comes the query. I have a
+problematic query I'd like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic query I'd like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic query I'd like to draw
+and it is 0 1 01. So 0 1 01. So here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is 0 1 01. So 0 1 01. So here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is 0 1 01. So 0 1 01. So here's
+my query Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my query Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my query Q.
+Let me draw these as white.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Query is 0 1 01. If we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Query is 0 1 01. If we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Query is 0 1 01. If we take the
+sketch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch,
+we get 0 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 0 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 0 0.
+Okay, those are the important bits. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are the important bits. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are the important bits. So
+if I search for query of 0 0 uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I search for query of 0 0 uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I search for query of 0 0 uh you know
+I will find that it happens to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will find that it happens to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will find that it happens to match
+this key or it matches the sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key or it matches the sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key or it matches the sketch of
+this key. But that key is neither the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key. But that key is neither the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key. But that key is neither the
+predecessor nor the successor of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor nor the successor of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor nor the successor of that
+query. So this is bad news. I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. So this is bad news. I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query. So this is bad news. I find the
+predecessor in sketch world which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor in sketch world which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor in sketch world which is the
+red stuff. I get the wrong answer. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red stuff. I get the wrong answer. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red stuff. I get the wrong answer. In
+general, they could be very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, they could be very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, they could be very far away
+from each other. Here, I've got it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. Here, I've got it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. Here, I've got it one
+away, but that's as big an example as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, but that's as big an example as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, but that's as big an example as I
+can draw.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, how do we deal with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the detation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the detation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the detation
+I claim. So when I do this query, I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim. So when I do this query, I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim. So when I do this query, I end
+up finding this guy X0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding this guy X0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding this guy X0.
+I claim that I can still use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that I can still use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that I can still use that for
+something something interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something interesting.
+Okay, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have uh sketch of Xi is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh sketch of Xi is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh sketch of Xi is the
+predecessor of the sketch of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor of the sketch of Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor of the sketch of Q.
+And so sketch of Q is sandwiched between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so sketch of Q is sandwiched between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so sketch of Q is sandwiched between
+sketch of X I and sketch of X I + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of X I and sketch of X I + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of X I and sketch of X I + one.
+First of all, we're assuming I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, we're assuming I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, we're assuming I can
+compute this in constant time. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this in constant time. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this in constant time. I can
+find where sketch of Q fits among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where sketch of Q fits among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where sketch of Q fits among these
+guys because it's just fits in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys because it's just fits in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys because it's just fits in two
+words. And for now, let's just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. And for now, let's just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. And for now, let's just assume
+all operations on a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all operations on a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all operations on a constant number of
+words are constant time. We will see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are constant time. We will see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are constant time. We will see how
+to do this. This is parallel comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. This is parallel comparison.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. This is parallel comparison.
+Okay. So you figure out sketch of Q fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you figure out sketch of Q fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you figure out sketch of Q fits
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+I want to learn something about where Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn something about where Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to learn something about where Q
+fits among the XI. It's obviously these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits among the XI. It's obviously these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits among the XI. It's obviously these
+may be the wrong answer, but I claim uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the wrong answer, but I claim uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the wrong answer, but I claim uh
+I can do something useful by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do something useful by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do something useful by looking at
+the longest common prefix of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix of those
+words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to compare
+Q not sketch of Q but the real value Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q not sketch of Q but the real value Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q not sketch of Q but the real value Q
+and uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh either
+x i or x i + one. Uh, and I what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or x i + one. Uh, and I what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or x i + one. Uh, and I what I want
+is the longest. So I look at the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the longest. So I look at the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the longest. So I look at the longest
+common prefix of q and x i. I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix of q and x i. I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common prefix of q and x i. I look at
+the longest common prefix of q and x i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix of q and x i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix of q and x i +
+one. Whichever of those is the longest,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Whichever of those is the longest,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Whichever of those is the longest,
+that's my longest common prefix in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my longest common prefix in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my longest common prefix in the
+tree. It's the longest common ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. It's the longest common ancestor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. It's the longest common ancestor
+or lowest lowest common ancestor. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowest lowest common ancestor. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowest lowest common ancestor. Sorry.
+Okay. So let's do it. We've got uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's do it. We've got uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's do it. We've got uh we
+found that sketch of Q fit between I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that sketch of Q fit between I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that sketch of Q fit between I
+guess these two guys. The way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess these two guys. The way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess these two guys. The way I've
+written it with the inequalities, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it with the inequalities, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it with the inequalities, it's
+between X0 here and X1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X0 here and X1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X0 here and X1.
+So in this case, the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, the longest common
+ancestor is or the lowest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor is or the lowest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor is or the lowest common
+ancestor of this node and Q is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of this node and Q is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestor of this node and Q is going to
+be here. Also this node and Q happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here. Also this node and Q happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here. Also this node and Q happens to
+also be here. So this is the lowest we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be here. So this is the lowest we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be here. So this is the lowest we
+can go. And what this means is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go. And what this means is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go. And what this means is that um
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+they they shared the bitst string up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they shared the bitst string up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they shared the bitst string up to
+here. We were on the blue substructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We were on the blue substructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We were on the blue substructure
+up till here. This was the node where Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till here. This was the node where Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till here. This was the node where Q
+diverged. We followed a pointer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverged. We followed a pointer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverged. We followed a pointer here
+along a non-blue edge. That's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a non-blue edge. That's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a non-blue edge. That's where we
+made a mistake. So this lets us find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake. So this lets us find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake. So this lets us find in
+some sense the the first mistake where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the the first mistake where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the the first mistake where
+we fell off the tree. So that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fell off the tree. So that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fell off the tree. So that's some
+where we fell off the blue tree. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we fell off the blue tree. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we fell off the blue tree. That's
+useful information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information
+because now we kind of know well we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we kind of know well we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we kind of know well we went
+to the right whereas all the actual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right whereas all the actual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right whereas all the actual data
+is over here in the left subree there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here in the left subree there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over here in the left subree there.
+There is no blue stuff in the right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no blue stuff in the right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no blue stuff in the right. So
+that tells us a lot. If we want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us a lot. If we want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us a lot. If we want to now
+find the predecessor of Q, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the predecessor of Q, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the predecessor of Q, it's going to
+be whatever is the max in this subree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever is the max in this subree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever is the max in this subree.
+So I just need to be able to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just need to be able to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just need to be able to find the
+max over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max over here.
+So this is the idea. Uh now there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea. Uh now there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea. Uh now there's two
+cases depending on whether we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases depending on whether we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases depending on whether we were in
+the right or in the left from that node.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or in the left from that node.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right or in the left from that node.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write uh this uh find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write uh this uh find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write uh this uh find
+the node Y where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node Y where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node Y where
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+fell off the blue tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off the blue tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off the blue tree.
+So this node Y we can think of as a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this node Y we can think of as a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this node Y we can think of as a bit
+number here. the the leftmost bit was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here. the the leftmost bit was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here. the the leftmost bit was
+still on, but then the next bit was off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on, but then the next bit was off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on, but then the next bit was off.
+And so we look at I'll call that bit y +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we look at I'll call that bit y +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we look at I'll call that bit y +
+one or maybe size of y + 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or maybe size of y + 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or maybe size of y + 1.
+If that bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that bit
+uh equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals
+1, that's the picture we have. Then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, that's the picture we have. Then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1, that's the picture we have. Then what
+I'm going to do is set a new quantity e,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is set a new quantity e,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is set a new quantity e,
+which is going to be this is a new word.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be this is a new word.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be this is a new word.
+it's going to be the bitst string Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the bitst string Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the bitst string Y
+followed by a zero followed by lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a zero followed by lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a zero followed by lots of
+ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, whereas uh our bitst string Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, whereas uh our bitst string Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, whereas uh our bitst string Q
+had a one here and fell off the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one here and fell off the tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one here and fell off the tree.
+What we're instead going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're instead going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're instead going to do is
+identify this node, the rightmost node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this node, the rightmost node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify this node, the rightmost node
+in this subree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this subree.
+Okay, that's not necessarily an XI, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's not necessarily an XI, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's not necessarily an XI, but
+it's a thing. And then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing. And then we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing. And then we're going to do
+again this search in sketch space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this search in sketch space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this search in sketch space but
+now using E instead of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using E instead of Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using E instead of Q.
+If we do that I what is what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we do that I what is what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we do that I what is what is this
+node? Let's uh label it 0 011.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node? Let's uh label it 0 011.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node? Let's uh label it 0 011.
+If you do you look at the sketch bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do you look at the sketch bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do you look at the sketch bits
+this has a sketch of 01. So if I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a sketch of 01. So if I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a sketch of 01. So if I did a
+search here I would actually find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search here I would actually find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search here I would actually find that
+this is this is the answer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the answer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the answer and that
+actually is a predecessor of Q. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a predecessor of Q. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a predecessor of Q. In
+general, this is going to work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, this is going to work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, this is going to work well
+because essentially,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially,
+but some of these bits are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of these bits are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of these bits are going to be
+sketch bits. This one was not, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bits. This one was not, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bits. This one was not, and we
+made a mistake there. We went right. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake there. We went right. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake there. We went right. We
+should have gone left. These ones, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gone left. These ones, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gone left. These ones, some
+of them are going to be sketch bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be sketch bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be sketch bits.
+Some of them are not. But whichever ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them are not. But whichever ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them are not. But whichever ones
+get underlined, it's going to be a one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get underlined, it's going to be a one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get underlined, it's going to be a one,
+which means uh we're going to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh we're going to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh we're going to sort of do
+the right thing. We want the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing. We want the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing. We want the very
+rightmost item in this tree. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost item in this tree. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightmost item in this tree. So if we
+always go right whenever there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go right whenever there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go right whenever there's a
+sketch bit then we will find and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bit then we will find and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bit then we will find and then do
+a a search in sketch space we will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a search in sketch space we will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a search in sketch space we will find
+the rightmost item in this tree. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost item in this tree. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rightmost item in this tree. So if
+we then do a search on E we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do a search on E we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do a search on E we're always
+going to get the right answer. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the right answer. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the right answer. So we're
+in the end we're going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we're going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we're going to do two
+searches in sketch space. Once with Q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches in sketch space. Once with Q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches in sketch space. Once with Q to
+find this place where we fell off then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this place where we fell off then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this place where we fell off then
+once with E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once with E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once with E
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+where we actually find the right answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's a symmetric case which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a symmetric case which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a symmetric case which is if
+we went left and we should have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went left and we should have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went left and we should have gone
+right then we go right and then we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we go right and then we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we go right and then we put a
+lot of zeros because then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of zeros because then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of zeros because then we want to
+find the min in that tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So back to search we compute sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So back to search we compute sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So back to search we compute sketch of
+Q. we find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. we find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. we find it
+among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+uh the sketch of the x i's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This gives us this y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives us this y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives us this y.
+Uh so we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we find
+longest common prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common prefix
+y equals longest common prefix of q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals longest common prefix of q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals longest common prefix of q and
+x i or x i + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or x i + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or x i + one.
+And then we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E. And then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And then we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And then we find
+sketch of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sketch of XI's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the claim is that the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the claim is that the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the claim is that the predecessor
+and successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successor
+of sketch of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketch of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sketch of E
+among sketch of XI equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among sketch of XI equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among sketch of XI equals the
+predecessor and successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor and successor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+sorry Q our actual query among the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Q our actual query among the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Q our actual query among the X
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, this is a claim. It needs proof, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is a claim. It needs proof, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is a claim. It needs proof, but
+it's what I've been arguing that E gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I've been arguing that E gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I've been arguing that E gives
+us the right structure. It fixes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the right structure. It fixes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the right structure. It fixes all the
+sketch bits that are potentially wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bits that are potentially wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch bits that are potentially wrong.
+We found the first sketch bit that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We found the first sketch bit that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We found the first sketch bit that was
+wrong. We fixed that one. and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. We fixed that one. and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. We fixed that one. and then the
+remainder as long as we go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder as long as we go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder as long as we go all the way
+to the right uh we'll find the max or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right uh we'll find the max or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right uh we'll find the max or in
+the other case we went we go want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case we went we go want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case we went we go want to go
+all the way to the left because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the left because we want
+to find the min. So that's this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the min. So that's this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the min. So that's this claim
+you find the predecessor sketch of e on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the predecessor sketch of e on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the predecessor sketch of e on
+the sketch of the xis which is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of the xis which is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of the xis which is just this
+thing again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again.
+So again we can do it in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we can do it in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we can do it in constant time
+then we find uh I mean I have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find uh I mean I have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find uh I mean I have to be a
+little bit more precise here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more precise here of course
+we find the predecessor and successor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the predecessor and successor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the predecessor and successor we
+get a sketch of the x i. I have to undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sketch of the x i. I have to undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sketch of the x i. I have to undo
+that sketch operation. Really the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sketch operation. Really the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sketch operation. Really the way to
+think of it is uh predecessor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is uh predecessor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is uh predecessor and
+successor really returning a rank. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor really returning a rank. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor really returning a rank. What
+is I want to know the i that matters. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to know the i that matters. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to know the i that matters. So
+if it fits between uh sketch of x i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it fits between uh sketch of x i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it fits between uh sketch of x i and
+sketch of x i + one. If sketch of e fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of x i + one. If sketch of e fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of x i + one. If sketch of e fits
+between those then I know that q will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those then I know that q will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those then I know that q will
+fit between x i and x i + one. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit between x i and x i + one. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit between x i and x i + one. So in
+terms of that rank I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that rank I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that rank I
+the index in the array.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that make sense? This is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? This is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense? This is kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the end of the uh what's the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the uh what's the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the uh what's the right way
+to put it? This is the big picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it? This is the big picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it? This is the big picture of
+fusion trees. Okay. At this point kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees. Okay. At this point kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees. Okay. At this point kind
+of should believe that everything works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of should believe that everything works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of should believe that everything works.
+And uh overall what are we doing? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh overall what are we doing? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh overall what are we doing? We're
+building a W to the 1/5 tree. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a W to the 1/5 tree. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a W to the 1/5 tree. It's not
+yet clear why W to the 1/5, but um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet clear why W to the 1/5, but um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet clear why W to the 1/5, but um and
+so we have to implement these nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to implement these nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to implement these nodes that
+only have W to the 1/5 keys. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have W to the 1/5 keys. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have W to the 1/5 keys. So we're
+looking at a single node and say, hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single node and say, hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single node and say, hey,
+look, there's a bunch of keys. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, there's a bunch of keys. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, there's a bunch of keys. Let's
+just look at the important bits. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the important bits. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the important bits. That
+defines this sketch operation. Now, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines this sketch operation. Now, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines this sketch operation. Now, if
+we want to do a search, we do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do a search, we do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do a search, we do this uh
+double search. If we compute the sketch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double search. If we compute the sketch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double search. If we compute the sketch,
+find the sketch among the sketches, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the sketch among the sketches, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the sketch among the sketches, uh
+find our mistake, compute our proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our mistake, compute our proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our mistake, compute our proper
+query, compute the sketch of that, find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query, compute the sketch of that, find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query, compute the sketch of that, find
+that sketch among the sketches, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sketch among the sketches, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sketch among the sketches, and then
+that index in the array of sketches will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index in the array of sketches will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that index in the array of sketches will
+be the correct index of our actual query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the correct index of our actual query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the correct index of our actual query
+Q among the XI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q among the XI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q among the XI.
+Okay, now there are several things left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now there are several things left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now there are several things left
+to be done in a reasonable way. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in a reasonable way. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in a reasonable way. One is
+how do we compute sketches?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we compute sketches?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we compute sketches?
+How do we do this kind of operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we do this kind of operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we do this kind of operation of
+taking the bits we care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the bits we care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the bits we care about and
+bringing them all next to each other? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them all next to each other? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing them all next to each other? Uh
+second thing is how do we do this find?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is how do we do this find?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is how do we do this find?
+This is parallel comparison. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is parallel comparison. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is parallel comparison. So it's
+basically all the bullets up here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all the bullets up here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all the bullets up here. We
+have how do we do a sketch? How do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how do we do a sketch? How do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how do we do a sketch? How do we do
+parallel comparison to find where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison to find where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison to find where one
+sketch fits among many sketches? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch fits among many sketches? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch fits among many sketches? And
+there's also most significant set bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also most significant set bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also most significant set bit.
+Where did we do that? uh in computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where did we do that? uh in computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where did we do that? uh in computing
+the longest common prefix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common prefix.
+So if you have two bit strings, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have two bit strings, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have two bit strings, you want
+to know where did they first differ. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where did they first differ. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where did they first differ. The
+natural way to do that is compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to do that is compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to do that is compute the
+exor which gives you all the differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor which gives you all the differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor which gives you all the differing
+bits and then find the first one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and then find the first one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and then find the first one bit
+from the left. Okay, so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left. Okay, so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left. Okay, so this is really
+uh most significant set bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need that operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that we have our work cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that we have our work cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that we have our work cut out
+for us. But the overall picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. But the overall picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. But the overall picture of
+fusion tree should now be clear. Uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion tree should now be clear. Uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion tree should now be clear. Uh it
+just remains to do these three things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remains to do these three things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remains to do these three things.
+And this is where sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is where sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is where sort of the the
+engineering comes in I would say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in I would say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in I would say.
+Any questions about the big picture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, the first thing I'm going to do
+is sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sketch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sketch.
+Uh, and as I've hinted at in the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and as I've hinted at in the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and as I've hinted at in the outline
+here, we're not going to do a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we're not going to do a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we're not going to do a perfect
+sketch. We're going to do an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. We're going to do an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. We're going to do an approximate
+sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This will probably be the most work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will probably be the most work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will probably be the most work
+among any of these operations. Parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among any of these operations. Parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among any of these operations. Parallel
+comparison is actually quite easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sketching is I think the biggest insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching is I think the biggest insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching is I think the biggest insight
+in fusion trees. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fusion trees. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fusion trees. Uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+perfect sketch takes just the bits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sketch takes just the bits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sketch takes just the bits you
+care about. Okay, that we need. We only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. Okay, that we need. We only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. Okay, that we need. We only
+want to look at the bits we care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the bits we care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the bits we care about.
+But it's easy to look at the bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's easy to look at the bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's easy to look at the bits we
+care about. We can apply a mask and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. We can apply a mask and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about. We can apply a mask and just
+and out the bits we care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out the bits we care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out the bits we care about.
+Everything else we can zero out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else we can zero out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything else we can zero out. So
+that's easy. The hard part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy. The hard part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy. The hard part is
+compression. taking these four bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. taking these four bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. taking these four bits and
+making them four consecutive bits, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them four consecutive bits, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them four consecutive bits, but
+they don't really need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really need to be
+consecutive. If I added in some zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive. If I added in some zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive. If I added in some zeros
+here in a consistent pattern,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a consistent pattern,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a consistent pattern,
+that would still work. I'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would still work. I'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would still work. I'd still
+preserve the order among the sketches,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order among the sketches,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order among the sketches,
+and that's all I care about. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I care about. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all I care about. And this is
+where I'm going to use the slop I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to use the slop I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to use the slop I have
+because right now I have W to the 1/5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now I have W to the 1/5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now I have W to the 1/5
+keys. If I did perfect sketch, the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. If I did perfect sketch, the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. If I did perfect sketch, the total
+number of bits would only be W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits would only be W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits would only be W to the
+two- fifths. But I can go up to W. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- fifths. But I can go up to W. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- fifths. But I can go up to W. So,
+what I'm going to do is uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is uh basically
+spread out the bits, the important bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a predictable pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+uh W to the 4 fths.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predictable just means it doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predictable just means it doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predictable just means it doesn't depend
+on what X is. So the when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what X is. So the when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what X is. So the when there are
+extra zeros here, uh you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra zeros here, uh you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra zeros here, uh you know that's
+fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine.
+But there's always going to be two zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's always going to be two zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's always going to be two zeros
+here, one zero here, three zeros here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, one zero here, three zeros here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, one zero here, three zeros here,
+no matter what X was. As long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what X was. As long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what X was. As long as it's
+predictable, I'm going to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable, I'm going to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable, I'm going to preserve
+order. And as long as it's length order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. And as long as it's length order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. And as long as it's length order
+w to the four fifths, if I take w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w to the four fifths, if I take w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w to the four fifths, if I take w to the
+1/5if of them, that will still fit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5if of them, that will still fit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/5if of them, that will still fit in a
+constant number of words because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of words because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of words because it'll
+be order w bits total.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order w bits total.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order w bits total.
+So that's what I can afford. And now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I can afford. And now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I can afford. And now I'm
+going to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it.
+So here's how.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's how.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's how.
+First thing, as I said, is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First thing, as I said, is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First thing, as I said, is we're going
+to mask the important bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want the important bits. I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want the important bits. I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want the important bits. I should
+throw away all the others. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the others. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the others. And so this
+is going to be uh x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh x prime
+equals x bitwise. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's where we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we're going to use the
+notation that the bits count from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that the bits count from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that the bits count from the
+right. I want the bi bit to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I want the bi bit to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I want the bi bit to correspond
+to the value two to the bi. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value two to the bi. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value two to the bi. Okay, this
+this thing is just a bit string. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is just a bit string. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is just a bit string. Okay,
+it's it has ones wherever the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has ones wherever the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it has ones wherever the important
+bits are. So if this is B 0, B1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are. So if this is B 0, B1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are. So if this is B 0, B1,
+B2, and B3, I just want this bit string,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2, and B3, I just want this bit string,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2, and B3, I just want this bit string,
+which is I you can think of this as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I you can think of this as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I you can think of this as one
+shifted left bi times. So I get ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted left bi times. So I get ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted left bi times. So I get ones in
+exactly the positions I care about. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the positions I care about. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the positions I care about. And
+if I bitwise end that with X, it zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I bitwise end that with X, it zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I bitwise end that with X, it zeros
+out all the other bits. This is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the other bits. This is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the other bits. This is what we
+call masking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's the obvious thing to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the obvious thing to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the obvious thing to do.
+And then the second idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second idea is
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+and it's just like well you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like well you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like well you know maybe
+we could do it with a multiply and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it with a multiply and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it with a multiply and then
+we'll just work it out and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just work it out and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just work it out and the answer is
+yes you can do it with a multiply. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can do it with a multiply. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can do it with a multiply. So
+that I imagine was the big insight was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I imagine was the big insight was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I imagine was the big insight was
+that see that multiplication is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see that multiplication is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see that multiplication is a very
+powerful operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful operation.
+So we're just going to do x prime times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just going to do x prime times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're just going to do x prime times
+some number m and we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number m and we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number m and we're going to prove
+that there exists a number m that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a number m that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a number m that does
+what we need. So I'm going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need. So I'm going to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need. So I'm going to write this
+out a little bit algebraically. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit algebraically. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit algebraically. So we
+can think about what m might be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what m might be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what m might be.
+Uh now x prime only has the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now x prime only has the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now x prime only has the important
+bits. So we can write that as a sum i =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. So we can write that as a sum i =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. So we can write that as a sum i =
+0 to r -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to r -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to r -1
+of x b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b i
+2 to the b i. So I'm introducing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the b i. So I'm introducing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the b i. So I'm introducing some
+notation here. xbi is is that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here. xbi is is that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here. xbi is is that important
+bit bi one or zero? Okay, this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bi one or zero? Okay, this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bi one or zero? Okay, this is just a
+dreference of the bit vector of the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreference of the bit vector of the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreference of the bit vector of the bit
+string.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string.
+Um, and so you multiply that by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so you multiply that by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so you multiply that by that
+position to the I mean this is binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to the I mean this is binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to the I mean this is binary
+definition of binary notation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of binary notation, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of binary notation, right?
+But we only care about the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we only care about the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we only care about the important
+bits because only those are set. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because only those are set. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because only those are set. So
+that's x prime and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x prime and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's x prime and then we're
+multiplying that by m. Now m could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that by m. Now m could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that by m. Now m could have
+any bit set. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bit set. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bit set. So I'm going to
+but I'm going to write it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it really only R?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it really only R?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it really only R?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to assume that M only has R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that M only has R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume that M only has R
+bits set same as uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits set same as uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits set same as uh the number of
+important bits. R is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important bits. R is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important bits. R is the number of
+important bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh but I don't know where they are. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but I don't know where they are. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but I don't know where they are. So
+I'm just going to suppose they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to suppose they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to suppose they're at
+positions m0 m1 up to m r minus one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions m0 m1 up to m r minus one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions m0 m1 up to m r minus one. So
+I've got to find what these mi should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to find what these mi should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to find what these mi should be
+or mjs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mjs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mjs.
+And now I'm just taking this product. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm just taking this product. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm just taking this product. So
+we can expand out the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can expand out the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can expand out the product
+algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically
+and see what we get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's this product? uh sum i = 0 to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this product? uh sum i = 0 to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this product? uh sum i = 0 to r
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+sum j = 0 to r -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum j = 0 to r -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum j = 0 to r -1
+of x b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b i
+2 to the I mean just the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the I mean just the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the I mean just the product of
+these. So 2 to the b i + mj.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So 2 to the b i + mj.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So 2 to the b i + mj.
+Okay, that's the algebraic product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the algebraic product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the algebraic product of
+those two things. That's why I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things. That's why I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things. That's why I wrote it
+out this way so I can see what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way so I can see what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way so I can see what's going
+on. The point is when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The point is when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The point is when you do
+multiplication, you're doing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication, you're doing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication, you're doing sort of
+these pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pair-wise
+uh products. the the guys that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh products. the the guys that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh products. the the guys that are going
+to survive are the ones where the XBIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive are the ones where the XBIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive are the ones where the XBIS
+are one of course but they survive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one of course but they survive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one of course but they survive in
+multiple places. Uh essentially the MJS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple places. Uh essentially the MJS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple places. Uh essentially the MJS
+shift all of those bits by various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift all of those bits by various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift all of those bits by various
+amounts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts.
+So it used to be at this position uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it used to be at this position uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it used to be at this position uh to
+the BI, but now we're shifting it by MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BI, but now we're shifting it by MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BI, but now we're shifting it by MJ
+for all J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all J.
+So some of those bits might hit each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of those bits might hit each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of those bits might hit each
+other then they add up. That's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other then they add up. That's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other then they add up. That's really
+messy. We're going to avoid that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy. We're going to avoid that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy. We're going to avoid that and
+design the MJ so that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the MJ so that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the MJ so that all of these
+values are unique. Therefore, bits never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are unique. Therefore, bits never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are unique. Therefore, bits never
+hit each other. That's step one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit each other. That's step one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit each other. That's step one. And
+then furthermore, what we care about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then furthermore, what we care about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then furthermore, what we care about or
+what we're trying to do is to get all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is to get all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is to get all um
+get the XBI to appear in a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the XBI to appear in a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the XBI to appear in a nice little
+window consecutive interval of uh W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window consecutive interval of uh W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window consecutive interval of uh W to
+the four-fifth bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four-fifth bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four-fifth bits
+uh somehow by setting the MJS. So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow by setting the MJS. So, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somehow by setting the MJS. So, let
+me tell you the claim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you the claim.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you the claim.
+which we will prove by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're given these BIS that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're given these BIS that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're given these BIS that we can't
+control. Those are the important bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Those are the important bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Those are the important bits.
+Uh and the claim is we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the claim is we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the claim is we can choose
+the MI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that three properties hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three properties hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that three properties hold.
+First one is that B I plus MJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First one is that B I plus MJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First one is that B I plus MJ
+are distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all I and J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all I and J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all I and J.
+So that was that these bits don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was that these bits don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was that these bits don't
+collide with each other. So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with each other. So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with each other. So there's no
+actual summation here. These sums could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual summation here. These sums could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual summation here. These sums could
+then be replaced by ors which makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be replaced by ors which makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be replaced by ors which makes it
+very easy to keep track of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to keep track of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to keep track of where the
+bits are going if we can achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are going if we can achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are going if we can achieve this
+property. Uh, property B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Uh, property B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Uh, property B
+is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns out the the bits I'm going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the the bits I'm going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the the bits I'm going to end
+up caring about are B 0 plus M0, B1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up caring about are B 0 plus M0, B1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up caring about are B 0 plus M0, B1 plus
+M1, and general B I plus MI. Right? In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1, and general B I plus MI. Right? In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1, and general B I plus MI. Right? In
+general, we have BI plus MJ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we have BI plus MJ for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we have BI plus MJ for
+different values of I and J. I claim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of I and J. I claim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of I and J. I claim the
+ones I care about are the ones where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I care about are the ones where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I care about are the ones where I
+and J are equal. So I'm going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J are equal. So I'm going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J are equal. So I'm going to look at
+these bits and in particular I want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits and in particular I want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits and in particular I want them
+to appear in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear in order
+in the bit string.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bit string.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bit string.
+Okay. And then third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then third property
+I need some more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need some more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need some more space
+is that if I look at the span of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I look at the span of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I look at the span of those
+bits. So I look at B r -1 + mr -1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. So I look at B r -1 + mr -1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. So I look at B r -1 + mr -1 minus
+b 0 + m0. That is the interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 0 + m0. That is the interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 0 + m0. That is the interval that
+these bits span. I want that to be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits span. I want that to be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits span. I want that to be order
+R to the 4th power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the 4th power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the 4th power
+because R was w to the 1/5. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R was w to the 1/5. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R was w to the 1/5. So this
+would be order w to the 4 fths. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be order w to the 4 fths. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be order w to the 4 fths. That's
+what I need for everything to fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need for everything to fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need for everything to fit in
+in uh so this is guaranteeing that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so this is guaranteeing that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so this is guaranteeing that these
+bits are uh the sketch that I need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are uh the sketch that I need.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are uh the sketch that I need.
+Okay, they appear in order and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, they appear in order and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, they appear in order and they're
+not to they don't span a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to they don't span a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to they don't span a very large
+interval. just w to the 4 fths. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. just w to the 4 fths. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. just w to the 4 fths. This is
+what I need to prove. If I can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to prove. If I can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to prove. If I can prove
+this, I have approximate sketching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I have approximate sketching.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I have approximate sketching.
+So let's prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh proof happens in two steps. First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proof happens in two steps. First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proof happens in two steps. First
+thing I'm going to worry about is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to worry about is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to worry about is just
+getting these guys distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these guys distinct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these guys distinct.
+Then I'll worry about the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'll worry about the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'll worry about the order
+property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+So here's how we get them to distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's how we get them to distinct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's how we get them to distinct.
+And these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are going to be
+uh the MI primes. Not quite the mis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MI primes. Not quite the mis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MI primes. Not quite the mis that
+we want, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're all going to be integers less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to be integers less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to be integers less
+than r cubed greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than r cubed greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than r cubed greater than or equal to
+zero. Uh, and they're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh, and they're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh, and they're going to have the
+property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that
+the bi's plus mj primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bi's plus mj primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bi's plus mj primes
+are distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod r cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod r cubed.
+So this is a stronger version of a. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a stronger version of a. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a stronger version of a. We
+really just need them to be distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just need them to be distinct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just need them to be distinct.
+But to make it easier for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to make it easier for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to make it easier for the other
+steps, we're going to force them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, we're going to force them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps, we're going to force them to be
+distinct mod r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, how do we do this? Uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how do we do this? Uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, how do we do this? Uh by
+induction. So let's suppose that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. So let's suppose that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. So let's suppose that we've
+picked m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked m0
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+mt minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt minus one.
+So suppose by induction that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose by induction that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose by induction that we've done
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and now our goal is to pick MT prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our goal is to pick MT prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our goal is to pick MT prime.
+Okay. So how do we choose MT prime?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how do we choose MT prime?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how do we choose MT prime?
+Well, what can't it be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what can't it be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what can't it be?
+MT prime has to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MT prime has to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MT prime has to avoid
+uh basically M I prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically M I prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically M I prime
+I believe minus BJ plus B I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe minus BJ plus B I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe minus BJ plus B I'm going to
+call it K I guess so different K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it K I guess so different K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it K I guess so different K but
+uh if it avoids all expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it avoids all expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it avoids all expressions like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then uh MT prime plus BJ will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh MT prime plus BJ will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh MT prime plus BJ will be
+different from m I prime + b k in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from m I prime + b k in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from m I prime + b k in other
+words all of these things will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words all of these things will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words all of these things will be
+distinct so it has to avoid this modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so it has to avoid this modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so it has to avoid this modulo
+r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed
+if I can avoid all of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can avoid all of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can avoid all of these things so
+this is for all uh i jk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all uh i jk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all uh i jk
+if mt if I can choose mt prime to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mt if I can choose mt prime to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mt if I can choose mt prime to avoid
+all those then I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those then I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those then I'm happy
+because then uh these things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then uh these things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then uh these things will
+continue to be distinct and then I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be distinct and then I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be distinct and then I apply
+induction okay well how many choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay well how many choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction okay well how many choices are
+are there for I, J, and K. For I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there for I, J, and K. For I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there for I, J, and K. For I there's
+uh I guess T choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess T choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess T choices
+because MI can be any of these any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MI can be any of these any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because MI can be any of these any of
+the previous values. For J there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous values. For J there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous values. For J there's uh
+it's called R choices. For K there's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called R choices. For K there's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called R choices. For K there's R
+choices. That's how many important bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. That's how many important bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices. That's how many important bits
+there are. So the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are. So the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are. So the total number of
+choices is T R squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices is T R squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices is T R squared.
+But T here is always less than R. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But T here is always less than R. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But T here is always less than R. So
+this is going to be less than r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be less than r cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be less than r cubed.
+So that means there's less than r cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means there's less than r cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means there's less than r cub
+things we have to avoid. But I have r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to avoid. But I have r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to avoid. But I have r
+cubed allowable choices. I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed allowable choices. I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed allowable choices. I'm working
+modulo r cub. So I just pick any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo r cub. So I just pick any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo r cub. So I just pick any one
+that avoids the collision. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that avoids the collision. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that avoids the collision. This is
+basically deterministic hashing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deterministic hashing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically deterministic hashing in a
+certain sense. We are choosing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense. We are choosing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense. We are choosing these
+values deterministically to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values deterministically to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values deterministically to avoid
+collisions in this simple hash function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in this simple hash function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions in this simple hash function.
+Okay. It takes time. It's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It takes time. It's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It takes time. It's going to take
+polinomial time to compute this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time to compute this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time to compute this thing.
+And you can imagine if you just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can imagine if you just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can imagine if you just plug in
+hashing, this will work with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing, this will work with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing, this will work with some
+probability and blah blah blah. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and blah blah blah. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and blah blah blah. But I
+want to make it always work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it always work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it always work uh
+deterministically because we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically because we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically because we know what
+the x's are here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's are here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's are here.
+All right. So we've avoided collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we've avoided collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we've avoided collisions
+just there's enough space. That's all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's enough space. That's all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's enough space. That's all.
+That was step one. Step two, this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was step one. Step two, this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was step one. Step two, this was
+this will solve property a even modulo r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will solve property a even modulo r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will solve property a even modulo r
+cubed. Now we have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. Now we have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. Now we have a little bit of
+space. We're allowed to go up to r 4th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. We're allowed to go up to r 4th.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. We're allowed to go up to r 4th.
+And now we just need to spread out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we just need to spread out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we just need to spread out these
+bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+that's step two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step two.
+Basically, we want we're going to set mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we want we're going to set mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, we want we're going to set mi
+to be these values that we chose plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be these values that we chose plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be these values that we chose plus
+this weird thing uh w minus b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird thing uh w minus b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird thing uh w minus b i
+plus iir cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iir cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iir cubed
+rounded down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple
+of r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I guess you could put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess you could put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess you could put this in
+parenthesis if you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis if you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis if you want.
+Uh rough idea is we want to take mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh rough idea is we want to take mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh rough idea is we want to take mi
+prime plus iir cubed because these mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus iir cubed because these mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus iir cubed because these mi
+primes they're all values between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes they're all values between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes they're all values between 0 and
+r cub minus one. Okay, we got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cub minus one. Okay, we got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cub minus one. Okay, we got everything
+working modulo r cubed. Um if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working modulo r cubed. Um if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working modulo r cubed. Um if we could
+just add iir cub to each of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add iir cub to each of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add iir cub to each of these values
+that will spread them out, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will spread them out, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will spread them out, right?
+because each of these values used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these values used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these values used to
+fall just in this tiny range IR cub. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall just in this tiny range IR cub. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall just in this tiny range IR cub. So
+if we can spre move the next one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can spre move the next one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can spre move the next one to the
+next position, move the next one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next position, move the next one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next position, move the next one to the
+next position and so on. Spread them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next position and so on. Spread them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next position and so on. Spread them out
+to the left by adding on multiples of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left by adding on multiples of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left by adding on multiples of of
+R cubed. Then that will achieve property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cubed. Then that will achieve property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cubed. Then that will achieve property
+B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B.
+Okay, the only the annoying issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the only the annoying issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the only the annoying issue here
+is we don't want to mess things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't want to mess things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't want to mess things up
+modulo R cubed. So we need to round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo R cubed. So we need to round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo R cubed. So we need to round
+things down to be a multiple of r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down to be a multiple of r cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down to be a multiple of r cubed
+so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um
+so that this is congruent to mi prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is congruent to mi prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is congruent to mi prime.
+That's what we want. We want it to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we want. We want it to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we want. We want it to stay
+congruent mod r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent mod r cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent mod r cubed.
+Okay. Well, why do we need to round down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, why do we need to round down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, why do we need to round down
+to a multiple of r cub? We were adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple of r cub? We were adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multiple of r cub? We were adding
+on i cubed. Well, it's not quite mi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i cubed. Well, it's not quite mi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i cubed. Well, it's not quite mi that
+we care about. It's m i plus b i. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about. It's m i plus b i. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about. It's m i plus b i. Those
+are the bits that we want to be nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bits that we want to be nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bits that we want to be nicely
+ordered. And so we kind of need a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered. And so we kind of need a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered. And so we kind of need a minus
+bi here. So that when we take mi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi here. So that when we take mi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi here. So that when we take mi plus
+bi, those cancel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi, those cancel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi, those cancel.
+Okay. But then bi is not a multiple of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But then bi is not a multiple of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But then bi is not a multiple of r
+cubed. So you've got to do this rounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. So you've got to do this rounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. So you've got to do this rounding
+down to r cub. Also negative bi is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to r cub. Also negative bi is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to r cub. Also negative bi is a
+negative number. We can't really deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number. We can't really deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number. We can't really deal
+with negative numbers because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative numbers because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with negative numbers because you can't
+go left of zero. So we have to add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go left of zero. So we have to add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go left of zero. So we have to add on
+this w just to make things work out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this w just to make things work out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this w just to make things work out.
+Okay. So it's a little messy. uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's a little messy. uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's a little messy. uh and I
+don't I don't want to spend too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't want to spend too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't want to spend too much
+time on why this formula is works but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on why this formula is works but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on why this formula is works but I
+think you have the essence of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have the essence of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have the essence of what's
+working. This is just to avoid negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. This is just to avoid negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. This is just to avoid negative
+numbers. This negative bi is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This negative bi is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This negative bi is so that
+when you add it to mi uh you uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add it to mi uh you uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add it to mi uh you uh that
+cancels and so you end up with this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and so you end up with this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and so you end up with this I
+you get these r cub separations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these r cub separations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these r cub separations in the
+end. Let me draw a picture perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Let me draw a picture perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Let me draw a picture perhaps
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In the end, if you look at the bit space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the end, if you look at the bit space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the end, if you look at the bit space
+uh so this is w bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is w bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is w bits
+and you divide it up into uh multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide it up into uh multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide it up into uh multiples
+of r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All of the um MI primes are over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of the um MI primes are over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of the um MI primes are over here.
+So these are MI primes. You don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are MI primes. You don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are MI primes. You don't know
+in what order anything. They're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order anything. They're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what order anything. They're just
+kind of randomly in there. He chose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of randomly in there. He chose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of randomly in there. He chose them
+pretty much arbitrarily in the low end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much arbitrarily in the low end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much arbitrarily in the low end
+of the spectrum from 0 to R cubus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum from 0 to R cubus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum from 0 to R cubus one.
+And then what we want is for uh x0 + m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what we want is for uh x0 + m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what we want is for uh x0 + m0
+to fall somewhere in this range. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall somewhere in this range. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall somewhere in this range. and
+then x1 + m1 to fall somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x1 + m1 to fall somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x1 + m1 to fall somewhere in this
+range and x2 plus m2 to fall somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and x2 plus m2 to fall somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and x2 plus m2 to fall somewhere
+in this range. Okay, if I do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range. Okay, if I do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range. Okay, if I do that and
+it's weird because the bits are numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird because the bits are numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird because the bits are numbered
+from zero to the left here uh then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to the left here uh then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to the left here uh then I
+will have this property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this property.
+Okay, and I I claim this assignment does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and I I claim this assignment does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and I I claim this assignment does
+that. It's an exercise you can check uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's an exercise you can check uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's an exercise you can check uh
+that indeed xi plus mi will fall in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed xi plus mi will fall in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed xi plus mi will fall in this
+range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this gives us property B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this gives us property B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this gives us property B.
+It also gives us property C because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also gives us property C because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also gives us property C because
+we've been fairly tight here. Uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been fairly tight here. Uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been fairly tight here. Uh there's
+R of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and each R of these group of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and each R of these group of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and each R of these group of these
+intervals of size R cubed. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of size R cubed. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of size R cubed. And so the
+total range of these bits is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total range of these bits is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total range of these bits is going to be
+R 4th. Okay, we started at X0 + M0. we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 4th. Okay, we started at X0 + M0. we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 4th. Okay, we started at X0 + M0. we
+end at xr -1 minus uh plus m r -1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at xr -1 minus uh plus m r -1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at xr -1 minus uh plus m r -1 that's
+going to be somewhere here but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be somewhere here but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be somewhere here but if you
+look at just that interval of bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just that interval of bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just that interval of bits so
+there there are more bits actually over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are more bits actually over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are more bits actually over
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+yeah in particular because of this w bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular because of this w bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular because of this w bit
+part this whole picture basically starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this whole picture basically starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this whole picture basically starts
+at bit w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at bit w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at bit w
+and then there's all this stuff to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all this stuff to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's all this stuff to zero
+so this is a more accurate picture doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a more accurate picture doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a more accurate picture doing
+this multiplication the garb Garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication the garb Garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiplication the garb Garbage
+happens here. We have no idea. Garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. We have no idea. Garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. We have no idea. Garbage
+happens here. We have no idea. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. We have no idea. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here. We have no idea. Actually,
+garbage happens all over here. But what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage happens all over here. But what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage happens all over here. But what
+we know is that these bits are what? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is that these bits are what? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is that these bits are what? The
+bits we care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits we care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits we care about.
+These are the XI plus MIS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the XI plus MIS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the XI plus MIS.
+Uh if you look at XI plus MI, they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if you look at XI plus MI, they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if you look at XI plus MI, they give
+you XBI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you XBI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you XBI.
+Okay, they exist in other places, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, they exist in other places, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, they exist in other places, but
+these bits will have the the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits will have the the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bits will have the the important
+bits. Now the the bits are also like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Now the the bits are also like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. Now the the bits are also like all
+over everywhere else. But none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over everywhere else. But none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over everywhere else. But none of the
+bits hit each other. So these bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits hit each other. So these bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits hit each other. So these bits
+remain correct because nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain correct because nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain correct because nothing else
+collides with it. And so if I just mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides with it. And so if I just mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collides with it. And so if I just mask
+out those bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those bits
+again. So I have to do another mask. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So I have to do another mask. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So I have to do another mask. I
+did one mask here. I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one mask here. I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one mask here. I did a
+multiplication and then I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then I have to do
+another mask.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mask.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another mask.
+Uh so why don't I write it over here? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so why don't I write it over here? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so why don't I write it over here? So
+we mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mask
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end
+with sum i = 0 to r -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sum i = 0 to r -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sum i = 0 to r -1
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2 to the b i + mi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the b i + mi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the b i + mi.
+Those are these circled bits. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are these circled bits. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are these circled bits. So if we
+grab those things and then we shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab those things and then we shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab those things and then we shift
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+why am I writing X? Sorry these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I writing X? Sorry these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I writing X? Sorry these are all
+B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too many letters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many letters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many letters.
+Uh and we shift right by B 0 plus M0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and we shift right by B 0 plus M0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and we shift right by B 0 plus M0
+because we don't care about all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't care about all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't care about all those
+leading bits. So we shift this over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits. So we shift this over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading bits. So we shift this over to
+the left. We did the mask then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. We did the mask then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. We did the mask then we will
+just have the important bits and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the important bits and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the important bits and they
+will occupy over here an interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occupy over here an interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occupy over here an interval of
+size at most uh say order r cubed r 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at most uh say order r cubed r 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at most uh say order r cubed r 4
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+so this is approximate sketching this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is approximate sketching this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is approximate sketching this is
+definitely a bit complicated but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a bit complicated but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a bit complicated but it
+works let me review briefly so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let me review briefly so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works let me review briefly so our
+algorithm was simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was simple
+We mass we we have a bit string X. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We mass we we have a bit string X. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We mass we we have a bit string X. We
+just want to get the important bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get the important bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to get the important bits and
+compress them to a thing of size R 4th.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them to a thing of size R 4th.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them to a thing of size R 4th.
+So first of all, we threw away all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, we threw away all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, we threw away all the
+non-important bits with this mask. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-important bits with this mask. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-important bits with this mask. That
+was easy. Then we just did an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy. Then we just did an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy. Then we just did an arbitrary
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+and we proved that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that there was a
+multiplication that avoided collision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that avoided collision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that avoided collision.
+So the sums basically turn into ores or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sums basically turn into ores or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sums basically turn into ores or
+exors. I mean you never get two one bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exors. I mean you never get two one bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exors. I mean you never get two one bits
+hitting each other. So you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other. So you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other. So you don't have to
+worry about that. And we did that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that. And we did that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that. And we did that with
+the simple inductive argument. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple inductive argument. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple inductive argument. And then
+we also wanted the BI plus MI to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also wanted the BI plus MI to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also wanted the BI plus MI to be
+linearly ordered because we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly ordered because we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly ordered because we need to
+preserve the order of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the order of the important
+bits. We can't just permute them. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. We can't just permute them. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. We can't just permute them. And we
+needed them to occupy a small range. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed them to occupy a small range. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed them to occupy a small range. And
+we did that basically by adding IR cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that basically by adding IR cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that basically by adding IR cub
+to each of them. But it was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of them. But it was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of them. But it was a little
+messy and we had to add W and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy and we had to add W and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy and we had to add W and blah blah
+blah. Okay. Um, but in the end, we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. Okay. Um, but in the end, we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. Okay. Um, but in the end, we got
+our our important bits to be nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our important bits to be nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our important bits to be nicely
+spaced out here by pretty much putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced out here by pretty much putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced out here by pretty much putting
+an R cubed in between each one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R cubed in between each one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R cubed in between each one.
+So those were our bi plus MITs. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those were our bi plus MITs. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those were our bi plus MITs. They
+occupy this range of r 4th. We mask out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy this range of r 4th. We mask out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy this range of r 4th. We mask out
+all the rest of the garbage because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of the garbage because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of the garbage because this
+multiplication made a quadratic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication made a quadratic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication made a quadratic number
+of bits. We only want these r bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits. We only want these r bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits. We only want these r bits.
+There are r 2 one bits in here. Mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are r 2 one bits in here. Mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are r 2 one bits in here. Mask
+away all the others. Take these bits,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all the others. Take these bits,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away all the others. Take these bits,
+shift them over. Now they occupy a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift them over. Now they occupy a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift them over. Now they occupy a nice
+interval at the beginning. size order r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval at the beginning. size order r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval at the beginning. size order r
+cubed r sorry sorry r to the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed r sorry sorry r to the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed r sorry sorry r to the 4th
+and that's our approximate sketch. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our approximate sketch. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our approximate sketch. So
+sketch should only take r but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch should only take r but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch should only take r but we're
+being sloppy with this multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sloppy with this multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sloppy with this multiplication
+trick. The best we know is to get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. The best we know is to get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick. The best we know is to get down
+to r 4th and that's good enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r 4th and that's good enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r 4th and that's good enough.
+And that's why I set everything to w to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why I set everything to w to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's why I set everything to w to
+the 1/5 because this is w to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/5 because this is w to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/5 because this is w to the four
+fths. We're going to have w to the 1/5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fths. We're going to have w to the 1/5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fths. We're going to have w to the 1/5
+of them. And so if you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. And so if you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. And so if you take these
+sketches and you concatenate them, fuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and you concatenate them, fuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches and you concatenate them, fuse
+them together if you will, and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together if you will, and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together if you will, and that's
+fusion trees, then the whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees, then the whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion trees, then the whole the
+sketches of all of the keys x0 up to x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches of all of the keys x0 up to x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches of all of the keys x0 up to x k
+minus one will occupy order one words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one will occupy order one words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one will occupy order one words
+because it's order w bits. W to the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's order w bits. W to the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's order w bits. W to the 4
+fths times w to the 1/5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fths times w to the 1/5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fths times w to the 1/5.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+which brings us to parallel comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have all of these approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have all of these approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have all of these approximate
+sketches. So you could start forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches. So you could start forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches. So you could start forgetting
+approximate sketching. Somehow we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketching. Somehow we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketching. Somehow we get
+these W to the four-fifth bits. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these W to the four-fifth bits. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these W to the four-fifth bits. We want
+to concatenate them together and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate them together and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concatenate them together and then in
+parallel compare all of them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel compare all of them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel compare all of them to the
+sketch of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of Q.
+Okay, the sketch of the XI we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the sketch of the XI we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the sketch of the XI we can
+pre-process. We can actually spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process. We can actually spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process. We can actually spend a lot
+of time finding the sketch function. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time finding the sketch function. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time finding the sketch function. But
+then we have to fix the sketch function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to fix the sketch function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to fix the sketch function.
+We have to be able to compute sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to be able to compute sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to be able to compute sketch of
+Q in constant time. That's what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q in constant time. That's what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q in constant time. That's what we just
+did. Sketch of Q is one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Sketch of Q is one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. Sketch of Q is one and one
+multiplication and another and. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and another and. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and another and. So
+computing sketches is fast. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing sketches is fast. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing sketches is fast. That's the
+steps computing sketch of Q. Now next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps computing sketch of Q. Now next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps computing sketch of Q. Now next
+step is find it among the sketch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is find it among the sketch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is find it among the sketch of the
+XI. So this is the next thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI. So this is the next thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI. So this is the next thing we want to
+make fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's actually pretty easy. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually pretty easy. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually pretty easy. You
+probably know you can compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know you can compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know you can compare two
+integers by subtracting one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers by subtracting one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers by subtracting one from the
+other. So, we're just going to do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So, we're just going to do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So, we're just going to do that,
+but in a clever way. So, we can do k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a clever way. So, we can do k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a clever way. So, we can do k
+subtractions for the price of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to define the sketch of a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the sketch of a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the sketch of a node
+to be the one bit followed by the sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one bit followed by the sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one bit followed by the sketch
+of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+dot dot dot one sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot one sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot one sketch
+of x k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k minus one
+and I'm going to define sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to define sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to define sketch
+of q to the K power so to speak to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q to the K power so to speak to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q to the K power so to speak to be
+zero bit followed by sketch of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bit followed by sketch of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero bit followed by sketch of Q
+dot dot dot zero bit sketch of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is aligning things so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is aligning things so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is aligning things so that if
+I did this subtraction and this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this subtraction and this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this subtraction and this one I
+would basically be comparing Q with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically be comparing Q with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically be comparing Q with all
+the X size at once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X size at once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X size at once.
+Okay. Uh the point is these sketches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh the point is these sketches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh the point is these sketches
+this is the thing that fits in order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that fits in order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that fits in order one
+words right these sketches are w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words right these sketches are w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words right these sketches are w to the
+fourths bits and there's w to the 1/5 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths bits and there's w to the 1/5 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths bits and there's w to the 1/5 of
+them so this whole thing is order w bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this whole thing is order w bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this whole thing is order w bits
+so it fits in one word this thing also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it fits in one word this thing also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it fits in one word this thing also
+okay happens to be the same bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay happens to be the same bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay happens to be the same bits
+repeated many times but also fits in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated many times but also fits in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated many times but also fits in one
+word uh how do I compute this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh how do I compute this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh how do I compute this thing
+I can do it with a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it with a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it with a multiplication
+it's sketch of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sketch of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sketch of Q
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+uh 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Okay, so ahead of time I'll just premp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so ahead of time I'll just premp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so ahead of time I'll just premp
+compute this this bit string that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this this bit string that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this this bit string that has
+ones at the rightmost slot for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones at the rightmost slot for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones at the rightmost slot for each of
+these uh k uh fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh k uh fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh k uh fields.
+If I just take that multiply by sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just take that multiply by sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I just take that multiply by sketch
+of q then I get this. Okay, so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q then I get this. Okay, so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q then I get this. Okay, so this is
+easy to do in one multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do in one multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do in one multiplication.
+Now I take this thing minus this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the key thing is because I put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key thing is because I put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key thing is because I put these
+one bits here I'm taking this minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bits here I'm taking this minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bits here I'm taking this minus this
+point is either this one bit will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is either this one bit will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is either this one bit will get
+borrowed when I do binary subtraction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed when I do binary subtraction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed when I do binary subtraction or
+it won't it gets borrowed when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't it gets borrowed when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't it gets borrowed when this is
+bigger than this otherwise it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this otherwise it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this otherwise it doesn't
+get borrowed so I'm going to at either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get borrowed so I'm going to at either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get borrowed so I'm going to at either a
+zero or a one here and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one here and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one here and then some
+garbage, which I don't care about, and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage, which I don't care about, and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage, which I don't care about, and a
+zero or a one here, and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one here, and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or a one here, and then some
+garbage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage.
+And I'll just uh mask that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just uh mask that out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll just uh mask that out.
+Um I'm ending with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm ending with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm ending with uh
+1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0
+1 0 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0.
+And so I end up just with the 01 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I end up just with the 01 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I end up just with the 01 bits
+and the rest zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And these bits get it right. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And these bits get it right. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And these bits get it right. uh
+it's one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sketch of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to the sketch of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the sketch of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the sketch of X
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+and it's zero if the sketch of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero if the sketch of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero if the sketch of Q
+is greater than the sketch of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the sketch of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the sketch of X I
+because when it's greater that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it's greater that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it's greater that's when
+the borrow happens and then the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrow happens and then the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrow happens and then the one
+turns into a zero. So ones indicate less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into a zero. So ones indicate less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into a zero. So ones indicate less
+the query is too small or they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query is too small or they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query is too small or they're just
+right and zeros indicate that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and zeros indicate that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and zeros indicate that they're
+greater. Now the xis were in order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater. Now the xis were in order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater. Now the xis were in order.
+So probably x0 is too small and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So probably x0 is too small and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So probably x0 is too small and so this
+bit will end up being a zero. Probably x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will end up being a zero. Probably x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will end up being a zero. Probably x
+k + 1 is too big so this bit will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + 1 is too big so this bit will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + 1 is too big so this bit will be a
+one. In general it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In general it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In general it's going to be a
+monotone sequence of bits. If you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone sequence of bits. If you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone sequence of bits. If you look
+at these bits, these 01 bits, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these bits, these 01 bits, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these bits, these 01 bits, they're
+going to be monotone,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be monotone,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be monotone,
+uh, they'll be zero for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then at some point they'll switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point they'll switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point they'll switch to
+being ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ones.
+And that transition from zero to ones,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that transition from zero to ones,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that transition from zero to ones,
+that's what we want to find. This these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to find. This these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to find. This these
+keys are too small. These keys are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are too small. These keys are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are too small. These keys are too
+big. This key is just right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. This key is just right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. This key is just right.
+Uh so we fit between this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we fit between this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we fit between this would be
+position i and position i + 1 and we fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position i and position i + 1 and we fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position i and position i + 1 and we fit
+between x i and x i + 1. Well, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x i and x i + 1. Well, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x i and x i + 1. Well, not
+actually x i and x+1. We fit between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually x i and x+1. We fit between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually x i and x+1. We fit between
+sketch of x i and sketch of x i + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of x i and sketch of x i + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of x i and sketch of x i + one.
+Okay, that's what we need to find. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's what we need to find. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's what we need to find. Now
+that is again the problem of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again the problem of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again the problem of finding the
+most significant one bit. But in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant one bit. But in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant one bit. But in this
+case I can uh I don't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I can uh I don't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I can uh I don't need that
+operation. I can do it in a simpler way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. I can do it in a simpler way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. I can do it in a simpler way.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we're almost done, right? We've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're almost done, right? We've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're almost done, right? We've done
+all this parallel comparison. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this parallel comparison. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this parallel comparison. We just
+need to find that transition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find that transition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find that transition between
+zeros and ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones.
+Turns out there's a cool way to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way is multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that word times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah good friend this thing uh 0000001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is a little harder to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a little harder to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a little harder to think
+about but take this bit string multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but take this bit string multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but take this bit string multiply
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+Okay, what that does is it takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what that does is it takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what that does is it takes this
+string, it includes it because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, it includes it because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, it includes it because there's a
+one right there. It shifts it over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right there. It shifts it over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right there. It shifts it over by
+one field and includes it. Shifts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field and includes it. Shifts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field and includes it. Shifts it
+over by another field, includes it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by another field, includes it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by another field, includes it. So,
+this repeats this thing. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeats this thing. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repeats this thing. And now
+collision happens because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision happens because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision happens because they're
+perfectly aligned. If these one bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly aligned. If these one bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly aligned. If these one bits
+ever hit each other, they'll be summing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever hit each other, they'll be summing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever hit each other, they'll be summing.
+Now, some of them are zero, some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, some of them are zero, some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, some of them are zero, some of them
+are one. uh instead of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one. uh instead of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one. uh instead of computing the
+position of the 0ero to1 transition, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the 0ero to1 transition, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the 0ero to1 transition, we
+could equivalently just count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equivalently just count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could equivalently just count how many
+ones are there because then that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are there because then that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are there because then that's I
+mean that's counting from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's counting from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's counting from the right
+whereas this counting from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this counting from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this counting from the left
+whatever same thing uh so if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever same thing uh so if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever same thing uh so if I could
+count how many ones I'd be all set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many ones I'd be all set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many ones I'd be all set and
+in this case if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+this will be the number of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the number of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the number of ones
+I claim because if this one was there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim because if this one was there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim because if this one was there it
+will stay there and then all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay there and then all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stay there and then all the other
+bits get shifted over and fall right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits get shifted over and fall right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits get shifted over and fall right
+here on top of this bit. So as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on top of this bit. So as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on top of this bit. So as they get
+added up you'll get some carries and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up you'll get some carries and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up you'll get some carries and you
+know things will move over but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things will move over but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things will move over but this is
+not very big because we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big because we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big because we're talking about
+uh k bits. So this is only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k bits. So this is only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k bits. So this is only going to be
+width log k. Okay. Whereas this this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width log k. Okay. Whereas this this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width log k. Okay. Whereas this this I
+mean there's tons of room here before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's tons of room here before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's tons of room here before we
+get to the next shift. Okay. So I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next shift. Okay. So I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next shift. Okay. So I just
+look at these bits. I mask them out. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these bits. I mask them out. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these bits. I mask them out. I
+shift them over and that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift them over and that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift them over and that gives me the
+number of ones. This is a cute way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones. This is a cute way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones. This is a cute way to
+count the number of ones in a bit string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of ones in a bit string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of ones in a bit string
+when the bits are spread out nicely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bits are spread out nicely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bits are spread out nicely.
+They have to be at least log k away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have to be at least log k away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have to be at least log k away from
+each other. Otherwise you get collision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Otherwise you get collision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Otherwise you get collision.
+This doesn't work for an arbitrary bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This doesn't work for an arbitrary bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This doesn't work for an arbitrary bit
+string. But for a bit string like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. But for a bit string like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. But for a bit string like this,
+we're all set. We can count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set. We can count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set. We can count how many
+ones there are. Then we figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there are. Then we figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there are. Then we figure out where
+this transition is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transition is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transition is.
+Okay, that is parallel comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is parallel comparison.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is parallel comparison.
+One more thing to do which is uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One more thing to do which is uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One more thing to do which is uh most
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+set bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place we needed this was we were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we needed this was we were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we needed this was we were taking
+the exor of Q with XI and then we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exor of Q with XI and then we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exor of Q with XI and then we wanted
+to find the first bit where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the first bit where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the first bit where they were
+differing. So after you take the exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing. So after you take the exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing. So after you take the exor
+you've got some bit string that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some bit string that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some bit string that looks
+like this. You want to find this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. You want to find this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. You want to find this bit
+because that's the place you diverged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the place you diverged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the place you diverged.
+Then we would turn that to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we would turn that to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we would turn that to zero and
+change the rest to ones. That's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rest to ones. That's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rest to ones. That's easy to
+do if we know where this bit is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we know where this bit is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we know where this bit is. And
+this is a generally useful operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a generally useful operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a generally useful operation.
+It's used all over uh computer science I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's used all over uh computer science I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's used all over uh computer science I
+would say. uh so much so that most CPUs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say. uh so much so that most CPUs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say. uh so much so that most CPUs
+have it as an instruction. So on Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it as an instruction. So on Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it as an instruction. So on Intel
+it's called CLZ and it has many names.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called CLZ and it has many names.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called CLZ and it has many names.
+They're in the notes. Uh most compilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're in the notes. Uh most compilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're in the notes. Uh most compilers
+provide this to you as an operation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this to you as an operation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this to you as an operation on
+architectures that have it otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that have it otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that have it otherwise
+they simulate it. Uh they probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simulate it. Uh they probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simulate it. Uh they probably don't
+simulate it as well as I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it as well as I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it as well as I'm going to tell
+you uh because we're going to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh because we're going to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh because we're going to do this in
+constant time on a regular word RAM just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time on a regular word RAM just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time on a regular word RAM just
+C operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C operations
+uh which does not seem to have made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which does not seem to have made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which does not seem to have made it
+into popular culture. It's slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into popular culture. It's slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into popular culture. It's slightly
+complicated, which is why. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated, which is why. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated, which is why. Uh, but
+what's cool is we're going to use I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cool is we're going to use I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cool is we're going to use I'm
+going to do this relatively quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this relatively quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this relatively quickly
+because I don't have a ton of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a ton of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a ton of time.
+We're going to use all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to use all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to use all the things that
+we just did again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did again
+quickly. Most of them just as black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Most of them just as black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Most of them just as black
+boxes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes.
+All right. So, here's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, here's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, here's what we're going
+to do. Uh, maybe I should go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh, maybe I should go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh, maybe I should go somewhere
+new.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to use sketches, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to use sketches, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to use sketches, not
+approximate sketches, but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketches, but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketches, but I'm going to
+use sketches. I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sketches. I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sketches. I'm going to use
+multiplication. I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. I'm going to use
+parallel comparison. And in some sense,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison. And in some sense,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison. And in some sense,
+I'm going to use most significant set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use most significant set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use most significant set
+bit. All of these things I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. All of these things I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. All of these things I'm going to
+use to solve the most significant set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to solve the most significant set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to solve the most significant set
+bit problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's what we do. We split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's what we do. We split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's what we do. We split
+uh word into root root w clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of root w bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of root w bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of root w bits.
+Sound familiar? This is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound familiar? This is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound familiar? This is exactly what we
+did in Venom DOS except Venom DOS did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in Venom DOS except Venom DOS did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in Venom DOS except Venom DOS did
+this recursively. We're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursively. We're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recursively. We're going to do it
+once. Can only afford constant time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Can only afford constant time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Can only afford constant time. So
+here's an example. X is 0 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example. X is 0 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example. X is 0 1 0 1
+0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0
+1 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 0
+1 1 0 1 Okay, so each of these is root w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 1 Okay, so each of these is root w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 1 Okay, so each of these is root w
+bits. There's root w of them. It can,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. There's root w of them. It can,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. There's root w of them. It can,
+you know, it's approximate. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's approximate. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's approximate. It doesn't
+have to be exactly, but we'll assume x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be exactly, but we'll assume x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be exactly, but we'll assume x
+is a nice power of two. So that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice power of two. So that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice power of two. So that works
+cleanly. Um, all right. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly. Um, all right. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly. Um, all right. So the first
+thing so what the high level idea is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what the high level idea is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what the high level idea is I
+need to find the first non-mp cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the first non-mp cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the first non-mp cluster
+here it happens to be the first cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it happens to be the first cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it happens to be the first cluster
+and then I need to find the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to find the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to find the first one
+bit within the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit within the cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit within the cluster
+okay hard part is finding the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hard part is finding the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hard part is finding the first
+non-mp cluster actually the hard part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mp cluster actually the hard part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mp cluster actually the hard part or
+the messy part is finding which clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messy part is finding which clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messy part is finding which clusters
+are empty which clusters are not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty which clusters are not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty which clusters are not this
+cluster is not empty this cluster is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is not empty this cluster is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is not empty this cluster is
+empty these are not empty so I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty these are not empty so I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty these are not empty so I want the
+the summary vector which is 1 011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary vector which is 1 011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary vector which is 1 011
+claim if I can do that everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim if I can do that everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim if I can do that everything else
+is easy. So let's spend some time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy. So let's spend some time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy. So let's spend some time on
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-mpy clusters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, first thing I do is I take x anded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, first thing I do is I take x anded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, first thing I do is I take x anded
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this thing which I'm going to call f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which I'm going to call f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which I'm going to call f
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
+1 0 0 F for first. Uh so I'm just seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 F for first. Uh so I'm just seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 0 F for first. Uh so I'm just seeing
+which of these uh first bits in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these uh first bits in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these uh first bits in each
+cluster are set. So the result is I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster are set. So the result is I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster are set. So the result is I get
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh you know 0 0 0 uh 0 0 0 1 0 0 and 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 0 0 0 uh 0 0 0 1 0 0 and 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 0 0 0 uh 0 0 0 1 0 0 and 1 0
+0 0. So this is in particular that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0. So this is in particular that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0. So this is in particular that tells
+me this cluster and this cluster are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this cluster and this cluster are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this cluster and this cluster are
+non- empty. Duh. Because they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- empty. Duh. Because they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- empty. Duh. Because they have the
+first bit set. What about all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bit set. What about all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bit set. What about all those
+other bits? Well the other bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits? Well the other bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bits? Well the other bits are
+going to do in a different way. just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in a different way. just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in a different way. just the
+first bits. I need a little bit of room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bits. I need a little bit of room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bits. I need a little bit of room.
+I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I need this bit of room. I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need this bit of room. I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need this bit of room. I want to put
+these ones in. Okay, so I've got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones in. Okay, so I've got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones in. Okay, so I've got to get
+rid of some bits to make room for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of some bits to make room for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of some bits to make room for that.
+So, this deals with the first bits. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this deals with the first bits. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this deals with the first bits. Now,
+I'm going to clear those out. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to clear those out. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to clear those out. So, I'm
+going to take x ex x exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take x ex x exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take x ex x exor
+this and that will give me uh everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that will give me uh everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that will give me uh everything
+with the first bits cleared. So, we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first bits cleared. So, we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first bits cleared. So, we got
+0 1 0 1 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0 1 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 0 1 0 0 0
+uh 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 0 0 0
+and 0 1 0 1. Okay, these are the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 1 0 1. Okay, these are the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 1 0 1. Okay, these are the rest of
+the bits. I've got to figure out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits. I've got to figure out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits. I've got to figure out this
+one's not empty and this one's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's not empty and this one's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's not empty and this one's not
+empty. How do I do it? with subtraction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I take F minus that thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This f has ones and they're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This f has ones and they're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This f has ones and they're going to get
+borrowed when I take f minus this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed when I take f minus this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed when I take f minus this. This
+one will get borrowed because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will get borrowed because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will get borrowed because there's
+something here. This one will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here. This one will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here. This one will not get
+borrowed because this is zero. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed because this is zero. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed because this is zero. This one
+will not get borrowed because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not get borrowed because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not get borrowed because this is
+zero. This one will get borrowed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This one will get borrowed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This one will get borrowed because
+there's something here. That's it. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something here. That's it. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something here. That's it. Just
+we're comparing with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comparing with zero
+everything. So, we're gonna get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So, we're gonna get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So, we're gonna get in this
+case uh zero and some garbage. One and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh zero and some garbage. One and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh zero and some garbage. One and
+zeros. Uh one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Uh one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. Uh one and
+zero some garbage. Okay, I just care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero some garbage. Okay, I just care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero some garbage. Okay, I just care
+about these bits. These are the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these bits. These are the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these bits. These are the bits
+that tell me uh which ones were empty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell me uh which ones were empty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell me uh which ones were empty.
+The zeros are empty. The ones are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The zeros are empty. The ones are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The zeros are empty. The ones are not
+empty. Okay, so I do a mask and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. Okay, so I do a mask and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. Okay, so I do a mask and I get
+zero and some zeros, one and some zeros,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and some zeros, one and some zeros,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and some zeros, one and some zeros,
+one and some zeros, zero and some zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and some zeros, zero and some zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and some zeros, zero and some zeros.
+Okay. Uh then I do an exor with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh then I do an exor with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh then I do an exor with f
+because I really want one for these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really want one for these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really want one for these guys
+and zero for these guys. One means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero for these guys. One means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero for these guys. One means it's
+not empty. Zero means it's empty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Got that right? So I'm just inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got that right? So I'm just inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got that right? So I'm just inverting
+the zero bits to one bits and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero bits to one bits and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero bits to one bits and vice
+versa. So one means this was not empty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So one means this was not empty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So one means this was not empty.
+One means this was not empty. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One means this was not empty. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One means this was not empty. Those are
+the non-mpy guys. Okay. I take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-mpy guys. Okay. I take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-mpy guys. Okay. I take this and
+I ore it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ore it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ore it with
+this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this was the thing that told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was the thing that told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was the thing that told me
+which ones had the first bit set. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones had the first bit set. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones had the first bit set. So if
+I take the ore of those two, I learn are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the ore of those two, I learn are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the ore of those two, I learn are
+any bits set because this was dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bits set because this was dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bits set because this was dealing
+with all of the other bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I threw away this bit, but I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw away this bit, but I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw away this bit, but I had to
+remember that it was not empty. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it was not empty. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it was not empty. Okay, so
+I take that or now this tells me those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take that or now this tells me those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take that or now this tells me those
+three blocks were not empty. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three blocks were not empty. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three blocks were not empty. This one
+was empty. So now here I have the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was empty. So now here I have the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was empty. So now here I have the bits
+that I care about. Sadly, they're spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I care about. Sadly, they're spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I care about. Sadly, they're spread
+out. I'd really like them compressed. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. I'd really like them compressed. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. I'd really like them compressed. So
+I do that with sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that with sketch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that with sketch.
+I want to compress them to one 011.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compress them to one 011.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compress them to one 011.
+It would fit in one little thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would fit in one little thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would fit in one little thing here
+because this is root w. There's root w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is root w. There's root w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is root w. There's root w
+of them. Sadly, I can't use approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Sadly, I can't use approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Sadly, I can't use approximate
+sketch because I don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch because I don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch because I don't have enough
+space. This is W to the 1/2. If I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. This is W to the 1/2. If I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. This is W to the 1/2. If I used
+approximate sketch, I get W, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketch, I get W, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate sketch, I get W, you know,
+I'd lose this factor of four. It'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd lose this factor of four. It'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd lose this factor of four. It'd be
+bigger than W. I really need it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than W. I really need it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than W. I really need it to be
+perfectly sketched. Conveniently, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sketched. Conveniently, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sketched. Conveniently, you
+can do perfect sketch in this regime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do perfect sketch in this regime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do perfect sketch in this regime.
+Before, the BI's were arbitrary things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before, the BI's were arbitrary things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before, the BI's were arbitrary things.
+We had no idea how they were spread out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had no idea how they were spread out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had no idea how they were spread out.
+Here, BI is uh you know root wus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here, BI is uh you know root wus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here, BI is uh you know root wus one.
+That's the first one. Plus I * roo<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first one. Plus I * roo<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first one. Plus I * roo<unk>
+w. They're nicely uh uniformly spaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. They're nicely uh uniformly spaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w. They're nicely uh uniformly spaced by
+i root w. In this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run out of time. I claim you can use mj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time. I claim you can use mj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of time. I claim you can use mj
+equal to uh w minus roo<unk> w -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh w minus roo<unk> w -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh w minus roo<unk> w -1
+minus j<unk> w + j. And I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus j<unk> w + j. And I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus j<unk> w + j. And I won't go
+through the proof. There's a sketch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof. There's a sketch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof. There's a sketch in
+the notes. If you do this uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes. If you do this uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes. If you do this uh this is a
+nice setting of MJ turns out you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice setting of MJ turns out you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice setting of MJ turns out you will
+get bi. If we look at bi plus mi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bi. If we look at bi plus mi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bi. If we look at bi plus mi this
+cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels
+this cancels because i equals j you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels because i equals j you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cancels because i equals j you're
+left with w + j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with w + j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with w + j.
+So in other words you look at bi plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words you look at bi plus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words you look at bi plus m
+i uh you get from bit w to bit uh w +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh you get from bit w to bit uh w +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh you get from bit w to bit uh w +
+root w I guess minus one. These bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root w I guess minus one. These bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root w I guess minus one. These bits
+will be exactly the bits you care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the bits you care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the bits you care about.
+So you take those, you mask out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take those, you mask out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take those, you mask out the
+others, you shift it over to the right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others, you shift it over to the right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others, you shift it over to the right,
+and you have exactly your perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have exactly your perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have exactly your perfect
+sketch. The thing you need to prove here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. The thing you need to prove here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch. The thing you need to prove here
+is that Bi plus MJ are all distinct. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Bi plus MJ are all distinct. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Bi plus MJ are all distinct. So
+there's no collisions. But in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no collisions. But in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no collisions. But in this case,
+it's easy to avoid collisions. Get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to avoid collisions. Get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to avoid collisions. Get all
+your bits nice and consecutive. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bits nice and consecutive. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bits nice and consecutive. Now
+you've got it down to this thing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it down to this thing. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it down to this thing. Okay.
+Not quite done, though.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quite done, though.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not quite done, though.
+I need one more minute. Say, well, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need one more minute. Say, well, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need one more minute. Say, well, uh,
+that was step one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was step one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was step one.
+Identify non-empt clusters. Uh step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identify non-empt clusters. Uh step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identify non-empt clusters. Uh step two
+was sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sketch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sketch.
+Step three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step three is
+uh find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find
+the first non-mpt cluster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim this is easy. So I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this is easy. So I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this is easy. So I take this
+sketch vector. It only has root w bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch vector. It only has root w bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch vector. It only has root w bits.
+So I use parallel comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do I compare to? I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I compare to? I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I compare to? I'm going to
+compare many copies of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare many copies of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare many copies of this thing
+to 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0. The
+powers of two. Okay. So I take this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two. Okay. So I take this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two. Okay. So I take this I
+put them in a vector like the sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a vector like the sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a vector like the sketch of
+a node and I take the K or I guess root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node and I take the K or I guess root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node and I take the K or I guess root
+W copies of the sketch of the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W copies of the sketch of the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W copies of the sketch of the summary
+vector that's this 1011. So I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's this 1011. So I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's this 1011. So I compare
+four copies of this to each of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four copies of this to each of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four copies of this to each of these and
+I learn which power of two it is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn which power of two it is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn which power of two it is greater
+than in other words what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in other words what is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in other words what is the most
+significant set bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant set bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant set bit.
+That's why when I told you how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why when I told you how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why when I told you how to do
+over here, when I told you how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, when I told you how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, when I told you how to do
+parallel comparison, I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison, I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison, I didn't want to
+use most significant bit as a subruine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most significant bit as a subruine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most significant bit as a subruine
+because this is a subruine to most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a subruine to most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a subruine to most
+significant bit. Okay, over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit. Okay, over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant bit. Okay, over here we
+could just do this multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do this multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do this multiplication and
+boom, we found what the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom, we found what the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom, we found what the most significant
+set bit was as long as there was room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bit was as long as there was room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bit was as long as there was room to
+fit all this stuff in a word. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit all this stuff in a word. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit all this stuff in a word. And
+because I've reduced everything to size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've reduced everything to size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've reduced everything to size
+root w and there's only uh there's root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root w and there's only uh there's root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root w and there's only uh there's root
+w of these things to compare to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of these things to compare to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of these things to compare to because
+that's the width of one of these fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the width of one of these fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the width of one of these fields.
+This all fits in a word. I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This all fits in a word. I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This all fits in a word. I can do this
+parallel comparison. Boom. I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison. Boom. I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel comparison. Boom. I find the
+first one bit in this bit string, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one bit in this bit string, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one bit in this bit string, which
+happens to be the first bit. That tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the first bit. That tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the first bit. That tells
+me that this cluster is a cluster I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this cluster is a cluster I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that this cluster is a cluster I care
+about. So I take those bits out. I mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So I take those bits out. I mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So I take those bits out. I mass
+them out, shift them over, and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out, shift them over, and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out, shift them over, and I find
+the first one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one bit
+in that cluster. How do I do it? In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cluster. How do I do it? In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cluster. How do I do it? In
+exactly the same way. Cluster again root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way. Cluster again root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way. Cluster again root
+w bits. I use parallel comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w bits. I use parallel comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w bits. I use parallel comparison to
+compare it to all these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to all these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to all these things in
+constant time. I find where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. I find where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time. I find where the first
+one bit is there. Uh and then it's uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit is there. Uh and then it's uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit is there. Uh and then it's uh I
+take this cluster C. I take this bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this cluster C. I take this bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this cluster C. I take this bit uh
+D and my answer is uh C root W plus D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and my answer is uh C root W plus D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and my answer is uh C root W plus D.
+That is the final index of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the final index of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the final index of the most
+significant one bit in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one bit in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one bit in constant time
+using all those fusion tricks once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all those fusion tricks once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all those fusion tricks once
+again. And and that in the end gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And and that in the end gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And and that in the end gives you
+fusion trees on a word RAM static.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's uh complicated,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh complicated,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh complicated,
+probably impractical, but pretty cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably impractical, but pretty cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably impractical, but pretty cool.
+And we're going to use these bit tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use these bit tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use these bit tricks
+again.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y7sIuqgADgc.txt b/y7sIuqgADgc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..541f52e8f59f12dda77c655b8d9e8f9e8026b403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y7sIuqgADgc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3103 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So looking for a
+way to understand
+
+the universality of
+phase transitions,
+
+we arrived at the
+simplest model that
+
+should capture some of that.
+
+That was the Ising model, where
+at each site of a lattice--
+
+and for a while
+I will be talking
+
+in this lecture about
+the square lattice--
+
+you put a binary variable.
+
+Let's call it sigma i that
+takes two values, minus plus 1,
+
+on each of the N sites.
+
+So we have a total of 2 to
+the N possible configurations.
+
+And we subject that
+to an energy cost
+
+that tries to make nearest
+neighbors to be the same.
+
+So this symbol stands for
+sum over all pairs of nearest
+
+neighbors on whatever
+lattice you have.
+
+Here the square lattice.
+
+And the tendency for them
+to be parallel as opposed
+
+to anti-parallel
+is captured through
+
+this dimensionless energy
+divided by Kt parameter K.
+
+So then in principle, as
+we change K we could also
+
+potentially add
+a magnetic field.
+
+There could be a phase
+transition in the system.
+
+And that should be captured
+by looking at the partition
+
+function, which is obtained
+by summing over the 2
+
+to the N possibilities
+of this weight that
+
+is e to the sum over
+ij K sigma i sigma j.
+
+So that's easier said than done.
+
+And the question was, well,
+how can we proceed with this?
+
+And last lecture, we
+suggested two routes
+
+for looking at this system.
+
+One of them was to
+start by looking
+
+at a low-temperature expansion.
+
+And here, let's
+say, we would start
+
+with one of two
+possible ground states.
+
+Let' say all of the
+spins could, for example,
+
+be pointing in the
+plus direction.
+
+That is certainly the
+largest contribution
+
+that you would have
+to the partition
+
+function at 0 temperature.
+
+And that contribution is all
+of the bonds being satisfied.
+
+Each one of them giving
+a factor of e to the K.
+
+Let's say we are on
+a square lattice.
+
+On a square lattice,
+each site has
+
+two bonds associated with it.
+
+So this will go like 2N.
+
+Since we have N sites,
+we will 2N bonds.
+
+There is actually, of
+course, two possibilities.
+
+We can have either all of them
+plus or all of them minus.
+
+So there is a kind of
+trivial degeneracy of 2,
+
+which doesn't really make
+too much of a difference.
+
+And then we can start looking
+at excitations around this.
+
+And so we said that the
+first type of excitation
+
+is somewhere on the lattice
+we make one of these pluses
+
+into a minus.
+
+And once we do
+that, we have made
+
+4 bonds that go out of
+this minus site unhappy.
+
+So the cost of going from
+plus k to minus K, which
+
+is minus 2k, in this case
+is repeated four times.
+
+And this particular
+excitation can
+
+be placed in any one of N
+locations on the lattice.
+
+So this was this
+kind of excitation.
+
+And then we could go and
+have the next excitation
+
+where two of them are flipped.
+
+And we would have a
+situation such as this.
+
+And since this dimer can point
+in the x- or the y-direction
+
+on the square lattice,
+it has a degeneracy of 2.
+
+I have e to the minus 2K.
+
+And how many bonds
+have I broken?
+
+One, two, three,
+four, five, six.
+
+Times 6.
+
+And I can go on.
+
+So this was a
+situation such as this.
+
+A general term in
+the series would
+
+correspond to creating some
+kind of an island of minus
+
+in this sea of pluses.
+
+And the contribution
+would be e to the minus 2K
+
+times the perimeter
+of this island.
+
+So that would be
+a way to calculate
+
+the low-temperature expansion
+we discussed last time around.
+
+We also said that I could do
+a high temperature expansion.
+
+And for this, we use the trick.
+
+We said I can write
+the partition function
+
+as a sum over all these
+2 to the N configuration.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a reason we
+don't have separate islands?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, we do.
+
+We do.
+
+So in general, in this picture
+I could have multiple islands.
+
+Yes.
+
+And what would be
+interesting is certainly
+
+when I take the log of
+Z, then the log of Z
+
+here I would have NK.
+
+I would have log 2.
+
+And then there would
+be a bunch of terms.
+
+And what we saw was
+those bunches of terms,
+
+starting with that
+one, can be captured
+
+into a series where
+the n comes out front
+
+and the terms in the series
+would be functions of e
+
+to the minus 2K.
+
+And indeed, when we
+exponentiate this,
+
+this would have
+single islands only.
+
+The exponential will
+have multiple islands
+
+that we have for the
+partition functions.
+
+So these terms, as we see,
+are higher powers of n
+
+because you would
+be able to move them
+
+in different directions.
+
+When you take the log,
+only terms that are
+
+linear and can survive.
+
+So this sum over
+bond configurations
+
+I can write as a
+product over bonds.
+
+And the factor of e
+to the K sigma i sigma
+
+j, we saw that we could
+capture slightly differently.
+
+So e to the K sigma
+i sigma j I can
+
+write as hyperbolic
+cosine of K 1
+
+plus hyperbolic tanh
+of K sigma i sigma j.
+
+And this t is going to be my
+symbol for hyperbolic tanh
+
+of K, so that I don't have to
+repeat it all over the place.
+
+So this is just rewriting
+of that exponential,
+
+recognizing that it
+has two possibilities.
+
+We took the cosh
+K to the outside.
+
+And if I'm, again, on
+the square lattice,
+
+I have 2N bonds so there
+will be 2N factors of cosh K
+
+that I will take
+into the outside.
+
+And then I would
+have a series, which
+
+would be these terms that I can
+start expanding in powers of t.
+
+And the lowest order I have 1.
+
+And then we discussed what
+kinds of terms are allowed.
+
+We saw that if I take just one
+factor of t sigma i sigma j,
+
+then I have a sigma i sitting
+here and sigma j sitting here.
+
+I sum over the two possibilities
+of sigma being plus or minus.
+
+It will give me 0.
+
+So there is a contribution
+order of t if I expand that,
+
+but summing over sigma i
+and sigma j would give me 0.
+
+So the only choice
+that I have is
+
+that this sigma that is sitting
+out here I should square.
+
+And I can square it
+by putting a bond that
+
+corresponds to this
+sigma and that sigma.
+
+This became sigma squared.
+
+I don't have to
+worry about that.
+
+Then I can complete
+this so that that's
+
+squared and this so
+that that's squared.
+
+And so this was a
+diagram that contributed
+
+N this quantity t to the fourth.
+
+Well, what's the next type
+of graph that I could draw?
+
+I could do something like this.
+
+And that is, again,
+something that I
+
+can orient along the x-direction
+or along the y-direction.
+
+So there is a factor of
+2 from the orientation.
+
+And that's how
+many factors of t.
+
+It is 6.
+
+And so in general,
+what do I have?
+
+I will have to draw
+some kind of a graph
+
+on the lattice where at
+each site, I either have 0,
+
+2, or potentially 4.
+
+There is no difficult with 4
+bonds emanating from a site
+
+because that sigma
+to the fourth.
+
+Basically, those kinds
+of things actually
+
+will give me then the sum
+over-- possibilities of sigma
+
+will give me 2 to
+the number of sites.
+
+And then these
+graphs, basically will
+
+get a factor which is 2 to
+the number of bonds in graph.
+
+And then again, you
+can see that here I
+
+could have multiple loops, just
+like we discussed over there.
+
+Multiple loops will go
+with larger factors of N.
+
+The thing that we are
+interested is log Z,
+
+which is N log 2 cosine
+squared K. And then I
+
+have to take the log
+of this expression,
+
+and I'll call it g of t.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did we get
+rid of [INAUDIBLE] bonds?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So this e to the K sigma i
+sigma j has two possible values.
+
+It is either e to the
+K or e to the minus K.
+
+And I can write
+it, therefore, as e
+
+to the K plus e to the minus
+K over 2 plus e to the K minus
+
+e to the minus K over 2
+sigma i sigma j, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: My question was--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I know.
+
+And then, this became
+cosh K 1 plus what
+
+I call sigma i sigma j.
+
+So when I draw my
+lattice, for the bond that
+
+goes between sites i and j,
+in the partition function
+
+I have this contribution.
+
+This contribution is
+completely equivalent to this.
+
+And this is two terms.
+
+The cosh K we took outside.
+
+The two terms is
+either 1 or 1 line.
+
+There isn't anything
+that is multiple lines.
+
+And as I said, you
+can make separately
+
+an expansion in powers of K.
+This corresponds to nothing,
+
+or going forward and backward,
+or going forward, backward,
+
+et cetera, if you make an
+expansion in powers of K. This
+
+term corresponds to going once.
+
+Essentially, this captures all
+of the things that stay back
+
+to the same site and this is
+a re-summation of everything
+
+that steps you forward.
+
+So everything that steps you
+forward and carries information
+
+from this sites to that
+site has been appropriately
+
+taken care of.
+
+And it occurs once.
+
+And that's one reason.
+
+And again, if you have
+three things coming
+
+at a particular site,
+it's a sigma i q.
+
+So these are completely
+the only thing that happen.
+
+But in principle, this is
+one diagrammatic series.
+
+This is one diagrammatic series.
+
+But you stare at
+them a little bit
+
+and you'll see why I put
+the same g for both of them.
+
+On the square lattice,
+they're identify series.
+
+See that series had N
+something to the fourth power,
+
+2N something to the
+sixth power, N something
+
+to the fourth power, 2N
+something to the sixth power.
+
+The first two terms
+are identical.
+
+You can convince yourself that
+all the terms will be identical
+
+also, including
+something complicated,
+
+such as if I were to
+draw-- I don't know.
+
+A diagram such as this one,
+which has 2 or 4 per site.
+
+I can convert that to something
+that had spins plus out here,
+
+then it minus here,
+minus here, plus here.
+
+And it's a completely
+consistent diagram
+
+that I would have had in
+the low-temperature series.
+
+So you can convince
+yourself that there
+
+is a one-to-one correspondence
+between these two series.
+
+They are identical for
+the square lattice.
+
+As we will discuss, this is a
+property of the square lattice.
+
+So you have this
+very nice symmetry
+
+that you conclude that the
+partition function per site,
+
+the part that is
+interesting, either
+
+I can get it from here as
+K plus this function of e
+
+to the minus 2K or from the high
+temperatures series as log 2
+
+hyperbolic cosine
+squared K. Plus exactly
+
+the same function of tanh K.
+
+This part of it,
+actually, I don't really
+
+care because these are
+analytical functions.
+
+I expect this model to
+have a phase transition.
+
+The low-temperature and the
+high-temperature behavior
+
+should be different.
+
+It should be order at low
+temperature, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+at high temperature.
+
+There should be a phase
+transition and a singularity
+
+between those two cases.
+
+The singular part
+must be captured here.
+
+So these are the
+singular functions.
+
+So the singular part
+of the free energy
+
+has this interesting property
+that you can evaluate it
+
+for some parameter K, which is
+large in the low-temperature
+
+phase, or some
+parameter t, which
+
+is small in the
+high-temperature phase.
+
+And the two will be related
+completely to each other.
+
+They are essentially
+the same thing.
+
+So this property
+is called duality.
+
+And so what I have
+said, first of all, is
+
+that there is a relationship
+between, say, the coupling tanh
+
+K and a coupling that I can
+separately call K tilde, such
+
+that if I evaluate the
+high-temperature series at K,
+
+it is like evaluating the
+low-temperature series at K
+
+tilde, where K tilde
+of K is minus 1/2 log
+
+of the hyperbolic tanh at K.
+
+I can plot for you what
+this function looks like.
+
+So this is K. This is what
+K tilde of K looks like.
+
+And it is something like this.
+
+Basically, strong coupling,
+or low temperature,
+
+gets mapped to weak coupling,
+or high temperature,
+
+and vice versa.
+
+So it's kind of like
+this, that there
+
+is this axes of the
+strength of K going
+
+from low temperature, strong,
+to high temperature, weak.
+
+And what I have shown is that
+if I start with somewhere
+
+out here, it is mapped
+to somewhere down here.
+
+If I start from
+somewhere here, it
+
+would be mapping
+to somewhere here.
+
+So one question to ask is,
+well, OK, I start from here.
+
+I go here.
+
+If I put that value of k in
+here, do I go to a third point
+
+or do I come back to here?
+
+And I will show you
+that it is, in fact,
+
+a mapping that goes both ways.
+
+And a way to show
+that is like this.
+
+Let me look at the
+hyperbolic sine of 2K.
+
+Hyperbolic sines of twice
+the angles, or twice
+
+the hyperbolic sines of
+K hyperbolic cosine of K.
+
+All my answers are
+in terms of tanh K,
+
+so I can make this sine to
+become a tanh by dividing
+
+by cosh, and then making
+this cosh squared.
+
+So that is 2
+hyperbolic tanh of K.
+
+And then, there's various
+ways to sort of remember
+
+the identity for
+hyperbolic cosine squared
+
+minus sine squared is 1.
+
+If I divide by c squared,
+it becomes 1 minus t squared
+
+is 1 over c squared.
+
+So the hyperbolic
+cosine squared here
+
+is the inverse of 1 minus
+hyperbolic tanh squared of K.
+
+Now, for tanh K, we have this
+identity, is 2 e to the minus
+
+2K tilde.
+
+1 minus the square of that.
+
+If I multiply both sides
+by-- e to the numerator
+
+and denominator by e
+to the plus 2K tilde,
+
+hopefully you recognize this
+as 1 over hyperbolic sine of K
+
+tilde 2K tilde.
+
+So the identity here that was
+kind of not very transparent,
+
+if I had made the
+change of variables
+
+to the hyperbolic sine
+of twice the angle,
+
+had this simple form.
+
+So then the symmetry
+between K and K tilde
+
+is immediately obvious.
+
+You pick one value of K, or
+sine K, and then the inverse.
+
+And the inverse of the inverse,
+you are back to where you are.
+
+So it is clear that this is
+kind of like an x to y0 1 over x
+
+mapping.
+
+x to 1 over x mapping would also
+kind of look exactly like this.
+
+In fact, if instead
+of K tilde and K
+
+I had plotted hyperbolic sine
+versus hyperbolic sine of twice
+
+the angle, it would have
+been just the 1 over x curve.
+
+Now, just to give you another
+example, if I had the function
+
+f of x, which is x
+1 plus x squared.
+
+This function, if I
+divide by x squared,
+
+becomes x inverse 1
+plus x inverse squared.
+
+So this is, again,
+f of x inverse.
+
+So if I evaluate this
+function for any value like 5,
+
+then I know the value
+exactly for 1/5.
+
+If I evaluate it for 200, I know
+it for 1/200, and vice versa.
+
+Our g function is
+kind of like that.
+
+Now, this function you
+can see that starts
+
+to go linearly increases with
+x, and then eventually it
+
+comes down like this
+must have one maximum.
+
+Where is the maximum?
+
+It has to be 1.
+
+I don't have to take derivatives
+of everything, et cetera.
+
+If there is one point which
+corresponds to the maximum,
+
+it's the point that
+maps to itself.
+
+Now, this function
+for the Ising model,
+
+I know it has a
+phase transition.
+
+Or, I guess it has
+a phase transition.
+
+So there is one point,
+hopefully one point,
+
+at which it becomes singular.
+
+I don't know, maybe
+it's three point.
+
+But let's say it's one point
+at which it becomes singular.
+
+Then I should be able to figure
+its singularity by precisely
+
+the same argument.
+
+So the function that corresponds
+to x going to 1 over x
+
+is this hyperbolic sine.
+
+So if there is a point which
+is the unique point that
+
+corresponds to the
+singularity, it
+
+has to be the point that is
+self-dual-- maps on to itself,
+
+just like 1.
+
+So sine of 2 Kc should be 1.
+
+And what is this?
+
+Hyperbolic sine we can
+write as e to the 2 Kc
+
+minus e to the
+minus 2 Kc over 2.
+
+We can manipulate
+this equation slightly
+
+to e to the 4 Kc minus 2 e to
+the 2 Kc minus 1 equals to 0,
+
+which is a quadratic
+equation for e to the 2 Kc.
+
+So I can immediately solve
+for e to the 2 Kc is--
+
+This has a 2, so I can say
+1 minus plus square root
+
+of square of that plus this.
+
+So that is a square root of 2.
+
+The exponential
+better be positive,
+
+so I can't pick the
+negative solution.
+
+And so we know--
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Where did I-- OK.
+
+Multiply by e to the 2 Kc.
+
+AUDIENCE: Taking that as
+correct, I didn't check it--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+x squared minus 2b
+plus-- x plus c equals.
+
+Well, actually,
+this is-- so x is
+
+b minus plus square root
+of b squared minus ac.
+
+Our c is negative.
+
+So it's 1 plus 1.
+
+So the critical coupling
+that we have is 1/2 log of 1
+
+plus square root of 2.
+
+So we know that the critical
+point of the Ising model
+
+occurs at this value, which
+you can put on your calculator.
+
+And it is something like this.
+
+There is one assumption.
+
+Of course, there is essentially
+only one singularity.
+
+And there is one singularity
+in this free energy.
+
+But if it is, we have
+solved it for this case.
+
+So I think to emphasize
+this was discovered
+
+around '50s by Wannier,
+this idea of duality.
+
+And suddenly, you had exact
+solution for something
+
+like the square Ising model.
+
+Question is, how much
+information does it give you?
+
+First of all, the
+property of self-duality
+
+is that of the square lattice.
+
+So if I had done this on
+the triangular lattice,
+
+you would've seen that
+the low-temperature and
+
+high-temperature
+expansions don't match.
+
+It turns out that in
+order to construct
+
+the dual of any lattice,
+what you have to do
+
+is to put, let's say, points
+in the center of the units
+
+that you have and see what
+lattice these centers make.
+
+So when you try to do that
+for the triangular lattice,
+
+you will see that the centers
+form, actually, hexagonal
+
+lattice, and vice versa.
+
+However, there is a
+trick using duality
+
+that you can still calculate
+critical points of hexagonal
+
+and triangular lattice.
+
+And that you will do in
+one of the problem sets.
+
+OK, secondly.
+
+Again, that trick allows you
+to go beyond square lattice,
+
+but it turns out
+that for reasons
+
+that we will see
+shortly, it is limited.
+
+And you can only do
+these kinds of dualities
+
+to yourself for
+two-dimensional lattices.
+
+And what these kinds
+of mappings in general
+
+give for
+two-dimensional lattices
+
+is potentially, but not always,
+the critical value of Kc.
+
+And again, one of the
+things that you will see
+
+is that you can do this for
+other models in two dimension.
+
+For example, the
+Potts model we can
+
+calculate the critical point
+through this kind of procedure.
+
+However, it doesn't
+tell you anything
+
+about the nature
+of the singularity.
+
+So essentially, what we've
+shown is that on the K-axis,
+
+there is some point maybe
+that describes the singularity
+
+that you are going to have.
+
+But the shape of this
+singularity, the exponent
+
+can be anything.
+
+And this mapping does not
+tell you anything about that.
+
+It does tell you one thing.
+
+We also mentioned that
+the ratio of amplitudes
+
+above and below for
+various singular quantities
+
+is something that
+is universal because
+
+of these mappings
+from high temperatures
+
+to low temperatures.
+
+Although I don't know what the
+nature of the singularity is,
+
+I know that the amplitude
+ratio is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So there is some
+universal information
+
+that one gains beyond the
+non-universal location
+
+of the critical point,
+but not that much more.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it possible
+to extract from this line
+
+a differential equation for g?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And indeed, that
+differential relation
+
+you will use in
+one of the problem
+
+sets that I forgot
+to mention, and will
+
+be used to derive the value
+of the derivative, which
+
+is related to the energy of the
+system at the critical point.
+
+But you are right.
+
+This is such a beautiful
+thing that maybe we
+
+can try to force it to
+work in higher dimensions.
+
+So let's see if we
+were to try to go
+
+with this approach for the 3D
+Ising model what would happen.
+
+So what did we do?
+
+We wrote the low-temperature
+series, high-temperature series
+
+and compared them.
+
+Again, let's do
+the cubic lattice,
+
+which I will not
+really attempt to draw.
+
+That's the system that
+we want to calculate.
+
+So let's do the low T-series.
+
+Our partition function is
+going to start with the state
+
+where every spin
+is, let's say, up.
+
+Three bonds per site
+on the cubic lattice.
+
+So it's 3 NK.
+
+Again, the trivial degeneracy of
+2 for the two possible all plus
+
+or all minus states.
+
+The first excitation
+is to flip a spin.
+
+So any one of N sites could have
+been flipped, creating a cube.
+
+A cube has 6 faces that go
+out, so there is essentially
+
+6 bonds that are broken.
+
+So basically,
+there is this minus
+
+that is in a box
+surrounded by plus.
+
+And as you can see, 6 plus
+minus 1 that go out of that.
+
+The next one would be
+when we have 2 minuses.
+
+And that can be oriented three
+ways in three dimensions.
+
+e to the minus 2K.
+
+1, 2 times 4.
+
+8 plus 2.
+
+Times 10.
+
+And so the general
+term in the series I
+
+have to draw some droplet of
+minuses in a sea of pluses.
+
+And then I would have e to the
+minus 2K times the boundary
+
+or the area of this droplet.
+
+Actually, droplets
+because there could
+
+be multiple droplets
+as we've seen.
+
+There's no problem with that.
+
+If I do the high T, follow
+exactly the procedure
+
+I had described before,
+partition function is going
+
+to be 2 to the number of sites.
+
+Cosh K to the power of the
+number of bonds and there
+
+are 3 bonds per site.
+
+So there's 3N there.
+
+And then we start to
+draw our diagrams.
+
+The first diagram
+is just exactly
+
+like what we had before.
+
+I have to make a square.
+
+And this square can be placed
+on any face of the cube.
+
+And there are 3 faces
+that are equivalent.
+
+The next type of diagram that
+I can draw has 6 bonds in it.
+
+So this could be
+an example of that.
+
+And if you do the counting,
+there are 18N of those.
+
+And so you go.
+
+And the genetic
+term in the series
+
+is going to be some
+find of a loop.
+
+Again, even number of bonds
+per site is the operative term.
+
+And then I have t to the
+power of the number of bonds
+
+making this closed loop.
+
+Or loops.
+
+So you stare at
+the series and you
+
+see immediately that
+there is no correspondence
+
+like we saw before.
+
+The coefficient here are 1N, 3N.
+
+Here, there are 1, 3, and 18N.
+
+Powers are 6, 10.
+
+Here are 4, 6.
+
+There's no correspondence
+between these two.
+
+So there is nothing
+that one could say.
+
+But you say, I really like this.
+
+So maybe I'll phrase the
+question differently.
+
+Can I consider some
+other model whose
+
+high-temperature
+expansion reproduces
+
+this low-temperature
+expansion of the Ising model?
+
+So this is the
+question, can we find
+
+a model whose high T
+expansion reproduces
+
+low T of 3D Ising model?
+
+So rather than knowing
+what the model is,
+
+now we are going to
+kind of work backward
+
+from this graphical
+picture that we have.
+
+So what would have been
+the analog thing over here,
+
+let's say that I had
+this picture of droplets
+
+in the 2D Ising model.
+
+I recognize that I need to
+make these perimeters out
+
+of something.
+
+And I know that I can make these
+things that are joined together
+
+to a procedure such as the
+one that we have over here.
+
+But the unit thing,
+there it was the elements
+
+that I had along the perimeter.
+
+What is the
+corresponding unit that I
+
+have for the low temperature
+series of the Ising model?
+
+I have e to the minus 2K to the
+power of the number of faces.
+
+So first thing is
+unit has to be a face.
+
+So basically, what
+I need to do is
+
+to have a series, which is an
+expansion in terms of faces,
+
+and then somehow I can
+glue these faces together,
+
+like I glued these
+bonds together.
+
+So we found our unit.
+
+The next thing that we
+need is some kind of a glue
+
+to put all of these
+LEGO faces together.
+
+So how did we join
+things together here?
+
+We had these sigmas that
+were sitting by themselves.
+
+And then putting
+two sigmas together,
+
+I ensured that when
+I summed over sigma,
+
+I had to glue two
+of the T's together.
+
+Can I do the same
+thing over here?
+
+If I put the sigmas on the
+corners of these faces,
+
+you can see it doesn't work
+because here I have three.
+
+So I'm forced to put the
+sigmas on the lines that
+
+join the faces.
+
+So what I need to
+do is, therefore,
+
+to have a variable
+such as this where
+
+I have these sigmas
+sitting on the-- let's call
+
+this a plaquette, p.
+
+And this plaquette
+will be having
+
+around it four different bonds.
+
+And if I have the product
+of these four bonds--
+
+again, these sigmas
+being minus plus 1--
+
+I am forced to glue
+these sigmas in pairs.
+
+And I can join these things
+together, these squares,
+
+to make whatever shape that
+I like that would correspond
+
+to the shapes that
+I have over there.
+
+So what I need to do is to have
+for each face a factor of this.
+
+So this is the analog of this
+factor that I have over here.
+
+And then what I
+need to do is to do
+
+a product over all plaquettes.
+
+And I sum over all sigma tildes.
+
+And this would be the partition
+function of some other system.
+
+In this other
+system, you can see
+
+that if I make its
+expansion, there
+
+will be a one-to-one
+correspondence
+
+between the terms in the
+expansion of this partition
+
+function and the 3D Ising
+model partition function.
+
+Again, this kind of
+term we have seen.
+
+If I had put factors of cosh
+here, which don't really
+
+do much, I can re-express as
+e to the something-- k tilde
+
+sigma 1p sigma 2p
+sigma 3p sigma 4p.
+
+Essentially every time
+you see 1 plus t times
+
+some binary variable, you can
+rewrite it into this fashion.
+
+So what we have come up
+with is the following.
+
+That in order to
+construct the dual
+
+of the three-dimensional
+Ising model, what we do
+
+is you go all over your cube.
+
+On each bond of it, you put a
+variable that is minus plus 1.
+
+So previously for
+the Ising model,
+
+the variables were
+sitting on the sites.
+
+So Ising, these
+were site variables.
+
+Whereas, this dual Ising,
+these are the bond variables
+
+that are minus plus 1.
+
+In the case of the
+Ising, the interactions
+
+were the product of
+sites making on a bond.
+
+Whereas, for the dual
+Ising, the interactions
+
+are around the face.
+
+There's four of them
+that go around the face.
+
+But whatever this
+new theory is, we
+
+know that its free energy
+because of this relation
+
+is related to the free energy
+of the three-dimensional Ising
+
+model.
+
+Also, we know that the
+three-dimensional Ising model
+
+has a phase transition
+between a disordered phase
+
+and the magnetized phase
+at low temperature.
+
+There is a singularity.
+
+As I span the parameter K of the
+three-dimensional Ising model,
+
+there is a Kc.
+
+Now, I can find
+out what that Kc is
+
+because I don't
+have self-duality.
+
+But I know that as I span the
+parameter K of the Ising model,
+
+I'm also spanning the parameter
+K tilde of this new theory.
+
+And since the original model
+has a phase transition,
+
+this new model must also
+have a phase transition.
+
+So there exists a
+Kc for both models.
+
+You say, OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+But there is some complicated
+kind of Ising model
+
+that you have devised and
+it has a phase transition.
+
+What's the big deal?
+
+Well, the big deal is
+that this model is not
+
+supposed to have a phase
+transition because it
+
+has a different
+type of symmetry.
+
+The symmetry that we
+have for the Ising model
+
+is a global symmetry.
+
+That is, the energy
+of a particular state
+
+is the energy of the state
+in which all of the spins
+
+are reversed.
+
+Because the form of
+the energy is bilinear.
+
+If I take all of the sigmas
+from one configuration
+
+and make them minus
+in that configuration,
+
+the energy will not change.
+
+But I have to do that globally.
+
+It's a global symmetry.
+
+Now, this model has a local
+symmetry because what I can do
+
+is I can pick one of the sites.
+
+And out of this site,
+there are six off
+
+these bonds that are
+going out on which
+
+there is one of
+these sigma tilde.
+
+If I pick this site and I change
+the sign of all of these six
+
+that emanate from this site,
+the energy will not change.
+
+Because the energy gets
+contributions from faces.
+
+And you can see that for
+any one of the faces,
+
+there are two sigmas
+that have changed.
+
+So the energy, which is the
+product of all four of them,
+
+has not changed.
+
+So this model has
+a different form,
+
+which is a local symmetry.
+
+And in fact, it is very much
+related to gauge theories.
+
+It's a kind of discrete
+version of the gauge theories
+
+that you have seen
+in electromagnetism.
+
+Since there are
+two possibilities,
+
+it's sometimes called
+a Z2 gauge theory.
+
+Now, the thing about the gauge
+theories is that there is
+
+a theorem which states that
+local or these gauge theories,
+
+gauge symmetries, cannot
+be spontaneously broken.
+
+So for the case of
+the Ising model,
+
+we have this symmetry between
+sigma going to minus sigma.
+
+But yet, we know that if
+I go to low temperature,
+
+I will have a state in which
+globally all of the spins
+
+are either plus or minus.
+
+So there is a
+symmetry broken state
+
+which is what we
+have been discussing.
+
+Now, the reason that that
+cannot take place in these gauge
+
+theories, I will just
+sketch what is happening.
+
+Essentially, we
+have been thinking
+
+in terms of this
+broken symmetries
+
+by putting an infinitesimal
+magnetic field.
+
+And we saw that, basically,
+if I'm at temperatures of 1
+
+over K's that are below
+some critical value,
+
+then if h is plus,
+everybody would be plus.
+
+If h is minus, everybody
+would be minus.
+
+And the reason as you approach
+h goes to 0 from one site
+
+that you don't get average of
+0 is because the difference
+
+between the energy of
+this state and that state
+
+as you go to 0 temperature
+is proportional to N times h.
+
+So although h is going to
+0 with N being very large,
+
+the influence of infinitesimal
+h is magnified enormously.
+
+Now, for the case of these
+local gauge theories,
+
+you cannot have a
+similar argument.
+
+Because if I pick this spin,
+let's say one of these bond
+
+spins.
+
+And let's say is its
+average-- what is its average?
+
+As I said, the h going to 0.
+
+Well, the difference
+between a state
+
+in which it is plus or the
+state in which it is minus
+
+is, in fact, 6h.
+
+Because all I need
+to do is to pick
+
+a site that is
+close to that bond
+
+and flip all of the spins
+that are close to that.
+
+All of the K's are
+equally satisfied.
+
+The difference
+between that state
+
+and the one where there
+is a flip is just 6h.
+
+So that remains
+finite as h goes to 0.
+
+There is no barrier towards
+flipping those spins.
+
+So there is no broken
+symmetry in this system.
+
+So this can be proven very
+nicely and rigorously.
+
+So we have now two
+statements about this Ising
+
+version of a gauge theory.
+
+First of all, we know
+that at low temperatures,
+
+still the average
+value of each bond
+
+is equally likely
+to be plus or minus.
+
+From that perspective of local
+values of these bond spins,
+
+it is as disordered as the
+highest-temperature phase.
+
+Yet, because of its duality
+to the three-dimensional Ising
+
+model, we know that
+it undergoes some kind
+
+of a singularity going
+from high temperatures
+
+to low temperatures.
+
+So there is probably some
+kind of a phase transition,
+
+but it has to be very
+different from any of the phase
+
+transitions that we have
+discussed so far because there
+
+is no spontaneous
+symmetry breaking.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+Now, later on in
+the course, we will
+
+see another example of
+this that is much less
+
+exotic than a gauge
+theory, but it
+
+has the same kind of
+principle applicable to it.
+
+There will be a phase transition
+without local symmetry breaking
+
+in something like a
+superfluid in two dimensions.
+
+So one thing that that phase
+transition and this one
+
+have in common is,
+again, the lack
+
+of this local-order parameter
+from symmetry breaking.
+
+And both of them
+share something that
+
+was pointed out by Wegner
+once this puzzle emerged,
+
+which is that one has to look
+at some kind of a global-- well,
+
+I shouldn't even call it global.
+
+It is something that is
+called a Wilson loop.
+
+So the idea is the following.
+
+That we have these
+variable sigma tilde
+
+that are sitting on
+the bonds of a lattice.
+
+Now, the problem is that with
+this local transformations,
+
+I can very easily make this
+sigma go to minus sigma.
+
+So that is not a good
+thing to consider.
+
+However, what was the problem?
+
+Let's say I pick this site.
+
+All of the sigmas that
+went out of that site
+
+I changed to minus themselves.
+
+That was the gauge
+transformation,
+
+but it became minus.
+
+But if I multiply the sigma
+with another sigma that goes out
+
+of that site, then I
+have cured that problem.
+
+If I changed this
+to minus itself,
+
+this changes, this changes.
+
+The product remains [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But then I have
+the problem here.
+
+So what I do is I
+make a long loop.
+
+I look at the expectation value.
+
+So this Wilson
+loop is the product
+
+of sigma tilde around a loop.
+
+And what I can do is I
+can look at the average
+
+of that quantity.
+
+The average of that
+quantity is something
+
+that is clearly invariant
+to this kind of gauge
+
+transformation.
+
+So the signatures of a
+potential phase transition
+
+could potentially be revealed by
+looking at something like this.
+
+But clearly, that
+is a quantity that
+
+is always also going
+to be positive.
+
+So the thing that
+I am looking at
+
+is not that this quantity
+is, say, positive
+
+in one phase and 0
+in the other phase.
+
+It is on how this
+quantity depends
+
+on the shape and
+characteristics of these loop.
+
+So what I can do is I can
+calculate this average, both
+
+in high temperatures and low
+temperatures, and compare them.
+
+So if I look at-- let's starts
+with, yeah, high temperatures.
+
+The high-temperature expansion.
+
+So I want to calculate
+the expectation
+
+value of the product of
+sigma tilde, let's call it i,
+
+where i belongs to
+some kind of a loop c.
+
+So c is all of these bonds.
+
+I want to calculate
+that expectation value.
+
+How do I calculate
+that expectation value?
+
+Well, I have to sum
+over all configurations
+
+of this product with a weight.
+
+What is my weight?
+
+My weight is this
+factor of product
+
+over all plaquettes of 1 plus
+t sigma tilde sigma tilde sigma
+
+tilde for the plaquette.
+
+So this is the
+weight that I have.
+
+I can put the hyperbolic
+cosine or not put it,
+
+it doesn't matter.
+
+But then this weight has
+to be properly normalized.
+
+It means that I have
+to divide by something
+
+in the denominator,
+which basically does not
+
+include the quantity
+that I am averaging.
+
+So the graphs that
+occur in the denominator
+
+are the things that we
+have been discussing.
+
+Essentially, I start with 1.
+
+The next term is to put
+these faces together
+
+to make a cube, and then
+more complicated shapes.
+
+That, essentially,
+every bond is going
+
+to be having some
+kind of a complement.
+
+Well, but what about the
+terms in the numerator?
+
+For the terms in
+the numerator, I
+
+have these factors
+of sigma tilde
+
+that are lying all
+around this loop.
+
+And I'm summing over
+the two possible values.
+
+So in order that summing
+over this does not give me 0,
+
+I better make sure that there
+is a complement to that.
+
+The complement to that
+can only come from here.
+
+So for example, I would
+put a face over here
+
+that ensures that that is
+squared and that is squared.
+
+But then I have this one.
+
+Then I will put
+another one here.
+
+I will put another
+one, et cetera.
+
+And you can see that the
+lowest-order term that I would
+
+get is this factor that
+characterize each one of them.
+
+Raised to the power of
+the area of this loop c.
+
+You can ask higher-order terms.
+
+You can kind of build
+a hat on top of this.
+
+This you can put
+anywhere, again,
+
+along this area of this thing.
+
+So the next correction in
+this series you can see
+
+is also going to be something
+that will be 1 plus t
+
+to the fourth times the area.
+
+The point is that as you
+add more and more terms,
+
+you preserve the structure
+that the whole thing is going
+
+to be proportional
+to the area of loop
+
+times some function
+of this parameter t.
+
+So what we know is that
+if I take the expectation
+
+value of this entity,
+then it's logarithm
+
+will be proportional
+in high temperatures
+
+to the area of this loop.
+
+Now, what happens if I
+try to do a low T-series
+
+for the same quantity?
+
+So I have to start
+with a configuration
+
+at low temperature that
+minimizes the energy.
+
+One configuration clearly is
+one where all of the sigmas
+
+are plus.
+
+And that will give me a term.
+
+If I am calculating
+the partition function
+
+in the denominator,
+there will be
+
+a term that will be
+proportional to e to whatever
+
+this K tilde is per face.
+
+And there are three
+faces of a cube.
+
+There are N cubed,
+so there will be
+
+3K tilde N for the
+configuration that is all plus.
+
+But this is not the only
+low-temperature configuration.
+
+That is what we were discussing.
+
+Because I can pick
+a site out of N site
+
+and the 6 bonds
+that go out of it,
+
+I can make minus themselves.
+
+And the energy would
+be exactly the same.
+
+So whereas the Ising model,
+I had a multiplicity of 2.
+
+Here, there is a
+multiplicity of 2 to the N.
+
+So that's the lowest term in
+the low-temperature expansion
+
+of the partition function.
+
+I'm doing the
+partition function,
+
+which is the denominator first.
+
+Then, what can I do?
+
+Then, let's say I start with a
+configuration where all of them
+
+are pluses.
+
+There are, of course, 2 to
+the N gauge copies of that.
+
+So whatever I do to
+this configuration,
+
+I can do the analog
+in all of the others.
+
+But let's keep the copy where
+all of the sigmas are plus,
+
+and then I flip one of
+the sigmas to minus.
+
+Then, it's essentially--
+think of a cube.
+
+There is a line that was
+plus and I made it minus.
+
+There are four faces going out
+of that that were previously
+
+plus K, now become
+minus K. So I will
+
+have 2K tilde times 4
+because of these four things
+
+that are going out.
+
+And the bond I can orient
+in x-, y-, or z-direction.
+
+So there are 3N possibilities.
+
+And so I could have a series
+such as this in the denominator
+
+where subsequent terms would
+be to put more and more
+
+minus in this
+particular [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, let's see how these
+series would affect the sum
+
+that I would have to do in order
+to calculate this expectation
+
+value.
+
+For any one of these
+configurations,
+
+since I am kind of looking
+at the ground state,
+
+let's say they're all pluses.
+
+Clearly, the contribution to
+this product will be unity.
+
+That does not change.
+
+But now, let's think
+about the configurations
+
+in which one of the
+bonds is made to flip.
+
+As long as that
+bond does not touch
+
+any of the bonds that
+are part of the loop,
+
+the value of the loop
+will remain the same.
+
+So let's say that
+the loop has P sites.
+
+So this is number of bonds in c.
+
+Let's call it Pc.
+
+For these, with this weight,
+the value of Wilson loop
+
+would still be plus.
+
+But for the times where I
+have picked one of these
+
+to become minus, then the
+product becomes minus.
+
+So for the remaining Pc
+times of this factor,
+
+e to the minus 2K
+tilde times 4, rather
+
+than having plus
+I will have minus.
+
+So you can see
+that-- what is this?
+
+N should be up here.
+
+That the difference between
+what is in the numerator
+
+and what is in the denominator
+of this low-temperature series
+
+has to do with the
+bonds that have
+
+been sitting as part
+of the Wilson loop.
+
+And if I imagine that
+this is a small quantity
+
+and write these as
+exponentials, you
+
+can see that this
+is going to start
+
+with e to the minus
+2K tilde times 4 times
+
+the perimeter of this cluster.
+
+Of this loop.
+
+And you can go and look at
+higher and higher order terms.
+
+The point is that
+in high temperature,
+
+the property of the shape
+of the loop that determines
+
+this expectation
+value is its area.
+
+Whereas, in the low-temperature
+expansion, it is its perimeter.
+
+So you could, for
+example, calculate
+
+the-- for a large loop,
+the log of this quantity
+
+and divide it by the perimeter.
+
+And in the low-temperature
+phase, it would be finite.
+
+In the high-temperature
+phase, it
+
+would go to 0 because
+the area scale
+
+is bigger than the perimeter.
+
+So we have found something
+that is an analog of an older
+
+parameter and can distinguish
+the different phases,
+
+and it is reflected in the
+way that the correlations take
+
+place.
+
+Let's try to sort of think about
+some potential physics that
+
+could be related to this.
+
+Let's start with the gauge
+theory aspect of this.
+
+Well, the one gauge theory
+that you probably know
+
+is quantum electrodynamics,
+whose action
+
+you would write in
+the following way.
+
+The action would involve
+an integration over space
+
+as well as time.
+
+And by appropriate
+rescalings, you
+
+can write the energy that is
+in the electromagnetic field
+
+as d mu A mu minus d
+mu A mu squared, where
+
+A is the 4-vector potential
+out of which you can construct
+
+the electric field
+and magnetic field.
+
+And the reason this
+is a gauge theory
+
+is because if I take A and
+add to it some function of phi
+
+of x and t, as long as
+I take the derivative
+
+of this function, you can
+see that the change here
+
+would be d mu d mu
+minus d mu by d mu.
+
+There is really no change.
+
+And we know that
+basically you can
+
+choose whatever
+value of this phase--
+
+this gauge fixing
+potential over here.
+
+Now, this is the
+electromagnetic field by itself.
+
+If you want to couple it
+to something like matter
+
+or electrons, you
+write something
+
+like i d bar, which
+is some derivative,
+
+and then you have e A bar.
+
+If there's a mass to this
+object, you would put it here.
+
+This would be something
+like psi bar psi.
+
+This would be something
+that would describe
+
+the coupling of this
+electromagnetic field
+
+to some charged particle,
+such as the electron.
+
+And this entire thing satisfies
+the gauge symmetry provided
+
+that once you do this, you
+also replace psi with e
+
+to the ie phi psi.
+
+So the same phi, if it appears
+in both, essentially the change
+
+in A that you would
+have from here
+
+will be compensated
+by the change
+
+that you would get from the
+derivative acting on this phase
+
+factor.
+
+And so the whole
+thing is not affected.
+
+What we have constructed
+in this model
+
+is kind of an Ising
+analog of this theory.
+
+Because the Hamiltonian
+that we have,
+
+which carries the weight
+after exponentiate
+
+of the different
+configurations, has a part
+
+which is the sum over all of the
+plaquettes of this sigma tilde
+
+sigma tilde sigma
+tilde sigma tilde,
+
+the four bonds
+around the plaquette.
+
+We could put some kind of a
+coupling here if we want to.
+
+And the analog of
+this transformation
+
+that we have-- well, maybe it
+will become more apparent if I
+
+add the next term, which is
+the analog of the coupling
+
+to matter.
+
+If I put a spin and
+then sigma tilde ij sj.
+
+So again, imagine that we
+have our cubic lattice,
+
+or some other lattice, in which
+we have these variables sigma
+
+tilde that are
+sitting on the bonds.
+
+And the first term is the
+product around the face.
+
+And the second term
+I put these variables
+
+s that are sitting here.
+
+And I have made a coupling
+between these two s's.
+
+So if the sigma
+tildes were not there,
+
+I could make an Ising model
+with s's being plus or minus,
+
+which are coupled across
+nearest neighbors.
+
+What I do is that the
+strength of that coupling I
+
+make to be plus or
+minus, depending
+
+on the value of the
+gauge field, if you like.
+
+This Ising gauge field
+that is sitting over there.
+
+Now, the analog of these
+symmetries that we have for QED
+
+is as follows.
+
+I can pick a particular s i
+and change its value to minus.
+
+And I can pick all of the sigma
+tildes that go out of that i
+
+to the neighbours and
+simultaneously make them minus.
+
+And then this energy
+would not change.
+
+First of all, let's
+say if I pick this site
+
+and change its face from
+being plus or minus,
+
+then the bonds that-- the
+sigma tildes that go out of it
+
+will change their values
+to minus themselves.
+
+Since each one of the
+faces contains two of them,
+
+the value of the energy
+from here is not changed.
+
+Since the couplings to the
+neighboring s's involve
+
+the sigma tildes that
+sit between them,
+
+and I have flipped
+both s and sigma tilde,
+
+those do not change
+irrespective of what
+
+I do with the face of
+all the other ones.
+
+So I have made an Ising,
+or binary version,
+
+of this transformation,
+constructed
+
+a model that has, except
+being Ising symmetry,
+
+a lot of the properties
+that you would
+
+have for this kind of action.
+
+Now again, continuing with that,
+this difference between why
+
+we see an area rule
+or a perimeter rule
+
+has some physical consequence
+that is worth mentioning.
+
+And this, again,
+has not much to do
+
+with the main thrust
+of this course,
+
+but just a matter of
+overall education.
+
+It is useful to know.
+
+So in this picture, where
+one of the dimensions
+
+corresponds to time,
+imagine that you
+
+create a kind of a
+Wilson loop which
+
+is very long in one
+direction that I
+
+want to think of as being time.
+
+And the analog of this
+action that we have discussed
+
+is to create a pair of charges,
+separate them by a distance x,
+
+propagate them for a long
+time t, and then [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And ask, what is the
+contribution of a configuration
+
+such as this to their
+action on average?
+
+And so you would say that if
+particles are at a distance x,
+
+they are subject to some
+kind of a potential v of x.
+
+And if this potential
+has been propagated
+
+in time for a
+length or a duration
+
+that I will call T, that
+the effect that it has
+
+on the system is to have
+an interaction such as this
+
+in the action propagated
+over a time T.
+
+So I should have
+something like this.
+
+So this should
+somehow be related
+
+to this average of the
+Wilson loop in manner
+
+to not be made precise,
+but very rough just
+
+to get the general idea.
+
+And so what we have said is that
+the value of this Wilson loop
+
+has different
+behaviors at high T
+
+and low T in its
+dependence on shape.
+
+And that high temperatures, it
+is proportional to the area.
+
+So it should be
+proportional to xT.
+
+Whereas, in low temperature, it
+is proportional to perimeter.
+
+So it should be
+proportional to x plus T.
+
+So if I read off the form of V
+of x from these two dependents,
+
+you will see that V of
+x goes proportionately
+
+to x in one regime.
+
+And once I divide
+by T, the leading
+
+coefficients-- so
+this is essentially
+
+I want to look at the limit
+where T is becoming very large.
+
+So this thing when I divide
+by T goes to a constant.
+
+And I can very
+roughly interpret this
+
+as the interaction
+between particles
+
+that are separated by x
+via this kind of theory.
+
+And I see that
+for particles that
+
+are separated by x in
+that kind of theory,
+
+there is a weak coupling--
+high temperature
+
+corresponds to weak coupling--
+where the further apart I
+
+go, the potential that
+is bringing them together
+
+becomes linearly stronger.
+
+So this is what is
+called confinement.
+
+Whereas, in the other
+limit of low temperatures,
+
+or strong coupling,
+what you find
+
+is that the interaction
+between them
+
+essentially goes to a constant.
+
+The potential goes
+to a constant,
+
+so the force would go to 0.
+
+So they are asymptotically free.
+
+So if I start with
+this kind of theory
+
+and try to interpret it in
+the language of quantum field
+
+theory as something that
+describes interaction
+
+between particles, I find that
+it has potentially two phases.
+
+One phase in which the
+particles of the theory
+
+are strongly bind
+together, like quarks
+
+that are inside the nucleus.
+
+And you can try to
+separate the quarks,
+
+but they would snap back.
+
+You can't have free quarks.
+
+And then there is another phase
+where essentially the particles
+
+don't see each other.
+
+And indeed, quarks
+right inside the nucleus
+
+are essentially free.
+
+We can sort of regard
+them as free particles.
+
+So this theory
+actually has aspects
+
+of what is known as confinement
+and asymptotic freedom
+
+within quantum chromodynamics.
+
+The difference is
+that in this theory,
+
+there is a phase transition
+and the two behaviors
+
+are separated from each other.
+
+Whereas in QCD, it's
+essentially a crossover
+
+from one behavior
+to another behavior
+
+without the phase transition.
+
+So we started by thinking
+about these Ising models.
+
+And we kind of
+branched into theories
+
+that describe loops, theories
+that describe droplets,
+
+theories that describe
+gauge couplings, et cetera.
+
+So you can see that that nice,
+simple line of the partition
+
+function that I have written
+for you has within it
+
+a lot of interesting complexity.
+
+We kind of went
+off the direction
+
+that we wanted to go
+with phase transitions,
+
+so we will remedy
+that next time, coming
+
+back to thinking about how to
+think in terms of the Ising
+
+model, and try to do more with
+understanding the behavior
+
+and singularities of
+this partition function.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yYDEpATHF7o.txt b/yYDEpATHF7o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf3be9e5f6f961842c525a65fd5be53523282149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yYDEpATHF7o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
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+The following content is provided under
+ 
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+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
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+or to view additional materials from
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+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
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+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+tell you where we are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where we are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where we are.
+Uh give you a sense of what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh give you a sense of what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh give you a sense of what's going to
+come in the rest of the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So forget the stuff inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So forget the stuff inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So forget the stuff inside.
+In the beginning in my video I explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the beginning in my video I explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the beginning in my video I explained
+to you that the field of dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that the field of dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that the field of dynamics
+consists of three things. I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three things. I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three things. I kind of
+didn't tell you about this. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you about this. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you about this. All right,
+but I'll tell you about it now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll tell you about it now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll tell you about it now.
+Kinematics, which is motion, pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinematics, which is motion, pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinematics, which is motion, pure
+geometry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry,
+no forces, nothing. nada pure motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forces, nothing. nada pure motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forces, nothing. nada pure motion
+which is what we've been concentrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've been concentrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've been concentrating
+on for the last uh couple of weeks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last uh couple of weeks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last uh couple of weeks right
+kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics
+kinetics is actually motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is actually motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is actually motion
+right kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinetic
+um in chem any any chemical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in chem any any chemical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in chem any any chemical engineers
+here probably not but in yeah chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably not but in yeah chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here probably not but in yeah chemical
+kinetics right it means dynamics when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics right it means dynamics when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics right it means dynamics when
+stuff happens okay motion kinematics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens okay motion kinematics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens okay motion kinematics is
+more like geometry yeah like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like geometry yeah like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like geometry yeah like you can
+take care of motion But it's not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of motion But it's not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of motion But it's not there
+no forces involved. Then finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forces involved. Then finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forces involved. Then finally the
+thing I left out which is constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I left out which is constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I left out which is constitutive
+relationships. How many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. How many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. How many of you are
+taking 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 21
+you've heard the term I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard the term I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard the term I'm sure
+constitutive relationship. Anyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationship. Anyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationship. Anyone can
+can anyone tell me what it means?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone tell me what it means?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone tell me what it means?
+Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody
+relates to kinetics?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to kinetics?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to kinetics?
+Not really. Well yeah you could tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not really. Well yeah you could tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not really. Well yeah you could tell me
+in the context of t1 then I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of t1 then I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of t1 then I'll I'll
+you're probably right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably right.
+So constitutive relationships on like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So constitutive relationships on like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So constitutive relationships on like uh
+f= kx relationship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f= kx relationship.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f= kx relationship.
+That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+That's right. What are the other kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. What are the other kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. What are the other kinetic
+constitutive relationships? Anyone back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships? Anyone back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships? Anyone back
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+in 21? That's right. F is equally kx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 21? That's right. F is equally kx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 21? That's right. F is equally kx.
+What's the equivalent in 21?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the equivalent in 21?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the equivalent in 21?
+Loudly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loudly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loudly.
+You're right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right.
+Yeah. Yeah. Basically stiffness, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Basically stiffness, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Basically stiffness, all
+that stuff. Gravity by the way. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff. Gravity by the way. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff. Gravity by the way. Right.
+So So you're right. So constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So you're right. So constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So you're right. So constitutive
+relationship is stuff like F is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is stuff like F is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is stuff like F is equal to
+kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx
+okay or gravity right now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or gravity right now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or gravity right now here's the
+deal kinematics just deals with finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal kinematics just deals with finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal kinematics just deals with finding
+x and x dot and x dot right position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x dot and x dot right position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x dot and x dot right position
+velocity acceleration that's what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity acceleration that's what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity acceleration that's what we did
+spider on a frisbee how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider on a frisbee how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider on a frisbee how much does it
+accelerate how what's its velocity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate how what's its velocity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate how what's its velocity right
+this is kin k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kin k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kin k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
+k k k k k k kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constitutive relationships build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships build these
+models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models.
+Okay, f is equal to kx. It's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, f is equal to kx. It's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, f is equal to kx. It's not really
+true, but it's I know my Blackberry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, but it's I know my Blackberry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, but it's I know my Blackberry is
+going off here. Um, but it's kind it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off here. Um, but it's kind it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off here. Um, but it's kind it,
+you know, it's a good approximation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's a good approximation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's a good approximation.
+It's a model. Gravity is is correct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a model. Gravity is is correct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a model. Gravity is is correct in
+non-relativistic situations. Gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic situations. Gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic situations. Gravity is
+also a good model. So, those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a good model. So, those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a good model. So, those are
+constitutive relationships. They come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships. They come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships. They come
+from experiments and so on, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments and so on, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments and so on, right? And
+kinetics deals with a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics deals with a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics deals with a particularly
+important form of the constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important form of the constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important form of the constitutive
+relationship also called sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship also called sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship also called sorry
+particularly important example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important example of
+constitutive relationships also referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships also referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships also referred
+to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as
+yeah Newton's laws right so if you say F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Newton's laws right so if you say F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Newton's laws right so if you say F
+is equal to m a force is equal to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m a force is equal to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m a force is equal to mass
+times acceleration the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times acceleration the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times acceleration the acceleration
+comes from kinematics mass is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from kinematics mass is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from kinematics mass is actually
+also kind of rel related to kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of rel related to kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of rel related to kinematics
+but we'll do it in a different context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do it in a different context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do it in a different context
+text later, right? But force,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text later, right? But force,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text later, right? But force,
+you know, comes from the con come some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, comes from the con come some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, comes from the con come some
+from either contact or from, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either contact or from, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either contact or from, you know,
+you're stretching a spring or gravity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stretching a spring or gravity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stretching a spring or gravity or
+something. When you relate the two, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. When you relate the two, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. When you relate the two, it's
+kinetics. Okay? Now, the way we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics. Okay? Now, the way we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics. Okay? Now, the way we did this
+course, the way we've traversed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the way we've traversed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the way we've traversed this
+space is you have kinetics, sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is you have kinetics, sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is you have kinetics, sorry,
+kinematics, kinetics, constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics, kinetics, constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics, kinetics, constitutive
+relationships. I won't be too explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. I won't be too explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. I won't be too explicit
+about this. All right? When you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. All right? When you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. All right? When you do
+electromagnetics, for example, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics, for example, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics, for example, you will
+learn one particular, you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn one particular, you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn one particular, you've already
+seen it in physics. source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in physics. source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in physics. source of
+constitutive relationships the Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships the Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships the Maxwell's
+laws right when you do 201 you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws right when you do 201 you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws right when you do 201 you'll see
+another source spring stiffness stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source spring stiffness stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source spring stiffness stuff
+like that okay uh when you do fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay uh when you do fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay uh when you do fluid
+mechanics you will see another source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you will see another source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you will see another source
+which is viscosity and gravity okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is viscosity and gravity okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is viscosity and gravity okay when
+you do thermodynamics you'll see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do thermodynamics you'll see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do thermodynamics you'll see another
+source which is pressure you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source which is pressure you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source which is pressure you know there
+I mean there all sorts of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there all sorts of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there all sorts of you know
+that's where the kind of the religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the kind of the religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the kind of the religious
+stuff comes in this is all secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in this is all secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in this is all secular
+doesn't matter which field you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which field you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which field you're in
+this is correct Correct. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct Correct. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct Correct. Okay. Um
+this now so kinematic kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now so kinematic kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now so kinematic kinematics
+kinetics constitute relationships. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics constitute relationships. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics constitute relationships. Now
+the the way the course proceeds usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the course proceeds usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the course proceeds usually
+is you have particles. Then we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have particles. Then we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have particles. Then we look at
+systems of particles. How many degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles. How many degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles. How many degrees
+of freedom does a particle have in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom does a particle have in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom does a particle have in two
+dimensional space these days?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space these days?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space these days?
+Two. Yeah. In threedimensional space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. Yeah. In threedimensional space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. Yeah. In threedimensional space.
+How many degrees of freedom does a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does a rigid
+body have in two dimensional space?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body have in two dimensional space?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body have in two dimensional space?
+In two dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In two dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In two dimensional space
+three and in threedimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in threedimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in threedimensional space
+six can you name them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six can you name them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six can you name them in
+threedimensional space for a rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space for a rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space for a rigid body
+what are they called any names Ankit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they called any names Ankit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they called any names Ankit
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+yeah so translation and xyz and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so translation and xyz and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so translation and xyz and what are
+the rotation any do you have do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation any do you have do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation any do you have do you
+remember names of the rotations they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember names of the rotations they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember names of the rotations they're
+different categorizations Levi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roll pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll pitch
+roll, pitch, and yaw. That's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll, pitch, and yaw. That's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll, pitch, and yaw. That's one way to
+look at it, right? So, six degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it, right? So, six degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it, right? So, six degrees of
+freedom. Okay. Now, so particles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Okay. Now, so particles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Okay. Now, so particles,
+systems of particles. Can you give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles. Can you give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles. Can you give me an
+example of a system of particles that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a system of particles that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a system of particles that's
+not rigid?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. A fluid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A fluid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A fluid.
+Yeah. A human body contains fluids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A human body contains fluids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. A human body contains fluids and
+it's not rigid, right? Um, rigid bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rigid, right? Um, rigid bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rigid, right? Um, rigid bodies
+are things which we assume there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things which we assume there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things which we assume there's no
+motion relative. Okay. So this course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion relative. Okay. So this course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion relative. Okay. So this course,
+our course has to do with mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course has to do with mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course has to do with mostly
+particles. We'll do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. We'll do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles. We'll do a little bit of
+systems of particles, but I don't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles, but I don't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of particles, but I don't find
+it particularly exciting. Besides, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it particularly exciting. Besides, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it particularly exciting. Besides, you
+have intact courses on this like 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intact courses on this like 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intact courses on this like 21
+where particles move, but they don't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where particles move, but they don't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where particles move, but they don't run
+away from each other, right? It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other, right? It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other, right? It's not
+rigid. And then fluid mechanics 25 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid. And then fluid mechanics 25 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid. And then fluid mechanics 25 26
+where particles are not in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where particles are not in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where particles are not in any way
+tethered to each other. They just rub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tethered to each other. They just rub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tethered to each other. They just rub
+against each other, but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other, but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other, but they're just
+completely untethered. Get it? So in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely untethered. Get it? So in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely untethered. Get it? So in a
+way the next six courses 12346
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the next six courses 12346
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the next six courses 12346
+all have to do with systems of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to do with systems of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to do with systems of particles
+3 and4 kind of had to do with rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and4 kind of had to do with rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and4 kind of had to do with rigid
+bodies and particles that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and particles that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and particles that's why I'm
+going to look at it but in the end they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it but in the end they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at it but in the end they
+all give differential equations so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give differential equations so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all give differential equations so it
+doesn't matter just solve them all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter just solve them all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter just solve them all right
+so so particle systems of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so particle systems of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so particle systems of particles
+rigid bodies now then we introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies now then we introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies now then we introduce this
+other formulation called lrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formulation called lrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formulation called lrangian
+formulations right you may have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations right you may have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations right you may have noticed
+that in that and you'll see this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that and you'll see this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that and you'll see this more
+and more that there are two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more that there are two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more that there are two ways to
+solve dynamics problems from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve dynamics problems from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve dynamics problems from your
+physics classes the Newtonian approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics classes the Newtonian approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics classes the Newtonian approach
+and then just using energy energy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just using energy energy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just using energy energy stuff
+it's like this boom something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this boom something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this boom something happens
+and the problem gets solved right energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem gets solved right energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem gets solved right energy
+is conserved wow I have an equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved wow I have an equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved wow I have an equation I
+solve it and you you might have wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and you you might have wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and you you might have wondered
+what's the relationship well they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship well they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship well they give
+the same answer right but energy is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer right but energy is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer right but energy is only
+one equation and it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation and it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation and it turns out the
+lrangian method is kind of an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangian method is kind of an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangian method is kind of an energy
+based indirect approach which lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based indirect approach which lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based indirect approach which lets you
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+really complex problems in a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex problems in a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex problems in a very easy
+way. Okay, but it's not as intuitive. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, but it's not as intuitive. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, but it's not as intuitive. So
+once you get dynamics the Newtonian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get dynamics the Newtonian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get dynamics the Newtonian the
+direct way then we'll do lrangen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way then we'll do lrangen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way then we'll do lrangen.
+Now all all this all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now all all this all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now all all this all the way through
+lrion the whole point of all this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrion the whole point of all this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrion the whole point of all this is to
+generate differential equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate differential equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate differential equations of
+motion. Is f is is f is equal to ma a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Is f is is f is equal to ma a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Is f is is f is equal to ma a
+differential equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation?
+Yes. F is equal to m * d x dot by dt squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. F is equal to m * d x dot by dt squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. F is equal to m * d x dot by dt squ
+right dt2. Right? a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dt2. Right? a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dt2. Right? a differential
+equation. So we're going to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So we're going to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So we're going to generate
+differential equations. F is equal to ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. F is equal to ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. F is equal to ma
+seems like an easy differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like an easy differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like an easy differential
+equation. But when you see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. But when you see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. But when you see some of the
+acceleration terms we came up with, f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration terms we came up with, f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration terms we came up with, f is
+equal to ma can be a really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ma can be a really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ma can be a really complicated
+differential equation, right? To imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation, right? To imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation, right? To imagine
+the particle on the frisbee, multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle on the frisbee, multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle on the frisbee, multiply
+that by m and equate that to f, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by m and equate that to f, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by m and equate that to f, right?
+And let's say I tell you f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's say I tell you f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's say I tell you f is equal to
+some funky function, right? And I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some funky function, right? And I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some funky function, right? And I say
+solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+the path of the particle. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of the particle. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path of the particle. That's a
+really complicated differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated differential
+equation. So you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So you're going to have to
+solve it. It happens to be nonlinear,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it. It happens to be nonlinear,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it. It happens to be nonlinear,
+etc., etc. It's really complicated,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc., etc. It's really complicated,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc., etc. It's really complicated,
+right? They can even be partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They can even be partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They can even be partial
+differential equations. You know, it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. You know, it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. You know, it can
+be complicated. But it turns out a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complicated. But it turns out a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complicated. But it turns out a large
+class of differential equations can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of differential equations can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of differential equations can
+actually be solved in a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be solved in a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be solved in a very intuitive
+and a completely mathematically correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a completely mathematically correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a completely mathematically correct
+way or simplified and you can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or simplified and you can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or simplified and you can get some
+great intuition out of it. And we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great intuition out of it. And we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great intuition out of it. And we will
+do that here in that last section. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that here in that last section. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that here in that last section. And
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um you go on to 4 where the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you go on to 4 where the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you go on to 4 where the whole point
+of 24 is to analyze this in great detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 is to analyze this in great detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 is to analyze this in great detail
+this piece because the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece because the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece because the whole point of
+what we're trying to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is figure out
+how stuff behaves under the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how stuff behaves under the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how stuff behaves under the influence of
+constitutive relationships and Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships and Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relationships and Newton's
+laws. Okay, so that's the course. Now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. Okay, so that's the course. Now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. Okay, so that's the course. Now on
+the kinematic side, the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic side, the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic side, the way we're going
+to do it is I the traditional way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is I the traditional way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it is I the traditional way is
+this way. Zigzag zigzag, right? I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Zigzag zigzag, right? I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. Zigzag zigzag, right? I don't
+like that. I want to take kinematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. I want to take kinematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. I want to take kinematics and
+just beat it to the ground. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just beat it to the ground. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just beat it to the ground. Right? So
+we're going to go in fact we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go in fact we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go in fact we already
+have gone boom all the way down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone boom all the way down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone boom all the way down.
+Okay. Everything you did with frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Everything you did with frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Everything you did with frames
+applies completely to rigid bodies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies completely to rigid bodies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies completely to rigid bodies.
+It's you've done it. You're done guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's you've done it. You're done guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's you've done it. You're done guys.
+You you know you've understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you know you've understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you know you've understood
+kinematics in a very complete way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics in a very complete way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics in a very complete way.
+There's only one piece we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one piece we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one piece we need to
+complete. We've concentrated so far on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. We've concentrated so far on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. We've concentrated so far on
+velocities and accelerations, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and accelerations, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and accelerations, right? You
+found the velocities and accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the velocities and accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the velocities and accelerations
+of points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points.
+And you trust me, you know this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you trust me, you know this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you trust me, you know this better
+than any other undergraduate graduate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other undergraduate graduate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other undergraduate graduate on
+the planet. Trust me, I really mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet. Trust me, I really mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet. Trust me, I really mean that
+because no undergraduate stud in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no undergraduate stud in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no undergraduate stud in in
+mechanical engineering, no undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering, no undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering, no undergraduate
+course curriculum covers it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course curriculum covers it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course curriculum covers it as
+completely as we did. And you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely as we did. And you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely as we did. And you have to
+admit it was fairly straightforward,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it was fairly straightforward,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it was fairly straightforward,
+right? It was complicated, but it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It was complicated, but it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It was complicated, but it wasn't
+complex,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex,
+right? It wasn't like some fundamental,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It wasn't like some fundamental,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It wasn't like some fundamental,
+you know, most concepts, in my opinion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, most concepts, in my opinion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, most concepts, in my opinion,
+you can break them down into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break them down into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break them down into a lot of
+simple steps. And we've done that. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steps. And we've done that. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steps. And we've done that. You
+should be good shape for that. Today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be good shape for that. Today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be good shape for that. Today I'm
+going to finish that. I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish that. I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish that. I'm going to do
+our Spidey problem again and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Spidey problem again and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Spidey problem again and then we'll
+get into configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into configurations.
+And it's just a few words, right? And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's just a few words, right? And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's just a few words, right? And if
+you're done with that, then today I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with that, then today I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with that, then today I'll
+get into we'll be done with all this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into we'll be done with all this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into we'll be done with all this.
+All this will be done. Done. Done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All this will be done. Done. Done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All this will be done. Done. Done.
+Check. Right. And then we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Check. Right. And then we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Check. Right. And then we'll get into
+kinetics of particles and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of particles and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics of particles and then what
+we'll do is kind of go like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is kind of go like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is kind of go like this.
+Okay? And we'll you know we will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we'll you know we will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we'll you know we will make a
+little bit of a you know digression back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a you know digression back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a you know digression back
+into kinematics but you'll use it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into kinematics but you'll use it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into kinematics but you'll use it a lot
+and the kinematics also becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinematics also becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinematics also becomes very
+useful in here. Um let me give you a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in here. Um let me give you a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in here. Um let me give you a you
+can forget I said this if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can forget I said this if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can forget I said this if you're not
+interested but the Newtonian approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but the Newtonian approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but the Newtonian approach is
+all about f is equal to ma. So you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about f is equal to ma. So you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about f is equal to ma. So you need
+to calculate accelerations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate accelerations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate accelerations.
+Lranian approach is based on energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lranian approach is based on energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lranian approach is based on energies
+potential energy and kinetic energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and kinetic energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and kinetic energy.
+There's no acceleration involved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no acceleration involved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no acceleration involved.
+Kinetic energy has a velocity term. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinetic energy has a velocity term. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinetic energy has a velocity term. It
+doesn't have an acceleration term. Get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an acceleration term. Get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an acceleration term. Get
+it? So, you still have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So, you still have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So, you still have to calculate the
+velocities, but you don't have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities, but you don't have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities, but you don't have to deal
+with the energies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the energies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the energies,
+right? Energy half mv squ. So, as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Energy half mv squ. So, as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Energy half mv squ. So, as long
+as you have the velocity and square it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have the velocity and square it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have the velocity and square it,
+you have an energy. You'll never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an energy. You'll never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an energy. You'll never have to
+calculate accelerations. That's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate accelerations. That's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate accelerations. That's why it's
+a little more convenient. We'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more convenient. We'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more convenient. We'll see
+that. But you'll still need kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But you'll still need kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But you'll still need kinetics
+because you still need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you still need to get the
+velocity. Okay, any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And please don't do that at home. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And please don't do that at home. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And please don't do that at home. That
+whole, you know, the burning thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole, you know, the burning thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole, you know, the burning thing. So
+actually I nearly set fire to my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I nearly set fire to my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I nearly set fire to my office
+when I was a new professor here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a new professor here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a new professor here. I
+bought myself at that time that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought myself at that time that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought myself at that time that was
+before we had uh these uh LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had uh these uh LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had uh these uh LCD
+projectors. So I was very proud. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors. So I was very proud. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors. So I was very proud. I
+bought myself a little portable one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought myself a little portable one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought myself a little portable one of
+these things. You know, I'd have slides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. You know, I'd have slides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. You know, I'd have slides.
+I'd go present them. went to my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go present them. went to my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go present them. went to my first
+presentation, set it up, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation, set it up, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation, set it up, you know,
+stared contemptuously at the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stared contemptuously at the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stared contemptuously at the crowd
+because they all had these old clunky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all had these old clunky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all had these old clunky
+things and set fire to my projector. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+By the way, on from a reading point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, on from a reading point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, on from a reading point of
+view, we're still on uh um u in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, we're still on uh um u in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, we're still on uh um u in the same
+on the same chapter on kinematics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same chapter on kinematics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same chapter on kinematics in the
+textbook and on on my notes. When we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and on on my notes. When we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and on on my notes. When we
+start particles, I will recommend a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start particles, I will recommend a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start particles, I will recommend a new
+chapter which is chapter four, section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is chapter four, section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is chapter four, section
+two from Professor Williams's book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from Professor Williams's book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from Professor Williams's book that
+you should read. But we're not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read. But we're not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read. But we're not there
+yet. So when we get there, I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. So when we get there, I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. So when we get there, I'll tell you
+about it. So reading wise, I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So reading wise, I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So reading wise, I I do
+strongly recommend you read that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly recommend you read that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly recommend you read that book
+because the book is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book is a little more
+traditional. It bridges us with the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional. It bridges us with the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional. It bridges us with the rest
+of the world in terms of how they talk,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in terms of how they talk,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in terms of how they talk,
+right? In their um less sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In their um less sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In their um less sophisticated
+way. We need to speak like them, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. We need to speak like them, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. We need to speak like them, right?
+We need to deal with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to deal with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to deal with the rest of the
+world still.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um, one of the things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, one of the things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, one of the things I'm
+going to do is just use beat the same,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is just use beat the same,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is just use beat the same,
+you know, you'll see this often. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you'll see this often. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you'll see this often. I'll
+take the same problem, just do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same problem, just do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same problem, just do it again
+and again and again in different ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again in different ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and again in different ways.
+So, you'll see continuity and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you'll see continuity and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you'll see continuity and hopefully
+you'll appreciate what you're learning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll appreciate what you're learning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll appreciate what you're learning.
+But what I want to do now is just uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what I want to do now is just uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what I want to do now is just uh,
+again, let's spider on the Frisbee thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, let's spider on the Frisbee thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, let's spider on the Frisbee thing
+and do it one last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it one last time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it one last time.
+A is the frame of the Earth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is the frame of the Earth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is the frame of the Earth.
+The Frisbee is B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Frisbee is B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Frisbee is B.
+Right? Spider is somewhere here. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Spider is somewhere here. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Spider is somewhere here. Some
+distance L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this angle is theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+B1 and B2 are lying this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We call this V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We call this U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the super ultra incredible magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the super ultra incredible magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the super ultra incredible magic
+formula was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the acceleration. Oh, we call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration. Oh, we call this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration. Oh, we call this point
+Q,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this point P, and this point Oh, bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point P, and this point Oh, bless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point P, and this point Oh, bless
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+Okay, you should be used to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you should be used to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you should be used to this
+problem. I've seen it a bunch of times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I've seen it a bunch of times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I've seen it a bunch of times.
+So the super ultra cool pro formula was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the velocity
+of point q was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+actually yeah it's probably we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah it's probably we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah it's probably we start
+with this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right
+point p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Plus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you say omega?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you say omega?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you say omega?
+No, a omega b. Sorry, I meant correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, a omega b. Sorry, I meant correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, a omega b. Sorry, I meant correct.
+Yeah, correct. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? The super ultra cool formula,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The super ultra cool formula,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The super ultra cool formula,
+right? Actually, there are two versions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Actually, there are two versions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Actually, there are two versions.
+The velocity version, the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity version, the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity version, the acceleration
+version, we derive them both. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, we derive them both. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, we derive them both. You
+remember that? Okay, in the Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that? Okay, in the Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that? Okay, in the Newtonian
+approach, we we will be using this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, we we will be using this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, we we will be using this guy
+more. But keep in mind when we get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. But keep in mind when we get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. But keep in mind when we get back
+to when we get to Lranian and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we get to Lranian and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we get to Lranian and do
+energies, you'll need that. So, don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies, you'll need that. So, don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies, you'll need that. So, don't
+forget it. It's a lesser cousin. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it. It's a lesser cousin. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it. It's a lesser cousin. Yeah.
+What's your name?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your name?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your name?
+Kylie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kylie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kylie.
+Kylie. That's right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kylie. That's right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kylie. That's right. Yeah.
+Oh, B is the frame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, B is the frame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, B is the frame.
+This is the frame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the frame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the frame.
+Right. So, let's let's say it again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, let's let's say it again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, let's let's say it again,
+right? Um, AVP is the velocity of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um, AVP is the velocity of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um, AVP is the velocity of some
+point on the Frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the Frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the Frisbee.
+In fact, this point with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this point with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this point with respect to
+frame O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame O.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame O.
+BQ is now you're sitting on the Frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BQ is now you're sitting on the Frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BQ is now you're sitting on the Frisbee.
+So, to you, the Frisbee is stationary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, to you, the Frisbee is stationary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, to you, the Frisbee is stationary.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And you see the velocity of the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see the velocity of the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you see the velocity of the spider
+in some direction with respect to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction with respect to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction with respect to you.
+It's like you're in a spaceship. As far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like you're in a spaceship. As far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like you're in a spaceship. As far
+as you as far as you're concerned, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as far as you're concerned, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as far as you're concerned, the
+spaceship is stationary. Your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship is stationary. Your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaceship is stationary. Your colleague
+is heading off in some direction. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heading off in some direction. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heading off in some direction. So you
+know what that velocity vector is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that velocity vector is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that velocity vector is and
+you know how far this colleague is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far this colleague is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far this colleague is from
+you as a vector. That's RPQ. Got it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a vector. That's RPQ. Got it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a vector. That's RPQ. Got it?
+Very important. And then a omega b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. And then a omega b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. And then a omega b is
+the angular velocity of the frisbee or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular velocity of the frisbee or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular velocity of the frisbee or
+the spaceship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaceship.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaceship.
+And rpq is that distance again. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And rpq is that distance again. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And rpq is that distance again. It's
+correct. Is this correct? I make typos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Is this correct? I make typos.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. Is this correct? I make typos.
+Is this right? Is there a typo?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this right? Is there a typo?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this right? Is there a typo?
+No typos. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No typos. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No typos. Okay.
+Tell me what this is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You'll see five terms total. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see five terms total. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll see five terms total. Yep.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Try it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I'm sorry. This is a typo. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm sorry. This is a typo. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I'm sorry. This is a typo. Thank
+you. This is incorrect. Oh, sorry. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is incorrect. Oh, sorry. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. This is incorrect. Oh, sorry. This
+yeah this is this is yeah sorry I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is this is yeah sorry I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is this is yeah sorry I don't
+know what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're saying
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay the this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the this should be
+what have I written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I written
+oh I see it should be vq right sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you have your nose to the blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have your nose to the blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have your nose to the blackboard
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's hard to see what's going Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see what's going Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see what's going Okay, so
+this is the complete formula. Now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete formula. Now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete formula. Now let's
+use it to solve the spy and the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to solve the spy and the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to solve the spy and the frisbee
+problem one last time. One last harra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one last time. One last harra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one last time. One last harra.
+Okay, so let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+we're going I'm okay. Let's do velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I'm okay. Let's do velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I'm okay. Let's do velocity
+first. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So a
+velocity of the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to what is AVP?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any other terms? Come on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any other terms? Come on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any other terms? Come on,
+guys. Wake up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come on. Come on. Come on. Wake up. Wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Come on. Come on. Wake up. Wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Come on. Come on. Wake up. Wake
+up. Wake up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You were right, but I want others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You were right, but I want others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You were right, but I want others to
+say. So, what's the next term? Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. So, what's the next term? Come on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. So, what's the next term? Come on.
+What? Someone back there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Someone back there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What? Someone back there.
+Someone in perhaps a stripey shirt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone in perhaps a stripey shirt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Someone in perhaps a stripey shirt.
+Thank you. Yes. I just, you know, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Yes. I just, you know, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Yes. I just, you know, I know
+you know it. Just need to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H. Anyone in a red t-shirt? Anyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How about yourself? It's a red jersey, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about yourself? It's a red jersey, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about yourself? It's a red jersey, I
+guess. Well, red sweater. Okay, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Well, red sweater. Okay, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Well, red sweater. Okay, go
+ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead.
+Anyone else? I don't want to cold call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone else? I don't want to cold call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone else? I don't want to cold call.
+It's too early.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come on. Okay, someone back there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Okay, someone back there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Okay, someone back there.
+Anyone back there? Sam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone?
+Wake up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it's this term and that is theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's this term and that is theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's this term and that is theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+B3, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3, right?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+B1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1.
+Is that correct?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that correct?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that correct?
+And that compress converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Done. Right. It's obviously it was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done. Right. It's obviously it was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done. Right. It's obviously it was much
+simpler than earlier because we used all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than earlier because we used all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than earlier because we used all
+our all the tricks in our bag here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our all the tricks in our bag here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our all the tricks in our bag here.
+Okay. What is a acceleration of Q?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U dot A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U dot A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U dot A1
+plus V dot A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V dot A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V dot A2
+plus what? I'm going to erase this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what? I'm going to erase this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what? I'm going to erase this.
+Let's write it. You're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's write it. You're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's write it. You're going to have to
+uh Okay, that's better because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Okay, that's better because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Okay, that's better because you're
+going to look at that and tell me,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at that and tell me,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at that and tell me,
+right? Plus what? Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Plus what? Come on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Plus what? Come on.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll write let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll write let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll write let's write it out
+let's you know and then we'll expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know and then we'll expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know and then we'll expand it
+in a we'll we'll calculate in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a we'll we'll calculate in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a we'll we'll calculate in a minute
+so what is it it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta dot B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot B3
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+l dot B1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dot B1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dot B1 right
+what's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+double dob3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dob3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dob3
+cross lb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one
+theta dot oh yeah theta dot I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot oh yeah theta dot I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot oh yeah theta dot I'm sorry
+theta dot b3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we'll finish it up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, I'm going to finish it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I'm going to finish it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I'm going to finish it up here
+only because I don't care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because I don't care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because I don't care about this
+result particularly. We've done it 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result particularly. We've done it 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result particularly. We've done it 100
+times three times now. So that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three times now. So that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times three times now. So that comes out
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this term is same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this term is same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this term is same same
+this term is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is what
+two theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theta dot
+d2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2
+this This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is just expand just do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just expand just do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just expand just do it all
+for me and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in let's think about it intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in let's think about it intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in let's think about it intuitively
+it's centipedal right centrial towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centipedal right centrial towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centipedal right centrial towards
+the center. So it should be minus B1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center. So it should be minus B1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center. So it should be minus B1,
+right? So it should be minus B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it should be minus B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it should be minus B1
+and it's omega squared R basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's omega squared R basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's omega squared R basically,
+right? In our earlier terminology. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In our earlier terminology. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In our earlier terminology. So
+it's theta dot squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's theta dot squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's theta dot squared
+L. Done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. Done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. Done.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+Just for aesthetic completeness, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just for aesthetic completeness, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just for aesthetic completeness, let me
+just write this down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done. It's much easier, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. It's much easier, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. It's much easier, right? But
+you've nailed it now. You totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've nailed it now. You totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've nailed it now. You totally
+understand how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to calculate the
+acceleration, the velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, the velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, the velocity and
+acceleration of a point in the x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a point in the x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a point in the x and y
+direction or the in in some basis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the in in some basis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the in in some basis,
+right? functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? functions
+totally calculated. You're done. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally calculated. You're done. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally calculated. You're done. You
+really get this. This is awesome. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get this. This is awesome. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get this. This is awesome. Okay,
+remember this is 200 years of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is 200 years of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is 200 years of evolution
+here physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physics.
+Um just a couple of notes. AJ asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um just a couple of notes. AJ asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um just a couple of notes. AJ asked me
+to point out to you that in an exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out to you that in an exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out to you that in an exam or
+in a homework, if we ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a homework, if we ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a homework, if we ask you to do
+things in closed form, we don't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in closed form, we don't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in closed form, we don't give you
+numbers. Even if we give you numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Even if we give you numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Even if we give you numbers,
+it's okay to leave the B1's and B2s in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to leave the B1's and B2s in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to leave the B1's and B2s in.
+It's okay. That's the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's okay. That's the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's okay. That's the whole point of
+this. Right? Now, when you're simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? Now, when you're simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right? Now, when you're simulating
+it, let's say you're trying to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, let's say you're trying to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, let's say you're trying to solve a
+math problem. Yeah, you'll probably want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math problem. Yeah, you'll probably want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math problem. Yeah, you'll probably want
+to convert everything to A1's and A2s,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert everything to A1's and A2s,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert everything to A1's and A2s,
+but you know, it's fine. We don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it's fine. We don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it's fine. We don't want
+to burden you with all the unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burden you with all the unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burden you with all the unnecessary
+map. So that's fine. Okay, so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map. So that's fine. Okay, so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map. So that's fine. Okay, so you can
+leave, you know, A1 terms mixed with A1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave, you know, A1 terms mixed with A1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave, you know, A1 terms mixed with A1,
+A2 terms mixed with B1 B2. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 terms mixed with B1 B2. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 terms mixed with B1 B2. I want to
+emphasize again, everything we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize again, everything we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize again, everything we've said
+so far works totally in 3D as well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far works totally in 3D as well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far works totally in 3D as well,
+completely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely.
+That formula works in 3D as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That formula works in 3D as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That formula works in 3D as long as you
+define the angular velocities correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the angular velocities correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the angular velocities correctly.
+Okay, we did it three ways. We did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we did it three ways. We did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we did it three ways. We did the
+uh first one was the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one was the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one was the kind of the
+completely general way that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general way that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general way that works
+completely in 3D even regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in 3D even regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in 3D even regardless of
+angular velocities because we didn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities because we didn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocities because we didn't we
+didn't invoke an angular velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invoke an angular velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invoke an angular velocity.
+The magic formula works because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The magic formula works because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The magic formula works because you
+recognized an angular velocity. You took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized an angular velocity. You took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized an angular velocity. You took
+advantage of it to take derivatives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it to take derivatives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it to take derivatives,
+right? The super ultra magic formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The super ultra magic formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The super ultra magic formula is
+kind of a compression based on that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a compression based on that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a compression based on that for
+a specific situation. As long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific situation. As long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific situation. As long as you
+apply the situation, right, everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the situation, right, everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the situation, right, everything
+is completely 3D. Any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely 3D. Any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely 3D. Any questions about
+this before we uh wave it goodbye? Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we uh wave it goodbye? Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we uh wave it goodbye? Yep.
+Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Say it again. Oh. Uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again. Oh. Uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again. Oh. Uh can
+this one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one?
+No, you can't because omega B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you can't because omega B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you can't because omega B is a
+vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector,
+right? So I mean it's it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I mean it's it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I mean it's it's a good
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question.
+Yeah, you could do that. You could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you could do that. You could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you could do that. You could you
+could do that. I mean you so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that. I mean you so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that. I mean you so what what
+Ted is asking is hey can I write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted is asking is hey can I write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted is asking is hey can I write this as
+a omega b magnitude squared l yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a omega b magnitude squared l yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a omega b magnitude squared l yeah yeah
+that's the magnitude of it correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the magnitude of it correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the magnitude of it correct so
+absolutely right but you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right but you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right but you know don't
+think of it in those terms just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in those terms just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in those terms just write it
+in vector form right because you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form right because you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector form right because you usually
+care about the net acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the net acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the net acceleration and
+you're going to take the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take the magnitude of
+the whole thing anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing anyway
+so think vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think vector
+Okay. Think pointy things, right? Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Think pointy things, right? Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Think pointy things, right? Any
+other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions?
+I'm sure someone has some question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure someone has some question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure someone has some question
+lurking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking.
+Yeah. With you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. With you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. With you.
+Can you explain why when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I I the reason is very simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I the reason is very simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I the reason is very simple.
+Differentiation is trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Differentiation is trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Differentiation is trying to figure out
+how much it changes. Right. Now if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it changes. Right. Now if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it changes. Right. Now if I say
+what is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the length
+of an acorn or something aon um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an acorn or something aon um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an acorn or something aon um let's
+say I take something in space right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I take something in space right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I take something in space right and
+say what's the length and it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the length and it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's the length and it hasn't
+changed the length length hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the length length hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the length length hasn't changed
+the same right but with a vector if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right but with a vector if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right but with a vector if the
+angle changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle changes
+then the difference is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference is this kind of
+little angle which is at 90° which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little angle which is at 90° which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little angle which is at 90° which is
+why we need to take the omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need to take the omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need to take the omega cross
+stuff right scalers don't care it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right scalers don't care it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right scalers don't care it's just
+a scalar you know it doesn't care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar you know it doesn't care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar you know it doesn't care what
+orientation it is right it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation it is right it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation it is right it's just a
+number get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number get
+You know, it doesn't care what frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it doesn't care what frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it doesn't care what frame
+you're looking at it unless you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it unless you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it unless you look at
+relativity or something, you know, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity or something, you know, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity or something, you know, which
+we don't do, right? The length is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do, right? The length is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do, right? The length is the
+length is the length. Doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is the length. Doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is the length. Doesn't matter
+where you look at it from. If the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you look at it from. If the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you look at it from. If the length
+is changing, it changes the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing, it changes the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing, it changes the same amount
+in terms of length, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of length, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of length, right?
+Regardless which frame, but the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regardless which frame, but the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regardless which frame, but the angle
+thing comes into the picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing comes into the picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing comes into the picture.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions?
+And the math works itself out, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the math works itself out, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the math works itself out, right?
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+a d by dt of b1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d by dt of b1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d by dt of b1.
+We're saying, hey, b1 is not constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're saying, hey, b1 is not constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're saying, hey, b1 is not constant in
+a. Express it in terms of a1 and a2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Express it in terms of a1 and a2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Express it in terms of a1 and a2. And
+bingo, everything works itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bingo, everything works itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bingo, everything works itself out
+because a1 and a2 are constant in a1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a1 and a2 are constant in a1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a1 and a2 are constant in a1 in
+a. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Why?
+Any other questions? That was a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any other questions? That was a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any other questions? That was a deep
+question by the way. Any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by the way. Any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by the way. Any other questions
+about life,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life,
+mechanical engineering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering,
+pursuit of happiness? No. Okay. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of happiness? No. Okay. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of happiness? No. Okay. I mean,
+I wouldn't know the answer. I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't know the answer. I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't know the answer. I'll make
+something up. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up. Okay.
+So, now what we're going to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now what we're going to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now what we're going to do is get
+into something a little more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something a little more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something a little more interesting
+and different,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different,
+but a little more hand wavy. But I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little more hand wavy. But I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a little more hand wavy. But I'm
+going to I'm going to now firm it up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to now firm it up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to now firm it up.
+I've been having handwaving my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been having handwaving my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been having handwaving my way
+through this because I wanted to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this because I wanted to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this because I wanted to give
+you the concept, but now we'll firm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the concept, but now we'll firm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the concept, but now we'll firm it
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're talking going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking going to talk about
+right now is configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let us say forget forget dynamics. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let us say forget forget dynamics. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let us say forget forget dynamics. Let's
+say I give you three variables,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I give you three variables,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I give you three variables,
+three unknowns and I give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns and I give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns and I give you two
+equations. Can you solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Can you solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Can you solve for the
+unknowns?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns?
+Yes or no?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes or no?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes or no?
+No, you can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you can't.
+If I give you three equations and I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I give you three equations and I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I give you three equations and I give
+you two unknowns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that called?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+it's an overdetermined system, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overdetermined system, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overdetermined system, right? So
+either the third equation is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the third equation is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the third equation is basically
+the first two equations rewritten,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two equations rewritten,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two equations rewritten,
+right? or something's got to give. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? or something's got to give. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? or something's got to give. By
+the way, in 21,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, in 21,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, in 21,
+that giving is called bending,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giving is called bending,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giving is called bending,
+right? Think about it. If I have a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Think about it. If I have a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Think about it. If I have a beam
+and I say, "Hey, it can't be, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say, "Hey, it can't be, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say, "Hey, it can't be, you know,
+this point's got to be here." And I say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point's got to be here." And I say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point's got to be here." And I say,
+"This point's got to be here." That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"This point's got to be here." That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"This point's got to be here." That's
+two equations, right? If I add a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations, right? If I add a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations, right? If I add a third
+equation, which is this point's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, which is this point's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, which is this point's got to
+be down there. My hand's got to bend,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down there. My hand's got to bend,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down there. My hand's got to bend,
+right? So, it's an over constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's an over constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, it's an over constraint
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+or an overdetermined. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an overdetermined. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an overdetermined. If it's
+underdetermined, you can't really solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined, you can't really solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined, you can't really solve
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Okay, by the way, fluid mechanics deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by the way, fluid mechanics deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by the way, fluid mechanics deals
+with under constraints, under constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with under constraints, under constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with under constraints, under constraint
+systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems.
+Okay, now what does solving mean? I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now what does solving mean? I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now what does solving mean? I want
+to get into that a little bit. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that a little bit. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that a little bit. And so
+that's what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+now. You know, equations, unknowns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. You know, equations, unknowns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. You know, equations, unknowns,
+stuff like that. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Okay,
+let's look at our uh spider situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our uh spider situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our uh spider situation
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many degrees of freedom does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Frisbee have in two dimensional space?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee have in two dimensional space?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee have in two dimensional space?
+From here on when I say degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From here on when I say degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From here on when I say degrees of
+freedom, I'll say two dimensional space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom, I'll say two dimensional space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom, I'll say two dimensional space.
+How many degrees of freedom does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does it have
+in two dimensional space? This Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensional space? This Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensional space? This Frisbee
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. How many degrees of freedom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How many degrees of freedom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How many degrees of freedom does
+the spider have? It's a point. Treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider have? It's a point. Treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider have? It's a point. Treat it
+as a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many degrees of freedom does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many degrees of freedom does the
+Frisbee and do the Frisbee and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee and do the Frisbee and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee and do the Frisbee and the
+spider have in total? In total,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider have in total? In total,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider have in total? In total,
+in order for me to specify exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for me to specify exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for me to specify exactly where
+the Frisbee is, what position it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee is, what position it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee is, what position it is in
+where the spider is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spider is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spider is,
+how many parameters do I need?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parameters do I need?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parameters do I need?
+Let's say in the um in some That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say in the um in some That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say in the um in some That's a
+good question. In some ways it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question. In some ways it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question. In some ways it kind of
+doesn't matter but let's assume it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but let's assume it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter but let's assume it's the
+earth. Actually it's a deep question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. Actually it's a deep question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. Actually it's a deep question.
+I'll come back to that. Let's say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that. Let's say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to that. Let's say in the
+reference frame of the earth. Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame of the earth. Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame of the earth. Good
+question. Okay. In the reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. In the reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. In the reference frame
+of the earth how many degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth how many degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth how many degrees of freedom
+do I need does this does this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need does this does this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need does this does this whole
+system have? If I want, you know, if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system have? If I want, you know, if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system have? If I want, you know, if I'm
+trying to animate this, how many numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to animate this, how many numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to animate this, how many numbers
+do I need to tell you where the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to tell you where the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to tell you where the spider
+and the frisbee are together? Think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frisbee are together? Think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frisbee are together? Think
+about it for a second. It's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a second. It's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a second. It's not that
+obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious.
+Is it four? But isn't 3 + 2 5 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it four? But isn't 3 + 2 5 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it four? But isn't 3 + 2 5 these
+days?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days?
+I think they updated the math on that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they updated the math on that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they updated the math on that. I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+I'm kidding. Yeah, it is. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kidding. Yeah, it is. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kidding. Yeah, it is. There's
+something wrong there, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong there, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong there, right?
+I want you to struggle with this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to struggle with this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to struggle with this for a
+second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clauddio,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauddio,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauddio,
+isn't there a difference between degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there a difference between degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there a difference between degrees
+of the spider in reference to the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider in reference to the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider in reference to the earth
+and in reference just to the frisbee? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in reference just to the frisbee? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in reference just to the frisbee? I
+mean, in terms of the frisbee, it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, in terms of the frisbee, it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, in terms of the frisbee, it's just
+walking up and down, right? So, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking up and down, right? So, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking up and down, right? So, if you
+know where every point in the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where every point in the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where every point in the frisbee
+is, which is three degrees of freedom,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, which is three degrees of freedom,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, which is three degrees of freedom,
+you only need one for the spider.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one for the spider.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one for the spider.
+Yeah, you put your finger on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you put your finger on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you put your finger on it and
+we'll come back to it. You're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it. You're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it. You're exactly
+right. But let me put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. But let me put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. But let me put it here
+differently. Let me confuse everyone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Let me confuse everyone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Let me confuse everyone a
+little bit. Okay, let me give you a fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay, let me give you a fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay, let me give you a fake
+counterargument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterargument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterargument
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+the spider has a two degrees of freedom,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider has a two degrees of freedom,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider has a two degrees of freedom,
+right? It can move in the x direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It can move in the x direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It can move in the x direction,
+move, can move in the y direction. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, can move in the y direction. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, can move in the y direction. It's
+two. Frisbee has three degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Frisbee has three degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Frisbee has three degrees of
+freedom. That's five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. That's five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. That's five.
+So, how many degrees of freedom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many degrees of freedom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many degrees of freedom does
+this problem have? So, I've kind of, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem have? So, I've kind of, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem have? So, I've kind of, you
+know, I'm doing a little bit of hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I'm doing a little bit of hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I'm doing a little bit of hand,
+you know, little bit of pressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, little bit of pressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, little bit of pressed
+digitation, you know, hiding something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitation, you know, hiding something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitation, you know, hiding something
+behind my back here. What do you think?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my back here. What do you think?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my back here. What do you think?
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle that the frisbee is rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the frisbee is rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the frisbee is rotated
+degree of freedom for both the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom for both the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom for both the frisbee
+and the spider. That's exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spider. That's exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spider. That's exactly right.
+So, okay, let me explain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay, let me explain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay, let me explain.
+By right, this system actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By right, this system actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By right, this system actually has
+five degrees of freedom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we did some we made an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. By rights,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. By rights,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. By rights,
+the Frisbee can be wherever the heck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee can be wherever the heck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee can be wherever the heck it
+chooses. The spider can be wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses. The spider can be wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses. The spider can be wherever the
+heck it chooses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck it chooses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck it chooses.
+But we made one assumption,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which was the spider can only walk in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the spider can only walk in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the spider can only walk in a
+straight line away from the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line away from the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line away from the center of
+the Frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+I didn't say the spider didn't go off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say the spider didn't go off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't say the spider didn't go off to
+the left or to the right or you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left or to the right or you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left or to the right or you know I
+just said it's walking away from I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it's walking away from I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it's walking away from I said
+it repeatedly and I made sure I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeatedly and I made sure I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeatedly and I made sure I said it
+right but you didn't pick up on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you didn't pick up on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you didn't pick up on it
+obviously because I you know I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously because I you know I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously because I you know I was going
+to ask you this question but I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you this question but I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you this question but I said the
+spider can only be on a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider can only be on a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider can only be on a straight line
+and walk in a straight line from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk in a straight line from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk in a straight line from the
+center of the frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the frisbee.
+So in fact unbeknownst to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact unbeknownst to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact unbeknownst to you
+I introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduced
+a kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the kinematic constraint I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinematic constraint I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kinematic constraint I
+introduced I'll write it in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced I'll write it in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced I'll write it in a minute
+reduced it to four degrees of freedom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the kinematic constraint I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the kinematic constraint I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the kinematic constraint I I
+took was I could have created a theta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took was I could have created a theta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took was I could have created a theta 2
+which is not the theta 1 between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the theta 1 between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the theta 1 between you
+know that theta between B b1 and b2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that theta between B b1 and b2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that theta between B b1 and b2 and
+a1 and a2. I could I could have created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 and a2. I could I could have created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 and a2. I could I could have created
+a theta 2 which is the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta 2 which is the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta 2 which is the position of the
+spider. So the fried spider could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider. So the fried spider could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider. So the fried spider could have
+not walked in a straight line but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not walked in a straight line but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not walked in a straight line but you
+know wandered off in some bizarre you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wandered off in some bizarre you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wandered off in some bizarre you
+know instead of give instead of locating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of give instead of locating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instead of give instead of locating
+the spider with just an L I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider with just an L I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider with just an L I could have
+had like a um an M and an N to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like a um an M and an N to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like a um an M and an N to find the
+coordinates of the spider with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the spider with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the spider with respect
+to the Frisbee. Get it? But I said no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Frisbee. Get it? But I said no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Frisbee. Get it? But I said no it
+cannot walk in the kind of the B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot walk in the kind of the B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot walk in the kind of the B2
+direction. It can only walk in the B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. It can only walk in the B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. It can only walk in the B1
+direction. Right? So I introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Right? So I introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Right? So I introduced the
+constraint that it's wandering in the B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it's wandering in the B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it's wandering in the B2
+direction is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is zero.
+Right? And so in doing so I implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so in doing so I implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so in doing so I implicitly
+introduced a kinematic constraint. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a kinematic constraint. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a kinematic constraint. I
+never spelled it out because we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never spelled it out because we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never spelled it out because we wrote
+the configuration of this entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of this entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of this entire system
+implicitly assuming that. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assuming that. So the
+kinematic constraint got sucked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint got sucked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint got sucked in
+implicitly. Get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly. Get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly. Get it
+right. In fact in going from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. In fact in going from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. In fact in going from three
+dimension to to two dimensions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to to two dimensions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to to two dimensions there
+were some kinematic constraints there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some kinematic constraints there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some kinematic constraints there
+too. I said Z motion is zero. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I said Z motion is zero. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I said Z motion is zero. Right?
+And I just very glibly call it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just very glibly call it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I just very glibly call it two
+dimensions. But those are also kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. But those are also kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. But those are also kinematic
+constraints. And I took off for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. And I took off for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. And I took off for the
+Frisbee three degrees of freedom and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee three degrees of freedom and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee three degrees of freedom and for
+the point one degree of freedom. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one degree of freedom. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one degree of freedom. Right?
+In even saying that, so in fact those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In even saying that, so in fact those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In even saying that, so in fact those
+are kinematic constraints too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinematic constraints too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kinematic constraints too.
+Very important that you understand this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important that you understand this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important that you understand this.
+What I'm trying to say to you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm trying to say to you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm trying to say to you is that
+part and parcel in a lot of what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and parcel in a lot of what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and parcel in a lot of what we do
+is this concept of a kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this concept of a kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this concept of a kinematic
+constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And it's very central to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it's very central to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it's very central to us
+because sometimes we'll say it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes we'll say it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes we'll say it,
+sometimes we won't. Sometimes it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we won't. Sometimes it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we won't. Sometimes it's so
+implicit that we'll just not account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that we'll just not account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that we'll just not account for
+it and we will pick the parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will pick the parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will pick the parameters in
+such a way that it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it automatically
+accounts for the kinematic constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the kinematic constraint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the kinematic constraint.
+Get it? And sometimes we'll write things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? And sometimes we'll write things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? And sometimes we'll write things
+in with more parameters than you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with more parameters than you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with more parameters than you need
+and then introduce a kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then introduce a kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then introduce a kinematic
+constraint. Right? So help me here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Right? So help me here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Right? So help me here.
+How could I have redefined that frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could I have redefined that frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could I have redefined that frisbee
+problem in more general terms? And by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in more general terms? And by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in more general terms? And by
+the way, the magic formula does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, the magic formula does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, the magic formula does not
+assume that the spider is only moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the spider is only moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the spider is only moving in
+a straight line from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line from the center of the
+frisbee. Remember in the magic formula,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee. Remember in the magic formula,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee. Remember in the magic formula,
+right, this RPQ is pretty general. BQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this RPQ is pretty general. BQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this RPQ is pretty general. BQ is
+pretty general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty general.
+But when we wrote BQ, we assume it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we wrote BQ, we assume it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we wrote BQ, we assume it was
+only LB1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only LB1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only LB1,
+right? It wasn't an L1 B1 plus an L2 B2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It wasn't an L1 B1 plus an L2 B2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It wasn't an L1 B1 plus an L2 B2.
+You see where the kinetic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see where the kinetic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see where the kinetic constraint
+slipped in, guys? It's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped in, guys? It's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipped in, guys? It's very important
+that you get this. I want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this. I want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get this. I want to see
+everyone nodding or disagreeing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone nodding or disagreeing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone nodding or disagreeing.
+Very important. Okay, if we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. Okay, if we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. Okay, if we had done
+that, it would have been five degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it would have been five degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it would have been five degrees of
+freedom. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Thanks.
+Right. In this, there are actually five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. In this, there are actually five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. In this, there are actually five
+parameters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters.
+But in the instantiation of the Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the instantiation of the Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in the instantiation of the Frisbee
+problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem,
+there were only four parameters. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only four parameters. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were only four parameters. And
+those four parameters were U, V, theta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four parameters were U, V, theta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four parameters were U, V, theta,
+and L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L.
+Get it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very important. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I will now what I'm going to do now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will now what I'm going to do now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will now what I'm going to do now.
+Okay. Now you have four unknowns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now you have four unknowns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now you have four unknowns in
+this, right? We want to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? We want to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, right? We want to solve for the
+trajectory and find out these unknowns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and find out these unknowns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and find out these unknowns,
+right? That's what dynamics is about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what dynamics is about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what dynamics is about.
+How many equations do you need?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many equations do you need?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many equations do you need?
+Four. And let me now give you a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. And let me now give you a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. And let me now give you a kind of
+a heads up into where dynamics is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heads up into where dynamics is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heads up into where dynamics is going
+to lead. We have four unknowns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead. We have four unknowns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead. We have four unknowns.
+Um, U dot U. Now, right V, L and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, U dot U. Now, right V, L and theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, U dot U. Now, right V, L and theta.
+We have four unknowns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we want four equations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want four equations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want four equations,
+right? So when you do dynamics you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when you do dynamics you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So when you do dynamics you will
+get four equations relating this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four equations relating this to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four equations relating this to you
+know various forces and masses you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know various forces and masses you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know various forces and masses you will
+get four equations. This is just a heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four equations. This is just a heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four equations. This is just a heads
+up. Okay. The only difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay. The only difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Okay. The only difference is that
+unlike in algebraic equations where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike in algebraic equations where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike in algebraic equations where you
+have only u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only u
+in our equations you'll have u u dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our equations you'll have u u dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our equations you'll have u u dot and
+u dot v dot and v dot l dot and l dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dot v dot and v dot l dot and l dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u dot v dot and v dot l dot and l dot
+theta theta dot and theta dot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta theta dot and theta dot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta theta dot and theta dot you know
+because you're going to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to take an
+acceleration and say f is equal to ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and say f is equal to ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and say f is equal to ma
+for example right there'll be theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right there'll be theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right there'll be theta dot
+terms so you'll get four differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so you'll get four differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so you'll get four differential
+equations to solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to solve the problem
+or you know some of the equations might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know some of the equations might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know some of the equations might
+simplify but in general you'll get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify but in general you'll get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify but in general you'll get four
+differential equations. Get it? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Get it? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Get it? So
+you'll have as many unknowns as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have as many unknowns as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have as many unknowns as the
+equations and it is our goal to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it is our goal to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it is our goal to generate
+as many unknowns as there are equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many unknowns as there are equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many unknowns as there are equations
+and solve it. And when we solve it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it. And when we solve it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it. And when we solve it we
+solve the differential equation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the differential equation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the differential equation you'll
+get x as a function of time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x as a function of time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x as a function of time and that's
+the trajectory of the system. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of the system. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of the system. So the
+objective of dynamics at some level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of dynamics at some level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of dynamics at some level is
+to formulate enough equations as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate enough equations as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate enough equations as many
+equations as you need which is us which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as you need which is us which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as you need which is us which
+is always equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always equal to the number of
+unknowns right solve them and get theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right solve them and get theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right solve them and get theta
+as a function of time. The equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time. The equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time. The equations
+themselves will be differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves will be differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves will be differential
+equations instead of u u in terms of u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations instead of u u in terms of u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations instead of u u in terms of u u
+dot u dot right in the algebraic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot u dot right in the algebraic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot u dot right in the algebraic world
+you would just have this stuff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just have this stuff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just have this stuff and you
+would solve for u v l and theta but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve for u v l and theta but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve for u v l and theta but in
+dynamics you solve for u as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you solve for u as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you solve for u as a function
+of time get it such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time get it such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time get it such that the
+differential equation is satisfied. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is satisfied. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is satisfied. Do
+you get a sense of where where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense of where where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a sense of where where we're
+going with this? Yes. No. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this? Yes. No. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this? Yes. No. Yes.
+Maybe a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe a little bit.
+Okay. We haven't done dynamics yet. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We haven't done dynamics yet. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We haven't done dynamics yet. By
+the time we're done with all this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're done with all this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we're done with all this,
+you'll see it. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's uh you know, we have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh you know, we have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh you know, we have a couple of
+minutes and we're going a little ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and we're going a little ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and we're going a little ahead
+in the class. So, it's it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class. So, it's it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class. So, it's it's good to
+discuss. So, let's take a step back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss. So, let's take a step back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss. So, let's take a step back.
+Let's look ahead into this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look ahead into this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look ahead into this class and
+recall your physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall your physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall your physics.
+Right? We have a particle that's moving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have a particle that's moving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have a particle that's moving.
+We have a Frisbee that's moving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What equations can you write for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What equations can you write for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What equations can you write for a
+Frisbee in two dimensions? F is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee in two dimensions? F is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee in two dimensions? F is equal to
+MA. How many what equations can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA. How many what equations can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MA. How many what equations can you
+write for a rigid body? Equating forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for a rigid body? Equating forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write for a rigid body? Equating forces
+and force like things to motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force like things to motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force like things to motion and
+accelerations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations.
+Let's start with a particle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody?
+Let me get you going here. Okay, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me get you going here. Okay, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me get you going here. Okay, this is
+we're just discussing. This is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just discussing. This is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just discussing. This is just
+nothing formal. Okay, so let your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing formal. Okay, so let your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing formal. Okay, so let your head
+down. Just get out, you know, relax.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Just get out, you know, relax.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Just get out, you know, relax.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can write this for the particle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this for the particle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this for the particle,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Assuming for let's say for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assuming for let's say for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assuming for let's say for example the
+particle has some you know glue, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has some you know glue, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has some you know glue, right?
+Or the feet have some adhesion and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or the feet have some adhesion and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or the feet have some adhesion and it's
+walking the Frisbee and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking the Frisbee and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking the Frisbee and you know what
+the force is. You can write this right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is. You can write this right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is. You can write this right?
+How many equations is that in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many equations is that in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many equations is that in two
+dimensions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions?
+Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two two equations in two dimensions. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two equations in two dimensions. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two equations in two dimensions. For
+the Frisbee, you can also write F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee, you can also write F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee, you can also write F is
+equal to M A. You'll see this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M A. You'll see this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to M A. You'll see this in the
+later. You take the center of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. You take the center of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. You take the center of mass and
+equate F is equal to MA. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate F is equal to MA. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate F is equal to MA. How many
+equations will you get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will you get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will you get?
+Two. Right? And finally, what's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. Right? And finally, what's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two. Right? And finally, what's the last
+equation you'll get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll get?
+Right? Torque is equal to I alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Torque is equal to I alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Torque is equal to I alpha.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+In general,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In general,
+there are five degrees of freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five degrees of freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five degrees of freedom in
+this problem. Right? In the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. Right? In the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. Right? In the special
+case, there'll be four and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, there'll be four and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, there'll be four and you'll see
+one of the equations will go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the equations will go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the equations will go away and
+you'll get four degrees of freedom. Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get four degrees of freedom. Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get four degrees of freedom. Four
+equations. You write four differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. You write four differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. You write four differential
+equations. Solve them and you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Solve them and you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Solve them and you can solve
+for four trajectories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four trajectories.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four trajectories.
+Okay? And when you're done, you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And when you're done, you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And when you're done, you know, if
+you, for example, let's say the Frisbee,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, for example, let's say the Frisbee,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, for example, let's say the Frisbee,
+I threw it, right? And it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw it, right? And it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I threw it, right? And it's being
+dragged by air, so it's slowing down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged by air, so it's slowing down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged by air, so it's slowing down and
+it's forget gravity because it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forget gravity because it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forget gravity because it's two
+dimensions, right? And let us say I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions, right? And let us say I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions, right? And let us say I know
+how much power the spider's little legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power the spider's little legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power the spider's little legs
+are applying. So I know how much force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applying. So I know how much force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applying. So I know how much force
+it's applying, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's applying, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's applying, right?
+Once you solve all these differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you solve all these differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you solve all these differential
+equations, if I give you the forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, if I give you the forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, if I give you the forces and
+I tell you what the drag is, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you what the drag is, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you what the drag is, you should
+be able to come up with the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come up with the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to come up with the trajectory
+of the spider and it'll look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider and it'll look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spider and it'll look like
+something like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this,
+right? If this is the A1 direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If this is the A1 direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If this is the A1 direction and
+this is the A2 direction, you know, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the A2 direction, you know, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the A2 direction, you know, if I
+throw the Frisbee and the spider's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw the Frisbee and the spider's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw the Frisbee and the spider's kind
+of running away from the center, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running away from the center, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running away from the center, it'll
+probably look something like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably look something like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably look something like this,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+It's kind of this outward bound spiral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of this outward bound spiral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of this outward bound spiral.
+And that's kind of what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's kind of what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's kind of what we're trying to
+solve for. And the way you capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for. And the way you capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for. And the way you capture this
+is you're solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're solving for
+uh the position of the spider. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the position of the spider. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the position of the spider. You're
+trying to solve for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve for r
+o q as a function of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o q as a function of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o q as a function of time.
+Right? If you solve for that, boom, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you solve for that, boom, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If you solve for that, boom, you
+know exactly where the spider is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where the spider is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where the spider is.
+Okay? If you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you solve for
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+o p as a function of time, what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o p as a function of time, what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o p as a function of time, what am I
+solving for?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for?
+the center of the Frisbee which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the Frisbee which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the Frisbee which is kind
+of going to go look like this with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going to go look like this with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going to go look like this with time
+different instance in time right think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instance in time right think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instance in time right think
+of it as animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as animation
+right and if I solve for R PQ as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I solve for R PQ as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if I solve for R PQ as a
+function of time what am I solving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time what am I solving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time what am I solving for
+say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+yeah now I'm actually sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now I'm actually sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now I'm actually sitting on the
+frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+sitting on the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the frisbee
+And so that's me and I'm looking out. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's me and I'm looking out. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's me and I'm looking out. To
+me, the Frisbee isn't rotating, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, the Frisbee isn't rotating, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, the Frisbee isn't rotating, right? I
+just see the spider kind of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the spider kind of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see the spider kind of walking
+away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away,
+right? But I know that the spider's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But I know that the spider's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But I know that the spider's
+feeling all these forces, right? Spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling all these forces, right? Spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling all these forces, right? Spider
+doesn't know stuff is rotating like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know stuff is rotating like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know stuff is rotating like just
+like we don't feel the earth rotating,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't feel the earth rotating,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't feel the earth rotating,
+right? Spider's feeling this kind of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Spider's feeling this kind of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Spider's feeling this kind of,
+you know, being heaved by, you know, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being heaved by, you know, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being heaved by, you know, um,
+corololis forces, centipedal forces, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corololis forces, centipedal forces, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corololis forces, centipedal forces, all
+that stuff. It's kind of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff. It's kind of, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff. It's kind of, you know,
+making its way through, right? And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making its way through, right? And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making its way through, right? And you
+can see what that is. Get it? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what that is. Get it? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what that is. Get it? This is
+kind of what we're shooting for here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what we're shooting for here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what we're shooting for here,
+folks. Okay, this is why we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks. Okay, this is why we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks. Okay, this is why we did
+velocities and accelerations kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and accelerations kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and accelerations kind of the
+first step. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step. Okay,
+so with that, let me I'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that, let me I'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that, let me I'm going to erase
+this and kind of define things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and kind of define things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and kind of define things more
+formally. And we call those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally. And we call those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally. And we call those numbers
+parameters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I want to now say things maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to now say things maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to now say things maybe a
+little more formally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A mechanical Yep. Levi Levi when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mechanical Yep. Levi Levi when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A mechanical Yep. Levi Levi when you're
+breaking ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+talking about differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about differential
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that
+I was I was hand waving a little bit. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was I was hand waving a little bit. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was I was hand waving a little bit. So
+but let me give you a handwavy answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me give you a handwavy answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me give you a handwavy answer
+before I formalize it. Okay. Yeah. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I formalize it. Okay. Yeah. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I formalize it. Okay. Yeah. The
+differential equations will end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations will end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations will end up being
+something like position of the spider,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like position of the spider,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like position of the spider,
+right? Which is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which is the um
+there'll be a ve it'll be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a ve it'll be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a ve it'll be a vector
+differential equation. So it'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So it'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So it'll be some
+some really complicated in fact I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really complicated in fact I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really complicated in fact I'm
+going to go into that right now. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into that right now. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into that right now. Some
+really complicated relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated relationship between
+this the mass of the spider and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the mass of the spider and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the mass of the spider and the
+force on the spider. Okay? And in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the spider. Okay? And in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the spider. Okay? And in two
+dimensions that's two equations. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's two equations. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's two equations. Okay?
+So hold that thought levi and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hold that thought levi and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hold that thought levi and we'll
+we'll we'll talk about it more. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about it more. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk about it more. Okay,
+any other questions? This was meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions? This was meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions? This was meant to
+be hand wavy because I know we can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hand wavy because I know we can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hand wavy because I know we can't say
+it all now. I could kind of hold my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all now. I could kind of hold my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all now. I could kind of hold my
+breath and tell you in the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath and tell you in the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath and tell you in the end of the
+class or I could kind of take a stab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or I could kind of take a stab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or I could kind of take a stab at
+kind of giving you a sense of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of giving you a sense of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of giving you a sense of where
+we're going, right? And then hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going, right? And then hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going, right? And then hopefully
+things will become firm later, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will become firm later, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will become firm later, right? I
+don't like this business of keeping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this business of keeping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this business of keeping you
+in the dark and you know just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark and you know just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark and you know just kind of
+hoping things fall into place on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping things fall into place on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping things fall into place on the
+end. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a mechanical system consisting of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical system consisting of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanical system consisting of points
+and rigid bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, the Frisbee and the point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the Frisbee and the point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the Frisbee and the point there
+are infinite possible locations, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each
+arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, if I told you the Frisbee is here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I told you the Frisbee is here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I told you the Frisbee is here in
+this orientation and the spider is 3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation and the spider is 3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation and the spider is 3 in
+from the center, bam, I've frozen it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center, bam, I've frozen it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center, bam, I've frozen it.
+That's a configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a configuration.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+a little bit of history before I say may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of history before I say may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of history before I say may
+write the next sentence. Used to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the next sentence. Used to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the next sentence. Used to be that
+um the way you located something was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you located something was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you located something was
+using cartesian coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cartesian coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cartesian coordinates.
+What are cartesian coordinates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are cartesian coordinates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are cartesian coordinates?
+XYZ, right? It's, you know, 2 m north, 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ, right? It's, you know, 2 m north, 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ, right? It's, you know, 2 m north, 3
+m, you know, west and, you know, 2 m up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m, you know, west and, you know, 2 m up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m, you know, west and, you know, 2 m up,
+right? XYZ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? XYZ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? XYZ.
+So that word coordinate might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that word coordinate might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that word coordinate might be
+ingrained in your brain as being, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained in your brain as being, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained in your brain as being, you
+know, cartisian X Y Z, right? But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, cartisian X Y Z, right? But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, cartisian X Y Z, right? But it
+turns out that that's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that's not always the
+best way to to define the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to to define the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to to define the location of
+the, you know, the configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the configuration of
+something. For example, for the spider,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. For example, for the spider,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. For example, for the spider,
+did we use XYZ only?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we use XYZ only?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we use XYZ only?
+No, we used the um X and Y kind of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, we used the um X and Y kind of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, we used the um X and Y kind of U and
+V, but we used the angle of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V, but we used the angle of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V, but we used the angle of the the
+Frisbee and the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee and the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee and the distance from the
+center. So, it's kind of more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. So, it's kind of more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. So, it's kind of more like a
+polar coordinate, right? So, we use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate, right? So, we use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate, right? So, we use some
+combination of coordinates, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of coordinates, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of coordinates, right? So
+the next sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+the sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry a
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+non-standard to emphasize that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard to emphasize that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard to emphasize that it's not
+cartisian non-standard coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian non-standard coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian non-standard coordinates of
+that system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And what are the non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what are the non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what are the non-standard
+coordinates of the system that we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the system that we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the system that we looked
+at here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here?
+They are U,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are U,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are U,
+V,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V,
+L, and theta. They are not cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L, and theta. They are not cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L, and theta. They are not cartisian
+coordinates. They are the non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. They are the non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. They are the non-standard
+coordinates of that system. Get it? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that system. Get it? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that system. Get it? So
+what we do in mechanical systems and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in mechanical systems and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do in mechanical systems and we
+did this in the frisbee but now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this in the frisbee but now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this in the frisbee but now you're
+going to do more formally from here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do more formally from here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do more formally from here on
+is when you look at a system you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at a system you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you look at a system you say
+what are the parameters I need to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters I need to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the parameters I need to define
+exactly where this thing is right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where this thing is right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where this thing is right and I
+I don't mean just you know the thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean just you know the thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean just you know the thing but
+everything that moves in it and that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that moves in it and that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that moves in it and that set
+of coordinates and it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates and it doesn't have to be
+cartisian it's a bunch of numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian it's a bunch of numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian it's a bunch of numbers that
+you would think work that set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think work that set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think work that set of numbers
+is called the non-standard coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the non-standard coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the non-standard coordinates
+of that system. Get it? And we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that system. Get it? And we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that system. Get it? And we just say
+non-standard because cartisian has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard because cartisian has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard because cartisian has
+really taken over the word coordinate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taken over the word coordinate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taken over the word coordinate.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And how many non-standard coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many non-standard coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many non-standard coordinates
+will you find in a system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you find in a system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you find in a system?
+It is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is equal to
+the degrees of freedom of that system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degrees of freedom of that system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degrees of freedom of that system.
+Okay? Can you have more non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Can you have more non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Can you have more non-standard
+coordinates than degrees of freedom?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's right. You can have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. You can have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. You can have more
+non-standard coordinates than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates than their
+degrees of freedom. It's okay. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom. It's okay. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom. It's okay. But then
+you better specify the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better specify the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better specify the kinematic
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+that makes one of them independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes one of them independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes one of them independent of
+the others. Get it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others. Get it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others. Get it?
+So the number of non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of non-standard
+coordinates minus the number of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates minus the number of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates minus the number of degrees
+of freedom not minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom not minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom not minus the number of
+kinematic constraints must equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints must equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints must equal the
+degrees of freedom of that system. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom of that system. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom of that system. Okay.
+So let me write that now in the next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me write that now in the next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me write that now in the next.
+So the next fact. So this was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next fact. So this was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next fact. So this was actually a
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's very intuitive. You should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very intuitive. You should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very intuitive. You should
+understand this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And how many equations of motion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many equations of motion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many equations of motion will
+you get? As many as there are degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get? As many as there are degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get? As many as there are degrees of
+freedom. That's kind of how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. That's kind of how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. That's kind of how we're going
+to build this, right? You can throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this, right? You can throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build this, right? You can throw the
+or you can just say you'll get as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just say you'll get as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just say you'll get as many
+equations not equations of motions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations not equations of motions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations not equations of motions as
+there are non-standard coordinates, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are non-standard coordinates, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are non-standard coordinates, but
+then you need as many differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need as many differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need as many differential
+equations as their degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as their degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as their degrees of freedom
+and kinematic constraints as another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinematic constraints as another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinematic constraints as another set
+of equations. But this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations. But this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations. But this is the
+fundamental thing you're going to you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing you're going to you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing you're going to you're
+going to be dealing with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with.
+Okay. So, I'm sure there questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm sure there questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm sure there questions about
+this, but I'm going to go very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I'm going to go very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I'm going to go very slowly
+and I have another 20 minutes. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have another 20 minutes. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have another 20 minutes. I want to
+just totally nail this. I thought I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally nail this. I thought I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally nail this. I thought I'd
+get into point dynamics, but I knew I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into point dynamics, but I knew I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into point dynamics, but I knew I'd
+only kind of get into it today. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of get into it today. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of get into it today. So, I
+don't mind starting that next Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind starting that next Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind starting that next Wednesday.
+Monday is a holiday, by the way, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is a holiday, by the way, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday is a holiday, by the way, or
+there's no class. It's not a holiday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no class. It's not a holiday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no class. It's not a holiday.
+Uh, so we'll get into point dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we'll get into point dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so we'll get into point dynamics in
+the next class, but I'm going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class, but I'm going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class, but I'm going to spend a
+few minutes and just totally nail this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes and just totally nail this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes and just totally nail this.
+And then we're going to do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're going to do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're going to do some more
+kinematic constraints. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints. Yep.
+I'm confused about this. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm confused about this. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm confused about this. Yeah.
+Shouldn't it be degrees of freedom minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shouldn't it be degrees of freedom minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shouldn't it be degrees of freedom minus
+the kinematic constraints equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic constraints equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic constraints equals the
+non-standard coins?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coins?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coins?
+Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure.
+That's true. True. Right. Oh. Uh, no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true. True. Right. Oh. Uh, no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's true. True. Right. Oh. Uh, no,
+no, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no.
+For example, in the spider problem, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, in the spider problem, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, in the spider problem, we
+have four non-standard coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four non-standard coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four non-standard coordinates
+minus one kinematic constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one kinematic constraint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one kinematic constraint.
+Hold on a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hold on a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hold on a second.
+It should be a plus there or it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be a plus there or it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should be a plus there or it should
+Americans on the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans on the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans on the other side.
+Hold the thought. Good, good, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hold the thought. Good, good, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hold the thought. Good, good, good
+point. Let me just see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, let me explain. Let me explain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, let me explain. Let me explain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, let me explain. Let me explain.
+Okay, good. Good point, Claudia. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Good point, Claudia. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Good point, Claudia. Good.
+Thank you. This is how we probe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. This is how we probe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. This is how we probe and
+understand this. Anyone else confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this. Anyone else confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this. Anyone else confused
+about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that?
+Huh?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh?
+Claudia, why don't you stand up and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, why don't you stand up and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, why don't you stand up and say
+loudly what you just said? that was add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudly what you just said? that was add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudly what you just said? that was add
+by the way it's a perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's a perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's a perfectly reasonable
+statement so I'm not great thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so I'm not great thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so I'm not great thank you so
+say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+so I'm confused as to why why that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm confused as to why why that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm confused as to why why that's a
+kind of a minus there because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a minus there because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a minus there because if you
+have for example in the spider problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example in the spider problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example in the spider problem
+four non-standard coordinates minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates minus the
+one kinematic constraint that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kinematic constraint that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kinematic constraint that would give
+you three degrees of freedom and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three degrees of freedom and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you three degrees of freedom and we
+agree we had five degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree we had five degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree we had five degrees of freedom
+without the constraint or four with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the constraint or four with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the constraint or four with the
+constraint so I thought maybe it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I thought maybe it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I thought maybe it should
+be the minus kinematic constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the minus kinematic constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the minus kinematic constraint on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+So let's let's let's look at that. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's let's look at that. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's let's look at that. Okay,
+I'm going to write the doof here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the doof here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the doof here.
+Very good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good.
+I have to tell you 20 years, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell you 20 years, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to tell you 20 years, you know,
+after studying for this for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying for this for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after studying for this for the first
+time, I still have to prepare for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, I still have to prepare for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, I still have to prepare for this
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+Okay, so this is, you know, it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is, you know, it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is, you know, it's it's
+fairly profound stuff. So you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly profound stuff. So you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly profound stuff. So you need to
+think about it. Once you get it, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. Once you get it, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. Once you get it, it's
+really cool. It falls back into place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool. It falls back into place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool. It falls back into place.
+So essentially, I wake up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially, I wake up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially, I wake up in the morning
+and go and I drink a lot of coffee and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and I drink a lot of coffee and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and I drink a lot of coffee and I
+think about it. that pace, right? And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. that pace, right? And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it. that pace, right? And it
+all falls back into place. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all falls back into place. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all falls back into place. So, it's a
+perfectly reasonable thing. Here, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing. Here, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable thing. Here, let me
+explain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain.
+Actually, you set up what I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, you set up what I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, you set up what I was going to
+do anyway very well. I could have set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyway very well. I could have set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyway very well. I could have set up
+the Frisbee problem in two ways. Okay, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee problem in two ways. Okay, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Frisbee problem in two ways. Okay, I
+could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said
+here's the Frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Frisbee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the Frisbee.
+I need its This is in two dimensions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need its This is in two dimensions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need its This is in two dimensions,
+right? And let's say that, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And let's say that, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And let's say that, you know,
+starting here. I'm trying to draw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here. I'm trying to draw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here. I'm trying to draw it in
+three dimensions here, right? I need its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions here, right? I need its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions here, right? I need its
+location in terms of U and V right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in terms of U and V right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in terms of U and V right and I
+could have said listen that you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said listen that you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said listen that you know our
+friend Spidey here could be in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Spidey here could be in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Spidey here could be in any
+location it's probably wandering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location it's probably wandering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location it's probably wandering you
+know generally right so I need u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally right so I need u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know generally right so I need u and v
+and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+m and n with respect to the frisbee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n with respect to the frisbee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n with respect to the frisbee of
+the spider and I need the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider and I need the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider and I need the angle of the
+fris of the spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fris of the spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fris of the spider
+right I'm sorry angle of the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry angle of the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry angle of the frisbee
+That is five non-standard coordinates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is five non-standard coordinates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is five non-standard coordinates to
+describe the configuration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the configuration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the configuration of the
+system. Okay. Five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay. Five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay. Five.
+Yes. Five. Right. Three for the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Five. Right. Three for the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Five. Right. Three for the F
+Frisbee, two for the spider. And then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee, two for the spider. And then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee, two for the spider. And then I
+could say, but guys, you know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, but guys, you know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, but guys, you know what I'm
+going to do? Spider, the spider, I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do? Spider, the spider, I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do? Spider, the spider, I'm not
+going to let him wander around. What I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let him wander around. What I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let him wander around. What I'm
+going to do is I'm going to build a rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to build a rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to build a rail
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then on the rail, by the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then on the rail, by the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then on the rail, by the way,
+this is called a linear guide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a linear guide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a linear guide in
+mechanical engineering. When Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering. When Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering. When Professor
+Sloum teaches you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloum teaches you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloum teaches you
+um design, he will tell you what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um design, he will tell you what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um design, he will tell you what a
+linear guide is. So it's like a track.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear guide is. So it's like a track.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear guide is. So it's like a track.
+So Spidey can't just walk in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Spidey can't just walk in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Spidey can't just walk in any
+direction, right? The spider has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, right? The spider has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, right? The spider has to
+remain on this rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on this rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain on this rail
+and can kind of, you know, paddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of, you know, paddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of, you know, paddle
+forward or paddle back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or paddle back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or paddle back.
+If I do that, I've introduced one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I do that, I've introduced one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I do that, I've introduced one
+constraint which is n is always equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is n is always equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is n is always equal to
+zero which is you know I call it m and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is you know I call it m and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is you know I call it m and n
+the kind of coordinates on the frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of coordinates on the frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of coordinates on the frisbee
+and I'm saying that it can't move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm saying that it can't move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm saying that it can't move this
+way. Get it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Get it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Get it?
+So 5 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 5 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 5 - 1
+is equal to four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to four.
+Okay. Alternately I could have picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Alternately I could have picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Alternately I could have picked
+which is what I did in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I did in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I did in the class
+throughout. I could have just picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. I could have just picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. I could have just picked
+four non-standard coordinates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates,
+right? Which was I just assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which was I just assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which was I just assumed that the
+spider is completely specified by an L,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider is completely specified by an L,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider is completely specified by an L,
+a distance from the center. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance from the center. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance from the center. How many
+kinematic constraints do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints do I need to
+explicitly list them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Get it? So, it's good. I I'm glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? So, it's good. I I'm glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? So, it's good. I I'm glad you
+asked me I to think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me I to think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me I to think about it for a
+second, but that's the key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, but that's the key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, but that's the key.
+Okay. And what we do is we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what we do is we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what we do is we will
+naturally take some kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally take some kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally take some kinematic
+constraints and some we'll write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and some we'll write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and some we'll write out
+explicitly. You'll see that. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. You'll see that. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. You'll see that. Okay. And
+by the way, some kinematic constraints,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way, some kinematic constraints,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way, some kinematic constraints,
+it is impossible to kind of do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impossible to kind of do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is impossible to kind of do it
+naturally. You have to express them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally. You have to express them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally. You have to express them
+explicitly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly.
+Um, and we won't look at systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we won't look at systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we won't look at systems like
+that. We'll look at systems where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We'll look at systems where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We'll look at systems where the
+kinematic constraint can be stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint can be stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint can be stated
+explicitly. But if you really tried, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. But if you really tried, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. But if you really tried, you
+can make them implicit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them implicit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them implicit.
+You understand?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You understand?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You understand?
+So good. So you understand what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So good. So you understand what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So good. So you understand what I'm
+saying here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here, right?
+Any questions? Anybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Anybody?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Anybody?
+Okay. And by the way, all we did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And by the way, all we did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And by the way, all we did in this
+class so far, all we've done is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so far, all we've done is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so far, all we've done is take
+these non-standard coordinates. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-standard coordinates. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-standard coordinates. I want
+to introduce one more concept, then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce one more concept, then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce one more concept, then I'll
+do an example. We take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example. We take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example. We take these
+non-standard coordinates and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates and calculate
+the accelerations of the points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accelerations of the points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accelerations of the points and
+rigid bodies, angular angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies, angular angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies, angular angular
+accelerations, etc. in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations, etc. in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations, etc. in terms of the
+non-standard coordinates. Right? Look,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates. Right? Look,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates. Right? Look,
+look at this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this.
+The acceleration of point Q is U dot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The acceleration of point Q is U dot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The acceleration of point Q is U dot,
+right? V dot theta dot, theta dot, L, L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? V dot theta dot, theta dot, L, L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? V dot theta dot, theta dot, L, L
+dot, L dot, right? So, can what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot, L dot, right? So, can what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot, L dot, right? So, can what we've
+done so far is express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is express
+we have expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations.
+This is by the way the short form from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is by the way the short form from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is by the way the short form from
+accelerations and velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+standard coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Got it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got it?
+That's what we've done. And why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we've done. And why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we've done. And why are we
+doing it? Because when we write f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it? Because when we write f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it? Because when we write f is
+equal to ma we have a right in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ma we have a right in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ma we have a right in terms of
+these non-standard coordinates we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-standard coordinates we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-standard coordinates we'll
+multiply by m and equate it to an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m and equate it to an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m and equate it to an f
+which will come from some constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will come from some constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will come from some constitutive
+relationship and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and we have the
+differential equation got it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation got it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation got it so this is
+the tough part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tough part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tough part
+now I want to make one final comment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to make one final comment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to make one final comment to
+you and this will only become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this will only become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this will only become important
+when we do lranian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do lranian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do lranian
+so the way we do Newtonian which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we do Newtonian which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we do Newtonian which is what
+we're doing right now is just be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing right now is just be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing right now is just be clear
+that they're all standard coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all standard coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all standard coordinates
+the kinematic constraints and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic constraints and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic constraints and the
+degrees of freedom when we do lranjen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom when we do lranjen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom when we do lranjen
+as clauddio pointed out there was many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clauddio pointed out there was many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clauddio pointed out there was many
+sets of non-standard coordinates I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of non-standard coordinates I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of non-standard coordinates I could
+have picked right and I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked right and I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked right and I could have
+chosen to in introduce a kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to in introduce a kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to in introduce a kinematic
+constraint when we do lranjen you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint when we do lranjen you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint when we do lranjen you're
+also forced to pick the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also forced to pick the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also forced to pick the minimum number
+of non-standard coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-standard coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-standard coordinates
+get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+you're forced to if you do that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to if you do that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to if you do that it just
+math becomes really simple in Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math becomes really simple in Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math becomes really simple in Newtonian
+it kind of doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of doesn't matter
+Okay. So the thing that Claudia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the thing that Claudia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the thing that Claudia is
+pointing out this minimum actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this minimum actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this minimum actually if
+you could do that it's the best in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that it's the best in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that it's the best in
+Newtonian doesn't matter. We're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian doesn't matter. We're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian doesn't matter. We're in the
+Newtonian phase right now. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian phase right now. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian phase right now. Okay. And
+there's a special word for it. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special word for it. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special word for it. I'll
+introduce it when we get there. Okay. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it when we get there. Okay. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it when we get there. Okay. By
+the way, there's one other concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, there's one other concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, there's one other concept that
+happens with these non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with these non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with these non-standard
+coordinates, which is some non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, which is some non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, which is some non-standard
+coordinates are more general than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are more general than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates are more general than
+others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others.
+Does anybody understand that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, maybe let me take it the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe let me take it the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe let me take it the opposite
+way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way.
+Some non-standard coordinates are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some non-standard coordinates are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some non-standard coordinates are more
+natural than others. You understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural than others. You understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural than others. You understand
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+Let me explain. You don't? There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me explain. You don't? There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me explain. You don't? There's a
+whole point. Let me explain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point. Let me explain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point. Let me explain.
+So, I stated the F frisbee problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I stated the F frisbee problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I stated the F frisbee problem as
+throwing it in space, right? Forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it in space, right? Forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it in space, right? Forget the
+spider. Just look at the Frisbee. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider. Just look at the Frisbee. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider. Just look at the Frisbee. So,
+the best way to describe it location was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to describe it location was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to describe it location was
+U and V, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V, right?
+But what if I told you that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what if I told you that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what if I told you that it's the
+same thing mathematically, but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing mathematically, but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing mathematically, but really
+what I had was a robotic arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I had was a robotic arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I had was a robotic arm
+which extends very rapidly. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends very rapidly. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends very rapidly. It's a
+telescoping robotic arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping robotic arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping robotic arm
+and the end of it is a spinning disc,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And the robotic arm can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the robotic arm can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the robotic arm can turn
+and it can change in length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can change in length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can change in length.
+Would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you still have picked U and V as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have picked U and V as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have picked U and V as the
+non-standard coordinates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates?
+What would you have picked?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you have picked?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you have picked?
+L1 and theta 1, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 and theta 1, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 and theta 1, right?
+Because it's more natural. It reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's more natural. It reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's more natural. It reflects
+the mechanism a little more. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism a little more. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism a little more. And this is
+the difference between mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between mechanical
+engineers and mathematicians, right? for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and mathematicians, right? for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and mathematicians, right? for
+you you're trying to figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're trying to figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're trying to figure out how much
+should I change L1 you know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I change L1 you know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I change L1 you know how much
+should I change the angle so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I change the angle so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I change the angle so another
+concept here is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And this is the hand wavy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is the hand wavy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is the hand wavy part
+where judgment comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where judgment comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where judgment comes in.
+But you know what I mean, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know what I mean, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know what I mean, right? It's
+pretty obvious you wouldn't use you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious you wouldn't use you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious you wouldn't use you want
+V1 in this situation. You would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 in this situation. You would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 in this situation. You would use
+L1 and PA1, right? Everyone copathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 and PA1, right? Everyone copathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 and PA1, right? Everyone copathetic
+with this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So that's what I want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I want to say about
+coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates.
+So we've covered three concepts here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've covered three concepts here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've covered three concepts here.
+We've covered the concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered the concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered the concepts of
+non-standard coordinates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates.
+We've covered the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've covered the concept of
+kinematic constraints and degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints and degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints and degrees of
+freedom. And we've just covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. And we've just covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. And we've just covered the
+concept of naturalness, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of naturalness, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of naturalness, which is the
+fuzziest of all, but that's where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzziest of all, but that's where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzziest of all, but that's where your
+judgment comes in. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment comes in. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment comes in. Okay.
+Now, for example, if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, for example, if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, for example, if you wanted to
+accelerate, if you are trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate, if you are trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate, if you are trying to figure
+out, you know, I'm trying to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, I'm trying to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, I'm trying to design a
+hydraulic system to power this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system to power this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system to power this
+telescoping arm, what pressure does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping arm, what pressure does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping arm, what pressure does it
+need so I can buy the right compressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so I can buy the right compressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so I can buy the right compressor
+and I can size things properly, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can size things properly, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can size things properly, right?
+This is what you would solve. Meanwhile,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what you would solve. Meanwhile,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what you would solve. Meanwhile,
+then the question you would ask is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question you would ask is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question you would ask is,
+well, what's the mass at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, what's the mass at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, what's the mass at the end of this
+guy? Right? Well, so then I tell you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy? Right? Well, so then I tell you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy? Right? Well, so then I tell you,
+hey, the mass is, you know, 2 kg.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, the mass is, you know, 2 kg.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey, the mass is, you know, 2 kg.
+Are you rotating this? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you rotating this? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you rotating this? Yes.
+Is it symmetric or is there a spider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it symmetric or is there a spider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it symmetric or is there a spider a
+really heavy spider, you know, metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy spider, you know, metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heavy spider, you know, metallic
+object running out? No, there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object running out? No, there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object running out? No, there is a
+spider running out. Oh, in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider running out. Oh, in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider running out. Oh, in that case
+when I try and extend the arm because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try and extend the arm because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I try and extend the arm because of
+centipedal all that stuff, there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centipedal all that stuff, there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centipedal all that stuff, there's going
+to be kind of a, you know, a vibration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of a, you know, a vibration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of a, you know, a vibration,
+right? Oh, that's right. I need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Oh, that's right. I need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Oh, that's right. I need to think
+of the vibration. That means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vibration. That means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vibration. That means the
+hydraulic system must exert enough force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system must exert enough force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system must exert enough force
+to overcome the maximum plus the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the maximum plus the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the maximum plus the system
+must be able to handle the vibration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be able to handle the vibration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be able to handle the vibration.
+Get it? This is the sort of thinking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? This is the sort of thinking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it? This is the sort of thinking,
+right? And this is what we do. By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is what we do. By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is what we do. By the
+way, do you know how a lot of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, do you know how a lot of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, do you know how a lot of cell
+phones, you know, the ones that buzz?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones, you know, the ones that buzz?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones, you know, the ones that buzz?
+You know, they vibrate. You know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they vibrate. You know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they vibrate. You know how
+they vibrate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vibrate?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vibrate?
+Yeah. They spin a little eccentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. They spin a little eccentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. They spin a little eccentric
+thing, right? An eccentric mass. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? An eccentric mass. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, right? An eccentric mass. That's
+how they vibrate, right? So, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they vibrate, right? So, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they vibrate, right? So, you can see
+how a rigid body can create vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a rigid body can create vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a rigid body can create vibration
+because you're spinning it. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're spinning it. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're spinning it. And that's
+why we balance our tires, too, by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we balance our tires, too, by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we balance our tires, too, by the
+way. Right? Okay. So, that's that. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Right? Okay. So, that's that. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Right? Okay. So, that's that. Now,
+let me solve a problem. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me solve a problem. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me solve a problem. And I'm going to
+have you guys do this as a snap quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys do this as a snap quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you guys do this as a snap quiz
+because this is a really cool problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a really cool problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a really cool problem
+that I I had a simple problem in mind,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I had a simple problem in mind,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I had a simple problem in mind,
+but as I was giving the lecture, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I was giving the lecture, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I was giving the lecture, I
+thought of a more complex problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I thought, why not have them solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought, why not have them solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought, why not have them solve a
+snap quiz?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, here's the problem, folks. Spider,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's the problem, folks. Spider,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's the problem, folks. Spider,
+our buddy the spider, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our buddy the spider, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our buddy the spider, right?
+Frisbee thrown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Frisbee spinning away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spidey is running. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spidey is running. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spidey is running. Right.
+Here's the complication. This particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the complication. This particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the complication. This particular
+Frisbee has a little pulley that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee has a little pulley that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee has a little pulley that's kind
+of attached to the Frisbee. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attached to the Frisbee. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attached to the Frisbee. It's not
+really a pulley. It's like a a winding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a pulley. It's like a a winding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a pulley. It's like a a winding.
+It's it's a little uh twine winder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a little uh twine winder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a little uh twine winder.
+I tie a string. So, there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tie a string. So, there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tie a string. So, there's a lot of
+twine wound around this. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twine wound around this. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twine wound around this. So, I'm
+actually tossing a ball of twine. Get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tossing a ball of twine. Get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tossing a ball of twine. Get
+it? Attached to Frisbee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as this thing goes out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as this thing goes out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as this thing goes out,
+right, it unwinds the twine. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, it unwinds the twine. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, it unwinds the twine. And there's
+a lot of twines. So you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of twines. So you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of twines. So you don't have to
+worry about the twine running out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the twine running out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the twine running out.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+And I tell you that this radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I tell you that this radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I tell you that this radius
+is R1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I ask you to come up with for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I ask you to come up with for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I ask you to come up with for the
+Frisbee problem, the four parameters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee problem, the four parameters,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee problem, the four parameters,
+four non-standard coordinates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-standard coordinates,
+right? Actually, you can ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Actually, you can ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Actually, you can ignore the
+spider if you want. Just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider if you want. Just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider if you want. Just look at the
+Frisbee itself. What is the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee itself. What is the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee itself. What is the kinematic
+constraint that I need to include? First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that I need to include? First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that I need to include? First
+of all, do you see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, do you see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, do you see that this is a
+kinematic constraint?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? What two parameters does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? What two parameters does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? What two parameters does the
+kinematic constraint affect?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Think about it. Or what three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about it. Or what three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about it. Or what three
+parameters? Think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters? Think about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters? Think about it.
+Try and frame for me. I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Try and frame for me. I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Try and frame for me. I don't know the
+answer because I was going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because I was going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because I was going to give you a
+simpler problem. I thought I complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem. I thought I complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler problem. I thought I complicated
+because I felt like you were getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like you were getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like you were getting it
+right. So, I thought I'd test your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I thought I'd test your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I thought I'd test your uh
+metal a little better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The question is very simple. This is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is very simple. This is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is very simple. This is an
+extension to the Frisbee problem. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the Frisbee problem. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the Frisbee problem. Right?
+Initially earlier the problem was you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initially earlier the problem was you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initially earlier the problem was you're
+throwing a Frisbee. Now I'm telling you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a Frisbee. Now I'm telling you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a Frisbee. Now I'm telling you,
+yeah, you're doing the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you're doing the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you're doing the same thing.
+You're throwing a Frisbee that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're throwing a Frisbee that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're throwing a Frisbee that there is
+this ball of twine of radius R that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ball of twine of radius R that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ball of twine of radius R that is
+going to unwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to unwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to unwind
+as the Frisbee goes away. And I proclaim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Frisbee goes away. And I proclaim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Frisbee goes away. And I proclaim
+I claim I assert that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim I assert that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim I assert that there is a
+kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint
+that is created by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is created by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is created by that.
+The R1 doesn't change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The R1 doesn't change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The R1 doesn't change.
+The R1 is constant. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The R1 is constant. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The R1 is constant. Yeah.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+write out the kinematic constraint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the kinematic constraint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the kinematic constraint for
+me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me.
+That's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it.
+That's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can approximate it if you'd like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A kinematic constraint is an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A kinematic constraint is an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A kinematic constraint is an equation
+relating some of the non-standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating some of the non-standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating some of the non-standard
+parameters with others. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are trying. So I I described to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying. So I I described to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying. So I I described to you
+in English,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English,
+right? This problem and I'm saying, hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This problem and I'm saying, hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This problem and I'm saying, hey,
+you know, the fact that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the fact that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the fact that there's a
+string, it's going to constrain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, it's going to constrain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string, it's going to constrain this
+Frisbee, right? And I'm saying, give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee, right? And I'm saying, give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee, right? And I'm saying, give me
+an equation that captures the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that captures the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation that captures the fact that
+this Frisbee is somehow constrained.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frisbee is somehow constrained.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frisbee is somehow constrained.
+Are we describing the motion of Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we describing the motion of Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we describing the motion of Frisbee
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what we have done so far is list and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done so far is list and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done so far is list and so
+that's all I can say otherwise I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I can say otherwise I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I can say otherwise I'm
+solving the problem for you. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem for you. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem for you. We've
+listed some non-standard parameters. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some non-standard parameters. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some non-standard parameters. We
+listed four, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed four, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed four, right?
+We've instroduced a kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've instroduced a kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've instroduced a kinematic
+constraint. So there's the four some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. So there's the four some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. So there's the four some of
+the non-standard parameters are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-standard parameters are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-standard parameters are going to
+be related to the others. They won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the others. They won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the others. They won't be
+independent anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I want you to struggle with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want you to struggle with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I want you to struggle with this
+because if you're not able to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're not able to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're not able to convert
+what I said in English to the equation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said in English to the equation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said in English to the equation,
+that's okay. That's part of what why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay. That's part of what why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay. That's part of what why I'm
+asking you to do this because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do this because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to do this because if you
+struggle through it once, you'll get it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we're running out of time. So, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're running out of time. So, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're running out of time. So, let
+me do it for you. Okay, here's the deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it for you. Okay, here's the deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it for you. Okay, here's the deal.
+And a couple of you got it, I think. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a couple of you got it, I think. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a couple of you got it, I think. Uh,
+and you can kind of self judge whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of self judge whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of self judge whether
+you got it, but do turn these things in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it, but do turn these things in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it, but do turn these things in.
+Very simple, guys. What's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very simple, guys. What's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very simple, guys. What's going to
+happen to the Frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the Frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the Frisbee
+as it traverses space under this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it traverses space under this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it traverses space under this new
+circumstance, which is this twine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance, which is this twine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance, which is this twine
+unwinding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwinding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwinding
+someone? Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone? Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone? Yep.
+Um, well, I made Length of the L=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+right. So, uh, is that what you wrote as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, is that what you wrote as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh, is that what you wrote as
+well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So, that's one way. Well, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's one way. Well, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's one way. Well, let me
+Okay, that's that's okay. So, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's that's okay. So, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's that's okay. So, okay.
+Okay. What's your name again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What's your name again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What's your name again?
+Connie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie.
+Connie. So, that's right. So, so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie. So, that's right. So, so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connie. So, that's right. So, so when
+this Frisbee flies, it unwinds, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frisbee flies, it unwinds, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frisbee flies, it unwinds, right?
+What is the constraint that happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the constraint that happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the constraint that happens when
+it unwinds?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unwinds?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it unwinds?
+Say it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say it again.
+By ra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By ra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By ra.
+That's right. So what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So what it means is that
+it can't spin randomly. The spins it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't spin randomly. The spins it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't spin randomly. The spins it's
+kind of un unrolling, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of un unrolling, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of un unrolling, right?
+Do you see what I mean, Connie? Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see what I mean, Connie? Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you see what I mean, Connie? Right.
+So you could say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is almost exactly equal to actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly equal to actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly equal to actually I
+need to take some geometric corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take some geometric corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take some geometric corrections
+there more some small corrections right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more some small corrections right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more some small corrections right
+because it's really not this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really not this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really not this distance
+but it's this distance but assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's this distance but assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's this distance but assume the
+thing is small that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small that distance
+let's call this that distance is u ^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this that distance is u ^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this that distance is u ^2 +
+v 2 square root right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2 square root right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2 square root right
+in the UV V terminology right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV V terminology right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV V terminology right
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sorry that distance multip by theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I said that wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it
+very simple Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I do I'm I'm that's correct But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do I'm I'm that's correct But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do I'm I'm that's correct But for
+if the radius is small, right? I don't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the radius is small, right? I don't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the radius is small, right? I don't.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? Because remember, let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because remember, let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because remember, let's say that
+the L is constant, it'll just go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is constant, it'll just go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is constant, it'll just go around
+a circle. So this angle is irrelevant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle. So this angle is irrelevant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle. So this angle is irrelevant.
+This angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This angle theta
+is irrelevant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant.
+Right? Theta 2, we called it theta 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Theta 2, we called it theta 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Theta 2, we called it theta 2 in
+my alternate formulation. This angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my alternate formulation. This angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my alternate formulation. This angle is
+irrelevant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Yes. It's actually minus theta 2, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. It's actually minus theta 2, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. It's actually minus theta 2, right?
+AJ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ.
+Yeah. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+No, no, you're exactly right. By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, you're exactly right. By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, you're exactly right. By the
+way, you caught me. And actually, Ted,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you caught me. And actually, Ted,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you caught me. And actually, Ted,
+you kind of missed that right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of missed that right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of missed that right. And
+Claudia, I don't know if you got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, I don't know if you got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia, I don't know if you got that
+some of you. Thank you, Sam. Brilliant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you. Thank you, Sam. Brilliant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you. Thank you, Sam. Brilliant.
+Actually, that's Thank you. Right. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that's Thank you. Right. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that's Thank you. Right. I
+took theta. So, I need to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took theta. So, I need to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took theta. So, I need to write this
+properly. Tell you what, I'll solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. Tell you what, I'll solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. Tell you what, I'll solve it
+for you and you'll get it. Right? I'll I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you'll get it. Right? I'll I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you'll get it. Right? I'll I
+made up the problem on the fly, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up the problem on the fly, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up the problem on the fly, but
+we'll solve it for you and get and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve it for you and get and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve it for you and get and get
+it to you. We call this theta, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you. We call this theta, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you. We call this theta, right?
+If in fact the Frisbee is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If in fact the Frisbee is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If in fact the Frisbee is kind of
+rotating that way, right? In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating that way, right? In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating that way, right? In other
+words, if this angle changes and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if this angle changes and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if this angle changes and we call
+this theta 1, then there is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theta 1, then there is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theta 1, then there is actually
+it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what it'll come out to be. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it'll come out to be. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it'll come out to be. It's
+actually exactly correct. You're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly correct. You're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly correct. You're exactly
+correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, if you don't get this, don't worry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you don't get this, don't worry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you don't get this, don't worry.
+By the way, there's the other way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, there's the other way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, there's the other way to say
+this is that if we had picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if we had picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that if we had picked
+coordinates L1 and theta1, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates L1 and theta1, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates L1 and theta1, then this
+would simply have become L1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? By the way, this theta 1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By the way, this theta 1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By the way, this theta 1 in the
+UV, it should really be the inverse tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV, it should really be the inverse tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV, it should really be the inverse tan
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+V over U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r is this. Oh, r is the radius of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is this. Oh, r is the radius of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is this. Oh, r is the radius of this
+little coin thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we'll we'll that's correct. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we'll we'll that's correct. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we'll we'll that's correct. We
+we'll correct that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll correct that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll correct that.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Were we assuming that the frisbee was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Were we assuming that the frisbee was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Were we assuming that the frisbee was
+starting at the origin?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the origin?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the origin?
+In this case, I just wrote it like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, I just wrote it like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, I just wrote it like that.
+If it didn't, there'd be some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it didn't, there'd be some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it didn't, there'd be some constant
+amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount.
+Okay. So then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then,
+yeah, it'll just be a constant number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it'll just be a constant number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it'll just be a constant number.
+And yeah, I would add that. Okay, guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yeah, I would add that. Okay, guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And yeah, I would add that. Okay, guys,
+I did this fast. Okay, I want I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this fast. Okay, I want I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this fast. Okay, I want I should
+probably have done the simpler example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have done the simpler example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have done the simpler example.
+I kind of innovated here, but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of innovated here, but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of innovated here, but actually
+this example turns out to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example turns out to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example turns out to be much more
+prettier than I expected. The hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier than I expected. The hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier than I expected. The hidden
+depth to it. AJ, is this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to it. AJ, is this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to it. AJ, is this actually
+non-holomic?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-holomic?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-holomic?
+We'll think about it. May not be, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll think about it. May not be, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll think about it. May not be, but it
+it might it has some hidden depth to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might it has some hidden depth to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might it has some hidden depth to it.
+But but before you go, do you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but before you go, do you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but before you go, do you kind of
+get get what I'm saying here? It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get what I'm saying here? It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get what I'm saying here? It's a
+kinematic constraint. It's an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint. It's an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint. It's an additional
+constraint. That means if you know L,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. That means if you know L,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. That means if you know L,
+you don't need theta. If you know theta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need theta. If you know theta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need theta. If you know theta,
+you don't need L, right? They are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need L, right? They are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need L, right? They are not
+independent of each other but we've kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other but we've kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other but we've kind
+of captured it as a constraint. Now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captured it as a constraint. Now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captured it as a constraint. Now as
+it turns out writing this constraint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out writing this constraint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out writing this constraint is
+a little more complicated than I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated than I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated than I kind of
+thought I was doing the lecture. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was doing the lecture. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was doing the lecture. So
+we'll write it out for you completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write it out for you completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write it out for you completely
+and I'll give you a handout on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give you a handout on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll give you a handout on
+Wednesday. Okay. The homework is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Okay. The homework is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Okay. The homework is due
+next Wednesday in the morning. See you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday in the morning. See you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday in the morning. See you
+next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z0xyQKalezI.txt b/z0xyQKalezI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4df4e6997171177a16f88c4a7efda9291ed73c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z0xyQKalezI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've seen how coordinates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've seen how coordinates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've seen how coordinates are
+related between two inertial frames I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related between two inertial frames I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related between two inertial frames I
+want to consider a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider a slightly more
+advanced example for a moment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced example for a moment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced example for a moment which is
+suppose that capital V the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that capital V the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that capital V the vector
+velocity of frame s prime relative to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of frame s prime relative to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of frame s prime relative to an
+inertial frame s is not a constant so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame s is not a constant so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame s is not a constant so in
+this case suppose that frame s prime has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case suppose that frame s prime has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case suppose that frame s prime has
+an acceleration capital e relative to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceleration capital e relative to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceleration capital e relative to s
+we now say that s prime is a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now say that s prime is a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now say that s prime is a non
+inertial frame because it is accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame because it is accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame because it is accelerated
+relative to frame s and we saw that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to frame s and we saw that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to frame s and we saw that in
+inertial frames one always measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frames one always measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frames one always measures the
+same acceleration for the same object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same acceleration for the same object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same acceleration for the same object
+even though you'll measure different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you'll measure different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you'll measure different
+velocities and different positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and different positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and different positions in
+general that's not going to be true in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's not going to be true in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's not going to be true in a
+non inertial frame in a non inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non inertial frame in a non inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non inertial frame in a non inertial
+frame the acceleration a prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the acceleration a prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the acceleration a prime is equal
+to the acceleration of frame s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the acceleration of frame s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the acceleration of frame s minus
+capital a the acceleration of frame s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a the acceleration of frame s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a the acceleration of frame s
+prime relative to s remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime relative to s remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime relative to s remember
+capital a is 0 for s prime being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a is 0 for s prime being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a is 0 for s prime being an
+inertial frame when capital V is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame when capital V is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame when capital V is a
+constant but if capital V is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but if capital V is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but if capital V is not a
+constant then capital a is not zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then capital a is not zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then capital a is not zero so
+you will measure different accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will measure different accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will measure different accelerations
+in these different frames now what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different frames now what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different frames now what that
+tells us is that Newton's laws are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that Newton's laws are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that Newton's laws are going
+to look a little different and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little different and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look a little different and let's see
+how that works so now the force measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works so now the force measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works so now the force measured
+in frame s Prime I'll call that F prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frame s Prime I'll call that F prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frame s Prime I'll call that F prime
+we expect that from Newton's second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that from Newton's second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect that from Newton's second law
+to be the mass times the acceleration a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mass times the acceleration a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mass times the acceleration a
+prime but that is the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime but that is the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime but that is the mass times the
+acceleration measured in frame s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration measured in frame s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration measured in frame s minus
+and capital a the acceleration of frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital a the acceleration of frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital a the acceleration of frame
+s prime relative to frame s now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s prime relative to frame s now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s prime relative to frame s now I can
+rewrite this as two terms one I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as two terms one I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as two terms one I'll call
+F physical which represents the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F physical which represents the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F physical which represents the physical
+forces acting on the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second term I'm going to call F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term I'm going to call F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term I'm going to call F
+fictitious for reasons that we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious for reasons that we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious for reasons that we'll see in
+a moment so what this means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment so what this means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment so what this means is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+is that an observer in frame s Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that an observer in frame s Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that an observer in frame s Prime
+in order to explain the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain the motion of the
+object using Newton's laws will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using Newton's laws will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using Newton's laws will have to
+invoke not just the physical forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke not just the physical forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke not just the physical forces that
+are acting on the object which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting on the object which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acting on the object which might be
+due to gravity or roll pulling or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to gravity or roll pulling or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to gravity or roll pulling or an
+engine pushing or a hand acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine pushing or a hand acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine pushing or a hand acting on
+something but will also have to invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but will also have to invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but will also have to invoke
+an apparent force which I'll call F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparent force which I'll call F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apparent force which I'll call F
+fictitious that acts on everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious that acts on everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious that acts on everything and
+in this case F fictitious is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case F fictitious is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case F fictitious is equal to
+minus M capital A but that force will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M capital A but that force will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M capital A but that force will
+not be associated will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be associated will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be associated will not be
+identifiable with any actual real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable with any actual real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable with any actual real
+physical interaction it's an artifact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interaction it's an artifact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interaction it's an artifact of
+the choice of coordinate system it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of coordinate system it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of coordinate system it's an
+artifact of the non inertial coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the non inertial coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the non inertial coordinate
+system that frame s prime is in okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that frame s prime is in okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that frame s prime is in okay for
+that reason we call it a fictitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason we call it a fictitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason we call it a fictitious
+force and it's to be distinguished from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it's to be distinguished from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it's to be distinguished from
+real physical forces of the types that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical forces of the types that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical forces of the types that
+we've been talking about up until now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about up until now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about up until now so
+you may have seen earlier that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen earlier that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen earlier that for the
+motion of an object in a circle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of an object in a circle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of an object in a circle around
+some some center point implies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some center point implies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some center point implies the
+presence of an inward acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of an inward acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of an inward acceleration
+toward the center of the circle so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the center of the circle so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the center of the circle so as a
+consequence is that a rotating reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is that a rotating reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence is that a rotating reference
+frame for example a reference frame that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for example a reference frame that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame for example a reference frame that
+rotates with the Earth's rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with the Earth's rotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with the Earth's rotation is
+accelerated relative to an inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated relative to an inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated relative to an inertial
+frame this results in a fictitious force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this results in a fictitious force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame this results in a fictitious force
+that has two terms a significant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two terms a significant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two terms a significant term
+and a Coriolis term you may have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Coriolis term you may have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Coriolis term you may have come
+across a Coriolis force and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a Coriolis force and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a Coriolis force and the
+scientific force before these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific force before these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific force before these are
+examples of fictitious forces because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of fictitious forces because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of fictitious forces because
+they arise from the choice of coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise from the choice of coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise from the choice of coordinate
+system they're an artificial force they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they're an artificial force they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they're an artificial force they
+don't they don't correspond to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't correspond to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't correspond to actual
+physical interactions but are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interactions but are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interactions but are an
+artifact of the rotating non inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the rotating non inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of the rotating non inertial
+coordinate system now in this course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system now in this course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system now in this course we
+will confine ourselves to inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will confine ourselves to inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will confine ourselves to inertial
+reference frames and therefore will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames and therefore will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames and therefore will only
+be considering real physical forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considering real physical forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considering real physical forces and
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions
+however there are advanced applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are advanced applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are advanced applications
+where the use of a non inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the use of a non inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the use of a non inertial frame
+has certain advantages and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has certain advantages and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has certain advantages and you may
+encounter those as you go to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter those as you go to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter those as you go to more
+advanced courses
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zOOQALT2uu8.txt b/zOOQALT2uu8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e995195004f0df8e6a9f366e436fe100ec146937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zOOQALT2uu8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, OK.
+
+Settle down, settle down.
+
+All right.
+
+Today is the last lecture.
+
+You think you're happy?
+
+I'm happy.
+
+So what I'm going to do, I'm
+going to teach for a little
+
+bit, wrap it up, and then I've
+got some comments about the
+
+final exam, and then some
+personal observations,
+
+reflections on the class.
+
+So of course, the main
+announcement is the upcoming
+
+celebration of celebrations,
+a week from yesterday.
+
+The final exam will
+be Tuesday, 15
+
+December, 9:00 to noon.
+
+I know 9:00 a.m. is kind of
+early for some of you.
+
+Use the buddy system.
+
+Get to that room on time.
+
+9:00 to noon in the Johnson
+Athletic Center.
+
+I'll have office hours on
+Monday, 3:00 to 5:00, and
+
+Hilary will find a room.
+
+We'll post it, and you can
+swing by, if you want.
+
+I guess the other thing I should
+say is just a reminder
+
+about the course evals.
+
+Please take a few minutes and
+fill out the course evals, if
+
+not for me and for your
+successors, but certainly for
+
+our TAs, so that I can write
+nice things about them when
+
+the time comes.
+
+So last day we looked at
+binary phase diagrams.
+
+And we looked at two
+different types of
+
+binary phase diagrams.
+
+Type one, which is the
+lenticular, and type two,
+
+which is synclinal, and in both
+instances, we came upon
+
+two-phase regimes, and when p
+equals 2, that causes you to
+
+start thinking along the lines
+of phase separation.
+
+Phase separation then
+invokes a tie line.
+
+The tie line tells you the
+composition of the two phases
+
+present, and the lever rule
+tells you the relative
+
+quantities, the relative
+amounts, of
+
+the two phases present.
+
+What I want to do today is talk
+about the last type of
+
+phase diagram that we'll speak
+about in 3091, and that's
+
+called type three.
+
+I came up with these
+very original,
+
+easy to remember labels.
+
+So type three.
+
+What characterizes type
+three phase diagrams?
+
+Well, we have partial solubility
+of A and B. We're
+
+doing all of this.
+
+A is one of the components, and
+B is the other component.
+
+So partial solubility of A and
+B, and change of state.
+
+And the result of this set of
+characteristics is freezing
+
+point depression of
+both components.
+
+And that's different from the
+situation in type one.
+
+In type one, you see, if we
+have B on the right, then
+
+adding at A to B, if this is
+pure B over here, and this is
+
+pure A over here, adding A
+to B causes the freezing
+
+point of B to fall.
+
+But adding B to A causes the
+freezing point of A to rise.
+
+In this type three, we're going
+to have freezing point
+
+depression of both B and A.
+That's the difference between
+
+the type one and type three.
+
+And actually, I'm going
+to approach this by a
+
+hybridization of sorts.
+
+So I'm going to consider
+type three a hybrid.
+
+It's a hybrid diagram of the
+lens and the syncline.
+
+I'm going to blend the lens and
+the syncline, and show you
+
+how to do that.
+
+So let me get one of those
+up here, so that
+
+we can look at it.
+
+So what I'm going to do
+here, this is a great
+
+diagram to look at.
+
+It's gold nickel.
+
+And at the top, we have a type
+one, and at the bottom, we
+
+have a type two.
+
+And what I'm going to do, is
+I'm going to mix them.
+
+I'm going to hybridize them.
+
+I'm going to bring this
+bottom one up and have
+
+it touch the lens.
+
+And so we get is something
+that looks like this.
+
+We'll plot temperature
+versus composition.
+
+Left--
+
+so here's temperature.
+
+Composition.
+
+On the left I have pure A and
+on the right I have pure B.
+
+And we'll start here with the
+melting point of pure B. And
+
+when I add A to B, I'm going to
+get the depression that we
+
+see in the type one diagram.
+
+We want to start off like this,
+and use everything we've
+
+learned up until now.
+
+So up here, we have
+all liquid.
+
+This is all liquid.
+
+And over here, this is
+a solid solution.
+
+This is pure B, and this
+is B that has a
+
+little bit of A in it.
+
+So we're going to use the old
+metallurgical definition and
+
+call this beta.
+
+Beta meaning, beta is a solution
+of A and B, but it's
+
+very rich in B. It's almost pure
+B. So I'm going to call
+
+this a B-rich solid solution
+of A and B.
+
+And we know from last day, you
+can't go from p equals 1,
+
+let's get those labels up here,
+you can't go from p
+
+equals 1 to another p equals
+1 without going
+
+through a p equals 2.
+
+So this is single phase and this
+is single phase, and that
+
+means this one here must
+be two phrase.
+
+And what are the two phases?
+
+The two phases are the phases
+that are on either side.
+
+So this must be liquid
+plus beta in here.
+
+And that means--
+
+phase rule-- p equals 2,
+tie line, lever rule.
+
+So that's what's going
+on in there.
+
+And then the difference is,
+on this side, if this is t
+
+melting point of A we're going
+to start off with the same
+
+concept here.
+
+That we're going to get freezing
+point depression of
+
+A, as well.
+
+So we'll have the liquid.
+
+Over here we'll have
+an A-rich solution.
+
+So then I'm going to
+call that alpha.
+
+So alpha is an A-rich solid
+solution of A and B. And then
+
+that must mean that in
+between here, we
+
+have liquid plus alpha.
+
+And these keep going.
+
+And in addition, down at the
+low end, I'm going to start
+
+with a syncline.
+
+I'm going to start with a
+syncline, coming up like so,
+
+and coming up like so.
+
+See what I'm doing?
+
+I'm taking the lens.
+
+I'm going to meet
+the syncline.
+
+So what's here?
+
+This is alpha, this is beta.
+
+What's inside the syncline?
+
+This is miscibility gap, so
+this is alpha plus beta.
+
+So let's keep the phase
+labeling here.
+
+This is p equals 2.
+
+And look at how things have
+worked out so nicely.
+
+p equals 1, p equals 2, p equals
+1, p equals 2, p equals
+
+1, p equals 2.
+
+So nice.
+
+And what happens when
+all this intersects?
+
+It intersects like so.
+
+Try to do this, stretch
+it a little bit.
+
+So these two lines connect.
+
+They cross at this point.
+
+They touch at this point,
+the don't cross.
+
+They just touch.
+
+And then this arc comes up like
+so, this comes down like
+
+so, and now we have a line
+across here, and this comes
+
+down like so.
+
+OK?
+
+So the syncline stops at this
+value, which is the minimum
+
+temperature dictated by
+the two liquidus.
+
+We have a liquidus here and a
+liquidus here, and this gets
+
+you down to the lowest
+temperature.
+
+And let's look at the phase mix
+going in this direction.
+
+p equals 1, p equals 2, p
+equals 1, p equals 2.
+
+What's happening at
+this point here?
+
+This point, we have three
+phases in equilibrium.
+
+We have liquid, alpha,
+and beta.
+
+And this is the special
+point here.
+
+This is called the eutectic.
+
+This is the eutectic, which is
+the temperature at which we
+
+get liquid, all liquid,
+at the lowest value.
+
+So I'm going to call this here,
+I'm going to call this
+
+point e, and e is
+the eutectic.
+
+Lowest melting point
+on the diagram.
+
+Comes from the Greek, meaning
+easy melting.
+
+And at the eutectic, eutectic
+is special.
+
+Here we have p equals 3.
+
+It's a triple point.
+
+The eutectic is a
+triple point.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's take a look
+at some of the
+
+examples of such diagrams.
+
+All right?
+
+This is a good one now that
+winter is upon us.
+
+This is the antifreeze
+diagram.
+
+So on the left, I have pure
+water, and on the right, I
+
+have pure ethylene glycol.
+
+And as you can see, if you add
+glycol to water, you get
+
+freezing point depression.
+
+If you add water to glycol,
+you get freezing point
+
+depression with a eutectic here
+at roughly two-thirds.
+
+This is in volume percent,
+because that's practical unit.
+
+When you mix glycol with water,
+you do so by volume,
+
+not by mass, or certainly
+not by moles.
+
+So if you mix two glycol with
+one part water, you'll end up
+
+with a eutectic of minus 69
+degrees C, or minus 92
+
+Fahrenheit.
+
+So that ought to take care
+of your driving needs.
+
+All right?
+
+Now practically speaking, we
+put an equal volume mix.
+
+So it's about a 50-50
+glycol-water mix.
+
+And that gives you liquidus
+depression down to about not
+
+quite minus 40.
+
+It's about minus 35 Fahrenheit,
+which ought to
+
+take care of most peoples'
+driving needs.
+
+Remember, what we're trying to
+do is to prevent the liquid in
+
+the engine block
+from freezing.
+
+because if it does freeze, you
+know that ice has a larger
+
+volume than water, and that
+energy is so great that you'll
+
+crack the engine block.
+
+So you have to prevent it from
+freezing, the water from
+
+freezing, and so you
+add the glycol.
+
+If, by chance, the temperature
+dropped to minus 50, you'd
+
+still be OK, because you'd
+be in the slush
+
+zone, two-phase regime.
+
+You'd have some water
+ice forming, but
+
+you'd still have slush.
+
+And by the way, why does this
+not look like this?
+
+It turns out that the amount of
+solid solution behavior of
+
+a glycol in water is
+vanishingly small.
+
+So this point is slammed
+up over here.
+
+So that's why you don't see the
+right side of the lens.
+
+And likewise, on the other
+side, the amount of water
+
+that's soluble in glycol
+is vanishingly small.
+
+So according to this scale, you
+don't see the beta or the
+
+alpha phases here.
+
+It looks like it's pure, but
+it can't be, because of the
+
+phase rule here.
+
+Now, you might say, well, why
+don't we run pure glycol?
+
+Because somebody might say,
+I'll just run pure glycol.
+
+Well, here's the problem with
+running pure glycol.
+
+First of all, if you get beyond
+two-thirds, the melting
+
+point rises.
+
+But then you could say, well,
+but pure glycol, the solid
+
+glycol, has a smaller volume
+than liquid glycol, so it
+
+wouldn't freeze and crack
+the engine block.
+
+But there's another problem
+here, and that is that the
+
+viscosity of water is 1 in these
+units, centipoise, and
+
+glycol is 21.
+
+So you'd probably burn out your
+water pump by running
+
+pure glycol, because it's so
+viscous, the water pump is
+
+going to be fatigued
+by running.
+
+And here's the point.
+
+This is the 50-50, minus
+37 degrees Celsius.
+
+OK.
+
+And so what I've done, is I've
+superimposed the solid-liquid
+
+diagrams with the liquid
+vapor diagram.
+
+And this is one of the times
+when nature is kind.
+
+So when you add glycol to water,
+water is on the left
+
+here, as you add glycol to
+water, you get freezing point
+
+depression, and you get boiling
+point elevation.
+
+So adding glycol to water opens
+up the liquid range.
+
+You want to stave off boiling,
+because boiling will cause
+
+lousy cooling, and the engine
+will overheat, and you want to
+
+stave off freezing, which will
+cause the ice to form and
+
+crack the engine block,
+and you get both.
+
+Then you put the pressure cap,
+and then jump this up to about
+
+265 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+So this is a very good example
+of management of the
+
+properties of the coolant
+through chemical change.
+
+And the binary phase diagram
+eutectic type is a critical
+
+piece here.
+
+Again, apropos of the weather,
+if you get ice on the
+
+sidewalks, if this rain freezes,
+it's terrible here.
+
+Those of you who are in the
+Northeast for the first time,
+
+this is bad.
+
+Not with what you see now, but
+when this freezes, it's a
+
+skating rink, and you
+can't see it.
+
+It's black ice.
+
+You're walking along, next
+thing you're on your--
+
+you're in the horizontal
+position, all right?
+
+So we can add sodium chloride
+to water, and when we do, we
+
+cause this, a eutectic type
+diagram, which can give you
+
+freezing point depression and
+prevent ice formation, and if
+
+you get enough sodium chloride
+in, you can get the
+
+temperature down to minus
+21 degrees Celsius.
+
+And I've color coded
+all of these.
+
+This is the liquidus, this is
+the solidus, and then this
+
+line here, I can't remember if
+we gave it a name last day,
+
+this is called solvus.
+
+This is the solvus.
+
+This is, we know, liquidus.
+
+This is liquidus, and this
+one here is solidus.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is all color coded.
+
+And notice that minus 21 Celsius
+is not too different
+
+from 0 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+Turns out, that's how the
+Fahrenheit scale was born.
+
+Daniel Fahrenheit was a
+glassblower in Leyden who also
+
+made exquisitely accurate
+mercury thermometers.
+
+And he used ammonium chloride,
+not sodium chloride.
+
+And the lowest temperature he
+could get for all liquid with
+
+ammonium chloride, he pegged
+as 0 on his scale.
+
+And it's roughly this.
+
+It's a little bit different,
+but you can see the
+
+similarity.
+
+Now, you need two points
+to define a scale.
+
+So he took this mercury in bulb
+thermometer, put it in
+
+the eutectic mixture of ammonium
+chloride and water,
+
+said, that's zero, calls in his
+wife, tucks the mercury in
+
+bulb thermometer under her
+armpit, and says, that's 96.
+
+And that's the birth of
+the Fahrenheit scale.
+
+And that's why we have water
+freezes at 32, and it boils at
+
+212, and all the
+other nonsense.
+
+You know, it's 98.6, but here
+it's a little bit colder.
+
+Now, why he chose 96 and 100
+instead of 100 or something,
+
+you know, you could read
+in the history.
+
+Maybe he wanted something
+that was a power of two.
+
+I don't know what the reason for
+it was, but that's why we
+
+have the Fahrenheit scale.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, maybe you're a little bit
+hypertensive, so you don't
+
+want to throw sodium chloride
+on your walk, so you can put
+
+potassium chloride.
+
+But you won't get much of a
+freezing point depression, And
+
+point of fact, we usually salt
+our roads with calcium
+
+chloride, which gives
+you two advantages.
+
+Number one, very, very
+low eutectic.
+
+Number two, it's a lot cheaper
+than anything else.
+
+So it's the cheapest one to use,
+and that's why we use it.
+
+Christmas is coming, and I told
+you that phase diagrams
+
+would save the day.
+
+We saw that the cubic zirconia
+was stable in pure zirconia
+
+only at temperatures above
+2000 centigrade, which is
+
+useless for a ring, or other
+such pieces of jewelry.
+
+But by the addition of calcium
+oxide, we stabilize the cubic
+
+form of zirconia all the way
+down to room temperature.
+
+And now we've got the high index
+of refraction, clear,
+
+colorless gemstone that
+passes for diamond.
+
+Poor man's diamond.
+
+Cubic zirconia.
+
+And you can see in
+this regime here.
+
+And notice that cubic
+zirconia--
+
+here's a eutectic.
+
+Why I'm showing you this is
+that the zirconia- calcia
+
+system ultimately becomes
+eutectic.
+
+And the eutectic is at about
+2300 degrees C. But over here
+
+is the solid solution.
+
+Notice, if it's a solid
+solution, that means
+
+it's p equals 1.
+
+Single phase.
+
+As it must be.
+
+If it were two phase,
+the gemstone
+
+would be frosty, right?
+
+You'd have all those internal
+surfaces, and they'd be
+
+reflecting.
+
+So this is clear
+and colorless.
+
+And what's it bounded
+by, this region?
+
+Cubic zirconia plus
+calcium zirconate.
+
+So p equals 1, single-phase
+field, p equals
+
+2, dual-phase field.
+
+And what's on the other side?
+
+Over here it's tetragonal solid
+solution, single phase.
+
+Here's tetragonal solid
+solution with cubic
+
+zirconia, two phase.
+
+Here's cubic zirconia,
+one phase.
+
+Here's cubic zirconia with
+calcium zirconate.
+
+Two phase.
+
+Same concept here. p equals
+1, p equals 2. p
+
+equals 1, p equals 2.
+
+OK.
+
+So now you know.
+
+When you go in jewelry
+store, ask the guy,
+
+is it single phase?
+
+He'll say, get out of here.
+
+Actually, you know
+how they test?
+
+The index of refraction is
+so high with zirconia.
+
+It's a little bit less
+than diamond.
+
+Diamond's up around three.
+
+Cubic zirconia is over two.
+
+One of the ways they test is,
+diamond has a very high band
+
+gap, about 5.5 electron volts.
+
+But it's got the remarkable
+property, even though it's an
+
+electronic insulator, it's a
+very good thermal conductor.
+
+Most materials that are poor
+conductors of electricity are
+
+poor conductors of heat.
+
+But diamond, for reasons I can't
+explain with just the
+
+utility of a 3091 education, has
+a good phonon transmission
+
+properties.
+
+And the way they tell cubic
+zirconia from diamond, is they
+
+actually put a couple of tips
+on either side of the stone,
+
+and they heat one tip, and
+measure the time lag for the
+
+thermal wave to get
+to the other tip.
+
+And if it's cubic zirconia, it
+takes a long time, because
+
+cubic zirconia is
+an insulator.
+
+If it's diamond, it's almost
+like metallic conduction.
+
+And that's how they
+can tell a fake
+
+diamond from a real diamond.
+
+Here's, you know, I've
+been drinking from
+
+these cans all semester.
+
+And this is the alloy system,
+aluminum magnesium.
+
+So we put about 1% magnesium
+into the aluminum.
+
+So here's pure aluminum
+over here.
+
+It goes down to eutectic.
+
+This is pure magnesium
+over here.
+
+They both melt at roughly
+the same temperature.
+
+And by putting about 1%
+magnesium in here, it changes
+
+the metallurgical properties
+favorably.
+
+Notice we don't want to put 4%
+or 5% magnesium in here.
+
+Otherwise, as we get down to
+room temperature, we'll enter
+
+a two-phase regime,
+and that means we
+
+won't be able to process.
+
+Because this can is made from
+a single sheet of aluminum.
+
+The body of the can.
+
+There's two pieces, the
+top and the body.
+
+There's no third bottom here.
+
+Start with a flat sheet of
+aluminum and it's punched
+
+deep, drawn down, up,
+down, and it gives
+
+you the whole shape.
+
+And you have to have, you
+know, this is FCC.
+
+You have to have the glide.
+
+Dislocations are gliding, the
+slip systems are operative,
+
+and the magnesium gives you just
+a little bit of strength.
+
+But if you get into the
+two-phase regime, the punch,
+
+instead of making deep
+drawing metal, will
+
+end up punching holes.
+
+So what's the difference
+between drawing
+
+and punching holes?
+
+It's all in the metallurgy.
+
+So you can see, this
+is where we are.
+
+OK.
+
+Ah!
+
+Microelectronic devices.
+
+How do we hold all those
+wires together?
+
+With solder.
+
+And this is the phase
+diagram for solder.
+
+It's made of lead and tin.
+
+And we use eutectic.
+
+The eutectic here is about 62
+weight percent tin at 183
+
+degrees Celsius.
+
+I took a class in high school
+called Industrial Arts.
+
+It was shop.
+
+We had it drilled into us, the
+eutectic point of soft solder
+
+is 374 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+I will know that
+on my deathbed.
+
+Plus the wavelength of copper
+K-alpha radiation.
+
+1.5418 angstroms.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So what's the magic here?
+
+The magic here is, the solder
+must be low-melting enough
+
+that when you're-- remember,
+you've got your
+
+microelectronic device.
+
+You've already got your chip,
+and you're putting wires.
+
+You want to put enough heat in
+to solder the wires, but you
+
+don't want to have to raise the
+temperature so much that
+
+you can damage the rest
+of the device.
+
+So you say, well, why don't
+you get something
+
+that's lower melting?
+
+Well, if it's lower melting,
+you know from running your
+
+laptops and charging your cell
+phones, they get warm.
+
+So it's a Goldilocks problem.
+
+If the melting point of the
+solder is too low, you might
+
+encounter that temperature
+in service, and
+
+pop all of the joints.
+
+If the melting point of the
+solder is too high, then you
+
+have to use so much energy to
+make the joints that you
+
+damage some of the
+microelectronic componentry.
+
+So this has to be in the right
+temperature range.
+
+The problem with this excellent,
+excellent solder is
+
+that it contains lead.
+
+No one's going to get lead
+poisoning from using a device.
+
+But the disposal of the device
+ends up introducing the lead
+
+into the landfill, and then
+if it soaks in an aqueous
+
+solution, you could get
+leeching, et cetera.
+
+So there's a lot of research
+right now on trying to find
+
+other solders that operate.
+
+And there are other solders,
+but they're very expensive.
+
+So that, how do you find
+something that's functional
+
+the way this is, nontoxic,
+and cheap?
+
+They can give you any two of
+those, but to get all three of
+
+them to line up?
+
+Requires research.
+
+You see the alpha phase, beta
+phase, everything there.
+
+All right.
+
+And here's the lead
+tin system.
+
+And let's just take this one
+that happens to be 40%, and
+
+let's see what happens.
+
+We'll go through in time.
+
+So we start here, all
+liquid regime.
+
+And so this bubble shows
+what you might see on
+
+a microscope slide.
+
+So it's all white here, meaning
+that it's homogeneous
+
+single phase.
+
+And then you drop into the
+two-phase regime, just below
+
+the liquidus, and you start
+seeing these blobs.
+
+Those little blobs are
+the primary alpha.
+
+That's the solid solution,
+right?
+
+Because we're in the two-phase
+regime, so we've
+
+got a tie line here.
+
+We get down to a lower
+temperature, there's more of
+
+this stuff.
+
+There's more of this stuff
+forming , because
+
+it's forming in time.
+
+It takes you time to
+traverse this.
+
+This isn't parking
+and waiting.
+
+This is just cooling
+something.
+
+Imagine you're soldering, so you
+took the temperature up to
+
+here, now you're going
+to let it cool.
+
+Once you cross the eutectic
+temperature, now
+
+it's alpha plus beta.
+
+So now you get this lamellar
+structure.
+
+Stripes of alpha,
+stripes of beta.
+
+But the previous blobs that
+formed the primary alpha, they
+
+don't disappear.
+
+The only way they
+can disappear is
+
+by solid state diffusion.
+
+That's going to take
+a long time.
+
+So I can look at the
+microstructure
+
+here, and I can predict--
+
+not predict--
+
+I can go back and calculate
+what the cooling
+
+rate must have been.
+
+If I cool very slowly,
+I will have nearly
+
+the equilibrium structure.
+
+And so that's why, when I told
+you about, say, analyzing the
+
+records from the World Trade
+Center, I can look at the
+
+metal, and look at the phase
+distribution, and tell you
+
+what the thermal history was.
+
+And so for example, there was
+some cock-eyed theory saying
+
+that the steel was burning.
+
+Somebody said that the steel
+melted, and so on.
+
+You can look and you say,
+that did not happen.
+
+Temperatures went fairly high,
+crossed into some different
+
+solid phases, went from BCC
+to FCC and then back.
+
+But didn't melt.
+
+Because if it melted,
+we would have seen
+
+this kind of structure.
+
+So this is--
+
+every time a plane crashes,
+this is the metallurgical
+
+investigation that
+is taking place.
+
+The history is written in
+the microstructure.
+
+So this is a micrograph
+that's actually
+
+taken from some solder.
+
+This is 50 weight percent.
+
+The slide was 40, but this
+happened to be 50.
+
+It's the one I could
+find easily.
+
+So 50 tin, 50 lead, and these
+dark zones are the primary
+
+lead-rich alpha.
+
+And it's all metal.
+
+So how do I get the dark
+and the light?
+
+First we polish, because it's
+an optical microscope, which
+
+has a really crummy
+depth of field.
+
+So you've got to make it flat,
+and you polish it, and now
+
+you've got a mirror, and
+you look, and all
+
+you see is your eyeball.
+
+So what you do then, is you
+etch it with some acid.
+
+And the lead will etch at a
+different rate from the tin.
+
+And the contrast, then,
+is what you see here.
+
+So this is all the blobs
+of primary alpha.
+
+Then you go below the eutectic,
+and, you know, this
+
+cute little schematic
+of stripes--
+
+this is the textbook version
+of it, but this is the real
+
+version of it.
+
+And you see, it's a distorted
+lamellar structure.
+
+Alternating stripes.
+
+Because you're trying to
+make alpha and beta.
+
+And so you're making alpha and
+beta, and the system's trying
+
+to make both of it.
+
+So it makes it in striped
+form called lamellar
+
+microstructure.
+
+So I can look at that
+and I can say, wow.
+
+That must have been cooled at
+a fairly rapid rate, because
+
+you've got a large amounts
+of primary alpha.
+
+If it were cooled at a very slow
+rate, the thing should be
+
+all lamellar structure, right?
+
+If you're down here, there
+should be no alpha.
+
+This is not the equilibrium
+phase.
+
+So this alpha is
+trapped there.
+
+It's a victim of its history.
+
+So there it is.
+
+That's cute.
+
+That's a nice, it's a
+beautiful graphic.
+
+See?
+
+There it is.
+
+All right.
+
+So I'm going to show you some
+phase diagrams from hell.
+
+This is, you're going
+to be on airplanes.
+
+The airplane alloy is
+aluminum copper.
+
+It's about 4% copper
+and aluminum.
+
+Now remember, I just told you
+about 1% magnesium and
+
+aluminum to give you
+single phase.
+
+In the case of the airplane,
+we want to
+
+make the wings strong.
+
+So what we do, is we come down
+into here, which is a
+
+two-phase regime.
+
+And if we're clever about it,
+we can control the particle
+
+size of that second phase.
+
+And by controlling the particle
+size, we can cause
+
+grain boundaries, which can
+arrest the dislocations and
+
+make sure the wings
+don't fall off.
+
+This is aluminum manganese.
+
+This is the one that Danny
+Schechtman worked with to get
+
+the quasicrystals.
+
+Look at all the phases.
+
+He's running out of Greek
+letters by the time you get
+
+across this diagram.
+
+Look at it.
+
+But one thing holds.
+
+The two-phase regimes are
+always bounded by
+
+single-phase regimes.
+
+Look.
+
+Here's liquid, here's a two
+phases, there's a single
+
+phase, two phase, single
+phase, two phase.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+All makes sense.
+
+Now, what happens if you try
+to take a metal and mix it
+
+with a nonmetal?
+
+They don't want to mix.
+
+Look at the big miscibility
+gap here.
+
+Molten iron doesn't want to
+mix with molten sulfur.
+
+This is a liquid-liquid
+miscibility gap.
+
+Over here, you can add some
+sulfur to iron, you get a
+
+eutectic, get a line compound.
+
+And then over here, no dice.
+
+Does not want to mix.
+
+And look at all the
+solid phases.
+
+Why do we have all these
+solid phases?
+
+Different crystal structures.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what we're going to do,
+is I'm going to talk about
+
+application of phase diagrams
+to the making of champagne.
+
+Because champagne relies
+on phase diagrams.
+
+And then I'm going to make
+some general comments.
+
+But I'm going to actually
+show you some champagne.
+
+So before I get into my
+commentary, I'm going to get
+
+some champagne chilling.
+
+So first I have to show you
+how to chill champagne.
+
+First I will show you how
+not to chill champagne.
+
+This is how not to
+chill champagne.
+
+And it's not because, OK,
+we can put it in there.
+
+Why?
+
+Because, as I showed you last
+day, with respect to the
+
+cooling of the engine coolant by
+the radiator, if you have--
+
+if this a bottle here,
+here's the contents,
+
+the precious contents.
+
+And I have this with
+blocks of ice.
+
+The contact between the ice and
+the bottle is sporadic,
+
+and I've got air in between, so
+the quality of the cooling
+
+is very poor.
+
+So instead, what I do is I rely
+on the phase diagram.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+What do I know about
+the phase diagram?
+
+if I pour water in here, I will
+thermostat the entire
+
+system, liquid plus solid,
+at 0 degrees.
+
+Because the ice is probably,
+I don't know,
+
+minus 3, minus 4 Celsius?
+
+But the air is 20, and
+it gets in there, and
+
+it's very few atoms.
+
+It's crummy heat transfer.
+
+Instead, if I flood this with
+water, the whole thing is
+
+thermostatted at 0 degrees C.
+
+So now I've got a good delta t,
+because I started here at
+
+about 22 degrees C. I've
+got a delta t, and it's
+
+a fixed law, right?
+
+It's going to be what?
+
+It's going to be the flux.
+
+The heat flux is going
+to be minus thermal
+
+conductivity, dt by dx.
+
+It's Fickian type motion
+of the thing.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+This is how you properly
+chill--
+
+I'm told it also works for
+sodas and fruit juices.
+
+This technique, I mean.
+
+But I do know that it works
+with champagne.
+
+Now that's working
+beautifully.
+
+I can just feel the heat
+being extracted.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's talk
+about champagne.
+
+All right.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+champagne and a great
+
+inventor, and the inventor
+is the Widow Clicquot.
+
+This is the Veuve Clicquot
+champagne.
+
+And veuve is the French
+for widow.
+
+So Veuve Clicquot,
+her real name was
+
+Nicole-Barbe Ponsardin.
+
+And in 1798, she married
+Francois Clicquot.
+
+This is a big French
+winemaking family.
+
+And he died and left her a
+widow at the age of 27.
+
+She was very unusual for a
+French woman in the 18th
+
+century, because they were
+not involved in society.
+
+They were certainly not
+involved in business.
+
+This woman was different.
+
+She decided to get under the
+hood, and she took control of
+
+the winery.
+
+And I've written here, bold,
+imaginative management.
+
+There's a fantastic
+book about her.
+
+It's actually a very good book
+portraying late 18th century,
+
+early 19th century France.
+
+And these are among her
+accomplishments.
+
+Marketed champagne to all the
+great courts of Europe.
+
+Champagne was a regional
+beverage, drunk only in the
+
+Champagne region.
+
+And she created the myth,
+
+propagated the myth of champagne.
+
+You use it for festive
+occasions, bought land in the
+
+best vineyards, quality
+control.
+
+It's about the chemistry.
+
+Fought fiercely against
+counterfeiting.
+
+As she started getting champagne
+more recognition,
+
+people started making sparkling
+wine and labeling it
+
+as champagne.
+
+She used the court system
+to take them down.
+
+Established strict quality
+control procedures.
+
+That's all about defending
+the brand, and
+
+what's the quality control?
+
+It's the chemistry.
+
+Produced the first
+rose champagne.
+
+The Pinot Noir grape
+has a black skin.
+
+Depress, and then take the
+juice, and away you go.
+
+What she did, is she let the
+skin sit with the juice for
+
+long enough to give a
+just a rose tinge.
+
+And then oversaw the invention
+of new technology.
+
+Remouillage.
+
+And that's where the phase
+diagrams come into play.
+
+Phase diagrams give us champagne
+we enjoy today.
+
+So what's the problem?
+
+Champagne is cloudy.
+
+Why is it cloudy?
+
+Well, here's the chemistry.
+
+Here's how you make, this is
+how you make all wine.
+
+It's one-stop shopping.
+
+You take the grape.
+
+The grape has sugar in
+the grape juice.
+
+And yeast that attacks the
+sugar is in the skin.
+
+So the yeast attacks the sugar
+to make alcohol and CO2.
+
+So ethyl alcohol and CO2,
+plus some insolubles.
+
+There are some insoluble
+products of that reaction.
+
+And there's two types
+of insolubles.
+
+Those that will settle, they're
+called sedimentary,
+
+and those that won't settle.
+
+They're called suspended.
+
+And how do you get rid of
+the sedimentary stuff?
+
+By mechanical separation.
+
+You let the juice sit, this
+reaction is taking place, and
+
+the sedimentary stuff is turning
+into gunk, and it sits
+
+at the bottom.
+
+And then periodically
+you siphon.
+
+You siphon the juice off, and
+you leave all the crud at the
+
+bottom of the barrel, and then
+you go for a few more months,
+
+and then you siphon again.
+
+Well, that works for the
+sedimentary stuff, but it
+
+won't work for champagne,
+because as you're siphoning,
+
+you're letting out
+all the gas.
+
+You see, you're trapping
+this gas.
+
+The champagne has CO2 that's
+naturally occurring.
+
+It's not carbonated.
+
+It's carbonated naturally.
+
+Not carbonated, man-made
+carbonation.
+
+It's natural carbonation.
+
+So how do you separate the juice
+from the crud without
+
+losing the gas?
+
+That's the problem.
+
+And by the way, the other stuff
+that's suspended, they
+
+use tricks.
+
+You know, here's the
+free body diagram.
+
+Remember, I showed you
+this for milk.
+
+So what they do, is they add
+things like eggshell, and the
+
+eggshell acts as a coagulant,
+so the tiny particles that
+
+will float agglomerate to become
+big enough that then
+
+they'll settle.
+
+Tiny particles of a given
+density will float, large
+
+particles of the same
+density will sink.
+
+So you need to coagulate,
+and do that without
+
+spoiling the taste.
+
+Fantastic chemistry.
+
+So she comes along
+with the answer.
+
+By the way, the early
+champagne glasses
+
+were all cut crystal.
+
+Why were they cut crystal?
+
+Because the champagne
+was cloudy.
+
+It tasted fantastic, but who
+wanted-- it looked like swill!
+
+So how to make it clear?
+
+So what they did, is they made
+champagne bottles with the
+
+deep ruts, and they still
+do to this day.
+
+They have a deep rut here,
+because the idea was, if you
+
+opened it carefully, you
+wouldn't disturb
+
+so much of the crud.
+
+But it gets churned
+up by the gas.
+
+So what she reasoned was, let's
+turn him upside down,
+
+and let's have the crud settle
+on the underside of the cork.
+
+And furthermore, 45 degrees
+is the optimal angle.
+
+You know this from your
+Newtonian mechanics.
+
+And then you turn them, so
+you spiral the bottle.
+
+Turn them, and have all the crud
+collect on the underside
+
+of the cork.
+
+I know what you're thinking.
+
+How are you going to
+get the cork out?
+
+Now you take the cork out,
+you're going to lose
+
+not just the gas.
+
+You're going to lose
+the liquid, too.
+
+Ah, that's where the phase
+diagrams come in.
+
+So here's a phase diagram
+of ethanol water.
+
+And it's eutectic.
+
+Look at, way down here.
+
+In fact, ethanol makes a
+really good antifreeze.
+
+Look!
+
+A little bit of-- go
+way down here.
+
+Now, most wines are somewhere
+between 10% and 15% alcohol,
+
+that gives you very modest
+freezing point depression.
+
+Maybe about minus 5 Celsius.
+
+Which is why if you forget, you
+put a wine bottle in the
+
+freezer and you forget about
+it, and you've got your
+
+freezer really cranked to,
+say, minus 5 Fahrenheit,
+
+you'll freeze the wine, and
+it'll expand, because it's 90%
+
+water, and push the cork
+out, make a mess.
+
+But remember, you only get
+down to about minus 5.
+
+Remember, I showed
+you this one?
+
+It gets down to minus 21.
+
+So what she reasoned was,
+what if you took the
+
+bottle upside down?
+
+You've got all the crud on the
+underside of the cork.
+
+What if you took the bottle and
+put it into not water, but
+
+what if I put sodium
+chloride in here?
+
+I still have my ice cubes,
+only the temperature
+
+is now minus 21.
+
+And that's below the freezing
+point of the alcohol, and now
+
+I've frozen an ice
+plug in the neck.
+
+So now there's an ice plug
+between the crud and the cork.
+
+So now I can turn the bottle
+like this, just melt ever so
+
+slightly, and the pressure in
+the bottle will blow the ice
+
+plug, take with it the crud out,
+and then I quickly put
+
+the cork on top.
+
+And that's how every bottle
+of champagne is made.
+
+And it all comes from these
+phase diagrams.
+
+See?
+
+So you put it in brine.
+
+Minus 21.
+
+But this thing is
+frozen already.
+
+That red is frozen.
+
+And now I've turned it right
+side up, out it goes, takes
+
+the crud with it, put
+the cork back on.
+
+So it's a combination
+of this phase
+
+diagram, this phase diagram.
+
+Both eutectic phase diagrams
+would give us clear champagne.
+
+Positively brilliant.
+
+So there it is.
+
+The invention and--
+
+oh, by the way.
+
+They call this--
+
+the English word remouillage
+is riddling.
+
+So they have people that
+actually go, and they, these
+
+wooden racks with the slots in
+them at 45 degree angles, and
+
+all these bottles are pointed
+downward, 45 degree angle.
+
+Guys come in every day, quarter
+turn, quarter turn,
+
+quarter turn.
+
+French are very traditional.
+
+Few champagne wineries have
+motorized, so they have this
+
+thing called giropalette.
+
+Gyrating pallet.
+
+The California champagne
+wineries call it VLM.
+
+Very Large Machine.
+
+I kid you not.
+
+I didn't make that up.
+
+In California, the giropalette
+is called VLM, which is Very
+
+Large Machine, dude.
+
+I guess.
+
+That's what they say.
+
+California.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's have a few words now
+about the final exam.
+
+So you know, it's going
+to be Tuesday, 9:00 to
+
+noon, Johnson Athletic.
+
+Three hours.
+
+You have three full hours, not
+three times 50 minutes.
+
+Three full hours.
+
+But I'm not going to give you
+three times the work.
+
+It's sort of a hybrid between
+intensive coverage since T3,
+
+so sort of like a T4 and
+a redemptory part.
+
+It'll go back, extensive
+coverage of everything.
+
+One aid sheet.
+
+One aid sheet.
+
+I'm saying it three times.
+
+One aid sheet.
+
+Do not come in there with
+a bunch of aid sheets.
+
+Well, I didn't know!
+
+I thought we could have--
+
+no!
+
+One aid sheet.
+
+That's all you need.
+
+And the TAs are smart.
+
+You know, every year somebody
+tries to bring the origami and
+
+all that stuff.
+
+And they get caught, and
+then-- you know.
+
+Bring your periodic table,
+table of contents,
+
+calculator, a pen.
+
+No headphones, no audio.
+
+Please.
+
+Because people are writing,
+they're trying to concentrate.
+
+I don't want to get into a
+dispute over whether your
+
+music is too loud for
+your neighbor.
+
+So let's just, out of
+courtesy, no audio.
+
+You can go three hours
+without your music.
+
+All right?
+
+What else.
+
+This is going to be comparable
+difficulty
+
+to the monthly tests.
+
+Of course, read the
+entire exam.
+
+You've got plenty of time.
+
+Most people are leaving
+11:15, 11:30.
+
+It's not a race against
+the clock.
+
+And make sure you show your
+work, justify your
+
+conclusions, solve
+algebraically.
+
+Stay confident.
+
+Do your own work, academic
+honesty, all that applies.
+
+Now, your overall grade is
+going to be based on many
+
+factors, including the trend.
+
+So we're going to look
+at how you performed
+
+throughout the semester.
+
+You started off really strong,
+and you crash and burn on the
+
+final, or you've done the math
+and you say, I only need a 37
+
+on the final, and you go in
+there, shooting for a 37, and
+
+you miss and you get a 35, and
+your total average is 49.5?
+
+You go down.
+
+Because you've got a 49.5 and
+you wrote a 35 on the final.
+
+I'm just telling you.
+
+Claim, you can have your
+exam papers back.
+
+But don't come and see
+us before Christmas.
+
+You can have them back
+starting IAP.
+
+So starting January 4, you
+can have your exams
+
+back, if you want them.
+
+And there's no time limit for
+appeal, so you don't have to
+
+be bursting into your TA's
+office on January 4 if you see
+
+that we've misgraded
+something.
+
+You can come and see us.
+
+There will be some security
+measures in place.
+
+It has not escaped my notice
+that some people have
+
+attempted to erase answers that
+were written in pencil,
+
+and then bring in this
+newly brilliantly
+
+solved problem for regrading.
+
+And that's, of course,
+qualifies as academic
+
+dishonesty, and I'll take you to
+the committee on discipline
+
+if you try it.
+
+But just to inspire honesty
+on a random basis, we'll
+
+photocopy about 5%
+of the exams.
+
+So if you want to try this, the
+question you've got to ask
+
+yourself is do you feel lucky?
+
+Do you?
+
+All right.
+
+So now it's time for some
+personal observations.
+
+So I wrote them down.
+
+OK.
+
+So first thing is, you've
+come a long way.
+
+Syllabus is full.
+
+You think about where we were
+on day 1, you know, this is
+
+equations, stoichiometry,
+all that baby stuff.
+
+And you know, look.
+
+So be proud of what
+you've learned.
+
+Number two.
+
+I wish you much success
+on the final.
+
+Remember, no grade that I assign
+to you, or any of my
+
+colleagues assigns to you has
+any relevance to your value as
+
+a human being.
+
+It's just a grade
+in a subject.
+
+That's all it is.
+
+What's the worst thing
+that can happen?
+
+Suppose you get all Fs, and
+you're required to withdraw
+
+from the Institute.
+
+So what?
+
+So what?
+
+You know?
+
+You're all smart people.
+
+I know you're smart.
+
+I used to chair the Admissions
+Committee.
+
+I know how smart you are.
+
+If you're getting all F's, this
+is not the right place,
+
+it's not the right time
+for you to be here.
+
+Look, I have no degrees
+from this place.
+
+I feel great.
+
+I've been teaching here at MIT
+for 32 years, and I've never
+
+enjoyed teaching as much as
+I have this semester.
+
+This has been really a blast
+to teach, really.
+
+I can't believe I said that
+with a straight face.
+
+So of course it's not true.
+
+I want to think my staff.
+
+My TAs, sitting here.
+
+The tutors who helped out.
+
+Professor Demkowicz, who subbed
+for me that time, when
+
+I had the visit of
+President Obama.
+
+Administrators, the
+audiovisual techs.
+
+Dave Broderick, who's done a
+great job of making sure that
+
+we have sound and light.
+
+And the academic media
+production services people,
+
+who have recorded the lectures
+so that on the rare occasion
+
+that you didn't make it
+the class, you're
+
+able to catch up.
+
+And the last thing is that,
+I've got here, there's one
+
+more chemistry lesson.
+
+You know, we've learned about
+the four different types of
+
+primary bonding.
+
+Covalent, ionic, metallic,
+and in some
+
+instances, van der Waals.
+
+But there's a fifth
+type of bond.
+
+The fifth type of bond that I
+haven't talked about yet.
+
+And it's the type of bond that's
+been forming in this
+
+room over the last 14 weeks.
+
+Yeah, I know.
+
+It's kind of sappy.
+
+I didn't come up with this.
+
+It came from a student.
+
+So the fifth type of bond is--
+
+it's not this one.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYBACK]
+
+No, it's not this one.
+
+It's a bond that's formed
+between people, and this bond
+
+has a very special property.
+
+It can never be broken.
+
+I know!
+
+It came from a student.
+
+It's very sappy.
+
+I'll tell you the story.
+
+I'll tell you the story
+how it happened.
+
+I used to teach 321,
+which is a core
+
+graduate class in kinetics.
+
+And I'd been teaching
+it for, I don't
+
+know, five, seven years.
+
+And I was at a conference, and
+there's these two people
+
+standing there talking.
+
+And I know both them.
+
+One was from industry, and
+one of them was an alum.
+
+So I go up, and the fellow in
+industry, says, hi, how are
+
+you doing, do you
+know so and so?
+
+And I said, yeah.
+
+He was at MIT.
+
+I was his kinetics professor
+
+And the student, the alum,
+he says, excuse
+
+me, Professor Sadoway.
+
+It's true that I was at MIT, but
+please do not say that you
+
+were my kinetics professor.
+
+You will always be my
+kinetics professor.
+
+I went, oh, man.
+
+This is really something.
+
+So now the tables are turned.
+
+And, and, you know, I know
+you're going to go go on and
+
+do something remarkable in your
+life, and I hope it's
+
+remarkably wonderful and
+not remarkably stupid.
+
+But you know, at some point,
+somebody may say to you, where
+
+did you learn your chemistry?
+
+And you'll have to say,
+Sadoway at MIT.
+
+So whether you like it or not,
+I will always be your
+
+chemistry professor.
+
+So now, let's see.
+
+I think it's time to open
+up the champagne.
+
+So first thing, we
+have to teach
+
+you how to open champagne.
+
+So there's the foil here.
+
+So we'll take the foil off.
+
+Take the foil off,
+very carefully.
+
+And then there's the wire basket
+that keeps the cork on.
+
+How many turns on
+the wire basket?
+
+Everyone in 3091 knows.
+
+Six turns.
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six.
+
+Six turns.
+
+And so now, I don't want to
+point that at anybody, because
+
+the only thing between me
+and six atmospheres of
+
+pressure is that cork.
+
+And Dave, if we can cut to
+the document camera.
+
+The cover, the metal cover on
+this, has the image of the
+
+Widow Clicquot.
+
+This is Veuve Clicquot, and
+this is the image of the
+
+Veuve, and she's on
+every bottle.
+
+She was the one that gave us
+clarified champagne, so you
+
+thank her very much.
+
+All right.
+
+So now what we're going
+to do, is we're going
+
+to open this thing.
+
+To open it, we point
+it 45 degrees and
+
+turn it ever so slightly.
+
+Never point it at people.
+
+No, really, point it away.
+
+You'll put an eye out
+with this thing.
+
+You turn it very slightly.
+
+Actually, my hands are wet now,
+so I'm going to use a
+
+towel here.
+
+Oh yeah.
+
+Go like this.
+
+You like the suspense, huh?
+
+See that?
+
+No pfff!
+
+That's for football
+locker rooms.
+
+It's very declasse.
+
+OK.
+
+Now we have to have a glass.
+
+So since we have clarified
+champagne, we're not going to
+
+use cut crystal.
+
+We're going to use Baccarat,
+French crystal that's not cut.
+
+Because we've got nothing
+to hide, right?
+
+So now we're going
+to pour this.
+
+And the rut now has
+some value.
+
+The rut has value, because
+now what you can do is to
+
+pour it like so.
+
+I've been waiting fourteen
+weeks for this.
+
+All right.
+
+So the surface tension, you
+see the carbon dioxide
+
+outgassing, because it's
+supersaturated.
+
+Six atmospheres, not
+one atmosphere.
+
+The bubbles are nucleating on
+the defects in the glass.
+
+It's all about chemistry.
+
+So there we go.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'm going to propose a toast
+to the class, to the
+
+3091 class of Fall 2009, to wish
+you much success in your
+
+academic pursues, and
+much happiness in
+
+your personal lives.
+
+And with that, I'm
+going to find out
+
+what's going on inside.
+
+Look at those bubbles!
+
+You know, the legend is, the
+blind monk, Dom Perignon, when
+
+he first drank champagne, said,
+I feel as though I'm
+
+drinking stars.
+
+He's right.
+
+Drinking stars.
+
+OK.
+
+This is to you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zc6PfijY8_s.txt b/zc6PfijY8_s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a60bb3cfece7487a45505354d5f4e8b13c3692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zc6PfijY8_s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this point in this class you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point in this class you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point in this class you must
+have realized that a lot revolves around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realized that a lot revolves around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realized that a lot revolves around
+the concept of conditioning conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of conditioning conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of conditioning conditional
+expectations play a central role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations play a central role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations play a central role for
+this reason it is useful to revisit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason it is useful to revisit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason it is useful to revisit this
+concept and view it in a more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and view it in a more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and view it in a more abstract
+manner the basic idea is that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner the basic idea is that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner the basic idea is that the value
+of a conditional expectation is affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conditional expectation is affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a conditional expectation is affected
+by a random quantity by the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a random quantity by the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a random quantity by the value of the
+random variable Y on which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y on which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y on which we are
+conditioning it is a function of Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it is a function of Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning it is a function of Y and
+therefore a random variable based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a random variable based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a random variable based on
+this observation we will redefine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation we will redefine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation we will redefine the
+conditional expectation as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation as a random
+variable and then try to understand its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then try to understand its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then try to understand its
+properties in particular we will develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in particular we will develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in particular we will develop
+a formula for the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula for the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula for the expected value of the
+conditional expectation this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation this will be
+what is known as the law of iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as the law of iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is known as the law of iterated
+expectations after doing all this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations after doing all this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations after doing all this we
+will follow a similar program for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow a similar program for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow a similar program for the
+conditional variance once more we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance once more we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional variance once more we will
+see that it can be viewed as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it can be viewed as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it can be viewed as a random
+variable and then we will relate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then we will relate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then we will relate its
+expected value with the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value with the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value with the unconditional
+variance this will be the so-called law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance this will be the so-called law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance this will be the so-called law
+of total variance as an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total variance as an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total variance as an illustration of
+the tools we are introducing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we are introducing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we are introducing in this
+lecture we will consider various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will consider various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will consider various
+examples that will hopefully clarify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that will hopefully clarify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that will hopefully clarify the
+concepts involved our final and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts involved our final and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts involved our final and most
+important example will involve the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example will involve the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example will involve the sum
+of a random number of independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random number of independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random number of independent random
+variables the setting here is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the setting here is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the setting here is more
+challenging than the case where we add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than the case where we add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than the case where we add a
+fixed number of random variables but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of random variables but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of random variables but by
+using conditioning we will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using conditioning we will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using conditioning we will be able to
+derive formulas for the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive formulas for the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive formulas for the mean and the
+variance
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zg1bHfos6U8.txt b/zg1bHfos6U8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..979b0b91bfdc1d19ae7729f09e61f40cc5177bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zg1bHfos6U8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this hour we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this hour we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this hour we're going to
+talk about simd programming with cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about simd programming with cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about simd programming with cell
+uh first I'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first I'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first I'll talk a little bit about
+what simd is and and then uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what simd is and and then uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what simd is and and then uh and then
+about the facilities that cell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the facilities that cell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the facilities that cell and the
+compiler provide for programming with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler provide for programming with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler provide for programming with
+simd and then some design considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd and then some design considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd and then some design considerations
+that you have to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep in mind when
+you're doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the situation these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the situation these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the situation these days is
+that most compute bound applications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most compute bound applications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most compute bound applications are
+running through a large piece of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through a large piece of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through a large piece of data
+and running the same computations on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running the same computations on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running the same computations on it
+over and over again or rather running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again or rather running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again or rather running
+the same computations across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same computations across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same computations across all the
+pieces of different data and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of different data and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of different data and very
+frequently there will be no depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently there will be no depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently there will be no depend
+tendance between iterations when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendance between iterations when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendance between iterations when you're
+going through this data so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this data so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this data so that means
+there's opportunities for you to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's opportunities for you to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's opportunities for you to data
+parallelize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an example
+if we have for example uh say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have for example uh say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have for example uh say we're
+multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying
+a0 and B 0 to get C 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and B 0 to get C 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and B 0 to get C 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh suppose we want to actually perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we want to actually perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we want to actually perform
+this operation across all the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation across all the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation across all the elements
+of arrays a b and c so instead of mulp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays a b and c so instead of mulp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays a b and c so instead of mulp
+linging two elements or two uh integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linging two elements or two uh integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linging two elements or two uh integers
+together we're actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're actually going to be
+taking uh two arrays and element wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh two arrays and element wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh two arrays and element wise
+multiplying each of the multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying each of the multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying each of the multiplying
+multiplying each of the uh pairs element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying each of the uh pairs element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying each of the uh pairs element
+wise and writing the results to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise and writing the results to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise and writing the results to a third
+array so the picture is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so the picture is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so the picture is going to look
+something like this and uh you would of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and uh you would of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and uh you would of
+course represent this using you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course represent this using you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course represent this using you know for
+example for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for Loop
+now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do is
+uh instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of
+uh let's see so you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so you can think of this as
+kind of an operation that's abstractly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an operation that's abstractly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an operation that's abstractly
+operating on uh these entire arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on uh these entire arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on uh these entire arrays and
+we're not going to go quite that far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go quite that far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go quite that far but
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is uh we're going
+to think of these operations as acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of these operations as acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of these operations as acting
+on these kind of bundles of elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these kind of bundles of elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these kind of bundles of elements so
+we're going to bundle our array elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to bundle our array elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to bundle our array elements
+into groups of four and then uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups of four and then uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups of four and then uh each
+time we're going to take a group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to take a group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to take a group and
+multiply with another group using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply with another group using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply with another group using this
+element wise multiplication and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise multiplication and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element wise multiplication and write
+the result to this third bundle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result to this third bundle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result to this third bundle okay
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+now the thing about this kind of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing about this kind of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing about this kind of model
+is that uh cell is going to provide very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh cell is going to provide very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh cell is going to provide very
+good Hardware support for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Hardware support for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Hardware support for something that
+looks kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh yes I'll get into this in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I'll get into this in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes I'll get into this in fact this
+is what what we'll be talking about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what we'll be talking about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what we'll be talking about kind
+of the syntax and meaning of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the syntax and meaning of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the syntax and meaning of this kind
+of thing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay so for this kind of thing to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for this kind of thing to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for this kind of thing to happen
+we need the compiler to support two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the compiler to support two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need the compiler to support two
+different things first is we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things first is we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things first is we need to be
+able to address these kind of bundles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to address these kind of bundles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to address these kind of bundles of
+elements and these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and these are going to be
+called vectors and second we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vectors and second we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vectors and second we need to be
+able to perform operations on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perform operations on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perform operations on these
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+cell and the xlc compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the xlc compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the xlc compiler
+uh give us support for this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give us support for this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give us support for this and what
+they're going to do is provide first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do is provide first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do is provide first
+registers which are capable of holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which are capable of holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which are capable of holding
+vectors now normally you think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors now normally you think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors now normally you think of a
+register as holding you know uh on a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register as holding you know uh on a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register as holding you know uh on a on
+a 32-bit machine one machine word will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 32-bit machine one machine word will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 32-bit machine one machine word will
+hold you know a 32-bit int for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold you know a 32-bit int for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold you know a 32-bit int for example
+what we're going to have on the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to have on the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to have on the cell is
+these 128bit registers which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 128bit registers which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 128bit registers which are going
+to be able to hold for example four ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to hold for example four ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to hold for example four ins
+right next to each other so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other so we're going
+to be able to take kind of this bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take kind of this bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take kind of this bundle
+of ins and operate it operate on it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ins and operate it operate on it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ins and operate it operate on it as a
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+and uh the second part is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second part is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the second part is we're going to
+have op operations that act on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have op operations that act on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have op operations that act on these
+Vector registers so uh the cell is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector registers so uh the cell is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector registers so uh the cell is going
+to support special assembly instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support special assembly instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support special assembly instructions
+and it's going to be able to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be able to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be able to interpret
+those as acting on uh particular vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as acting on uh particular vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those as acting on uh particular vectors
+but also we're going to have C++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we're going to have C++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we're going to have C++
+language extensions which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language extensions which are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language extensions which are called
+intrinsics and those are going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics and those are going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics and those are going to give
+us access to these special assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us access to these special assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us access to these special assembly
+instructions but uh not require us to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions but uh not require us to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions but uh not require us to uh
+you know be poking around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be poking around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be poking around in the
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+all right now the big draw of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the big draw of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the big draw of this is
+that these operations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these operations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these operations are going to be
+pretty much as fast as uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much as fast as uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much as fast as uh single
+operations which means if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which means if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which means if we take
+advantage of them we can make our code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them we can make our code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them we can make our code
+run say four times as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we kind of refer to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we kind of refer to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we kind of refer to these
+vectors when we're coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors when we're coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors when we're coding
+uh xlc is going to provide us with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xlc is going to provide us with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xlc is going to provide us with uh
+these intrinsics and we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intrinsics and we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intrinsics and we have these
+Vector data types and each one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector data types and each one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector data types and each one is just
+going to specify kind of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specify kind of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specify kind of how to
+interpret a consecutive group of 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret a consecutive group of 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret a consecutive group of 128
+bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits
+as some sort of vector and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some sort of vector and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some sort of vector and you can have
+vectors of you know varying uh element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of you know varying uh element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of you know varying uh element
+sizes and varying uh number of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and varying uh number of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and varying uh number of elements
+so when you're programming on the PPU or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're programming on the PPU or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're programming on the PPU or
+the spu you get these uh four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu you get these uh four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu you get these uh four different
+kinds of of vector data types you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of of vector data types you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of of vector data types you can
+declare things as for example Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare things as for example Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare things as for example Vector
+signed int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed int
+which is uh what I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh what I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh what I mentioned in the
+example which is where you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is where you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is where you have you know
+four ins next to each other each 32 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ins next to each other each 32 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ins next to each other each 32 bits
+you can also have vectors which contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have vectors which contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have vectors which contain
+16 bit integers or 8 bit integers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 bit integers or 8 bit integers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 bit integers or 8 bit integers and
+uh you can also have vectors of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also have vectors of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also have vectors of uh
+floating Point floating Point numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point floating Point numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point floating Point numbers
+uh I should mention that all of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should mention that all of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I should mention that all of these uh
+signed integer types also have unsigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed integer types also have unsigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed integer types also have unsigned
+equivalence anyway so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence anyway so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence anyway so you can just
+declare these anywhere in your code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare these anywhere in your code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare these anywhere in your code and
+use them as if they were a C++ data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them as if they were a C++ data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them as if they were a C++ data type
+all right any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions
+on the spu you also get some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spu you also get some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spu you also get some additional
+uh Vector data type uh one is Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector data type uh one is Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector data type uh one is Vector
+signed long long which is 64bit in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed long long which is 64bit in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed long long which is 64bit in and
+you can fit two of those in 128 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit two of those in 128 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit two of those in 128 and you
+can also fit uh two double Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also fit uh two double Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also fit uh two double Precision
+floating Point numbers in 128 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point numbers in 128 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point numbers in 128 bits
+now the the compilers actually support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the compilers actually support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the compilers actually support
+these types pretty nicely so not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types pretty nicely so not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types pretty nicely so not only
+can you declare variables of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you declare variables of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you declare variables of these types
+pretty much anywhere in your code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anywhere in your code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anywhere in your code you
+can also declare you know pointers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also declare you know pointers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also declare you know pointers to
+these types and arrays of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and arrays of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and arrays of these types
+all right and so they look pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so they look pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so they look pretty much
+like you know natural C++ types except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know natural C++ types except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know natural C++ types except
+that they translate directly into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they translate directly into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they translate directly into these
+particular types that the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular types that the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular types that the hardware
+supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now in order to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now in order to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now in order to manipulate
+these uh Vector uh Vector data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh Vector uh Vector data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh Vector uh Vector data
+we're going to have the we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the we're going to
+have compiler extensions called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have compiler extensions called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have compiler extensions called
+intrinsics which are going to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics which are going to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics which are going to provide
+access to the to the assembly level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the to the assembly level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the to the assembly level
+features that we want remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we want remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we want remember we're
+going to have specific assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have specific assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have specific assembly
+instructions that correspond to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that correspond to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that correspond to for
+example multiplying to uh uh two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example multiplying to uh uh two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example multiplying to uh uh two uh
+vectors which contain each four 32-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which contain each four 32-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which contain each four 32-bit
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and instead of writing out instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of writing out instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of writing out instead of
+you know going into the assembly and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going into the assembly and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going into the assembly and and
+actually inserting that instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inserting that instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inserting that instruction
+ourselves uh we just use a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh we just use a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh we just use a compiler
+intrinsic inside our C++ code and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic inside our C++ code and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic inside our C++ code and what
+it does is it provides this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it provides this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it provides this you know
+notation that looks a lot like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that looks a lot like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that looks a lot like a
+function call but the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call but the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call but the compiler
+automatically translates it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically translates it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically translates it into the
+correct assembly instruction and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct assembly instruction and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct assembly instruction and again
+you don't have to worry about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry about you know
+going into the assembly and messing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the assembly and messing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the assembly and messing
+around with you know this instruction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with you know this instruction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with you know this instruction is
+supposed to apply to these registers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to apply to these registers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to apply to these registers you
+don't have to worry about register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about register
+allocation at all uh the compiler just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation at all uh the compiler just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation at all uh the compiler just
+uh figures out the right thing for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figures out the right thing for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figures out the right thing for you
+and to use these in your spu program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to use these in your spu program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to use these in your spu program
+you're going to want to include uh spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to include uh spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to include uh spu
+intrinsics doh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics doh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsics doh
+now what's a little bit confusing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's a little bit confusing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's a little bit confusing is
+that you're going to have slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have slightly
+different uh intrinsics available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh intrinsics available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh intrinsics available on the
+PPU and the spu because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU and the spu because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU and the spu because those are
+actually going to have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have different
+instruction sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets
+uh but anyway as an example you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway as an example you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway as an example you can you
+can declare uh two uh two variables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can declare uh two uh two variables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can declare uh two uh two variables of
+type Vector signed int and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Vector signed int and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Vector signed int and then you can
+multiply them using this intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them using this intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them using this intrinsic
+called spu ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spu ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called spu ad
+all right and assign them to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and assign them to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and assign them to a third
+Vector assigned int questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector assigned int questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector assigned int questions
+yep um in what way are the intrinsics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um in what way are the intrinsics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um in what way are the intrinsics
+different on the spu and the PPU is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the spu and the PPU is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the spu and the PPU is it
+just a not entirely the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a not entirely the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a not entirely the same set of
+operations available or are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations available or are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations available or are there
+actually semantic differences could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually semantic differences could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually semantic differences could make
+a little header file that masked over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little header file that masked over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little header file that masked over
+the differences mostly um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences mostly um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences mostly um there are
+going to be some operations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some operations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some operations that are
+only available on one and not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only available on one and not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only available on one and not the other
+but in general the if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general the if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general the if you look at the
+names if the names correspond uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names if the names correspond uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names if the names correspond uh and
+I'll go into that in a little bit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into that in a little bit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go into that in a little bit then
+the they should perform essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they should perform essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they should perform essentially the
+same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some differences um there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differences um there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differences um there are also some
+name differences where there really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name differences where there really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name differences where there really
+don't need to be um for instance you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be um for instance you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to be um for instance you try
+to do a shift on the PPU I believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a shift on the PPU I believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a shift on the PPU I believe it's
+a RS what's it SL shift logical right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RS what's it SL shift logical right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RS what's it SL shift logical right
+shift logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift logical
+left or shift arithmetic right sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or shift arithmetic right sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or shift arithmetic right sort of
+things you would sort of remember on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would sort of remember on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would sort of remember on the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the spu it's the acronym for rotate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu it's the acronym for rotate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu it's the acronym for rotate and
+mask for shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask for shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask for shift
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+r o t m a r something like that to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r o t m a r something like that to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r o t m a r something like that to so
+so yes there's some differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes there's some differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes there's some differences that
+don't need to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so to to actually create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to to actually create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to to actually create these
+vectors there's a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors there's a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors there's a couple of different
+notations you can use uh the first is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations you can use uh the first is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations you can use uh the first is uh
+you can use this thing which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this thing which looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this thing which looks like
+a cast to for example Vector signed int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cast to for example Vector signed int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cast to for example Vector signed int
+so you do Vector signed INT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do Vector signed INT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do Vector signed INT in
+parenthesis and then a list of uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and then a list of uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and then a list of uh four
+integers you want to fill in and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you want to fill in and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you want to fill in and that
+will you know create an create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you know create an create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you know create an create an
+integer vector and assign it to a uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer vector and assign it to a uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer vector and assign it to a uh you
+can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also
+uh I believe you can also use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe you can also use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe you can also use that
+notation with just one integer and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with just one integer and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with just one integer and it
+will uh fill in that integer in all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh fill in that integer in all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh fill in that integer in all four
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+uh there's also an spu intrinsic called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also an spu intrinsic called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also an spu intrinsic called
+Splats that you can use to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Splats that you can use to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Splats that you can use to basically
+copy the same integer to all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy the same integer to all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy the same integer to all four
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+how does know you're not using a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does know you're not using a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does know you're not using a comma
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I don't uh is that right David with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't uh is that right David with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't uh is that right David with
+the parenthesis in the second okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another caveat here from someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another caveat here from someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another caveat here from someone who's
+been in the trenches is that xlc likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the trenches is that xlc likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the trenches is that xlc likes
+this notation GCC sometimes likes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation GCC sometimes likes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation GCC sometimes likes um
+curly Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curly Grace
+notation instead so i' seen both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation instead so i' seen both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation instead so i' seen both of
+those I didn't know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great thanks
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right and after you've assigned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and after you've assigned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and after you've assigned some
+of these variables in order to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables in order to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these variables in order to you know
+get back the pieces out uh one way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back the pieces out uh one way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back the pieces out uh one way you
+can do it is to use this kind of Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is to use this kind of Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is to use this kind of Union
+trick where you assign or rather you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick where you assign or rather you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick where you assign or rather you you
+allocate something of vector signed int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate something of vector signed int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate something of vector signed int
+and then uh you tell you tell C++ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you tell you tell C++ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you tell you tell C++ that
+it can find you know an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can find you know an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can find you know an array of
+integers in the same place and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in the same place and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in the same place and what that
+will do is pull out the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you if you uh Define this Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you uh Define this Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you uh Define this Union
+this way then you get a type called inve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then you get a type called inve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then you get a type called inve
+and uh anytime you have an inve you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh anytime you have an inve you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh anytime you have an inve you can
+either do dot VC to get at the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do dot VC to get at the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do dot VC to get at the vector
+signed int the uh uh the vector data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed int the uh uh the vector data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed int the uh uh the vector data
+type or you can use vals to uh with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or you can use vals to uh with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or you can use vals to uh with an
+array index get at the uh components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array index get at the uh components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array index get at the uh components of
+the uh vector all right and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh vector all right and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh vector all right and you can also
+use this intrinsic called spu extract to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this intrinsic called spu extract to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this intrinsic called spu extract to
+um to pick out the same components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh xlc provides a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xlc provides a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xlc provides a bunch of different
+Vector operations that that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector operations that that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector operations that that you can use
+uh there's integer operations floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's integer operations floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's integer operations floating
+Point operations there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point operations there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point operations there are uh
+permutation and formatting operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and formatting operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and formatting operations
+which you can use to kind of Shuffle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can use to kind of Shuffle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can use to kind of Shuffle
+data around inside a vector and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data around inside a vector and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data around inside a vector and there's
+also load and store instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also load and store instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also load and store instructions
+and I believe we have a reference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe we have a reference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe we have a reference uh
+linked off the uh course website if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked off the uh course website if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked off the uh course website if you
+want to uh if you want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh if you want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh if you want to figure out
+more about these I'm only going to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these I'm only going to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these I'm only going to touch
+on a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a few of them
+okay so the the arithmetic and logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the arithmetic and logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the arithmetic and logical
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+uh like I said most of these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like I said most of these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like I said most of these are the
+same between the PPU and the spu there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same between the PPU and the spu there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same between the PPU and the spu there's
+some that are named slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are named slightly differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are named slightly differently
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and some that are not available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that are not available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that are not available on the
+PPU so these are all the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU so these are all the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPU so these are all the things you
+would expect uh add subtract uh mad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect uh add subtract uh mad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect uh add subtract uh mad is
+multiply and then add with three with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and then add with three with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and then add with three with uh
+three arguments uh multiply uh Rees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three arguments uh multiply uh Rees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three arguments uh multiply uh Rees for
+reciprocal uh you can also do bit y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal uh you can also do bit y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal uh you can also do bit y's
+and or or xor and I believe there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or or xor and I believe there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or or xor and I believe there are
+other logical operations there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical operations there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical operations there too
+uh now the thing is you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now the thing is you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now the thing is you have to worry
+about you know which PPU or spu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know which PPU or spu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know which PPU or spu
+instruction you're using but you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you're using but you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you're using but you usually
+don't have to worry about uh selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about uh selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about uh selecting
+the right um the right vector type uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right um the right vector type uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right um the right vector type uh
+the compiler should figure out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler should figure out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler should figure out you know
+which Vector types you're using and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Vector types you're using and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Vector types you're using and uh
+substitute the appropriate assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the appropriate assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the appropriate assembly
+instruction that produces a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that produces a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that produces a result of
+kind of the same Vector type so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same Vector type so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same Vector type so these
+all these operations are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these operations are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these operations are what we call
+generic and they kind of uh they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic and they kind of uh they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic and they kind of uh they kind of
+stand in for All The Specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in for All The Specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in for All The Specific
+Instructions which are uh which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instructions which are uh which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instructions which are uh which only
+apply to a single Vector type does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to a single Vector type does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to a single Vector type does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one handy thing is the is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one handy thing is the is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one handy thing is the is a
+permutation operation and this allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operation and this allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operation and this allows
+you to kind of rearrange the bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of rearrange the bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of rearrange the bytes
+inside a vector or two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a vector or two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a vector or two vectors
+arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily
+and so the syntax is spu Shuffle AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the syntax is spu Shuffle AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the syntax is spu Shuffle AB
+which are your Source vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are your Source vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are your Source vectors and
+pattern which tells you how to shuffle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which tells you how to shuffle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which tells you how to shuffle
+them and pattern is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and pattern is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and pattern is going to be
+interpreted as a uh a vector of 16 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as a uh a vector of 16 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as a uh a vector of 16 bytes
+and each bite is going to tell you each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each bite is going to tell you each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each bite is going to tell you each
+bite is going to tell the compiler how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite is going to tell the compiler how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite is going to tell the compiler how
+to pick out one of these btes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out one of these btes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out one of these btes in the
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+and and how the bite is interpreted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how the bite is interpreted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how the bite is interpreted is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the low
+the low four bits are going to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low four bits are going to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low four bits are going to specify
+you know which position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which position
+uh which position the source is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which position the source is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which position the source is going to
+come from and the fourth bit is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and the fourth bit is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and the fourth bit is going to
+specify whether you're going to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify whether you're going to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify whether you're going to pull
+from A or B so as an example uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A or B so as an example uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A or B so as an example uh here's
+the pattern VC and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern VC and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern VC and if you look at the
+second bite which is one which is 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bite which is one which is 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bite which is one which is 14
+in HEX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in HEX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in HEX
+then that means the uh that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means the uh that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means the uh that means the
+destination register is going to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination register is going to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination register is going to contain
+the fourth bite or uh the fourth bite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth bite or uh the fourth bite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth bite or uh the fourth bite of
+B all right so four means you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so four means you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all right so four means you know
+select the element numbered four and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the element numbered four and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the element numbered four and one
+means uh select from B so that Mak sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh select from B so that Mak sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh select from B so that Mak sense
+and this is very versatile by by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very versatile by by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very versatile by by putting
+in the right uh by putting in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right uh by putting in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right uh by putting in the right
+pattern Vector you can arrange for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Vector you can arrange for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Vector you can arrange for all
+these bites to be shuffled around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bites to be shuffled around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bites to be shuffled around
+however you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want
+PN Conant pardon the pattern a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN Conant pardon the pattern a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN Conant pardon the pattern a constant
+an immediate parameter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate parameter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate parameter uh
+you can you can fill in the parameter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can fill in the parameter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can fill in the parameter at
+runtime if that's what you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime if that's what you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime if that's what you're asking
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can construct a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh also useful are these rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh also useful are these rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh also useful are these rotation
+operations which will let you uh shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which will let you uh shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which will let you uh shift
+your vector left or right by some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one thing to be aware of is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to be aware of is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing to be aware of is that on
+the spu you only have these 128bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu you only have these 128bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spu you only have these 128bit
+registers so on the PPU uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so on the PPU uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so on the PPU uh you have
+different registers which are suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers which are suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers which are suitable
+for holding different types for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for holding different types for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for holding different types for example
+there's uh word-sized registers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh word-sized registers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh word-sized registers for
+holding uh ins and the PPU also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding uh ins and the PPU also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding uh ins and the PPU also has
+these 128bit registers but the spu has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 128bit registers but the spu has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 128bit registers but the spu has
+nothing else so that means whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so that means whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else so that means whenever
+you're using whenever you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using whenever you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using whenever you're using
+scaler Types on the spu they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler Types on the spu they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler Types on the spu they're all
+going to be using these large registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using these large registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using these large registers
+no matter what the size of the scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the size of the scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the size of the scaler
+you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh and depending on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and depending on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and depending on the size of the
+scaler you're using it's going to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler you're using it's going to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler you're using it's going to go in
+a particular position inside this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular position inside this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular position inside this uh uh
+this wide register it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wide register it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wide register it's called a
+quadword register because it's 16 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadword register because it's 16 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadword register because it's 16 bytes
+um now the thing to watch out for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the thing to watch out for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the thing to watch out for is
+that whenever you load something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you load something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you load something from
+memory into whenever you load a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory into whenever you load a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory into whenever you load a scaler
+from memory into one of these registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory into one of these registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory into one of these registers
+uh there's going to have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to have to be a little
+extra processing done in order to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra processing done in order to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra processing done in order to shift
+uh in order to possibly shift the scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to possibly shift the scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to possibly shift the scaler
+into the right place inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right place inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right place inside this
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and uh furthermore the hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh furthermore the hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh furthermore the hardware is
+always going to want to grab one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to want to grab one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to want to grab one of
+these quadwords all at a time so loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quadwords all at a time so loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quadwords all at a time so loading
+a scaler is not going to be any cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler is not going to be any cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler is not going to be any cheaper
+than loading one of these quadword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than loading one of these quadword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than loading one of these quadword
+registers so when possible you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so when possible you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so when possible you're going
+to want to load an entire quad word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to load an entire quad word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to load an entire quad word
+register at a time and you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register at a time and you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register at a time and you know if you
+just need a part of it just then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need a part of it just then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need a part of it just then then
+you can figure that out later but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure that out later but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure that out later but you
+might as well get the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well get the whole thing
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so yep so when you actually just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep so when you actually just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep so when you actually just this
+scaler question so when you load a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler question so when you load a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler question so when you load a
+scaler value that's not aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler value that's not aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler value that's not aligned
+that's not aligned with the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not aligned with the preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not aligned with the preferred
+preferred position is that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred position is that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred position is that is there
+overhead associated with that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead associated with that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead associated with that I'm not
+sure how much overhead is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how much overhead is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how much overhead is associated
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+pardon oh do you know un scal it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon oh do you know un scal it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon oh do you know un scal it's it
+can only load on on 16 by boundaries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only load on on 16 by boundaries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only load on on 16 by boundaries so
+it's going to you know load the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to you know load the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to you know load the load
+something that includes that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that includes that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that includes that and then
+it's going to have to shift it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to shift it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have to shift it in the
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do unaligned uh when it has to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do unaligned uh when it has to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do unaligned uh when it has to shift
+the scalar around is does that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar around is does that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar around is does that actually
+take longer than when in when it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer than when in when it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer than when in when it's uh
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+I don't know if it's well you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's well you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's well you what you
+can do you can you can set some flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you can you can set some flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you can you can set some flags
+xlc that say you know align all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc that say you know align all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc that say you know align all of my
+scalers correctly and you know will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers correctly and you know will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers correctly and you know will
+waste 4X overhead it will even say align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste 4X overhead it will even say align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste 4X overhead it will even say align
+my array pad my array elements so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array pad my array elements so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my array pad my array elements so that I
+can have a scalar array that I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a scalar array that I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a scalar array that I I can
+load and it will waste the overheads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and it will waste the overheads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load and it will waste the overheads
+that everything in the array is aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in the array is aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in the array is aligned
+um so you can have the compiler trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can have the compiler trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can have the compiler trade
+off space versus time for you on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off space versus time for you on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off space versus time for you on some
+switches I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to want to look at
+the Sim application from recitation 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sim application from recitation 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sim application from recitation 2
+and we want to adapt that to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to adapt that to make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to adapt that to make use of
+simd data types and intrinsics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd data types and intrinsics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simd data types and intrinsics
+so what we've done is remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done is remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've done is remember we had
+these uh XYZ XYZ coordinates that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh XYZ XYZ coordinates that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh XYZ XYZ coordinates that we
+were manipulating what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were manipulating what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were manipulating what we're going to do
+is we're going to pad each one it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to pad each one it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to pad each one it was
+three words before we're going to pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three words before we're going to pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three words before we're going to pad
+each one so that it fills a quad word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one so that it fills a quad word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one so that it fills a quad word
+and so for each quad word the of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each quad word the of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each quad word the of course
+the first three words are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three words are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three words are going to
+correspond to the XYZ components and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the XYZ components and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the XYZ components and we
+can grab those out using uh spu extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grab those out using uh spu extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grab those out using uh spu extract
+or some other intrinsics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other intrinsics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other intrinsics
+now when we're doing manipulations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we're doing manipulations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we're doing manipulations with
+these uh with these components for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh with these components for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh with these components for
+example we wanted to uh find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we wanted to uh find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we wanted to uh find the
+displacement between two locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement between two locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement between two locations and
+that's just subtracting two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just subtracting two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just subtracting two of these
+coordinates so we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so we can do that
+subtraction which before required three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction which before required three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction which before required three
+uh floating Point subtractions we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floating Point subtractions we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floating Point subtractions we can
+replace that with a single simd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that with a single simd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that with a single simd
+instruction does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+uh all right so all of this most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so all of this most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right so all of this most of this
+has already been done and uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been done and uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been done and uh we're
+providing most of the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing most of the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing most of the implementation of
+this of this Sim uh of the simd version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this Sim uh of the simd version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this Sim uh of the simd version
+of sim and what we want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sim and what we want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sim and what we want you to do is
+download this uh download the tarball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this uh download the tarball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this uh download the tarball
+for this recitation and then go in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this recitation and then go in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this recitation and then go in there
+and what we want you to do is fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want you to do is fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want you to do is fill in
+one of the blanks all right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the blanks all right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the blanks all right so there's
+just one function here that's been left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one function here that's been left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one function here that's been left
+unimplemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh to see if you know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to see if you know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to see if you know what's going
+on uh see if you can fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh see if you can fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh see if you can fill in the
+implementation for this uh any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for this uh any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for this uh any questions
+so this question this uh function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question this uh function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this question this uh function you
+want to implement is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to implement is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to implement is uh
+is basically going to take a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically going to take a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically going to take a vector
+float and if that float contains uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float and if that float contains uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float and if that float contains uh you
+know AB b c and d you want to return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know AB b c and d you want to return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know AB b c and d you want to return a
+you want to return a vector which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to return a vector which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to return a vector which uh
+each of whose elements is a plus b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of whose elements is a plus b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of whose elements is a plus b plus
+C plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus d
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+yeah so we're going to go into SIM AOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can stay around afterwards and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stay around afterwards and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can stay around afterwards and help
+you figure out what's going on yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out what's going on yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out what's going on yeah okay
+so here's uh here's one implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+we're going to just declare another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just declare another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just declare another
+Vector float and and that Vector float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector float and and that Vector float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector float and and that Vector float
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+uh that's basically we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's basically we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's basically we're just going to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do these swaps so notice in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these swaps so notice in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these swaps so notice in this one
+we're swapping the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're swapping the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're swapping the first and second
+uh uh we're swapping the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we're swapping the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we're swapping the first and
+second words so that means down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second words so that means down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second words so that means down here
+we're going to want to carry bits 4 567
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to carry bits 4 567
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to carry bits 4 567
+and then or bytes 4 567 first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or bytes 4 567 first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then or bytes 4 567 first and then
+by 0 1 2 3 and then over here we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 0 1 2 3 and then over here we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 0 1 2 3 and then over here we want
+bytes 12 13 14 15 and then 8 9 10 11 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes 12 13 14 15 and then 8 9 10 11 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes 12 13 14 15 and then 8 9 10 11 so
+everyone see what's going on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see what's going on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone see what's going on for the
+first Shuffle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Shuffle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Shuffle
+and then we're going to just add that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to just add that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to just add that to
+our original Vector to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original Vector to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original Vector to get this
+and we can do that again uh this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that again uh this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that again uh this time
+now we just want to swap these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just want to swap these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just want to swap these two
+halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves
+so the shuffle pattern is going to be 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shuffle pattern is going to be 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the shuffle pattern is going to be 8
+9 10 11 12 13 14 15 followed by 0 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 10 11 12 13 14 15 followed by 0 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 10 11 12 13 14 15 followed by 0 1 2 3
+4 5 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the way we translated the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way we translated the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way we translated the uh the
+program we just used into simd was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program we just used into simd was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program we just used into simd was we
+used a struct of arrays basically each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a struct of arrays basically each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a struct of arrays basically each
+of the structs that we had from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structs that we had from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the structs that we had from our
+previous implementation just carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous implementation just carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous implementation just carried
+over and we just put all of those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and we just put all of those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and we just put all of those into
+an array so the strs were right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array so the strs were right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array so the strs were right next to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+alternative ly we could have laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ly we could have laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative ly we could have laid out
+the uh laid out the data in memory in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh laid out the data in memory in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh laid out the data in memory in a
+different way and this is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and this is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and this is called an
+array of strs layout instead what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of strs layout instead what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of strs layout instead what we can
+do is kind of put all the like Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of put all the like Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of put all the like Fields
+next to each other so that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other so that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other so that we have for
+example an array of all the X components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an array of all the X components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example an array of all the X components
+then an array of all the Y components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an array of all the Y components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an array of all the Y components
+then an array of all the Z components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an array of all the Z components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an array of all the Z components
+and when you kind of reorder this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you kind of reorder this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you kind of reorder this the
+data this way uh you get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this way uh you get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this way uh you get kind of
+different ways you can use to process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can use to process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can use to process it
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+now each quad word instead of containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each quad word instead of containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now each quad word instead of containing
+the data for a single point is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for a single point is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data for a single point is going to
+take contain you know the data for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take contain you know the data for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take contain you know the data for the
+same component of four consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same component of four consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same component of four consecutive
+points everyone see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points everyone see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points everyone see that
+and actually we can implement the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we can implement the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we can implement the the
+algorithm from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from before
+uh in this new layout uh but we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this new layout uh but we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this new layout uh but we have to
+be a little bit more clever in how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more clever in how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more clever in how we're
+how we're putting together the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're putting together the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're putting together the elements
+before we were able to just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were able to just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were able to just kind of
+subtract uh each subtract or multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract uh each subtract or multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract uh each subtract or multiply
+the the quadw with with with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quadw with with with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quadw with with with each other
+because uh those would just correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh those would just correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh those would just correspond
+to for example uh subtracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example uh subtracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for example uh subtracting the
+coordinates of two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of two points
+uh now this time we have to kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this time we have to kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now this time we have to kind of do
+some additional computation in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional computation in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional computation in order to
+put all the pieces together uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the pieces together uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the pieces together uh kind of
+the trick behind this uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick behind this uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick behind this uh this uh
+structure of arrays implementation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of arrays implementation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of arrays implementation which
+I'll just sort of gloss over is uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sort of gloss over is uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sort of gloss over is uh if
+we're storing state for eight objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing state for eight objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing state for eight objects
+then we're going to need uh eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to need uh eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to need uh eight
+objects hold uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects hold uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects hold uh
+hold a let's see 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold a let's see 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold a let's see 24
+or rather for each object we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather for each object we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather for each object we need the
+position and the velocity and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the velocity and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the velocity and for each
+of those we have X Y and Z so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we have X Y and Z so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those we have X Y and Z so that means
+to store state for each object for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store state for each object for eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store state for each object for eight
+objects we need 8 * 6 is 48 uh words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we need 8 * 6 is 48 uh words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we need 8 * 6 is 48 uh words and
+so we can put those in 12 quadwords if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can put those in 12 quadwords if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can put those in 12 quadwords if
+we pack them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pack them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pack them right
+and when we do kind of simd operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do kind of simd operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do kind of simd operations
+on these quadwords that we pull out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these quadwords that we pull out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these quadwords that we pull out we
+can get uh four pair interactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh four pair interactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh four pair interactions so
+suppose this is a quad word and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is a quad word and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is a quad word and it's
+contain and it contains data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain and it contains data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain and it contains data
+corresponding to elements a b c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to elements a b c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to elements a b c and d
+and over here we have a quad word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have a quad word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have a quad word
+containing data corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing data corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing data corresponding to
+elements 1 2 3 and four uh with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements 1 2 3 and four uh with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements 1 2 3 and four uh with with uh
+some simd operations we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simd operations we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simd operations we can kind of
+figure out the pairwise interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the pairwise interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the pairwise interaction
+between objects a and one between B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between objects a and one between B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between objects a and one between B and
+2 C and 3 and d and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 C and 3 and d and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 C and 3 and d and four
+but of course we have to we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course we have to we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course we have to we have to be
+able to uh find the interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh find the interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh find the interactions between
+any pairs not just these pairs that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pairs not just these pairs that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pairs not just these pairs that line
+up so what we have to do is rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what we have to do is rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so what we have to do is rotate the
+quad word over by one word and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad word over by one word and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad word over by one word and then do
+the same thing again we do that four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again we do that four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again we do that four
+times in all and then we add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in all and then we add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in all and then we add up the
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+so as you can see this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see this this
+implementation is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is a little bit more
+involved and kind of less uh it maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and kind of less uh it maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and kind of less uh it maps to
+the original uh implementation kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uh implementation kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original uh implementation kind of
+less directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less directly
+on the other hand it does give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it does give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it does give us a
+really dramatic speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dramatic speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dramatic speed up
+kind of because we're using uh more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because we're using uh more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because we're using uh more of
+the vector words uh notice that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector words uh notice that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector words uh notice that in the
+in the first packing we had we had X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first packing we had we had X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first packing we had we had X Y
+and Z and then the fourth blank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z and then the fourth blank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z and then the fourth blank was
+unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused
+anyway this time uh the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this time uh the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this time uh the structure of
+arrays implementation is actually seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays implementation is actually seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays implementation is actually seven
+and a half times faster than the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half times faster than the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half times faster than the array
+of structures implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures implementation
+so choosing this data layout correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choosing this data layout correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choosing this data layout correctly
+can actually be you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be you know one of the
+really big determinants of how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big determinants of how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big determinants of how your
+program performs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program performs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program performs
+480 something like that or is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+480 something like that or is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+480 something like that or is it not
+comparable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable um
+let's see uh David do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that was just on the PPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so something like 400 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so something like 400 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so something like 400 for the
+double buffered one and 300 for AR raay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double buffered one and 300 for AR raay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double buffered one and 300 for AR raay
+of structs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh one other thing to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh one other thing to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh one other thing to worry about
+is uh when you're dealing with these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when you're dealing with these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when you're dealing with these uh
+when you're dealing with the simd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with the simd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with the simd
+instructions you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you want to make sure that
+all your data are aligned correctly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your data are aligned correctly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your data are aligned correctly in
+memory and like I said before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and like I said before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and like I said before when
+you're pulling things in from memory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling things in from memory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling things in from memory you
+want to make sure that whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that whatever you're
+pulling in is going to be aligned on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling in is going to be aligned on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling in is going to be aligned on a
+quadw boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadw boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadw boundary
+and you you can use the aligned compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can use the aligned compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can use the aligned compiler
+directive to to tell the compiler you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive to to tell the compiler you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive to to tell the compiler you
+know I want this piece of data aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want this piece of data aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want this piece of data aligned
+at a particular place and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular place and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular place and if you do that
+on all your arrays for example and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all your arrays for example and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all your arrays for example and make
+sure that your array the array elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your array the array elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that your array the array elements
+are going to fit neatly into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit neatly into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit neatly into uh into
+quadwords then you should be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadwords then you should be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadwords then you should be okay
+and uh again like I said before you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh again like I said before you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh again like I said before you also
+want to transfer only multiples of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transfer only multiples of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transfer only multiples of 16
+bytes on on the uh on the load and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes on on the uh on the load and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes on on the uh on the load and store
+and so so when you're when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when you're when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when you're when you're doing
+processing it may help it may help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing it may help it may help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing it may help it may help you
+if you uh actually pad the end of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh actually pad the end of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh actually pad the end of your
+pad the end of your arrays to so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad the end of your arrays to so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pad the end of your arrays to so that
+they fill out a multiple of 16 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fill out a multiple of 16 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fill out a multiple of 16 bytes
+because it's easier to just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easier to just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easier to just do that
+processing with the simd instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing with the simd instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing with the simd instruction
+rather than you know just have a one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than you know just have a one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than you know just have a one or
+two elements hanging off and and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements hanging off and and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements hanging off and and have to
+worry about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about those
+yep is it a good ide to pass parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep is it a good ide to pass parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep is it a good ide to pass parameters
+toter reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one is preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is preferred
+we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pass break a lot of analis for figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass break a lot of analis for figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass break a lot of analis for figuring
+out whether something used or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether something used or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether something used or not so
+might make comp do more pessimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make comp do more pessimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make comp do more pessimistic
+assumptions so in cases where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so in cases where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions so in cases where you can
+avoid using pointers you should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there keywords like the restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there keywords like the restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there keywords like the restrict
+keyword or something that says these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword or something that says these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword or something that says these are
+unalias yeah the Ecstasy definitely has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unalias yeah the Ecstasy definitely has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unalias yeah the Ecstasy definitely has
+restrict I believe J does as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict I believe J does as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict I believe J does as well okay
+restrict restricted I think whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict restricted I think whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict restricted I think whatever it
+is so so there are pragmas or little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so so there are pragmas or little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so so there are pragmas or little
+hint that of P that says passing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint that of P that says passing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint that of P that says passing things
+by pointers or uh put treat things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pointers or uh put treat things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pointers or uh put treat things as
+unline on Alias or if you're passing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unline on Alias or if you're passing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unline on Alias or if you're passing in
+arrays you can say you add a keyword as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays you can say you add a keyword as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays you can say you add a keyword as
+a restrict which means it's not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restrict which means it's not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restrict which means it's not you can
+treat as an independ uh chunk of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat as an independ uh chunk of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat as an independ uh chunk of data
+meaning that there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there's no other
+referencing scope to the same data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing scope to the same data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing scope to the same data right
+no nothing else will nothing else will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing else will nothing else will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nothing else will nothing else will
+point to the data that you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the data that you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the data that you've got the
+restricted poined to restricted to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted poined to restricted to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted poined to restricted to being
+pointed to by this particular pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by this particular pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by this particular pointer
+but it's not bed to the local scope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not bed to the local scope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not bed to the local scope it's
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+I don't know I haven't haven't play it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I haven't haven't play it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I haven't haven't play it's
+it's it's local to the function where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's local to the function where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's local to the function where
+you actually apply so if you pass in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually apply so if you pass in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually apply so if you pass in if
+you say function f and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say function f and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say function f and then on the
+parameter you say restrict a uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you say restrict a uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you say restrict a uh within
+that function that restriction holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that restriction holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function that restriction holds
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh one last thing that I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh one last thing that I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh one last thing that I uh
+that I should mention I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should mention I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should mention I haven't really
+let on but uh but compilers can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let on but uh but compilers can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let on but uh but compilers can actually
+generate some of these simd instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some of these simd instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some of these simd instructions
+by themselves uh if you declare your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves uh if you declare your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves uh if you declare your
+types to be vector and then you use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types to be vector and then you use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types to be vector and then you use just
+regular operations apparently GCC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations apparently GCC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular operations apparently GCC and
+xlc yes will will sub substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc yes will will sub substitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xlc yes will will sub substitute the
+correct intrinsics for you of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct intrinsics for you of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct intrinsics for you of course
+that doesn't get you all the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't get you all the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't get you all the operations
+which are available with intrinsics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are available with intrinsics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are available with intrinsics
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+anyway automatically automatically simiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway automatically automatically simiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway automatically automatically simiz
+your your code is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your code is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your code is something that's
+really worth looking into as we saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth looking into as we saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth looking into as we saw it
+can give you a great performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you a great performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you a great performance
+Improvement and the thing is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and the thing is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and the thing is that uh
+compilers are still not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are still not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers are still not very good at
+kind of automatically doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of automatically doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of automatically doing this
+transformation so unlike instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so unlike instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so unlike instruction
+scheduling where you know if you pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling where you know if you pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling where you know if you pass in
+05 your compiler will do a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 your compiler will do a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 your compiler will do a much better
+job than you would have time to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job than you would have time to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job than you would have time to do uh
+this is something that you should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you should uh
+probably you know reserve some time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know reserve some time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know reserve some time for
+all right uh that's all if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh that's all if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh that's all if you have any
+questions you can stick around and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can stick around and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can stick around and I'll
+try and help you
\ No newline at end of file